Helicopter

Context: In 1927, Engelbert Zaschka from Germany built a helicopter, equipped with two rotors, in which a gyroscope was used to increase stability and serves as an energy accumulator for a gliding flight to make a landing. Zaschka's plane, the first helicopter, which ever worked so successfully in miniature, not only rises and descends vertically, but is able to remain stationary at any height.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: In 1928, Hungarian aviation engineer Oszkár Asbóth constructed a helicopter prototype that took off and landed at least 182 times, with a maximum single flight duration of 53 minutes.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: During World War II, Nazi Germany used helicopters in small numbers for observation, transport, and medical evacuation. The Flettner Fl 282 "Kolibri" synchropter—using the same basic configuration as Anton Flettner's own pioneering Fl 265—was used in the Mediterranean, while the Focke Achgelis Fa 223 "Drache" twin-rotor helicopter was used in Europe. Extensive bombing by the Allied forces prevented Germany from producing any helicopters in large quantities during the war.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: During the closing years of the 20th century designers began working on helicopter noise reduction. Urban communities have often expressed great dislike of noisy aviation or noisy aircraft, and police and passenger helicopters can be unpopular because of the sound. The redesigns followed the closure of some city heliports and government action to constrain flight paths in national parks and other places of natural beauty.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: For a standard helicopter with a single main rotor, the tips of the main rotor blades produce a vortex ring in the air, which is a spiraling and circularly rotating airflow. As the craft moves forward, these vortices trail off behind the craft.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: When hovering with a forward diagonal crosswind, or moving in a forward diagonal direction, the spinning vortices trailing off the main rotor blades will align with the rotation of the tail rotor and cause an instability in flight control.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: When the trailing vortices colliding with the tail rotor are rotating in the same direction, this causes a loss of thrust from the tail rotor. When the trailing vortices rotate in the opposite direction of the tail rotor, thrust is increased. Use of the foot pedals is required to adjust the tail rotor's angle of attack, to compensate for these instabilities.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: These issues are due to the exposed tail rotor cutting through open air around rear of the vehicle. This issue disappears when the tail is instead ducted, using an internal impeller enclosed in the tail and a jet of high pressure air sideways out of the tail, as the main rotor vortices can not impact the operation of an internal impeller.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: For a standard helicopter with a single main rotor, maintaining steady flight with a crosswind presents an additional flight control problem, where strong crosswinds from certain angles will increase or decrease lift from the main rotors. This effect is also triggered in a no-wind condition when moving the craft diagonally in various directions, depending on the direction of main rotor rotation.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: This can lead to a loss of control and a crash or hard landing when operating at low altitudes, due to the sudden unexpected loss of lift, and insufficient time and distance available to recover.

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Helicopter

Context: As with any moving vehicle, unsafe operation could result in loss of control, structural damage, or loss of life. The following is a list of some of the potential hazards for helicopters:

Question: 헬리콥터가 최초로 발명된 사람은 누구인가?


Colosseum

Context: Although substantially ruined by earthquakes and stone robbers taking "spolia", the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and was listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum. The Colosseum is depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The name "Colosseum" is believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero on the model of the Colossus of Rhodes. The giant bronze sculpture of Nero as a solar deity was moved to its position beside the amphitheatre by the emperor Hadrian (). The word "colosseum" is a neuter Latin noun formed from the adjective "colosseus", meaning "gigantic" or "colossean". By the year 1000 the Latin name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre from the nearby "Colossus Solis".

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of Lire 40 billion ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices).

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002), Paul McCartney (May 2003), Elton John (September 2005), and Billy Joel (July 2006).

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three superposed storeys surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters. Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: Another level, the "maenianum secundum in legneis", was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: Each tier was divided into sections ("maeniana") by curved passages and low walls ("praecinctiones" or "baltei"), and were subdivided into "cunei", or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row ("gradus") of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The "hypogeum" was connected by tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: Also nearby were the "Armamentarium", comprising an armory to store weapons; the "Summum Choragium", where machinery was stored; the "Sanitarium", which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the "Spoliarium", where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the "velarium" or awning.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The Colosseum today is a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year entering to view the interior arena. There is now a museum dedicated to Eros in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheater.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The Colosseum has a wide and well-documented history of flora ever since Domenico Panaroli made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643. Since then, 684 species have been identified there. The peak was in 1855 (420 species). Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation, because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry, but much of it has returned. 242 species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli, 200 remain.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Colosseum

Context: The Colosseum has appeared in numerous films, artworks and games. It's featured in movies such as "Roman Holiday", "Gladiator", "The Way of the Dragon", "The Core" and "Jumper" and games like , and Forge of Empires.

Question: 콜로세움은 어느 나라에 있는가?


Suffolk, Virginia

Context: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."

Question: 버지니아 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Suffolk, Virginia

Context: There were 23,283 households, out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.09.

Question: 버지니아 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Suffolk, Virginia

Context: The age distribution was 27.8% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

Question: 버지니아 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Suffolk, Virginia

Context: The median income for a household in the city was $41,115, and the median income for a family was $47,342. Males had a median income of $35,852 versus $23,777 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,836. About 10.8% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.

Question: 버지니아 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Suffolk, Virginia

Context: The city and VDOT have had disputes over ownership and responsibility for the Kings Highway Bridge (circa 1928) across the Nansemond River on State Route 125. VDOT closed it in 2005 for safety reasons.

Question: 버지니아 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Suffolk, Virginia

Context: About 3,300 motorists a day used the bridge that connected Chuckatuck and Driver. The closure forced detours of as much as . The cost of a new bridge for the King's Highway crossing is estimated at $48 million, far more than could be recovered through collection of tolls at that location. In 2007, VDOT announced that it would contract for demolition and removal of the bridge. According to newspaper accounts, this was the first time in VDOT's history that it did not plan for a replacement facility.

Question: 버지니아 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Suffolk, Virginia

Context: SSCI and its international youth association, SIYA, have won national awards for Youth and Education and for the Best Overall Program for cities with populations less than 100,000.

Question: 버지니아 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Other Greek philosophers, such as Zeno of Citium (334—262 BC) the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, agreed with Aristotle and other earlier philosophers that nature showed clear evidence of being designed for a purpose; this view is known as teleology. The Roman Skeptic philosopher Cicero (106—43 BC) wrote that Zeno was known to have held the view, central to Stoic physics, that nature is primarily "directed and concentrated...to secure for the world...the structure best fitted for survival."

