Iroquois

Context: The first five nations listed below formed the original Five Nations (listed from east to west, as they were oriented to the sunrise); the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1722.

Question: Montako kansakuntaa irokeesiliitossa on?


Iroquois

Context: Within each of the six nations, people belonged to a number of matrilineal clans. The number of clans varies by nation, currently from three to eight, with a total of nine different clan names.

Question: Montako kansakuntaa irokeesiliitossa on?


Iroquois

Context: According to the "Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life", the Iroquois Confederacy had 10,000 people at its peak, but by the 18th century, their population had decreased to 4,000, recovering only to 7,000 by 1910.

Question: Montako kansakuntaa irokeesiliitossa on?


Iroquois

Context: Several communities exist to this day of people descended from the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy.

Question: Montako kansakuntaa irokeesiliitossa on?


National League (ice hockey)

Context: The subject of import players has been and still is a huge subject of debates among team owners and GMs. Some of them wish to allow more than four import players per game in order to reduce the salaries of star Swiss players and the others want to keep that limit to four players to allow more Swiss players to play on special units and have top roles on their teams.

Question: Montako joukkuetta pelaa Sveitsin jääkiekkoilun korkeimmalla sarjatasolla?


National League (ice hockey)

Context: NL games are only available in Switzerland and MySports is the league's official broadcaster, airing all regular season and playoffs games. MySports pays CHF 35 million per year to broadcast NL games and selected SL games. Games are available with German, French and Italian commentaries.

Question: Montako joukkuetta pelaa Sveitsin jääkiekkoilun korkeimmalla sarjatasolla?


National League (ice hockey)

Context: The SRG SSR airs regular season games highlights after each round and two selected games per playoff night in all three languages. Starting with the 2020-21 season, the SSR is allowed to broadcast 6 live regular season games per season. Additionally, talk-shows are broadcast live on all 3 channels after each game night, featuring former Swiss players like Gil Montandon, Marco Bührer or Mark Streit.

Question: Montako joukkuetta pelaa Sveitsin jääkiekkoilun korkeimmalla sarjatasolla?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: Since the release of the first novel, "Twilight", in 2005, the books have gained immense popularity and commercial success around the world. The series is most popular among young adults; the four books have won multiple awards, most notably the 2008 British Book Award for "Children's Book of the Year" for "Breaking Dawn", while the series as a whole won the 2009 Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Book.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: In November 2011, the series had sold over 120 million copies worldwide with translations into at least 38 different languages around the globe. The four "Twilight" books have consecutively set records as the biggest-selling novels of 2008 on the "USA Today" Best-Selling Books list and have spent over 235 weeks on the "New York Times" Best Seller list for Children's Series Books.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: The books have been adapted into "The Twilight Saga" series of motion pictures by Summit Entertainment. The film adaptations of the first three books were released in 2008, 2009, and 2010 respectively. The fourth book is adapted into two full-length films—the first film being released in November 2011, and the second film in November 2012.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: Victoria has created an army of "newborn" vampires to battle the Cullen family and murder Bella for revenge. Meanwhile, Bella is compelled to choose between her relationship with Edward and her friendship with Jacob. Edward's vampire family and Jacob's werewolf pack join forces to successfully destroy Victoria and her vampire army. In the end, Bella chooses Edward's love over Jacob's friendship and agrees to marry Edward.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: In August 2020, Meyer revealed that she is working on two additional "Twilight" novels. The author intends to continue writing these stories, after completing an original book first.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: On March 16, 2010, Yen Press released "Twilight: The Graphic Novel, Vol. 1", by artist Young Kim based on the first book in the series. In February 2011, the graphic novel won the 2010 Gem Awards Best Manga of the Year. The sequel, "Twilight: The Graphic Novel, Vol. 2" was released on October 11, 2011, and followed "Volume 1" in topping "The New York Times Best Seller list" for Hardcover Graphic Books in its first week.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: In March 2010, Meyer revealed on her official website that she will be releasing a new novella in the series, "The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner", which tells the story of a newborn vampire who appeared in "Eclipse", on June 5, 2010. An electronic version of the book was made available free from her web site, as well as in bookstores.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: Other major themes of the series include choice and free will. Meyer says that the books are centered around Bella's choice to choose her life on her own, and the Cullens' choices to abstain from killing rather than follow their temptations: "I really think that's the underlying metaphor of my vampires. It doesn't matter where you're stuck in life or what you think you have to do; you can always choose something else. There's always a different path."

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: The response to "Twilight" has been mixed. While the books have become immensely popular, they have also generated much controversy.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: "Twilight" has gathered acclaim for its popularity with its target readers. "The Times" lauded it for capturing "perfectly the teenage feeling of sexual tension and alienation." Other reviews described "Twilight" as an "exquisite fantasy", and a "gripping blend of romance and horror". Lev Grossman of "Time" wrote that the books have a "pillowy quality distinctly reminiscent of Internet fan fiction", but still praised the series, comparing it to "The Lord of the Rings" and "Harry Potter":

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: On November 5, 2019, the "BBC News" listed "The Twilight Series" on its list of the 100 most influential novels.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: The series has garnered some notoriety both over its literary substance and over the type of relationship portrayed in the books.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: A quote from Robin Browne (though frequently misattributed to King or Andrew Futral) negatively compares the "Twilight" and "Harry Potter" book series: ""Harry Potter" is about confronting fears, finding inner strength and doing what is right in the face of adversity ... "Twilight" is about how important it is to have a boyfriend".

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: Laura Miller of Salon.com wrote that "the characters, such as they are, are stripped down to a minimum, lacking the texture and idiosyncrasies of actual people", and said that ""Twilight" would be a lot more persuasive as an argument that an 'amazing heart' counts for more than appearances if it didn't harp so incessantly on Edward's superficial splendors."

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: Various psychology experts have come out in agreement with the assessment of the relationship as abusive. Melissa Henson, Director of communication and public education for the Parents Television Council, stated:

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: Many entertainment and media outlets have made similar comments on the abusive nature of Bella and Edward's relationship, including "Entertainment Weekly", "Movieline", and Mediabistro.com.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: In December 2010, professional singer Matthew Smith, known as Matt Heart, sued Summit Entertainment in the case "Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC". Smith's song "Eternal Knight" was posted on several websites accompanied by cover art which Summit claimed used its "Twilight" typeface mark. Smith won four of the seven causes of action, including his right to continue distribution of his copyrighted song, under the terms that he remove any reference to "Twilight" or the "Twilight Saga".

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: The "Twilight" series made the number five spot on the American Library Association's (ALA) Top Ten List of the Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2009, for being "Sexually Explicit", "Unsuited to Age Group", and having a "Religious Viewpoint".

