Tyrannosaurus

Context: The pelvis was a large structure. Its upper bone, the ilium, was both very long and high, providing an extensive attachment area for hindlimb muscles. The front pubic bone ended in an enormous pubic boot, longer than the entire shaft of the element. The rear ischium was slender and straight, pointing obliquely to behind and below.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: In contrast to the arms, the hindlimbs were among the longest in proportion to body size of any theropod. In the foot, the metatarsus was "arctometatarsalian", meaning that the part of the third metatarsal near the ankle was pinched. The third metatarsal was also exceptionally sinuous. Compensating for the immense bulk of the animal, many bones throughout the skeleton were hollowed, reducing its weight without significant loss of strength.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen and colleagues in 2013.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: In 1955, Soviet paleontologist Evgeny Maleev named a new species, "Tyrannosaurus bataar", from Mongolia. By 1965, this species was renamed as a distinct genus, "Tarbosaurus bataar". While most palaeontologists continue to maintain the two as distinct genera, some authors such as Thomas Holtz, Kenneth Carpenter, and Thomas Carr argue that the two species are similar enough to be considered members of the same genus, with the Mongolian taxon having the resulting binomial of "Tyrannosaurus bataar".

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: The idea that the arms served as weapons when hunting prey have also been proposed by Steven M. Stanley, who suggested that the arms were used for slashing prey, especially by using the claws to rapidly inflict long, deep gashes to its prey. This was dismissed by Padian, who have argued that Stanley based his conclusion on incorrectly estimated forelimb size and range of motion.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: Even if "T. rex" does exhibit evidence of homeothermy, it does not necessarily mean that it was endothermic. Such thermoregulation may also be explained by gigantothermy, as in some living sea turtles. Similar to contemporary crocodilians, openings (dorsotemporal fenestrae) in the skull roofs of "Tyrannosaurus" may have aided thermoregulation.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: Scientists have produced a wide range of possible maximum running speeds for "Tyrannosaurus": mostly around , but as low as and as high as , though it running this speed is very unlikely. "Tyrannosaurus" was a bulky and heavy carnivore so it is unlikely to run very fast at all compared to other theropods like "Carnotaurus" or "Giganotosaurus". Researchers have relied on various estimating techniques because, while there are many tracks of large theropods walking, none showed evidence of running.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: terrestrial taxa such as tyrannosaurids and "Neovenator" may have had average facial sensitivity for non-edentulous terrestrial theropods, although further research is needed. The neurovascular canals in "Tyrannosaurus" may instead have supported soft tissue structures for thermoregulation or social signaling, the latter of which could be confirmed by the fact that the neurovascular network of canals may have changed during ontogeny.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: Paleontologist Jack Horner has been a major proponent of the view that "Tyrannosaurus" was not a predator at all but instead was exclusively a scavenger. He has put forward arguments in the popular literature to support the pure scavenger hypothesis:

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: Other evidence suggests hunting behavior in "Tyrannosaurus". The eye sockets of tyrannosaurs are positioned so that the eyes would point forward, giving them binocular vision slightly better than that of modern hawks. It is not obvious why natural selection would have favored this long-term trend if tyrannosaurs had been pure scavengers, which would not have needed the advanced depth perception that stereoscopic vision provides. In modern animals, binocular vision is found mainly in predators.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: A 2021 study focused on the vision and hearing of the small theropod "Shuvuuia", to which "Tyrannosaurus" was compared suggests that "Tyrannosaurus" was diurnal and would have hunted predominantly during daylight hours, a feature it shared with "Dromaeosaurus", a third dinosaur compared to "Shuvuuia" in the study.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: "Tyrannosaurus", and most other theropods, probably primarily processed carcasses with lateral shakes of the head, like crocodilians. The head was not as maneuverable as the skulls of allosauroids, due to flat joints of the neck vertebrae.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: One study of "Tyrannosaurus" specimens with tooth marks in the bones attributable to the same genus was presented as evidence of cannibalism. Tooth marks in the humerus, foot bones and metatarsals, may indicate opportunistic scavenging, rather than wounds caused by combat with another "T. rex". Other tyrannosaurids may also have practiced cannibalism.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: Another formation with "Tyrannosaurus" remains is the Lance Formation of Wyoming. This has been interpreted as a bayou environment similar to today's Gulf Coast. The fauna was very similar to Hell Creek, but with "Struthiomimus" replacing its relative "Ornithomimus". The small ceratopsian "Leptoceratops" also lived in the area.

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Tyrannosaurus

Context: Since it was first described in 1905, "T. rex" has become the most widely recognized dinosaur species in popular culture. It is the only dinosaur that is commonly known to the general public by its full scientific name (binomial name) and the scientific abbreviation "T. rex" has also come into wide usage. Robert T. Bakker notes this in "The Dinosaur Heresies" and explains that, "a name like "T. rex" is just irresistible to the tongue."