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: In line with earlier Greek thought, the third-century Christian philosopher and Church Father Origen of Alexandria argued that the creation story in the Book of Genesis should be interpreted as an allegory for the falling of human souls away from the glory of the divine, and not as a literal, historical account:

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Among the Christian Fathers the movement towards a partly naturalistic interpretation of the order of Creation was made by Gregory of Nyssa in the fourth century, and was completed by Augustine in the fourth and fifth centuries. ...[Gregory of Nyssa] taught that Creation was potential. God imparted to matter its fundamental properties and laws. The objects and completed forms of the Universe developed gradually out of chaotic material.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Augustine's idea "that forms of life had been transformed 'slowly over time prompted Father Giuseppe Tanzella-Nitti, Professor of Theology at the Pontifical Santa Croce University in Rome, to claim that Augustine had suggested a form of evolution.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: In "A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom" (1896), Andrew Dickson White wrote about Augustine's attempts to preserve the ancient evolutionary approach to the creation as follows:

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Although Greek and Roman evolutionary ideas died out in Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, they were not lost to Islamic philosophers and scientists (nor to the culturally Greek Byzantine Empire). In the Islamic Golden Age of the 8th to the 13th centuries, philosophers explored ideas about natural history. These ideas included transmutation from non-living to living: "from mineral to plant, from plant to animal, and from animal to man."

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Maupertuis' ideas were in opposition to the influence of early taxonomists like John Ray. In the late 17th century, Ray had given the first formal definition of a biological species, which he described as being characterized by essential unchanging features, and stated the seed of one species could never give rise to another. The ideas of Ray and other 17th-century taxonomists were influenced by natural theology and the argument from design.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: The word "evolution" (from the Latin "evolutio", meaning "to unroll like a scroll") was initially used to refer to embryological development; its first use in relation to development of species came in 1762, when Charles Bonnet used it for his concept of "pre-formation," in which females carried a miniature form of all future generations. The term gradually gained a more general meaning of growth or progressive development.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Several writers anticipated evolutionary aspects of Darwin's theory, and in the third edition of "On the Origin of Species" published in 1861 Darwin named those he knew about in an introductory appendix, "An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species", which he expanded in later editions.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: However, as historian of science Peter J. Bowler says, "Through a combination of bold theorizing and comprehensive evaluation, Darwin came up with a concept of evolution that was unique for the time." Bowler goes on to say that simple priority alone is not enough to secure a place in the history of science; someone has to develop an idea and convince others of its importance to have a real impact. Thomas Henry Huxley said in his essay on the reception of "On the Origin of Species":

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Orthogenesis was the hypothesis that life has an innate tendency to change, in a unilinear fashion, towards ever-greater perfection. It had a significant following in the 19th century, and its proponents included the Russian biologist Leo S. Berg and the American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn. Orthogenesis was popular among some paleontologists, who believed that the fossil record showed a gradual and constant unidirectional change.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Saltationism was the idea that new species arise as a result of large mutations. It was seen as a much faster alternative to the Darwinian concept of a gradual process of small random variations being acted on by natural selection, and was popular with early geneticists such as Hugo de Vries, William Bateson, and early in his career, Thomas Hunt Morgan. It became the basis of the mutation theory of evolution.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: The idea of an extended evolutionary synthesis is to extend the 20th century modern synthesis to include concepts and mechanisms such as multilevel selection theory, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, niche construction and evolvability—though several different such syntheses have been proposed, with no agreement on what exactly would be included.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's metaphysical Omega Point theory, found in his book "The Phenomenon of Man" (1955), describes the gradual development of the universe from subatomic particles to human society, which he viewed as its final stage and goal, a form of orthogenesis.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of evolutionary thought

Context: The Gaia hypothesis proposed by James Lovelock holds that the living and nonliving parts of Earth can be viewed as a complex interacting system with similarities to a single organism, as being connected to Lovelock's ideas. The Gaia hypothesis has also been viewed by Lynn Margulis and others as an extension of endosymbiosis and exosymbiosis. This modified hypothesis postulates that all living things have a regulatory effect on the Earth's environment that promotes life overall.

Question: 진화론을 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


List of longest novels

Context: Compiling a list of longest novels yields different results depending on whether pages, words, or characters are counted. Length of a book is typically associated with its size—specifically page count—leading many to assume the largest and thickest book equates to its length. Word count is a direct way to measure the length of a novel in a manner unaffected by variations of format and page size; however, translating the story into different languages and dialects results in different word counts.

Question: 미국의 소설 중 가장 긴 소설은 무엇인가?


List of longest novels

Context: For the purposes of this list, word count is ideal. Page count is a rough indicator of length; for completeness, the page size will be included.

Question: 미국의 소설 중 가장 긴 소설은 무엇인가?


List of longest novels

Context: A rough approximation can sometimes be obtained by citing the word count of a "translation" into a Latin alphabet language like English (if such a translation exists), but this will vary to some extent depending on the style of English adopted by the translator. However citing a translation has the advantage that it indicates how many words are required to convey the same " meaning" in the target text, not how many "words" the source text actually contains.

Question: 미국의 소설 중 가장 긴 소설은 무엇인가?


List of longest novels

Context: What counts as a novel is another variable. For the purposes of the list, a "novel" is defined as a single work in print or electronic form that has been published through a mainstream publisher and that has acquired publishing rights from authors. A "single work" includes works thought of as one novel by the author but published in multiple volumes for reasons of convenience but not entire series of novels.

Question: 미국의 소설 중 가장 긴 소설은 무엇인가?


List of longest novels

Context: Excluded are self-published, printed-on-demand, vanity works, unpublished novels like Henry Darger's, novel sequences like the "Chronicles of Barsetshire", novel cycles such as those set in the "James Bond" universe, and record-grabbing stunts written solely for the title of the longest work.

Question: 미국의 소설 중 가장 긴 소설은 무엇인가?


Popping

Context: As stated earlier, "popping" has become the latest umbrella term for a group of closely related styles and techniques rooted in the Boogaloo tradition that have often been combined, evolved or danced together with popping, some of which are seldom seen outside of popping contexts.

Question: 팝핑은 춤의 한 종류인가?


Popping

Context: Popping is centered around the technique of "popping", which means to quickly contract and relax muscles to create a jerking effect (a "pop" or "hit") in the body. It is also known as Posing Hard from the Boogaloo tradition, this technique was innovated by the Boogaloo group, the Black Messengers from Oakland. Popping can be concentrated to specific body parts, creating variants such as arm pops, leg pops, chest pops and neck pops.

Question: 팝핑은 춤의 한 종류인가?


Popping

Context: Inspired by the art of Ancient Egypt (the name derived from the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, colloquially known as "King Tut"), tutting exploits the body's ability to create geometric positions (such as boxes) and movements, predominantly with the use of right angles. It generally focuses on the arms and hands, and includes sub-styles such as finger tutting.

Question: 팝핑은 춤의 한 종류인가?


