Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: Krasnogorsk (, ) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnogorsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Moskva River, adjacent to the northwestern boundary of Moscow. Population:

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: In the 1940s, the Antifascist Central School, in which many foreign Communists studied and lectured, was located at Krasnogorsk.

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: After the war, the German V2 rocket scientists which the Soviet Army had captured were settled here with their families.

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: Within the framework of administrative divisions, Krasnogorsk serves as the administrative center of Krasnogorsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated within Krasnogorsky District as the Town of Krasnogorsk. As a municipal division, the Town of Krasnogorsk is incorporated within Krasnogorsky Municipal District as Krasnogorsk Urban Settlement.

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: The city is known for the Krasnogorsky Zavod company, which produced the Zorki, Zenit, and Krasnogorsk cameras there until the early 1990s. The coat of arms acknowledges this by featuring a prism and light rays.

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: Krasnogorsk is one of the few oblast cities that is connected to Moscow via Moscow Metro. It is served by Metro station Myakinino (named after a nearby village).

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: In addition, the city has a music school, art school, a center for the development of creativity for children and youth, a sports school for basketball.

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: In Krasnogorsk there is The Moscow Region Palace of Culture, the Scarlet Sails Concert Hall with an organ function (the Krasnogorsk Philharmonic Society operates on the basis of the hall).

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Context: Krasnogorsk has the only museum of German anti-fascists in the country. Near Krasnogorsk, there is a private museum of vintage cars and technology.

Question: Когда был заложен Красногорск?


Klimovo, Bryansk Oblast

Context: It was founded in 1708 by Klim Ermolaevich. It was granted town status in 1938. From 1929 Klimovo is a center of Klimovo district.

Question: Сколько жителей в Климово на 2018?


Klimovo, Bryansk Oblast

Context: During World War II, Klimovo was occupied by the German Army from 25 August 1941 to 24 September 1943.

Question: Сколько жителей в Климово на 2018?


Klimovo, Bryansk Oblast

Context: The 1939 census recorded that the Jewish population was 224, or 4 percent of the total. During that time a half of Jewish population fled on the East and men joined the army.

Question: Сколько жителей в Климово на 2018?


Klimovo, Bryansk Oblast

Context: On 29 August 1941, 27 Jews accused of being Bolshevist agents were shot. In October, 1941, a ghetto was created and it was liquidated in March, 1942. During the liquidation about 280 Jews were executed by German security forces. They were shot in a peat quarry, about away from Klimovo. Afterwards isolated shootings took place until the German withdrawal in September, 1943.

Question: Сколько жителей в Климово на 2018?


Klimovo, Bryansk Oblast

Context: On 14 April 2022, Russia claimed that Ukrainian attack helicopters attacked the village. Russian authorities said helicopters bombarded residential areas six times, damaging six buildings. The local hospital said seven people were injured, two of them seriously. Ukrainian authorities rejected Russian claims and stated that Russia had staged "terror attacks" on its own population to whip up "anti-Ukrainian hysteria". The incident happened amid an invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation.

Question: Сколько жителей в Климово на 2018?


Klimovo, Bryansk Oblast

Context: As a result of the Chernobyl disaster on April 26, 1986, part of the territory of Bryansk Oblast has been contaminated with radionuclides (mainly Gordeyevsky, Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Krasnogorsky, Surazhsky, and Novozybkovsky Districts). In 1999, some 226,000 people lived in areas with the contamination level above 5 Curie/km2, representing approximately 16% of the oblast's population.

Question: Сколько жителей в Климово на 2018?


Hermitage Museum

Context: A hermitage is the dwelling of a hermit or recluse. The word derives from Old French "hermit, ermit" "hermit, recluse", from Late Latin "eremita", from Greek "eremites", that means "people who live alone", which is in turn derived from ἐρημός ("erēmos"), "desert".

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The Western European Art collection includes European paintings, sculpture, and applied art from the 13th to the 20th centuries. It is displayed, in about 120 rooms, on the first and second floor of the four main buildings. Drawings and prints are displayed in temporary exhibitions.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: Since 1940, the Egyptian collection, dating back to 1852 and including the former Castiglione Collection, has occupied a large hall on the ground floor in the eastern part of the Winter Palace. It serves as a passage to the exhibition of Classical Antiquities. A modest collection of the culture of Ancient Mesopotamia, including a number of Assyrian reliefs from Babylon, Dur-Sharrukin and Nimrud, is located in the same part of the building.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: Pavilion Hall, designed by Andrei Stackenschneider in 1858, occupies the first floor of the Northern Pavilion in the Small Hermitage. It features the 18th-century golden Peacock Clock by James Cox and a collection of mosaics. The floor of the hall is adorned with a 19th-century imitation of an ancient Roman mosaic.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: Two galleries spanning the west side of the Small Hermitage from the Northern to Southern Pavilion house an exhibition of Western European decorative and applied art from the 12th to 15th century and the fine art of the Low Countries from the 15th and 16th centuries.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The rooms on the first floor of the Old Hermitage were designed by Andrei Stakenschneider in revival styles in between 1851 and 1860, although the design survives only in some of them. They feature works of Italian Renaissance artists, including Giorgione, Titian, Veronese, as well as "Benois Madonna" and "Madonna Litta" attributed to Leonardo da Vinci or his school.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The museum also houses paintings by Luis Tristán, Francisco de Zurbarán, Alonso Cano, José de Ribera and Goya.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The rooms and galleries along the southern facade and in the western wing of the New Hermitage are now entirely devoted to Dutch Golden Age and Flemish Baroque painting of the 17th century, including the large collections of Van Dyck, Rubens and Rembrandt. They also contain several paintings by Jan Brueghel the Elder (Velvet period), Frans Snyders (for example, "The Fish Market"), Gerard ter Borch, Paulus Potter, Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan van Goyen, Ferdinand Bol and Gerard van Honthorst.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The first floor rooms on the southern facade of the Winter Palace are occupied by the collections of German fine art of the 16th century and French fine art of the 15th–18th centuries, including paintings by Poussin, Lorrain, Watteau.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The richly decorated interiors of the first floor of the Winter Palace on its eastern, northern and western sides are part of the Russian culture collection and host the exhibitions of Russian art from the 11th-19th centuries. Temporary exhibitions are usually held in the Nicholas Hall.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: French Neoclassical, Impressionist and post-Impressionist art, including works by Renoir, Monet, Van Gogh and Gauguin, are displayed on the fourth floor of the Eastern Wing of the General Staff Building. Also displayed are paintings by Camille Pissarro (Boulevard Montmartre, Paris), Paul Cézanne (Mount Sainte-Victoire), Alfred Sisley, Henri Morel, and Degas.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: Modern art is displayed in the General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg). It features Matisse, Derain and other fauvists, Picasso, Malevich, Petrocelli, Kandinsky, Giacomo Manzù, Giorgio Morandi and Rockwell Kent. A large room is devoted to the German Romantic art of the 19th century, including several paintings by Caspar David Friedrich. The second floor of the Western wing features collections of the Oriental art (from China, India, Mongolia, Tibet, Central Asia, Byzantium and Near East).

