Gunpowder

Context: For propellants to oxidize and burn rapidly and effectively, the combustible ingredients must be reduced to the smallest possible particle sizes, and be as thoroughly mixed as possible. Once mixed, however, for better results in a gun, makers discovered that the final product should be in the form of individual dense grains that spread the fire quickly from grain to grain, much as straw or twigs catch fire more quickly than a pile of sawdust.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: In the mid-19th century, measurements were made determining that the burning rate within a grain of black powder (or a tightly packed mass) is about 6 cm/s (0.20 feet/s), while the rate of ignition propagation from grain to grain is around 9 m/s (30 feet/s), over two orders of magnitude faster.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Another advance was the manufacture of kiln charcoal by distilling wood in heated iron retorts instead of burning it in earthen pits. Controlling the temperature influenced the power and consistency of the finished gunpowder. In 1863, in response to high prices for Indian saltpeter, DuPont chemists developed a process using potash or mined potassium chloride to convert plentiful Chilean sodium nitrate to potassium nitrate.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The following year (1864) the Gatebeck Low Gunpowder Works in Cumbria (Great Britain) started a plant to manufacture potassium nitrate by essentially the same chemical process. This is nowadays called the 'Wakefield Process', after the owners of the company. It would have used potassium chloride from the Staßfurt mines, near Magdeburg, Germany, which had recently become available in industrial quantities.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Gunpowder has occasionally been employed for other purposes besides weapons, mining, fireworks and construction:

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


File Allocation Table

Context: FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, flash and other solid-state memory cards and modules (including USB flash drives), as well as many portable and embedded devices. FAT is the standard file system for digital cameras per the DCF specification.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Originally designed as an 8-bit file system, the maximum number of clusters must increase as disk drive capacity increases, and so the number of bits used to identify each cluster has grown. The successive major variants of the FAT format are named after the number of table element bits: 12 (FAT12), 16 (FAT16), and 32 (FAT32).

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Many operating systems provide support for FAT-formatted media through built-in or third-party file system handlers.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The DCF file system adopted by almost all digital cameras since 1998 defines a logical file system with 8.3 filenames and makes the use of either FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT mandatory for its physical layer for compatibility.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: FAT is also used internally for the EFI system partition in the boot stage of EFI-compliant computers. Hidden FAT filesystems are also used in the UEFI boot partition on modern PCs.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: For floppy disks, FAT has been standardized as ECMA-107 and ISO/IEC 9293:1994 (superseding ISO 9293:1987). These standards cover FAT12 and FAT16 with only short 8.3 filename support; long filenames with VFAT were partially patented.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: "FAT file system" refers to, FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. Operating system utilities may not identify which version will be used to format a device.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: "FAT16" refers to both the original group of FAT file systems with 16-bit wide cluster entries and also to later variants ( "FAT16B") with 32-bit sector entries. Values stored in the disk parameter block can be used to identify the file structure.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: "VFAT" is an optional extension for long file names, which can work on top of any FAT file system. Volumes using VFAT long-filenames can be read also by operating systems not supporting the VFAT extension.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The general type of file system (FAT12, FAT16 or FAT32) is determined by the width of the cluster entries in the FAT. Specific threshold values for the number of clusters, stored in the disk parameter block, define which FAT type is used. Other properties of the storage device such as size, parameter block format, or file system name cannot reliably be used to derive the file system type.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The original FAT file system (or "FAT structure", as it was called initially) was designed and implemented by Marc McDonald, based on a series of discussions between McDonald and Bill Gates.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: It was introduced with 8-bit table elements (and valid data cluster numbers up to codice_1) in a precursor to Microsoft's "Standalone Disk BASIC-80" for an 8080-based successor of the NCR 7200 model VI data-entry terminal, equipped with 8-inch (200 mm) floppy disks, in 1977 or 1978.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In 1978, "Standalone Disk BASIC-80" was ported to the 8086 using an emulator on a DEC PDP-10, since no real 8086 systems were available at this time.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The FAT file system was also used in Microsoft's MDOS/MIDAS, an operating system for 8080/Z80 platforms written by McDonald since 1979.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The "Standalone Disk BASIC" version supported three FATs, whereas this was a parameter for MIDAS. Reportedly, MIDAS was also prepared to support 10-bit, 12-bit and 16-bit FAT variants. While the size of directory entries was 16 bytes in "Standalone Disk BASIC", MIDAS instead occupied 32 bytes per entry.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: 86-DOS 1.00 became available in early 1981. Later in 1981, 86-DOS evolved into Microsoft's MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The capability to read previously formatted volumes with 16-byte directory entries was dropped with MS-DOS 1.20.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: All the control structures fit inside the first track, to avoid head movement during read and write operations. Any bad sector in the control structures area would make the disk unusable. The DOS formatting tool rejected such disks completely. Bad sectors were allowed only in the file data area. Clusters containing bad sectors were marked unusable with the reserved value codice_2 in the FAT.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: 86-DOS 1.00 and PC DOS 1.0 directory entries included only one date, the last modified date. PC DOS 1.1 added the last modified time. PC DOS 1.x file attributes included a hidden bit and system bit, with the remaining six bits undefined. At this time, DOS did not support sub-directories, but typically there were only a few dozen files on a diskette.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The PC XT was the first PC with an IBM-supplied hard drive, and PC DOS 2.0 supported that hard drive with FAT12 (FAT ID codice_9). The fixed assumption of 8 sectors per clusters on hard disks practically limited the maximum partition size to 16 MB for 512 byte sectors and 4 KB clusters.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The "BIOS Parameter Block" ("BPB") was introduced with PC DOS 2.0 as well, and this version also added read-only, archive, volume label, and directory attribute bits for hierarchical sub-directories.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: MS-DOS 3.0 introduced support for high-density 1.2 MB 5.25-inch diskettes (media descriptor codice_10), which notably had 15 sectors per track, hence more space for the FATs.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: FAT12 remains in use on all common floppy disks, including 1.44 MB and later 2.88 MB disks (media descriptor byte codice_11).