ISO 15924

Context: ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, is an international standard defining codes for writing systems or "scripts" (a "set of graphic characters used for the written form of one or more languages"). Each script is given both a four-letter code and a numeric code.

Question: 한글의 ISO 15924 코드는 무엇인가요?


ISO 15924

Context: Where possible the codes are derived from ISO 639-2, where the name of a script and the name of a language using the script are identical (example: Gujarātī ISO 639 guj, ISO 15924 Gujr). Preference is given to the 639-2 Bibliographical codes, which is different from the otherwise often preferred use of the Terminological codes.

Question: 한글의 ISO 15924 코드는 무엇인가요?


ISO 15924

Context: 4-letter ISO 15924 codes are incorporated into the IANA Language Subtag Registry for IETF language tags and so can be used in file formats that make use of such language tags. For example, they can be used in HTML and XML to help Web browsers determine which typeface to use for foreign text. This way one could differentiate, for example, between Serbian written in the Cyrillic (codice_1) or Latin (codice_2) script, or mark romanized or transliterated text as such.

Question: 한글의 ISO 15924 코드는 무엇인가요?


ISO 15924

Context: Two four-letter codes are reserved at the request of the Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) project:

Question: 한글의 ISO 15924 코드는 무엇인가요?


ISO 15924

Context: Around 160 scripts are defined in Unicode. Through a linkpin called "Property Value Alias", Unicode has made a 1:1 connection between a script defined, and its ISO 15924 standard. See Script (Unicode).

Question: 한글의 ISO 15924 코드는 무엇인가요?


Rare disease

Context: A rare disease is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population. In some parts of the world, an orphan disease is a rare disease whose rarity means there is a lack of a market large enough to gain support and resources for discovering treatments for it, except by the government granting economically advantageous conditions to creating and selling such treatments. Orphan drugs are ones so created or sold.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: No single cut-off number has been agreed upon for which a disease is considered rare. A disease may be considered rare in one part of the world, or in a particular group of people, but be common in another.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: The US organisation Global Genes has estimated that more than 300 million people worldwide are living with one of the approximately 7,000 diseases they define as "rare" in the United States.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: There is no single, widely accepted definition for rare diseases. Some definitions rely solely on the number of people living with a disease, and other definitions include other factors, such as the existence of adequate treatments or the severity of the disease.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: In the United States, the Rare Diseases Act of 2002 defines "rare disease" strictly according to prevalence, specifically "any disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States", or about 1 in 1,500 people. This definition is essentially the same as that of the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, a federal law that was written to encourage research into rare diseases and possible cures.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: In Japan, the legal definition of a rare disease is one that affects fewer than 50,000 patients in Japan, or about 1 in 2,500 people.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: However, the European Commission on Public Health defines rare diseases as "life-threatening or chronically debilitating diseases which are of such low prevalence that special combined efforts are needed to address them". The term "low prevalence" is later defined as generally meaning fewer than 1 in 2,000 people. Diseases that are statistically rare, but not also life-threatening, chronically debilitating, or inadequately treated, are excluded from their definition.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: The definitions used in the medical literature and by national health plans are similarly divided, with definitions ranging from 1/1,000 to 1/200,000.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: Because of definitions that include reference to treatment availability, a lack of resources, and severity of the disease, the term "orphan disease" is used as a synonym for "rare disease". But in the United States and the European Union, "orphan diseases" have a distinct legal meaning.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: The United States' Orphan Drug Act includes both rare diseases and any non-rare diseases "for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug for such disease or condition will [be] recovered from sales in the United States of such drug" as "orphan diseases".

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: The European Organization for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) also includes both rare diseases and neglected diseases into a larger category of "orphan diseases".

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: Prevalence (number of people living with a disease at a given moment), rather than incidence (number of new diagnoses in a given year), is used to describe the impact of rare diseases. The Global Genes Project estimates some 300 million people worldwide are affected by a rare disease.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: The European Organization for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) estimates that as many as 5,000 to 7,000 distinct rare diseases exist, and as much as 6% to 8% of the population of the European Union is affected by one. Only about 400 rare diseases have therapies and about 80% have a genetic component according to Rare Genomics Institute.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: About 40 rare diseases have a far higher prevalence in Finland; these are known collectively as Finnish heritage disease. Similarly, there are rare genetic diseases among the Amish religious communities in the US and among ethnically Jewish people.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: A rare disease is defined as one that affects fewer than 200,000 people across a broad range of possible disorders. Chronic genetic diseases are commonly classified as rare. Among numerous possibilities, rare diseases may result from bacterial or viral infections, allergies, chromosome disorders, degenerative and proliferative causes, affecting any body organ. Rare diseases may be chronic or incurable, although many short-term medical conditions are also rare diseases.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: The NIH's Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) was established by H.R. 4013/Public Law 107–280 in 2002. H.R. 4014, signed the same day, refers to the "Rare Diseases Orphan Product Development Act". Similar initiatives have been proposed in Europe. The ORDR also runs the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN). The RDCRN provides support for clinical studies and facilitating collaboration, study enrollment and data sharing.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: Organisations around the world are exploring ways of involving people affected by rare diseases in helping shape future research, including using online methods to explore the perspectives of multiple stakeholders.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Rare disease

Context: Rare Disease Day is held in Europe, Canada, the United States and India on the last day of February to raise awareness for rare diseases.

Question: 2019년 기준 세상에서 가장 희귀한 병은 무엇인가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Generally speaking, diesel fuel , also called diesel oil, is any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in a diesel engine, a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignition takes place without a spark as a result of compression of the inlet air and then injection of fuel. Therefore, diesel fuel needs good compression ignition characteristics.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: The most common type of diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is sometimes called petrodiesel in some academic circles.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is a diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2016, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in the UK, mainland Europe, and North America is of a ULSD type.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Before diesel fuel had been standardised, the majority of diesel engines typically ran on cheap fuel oils. These fuel oils are still used in watercraft diesel engines. Despite being specifically designed for diesel engines, diesel fuel can also be used as fuel for several non-diesel engines, for example the Akroyd engine, the Stirling engine, or boilers for steam engines.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Diesel fuel is produced from various sources, the most common being petroleum. Other sources include biomass, animal fat, biogas, natural gas, and coal liquefaction.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Petroleum diesel, also called "petrodiesel" or fossil diesel, is the most common type of diesel fuel. It is produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil between at atmospheric pressure, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 9 and 25 carbon atoms per molecule.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Synthetic diesel can be produced from any carbonaceous material, including biomass, biogas, natural gas, coal and many others. The raw material is gasified into synthesis gas, which after purification is converted by the Fischer–Tropsch process to a synthetic diesel.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: The process is typically referred to as biomass-to-liquid (BTL), gas-to-liquid (GTL) or coal-to-liquid (CTL), depending on the raw material used.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Paraffinic synthetic diesel generally has a near-zero content of sulfur and very low aromatics content, reducing unregulated emissions of toxic hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides and particulate matter (PM).