Question: كم بلغ اقصى طول لديناصور التي-ركس؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al Ahly Sporting Club (, literal translation: "The National Club"), commonly referred to as Al Ahly, is an Egyptian professional sports club based in Cairo. It is one of the most successful football clubs in the world based on total trophies won. Its professional football team plays in the Egyptian Premier League, the top tier in the Egyptian football league system. The club was founded on 24 April 1907, as a gathering place for Cairo's Student Unions.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al Ahly has a record of 42 national league titles, 37 national cup titles and 11 national super cup titles, making them the most decorated club in Egypt. The club has never been relegated to the Egyptian Second Division. Al Ahly is considered the most successful team in Africa and is one of the continent's giants.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The idea of establishing Al Ahly in the first decade of the 20th century was raised by Omar Lotfy during his presidency of the High School Students Club, which was established in 1905. The establishment of a club of high school students was for political reasons, and the students needed a sports club to gather them for leisure and exercise.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: He discussed the idea of establishing the club with a group of friends who were enthusiastic about it, and in 1907 Al Ahly was established.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The club was first headed by Alfred Mitchell-Innes, who was a British advisor to the Ministry of Finance at the time, in order to facilitate financial support for the club. An official meeting of the club's board was held on 24 April 1907. The committee met at 5:30 pm in the house of Mitchell-Innes in Giza under his chairmanship and the membership of Idris Ragheb Bey, Ismael Seri Pasha, Amin Sami Pasha, Omar Lotfi Bek and Mohamed Effendi Sherif as secretary.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The first official football team was established in 1911. The team was primary and secondary school players who played the ball in Al-Hawash, which was established in 1909 in the club's land. The names of the first players of Al Ahly were as follows: Hussain Higazi, Abdel Fattah Taher, Fouad Darwish, Hussein Mansour, and Ibrahim Fahmy. The star of this team was the striker Hussein Hegazi.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: In 1915, Al Ahly made tours of Egyptian cities to play matches and to spread football and its culture. Al Ahly played in Alexandria, Port Said, Assiut, and Ismailia. The team, led by the star Hussein Hegazy, faced many teams, including foreign teams belonging to the British army, which increased the popularity of Al Ahly and the new game in Egypt.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Ahly contributed with Zamalek SC, El Sekka El Hadid SC in the formation of the first football team of Egypt to participate in the Olympic games 1920. The club also contributed to the establishment of the Egyptian Football Association. In 1923, Al Ahly played an active role in the establishment of the Egyptian Tennis Federation.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The club followed winning the Sultan Hussain Cup with the King Farouk Cup in 1924 for the first time, defeating El Sekka El Hadid 4–1 in the final.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Mekkawi added a second goal in the second half, and Helmy Abu El-Maaty, Mohamed Lahita and Fathi Khattab each scored one goal.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The first team to represent Al Ahly in the competition was composed of: Kamal Hamed – Abdulaziz Hamami – Muhammad Abu Habajah – Abdel Moneim Shatara – Sayed Othman – Hilmi Abu Al-Moaty – Fouad Sedki – Muhammad Lheta – Ahmed Mekkawi – Saleh Selim – Fathi Khattab.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Mokhatr al Tetsh led Al Ahly to win the first championship in the club's history as a player and also led the club to win the first league in the club's history as a manager, achieving a double of the league and the cup for the first time after defeating Zamalek 3–1 in the 1949 Egypt Cup final. Toto, Hussein Madkour and Fathi Khattab scored for Al Ahly.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: In the 1950–51 season, Al Ahly won the double, by winning the league for the third consecutive time despite the strong competition with Zamalek, as well as a difficult victory in the Egyptian Cup final against El Sekka El Hadid. Following the dethroning of King Farouk in the 1952 revolution, Ahly appointed Gamal Abdel Nasser as club honorary president.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: In the 1956–57 season, the number of teams increased to 14 teams, and Al Ahly managed to win the league nine points ahead from Zamalek the runner-up, to win the seventh title in a row. It was the first time that the team had reached 40 points.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: After losing the league for the first time since the start of the competition, Al Ahly won the league for the tenth time in the club's history, in the 1960–61 season.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: After the 1967 Six-Day War and the suspension of sporting activity in Egypt, Al Ahly's board headed by Ibrahim Kamel El-Wakil announced that the club will host the military training for the members volunteering in the Egyptian Army, as well as collecting donations in the name of the club to support the military.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: An entire generation of football stars retired because of the war, like: Saleh Selim, Tariq Salim, Taha Ismail, Rifaat El-Fanagily, Adel Haikal and Mahmoud El-Gohary. Al-Ahly did not win the league for another 13 years.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: After three years without winning the league, the title returned to Al Ahly in the 1993–94 season under the management of Alan Harris after a strong competition with Ismaily SC, which was only decided by a playoff match in which the Red Giants won 4–3 in Alexandria with a hat-trick scored by Mohamed Ramadan.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Many believe that 2006 is the best year in the history of Al Ahly in terms of achievements, starting with the Egyptian Super Cup for the second time with another win over Enppi, with a goal in the stoppage time. The club also won the league for the second time in a row. Al Ahly then returned to the Egyptian Cup with a 3–0 win over Zamalek SC, achieving a domestic treble.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: It was the last championship for Manuel José during his second term before handing over the team's leadership to Hossam El-Badry. El Badry managed to keep the 2009–10 league shield in Al Ahly's cupboard to become the first national coach to win the league championship for the club in 23 years. Al Ahly won the Egyptian Super Cup by defeating Haras El Hodoud SC 1–0.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: In the CAF Champions League, Al Ahly qualified for the semi-finals, but was knocked out by Espérance Sportive de Tunis due to a famous refereeing mistake by Joseph Lamptey that gave the hosts a win in the second leg with a clear handball in the goal scored by Michael Eneramo.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al Ahly, led by Hossam El Badri, achieved fourth place in the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan, with a victory in the first match against Sanfrecce Hiroshima 2–1, with goals by El Sayed Hamdy and Ahly's talismanic midfielder Mohamed Aboutrika who came off the bench to score the winning goal after 12 minutes into the second half.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al Ahly then lost 1–0 to the Copa Libertadores champion Corinthians, and then defeated by Monterrey in the third-place deciding match.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al Ahly went through a critical phase after most of the stars of the older generation retired, resulting in losses in a number of tournaments. The team regained balance when they met Zamalek in the Super Cup held in Dubai for the first time at the end of 2015.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Abdul-Aziz Abdul-Shafi led the Red Giants as a coach to a 3–2 win over Zamalek at the Hazza Bin Zayed Stadium to add the ninth Egyptian Super Cup in the club's history.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: After missing on the 2014-2015 Egyptian League title, Al Ahly won the 2015-16 league with a seven-point difference between the defending champions Zamalek. Al Ahly finished the competition with the strongest attack and defense under the leadership of Dutchman Martin Jol, who replaced the Portuguese coach Jose Peseiro.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al Ahly won the league title for the 39th time in the club's history before the end of the league with four rounds. The team managed to go 39th games in a row unbeaten in all competitions, setting a record of 30 games unbeaten in the league. Under the leadership of Hossam El-Badry, Al Ahly was able to keep a clean sheet in 30 games that season in all competitions.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The club then won the Egyptian Cup for the 36th time in its history after beating Al Masry 2–1 in a strong match at the Egyptian Cup final at Borg El Arab Stadium. Al Masry scored in the 102nd minute before Amr Gamal equalized in the 117th minute, and Ahmed Fathy added the winning goal in the 120th minute.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al Ahly reached the Final of the 2017 CAF Champions League, drawing 1–1 with Wydad AC at Borg El Arab Stadium, Wydad later hosted Al Ahly at Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca, when Al Ahly was defeated 1-0 and failed to secure the 9th CAF Champions League trophy.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al Ahly won the Egyptian Super Cup title for the tenth time in its history, after defeating Al Masry SC 1–0, in the match that was held on 12 January 2019 at the Hazza bin Zayed Stadium Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The winning goal was scored by Walid Azaro in the 12th minute of the first extra half of the match, which gave the Red Devils the title.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The next season, the club managed to clinch the Egyptian Premier League for the third consecutive season under the leadership of the manager Hossam El-Badry, and fortieth in its history, reaching the fourth star. Al Ahly officially won the title 6 weeks before the end of the championship, achieving the second fastest league in its history after the historic 2004–05 Egyptian Premier League season.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: On 27 November, Al Ahly faced Zamalek in the 2020 CAF Champions League Final, winning 2–1 with El Solia opening the score for Al Ahly in the 5th minute with a header. Shikabala then equalized for Zamalek in the 31st minute with a left-footed shot on the edge of the penalty area to the top left corner of the net past El Shenawy.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: About a week later, Al Ahly defeated Tala'ea El Gaish SC in the Egypt Cup Final 3–2 on penalties. With this Victory, Al Ahly won the treble for the third time in their history, and becoming the first African team to complete the continental treble three times.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: On 21, September, 2021, Al Ahly lost the Egyptian Super Cup to Tala'ea El Gaish in a 3–2 defeat on penalties, this resulted in a disciplenary action by the club's board, deducting £E300,000 from the players, football director, and the entirety of the coaching staff salaries. The deduction was later lifted after Al Ahly beat Zamalek 5–3 in the Cairo derby on 5 November 2021.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: "Arise, Al Ahly" is the club's official anthem written by the journalist Fekry Abaza in 1957 and composed by Umm Kulthum's husband Mahmoud Sherif. It was influenced by the anthem of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 "Arise Egyptian". The lyrics of the anthem are as follows:

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Arise, Al Ahly, see your sons and the soldiers see your Battalions, see your soldiers and the crowds

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: See the signs of victory through all the generations see and record the glories of immortality in them

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Amin Sami Pasha was the first person to propose the name of "Al Ahly Sporting Club". Al Ahly, which means "The National", was named as such because it was created to serve the students and graduates of the high schools who were the mainstay of the revolution against the British occupation of Egypt.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: On 4 December 2019 Al Ahly Announced that they bought Al Salam Stadium as usufruct for 25 years or until Al Ahly SC Stadium is built and important matches that needs larger capacity will be played on Cairo Stadium, the stadium was later renamed to Al Ahly Stadium.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: The first match hosted by the stadium was on 6 December against Al-Hilal Club at the 2019–20 CAF Champions League group stage.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Despite acquiring the stadium, Al Ahly confirmed that El Entag El Harby, a club owned by the Egyptian Ministry of Military Production that used to play their home matches there, would be allowed to play at the stadium normally until the end of the 2019–20 season to avoid any possible problems or conflicts in the league's schedule, with the option to extend it for further seasons. Al Ahly also confirmed that all national teams would be allowed to play on the venue.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: "Updated after CAF Champions League/Confederation Cup matches on 17 July 2021, points which may increase marked by ≥."

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Al Ahly SC

Context: Al-Ahly of Egypt is the Arab team most participating in the tournament with seven editions, the first of which was in 2005 and the latest version, Al-Ahly's match against Monterrey became the 16th match for the African champion in the Club World Cup, becoming the most participating team in the world in this tournament.

Question: كم مرة توج الأهلي المصري بدوري أبطال افريقيا؟


Sanafir Island

Context: The name comes from Coptic ⲥⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϥⲣⲓ "Sanufri" which itself comes from Egyptian "s.t-n-nfr.t", "place of good profit".

Question: اين تقع جزيرتي تيران و صنافير؟


Sanafir Island

Context: On 9 April 2016, the Egyptian government declared that Sanafir and Tiran Island fall within the territorial waters of Saudi Arabia, as codified in the maritime border agreement signed with the government of Saudi Arabia on the previous day. However, the agreement had to be ratified by the Parliament of Egypt.

Question: اين تقع جزيرتي تيران و صنافير؟


Sanafir Island

Context: The proposed deal was quashed by an Egyptian judge, and an Egyptian court gave its final ruling in January 2017, rejecting the deal and affirming Egyptian sovereignty on both the islands, supported by much of the Egyptian public. The proposed deal caused turmoil in Egyptian politics and across the country, erupting mass protests that accused President Sisi of "selling" Egyptian land.

