European Union

Context: The European Council uses its leadership role to sort out disputes between member states and the institutions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and policies. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Tasks for the president of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU, driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states, both during meetings of the European Council and over the periods between them.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Council should not be mistaken for the Council of Europe, an international organisation independent of the EU and based in Strasbourg.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Commission acts both as the EU's executive arm, responsible for the day-to-day running of the EU, and also the legislative initiator, with the sole power to propose laws for debate. The commission is 'guardian of the Treaties' and is responsible for their efficient operation and policing. It has 27 European commissioners for different areas of policy, one from each member state, though commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In some policies, there are several member states that ally with strategic partners within the union. Examples of such alliances include the Visegrad Group, Benelux, the Baltic Assembly, the New Hanseatic League, the Weimar Triangle, the Lublin Triangle, EU Med Group, the Craiova Group and Bucharest Nine.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Union had an agreed budget of  billion for the year 2007 and  billion for the period 2007–2013, representing 1.10 per cent and 1.05 per cent of the EU-27's GNI forecast for the respective periods. In 1960, the budget of the European Community was 0.03 per cent of GDP.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In the 2010 budget of  billion, the largest single expenditure item was "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45 per cent of the total budget. Next was "agriculture" with approximately 31 per cent of the total. "Rural development, environment and fisheries" takes up around 11 per cent. "Administration" accounts for around 6 per cent. The ""EU as a global partner" and "citizenship, freedom, security and justice"" had approximately 6 per cent and 1 per cent respectively.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the parliament and the council (specifically, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council) with "a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions". The Court also gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. The parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the commission's handling of the budget.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while making it clear that the European Commission has more work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national level. In their report on 2009 the auditors found that five areas of Union expenditure, agriculture and the cohesion fund, were materially affected by error. The European Commission estimated in 2009 that the financial effect of irregularities was  million.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In November 2020, members of the union, Hungary and Poland, blocked approval to the EU's budget at a meeting in the Committee of Permanent Representatives (Coreper), citing a proposal that linked funding with adherence to the rule of law. The budget included a COVID-19 recovery fund of billion. The budget may still be approved if Hungary and Poland withdraw their vetoes after further negotiations in the council and the European Council.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. Different legislative procedures are used within the same category of competence, and even with the same policy area.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The distribution of competences in various policy areas between member states and the union is divided in the following three categories:

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, and thus the laws enacted under them, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional provisions.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The direct effect and supremacy doctrines were not explicitly set out in the European Treaties but were developed by the Court of Justice itself over the 1960s, apparently under the influence of its then most influential judge, Frenchman Robert Lecourt

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The judicial branch of the European Union is formally called the Court of Justice of the European Union and consists of two courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court. The Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by member states, the institutions, and cases referred to it by the courts of member states. Because of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy, many judgments of the Court of Justice are automatically applicable within the internal legal orders of the member states.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU's courts, and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service. Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a point of law.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Public Prosecutor's Office is an independent body of the European Union (EU) established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 22 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation. The European Public Prosecutor's Office investigate and prosecute fraud against the budget of the European Union and other crimes against the EU's financial interests including fraud concerning EU funds of over €10,000 and cross-border VAT fraud cases involving damages above €10 million.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The treaties declare that the European Union itself is "founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities ... in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail."

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership. Previously, the EU itself could not accede to the convention as it is neither a state nor had the competence to accede. The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the convention while the latter formally permits it.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: On 19 October 2020, the European Union revealed new plans to create a legal structure to act against human rights violations worldwide. The new plan was expected to provide the European Union with greater flexibility to target and sanction those responsible for serious human rights violations and abuses around the world.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value and apply without any formal hierarchy.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Ombudsman was established by the Maastricht Treaty. The ombudsman is elected by the European Parliament for the length of the parliament's term, and the position is renewable. Any EU citizen or entity may appeal to the ombudsman to investigate an EU institution on the grounds of maladministration (administrative irregularities, unfairness, discrimination, abuse of power, failure to reply, refusal of information or unnecessary delay). Emily O'Reilly has been the ombudsman since 2013.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the international community as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. The unanimity and difficult issues treated under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements, such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes. 21 EU members are members of NATO while the remaining member states follow policies of neutrality. The Western European Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Since the withdrawal of the United Kingdom, France is the only member officially recognised as a nuclear weapon state and the sole holder of a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. France and Italy are also the only EU countries that have power projection capabilities outside of Europe. Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium participate in NATO nuclear sharing.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, or "ECHO", provides humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries. In 2012, its budget amounted to million, 51 per cent of the budget went to Africa and 20 per cent to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacific, and 20 per cent to the Middle East and Mediterranean.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In 2016, the average among EU countries was 0.4 per cent and five had met or exceeded the 0.7 per cent target: Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden and the United Kingdom. If considered collectively, EU member states are the largest contributor of foreign aid in the world.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: EU development action is based on the European Consensus on Development, which was endorsed on 20 December 2005 by EU Member States, the council, the European Parliament and the commission. It is applied from the principles of Capability approach and Rights-based approach to development.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Union is the largest exporter in the world and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services. Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member state government.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Union's services trade surplus rose from $16 billion in 2000 to more than $250 billion in 2018.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In 2020, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic, China became the EU's largest trading partner, displacing the United States.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: As a political entity the European Union is represented in the World Trade Organization (WTO). EU member states own the estimated second largest after the United States (trillion) net wealth in the world, equal to around 20 per cent (~trillion) of the trillion (~trillion) global wealth.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: 19 member states have joined a monetary union known as the eurozone, which uses the euro as a single currency. The currency union represents 342million EU citizens. The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue in 2010, 161 had their headquarters in the EU. In 2016, unemployment in the EU stood at 8.9 per cent while inflation was at 2.2 per cent, and the account balance at −0.9 per cent of GDP. The average annual net earnings in the European Union was around () in 2015.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: There is a significant variation in nominal GDP per capita within individual EU states. The difference between the richest and poorest regions (281 NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) ranged, in 2017, from 31 per cent (Severozapaden, Bulgaria) of the EU28 average () to 253 per cent (Luxembourg), or from to .