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Unsaturated fatty acids are the source for the lower oxidation stability. They react with oxygen and form peroxides and result in degradation byproducts, which can cause sludge and lacquer in the fuel system.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: This category of diesel fuels involves converting the triglycerides in vegetable oil and animal fats into alkanes by refining and hydrogenation, such as Neste Renewable Diesel or H-Bio. The produced fuel has many properties that are similar to synthetic diesel, and are free from the many disadvantages of FAME.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Dimethyl ether, DME, is a synthetic, gaseous diesel fuel that results in clean combustion with very little soot and reduced NOx emissions.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: In the US, diesel is recommended to be stored in a yellow container to differentiate it from kerosene, which is typically kept in blue containers, and gasoline (petrol), which is typically kept in red containers. In the UK, diesel is normally stored in a black container to differentiate it from unleaded or leaded petrol, which are stored in green and red containers, respectively.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: The principal measure of diesel fuel quality is its cetane number. A cetane number is a measure of the delay of ignition of a diesel fuel. A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot compressed air. European (EN 590 standard) road diesel has a minimum cetane number of 51. Fuels with higher cetane numbers, normally "premium" diesel fuels with additional cleaning agents and some synthetic content, are available in some markets.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Taxes on biodiesel in the US vary between states. Some states (Texas, for example) have no tax on biodiesel and a reduced tax on biodiesel blends equivalent to the amount of biodiesel in the blend, so that B20 fuel is taxed 20% less than pure petrodiesel. Other states, such as North Carolina, tax biodiesel (in any blended configuration) the same as petrodiesel, although they have introduced new incentives to producers and users of all biofuels.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: The viscosity requirement of diesel fuel is usually specified at 40 °C. A disadvantage of diesel fuel in cold climates is that its viscosity increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel (see Compression Ignition – Gelling) that cannot flow in fuel systems. Special low-temperature diesel contains additives to keep it liquid at lower temperatures.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Diesel displaced coal and fuel oil for steam-powered vehicles in the latter half of the 20th century, and is now used almost exclusively for the combustion engines of self-powered rail vehicles (locomotives and railcars).

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Today's tractors and heavy equipment are mostly diesel-powered. Among tractors, only the smaller classes may also offer gasoline-fuelled engines. The dieselization of tractors and heavy equipment began in Germany before World War II but was unusual in the United States until after that war. During the 1950s and 1960s, it progressed in the US as well. Diesel fuel is commonly used in oil and gas extracting equipment, although some locales use electric or natural gas powered equipment.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: During development of rocket engines in Germany during World War II J-2 Diesel fuel was used as the fuel component in several engines including the BMW 109-718. J-2 diesel fuel was also used as a fuel for gas turbine engines.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: In the United States, petroleum-derived diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including "n", "iso", and cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes). The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C12H23, ranging approximately from C10H20 to C15H28.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Most diesel fuels freeze at common winter temperatures, while the temperatures greatly vary. Petrodiesel typically freezes around temperatures of −8.1 °C (17.5 °F), whereas biodiesel freezes between temperatures of 2° to 15 °C (35° to 60 °F). The viscosity of diesel noticeably increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel at temperatures of −19 °C (−2.2 °F) to −15 °C (5 °F), that cannot flow in fuel systems. Conventional diesel fuels vaporise at temperatures between 149 °C and 371 °C.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Conventional diesel flash points vary between 52 and 96 °C, which makes it safer than petrol and unsuitable for spark-ignition engines. Unlike petrol, the flash point of a diesel fuel has no relation to its performance in an engine nor to its auto ignition qualities.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: As a good approximation the chemical formula of diesel is . Note that diesel is a mixture of different molecules. As carbon has a molar mass of 12 g/mol and hydrogen has a molar mass of about 1 g/mol, so the fraction by weight of carbon in EN 590 diesel fuel is roughly 12/14.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44g/mol as it consists of 2 atoms of oxygen (16 g/mol) and 1 atom of carbon (12 g/mol). So 12 g of carbon yield 44 g of Carbon dioxide.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Putting everything together the mass of carbon dioxide that is produced by burning 1 liter of diesel fuel can be calculated as:

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: For gasoline, with a density of 0.75 kg/l and a ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms of about 6 to 14, the estimated value of carbon emission if 1 liter of gasoline is burnt gives:

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: In the United States, more stringent emission standards have been adopted with the transition to ULSD starting in 2006, and becoming mandatory on June 1, 2010 (see also diesel exhaust).

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: There has been much discussion and misunderstanding of algae in diesel fuel. Algae need light to live and grow. As there is no sunlight in a closed fuel tank, no algae can survive, but some microbes can survive and feed on the diesel fuel.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: These microbes form a colony that lives at the interface of fuel and water. They grow quite fast in warmer temperatures. They can even grow in cold weather when fuel tank heaters are installed. Parts of the colony can break off and clog the fuel lines and fuel filters.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Water in fuel can damage a fuel injection pump. Some diesel fuel filters also trap water. Water contamination in diesel fuel can lead to freezing while in the fuel tank. The freezing water that saturates the fuel will sometimes clog the fuel injector pump. Once the water inside the fuel tank has started to freeze, gelling is more likely to occur. When the fuel is gelled it is not effective until the temperature is raised and the fuel returns to a liquid state.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


Diesel fuel

Context: Diesel is less flammable than gasoline / petrol. However, because it evaporates slowly, any spills on a roadway can pose a slip hazard to vehicles. After the light fractions have evaporated, a greasy slick is left on the road which reduces tire grip and traction, and can cause vehicles to skid. The loss of traction is similar to that encountered on black ice, resulting in especially dangerous situations for two-wheeled vehicles, such as motorcycles and bicycles, in roundabouts.

Question: 디젤 자동차는 누가 개발했는가?


French Football Federation

Context: Before the FFF was established, football, rugby union and others sports in France were regulated by the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques (USFSA). Founded in November 1890, the USFSA was initially headquartered in Paris but its membership soon expanded to include sports clubs from throughout France.

Question: 2019년 프랑스 축구협회장은 누구인가?


French Football Federation

Context: In 1894 the USFSA also organised the first recognised French football championship. The first competition featured just four Paris teams and was organised on a knockout basis.

Question: 2019년 프랑스 축구협회장은 누구인가?


French Football Federation

Context: In 1900 the USFSA sent players from Parisian Club Français to represent France at the 1900 Summer Olympics. On 1 May 1904 the USFSA also selected the first official France national football team. The USFSA would be dissolved in 1919 after some disagreements with FIFA.

