History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously, and were won by France and the United States, who beat Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0, respectively. The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France. Four days later, the first World Cup hat-trick was achieved by Bert Patenaude of the U.S. in the Americans' 3–0 win against Paraguay. In the final, Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people in Montevideo to become the first nation to win a World Cup.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The FIFA World Cup was planned to take place in 1942. Germany officially applied to host the 1942 FIFA World Cup at the 23rd FIFA Congress on 13 August 1936 in Berlin. In June 1939, Brazil also applied to host the tournament. The beginning of European hostilities in September 1939 prompted further plans for the 1942 World Cup to be cancelled, before a host country was selected. The FIFA tournament did not take place.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: Chile hosted the 1962 World Cup. Two years before the tournament, an earthquake struck, the largest ever recorded at 9.5 magnitude, prompting officials to rebuild due to major damage to infrastructure. When the competition began, two of the best players were in poor form as Pelé was injured in Brazil's second group match against Czechoslovakia. Also, the Soviet Union saw their goalkeeper Lev Yashin show poor form including a 2–1 loss to hosts Chile as the hosts captured third place.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: Colombia's Marcos Coll made World Cup history when he scored a goal direct from a corner kick (called an Olympic Goal in Latin America), the only one ever made in a World Cup, past legendary Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The 1978 World Cup was held in Argentina, causing controversy as a military coup had taken place in the country two years earlier. Allegations that Dutch star Johan Cruyff refused to participate because of political convictions were refuted by him 30 years later. and none of the teams decided to stay away.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The 2006 World Cup was held in Germany. It was the first World Cup for which the previous winner had to qualify; the host nation(s) continue to receive an automatic berth. Four African teams also made their debut in the world cup finals: Togo, Ivory Coast, Angola and Ghana who impressively made it to last 16 by beating the Czech Republic, third ranked in the world, 2–1, along with the United States 2–0, before losing to the defending champions Brazil 0–3.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: First seed and holders Brazil and second seeded England were initially English bookmakers' favourites. A strong performance by Germany brought them as far as the semi-finals. However, the final match-up was between Italy and France, in which French captain Zinedine Zidane was sent off in the last ten minutes of extra time for a headbutt to the chest of Italian central defender Marco Materazzi. Italy went on to win 5–3 in a penalty shootout, the score having been 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The 2014 World Cup was held in Brazil, marking the second time that Brazil hosted the competition. The cup was won by Germany, who beat Argentina 1–0 in the final. The Netherlands defeated Brazil (who lost to the eventual winners, Germany, 7–1 in the semifinals) 3–0 in the bronze medal game.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: Because of the relatively high ambient temperatures in Brazil, particularly at the northern venues, cooling breaks for the players were first introduced during these games. In this World Cup there was the debut of sensors to avoid phantom goals with the Goal-line technology, used to determine, in doubtful situations, whether the ball crossed the goal line.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The 2018 World Cup was held in Russia. It was the first cup to be held in Eastern Europe. The cup was won by France, who beat Croatia 4–2 in the final. Belgium defeated England 2–0 in the bronze medal game. It was also the first cup to use the video assistant referee (VAR) system.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The 2022 World Cup hosted by Qatar will be the first tournament to not be held in summer time in which it is usually held. It will take place from 21 November to 18 December 2022.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The number of teams and the format of each final tournament have varied considerably over the years. In most tournaments, the tournament consists of a round-robin group stage followed by a single-elimination knockout stage.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: Until the 1990 FIFA World Cup, 2 points were conceded for a win and 1 point was conceded for a draw. Since the 1994 FIFA World Cup, 3 points are conceded for a win and 1 point is conceded for a draw.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: As of the 2014 World Cup, lots have only been drawn once in tournament history. However, they were used to separate second and third place in a group (Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands in 1990) where both were already assured of qualification. Thus, a team has never been eliminated based upon drawn lots.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


Russell Crowe

Context: In recent years, Crowe's box office standing has declined. The Hollywood stock market (HSX) share Russell Crowe (RCROW), issued in 1998, however, maintains constant accretion. Crowe appeared in "Robin Hood", a film based on the Robin Hood legend, directed by Ridley Scott and released on 14 May 2010.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe starred in the 2010 Paul Haggis film "The Next Three Days", an adaptation of the 2008 French film "Pour Elle".

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: In the 1980s, Crowe, under the name of "Russ le Roq", recorded a song titled "I Want to Be Like Marlon Brando".

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe and his new band The Ordinary Fear of God (keeping the TOFOG acronym) toured Australia in 2005, and then in the U.S. in 2006, returned to the US to promote their new release "My Hand, My Heart". In March 2010, the group's version of the John Williamson song "Winter Green" was included on a new compilation album "The Absolute Best of John Williamson: 40 Years True Blue", commemorating the singer-songwriter's milestone of 40 years in the Australian music industry.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: On 26 September 2011, Crowe appeared onstage at Rogers Arena in Vancouver in the middle of Keith Urban's concert. He sang a cover of "Folsom Prison Blues", before joining the rest of the band in a rendition of "The Joker". On 18 August 2012, Crowe appeared along with Doyle at the Harpa Concert Hall in Reykjavík, Iceland as part of the city's Menningarnótt program.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: By 2017, Crowe and Doyle had created a new act (with Samantha Barks, Scott Grimes and Carl Falk) called Indoor Garden Party who appeared on "The One Show" to promote their album called "The Musical".

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: During location filming of "Cinderella Man", Crowe made a donation to a Jewish elementary school whose library had been damaged as a result of arson. A note with an anti-Semitic message had been left at the scene. Crowe called school officials to express his concern and wanted his message relayed to the students. The school's building fund received donations from throughout Canada and the amount of Crowe's donation was not disclosed.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: A longtime resident of Nana Glen, Crowe is well known in the community and is a frequent patron of the local rugby games. During the Australian bushfires in 2019 and 2020, he raised over $400,000 for the NSW RFS by selling his South Sydney Rabbitohs hat in an online auction.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: On 9 March 2005, Crowe revealed to "GQ" magazine that FBI agents had approached him prior to the 73rd Academy Awards and told him that the terrorist group al-Qaeda wanted to kidnap him. He recalled, "It was something to do with some recording picked up by a French policewoman, I think, in either Libya or Algiers... it was about taking iconographic Americans out of the picture as a sort of cultural destabilisation plan."