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In 1815, Alexander I of Russia purchased 38 pictures from the heirs of Joséphine de Beauharnais, most of which had been looted by the French in Kassel during the war. The Hermitage collection of Rembrandts was then considered the largest in the world. Also among Alexander's purchases from Josephine's estate were the first four sculptures by the neoclassical Italian sculptor Antonio Canova to enter the Hermitage collection.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: Eventually the imperial collections were enriched by Greek and Scythian artifacts excavated within the Russian Empire.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In 1851, in Venice the museum acquired the collection of Cristoforo Barbarigo, including five more canvases by Titian. Today, all of the paintings but one ("Danaë") by Titian in the Hermitage Museum came to St. Petersburg from the Barbarigo collection.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: Until the 1920s, the museum's entrance was under the portico supported by five-metre high atlantes of grey Serdobol granite from Finland in the middle of the southern facade of the New Hermitage building.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: Immediately after the Revolution of 1917 the Imperial Hermitage and the Winter Palace, the former Imperial residence, were proclaimed state museums and eventually merged.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The range of the Hermitage's exhibits was further expanded when private art collections from several palaces of the Russian Tsars and numerous private mansions were nationalized and redistributed among major Soviet state museums. Particularly notable was the influx of old masters from the Catherine Palace, the Alexander Palace, the Stroganov Palace and the Yusupov Palace as well as from other palaces of Saint Petersburg and suburbs.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In 1922, an important collection of 19th-century European paintings was transferred to the Hermitage from the Academy of Arts. In turn, in 1927 about 500 important paintings were transferred to the Central Museum of old Western art in Moscow at the insistence of the Soviet authorities. In the early 1930s, 70 more paintings were sent there. After 1932, a number of less significant works of art were transferred to new museums all over the Soviet Union.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: With the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, before the Siege of Leningrad started, two trains with a considerable part of the collections were evacuated to Sverdlovsk. Two bombs and a number of shells hit the museum buildings during the siege. The museum opened an exhibition in November 1944. In October 1945 the evacuated collections were brought back, and in November 1945 the museum reopened.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In 1948, 316 works of Impressionist, post-Impressionist, and modern art from the collection of the Museum of New Western Art in Moscow, originating mostly from the nationalized collections of Sergei Shchukin and Ivan Morozov and disestablished before the war, were transferred to the Hermitage, including works by Matisse and Picasso. Beginning in 1967, a number of works by Matisse were donated to the museum by his muse Lydia Delectorskaya.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In 1981, the restored Menshikov Palace became a new branch of the Hermitage museum, displaying Russian culture of the early 18th century.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: On 15 June 1985, a man later judged insane attacked Rembrandt's painting "Danaë", displayed in the museum. He threw sulfuric acid on the canvas and cut it twice with a knife. The restoration of the painting had been accomplished by Hermitage conservationists by 1997, and "Danaë" is now on display behind armoured glass.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In 1993, the Russian government gave the eastern wing of the nearby General Staff Building across the Palace Square to the Hermitage and the new exhibition rooms in 1999. Since 2003, the Great Courtyard of the Winter Palace has been open to the public providing another entrance to the museum. Also in 2003, the Museum of Porcelain opened as a part of the Hermitage on the grounds of the Imperial Porcelain Factory.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In December 2001, the Hermitage was the setting for Russian Ark, a film by Russian director Aleksandr Sokurov, in which he elaboratively chronicles 300 years of the history of the building and the city in one uninterrupted, single-take shot, a first in world cinema.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In 2003, the Hermitage loaned 142 pieces to the University of Michigan Museum of Art for an exhibition titled "".

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In December 2004, the museum discovered another looted work of art: "Venus Disarming Mars" by Rubens was once in the collection of the Rheinsberg Palace near Berlin, and was apparently looted by Soviet troops from the Königsberg Castle in East Prussia in 1945. At the time, Mikhail Piotrovsky said the painting would be cleaned and displayed.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The museum announced in July 2006 that 221 minor items, including jewelry, Orthodox icons, silverware and richly enameled objects, had been stolen. The value of the stolen items was estimated to be approximately $543,000. By the end of 2006 several of the stolen items had been recovered.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In March 2020, Apple released a continuous 5 hour and 19 minute one shot film recorded entirely on an iPhone 11 Pro detailing many rooms of the museum which highlighted not only the artwork, but also the architecture, and live movement pieces interspersed throughout.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The Hermitage dependency in Kazan (Tatarstan, Russia), opened in 2005. It was created with support from President of the Republic of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev and is a subdivision of the Kazan Kremlin State Historical and Architectural Museum-Park. The museum is situated in the Kazan Kremlin in an edifice previously occupied by the Junker School built in the beginning of the 19th century.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: Following the prior experiences in London, Las Vegas, Amsterdam and Kazan, the Hermitage foundation decided to create a further branch in Italy with the launch of a national bid. Several northern Italian cities expressed interest such as Verona, Mantua, Ferrara and Turin. In 2007, the honor was awarded to the city of Ferrara which proposed its Castle Estense as the base. Since then, the new institution called "Ermitage Italia" started a research and scientific collaboration with the Hermitage foundation.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: A Hermitage branch is due to open in Vladivostok by 2016, and the regional government has allocated more than Rb17.7 million ($558,000) for preliminary reconstruction work on a mansion in Vladivostok's historic downtown district to house the satellite.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: In recent years, there have been proposals to open a Vilnius Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in the capital city of Lithuania. Like the former Las Vegas dependency, the museum is to combine artworks from the Saint Petersburg Hermitage with works from the New York Guggenheim Museum.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: The Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in Las Vegas opened on 7 October 2001 and closed on 11 May 2008. The Hermitage Rooms in London's Somerset House opened on 25 November 2000. The exhibition was closed permanently in November 2007 due to poor visitor numbers.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: "Treasures of St Petersburg & The Hermitage", (2003) a three-part documentary series for Channel 5 in the UK, directed by Graham Addicott and produced by Pille Runk.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Hermitage Museum

Context: 'Hermitage Revealed' (2014) is a BBC documentary from Margy Kinmonth. The film tells the story of its journey from imperial palace to state museum, investigating remarkable tales of dedication, devotion, ownership and ultimate sacrifice, showing how the collection came about, how it survived tumultuous revolutionary times and what makes the Hermitage unique today.

Question: Сколько экспонатов в Эрмитаже на 2019 год?


Golden billion

Context: The golden billion () is the theory that indefinite elites pull strings to amass wealth and destroy regular people’s lives. It is popular in the Russian-speaking world.

Question: Когда было введено понятие Золотой миллиард?


Golden billion

Context: The term was coined by A. Kuzmich (Anatoly Tsikunov) in his 1990 book "The Plot of World Government: Russia and the Golden Billion" and used in his articles. The main idea behind this term was taken from Limits to Growth – that there are enough resources for only one billion wealthy people on Earth. The term was quickly popularized by Russian writer Sergey Kara-Murza and has become a staple of contemporary Russian conspiratorial thought.

Question: Когда было введено понятие Золотой миллиард?


Golden billion

Context: Opponents of the concept often invoke market efficiency to argue that free trade and capitalism will make everybody wealthy eventually. Proponents counter that the ongoing process of multinational corporations channeling wealth from poorer countries to richer ones dictates that the gap will not diminish.

Question: Когда было введено понятие Золотой миллиард?


Golden billion

Context: Available data indicates convergence of income for many developing countries. Some economists think that using latest data it is possible to conclude that the world now is in state of unconditional economic convergence.

Question: Когда было введено понятие Золотой миллиард?


Golden billion

Context: In his book The Ultimate Resource, Julian Simon offers the view that scarcity of physical resources can be overcome by the human mind. For example, the argument of scarcity of oil could be overcome by some of energy development strategies, such as use of synthetic fuels.

Question: Когда было введено понятие Золотой миллиард?


Golden billion

Context: Concerning exploitation of the former colonies, Gregory Clark notes: "Yet generations of research by economic historians – David Landes, Deirdre McCloskey, and Joel Mokyr, among others – show that the wealth of the West was homegrown, the result of a stream of Western technological advances since the Industrial Revolution."

Question: Когда было введено понятие Золотой миллиард?


Golden billion

Context: One article about the role of libraries in helping people realize community potential references the concept:

Question: Когда было введено понятие Золотой миллиард?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: Defender of the Fatherland Day ( "Den' zashchitnika Otechestva"; ; ; ; ) is a holiday observed in Russia, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. It is celebrated on 23 February, except in Kazakhstan, where it is celebrated on 7 May. Ukraine abolished the holiday starting 1992 and, after the Revolution of Dignity, has instated the somewhat similar Defender of Ukraine Day on 14 October.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: In 1949, it was renamed to Soviet Army and Navy Day (). Following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the holiday was given its current name in 2002 by Russian President Vladimir Putin, who decreed it a state holiday (in Russia).

