Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich made a 20-minute demo film, "The Greatest Mother of Them All" (1969), in an attempt to raise money for a feature-length version, but was unable to attract interest from ABC. Peter Finch starred.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: ABC wanted Aldrich to make a war film in the vein of "The Dirty Dozen" so he produced and directed "Too Late the Hero" (1970), a "patrol" film, which he had been developing since 1959. Despite starring Michael Caine and Cliff Robertson and location work in the Philippines, the film made an overall loss of $6,765,000, making it one of the biggest money losers in the history of ABC Films.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich's next film for ABC was "The Grissom Gang" (1971), an adaptation of "No Orchids for Miss Blandish" set in the 1930s, with Scott Wilson and Kim Darby. It was another flop, losing ABC $3,670,000.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Films Aldrich announced but did not make around this time included "Rebellion", a Western about Victoriano Huerta with Ernest Borgnine and George Kennedy;, "The Movement", about student protest;. He also developed scripts for books which were turned into films by others: "Coffee, Tea or Me?" and "Monte Walsh".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: By now Aldrich's relationship with ABC had become fraught and devolved into lawsuits, in part caused by ABC refusing to finance other Aldrich projects. Aldrich parted company with ABC and in January 1972 put his studios up for sale.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich returned to Westerns with "Ulzana's Raid" (1972), made at Universal for the Associates and Aldrich with producer Carter De Haven. It re-teamed Aldrich with Lancaster for the first time since "Vera Cruz". The film was a commercial disappointment but has subsequently come to be regarded as one of his finest films.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich followed it with "Emperor of the North Pole" (1973), a story of railway hobos in the 1930s starring Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine. Produced by Hyman at 20th Century Fox, it was another box office failure, though it too has seen its reputation soar in recent years (Leonard Maltin gave it 3 1/2 stars, calling it "unusual, exciting" and a "unique entertainment").

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich's commercial fortunes were revived with a prison comedy starring Burt Reynolds,"The Longest Yard" (1974). Made for producer Albert S. Ruddy at Paramount, it was Aldrich's biggest hit since "The Dirty Dozen".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich and Reynolds promptly reteamed on "Hustle" (1975), made for their own production company, RoBurt, and released through Paramount. A tough police drama co-starring Catherine Deneuve, it was another box office success. However tension between Aldrich and Reynolds during filming meant they made no more movies together. In 1975 Aldrich was elected president of the Directors Guild of America and served two two-year terms.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Lorimar Productions, a TV company which wanted to move into features.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The first was "Twilight's Last Gleaming" (1977), an action thriller starring Lancaster. The second was a comedy, "The Choirboys" (1977), based on the best selling novel by Joseph Wambaugh which Wambaugh disliked so much he sued to get his name taken off the film.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich's last movies were comedies: "The Frisco Kid" (1979), set in the West with Gene Wilder and Harrison Ford, and "...All the Marbles" (1981), set in the world of female wrestling with Peter Falk. Neither were particularly popular.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: When the latter film came out Aldrich said "I'm 63 and I've had hits every ten years and I just hope I can function long enough to have one in the 90s."

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: From his marriage to Harriet Foster (1941–1965), Aldrich had four children, all of whom work in the film business—Adell, William, Alida and Kelly. In 1966, after divorcing Harriet, he married fashion model Sibylle Siegfried.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Film critic John Patterson summarized his career in 2012: "He was a punchy, caustic, macho and pessimistic director, who depicted corruption and evil unflinchingly, and pushed limits on violence throughout his career. His aggressive and pugnacious film-making style, often crass and crude, but never less than utterly vital and alive, warrants — and will richly reward — your immediate attention."

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich died of kidney failure on December 5, 1983 in a Los Angeles hospital. He is buried in lot 5153 of the Whispering Trees section of Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: In 2012, John Patterson of "The Guardian" commented that Aldrich is "a wonderful director nearly 30 years dead now, whose body of work is in danger of slipping over the horizon." Japanese film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa noted Aldrich's influence on him.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: In the FX miniseries "Feud: Bette and Joan", Aldrich is portrayed by English actor Alfred Molina. The series follows the productions of "Baby Jane" and "Sweet Charlotte".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Sonic Team

Context: is a video game developer owned by the Japanese video game company Sega as part of its Sega CS Research and Development No. 2 division. Sonic Team is best known for the long-running "Sonic the Hedgehog" series and games such as "Nights into Dreams" and "Phantasy Star Online".

Question: Minä vuonna Sonic Team on perustettu?


Sonic Team

Context: In 1983, programmer Yuji Naka was hired into Sega's Consumer Development division. His first project was "Girl's Garden", which he and Hiroshi Kawaguchi created as part of their training process. For his next game, "Phantasy Star" (1987) for the Master System, Naka created pseudo-3D animation effects. He met artist Naoto Ohshima while working on the game.

Question: Minä vuonna Sonic Team on perustettu?


Sonic Team

Context: Around this time, CS3 was renamed to Sega Research and Development Department 8 (R&D #8). While sometimes referred to as AM8 or "Sega-AM8", based on the R&D structure being titled the Sega Amusement Machine Research and Development (AM) teams, Sonic Team focused solely on home console games. Until 2000, media referred to Sonic Team's designation as both R&D #8 and AM8.

Question: Minä vuonna Sonic Team on perustettu?


Sonic Team

Context: Sega began to restructure its studios in October 2000 and spun off its software divisions into subsidiary companies. When the departments took new names, Naka felt it important to preserve the Sonic Team brand name, and the division's new legal name as a company was SONICTEAM, Ltd. Naka was installed as the CEO, and Sonic Team USA became a subsidiary of the new company.

Question: Minä vuonna Sonic Team on perustettu?


Sonic Team

Context: Early in 2003, Sega president Hideki Sato and COO Tetsu Kamaya announced they were stepping down from their roles, with Sato being replaced by Hisao Oguchi, the head of Hitmaker. As part of Oguchi's restructuring plan, he announced his intention to consolidate Sega's studios into "four or five core operations." Sonic Team was financially solvent and absorbed United Game Artists, another Sega subsidiary led by Tetsuya Mizuguchi and known for the music games "Space Channel 5" (1999) and "Rez" (2001).

Question: Minä vuonna Sonic Team on perustettu?


Sonic Team

Context: Sonic Team USA, later Sega Studios USA, was a division of Sega and of Sonic Team while Sonic Team was a subsidiary company. It was founded when twelve Sonic Team members, including Takashi Iizuka, relocated to San Francisco, California, in 1999, and was a subsidiary of SONICTEAM, Ltd. by 2000. The team worked on game development, translation, and market studies in the United States, until they returned to Japan and merged back into Sonic Team in 2008.

Question: Minä vuonna Sonic Team on perustettu?


Sonic Team

Context: Sega Studios USA oversaw the development of "Sonic Rivals" (2006) and "Sonic Rivals 2" (2007) by Backbone Entertainment. In 2008, Sega Studios USA merged with Sonic Team, making Iizuka the head of Sonic Team and a vice president of product development for Sega. In 2016, Iizuka relocated to Los Angeles to oversee development with the goal of making Sega's studios in Los Angeles "a centralized hub for the global brand".

Question: Minä vuonna Sonic Team on perustettu?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: The American Nike Ajax was the first operational guided missile SAM system, and the Soviet Union's S-75 Dvina was the most-produced SAM. Widely used modern examples include the Patriot and S-300 wide-area systems, SM-6 and