Question: 2019년 프랑스 축구협회장은 누구인가?


French Football Federation

Context: On 7 April 1919, the CFI transformed themselves into the "Fédération Française de Football" with Jules Rimet being installed as the federation's first president. Its legal status is placed under the French jurisdiction (Voluntary association). The FFF has been affiliated to FIFA since 1907, when the CFI succeeded the USFSA as France's representative. Two years later after the CFI's transformation, the USFSA officially merged with the federation.

Question: 2019년 프랑스 축구협회장은 누구인가?


French Football Federation

Context: The federation also governs youth leagues, such as the Championnat National of the under-19s and under-17s. The FFF also oversee the organization of the Coupe Gambardella and the Coupe Nationale for the under-15 and under-13 club teams. The federation organizes all three divisions of women's football in France and oversee the Challenge de France, the women's premier cup competition.

Question: 2019년 프랑스 축구협회장은 누구인가?


Second Northern War

Context: In 1651, an unsuccessful congress was organised in Lübeck to mediate peace talks between Sweden and Poland.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: On the western front, Wittenberg was opposed by a Polish levy of 13,000 and an additional 1,400 peasant infantry. Aware of the military superiority of the well-trained Swedish army, the nobles of Greater Poland surrendered to Wittenberg on 25 July in Ujście after the Battle of Ujście, and then pledged loyalty to the Swedish king. Wittenberg established a garrison in Poznań (Posen).

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: Meanwhile, Russian and Cossack forces had occupied the east of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as far as Lublin, with only Lwow (Lviv, Lemberg) remaining under Polish–Lithuanian control. In late October, Charles X Gustav headed northwards and left Wittenberg in Kraków with a mobile force of 3,000 Swedish and 2,000 Polish troops, and an additional number scattered in garrisons, to control the southern part of the Swedish-occupied commonwealth.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: The rapid Swedish invasion and occupation of the Polish–Lithuanian territories became known in Poland as the "(Swedish) deluge."

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: Already in May 1656, Alexis of Russia had declared war on Sweden, taking advantage of Charles being tied up in Poland, and Livonia, Estonia and Ingria secured only by a Livonian army of 2,200 infantry and 400 dragoons, Magnus de la Gardie's 7,000 men in Prussia, and 6,933 men dispersed in garrisons along the Eastern Baltic coast. Alexis invaded Livonia in July with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: In late July, Danzig was reinforced by a Dutch garrison, and a combined Danish and Dutch fleet broke the naval blockage imposed on Danzig by Charles X Gustav. On 28–30 July, a combined Brandenburgian-Swedish army was able to defeat the Polish–Lithuanian army in the Battle of Warsaw, forcing John II Casimir to retreat to Lublin. In August, Alexis' army took Livonian Kokenhausen (Koknese), laid siege to Riga and Dorpat (Tartu) and raided Estonia, Ingria and Kexholm.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: On 4 October, John II Casimir stormed Łęczyca in Greater Poland before heading for Royal Prussia, and on 8 October, Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski with 12,000 to 13,000 Lithuanian and Crimean Tartar cavalry overran a Brandenburgian-Swedish force in the Battle of Prostken in Ducal Prussia. Gosiewski then ravaged Ducal Prussia, burning 13 towns and 250 villages, in a campaign that entered folklore because of the high death toll and the high number of captives deported to the Crimea.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: On 22 October, Gosiewski was defeated by Swedish forces in the Battle of Filipów and turned to Lithuania. Also on 22 October, besieged Dorpat surrendered to Alexis, while the Russian siege of Swedish-held Riga was lifted. John II Casimir meanwhile took Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) and Konitz in Royal Prussia, and from 15 November 1656 until February 1657 stayed in Danzig, where a Swedish siege had to be lifted due to Dutch intervention, just 55 kilometers away from Charles X Gustav's quarters in Elbing.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: When Charles X Gustav left the Commonwealth and headed westwards for an anti-Danish counterstrike, the Swedish–Brandenburgian–Transylvanian alliance broke apart. Rákóczi of Transylvania was unable to withstand the combined Austrian and Polish–Lithuanian forces without Swedish support, and after a pursuit into Ukraine he was encircled and forced to capitulate, with the rest of the Transylvanian army defeated by the Tartars.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: Brandenburg changed sides in return for Polish withdrawal of claims to Ducal Prussia, declaring Frederick William the sole sovereign in the Duchy with the treaties of Wehlau on 19 September and Bromberg on 6 November. In addition, the aforementioned treaties secured Brandenburg the Lands of Lauenburg and Bütow at the border of Brandenburgian Pomerania, while the Bishopric of Ermeland was returned to Poland.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: Meanwhile, Polish forces led by general Stefan Czarniecki ravaged southern Swedish Pomerania, and destroyed and plundered Pasewalk, Gartz (Oder) and Penkun. The Habsburg and Brandenburg allies however were reluctant to join Czarniecki, and against John II Casimir's wish decided against taking the war to the Holy Roman Empire fearing the start of a new Thirty Years' War.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: Sweden had won its most prestigious victory, and Denmark had suffered its most costly defeat. Denmark was forced to yield the provinces of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and the island of Bornholm. Halland had already been under Swedish control since the signing of the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645, but they now became Swedish territory indefinitely. Denmark also had to surrender the Norwegian province Trøndelag to Sweden.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: Meanwhile, the anti-Swedish alliance had deployed an army to Denmark, to confront Charles X Gustav with a force of 14,500 Brandenburgers commanded by Frederick William, 10,600 Austrians commanded by Raimondo Montecuccoli, and 4,500 Poles commanded by Czarniecki. By January 1659, the allied forces stood at Fredriksodde, Kolding and Als. Charles X Gustav then tried a decisive assault on Copenhagen on 21 and 22 February, but was repelled.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: In the occupied and annexed Danish provinces, guerilla movements pressed Swedish garrisons. After an uprising, Norwegians took Trondheim in late 1658. In Scania and Zealand, the ""snaphaner" led by Lorenz Tuxen and Svend Poulsen ("Gøngehøvdingen"") ambushed Swedish forces. The Swedish garrison of Bornholm was forced to surrender to Danish insurgents, with the commander killed.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: In Royal Prussia (Eastern Pomerania in contemporary Poland), Thorn had fallen already in December 1658, but Elbing and Marienwerder withstood. On 24 November, Sweden had to abandon Funen and Langeland after the defeat in the Battle of Nyborg. In January 1660, Sweden lost the Livonian fortress Mitau.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: The colony of New Sweden lay along the Delaware River, a territory claimed but not settled by Dutch New Netherland. The Swedish colonists were the preferred trading partners of the Susquehannock, who at that time were the most powerful indigenous group in the Delaware Valley and rivals to the Iroquois Confederacy further north. The Iroquois in turn were allies of the Dutch.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: Charles X Gustav fell ill in early 1660 and died on 23 February of that year. With his death, one of the major obstacles to peace was gone and the Treaty of Oliva was signed on 23 April. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in Swedish Livonia, Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in Ducal Prussia, and John II Casimir withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne, though he was to retain the title for life. All occupied territories were restored to their pre-war sovereigns.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Second Northern War

Context: Russia, still engaged in the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), settled her dispute with Sweden in the Treaty of Cardis, which restored Russian-occupied Swedish territory to Sweden.