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: Officially, as the name suggests, the holiday celebrates people who are serving or were serving the Russian Armed Forces (both men and women, both military and civilian personnel), but unofficially, nationally it has also come to include the celebration of men as a whole, and to act as a counterpart of International Women's Day on March 8.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: In Israel, a version of the holiday exists as Yom HaZikaron, a national remembrance day observed in Israel held in 4 Iyar in the Hebrew calendar for all Israeli military personnel in the Israel Defense Forces who lost their lives in the struggle that led to the establishment of the State of Israel and for those who have been killed subsequently while on active duty in Israel's armed forces. This holiday is observed by a number of Jews who have emigrated from Russia and various post-Soviet states.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: In Kazakhstan, Defender of the Fatherland Day is celebrated on 7 May. The Kazakh Armed Forces was established on this date 1992 and was only made national holiday in October 2012. The holiday often coincides with the Victory Day celebrations on May 9.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: In Kyrgyzstan, Defender of the Fatherland Day is a non-working holiday. In Bishkek, there is a military parade of the Bishkek Garrison. The holiday was first introduced in the country by the Government of Kyrgyzstan on January 20, 2003. Personnel of the Kyrgyz Army have their own professional holiday on May 29, which is the Day of the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: In Tajikistan, the holiday is known as "Tajik National Army Day" (), celebrating the Tajik National Army. However, it has been known that other military units, such as the Tajik Air Force, have taken part in the celebration.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: In Transnistria, Defender of the Fatherland Day is a public holiday. The main celebrations are held in Tiraspol. They are attended by the President of the republic and the heads of defence/law enforcement agencies. By decree of President Igor Smirnov on 13 June 2001, it was included in the list of professional holidays and is a non-working holiday.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: Defender of the Fatherland Day () in Turkmenistan is celebrated on 27 January, celebrating the anniversary of the founding of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan. It was previously celebrated as Army Day until President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow changed its name in 2009. The Ministry of Defense organizes festive concerts and activities in military units on this day. The current military doctrine was adopted on the eve of the holiday in 2016.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: Today, even though it is not a public holiday, many women will still give some extra attention to male relatives, friends, husbands and boyfriends, especially to those serving in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Armed Forces Day for the entire Armed Forces is celebrated yearly on 6 December with special programs and nationwide gun salutes and fireworks displays.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


Defender of the Fatherland Day

Context: February 23 is an official holiday in the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia. The country's leadership pay to veterans who served in the Soviet Army as well as all those who served in the Armed Forces of South Ossetia and died in the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War and the Russo-Georgian War. The holiday also coincide with festive events that surround the creation of the Ministry of Defense of the republic.

Question: Какой самый популярный подарок на «День защи́тника Оте́чества» в 2019 году?


United Nations

Context: The UN's chief administrative officer is the secretary-general, currently Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres, who began his first five year-term on 1 January 2017 and was re-elected on 8 June 2021. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The UN, its officers, and its agencies have won many Nobel Peace Prizes, though other evaluations of its effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called it ineffective, biased, or corrupt.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross were formed to ensure protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and strife.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: During 1938, Britain and France tried negotiating directly with Hitler but this failed in 1939 when Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. When war broke out in 1939, the League closed down, and its headquarters in Geneva remained empty throughout the war.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The new international organization was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Allied Big Four at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from 21 September to 7 October 1944. They agreed on proposals for the aims, structure and functioning of the new international organization. It took the conference at Yalta, plus further negotiations with Moscow, before all the issues were resolved.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council took place in London beginning in January 1946. Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in Iranian Azerbaijan, British forces in Greece and within days the first veto was cast. British diplomat Gladwyn Jebb served as acting secretary-general.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, construction began on 14 September 1948 and the facility was completed on 9 October 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory. The Norwegian foreign minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN secretary-general.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Though the UN's primary mandate was peacekeeping, the division between the US and USSR often paralysed the organization, generally allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the Cold War. Two notable exceptions were a Security Council resolution on 7 July 1950 authorizing a US-led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea, passed in the absence of the USSR, and the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly approved a resolution to partition Palestine, approving the creation of the state of Israel. Two years later, Ralph Bunche, a UN official, negotiated an armistice to the resulting conflict. On 7 November 1956, the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis; however, the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following that country's revolution.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange. By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Below the six organs sit, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it". These include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programs and funds, and other UN entities.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the UN. Composed of all UN member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions, but emergency sessions can also be called. The assembly is led by a president, elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents. The first session convened 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the position shall be held for one or two terms of five years. The current secretary-general is António Guterres of Portugal, who replaced Ban Ki-moon in 2017.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear. Peacekeeping forces as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and separate action" to protect these rights.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework, according to a 1947 agreement. They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944. The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Since the UN's creation, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. The UN works towards decolonization through groups including the UN Committee on Decolonization, created in 1962. The committee lists seventeen remaining "Non-Self-Governing Territories", the largest and most populous of which is Western Sahara.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The UN also declares and co-ordinates international observances that bring awareness to issues of international interest or concern; examples include World Tuberculosis Day, Earth Day, and the International Year of Deserts and Desertification.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The UN budget for 2020 was $3.1 billion, not including additional resources donated by members, such as peacekeeping forces.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by its gross national income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as UNICEF and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks, "when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and ... will bring benefits to our children's and grandchildren's generations as well."

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: In a sometimes-misquoted statement, U.S. President George W. Bush stated in February 2003—referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime—that "free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society."

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the UN but little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Core features of the UN apparatus, such as the veto privileges of some nations in the Security Council, are often described as fundamentally undemocratic, contrary to the UN mission, and as a main cause of inaction on genocides and crimes against humanity.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Jacques Fomerand states the most enduring divide in views of the UN is "the North–South split" between richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations. Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern nations prefer an economically laissez-faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council's membership to be increased, for different ways of electing the UN's secretary-general, and for a UN Parliamentary Assembly.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: After World War II, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the U.S. as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization. Future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it a "machin" ("contraption"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Throughout the Cold War, both the US and USSR repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1953, the USSR effectively forced the resignation of Trygve Lie, the secretary-general, through its refusal to deal with him, while in the 1950s and 1960s, a popular US bumper sticker read, "You can't spell communism without U.N."

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Critics such as Dore Gold, an Israeli diplomat, Robert S. Wistrich, a British scholar, Alan Dershowitz, an American legal scholar, Mark Dreyfus, an Australian politician, and the Anti-Defamation League consider UN attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians to be excessive. In September 2015, Saudi Arabia's Faisal bin Hassan Trad was elected Chair of the UN Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts, a move criticized by human rights groups.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the US withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative be introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


United Nations

Context: In 2004, the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil-for-Food Programme — in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions — had suffered from widespread corruption, including billions of dollars of kickbacks. An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved, as well as raising "significant" questions about the role of Kojo Annan, the son of Kofi Annan.

Question: Как расшифровывается ООН?


Mahabharata

Context: The Mahābhārata ( ; , "", ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the "Rāmāyaṇa". It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava princes and their successors.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or "puruṣārtha" (12.161). Among the principal works and stories in the "Mahābhārata" are the "Bhagavad Gita", the story of Damayanti, the story of Shakuntala, the story of Pururava and Urvashi, the story of Savitri and Satyavan, the story of Kacha and Devayani, the story of Rishyasringa and an abbreviated version of the "Rāmāyaṇa", often considered as works in their own right.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The first section of the "Mahābhārata" states that it was Ganesha who wrote down the text to Vyasa's dictation, but this is regarded by scholars as a later interpolation to the epic and the "Critical Edition" doesn't include Ganesha at all.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The text was described by some early 20th-century Indologists as unstructured and chaotic. Hermann Oldenberg supposed that the original poem must once have carried an immense "tragic force" but dismissed the full text as a "horrible chaos." Moritz Winternitz ("Geschichte der indischen Literatur" 1909) considered that "only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes" could have lumped the parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The redaction of this large body of text was carried out after formal principles, emphasizing the numbers 18 and 12. The addition of the latest parts may be dated by the absence of the "Anuśāsana-Parva" and the "Virāta Parva" from the "Spitzer manuscript". The oldest surviving Sanskrit text dates to the Kushan Period (200 CE).