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries. Until the drive towards economic and monetary union the development of the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The free movement of persons means that EU citizens can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In 1999, the currency union started, first as an accounting currency with eleven member states joining. In 2002, the currency was fully put into place, when euro notes and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 member states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 19 countries.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European System of Financial Supervision is an institutional architecture of the EU's framework of financial supervision composed by three authorities: the European Banking Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. To complement this framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board under the responsibility of the central bank. The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures, especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Commission working sectors are: aeronautics, automotive, biotechnology, chemicals, construction, cosmetics, defence, electronics, firearms, food and drink, gambling, healthcare, maritime, mechanics, medical, postal, raw materials, space, textile, tourism, toys and social economy (Societas cooperativa Europaea).

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In 2006, the EU-27 had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe). Around 46 per cent of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54 per cent was imported. In these statistics, nuclear energy is treated as primary energy produced in the EU, regardless of the source of the uranium, of which less than 3 per cent is produced in the EU.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy policy for most of its existence; this has its roots in the original European Coal and Steel Community. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005, and the first draft policy was published in January 2007.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Union is working to improve cross-border infrastructure, for example through the Trans-European Networks (TEN). Projects under TEN include the Channel Tunnel, LGV Est, the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, the Öresund Bridge, the Brenner Base Tunnel and the Strait of Messina Bridge. In 2010 the estimated network covers: of roads; of railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210 internal harbours.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Rail transport in Europe is being synchronised with the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), an initiative to greatly enhance safety, increase efficiency of trains and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail transport in Europe by replacing signalling equipment with digitised mostly wireless versions and by creating a single Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network. In the pre-2004 EU members, the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda. The Polish road network was upgraded such as the A4 autostrada.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Mobile communication roaming charges are abolished throughout the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The Galileo positioning system is an EU infrastructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system, to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The EU operates a competition policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In 2001 the commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States (General Electric and Honeywell) which had already been approved by their national authority. Another high-profile case, against Microsoft, resulted in the commission fining Microsoft over  million following nine years of legal action.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7 per cent in September 2018. The euro area unemployment rate was 8.1 per cent. Among the member states, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in the Czech Republic (2.3 per cent), Germany and Poland (both 3.4 per cent), and the highest in Spain (14.9 per cent) and Greece (19.0 in July 2018).

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Union has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers rights and preventing social and environmental dumping. To this end it has adopted laws establishing minimum employment and environmental standards. These included the Working Time Directive and the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: A European unemployment insurance has been proposed among others by the commissioner of Jobs Nicolas Schmit. A European Directive about Minimum Wage has also been discussed, as well as a European Directive about Minimum Income.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Since 2019 there has been a European commissioner for equality and the European Institute for Gender Equality has existed since 2007.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In 2020, the first ever European Union Strategy on LGBTIQ equality was approved under Helena Dalli mandate. In December 2021 the Commission announced the intention of codifying a European LGBT hate crime.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Housing, youth, childhood, Functional diversity or elderly care are supportive competencies of the European Union and can be financed by the European Social Fund.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The European Pillar of Social Rights contains a preamble and 3 chapters with target values for 20 fields:

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The EPSR is intended to act as a reference document of sorts, by means of which the labour markets and social standards in the Member States may approach the standards defined in the Pillar in the long term.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such regions are primarily located in the states of central and southern Europe. Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard (Phare, ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS). TACIS has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Demographic transition to a society of ageing population, low fertility-rates and depopulation of non-metropolitan regions is tackled within this policies.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. In 2007, member states agreed that, in the future, 20 per cent of the energy used across the EU must be renewable, and carbon dioxide emissions have to be lower in 2020 by at least 20 per cent compared to 1990 levels. The European Union claims that already in 2018, its GHG emissions were 23% lower that in 1990.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy. The European Green Capital is an annual award given to cities that focuses on the environment, energy efficiency, and quality of life in urban areas to create smart city.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In the 2019 elections to the European Parliament, the green parties increased their power, possibly because of the rise of post materialist values.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Proposals to reach a zero carbon economy in the European Union by 2050 were suggested in 2018 – 2019. Almost all member states supported that goal at an EU summit in June 2019. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and Poland disagreed.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In June 2021 the European Union passed a European Climate Law with targets of 55% GHG emissions reduction by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: In 2021 the European Union and the United States pledged to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030. The pledge is considered as a big achievement for climate change mitigation.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a university exchange programme which began in 1987. In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and became a symbol of European student life.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training, and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013. These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training fields across the EU. Through its support of the Bologna Process, the EU is supporting comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The EU has no major competences in the field of health care and Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms that "A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities". The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the safety of food and other products.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: All EU and many other European countries offer their citizens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries. A directive on cross-border healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care between member states and facilitating access to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European patients.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Cultural co-operation between member states has been an interest of the European Union since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty. Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000 seven-year programme, the European Cultural Month event, and orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra. The European Capital of Culture programme selects one or more cities in every year to assist the cultural development of that city.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or other international organisations, rather than of the EU. There are some EU policies that have affected sport, such as the free movement of workers, which was at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The flag of Europe consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background. Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the European Communities, the predecessors of the present European Union, in 1986. The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms, though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the "Western world":

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: "United in Diversity" was adopted as the motto of the union in 2000, having been selected from proposals submitted by school pupils. Since 1985, the flag day of the union has been Europe Day, on 9 May (the date of the 1950 Schuman declaration). The anthem of the EU is an instrumental version of the prelude to the "Ode to Joy", the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's ninth symphony. The anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on official occasions.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Besides naming the continent, the Greek mythological figure of Europa has frequently been employed as a personification of Europe. Known from the myth in which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several of the EU's institutions and a portrait of her is seen on the 2013 series of euro banknotes. The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a "key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU".