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: A screenplay for "Twilight" was written by Melissa Rosenberg and has been adapted into a film by Summit Entertainment. The film was directed by Catherine Hardwicke, with Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson in the leading roles of Isabella Swan and Edward Cullen, respectively. The movie was released in the United States on November 21, 2008. "Twilight: The Complete Illustrated Movie Companion", written by Mark Cotta Vaz, was released October 28.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: The third installment in the series, ', was released on June 30, 2010. The fourth installment, ' was released November 18, 2011. The fifth and last installment, "" was released November 16, 2012.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: While the "Twilight" series has been a visible presence in many conventions such as ComicCon, there have also been many conventions whose main focus has been on the "Twilight" series (books and films). Some notable conventions have been Twicon and a series of "Official Twilight Conventions" that are being held by Creation Entertainment.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Twilight (novel series)

Context: Stephenie Meyer's Day was created by the Forks City Council to celebrate Stephenie Meyer on September 13, 2007, for her novels and films. Ever since Meyer's books were published the town's tourist population increases each year.

Question: Kuka julkaisi Stephenie Meyerin ensimmäisen kirjan?


Meteorology

Context: Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events that are explained by the science of meteorology. Meteorological phenomena are described and quantified by the variables of Earth's atmosphere: temperature, air pressure, water vapour, mass flow, and the variations and interactions of these variables, and how they change over time. Different spatial scales are used to describe and predict weather on local, regional, and global levels.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics, and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences. Meteorology and hydrology compose the interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology. The interactions between Earth's atmosphere and its oceans are part of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Meteorology has application in many diverse fields such as the military, energy production, transport, agriculture, and construction.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: The word "meteorology" is from the Ancient Greek μετέωρος "metéōros" ("meteor") and -λογία "-logia" ("-(o)logy"), meaning "the study of things high in the air."

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: The ability to predict rains and floods based on annual cycles was evidently used by humans at least from the time of agricultural settlement if not earlier. Early approaches to predicting weather were based on astrology and were practiced by priests. Cuneiform inscriptions on Babylonian tablets included associations between thunder and rain. The Chaldeans differentiated the 22° and 46° halos.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Ancient Indian Upanishads contain mentions of clouds and seasons. The Samaveda mentions sacrifices to be performed when certain phenomena were noticed. Varāhamihira's classical work "Brihatsamhita", written about 500 AD, provides evidence of weather observation.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Early attempts at predicting weather were often related to prophecy and divining, and were sometimes based on astrological ideas. Admiral FitzRoy tried to separate scientific approaches from prophetic ones.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Ptolemy wrote on the atmospheric refraction of light in the context of astronomical observations. In 1021, Alhazen showed that atmospheric refraction is also responsible for twilight; he estimated that twilight begins when the sun is 19 degrees below the horizon, and also used a geometric determination based on this to estimate the maximum possible height of the Earth's atmosphere as 52,000 "passim" (about 49 miles, or 79 km).

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: In 1904, Norwegian scientist Vilhelm Bjerknes first argued in his paper "Weather Forecasting as a Problem in Mechanics and Physics" that it should be possible to forecast weather from calculations based upon natural laws.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Starting in the 1950s, numerical forecasts with computers became feasible. The first weather forecasts derived this way used barotropic (single-vertical-level) models, and could successfully predict the large-scale movement of midlatitude Rossby waves, that is, the pattern of atmospheric lows and highs. In 1959, the UK Meteorological Office received its first computer, a Ferranti Mercury.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Meteorologists are scientists who study and work in the field of meteorology. The American Meteorological Society publishes and continually updates an authoritative electronic "Meteorology Glossary". Meteorologists work in government agencies, private consulting and research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations, and in education. In the United States, meteorologists held about 10,000 jobs in 2018.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: The study of the atmosphere can be divided into distinct areas that depend on both time and spatial scales. At one extreme of this scale is climatology. In the timescales of hours to days, meteorology separates into micro-, meso-, and synoptic scale meteorology. Respectively, the geospatial size of each of these three scales relates directly with the appropriate timescale.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Other subclassifications are used to describe the unique, local, or broad effects within those subclasses.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Microscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena on a scale of about or less. Individual thunderstorms, clouds, and local turbulence caused by buildings and other obstacles (such as individual hills) are modeled on this scale.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location. Humans have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia and formally since at least the 19th century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Aviation meteorology deals with the impact of weather on air traffic management. It is important for air crews to understand the implications of weather on their flight plan as well as their aircraft, as noted by the "Aeronautical Information Manual":

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: "The effects of ice on aircraft are cumulative—thrust is reduced, drag increases, lift lessens, and weight increases. The results are an increase in stall speed and a deterioration of aircraft performance. In extreme cases, 2 to 3 inches of ice can form on the leading edge of the airfoil in less than 5 minutes. It takes but 1/2 inch of ice to reduce the lifting power of some aircraft by 50 percent and increases the frictional drag by an equal percentage."

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Meteorologists, soil scientists, agricultural hydrologists, and agronomists are people concerned with studying the effects of weather and climate on plant distribution, crop yield, water-use efficiency, phenology of plant and animal development, and the energy balance of managed and natural ecosystems. Conversely, they are interested in the role of vegetation on climate and weather.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Hydrometeorology is the branch of meteorology that deals with the hydrologic cycle, the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of storms. A hydrometeorologist prepares and issues forecasts of accumulating (quantitative) precipitation, heavy rain, heavy snow, and highlights areas with the potential for flash flooding. Typically the range of knowledge that is required overlaps with climatology, mesoscale and synoptic meteorology, and other geosciences.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: The multidisciplinary nature of the branch can result in technical challenges, since tools and solutions from each of the individual disciplines involved may behave slightly differently, be optimized for different hard- and software platforms and use different data formats. There are some initiatives – such as the DRIHM project – that are trying to address this issue.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Nuclear meteorology investigates the distribution of radioactive aerosols and gases in the atmosphere.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Maritime meteorology deals with air and wave forecasts for ships operating at sea. Organizations such as the Ocean Prediction Center, Honolulu National Weather Service forecast office, United Kingdom Met Office, and JMA prepare high seas forecasts for the world's oceans.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Military meteorology is the research and application of meteorology for military purposes. In the United States, the United States Navy's Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command oversees meteorological efforts for the Navy and Marine Corps while the United States Air Force's Air Force Weather Agency is responsible for the Air Force and Army.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Environmental meteorology mainly analyzes industrial pollution dispersion physically and chemically based on meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind, and various weather conditions.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Meteorology

Context: Meteorology applications in renewable energy includes basic research, "exploration," and potential mapping of wind power and solar radiation for wind and solar energy.

Question: Milloin sana meteorologia on otettu käyttöön?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles ( ; , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is a major city in the U.S. state of California. With a 2020 population of 3,898,747, it is the largest city in the state, as well as the second-largest city in the United States following New York City. Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, Hollywood film industry, and sprawling metropolitan area.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The city of Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California. Adjacent to the Pacific Ocean extending through the Santa Monica Mountains and into the San Fernando Valley, it covers about . It is the seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million residents in 2022.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Los Angeles coastal area was settled by the Tongva ("Gabrieleños") and Chumash tribes. Los Angeles would eventually be founded on the village of "iyáanga’" or Yaanga (written "Yang-na" by the Spanish), meaning "poison oak place".

