Scurvy

Context: Infantile scurvy emerged in the late 19th century because children were being fed pasteurized cow's milk, particularly in the urban upper class. While pasteurization killed bacteria, it also destroyed vitamin C. This was eventually resolved by supplementing with onion juice or cooked potatoes. Native Americans helped save some newcomers from scurvy by directing them to eat wild onions.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: By the early 20th century, when Robert Falcon Scott made his first expedition to the Antarctic (1901–1904), the prevailing theory was that scurvy was caused by "ptomaine poisoning", particularly in tinned meat. However, Scott discovered that a diet of fresh meat from Antarctic seals cured scurvy before any fatalities occurred.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In 1915, New Zealand troops in the Gallipoli Campaign had a lack of vitamin C in their diet which caused many of the soldiers to contract scurvy. It is thought that scurvy is one of many reasons that the Allied attack on Gallipoli failed.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Vilhjalmur Stefansson, an arctic explorer who had lived among the Inuit, proved that the all-meat diet they consumed did not lead to vitamin deficiencies. He participated in a study in New York's Bellevue Hospital in February 1928, where he and a companion ate only meat for a year while under close medical observation, yet remained in good health.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Rates of scurvy in most of the world are low. Those most commonly affected are malnourished people in the developing world and the homeless. There have been outbreaks of the condition in refugee camps. Case reports in the developing world of those with poorly healing wounds have occurred.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Men in both studies, on a diet devoid or nearly devoid of vitamin C, had blood levels of vitamin C too low to be accurately measured when they developed signs of scurvy, and in the Iowa study, at this time were estimated (by labeled vitamin C dilution) to have a body pool of less than 300 mg, with daily turnover of only 2.5 mg/day.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Animals that can contract scurvy all lack the -gulonolactone oxidase (GULO) enzyme, which is required in the last step of vitamin C synthesis. The genomes of these species contain GULO as pseudogenes, which serve as insight into the evolutionary past of the species.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In babies, scurvy is sometimes referred to as "Barlow's disease", named after Thomas Barlow, a British physician who described it in 1883. However, "Barlow's disease" may also refer to mitral valve prolapse (Barlow's syndrome), first described by John Brereton Barlow in 1966.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The Rolls-Royce business remained nationalised until 1987 when, after renaming the owner Rolls-Royce plc, the government sold it to the public. Rolls-Royce plc still owns and operates Rolls-Royce's principal business, though, since 2003, it is technically a subsidiary of listed holding company Rolls-Royce Holdings.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: A marketing survey in 1987 showed that only Coca-Cola was a more widely known brand than Rolls-Royce.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Henry Royce started an electrical and mechanical business in 1884. He made his first car, a two-cylinder Royce 10, in his Manchester factory in 1904. Henry Royce was introduced to Charles Rolls at the Midland Hotel, Manchester on 4 May of that year. Rolls was proprietor of an early motor car dealership, C.S. Rolls & Co. in Fulham.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In spite of his preference for three- or four-cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the Royce 10, and in a subsequent agreement on 23 December 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make. There would be four models:

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: All would be badged as Rolls-Royces and be sold exclusively by Rolls. The first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The new 40/50 was responsible for Rolls-Royce's early reputation with over 6,000 built. Its chassis was used as a basis for the first British armoured car used in both world wars.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Aero-engine manufacturing began in 1914 at the government's request. The first model, the Rolls-Royce Eagle, entered production in 1915. Two Eagles powered Alcock and Brown's first non-stop trans-Atlantic crossing by aeroplane mounted on their converted Vickers Vimy bomber.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: After the First World War, Rolls-Royce successfully avoided attempts to encourage British car manufacturers to merge. Faced with falling sales of the 40/50 Silver Ghost in short-lived but deep postwar slumps Rolls-Royce introduced the smaller, affordable Twenty in 1922, effectively ending the one-model policy followed since 1908.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The new 40/50 hp Phantom replaced the Silver Ghost in 1925. The Phantom III, introduced in 1936, was the last large pre-war model. A strictly limited production of Phantoms for heads of state recommenced in 1950 and continued until the Phantom VI ended production in the late 1980s.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In 1931, Rolls-Royce acquired Bentley, the small sports/racing car maker and potential rival, after the latter's finances failed to weather the onset of the Great Depression. Rolls-Royce stopped production of the new Bentley 8 Litre, which was threatening sales of their current Phantom, disposed of remaining Bentley assets and using just the Bentley name and its repute.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Immediately after World War II (when fully-tooled pressed-steel cars were produced in the factory, rather than chassis sent to a coachbuilder for a custom-built body ) until 2002, standard Bentley and Rolls-Royce cars were usually nearly identical – Bentleys were badge engineered; only the radiator grille and minor details differed.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In 1933, the colour of the Rolls-Royce radiator monogram was changed from red to black; because the red sometimes clashed with the coachwork colour selected by clients, and not as a mark of respect for the death of Royce later that year as is commonly stated.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The British government built a shadow factory in Crewe in 1938 for Rolls-Royce where they could build their Merlin and Griffon aero engines. Car production was moved there in 1946 for space to construct bodies and to leave space for aero engines at Derby. The site was bought from the government in 1973. It is now Bentley Crewe.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In 1940, a contract was signed with the Packard Motor Car Company in Detroit, Michigan, for the production of Merlin aero-engines for World War II in the USA.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Production focused on aero engines but a variant of the Merlin engine, known as the Meteor, was developed for the Cromwell tank. The Meteor's development completed in 1943 the same team at the Belper foundry restarted work on an eight-cylinder car engine widening its uses and it became the pattern for the British Army's B range of petrol engines for post war combat vehicles in particular in Alvis's FV600 range, Daimler's Ferret, Humber's Hornet and Pig and Austin's Champ.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In 1959, Rolls-Royce bought coachbuilder H J Mulliner and the two businesses were put together as H J Mulliner Park Ward.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Luxury cars did not fit with the new mood of post-war austerity. After starting design and development of what became their C series diesel engine range in 1948, Rolls-Royce began to produce diesel engines in 1951. By 1955, it provided diesel engines for automotive, railway, industrial, earth-moving and marine use.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Sentinel (Shrewsbury) Limited was bought in 1956. Sentinel made machine tools and industrial locomotives. Rolls-Royce took over Sentinel's Shrewsbury factory for diesel engine production and all its diesel work was transferred there.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: West Riding manufacturer of diesel shunting locomotives, Thomas Hill (Rotherham) Limited, was added to the group in 1963.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In 1973, when Shrewsbury activities were put under the umbrella of new owner, Rolls-Royce Motors, the range of diesel engines included:

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Amongst the jet engines of this period was the RB163 Spey, which powers the Hawker Siddeley Trident, BAC One-Eleven, Grumman Gulfstream II and Fokker F28 Fellowship.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Leavesden Aerodrome, Watford was originally owned by the Ministry of Defence and used during World War II for the manufacture of Mosquito and Halifax aircraft. For a number of years, Rolls-Royce used the site for the manufacture of helicopter engines until the site closed in June 1993. The former Rolls-Royce factory at Watford is now known as the Leavesden Film Studios and has produced world-famous films, including the James Bond, "Star Wars" and "Harry Potter" series.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The amalgamations and disappearances of the 1950s and 1960s left a small number of major airframe manufacturers based in only a few countries. The competition for the very large contracts to supply their engines grew intense. Expensive research and development became vital. Real profits came from the maintenance contracts which might peak a whole human generation later. By the 1980s it was said that each generation of aero engines cost around 10 times that of its parent.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: At this time Rolls-Royce employed 80,000 people and it was Britain's 14th largest company in terms of manpower. It was generally known that problems had recently arisen requiring government support of the RB211 programme as one outcome of intense financial competition with Pratt & Whitney and General Electric for the original RB211 contract.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In the new year of 1971 financial problems caused largely by development of this new RB211 turbofan engine designed and developed for Lockheed Aircraft Corporation's new L-1011 TriStar led, after several government-provided cash subsidies, to the recognition Rolls-Royce had no resources left and it voluntarily entered receivership 4 February 1971.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: There were said to have been acrimonious telephone conversations between US president Richard Nixon and the British prime minister Edward Heath but these were subsequently denied. Responding to questions as to how the situation could have arisen the chief executive advised that in their calculations they were guided by the success of their estimates in the launching of their Spey engine.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Had the government simply nationalised Rolls-Royce it would have been unable to avoid the obligations to Lockheed.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Asking their own government for support Lockheed warned that a switch to either Pratt & Whitney or General Electric engines would delay production by an extra six months and might force Lockheed into bankruptcy.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The receiver negotiated with Lockheed which consented to waive damages allowing the plant to be shut down. The continuing support of the trade creditors was also achieved by the receiver in spite of threats to demand immediate payments in full and to withdraw supplies. The first asset sold was British Aircraft Corporation bought equally by Vickers and GEC. The receiver floated Rolls-Royce Motors in 1973.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The new owner, Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited, had among its board members Lord Cole (a former chairman of Unilever), Sir Arnold Weinstock (managing director of GEC), Hugh Conway (managing director Rolls-Royce Gas Turbines), Dr Stanley Hooker (Rolls-Royce Bristol), Sir William Cook (an adviser to the Minister of Defence), Sir St. John Elstub (managing director of Imperial Metal Industries), and Sir Charles Elworthy (former Marshal of the Royal Air Force and Chief of the Defence Staff).

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The new aircraft with its three RB211 engines left USA for the first time and arrived in Paris on 1 June 1971. At Palmdale California the L-1011 received its US Federal Aviation Administration's certificate of airworthiness on 14 April 1972, nine months late. On the day the chairman of Lockeed said "...we know that in airline service it (RB211) will prove itself to be one of the leading power plants in aviation history".

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The first airliner was delivered to Eastern Air Lines on 5 April 1972 but it had been beaten in the race to production by McDonnell Douglas's DC-10.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: At the end of 1972 Rolls-Royce Motors employees in the United Kingdom were 5,855 in the car division and 2,311 in the Diesel division, a total of 8,166 people.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In May 1973, it was sold to Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings Limited in preparation for its public flotation.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: At that time the Car Division as well as making cars and special coachwork carried out investment foundry work and the machining of aero-engine components and produced piston engines for light aircraft together with other petrol and multi-fuel engines. Both divisions carried out development work for H M Government.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The car division's headquarters were in Pym's Lane and Minshull New Road, Crewe, bespoke coachbuilding remained in Hythe Road and High Road Willesden London. The Crewe former shadow factory premises were bought from the Government at this time.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The Diesel Division made several types of diesel engine at its premises in Whitchurch Road, Shrewsbury as well as combustion equipment for aero turbine engines.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In the event the flotation met with a disappointing public response and more than 80 percent of the issue was left in the hands of the underwriters.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: On 6 August 1980, the shareholders agreement to the merger of Rolls-Royce Motors Holdings and Vickers Limited became unconditional.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The Rolls-Royce diesel business was acquired from Vickers in 1984 by Perkins. Perkins further developed the Eagle Diesels into the Perkins TX series of engines.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Limited was replaced by plc (public limited company) in the summer of 1986 so shares could be offered to the public and traded on sharemarkets.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In April 1987, the government offered for sale all Rolls-Royce plc shares. The heavily advertised issue was a remarkable success.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Rolls-Royce's was an exceptionally long-term business. Before a civil aero engine went into service its development could take 4 to 6 years, military engines often longer. Production might then extend a further 50 years including the manufacture of spare parts required long after complete engine production ends.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: According to the prospectus published for the 1987 issue of shares to members of the public Rolls-Royce was by then one of only three enterprises outside USSR and China able to design develop and produce large gas turbine engines. At that time its engines were installed in the aircraft of more than 270 civil carriers and were used by 110 armed services and 700 operators of executive and corporate aircraft.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: In addition its turbines powered the naval vessels of 25 different nations. Over 175 industrial customers operated Rolls-Royce gas turbines for power generation, gas and oil pumping and other industrial purposes. Its single most important customer was the United Kingdom's government. In the preceding five years about 70 percent of production went outside the United Kingdom.

Question: متى تأسست شركة روز رويس؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Rolls-Royce's competitors were GE and Pratt & Whitney (UTC). Aero engines were then only a part of GE and UTC activities as major industrial groups.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Others included SNECMA, Turbomeca, MTU, Fiat Aviazione in Europe and USA's Avco, Garrett and General Motors' Allison. Despite the field being exceptionally competitive, a number of the smaller manufacturers were already in collaboration with GE or with other smaller manufacturers, as was Rolls-Royce as well.

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: IAE V2500 for Airbus A320, a consortium of Rolls-Royce 30%, Pratt & Whitney 30%, JAEC 23%, MTU 11% and Fiat 6%

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Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: Avon (1951), Conway (1960), Dart (1953), Olympus 593 (1976), RB211-22B (1972), Spey (1964), Tyne (1960)

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Animal rights

Context: Outside the order of primates, animal-rights discussions most often address the status of mammals (compare charismatic megafauna). Other animals (considered less sentient) have gained less attention; insects relatively little

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: (outside Jainism), and animal-like bacteria (despite their overwhelming numbers) hardly any. The vast majority of animals have no legally recognised rights.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: For some the basis of animal rights is in religion or animal worship (or in general nature worship), with some religions banning killing of any animal, and in other religions animals can be considered unclean.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: In Islam, animal rights were recognized early by the Sharia. This recognition is based on both the Qur'an and the Hadith. In the Qur'an, there are many references to animals, detailing that they have souls, form communities, communicate with God and worship Him in their own way. Muhammad forbade his followers to harm any animal and asked them to respect the rights of animals.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: According to Christianity, all animals, from the smallest to the largest, are cared for and loved. According to the Bible, "All these animals waited for the Lord, that the Lord might give them food at the hour. The Lord gives them, they receive; The Lord opens his hand, and they are filled with good things". It further says God "gave food to the animals, and made the crows cry."

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: There are a number of positions that can be defended from a consequentalist or deontologist perspective, including the capabilities approach, represented by Martha Nussbaum, and the egalitarian approach, which has been examined by Ingmar Persson and Peter Vallentyne. The capabilities approach focuses on what individuals require to fulfill their capabilities: Nussbaum (2006) argues that animals need a right to life, some control over their environment, company, play, and physical health.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: Whereas Singer is primarily concerned with improving the treatment of animals and accepts that, in some hypothetical scenarios, individual animals might be used legitimately to further human or nonhuman ends, Regan believes we ought to treat nonhuman animals as we would humans. He applies the strict Kantian ideal (which Kant himself applied only to humans) that they ought never to be sacrificed as a means to an end, and must be treated as ends in themselves.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: The idea is that, operating behind the veil of ignorance, they will choose a social contract in which there is basic fairness and justice for them no matter the position they occupy. Rawls did not include species membership as one of the attributes hidden from the decision-makers in the original position. Rowlands proposes extending the veil of ignorance to include rationality, which he argues is an undeserved property similar to characteristics including race, sex and intelligence.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: In sum, Garry suggests that humans have obligations to nonhuman animals; animals do not, and ought not to, have uninfringible rights against humans.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: Some transhumanists argue for animal rights, liberation, and "uplift" of animal consciousness into machines. Transhumanism also understands animal rights on a gradation or spectrum with other types of sentient rights, including human rights and the rights of conscious artificial intelligences (posthuman rights).

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: Judge Richard Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit debated the issue of animal rights in 2001 with Peter Singer. Posner posits that his moral intuition tells him "that human beings prefer their own. If a dog threatens a human infant, even if it requires causing more pain to the dog to stop it, than the dog would have caused to the infant, then we favour the child. It would be monstrous to spare the dog."