Question: اين تقع جزيرتي تيران و صنافير؟


Sanafir Island

Context: On 14 June 2017, Egypt's House Committee on Defence and National Security unanimously approved the transfer of Tiran and Sanafir islands to Saudi Arabia, and the plan was passed by the Egyptian Parliament later the same day. The deal moves forward the idea of building the Saudi–Egypt Causeway.

Question: اين تقع جزيرتي تيران و صنافير؟


Sanafir Island

Context: In World War II, the Egyptian forces on Tiran and Sanafir islands were part of the Egyptian troops protecting Suez canal, according to Egypt's representative at the 659th UN security council meeting on 15 February 1954:

Question: اين تقع جزيرتي تيران و صنافير؟


Sanafir Island

Context: In the same meeting, Egypt's representative considered Tiran and Sanafir islands an integral part of the territory of Egypt, since they have been under Egypt's administration since 1906:

Question: اين تقع جزيرتي تيران و صنافير؟


History of capitalist theory

Context: A theory of capitalism describes the essential features of capitalism and how it functions. The history of various such theories is the subject of this article.

Question: من هو منشأ نظام الرأسمالية ؟


History of capitalist theory

Context: Smith asserts that when individuals make a trade they value what they are purchasing more than they value what they are giving in exchange for a commodity. If this were not the case, then they would not make the trade but retain ownership of the more valuable commodity. This notion underlies the concept of mutually-beneficial trade where it is held that both sides tend to benefit by an exchange.

Question: من هو منشأ نظام الرأسمالية ؟


History of capitalist theory

Context: Marx believed that the extension of the labor theory of value indicated that owners of productive means would exploit workers by depriving them of the full value that workers themselves create. According to Marx, surplus value is the difference between the value that the worker has created and the wage that the worker receives from his/her employer. Many economists have since used marginalism to dispute the Labour theory of Value.

Question: من هو منشأ نظام الرأسمالية ؟


History of capitalist theory

Context: Authoritarian regimes have been able to manage economic growth without making concessions to greater political freedom.

Question: من هو منشأ نظام الرأسمالية ؟


Soot

Context: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) adopted the description of soot particles given in the glossary of Charlson and Heintzenberg (1995), “Particles formed during the quenching of gases at the outer edge of flames of organic vapours, consisting predominantly of carbon, with lesser amounts of oxygen and hydrogen present as carboxyl and phenolic groups and exhibiting an imperfect graphitic structure”

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Many details of soot formation chemistry remain unanswered and controversial, but there have been a few agreements:

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Soot, particularly diesel exhaust pollution, accounts for over one quarter of the total hazardous pollution in the air.

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Among these diesel emission components, particulate matter has been a serious concern for human health due to its direct and broad impact on the respiratory organs. In earlier times, health professionals associated PM10 (diameter < 10 μm) with chronic lung disease, lung cancer, influenza, asthma, and increased mortality rate. However, recent scientific studies suggest that these correlations be more closely linked with fine particles (PM2.5) and ultra-fine particles (PM0.1).

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Long-term exposure to urban air pollution containing soot increases the risk of coronary artery disease.

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Diesel exhaust (DE) gas is a major contributor to combustion-derived particulate-matter air pollution. In human experimental studies using an exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to acute vascular dysfunction and increased thrombus formation. This serves as a plausible mechanistic link between the previously described association between particulate matter air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Soot also tends to form in chimneys in domestic houses possessing one or more fireplaces. If a large deposit collects in one, it can ignite and create a chimney fire. Regular cleaning by a chimney sweep should eliminate the problem.

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Second, semi-empirical models solve rate equations that are calibrated using experimental data. Semi-empirical models reduce computational costs primarily by simplifying the chemistry in soot formation and oxidation. Semi-empirical models reduce the size of chemical mechanisms and use simpler molecules, such as acetylene as precursors.

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Detailed theoretical models use extensive chemical mechanisms containing hundreds of chemical reactions in order to predict concentrations of soot. Detailed theoretical soot models contain all the components present in the soot formation with a high level of detailed chemical and physical processes.

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Soot

Context: Finally, comprehensive models (detailed models) are usually expensive and slow to compute, as they are much more complex than empirical or semi-empirical models. Thanks to recent technological progress in computation, it has become more feasible to use detailed theoretical models and obtain more realistic results; however, further advancement of comprehensive theoretical models is limited by the accuracy of modeling of formation mechanisms.

Question: ما هو السخام؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he was a reporter for a few months for "The Kansas City Star" before leaving for the Italian Front to enlist as an ambulance driver in World War I. In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel "A Farewell to Arms" (1929).

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: He maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida (in the 1930s) and in Cuba (in the 1940s and 1950s). He almost died in 1954 after two plane crashes on successive days, with injuries leaving him in pain and ill health for much of the rest of his life. In 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where, in mid-1961, he committed suicide.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway's mother, a well-known musician in the village, taught her son to play the cello despite his refusal to learn; though later in life he admitted the music lessons contributed to his writing style, evidenced for example in the "contrapuntal structure" of "For Whom the Bell Tolls". As an adult Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that he shared similar energies and enthusiasms.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Each summer the family traveled to Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan. There young Ernest joined his father and learned to hunt, fish, and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan, early experiences that instilled a life-long passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway returned home early in 1919 to a time of readjustment. Before the age of 20, he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation. As Reynolds explains, "Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee." He was not able to tell them how scared he had been "in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not."

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the "Toronto Star" newspaper. He covered the Greco-Turkish War, where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna, and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany". He described also the retreat of the Greek army with civilians from East Thrace.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: "The Sun Also Rises" epitomized the post-war expatriate generation, received good reviews and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work". Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in "The Sun Also Rises" may have been "battered" but were not lost.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on "The Sun Also Rises". In early 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from "The Sun Also Rises". The couple were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pfeiffer in May.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway moved his primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, just outside the newly built resort of Sun Valley, and moved his winter residence to Cuba. He had been disgusted when a Parisian friend allowed his cats to eat from the table, but he became enamored of cats in Cuba and kept dozens of them on the property. Descendants of his cats live at his Key West home.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: In 1947, Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. He was recognized for having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions", with the commendation that "through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat".

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: From the end of the year in 1955 to early 1956, Hemingway was bedridden. He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but then disregarded. In October 1956, he returned to Europe and met Basque writer Pio Baroja, who was seriously ill and died weeks later. During the trip, Hemingway became sick again and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis".

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Mary was sedated and taken to the hospital, returning home the next day where she cleaned the house and saw to the funeral and travel arrangements. Bernice Kert writes that it "did not seem to her a conscious lie" when she told the press that his death had been accidental. In a press interview five years later, Mary confirmed that he had shot himself.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral, officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed that the death had been accidental. An altar boy fainted at the head of the casket during the funeral, and Hemingway's brother Leicester wrote: "It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all." He is buried in the Ketchum cemetery.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: A memorial to Hemingway just north of Sun Valley is inscribed on the base with a eulogy Hemingway had written for a friend several decades earlier:

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Henry Louis Gates believes Hemingway's style was fundamentally shaped "in reaction to [his] experience of world war". After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization" by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th-century writers and by creating a style "in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action, and silences—a fiction in which nothing crucial—or at least very little—is stated explicitly."

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway's fiction often used grammatical and stylistic structures from languages other than English. Critics Allen Josephs, Mimi Gladstein, and Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera have studied how Spanish influenced Hemingway's prose, which sometimes appears directly in the other language (in italics, as occurs in "The Old Man and the Sea") or in English as literal translations. He also often used bilingual puns and crosslingual wordplay as stylistic devices.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Descriptions of food and drink feature prominently in many of Hemingway's works. In the short story "Big Two-Hearted River" Hemingway describes a hungry Nick Adams cooking a can of pork and beans and a can of spaghetti over a fire in a heavy cast iron pot. The primitive act of preparing the meal in solitude is a restorative act and one of Hemingway's narratives of post-war integration.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Almost exactly 35 years after Hemingway's death, on July 1, 1996, his granddaughter Margaux Hemingway died in Santa Monica, California. Margaux was a supermodel and actress, co-starring with her younger sister Mariel in the 1976 movie "Lipstick". Her death was later ruled a suicide, making her "the fifth person in four generations of her family to commit suicide".

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Three houses associated with Hemingway are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places: the Ernest Hemingway Cottage on Walloon Lake, Michigan, designated in 1968; the Ernest Hemingway House in Key West, designated in 1968; and the Ernest and Mary Hemingway House in Ketchum, designated in 2015. His boyhood home, in Oak Park, Illinois, is a museum and archive dedicated to Hemingway. Hemingway's childhood home in Oak Park and his Havana residence were also converted into museums.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: On April 5, 2021, "Hemingway", a three-episode, six-hour documentary, a recapitulation of Hemingway's life, labors, and loves, debuted on the Public Broadcasting System. It was co-produced and directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.