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Maritime explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542 while on an official military exploring expedition moving north along the Pacific coast from earlier colonizing bases of New Spain in Central and South America. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Railroads arrived with the completion of the transcontinental Southern Pacific line from New Orleans to Los Angeles in 1876 and the Santa Fe Railroad in 1885. Petroleum was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000, putting pressure on the city's water supply. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, ensured the continued growth of the city. Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to join Los Angeles.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A. The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: After the end of World War II Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley. The expansion of the Interstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city's electrified rail system, once the world's largest.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: As a consequence of World War II, suburban growth, and population density, many amusement parks were built and operated in this area. An example is Beverly Park, which was located at the corner of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega before being closed and substituted by the Beverly Center.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In 1969, California became the birthplace of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In 1973, Tom Bradley was elected as the city's first African American mayor, serving for five terms until retiring in 1993. Other events in the city during the 1970s included the Symbionese Liberation Army's South Central standoff in 1974 and the Hillside Stranglers murder cases in 1977–1978.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous, and the second Olympics to turn a profit; the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, was the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a Simi Valley jury of four Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers captured on videotape beating Rodney King, culminating in large-scale riots.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In 1994, the magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths. The century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In 2002, Mayor James Hahn led the campaign against secession, resulting in voters defeating efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games, making Los Angeles the third city to host the Olympics three times.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Since the 1930s, has been most common. In 1934, the United States Board on Geographic Names decreed that this pronunciation be used. This was also endorsed in 1952 by a "jury" appointed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron to devise an official pronunciation.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The city of Los Angeles covers a total area of , comprising of land and of water. The city extends for north-south and for east-west. The perimeter of the city is .

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is Mount Lukens at , located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the San Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point is Mount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches . Further afield, the highest point in southern California is San Gorgonio Mountain, east of downtown Los Angeles, with a height of .

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The city is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods, some of which were incorporated cities that have merged with Los Angeles. These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage which marks nearly all of them.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is whereas it is in Canoga Park, away. The city, like much of the Southern Californian coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles is also home to the nation's largest urban oil field. There are more than 700 active oil wells within of homes, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation about which the EPA has voiced serious concerns.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The city has an urban population of bobcats ("Lynx rufus"). Mange is a common problem in this population. Although Serieys "et al." 2014 find selection of immune genetics at several loci they do not demonstrate that this produces a real difference which helps the bobcats to survive future mange outbreaks.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km2), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: According to the 2010 United States Census, Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Non-Hispanic Whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010, compared to 86.3% in 1940. The majority of the Non-Hispanic White population is living in areas along the Pacific coast as well as in neighborhoods near and on the Santa Monica Mountains from the Pacific Palisades to Los Feliz.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%). The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles is the largest archdiocese in the country. Cardinal Roger Mahony, as the archbishop, oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in Downtown Los Angeles.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1923 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, at its construction, was one of the largest churches in the country.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Los Angeles California Temple, the second-largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting crime for eight years, making the crime rate in the city appear much lower than it really is.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Dragna crime family and the Cohen crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s with the battle of Sunset Strip as part of the American Mafia, but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs. Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in the South Los Angeles region. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: One of the five major film studios, Paramount Pictures, is within the city limits, its location being part of the so-called "Thirty-Mile Zone" of entertainment headquarters in Southern California.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States. The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the busiest port in the United States by some measures and the fifth-busiest port in the world, vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Los Angeles metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion (), making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world after Tokyo and New York. Los Angeles has been classified an "alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution of cannabis in 2016. , more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation's largest market.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: , Los Angeles is home to three Fortune 500 companies: AECOM, CBRE Group, and Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World" because one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any other time in history.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city. Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Other notable sports teams include the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the Pac-12 Conference.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Banc of California Stadium and the Crypto.com Arena. The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, the Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium, and the Honda Center are also in adjacent cities and cities in Los Angeles's metropolitan area.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles has twice hosted the Summer Olympic Games: in 1932 and in 1984, and will host the games for a third time in 2028. Los Angeles will be the third city after London (1908, 1948 and 2012) and Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024) to host the Olympic Games three times. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles also hosted the Deaflympics in 1985 and Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: 8 NFL Super Bowls were also held in the city and its surrounding areas- 2 at the Memorial Coliseum (the first Super Bowl, I and VII), 5 at the Rose Bowl in suburban Pasadena (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII), and 1 at the suburban Inglewood (LVI) . The Rose Bowl also hosts an annual and highly prestigious NCAA college football game called the Rose Bowl, which happens every New Year's Day.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles is one of six North American cities to have won championships in all five of its major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA and MLS), having completed the feat with the Kings' 2012 Stanley Cup title.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999, and has been amended many times. The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the mayor of Los Angeles, which operate under a mayor–council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The mayor is Eric Garcetti. There are 15 city council districts.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are about 90 neighborhood councils.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts. In the California State Senate, the city is split between eight districts. In the United States House of Representatives, it is split among ten congressional districts.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: There are three public universities within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District:

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the city limits in the Greater Los Angeles area, including the Claremont Colleges consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), one of the top STEM-focused research institutions in the world.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000. After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Inglewood Unified School District, and the Las Virgenes Unified School District. The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Los Angeles metro area is the second-largest broadcast designated market area in the U.S. (after New York) with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.), which is served by a wide variety of local AM and FM radio and television stations. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to them.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides, including "Time Out Los Angeles", "Thrillist", "Kristin's List", "DailyCandy", "Diversity News Magazine", "LAist", and "Flavorpill".

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle to the Canada–US border; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: In addition, the city directly contracts for local and commuter bus service through the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, or LADOT.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is Los Angeles International Airport , commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The Port of Los Angeles is in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies of land and water along of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the "Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor". Together, both ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008. Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles's coastline. The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Los Angeles

Context: As home to Hollywood and its entertainment industry, numerous singers, actors, celebrities and other entertainers live in various districts of Los Angeles.

Question: Milloin Los Angeles perustettiin?