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The "Suparṇākhyāna", a late Vedic period poem considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," is an older, shorter precursor to the expanded legend of Garuda that is included in the "Āstīka Parva", within the "Ādi Parva" of the "Mahābhārata".

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The Greek writer Dio Chrysostom (c. 40 – c. 120 CE) reported that Homer's poetry was being sung even in India. Many scholars have taken this as evidence for the existence of a "Mahābhārata" at this date, whose episodes Dio or his sources identify with the story of the "Iliad".

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Several stories within the "Mahābhārata" took on separate identities of their own in Classical Sanskrit literature. For instance, Abhijñānaśākuntala by the renowned Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa (c. 400 CE), believed to have lived in the era of the Gupta dynasty, is based on a story that is the precursor to the "Mahābhārata". Urubhaṅga, a Sanskrit play written by Bhāsa who is believed to have lived before Kālidāsa, is based on the slaying of Duryodhana by the splitting of his thighs by Bhīma.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The copper-plate inscription of the Maharaja Sharvanatha (533–534 CE) from Khoh (Satna District, Madhya Pradesh) describes the "Mahābhārata" as a "collection of 100,000 verses" ("śata-sahasri saṃhitā").

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The Mahabharata begins with the following hymn and in fact this praise has been made at the beginning of every Parva:

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: "Om! Having bowed down to Narayana and Nara (Arjuna), the most exalted male being, and also to the goddess Saraswati, must the word Jaya be uttered."

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Nara-Narayana were two ancient sages who were the portion of Shree Vishnu. Nara was the previous birth of Arjuna and the friend of Narayana, while Narayana was the incarnation of Shree Vishnu and thus the previous birth of Shree Krishna.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Puranic literature presents genealogical lists associated with the "Mahābhārata" narrative. The evidence of the Puranas is of two kinds. Of the first kind, there is the direct statement that there were 1015 (or 1050) years between the birth of Parikshit (Arjuna's grandson) and the accession of Mahapadma Nanda (400-329  BCE), which would yield an estimate of about 1400  BCE for the Bharata battle. However, this would imply improbably long reigns on average for the kings listed in the genealogies.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Of the second kind is analyses of parallel genealogies in the Puranas between the times of Adhisimakrishna (Parikshit's great-grandson) and Mahapadma Nanda. Pargiter accordingly estimated 26 generations by averaging 10 different dynastic lists and, assuming 18 years for the average duration of a reign, arrived at an estimate of 850  BCE for Adhisimakrishna, and thus approximately 950  BCE for the Bharata battle.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: B. B. Lal used the same approach with a more conservative assumption of the average reign to estimate a date of 836 BCE, and correlated this with archaeological evidence from Painted Grey Ware (PGW) sites, the association being strong between PGW artifacts and places mentioned in the epic. John Keay confirms this and also gives 950 BCE for the Bharata battle.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Another traditional school of astronomers and historians, represented by Vriddha-Garga, Varahamihira (author of the "Brhatsamhita") and Kalhana (author of the "Rajatarangini"), place the Bharata war 653 years after the "Kali Yuga" epoch, corresponding to 2449 BCE.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura, the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan. The two collateral branches of the family that participate in the struggle are the Kaurava and the Pandava. Although the Kaurava is the senior branch of the family, Duryodhana, the eldest Kaurava, is younger than Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava. Both Duryodhana and Yudhishthira claim to be first in line to inherit the throne.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The struggle culminates in the great battle of Kurukshetra, in which the Pandavas are ultimately victorious. The battle produces complex conflicts of kinship and friendship, instances of family loyalty and duty taking precedence over what is right, as well as the converse.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The "Mahābhārata" itself ends with the death of Krishna, and the subsequent end of his dynasty and ascent of the Pandava brothers to heaven. It also marks the beginning of the Hindu age of "Kali Yuga", the fourth and final age of humankind, in which great values and noble ideas have crumbled, and people are heading towards the complete dissolution of right action, morality, and virtue.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Dhritarashtra has a hundred sons, and one daughter—Duhsala—through Gandhari, all born after the birth of Yudhishthira. These are the Kaurava brothers, the eldest being Duryodhana, and the second Dushasana. Other Kaurava brothers were Vikarna and Sukarna. The rivalry and enmity between them and the Pandava brothers, from their youth and into manhood, leads to the Kurukshetra war.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: After the deaths of their mother (Madri) and father (Pandu), the Pandavas and their mother Kunti return to the palace of Hastinapur. Yudhishthira is made Crown Prince by Dhritarashtra, under considerable pressure from his courtiers. Dhritarashtra wanted his son Duryodhana to become king and lets his ambition get in the way of preserving justice.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: After the wedding, the Pandava brothers are invited back to Hastinapura. The Kuru family elders and relatives negotiate and broker a split of the kingdom, with the Pandavas obtaining and demanding only a wild forest inhabited by Takshaka, the king of snakes, and his family. Through hard work, the Pandavas can build a new glorious capital for the territory at Indraprastha.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Shortly after this, Arjuna elopes with and then marries Krishna's sister, Subhadra. Yudhishthira wishes to establish his position as king; he seeks Krishna's advice. Krishna advises him, and after due preparation and the elimination of some opposition, Yudhishthira carries out the "rājasūya yagna" ceremony; he is thus recognized as pre-eminent among kings.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Dhritarashtra, Bhishma, and the other elders are aghast at the situation, but Duryodhana is adamant that there is no place for two crown princes in Hastinapura. Against his wishes Dhritarashtra orders for another dice game. The Pandavas are required to go into exile for 12 years, and in the 13th year, they must remain hidden. If they are discovered by the Kauravas in the 13th year of their exile, then they will be forced into exile for another 12 years.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The Pandavas spend thirteen years in exile; many adventures occur during this time. The Pandavas acquire many divine weapons, given by gods, during this period. They also prepare alliances for a possible future conflict. They spend their final year in disguise in the court of the king Virata, and they are discovered just after the end of the year.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: At the end of their exile, they try to negotiate a return to Indraprastha with Krishna as their emissary. However, this negotiation fails, because Duryodhana objected that they were discovered in the 13th year of their exile and the return of their kingdom was not agreed upon. Then the Pandavas fought the Kauravas, claiming their rights over Indraprastha.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Before the battle, Arjuna, noticing that the opposing army includes his cousins and relatives, including his grandfather Bhishma and his teacher Drona, has grave doubts about the fight. He falls into despair and refuses to fight. At this time, Krishna reminds him of his duty as a Kshatriya to fight for a righteous cause in the famous Bhagavad Gita section of the epic.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Though initially sticking to chivalrous notions of warfare, both sides soon adopt dishonorable tactics. At the end of the 18-day battle, only the Pandavas, Satyaki, Kripa, Ashwatthama, Kritavarma, Yuyutsu and Krishna survive. Yudhisthir becomes King of Hastinapur and Gandhari curses Krishna that the downfall of his clan is imminent.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: After "seeing" the carnage, Gandhari, who had lost all her sons, curses Krishna to be a witness to a similar annihilation of his family, for though divine and capable of stopping the war, he had not done so. Krishna accepts the curse, which bears fruit 36 years later.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Arjuna's grandson Parikshit rules after them and dies bitten by a snake. His furious son, Janamejaya, decides to perform a snake sacrifice ("sarpasattra") to destroy the snakes. It is at this sacrifice that the tale of his ancestors is narrated to him.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The "Mahābhārata" mentions that Karna, the Pandavas, Draupadi and Dhritarashtra's sons eventually ascended to svarga and "attained the state of the gods", and banded together – "serene and free from anger".