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: At the beginning of 2009, Crowe appeared in a series of special-edition postage stamps called "Legends of the Screen", featuring Australian actors. Crowe, Geoffrey Rush, Cate Blanchett, and Nicole Kidman each appear twice in the series, once as themselves and once as their Academy Award-nominated character. Crowe is the only non-Australian to appear in the stamps.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: In June 2010, Crowe, who started smoking when he was 10, announced he had quit for the sake of his two sons. In November, he told David Letterman that he had smoked more than 60 cigarettes a day for 36 years, and that he had "fallen off the wagon" the night before the interview and smoked heavily.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe identifies as a supporter of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). He endorsed former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard in June 2013, and narrated an advertisement for the Labor Party's election campaign in May 2022. Crowe has been a vocal critic of Australia's immigration detention facilities, describing them as "a nation's shame" and "fucking disgraceful". In November 2017, Crowe offered to resettle displaced refugees who were held in Australia's offshore detention facility on Manus Island.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Between 1999 and 2005, Crowe was involved in four altercations, which gave him a reputation for having a bad temper.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: In 1999, Crowe was involved in a scuffle at the Plantation Hotel in Coffs Harbour, which was caught on a security camera. Two men were acquitted of using the video in an attempt to blackmail him.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: On 5 November 2006, Crowe appeared on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" to announce that Firepower International was sponsoring the South Sydney Rabbitohs for $3 million over three years. During a "Tonight Show with Jay Leno" appearance, Crowe showed viewers a Rabbitoh playing jersey with Firepower's name emblazoned on it.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe helped to organise a rugby league game that took place at the University of North Florida, in Jacksonville, Florida, between the South Sydney Rabbitohs and the 2007 Super League Grand Final winners the Leeds Rhinos on 26 January 2008 (Australia Day). Crowe told ITV Local Yorkshire the game was not a marketing exercise.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe wrote a letter of apology to a Sydney newspaper following the sacking of South Sydney's coach Jason Taylor and one of their players David Fa'alogo after a drunken altercation between the two at the end of the 2009 NRL season.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Also in 2009, Crowe persuaded young England international forward Sam Burgess to sign with the Rabbitohs over other clubs that were competing for his signature, after inviting Burgess and his mother to the set of "Robin Hood", which he was filming in Britain at the time.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe's influence helped to persuade noted player Greg Inglis to renege on his deal to join the Brisbane Broncos and sign for the Rabbitohs for 2011.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: In 2010, the NRL was investigating Crowe's business relationships with a number of media and entertainment companies including Channel Nine, Channel Seven, ANZ Stadium and V8 Supercars in relation to the South Sydney Rabbitohs' salary cap.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Previously, Crowe had been prominent in trying to prevent gambling being associated with the Rabbitohs.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: In May 2011, Crowe helped arrange to have Fox broadcast the 2011 State of Origin series live for the first time in the United States, in addition to the NRL Grand Final.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: In November 2012 the South Sydney Rabbitohs confirmed that Russell Crowe was selling his 37.5 per cent stake in the club.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: At the Rabbitohs Annual General Meeting on 3 March 2013, Chairman Nick Pappas claimed Crowe "would not be selling his shareholding in the short-to-medium term and at this stage has no intention of selling at all".

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe was a guest presenter at the 2013 Dally M Awards and presented the prestigious Dally M Medal to winner Cooper Cronk. Russell was present at the 2014 NRL Grand Final when the Rabbitohs won the NRL premiership for the first time in 43 years.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe watches and plays cricket, and captained the 'Australian' Team containing Steve Waugh against an English side in the 'Hollywood Ashes' Cricket Match. On 17 July 2009, Crowe took to the commentary box for British sports channel Sky Sports as the 'third man' during the second Test of the 2009 Ashes series, between England and Australia.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe is also a fan of the National Football League. On 22 October 2007, Crowe appeared in the booth of a Monday night game between the Indianapolis Colts and the Jacksonville Jaguars.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: He is also a fan of Leeds United and narrated the "Take us Home: Leeds United" Amazon Prime documentary.

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Russell Crowe

Context: Crowe has appeared in 46 films and three television series since his career began in 1985. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for "Gladiator" (2000) and was nominated twice more for "The Insider" (1999) and "A Beautiful Mind" (2001), making him the ninth actor to have received three consecutive Academy Award nominations. He has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations (winning two), three BAFTA Award nominations (winning one) and three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations (winning one).

Question: ماهو تاريخ أول فلم قام بتمثيله الممثل (راسل كرو)؟


Naqshbandi

Context: The Naqshbandi (), also known as Naqshbandiyah (), Neqshebendi (), and Nakşibendi (in Turkish) is a major Sunni order of Sufism. Its name is derived from Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari. Naqshbandi masters trace their lineage to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Abu Bakr, the first Caliph of Sunni Islam. The current supreme leader is Prince Sayyid Raphael Dakik, who is a blood descendant of the founding father Bahauddin Naqshband in the 19th generation as 14th Hazrat Ishaan.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: In the fourteenth century, Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari added 3 more to this list: (9) Wakoof Zamani (Awareness of Time) (10) Wakoof Adadi (Awareness of Numbers) (11) Wakoof Kulbi (Awareness of the Heart) which in time crystallized to become the 11 principles of the Naqshbandi order that exists today.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: In Sufism, as in any serious Islamic discipline such as jurisprudence ("fiqh"), Quranic recital ("tajwid") and "hadith", a disciple must have a master or "sheikh" from whom to take the knowledge, one who has himself taken it from a master, and so on, in a continuous chain of masters back to Muhammad. According to Carl W. Ernst:

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: This means that a Sufi master has met and taken the way from a master and that during his lifetime he has explicitly and verifiably invested the disciple—whether in writing or in front of a number of witnesses—as a fully authorized master (murshid ma’dhun) of the spiritual path to succeeding generations of disciples.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: The path's name has changed over the years. Referring to Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, it was originally called "as-Siddiqiyya"; between the time of Bayazid al-Bistami and Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani "at-Tayfuriyya"; from the time of 'Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani to Shah Naqshband the "Khwajagan" or "Hodja"; from the time of Shah Naqshband and on "an-Naqshbandiyya".