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: Roger Scruton, the British philosopher, argued that rights imply obligations. Every legal privilege, he wrote, imposes a burden on the one who does not possess that privilege: that is, "your right may be my duty." Scruton therefore regarded the emergence of the animal rights movement as "the strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview", because the idea of rights and responsibilities is, he argued, distinctive to the human condition, and it makes no sense to spread them beyond our own species.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: He accused animal rights advocates of "pre-scientific" anthropomorphism, attributing traits to animals that are, he says, Beatrix Potter-like, where "only man is vile." It is within this fiction that the appeal of animal rights lies, he argued. The world of animals is non-judgmental, filled with dogs who return our affection almost no matter what we do to them, and cats who pretend to be affectionate when, in fact, they care only about themselves. It is, he argued, a fantasy, a world of escape.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: Women are more likely to empathize with the cause of animal rights than men. A 1996 study suggested that factors that may partially explain this discrepancy include attitudes towards feminism and science, scientific literacy, and the presence of a greater emphasis on "nurturance or compassion" among women.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: Two surveys found that attitudes towards animal rights tactics, such as direct action, are very diverse within the animal rights communities. Near half (50% and 39% in two surveys) of activists do not support direct action. One survey concluded "it would be a mistake to portray animal rights activists as homogeneous."

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


Animal rights

Context: Books and papers are cited in short form in the footnotes, with full citations here. News and other sources are cited in full in the footnotes.

Question: هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟


CITES

Context: Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: , Secretary-General of the CITES Secretariat is Ivonne Higuero. The Secretariats ability to respond to general inquires is restricted since main purpose of the Secretariat is to distribute information to the Parties of the Convention. Information is distributed via meeting documents and notifications.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Funding for the activities of the Secretariat and Conference of the Parties (CoP) meetings comes from a Trust Fund derived from Party contributions. Trust Fund money is not available to Parties to improve implementation or compliance. These activities, and all those outside Secretariat activities (training, species specific programs such as Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants – MIKE) must find external funding, mostly from donor countries and regional organizations such as the European Union.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Bilateral sanctions have been imposed on the basis of national legislation (e.g. the USA used certification under the Pelly Amendment to get Japan to revoke its reservation to hawksbill turtle products in 1991, thus reducing the volume of its exports).

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Infractions may include negligence with respect to permit issuing, excessive trade, lax enforcement, and failing to produce annual reports (the most common).

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: An amendment to the text of the convention, known as the Gaborone Amendment allows regional economic integration organizations (REIO), such as the European Union, to have the status of a member state and to be a Party to the convention. The REIO can vote at CITES meetings with the number of votes representing the number of members in the REIO, but it does not have an additional vote.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 29,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade. Each protected species or population is included in one of three lists, called appendices (explained below). The Appendix that lists a species or population reflects the extent of the threat to it and the controls that apply to the trade.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Species are proposed for inclusion in or deletion from the Appendices at meetings of the Conference of the Parties (CoP), which are held approximately once every three years.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Species in the Appendices may be proposed for addition, change of Appendix, or de-listing (i.e., deletion) by any Party, whether or not it is a range State and changes may be made despite objections by range States if there is sufficient (2/3 majority) support for the listing. These discussions are usually among the most contentious at CoP meetings.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: In addition, Article VII of CITES states that specimens of animals listed in Appendix I that are bred in captivity for commercial purposes are treated as Appendix II. The same applies for specimens of Appendix I plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Examples of species listed on Appendix II are the great white shark ("Carcharodon carcharias"), the American black bear ("Ursus americanus"), Hartmann's mountain zebra ("Equus zebra hartmannae"), green iguana ("Iguana iguana"), queen conch ("Strombus gigas"), Emperor scorpion ("Pandinus imperator"), Mertens' water monitor ("Varanus mertensi"), bigleaf mahogany ("Swietenia macrophylla") and lignum vitae "ironwood" ("Guaiacum officinale").

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Appendix III, about 170 species, are species that are listed after one member country has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade in a species. The species are not necessarily threatened with extinction globally. In all member countries, trade in these species is only permitted with an appropriate export permit and a certificate of origin from the state of the member country who has listed the species.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Examples of species listed on Appendix III and the countries that listed them are the two-toed sloth ("Choloepus hoffmanni") by Costa Rica, sitatunga ("Tragelaphus spekii") by Ghana, African civet ("Civettictis civetta") by Botswana, and alligator snapping turtle ("Macrochelys temminckii") by the USA.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Annexes A, B and C are stricter versions of 1, 2 and 3 and contain more species that are protected under EU Internal Legislation.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Annex D, which does not have equivalent in CITES, is "monitoring list". It contains species, which import levels are monitored to determine the level of trade and any potential threat to species caused by trade.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Notable reservations include those by Iceland, Japan, and Norway on various baleen whale species and those on Falconiformes by Saudi Arabia.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Specific weaknesses in the text include: it does not stipulate guidelines for the 'non-detriment' finding required of national Scientific Authorities; non-detriment findings require copious amounts of information; the 'household effects' clause is often not rigid enough/specific enough to prevent CITES violations by means of this Article (VII); non-reporting from Parties means Secretariat monitoring is incomplete; and it has no capacity to address domestic trade in listed species.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: During the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 CEO Ivonne Higuero noted that illegal wildlife trade not only helps to destroy habitats, but these habitats create a safety barrier for humans that can prevent pathogens from animals passing themselves on to people.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: In the 1990s the annual trade of legal animal products was $160 billion annually. In 2009 the estimated value almost doubled to $300 billion.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: Additional information about the documented trade can be extracted through queries on the CITES website.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: The Conference of the Parties (CoP) is held once every three years. The last Conference of the Parties (CoP 18) was held in Geneva, Switzerland, 17–28 August 2019 and the one before it (CoP 17) was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2016. The next one (CoP 19) will be in Panama City, Panama, in 2022. The location of the next CoP is chosen at the close of each CoP by a secret ballot vote.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


CITES

Context: At the seventeenth Conference of the Parties (CoP 17), Namibia and Zimbabwe introduced proposals to amend their listing of elephant populations in Appendix II. Instead, they wished to establish controlled trade in all elephant specimens, including ivory. They argue that revenue from regulated trade could be used for elephant conservation and rural communities’ development. However, both proposals were opposed by the US and other countries.

Question: متى تم إنشاء اتفاقية السايتس؟


President of the State of Palestine

Context: In 2012, the United Nations recognized the "State of Palestine" as non-member observer state, but this did not abolish the function of President of the Palestinian Authority, as this originated from the Oslo Accords.