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


European Union

Context: The MEDIA Programme of the European Union has supported the European popular film and audiovisual industries since 1991. It provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond.

Question: Montako perustaja valtiota EU oli?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected. The award can be given to a maximum of three recipients per year. It consists of a gold medal, a diploma, and a cash grant.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: The Nobel Laureates in chemistry are selected by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the laureates remain. This slow and thorough process, is arguably what gives the prize its importance.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice, some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim – founded or not.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: The nominations are screened by committee, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: The award in chemistry requires the significance of achievements being recognized is "tested by time". In practice it means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. As a downside of this approach, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a Prize, as the discoverers may have died by the time the impact of their work is realized.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: A Chemistry Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it. The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995–2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. Atomic physics, particle physics, cell biology, and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while molecular chemistry was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period.

Question: Kuka sai ensimmäisenä Nobelin kemianpalkinnon?


History of Greenland

Context: The history of Greenland is a history of life under extreme Arctic conditions: currently, an ice sheet covers about eighty percent of the island, restricting human activity largely to the coasts.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: After the Early Dorset culture disappeared by around AD 1, Greenland was apparently uninhabited until Late Dorset people settled on the Greenlandic side of the Nares strait around 700. The late Dorset culture in the north of Greenland lasted until about 1300. Meanwhile, the Norse arrived and settled in the southern part of the island in 980.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: In 1126 the Roman Catholic Church founded a diocese at Garðar (now Igaliku). It was subject to the Norwegian archdiocese of Nidaros (now Trondheim); at least five churches in Norse Greenland are known from archeological remains. In 1261 the population accepted the overlordship of the King of Norway, although it continued to have its own law. In 1380 the Norwegian kingdom entered into a personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: There are many theories as to why the Norse settlements in Greenland collapsed after surviving for some 450–500 years (985 to 1450–1500). Among the factors that have been suggested as contributing to the demise of the Greenland colony are:

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: The Norse never learned the Inuit techniques of kayak navigation or ring seal hunting. Archaeological evidence plainly establishes that by 1300 or so the Inuit had successfully expanded their winter settlements as close to the Europeans as the outer fjords of the Western Settlement. By 1350, the Norse had completely deserted their Western Settlement. The Inuit, being a hunting society, may have hunted the Norse livestock, forcing the Norse into conflict or abandonment of their settlements.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: In mild weather conditions, a ship could make the 900-mile (1400 kilometers) trip from Iceland to Eastern Settlement within a couple of weeks. Greenlanders had to keep in contact with Iceland and Norway in order to trade. Little is known about any distinctive shipbuilding techniques among the Greenlanders. Greenland lacks a supply of lumber, so was completely dependent on Icelandic merchants or, possibly, logging expeditions to the Canadian coast.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: One Inuit story recorded in the 18th century tells that raiding expeditions by European ships over the course of three years destroyed the settlement, after which many of the Norse sailed away south and the Inuit took in some of the remaining women and children before the final attack.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: The Late Dorset culture inhabited Greenland until the early fourteenth century. This culture was primarily located in the northwest of Greenland, far from the Norse who lived around the southern coasts. Archaeological evidence points to this culture predating the Norse or Thule settlements. In the region of this culture, there is archaeological evidence of gathering sites for around four to thirty families, living together for a short time during their movement cycle.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: The nature of the contacts between the Dorset and Norse cultures is not clear, but may have included trade elements. The level of contact is currently the subject of widespread debate, possibly including Norse trade with Thule or Dorsets in Canada.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: By 1911, the population was about 14,000, scattered along the southern shores. They were nearly all Christian, thanks to the missionary efforts of Moravians and especially Hans Egede (1686–1758), a Lutheran missionary called "the Apostle of Greenland." He founded Greenland's capital Godthåb, now known as Nuuk. His grandson Hans Egede Saabye (1746–1817) continued the missionary activities.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: After Norway regained full independence in 1905, it argued that Danish claims to Greenland were invalid since the island had been a Norwegian possession prior to 1815. In 1931, Norwegian meteorologist Hallvard Devold occupied uninhabited eastern Greenland, on his own initiative. After the fact, the occupation was supported by the Norwegian government, who claimed the area as Erik the Red's Land. Two years later, the Permanent Court of International Justice ruled in favor of Denmark.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


History of Greenland

Context: The United States upgraded the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System to a phased array radar. Opponents argue that the system presents a threat to the local population, as it would be targeted in the event of nuclear war.

Question: Milloin Grönlantia on aloitettu asumaan?