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Afterwards, a branch or sub-order name was added. From 'Ubeydullah Ahrar to Imam Rabbani, the way was called "Naqshbandiyya-Ahrariyya"; from Imam Rabbani to Shamsuddin Mazhar "Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddadiyya"; from Shamsuddin Mazhar to Khalid al-Baghdadi "Naqshbandiyya-Mazhariyya"; from Mawlana Khalid onwards "Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya"; "Naqshbandiyya-Mustafvi" (Khalidi) and so on.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Among his disciples were Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (No. 25 in the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Golden Chain) and Sheikh Abdul Haq of Delhi. After his death, his student, Sheikh Ahmad primarily took over. Sheikh Ahmad was born in 1561 and his father Makhdum Abdul Ahad was from a high Sufi order. He completed his religious and secular studies at the age of 17. Later he became known as Mujaddad-i-Alf-i-Thani. It was through him that the order gained popularity within a short period of time.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: During the 19th century two Naqshbandiyya saints made significant contributions to the chain (silsila) by restating some of its basic ideological postures.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Currently the South Asian region's most widespread branch of the Naqshbandi Tariqah is the Mujaddidi branch, headed by Maulana Shams ur Rahman Al Abbasi and his deputy Shaykh Humayun Hanif Naqshbandi Mujaddidi, both residing in Pakistan.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: When political leader Musa Bukhar died in 1973, the pre-Mujaddidi line of the Naqshbandiyya in Greater Syria came to an end. One of the only branches to have survived till recently is the one based in the khanqah al-Uzbakiyya in Jerusalem. The number of its members had increased at the end of the 19th century. The Farmadiyya branch, which practices silent and vocal invocation, is still present in Lebanon and is named after Ali-Farmadi.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: We shall speak about the Great Grandsheikh Abdullah Fa'izi ad-Daghestani (d. 1973), and quote a small passage from his biography written by Sheikh Hisham Kabbani:

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: It was in Damascus, Syria, that Grandsheikh Abdullah Fa'izi ad-Daghestani, preached from, and also died. His blessed tomb is to be found in Damascus. It is estimated that a massive crowd of about 400,000 people attended his funeral (see Sheikh Hisham Kabbani's book on the Forty Grandsheikhs of the Naqshbandi Sufi path ). Lately the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order was led by his successor Nazim Al-Haqqani and might still be very active in Syria.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: During the middle of the 19th century Egypt was inhabited and controlled by Naqshbandis. A major Naqshbandi khanqah was constructed in 1851 by Abbas I, who did this as a favor to Naqshbandi sheikh Ahmad Ashiq. Ahmad Ashiq headed the order till his death in 1883. Ahmad Ashiq's was a practicer of the Diya'iyya branch of the Khalidiyya. In 1876, sheikh Juda Ibrahim amended the original Diya’iyya, which became known as al-Judiyya, and gained a following in al-Sharqiyya province in the eastern Nile Delta.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Unfortunately, none of the early orders survived far into the 20th century. The longest living group of khanqah based Naqshbandis lived in the khanqah of sheikh Ahmad Ashiq, which closed in 1954. This is when all the khanqahs in Egypt were closed and the awqaf supporting these establishments were taken over by the Ministry of Awqaf. The buildings were either assigned a different function or demolished as part of urban renovation programs.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Ma Laichi brought the Naqshbandi () order to China, creating the Khufiyya () Hua Si Sufi ; ("Multicolored Mosque") menhuan. Ma Mingxin, also brought the Naqshbandi order, creating the Jahriyya () menhuan. These two menhuan were rivals, and fought against each other which led to the Jahriyya Rebellion, Dungan revolt, and Dungan Revolt (1895).

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Some Chinese Muslim Generals of the Ma Clique belonged to Naqshbandi Sufi menhuan including Ma Zhan'ao and Ma Anliang of the Khufiyya Naqshbandi menhuan. Ma Shaowu, and Ma Yuanzhang were other prominent leaders from the Jahriyya Naqshbandi menhuan.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (1318–1389) was the founder of the Sufi Naqshbandi Order. He was born in the village of Qasr-i-Arifan near Bukhara.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Shaykh Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī (1564–1624) was considered a Mujaddid and a leading Naqshbandi Sheikh from India. He was from an ashraf family claiming descent from caliph Umar, he received most of his early education from his father, Shaykh 'Abd al-Ahad and memorised the Qur'an. He was trained in all Sufi orders by the age of 17 and was given permission to initiate and train followers in the Naqshbandi Order.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Sheikh Ahmad made revolutionary changes to the Mughal empire. He persuaded Jahangir to disallow drinking alcohol and destruction of pubs and clubs. He made the Emperor revert the rule of exemption of sacrificing cows. Instead, religious conferences and meetings for spiritual development (known as halqas) were held throughout the territory.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Sheikh Ahmad's three sons died in a plague, all religious and spiritually well developed. These included Muhammad Sadiq, Muhammad Farrukh and Muhammad Isa, his favorite son being Muhammad Sadiq, the eldest. His death caused Sheikh Ahmad immense sorrow, but he says that bearing this pain of loss gave him so many divine rewards that he'd have been not given them for any other deed. He is loved and respected and followed throughout the Muslim world.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762) was also a prominent Naqshbandi Mujaddidi follower. He was also considered a Mujaddid and a leading Naqshbandi Sheikh from India. He was a master of the spiritual sciences and integrated that learning into his other teachings and social and political activities, expanding the works of Shaikh Sirhindi further and being a spiritual light of Islam in very tough times.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Naqshbandi

Context: Known as the Eleven Naqshbandi principles, the first eight were formulated by Abdul Khaliq Gajadwani, and the last three were added by Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari.

Question: أين ولد ولد محمد بهاء الدين  نقشبند؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: The Salvadoran Civil War () was a twelve year period of civil war in El Salvador that was fought between the government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition or "umbrella organization" of left-wing groups. A coup on 15 October 1979 followed by government killings of anti-coup protesters is widely seen as the start of civil war. The war did not formally end until 16 January 1992 with the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: The Salvadoran government was considered an ally of the U.S. in the context of the Cold War. During the Carter and Reagan administrations, the US provided 1 to 2 million dollars per day in economic aid to the Salvadoran government. The US also provided significant training and equipment to the military. By May 1983, it was reported that US military officers were working within the Salvadoran High Command and making important strategic and tactical decisions.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Under pressure from the military, all three civilian members of the junta resigned on 3 January 1980, along with 10 of the 11 cabinet ministers. On 22 January 1980, the Salvadoran National Guard attacked a massive peaceful demonstration, killing up to 50 people and wounding hundreds more. On 6 February, US ambassador Frank Devine informed the state department that the extreme right was arming itself and preparing for a confrontation in which it clearly expected to ally itself with the military.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: The JRG enacted a land reform program that restricted landholdings to a 100-hectare maximum, nationalised the banking, coffee and sugar industries, scheduled elections for February 1982, and disbanded the paramilitary private death squad Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN) on 6 November 1979.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Critics of US military aid charged that "it would legitimate what has become dictatorial violence and that political power in El Salvador lay with old-line military leaders in government positions who practice a policy of 'reform with repression.'" A prominent Catholic spokesman insisted that "any military aid you send to El Salvador ends up in the hands of the military and paramilitary rightist groups who are themselves at the root of the problems of the country."