Question: من هو رئيس السلطة الفلسطينية الحالي ؟


Augustus

Context: Due to the crowded nature of Rome at the time, Octavius was taken to his father's home village at Velletri to be raised. Octavius mentions his father's equestrian family only briefly in his memoirs. His paternal great-grandfather Gaius Octavius was a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War. His grandfather had served in several local political offices. His father, also named Gaius Octavius, had been governor of Macedonia. His mother, Atia, was the niece of Julius Caesar.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: In 59 BC, when he was four years old, his father died. His mother married a former governor of Syria, Lucius Marcius Philippus. Philippus claimed descent from Alexander the Great, and was elected consul in 56 BC. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavius. Because of this, Octavius was raised by his grandmother, Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar. Julia died in 52 or 51 BC, and Octavius delivered the funeral oration for his grandmother.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: From this point, his mother and stepfather took a more active role in raising him. He donned the "toga virilis" four years later, and was elected to the College of Pontiffs in 47 BC. The following year he was put in charge of the Greek games that were staged in honor of the Temple of Venus Genetrix, built by Julius Caesar.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: Octavian could not rely on his limited funds to make a successful entry into the upper echelons of the Roman political hierarchy. After a warm welcome by Caesar's soldiers at Brundisium, Octavian demanded a portion of the funds that were allotted by Caesar for the intended war against the Parthian Empire in the Middle East. This amounted to 700 million sesterces stored at Brundisium, the staging ground in Italy for military operations in the east.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: A later senatorial investigation into the disappearance of the public funds took no action against Octavian, since he subsequently used that money to raise troops against the Senate's arch enemy Mark Antony. Octavian made another bold move in 44 BC when, without official permission, he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome's Near Eastern province to Italy.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: Octavian began to bolster his personal forces with Caesar's veteran legionaries and with troops designated for the Parthian war, gathering support by emphasizing his status as heir to Caesar. On his march to Rome through Italy, Octavian's presence and newly acquired funds attracted many, winning over Caesar's former veterans stationed in Campania. By June, he had gathered an army of 3,000 loyal veterans, paying each a salary of 500 denarii.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: Arriving in Rome on 6 May 44 BC, Octavian found consul Mark Antony, Caesar's former colleague, in an uneasy truce with the dictator's assassins. They had been granted a general amnesty on 17 March, yet Antony had succeeded in driving most of them out of Rome with an inflammatory eulogy at Caesar's funeral, mounting public opinion against the assassins.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: With opinion in Rome turning against him and his year of consular power nearing its end, Antony attempted to pass laws that would assign him the province of Cisalpine Gaul. Octavian meanwhile built up a private army in Italy by recruiting Caesarian veterans and, on 28 November, he won over two of Antony's legions with the enticing offer of monetary gain.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: After Philippi, a new territorial arrangement was made among the members of the Second Triumvirate. Gaul and the province of Hispania were placed in the hands of Octavian. Antony traveled east to Egypt where he allied himself with Queen Cleopatra VII, the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of Caesar's infant son Caesarion. Lepidus was left with the province of Africa, stymied by Antony, who conceded Hispania to Octavian instead.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: In the autumn of 40, Octavian and Antony approved the Treaty of Brundisium, by which Lepidus would remain in Africa, Antony in the East, Octavian in the West. The Italian Peninsula was left open to all for the recruitment of soldiers, but in reality, this provision was useless for Antony in the East. To further cement relations of alliance with Mark Antony, Octavian gave his sister, Octavia Minor, in marriage to Antony in late 40 BC.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: The territorial agreement between the triumvirate and Sextus Pompeius began to crumble once Octavian divorced Scribonia and married Livia on 17 January 38 BC. One of Pompeius's naval commanders betrayed him and handed over Corsica and Sardinia to Octavian. Octavian lacked the resources to confront Pompeius alone, however, so an agreement was reached with the Second Triumvirate's extension for another five-year period beginning in 37 BC.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: In supporting Octavian, Antony expected to gain support for his own campaign against the Parthian Empire, desiring to avenge Rome's defeat at Carrhae in 53 BC. In an agreement reached at Tarentum, Antony provided 120 ships for Octavian to use against Pompeius, while Octavian was to send 20,000 legionaries to Antony for use against Parthia. Octavian sent only a tenth of those promised, however, which Antony viewed as an intentional provocation.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: Roman troops captured the Kingdom of Armenia in 34 BC, and Antony made his son Alexander Helios the ruler of Armenia. He also awarded the title "Queen of Kings" to Cleopatra, acts that Octavian used to convince the Roman Senate that Antony had ambitions to diminish the preeminence of Rome. Octavian became consul once again on 1 January 33 BC, and he opened the following session in the Senate with a vehement attack on Antony's grants of titles and territories to his relatives and to his queen.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: The breach between Antony and Octavian prompted a large portion of the Senators, as well as both of that year's consuls, to leave Rome and defect to Antony. However, Octavian received two key deserters from Antony in the autumn of 32 BC: Munatius Plancus and Marcus Titius. These defectors gave Octavian the information that he needed to confirm with the Senate all the accusations that he made against Antony.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: Octavian forcibly entered the temple of the Vestal Virgins and seized Antony's secret will, which he promptly publicized. The will would have given away Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms for his sons to rule, and designated Alexandria as the site for a tomb for him and his queen. In late 32 BC, the Senate officially revoked Antony's powers as consul and declared war on Cleopatra's regime in Egypt.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: Antony's fleet sailed through the bay of Actium on the western coast of Greece in a desperate attempt to break free of the naval blockade. It was there that Antony's fleet faced the much larger fleet of smaller, more maneuverable ships under commanders Agrippa and Gaius Sosius in the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BC. Antony and his remaining forces were spared only due to a last-ditch effort by Cleopatra's fleet that had been waiting nearby.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: After Actium and the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian was in a position to rule the entire Republic under an unofficial principate—but he had to achieve this through incremental power gains. He did so by courting the Senate and the people while upholding the republican traditions of Rome, appearing that he was not aspiring to dictatorship or monarchy. Marching into Rome, Octavian and Marcus Agrippa were elected as consuls by the Senate.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: To a large extent, the public were aware of the vast financial resources that Octavian commanded. He failed to encourage enough senators to finance the building and maintenance of networks of roads in Italy in 20 BC, but he undertook direct responsibility for them. This was publicized on the Roman currency issued in 16 BC, after he donated vast amounts of money to the "aerarium Saturni", the public treasury.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: While Octavian acted as consul in Rome, he dispatched senators to the provinces under his command as his representatives to manage provincial affairs and ensure that his orders were carried out. The provinces not under Octavian's control were overseen by governors chosen by the Roman Senate. Octavian became the most powerful political figure in the city of Rome and in most of its provinces, but he did not have a monopoly on political and martial power.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: Parthia had always posed a threat to Rome in the east, but the real battlefront was along the Rhine and Danube rivers. Before the final fight with Antony, Octavian's campaigns against the tribes in Dalmatia were the first step in expanding Roman dominions to the Danube. Victory in battle was not always a permanent success, as newly conquered territories were constantly retaken by Rome's enemies in Germania.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Augustus

Context: An equally important reform was the abolition of private tax farming, which was replaced by salaried civil service tax collectors. Private contractors who collected taxes for the State were the norm in the Republican era. Some of them were powerful enough to influence the number of votes for men running for offices in Rome. These tax farmers called publicans were infamous for their depredations, great private wealth, and the right to tax local areas.

Question: من كان أول إمبراطور للإمبراطورية الرومانية؟


Mughal emperors

Context: The Mughals were a branch of the Timurid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia. Their founder Babur, a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), was a direct descendant of Timur (generally known in western nations as Tamerlane) and also affiliated with Genghis Khan through Timur's marriage to a Genghisid princess.

Question: في أي دولة أين تقع قراقورم عاصمة إمبراطورية المغول؟


Mughal emperors

Context: Its population at the time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million (a quarter of the world's population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles). Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj.

Question: في أي دولة أين تقع قراقورم عاصمة إمبراطورية المغول؟


Mughal emperors

Context: Akbar's son, Jahangir, "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques. During the reign of Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the Taj Mahal. The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in.

Question: في أي دولة أين تقع قراقورم عاصمة إمبراطورية المغول؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Indiana University Bloomington (IU Bloomington, IU, or simply Indiana) is a public research university in Bloomington, Indiana. It is the flagship campus of Indiana University and, with over 40,000 students, its largest campus.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Indiana's faculty, staff, and alumni include nine Nobel laureates, 19 Rhodes Scholars, 17 Marshall Scholars, and five MacArthur Fellows. In addition, students and alumni have won six Academy Awards, 49 Grammy Awards, 32 Emmy Awards, 20 Pulitzer Prizes, four Tony Awards, and 95 Olympic medals (51 gold, 21 silver, and 23 bronze).