American Civil War

Context: The abolitionists—those advocating the end of slavery—were active in the decades leading up to the Civil War. They traced their philosophical roots back to the Puritans, who strongly believed that slavery was morally wrong. One of the early Puritan writings on this subject was "The Selling of Joseph," by Samuel Sewall in 1700. In it, Sewall condemned slavery and the slave trade and refuted many of the era's typical justifications for slavery.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The establishment of the Northwest Territory as "free soil" – no slavery – by Manasseh Cutler and Rufus Putnam (who both came from Puritan New England) would also prove crucial. This territory (which became the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota) doubled the size of the United States.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: By 1860, four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories, and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution, implicitly or explicitly. The first of these "conservative" theories, represented by the Constitutional Union Party, argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate. The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Historian James McPherson points out that even if Confederates genuinely fought over states' rights, it boiled down to states' right to slavery. McPherson writes concerning states' rights and other non-slavery explanations:

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Historians have debated whether economic differences between the mainly industrial North and the mainly agricultural South helped cause the war. Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s, and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary. While socially different, the sections economically benefited each other.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century, with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster. While practically all Northerners supported the Union, Southerners were split between those loyal to the entirety of the United States (called "Southern Unionists") and those loyal primarily to the Southern region and then the Confederacy.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a rebellion of slaves in 1859.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism, leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded, and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union. The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it. The South ignored the warnings; Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: According to Lincoln, the American people had shown that they had been successful in "establishing" and "administering" a republic, but a third challenge faced the nation: "maintaining" a republic based on the people's vote, in the face of an attempt to destroy it.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky were slave states that had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the Union Army and others in the Confederate Army. West Virginia separated from Virginia and was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon, who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state ("see also": Missouri secession). In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee, but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union. They were held without trial.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, as were many more minor actions and skirmishes, which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. In his book "The American Civil War", John Keegan writes that "The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought". In many cases, without geographic objectives, the only target for each side was the enemy's soldier.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery, the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000. However, Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias. The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration, and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. Some European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but British historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the French, Prussian, and Russian armies of the time, and without the Atlantic, would have threatened any of them with defeat.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: At the start of the Civil War, a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their army. They were paid, but they were not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Historian Elizabeth D. Leonard writes that, according to various estimates, between five hundred and one thousand women enlisted as soldiers on both sides of the war, disguised as men.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Women served on the Union hospital ship "Red Rover" and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Mary Edwards Walker, the only woman ever to receive the Medal of Honor, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for her efforts to treat the wounded during the war. Her name was deleted from the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917 (along with over 900 other Medal of Honor recipients); however, it was restored in 1977.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: In addition to ocean-going warships coming up the Mississippi, the Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards at Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance. It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy. It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half. Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, ironworkers, and ships to transport weapons.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to openly challenge the Union blockade. The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain (, , , , , and some others). The most famous, the , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes. However, public opinion against slavery in Britain created a political liability for British politicians, where the anti-slavery movement was powerful.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Russia supported the Union, largely because it believed that the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the United Kingdom. In 1863, the Russian Navy's Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Eastern theater refers to the military operations east of the Appalachian Mountains, including the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of North Carolina.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26, 1861 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck), and the war began in earnest in 1862. The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: When Virginia declared its secession in April 1861, Robert E. Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: On July 4 at Harper's Ferry, Colonel Thomas J. Jackson assigned Jeb Stuart to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah. He eventually commanded the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: In one of the first highly visible battles, in July 1861, a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces led by Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard near Washington was repulsed at the First Battle of Bull Run (also known as First Manassas).

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute, Thomas J. Jackson, stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall".

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond. McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign,

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Johnston halted McClellan's advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, but he was wounded in the battle, and Robert E. Lee assumed his position of command. General Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Northern Virginia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Bull Run, ended in yet another victory for the South. McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope's Union Army of Virginia, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. That same day, John Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River, defeated the small Confederate force at Marye's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Salem Church.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June. Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 to 3, 1863). This was the bloodiest battle of the war and has been called the war's turning point. Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high-water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000).

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Western theater refers to military operations between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, including the states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, South Carolina and Tennessee, as well as parts of Louisiana.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The primary Confederate force in the Western theater was the Army of Tennessee. The army was formed on November 20, 1862, when General Braxton Bragg renamed the former Army of Mississippi. While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater, they were defeated many times in the West.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Leonidas Polk's invasion of Columbus ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy. Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy's "Gibraltar of the West" at Columbus, Kentucky. Although rebuffed at Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus. The Confederates, lacking their gunboats, were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March 1862.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: At the Battle of Shiloh, in Shiloh, Tennessee in April 1862, the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell. Overnight, the Navy landed additional reinforcements, and Grant counter-attacked. Grant and the Union won a decisive victory—the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over. The Confederates lost Albert Sidney Johnston, considered their finest general before the emergence of Lee.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: One of the early Union objectives in the war was the capture of the Mississippi River, to cut the Confederacy in half. The Mississippi River was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid, Missouri, and then Memphis, Tennessee.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee, the culmination of the Stones River Campaign.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Naval forces assisted Grant in the long, complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga. After Rosecrans' successful Tullahoma Campaign, Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, which Bragg then besieged in the Chattanooga Campaign. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga, eventually causing Longstreet to abandon his Knoxville Campaign and driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The first battle of the Trans-Mississippi theater was the Battle of Wilson's Creek (August 1861). The Confederates were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) as well as the southern part of the Mississippi River (Port Hudson and south). Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain Quincy A. Gillmore, forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after repairing it.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The following year, the Union Army of the Gulf commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid siege to Port Hudson for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the Bayou Teche Campaign but surrendered after Vicksburg. These two surrenders gave the Union control over the entire Mississippi.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Several small skirmishes were fought in Florida, but no major battles. The biggest was the Battle of Olustee in early 1864.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Pacific Coast theater refers to military operations on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Grant's army set out on the Overland Campaign intending to draw Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor. These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. At the Battle of Yellow Tavern, the Confederates lost Jeb Stuart.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: On June 2, Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans-Mississippi Department. On June 23, Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces. The final Confederate surrender was by the "Shenandoah" on November 6, 1865, bringing all hostilities of the four-year war to a close.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Legally speaking, the war did not end until August 20, 1866, when President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation that declared "that the said insurrection is at an end and that peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America."