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: MBDA Aster Missile naval missiles, and short-range man-portable systems like the Stinger and Strela-3.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Albert Speer was especially supportive of missile development. In his opinion, had they been consistently developed from the start, the large scale bomber raids of 1944 would have been impossible.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: The British developed unguided antiaircraft rockets (operated under the name Z Battery) close to the start of World War II, but the air superiority usually held by the Allies meant that the demand for similar weapons was not as acute.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: When several Allied ships were sunk in 1943 by Henschel Hs 293 and Fritz X glide bombs, Allied interest changed. These weapons were released from stand-off distances, with the bomber remaining outside the range of the ship's antiaircraft guns, and the missiles themselves were too small and fast to be attacked effectively.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: To combat this threat, the U.S. Navy launched Operation Bumblebee to develop a ramjet-powered missile to destroy the launching aircraft at long range. The initial performance goal was to target an intercept at a horizontal range of and altitude, with a warhead for a 30 to 60 percent kill probability. This weapon did not emerge for 16 years, when it entered operation as the RIM-8 Talos.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Heavy shipping losses to "kamikaze" attacks during the Liberation of the Philippines and the Battle of Okinawa provided additional incentive for guided missile development. This led to the British "Fairey Stooge" and "Brakemine" efforts, and the U.S. Navy's SAM-N-2 Lark. The "Lark" ran into considerable difficulty and it never entered operational use. The end of the war led to the British efforts being used strictly for research and development throughout their lifetime.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: In the immediate post-war era, SAM developments were under way around the world, with several of these entering service in the early- and mid-1950s.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Development of Oerlikon's RSD 58 started in 1947, and was a closely held secret until 1955. Early versions of the missile were available for purchase as early as 1952, but never entered operational service. The RSD 58 used beam riding guidance, which has limited performance against high-speed aircraft, as the missile is unable to "lead" the target to a collision point. Examples were purchased by several nations for testing and training purposes, but no operational sales were made.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: From 1965 through all of 1966, nearly all of the 48 U.S. jet aircraft shot down by SA-2s over North Vietnam were downed by Soviet missile men. During the course of the air defense of North Vietnam in 1966–1967, one Russian SAM operator, Lieutenant Vadim Petrovich Shcherbakov, was credited with destroying 12 U.S. aircraft from 20 engagements.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: During the war, The Soviet Union supplied 7,658 SAMs to North Vietnam, and their defense forces conducted about 5,800 launches, usually in multiples of three. By the war's end, the U.S lost a total of 3,374 aircraft in combat operations; however, the U.S states only 205 of those aircraft were lost to North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: All of these early systems were "heavyweight" designs with limited mobility and requiring considerable set-up time. However, they were also increasingly effective. By the early 1960s, the deployment of SAMs had rendered high-speed high-altitude flight in combat practically suicidal. The way to avoid this was to fly lower, below the line-of-sight of missile's radar systems. This demanded very different aircraft, like the F-111, TSR-2, and Panavia Tornado.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: By the 1960s, technology had closed this gap to a degree, leading to the introduction of the FIM-43 Redeye, SA-7 Grail and Blowpipe. Rapid improvement in the 1980s led to second generation designs, like the FIM-92 Stinger, 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14) and Starstreak, with dramatically improved performance. By the 1990s to the 2010s, the Chinese had developed designs drawing influence from these, notably the FN-6.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Through the evolution of SAMs, improvements were also being made to anti-aircraft artillery, but the missiles pushed them into ever shorter-range roles. By the 1980s, the only remaining widespread use was point-defense of airfields and ships, especially against cruise missiles. By the 1990s, even these roles were being encroached on by new MANPADS and similar short-range weapons, like the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Missiles able to fly longer distances are generally heavier, and therefore less mobile. This leads to three "natural" classes of SAM systems; heavy long-range systems that are fixed or semi-mobile, medium-range vehicle-mounted systems that can fire on the move, and short-range man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS).

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Medium-range designs, like the Rapier and 2K12 Kub, are specifically designed to be highly mobile with very fast, or zero, setup times. Many of these designs were mounted on armoured vehicles, allowing them to keep pace with mobile operations in a conventional war. Once a major group unto itself, medium-range designs have seen less development since the 1990s, as the focus has changed to unconventional warfare.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Developments have also been made in onboard maneuverability. Israel's David's Sling Stunner missile is designed to intercept the newest generation of tactical ballistic missiles at low altitude. The multi-stage interceptor consists of a solid-fuel, rocket motor booster, followed by an asymmetrical kill vehicle with advanced steering for super-maneuverability during the kill-stage. A three-pulse motor provides additional acceleration and maneuverability during the terminal phase.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: SAM systems generally fall into two broad groups based on their guidance systems, those using radar and those using some other means.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Some newer short-range systems use a variation of the SARH technique, but based on laser illumination instead of radar. These have the advantage of being small and very fast acting, as well as highly accurate. A few older designs use purely optical tracking and command guidance, perhaps the best known example of this is the British "Rapier" system, which was initially an all-optical system with high accuracy.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: All SAM systems from the smallest to the largest generally include identified as friend or foe (IFF) systems to help identify the target before being engaged. While IFF is not as important with MANPADs, as the target is almost always visually identified prior to launch, most modern MANPADs do include it.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


Surface-to-air missile

Context: Long-range systems generally use radar systems for target detection, and depending on the generation of system, may "hand off" to a separate tracking radar for attack. Short range systems are more likely to be entirely visual for detection.

Question: Miten ilmatorjuntaohjus määritellään?


History of the National Football League

Context: Although the AFL's identity was subsumed by the NFL, the NFL eventually adopted many of the AFL's innovations including the on-field game clock, names on player jerseys, recruiting at small and predominantly black colleges, gate and television revenue-sharing, establishment of southern franchises, and more wide-open offensive rules.

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


History of the National Football League

Context: In the 1970s and 1980s, the NFL solidified its dominance as America's top spectator sport, and its important role in American culture. The Super Bowl became an unofficial national holiday and the top-rated television program most years. "Monday Night Football", which first aired in 1970, brought in high ratings by mixing sports and entertainment. Rule changes in the late 1970s ensured a fast-paced game with much passing to attract the casual fan.

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


History of the National Football League

Context: The World Football League was the first post-merger challenge to the NFL's dominance, and in 1974, successfully lured some top NFL talent to its league and prompted a few rules changes in the NFL. However, financial problems led the league to fold halfway through its 1975 season. Two teams, the Birmingham Vulcans and Memphis Southmen, made unsuccessful efforts to move from the WFL to the NFL.

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


History of the National Football League

Context: Shannon Eastin became the first woman to officiate an NFL game in 2012, in a pre-season matchup between the Green Bay Packers and the San Diego Chargers. In 2015 Sarah Thomas became the first full-time female official in NFL history. In 2021 she became the first woman to officiate a Super Bowl.

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


History of the National Football League

Context: In recent years, the NFL has expanded into new markets and ventures outside of the United States, beginning with a regular series of exhibition games known as the American Bowl, then with a European-based developmental league culminating in the now defunct NFL Europa, and starting in 2005 the league began hosting regular season games outside the United States, the first in Mexico City, Mexico, and then from 2007 hosting games in London, England, and from 2008 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


History of the National Football League

Context: The American Bowl games began in 1986 and continued until 2005 at various sites in countries around the world. Then in 1991, the league formed the World League of American Football, later known as NFL Europe and still later as NFL Europa, a developmental league that had teams in Britain, Germany, Spain, and the Netherlands. The NFL shut down the program in June 2007.

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


History of the National Football League

Context: After 100 years of American football influence in Mexican territory, in 1998 the NFL opened a representation office in Mexico, called NFL México, as the NFL identified Mexico as a key market outside the United States due to proximity and tradition. The Mexican office handles sponsorship, licensing, detail dealers, sport culture, broadcasting, public relationships and community

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


History of the National Football League

Context: In the early years, the league was not stable and teams moved frequently. Franchise mergers were popular during World War II in response to the scarcity of players. An example of this was the Steagles, temporarily formed as a merger between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles.

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


History of the National Football League

Context: Additionally, football's American television viewership ratings now surpass those of other sports, although football season comprises far fewer games than the seasons of other sports.

Question: Montako NFL tiimiä oli ensimmäisellä kaudella?


Gordian I

Context: Also according to the "Historia", the wife of Gordian I was a Roman woman called Fabia Orestilla, born circa 165, whom the "Historia Augusta" claims was a descendant of emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius through her father Fulvus Antoninus. Modern historians have dismissed this name and her information as false.

Question: Milloin Gordianus I kuoli?


Gordian I

Context: With his wife, Gordian I had at least two children: a son of the same name and a daughter, Antonia Gordiana (who was the mother of the future Emperor Gordian III). His wife died before 238 AD. Christian Settipani identified her parents as Marcus Annius Severus, who was a Suffect Consul, and his wife Silvana, born circa 140 AD, who was the daughter of Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus and his wife Aurelia Fadilla, the daughter of Antoninus Pius and wife Annia Galeria Faustina or Faustina the Elder.

Question: Milloin Gordianus I kuoli?


Gordian I

Context: While he gained unbounded popularity on account of the magnificent games and shows he produced as aedile, his prudent and retired life did not excite the suspicion of Caracalla, in whose honor he wrote a long epic poem called "Antoninias". Gordian certainly retained his wealth and political clout during the chaotic times of the Severan dynasty which suggests a personal dislike for intrigue. Philostratus dedicated his work "Lives of the Sophists" to either him or his son, Gordian II.

Question: Milloin Gordianus I kuoli?


Gordian I

Context: During the reign of Alexander Severus, Gordian I (who was by then in his late sixties), after serving his Suffect Consulship prior to 223, drew lots for the proconsular governorship of the province of Africa Proconsularis which he assumed in 237. However, prior to the commencement of his promagistrature, Maximinus Thrax killed Alexander Severus at Moguntiacum in Germania Inferior and assumed the throne.