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Piety was a popular reason for joining the insurrection because they saw their participation as a way of not only advancing a personal cause but a communal sentiment of divine justice. Even prior to the civil war, numerous insurgents took part in other campaigns that tackled social changes much more directly, not only the lack of political representation but also the lack of economic and social opportunities not afforded to their communities.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: On 7 May 1980, former army major, Roberto D'Aubuisson, was arrested with a group of civilians and soldiers at a farm. The raiders found documents connecting him and the civilians as organizers and financiers of the death squad who killed Archbishop Romero, and of plotting a "coup d'état" against the JRG. Their arrest provoked right-wing terrorist threats and institutional pressures forcing the JRG to release D'Aubuisson. In 1993, a U.N. investigation confirmed that D'Aubuisson ordered the assassination.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Other countries allied with the United States also intervened in El Salvador. The military government in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces, such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government's avid support. The Argentine military dictatorship also supported the Salvadoran armed forces as part of Operation Charly.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: During the same month, the JRG strengthened the state of siege, imposed by President Romero in May 1979, by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations. Between 12 January and 19 February 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Aryeh Neier, the executive director of Americas Watch, wrote in a 1984 review about the scorched earth approach: "This may be an effective strategy for winning the war. It is, however, a strategy that involves the use of terror tactics—bombings, strafings, shellings and, occasionally, massacres of civilians."

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Beginning in 1984, the Salvadoran Air Force was able to locate guerrilla strongholds reportedly using intelligence from U.S. Air Force planes flying over the country.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: In March 1983, Marianella García Villas, president of the non-governmental Human Rights Commission of El Salvador, was captured by army troops on the Guazapa volcano, and later tortured to death. Garcia Villas had been on Guazapa collecting evidence about the possible army use of white phosphorus munitions.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: In April 1983, Melida Anaya Montes, a leader of the Popular Forces for Liberation (FPL) "Farabundo Martí", a communist party-affiliated militia, was murdered in Managua, Nicaragua. Salvador Cayetano Carpio, her superior in the FPL, was allegedly implicated in her murder. He committed suicide in Managua shortly after Anaya Montes' murder. Their deaths influenced the course within the FMLN of the FPL's Prolonged Popular War strategy.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: On 7 February 1984, nine labor union leaders, including all seven top officials of one major labor federation, were arrested by the Salvadoran National Police and sent to be tried by a military court. The arrests were part of Duarte's moves to crack down on labor unions after more than 80 trade unionists were detained in a raid by the National Police. The police confiscated the union's files and took videotape mugshots of each union member.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: While reforms were being made to the security forces, the army continued to massacre unarmed civilians in the country side. An Americas Watch report noted that the Atlacatl Battalion killed 80 unarmed civilians in Cabanas in July 1984, and carried out another massacre one month later, killing 50 displaced people in the Chalatenango province. The women were raped and then everyone was systematically executed.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: In October 1988, Amnesty International reported that death squads had abducted, tortured, and killed, hundreds of suspected dissidents in the proceeding eighteen months. Most of the victims were trade unionists and members of cooperatives, human rights workers, members of the judiciary involved in efforts to establish criminal responsibility for human rights violations, returned refugees and displaced persons, and released political prisoners.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: The government retaliated with a renewed campaign of repression, primarily against activists in the democratic sector. The non-governmental Salvadoran Human Rights Commission (CDHES) counted 2,868 killings by the armed forces between May 1989 and May 1990. In addition, the CDHES stated that government paramilitary organizations illegally detained 1,916 persons and disappeared 250 during the same period.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: On 13 February, the Atlacatl Battalion attacked a guerrilla field hospital and killed at least 10 people, including five patients, a physician and a nurse. Two of the female victims showed signs that they had been raped before they were executed.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: In a 29 November 1989 press conference, Secretary of State James A. Baker III said he believed President Cristiani was in control of the army and defended the government's crackdown on opponents as "absolutely appropriate". The US Trade Representative told Human Rights Watch that the government's repression of trade unionists was justified on the grounds that they were guerrilla supporters.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: In San Salvador on 1 October 1989, eight people were killed and 35 others were injured when a death squad bombed the headquarters of the leftist labor confederation, the National Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS).

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Earlier the same day, another bomb exploded outside the headquarters of a victims' advocacy group, the Committee of Mothers and Family Members of Political Prisoners, Disappeared and Assassinated of El Salvador, injuring four others.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Eventually, by April 1991, negotiations resumed, resulting in a truce that successfully concluded in January 1992, bringing about the war's end. On 16 January 1992, the Chapultepec Peace Accords were signed in Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City, to bring peace to El Salvador. The Armed Forces were regulated, a civilian police force was established, the FMLN metamorphosed from a guerrilla army to a political party, and an amnesty law was legislated in 1993.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: The peace process set up under the Chapultepec Accords was monitored by the United Nations from 1991 until June 1997 when it closed its special monitoring mission in El Salvador.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: In 1996, U.S. authorities acknowledged for the first time that U.S. military personnel had died in combat during the civil war. Officially, American advisers were prohibited from participating in combat operations, but they carried weapons, and accompanied Salvadoran army soldiers in the field and were subsequently targeted by rebels. 21 Americans were killed in action during the civil war and more than 5,000 served.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: Though the violations of the FMLN accounted for five percent or less of those documented by the Truth Commission, the FMLN continuously violated the human rights of many Salvadorans and other individuals identified as right-wing supporters, military targets, pro-government politicians, intellectuals, public officials, and judges. These violations included kidnapping, bombings, rape, and killing.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: The day after losing a court appeal in October 2009, the two generals were put into deportation proceedings by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), at the urging of U.S. Senators Richard Durbin (Democrat) and Tom Coburn (Republican), according to the Center for Justice and Accountability (CJA). Those deportation proceedings had been stalled by May 2010.

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: The Spanish judge who issued indictments and arrest warrants for 20 former members of the Salvadoran military, charged with murder, Crimes Against Humanity and Terrorism requested that U.S. agencies declassify documents related to the killings of the Jesuits, their housekeeper and her daughter but were denied access. In his report, Judge Velasco writes:

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: "The agencies in charge of making the information public have identified 3,000 other documents that remain secret and are not available; the reasoning given is that privacy is needed to protect sources and methods. Many of the documents, from the CIA and the Defense Department, are not available…"

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: The political and economic divisions at play in El Salvador during the civil war were complex, which is often overlooked by scholars and analysts eager to vindicate one side or the other. More research is needed, for example, to shed light on Salvadorans that resisted as political independents or as part of pro-democracy coalitions. After a 2012 historians seminar at the University of El Salvador commemorating the 20th anniversary of the peace accords, Michael Allison concluded:

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Salvadoran Civil War

Context: "Most postwar discourse has been driven by elites who participated in the conflict either on the part of the guerrillas or the government. It's not that these individuals' perspectives are wrong; it is just healthier if they are challenged or supplemented by outside views."