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: A Persian translation of "Mahabharata", titled "Razmnameh", was produced at Akbar's orders, by Faizi and ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni in the 18th century.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: The first complete English translation was the Victorian prose version by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, published between 1883 and 1896 (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) and by M. N. Dutt (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers). Most critics consider the translation by Ganguli to be faithful to the original text. The complete text of Ganguli's translation is in the public domain and is available online.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: A project to translate the full epic into English prose, translated by various hands, began to appear in 2005 from the Clay Sanskrit Library, published by New York University Press. The translation is based not on the "Critical Edition" but on the version known to the commentator Nīlakaṇṭha. Currently available are 15 volumes of the projected 32-volume edition.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Indian Vedic Scholar Shripad Damodar Satwalekar translated the Critical Edition of Mahabharata into Hindi which was assigned to him by the Government of India. After his death, the task was taken up by Shrutisheel Sharma.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Many condensed versions, abridgments and novelistic prose retellings of the complete epic have been published in English, including works by Ramesh Menon, William Buck, R. K. Narayan, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi, Krishna Dharma, Romesh C. Dutt, Bharadvaja Sarma, John D. Smith and Sharon Maas.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Between 1919 and 1966, scholars at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune, compared the various manuscripts of the epic from India and abroad and produced the "Critical Edition" of the "Mahabharata", on 13,000 pages in 19 volumes, over the span of 47 years, followed by the "Harivamsha" in another two volumes and six index volumes. This is the text that is usually used in current Mahābhārata studies for reference. This work is sometimes called the "Pune" or "Poona" edition of the "Mahabharata".

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. These include the Tamil street theatre, terukkuttu and kattaikkuttu, the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of "Mahabharata", focusing on Draupadi.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: A Kawi version of the "Mahabharata", of which eight of the eighteen "parvas" survive, is found on the Indonesian island of Bali. It has been translated into English by Dr. I. Gusti Putu Phalgunadi.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: In Indian cinema, several film versions of the epic have been made, dating back to 1920. The "Mahābhārata" was also reinterpreted by Shyam Benegal in "Kalyug". Prakash Jha directed 2010 film Raajneeti was partially inspired by the "Mahabharata". A 2013 animated adaptation holds the record for India's most expensive animated film.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: Uncompleted projects on the "Mahābhārata" include one by Rajkumar Santoshi, and a theatrical adaptation planned by Satyajit Ray.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: In the "Bhagavad Gita", Krishna explains to Arjuna his duties as a warrior and prince and elaborates on different Yogic and Vedantic philosophies, with examples and analogies. This has led to the "Gita" often being described as a concise guide to Hindu philosophy and a practical, self-contained guide to life. In more modern times, Swami Vivekananda, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi and many others used the text to help inspire the Indian independence movement.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Mahabharata

Context: It has also inspired several works of modern Hindi literature, such as Ramdhari Singh Dinkar's "Rashmirathi", which is a rendition of "Mahabharata" centered around Karna and his conflicts. It was written in 1952, and won the prestigious Jnanpith Award in 1972.

Question: Кем была написана Араньякапарва?


Jan Baudouin de Courtenay

Context: For most of his life Baudouin de Courtenay worked at Imperial Russian universities: Kazan (1874–1883), Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) (1883–1893), Kraków (1893–1899) in Austria-Hungary, and St. Petersburg (1900–1918). In 1919–1929 he was a professor at the re-established University of Warsaw in a once again independent Poland.

Question: Когда родился И. А. Бодуэна де Куртенэ?


Jan Baudouin de Courtenay

Context: Baudouin de Courtenay was the editor of the 3rd (1903–1909) and 4th (1912–1914) editions of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" compiled by Russian lexicographer Vladimir Dahl (1801–1872).

Question: Когда родился И. А. Бодуэна де Куртенэ?


Jan Baudouin de Courtenay

Context: In 1927 he formally withdrew from the Roman Catholic Church without joining any other religious denomination. He died in Warsaw. He is buried at the Protestant Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw with the epitaph "He sought truth and justice".

Question: Когда родился И. А. Бодуэна де Куртенэ?


Jan Baudouin de Courtenay

Context: His daughter, Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa was one of the founders of the Polish school of ethnology and anthropology as well as a professor at the universities of Vilnius and Warsaw.

Question: Когда родился И. А. Бодуэна де Куртенэ?


Castillo de la Emperatriz Eugenia de Montijo

Context: The castle is located in a fertile part of the Urdaibai estuary, not far from the historic town of Guernica.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: Unlike Spanish castles built for defense, it is not in an elevated position but on a plain or meadow, surrounded by trees and other vegetation.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The original manor house was said to have been built in the eighth century by Fortún Ortúnez and Sancho Gaúteguiz, and was destroyed and rebuilt many times.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The castle was built on the foundations of a tower mentioned in writings from the mid-fifteenth century.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The decision to build the new castle, or chateau, was in response to a decree in 1856 by the assembly of Basque country that the Prince Imperial was a Viscayan.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: At the request of the empress, the emperor sent his architects to the town to draw up plans for the new building and undertake construction.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: Louis-Auguste Couvrechef was assigned the project, and then Gabriel-Auguste Ancelet took over responsibility.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The project involved building kitchens on the ground floor, a salon and dining room on the first floor, an antechamber and apartments for the imperial couple on the next floor and rooms at the top for the staff. Ancelet designed all the decorations. Many of the works were made by French entrepreneurs and artisans, such as Bernard, the painter and decorator from Bagnères-de-Luchon.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: A park was laid out, and after many delays the project was near completion in 1873, the year that the Emperor died.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: According to an 1882 travel guide, the chateau had been "restored in sumptuous style" but was not finished.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: When Eugenia was dethroned and wanted to settle in Spain, she was hosted by Alba in Madrid and Seville, and did not use the castle.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The floor of the central tower is a rectangle of , which is attached at an angle to an octagonal tower inside which is the staircase that connects the different floors.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: On each of its four sides, two ogival arches rise from the base to the highest level, each containing four windows, two on each level.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The castle has five floors, excluding the basement where there is the kitchen, the wine cellar and a room for use of the servants.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: A wide marble staircase gives access to the first floor, which is a large and richly decorated hall.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The second floor was used as a bedroom of the imperial couple and has a small chapel with two beautiful stained glass windows.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The upper floors were for the servants of higher rank, and the elliptical staircase inside the turret allows communication between all floors.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The tower is surrounded by a small square enclosure, surrounded by high walls and four cylindrical corner towers.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Context: The stone used in them is more modest and rough. Access to the site is by a single door in Gothic style.

Question: Откуда родом была императрица Евгения Французская?


Mir Jafar Baghirov

Context: In 1921, one of Baghirov's subordinates in Cheka was the young Lavrentiy Beria, whose career he sponsored. Beria repaid him when he was appointed overlord of the three Transcaucasian republics (Azebaijan, Armenia and Georgia) in 1932, first by arranging for Baghirov to be appointed the 'responsible instructor' of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Azerbaijan, and then the boss of the Azerbaijan communist party. According to Beria's son, Sergo:

Question: Какой пост занимал Мир Джафар Аббасович Баги́ров?


Mir Jafar Baghirov

Context: On 7 March 1953, just after the death of Joseph Stalin, Baghirov was appointed a candidate member of the Praesidium (Politburo) of the Central Committee, which means that he was officially the most senior communist official based in any of the smaller Soviet republics outside Russia. On 21 April, he transferred himself to the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan SSR, but on 19 July was sacked, in the wake of the arrest of Beria.

Question: Какой пост занимал Мир Джафар Аббасович Баги́ров?


Mir Jafar Baghirov

Context: Mir Jafar Baghirov is a controversial figure in Azerbaijani history. By 1940 an estimated 70,000 Azeris had died as a result of purges carried out under Baghirov. The intelligentsia was decimated, broken, and eliminated as a social force and the old guard Communist elite was destroyed. However, Baghirov was also successful in resisting the Armenian demands to cede the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR.

Question: Какой пост занимал Мир Джафар Аббасович Баги́ров?


Mir Jafar Baghirov

Context: He was credited for treating his junior son as an ordinary Soviet citizen. Baghirov sent his son, Vladimir (Jahangir) Baghirov, a military pilot, to the Soviet Army to fight against Nazi Germany. He was killed in battle in June 1943, after performing an aerial ramming.