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In 1984, IBM released the PC AT, which required PC DOS 3.0 to access its 20 MB hard disk. Microsoft introduced MS-DOS 3.0 in parallel. Cluster addresses were increased to 16-bit, allowing for up to 65,526 clusters per volume. However, the maximum possible number of sectors and the maximum partition size of 32 MB did not change. Although cluster addresses were 16 bits, this format was not what today is commonly understood as FAT16.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: A partition type codice_12 indicates this form of FAT16 with less than 65,536 sectors (less than 32 MB for sector size 512). The benefit of FAT16 was the use of smaller clusters, making disk usage more efficient, particularly for large numbers of files only a few hundred bytes in size.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: As MS-DOS 3.0 formatted all 16 MB-32 MB partitions in the FAT16 format, a 20 MB hard disk formatted under MS-DOS 3.0 was not accessible by MS-DOS 2.0. MS-DOS 3.0 to MS-DOS 3.30 could still access FAT12 partitions under 15 MB, but required all 16 MB-32 MB partitions to be FAT16, and so could not access MS-DOS 2.0 partitions in this size range. MS-DOS 3.31 and higher could access 16 MB-32 MB FAT12 partitions again.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: MS-DOS and PC DOS implementations of FAT12 and FAT16 could not access disk partitions larger than 32 megabytes. Several manufacturers developed their own FAT variants within their OEM versions of MS-DOS.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Some vendors (AST and NEC) supported eight, instead of the standard four, primary partition entries in their custom extended "Master Boot Record" ("MBR"), and they adapted MS-DOS to use more than a single primary partition.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Other vendors worked around the volume size limits imposed by the 16-bit sector entries by increasing the apparent "size" of the sectors the file system operated on. These "logical sectors" were larger (up to 8192 bytes) than the "physical sector" size (still 512 bytes) on the disk. The DOS-BIOS or System BIOS would then combine multiple physical sectors into logical sectors for the file system to work with.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: These changes were transparent to the file system implementation in the DOS kernel. The underlying DOS-BIOS translated these logical sectors into physical sectors according to partitioning information and the drive's physical geometry.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In November 1987, Compaq Personal Computer DOS 3.31 (a modified OEM version of MS-DOS 3.3 released by Compaq with their machines) introduced what today is simply known as "the FAT16" format, with the expansion of the 16-bit disk sector count to 32 bits in the BPB.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Although the on-disk changes were minor, the entire DOS disk driver had to be converted to use 32-bit sector numbers, a task complicated by the fact that it was written in 16-bit assembly language.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The result was initially called the "DOS 3.31 Large File System". Microsoft's codice_20 tool refers to type codice_21 as "BigFAT", whereas some older versions of codice_22 described it as "BIGDOS". Technically, it is known as FAT16B.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: If partitions to be used by pre-DOS 3.31 issues of DOS need to be created by modern tools, the only criteria theoretically necessary to meet are a sector count of less than 65536, and the usage of the old partition ID (codice_12). In practice however, type codice_26 and codice_12 primary partitions should not be physically located outside the first 32 MB of the disk, due to other restrictions in MS-DOS 2.x, which could not cope with them otherwise.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Much later, Windows NT increased the maximum cluster size to 64 KB, by considering the sectors-per-cluster count as unsigned. However, the resulting format was not compatible with any other FAT implementation of the time, and it generated greater internal fragmentation. Windows 98, SE and ME also supported reading and writing this variant, but its disk utilities did not work with it and some FCB services are not available for such volumes. This contributes to a confusing compatibility situation.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The number of root directory entries available for FAT12 and FAT16 is determined when the volume is formatted, and is stored in a 16-bit field. For a given number codice_29 and sector size codice_30, the number codice_31 of root directory sectors is codice_32, and codice_29 is normally chosen to fill these sectors, i.e., codice_34. FAT12 and FAT16 media typically use 512 root directory entries on non-floppy media. Some third-party tools, like mkdosfs, allow the user to set this parameter.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In order to overcome the volume size limit of FAT16, while at the same time allowing DOS real-mode code to handle the format, Microsoft designed a new version of the file system, FAT32, which supported an increased number of possible clusters, but could reuse most of the existing code, so that the conventional memory footprint was increased by less than 5 KB under DOS. Cluster values are represented by 32-bit numbers, of which 28 bits are used to hold the cluster number.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The FAT32 boot sector uses a 32-bit field for the sector count, limiting the maximal FAT32 volume size to 2 terabytes with a sector size of 512 bytes. The maximum FAT32 volume size is 16 TB with a sector size of 4,096 bytes. The built-in Windows shell disk format tool on Microsoft Windows only supports volume sizes up to 32 GB, but larger FAT32 volumes can be created with the command prompt, PowerShell or third-party tools and read by Microsoft Windows.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The maximal possible size for a file on a FAT32 volume is 4 GB minus 1 byte, or 4,294,967,295 (232 − 1) bytes. This limit is a consequence of the 4-byte file length entry in the directory table and would also affect relatively huge FAT16 partitions enabled by a sufficient sector size.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Like FAT12 and FAT16, FAT32 does not include direct built-in support for long filenames, but FAT32 volumes can optionally hold VFAT long filenames in addition to short filenames in exactly the same way as VFAT long filenames have been optionally implemented for FAT12 and FAT16 volumes.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Two partition types have been reserved for FAT32 partitions, codice_35 and codice_36. The latter type is also named FAT32X in order to indicate usage of LBA disk access instead of CHS. On such partitions, CHS-related geometry entries, namely the CHS sector addresses in the MBR as well as the number of sectors per track and the number of heads in the EBPB record, may contain no or misleading values and should not be used.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: OS/2 heavily depends on extended attributes (EAs) and stores them in a hidden file called "codice_37" in the root directory of the FAT12 or FAT16 volume. This file is indexed by two previously reserved bytes in the file's (or directory's) directory entry at offset codice_15. In the FAT32 format, these bytes hold the upper 16 bits of the starting cluster number of the file or directory, hence making it impossible to store OS/2 EAs on FAT32 using this method.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Extended attributes are accessible via the Workplace Shell desktop, through REXX scripts, and many system GUI and command-line utilities (such as 4OS2).

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: To accommodate its OS/2 subsystem, Windows NT supports the handling of extended attributes in HPFS, NTFS, FAT12 and FAT16. It stores EAs on FAT12, FAT16 and HPFS using exactly the same scheme as OS/2, but does not support any other kind of ADS as held on NTFS volumes. Trying to copy a file with any ADS other than EAs from an NTFS volume to a FAT or HPFS volume gives a warning message with the names of the ADSs that will be lost. It does not support the FAT32.IFS method to store EAs on FAT32 volumes.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Windows 2000 onward acts exactly as Windows NT, except that it ignores EAs when copying to FAT32 without any warning (but shows the warning for other ADSs, like "Macintosh Finder Info" and "Macintosh Resource Fork").

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: One of the user experience goals for the designers of Windows 95 was the ability to use long filenames (LFNs—up to 255 UTF-16 code units long), in addition to classic 8.3 filenames (SFNs). For backward and forward compatibility LFNs were implemented as an optional extension on top of the existing FAT file system structures using a workaround in the way directory entries are laid out.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: This transparent method to store long file names in the existing FAT file systems without altering their data structures is usually known as VFAT (for "Virtual FAT") after the Windows 95 virtual device driver.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Non VFAT-enabled operating systems can still access the files under their short file name alias without restrictions; however, the associated long file names may be lost when files with long filenames are copied under non VFAT-aware operating systems.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Linux provides a VFAT filesystem driver to work with FAT volumes with VFAT long filenames. For some time, a UVFAT driver was available to provide combined support for UMSDOS-style permissions with VFAT long filenames.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: OS/2 added long filename support to FAT using extended attributes (EA) before the introduction of VFAT. Thus, VFAT long filenames are invisible to OS/2, and EA long filenames are invisible to Windows; therefore experienced users of both operating systems would have to manually rename the files.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Human68K supported up to 18.3 filenames and (Shift JIS) Kanji characters in a proprietary FAT file system variant.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In order to support Java applications, the FlexOS-based IBM 4690 OS version 2 introduced its own virtual file system (VFS) architecture to store long filenames in the FAT file system in a backwards-compatible fashion. If enabled, the virtual filenames (VFN) are available under separate logical drive letters, whereas the real filenames (RFN) remain available under the original drive letters.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: The FAT file system itself is not designed for supporting alternate data streams (ADS), but some operating systems that heavily depend on them have devised various methods for handling them on FAT volumes. Such methods either store the additional information in extra files and directories (classic Mac OS and macOS), or give new semantics to previously unused fields of the FAT on-disk data structures (OS/2 and Windows NT).

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Mac OS using PC Exchange stores its various dates, file attributes and long filenames in a hidden file called "codice_42", and resource forks (a common Mac OS ADS) in a subdirectory called "codice_43", in every directory where they are used. From PC Exchange 2.1 onwards, they store the Mac OS long filenames as standard FAT long filenames and convert FAT filenames longer than 31 characters to unique 31-character filenames, which can then be made visible to Macintosh applications.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: macOS stores resource forks and metadata (file attributes, other ADS) using AppleDouble format in a hidden file with a name constructed from the owner filename prefixed with "codice_44", and Finder stores some folder and file metadata in a hidden file called "codice_45" (but note that Finder uses codice_45 even on macOS' native filesystem, HFS+).

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Early Linux distributions also supported a format known as UMSDOS, a FAT variant with Unix file attributes (such as long file name and access permissions) stored in a separate file called "codice_47". UMSDOS fell into disuse after VFAT was released and it is not enabled by default in Linux from version 2.5.7 onwards. For some time, Linux also provided combined support for UMSDOS-style permissions and VFAT long filenames through UVFAT.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In its NetWare File System (NWFS) Novell implemented a heavily modified variant of a FAT file system for the NetWare operating system. For larger files it utilized a performance feature named Turbo FAT.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: FATX is a family of file systems designed for Microsoft's Xbox video game console hard disk drives and memory cards, introduced in 2001.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: While resembling the same basic design ideas as FAT16 and FAT32, the FATX16 and FATX32 on-disk structures are simplified, but fundamentally incompatible with normal FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, making it impossible for normal FAT file system drivers to mount such volumes.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: exFAT is a file system introduced with Windows Embedded CE 6.0 in November 2006 and brought to the Windows NT family with Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows XP Service Pack 3 (or separate installation of Windows XP Update KB955704). It is loosely based on the File Allocation Table architecture, but incompatible, proprietary and protected by patents.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: exFAT is intended for use on flash drives and memory cards such as SDXC and Memory Stick XC, where FAT32 is otherwise used. Vendors usually pre-format SDXC cards with it. Its main benefit is its exceeding of the 4 GB file size limit, as file size references are stored with eight instead of four bytes, increasing the limit to 264 − 1 bytes.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Microsoft's GUI and command-line format utilities offer it as an alternative to NTFS (and, for smaller partitions, to FAT16B and FAT32). The MBR partition type is codice_49 (the same as used for IFS, HPFS, and NTFS). Logical geometry information located in the VBR is stored in a format not resembling any kind of BPB.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In early 2010, the file system was reverse-engineered by the SANS Institute. On August 28, 2019, Microsoft announced that it will be making the technical specification for exFAT publicly available so that it can be used in the Linux kernel and other operating systems.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Microsoft applied for, and was granted, a series of patents for key parts of the FAT file system in the mid-1990s. All four pertain to long-filename extensions to FAT first seen in Windows 95: U.S. patent 5,579,517, U.S. patent 5,745,902, U.S. patent 5,758,352, U.S. patent 6,286,013 (all expired since 2013).