Question: كم عدد ضحايا الحرب الأهلية السلفادورية ؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1767, and lived with his mother at Shadwell. Jefferson also represented Albemarle County as a delegate in the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1769 until 1775. He pursued reforms to slavery, offering legislation in 1769 to allow masters to control emancipation of slaves, taking discretion away from the royal governor and General Court. He persuaded his cousin Richard Bland to spearhead the legislation's passage, but the reaction was strongly negative.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The British parliament passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774, and Jefferson wrote a resolution calling for a "Day of Fasting and Prayer" in protest, as well as a boycott of all British goods. His resolution was later expanded into "A Summary View of the Rights of British America", in which he argued that people have the right to govern themselves.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In 1768, Jefferson began constructing his primary residence Monticello (Italian for "Little Mountain") on a hilltop overlooking his plantation. He spent most of his adult life designing Monticello as architect and was quoted as saying, "Architecture is my delight, and putting up, and pulling down, one of my favorite amusements." Construction was done mostly by local masons and carpenters, assisted by Jefferson's slaves.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Martha's father John Wayles died in 1773, and the couple inherited 135 slaves, , and the estate's debts. The debts took Jefferson years to satisfy, contributing to his financial problems.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: After working as secretary of state (1790–93), he returned to Monticello and initiated a remodeling based on the architectural concepts which he had acquired in Europe. The work continued throughout most of his presidency and was completed in 1809.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: He sought out John Adams, an emerging leader of the Congress. They became close friends and Adams supported Jefferson's appointment to the Committee of Five formed to draft a declaration of independence in furtherance of the Lee Resolution passed by the Congress, which declared the United Colonies independent. The committee initially thought that Adams should write the document, but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson consulted with other committee members over the next seventeen days and drew on his proposed draft of the Virginia Constitution, George Mason's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, and other sources. The other committee members made some changes, and a final draft was presented to Congress on June 28, 1776.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: At the start of the Revolution, Jefferson was a colonel and was named commander of the Albemarle County Militia on September 26, 1775. He was then elected to the Virginia House of Delegates for Albemarle County in September 1776, when finalizing a state constitution was a priority.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: For nearly three years, he assisted with the constitution and was especially proud of his Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, which forbade state support of religious institutions or enforcement of religious doctrine. The bill failed to pass, as did his legislation to disestablish the Anglican Church, but both were later revived by James Madison.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson was elected governor for one-year terms in 1779 and 1780. He transferred the state capital from Williamsburg to Richmond, and introduced measures for public education, religious freedom, and revision of inheritance laws.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In April of the same year, his daughter Lucy died at age one. A second daughter of that name was born the following year, but she died at age three.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In 1782, Jefferson refused a partnership offer by North Carolina Governor Abner Nash, in a profiteering land scheme sale of confiscated Loyalist lands. Unlike other Founders, in the pursuit of land, Jefferson was content with his Monticello estate and the land he owned in the vicinity of Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. Jefferson wanted Monticello to be an intellectual gathering place for his friends James Madison and James Monroe.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: "Notes" was first published in 1785 in French and appeared in English in 1787. Biographer George Tucker considered the work "surprising in the extent of the information which a single individual had been thus able to acquire, as to the physical features of the state", and Merrill D. Peterson described it as an accomplishment for which all Americans should be grateful.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson had Patsy educated at the Pentemont Abbey. In 1786, he met and fell in love with Maria Cosway, an accomplished—and married—Italian-English musician of 27. They saw each other frequently over a period of six weeks. She returned to Great Britain, but they maintained a lifelong correspondence.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The second major issue was the capital's permanent location. Hamilton favored a capital close to the major commercial centers of the Northeast, while Washington, Jefferson, and other agrarians wanted it located to the south. After lengthy deadlock, the Compromise of 1790 was struck, permanently locating the capital on the Potomac River, and the federal government assumed the war debts of all thirteen states.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Historian Ron Chernow claims that "the theoretical damage of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions was deep and lasting, and was a recipe for disunion", contributing to the American Civil War as well as later events. Washington was so appalled by the resolutions that he told Patrick Henry that, if "systematically and pertinaciously pursued", the resolutions would "dissolve the union or produce coercion."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson had always admired Washington's leadership skills but felt that his Federalist party was leading the country in the wrong direction. Jefferson thought it wise not to attend his funeral in 1799 because of acute differences with Washington while serving as secretary of state, and remained at Monticello.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The transition proceeded smoothly, marking a watershed in American history. As historian Gordon S. Wood writes, "it was one of the first popular elections in modern history that resulted in the peaceful transfer of power from one 'party' to another."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson pardoned several of those imprisoned under the Alien and Sedition Acts. Congressional Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which removed nearly all of Adams's "midnight judges" from office. A subsequent appointment battle led to the Supreme Court's landmark decision in "Marbury v. Madison", asserting judicial review over executive branch actions. Jefferson appointed three Supreme Court justices: William Johnson (1804), Henry Brockholst Livingston (1807), and Thomas Todd (1807).