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Jordan (president 1884–1891) improved the university's finances and public image, doubled its enrollment, and instituted an elective system along the lines of his alma mater, Cornell University. Jordan became president of Stanford University in June 1891.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The growth of the institution was slow. In 1851, IU had nearly a hundred students and seven professors. IU admitted its first woman student, Sarah Parke Morrison, in 1867, making IU the fourth public university to admit women on an equal basis with men. Morrison went on to become the first female professor at IU in 1873.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Mathematician Joseph Swain was IU's first Hoosier-born president, 1893 to 1902. He established Kirkwood Hall in 1894; a gymnasium for men in 1896, which later was named Assembly Hall; and Kirkwood Observatory in 1900. He began construction for Science Hall in 1901. During his presidency, student enrollment increased from 524 to 1,285.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: In 1902, IU enrolled 1203 undergraduates; all but 65 were Hoosiers. There were 82 graduate students including ten from out-of-state. The curriculum emphasized the classics, as befitted a gentleman, and stood in contrast to the service-oriented curriculum at Purdue, which presented itself as of direct benefit to farmers, industrialists, and businessmen.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The first extension office of IU was opened in Indianapolis in 1916. In 1920/1921 the School of Music and the School of Commerce and Finance (what later became the Kelley School of Business) were opened. In the 1940s Indiana University opened extension campuses in Kokomo and Fort Wayne. The controversial Kinsey Institute for sexual research was established in 1945.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: In 1960, the IU student body elected Thomas Atkins, an African-American from Elkhart, Indiana, to the position of president of the student body. A throng of white students protested the result by parading around campus waving Confederate flags and allegedly blamed Atkins' victory on a "bunch of beatniks." When the protesters approached the female dormitory on campus, they were met with "a barrage of cosmetic bottles, old shoes, and other objects."

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Indiana University Bloomington campus of includes abundant green space and historic buildings dating to the university's reconstruction in the late nineteenth century. In 2011, "Travel+Leisure" listed the university as one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States. The campus rests on a bed of Indiana Limestone, specifically Salem Limestone and Harrodsburg Limestone, with outcroppings of St. Louis Limestone.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The "Campus River" is a stream flowing through the center of campus. A section of Bloomington's Clear Creek, it was formerly named after David Starr Jordan, Darwinist, ichthyologist, and president of IU, later, of Stanford University., but the name was changed in 2020 due to Jordan's support of eugenics becoming widely known.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Bloomington was ranked 5th best city for educated millennials by Business Insider. "College Ranker" listed Bloomington as #6 Best College Town to Live in Forever. Lumosity and VentureBeat both rank Bloomington as the 7th smartest city in America. Bloomington has been ranked the 4th "Gayest (per-capita) City in America" by "The Advocate".

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Nine of the oldest buildings are included in a national historic district known as The Old Crescent. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. They are the Collegiate Gothic style Student Service Building (1906–1908); Indiana University Museum (1905); Richardsonian Romanesque style Maxwell Building (1890, 1907–1908); Owen Hall (1885); Wylie Hall (1885); Kirkwood Hall (1895); Lindley Hall (1903); Gothic Revival style Rose Well House (1908); and Kirkwood Observatory (1900).

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Sample Gates serve as the entryway to Indiana University's campus and The Old Crescent. It is positioned between Franklin Hall and Bryan Hall. After several failed attempts to create an arched entrance to campus, in 1987, Edson Sample provided funding to build the archway based on the 1961 design proposed by Eggers & Higgins.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Indiana University Cinema opened in January 2011 in the former University Theatre building, which was built in the 1930s.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Bloomington campus also has a biology research greenhouse in Jordan Hall that is open to the public, one of the highlights of which is a corpse flower ("Amorphophallus titanum") named Wally. Also on campus, the Kirkwood Observatory is open to the public one day a week.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The 1979 movie "Breaking Away" was filmed on location in Bloomington and the IU campus. It also featured a reenactment of the annual Little 500 bicycle race. The IU campus also has trails that many utilize for biking and running. The trails in Bloomington and nearby areas total nearly .

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Indiana University's athletic facilities are located on campus and are grouped in between East 17th Street, Dunn Street and the IN-45/IN-46 bypass. In the 17,000-seat Assembly Hall (home to the IU NCAA basketball team), there are five NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship banners on display. Cook Hall, Memorial Stadium, Mellencamp Pavilion, the Gladstein Fieldhouse, the IU Tennis Center, the Billy Hayes Track and Bill Armstrong Stadium are all also located within the complex.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Indiana University Auditorium (IU Auditorium), is a 3,200 seat performing arts venue located at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. It is situated in IU's Fine Arts Plaza alongside the Lilly Library and the Eskenazi School of Art, Architecture + Design.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Construction on IU Auditorium began in 1939 as a part of the Federal Works Agency Projects. IU Auditorium officially opened its doors March 22, 1941.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: IU Auditorium's Hall of Murals is the home of the "Indiana Murals", created by American artist Thomas Hart Benton. 16 of the 22 total panels created are housed at the auditorium.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Today, IU Auditorium presents Broadway touring acts, popular musical artists, comedians, classical musicians and more.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Chemistry Department has had a history at Indiana University since the early days of the institution. Chemistry courses were first added to the curriculum in 1829 by Andrew Wylie, IU president at the time (1829–1851). The first degrees in chemistry were awarded in 1890. The graduate school at Indiana University was not formally established until 1904 but not soon after, a plan for graduate work in chemistry was underway. However, the first Ph.D. in chemistry was not granted until 1921.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: A crucial event in the history of the Chemistry Department was in 1931 when the construction of a new facility explicitly for chemistry began which led to major growth within the department. Some of the department's most acclaimed and prolific faculty came to the university during this time.

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Indiana University Bloomington

Context: A major staple to the department is the famous Sweetheart tree that has stood outside the Chemistry Building since it was built in 1931. Even when a major addition to the building was made in the 1980s, architects decided to preserve the beloved tree and build around it. In the spring of 2018 the university announced the famous sweetheart tree was dying, and removal was scheduled to begin on April 11. IU plans to plant a new tree in its place once the soil has recovered.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Indiana University Bloomington Library System supports over twenty libraries and provides access to more than 9.9 million books, 800 databases, 60,000 electronic journal titles, and 815,000 ebooks. The system is the 14th largest library in North America by volumes held.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: An oft-repeated urban legend holds that the library is sinking because when it was built, engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building. An article in the Indiana Daily Student newspaper debunks this myth, stating, among other things, that the building rests on a 94 ft (28.6 m) thick limestone bedrock.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: In addition to IU's main library, the Bloomington Libraries support more than twenty additional libraries:

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Black Film Center/Archive (BFC/A), located at Indiana University, was "established in 1981 as a repository of films and related materials by and about African Americans." Professor Phyllis R. Klotman founded the repository when it became apparent that rare and valuable films created by and about African Americans were being lost due to lack of preservation and inadequate resources.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The BFC/A has an extensive collection that includes films on various physical media, posters of numerous sizes for films distributed throughout the world, photographs and film stills, and manuscripts of filmmakers and scholars. Although the materials are not available for circulation or distribution, the archive has rooms for viewing films and utilizing materials.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: In 2012, the Moving Image Archive was accepted as a member of the International Federation of Film Archives.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Within the Lilly Library is the Ruth E. Adomeit collection of miniature books, one of the world's largest. Among the collection are rare miniature books such as "From Morn Till Eve", a miniature book that presents biblical quotations in a devotional form, with one phrase for each morning and evening of a month. The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) had listed that, "the only known copy as being in the collection of famed miniature book collector Ruth E. Adomeit", which is now in the Lilly Library.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The William and Gayle Cook Music Library, recognized as one of the largest academic music libraries in the world, serves the Jacobs School of Music and the Bloomington Campus of Indiana University. It occupies a four-floor, 55,000 square-foot facility in a wing of the Bess Meshulam Simon Music Library and Recital Center, dedicated in November 1995. The collection comprises over 700,000 cataloged items on 56,733 linear feet of shelves.

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Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Cook Music Library holds many special collections, including audio and print collections. One notable collection contains items from Leonard Bernstein's compositional studio, including items such as clothing, furniture, recordings, books, and awards.

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Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Indiana Memorial Union, in addition to hosting many events, holds the largest public collection of art outside a museum. The artwork within the building ranges from priceless sculptures to beautiful paintings.