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: On December 3, 2003, Microsoft announced that it would be offering licenses for use of its FAT specification and "associated intellectual property", at the cost of a US$0.25 royalty per unit sold, with a $250,000 maximum royalty per license agreement. To this end, Microsoft cited four patents on the FAT file system as the basis of its intellectual property claims.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In the EFI FAT32 specification, Microsoft specifically grants a number of rights, which many readers have interpreted as permitting operating system vendors to implement FAT.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: Non-Microsoft patents affecting FAT include: U.S. patent 5,367,671, specific to the OS/2 extended object attributes (expired in 2011).

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: However, in 2006, the USPTO ruled that features of Microsoft's implementation of the FAT system were "novel and non-obvious", reversing both earlier decisions and leaving the patents valid.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In October 2010, Microsoft filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Motorola alleging several patents (including two of the VFAT patents) were not licensed for use in the Android operating system. They also submitted a complaint to the ITC.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


File Allocation Table

Context: In 2013, patent EP0618540 "common name space for long and short filenames" (expired since 2014) was invalidated in Germany. After the appeal was withdrawn, this judgment became final on the 28th October 2015.

Question: Milloin FAT32 kehitettiin?


Maltese language

Context: Maltese has always been written in the Latin script, the earliest surviving example dating from the late Middle Ages. It is the only standardised Semitic language written exclusively in the Latin script.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The origins of the Maltese language are attributed to the arrival, early in the eleventh century, of settlers from neighbouring Sicily, where Siculo-Arabic was spoken, reversing the Fatimid Caliphate's conquest of the island at the end of the ninth century. This claim has been corroborated by genetic studies, which show that contemporary Maltese people share common ancestry with Sicilians and Calabrians, with little genetic input from North Africa and the Levant.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The earliest known Maltese dictionary was a 16th-century manuscript entitled "Maltese-Italiano"; it was included in the "Biblioteca Maltese" of Mifsud in 1764, but is now lost. A list of Maltese words was included in both the "Thesaurus Polyglottus" (1603) and "Propugnaculum Europae" (1606) of Hieronymus Megiser, who had visited Malta in 1588–1589; Domenico Magri gave the etymologies of some Maltese words in his "Hierolexicon, sive sacrum dictionarium" (1677).

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: An early manuscript dictionary, "Dizionario Italiano e Maltese", was discovered in the Biblioteca Vallicelliana in Rome in the 1980s, together with a grammar, the "Regole per la Lingua Maltese", attributed to a French Knight named Thezan. The first systematic lexicon is that of Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis, who also wrote the first systematic grammar of the language and proposed a standard orthography.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: SIL "Ethnologue" (2015) reports a total of 522,000 Maltese speakers, with 371,000 residing in Malta (close to 90% of the Maltese population) according to the European Commission (2012). This implies a number of around 150,000 speakers in the Maltese diaspora.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Most speakers are bilingual, the majority of speakers (345,000) regularly use English, and a reported 66,800 regularly use French.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The largest diaspora community of Maltese speakers is in Australia, with 36,000 speakers reported in 2006 (down from 45,000 in 1996, and expected to decline further).

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The Maltese linguistic community in Tunisia originated in the 18th century. Numbering several thousand in the 19th century, it was reported to be only 100 to 200 people as of 2017.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The Maltese language has historically been classified in various ways, with some claiming that the ancient Punic language (another Semitic language) was its origin instead of Siculo-Arabic, while others believed the language to be one of the Berber languages (another family within Afroasiatic), and under the Fascist Kingdom of Italy, it was classified as regional Italian.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Urban varieties of Maltese are closer to Standard Maltese than rural varieties, which have some characteristics that distinguish them from Standard Maltese.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: They tend to show some archaic features such as the realisation of and and the imāla of Arabic ā into ē (or ī especially in Gozo), considered archaic because they are reminiscent of 15th-century transcriptions of this sound. Another archaic feature is the realisation of Standard Maltese ā as ō in rural dialects.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Rural dialects also tend to employ more Semitic roots and broken plurals than Standard Maltese. In general, rural Maltese is less distant from its Siculo-Arabic ancestor than is Standard Maltese.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Voiceless stops are only lightly aspirated and voiced stops are fully voiced. Voicing is carried over from the last segment in obstruent clusters; thus, two- and three-obstruent clusters are either voiceless or voiced throughout, e.g. is realised "we write" (similar assimilation phenomena occur in languages like French or Czech). Maltese has final-obstruent devoicing of voiced obstruents and voiceless stops have no audible release, making voiceless–voiced pairs phonetically indistinguishable.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Gemination is distinctive word-medially and word-finally in Maltese. The distinction is most rigid intervocalically after a stressed vowel. Stressed, word-final closed syllables with short vowels end in a long consonant, and those with a long vowel in a single consonant; the only exception is where historic and meant the compensatory lengthening of the succeeding vowel. Some speakers have lost length distinction in clusters.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The two nasals and assimilate for place of articulation in clusters. and are usually dental, whereas are all alveolar. are found mostly in words of Italian origin, retaining length (if not word-initial). and are only found in loanwords, e.g. "newspaper" and "television". The pharyngeal fricative is velar () or glottal () for some speakers.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Maltese has five short vowels, , written "a e i o u;" six long vowels, , written "a, e, ie, i, o, u," all of which (with the exception of "ie" ) can be known to represent long vowels in writing only if they are followed by an orthographic "għ" or "h" (otherwise, one needs to know the pronunciation; e.g. "nar" (fire) is pronounced ); and seven diphthongs, , written "aj" or "għi, aw" or "għu, ej" or "għi, ew, iw, oj," and "ow" or "għu."

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Stress is generally on the penultimate syllable, unless some other syllable is heavy (has a long vowel or final consonant), or unless a stress-shifting suffix is added. (Suffixes marking gender, possession, and verbal plurals do not cause the stress to shift). Historically when vowel "a" and "u" were long or stressed they were written as "â" or "û", for example in the word "baħħâr" (sailor) to differentiate from "baħħar" (to sail), but nowadays these accents are mostly omitted.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: When two syllables are equally heavy, the penultimate takes the stress, but otherwise the heavier syllable does, e.g. "bajjad" 'he painted' vs "bajjad" 'a painter'.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The original Arabic consonant system has undergone partial collapse under European influence, with many Classical Arabic consonants having undergone mergers and modifications in Maltese:

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Final vowels with grave accents (à, è, ì, ò, ù) are also found in some Maltese words of Italian origin, such as "libertà" ("freedom"), "sigurtà" (old Italian: "sicurtà", "security"), or "soċjetà" (Italianː "società", "society").

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The National Council for the Maltese Language (KNM) is the main regulator of the Maltese language (see Maltese Language Act, below) and not the "Akkademja tal-Malti". However, these orthography rules are still valid and official.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Since Maltese evolved after the Italo-Normans ended Arab rule of the islands, a written form of the language was not developed for a long time after the Arabs' expulsion in the middle of the thirteenth century. Under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller, both French and Italian were used for official documents and correspondence. During the British colonial period, the use of English was encouraged through education, with Italian being regarded as the next-most important language.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: In the late eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, philologists and academics such as Mikiel Anton Vassalli made a concerted effort to standardise written Maltese. Many examples of written Maltese exist from before this period, always in the Latin alphabet, "Il Cantilena" being the earliest example of written Maltese. In 1934, Maltese was recognised as an official language.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The Maltese language has a tendency to have both Semitic vocabulary and also vocabulary derived from Romance languages, primarily Italian. Words such as "tweġiba" (Arab origin) and "risposta" (Italian origin) have the same meaning ("answer") but can and are both used in Maltese. Below are two versions of the same translations, one in vocabulary derived mostly from Semitic root words while the other uses Romance loanwords (from the "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", see p. 17):

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Although the original vocabulary of the language was Siculo-Arabic, it has incorporated a large number of borrowings from Romance sources of influence (Sicilian, Italian, and French) and, more recently, Germanic ones (from English).