Question: Milloin Gordianus I kuoli?


Gordian I

Context: Maximinus was not a popular emperor and universal discontent increased due to his oppressive rule. It culminated in a revolt in Africa in 238 AD. After, Maximinus' fiscal curator was murdered in a riot, people turned to Gordian and demanded that he accept the dangerous honor of the imperial throne. Gordian, who was about 80 years according to Herodian, eventually yielded to the popular clamour and assumed both the purple and the "cognomen" "Africanus".

Question: Milloin Gordianus I kuoli?


Clock

Context: A clock or a timepiece is a device used to measure and indicate time. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units: the day, the lunar month and the year. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: The timekeeping element in every modern clock is a harmonic oscillator, a physical object (resonator) that vibrates or oscillates at a particular frequency.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: This object can be a pendulum, a tuning fork, a quartz crystal, or the vibration of electrons in atoms as they emit microwaves.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: The word "clock" derives from the medieval Latin word for 'bell'——and has cognates in many European languages. Clocks spread to England from the Low Countries, so the English word came from the Middle Low German and Middle Dutch .

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: The word derives from the Middle English , Old North French , or Middle Dutch , all of which mean 'bell', and stem from an Old Irish root.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Greek astronomer Andronicus of Cyrrhus supervised the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Athens in the 1st century B.C. The Greek and Roman civilizations advanced water clock design with improved accuracy. These advances were passed on through Byzantine and Islamic times, eventually making their way back to Europe. Independently, the Chinese developed their own advanced water clocks（水鐘）in 725 AD, passing their ideas on to Korea and Japan.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Islamic civilization is credited with further advancing the accuracy of clocks with elaborate engineering. In 797 (or possibly 801), the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid, presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named Abul-Abbas together with a "particularly elaborate example" of a water clock. Pope Sylvester II introduced clocks to northern and western Europe around 1000 AD.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: In the 13th century, Al-Jazari, an engineer from Mesopotamia (lived 1136–1206) who worked for Artuqid king of Diyar-Bakr, Nasir al-Din, made numerous clocks of all shapes and sizes. The most reputed clocks included the elephant, scribe, and castle clocks, some of which have been successfully reconstructed. As well as telling the time, these grand clocks were symbols of status, grandeur and wealth of the Urtuq State.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: The world's first fully mechanical water clock the 'Cosmic Engine', was invented by Su Song, a Chinese polymath, designed and constructed in China in 1092. This great astronomical hydromechanical clock tower was about ten metres high (about 30 feet) and featured a clock escapement and was indirectly powered by a rotating wheel with falling water and liquid mercury, and used an armillary sphere capable of calculating complex astronomical problems.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Clockmakers developed their art in various ways. Building smaller clocks was a technical challenge, as was improving accuracy and reliability. Clocks could be impressive showpieces to demonstrate skilled craftsmanship, or less expensive, mass-produced items for domestic use. The escapement in particular was an important factor affecting the clock's accuracy, so many different mechanisms were tried.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Early clock dials did not indicate minutes and seconds. A clock with a dial indicating minutes was illustrated in a 1475 manuscript by Paulus Almanus, and some 15th-century clocks in Germany indicated minutes and seconds.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: An early record of a seconds hand on a clock dates back to about 1560 on a clock now in the Fremersdorf collection.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: In 1670, William Clement created the anchor escapement, an improvement over Huygens' crown escapement. Clement also introduced the pendulum suspension spring in 1671. The concentric minute hand was added to the clock by Daniel Quare, a London clockmaker and others, and the second hand was first introduced.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: In 1735, Harrison built his first chronometer, which he steadily improved on over the next thirty years before submitting it for examination. The clock had many innovations, including the use of bearings to reduce friction, weighted balances to compensate for the ship's pitch and roll in the sea and the use of two different metals to reduce the problem of expansion from heat. The chronometer was tested in 1761 by Harrison's son and by the end of 10 weeks the clock was in error by less than 5 seconds.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: The invention of the mechanical clock in the 13th century initiated a change in timekeeping methods from continuous processes, such as the motion of the gnomon's shadow on a sundial or the flow of liquid in a water clock, to periodic oscillatory processes, such as the swing of a pendulum or the vibration of a quartz crystal, which had the potential for more accuracy. All modern clocks use oscillation.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: The timekeeping element in every modern clock is a harmonic oscillator, a physical object (resonator) that vibrates or oscillates repetitively at a precisely constant frequency.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Some clocks rely for their accuracy on an external oscillator; that is, they are automatically synchronized to a more accurate clock:

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: This has the dual function of keeping the oscillator running by giving it 'pushes' to replace the energy lost to friction, and converting its vibrations into a series of pulses that serve to measure the time.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: In mechanical clocks, the low Q of the balance wheel or pendulum oscillator made them very sensitive to the disturbing effect of the impulses of the escapement, so the escapement had a great effect on the accuracy of the clock, and many escapement designs were tried. The higher Q of resonators in electronic clocks makes them relatively insensitive to the disturbing effects of the drive power, so the driving oscillator circuit is a much less critical component.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: This counts the pulses and adds them up to get traditional time units of seconds, minutes, hours, etc. It usually has a provision for "setting" the clock by manually entering the correct time into the counter.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time. Two numeric display formats are commonly used on digital clocks:

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Some clocks, called 'flip clocks', have digital displays that work mechanically. The digits are painted on sheets of material which are mounted like the pages of a book. Once a minute, a page is turned over to reveal the next digit. These displays are usually easier to read in brightly lit conditions than LCDs or LEDs. Also, they do not go back to 12:00 after a power interruption. Flip clocks generally do not have electronic mechanisms. Usually, they are driven by AC-synchronous motors.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Clocks with analog quadrants, with a digital component, usually minutes and hours displayed analogously and seconds displayed in digital mode.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: For convenience, distance, telephony or blindness, auditory clocks present the time as sounds. The sound is either spoken natural language, (e.g. "The time is twelve thirty-five"), or as auditory codes (e.g. number of sequential bell rings on the hour represents the number of the hour like the bell, Big Ben). Most telecommunication companies also provide a speaking clock service as well.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Word clocks are clocks that display the time visually using sentences. E.g.: "It's about three o'clock." These clocks can be implemented in hardware or software.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Auditory and projection clocks can be used by people who are blind or have limited vision. There are also clocks for the blind that have displays that can be read by using the sense of touch. Some of these are similar to normal analog displays, but are constructed so the hands can be felt without damaging them. Another type is essentially digital, and uses devices that use a code such as Braille to show the digits so that they can be felt with the fingertips.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Clocks are in homes, offices and many other places; smaller ones (watches) are carried on the wrist or in a pocket; larger ones are in public places, e.g. a railway station or church. A small clock is often shown in a corner of computer displays, mobile phones and many MP3 players.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: A clock mechanism may be used to "control" a device according to time, e.g. a central heating system, a VCR, or a time bomb (see: digital counter). Such mechanisms are usually called timers. Clock mechanisms are also used to drive devices such as solar trackers and astronomical telescopes, which have to turn at accurately controlled speeds to counteract the rotation of the Earth.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: Most digital computers depend on an internal signal at constant frequency to synchronize processing; this is referred to as a clock signal. (A few research projects are developing CPUs based on asynchronous circuits.) Some equipment, including computers, also maintains time and date for use as required; this is referred to as time-of-day clock, and is distinct from the system clock signal, although possibly based on counting its cycles.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: In Chinese culture, giving a clock () is often taboo, especially to the elderly as the term for this act is a homophone with the term for the act of attending another's funeral ().

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: This homonymic pair works in both Mandarin and Cantonese, although in most parts of China only clocks and large bells, and not watches, are called "zhong", and watches are commonly given as gifts in China.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


Clock

Context: However, should such a gift be given, the "unluckiness" of the gift can be countered by exacting a small monetary payment so the recipient is buying the clock and thereby counteracting the ("give") expression of the phrase.

Question: Kuka keksi kellon?