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Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Indiana University is one of 62 members of the Association of American Universities, an organization of leading North American research universities. It has been called a "Public Ivy" university.

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Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Forty graduate programs and four schools at Indiana University are ranked among the top 25 in the country in the "U.S. News & World Report"s 2016 rankings.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The "Academic Ranking of World Universities" ranked IU Bloomington 101–150 in the world and 49–60 nationally in 2017. Additionally, it ranked Indiana University-Bloomington 16th in the world for Business Administration, 7th in the world for Communication, 5th in the world for Public Administration, and 2nd in the world for Library and Information Science. "U.S. News" ranks IU 26th out of the top public universities in the United States. "Forbes" ranks IU 20th out of Public Universities.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Office of the Provost oversees the academic programs, research, and policies of 16 schools on the Indiana University Bloomington campus.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The School of Art, Architecture + Design houses fourteen different areas in art, architecture, design, and merchandising.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The SGIS is an international affairs school composed of over 500 students from four academic departments and twenty-one institutes and centers. It also runs the Indiana University Summer Language Workshop (SWSEEL).

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Media School is home to the Michael I. Arnolt Center for Investigative Journalism. Student media outlets include 99.1 WIUX Radio, IUSTV, the Indiana Daily Student, the Hoosier Network, WTUI, as well as other groups on campus.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Founded at the beginning of the 20th century by Charles Campbell, the Jacobs School of Music focuses on voice, opera, orchestral conducting, and jazz studies. It was ranked No. 1 in the country tied with Juilliard and Eastman School of Music by "U.S. News & World Report" in 2009. U.S. News has not since published a music school ranking. The Hollywood Reporter ranked the Jacobs School of Music #4 in 2016. "Music School Central" ranked Jacobs #1 in the nation in 2014.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Kelley School of Business (known colloquially as "Kelley" or "The B-School") was founded in 1920 as the university's School of Commerce and Finance. Approximately 6,100 students are enrolled in undergraduate, graduate Accountancy and Information Systems degrees, MBA and Ph.D. programs, and in its online degree program, "Kelley Direct".

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: In its 2017 rankings, "U.S. News & World Report" ranked the undergraduate program tied for 9th in the nation and the MBA program tied for 21st in the U.S., with the online MBA program ranking 3rd. In 2007, the "Wall Street Journal" ranked Kelley's MBA program fifth among regional programs. Kelley's programs in consumer products and energy and industrial products and services were second, marketing was third and accounting, eighth

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Poets & Quants also ranked Kelley's MBA program 5th in the nation in producing six Fortune 500 CEOs. In 2017, the Economist ranked the MBA program 17th in the nation, and 22nd in the world. It was ranked 7th in terms of percentage increase from pre-MBA salary.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The School of Education, formerly a part of the College of Arts and Science, has been independent since 1923. One of the largest schools of education in the United States, it was ranked 25th in the nation by "U.S. News & World Report" in its 2016 rankings. It offers a range of degrees in professional education: a B.S. in teacher education leading to a teaching license, M.S., education specialist (Ed. S.) and doctoral (Ed.D., Ph.D.) degrees.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs (or SPEA) is the largest school of its kind in the United States. Founded in 1972, SPEA is known for its distinctive interdisciplinary approach. It brings together the social, natural, behavioral, and administrative sciences in one faculty. SPEA has a sister "core" campus at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (or IUPUI) and an affiliate program is operated at Indiana University's Gary campus.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: SPEA is the headquarters of the Public Administration Review, the premier journal of public administration research, theory, and practice. SPEA is also home to the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, the Journal of Public Budgeting and Finance and Small Business Economics.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Established in 2012 the school and programs have grown to encompass a broad spectrum of academic interests and professional fields. The school was founded in 1946 as the School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. It transitioned into the School of Public Health-Bloomington and was renamed in September 2012. It was accredited by the Council on Education in Public Health in June 2015.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The school has nearly 3,000 students and 24,000 living alumni, with undergraduate and advanced degree programs offered through five academic departments: Applied Health Science, Environmental Health, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kinesiology, and Recreation, Park, & Tourism Studies. The Division of Campus Recreational Sports within the IU School of Public Health-Bloomington provides sport and fitness opportunities for the IU community and the public.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The school has numerous centers, institutes, and specialized laboratories, including the Center for Sexual Health Promotion, the Indiana Prevention Resource Center, the National Center on Accessibility, the Rural Center for AIDS/STD Prevention, among others.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The school's resources include more than of research and teaching laboratories, and nearly of indoor and outdoor sport and fitness facilities, including recreation centers, aquatics centers, and acreage that includes Bradford Woods.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Indiana University School of Social Work was founded in 1911 as the Department of Social Service, thus making it the oldest professional social work education program begun and still functioning as a part of a university. In July 2007, the Indiana University Division of Labor Studies merged with the School of Social Work.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Indiana University Training School for Nurses was established in Indianapolis in 1914 in conjunction with the establishment of the Robert W. Long Hospital and in association with the IU School of Medicine to offer training leading to a nursing diploma. It was renamed the IU School of Nursing in 1956.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The Indiana University School of Optometry was founded in 1951. The school became a degree-granting institution of its own in 1975. Located at the southwest border of campus the Doctor of Optometry (OD) program admits on average 70–80 students per year.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The school operates a community eye care clinic in Bloomington and a clinic in Indianapolis. In addition to providing optometric education, the facility also houses the Borish Center for Ophthalmic Research, officially dedicated in October 1995. The Borish Center provides opportunities for undergraduate, professional, and graduate students to participate directly in vision research.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Indiana University's Graduate school offers 190 degrees and certification programs. IU boasts that on average, their Ph.D. students take less time to complete their degrees compared to peers in similar institutions. For example, students who seek a Ph.D. in Social Sciences take, on average, almost a year less to complete the degree than students from peer universities.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: IU's intercollegiate athletics program has a long tradition in several key sports. From its beginnings with baseball in 1867, the Hoosier athletic program has grown to include over 600 male and female student-athletes on 24 varsity teams boasting one of the nation's best overall records. Sports sponsored by the university include football, men's basketball, women's basketball, cross country and track, softball, baseball, golf, tennis, rowing, volleyball, swimming and diving, and wrestling.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: The IU athletics endowment is $42 million, the largest in the Big Ten. The Varsity Club, which is the fundraising arm of the Athletics Department, drew a record $11.5 million in gifts and pledges in fiscal year 2004–05. Also, overall annual giving has increased by 8.3 percent in the last year and 44.8 percent in the last three years.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: A large percentage of the IU student body regularly participates in both formal and/or informal intramural sports, including football, soccer, tennis, basketball, and golf. Among intramural athletics, IU's reputation for student participation and instruction in the martial arts is particularly strong.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: Professors at IUB were better paid than their counterparts in the IU system. A full professor earned an average of $126,500, an associate professor $89,000, and an assistant professor $74,400.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Indiana University Bloomington

Context: A campus bus system operates several routes on a regular schedule around the IUB campus throughout the semesters. In December 2014, a shuttle service ("Campus Connection") has been introduced between the IUB and the IUPUI campus as well. In March 2020 this Campus Commute service was discontinued. The campus buses are free to all IU affiliates and are handicap accessible. IU students and employees also gain free access to Bloomington transit buses around the city.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة إنديانا؟


Amistad (film)

Context: Morgan Freeman, Anthony Hopkins, Djimon Hounsou, and Matthew McConaughey had starring roles. David Franzoni's screenplay was based on the 1987 book "", by professor Howard Jones.

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: "La Amistad" is a slave ship transporting captured Africans from Spanish Cuba to the United States in 1839. Joseph Cinqué, a leader of the Africans, leads a mutiny and takes over the ship. The mutineers spare the lives of two Spanish navigators to help them sail the ship back to Africa. Instead, the navigators misdirect the Africans and sail directly north to the east coast of the United States, where the ship is stopped by the American Navy, and the surviving Africans imprisoned as runaway slaves.