Question: ماهي جنسية الكاتب إرنست همنجواي؟


Spanish Navy

Context: In the 15th century, Castile entered into a race of exploration with Portugal, the country that inaugurated the European Age of Discovery. In 1492, two caravels and a carrack, commanded by Christopher Columbus, arrived in America, on an expedition that sought a westward oceanic passage across the Atlantic, to the Far East. This began the era of trans-oceanic trade routes, pioneered by the Spanish in the seas to the west of Europe and the Portuguese to the east.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: At the Battle of Lepanto (1571), the Holy League, formed by Spain, Venice, the Papal States and other Christian allies, inflicted a great defeat on the Ottoman Navy, stopping Muslim forces from gaining uncontested control of the Mediterranean.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: Meanwhile, Spanish ships were able to step up operations in the English Channel, the North Sea and towards Ireland. They were able to capture many enemy ships, merchant and military, in the early decades of the 17th century and provide military supplies to Spanish armies in France and the Low Countries and to Irish rebels in Ireland.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: By the time of the wars of the Grand Alliance (1688–97) and the Spanish Succession (1702–14), the Habsburg regime had decided that it was more cost effective to rely on allied fleets, Anglo-Dutch and French respectively, than to invest in its own fleets.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: The 1820s saw the loss of most of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. With the empire greatly reduced in size and Spain divided and unstable after its own war of independence, the navy lost its importance and shrank greatly.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: However, in the 1850s and 1860s, particularly under the prime-ministership of General O'Donnell, significant investments were made in the Spanish naval squadrons of the Pacific. A new steam-powered naval squadron sailed around the Pacific escorting a Spanish scientific expedition and unfortunately became entangled in what has been billed the First War of the Pacific from 1864 to 1871. During the conflict, the Spanish massed a fleet of 15 vessels to combat the combined navies of Peru, Chile, and Ecuador.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: At the end of the 19th century, the Spanish Navy adopted the "Salve Marinera", a hymn to the Virgin Mary as Stella Maris, as its official anthem.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: During the Rif War in Morocco, the Spanish navy conducted operations along the coast, including the Alhucemas landing in 1925, the first air-naval landing of the world. At that time, the Navy developed a Naval Aviation branch, the "Aeronáutica naval".

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: The Spanish Republican Navy became divided after the coup of July 1936 that led to the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). The fleet's two small dreadnoughts, one heavy cruiser, one large destroyer and half a dozen submarines and auxiliary vessels were lost in the course of the conflict.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: Like the rest of the Spanish armed forces, the Spanish Navy maintained Franco's policy of neutrality during World War II.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: Armada officers receive their education at the Spanish Naval Academy (ENM). They are recruited through two different methods:

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: Until February 2013, when it was decommissioned because of budget cuts, the second largest vessel of the "Armada" was the aircraft carrier "Principe de Asturias", which entered service in 1988 after completing sea trials. Built in Spain, it was designed with a "ski-jump" takeoff deck. Its complement was 29 AV-8 Harrier II vertical (or short) takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft or 16 helicopters designed for antisubmarine warfare and to support marine landings.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: As of 2018, there are approximately 138 vessels in service within the Navy, including minor auxiliary vessels. A breakdown includes an amphibious assault ship (also used as an aircraft carrier), amphibious transport docks, frigates, submarines, mine countermeasure vessels, patrol vessels and a number of auxiliary ships. The total displacement of the Spanish Navy is approximately 220,000 tonnes.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: The officer ranks of the Spanish Navy are as follows below, (for a comparison with other NATO ranks, see Ranks and Insignia of NATO). Midshipmen are further divided into 1st and 2nd Classes and Officer Cadets 3rd and 4th Classes respectively.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Spanish Navy

Context: The article Spanish Marine Infantry includes the rank insignia descriptions for this part of the Navy.

Question: هل تملك  القوات البحرية المسلحة الإسبانية غوّاصات مقاتلة؟


Gastrointestinal physiology

Context: Motility may be overactive (hypermotility), leading to diarrhea or vomiting, or underactive (hypomotility), leading to constipation or vomiting; either may cause abdominal pain.

Question: كم عدد إفرازات الجهاز الهضمي ؟


Gastrointestinal physiology

Context: The patterns of GI contraction as a whole can be divided into two distinct patterns, peristalsis and segmentation. Occurring between meals, the migrating motor complex is a series of peristaltic wave cycles in distinct phases starting with relaxation, followed by an increasing level of activity to a peak level of peristaltic activity lasting for 5–15 minutes.

Question: كم عدد إفرازات الجهاز الهضمي ؟


Gastrointestinal physiology

Context: This cycle repeats every 1.5–2 hours but is interrupted by food ingestion. The role of this process is likely to clean excess bacteria and food from the digestive system.

Question: كم عدد إفرازات الجهاز الهضمي ؟


Gastrointestinal physiology

Context: Segmentation also occurs during and shortly after a meal within short lengths in segmented or random patterns along the intestine. This process is carried out by the longitudinal muscles relaxing while circular muscles contract at alternating sections thereby mixing the food. This mixing allows food and digestive enzymes to maintain a uniform composition, as well as to ensure contact with the epithelium for proper absorption.

Question: كم عدد إفرازات الجهاز الهضمي ؟


Gastrointestinal physiology

Context: H+ and Cl− are secreted by the parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach creating acidic conditions with a low pH of 1. H+ is pumped into the stomach by exchanging it with K+. This process also requires ATP as a source of energy; however, Cl− then follows the positive charge in the H+ through an open apical channel protein.

Question: كم عدد إفرازات الجهاز الهضمي ؟


Gastrointestinal physiology

Context: HCO3− secretion occurs to neutralize the acid secretions that make their way into the duodenum of the small intestine. Most of the HCO3− comes from pancreatic acinar cells in the form of NaHCO3 in an aqueous solution. This is the result of the high concentration of both HCO3− and Na+ present in the duct creating an osmotic gradient to which the water follows.

Question: كم عدد إفرازات الجهاز الهضمي ؟


Gastrointestinal physiology

Context: Mucus is released in the stomach and intestine, and serves to lubricate and protect the inner mucosa of the tract. It is composed of a specific family of glycoproteins termed mucins and is generally very viscous. Mucus is made by two types of specialized cells termed mucus cells in the stomach and goblet cells in the intestines. Signals for increased mucus release include parasympathetic innervations, immune system response and enteric nervous system messengers.

Question: كم عدد إفرازات الجهاز الهضمي ؟


Gastrointestinal physiology

Context: The digestive system has a complex system of motility and secretion regulation which is vital for proper function. This task is accomplished via a system of long reflexes from the central nervous system (CNS), short reflexes from the enteric nervous system (ENS) and reflexes from GI peptides working in harmony with each other.

Question: كم عدد إفرازات الجهاز الهضمي ؟


Like a Flowing River

Context: It is reported that the money used to "restore the texture of the age" was double the amount used in other TV series, with ultra-wide format used for the first time. For the many snow scenes, the crew used naturally degradable paper foam instead of the cheaper magnesium sulfate or aluminum, citing that the old way produced pollution. Actor Wang Kai reportedly lost weight to achieve the look the impoverished main character, while Yang Shuo gained weight to become the well-off secretary of the village.

Question: متى ألّفت المجموعة القصصية كالنهر الجاري؟


Like a Flowing River

Context: At Tencent Video VVision Conference held on November 8, 2017, "Like a Flowing River" was announced, with confirmation of its television broadcast on Dragon TV as a tribute to the 40th anniversary of China's open door policy. Beijing TV also announced its broadcast shortly after. Daylight Entertainment announced Wang Kai as Song Yunhui and Yang Shuo as Lei Dongbao on the 13th and 14th respectively. On December 6, Dong Zijian was cast as Yang Xun.

Question: متى ألّفت المجموعة القصصية كالنهر الجاري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the 16th century, the Golan was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Within Ottoman Syria, the Golan was part of the Syria Vilayet. The area later became part of the French Mandate in Syria and the State of Damascus. When the mandate terminated in 1946, it became part of the newly independent Syrian Arab Republic.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the Bible, "Golan" is mentioned as a city of refuge located in Bashan: , , . 19th-century authors interpreted the word () as meaning "something "surrounded", hence a "district"".

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Greek name for the region is (). In the Mishna the name is similar to Aramaic language names for the region: , and .