First Boer War

Context: In the 19th century a series of events occurred in the southern part of the African continent, with the British from time to time attempting to set up a single unified state there, while at other times wanting to control less territory. Three prime factors fuelled British expansion into Southern Africa:

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: The British did not try to stop the Trekboers from moving away from the Cape. The Trekboers functioned as pioneers, opening up the interior for those who followed, and the British gradually extended their control outwards from the Cape along the coast toward the east, eventually annexing Natal in 1843.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: The Trekboers were farmers, gradually extending their range and territory with no overall agenda. The formal abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1834 led to more organised groups of Boer settlers attempting to escape British rule, some travelling as far north as modern-day Mozambique. This became known as the Great Trek, and those who took part in it are called Voortrekkers.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: Indeed, the British subsequently acknowledged two new Boer Republics in a pair of treaties: the Sand River Convention of 1852 recognised the independence of the Transvaal Republic, and the Bloemfontein Convention of 1854 recognised the independence of the Orange Free State. However, British colonial expansion, from the 1830s, featured skirmishes and wars against both Boers and native African tribes for most of the remainder of the century.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the Vaal River, some northeast of Cape Town, ended the isolation of the Boers in the interior and changed South African history. The discovery triggered a diamond rush that attracted people from all over the world, turning Kimberley into a town of 50,000 within five years and drawing the attention of British imperial interests. In the 1870s the British annexed West Griqualand, site of the Kimberley diamond-discoveries.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: With the defeat of the Zulus, and the Pedi, the Transvaal Boers were able to give voice to the growing resentment against the 1877 British annexation of the Transvaal and complained that it had been a violation of the Sand River Convention of 1852, and the Bloemfontein Convention of 1854.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: Although generally called a war, the actual engagements were of a relatively minor nature considering the few men involved on both sides and the short duration of the combat, lasting some ten weeks.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: Most of the Boers had single-shot breech-loading rifle, primarily the .450 Westley Richards, a falling-block, single-action, breech-loading rifle, with accuracy up to 600 yards.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: Without waiting for a reply, Colley led his Natal Field Force – consisting of 1,400 men, an 80-strong Naval brigade, artillery and Gatling guns – to a strategic pass in the hills on the Natal-Transvaal border called Laing's Nek.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: At the battle of Laing's Nek on 28 January 1881, the Natal Field Force under Major-General Sir George Pomeroy Colley attempted with cavalry and infantry attacks to break through the Boer positions on the Drakensberg mountain range to relieve their garrisons. The British were repelled with heavy losses by the Boers under the command of Piet Joubert. Of the 480 British troops who made the charges, 150 never returned. Furthermore, sharpshooting Boers had killed or wounded many senior officers.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: Colley had been forced to leave behind many of the wounded to die of exposure. In the space of ten days, he had lost one-quarter of his field force, either dead or wounded. "One or two Pyrrhic victories like this and we shan't have an army left at all", Lieutenant Percival Marling wrote at the time.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: On February 12, Colley received reinforcements consisting of the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot, and the 15th (The King's Hussar's), with the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, the 83rd (Country of Dublin) Regiment under the command of Sir Evelyn Wood, on the way.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: The British suffered heavy losses, with 92 killed, 134 injured, and 59 men were taken prisoner. Major-General Colley was among the dead; he was fatally shot in the head when trying to rally his men. Of the Boers, one was killed and six were wounded, one fatally. Within 30 minutes the British were swept off the summit.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: For the British the shame of Majuba was even more intense than that of Isandlwana. Elite units like the 92nd Highlanders had cut and run in the face of Boer irregulars. This defeat had such an impact that during the Second Boer War, one of the British slogans was "Remember Majuba."

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: The First Boer War was the first conflict since the American War of Independence in which the British had been decisively defeated and forced to sign a peace treaty under unfavourable terms. The Battle of Laing's Nek would be the last occasion where a British regiment carried its official regimental colours into battle.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: The British government, under Prime Minister William Gladstone, was conciliatory since it realised that any further action would require substantial troop reinforcements, and it was likely that the war would be costly, messy and protracted. Unwilling to get bogged down in a distant war, the British government ordered a truce.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: The Pretoria Convention was signed on 3 August 1881 and ratified on 25 October by the Transvaal Volksraad (parliament). The agreement did not reinstate fully the independence of the Transvaal but kept the state under British suzerainty. British troops withdrew and in 1884, the Pretoria Convention was superseded in 1884 by the London Convention, which provided for full independence and self-government although still with British control of foreign relations.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


First Boer War

Context: In 1896, Cecil Rhodes, Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, attempted to overthrow the government of Paul Kruger who was then president of the South African Republic or the Transvaal, The so-called Jameson Raid failed.

Question: Milloin Buurisota käytiin?


Research reactor

Context: The neutrons produced by a research reactor are used for neutron scattering, non-destructive testing, analysis and testing of materials, production of radioisotopes, research and public outreach and education. Research reactors that produce radioisotopes for medical or industrial use are sometimes called isotope reactors. Reactors that are optimised for beamline experiments nowadays compete with spallation sources.

Question: Käytetäänkö tutkimusreaktoria neutronien tuottamiseen?


Research reactor

Context: As of 2016, a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report concluded converting all research reactors to LEU cannot be completed until 2035 at the earliest. In part this is because the development of reliable LEU fuel for high neutron flux research reactors, that does not fail through swelling, has been slower than expected. As of 2020, 72 HEU research reactors remain.

Question: Käytetäänkö tutkimusreaktoria neutronien tuottamiseen?


Research reactor

Context: While in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s there were a number of companies that specialized in the design and construction of research reactors, the activity of this market cooled down afterwards, and many companies withdrew.

Question: Käytetäänkö tutkimusreaktoria neutronien tuottamiseen?


Research reactor

Context: The market has consolidated today into a few companies that concentrate the key projects on a worldwide basis.

Question: Käytetäänkö tutkimusreaktoria neutronien tuottamiseen?


Research reactor

Context: The most recent international tender (1999) for a research reactor was that organized by ANSTO for the design, construction and commissioning of the OPAL reactor. Four companies were prequalified: AECL, INVAP, Siemens and Technicatom. The project was awarded to INVAP that built the reactor. In recent years, AECL withdrew from this market, and Siemens and Technicatom activities were merged into AREVA.

Question: Käytetäänkö tutkimusreaktoria neutronien tuottamiseen?


Locro

Context: The dish is a classic squash, corn, beans, and potato or pumpkin soup well known along the South American Andes. In some regions locro is made using a specific kind of potato called "papa chola", which has a unique taste and is difficult to find outside of its home region.

Question: Mikä on Bolivian kansallisruoka?


Locro

Context: The defining ingredients are squash, corn, some form of meat (usually beef, but sometimes beef jerky or chorizo), and vegetables. Other ingredients vary widely, and typically include onion, beans, squash or pumpkin. It is mainly eaten in winter.

Question: Mikä on Bolivian kansallisruoka?


Locro

Context: In Argentina it spread from the back to the front Cuyo region to the rest of the country. It is considered a national dish and is often served on May 25, the anniversary of the May Revolution. A red hot sauce made from red peppers and paprika known as "Quiquirimichi" is served sometimes on the side.

Question: Mikä on Bolivian kansallisruoka?


Locro

Context: In Ecuador, a variant known as yahuarlocro is popular. It incorporates lamb entrails and lamb blood to the recipe.

Question: Mikä on Bolivian kansallisruoka?


Antelope

Context: The term antelope is used to refer to many species of even-toed ruminant that are indigenous to various regions in Africa and Eurasia.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Antelope comprise a wastebasket taxon defined as any of numerous Old World grazing and browsing hoofed mammals belonging to the family Bovidae of the order Artiodactyla.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: A stricter definition, also known as the "true antelopes," includes only the genera "Gazella", "Nanger", "Eudorcas" and "Antilope". One North American species, the pronghorn, is colloquially referred to as the "American antelope," but it belongs to a different family than the African and Eurasian antelopes.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: A group of antelope is called a herd. Unlike deer antlers, which are shed and grown annually, antelope horns grow continuously.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Antelope are not a cladistic or taxonomically defined group. The term is used to describe all members of the family Bovidae that do not fall under the category of sheep, cattle, or goats. Usually, all species of the Antilopinae, Hippotraginae, Reduncinae, Cephalophinae, many Bovinae, the grey rhebok, and the impala are called antelope.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Many species of antelope have been imported to other parts of the world, especially the United States, for exotic game hunting. With some species possessing spectacular leaping and evasive skills, individuals may escape. Texas in particular has many game ranches, as well as habitats and climates, that are very hospitable to African and Asian plains antelope species. Accordingly, wild populations of blackbuck antelope, gemsbok, and nilgai may be found in Texas.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Antelope live in a wide range of habitats. Most live in the African savannahs. However, many species are more secluded, such as the forest antelope, as well as the extreme cold-living saiga, the desert-adapted Arabian oryx, the rocky koppie-living klipspringer, and semiaquatic sitatunga.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Species living in forests, woodland, or bush tend to be sedentary, but many of the plains species undertake long migrations. These enable grass-eating species to follow the rains and thereby their food supply. The gnus and gazelles of East Africa perform some of the most impressive mass migratory circuits of all mammals.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Antelope vary greatly in size. For example, a male common eland can measure at the shoulder and weigh almost , whereas an adult royal antelope may stand only at the shoulder and weigh a mere .