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson took great interest in the Library of Congress, which had been established in 1800. He often recommended books to acquire. In 1802, an act of Congress authorized President Jefferson to name the first Librarian of Congress and gave itself the power to establish library rules and regulations. This act also granted the president and vice president the right to use the library.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Most thought that this was an exceptional opportunity, despite Republican reservations about the Constitutional authority of the federal government to acquire land. Jefferson initially thought that a Constitutional amendment was necessary to purchase and govern the new territory; but he later changed his mind, fearing that this would give cause to oppose the purchase, and he, therefore, urged a speedy debate and ratification. On October 20, 1803, the Senate ratified the purchase treaty by a vote of 24–7.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The expedition lasted from May 1804 to September 1806 (see Timeline) and obtained a wealth of scientific and geographic knowledge, including knowledge of many Indian tribes.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In addition to the Corps of Discovery, Jefferson organized three other western expeditions: the William Dunbar and George Hunter expedition on the Ouachita River (1804–1805), the Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis expedition (1806) on the Red River, and the Zebulon Pike Expedition (1806–1807) into the Rocky Mountains and the Southwest. All three produced valuable information about the American frontier.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson's experiences with the American Indians began during his boyhood in Virginia and extended through his political career and into his retirement. He refuted the contemporary notion that Indians were inferior people and maintained that they were equal in body and mind to people of European descent.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson's successful first term occasioned his re-nomination for president by the Republican party, with George Clinton replacing Burr as his running mate. The Federalist party ran Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, John Adams's vice-presidential candidate in the 1800 election. The Jefferson-Clinton ticket won overwhelmingly in the electoral college vote, by 162 to 14, promoting their achievement of a strong economy, lower taxes, and the Louisiana Purchase.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In Haiti, Jefferson's neutrality had allowed arms to enable the slave independence movement during its Revolution, and blocked attempts to assist Napoleon, who was defeated there in 1803. But he refused official recognition of the country during his second term, in deference to southern complaints about the racial violence against slave-holders; it was eventually extended to Haiti in 1862.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Domestically, Jefferson's grandson James Madison Randolph became the first child born in the White House in 1806.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Following the 1801 electoral deadlock, Jefferson's relationship with his vice president, former New York Senator Aaron Burr, rapidly eroded. Jefferson suspected Burr of seeking the presidency for himself, while Burr was angered by Jefferson's refusal to appoint some of his supporters to federal office. Burr was dropped from the Republican ticket in 1804.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: After leaving office in April 1805, Burr traveled west and conspired with Louisiana Territory governor James Wilkinson, beginning a large-scale recruitment for a military expedition. Other plotters included Ohio Senator John Smith and an Irishman named Harmon Blennerhassett. Burr discussed a number of plots—seizing control of Mexico or Spanish Florida, or forming a secessionist state in New Orleans or the Western U.S. Historians remain unclear as to his true goal.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In the fall of 1806, Burr launched a military flotilla carrying about 60 men down the Ohio River. Wilkinson renounced the plot, apparently from self-interested motives; he reported Burr's expedition to Jefferson, who immediately ordered Burr's arrest. On February 13, 1807, Burr was captured in Louisiana's Bayou Pierre wilderness and sent to Virginia to be tried for treason.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: When Jefferson died in 1826, James Madison replaced him as rector. Jefferson bequeathed most of his library to the university. Only one other ex-president has founded a university, namely Millard Fillmore who founded the University at Buffalo.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: He also expressed opposition to the idea of a privileged aristocracy made up of large landowning families partial to the King, and instead promoted "the aristocracy of virtue and talent, which nature has wisely provided for the direction of the interests of society, & scattered with equal hand through all its conditions, was deemed essential to a well-ordered republic".

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson gave his insight into people, politics, and events. The work is primarily concerned with the Declaration and reforming the government of Virginia. He used notes, letters, and documents to tell many of the stories within the autobiography. He suggested that this history was so rich that his personal affairs were better overlooked, but he incorporated a self-analysis using the Declaration and other patriotism.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In the summer of 1824, the Marquis de Lafayette accepted an invitation from President James Monroe to visit the country. Jefferson and Lafayette had not seen each other since 1789. After visits to New York, New England, and Washington, Lafayette arrived at Monticello on November 4.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Shortly after Jefferson had died, attendants found a gold locket on a chain around his neck, where it had rested for more than 40 years, containing a small faded blue ribbon that tied a lock of his wife Martha's brown hair.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: HERE WAS BURIED THOMAS JEFFERSON, AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, OF THE STATUTE OF VIRGINIA FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM, AND FATHER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson died deeply in debt, unable to pass on his estate freely to his heirs. He gave instructions in his will for disposal of his assets, including the freeing of Sally Hemings's children; but his estate, possessions, and slaves were sold at public auctions starting in 1827. In 1831, Monticello was sold by Martha Jefferson Randolph and the other heirs.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson wrote letters and speeches prolifically, and these show him to be conversant and well read in the philosophical literature of his day and of antiquity. However, since Jefferson did not produce a formal work on philosophy, scholars, in general, do not take him seriously as a philosopher. Nonetheless, Jefferson left behind a "rich philosophical legacy" in his presidential messages, letters to philosophically minded people, and his public papers.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: According to Jefferson's philosophy, citizens have "certain inalienable rights" and "rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will, within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others." A staunch advocate of the jury system to protect people's liberties, he proclaimed in 1801, "I consider [trial by jury] as the only anchor yet imagined by man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson considered democracy to be the expression of society and promoted national self-determination, cultural uniformity, and education of all males of the commonwealth. He supported public education and a free press as essential components of a democratic nation.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: After resigning as secretary of state in 1795, Jefferson focused on the electoral bases of the Republicans and Federalists. The "Republican" classification for which he advocated included "the entire body of landholders" everywhere and "the body of laborers" without land. Republicans united behind Jefferson as vice president, with the election of 1796 expanding democracy nationwide at grassroots levels. Jefferson promoted Republican candidates for local offices.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson's unorthodox religious beliefs became an important issue in the 1800 presidential election. Federalists attacked him as an atheist. As president, Jefferson countered the accusations by praising religion in his inaugural address and attending services at the Capitol.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson distrusted government banks and opposed public borrowing, which he thought created long-term debt, bred monopolies, and invited dangerous speculation as opposed to productive labor. In one letter to Madison, he argued each generation should curtail all debt within 19 years, and not impose a long-term debt on subsequent generations.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson used agrarian resistance to banks and speculators as the first defining principle of an opposition party, recruiting candidates for Congress on the issue as early as 1792. As president, Jefferson was persuaded by Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin to leave the bank intact but sought to restrain its influence.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: During his presidency, Jefferson allowed the diffusion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory hoping to prevent slave uprisings in Virginia and to prevent South Carolina secession. In 1804, in a compromise on the slavery issue, Jefferson and Congress banned domestic slave trafficking for one year into the Louisiana Territory. In 1806 he officially called for anti-slavery legislation terminating the import or export of slaves. Congress passed the law in 1807.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Historian Henry Wiencek said Jefferson "rationalized an abomination to the point where an absolute moral reversal was reached and he made slavery fit into America's national enterprise."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: On the contrary, historian and biographer John Ferling stated that Jefferson was "zealously committed to slavery's abolition".