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Arabic names are and () and are Arabized versions of the Canaanite and Hebrew name "Golan". Arab cartographers of the Byzantine period referred to the area as (, 'mountain'), though the region is a plateau.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Israel has captured, according to its own data, . According to Syria, the Golan Heights measures , of which are occupied by Israel. According to the CIA, Israel holds .

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The area is hilly and elevated, overlooking the Jordan Rift Valley which contains the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan River, and is itself dominated by the tall Mount Hermon. The Sea of Galilee at the southwest corner of the plateau and the Yarmouk River to the south are at elevations well below sea level (the sea of Galilee at about ).

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Topographically, the Golan Heights is a plateau with an average altitude of 1,000 metres, rising northwards toward Mount Hermon and sloping down to about elevation along the Yarmouk River in the south. The steeper, more rugged topography is generally limited to the northern half, including the foothills of Mount Hermon; on the south the plateau is more level.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: There are several small peaks on the Golan Heights, most of them volcanic cones, such as: Mount Agas (1,350 m), Mount Dov/Jebel Rous (1,529 m; northern peak 1,524 m), Mount Bental (1171 m) and opposite it Mount Avital (1204 m), Mount Ram (1188 m), Tal Saki (594 m).

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Venus of Berekhat Ram, a stone figure from the Lower Paleolithic era found in the Golan Heights, may have been created by "Homo erectus" between 700,000 and 230,000 BCE.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the third millennium BC, the Amorites inhabited the Golan, being part of the territories that Labaya, the Canaanite king of Shechem, annexed in the 14th century BCE, as stated in the Amarna Letters sent to Ancient Egypt.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: After the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Golan was part of the newly formed kingdom of Geshur, until it was conquered by the Arameans in the 9th century BC. The Aramean state of Aram-Damascus extended over most of the Golan to the Sea of Galilee.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the 8th century BCE, the Assyrians gained control of the area, followed by the Babylonian and the Achaemenid Empire. In the 5th century BCE, the Achaemenid Empire allowed the region to be resettled by returning Jewish exiles from the Babylonian Captivity, a fact that has been noted in the Mosaic of Rehob.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Golan Heights, along with the rest of the region, came under the control of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, following the Battle of Issus. Following Alexander's death, the Golan came under the domination of the Macedonian general Seleucus and remained part of the Seleucid Empire for most of the next two centuries. It is during this period that the name Golan, previously that of a city mentioned in the book of Deuteronomy, came to be applied to the entire region (Greek: Gaulanitis).

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the middle of the 2nd century BCE, Itureans moved into the Golan, occupying over one hundred locations in the region.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Maccabean revolt saw much action in the regions around the Golan. It is possible that the Jewish communities of the Golan were among those rescued by Judas Maccabeus during the Galilee and Gilead (Transjordan) campaign mentioned in chapter 5 of 1 Maccabees; but the Golan remained in Seleucid hands until the campaign of Alexander Jannaeus from 83 to 80 BCE. Jannaeus established the city of Gamla in 81 BCE as the Hasmonean capital for the region.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the 1st century BCE, the region as far as Trachonitis, Batanea and Auranitis was put under the administrative control of Herod the Great by Augustus Caesar. In the Roman and Byzantine periods, the area was administered as part of Phoenicia Prima and Syria Palaestina, and finally Golan/Gaulanitis was included together with Peraea in Palaestina Secunda, after 218 AD. Ancient kingdom Bashan was incorporated into the province of Batanea.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Gamla, the capital of Jewish Galaunitis, would play a major role in the Jewish-Roman wars, and came to house the earliest known urban synagogue from the Hasmonean/Herodian realm.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In about 250, the Ghassanids, Arab Christians from Yemen, established a kingdom that encompassed southern Syria and the Transjordan, building their capital at Jabiyah.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Organized Jewish settlement in the region came to an end in 636 CE when it was conquered by Arabs under Umar ibn al-Khattāb. In the 16th century, the Golan was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and was part of the Vilayet of Damascus until it was transferred to French mandate in 1918. When the mandate terminated in 1946, it became part of the newly independent Syrian Republic.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Like the Herodians before them, the Ghassanids ruled as clients of Rome – this time, the Christianised Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium; the Ghassanids were able to hold on to the Golan until the Sassanid invasion of 614. Following a brief restoration under the Emperor Heraclius, the Golan again fell, this time to the invading Arabs after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: After the Battle of Yarmouk, Muawiyah I, a member of Muhammad's tribe, the Quraish, was appointed governor of Syria, including the Golan. Following the assassination of his cousin, the Caliph Uthman, Muawiya claimed the Caliphate for himself, initiating the Umayyad dynasty. Over the next few centuries, while remaining in Muslim hands, the Golan passed through many dynastic changes, falling first to the Abbasids, then to the Shi'ite Fatimids, then to the Seljuk Turks.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: For many centuries nomadic tribes lived together with the sedentary population in the region. At times, the central government attempted to settle the nomads which would result in the establishment of permanent communities. When the power of the governing regime declined, as happened during the early Muslim period, nomadic trends increased and many of the rural agricultural villages were abandoned due to harassment from the Bedouins. They were not resettled until the second half of the 19th century.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: During the Crusades, the Heights represented an obstacle to the Crusader armies, who nevertheless held the strategically important town of Banias twice, in 1128–32 and 1140–64. After victories by Sultan Nur ad-Din Zangi, it was the Kurdish dynasty of the Ayyubids under Sultan Saladin who ruled the area. The Mongols swept through in 1259, but were driven off by the Mamluk commander and future sultan Qutuz at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the 16th century, the Ottoman Turks conquered Syria. During this time, the Golan formed part of the southern district of their empire. Some Druze communities were established in the Golan during the 17th and 18th centuries. The villages abandoned during previous periods due to raids by Bedouin tribes were not resettled until the second half of the 19th century.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In 1884 there were still open stretches of uncultivated land between villages in the lower Golan, but by the mid-1890s most was owned and cultivated. Some land had been purchased in the Golan and Hawran by Zionist associations based in Romania, Bulgaria, the US and England, in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In 1880, Laurence Oliphant published "Eretz ha-Gilad" (The Land of Gilead), which described a plan for large-scale Jewish settlement in the Golan.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the winter of 1885, members of the Old Yishuv in Safed formed the Beit Yehuda Society and purchased 15,000 dunams of land from the village of Ramthaniye in the central Golan. Due to financial hardships and the long wait for a "kushan" (Ottoman land deed) the village, Golan be-Bashan, was abandoned after a year.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Soon afterwards, the society regrouped and purchased 2,000 dunams of land from the village of Bir e-Shagum on the western slopes of the Golan. The village they established, Bnei Yehuda, existed until 1920. The last families left in the wake of the Passover riots of 1920. In 1944 the JNF bought the Bnei Yehuda lands from their Jewish owners, but a later attempt to establish Jewish ownership of the property in Bir e-Shagum through the courts was not successful.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Between 1891 and 1894, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild purchased around 150,000 Dunams of land in the Golan and the Hawran for Jewish settlement. Legal and political permits were secured and ownership of the land was registered in late 1894. The Jews also built a road stretching from Lake Hula to Muzayrib.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Agudat Ahim society, whose headquarters were in Yekaterinoslav, Russia, acquired 100,000 dunams of land in several locations in the districts of Fiq and Daraa. A plant nursery was established and work began on farm buildings in Djillin.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: A village called Tiferet Binyamin was established on lands purchased from Saham al-Jawlan by the Shavei Zion Association based in New York, but the project was abandoned after a year when the Turks issued an edict in 1896 evicting the 17 non-Turkish families. A later attempt to resettle the site with Syrian Jews who were Ottoman citizens also failed.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Between 1904 and 1908, a group of Crimean Jews settled near the Arab village of Al-Butayha in the Bethsaida Valley, initially as tenants of a Kurdish proprietor with the prospects of purchasing the land, but the arrangement faltered.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Jewish settlement in the region dwindled over time, due to Arab hostility, Turkish bureaucracy, disease and economic difficulties. In 1921–1930, during the French Mandate, the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PICA) obtained the deeds to the Rothschild estate and continued to manage it, collecting rents from the Arab peasants living there.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the period between the first Arab–Israeli War and the Six-Day War, the Syrians constantly harassed Israeli border communities by firing artillery shells from their dominant positions on the Golan Heights. In October 1966 Israel brought the matter up before the United Nations. Five nations sponsored a resolution criticizing Syria for its actions but it failed to pass due to a Soviet veto.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: On 19 June 1967, the Israeli cabinet voted to return the Golan to Syria in exchange for a peace agreement, although this was rejected after the Khartoum Resolution of 1 September 1967.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the 1970s, as part of the Allon Plan, Israeli politician Yigal Allon proposed that a Druze state be established in Syria's Quneitra Governorate, including the Israeli-held Golan Heights. Allon died in 1980 and his plan never materialised.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, in which Syria tried but failed to recapture the Golan, Israel agreed to return about 5% of the territory to Syrian civilian control. This part was incorporated into a demilitarised zone that runs along the ceasefire line and extends eastward. This strip is under the military control of UNDOF.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Mines deployed by the Syrian army remain active. As of 2003, there had been at least 216 landmine casualties in the Syrian-controlled Golan since 1973, of which 108 were fatalities.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Syria continued to demand a full Israeli withdrawal to the 1967 borders, including a strip of land on the east shore of the Sea of Galilee that Syria captured during the 1948–49 Arab–Israeli War and occupied from 1949 to 1967. Successive Israeli governments have considered an Israeli withdrawal from the Golan in return for normalization of relations with Syria, provided certain security concerns are met. Prior to 2000, Syrian president Hafez al-Assad rejected normalization with Israel.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In 2016, a group of Druze lawyers petitioned the Supreme Court of Israel to allow elections for local councils in the Golan Druze towns of Majdal Shams, Buq'ata, Mas'ade, and Ein Qiniyye, replacing the previous system in which their members were appointed by the national government.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: On 3 July 2017, the Interior Ministry announced those towns would be included in the 2018 Israeli municipal elections. The turnout was just over 1% with Druze religious leaders telling community members to boycott the elections or face shunning.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In June 2007, it was reported that Prime Minister Ehud Olmert had sent a secret message to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad saying that Israel would concede the land in exchange for a comprehensive peace agreement and the severing of Syria's ties with Iran and militant groups in the region. On the same day, former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that the former Syrian President, Hafez Assad, had promised to let Israel retain Mount Hermon in any future agreement.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In March 2009, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad claimed that indirect talks had failed after Israel did not commit to full withdrawal from the Golan Heights. In August 2009, he said that the return of the entire Golan Heights was "non-negotiable," it would remain "fully Arab," and would be returned to Syria.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In 2010, Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman said: "We must make Syria recognise that just as it relinquished its dream of a greater Syria that controls Lebanon ... it will have to relinquish its ultimate demand regarding the Golan Heights."