Question: 제2차 북방 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


History of South Africa

Context: The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. Whereas the San were hunter-gatherers, the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders. The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Later, English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Bantu-speaking communities reached southern Africa from the Congo basin as early as the 4th century BC. The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory, forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Some groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Others, now known as the Sotho–Tswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld, while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Specifics of the contact between Bantu-speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched, although linguistic proof of assimilation exists, as several southern Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) are theorised in that they incorporate many click consonants from the Khoisan languages, as possibilities of such developing independently are valid as well.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be Lutherans. In 1688, the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French Huguenots, Calvinist Protestants fleeing religious persecution in France under its Catholic ruler, King Louis XIV.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas, as well as in his journals, which were only discovered in 1964.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa, the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward, were peaceful. However, there was competition for land, and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. The Royal Geographical Society later awarded Livingstone a gold medal for his discovery of Lake Ngami in the desert.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. 1709 by Zulu kaNtombela.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. Sotho-speakers know this period as the "difaqane" ("forced migration"); Zulu-speakers call it the "mfecane" ("crushing").

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the "difaqane", ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade. Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand. Most historians recognise that the Mfecane wasn't just a series of events caused by the founding of the Zulu kingdom but rather a multitude of factors caused before and after Shaka Zulu came into power.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Zulu resulted in the mass movement of many tribes who in turn tried to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare and waves of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond. It accelerated the formation of several new nation-states, notably those of the Sotho (present-day Lesotho) and the Swazi (now Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)). It caused the consolidation of groups such as the Matebele, the Mfengu and the Makololo.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half-brothers Dingaan and Umhlangana. The weaker and less-skilled Dingaan became king, relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism. Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast, but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence. Estimates for the death toll resulting from the Mfecane range from 1 million to 2 million.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Between 1847 and 1854, Harry Smith, governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony, annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Smith's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats, where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles. Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In 1872, after a long political struggle, it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister. The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire, even though it was self-governing in practice.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Cape Colony was unusual in southern Africa in that its laws prohibited any discrimination on the basis of race and, unlike the Boer republics, elections were held according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise system, whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally, regardless of race.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Indian slaves from the Dutch colonies in India had been introduced into the Cape area of South Africa by the Dutch settlers in 1654.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: By 1860, with slavery having been abolished in 1834, and after the annexation of Natal as a British colony in 1843, the British colonists in Natal (now kwaZulu-Natal) turned to India to resolve a labour shortage, as men of the local Zulu warrior nation were refusing to work on the plantations and farms established by the colonists. In that year, the SS "Truro" arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 Indians on board.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians," building the base for what would become the largest Indian diasporic community outside India.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: By 1893, when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. The civil rights struggle of Gandhi's Natal Indian Congress failed; until the 1994 advent of democracy, Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: By the late 1700s, the Cape Colony population had grown to include a large number of mixed-race so-called "coloureds" who were the offspring of extensive interracial relations between male Dutch settlers, Khoikhoi females, and female slaves imported from Dutch colonies in the East. Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The original Griqualand, north of the Orange River, was annexed by Britain's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley, so named after the British Colonial Secretary, Earl Kimberley.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed, Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas. The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land, but Britain, being the preeminent force in the region, won control over the disputed territory. In 1878, Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities, for which he was arrested and briefly exiled.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. To Moshoeshoe the BaSotho chieftain from Lesotho, it was customary tribute in the form of horses and cattle represented acceptance of land use under his authority. To European settlers in Southern Africa, the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with Southern African states.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders, Ndlambe and Ngqika, ended in Ngqika's defeat, but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief. He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe, who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British colonial town of Grahamstown.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In the eastern part of what is today South Africa, in the region named Natalia by the Boer trekkers, the latter negotiated an agreement with Zulu King Dingane kaSenzangakhona allowing the Boers to settle in part of the then Zulu kingdom. Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief were killed.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Subsequent to the killing of the Retief party, the Boers defended themselves against a Zulu attack, at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838. An estimated five thousand Zulu warriors were involved. The Boers took a defensive position with the high banks of the Ncome River forming a natural barrier to their rear with their ox waggons as barricades between themselves and the attacking Zulu army. About three thousand Zulu warriors died in the clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In the later annexation of the Zulu kingdom by imperial Britain, an Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Britain's eventual defeat of the Zulus, marking the end of the Zulu nation's independence, was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority. The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in the area today named KwaZulu-Natal Province.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The British, who at that time controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers called the Orange River Sovereignty, decided a discernible boundary was necessary and proclaimed a line named the Warden Line, dividing the area between British and Basotho territories. This led to conflict between the Basotho and the British, who were defeated by Moshoeshoe's warriors at the battle of Viervoet in 1851.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. When he did not pay the fine in full, a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852, where the British suffered heavy losses. In 1854, the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In 1836, when Boer V"oortrekkers" (pioneers) arrived in the northwestern part of present-day South Africa, they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named "Matabele", under chief Mzilikazi. A series of battles ensued, in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated. He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: During the final campaign, Sekukuni (also spelled Sekhukhune) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877, during Britain's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule. Long-standing Boer resentment turned into full-blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first Anglo–Boer War, also known as the Boer Insurrection, broke out in 1880. The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at Battle of Majuba Hill (27 February 1881).