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today. The North and West grew rich while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the second-class citizenship of the freedmen and their poverty.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, including James M. McPherson, argue that Confederate victory was at least possible. McPherson argues that the North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed. He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, it would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history. The Union victory energized popular democratic forces. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues that:

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South. The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South. However, a 2017 study challenges this, noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status, the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Based on 1860 census figures, 8 percent of all white men aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South. About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War. An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy (2,112 in battle) and 460 in the Marines (148 in battle).

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses:

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000, but most likely 761,000 soldiers, died in the war. This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths, going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Civil War would have a huge impact on American politics in the years to come. Many veterans on both sides were subsequently elected to political office, including five U.S. Presidents: General Ulysses Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, and William McKinley.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary.

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American Civil War

Context: Hollywood's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as seen in such film classics as "The Birth of a Nation" (1915), "Gone with the Wind" (1939), and "Lincoln" (2012). Ken Burns's PBS television series "The Civil War" (1990) is especially well-remembered, though criticized for its historical inaccuracy.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


American Civil War

Context: The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous. This section gives an abbreviated overview of the most notable works.

Question: Miksi Yhdysvalloissa käytiin sisällissota?


Bengal tiger

Context: The tiger is estimated to have been present in the Indian subcontinent since the Late Pleistocene, for about 12,000 to 16,500 years.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Today, it is threatened by poaching, loss and fragmentation of habitat, and was estimated at comprising fewer than 2,500 wild individuals by 2011. None of the "Tiger Conservation Landscapes" within its range is considered large enough to support an effective population of more than 250 adult individuals.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: "Felis tigris" was the scientific name used by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the tiger. It was subordinated to the genus "Panthera" by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1929. Bengal is the traditional type locality of the species and the nominate subspecies "Panthera tigris tigris".

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The validity of several tiger subspecies in continental Asia was questioned in 1999. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognise only two subspecies as valid, namely "P. t. tigris" in mainland Asia, and "P. t. sondaica" in the Greater Sunda Islands and possibly in Sundaland.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The nominate subspecies "P. t. tigris" constitutes two clades: the northern clade comprises the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and the southern clade all remaining continental tiger populations. The extinct and living tiger populations in continental Asia have been subsumed to "P. t. tigris" since the revision of felid taxonomy in 2017.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The greatest skull length of a tiger is in males and in females. It has exceptionally stout teeth. Its canines are long and thus the longest among all cats.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In the beginning of the 20th century, a male tiger was shot in central India with a head and body length of between pegs, a chest girth of , a shoulder height of and a tail length of , which was perhaps bitten off by a rival male. This specimen could not be weighed, but it was estimated to weigh about . A male weighing was shot in northern India in the 1930s. A male tiger shot in Nepal weighed and measured 'over the curves'.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In 1982, a sub-fossil right middle phalanx was found in a prehistoric midden near Kuruwita in Sri Lanka, which is dated to about 16,500 ybp and tentatively considered to be of a tiger. Tigers appear to have arrived in Sri Lanka during a pluvial period, during which sea levels were depressed, evidently prior to the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago. The tiger probably arrived too late in southern India to colonise Sri Lanka, which earlier had been connected to India by a land bridge.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In Pakistan, Khairpur was the last stronghold of the tiger by the late 19th century; the last individuals were shot in 1906 in Bahawalpur in the Indus Riverine jungles.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In the 20th century, Indian censuses of wild tigers relied on the individual identification of footprints known as pug marks – a method that has been criticised as deficient and inaccurate. Camera traps are now being used in many sites.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: During a tiger census in 2008, camera trap and sign surveys using GIS were employed to estimate site-specific densities of tiger, co-predators and prey. Based on the result of these surveys, the total tiger population was estimated at 1,411 individuals ranging from 1,165 to 1,657 adult and sub-adult tigers of more than 1.5 years of age. Across India, six landscape complexes were surveyed that host tigers and have the potential to be connected. These landscapes comprise the following:

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Manas-Namdapha, Orang-Laokhowa and Kaziranga-Meghalaya are "Tiger Conservation Units" in northeastern India, stretching over at least across several protected areas. Tigers are also present in Pakke Tiger Reserve. In the Mishmi Hills, tigers were recorded in 2017 up to an elevation of in snow.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Ranthambore National Park hosts India's westernmost tiger population. The Dangs' Forest in southeastern Gujarat is potential tiger habitat.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In February 2019, a tiger was sighted in Gujarat's Lunavada area in Mahisagar district, and found dead shortly afterwards. Officials assumed that it originated in Ratapani Tiger Reserve and travelled about over two years. It probably died of starvation. In May 2019, camera traps recorded tigers in Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary and Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park, the first records in Goa since 2013.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The tigers in the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh are the only ones in the world inhabiting mangrove forests. The population in the Indian Sundarbans was estimated as 86-90 individuals in 2018.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In Bangladesh, tigers are now relegated to the forests of the Sundarbans and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Chittagong forest is contiguous with tiger habitat in India and Myanmar, but the tiger population is of unknown status.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: As of 2004, population estimates in Bangladesh ranged from 200 to 419 individuals, most of them in the Sundarbans. This region is the only mangrove habitat in this bioregion, where tigers survive, swimming between islands in the delta to hunt prey. Bangladesh's Forest Department is raising mangrove plantations supplying forage for spotted deer. Since 2001, afforestation has continued on a small scale in the Sundarbans.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: From October 2005 to January 2007, the first camera trap survey was conducted across six sites in the Bangladesh Sundarbans to estimate tiger population density. The average of these six sites provided an estimate of 3.7 tigers per . Since the Bangladesh Sundarbans is an area of , it was inferred that the total tiger population comprised approximately 200 individuals.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Home ranges of adult female tigers were recorded comprising between , which would indicate an approximate carrying capacity of 150 adult females. The small home range of adult female tigers and consequent high density of tigers in this habitat type relative to other areas may be related to both the high density of prey and the small size of the Sundarban tigers.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Since 2007, tiger monitoring surveys have been carried out every year by WildTeam in the Bangladesh Sundarbans to monitor changes in the Bangladesh tiger population and assess the effectiveness of conservation actions. This survey measures changes in the frequency of tiger track sets along the sides of tidal waterways as an index of relative tiger abundance across the Sundarbans landscape.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: A rising sea-level due to climate change is projected to cause a severe loss of suitable habitat for this population in the following decades, around 50% by 2050 and 100% by 2070.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: From February to June 2013, a camera trapping survey was carried out in the Terai Arc Landscape, across an area of in 14 districts. The country's tiger population was estimated at 163–235 breeding adults comprising 102–152 tigers in the Chitwan-Parsa protected areas, 48–62 in Bardia-Banke National Parks and 13–21 in Shuklaphanta National Park.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Between November 2017 and April 2018, the third nationwide survey for tiger and prey was conducted in the Terai Arc Landscape; the country's population was estimated at 220–274 tigers.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In Bhutan, tigers have been documented in 17 of 18 districts. They inhabit the subtropical Himalayan foothills at an elevation of in the south to over in the temperate forests in the north. Their stronghold appears to be the country's central belt between the Mo River in the west and the Kulong River in the east ranging in elevation from . By 2015, Bhutan's tiger population was estimated at 103 individuals.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Royal Manas and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Parks form the largest contiguous tiger conservation area in Bhutan representing subtropical to alpine habitat types.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In 2010, camera traps recorded a tiger pair at elevations of . As of 2015, the tiger population in Bhutan was estimated at 89 to 124 individuals in a survey area of .

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In 2008, a tiger was recorded at an elevation of in Jigme Dorji National Park, which is the highest elevation record of a tiger known to date. In 2017, a tiger was recorded for the time in Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary. It probably used a wildlife corridor to reach northeastern Bhutan.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Bhutan's tiger population was estimated at 90 individuals comprising 60 females and 30 males with a population density estimate of 0.19–0.31 tigers per by March 2015.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: A camera trapping and interview survey during 2013–2018 in nine potential sites in Mêdog County revealed that only 1–3 non-resident individuals might be entering the area south of the Yarlung Tsangpo river, but only during the dry season from October to March.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In the Panna Tiger Reserve an adult radio-collared male tiger moved between locations on successive days in winter, and in summer. His home range was about in summer and in winter. Included in his home range were the much smaller home ranges of two females, a tigress with cubs and a subadult tigress. They occupied home ranges of .