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: From 2012 to 2018 in the Syrian Civil War, the eastern Golan Heights became a scene of repeated battles between the Syrian Arab Army, rebel factions of the Syrian opposition including the moderate Southern Front and jihadist al-Nusra Front, and factions affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) terrorist group.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: On 17 April 2018 in the aftermath of the 2018 missile strikes against Syria by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom about 500 Druze in the Golan town of Ein Qiniyye marched in support of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad on Syria's Independence day and in condemnation of the American-led strikes.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: On 31 July 2018, after waging a month-long military offensive against the rebels and ISIL, the Syrian government regained control of the eastern Golan Heights.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: One of the aspects of the dispute involves the existence prior to 1967 of three different lines separating Syria from the area that before 1948 was referred to as Mandatory Palestine.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: During the Arab–Israeli War, Syria captured various areas of the formerly British controlled Mandatory Palestine, including the 10-meter strip of beach, the east bank of the upper Jordan, as well as areas along the Yarmouk.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Following the armistice, both Israel and Syria sought to take advantage of the territorial ambiguities left in place by the 1949 agreement. This resulted in an evolving tactical situation, one "snapshot" of which was the disposition of forces immediately prior to the Six-Day War, the "line of June 4, 1967".

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Though the cease fire in the UNDOF zone has been largely uninterrupted since the seventies, in 2012 there were repeated violations from the Syrian side, including tanks and live gunfire, though these incidents are attributed to the ongoing Syrian Civil War rather than intentionally directed towards Israel. On 15 October 2018 the Quneitra border crossing between the Golan Heights and Syria reopened for United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) personnel after four years of closure.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The population of the Golan Heights prior to the 1967 Six-Day War has been estimated between 130,000 and 145,000, including 17,000 Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA. Between 80,000 and 130,000 Syrians fled or were driven from the Heights during the Six-Day War and around 7,000 remained in the Israeli-held territory in six villages: Majdal Shams, Mas'ade, Buq'ata, Ein Qiniyye, Ghajar and Shayta.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Israel demolished over one hundred Syrian villages and farms in the Golan Heights. After the demolitions, the lands were given to Israeli settlers.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Quneitra was the largest town in the Golan Heights until 1967, with a population of 27,000. It was occupied by Israel on the last day of the Six-Day War and handed back to Syrian civil control per the 1974 Disengagement Agreement. But the Israelis had destroyed Quneitra with dynamite and bulldozers before they withdrew from the city.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: East of the 1973 ceasefire line, in the Syrian controlled part of the Golan Heights, an area of , are more than 40 Syrian towns and villages, including Quneitra, Khan Arnabah, al-Hamidiyah, al-Rafid, al-Samdaniyah, al-Mudariyah, Beer Ajam, Bariqa, Ghadir al-Bustan, Hader, Juba, Kodana, Ufaniyah, Ruwayhinah, Nabe' al-Sakhar, Trinjah, Umm al-A'zam, and Umm Batna. The population of the Quneitra Governorate numbers 79,000.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: In 2012, there were 20,000 Druze with Syrian citizenship living in the Israeli-occupied portion Golan Heights.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Since 1988, Druze clerics have been permitted to make annual religious pilgrimages to Syria. Since 2005, Israel has allowed Druze farmers to export some 11,000 tons of apples to the rest of Syria each year, constituting the first commercial relations between Syria and Israel.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Since the breakout of the Syrian Civil War in 2012, the number of applications for Israeli citizenship is growing, although Syrian loyalty remains strong and those who apply for citizenship are often ostracized by members of the older generation.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Israeli-occupied territory is administered by the Golan Regional Council, based in Katzrin, which has a population of 6,400. There are another 19 moshavim and 10 kibbutzim. In 1989, the Israeli settler population was 10,000. By 2010 the Israeli settler population had expanded to 20,000 living in 32 settlements, and by 2019 had expanded to 22,000.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: On 23 April 2019, Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that he will bring a resolution for government approval to name a new community in the Golan Heights after U.S. President Donald Trump. The planned settlement was unveiled as Trump Heights on 16 June 2019.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Golan Heights features numerous archeological sites, mountains, streams and waterfalls. Throughout the region 25 ancient synagogues have been found dating back to the Roman and Byzantine periods.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Deir Qeruh is a ruined Byzantine-period and Syrian village. Founded in 4th century CE, it has a monastery and church of St George from the 6th century. The church has a square apse – a feature known from ancient Syria and Jordan, but not present in churches west of the Jordan River.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Kursi is an archaeological site and national park on the shore of the Sea of Galilee at the foothills of the Golan, containing the ruins of a Byzantine Christian monastery connected to the Gospels (Gergesa).

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Katzrin Ancient Village is an archaeological site on the outskirts of Katzrin where the remains of a Talmud-era village and synagogue have been reconstructed. Golan Archaeological Museum hosts archaeological finds uncovered in the Golan Heights from prehistoric times. A special focus concerns Gamla and excavations of synagogues and Byzantine churches.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Golan Heights Winery, a major Israeli winery, and the mineral water plant of Mey Eden, which derives its water from the spring of Salukiya (or Salukia) in the Golan. One can tour these factories as well as factories of oil products and fruit products.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Two open air strip malls, one which holds the "Kesem ha-Golan" (Golan Magic), a three-dimensional movie and model of the geography and history of the Golan Heights.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Gamla Nature Reserve is an open park with the archaeological remains of the ancient Jewish city of Gamla — including a tower, wall and synagogue. It is also the site of a large waterfall, an ancient Byzantine church, and a panoramic spot to observe the nearly 100 vultures that dwell in the cliffs. Israeli scientists study the vultures and tourists can watch them fly and nest.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Rujm el-Hiri is a large circular stone monument similar to Stonehenge. Excavations since 1968 have not uncovered material remains common to archaeological sites in the region. Archaeologists believe the site may have been a ritual center linked to a cult of the dead. A 3D model of the site exists in the Museum of Golan Antiquities in Katzrin.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Um el Kanatir is another impressive set of standing ruins of a village of the Byzantine era. The site includes a very large synagogue and two arches next to a natural spring.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: The Nimrod Fortress was built against the Crusaders, served the Ayyubids and Mamluks, and was captured only once, in 1260, by the Mongols. It is now located inside a nature reserve.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: A ski resort on the slopes of Mount Hermon features a wide range of ski trails and activities. Several restaurants are located in the area. The Lake Ram crater lake is nearby.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Hippos is an ancient Greco-Roman city, known in Arabic as Qal'at al-Hisn and in Aramaic as Susita. The archaeological site includes excavations of the city's forum, the small imperial cult temple, a large Hellenistic temple compound, the Roman city gates, and two Byzantine churches.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Senaim is an archaeological site in northern Golan Heights that includes both Roman and Ancient Greek temples. Byzantine and Mamluk coins have also been found at this site.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: Human rights groups have said that the drilling violates international law, as the Golan Heights are an occupied territory.