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Antelope are ruminants, so have well-developed molar teeth, which grind cud (food balls stored in the stomach) into a pulp for further digestion. They have no upper incisors, but rather a hard upper gum pad, against which their lower incisors bite to tear grass stems and leaves.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Many antelope are sexually dimorphic. In most species, both sexes have horns, but those of males tend to be larger. Males tend to be larger than the females, but exceptions in which the females tend to be heavier than the males include the bush duiker, dwarf antelope, Cape grysbok, and oribi, all rather small species. A number of species have hornless females (e.g., sitatunga, red lechwe, and suni). In some species, the males and females have differently coloured pelages (e.g. blackbuck and nyala).

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Small antelope, such as dik-diks, tend to be monogamous. They live in a forest environment with patchy resources, and a male is unable to monopolize more than one female due to this sparse distribution. Larger forest species often form very small herds of two to four females and one male.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Some species, such as lechwes, pursue a lek breeding system, where the males gather on a lekking ground and compete for a small territory, while the females appraise males and choose one with which to mate.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Large grazing antelope, such as impala or wildebeest, form large herds made up of many females and a single breeding male, which excludes all other males, often by combat.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: If escape is not an option, antelope are capable of fighting back. Oryxes in particular have been known to stand sideways like many unrelated bovids to appear larger than they are, and may charge at a predator as a last resort.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: About 25 species are rated by the IUCN as endangered, such as the dama gazelle and mountain nyala. A number of subspecies are also endangered, including the giant sable antelope and the mhorr gazelle. The main causes for concern for these species are habitat loss, competition with cattle for grazing, and trophy hunting.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: The chiru or Tibetan antelope is hunted for its pelt, which is used in making "shahtoosh" wool, used in shawls. Since the fur can only be removed from dead animals, and each animal yields very little of the downy fur, several antelope must be killed to make a single shawl. This unsustainable demand has led to enormous declines in the chiru population.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: The saiga is hunted for its horns, which are considered an aphrodisiac by some cultures. Only the males have horns, and have been so heavily hunted that some herds contain up to 800 females to one male. The species has shown a steep decline and is critically endangered.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: It is difficult to determine how long antelope live in the wild. With the preference of predators towards old and infirm individuals, which can no longer sustain peak speeds, few wild prey-animals live as long as their biological potential. In captivity, wildebeest have lived beyond 20 years old, and impalas have reached their late teens.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Humans have also used the term "Antelope" to refer to a tradition usually found in the sport of track and field.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: A wide variety of antelope hybrids have been recorded in zoos, game parks, and wildlife ranches, due to either a lack of more appropriate mates in enclosures shared with other species or a misidentification of species. The ease of hybridization shows how closely related some antelope species are. With few exceptions, most hybrid antelope occur only in captivity.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Most hybrids occur between species within the same genus. All reported examples occur within the same subfamily. As with most mammal hybrids, the less closely related the parents, the more likely the offspring will be sterile.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Antelope

Context: Antelope can all also occur in their natural form, in which case they are termed "natural antelope" to distinguish them from the more usual heraldic antelope. The arms previously used by the Republic of South Africa featured a natural antelope, along with an oryx.

Question: Montako lajia antilooppeja tunnetaan?


Flight airspeed record

Context: Records in "gray" font color are unofficial, including unconfirmed or unpublicized (wartime) secrets.

Question: Mikä on hävittäjien huippunopeus?


Flight airspeed record

Context: The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird holds the official Air Speed Record for a manned airbreathing jet engine aircraft with a speed of . The record was set on 28 July 1976 by Eldon W. Joersz and George T. Morgan Jr. near Beale Air Force Base, California, USA. It was able to take off and land unassisted on conventional runways. SR-71 pilot Brian Shul claimed in "The Untouchables" that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April 1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile.

Question: Mikä on hävittäjien huippunopeus?


Flight airspeed record

Context: The official speed record for a seaplane moved by piston engine is , which attained on 23 October 1934, by Francesco Agello in the Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 seaplane ("idrocorsa") and it remains the current record. It was equipped with the Fiat AS.6 engine (version 1934) developing a power of at 3300 rpm, with coaxial counter-rotating propellers. The original record holding Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 MM.181 seaplane is at the Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle in Italy.

Question: Mikä on hävittäjien huippunopeus?


Flight airspeed record

Context: Flying between any two airports allow a large number of combinations, so setting a speed record ("speed over a recognised course") is fairly easy with an ordinary aircraft, although there are many administrative requirements for recognition.

Question: Mikä on hävittäjien huippunopeus?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: If the placement of the forgery in 1902–1903 Russia is correct, then it was written at the beginning of the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, in which thousands of Jews were killed or fled the country. Many of the people whom De Michelis suspects of involvement in the forgery were directly responsible for inciting the pogroms.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Source material for the forgery consisted jointly of "Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu" ("Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu"), an 1864 political satire by Maurice Joly; and a chapter from "Biarritz", an 1868 novel by the antisemitic German novelist Hermann Goedsche, which had been translated into Russian in 1872.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: "The Protocols" is one of the best-known and most-discussed examples of literary forgery, with analysis and proof of its fraudulent origin dating as far back as 1921. The forgery is an early example of "conspiracy theory" literature. Written mainly in the first person plural, the text includes generalizations, truisms, and platitudes on how to take over the world: take control of the media and the financial institutions, change the traditional social order, etc. It does not contain specifics.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Identifiable phrases from Joly constitute 4% of the first half of the first edition, and 12% of the second half; later editions, including most translations, have longer quotes from Joly.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Philip Graves brought this plagiarism to light in a series of articles in "The Times" in 1921, being the first to expose the "Protocols" as a forgery to the public.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Fictional events in Joly's "Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu", which appeared four years before "Biarritz", may well have been the inspiration for Goedsche's fictional midnight meeting, and details of the outcome of the supposed plot. Goedsche's chapter may have been an outright plagiarism of Joly, Dumas père, or both.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Pipes notes that the "Protocols" emphasizes recurring themes of conspiratorial antisemitism: "Jews always scheme", "Jews are everywhere", "Jews are behind every institution", "Jews obey a central authority, the shadowy 'Elders'", and "Jews are close to success."

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: As fiction in the genre of literature, the tract was analyzed by Umberto Eco in his novel "Foucault's Pendulum" (1988):

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Eco also dealt with the "Protocols" in 1994 in chapter 6, "Fictional Protocols", of his "Six Walks in the Fictional Woods" and in his 2010 novel "The Cemetery of Prague".

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Golovinski's role in the writing of the "Protocols" is disputed by Michael Hagemeister, Richard Levy and Cesare De Michelis, who each write that the account which involves him is historically unverifiable and to a large extent provably wrong.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: The "Protocols" were published at the earliest, in serialized form, from August 28 to September 7 (O.S.) 1903, in "Znamya", a Saint Petersburg daily newspaper, under Pavel Krushevan. Krushevan had initiated the Kishinev pogrom four months earlier.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: A subsequent secret investigation ordered by Pyotr Stolypin, the newly appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers, came to the conclusion that the "Protocols" first appeared in Paris in antisemitic circles around 1897–98. When Nicholas II learned of the results of this investigation, he requested, "The Protocols should be confiscated, a good cause cannot be defended by dirty means." Despite the order, or because of the "good cause", numerous reprints proliferated.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: In 1923, there appeared an anonymously edited pamphlet by the Britons Publishing Society, a successor to The Britons, an entity created and headed by Henry Hamilton Beamish. This imprint was allegedly a translation by Victor E. Marsden, who had died in October 1920.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: In 1920–1921, the history of the concepts found in the "Protocols" was traced back to the works of Goedsche and Jacques Crétineau-Joly by Lucien Wolf (an English Jewish journalist), and published in London in August 1921. But a dramatic exposé occurred in the series of articles in "The Times" by its Constantinople reporter, Philip Graves, who discovered the plagiarism from the work of Maurice Joly.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Vladimir Burtsev, a Russian émigré, anti-Bolshevik and anti-Fascist who exposed numerous Okhrana agents provocateurs in the early 1900s, served as a witness at the Berne Trial. In 1938 in Paris he published a book, "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Proved Forgery", based on his testimony.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: According to historian Norman Cohn, the assassins of German Jewish politician Walter Rathenau (1867–1922) were convinced that Rathenau was a literal "Elder of Zion".