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In July 2017, the TJF announced that archeological excavations at Monticello had revealed what they believe to have been Sally Hemings's quarters, adjacent to Jefferson's bedroom. In 2018, the TJF said that it considered the issue "a settled historical matter." Since the results of the DNA tests were made public, the consensus among most historians has been that Jefferson had a sexual relationship with Sally Hemings and that he was the father of her son Eston Hemings.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson was a farmer, obsessed with new crops, soil conditions, garden designs, and scientific agricultural techniques. His main cash crop was tobacco, but its price was usually low and it was rarely profitable. He tried to achieve self-sufficiency with wheat, vegetables, flax, corn, hogs, sheep, poultry, and cattle to supply his family, slaves, and employees, but he lived perpetually beyond his means and was always in debt.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In the field of architecture, Jefferson helped popularize the Neo-Palladian style in the United States utilizing designs for the Virginia State Capitol, the University of Virginia, Monticello, and others. Jefferson mastered architecture through self-study, using various books and classical architectural designs of the day. His primary authority was Andrea Palladio's 1570 "The Four Books of Architecture", which outlines the principles of classical design.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: He was interested in birds and wine, and was a noted gourmet; he was also a prolific writer and linguist, and spoke several languages. As a naturalist, he was fascinated by the Natural Bridge geological formation, and in 1774 successfully acquired the Bridge by a grant from George III.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson served as APS president for the next eighteen years, including through both terms of his presidency. He introduced Meriwether Lewis to the society, where various scientists tutored him in preparation for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He resigned on January 20, 1815, but remained active through correspondence.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson was not an outstanding orator and preferred to communicate through writing or remain silent if possible. Instead of delivering his State of the Union addresses himself, Jefferson wrote the annual messages and sent a representative to read them aloud in Congress. This started a tradition that continued until 1913 when President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) chose to deliver his own State of the Union address.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson invented many small practical devices and improved contemporary inventions, including a revolving book-stand and a "Great Clock" powered by the gravitational pull on cannonballs. He improved the pedometer, the polygraph (a device for duplicating writing), and the moldboard plow, an idea he never patented and gave to posterity. Jefferson can also be credited as the creator of the swivel chair, the first of which he created and used to write much of the Declaration of Independence.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: As Minister to France, Jefferson was impressed by the military standardization program known as the "Système Gribeauval", and initiated a program as president to develop interchangeable parts for firearms. For his inventiveness and ingenuity, he received several honorary Doctor of Law degrees.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Noting the huge output of scholarly books on Jefferson in recent years, historian Gordon Wood summarizes the raging debates about Jefferson's stature: "Although many historians and others are embarrassed about his contradictions and have sought to knock him off the democratic pedestal ... his position, though shaky, still seems secure."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The Siena Research Institute poll of presidential scholars, begun in 1982, has consistently ranked Jefferson as one of the five best U.S. presidents, and a 2015 Brookings Institution poll of American Political Science Association members ranked him as the fifth greatest president.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson has been memorialized with buildings, sculptures, postage, and currency. In the 1920s, Jefferson, together with George Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln, was chosen by sculptor Gutzon Borglum and approved by President Calvin Coolidge to be depicted in stone at the Mount Rushmore Memorial.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The Jefferson Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C. in 1943, on the 200th anniversary of Jefferson's birth. The interior of the memorial includes a statue of Jefferson by Rudulph Evans and engravings of passages from Jefferson's writings. Most prominent are the words inscribed around the monument near the roof: "I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In October 2021, in response to lobbying by activists, the New York City Public Design Commission voted unanimously to remove a statue of the former president from the New York City Council chamber where it had stood for more than a century. The statue was taken down in November 2021.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثالث للولايات المتحدة؟


The Greatest Game Ever Played

Context: A series of texts shows that Harry Vardon went on to win his sixth British Open Championship the following year, also Francis won two amateur championships and became a businessman and Eddie went on to become a multi-millionaire.

Question: هل تعتبر رياضة الغولف رياضة الأثرياء؟


The Greatest Game Ever Played

Context: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, 63% of critics gave the film a positive "fresh" review. The website concludes, "Despite all the underdog sports movie conventions, the likable cast and lush production values make "The Greatest Game Ever Played" a solid and uplifting tale."

Question: هل تعتبر رياضة الغولف رياضة الأثرياء؟


The Greatest Game Ever Played

Context: The film has been released on DVD and UMD by Walt Disney Home Entertainment. Special features include two "making of" documentaries with cast and crew members, plus a rare 1963 interview with the real Francis Ouimet on WGBH, the Boston public television station, at Brookline, Massachusetts golf course where the 1913 U.S. Open took place. It was released on Blu-ray Disc in 2009, and again as a DVD/Blu-ray combo pack in 2011. It is now available to stream via Disney+ as of 2019.

Question: هل تعتبر رياضة الغولف رياضة الأثرياء؟


List of countries by life expectancy

Context: The life expectancy is shown separately for males and for females, as well as a combined figure. Several non-sovereign entities and territories are also included in this list.

Question: ما هو متوسط عمر الإنسان ؟


List of countries by life expectancy

Context: The figures reflect the quality of healthcare in the countries listed as well as other factors including ongoing wars, obesity, and HIV infections.

Question: ما هو متوسط عمر الإنسان ؟


List of countries by life expectancy

Context: From the beginning of the current century there is a tendency to also estimate Healthy life expectancy (HALE) — the average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health".

Question: ما هو متوسط عمر الإنسان ؟


List of countries by life expectancy

Context: Comparing life expectancies across countries can be problematic. For example, due to poor reporting in some countries and various local standards in collecting statistics. This is especially true for Healthy life expectancy, the definition of which criteria may change over time, even within a country.

Question: ما هو متوسط عمر الإنسان ؟


List of countries by life expectancy

Context: Data of the World Bank Group for 2020. The values in the World Bank Group tables are rounded. All calculations were done on raw data, therefore, due to the nuances of rounding, in some places illusory inconsistencies of indicators arose, with a size of 0.01 year. Since this entry is prone to vandalism and political bias it is recommended to check the original source.

Question: ما هو متوسط عمر الإنسان ؟


List of countries by life expectancy

Context: According to data published by World Health Organization in December 2020. By default, data is sorted by life expectancy at birth for all population, and in case of equal values by HALE for all population.

Question: ما هو متوسط عمر الإنسان ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: The president of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar () is the head of state and constitutional head of government of Myanmar. The president leads the Cabinet of Myanmar, the executive branch of the Burmese government. The current president is Myint Swe, who assumed the presidency in an acting capacity through a military coup d'état on 1 February 2021.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: The president is elected by members of parliament, not by the general population; specifically the Presidential Electoral College, a three-committee body composed of members of parliament, elects the president. Each of the three committees, made up of Amyotha Hluttaw, Pyithu Hluttaw members of parliament, or military-appointed lawmakers, nominates a candidate for presidency.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: After the 2015 election, while the president continues to be the head of state and "de jure" head of government, the "de facto" head of government and the dominant state figure was the State Counsellor of Myanmar and leader of the ruling National League for Democracy, Aung San Suu Kyi. Both Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were detained by the Tatmadaw in the 2021 coup d'état. Currently, the "de facto" head of government is Min Aung Hlaing, the chairman of the State Administration Council.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: The president is the head of state and head of government. The position of President was created in 1948, with the adoption of the Burmese Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom. Since then, eleven people have held the office (with two of them doing so on multiple occasions).