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Golan Heights

Context: On 18 November 2021, the United Nations Second Committee approved a draft resolution that demanded that: "Israel, the occupying Power, cease the exploitation, damage, cause of loss or depletion and endangerment of the natural resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan"

Question: في أي عام قامت اسرائيل بضم الجولان السوري؟


Operation House of Cards

Context: The clash came during rising tensions between Israeli and Iranian forces in Syria, including threats by the leader of Iran's Quds Force in Syria, Qasem Soleimani, to attack Israel. The incidents also came just a day after the US announced it was withdrawing from the Iranian nuclear deal.

Question: متى قامت اسرائيل بأول اعتداء صاروخي على سوريا؟


Operation House of Cards

Context: On 10 February 2018, an Israeli F-16I was shot down by the Syrian air defenses after conducting an air raid on Iran-backed positions inside Syrian territory. The aircraft was part of a larger Israeli aerial dispatch which Israel said was sent in response to detection of an Iranian drone entering Israeli airspace. Two hours after the downing of the jet, Israel began attacking additional targets inside Syria, including air defense sites.

Question: متى قامت اسرائيل بأول اعتداء صاروخي على سوريا؟


Operation House of Cards

Context: On 9 April, Israeli aircraft targeted the T-4 air base in the Syrian province of Homs, killing up to 14 soldiers, including seven Iranians, two days after a reported chemical attack was carried out by the Syrian government.

Question: متى قامت اسرائيل بأول اعتداء صاروخي على سوريا؟


Operation House of Cards

Context: On 30 April 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused Iran to pursue a program of nuclear weapons development.

Question: متى قامت اسرائيل بأول اعتداء صاروخي على سوريا؟


Operation House of Cards

Context: On 8 May 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. The same day Israeli air strikes targeted Syrian army positions in the southern Damascus area of Al-Kiswah, killing 15 people, including 8 Iranians according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. According to reports, the targets were Iranian rocket launchers aimed at Israeli territory.

Question: متى قامت اسرائيل بأول اعتداء صاروخي على سوريا؟


Operation House of Cards

Context: The Israeli army stated that in response, it launched "Operation House of Cards", the "most extensive strike in Syria in decades", attacking dozens of alleged Iranian targets. According to Russia's Defense Ministry, this involved 28 warplanes and the firing of 70 missiles.

Question: متى قامت اسرائيل بأول اعتداء صاروخي على سوريا؟


Operation House of Cards

Context: According to Israeli sources, the targets hit by Israel, included Iranian intelligence sites operated by the Quds Force.

Question: متى قامت اسرائيل بأول اعتداء صاروخي على سوريا؟


Operation House of Cards

Context: The Israel Air Force hit Syrian air defense batteries (SA-5 radar, SA-2, SA-22, SA-17) belonging to the Syrian army, that fired surface-to-air missiles on Israeli warplanes. The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights estimated that at least 23 soldiers were killed in Israeli attacks, 5 Syrians and 18 "foreigners". The IDF estimated that nearly all Iranian infrastructure in Syria was hit.

Question: متى قامت اسرائيل بأول اعتداء صاروخي على سوريا؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Within the church proper are the last four stations of the Cross of the Via Dolorosa, representing the final episodes of the Passion of Jesus. The church has been a major Christian pilgrimage destination since its creation in the fourth century, as the traditional site of the resurrection of Christ, thus its original Greek name, Church of the Anastasis ('Resurrection').

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Control of the church itself is shared, a simultaneum, among several Christian denominations and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for over 160 years, and some for much longer. The main denominations sharing property over parts of the church are the Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic, and to a lesser degree the Coptic Orthodox, Syriac Orthodox, and Ethiopian Orthodox.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (); is also called the "Church of the Resurrection" or "Church of the Anastasis" by Eastern Christians ( "Kanīsatu al-Qiyāmah"; "Naos tes Anastaseos"; "Surb Harut'yan tač̣ar").

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Following the siege of Jerusalem in AD 70 during the First Jewish–Roman War, Jerusalem had been reduced to ruins. In AD 130, the Roman emperor Hadrian began the building of a Roman colony, the new city of "Aelia Capitolina", on the site. Circa AD 135, he ordered that a cave containing a rock-cut tomb be filled in to create a flat foundation for a temple dedicated to Jupiter or Venus. The temple remained until the early 4th century.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: In 327, Constantine and Helena separately commissioned the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem to commemorate the birth of Jesus.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, planned by the architect Zenobius, was built as separate constructs over the two holy sites: a rotunda called the "Anastasis" ("Resurrection"), where Helena and Macarius believed Jesus to have been buried, and across a courtyard to the east, the great basilica, an enclosed colonnaded atrium (the "Triportico", sometimes called the "Martyrium") with the traditional site of Calvary in one corner.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The Church Of The Holy Sepulchre site has been recognized since early in the 4th century as the place where Jesus was crucified, buried, and rose from the dead.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: On 18 October 1009, Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the complete destruction of the church as part of a more general campaign against Christian places of worship in Palestine and Egypt. The damage was extensive, with few parts of the early church remaining, and the roof of the rock-cut tomb damaged; the original shrine was destroyed. Some partial repairs followed. Christian Europe reacted with shock and expulsions of Jews, serving as an impetus to later Crusades.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: According to the German clergyman and Orient pilgrim Ludolf von Sudheim, the keys of the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre were in hands of the "ancient Georgians" and the food, alms, candles and oil for lamps were given to them by the pilgrims at the south door of the church.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: A fire severely damaged again in 1808, causing the dome of the Rotunda to collapse and smashing the Aedicule's exterior decoration. The Rotunda and the Aedicule's exterior were rebuilt in 1809–10 by architect Nikolaos Ch. Komnenos of Mytilene in the contemporary Ottoman Baroque style. The interior of the antechamber, now known as the Chapel of the Angel, was partly rebuilt to a square ground plan in place of the previously semicircular western end.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Another decree in 1853 from the sultan solidified the existing territorial division among the communities and solidified the Status Quo for arrangements to "remain in their present state", requiring consensus to make even minor changes.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: By the time of the British Mandate for Palestine following the end of World War I, the cladding of red marble applied to the Aedicule by Komnenos had deteriorated badly and was detaching from the underlying structure; from 1947 until restoration work in 2016–17, it was held in place with an exterior scaffolding of iron girders installed by the British authorities.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: On 25 March 2020, Israeli health officials ordered the site closed to the public due to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the keeper of the keys, it was the first such closure since 1349, during the Black Death. Clerics continued regular prayers inside the building, and it reopened to visitors two months later, on 24 May.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: During church renovations in 2022, a stone slab covered in modern graffiti was moved from a wall, revealing Cosmatesque-style decoration on one face. According to an IAA archaeologist, the decoration was once inlaid with pieces of glass and fine marble; it indicates that the relic was the front of the church's high altar from the Crusader era (c. 1149), which was later used by the Greek Orthodox until being damaged in the 1808 fire.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The courtyard facing the entrance to the church is known as the parvis. Located around the parvis are a few smaller structures.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: A group of three chapels borders the parvis on its west side. They originally formed the baptistery complex of the Constantinian church. The southernmost chapel was the vestibule, the middle chapel the baptistery, and the north chapel the chamber in which the patriarch chrismated the newly baptized before leading them into the rotunda north of this complex. Now they are dedicated as (from south to north)