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: It seems likely Adolf Hitler first became aware of the "Protocols" after hearing about it from ethnic German white émigrés, such as Alfred Rosenberg and Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter. Rosenberg and Scheubner-Richter were also members of the early Aufbau Vereinigung counterrevolutionary group, which according to historian Michael Kellogg, influenced the Nazis in promulgating a "Protocols"-like myth.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: The "Protocols" also became a part of the Nazi propaganda effort to justify persecution of the Jews. In "The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry 1933–1945", Nora Levin states that "Hitler used the Protocols as a manual in his war to exterminate the Jews":

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Hitler did not mention the Protocols in his speeches after his defense of it in "Mein Kampf". "Distillations of the text appeared in German classrooms, indoctrinated the Hitler Youth, and invaded the USSR along with German soldiers." Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels proclaimed: "The Zionist Protocols are as up-to-date today as they were the day they were first published."

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Richard S. Levy criticizes the claim that the "Protocols" had a large effect on Hitler's thinking, writing that it is based mostly on suspect testimony and lacks hard evidence. Randall Bytwerk agrees, writing that most leading Nazis did not believe it was genuine despite having an "inner truth" suitable for propaganda.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Publication of the "Protocols" was stopped in Germany in 1939 for unknown reasons. An edition that was ready for printing was blocked by censorship laws.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: However, figures within the region have publicly asserted that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a forgery such as former Grand Mufti of Egypt Ali Gomaa, who made an official court complaint concerning a publisher who falsely put his name on an introduction to its Arabic translation.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: "The Protocols" is widely considered influential in the development of other conspiracy theories, and reappears repeatedly in contemporary conspiracy literature. Notions derived from the "Protocols" include claims that the "Jews" depicted in the Protocols are a cover for the Illuminati, Freemasons, the Priory of Sion or, in the opinion of David Icke, "extra-dimensional entities". In his book "And the truth shall set you free" (1995), Icke asserted that the "Protocols" are genuine and accurate.

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Context: Masami Uno's book "If You Understand Judea You Can Comprehend the World: 1990 Scenario for the 'Final Economic War"' became popular in Japan around 1987 and was based upon the "Protocols".

Question: Kuka väärensi Siionin viisaiden pöytäkirjat?


President of Croatia

Context: The Office of the President of the Republic () consists of the immediate staff of the president of Croatia, as well as support staff reporting to the president. The office is located in the Presidential Palace in the Pantovčak area of Zagreb. The Constitution of Croatia defines the appearance and use of the presidential standard, which is flown on the buildings of the Office of the President, the residence of the president, any vehicles in use by the president, and in other ceremonial occasions.

Question: Kuka oli Kroatian ensimmäinen presidentti?


President of Croatia

Context: This is a graphical timeline listing of the presidents of Croatia since the first multi-party elections in 1990.

Question: Kuka oli Kroatian ensimmäinen presidentti?


President of Croatia

Context: The president of Croatia, officially styled President of the Republic () represents the Republic of Croatia in the country and abroad as the head of state, maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government system and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country. The president is barred from executing any other public or professional duty while in office.

Question: Kuka oli Kroatian ensimmäinen presidentti?


President of Croatia

Context: The president of Croatia is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic of Croatia and appoints and relieves military commanders of duty, esp. the chief of general staff, conforming to applicable legislation. The President confers ranks on (and promotes) commissioned officers and generals/admirals, upon minister's proposal.

Question: Kuka oli Kroatian ensimmäinen presidentti?


President of Croatia

Context: The president cooperates with the government directing operation of the Croatian security and intelligence system. The president and the prime minister jointly appoint heads of the security agencies, and the president may attend cabinet meetings, taking part in discussions held at such meetings. The president and the prime minister jointly convene Defense Council as well as the National Security Council; the president chairs these councils and their meetings.

Question: Kuka oli Kroatian ensimmäinen presidentti?


President of Croatia

Context: The president of Croatia is supported in his defense and national security duties and responsibilities by the Military Cabinet ("Vojni ured") as a part of the Office of the President, staffed by commissioned officers. The President works closely with the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces.

Question: Kuka oli Kroatian ensimmäinen presidentti?


President of Croatia

Context: The Office of the President of the Republic () consists of the immediate staff of the president of Croatia, as well as support staff reporting to the president. As of May 2008, the office employed 170 staff, with the maximum staffing level set at 191 by the Regulation on Internal Organisation of the Office of the President of Croatia. In 2009 government budget, the office was allocated 54 million kuna ( 7.3 million euro). The net monthly salary of the president is 23,500 kuna ( 3,170 euro).

Question: Kuka oli Kroatian ensimmäinen presidentti?


President of Croatia

Context: The President of Croatia is impeachable for any violation of the Constitution committed in performance of duty. Impeachment proceedings may be initiated by the Parliament of Croatia by a two-thirds majority vote of all members of the parliament. The impeachment of the president is then decided by the Constitutional Court, by a two-thirds majority vote of all its judges. If the Constitutional Court impeaches the president, the president's term is terminated.

Question: Kuka oli Kroatian ensimmäinen presidentti?


Afonso I of Portugal

Context: Afonso actively campaigned against the Moors in the south. In 1139 he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Ourique, and in 1147 he conquered Santarém and Lisbon from the Moors, with help from men on their way to the Holy Land for the Second Crusade. He secured the independence of Portugal following a victory over León at Valdevez and received papal approval through "Manifestis Probatum". Afonso died in 1185 and was succeeded by his son, Sancho I.

Question: Kuka perusti Portugalin?


Afonso I of Portugal

Context: Henry and Teresa reigned jointly as count and countess of Portugal until his death on 22 May 1112 during the siege of Astorga, after which Teresa ruled Portugal alone. She would proclaim herself queen (a claim recognised by Pope Paschal II in 1116) but was captured and forced to reaffirm her vassalage to her half-sister, Urraca of León.

Question: Kuka perusti Portugalin?


Afonso I of Portugal

Context: In 1179 the privileges and favors given to the Catholic Church were compensated. With consistent effort by several parties, such as the primate archbishop of Braga, Paio Mendes, in the papal court, the papal bull "Manifestis Probatum" was promulgated accepting the new king as vassal to the pope exclusively. In it Pope Alexander III also acknowledged Afonso as king and Portugal as an independent kingdom with the right to conquer lands from the Moors.

Question: Kuka perusti Portugalin?


Afonso I of Portugal

Context: In 1146, Afonso married Mafalda, daughter of Amadeus III, Count of Savoy and Mahaut of Albon, both appearing together for the first time in May of that year confirming royal charters. They had the following issue:

Question: Kuka perusti Portugalin?


Afonso I of Portugal

Context: Before his marriage to Mafalda, King Afonso fathered his first son with Chamoa Gómez, daughter of Count Gómez Núñez and Elvira Pérez, sister of Fernando and Bermudo Pérez de Traba:

Question: Kuka perusti Portugalin?


Michael Bay

Context: He is co-founder of commercial production house The Institute, a.k.a. The Institute for the Development of Enhanced Perceptual Awareness. He co-owns Platinum Dunes, a production house which has remade horror films, including "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" (2003), "The Amityville Horror" (2005), "The Hitcher" (2007), "Friday the 13th" (2009) and "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (2010).