Question: Какой пост занимал Мир Джафар Аббасович Баги́ров?


Vyborg Governorate

Context: In 1812 the area of Vyborg Governorate was transferred from Russia proper to the grand duchy and established as Viipuri Province. The transfer, announced by Tsar Alexander I just before Christmas, on December 23, 1811 O.S. (January 4, 1812 N.S.), can be seen as a symbolic gesture and an attempt to appease the sentiment of the Finnish population, which had just experienced Russian conquest of their country by force in the Finnish War.

Question: Кто был первым руководителем  Вы́боргской губе́рнии?


Prussian Academy of Sciences

Context: The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences () was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Akademie der Künste, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer. In the 18th century, it was a French-language institution since French was the language of science and culture during that era.

Question: Кто основал Берлинскую Академию наук?


Prussian Academy of Sciences

Context: As a French-language institution its publications were in French such as the "Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles lettres de Berlin" which was published between 1745 and 1796.

Question: Кто основал Берлинскую Академию наук?


Prussian Academy of Sciences

Context: Beginning in 1815, research businesses led by Academy committees (such as the Greek-Roman Archeology Committee or the Oriental Committee) were founded at the Academy. They employed mostly scientists to work alongside the corresponding committee's members. University departments emanated from some of these businesses after 1945.

Question: Кто основал Берлинскую Академию наук?


Prussian Academy of Sciences

Context: On 25 November 1915 Albert Einstein presented his field equations of general relativity to the Academy.

Question: Кто основал Берлинскую Академию наук?


Prussian Academy of Sciences

Context: Under the rule of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, the Academy was subject to the "Gleichschaltung," a "Nazification" process that was established to take totalitarian control over various aspects of society. However, compared with other institutions, such as the universities where Jewish employees and members were expelled starting in 1933, Jewish Academy members were not expelled until 1938, following a direct request by the Ministry of Education.

Question: Кто основал Берлинскую Академию наук?


Prussian Academy of Sciences

Context: The new Academy statute went into effect on 8 June 1939, reorganizing the Academy according to the Nazi leadership principle (the "Führerprinzip").

Question: Кто основал Берлинскую Академию наук?


Otradnoye, Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast

Context: Otradnoye () is a town in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located east of St. Petersburg on the left bank of the Neva River, at its confluence with the Tosna River. Population:

Question: Когда было основано Отра́дное?


Context: In the 19th century, the area was a part of Shlisselburgsky Uyezd of Saint Petersburg Governorate. On February 14, 1923, Shlisselburgsky Uyezd was merged into Petrogradsky Uyezd. In January 1924, the uyezd was renamed Leningradsky.

Question: Когда было основано Отра́дное?


Context: The modern town of Otradnoye was established in 1970 by merging of the urban-type settlements of Otradnoye and Ivanovskoye. On April 1, 1977, Kirovsky District with the administrative center in Kirovsk, essentially in the limits of former Mginsky District, was established by splitting off Volkhovsky and Tosnensky Districts, and Otradnoye was included into the district.

Question: Когда было основано Отра́дное?


Context: Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated within Kirovsky District as Otradnenskoye Settlement Municipal Formation. As a municipal division, Otradnenskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Kirovsky Municipal District as Otradnenskoye Urban Settlement.

Question: Когда было основано Отра́дное?


Context: There are several industrial enterprises in Otradnoye. The Pella plant produces different sorts of machines including riverboats. Other enterprises produce electrotechnical equipment.

Question: Когда было основано Отра́дное?


Context: A railway leading from St. Petersburg (Moskovsky railway station) to Volkhov passes through the town; there are two passenger platforms within town limits: Ivanovskaya and Pella.

Question: Когда было основано Отра́дное?


Context: Otradnoye is connected by roads with St. Petersburg, Kirovsk, and Ulyanovka (the latter one with the access to M10 Highway, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg).

Question: Когда было основано Отра́дное?


Context: Otradnoye contains two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments are the buildings of the post station of Pella, whereas the local monuments commemorate the events of World War II.

Question: Когда было основано Отра́дное?


Lenin's Mausoleum

Context: On 26 January 1924, the Head of the Moscow Garrison issued an order to place the guard of honour at the mausoleum. Russians call it the "Number One Sentry". After the events of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, the guard of honour was disbanded. In 1997, the "Number One Sentry" was restored at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Alexander Garden.

Question: Почему Ленин похоронен на Красной площади?


Lenin's Mausoleum

Context: Lenin's body was removed in October 1941 and evacuated to Tyumen, in Siberia, when it appeared that Moscow might be in danger of capture by German troops. After the war, it was returned and the tomb reopened.

Question: Почему Ленин похоронен на Красной площади?


Lenin's Mausoleum

Context: Joseph Stalin's embalmed body shared a spot next to Lenin's, from the time of his death in March 1953 until October 1961, when Stalin was removed as part of de-Stalinization and Khrushchev's Thaw, and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis outside the walls of the Kremlin.

Question: Почему Ленин похоронен на Красной площади?


Lenin's Mausoleum

Context: Lenin's body was to have been transferred to the Pantheon upon its completion but the project was cancelled in the aftermath of de-Stalinization.

Question: Почему Ленин похоронен на Красной площади?


Lenin's Mausoleum

Context: The stone mausoleum was erected in 16 months - by October 1930. Compared to the wooden one, the new building was built three metres higher, the outer volume was increased 4.5 times - 5800 m³, and the inner volume 12 times, up to 2400 m³. Its total weight was about 10,000 tonnes. The mausoleum occupied the highest point on Red Square.

Question: Почему Ленин похоронен на Красной площади?


Lenin's Mausoleum

Context: During construction, the mausoleum and the necropolis were brought to a unified architectural design: differently characterised tombstones and monuments were removed, individual and collective burials at Nikolskaya and Spasskaya Towers were united, and the fence was redesigned and installed. Guest stands for ten thousand seats were installed on either side of the mausoleum.

Question: Почему Ленин похоронен на Красной площади?


Lenin's Mausoleum

Context: The mausoleum contains a vestibule, Mourning Hall and two staircases. Opposite the entrance is a huge granite block was carved the coat of arms of the USSR of 1923.

Question: Почему Ленин похоронен на Красной площади?


Lenin's Mausoleum

Context: Until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the continued preservation work was funded by the Soviet government. At that point the government discontinued financial support and private donations then supported the preservation staff. In 2016 the Russian government reversed its earlier decision and said it planned to spend 13 million rubles to preserve the body.

Question: Почему Ленин похоронен на Красной площади?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: Alla Borisovna Pugacheva, sometimes Pugachova (, ; born 15 April 1949), is а Soviet and Russian musical performer. Her career started in 1965 and continues to this day, even though she does not give live performances anymore. For her "clear mezzo-soprano and a full display of sincere emotions", she enjoys an iconic status across the former Soviet Union as the most successful Soviet performer in terms of record sales and popularity.

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: Pugacheva's repertoire includes over 500 songs in Russian, English, German, French, Kazakh, Hebrew, Finnish, Ukrainian, and her discography has more than 100 records, CDs and DVDs. In addition to Russia and the former Soviet Union, Pugacheva's albums were released in Japan, Korea, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. Pugacheva has sold more than 250 million records.

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: She became a People's Artist of the USSR in 1991, a Laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1995, and was decorated as a Chevalier of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II, III and IV degrees. She represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997, where she finished in 15th place.<ref name="http://allapugacheva.pro/vsem-shou-shou"></ref>

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: Pugacheva was born to Boris Mikhailovich Pugachëv and Zinaida Arkhipovna (born Odegova) Pugachëva in Moscow, on 15 April 1949. In 1956, she enrolled in music school No.31, and attended the Ippolitov-Ivanov music college. She went on to study at school No.496, finishing her studies there in 1964. She then studied in the choral-conducting department of the college. Pugacheva recorded her first track "Robot" in 1965, for a morning programme on Radio Yunost.

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: In the late 1970s, Pugacheva became one of Russia's most beloved artists for her "clear mezzo-soprano and a full display of genuine emotions".