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: By June 1900, Pretoria, the last of the major Boer towns, had surrendered. Yet resistance by Boer "bittereinders" (meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics. The Boers kept on fighting.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there. By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. In terms of the peace agreement known as the Treaty of Vereeniging, the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty, while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Among other harsh segregationist laws, including denial of voting rights to black people, the Union parliament enacted the 1913 Natives' Land Act, which earmarked only eight percent of South Africa's available land for black occupancy. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held 90 percent of the land. The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union, with General Jan Smuts as his deputy. Their "South African National Party", later known as the South African Party or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog, forming the National Party (NP) in 1914. The National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two white groups, and independence from Britain.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and "bitter-enders" launched a rebellion. The rebellion was suppressed, and at least one officer was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In 1924 the Afrikaner-dominated National Party came to power in a coalition government with the Labour Party. Afrikaans, previously regarded as a low-level Dutch patois, replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union. English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960, in which a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Black and mixed-race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. At the start of the war, Bank of England officials in London worked with South Africa to block gold shipments to Germany, and force mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914, the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain. He returned in 1923, and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi "Ossewa Brandwag" (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. The anti-semitic "Boerenasie" (Boer Nation) and other similar groups soon joined them. When the war ended, the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: A majority of politically moderate Afrikaners were pragmatic and did not support the AWB's extremism.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The segregationist policies of apartheid stemmed from colonial legislation introduced during the period of Dutch rule in the 17th century, which was continued and expanded upon during the British colonial era, and reached its apogee during the Boer-dominated Union of South Africa.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Although many important events occurred during this period, apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved, including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society. By 1987, total military expenditure amounted to about 28% of the national budget.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision-making at every level, from the Cabinet down to local government.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: On 16 December 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2202 A (XXI) identified apartheid as a "crime against humanity".

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. The convention came into force on 18 July 1976. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the Charter of the United Nations.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) would later establish that a covert, informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives, frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right-wing elements, was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations, including random and targeted killings.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Between 1960–1994, according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African Police 2,700, and the ANC about 1,300.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: In early 2002, a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the "Boeremag" (Boer Force) was foiled by the South African police. Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder, after a bomb explosion in Soweto. The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the post-1994 democratic order was irreversible.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The TRC, at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004, handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit. Less than a handful of prosecutions were ever pursued.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. These states, forming a regional alliance of southern African states, were named collectively as the Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to "Resistência Nacional Moçambicana" (RENAMO) rebels, in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO-run government during the Mozambique Civil War, and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana, killing or capturing a number of South African exiles.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990. The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993, containing concessions towards all sides: a federal system of regional legislatures, equal voting-rights regardless of race, and a bicameral legislature.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Civil unrest occurred in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces in July 2021, sparked by the imprisonment of former President Jacob Zuma for contempt of court, after he declined to testify at the Zondo Commission, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. Protests against the incarceration triggered wider rioting and looting, further exacerbated by job layoffs and economic woes worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The Economist called it the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Police and military authorities were mobilised to quell the unrest. By mid-July, the South African National Defense Forces had deployed approximately 25,000 military personnel. As of 18 July, over 3,400 people had been arrested, while as of 22 July, 337 people had died in connection with the unrest.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: The July 2021 unrest coincided with the Cape Town taxi conflict and Transnet ransomware attack leading to unproven speculation that they might have been connected.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


History of South Africa

Context: Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. A president may serve a maximum of two terms. In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President.

Question: 남아프리카 공화국의 개국일은 언제인가?


Plumber

Context: A plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining systems used for potable (drinking) water, and for sewage and drainage in plumbing systems.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: Years of training and/or experience are needed to become a skilled plumber; some jurisdictions also require that plumbers be licensed.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: Each state and locality may have its own licensing and taxing schemes for plumbers. Some states license journeymen and master plumbers separately, while others license only master plumbers. To become licensed, plumbers must meet standards for training and experience, and in most cases, pass a certification exam. There is no federal law establishing licenses for plumbers.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) remained the main form of plumbing qualification until they were superseded in 2008 by the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) and then again, in 2015, into the National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom. The terms NVQ and SVQ (Scottish Vocational Qualification) are still widely used.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: Plumbers in the United Kingdom are required to pass Level 2 and Level 3 vocational requirements of the City and Guilds of London Institute. There are several regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom providing accredited plumbing qualifications, including City and Guilds of London Institute and Pearson PLC.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: In Ireland, a 4-year apprenticeship plus qualification exam was necessary for someone to practice professionally. Accreditation of businesses is of great help in order to show their credibility and experience in the job.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: Plumbing work is defined in the Australian Standards (AS3500) Regulations 2013 and refers to any operation, work or process in connection with installation, removal, demolition, replacement, alteration, maintenance or repair to the system of pipes and fixtures that conveys clean water into and liquid waste out of a building.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: To become a licensed plumber a four year apprenticeship and a Certificate III in Plumbing is required.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: As part of this course, instruction in the basics of gas fitting will be undertaken. Upon completion, these basics in gas fitting will allow the plumber to not only apply for his plumbing license but also an interim gas license and carry out gas work under the supervision of a fully qualified gas fitter.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: To obtain a full gas license from the Department of Mines and Energy, the plumber will need to have worked on an interim gas license for a minimum period of twelve months and successfully completed a Certificate IV in Plumbing.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: There are many types of dangers to a plumber. These include electric shock, strains and sprains, cuts and lacerations, bruises and contusions, fractures, burns and scalds, foreign bodies in the eye, and hernias. Working at height or in confined spaces, or working with lead and asbestos are all on-site dangers that plumbers can face.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: Plumbers risk infections when dealing with human waste while repairing sewage systems. Microbes can be excreted in the faecal matter or vomit of the sufferer onto the toilet or sewage pipes. Human waste can contain infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio, cryptosporidiosis, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis.

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


Plumber

Context: The term "White House Plumbers" was a popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established on July 24, 1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Their job was to plug intelligence "leaks" in the U.S. Government relating to the Vietnam War (i.e. the Pentagon Papers); hence the term "plumbers".

Question: 배관공이 하는 일은 무엇인가?


History of colonialism

Context: The end of the 18th and mid 19th century saw the first era of decolonization, when most of the European colonies in the Americas, notably those of Spain, New France and the 13 colonies, gained their independence from their metropole. The Kingdom of Great Britain (uniting Scotland and England), France, Portugal, and the Dutch turned their attention to the Old World, particularly South Africa, India and South East Asia, where coastal enclaves had already been established.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The second industrial revolution, in the 19th century, led to what has been termed the era of New Imperialism, when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated, the height of which was the Scramble for Africa, in which Belgium, Germany and Italy were also participants.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: There were deadly battles between colonizing states and revolutions from colonized areas shaping areas of control and establishing independent nations. During the 20th century, the colonies of the defeated central powers in World War I were distributed amongst the victors as mandates, but it was not until the end of World War II that the second phase of decolonization began in earnest.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The expansion achieved by Spain and Portugal caught the attention of Britain, France and the Netherlands. The entrance of these three powers into the Caribbean and North America perpetuated European colonialism in these regions.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The second wave of European colonialism commenced with Britain's involvement in Asia in support of the British East India Company; other countries such as France, Portugal and the Netherlands also had involvement in European expansion in Asia.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The third wave ("New Imperialism") consisted of the Scramble for Africa regulated by the terms of the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. The conference effectively divided Africa among the European powers. Vast regions of Africa came under the sway of Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy and Spain.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: Gilmartin argues that these three waves of colonialism were linked to capitalism. The first wave of European expansion involved exploring the world to find new revenue and perpetuating European feudalism. The second wave focused on developing the mercantile capitalism system and the manufacturing industry in Europe. The last wave of European colonialism solidified all capitalistic endeavours by providing new markets and raw materials.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: As a result of these waves of European colonial expansion, only following thirteen present-day independent countries escaped formal colonization by European powers: Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Iran, Japan, Liberia, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Thailand and Turkey as well as North Yemen, the former independent country which is now part of Yemen.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The Territorial changes of Russia happened by means of military conquest and by ideological and political unions over the centuries. This section covers (1533–1914).