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Siculo-Arabic is the ancestor of the Maltese language, and supplies between 32% and 40% of the language's vocabulary.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Since the attested vocabulary of Siculo-Arabic is limited, the following table compares cognates in Maltese and some other varieties of Arabic (all forms are written phonetically, as in the source):

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: "Fridge" is a common shortening of "refrigerator". "Refrigerator" is a Latinate word which could be imported into Maltese as "rifriġeratori", whereas the Italian word is "frigorifero" or "refrigeratore".

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The days of the week (Maltese: "jiem il-ġimgħa") in Maltese are referred to by number, as is typical of other Semitic languages, especially Arabic. Days of the week are commonly preceded by the word "nhar" meaning 'day'.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The months of the year (Maltese: "xhur is-sena") in Maltese are mostly derived from Sicilian, but "Frar" and "Awwissu" are possibly derived from African Romance through Siculo-Arabic.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Maltese grammar is fundamentally derived from Siculo-Arabic, although Romance and English noun pluralisation patterns are also used on borrowed words.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Adjectives follow nouns. There are no separately formed native adverbs, and word order is fairly flexible. Both nouns and adjectives of Semitic origin take the definite article (for example, "It-tifel il-kbir", lit. "The boy the elder"="The elder boy"). This rule does not apply to adjectives of Romance origin.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Nouns are pluralised and also have a dual marker. Semitic plurals are complex; if they are regular, they are marked by "-iet"/"-ijiet", e.g., "art", "artijiet" "lands (territorial possessions or property)" (cf. Arabic "-at" and Hebrew "-ot"/"-oth") or "-in" (cf. Arabic "-īn" and Hebrew "-im"). If irregular, they fall in the "pluralis fractus" (broken plural) category, in which a word is pluralised by internal vowel changes: "ktieb", "kotba" " book", "books"; "raġel", "irġiel" "man", "men".

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Words of Romance origin are usually pluralised in two manners: addition of "-i" or "-jiet". For example, "lingwa", "lingwi" "languages", from Sicilian "lingua", "lingui".

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Words of English origin are pluralised by adding either an "-s" or "-jiet", for example, "friġġ", "friġis" from the word "fridge". Some words can be pluralised with either of the suffixes to denote the plural. A few words borrowed from English can amalgamate both suffixes, like "brikksa" from the English "brick", which can adopt either collective form "brikks" or the plural form "brikksiet".

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: As in Arabic, nouns are often derived by changing, adding or removing the vowels within a triliteral root. These are some of the patterns used for nouns:

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The so-called mimated nouns use the prefix "m-" in addition to vowel changes. This pattern can be used to indicate place names, tools, abstractions, etc. These are some of the patterns used for mimated nouns:

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The Maltese article assimilates to a following coronal consonant (called "konsonanti xemxin" "sun consonants"), namely:

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Maltese "il-" is coincidentally identical in pronunciation to one of the Italian masculine articles, "il". Consequently, many nouns borrowed from Standard Italian did not change their original article when used in Maltese. Romance vocabulary taken from Sicilian did change where the Sicilian articles "u" and "a", before a consonant, are used.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: Verbs show a triliteral Semitic pattern, in which a verb is conjugated with prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (for example "ktibna", Arabic "katabna", Hebrew "kathabhnu" (Modern Hebrew: katavnu) "we wrote"). There are two tenses: present and perfect. The Maltese verb system incorporates Romance verbs and adds Maltese suffixes and prefixes to them, for example; "iddeċidejna" "we decided" ← "(i)ddeċieda" "decide", a Romance verb + "-ejna", a Maltese first person plural perfect marker.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: By the early 2000s, the use of the Maltese language on the Internet is uncommon, and the number of websites written in Maltese are few. In a survey of Maltese cultural websites conducted in 2004 on behalf of the Maltese Government, 12 of 13 were in English only, while the remaining one was multilingual but did not include Maltese.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


Maltese language

Context: The Maltese population, being fluent in both Maltese and English, displays code-switching (referred to as Maltenglish) in certain localities and between certain social groups.

Question: Minä vuonna maltan kieli on kehitetty?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: The expedition continued northward along the Australian coastline, narrowly avoiding shipwreck on the Great Barrier Reef. In October 1770 the badly damaged "Endeavour" came into the port of Batavia in the Dutch East Indies, her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands they had discovered. They resumed their journey on 26 December, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of Deal on 12 July. The voyage lasted almost three years.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: The year following his return Cook set out on a second voyage of the Pacific, which lasted from 1772 to 1775. His third and final voyage lasted from 1776 to 1779.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Provisions loaded at the outset of the voyage included 6,000 pieces of pork and 4,000 of beef, nine tons of bread, five tons of flour, three tons of sauerkraut, one ton of raisins and sundry quantities of cheese, salt, peas, oil, sugar and oatmeal. Alcohol supplies consisted of 250 barrels of beer, 44 barrels of brandy and 17 barrels of rum.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: On 30 July 1768 the Admiralty authorised a ship's company for the voyage, of 73 sailors and 12 Royal Marines. The voyage was commanded by 40-year-old Lieutenant James Cook. His second lieutenant was Zachary Hicks, a 29-year-old from Stepney with experience as acting commander of the , a 16-gun cutter. The third lieutenant was John Gore, a 16-year Naval veteran who had served as master's mate aboard HMS "Dolphin" during its circumnavigation of the world in 1766.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Other notable people on the expedition include the official astronomer, Charles Green, then assistant to the Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne. Joseph Banks had been appointed to the voyage as the official botanist. Banks funded seven others to join him: a Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander, a Finnish naturalist Herman Spöring, two artists (Alexander Buchan and Sydney Parkinson), a scientific secretary, and two black servants from his estate.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated southern continent of "Terra Australis". The Royal Society, and especially Alexander Dalrymple, believed that "Terra Australis" must exist, and that Britain's best chance of discovering and claiming it before any rival European power would be by using Cook's Transit of Venus mission.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: On 9 August, Cook weighed anchor and, following Admiralty instructions, sailed south in search of the southern continent. In early September, after a journey of some 2400 kilometres, the "Endeavour" reached the latitude of 40 degrees south without sighting the supposed continent. In accordance with his instructions, Cook then turned west and headed towards New Zealand, keeping a course between a latitude of approximately 29 degrees and 40 degrees south.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Sailing north, the Endeavor next anchored at Mercury Bay where Cook observed the transit of Mercury on 9 November. Relations with the Māori were generally peaceful, although one local was killed in a trading dispute. This was the last recorded death of a Māori at the hands of Cook’s crew. After raising the flag and formally claiming possession of Mercury Bay for Great Britain, Cook sailed the "Endeavour" out of the bay on 15 November.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Cook led an excursion to nearby Arapawa Island on 22 January, where he climbed Kaitapeha Peak and saw the strait (which he named Cook Strait) separating the North Island of New Zealand from the South Island. The existence of the strait proved that the North Island was not part of the supposed southern continent.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: On 31 January, Cook claimed possession of Queen Charlotte Sound “and the adjacent lands” in the name of King George III. This was the last time Cook would claim possession of any part of New Zealand on behalf of Great Britain. The "Endeavour" sailed out of the sound on 5 February, and passing through Cook Strait, turned north, allowing Cook to chart the coast from Cape Palliser to Cape Turnagain. This completed the circumnavigation of the North island.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Turning south, Cook sailed down the east coast of the South Island, charting the coast and continuing the search for the southern continent. The "Endeavour" rounded South Cape on 10 March, proving, even to southern continent enthusiasts such as Banks, that the South Island was not the sought-after sixth continent.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Cook continued north along the west coast of the South Island without landing, before re-entering Cook Strait and turning into Admiralty Bay on 27 March. The circumnavigation of southern New Zealand had been completed.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Cook wrote in his Journal on 31 March 1770 that "Endeavour's" voyage "must be allowed to have set aside the most, if not all, the Arguments and proofs that have been advanced by different Authors to prove that there must be a Southern Continent; I mean to the Northward of 40 degrees South, for what may lie to the Southward of that Latitude I know not".