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev awarded Pugacheva the 3rd Degree Order of Merit for the Fatherland on her 60th birthday (15 April 2009).

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: In 1969, she married Lithuanian circus performer , and at May 25, 1971 she gave birth to a daughter, Kristina Orbakaitė, who is also a popular singer. Pugacheva divorced Orbakas after four years of marriage in 1973. She married film director Alexander Stefanovich (1945-2021) in 1976 and starred in several of his movies. The union was dissolved in 1980.

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: In 1985, Pugacheva married producer Yevgeniy Boldin, with whom she had numerous professional collaborations. She had a working and romantic relationship with a young musician and singer, Vladimir Kuzmin during this period. In 1993, she divorced Yevgeniy Boldin stating that their professional lives interfered too much with their personal life.

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: On 23 December 2011, Alla Pugacheva married Maxim Galkin. The couple has twins delivered by a surrogate mother. Their names are Liza and Harry.

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: In March 2014, Pugacheva signed a petition against the persecution of Andrei Makarevich who protested against annexation of Crimea and War in Donbas.

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Alla Pugacheva

Context: In March 2022, Pugacheva and Galkin left Russia for Israel following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Question: Как называется первый альбом Пугачевой?


Kikimora

Context: Most sources link the suffix -"mora" with the Proto-Slavic *"morà" ('nightly spirit, bad dream') and the Proto-Germanic *"marōn" ("id."), as in the modern English nightmare.

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: In Polish folklore, mora are the souls of living people that leave the body during the night, and are seen as wisps of straw or hair or as moths. Accordingly, Polish "mora", Czech "můra" denote both a kind of elf or spirit as well as a "sphinx moth" or "night butterfly". Other Slavic languages with cognates that have the double meaning of moth are: Kashubian "mòra", and Slovak "mora".

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: In Slovene, Croatian and Serbian, "mora" refers to a "nightmare". "Mora" or "Mara" is one of the spirits from ancient Slav mythology. Mara was a dark spirit that takes a form of a beautiful woman and then visits men in their dreams, torturing them with desire, and dragging life out of them. In Serbia, a mare is called "mora", or "noćnik/noćnica" ("night creature", masculine and feminine respectively). In Romania they were known as "Moroi".

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: The word "kikimora" may have derived from the Udmurt (Finno-Ugric) word "kikka-murt", meaning "scarecrow" (literally "bag-made person").

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: The origin of the kikimora comes from the 8th to 13th century when Slavic paganism was slowly subsumed by Christianity. However, even after Christianity took hold in the Slavic regions, the belief of the kikimora was still strong. Belief in the entity still continues today where it is imbued with old Slavic folk religion and Christianity's concept of demonic forces.

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: The kikimora might have the snout of a dog, a chicken beak or can even resemble a goat-like entity with glowing eyes and horns. In fact, it can take any part of an animal's face or body. It is always feminine and can appear as an old woman or a beautiful girl. She might even appear as a deceased family member.

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: The swamp kikimora is usually described as a small, ugly, hunchbacked, thin, and scruffy old woman with a pointed nose and disheveled hair. She was said to use moss and grass as clothes. It was believed that she frightens people, knocks travelers off the road or even drowns them. She also kidnaps children.

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: There is a Russian bylichka about one swamp kikimora, who loved to brew beer. Her name was Baba Bolotnitsa (). When she was brewing beer, fog rose over the river (or swamp).

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: When the house is in order, kikimora looks after the chickens and housework. If not, she whistles, breaks dishes, and makes noises at night. She also comes out at night to spin thread.

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: In 1988, Kirill Eskov discovered and described a new genus and species of sheetweaver spider, "kikimora palustris" after this spirit.

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Kikimora

Context: The concept of the kikimora is thought to serve basic functions and duties of the household. A kikimora would haunt a household if a woman did not keep a clean house; if a husband was lazy or abusive; or if children were poorly disciplined. Reversing one's behaviour is believed to remove her presence from the house. Besides that, the kikimora entity is thought to console or explain tragic events like the death of a family member or the loss of household items.

Question: Был у Кики́моры муж?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: Eastern Orthodox church architecture constitutes a distinct, recognizable family of styles among church architectures. These styles share a cluster of fundamental similarities, having been influenced by the common legacy of Byzantine architecture from the Eastern Roman Empire. Some of the styles have become associated with the particular traditions of one specific autocephalous Orthodox patriarchate, whereas others are more widely used within the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: These architectural styles have held substantial influence over cultures outside Eastern Orthodoxy; particularly in the architecture of Islamic mosques, but also to some degree in Western churches.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: While sharing many traditions, Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity began to diverge from each other from an early date. Whereas the basilica, a long aisled hall with an apse at one end, was the most common form in the West, a more compact centralised style became predominant in the East.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: A variant form of the centralised church was developed in Russia and came to prominence in the 16th century. Here the dome was replaced by a much thinner and taller hipped or conical roof which, it is said, originated from the need to prevent snow from remaining on roofs. One of the finest examples of these tented churches is St. Basil's in Red Square in Moscow.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: For a long time, the art of architecture was primarily concerned with the design of churches and aristocratic palaces, therefore the evolution of Orthodox churches represents a major part of the history of Byzantine architecture and Russian architecture. More detailed information is presented in those articles.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: Unlike Western Christian architecture with its tendencies toward modernity (see, e.g., Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral or Notre Dame du Haut), Orthodox architectural style remains largely conservative and traditional. One notable and architecturally important exception is Frank Lloyd Wright's design of Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, in the United States.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: The Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity on New York City's Upper East Side is the largest Orthodox Christian church in the Western Hemisphere.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: The major church in a monastery is called a catholicon, and may be reserved for major services, lesser services being celebrated in other churches in the monastery.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: A church independent of local eparchy is called "stauropegial sobor" (Greek "stauropegia" means "mounting of the cross"). For example, patriarchal sobors are stauropigial ones.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: The altar (sanctuary) is situated in the eastern part of the church, regardless of its shape. A bell tower is attached to (or built separately by) the western part of the church.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: A major difference of traditional Orthodox churches from Western churches is the absence of any pews in the nave. In some ethnic traditions of Orthodoxy, it was deemed disrespectful to sit during sermons. However, in some churches in the West and particularly in the diaspora churches in the United States, pews and kneelers were introduced, under the influence of other Christian denominations.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: In some more traditional churches, mostly in Greece, a special chandelier known as a polyeleos can be found.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: This chandelier is usually adorned with candles and icons, and pushed to swing during its respective service.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: Above the nave in the dome of the church is the icon of Christ the Almighty ("Παντοκρατωρ/Pantokrator", "Ruler of All"). Directly hanging below the dome (In more traditional churches) is usually a kind of circular chandelier with depictions of the saints and apostles, called the "horos", which is the same as the polyeleos mentioned above.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: The nave of an Orthodox Church can vary in shape/size & layout according to the various traditions within the Church. The two most common layouts inside Orthodox Churches since Justinian have been a cruciform layout, an open square/rectangular layout, or a more linear layout with side-aisles. However the latter of which has fallen out of use since the Great Schism, as it was more widely used in Western Churches and better suited the services celebrated in them than in Eastern Rite churches.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: The two former layouts, the open square (or rarely, circular) and the cruciform have been found best suited to celebration of the Divine Liturgy. These two interior layouts tend to be square/circular in form rather than elongated.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: The cruciform is the oldest of the two interior layouts and seems to be of Byzantine origin. It comes from the adaptation of two of the earliest Christian architectural forms, the Basilica and the octagonal/circular form. The cruciform church often includes side-aisles similar to the Western Basilica, but they are often very short and cut open in the middle leaving a large cross shape through the middle of the church.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: The open square/circle is the newer of the two forms. It is most commonly found in Eastern European churches & more modern Greek churches. This church retains the earlier square/circular shape, however the side-aisles have been removed opening the space completely. This has found wider use across the world in more recent years with the invention of steel, as it allows for the dome to be supported without the need for massive arches and columns which were main features of the older cruciform churches.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: Typically, to the right of the Beautiful Gate (as viewed from the nave) is the icon of Christ, then the icon of St. John the Baptist; to the left the icon of the Theotokos, always shown holding Christ; and then the icon of the saint to whom the church is dedicated (i.e., the patron). There are often other icons on the iconostasis but these vary from church to church. The curtain is also drawn and opened at various points in the service.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Context: Traditionally, no animal products other than wool and beeswax are allowed in the sanctuary/altar. In theory, this prohibition covers leather (in the form of leather-bound service-books and shoes), but this is not always enforced today. Money is also forbidden. None may enter the altar without a blessing from the priest or bishop, and personal jewelry, such as rings and earrings, is not worn by those serving there.