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Despite his commercial success at the box office, Bay's work is generally held in low esteem by film critics. While "The Rock" (1996), "Transformers" (2007), "" (2016), and "Ambulance" (2022) received moderately positive reviews, most of his other films, particularly the four "Transformers" sequels, have been received negatively by critics.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay was born in Los Angeles. He was raised by his adoptive parents Harriet, a bookstore owner and child psychiatrist, and Jim, a CPA. He was raised Jewish. His grandfather was from Russia. His cousin, Susan Bay, is the widow of "Star Trek" actor Leonard Nimoy (whom he eventually cast as the voice actor for Sentinel Prime in ""). He attended the exclusive Crossroads School in Santa Monica, California.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay often traces his interest in action films back to an incident during his childhood. As a boy, he attached some firecrackers to a toy train and filmed the ensuing fiery disaster with his mother's 8 millimeter camera. The fire department was called and he was grounded.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay began working at Propaganda Films, directing commercials and music videos, two weeks after finishing his postgraduate degree. His 90-second World War II–inspired Coca-Cola advertisement was picked up by Capitol Records. His first national commercial was for the Red Cross, which won a Clio Award in 1992. He directed Goodby, Silverstein & Partners' "Got Milk?" ad campaign for the California Milk Processors Board in 1993, which also won a Grand Prix Clio Award for Commercial of the Year.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay reteamed with Will Smith and Martin Lawrence for "Bad Boys II", a sequel that was Bay's fifth collaboration with Jerry Bruckheimer. It grossed $138 million domestically, enough to cover the production budget, and $273 million worldwide, almost twice as much as the first movie.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: In 2005, Bay directed "The Island", a science fiction film starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson. It was the first film Bay made without Jerry Bruckheimer as a producer. It cost $126 million to produce and earned $36 million domestically and $127 million overseas, for a total of $163 million. Bay said that he was not comfortable with the domestic marketing campaign, as it confused the audience about the film's true subject.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: In 2007, he teamed up with executive producer Steven Spielberg to direct "Transformers", a live action film based on the "Transformers" franchise. Released in July 2007, by November of that year it had made over $709 million worldwide.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay directed "", released on June 29, 2011, which grossed $1.123 billion globally. His next film was a comparatively small one he had been developing for years, called "Pain & Gain". The true crime story, based on events described in a "Miami New Times" article by Pete Collins, concerns a group of bumbling bodybuilders working together to commit a robbery. It starred Mark Wahlberg, Dwayne Johnson, Anthony Mackie, Tony Shalhoub and Ed Harris.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay produced DreamWorks' "I Am Number Four", based on a series of novels by Pittacus Lore published by HarperCollins Children's Books. D. J. Caruso ("Eagle Eye", "Disturbia") directed.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: A fourth Bay-directed Transformers movie, ', was released in June 2014. Starring Mark Wahlberg, it earned $1.1 billion at the global box office. On January 12, 2016, Paramount Pictures released ', which Bay produced and directed, based on the 2012 Benghazi attack. While the lowest-grossing film of Bay's career at the box office, it went on to massive DVD sales on its digital release in May 2016, earning over $40 million in home video revenue.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: On May 23, 2017, Bay was honored with his own hand-and-footprint ceremony at The TCL Chinese Theatre. His English mastiff, Rebel, put her paw in the cement with him.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay's fifth "Transformers" film as director, "", was released on June 21, 2017. It grossed $68.5 million in its five-day North American opening weekend, the franchise's lowest opening, and $605 million worldwide. In a 2016 interview with "Rolling Stone", Bay said it would be his final "Transformers" film as director.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: In 2018, it was announced that Bay would direct the Netflix action thriller film "6 Underground", starring Ryan Reynolds, Mélanie Laurent, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Adria Arjona, Corey Hawkins, Ben Hardy and Dave Franco. It was released on December 13, 2019. In August 2019, Bay signed to direct the action film "Black Five" for Sony Pictures. However, the film, which was set to begin production in 2020, was put on hold because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and Bay subsequently moved on to direct "Ambulance".

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay produced the pandemic-themed thriller "Songbird" starting Demi Moore, Craig Robinson, Paul Walter Hauser and Peter Stormare. He is set to direct the dystopian thriller "Little America," which was scheduled to film in California sometime in 2020.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: In 2021, it was reported that Bay requested financial compensation from film studio Paramount Pictures for indirectly limiting his income as a result of Paramount cutting the theatrical-only run of "A Quiet Place Part II" from 90 to 45 days due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bay, and other producers as well as actors for the film, as is typically the case, receive payment in part based on box-office performance, and a reduction in the theatrical run's exclusivity affected the pay they received.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay's next film was 2022's "Ambulance", starring Jake Gyllenhaal, Yahya Abdul-Mateen II, and Eiza González. It follows two bank robbers who hijack an ambulance and take two hostages. Shot during the COVID-19 pandemic in Los Angeles, it was released in the US on April 8, 2022 by Universal Pictures.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay founded production house Platinum Dunes with fellow producers Brad Fuller and Andrew Form in 2001.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay and Wyndcrest Holdings, a Florida-based investment firm, acquired the digital effects company Digital Domain from James Cameron and Stan Winston in 2006, infusing the struggling business with a $50 million investment. Digital Domain considered an initial public offering in 2009 but withdrew the offer due to lack of interest. It was sold to the production group Beijing Galloping Horse in 2012.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: After leaving Propaganda Films, Bay and producer Scott Gardenhour, also formerly at Propaganda, formed The Institute for the Development of Enhanced Perceptual Awareness (now known as The Institute), to produce commercials and other projects. Through The Institute, Bay has directed and produced spots for Victoria's Secret, Lexus, Budweiser, Reebok, Mercedes-Benz, and Nike. One of his Victoria's Secret ads was for the 2009 "A Thousand Fantasies" holiday campaign.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: In June 2016, Bay joined The Rogue Initiative, a production studio and technology company, as a strategic advisor and stakeholder. The studio merges Hollywood production with interactive talent to generate story-driven content for games, mobile, virtual reality, mixed reality, television and feature film. As part of the partnership, Bay will develop and direct a multiplatform action-adventure game and cinematic VR experiences, based on an original IP conceived by him.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Bay lives in Miami with his three English mastiffs, named for characters in his films. As a boy, he donated his Bar Mitzvah money to an animal shelter and often includes his dogs in his films. Bonecrusher appeared as Mikaela's dog "Bones" in "". Mason, his first English mastiff, was named for John Patrick Mason, played by Sean Connery in "The Rock". Mason appeared as Marcus's dog in "Bad Boys II" and as Miles' dog in "Transformers"; he died during production of the latter film in March 2007.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: In a 2016 "Rolling Stone" interview, Bay said that his net worth was around $500 million. He owned a $50 million Gulfstream G550 jet, as well as a Bentley, a Range Rover, an Escalade, a Ferrari, a Lamborghini, and two Camaros from the "Transformers" franchise.

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: In 2009, it was reported that Fox, at the age of 15, was made to wash Bay's car while auditioning for "Transformers". In 2020, Fox revisited the incident and denied that she was underaged (for "Transformers") or "made to 'wash' or work on someone's cars in a way that was extraneous from the materials in the actual script." However, Fox was 15 when she first appeared as a bikini-clad extra in the Bay film "Bad Boys II".

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


Michael Bay

Context: Actress Kate Beckinsale also spoke out publicly by reporting that she was body-shamed and regularly criticized for her appearance by Bay during the making of "Pearl Harbor".

Question: Minä vuonna Michael Bay on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: Beckford is remembered for a Gothic novel "Vathek" (1786), for building the lost Fonthill Abbey in Wiltshire and Lansdown Tower ("Beckford's Tower") in Bath, and for his art collection.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: This fortune allowed him to indulge his interest in art and architecture, as well as writing. He was briefly trained in music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, but his drawing master, Alexander Cozens, was a greater influence, and Beckford continued to correspond with him for some years until they fell out.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: For many years Beckford was believed to have conducted a simultaneous affair with his cousin Peter's wife Louisa Pitt (c. 1755–1791).

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: Having studied under Sir William Chambers and Cozens, Beckford journeyed in Italy in 1782 and wrote a book about his travels: "Dreams, Waking Thoughts and Incidents" (1783). Soon came his best-known work, the Gothic novel "Vathek" (1786), written originally in French; he boasted that it took a single sitting of three days and two nights, though there is reason to believe that this was a flight of imagination.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: His other main writings were "Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters" (1780), a satirical work, and "Letters from Italy with Sketches of Spain and Portugal" (1834), with brilliant descriptions of scenes and manners. In 1793 he visited Portugal, where he settled for a while.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: Beckford's fame, however, rests as much on his eccentricities as a builder and collector as on his literary efforts. In undertaking his buildings he managed to dissipate his fortune, which was estimated by his contemporaries to give him an income of £100,000 a year. The loss of one of his Jamaican sugar plantations to James Beckford Wildman was particularly costly. Only £80,000 of his capital remained at his death.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: The opportunity to purchase the complete library of Edward Gibbon gave Beckford the basis for his own library, and James Wyatt built Fonthill Abbey in which to house this and the owner's art collection. Lord Nelson visited Fonthill Abbey with the Hamiltons in 1800. The house was completed in 1807. Beckford entered parliament as member for Wells and later for Hindon, quitting by taking the Chiltern Hundreds; but he lived mostly in seclusion, spending much of his father's wealth without adding to it.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: Beckford's self-designed tomb, a massive sarcophagus of polished pink granite with bronze armorial plaques, now stands on a hillock in the cemetery surrounded by an oval ditch. On one side is a quotation from "Vathek": "Enjoying humbly the most precious gift of heaven to man – Hope", and on another lines from his poem, "A Prayer": "Eternal Power! Grant me, through obvious clouds one transient gleam of thy bright essence in my dying hour."

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: Henry Goodridge designed a Byzantine entrance gateway to the cemetery, flanked by bronze railings which had surrounded Beckford's original tomb in Bath Abbey Cemetery.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: Walcot Cemetery is closed for burials but still open to the public, as is the Tower on regular days in the year. (See the Bath Preservation Trust website.)