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: On the same day he recorded his decision to set a course to return home by way of the yet unknown east coast of New Holland (as Australia was then called):

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: A voyage to explore the east coast of New Holland, with a view to the British colonization of the country, had been recommended in John Campbell's editions of John Harris's "Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca, or Voyages and Travels" (1744–1748, and 1764), a book which Cook had with him on "Endeavour":

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: the Southermost Point of land we had in sight which bore from us WS I judged to lay in the Latitude of 38°..0' S° and in the Longitude of 211°..07' W t from the Meridian of Greenwich. I have named it Point Hicks, because Lieut t Hicks was the first who discover'd this land.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Cook calculated that Van Diemen's Land ought to lie due south of their position, but having found the coastline trending to the south-west, recorded his doubt that this landmass was connected to it.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: "Endeavour" continued northwards along the coastline, keeping the land in sight with Cook charting and naming landmarks as he went. A little over a week later, they came across an extensive but shallow inlet, and upon entering it moored off a low headland fronted by sand dunes.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. The Indigenous inhabitants observed the Europeans closely but generally retreated whenever they approached. Cook's party made several attempts to establish relations with the Indigenous people, but they showed no interest in the food and gifts the Europeans offered, and occasionally threw spears as an apparent warning.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: At first Cook named the inlet "Sting-Ray Harbour" after the many stingrays found there. This was later changed to "Botanist Bay" and finally "Botany Bay" after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. This first landing site was later to be promoted (particularly by Joseph Banks) as a suitable candidate for situating a settlement and British colonial outpost.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: A mishap occurred when "Endeavour" ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, on 11 June 1770. The ship was seriously damaged and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, at the mouth of the Endeavour River). While there, Joseph Banks, Herman Spöring and Daniel Solander made their first major collections of Australian flora.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: The crew's encounters with the local Aboriginal people were mainly peaceable, although following a dispute over green turtles Cook ordered shots to be fired and one local was lightly wounded. From the group encountered here the name "kangaroo" entered the English language, coming from the local Guugu Yimidhirr word for a kind of grey kangaroo, "gangurru" (pronounced ).

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: In negotiating the Torres Strait past Cape York, Cook also put an end to the speculation that New Holland and New Guinea were part of the same land mass.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: He had already established that New Holland was not joined to the islands later called the New Hebridies, as a chart by Didier Robert de Vaugondy showed. On 11 June he wrote in his journal: “we now begun to draw near the Latitude of those [islands] discover'd by Quiros [Queirós] which some Geographers, for what reason I know not have thought proper to Tack to this land”.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: At that point in the voyage Cook had lost not a single man to scurvy, a remarkable and practically unheard-of achievement in 18th-century long-distance seafaring. Adhering to Royal Navy policy introduced in 1747, Cook persuaded his men to eat foods such as citrus fruits and sauerkraut. At that time it was known that poor diet caused scurvy but not specifically that a vitamin C deficiency was the culprit.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Cook's general approach was essentially empirical, encouraging as broad a diet as circumstances permitted, and collecting such greens as could be had when making landfall. All onboard ate the same food, with Cook specifically dividing equally anything that could be divided (and indeed recommending that practice to any commander – journal 4 August 1770).

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Two cases of scurvy did occur on board, astronomer Charles Green and a Tahiti navigator Tupaia were treated, but Cook was able to proudly record that upon reaching Batavia he had "not one man upon the sick list" (journal 15 October 1770), unlike so many voyages that reached that port with much of the crew suffering illness.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: The book went on sale on 9 June 1773 but widespread criticism in the press made the publication a personal disaster for Hawkesworth. Reviewers complained that the reader had no way to tell which part of the account was Cook, which part Banks and which part Hawkesworth and others were offended by the books'

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: Cook was at sea again before the book was published and was later much disturbed by some of the sentiments that Hawkesworth had ascribed to him. He determined to edit his own journals in future.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: The papers of Sydney Parkinson, the botanical draughtsman of Joseph Banks who had died on the homeward voyage, were published by his brother Stanfield under the title "A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas". A legal injunction delayed the publication until two days after Hawkesworth's "Account" had appeared.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: In 1970 Hans Hass shot the documentary television film "Unsere Reise mit James Cook" (Our Journey with James Cook), in which he retraced Cook's journey through the barrier reef using Cook's journal. Hass dived at various locations.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: In 2001, the BBC set about making a documentary series "The Ship: Retracing Cook's Endeavour Voyage" which involved a film crew, volunteers and historians retracing part of the voyage made by Cook – from Cairns to Jakarta. One of the historians, Alexander Cook, documented the journey in his 2004 article "Sailing on "The Ship": Re-enactment and the Quest for Popular History".

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: In today's terms, this equates to a valuation for "Endeavour" of approximately £265,000 and a purchase price of £326,400.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


First voyage of James Cook

Context: This date does not need adjustment because it occurred during the afternoon (p.m.) on 29 April in the ship's log, but was the afternoon of the civil date of 28 April, 14 hours west of port, which is now a civil date 10 hours east of port, 24 hours later, hence a modern civil date of 29 April.

Question: Minne James Cook purjehti ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. () is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand. In the late 2000s, during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 per cent.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán, along with the Urus SUV powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine. In addition, the company produces V12 engines for offshore powerboat racing.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Lamborghini Trattori, founded in 1948 by Ferruccio Lamborghini, is headquartered in Pieve di Cento, Italy and continues to produce tractors.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: As of the 2018 model year, Lamborghini's automobile product range consists of three model lines, two of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars while the third one is a front engined, all-wheel drive SUV.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: The current V12-powered Aventador production line consists of the LP 740–4 Aventador Ultimate and SVJ coupés and roadsters and it is said that the production of all Aventador models will end in 2022.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: The V10-powered Huracán line currently includes the all-wheel-drive LP 610-4 coupé and Spyder, the low cost rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 coupé and Spyder and the most powerful, track oriented LP 640-4 Performanté coupé and Spyder.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: With the intention of doubling its sales volume by 2019, Lamborghini also added an SUV named Urus in its line-up which is powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine and utilises a front engine, all-wheel drive layout.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Motori Marini Lamborghini produces a large V12 marine engine block for use in World Offshore Series Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately and outputs approximately .

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Lamborghini licenses its brand to manufacturers that produce a variety of Lamborghini-branded consumer goods including scale models, clothing, accessories, bags, electronics and laptop computers.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Lamborghini Motorsport Division Squadra Corse produces GT3 cars and cars for their Super Trofeo events based on the Gallardo and Huracán. Apart from them, the Squadra Corse builds cars upon customer request.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: The Super Trofeo is a series of Motorsport events held by Squadra corse using their Super Trofeo model vehicles (currently the Huracán Super Trofeo EVO) which are racing versions of the road-approved models (Huracán and Gallardo models).

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: The Super Trofeo events are held in three different series, in three continents: America, Asia and Europe. Many private race team participate each of these events.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Every series consists of six rounds, each of which feature free practice sessions, qualifying and two races lasting 50 minutes each. There are four categories of drivers: Pro, Pro-Am, Am and Lamborghini Cup. The season ends in the Lamborghini Super Trofeo World Final.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: The Lamborghini GT3 is a series of Motorsport events held by The Squadra Corse using Huracán GT3 cars that comply with the FIA GT3 regulations. The racing event is open to any Huracán GT3 customer.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Lamborghini currently uses Huracán GT3 Evo cars for these events and more than 60 private race teams participate these events.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: In 1985, Lamborghini's British importer developed the Countach QVX, in conjunction with Spice Engineering, for the 1986 Group C championship season. One car was built, but lack of sponsorship caused it to miss the season. The QVX competed in only one race, the non-championship 1986 Southern Suns 500 km race at Kyalami in South Africa, driven by Tiff Needell. Despite the car finishing better than it started, sponsorship could once again not be found and the programme was cancelled.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: The world of bullfighting is a key part of Lamborghini's identity. In 1962, Ferruccio Lamborghini visited the Seville ranch of Don Eduardo Miura, a renowned breeder of Spanish fighting bulls. Lamborghini, a Taurus himself, was so impressed by the majestic Miura animals that he decided to adopt a raging bull as the emblem for the automaker he would open shortly.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: After producing two cars with alphanumeric designations, Lamborghini once again turned to the bull breeder for inspiration. Don Eduardo was filled with pride when he learned that Ferruccio had named a car for his family and their line of bulls; the fourth Miura to be produced was unveiled to him at his ranch in Seville.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: The automaker would continue to draw upon the bullfighting connection in future years. The Islero was named for the Miura bull that killed the famed bullfighter Manolete in 1947. "Espada" is the Spanish word for sword, sometimes used to refer to the bullfighter himself. The Jarama's name carried a special double meaning; though it was intended to refer only to the historic bullfighting region in Spain, Ferruccio was concerned about confusion with the also historic Jarama motor racing track.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: After christening the Urraco after a bull breed, in 1974, Lamborghini broke from tradition, naming the Countach () not for a bull, but for (), a Piedmontese expletive. Legend has it that stylist Nuccio Bertone uttered the word in surprise when he first saw the Countach prototype, "Project 112". The LM002 (LM for Lamborghini Militaire) sport utility vehicle and the Silhouette (named after the popular racing category of the time) were other exceptions to the tradition.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Throughout its history, Lamborghini has envisioned and presented a variety of concept cars, beginning in 1963 with the very first Lamborghini prototype, the 350GTV. Other famous models include Bertone's 1967 Marzal, 1974 Bravo, and 1980 Athon, Chrysler's 1987 Portofino, the Italdesign-styled Cala from 1995, the Zagato-built Raptor from 1996.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: A retro-styled Lamborghini Miura concept car, the first creation of chief designer Walter de'Silva, was presented in 2006. President and CEO Stephan Winkelmann denied that the concept would be put into production, saying that the Miura concept was "a celebration of our history, but Lamborghini is about the future. Retro design is not what we are here for. So we won’t do the [new] Miura.”