Question: Сколько дверей в Иконоста́се?


Planetarium

Context: A planetarium (plural "planetaria" or "planetariums") is a theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about astronomy and the night sky, or for training in celestial navigation.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: The term "planetarium" is sometimes used generically to describe other devices which illustrate the Solar System, such as a computer simulation or an orrery. "Planetarium software" refers to a software application that renders a three-dimensional image of the sky onto a two-dimensional computer screen, or in a virtual reality headset for a 3D representation. The term "planetarian" is used to describe a member of the professional staff of a planetarium.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: The oldest, still working planetarium can be found in the Dutch town Franeker. It was built by Eise Eisinga (1744–1828) in the living room of his house. It took Eisinga seven years to build his planetarium, which was completed in 1781.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: When Germany was divided into East and West Germany after the war, the Zeiss firm was also split. Part remained in its traditional headquarters at Jena, in East Germany, and part migrated to West Germany. The designer of the first planetaria for Zeiss, Walther Bauersfeld, also migrated to West Germany with the other members of the Zeiss management team. There he remained on the Zeiss West management team until his death in 1959.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: A great boost to the popularity of the planetarium worldwide was provided by the Space Race of the 1950s and 60s when fears that the United States might miss out on the opportunities of the new frontier in space stimulated a massive program to install over 1,200 planetaria in U.S. high schools.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Japan entered the planetarium manufacturing business in the 1960s, with Goto and Minolta both successfully marketing a number of different models. Goto was particularly successful when the Japanese Ministry of Education put one of their smallest models, the E-3 or E-5 (the numbers refer to the metric diameter of the dome) in every elementary school in Japan.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: During the 1970s, the OmniMax movie system (now known as IMAX Dome) was conceived to operate on planetarium screens. More recently, some planetaria have re-branded themselves as "dome theaters", with broader offerings including wide-screen or "wraparound" films, fulldome video, and laser shows that combine music with laser-drawn patterns.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Learning Technologies Inc. in Massachusetts offered the first easily portable planetarium in 1977. Philip Sadler designed this patented system which projected stars, constellation figures from many mythologies, celestial coordinate systems, and much else, from removable cylinders (Viewlex and others followed with their own portable versions).

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: When Germany reunified in 1989, the two Zeiss firms did likewise, and expanded their offerings to cover many different size domes.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Planetarium domes range in size from 3 to 35 m in diameter, accommodating from 1 to 500 people. They can be permanent or portable, depending on the application.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: A major challenge in dome construction is to make seams as invisible as possible. Painting a dome after installation is a major task, and if done properly, the seams can be made almost to disappear.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Planetaria occasionally include controls such as buttons or joysticks in the arm rests of seats to allow audience feedback that influences the show in real time.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Traditionally, planetaria needed many incandescent lamps around the cove of the dome to help audience entry and exit, to simulate sunrise and sunset, and to provide working light for dome cleaning. More recently, solid-state LED lighting has become available that significantly decreases power consumption and reduces the maintenance requirement as lamps no longer have to be changed on a regular basis.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: The world's largest mechanical planetarium is located in Monico, Wisconsin. The "Kovac Planetarium". It is 22 feet in diameter and weighs two tons. The globe is made of wood and is driven with a variable speed motor controller. This is the largest mechanical planetarium in the world, larger than the "Atwood Globe" in Chicago (15 feet in diameter) and one third the size of the Hayden.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Some new planetariums now feature a glass floor, which allows spectators to stand near the center of a sphere surrounded by projected images in all directions, giving the impression of floating in outer space. For example, a small planetarium at AHHAA in Tartu, Estonia features such an installation, with special projectors for images below the feet of the audience, as well as above their heads.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Smaller planetarium projectors include a set of fixed stars, Sun, Moon, and planets, and various nebulae. Larger projectors also include comets and a far greater selection of stars. Additional projectors can be added to show twilight around the outside of the screen (complete with city or country scenes) as well as the Milky Way. Others add coordinate lines and constellations, photographic slides, laser displays, and other images.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Each planet is projected by a sharply focused spotlight that makes a spot of light on the dome. Planet projectors must have gearing to move their positioning and thereby simulate the planets' movements. These can be of these types:-

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: However, the new breed of Optical-Mechanical projectors using fiber-optic technology to display the stars show a much more realistic view of the sky.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: In a fully digital planetarium, the dome image is generated by a computer and then projected onto the dome using a variety of technologies including cathode ray tube, LCD, DLP, or laser projectors. Sometimes a single projector mounted near the centre of the dome is employed with a fisheye lens to spread the light over the whole dome surface, while in other configurations several projectors around the horizon of the dome are arranged to blend together seamlessly.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Digital projection systems all work by creating the image of the night sky as a large array of pixels. Generally speaking, the more pixels a system can display, the better the viewing experience. While the first generation of digital projectors were unable to generate enough pixels to match the image quality of the best traditional "star ball" projectors, high-end systems now offer a resolution that approaches the limit of human visual acuity.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Worldwide, most planetaria provide shows to the general public. Traditionally, shows for these audiences with themes such as "What's in the sky tonight?", or shows which pick up on topical issues such as a religious festival (often the Christmas star) linked to the night sky, have been popular. Pre-recorded and live presentation formats are possible. Live format are preferred by many venues because a live expert presenter can answer on-the-spot questions raised by the audience.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Planetarium

Context: Music is an important element to fill out the experience of a good planetarium show, often featuring forms of space-themed music, or music from the genres of space music, space rock, or classical music.

Question: Где находится самый большой планетарий?


Mont Blanc

Context: Mont Blanc ( ; , both meaning "white mountain") is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, rising above sea level. It is the second-most prominent mountain in Europe, after Mount Elbrus, and it is the eleventh most prominent mountain summit in the world.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: It gives its name to the Mont Blanc massif which straddles parts of France, Italy and Switzerland. Mont Blanc's summit lies on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy, and the valleys of Montjoie, and Arve in France. Ownership of the summit area has long been a subject of dispute between France and Italy.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking, climbing, trail running and winter sports like skiing, and snowboarding. The most popular climbing route to the summit of Mont Blanc is the Goûter Route, which typically takes two days.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley, Italy; and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie, France. The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics. A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix, through the Col du Géant. The Mont Blanc Tunnel, constructed between 1957 and 1965, runs beneath the mountain and is a major transalpine transport route.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The first systematic account of the minerals of the Mont Blanc area was published in 1873 by Venance Payot. His list, entitled "Statistique minéralogique des environs du Mt-Blanc", catalogued 90 mineral types although it also included those present only as very small components of rocks. If these are excluded, it is known today that at least 68 separate mineral species occur across the wider range of the Mont Blanc massif.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: Located on the watershed between the Rhône and the Po, the massif of Mont Blanc is also situated between the two different climatic regions of the northern and western Alps, and that of the southern Alps. Climatic conditions on the Mer de Glace are similar to those found on the northern side of the Swiss Alps.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The climate is cold and temperate (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"), and is greatly influenced by altitude.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: Being the highest part of the Alps, Mont Blanc and surrounding mountains can create their own weather patterns. Temperatures drop as the mountains gain in height, and the summit of Mont Blanc is a permanent ice cap, with temperatures around . The summit is also prone to strong winds and sudden weather changes. Because of its great overall height, a considerable proportion is permanently glaciated or snow-covered and is exposed to extremely cold conditions.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?