Winter War

Context: Negotiations continued throughout 1938 without results. The Finnish reception of Soviet entreaties was decidedly cool, as the violent collectivisation and purges in Stalin's Soviet Union resulted in a poor opinion of the country. Most of the Finnish communist elite in the Soviet Union had been executed during the Great Purge, further tarnishing the Soviets' image in Finland. Meanwhile, Finland was attempting to negotiate a military co-operation plan with Sweden and hoping to jointly defend Åland.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: In 2013, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at a meeting with military historians that the Soviets had launched the Winter War to "correct mistakes" made in determining the border with Finland after 1917. Opinion on the scale of the initial Soviet invasion decision is divided. The puppet Finnish communist government and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocols are used as proof by those who argue that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: Commander of the Leningrad Military District Kiril Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns. The command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command (later known as Stavka), directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman), Nikolai Kuznetsov, Joseph Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov. In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front". Semyon Timoshenko was chosen Army Commander to break the Mannerheim Line.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: In battles from Ladoga Karelia to the Arctic port of Petsamo, the Finns used guerrilla tactics. The Red Army was superior in numbers and material, but Finns used the advantages of speed, manoeuvre warfare and economy of force. Particularly on the Ladoga Karelia front and during the Battle of Raate Road, the Finns isolated smaller portions of numerically superior Soviet forces. With Soviet forces divided into smaller groups, the Finns dealt with them individually and attacked from all sides.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: The Soviet advance was stopped at the Mannerheim Line. Red Army troops suffered from poor morale and a shortage of supplies, eventually refusing to participate in more suicidal frontal attacks. The Finns, led by General Harald Öhquist, decided to launch a counter-attack and encircle three Soviet divisions into a "motti" near Viipuri on 23 December. Öhquist's plan was bold; however it failed. The Finns lost 1,300 men, and the Soviets were later estimated to have lost a similar number.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: In North Karelia, Soviet forces were outmanoeuvred at Ilomantsi and Lieksa. The Finns used effective guerrilla tactics, taking special advantage of their superior skiing skills and snow-white layered clothing and executing surprise ambushes and raids. By the end of December, the Soviets decided to retreat and transfer resources to more critical fronts.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: The Finnish area of Lapland, bestriding the Arctic Circle, is sparsely developed, with little daylight and persistent snow-cover during winter; the Finns expected nothing more than raiding parties and reconnaissance patrols. Instead, the Soviets sent full divisions. On 11 December, the Finns rearranged the defence of Lapland and detached the Lapland Group from the North Finland Group. The group was placed under the command of Kurt Wallenius.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: Soviet aircraft bombed Finnish vessels and harbours and dropped mines into Finnish seaways. Still, only five merchant ships were lost to Soviet action. World War II, which had started before the Winter War, proved more costly for the Finnish merchant vessels, with 26 lost due to hostile action in 1939 and 1940.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: Finnish coastal artillery batteries defended important harbours and naval bases. Most batteries were left over from the Imperial Russian period, with guns being the most numerous. Finland attempted to modernise its old guns and installed a number of new batteries, the largest of which featured a gun battery on the island of Kuivasaari in front of Helsinki, originally intended to block the Gulf of Finland to Soviet ships with the help of batteries on the Estonian side.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: Coastal artillery had a greater effect on land by reinforcing defence in conjunction with army artillery. Two sets of fortress artillery made significant contributions to the early battles on the Karelian Isthmus and in Ladoga Karelia. These were located at Kaarnajoki on the Eastern Isthmus and at Mantsi on the northeastern shore of Lake Ladoga. The fortress of Koivisto provided similar support from the southwestern coast of the Isthmus.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: Finland officially refused overtures from the anti-Soviet Russian All-Military Union (ROVS) for aid. Nevertheless, Mannerheim eventually agreed to establish a small Russian detachment ("Russkaya narodnaya armiya", RNA) of 200 men after being introduced to Boris Bazhanov, a high-ranking ROVS member, in person in January 1940. The project was deemed top secret, and was under the auspices of the intelligence division of the Finnish army headquarters.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: The Soviet General Staff Supreme Command ("Stavka") met in April 1940, reviewed the lessons of the Finnish campaign and recommended reforms. The role of frontline political commissars was reduced, and old-fashioned ranks and forms of discipline were reintroduced. Clothing, equipment and tactics for winter operations were improved. Not all of the reforms had been completed when Germans initiated Operation Barbarossa 14 months later.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Winter War

Context: The Winter War laid bare the disorganisation and ineffectiveness of the Red Army and that of the Allies. The Anglo-French Supreme War Council was unable to formulate a workable plan, revealing its unsuitability to make effective war in either Britain or France. This failure led to the collapse of the Third Daladier Government in France and the nomination of Paul Reynaud as the new Prime Minister of France.

Question: Mikä oli talvisodan loputulos?


Seat belt

Context: It has been suggested that although seat belt usage reduces the probability of death in any given accident, mandatory seat belt laws have little or no effect on the overall number of traffic fatalities because seat belt usage also disincentivizes safe driving behaviors, thereby increasing the total number of accidents. This idea, known as compensating-behavior theory, is not supported by the evidence.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In case of vehicle rollover in a US passenger car or SUV, from 1994 to 2004, wearing seat belt reduced the risk of fatalities or incapacitating injuries and increased the probability of no injury:

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Seatbelts were invented by English engineer George Cayley, to use on his glider, in the mid-19th century.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In 1946, C. Hunter Shelden opened a neurological practice at Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, California. In the early 1950s, Shelden made a major contribution to the automotive industry with his idea of retractable seat belts. This came about from his care of the high number of head injuries coming through the emergency room. He investigated the early seat belts with primitive designs that were implicated in these injuries and deaths.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Ford offered seat belts as an option in 1955. These were not popular, with only 2% of Ford buyers choosing to pay for seatbelts in 1956.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: To reduce the high level of injuries Shelden was seeing, he proposed, in late 1955, retractable seat belts, recessed steering wheels, reinforced roofs, roll bars, automatic door locks, and passive restraints such as air bags. Subsequently, in 1966, Congress passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring all automobiles to comply with certain safety standards.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Glenn W. Sheren, of Mason, Michigan, submitted a patent application on March 31, 1955, for an automotive seat belt and was awarded US Patent 2,855,215 in 1958. This was a continuation of an earlier patent application that Sheren had filed on September 22, 1952.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: However, the first modern three-point seat belt (the so-called "CIR-Griswold restraint") used in most consumer vehicles today was patented in 1955 by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and Hugh DeHaven.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Saab introduced seat belts as standard equipment in 1958. After the Saab GT 750 was introduced at the New York Motor Show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard, the practice became commonplace.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: A two-point belt attaches at its two endpoints. A simple strap was first used March 12, 1910, by pilot Benjamin Foulois, a pioneering aviator with the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, so he might remain at the controls during turbulence.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: The Irvin Air Chute Company made the seat belt for use by professional race car driver Barney Oldfield when his team decided the daredevil should have a "safety harness" for the 1923 Indianapolis 500.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: A lap belt is a strap that goes over the waist. This was the most common type of belt prior to legislation requiring three-point belts and is found in older cars. Coaches are equipped with lap belts (although many newer coaches have three-point belts), as are passenger aircraft seats.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: University of Minnesota professor James J. (Crash) Ryan was the inventor of, and held the patent for, the automatic retractable lap safety belt. Ralph Nader cited Ryan's work in "Unsafe at Any Speed" and, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson signed two bills requiring safety belts in all passenger vehicles starting in 1968.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In addition to regulatory changes, "seat belt syndrome" has led to a liability for vehicle manufacturers. One Los Angeles case resulted in a $45 million jury verdict against Ford; the resulting $30 million judgment (after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial) was affirmed on appeal in 2006.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Aerobatic aircraft frequently uses a combination harness consisting of a five-point harness with a redundant lap-belt attached to a different part of the aircraft. While providing redundancy for negative-g maneuvers (which lift the pilot out of the seat), they also require the pilot to un-latch two harnesses if it is necessary to parachute from a failed aircraft.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: A study released in 1978 by the United States Department of Transportation said that cars with automatic seat belts had a fatality rate of .78 per 100 million miles, compared with 2.34 for cars with regular, manual belts.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: When driver side airbags became mandatory on all passenger vehicles in model year 1995, most manufacturers stopped equipping cars with automatic seat belts. Exceptions include the 1995–96 Ford Escort/Mercury Tracer and the Eagle Summit Wagon, which had automatic safety belts along with dual airbags.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Automatic belt systems generally offer inferior occupant crash protection. In systems with belts attached to the door rather than a sturdier fixed portion of the vehicle body, a crash that causes the vehicle door to open leaves the occupant without belt protection. In such a scenario, the occupant may be thrown from the vehicle and suffer greater injury or death.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: The New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) was put in place by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1979. The NCAP is a government program that evaluates vehicle safety designs and sets standards for foreign and domestic automobile companies. The agency developed a rating system and requires access to safety test results. , manufacturers are required to place an NCAP star rating on the automobile price sticker.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In 2004, The European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP), started testing seat belts and whiplash safety on all test cars at the Thatcham Research Centre with crash test dummies.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Research and development efforts are ongoing to improve the safety performance of vehicle seatbelts. Some experimental designs include:

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In 1955 (as a 1956 package), Ford offered lap only seat belts in the rear seats as an option within the "Lifeguard" safety package. In 1967, Volvo started to install lap belts in the rear seats. In 1972, Volvo upgraded the rear seat belts to a three-point belt.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In crashes, unbelted rear passengers increase the risk of belted front seat occupants' death by nearly five times.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: As with adult drivers and passengers, the advent of seat belts was accompanied by calls for their use by child occupants, including legislation requiring such use. Generally, children using adult seat belts suffer significantly lower injury risk when compared to non-buckled children.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: As a result of such findings, many jurisdictions now advocate or require child passengers to use specially designed child restraints. Such systems include separate child-sized seats with their own restraints and booster cushions for children using adult restraints. In some jurisdictions, children below a certain size are forbidden to travel in front car seats."

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In Europe, the US, and some other parts of the world, most modern cars include a seat-belt reminder light for the driver and some also include a reminder for the passenger, when present, activated by a pressure sensor under the passenger seat. Some cars will intermittently flash the reminder light and sound the chime until the driver (and sometimes the front passenger, if present) fasten their seatbelts.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In 2005, in Sweden, 70% of all cars that were newly registered were equipped with seat belt reminders for the driver. Since November 2014, seat belt reminders are mandatory for the driver's seat on new cars sold in Europe.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Two specifications define the standard of seat belt reminder: UN Regulation 16, Section 8.4 and the Euro NCAP assessment protocol (Euro NCAP, 2013).

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Starting with the 2020 model year, some Chevrolet cars will refuse to shift from Park to Drive for 20 seconds if the driver is unbuckled and the car is in "teen driver" mode. A similar feature was previously available on some General Motors fleet cars.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Observational studies of car crash morbidity and mortality, experiments using both crash test dummies and human cadavers indicate that wearing seat belts greatly reduces the risk of death and injury in the majority of car crashes.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Some have proposed that the number of deaths was influenced by the development of risk compensation, which says that drivers adjust their behavior in response to the increased sense of personal safety wearing a seat belt provides.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In one trial subjects were asked to drive go-karts around a track under various conditions. It was found that subjects who started driving unbelted drove consistently faster when subsequently belted. Similarly, a study of habitual non-seatbelt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to seatbelt use by adopting higher driving speeds and closer following distances.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: A 2001 analysis of US crash data aimed to establish the effects of seatbelt legislation on driving fatalities and found that previous estimates of seatbelts effectiveness had been significantly overstated.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Other statistical analyses have included adjustments for factors such as increased traffic and age, and based on these adjustments, which results in a reduction of morbidity and mortality due to seat belt use. However, Smeed's law predicts a fall in accident rate with increasing car ownership and has been demonstrated independently of seat belt legislation.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In the US, six states—California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, and Texas—require seat belts on school buses.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: Australia has required lap/sash seat belts in new coaches since 1994. These must comply with Australian Design Rule 68, which requires the seat belt, seat and seat anchorage to withstand 20g deceleration and an impact by an unrestrained occupant to the rear.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: In the United States, NHTSA has now required lap-shoulder seat belts in new "over-the-road" buses (includes most coaches) starting in 2016.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: The use of seatbelts in trains has been investigated. Concerns about survival space intrusion in train crashes and increased injuries to unrestrained or incorrectly restrained passengers led the researchers to discourage the use of seat belts in trains.

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Seat belt

Context: "It has been shown that there is no net safety benefit for passengers who choose to wear 3-point restraints on passenger-carrying rail vehicles. Generally, passengers who choose not to wear restraints in a vehicle modified to accept 3-point restraints receive marginally more severe injuries."

Question: Milloin turvavyöt ilmestyivät autoihin?


Penny Black

Context: In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to to be delivered at a flat rate of one penny, regardless of distance.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Penny Black

Context: Initially, Hill specified that the stamps should be 3/4 inch square, but altered the dimensions to 3/4 inch wide by 7/8 inch tall (approx 19 x 22 mm) to accommodate the writing at the bottom. The word "POSTAGE" at the top of the design distinguishes it from a revenue stamp, which had long been used in the UK; "ONE PENNY." at the bottom shows the amount pre-paid for postage of the stamped letter. The background to the portrait consists of finely engraved engine turnings.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Penny Black

Context: Although the stamps were not officially issued for sale until 6 May 1840, some offices such as those in Bath sold the stamps unofficially before that date. There are covers postmarked 2 May, and a single example is known on cover dated 1 May 1840. All London post offices received official supplies of the new stamps but other offices throughout the United Kingdom did not, continuing to accept payments for postage in cash for a period.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Penny Black

Context: Imprimatur sheets are from among the first sheets of stamps printed from a finished printing plate. The actual imprimatur (Let it be printed) refers to the written permission of the Inland Revenue officials entered on the back of the sheet of stamps. In the 19th century, it was common for officials to remove some stamps from each sheet to present as gifts to dignitaries and other important people. Individual stamps from an Imprimatur sheet can thus be found for sale on the open market.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Penny Black

Context: A complete sheet of the Penny Black without check letters is held by the British Postal Museum. This unique item is in fact a plate proof, and by definition not an imprimatur sheet.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Penny Black

Context: The stamps were printed in imperforate sheets, to be carefully cut with scissors for sale and use. As a result, stamps with badly cut margins, or no margins, are common and worth very little, while examples with four clear margins are rare and valuable, and fetch very high prices, especially if in mint condition.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Penny Black

Context: An original printing press for the Penny Black, the "D" cylinder press invented by Jacob Perkins and patented in 1819, is on display at the British Library in London.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Penny Black

Context: The total print run was 286,700 sheets, containing a total of 68,808,000 stamps. Many were saved, and in used condition they remain readily available to stamp collectors. The only known complete sheets of the Penny Black are owned by the British Postal Museum.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Penny Black

Context: Considered a British cultural icon, the Penny Black design features in the innovations section of the new British passport in 2015. Also in 2015, the search engine Google marked the 175th anniversary of the postage stamp with a Google doodle of the Penny Black.