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: At the 2008 Paris Motor Show, Lamborghini revealed the Estoque, a four-door sedan concept. Although there had been much speculation regarding the Estoque's eventual production, Lamborghini management has not made a decision regarding production of what might be the first four-door car to roll out of the Sant'Agata factory.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: At the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Aventador J – a roofless, windowless version of the Lamborghini Aventador. The Aventador J uses the same 700 hp engine and seven-speed transmission as the standard Aventador.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: At the 2012 Beijing Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Urus SUV. This is the first SUV built by Lamborghini since the LM002.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: As part of the celebration of 50 years of Lamborghini, the company created the Egoista. Egoista is for one person's driving and only one Egoista is to be made.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: As of 2011, Lamborghini is structured as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Audi AG named Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. controls five principal subsidiaries: Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A., a manufacturer of motorcycles; Italdesign Giugiaro S.p.A., a 90.1%-owned design and prototyping firm that provides services to the entire Volkswagen Group; MML S.p.A. (Motori Marini Lamborghini), a manufacturer of marine engine blocks; and Volkswagen Group Italia S.p.A. (formerly Autogerma S.p.A.), which sells Audi and other Volkswagen Group vehicles in Italy.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: The Lamborghini headquarters and main production site is located in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. With the launch of its Urus SUV, the production site expanded from 80,000 to 160,000 square meters.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: On 13 November 2020, Stephan Winkelmann, current President of Bugatti, was appointed to be the new CEO of Lamborghini. He takes up his new position as of 1 December 2020.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: By sales, the most important markets in 2004 for Lamborghini's sports cars were the U.S. (41%), Germany (13%), Great Britain (9%) and Japan (8%). Prior to the launch of the Gallardo in 2003, Lamborghini produced approximately 400 vehicles per year; in 2011 Lamborghini produced 1,711 vehicles.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V. (Lamborghini Automobiles of Latin America Public Limited Company) is an authorized distributor and manufacturer of Lamborghini-branded vehicles and merchandise in Latin America and South America.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: Automóviles Lamborghini has produced two rebodied versions of the Diablo called the Eros and the Coatl. In 2015, Automóviles Lamborghini transferred the IP-rights to the Coatl foundation (chamber of commerce no. 63393700) in The Netherlands in order to secure these rights and to make them more marketable. The company has announced the production of a speedboat called the Lamborghini Glamour.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: This two-storey museum is attached to the headquarters, and covers the history of Lamborghini cars and sport utility vehicles, showcasing a variety of modern and vintage models. The museum uses displays of cars, engines and photos to provide a history and review important milestones of Lamborghini.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Lamborghini

Context: A 9,000 square-foot museum about Ferruccio Lamborghini houses several cars, industrial prototypes, sketches, personal objects and family photos from Ferruccio's early life.

Question: Minkä ajoneuvon Lamborghini teki ensimmäisenä?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: The Kerch Polytechnic College massacre was a school shooting and bomb attack that occurred in Kerch, Crimea, on 17 October 2018. 18-year-old student Vladislav Roslyakov shot and killed 20 people and wounded 70 others before committing suicide. It was the deadliest school attack in the former Soviet Union since the 2004 Beslan school siege.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Vladislav Roslyakov purchased a shotgun on 8 September 2018 and bought 150 rounds legally at a gun shop on 13 October 2018. He entered the grounds of Kerch Polytechnic College on 17 October 2018 at about 11:45 a.m. and shortly after began shooting. A survivor of the incident said that the shooting lasted for more than 15 minutes.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Russia's National Anti-Terrorism Committee said that most of the victims were teenagers. Fifteen students and five teachers died and according to the Investigative Committee, all died of gunshot wounds.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: The Kerch Deputy Mayor, Dilyaver Melgaziyev, initially clarified rumors on 18 October that six of the deceased were under the age of 18. This figure was later revised to eleven. Crimean authorities have published a list of the initial 20 victims who were killed.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: The Russian Health Minister Veronika Skvortsova told reporters that a total of 70 people were wounded, 10 of whom were described as being in a "critical" condition, including five in comas.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Crimean State Council speaker Vladimir Konstantinov announced that the victims' families would receive financial compensation, with preliminary discussions suggesting that the payments would be 1 million rubles (USD ) from the Russian federal budget and 1 million rubles from the local budget.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: The attack was perpetrated by a fourth-year student of the college, 18-year-old Vladislav Igorevich Roslyakov ().

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: In the days immediately before the attack, Roslyakov stated that he did not believe in the afterlife. On the eve of the attack, according to neighbours, Roslyakov burned a Bible in which he had highlighted verses, along with his mobile phone, and other books.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Russia's Investigative Committee initially classified the attack as terrorism but later changed it to mass murder.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: After the first reports of an alleged terrorist attack in Kerch, many Russian politicians and mass media suggested that the events were the activities of "Ukrainian saboteurs" and that the Ukrainian government was responsible, but changed their views after more information emerged, while others questioned whether Roslyakov was sufficiently checked before being allowed to purchase a gun and ammunition, which Roslyakov legally did.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: The Investigative Committee ordered a psychiatric evaluation of Roslyakov postmortem. Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Aksyonov stated on 18 October that it was possible the perpetrator had an accomplice, and police were searching for the individual "who was coaching" Roslyakov for the crime. However, on 9 November 2018, the Investigative Committee came to the conclusion that Roslyakov had acted alone.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Aksyonov announced that there would be three days of mourning. Crimean State Council speaker Vladimir Konstantinov said that it was impossible to conceive that 18-year-old suspect Vladislav Roslyakov had prepared the attack by himself saying "On the ground, he acted alone, that is already known and established, but in my opinion and in the opinion of my colleagues this reprobate could not have carried out the preparations."

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Russian political analyst Sergey Mikheyev on Russian state TV blamed the attack on "Western subculture," claiming that it "builds its matrix on the cult of violence...the one who has a weapon in his hands is right. This is a purely American approach to the matter." Some media saw the remarks to be a part of Russians blaming the West for the attack.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Some newspapers described the attack as "Russia's Columbine", a reference to the 1999 US high school massacre. Steven Rosenberg said the attack should not be surprising as he noted there had already been five attacks in schools in Russia in 2018 where a number of children were injured. A "Telegraph" article also claimed there had been half a dozen school attacks in Russia in 2018, although claiming the previous incidents involved knives and traumatic pistols rather than high-powered firearms.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Students returned to studies 23 October, with checkpoints at the entrances at which the students' identities are confirmed. A spokesperson for the Rostov Region Directorate of the Russian Emergency Ministry, told reporters: "An examination has been carried out. According to the preliminary information, there is no danger of [the building's] collapse."