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: Judge Coglin rules in favor of the Africans. After pressure from Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina on President Van Buren, the case is appealed to the Supreme Court. Despite refusing to help when the case was initially presented, Adams agrees to assist with the case. At the Supreme Court, he makes an impassioned and eloquent plea for their release, and is successful.

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: The Lomboko slave fortress is liberated by the Royal Marines under the command of Captain Fitzgerald. After all the slaves are removed from the fortress, Fitzgerald orders the ship's cannon to destroy it. He then dictates a letter to Forsyth saying that he was correct — the slave fortress does not exist.

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: Because of the release of the Africans, Van Buren loses his re-election campaign, and tension builds between the North and the South, which eventually culminates in the Civil War.

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: The musical score for "Amistad" was composed by John Williams. A soundtrack album was released on December 9, 1997 by DreamWorks Records.

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: During the scene depicting the destruction of the Lomboko slave fortress by a Royal Navy schooner, the vessel's captain refers to another officer as "ensign." This rank has never been used by the Royal Navy.

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: Susan Wloszczyna of "USA Today" summed up the feelings of many reviewers when she wrote, "as Spielberg vehicles go, "Amistad" — part mystery, action thriller, courtroom drama, even culture-clash comedy — lands between the disturbing lyricism of "Schindler's List" and the storybook artificiality of "The Color Purple"." Roger Ebert awarded the film three out of four stars, writing:

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: In 2014, the movie was one of several discussed by Noah Berlatsky in "The Atlantic" in an article concerning white savior narratives in film, calling it "sanctimonious drivel."

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: Morgan Freeman is very proud of the movie, having said, "I loved the film. I really did. I had a moment of err, during the killings. I thought that was a little over-wrought. But he (Spielberg) wanted to make a point and I understood that."

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: The film debuted at 3 on Wednesday, December 10, 1997. It earned $44,229,441 at the box office in the United States.

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Amistad (film)

Context: "Amistad" was nominated for Academy Awards in four categories: Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Hopkins), Best Original Dramatic Score (John Williams), Best Cinematography (Janusz Kamiński), and Best Costume Design (Ruth E. Carter).

Question: متى صدر فيلم "اميستاد"؟


Cairo

Context: Today, Cairo has the oldest and largest cinema and music industry in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, Al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city; the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: However, in 1168 the Fatimid vizier Shawar set fire to unfortified Fustat to prevent its potential capture by Amalric, the Crusader king of Jerusalem. While the fire did not destroy the city and it continued to exist afterward, it did mark the beginning of its decline. Over the following centuries it was Cairo, the former palace-city, that became the new economic center and attracted migration from Fustat.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The immense debt resulting from Isma'il's projects provided a pretext for increasing European control, which culminated with the British invasion in 1882. The city's economic centre quickly moved west toward the Nile, away from the historic Islamic Cairo section and toward the contemporary, European-style areas built by Isma'il. Europeans accounted for five percent of Cairo's population at the end of the 19th century, by which point they held most top governmental positions.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The British occupation was intended to be temporary, but it lasted well into the 20th century. Nationalists staged large-scale demonstrations in Cairo in 1919, five years after Egypt had been declared a British protectorate. Nevertheless, this led to Egypt's independence in 1922.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: British troops remained in the country until 1956. During this time, urban Cairo, spurred by new bridges and transport links, continued to expand to include the upscale neighbourhoods of Garden City, Zamalek, and Heliopolis. Between 1882 and 1937, the population of Cairo more than tripled—from 347,000 to 1.3 million—and its area increased from .

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Concurrently, Cairo established itself as a political and economic hub for North Africa and the Arab world, with many multinational businesses and organisations, including the Arab League, operating out of the city. In 1979 the historic districts of Cairo were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: In 1992, Cairo was hit by an earthquake causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and leaving around 50,000 people homeless.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Under the rule of President el-Sisi, in March 2015 plans were announced for another yet-unnamed planned city to be built further east of the existing satellite city of New Cairo, intended to serve as the new capital of Egypt.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Low periods of the Nile during the 11th century continued to add to the landscape of Cairo; a new island, known as "Geziret al-Fil", first appeared in 1174, but eventually became connected to the mainland. Today, the site of "Geziret al-Fil" is occupied by the Shubra district. The low periods created another island at the turn of the 14th century that now composes Zamalek and Gezira. Land reclamation efforts by the Mamluks and Ottomans further contributed to expansion on the east bank of the river.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: According to the World Health Organization, the level of air pollution in Cairo is nearly 12 times higher than the recommended safety level.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The Greater Cairo is the largest metropolitan area in Africa. It consists of Cairo Governorate, parts of Giza Governorate, and parts of Qalyubia Governorate.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: 6th of October City, west of Cairo, and New Cairo, east of Cairo, are major urban developments which have been built to accommodate additional growth and development of the Cairo area. New development includes several high-end residential developments.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: In March 2015, plans were announced for a yet-unnamed planned city to be built east of Cairo, in an undeveloped area of the Cairo Governorate, which would serve as the administrative and financial capital of Egypt.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Today, Greater Cairo is the centre for many government offices governing the Egyptian educational system, has the largest number of educational schools, and higher education institutes among other cities and governorates of Egypt.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Cairo has an extensive road network, rail system, subway system and maritime services. Road transport is facilitated by personal vehicles, taxi cabs, privately owned public buses and Cairo microbuses. Cairo, specifically Ramses Station, is the centre of almost the entire Egyptian transportation network.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The subway system, officially called "Metro (مترو)", is a fast and efficient way of getting around Cairo. Metro network covers Helwan and other suburbs. It can get very crowded during rush hour. Two train cars (the fourth and fifth ones) are reserved for women only, although women may ride in any car they want.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Trams in Greater Cairo and Cairo trolleybus were used as modes of transportation, but were closed in the 1970s everywhere except Heliopolis and Helwan. These were shut down in 2014, after the Egyptian Revolution.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: An extensive road network connects Cairo with other Egyptian cities and villages. There is a new Ring Road that surrounds the outskirts of the city, with exits that reach outer Cairo districts. There are flyovers and bridges, such as the 6th October Bridge that, when the traffic is not heavy, allow fast means of transportation from one side of the city to the other.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Cairo traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded. Traffic moves at a relatively fluid pace. Drivers tend to be aggressive, but are more courteous at junctions, taking turns going, with police aiding in traffic control of some congested areas.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: In 2017 plans to construct two monorail systems were announced, one linking 6th of October to suburban Giza, a distance of , and the other linking Nasr City to New Cairo, a distance of .

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Cairo failed at the applicant stage when bidding for the 2008 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in Beijing, China. However, Cairo did host the 2007 Pan Arab Games.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: There are several other sports teams in the city that participate in several sports including el Gezira Sporting Club, el Shams Club, el Seid Club, Heliopolis Club and several smaller clubs, but the biggest clubs in Egypt (not in area but in sports) are Al Ahly and Al Zamalek. They have the two biggest football teams in Egypt. There are new sports clubs in the area of New Cairo (one hour far from Cairo's down town), these are Al Zohour sporting club, Wadi Degla sporting club and Platinum Club.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Most of the sports federations of the country are also located in the city suburbs, including the Egyptian Football Association. The headquarters of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) was previously located in Cairo, before relocating to its new headquarters in 6 October City, a small city away from Cairo's crowded districts.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: In October 2008, the Egyptian Rugby Federation was officially formed and granted membership into the International Rugby Board.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Cairo is the official end point of Cross Egypt Challenge where its route ends yearly in the most sacred place in Egypt, under the Great Pyramids of Giza with a huge trophy-giving ceremony.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: President Mubarak inaugurated the new Cairo Opera House of the Egyptian National Cultural Centres on 10 October 1988, 17 years after the Royal Opera House had been destroyed by fire. The National Cultural Centre was built with the help of JICA, the Japan International Co-operation Agency and stands as a prominent feature for the Japanese-Egyptian co-operation and the friendship between the two nations.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The Khedivial Opera House, or Royal Opera House, was the original opera house in Cairo. It was dedicated on 1 November 1869 and burned down on 28 October 1971. After the original opera house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera house for nearly two decades until the opening of the new Cairo Opera House in 1988.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Cairo held its first international film festival 16 August 1976, when the first Cairo International Film Festival was launched by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics, headed by Kamal El-Mallakh. The Association ran the festival for seven years until 1983.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: This achievement lead to the President of the Festival again contacting the FIAPF with the request that a competition should be included at the 1991 Festival. The request was granted.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: In 1998, the Festival took place under the presidency of one of Egypt's leading actors, Hussein Fahmy, who was appointed by the Minister of Culture, Farouk Hosni, after the death of Saad El-Din Wahba. Four years later, the journalist and writer Cherif El-Shoubashy became president.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also Christian churches and temples: Coptic Orthodox Church, Coptic Catholic Church (Catholic Church), Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile) (World Communion of Reformed Churches).