Question: Mikä on vanhin tunnettu postimerkki?


Robert Jordan

Context: Jordan was born in Charleston, South Carolina. He went to Clemson University after high school, but dropped out after one year and enlisted in the U.S. Army. He served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War as a helicopter gunner. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, the Bronze Star with "V" and oak leaf cluster, and two Vietnamese Gallantry Crosses with palm.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Robert Jordan

Context: After returning from Vietnam in 1970, Jordan studied physics at The Citadel. He graduated in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science degree and began working for the U.S. Navy as a nuclear engineer. He began writing in 1977.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Robert Jordan

Context: Jordan was a history buff and enjoyed hunting, fishing, sailing, poker, chess, pool, and pipe-collecting. He described himself as a "High Church" Episcopalian and received communion more than once a week. He lived with his wife, Harriet McDougal, who works as a book editor (currently with Tor Books; she was also Jordan's editor) in a house built in 1797.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Robert Jordan

Context: On March 23, 2006, Jordan disclosed that he had been diagnosed with cardiac amyloidosis and that, with treatment, his median life expectancy was four years. In a separate weblog post, he encouraged his fans not to worry about him and stated that he intended to have a long and creative life.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Robert Jordan

Context: He began chemotherapy at Mayo Clinic during early April 2006. He participated with a study of the drug Revlimid, which had been approved recently for multiple myeloma but not yet tested for primary amyloidosis.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Robert Jordan

Context: Jordan died on September 16, 2007, and his funeral service was on September 19, 2007. He was cremated and his ashes buried in the churchyard of St. James Church in Goose Creek, outside Charleston, South Carolina.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Robert Jordan

Context: All paperback (PB) page totals given are for the most widely available mass-market paperback editions. The page count for the hardback (HB) editions do not include glossary or appendix page counts.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Robert Jordan

Context: Jordan was one of several writers who has written Conan the Barbarian stories. When Tom Doherty obtained the rights, he needed a novel very quickly, so Jordan's wife Harriet McDougal recommended him because she knew he had written his first novel, "Warriors of the Altaii", in thirteen days.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Robert Jordan

Context: So he thought I could write something fast, and he was right, and I liked it. It was fun writing something completely over the top, full of purple prose, and in a weak moment I agreed to do five more and the novelization of the second Conan movie. I've decided that those things were very good discipline for me. I had to work with a character and a world that had already been created and yet find a way to say something new about the character and the world. That was a very good exercise.

Question: Minkä maalainen Robert Jordan on?


Petrarch

Context: Francesco Petrarca (; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissance and the founding of Renaissance humanism. In the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based on Petrarch's works, as well as those of Giovanni Boccaccio, and, to a lesser extent, Dante Alighieri. Petrarch would be later endorsed as a model for Italian style by the Accademia della Crusca.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. He is also known for being the first to develop the concept of the "Dark Ages", which most modern scholars now find inaccurate and misleading.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: Petrarch was born in the Tuscan city of Arezzo on 20 July 1304. He was the son of Ser Petracco and his wife Eletta Canigiani. His given name was "Francesco Petracco," which was Latinized to "Petrarca." Petrarch's younger brother was born in Incisa in Val d'Arno in 1307. Dante Alighieri was a friend of his father.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: He traveled widely in Europe, served as an ambassador, and, because he traveled for pleasure, as with his ascent of Mont Ventoux, has been called "the first tourist".

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: Disdaining what he believed to be the ignorance of the era in which he lived, Petrarch is credited with creating the concept of a historical "Dark Ages".

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: Scholars note that Petrarch's letter to Dionigi displays a strikingly "modern" attitude of aesthetic gratification in the grandeur of the scenery and is still often cited in books and journals devoted to the sport of mountaineering. In Petrarch, this attitude is coupled with an aspiration for a virtuous Christian life, and on reaching the summit, he took from his pocket a volume by his beloved mentor, Saint Augustine, that he always carried with him.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: James Hillman argues that this rediscovery of the inner world is the real significance of the Ventoux event. The Renaissance begins not with the ascent of Mont Ventoux but with the subsequent descent—the "return [...] to the valley of soul", as Hillman puts it.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: Arguing against such a singular and hyperbolic periodization, Paul James suggests a different reading:

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: While Petrarch's poetry was set to music frequently after his death, especially by Italian madrigal composers of the Renaissance in the 16th century, only one musical setting composed during Petrarch's lifetime survives. This is "Non al suo amante" by Jacopo da Bologna, written around 1350.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: On 6 April 1327, after Petrarch gave up his vocation as a priest, the sight of a woman called "Laura" in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon awoke in him a lasting passion, celebrated in the "Rerum vulgarium fragmenta" ("Fragments of Vernacular Matters").

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: Laura is unreachable and evanescent – descriptions of her are evocative yet fragmentary. Francesco de Sanctis praises the powerful music of his verse in his "Storia della letteratura italiana". Gianfranco Contini, in a famous essay ("Preliminari sulla lingua del Petrarca". Petrarca, Canzoniere. Turin, Einaudi, 1964), has described Petrarch's language in terms of "unilinguismo" (contrasted with Dantean "plurilinguismo").

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: Petrarch's influence is evident in the works of Serafino Ciminelli from Aquila (1466–1500) and in the works of Marin Držić (1508–1567) from Dubrovnik.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: The Romantic composer Franz Liszt set three of Petrarch's Sonnets (47, 104, and 123) to music for voice, "Tre sonetti del Petrarca", which he later would transcribe for solo piano for inclusion in the suite "Années de Pèlerinage". Liszt also set a poem by Victor Hugo, " O quand je dors" in which Petrarch and Laura are invoked as the epitome of erotic love.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: While in Avignon in 1991, Modernist composer Elliott Carter completed his solo flute piece "Scrivo in Vento" which is in part inspired by and structured by Petrarch's Sonnet 212, "Beato in sogno". It was premiered on Petrarch's 687th birthday.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Petrarch

Context: The researchers are fairly certain that the body in the tomb is Petrarch's due to the fact that the skeleton bears evidence of injuries mentioned by Petrarch in his writings, including a kick from a donkey when he was 42.

Question: Missä Francesco Petrarca eli uransa aikana?


Bolometer

Context: A bolometer is a device for measuring radiant heat by means of a material having a temperature-dependent electrical resistance. It was invented in 1878 by the American astronomer Samuel Pierpont Langley.

Question: Mikä on bolometri?


Bolometer

Context: The term bolometer is also used in particle physics to designate an unconventional particle detector. They use the same principle described above. The bolometers are sensitive not only to light but to every form of energy.