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: On 28 May 2019, a student in Volsk, Saratov Region, Russia committed an attack with an axe and Molotov Cocktails (which he did not use), which left a girl seriously wounded. The attacker, 15-year-old Daniil Pulkin, was obsessed with Roslyakov. In August 2020, the minor was sentenced to seven years in prison in a juvenile hall.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: Throughout Russia and other countries, hundreds of people gathered for memorials for the victims. In Moscow the memorial of Kerch in the Alexander Garden was decorated with flowers. A makeshift memorial was created outside of the school, for residents and survivors to bring flowers and toys.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

Context: An open memorial and funeral for the victims was held in the central square of Kerch, with a speech by Sergey Aksyonov, who told the crowd; "We don't want to talk, we want to weep. The history of Crimea will be divided in two — before and after 17 October. We need to be strong we need to be brave." Around 20,000 people were estimated to have attended the public funeral in Kerch.

Question: Montako henkilöä kuoli Kertšin koulusurmissa?


Protist

Context: The classification of a third kingdom separate from animals and plants was first proposed by John Hogg in 1860 as the kingdom Protoctista; in 1866 Ernst Haeckel also proposed a third kingdom Protista as "the kingdom of primitive forms". Originally these also included prokaryotes, but with time these were removed to a fourth kingdom Monera.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Besides their relatively simple levels of organization, protists do not necessarily have much in common. When used, the term "protists" is now considered to mean a paraphyletic assemblage of similar-appearing but diverse taxa (biological groups); these taxa do not have an exclusive common ancestor beyond being composed of eukaryotes, and have different life cycles, trophic levels, modes of locomotion, and cellular structures.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: These examples are unicellular, although oomycetes can join to form filaments, and slime molds can aggregate into a tissue-like mass.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: In cladistic systems (classifications based on common ancestry), there are no equivalents to the taxa Protista or Protoctista, as both terms refer to a paraphyletic group that spans the entire eukaryotic branch of the tree of life. In cladistic classification, the contents of Protista are mostly distributed among various "supergroups": examples include the

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: "Protista", "Protoctista", and "Protozoa" are therefore considered obsolete. However, the term "protist" continues to be used informally as a catch-all term for eukaryotic organisms that are not within other traditional kingdoms. For example, the word "protist pathogen" may be used to denote any disease-causing organism that is not plant, animal, fungal, prokaryotic, viral, or subviral.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: The term "Protista" was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Protists were traditionally subdivided into several groups based on similarities to the "higher" kingdoms such as:

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Some protists, sometimes called ambiregnal protists, have been considered to be both protozoa and algae or fungi (e.g., slime molds and flagellated algae), and names for these have been published under either or both of the "ICN" and the "ICZN". Conflicts, such as these – for example the dual-classification of Euglenids and Dinobryons, which are mixotrophic – is an example of why the kingdom Protista was adopted.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: These traditional subdivisions, largely based on superficial commonalities, have been replaced by classifications based on phylogenetics (evolutionary relatedness among organisms).

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Molecular analyses in modern taxonomy have been used to redistribute former members of this group into diverse and sometimes distantly related phyla. For instance, the water molds are now considered to be closely related to photosynthetic organisms such as Brown algae and Diatoms, the slime molds are grouped mainly under Amoebozoa, and the Amoebozoa itself includes only a subset of the "Amoeba" group, and significant number of erstwhile "Amoeboid" genera are distributed among Rhizarians and other Phyla.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: However, the older terms are still used as informal names to describe the morphology and ecology of various protists. For example, the term "protozoa" is used to refer to heterotrophic species of protists that do not form filaments.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Many protists are flagellate, for example, and filter feeding can take place where flagellates find prey. Other protists can engulf bacteria and other food particles, by extending their cell membrane around them to form a food vacuole and digesting them internally in a process termed phagocytosis.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: For most important cellular structures and functions of animal and plants, it can be found a heritage among protists.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Some species, for example "Plasmodium falciparum", have extremely complex life cycles that involve multiple forms of the organism, some of which reproduce sexually and others asexually. However, it is unclear how frequently sexual reproduction causes genetic exchange between different strains of "Plasmodium" in nature and most populations of parasitic protists may be clonal lines that rarely exchange genes with other members of their species.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: The pathogenic parasitic protists of the genus "Leishmania" have been shown to be capable of a sexual cycle in the invertebrate vector, likened to the meiosis undertaken in the trypanosomes.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Based on a phylogenetic analysis, Dacks and Roger proposed that facultative sex was present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: This view was further supported by a study of amoebae by Lahr et al. Amoeba have generally been regarded as asexual protists. However, these authors describe evidence that most amoeboid lineages are anciently sexual, and that the majority of asexual groups likely arose recently and independently. Early researchers (e.g., Calkins) have interpreted phenomena related to chromidia (chromatin granules free in the cytoplasm) in amoeboid organisms as sexual reproduction.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions, but tend to reproduce sexually under stressful conditions, such as starvation or heat shock. Oxidative stress, which is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species leading to DNA damage, also appears to be an important factor in the induction of sex in protists.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Some commonly found protist pathogens such as "Toxoplasma gondii" are capable of infecting and undergoing asexual reproduction in a wide variety of animals – which act as secondary or "intermediate" host – but can undergo sexual reproduction only in the primary or "definitive" host (for example: felids such as domestic cats in this case).

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Free-living protists occupy almost any environment that contains liquid water. Many protists, such as algae, are photosynthetic and are vital primary producers in ecosystems, particularly in the ocean as part of the plankton. Protists make up a large portion of the biomass in both marine and terrestrial environments.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Other protists include pathogenic species, such as the kinetoplastid "Trypanosoma brucei", which causes sleeping sickness, and species of the apicomplexan "Plasmodium", which cause malaria.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Many protists have neither hard parts nor resistant spores, and their fossils are extremely rare or unknown. Examples of such groups include the apicomplexans, most ciliates, some green algae (the Klebsormidiales), choanoflagellates, oomycetes, brown algae, yellow-green algae, Excavata (e.g., euglenids). Some of these have been found preserved in amber (fossilized tree resin) or under unusual conditions (e.g., "Paleoleishmania", a kinetoplastid).

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: Others are relatively common in the fossil record, as the diatoms, golden algae, haptophytes (coccoliths), silicoflagellates, tintinnids (ciliates), dinoflagellates, green algae, red algae, heliozoans, radiolarians, foraminiferans, ebriids and testate amoebae (euglyphids, arcellaceans). Some are even used as paleoecological indicators to reconstruct ancient environments.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Protist

Context: More probable eukaryote fossils begin to appear at about 1.8 billion years ago, the acritarchs, spherical fossils of likely algal protists. Another possible representative of early fossil eukaryotes are the Gabonionta.

Question: Mikä on on alkueliöille tyypillistä?