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The tiger is a carnivore. It prefers hunting large ungulates such as chital, sambar, gaur, and to a lesser extent also barasingha, water buffalo, nilgai, serow and takin. Among the medium-sized prey species it frequently kills wild boar, and occasionally hog deer, Indian muntjac and grey langur. Small prey species such as porcupines, hares and peafowl form a very small part in its diet. Because of the encroachment of humans into tiger habitat, it also preys on domestic livestock.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Results of scat analyses indicate that the tigers in Nagarahole National Park preferred prey weighing more than and that on average tiger prey weighed . The prey species included chital, sambar, wild pig and gaur. Gaur remains were found in 44.8% of all tiger scat samples, sambar remains in 28.6%, wild pig remains in 14.3% and chital remains in 10.4% of all scat samples. In Bandipur National Park, gaur and sambar together also constituted 73% of tiger diet.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In most cases, tigers approach their victim from the side or behind from as close a distance as possible and grasp the prey's throat to kill it. Then they drag the carcass into cover, occasionally over several hundred metres, to consume it. The nature of the tiger's hunting method and prey availability results in a "feast or famine" feeding style: they often consume of meat at one time.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: If injured, old or weak, or regular prey species are becoming scarce, tigers also attack humans and become man-eaters.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The tiger in India has no definite mating and birth seasons. Most young are born in December and April. Young have also been found in March, May, October and November. In the 1960s, certain aspects of tiger behaviour at Kanha National Park indicated that the peak of sexual activity was from November to about February, with some mating probably occurring throughout the year.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The Forest Rights Act passed by the Indian government in 2006 grants some of India's most impoverished communities the right to own and live in the forests, which likely brings them into conflict with wildlife and under-resourced, under-trained, ill-equipped forest department staff. In the past, evidence showed that humans and tigers cannot co-exist.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The illicit demand for bones and body parts from wild tigers for use in Traditional Chinese medicine is the reason for the unrelenting poaching pressure on tigers on the Indian subcontinent. For at least a thousand years, tiger bones have been an ingredient in traditional medicines that are prescribed as a muscle strengthener and treatment for rheumatism and body pain.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Between 1994 and 2009, the Wildlife Protection Society of India has documented 893 cases of tigers killed in India, which is just a fraction of the actual poaching and trade in tiger parts during those years.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In 2004, all the tigers in India's Sariska Tiger Reserve were killed by poachers. In 2007, police in Allahabad raided a meeting of suspected poachers, traders and couriers. One of the arrested persons was the biggest buyer of Indian tiger parts who sold them to Chinese buyers, using women from a nomadic tribe as couriers. In 2009, none of the 24 tigers residing in the Panna Tiger Reserve were left because of excessive poaching.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In Nepal, the incidence of man-eating tigers has been only sporadic. In Chitwan National Park no cases were recorded before 1980. In the following few years, 13 people have been killed and eaten in the park and its environs. In the majority of cases, man-eating appeared to have been related to an intra-specific competition among male tigers.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: An interview survey with 499 local people in Chitwan revealed that lower caste Hindus and people with less than eight years of formal education had negative attitudes to the tiger; most of them owned livestock and had heard about tigers attacking people and livestock.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In December 2012, a tiger was shot by the Kerala Forest Department on a coffee plantation on the fringes of the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. Chief Wildlife Warden of Kerala ordered the hunt for the animal after mass protests erupted as the tiger had been carrying away livestock. The Forest Department had constituted a special task force to capture the animal with the assistance of a 10-member Special Tiger Protection Force and two trained Indian elephants from the Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: WWF partnered with Leonardo DiCaprio to form a global campaign, "Save Tigers Now", with the ambitious goal of building political, financial and public support to double the wild tiger population by 2022. "Save Tigers Now" started its campaign in 12 different WWF Tiger priority landscapes, since May 2010.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Through this initiative the population decline was reversed initially, but has resumed in recent years; India's tiger population decreased from 3,642 in the 1990s to just over 1,400 from 2002 to 2008.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: In January 2008, the Government of India launched a dedicated anti-poaching force composed of experts from Indian police, forest officials and various other environmental agencies. Ranthambore National Park is often cited as a major success by Indian officials against poaching.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Kuno-Palpur in Madhya Pradesh was supposed receive Asiatic lions from Gujarat. Since no lion has been transferred from Gujarat to Madhya Pradesh so far, it may be used as a sanctuary for the tiger instead.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: However, samples of two hybrid specimens constituted a too small sample base to conclusively assume that "Tara" was the source of the Siberian tiger genes.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The government aims at doubling the country's tiger population by 2022. In May 2010, Banke National Park was established with an area of .

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The project has received controversy after accusations by their investors and conservationists of manipulating the behaviour of the tigers for the purpose of a film production, "Living with Tigers", with the tigers believed to be unable to hunt. Stuart Bray, who had originally invested a large sum of money in the project, claimed that he and his wife, Li Quan, watched the film crew "[chase] the prey up against the fence and into the path of the tigers just for the sake of dramatic footage."

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The tiger is one of the animals displayed on the Pashupati seal of the Indus Valley civilisation. The tiger crest is the emblem on the Chola coins. The seals of several Chola copper coins show the tiger, the Pandya emblem fish and the Chera emblem bow, indicating that the Cholas had achieved political supremacy over the latter two dynasties. Gold coins found in Kavilayadavalli in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh have motifs of the tiger, bow and some indistinct marks.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Today, the tiger is the national animal of India. Bangladeshi banknotes feature a tiger. The political party Muslim League of Pakistan uses the tiger as its election symbol.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Tipu Sultan, who ruled Mysore in late 18th-century India, was also a great admirer of the animal. The famed 18th-century automaton, Tipu's Tiger was also created for him. The tiger was the dynastic symbol of this dynasty.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: The iconography persisted and during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Punch ran a political cartoon showing the Indian rebels as a tiger, attacking a victim, being defeated by the British forces shown by the larger figure of a lion.

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Bengal tiger

Context: Several people were nicknamed Tiger or Bengal Tiger. Bengali revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee was called Bagha Jatin (Bengali for Tiger Jatin). Educator Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee was often called the "Tiger of Bengal".

Question: Mikä on Bangladeshin kansalliseläin?


Arawak

Context: The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. All these groups spoke related Arawakan languages.

Question: Ketä arawakit ovat?


Arawak

Context: Early Spanish explorers and administrators used the terms "Arawak" and "Caribs" to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean, with "Carib" reserved for indigenous groups that they considered hostile and "Arawak" for groups that they considered friendly.

Question: Ketä arawakit ovat?


Arawak

Context: In 1871, ethnologist Daniel Garrison Brinton proposed calling the Caribbean populace "Island Arawak" due to their cultural and linguistic similarities with the mainland Arawak. Subsequent scholars shortened this convention to "Arawak", creating confusion between the island and mainland groups. In the 20th century, scholars such as Irving Rouse resumed using "Taíno" for the Caribbean group to emphasize their distinct culture and language.

Question: Ketä arawakit ovat?


Arawak

Context: The Arawakan languages may have emerged in the Orinoco River valley. They subsequently spread widely, becoming by far the most extensive language family in South America at the time of European contact, with speakers located in various areas along the Orinoco and Amazonian rivers and their tributaries. The group that self-identified as the Arawak, also known as the Lokono, settled the coastal areas of what is now Guyana, Suriname, Grenada, Bahamas, Jamaicaand parts of the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.

Question: Ketä arawakit ovat?