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The 12th-century Crusader bell tower is just south of the Rotunda, to the left of the entrance. Its upper level was lost in a 1545 collapse. In 1719, another two storeys were lost.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Just inside the church entrance is a stairway leading up to Calvary (Golgotha), traditionally regarded as the site of Jesus's crucifixion and the most lavishly decorated part of the church. The exit is via another stairway opposite the first, leading down to the ambulatory. Golgotha and its chapels are just south of the main altar of the Catholicon.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Behind the Chapel of Adam is the Museum of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which holds many relics, including a 12th-century crystal mitre alleged to have once held a fragment of the Holy Cross.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Just inside the entrance to the church is the Stone of Anointing (also Stone of the Anointing or Stone of Unction), which tradition holds to be where Jesus's body was prepared for burial by Joseph of Arimathea, though this tradition is only attested since the crusader era (notably by the Italian Dominican pilgrim Riccoldo da Monte di Croce in 1288), and the present stone was only added in the 1810 reconstruction.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The wall behind the stone is defined by its striking blue balconies and tau cross-bearing red banners (depicting the insignia of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre), and is decorated with lamps. The modern three-part mosaic along the wall depicts the anointing of Jesus's body, preceded on the right by the Descent from the Cross, and succeeded on the left by the Burial of Jesus.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The lamps that hang over the Stone of Unction, adorned with cross-bearing chain links, are contributed by Armenians, Copts, Greeks and Latins.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Immediately to the left of the entrance is a bench that has traditionally been used by the church's Muslim doorkeepers, along with some Christian clergy, as well as electrical wiring. To the right of the entrance is a wall along the ambulatory containing the staircase leading to Golgotha. Further along the same wall is the entrance to the Chapel of Adam.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: To the right of the sepulchre on the northwestern edge of the Rotunda is the Chapel of the Apparition, which is reserved for Roman Catholic use.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: In the central nave of the Crusader-era church, just east of the larger rotunda, is the Crusader structure housing the main altar of the Church, today the Greek Orthodox "catholicon". Its dome is in diameter, and is set directly over the centre of the transept crossing of the choir where the "compas" is situated, an omphalos ("navel") stone once thought to be the center of the world and still venerated as such by Orthodox Christians (associated with the site of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection).

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: Since 1996 this dome is topped by the monumental Golgotha Crucifix which the Greek Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem consecrated. It was at the initiative of Israeli professor Gustav Kühnel to erect a new crucifix at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem that would not only be worthy of the singularity of the site, but that would also become a symbol of the efforts of unity in the community of Christian faith.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: East of this is a large iconostasis demarcating the Orthodox sanctuary before which is set the throne of the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem on the south side facing the throne of the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch on the north side.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: South of the Aedicule is the "Place of the Three Marys", marked by a stone canopy and a large modern wall mosaic. From here one can enter the Armenian monastery which stretches over the ground and first upper floor of the church's southeastern part.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: West of the Aedicule, to the rear of the Rotunda, is the Syriac Chapel with the Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea, located in a Constantinian apse and containing an opening to an ancient Jewish rock-cut tomb. This chapel is where the Syriac Orthodox celebrate their Liturgy on Sundays.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The Syriac Orthodox Chapel of Saint Joseph of Arimathea and Saint Nicodemus. On Sundays and feast days it is furnished for the celebration of Mass. It is accessed from the Rotunda, by a door west of the Aedicule.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The chapels in the ambulatory are, from north to south: the Greek Chapel of Saint Longinus, the Armenian Chapel of Division of Robes, the entrance to the Chapel of Saint Helena, and the Greek Chapel of the Derision.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: An Ottoman decree of 1757 helped establish a "status quo" upholding the state of affairs for various Holy Land sites.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The "status quo" was upheld in Sultan Abdülmecid I's "firman" (decree) of 1852/3, which pinned down the now-permanent statutes of property and the regulations concerning the roles of the different denominations and other custodians.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The primary custodians are the Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic churches. The Greek Orthodox act through the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate as well as through the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre. Roman Catholics act through the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land. In the 19th century, the Coptic Orthodox, the Ethiopian Orthodox and the Syriac Orthodox also acquired lesser responsibilities, which include shrines and other structures in and around the building.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: On Palm Sunday, in April 2008, a brawl broke out when a Greek monk was ejected from the building by a rival faction. Police were called to the scene but were also attacked by the enraged brawlers. On Sunday, 9 November 2008, a clash erupted between Armenian and Greek monks during celebrations for the Feast of the Cross.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: In February 2018, the church was closed following a tax dispute over 152 million euros of uncollected taxes on church properties. The city hall stressed that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and all other churches are exempt from the taxes, with the changes only affecting establishments like "hotels, halls and businesses" owned by the churches. NPR had reported that the Greek Orthodox Church calls itself the second-largest landowner in Israel, after the Israeli government.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: There was a lock-in protest against an Israeli legislative proposal which would expropriate church lands that had been sold to private companies since 2010, a measure which church leaders assert constitutes a serious violation of their property rights and the Status Quo. In a joint official statement the church authorities protested what they considered to be the peak of a systematic campaign in:

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: a discriminatory and racist bill that targets solely the properties of the Christian community in the Holy Land ... This reminds us all of laws of a similar nature which were enacted against the Jews during dark periods in Europe.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The stated aim of the bill is to protect homeowners against the possibility that private companies will not extend their leases of land on which their houses or apartments stand.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: In June 2019, a number of Christian denominations in Jerusalem raised their voice against the Supreme Court's decision to uphold the sale of three properties by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate to Ateret Cohanim – an organization that seeks to increase the number of Jews in Jerusalem. The church leaders warned that if the organization gets the access to control the sites, Christians will lose access to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: The area immediately to the south and east of the sepulchre was a quarry and outside the city during the early first century as excavations under the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer across the street demonstrated.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Context: From the ninth century onward, the construction of churches inspired by the Anastasis was extended across Europe. One example is Santo Stefano in Bologna, Italy, an agglomeration of seven churches recreating shrines of Jerusalem.

Question: هل قبر يسوع المسيح موجود في كنيسة القيامة؟


Anthrax

Context: Anthrax can be contracted in laboratory accidents or by handling infected animals, their wool, or their hides. It has also been used in biological warfare agents and by terrorists to intentionally infect as exemplified by the 2001 anthrax attacks.

Question: كم عدد أنواع الجمرة الخبيثة ؟


Anthrax

Context: Before 2001, fatality rates for inhalation anthrax were 90%; since then, they have fallen to 45%. People that progress to the fulminant phase of inhalational anthrax nearly always die, with one case study showing a death rate of 97%. Anthrax meningoencephalitis is also nearly always fatal.

Question: كم عدد أنواع الجمرة الخبيثة ؟


Anthrax

Context: Anthrax is especially rare in dogs and cats, as is evidenced by a single reported case in the United States in 2001. Anthrax outbreaks occur in some wild animal populations with some regularity.

Question: كم عدد أنواع الجمرة الخبيثة ؟


Men's Health

Context: Men's Health (MH), published by Hearst, is the world's largest men's magazine brand, with 35 editions in 59 countries. It is also the best-selling men's magazine on U.S. newsstands.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: Started as a men's health magazine by Rodale, Inc. in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, the magazine currently covers various men's lifestyle topics such as fitness, nutrition, fashion and sexuality. The magazine's website, MensHealth.com, averages over 118 million page views a month.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: He created the editorial formula, hired Steven Slon from service journalism and Greg Gutfeld from "Prevention". He worked with longtime staff editor Denis Boyles, a former "Playboy" contributing editor, to develop the magazine's voice. Lafavore left "Men's Health" in 2000, the same year Capell's Circulation Report named the magazine Circulation Performer of the Decade. He named Gutfeld his successor. After one year, Gutfeld was replaced by David Zinczenko.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2008, the magazine partnered with Google to make back issues available. In July 2008, "Men's Health" became the first to "create the first fully interactive advertising magazine in America," where readers could take a picture of an ad, and a promotional "bounce-back" was sent to their phone. For its 20th anniversary issue in November 2008, "Men's Health" included an interview and photo shoot with president-elect Barack Obama. In 2010, Obama was again featured about health care and his plans.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2009, "Men's Health" published "Belly Off! Diet" based on the weight-loss testimonial column in the magazine. The column "Eat This, Not That!" became a book series in 2007, written by Zinczenko and Matt Goulding), and was turned into different versions (children, supermarket, restaurant, diet book) and free iPhone applications. EatThis.MensHealth.com was the most highly trafficked section of MensHealth.com in 2009 with 1 million unique visitors and 15 million page views a month.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2011, David Zinczenko was replaced by Bill Phillips, who was the executive editor of the magazine and editor of MensHealth.com.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In November 2014, "Men's Health" featured a reader on the cover for the first time with amputee and veteran Noah Galloway, the winner of the first Ultimate "Men's Health" Guy Search.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2016, Matt Bean became editor-in-chief. He hired Creative Director Mike Schnaidt to redesign the magazine with visual updates inspired by media, such as auto repair guides, hiking maps and military field manuals, added "The Exchange", "Unfiltered", "Field Guide" and a column by Tim Ferriss. He introduced the digital franchise MH Longform. In October 2017 "Men's Health" began the cross-platform series "The Adventurist" in partnership with Fitbit.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