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: Beckford left two daughters, the younger of whom (Susanna Euphemia, sometimes called Susan) was married to Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton, and inherited the majority of his collection, which was then moved north to Hamilton Palace, now demolished. The elder, Margaret Maria Elizabeth Beckford, married Lt-Gen. James Orde.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: Beckford was portrayed by Daniel Massey in the 1982 Central Television production "I Remember Nelson", and has been the subject of several biographies in recent decades.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


William Beckford (novelist)

Context: According to E. H. Coleridge, Beckford is the person referred to in Lord Byron's short poem "To Dives – A Fragment". Byron describes a person of great wealth, "of Wit, in Genius, as in Wealth the first", who feels "Wrath's vial on thy lofty head burst" when he is "seduced to deeds accurst" and "smitten with th' unhallowed thirst of Crime unnamed". Byron also refers to him in "Childe Harold", Canto I, stanza 22.

Question: Minä vuonna William Beckford on syntynyt?


Superconductivity

Context: Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above . Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. The cheaply available coolant liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and thus the existence of superconductivity at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: It is "conventional" if it can be explained by the BCS theory or its derivatives, or "unconventional", otherwise. Alternatively, a superconductor is called unconventional if the superconducting order parameter transforms according to a non-trivial irreducible representation of the point group or space group of the system.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: Superconductor material classes include chemical elements (e.g. mercury or lead), alloys (such as niobium–titanium, germanium–niobium, and niobium nitride), ceramics (YBCO and magnesium diboride), superconducting pnictides (like fluorine-doped LaOFeAs) or organic superconductors (fullerenes and carbon nanotubes; though perhaps these examples should be included among the chemical elements, as they are composed entirely of carbon).

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: Off diagonal long range order is closely connected to the formation of Cooper pairs. An article by V.F. Weisskopf presents simple physical explanations for the formation of Cooper pairs, for the origin of the attractive force causing the binding of the pairs, for the finite energy gap, and for the existence of permanent currents.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: The simplest method to measure the electrical resistance of a sample of some material is to place it in an electrical circuit in series with a current source "I" and measure the resulting voltage "V" across the sample. The resistance of the sample is given by Ohm's law as "R = V / I". If the voltage is zero, this means that the resistance is zero.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: The Meissner effect is sometimes confused with the kind of diamagnetism one would expect in a perfect electrical conductor: according to Lenz's law, when a "changing" magnetic field is applied to a conductor, it will induce an electric current in the conductor that creates an opposing magnetic field. In a perfect conductor, an arbitrarily large current can be induced, and the resulting magnetic field exactly cancels the applied field.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: The Meissner effect is distinct from thisit is the spontaneous expulsion that occurs during transition to superconductivity. Suppose we have a material in its normal state, containing a constant internal magnetic field. When the material is cooled below the critical temperature, we would observe the abrupt expulsion of the internal magnetic field, which we would not expect based on Lenz's law.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: The Meissner effect was given a phenomenological explanation by the brothers Fritz and Heinz London, who showed that the electromagnetic free energy in a superconductor is minimized provided

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: This equation, which is known as the London equation, predicts that the magnetic field in a superconductor decays exponentially from whatever value it possesses at the surface.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: Conversely, a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field, precisely aligned with the spin axis. The effect, the London moment, was put to good use in Gravity Probe B. This experiment measured the magnetic fields of four superconducting gyroscopes to determine their spin axes. This was critical to the experiment since it is one of the few ways to accurately determine the spin axis of an otherwise featureless sphere.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: Great efforts have been devoted to finding out how and why superconductivity works; the important step occurred in 1933, when Meissner and Ochsenfeld discovered that superconductors expelled applied magnetic fields, a phenomenon which has come to be known as the Meissner effect. In 1935, Fritz and Heinz London showed that the Meissner effect was a consequence of the minimization of the electromagnetic free energy carried by superconducting current.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: The theoretical model that was first conceived for superconductivity was completely classical: it is summarized by London constitutive equations.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: It was put forward by the brothers Fritz and Heinz London in 1935, shortly after the discovery that magnetic fields are expelled from superconductors. A major triumph of the equations of this theory is their ability to explain the Meissner effect, wherein a material exponentially expels all internal magnetic fields as it crosses the superconducting threshold. By using the London equation, one can obtain the dependence of the magnetic field inside the superconductor on the distance to the surface.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: During the 1950s, theoretical condensed matter physicists arrived at an understanding of "conventional" superconductivity, through a pair of remarkable and important theories: the phenomenological Ginzburg–Landau theory (1950) and the microscopic BCS theory (1957).

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: Also in 1950, Maxwell and Reynolds "et al." found that the critical temperature of a superconductor depends on the isotopic mass of the constituent element. This important discovery pointed to the electron-phonon interaction as the microscopic mechanism responsible for superconductivity.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: The complete microscopic theory of superconductivity was finally proposed in 1957 by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer. This BCS theory explained the superconducting current as a superfluid of Cooper pairs, pairs of electrons interacting through the exchange of phonons. For this work, the authors were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1972.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: The BCS theory was set on a firmer footing in 1958, when N. N. Bogolyubov showed that the BCS wavefunction, which had originally been derived from a variational argument, could be obtained using a canonical transformation of the electronic Hamiltonian. In 1959, Lev Gor'kov showed that the BCS theory reduced to the Ginzburg–Landau theory close to the critical temperature.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: Generalizations of BCS theory for conventional superconductors form the basis for the understanding of the phenomenon of superfluidity, because they fall into the lambda transition universality class. The extent to which such generalizations can be applied to unconventional superconductors is still controversial.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: The first practical application of superconductivity was developed in 1954 with Dudley Allen Buck's invention of the cryotron. Two superconductors with greatly different values of the critical magnetic field are combined to produce a fast, simple switch for computer elements.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: In 2008, it was proposed that the same mechanism that produces superconductivity could produce a superinsulator state in some materials, with almost infinite electrical resistance. The first development and study of superconducting Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in 2020 suggests that there is a "smooth transition between" BEC and Bardeen-Cooper-Shrieffer regimes.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: Until 1986, physicists had believed that BCS theory forbade superconductivity at temperatures above about 30 K. In that year, Bednorz and Müller discovered superconductivity in lanthanum barium copper oxide (LBCO), a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite material, which had a transition temperature of 35 K (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1987). It was soon found that replacing the lanthanum with yttrium (i.e., making YBCO) raised the critical temperature above 90 K.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: This temperature jump is particularly significant, since it allows liquid nitrogen as a refrigerant, replacing liquid helium. This can be important commercially because liquid nitrogen can be produced relatively cheaply, even on-site. Also, the higher temperatures help avoid some of the problems that arise at liquid helium temperatures, such as the formation of plugs of frozen air that can block cryogenic lines and cause unanticipated and potentially hazardous pressure buildup.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: Many other cuprate superconductors have since been discovered, and the theory of superconductivity in these materials is one of the major outstanding challenges of theoretical condensed matter physics. There are currently two main hypotheses – the resonating-valence-bond theory, and spin fluctuation which has the most support in the research community. The second hypothesis proposed that electron pairing in high-temperature superconductors is mediated by short-range spin waves known as paramagnons.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: In 2008, holographic superconductivity, which uses holographic duality or AdS/CFT correspondence theory, was proposed by Gubser, Hartnoll, Herzog, and Horowitz, as a possible explanation of high-temperature superconductivity in certain materials.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: From about 1993, the highest-temperature superconductor known was a ceramic material consisting of mercury, barium, calcium, copper and oxygen (HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ) with "T"c = 133–138 K.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: In February 2008, an iron-based family of high-temperature superconductors was discovered. Hideo Hosono, of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and colleagues found lanthanum oxygen fluorine iron arsenide (LaO1−xFxFeAs), an oxypnictide that superconducts below 26 K. Replacing the lanthanum in LaO1−"x"F"x"FeAs with samarium leads to superconductors that work at 55 K.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: In 2014 and 2015, hydrogen sulfide () at extremely high pressures (around 150 gigapascals) was first predicted and then confirmed to be a high-temperature superconductor with a transition temperature of 80 K. Additionally, in 2019 it was discovered that lanthanum hydride () becomes a superconductor at 250 K under a pressure of 170 gigapascals.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: In 2020, a room-temperature superconductor made from hydrogen, carbon and sulfur under pressures of around 270 gigapascals was described in a paper in "Nature". This is currently the highest temperature at which any material has shown superconductivity.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Superconductivity

Context: In the 1950s and 1960s, superconductors were used to build experimental digital computers using cryotron switches. More recently, superconductors have been used to make digital circuits based on rapid single flux quantum technology and RF and microwave filters for mobile phone base stations.

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?