Outokumpu

Context: The largest shareholder of Outokumpu is the Government of Finland, with 26.6% ownership, including the shares controlled by Solidium, The Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Finnish State Pension Fund and Municipality Pension Agency.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In 1908, a large deposit of copper ore was discovered in Outokumpu, in Northern Karelia. Outokumpu (OTK) was established to develop the now-exhausted mine. In the 1940s, OTK developed the flash smelting process for smelting copper.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: From 1986 to 1988 Outokumpu participated in a stainless steel cartel; it was caught in 1990, but not fined.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: From 1988 to 2001 Outokumpu and the Swedish company Boliden participated in a cartel for copper tubing in the European market.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In 2001 "Avesta Sheffield"—which was formed from a 1991 merger of "British Steel Stainless" with the Swedish firm "Avesta" (as in Avesta Municipality)—merged with Outokumpu, forming the third-largest stainless steel producing company in the world at the time. The new company named "AvestaPolarit", headquartered in Stockholm, was jointly owned by Outokumpu and the Corus Group of Swedish institutional investors.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In September 2001, Outokumpu's plant construction branch Outokumpu Technology bought the German Lurgi Metallurgie in Frankfurt.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In December 2003 and September 2004, the EC fined Outokumpu €36.14 million for its copper tubing cartel activity.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In 2004, Outokumpu bought the shares owned by Corus, so AvestaPolarit became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Outokumpu Group, delisted from the Helsinki and Stockholm stock exchanges, and only Outokumpu remained, headquartered in Espoo.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In 2005, Outokumpu sold its copper branch, Outokumpu Copper, except for the copper tube and brass division, which as of 2011, is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Materials known as Luvata International, and OTK's zinc branch merged with the Swedish company Boliden. At the same time Outokumpu sold all Boliden shares.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: On 31 March 2008, the cold rolling mill in Sheffield was closed in a company-wide 10% fixed cost reduction plan. The melt shop in Sheffield continues producing material for long steel products. In April 2008 OTK exited the copper business by selling its remaining copper tube and brass division to Cupori Group Oy.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: On 31 January 2012, Outokumpu announced it would buy Inoxum, the stainless steel division of German ThyssenKrupp, for 2.7 billion euros. At the time, Finnish state capital controlled 40% of Outokumpu.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In November 2012, the European Commission found this acquisition would have created an EU market dominance for cold-rolled stainless steel flat products with Outokumpu market share above 50%. The EC cleared the merger on the condition that the Italian Inoxum subsidiary (AST) was excluded from the deal, and OTK acquired Inoxum in December 2012. Through Inoxum, Outokumpu acquired stainless steel mills in China, Mexico, Bochum, Germany, Werdohl, Germany, and in Alabama, USA.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In July 2014, Outokumpu agreed to settle with Boliden and engineering group IMI, who had sued OTK in 2012 to cover Boliden's losses from the lawsuit over price-fixing of copper tubing.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In March 2017, employing 100 people, the company opened its global service center in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In April 2020, Outokumpu named former Posti CEO Heikki Malinen as the next chief executive of the company.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: Kemi mine in Keminmaa near Tornio provides chromite, the raw material for chrome, needed to make stainless steel. In 2012, the quantity of chromite was estimated to a depth of one kilometer, totalling some 105 million tonnes.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: Avesta Sheffield was acquired 2001 and consists of a stainless steel mill with melting shop, hot rolling for heavy plates, hot rolling for 2000 mm width coils by Steckel mill and cold rolling mills. Avesta developed special stainless steel grades, high-alloy austenitic and duplex grades, optimized for good formability, weldability and high corrosion resistance.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: Avesta has a long history in steelmaking, as does Sheffield in the UK where stainless steel was invented.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: Thin Strip Nyby (see also Nyby bruk) produces cold rolled stainless steel, concentrating on special grades, part of the Special Coil business line. Nyby Ironworks in Torshälla was founded in 1829 by Adolf Zethelius, but ironworking on the site is first documented in the 15th century when the Bishop of nearby Strängnäs founded hammer forges by the waterfall near Nyby.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: The Sheffield facility includes a melt shop, continuous casting, a bar finishing facility and rod mill which are part of OTK's Long Products business, also a stocking, processing and distribution center. Production includes stainless steel in coil, plate, sheet, coiled rod, bar and rebar forms; semi-finished products including slab, bloom, billet and ingot are also manufactured.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: Outokumpu's UK acquisitions derived from the works created in 1950 as a joint venture between Firth Vickers (see Firth and Vickers) and Samuel Fox and Company for cold rolling stainless steel, established at Shepcote Lane, Sheffield, originally manufactured under the Staybrite brand. In 1967 the industry was nationalized into the British Steel Corporation. Outokumpu's original three sites in the UK were in Sheffield, Stocksbridge, and Blackburn.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: In 2005 the cold rolling and finishing units, Coil Products Sheffield on Shepcote Lane were closed, with the loss of over 600 jobs. Production ceased in the first half of 2006. The company continued the melting shop, special strip cold rolling and finishing, bar rolling, and UK distribution. At the end of March 2008 the Stocksbridge site production ceased after 80 years, with work transferring to its Meadowhall site.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Outokumpu

Context: Outokumpu has an integrated stainless steel mill in Calvert, Alabama involved in melting and rolling coil; a plant in Wildwood, Florida which produces pipes and tubes; a bar product plant in Richburg, South Carolina; and a cold rolling mill in San Luis Potosí (Mexico) which manufactures coil, strip, sheet, circles and plate.

Question: Valmistaako Outokumpu Oyj tuotteitaan Suomessa?


Peter Sellers

Context: Sellers was two weeks old when he was carried on stage by Dick Henderson, the headline act at the Kings Theatre in Southsea: the crowd sang "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", which caused the infant to cry. The family constantly toured, causing much upheaval and unhappiness in the young Sellers's life.

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


Peter Sellers

Context: Sellers maintained a very close relationship with his mother, which his friend Spike Milligan later considered unhealthy for a grown man. Sellers's agent, Dennis Selinger, recalled his first meeting with Peg and Peter Sellers, noting that "Sellers was an immensely shy young man, inclined to be dominated by his mother, but without resentment or objection". As an only child though, he spent much time alone.

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


Peter Sellers

Context: Accompanying his family on the variety show circuit, Sellers learned stagecraft, but received conflicting encouragement from his parents and developed mixed feelings about show business. His father doubted Sellers's abilities in the entertainment field, even suggesting that his son's talents were only enough to become a road sweeper, while Sellers's mother encouraged him continuously.

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


Peter Sellers

Context: While at St Aloysius College, Sellers began to develop his improvisational skills. He and his closest friend at the time, Bryan Connon, both enjoyed listening to early radio comedy shows. Connon remembers that "Peter got endless pleasure imitating the people in "Monday Night at Eight". He had a gift for improvising dialogue. Sketches, too. I'd be the 'straight man', the 'feed', ... I'd cue Peter and he'd do all the radio personalities and chuck in a few voices of his own invention as well."

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


Peter Sellers

Context: According to David Lodge, who became friends with Sellers, he was "one of the best performers ever" on the drums and developed a fine ability to impersonate military officers during this period.

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


Peter Sellers

Context: Sellers had recently started to rebuild his relationship with his son Michael after the failure of the latter's marriage. In lighter moments, Sellers had joked that his epitaph should read "Star of stage, screen and alimony."

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


Peter Sellers

Context: Although Sellers was reportedly in the process of excluding Frederick from his will a week before he died, she inherited almost his entire estate worth an estimated £4.5 million (£ million in pounds) while his children received £800 each (£ in pounds). Spike Milligan appealed to her on behalf of Sellers's three children, but she refused to increase the amount. Sellers's only son, Michael, died of a heart attack at 52 during surgery on 24 July 2006, twenty-six years to the day after his father's death.

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


Peter Sellers

Context: Sellers and "The Goon Show" were a strong influence on the Monty Python performers, with John Cleese calling him "the greatest voice man of all time", adding, "If he could listen to you for five minutes, he could do a perfect impersonation of you." The Goons were imported to the United States by the NBC program "Monitor", which played recorded Goon show episodes starting in 1955. The American comedy troupe the Firesign Theatre also cited the Goons as a big influence on their radio comedy style.

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


Peter Sellers

Context: The stage play "Being Sellers" premiered in Australia in 1998, three years after the release of the biography by Roger Lewis, "The Life and Death of Peter Sellers". In 2004, the book was turned into an HBO film with the same title, starring Geoffrey Rush. The play later transferred to New York in December 2010. "The Belfast Telegraph" notes how the film captured Sellers's "life of drugs, drink, fast cars and lots and lots of beautiful women".

Question: Minä vuonna Peter Sellers on syntynyt?


President of Venezuela

Context: The president of Venezuela (), officially known as the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (), is the head of state and head of government in Venezuela. The president leads the National Executive of the Venezuelan government and is the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces. Presidential terms were set at six years with the adoption of the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela, and presidential term limits were removed in 2009.

Question: Kuka on Venezuelan presidentti?


President of Venezuela

Context: During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity.

Question: Kuka on Venezuelan presidentti?


President of Venezuela

Context: As a self described republic with a presidential executive, Venezuela grants significant powers to the president. He or she effectively controls the executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the cabinet and, with the approval of the National Assembly, the judges for the Supreme Tribunal of Justice. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces (FANB).

Question: Kuka on Venezuelan presidentti?


President of Venezuela

Context: The powers and obligations of the president of Venezuela are established, limited and numbered by articles 236 and 237 of the constitution:

Question: Kuka on Venezuelan presidentti?


President of Venezuela

Context: The president's salary directly derives from the National Treasury, as stated in the Organic Law of Salaries, Pensions and Retirements of High Officials of the Public Power. During his or her tenure, the president may not be employed by anyone else, nor receive any other salary from the state. The president's salary is not to be superior to twelve monthly minimum wages, that is to say, 67,469.76 VEF (as of February 2015).

Question: Kuka on Venezuelan presidentti?


President of Venezuela

Context: The of Venezuela is in charge of the president's protection, as well as the presidential family and their political peers. The Presidential Guard of Honor is made up of members from the four service branches of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces and other institutions of public security, and is headed by a general or flag officer.

Question: Kuka on Venezuelan presidentti?