Arawak

Context: Most of the Arawak of the Antilles died out or intermarried after the Spanish conquest. In South America, Arawakan-speaking groups are widespread, from southwest Brazil to the Guianas in the north, representing a wide range of cultures. They are found mostly in the tropical forest areas north of the Amazon. As with all Amazonian native peoples, contact with European settlement has led to culture change and depopulation among these groups.

Question: Ketä arawakit ovat?


Arawak

Context: In the 21st century, these descendants, about 10,000 Lokono, live primarily in the coastal areas of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, with additional Lokono living throughout the larger region. Unlike many Indigenous groups in South America, the Lokono population is growing.

Question: Ketä arawakit ovat?


Complex number

Context: Complex numbers allow solutions to all polynomial equations, even those that have no solutions in real numbers. More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number. For example, the equation

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: has no real solution, since the square of a real number cannot be negative, but has the two nonreal complex solutions and .

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers can be naturally defined by using the rule combined with the associative, commutative and distributive laws. Every nonzero complex number has a multiplicative inverse. This makes the complex numbers a field that has the real numbers as a subfield. The complex numbers also form a real vector space of dimension two, with as a standard basis.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: In summary, the complex numbers form a rich structure that is simultaneously an algebraically closed field, a commutative algebra over the reals, and a Euclidean vector space of dimension two.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: A complex number is a number of the form , where and are real numbers, and is an indeterminate satisfying . For example, is a complex number.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: The real number is called the "real part" of the complex number ; the real number is called its "imaginary part". To emphasize, the imaginary part does not include a factor ; that is, the imaginary part is , not .

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: Formally, the complex numbers are defined as the quotient ring of the polynomial ring in the indeterminate , by the ideal generated by the polynomial (see below).

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: A real number can be regarded as a complex number , whose imaginary part is 0. A purely imaginary number is a complex number , whose real part is zero. As with polynomials, it is common to write for and for . Moreover, when the imaginary part is negative, that is, , it is common to write instead of ; for example, for , can be written instead of .

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: Since the multiplication of the indeterminate and a real is commutative in polynomials with real coefficients, the polynomial may be written as This is often expedient for imaginary parts denoted by expressions, for example, when is a radical.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: The real part of a complex number is denoted by , formula_3, or formula_4; the imaginary part of a complex number is denoted by , formula_5, or formula_6 For example,

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: In some disciplines, particularly in electromagnetism and electrical engineering, is used instead of as is frequently used to represent electric current. In these cases, complex numbers are written as , or .

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: A complex number can thus be identified with an ordered pair formula_9 of real numbers, which in turn may be interpreted as coordinates of a point in a two-dimensional space. The most immediate space is the Euclidean plane with suitable coordinates, which is then called "complex plane" or "Argand diagram," named after Jean-Robert Argand. Another prominent space on which the coordinates may be projected is the two-dimensional surface of a sphere, which is then called Riemann sphere.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: The definition of the complex numbers involving two arbitrary real values immediately suggests the use of Cartesian coordinates in the complex plane. The horizontal ("real") axis is generally used to display the real part, with increasing values to the right, and the imaginary part marks the vertical ("imaginary") axis, with increasing values upwards.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: A charted number may be viewed either as the point or as a position vector from the origin to this point. The coordinate values of a complex number can hence be expressed in its "Cartesian", "rectangular", or "algebraic" form.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: An alternative option for coordinates in the complex plane is the polar coordinate system that uses the distance of the point from the origin (), and the angle subtended between the positive real axis and the line segment in a counterclockwise sense. This leads to the polar form

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: If is a real number (that is, if ), then . That is, the absolute value of a real number equals its absolute value as a complex number.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: By Pythagoras' theorem, the absolute value of a complex number is the distance to the origin of the point representing the complex number in the complex plane.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: The "argument" of (in many applications referred to as the "phase" ) is the angle of the radius with the positive real axis, and is written as . As with the modulus, the argument can be found from the rectangular form —by applying the inverse tangent to the quotient of imaginary-by-real parts. By using a half-angle identity, a single branch of the arctan suffices to cover the range of the -function, and avoids a more subtle case-by-case analysis

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: Together, and give another way of representing complex numbers, the "polar form", as the combination of modulus and argument fully specify the position of a point on the plane. Recovering the original rectangular co-ordinates from the polar form is done by the formula called "trigonometric form"

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: In angle notation, often used in electronics to represent a phasor with amplitude and phase , it is written as

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: When visualizing complex functions, both a complex input and output are needed. Because each complex number is represented in two dimensions, visually graphing a complex function would require the perception of a four dimensional space, which is possible only in projections. Because of this, other ways of visualizing complex functions have been designed.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: Riemann surfaces and Riemann spheres are oriented complex manifolds of 1 complex dimension (i.e. 2 real dimensions).

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: Riemann surfaces can be thought of as deformations of the complex plane; while the horizontal axes represent the real and imaginary inputs, the single vertical axis only represents either the real or imaginary output. However, Riemann surfaces are built in such a way that rotating them 180 degrees shows the imaginary output, and vice versa. Unlike domain coloring, Riemann surfaces can represent multivalued functions like .

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: A Riemann sphere can be visualized as the complex number plane wrapped around a sphere (by some form of stereographic projection). A model of the extended complex plane: the complex plane plus one point at infinity. This extended plane represents the extended complex numbers, that is, the complex numbers plus a value formula_20 for infinity.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?


Complex number

Context: Work on the problem of general polynomials ultimately led to the fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with complex numbers, a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one or higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically closed field, where any polynomial equation has a root.

Question: Kuka kehitti kompleksilukujen joukon?