Question: Mikä on bolometri?


Bolometer

Context: If the resistance of the absorbing element depends on the electron temperature, then the resistance can be used as a thermometer of the electron system. This is the case for both semiconducting and superconducting materials at low temperature. If the absorbing element does not have a temperature-dependent resistance, as is typical of normal (non-superconducting) metals at very low temperature, then an attached resistive thermometer can be used to measure the electron temperature.

Question: Mikä on bolometri?


Bolometer

Context: In 2020, two groups reported microwave bolometers based on graphene-based materials capable of microwave detection at the single-photon level.

Question: Mikä on bolometri?


Manuel Elkin Patarroyo

Context: Manuel Elkin Patarroyo Murillo (born November 3, 1946) is a Colombian Professor of Pathology and Immunology who made the world's first attempt to create a synthetic vaccine against the protozoal parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of severe malaria, and responsible for the death of ~1.5 million people per year in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

Question: Milloin malaria rokote keksittiin?


Manuel Elkin Patarroyo

Context: Patarroyo started experimenting with animals since the decade of the 1980s, paying for wild monkeys captured in the Amazonian rainforest generating illegal traffic carried on by indigenous people who hunt the elusive monkeys for sale

Question: Milloin malaria rokote keksittiin?


Manuel Elkin Patarroyo

Context: In November 2016 a Colombian journalistic investigation reveals the traffic and the environmental impact of Patarroyo's investigation

Question: Milloin malaria rokote keksittiin?


Continent

Context: In geology, a continent is defined as "one of Earth's major landmasses, including both dry land and continental shelves". The geological continents correspond to six large areas of continental crust that are found on the tectonic plates, but exclude small continental fragments such as Madagascar that are generally referred to as microcontinents. Continental crust is only known to exist on Earth.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Earth's major landmasses all have coasts on a single, continuous World Ocean, which is divided into a number of principal oceanic components by the continents and various geographic criteria.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: From the perspective of geology or physical geography, "continent" may be extended beyond the confines of continuous dry land to include the shallow, submerged adjacent area (the continental shelf) and the islands on the shelf (continental islands), as they are structurally part of the continent.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: North America and South America are treated as separate continents in the seven-continent model. However, they may also be viewed as a single continent known as America. This viewpoint was common in the United States until World War II, and remains prevalent in some Asian six-continent models. The single American continent model remains the more common view in France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain, and Latin American countries.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Apart from the current continents, the scope and meaning of the term "continent" includes past geological ones. Supercontinents, largely in evidence earlier in the geological record, are landmasses that comprise most of the world's cratons or continental cores. These have included Vaalbara, Kenorland, Columbia, Rodinia, Pannotia, and Pangaea. Over time, these supercontinents broke apart into large landmasses which formed the present continents.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Certain parts of continents are recognized as subcontinents, especially the large peninsulas separated from the main continental landmass by geographical features. The most widely recognized example is the Indian subcontinent. The Arabian Peninsula, the Southern Cone of South America, and Alaska in North America might be considered further examples.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: In many of these cases, the "subcontinents" concerned are on different tectonic plates from the rest of the continent, providing a geological justification for the terminology. Greenland, generally reckoned as the world's largest island on the northeastern periphery of the North American Plate, is sometimes referred to as a subcontinent. This is a significant departure from the more conventional view of a subcontinent as comprising a very large peninsula on the fringe of a continent.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Where the Americas are viewed as a single continent (America), it is divided into two subcontinents (North America and South America) or three (with Central America being the third). When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent, Europe is treated as a subcontinent.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Some areas of continental crust are largely covered by the ocean and may be considered submerged continents. Notable examples are Zealandia, emerging from the ocean primarily in New Zealand and New Caledonia, and the almost completely submerged Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Some islands lie on sections of continental crust that have rifted and drifted apart from a main continental landmass. While not considered continents because of their relatively small size, they may be considered microcontinents. Madagascar, the largest example, is usually considered an island of Africa, but its divergent evolution has caused it to be referred to as "the eighth continent" from a biological perspective.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: The term "continent" translates the Greek word , meaning "landmass, terra firma", the proper name of Epirus and later especially used for Asia (i.e. Asia Minor).

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Eratosthenes, in the 3rd century BC, noted that some geographers divided the continents by rivers (the Nile and the Don), thus considering them "islands". Others divided the continents by isthmuses, calling the continents "peninsulas". These latter geographers set the border between Europe and Asia at the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and the border between Asia and Africa at the isthmus between the Red Sea and the mouth of Lake Bardawil on the Mediterranean Sea.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies in 1492, sparking a period of European exploration of the Americas. But despite four voyages to the Americas, Columbus never believed he had reached a new continent—he always thought it was part of Asia.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Within a few years, the name "New World" began appearing as a name for South America on world maps, such as the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504–1505. Maps of this time, though, still showed North America connected to Asia and showed South America as a separate land.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: From the late 18th century, some geographers started to regard North America and South America as two parts of the world, making five parts in total. Overall though, the fourfold division prevailed well into the 19th century.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Antarctica was sighted in 1820 during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition and described as a continent by Charles Wilkes on the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838, the last continent identified, although a great "Antarctic" (antipodean) landmass had been anticipated for millennia. An 1849 atlas labelled Antarctica as a continent but few atlases did so until after World War II.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Some geographers regard Europe and Asia together as a single continent, dubbed "Eurasia". In this model, the world is divided into six continents, with North America and South America considered separate continents.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Geologists use the term "continent" in a different manner from geographers. In geology, a continent is defined by continental crust, which is a platform of metamorphic and igneous rock, largely of granitic composition. Continental crust is less dense and much thicker than oceanic crust, which causes it to "float" higher than oceanic crust on the dense underlying mantle. This explains why the continents form high platforms surrounded by deep ocean basins.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: The following table lists the seven continents with their highest and lowest points on land, sorted in decreasing highest points.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: † The lowest exposed points are given for North America and Antarctica. The lowest non-submarine bedrock elevations in these continents are the trough beneath Jakobshavn Glacier, at and Bentley Subglacial Trench, at , but these are covered by kilometres of ice.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Continent

Context: Some sources list the Kuma–Manych Depression (a remnant of the Paratethys) as the geological border between Europe and Asia. This would place the Caucasus outside of Europe, thus making Mont Blanc (elevation 4810 m) in the Graian Alps the highest point in Europe – the lowest point would still be the shore of the Caspian Sea.

Question: Mikä on pienin maanosa?


Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Context: In contrast to the other Reconstruction Amendments, the Thirteenth Amendment has rarely been cited in case law, but it has been used to strike down peonage and some race-based discrimination as "badges and incidents of slavery". The Thirteenth Amendment has also been invoked to empower Congress to make laws against modern forms of slavery, such as sex trafficking.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Though the Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States, some Black Americans, particularly in the South, were subjected to other forms of involuntary labor, such as under the Black Codes, as well as subjected to white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes, besides other disabilities.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Radical Republicans led by Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania Representative Thaddeus Stevens sought a more expansive version of the amendment. On February 8, 1864, Sumner submitted a constitutional amendment stating:

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: All persons are equal before the law, so that no person can hold another as a slave; and the Congress shall have power to make all laws necessary and proper to carry this declaration into effect everywhere in the United States.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Sumner tried to have his amendment sent to his committee, rather than the Trumbull-controlled Judiciary Committee, but the Senate refused. On February 10, the Senate Judiciary Committee presented the Senate with an amendment proposal based on drafts of Ashley, Wilson and Henderson.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: With no Southern states represented, few members of Congress pushed moral and religious arguments in favor of slavery. Democrats who opposed the amendment generally made arguments based on federalism and states' rights. Some argued that the proposed change so violated the spirit of the Constitution it would not be a valid "amendment" but would instead constitute "revolution". Representative White, among other opponents, warned that the amendment would lead to full citizenship for blacks.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Republicans portrayed slavery as uncivilized and argued for abolition as a necessary step in national progress. Amendment supporters also argued that the slave system had negative effects on white people. These included the lower wages resulting from competition with forced labor, as well as repression of abolitionist whites in the South. Advocates said ending slavery would restore the First Amendment and other constitutional rights violated by censorship and intimidation in slave states.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Despite being rendered unconstitutional, slavery continued in areas under the jurisdiction of Native American tribes beyond ratification. The federal government negotiated new treaties with the "Five Civilized Tribes" in 1866, in which they agreed to end slavery.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Southern culture remained deeply racist, and those blacks who remained faced a dangerous situation. J. J. Gries reported to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction: "There is a kind of innate feeling, a lingering hope among many in the South that slavery will be regalvanized in some shape or other. They tried by their laws to make a worse slavery than there was before, for the freedman has not the protection which the master from interest gave him before." W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in 1935:

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Official emancipation did not substantially alter the economic situation of most blacks who remained in the south.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Some states mandated indefinitely long periods of child "apprenticeship". Some laws did not target blacks specifically, but instead affected farm workers, most of whom were black. At the same time, many states passed laws to actively prevent blacks from acquiring property.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: As its first enforcement legislation, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, guaranteeing black Americans citizenship and equal protection of the law, though not the right to vote. The amendment was also used as authorizing several Freedmen's Bureau bills. President Andrew Johnson vetoed these bills, but Congress overrode his vetoes to pass the Civil Rights Act and the Second Freedmen's Bureau Bill.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: The Thirteenth Amendment exempts penal labor from its prohibition of forced labor. This allows prisoners who have been convicted of crimes (not those merely awaiting trial) to be required to perform labor or else face punishment while in custody.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: In 2018, artist and entertainer Kanye West advocated for repealing the Thirteenth Amendment's exception for penal labor in a meeting with President Donald Trump, calling the exception a "trap door". In late 2020, Senator Jeff Merkley (D-OR) and Representative William Lacy Clay (D-MO) introduced a resolution to create a new amendment to close this loophole.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: In contrast to the other "Reconstruction Amendments", the Thirteenth Amendment was rarely cited in later case law. As historian Amy Dru Stanley summarizes, "beyond a handful of landmark rulings striking down debt peonage, flagrant involuntary servitude, and some instances of race-based violence and discrimination, the Thirteenth Amendment has never been a potent source of rights claims."

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: The "Blyew" case set a precedent in state and federal courts that led to the erosion of Congress's Thirteenth Amendment powers. The Supreme Court continued along this path in the "Slaughter-House Cases" (1873), which upheld a state-sanctioned monopoly of white butchers. In "United States v. Cruikshank" (1876), the Court ignored Thirteenth Amendment dicta from a circuit court decision to exonerate perpetrators of the Colfax massacre and invalidate the Enforcement Act of 1870.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: The Thirteenth Amendment is not solely a ban on chattel slavery; it also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations. As the U.S. Supreme Court explicated in the Slaughter-House Cases with respect to the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment, and the Thirteenth Amendment in particular:

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: The Court in the "Civil Rights Cases" also held that appropriate legislation under the amendment could go beyond nullifying state laws establishing or upholding slavery, because the amendment "has a reflex character also, establishing and decreeing universal civil and political freedom throughout the United States" and thus Congress was empowered "to pass all laws necessary and proper for abolishing all badges and incidents of slavery in the United States." The Court stated about the amendment's scope:

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Enforcement of federal civil rights law in the South created numerous peonage cases, which slowly traveled up through the judiciary. The Supreme Court ruled in "Clyatt v. United States" (1905) that peonage was involuntary servitude. It held that although employers sometimes described their workers' entry into contract as voluntary, the servitude of peonage was always (by definition) involuntary.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: In "Bailey v. Alabama" the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed its holding that the Thirteenth Amendment is not solely a ban on chattel slavery, it also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations. In addition to the aforesaid the Court also ruled on Congress enforcement power under the Thirteenth Amendment. The Court said:

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Legal histories cite "Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co." (1968) as a turning point of Thirteen Amendment jurisprudence. The Supreme Court confirmed in "Jones" that Congress may act "rationally" to prevent private actors from imposing "badges and incidents of servitude". The Joneses were a black couple in St. Louis County, Missouri, who sued a real estate company for refusing to sell them a house. The Court held:

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Just as the Black Codes, enacted after the Civil War to restrict the free exercise of those rights, were substitutes for the slave system, so the exclusion of Negroes from white communities became a substitute for the Black Codes. And when racial discrimination herds men into ghettos and makes their ability to buy property turn on the color of their skin, then it too is a relic of slavery.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: The Court in "Jones" reopened the issue of linking racism in contemporary society to the history of slavery in the United States.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: The "Jones" precedent has been used to justify Congressional action to protect migrant workers and target sex trafficking. The direct enforcement power found in the Thirteenth Amendment contrasts with that of the Fourteenth, which allows only responses to institutional discrimination of state actors.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: The U.S. Courts of Appeals, in "Immediato v. Rye Neck School District", "Herndon v. Chapel Hill", and "Steirer v. Bethlehem School District", have ruled that the use of community service as a high school graduation requirement did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: During the six decades following the 1804 ratification of the Twelfth Amendment two proposals to amend the Constitution were adopted by Congress and sent to the states for ratification. Neither has been ratified by the number of states necessary to become part of the Constitution. Each is referred to as "Article Thirteen", as was the successful Thirteenth Amendment, in the joint resolution passed by Congress.

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: "Columbia Law Review", special issue: Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, and Contemporary Implications

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Context: Ripley, C. Peter et al. eds. "Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation" (1993) online

Question: Milloin orjuus lakkautettiin virallisesti Yhdysvalloissa?


Sylvester Stallone

Context: Stallone is the only actor in the history of American cinema to have starred in a box office number one film across six consecutive decades. He is also one of the most renowned physical culture icons in history.

Question: Mikä oli Sylvester Stallone ensimmäinen elokuva rooli?