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: Ivan III (reigned 1462–1505) and Vasili III (reigned 1505–1533) had already expanded Muscovy's (1283–1547) borders considerably by annexing the Novgorod Republic (1478), the Grand Duchy of Tver in 1485, the Pskov Republic in 1510, the Appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, and the principalities of Ryazan in 1521 and Novgorod-Seversky in 1522.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The acquisition of new territories, especially in the Caucasus, had an invigorating effect on the rest of Russia. According to two Russian historians:

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations caused a fierce debate, the Valladolid Controversy, over whether Indians possessed souls and if so, whether they were entitled to the basic rights of mankind. Bartolomé de Las Casas, author of "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies", championed the cause of the native peoples, and was opposed by Sepúlveda, who claimed Amerindians were "natural slaves".

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: Imperial Russia had no state sponsored expeditions or colonization in the Americas, but did charter the first Russian joint-stock commercial enterprise, the Russian America Company, which did sponsor those activities in its territories.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: During the five decades following 1770, Britain, France, Spain and Portugal lost many of their possessions in the Americas.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: After the conclusion of the Seven Years' War in 1763, Britain had emerged as the world's dominant power, but found itself mired in debt and struggling to finance the Navy and Army necessary to maintain a global empire. The British Parliament's attempt to raise taxes from North American colonists raised fears among the Americans that their rights as "Englishmen", and particularly their rights of self-government, were in danger.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure (See "Zamindar") in the Bengal Presidency. By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled most of the Indian sub-continent, which included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. Their policy was sometimes summed up as Divide and Rule, taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: By the early eighteenth century, the French had become the chief European rivals of the British. During the eighteenth century, it was highly possible for the Indian subcontinent to have succumbed to French control, but the defeat inflicted on them in the Seven Years War (1756–1763) permanently curtailed French ambitions. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 restored the original five to the French while making it clear that France could not expand its control beyond these areas.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The beginning of the Portuguese occupation of India can be traced back to the arrival of Vasco da Gama near Calicut on 20 May 1498. Soon after this, other explorers, traders and missionaries followed. By 1515, the Portuguese were the strongest naval power in the Indian Ocean and the Malabar Coast was dominated by them.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: During this period, Europe's powers added nearly 8,880,000 square miles (23,000,000 km2) to their overseas colonial possessions. As it was mostly unoccupied by the Western powers as late as the 1880s, Africa became the primary target of the "new" imperialist expansion (known as the Scramble for Africa), although conquest took place also in other areas — notably south-east Asia and the East Asian seaboard, where Japan joined the European powers' scramble for territory.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The Berlin Conference (1884–1885) mediated the imperial competition among Britain, France and Germany, defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of colonial claims and codifying the imposition of direct rule, accomplished usually through armed force.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: In Germany, rising pan-Germanism was coupled to imperialism in the "Alldeutsche Verband" ("Pangermanic League"), which argued that Britain's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets, thus limiting Germany's economic growth and threatening its security.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: Asking whether colonies paid, economic historian Grover Clark argues an emphatic "No!" He reports that in every case the support cost, especially the military system necessary to support and defend the colonies outran the total trade they produced. Apart from the British Empire, they were not favored destinations for the immigration of surplus populations.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: Leopold II of Belgium personally owned the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908, When round after round of international scandal regarding the abusive treatment of native workers forced the Belgium government to take full ownership and responsibility. The Dutch Empire continued to hold the Dutch East Indies, which was one of the few profitable overseas colonies.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: In the same manner, Italy tried to conquer its "place in the sun," acquiring Somaliland in 1899–90, Eritrea and 1899, and, taking advantage of the "Sick man of Europe," the Ottoman Empire, also conquered Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (modern Libya) with the 1911 Treaty of Lausanne. The conquest of Ethiopia, which had remained the last African independent territory, had to wait till the Second Italo-Abyssinian War in 1935–36 (the First Italo-Ethiopian War in 1895–96 had ended in defeat for Italy).

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: The Portuguese and Spanish colonial empire were smaller, mostly legacies of past colonization. Most of their colonies had acquired independence during the Latin American revolutions at the beginning of the 19th century.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: In Asia, The Great Game, which lasted from 1813 to 1907, opposed the British Empire against Imperial Russia for supremacy in central Asia. China was opened to Western influence starting with the First and Second Opium Wars (1839–1842; 1856–1860). After the visits of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1852–1854, Japan opened itself to the Western world during the Meiji period (1868–1912).

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: With the final revision of treaties in 1894, Japan may be considered to have joined the family of nations on a basis of equality with the western states. From this same time imperialism became a dominant motive in Japanese policy.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: Japan ruled over and governed Korea and Taiwan from 1895 when the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded to 1945 when Japan was defeated. In 1910, Korea was formally annexed to the Japanese Empire. According to the Korean, The Japanese colonization of Korea was particularly brutal, even by 20th-century standards. This brutal colonization included the use of Korean "comfort women" who were forced to serve as sex slaves in Imperial Japanese Armed Forces brothels.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


History of colonialism

Context: Postcolonialism is a term used to recognise the continued and troubling presence and influence of colonialism within the period we designate as after-the-colonial. It refers to the ongoing effects that colonial encounters, dispossession and power have in shaping the familiar structures (social, political, spatial, uneven global interdependencies) of the present world. Postcolonialism, in itself, questions the end of colonialism.

Question: 근대의 식민지는 어느 시대에 본격화 되었나요?


Chancellor of Germany

Context: Although effective government was possible only on cooperation with the parliament (Reichstag), the results of the elections had only an indirect influence on the chancellorship, at most. Only in October 1918 was the constitution changed: it required the chancellor to have the trust of the parliament. Some two weeks later, Chancellor Max von Baden declared the abdication of the emperor and ceded power illegally to the revolutionary Council of People's Delegates.

Question: 독일의 연방 수상은 누구인가요?