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Cairo's economy has traditionally been based on governmental institutions and services, with the modern productive sector expanding in the 20th century to include developments in textiles and food processing - specifically the production of sugar cane. As of 2005, Egypt has the largest non-oil based GDP in the Arab world.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Cairo accounts for 11% of Egypt's population and 22% of its economy (PPP). The majority of the nation's commerce is generated there, or passes through the city. The great majority of publishing houses and media outlets and nearly all film studios are there, as are half of the nation's hospital beds and universities. This has fuelled rapid construction in the city, with one building in five being less than 15 years old.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: This growth until recently surged well ahead of city services. Homes, roads, electricity, telephone and sewer services were all in short supply. Analysts trying to grasp the magnitude of the change coined terms like "hyper-urbanization".

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, is home to the most extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 136,000 items on display, with many more hundreds of thousands in its basement storerooms. Among the collections on display are the finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Much of the collection of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, including the Tutankhamun collection, are slated to be moved to the new Grand Egyptian Museum, under construction in Giza and was due to open by the end of 2020.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The Cairo Tower is a free-standing tower with a revolving restaurant at the top. It provides a bird's eye view of Cairo to the restaurant patrons. It stands in the Zamalek district on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the city centre. At , it is higher than the Great Pyramid of Giza, which stands some to the southwest.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The most prominent architectural heritage of medieval Cairo, however, dates from the Mamluk period, from 1250 to 1517 AD. The Mamluk sultans and elites were eager patrons of religious and scholarly life, commonly building religious or funerary complexes whose functions could include a mosque, madrasa, khanqah (for Sufis), a sabil (water dispensary), and a mausoleum for themselves and their families.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The Mamluks, and the later Ottomans, also built "wikala"s or caravanserais to house merchants and goods due to the important role of trade and commerce in Cairo's economy. Still intact today is the Wikala al-Ghuri, which today hosts regular performances by the Al-Tannoura Egyptian Heritage Dance Troupe. The Khan al-Khalili is a commercial hub which also integrated caravanserais (also known as "khan"s).

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: In recent years, a black cloud (as Egyptians refer to it) of smog has appeared over Cairo every autumn due to temperature inversion. Smog causes serious respiratory diseases and eye irritations for the city's citizens. Tourists who are not familiar with such high levels of pollution must take extra care.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: Water pollution is also a serious problem in the city as the sewer system tends to fail and overflow. On occasion, sewage has escaped onto the streets to create a health hazard. This problem is hoped to be solved by a new sewer system funded by the European Union, which could cope with the demand of the city. The dangerously high levels of mercury in the city's water system has global health officials concerned over related health risks.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Cairo

Context: The Headquarters of the Arab League is located in Tahrir Square, near the downtown business district of Cairo.

Question: متى بنيت مدينة القاهرة؟


Valladolid

Context: Valladolid (, ) is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. It has a population around 300,000 people (2021 est.).

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: It is mentioned as "Valledolit" in the "Primera Crónica General"; earlier documented variants include "Valledolidi", "Valleolide" (1092) and "Valleolit", "Valleoleti", "Valleoliti" (1095).

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The city is also popularly called , a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc, known as . Another theory is that comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there, the only city in Spain that sold it.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level, at the centre of the "Meseta Norte", the plateau drained by the Duero river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The primitive urban core was built "ex novo" in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga, on the left-bank of the later river. The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga, a major right-bank tributary of the Douro.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: Besides the main territory on which the city lies, the municipality also includes two exclaves: Navabuena (5,129 hectares, hosting the ) and El Rebollar (400 hectares).

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The city of Valladolid experiences a continentalized hot-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csa") with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ("BSk"). Valladolid's climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and the inland location of the city. Fog is very typical in the morning during winter. Winters experience occasional snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts. Valladolid's climate is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe, the first people documented as a stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade. Proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: During the time of Muslim rule in Spain, the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created a no man's land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests. The area was captured from the Moors in the 10th century.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, favoured by the commercial privileges granted by the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: In 1469, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile. In 1506, Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies" in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: During 1550-1551 the town held the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors. See Valladolid debate.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León (completed in 1983), Valladolid vied for the condition of regional capital, competing with other cities, most notably creating a sense of "antagonism" with Burgos. Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the from 1983, Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the "de jure" seat of the executive and legislative institutions (the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León).

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: Valladolid is a municipality, the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with the municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the "ayuntamiento" is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor. The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since 2015, Óscar Puente (PSOE) serves as Mayor. He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on the Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León, the department responsible for the education at the regional level, both at the university and non-university level.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The University of Valladolid (UVA) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. It has four campuses around the city (Huerta del Rey, Centro, Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes) as well as another three campuses scattered around the wider region of Castile and León (Palencia, Soria and Segovia). Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers, about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: It also features the 25 centers, a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz, where the rector, and the Museum of the University of Valladolid (MUVa), The House of Students, featuring the other administrative services mainly related to international relations, or CTI (Center for Information Technology),both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII, next to the old Faculty of Science.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The Miguel de Cervantes European University ("Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes"; UEMC) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students. It is spread over three faculties: Social Sciences, Law and Economics, Health and the Polytechnic School. It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research. It also has a dental clinic and a library.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: Lycée Français de Castilla y León, a French international school, is near Valladolid, in Laguna de Duero.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: San Juán Bautista de La Salle School, a High Private College in Valladolid. Integral and Superior Education. Integrates Kindergarten, Primary School and High School.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: 12th century romanesque architecture is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and .

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture (Isabelline gothic). The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo (featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements). The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz (current seat of the rectorate of the University of Valladolid) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The monumental Plaza Mayor, considered the first in its genre in Spain, was projected by by 1561–62, following the great fire of 1561. The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels. The design of the façades of the "plaza" served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid, initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century (intending to follow a Mannerist style) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668. Decades later, in 1730, finished the work on the main front.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The Francoist dictatorship left an example of "Imperial Architecture" of neo-herrerian (or "escurialense") style in the building for the "Seminario Menor", clearly influenced by the Spanish capital's Ministry of the Air.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes, the Christopher Columbus House-Museum and the house of José Zorrilla.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: As of 2019, the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412, and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 406,923. The most important municipalities of the urban area are (after Valladolid itself) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south, Arroyo de la Encomienda, Zaratán, Simancas and Villanubla on the west, Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on the north, and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: After new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades (one example would be Covaresa), the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city, so the population has fallen in Valladolid but is growing fast in other peri-urban areas (for example, Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán)

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟


Valladolid

Context: Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries, other important industrial sectors are food processing (with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury, Lactalis or Lesaffre), metallurgy (Lingotes Especiales, Saeta die Casting...), chemical and printing. In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces, representing 14.0% of total workers.

Question: من قام ببناء مدينة (بلد الوليد) الاسبانية؟