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: Due to the country's long period of military rule, it has not been uncommon for the prime minister to be a serving (or recently retired) military officer. The actual power of the prime minister has considerably varied over time, differing based on who holds the office. In 2004, a power struggle between the then–head of state, Senior General Than Shwe, chairman of the State Peace and Development Council, and his President, General Khin Nyunt, resulted in the prime minister being dismissed and arrested.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: The Constitution of Myanmar sets the principle qualifications that the candidate must meet to be eligible to the office of the President. in Chapter 1: The President, Part I: The Federation of Myanmar in the Constitution of Myanmar. President has to be:

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: Moreover, upon taking oath in office, the president is constitutionally forbidden from taking part in any political party activities (Chapter III, 64).

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: The president is not directly elected by Burmese voters; instead, they are indirectly elected by the Presidential Electoral College (), an electoral body made of three separate committees. One committee is composed of MPs who represent the proportions of MPs elected from each Region or State; another is composed of MPs who represent the proportions of MPs elected from each township population; the third is of military-appointed MPs personally nominated by the Defence Services' commander-in-chief.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: This process is similar to the one prescribed by the 1947 Constitution, in which MPs from the Parliament's Chamber of Nationalities and Chamber of Deputies elected the president by secret ballot. The President was then responsible for appointing a prime minister (on the advice of the Chamber of Deputies), who was constitutionally recognised as the head of government and led the Cabinet.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: Before independence, Myanmar had two quasi-constitutions, The government of Burma Act, 1935 and Constitution of Burma under Japanese occupation, 1943. After independence, Myanmar adopted three constitutions in 1947, 1974 and 2008. The 2008 constitution is the present constitution of Myanmar.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: Prior to 1863, different regions of modern-day Burma were governed separately. From 1862 to 1923, the colonial administration, housed in Rangoon's Secretariat building, was headed by a chief commissioner (1862–1897) or a lieutenant-governor (1897–1923), who headed the administration, underneath the governor-general of India.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: From 31 January 1862 to 1 May 1897, British Burma was headed by a chief commissioner. The subsequent expansion of British Burma, with the acquisitions of Upper Burma and the Shan States throughout this period increased the demands of the position, and led to an upgrade in the colonial leadership and an expansion of government (Burma was accorded a separate government and legislative council in 1897).

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: Burma became independent in 1948. There was a president from 1948 to 1962, and then 1974 and 1988. Between 1962 and 1974 and between 1988 and 2011, Burma was headed by military regimes. The office of the president was restored in 2011.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: Approved in a 1973 referendum, the 1974 constitution was the second constitution to be written. It created a unicameral legislature called the People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw), represented by members of the Burma Socialist Programme Party The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. Each term was 4 years. Ne Win became the president at this time.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: Upon taking power in September 1988, the military based State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) suspended the 1974 constitution. The SLORC called a constitutional convention in 1993, but it was suspended in 1996 when the National League for Democracy (NLD) boycotted it, calling it undemocratic. The constitutional convention was again called in 2004, but without the NLD. Myanmar remained without a constitution until 2008.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: On 9 April 2008, the military government of Myanmar (Burma) released its proposed constitution for the country to be put to a vote in public referendum on 10 May 2008, as part of its roadmap to democracy. The constitution is hailed by the military as heralding a return to democracy, but the opposition sees it as a tool for continuing military control of the country.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


President of Myanmar

Context: In spite of its earlier opposition to the 2008 constitution, the NLD participated in the 2012 by-election for 46 seats and won a landslide victory, with Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of parliament, alongside 42 others from her party.

Question: من هو رئيس جمهورية اتحاد ميانمار ؟


European Union

Context: After the First World War, but particularly with Second World War, internationalism was gaining, with the creation of the Bretton Woods System in 1944, the United Nations in 1945 and the French Union (19461958), the latter directing decolonization by possibly integrating its colonies into an European community. In this light European integration was seen, already during the war, as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated parts of the continent.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Paralleling Schuman, the Pleven Plan of 1951 tried, but failed to tie the institutions of the developing European community under the European Political Community, which was to include the also proposed European Defence Community, an alternative to West Germany joining NATO which was established 1949 unter under the Truman Doctrine.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 1954 the Western European Union was founded, after NATO took over competences from the WU and West Germany joined. The developing block prompted the Soviet Union to form the Warsaw Pact in 1955, allowing it to enforce its standing in Eastern Europe. Assessing the progress of European integration the Messina Conference was held in 1955, ordering the Spaak report, which in 1956 recommended the next significant steps of European integration.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community (EEC) and established a customs union. They also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC and they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein (Hallstein Commission) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand (Armand Commission) and then Étienne Hirsch. Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power. Nevertheless, in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967, the Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the "European Communities". Jean Rey presided over the first merged commission (Rey Commission).

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 1973, the communities were enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland, which later left the Communities in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights), Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum. In 1979, the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in 1986. In 1985, the Schengen Agreement paved the way for the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some non-member states. In 1986, the European flag began to be used by the EEC and the Single European Act was signed.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the communities as part of a reunified Germany.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass 19 countries. The euro currency became the second-largest reserve currency in the world. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the union.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became EU members. Later that year, Slovenia adopted the euro, followed by Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particular, it changed the legal structure of the European Union, merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal entity provisioned with a legal personality, created a permanent president of the European Council, the first of which was Herman Van Rompuy, and strengthened the position of the high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 2012, the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe." In 2013, Croatia became the 28th EU member.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: , the population of the European Union was about 447 million people (5.8 per cent of the world population). In 2015, 5.1million children were born in the EU-28 corresponding to a birth rate of 10 per 1,000, which is 8 births below the world average. For comparison, the EU-28 birth rate had stood at 10.6 in 2000, 12.8 in 1985 and 16.3 in 1970. Its population growth rate was positive at an estimated 0.23 per cent in 2016.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over 1million. With a population of over 13 million, Paris is the largest metropolitan area and the only megacity in the EU. Paris is followed by Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, the Ruhr, Milan, and Rome, all with a metropolitan population of over 4million.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EU also has numerous polycentric urbanised regions like Rhine-Ruhr (Cologne, Dortmund, Düsseldorf et al.), Randstad (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht et al.), Frankfurt Rhine-Main (Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Mainz et al.), the Flemish Diamond (Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven, Ghent et al.) and Upper Silesian area (Katowice, Ostrava et al.).

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Due to the high number of official languages, most of the institutions use only a handful of working languages. The European Commission conducts its internal business in three "procedural languages": English, French, and German Similarly, the Court of Justice of the European Union uses French as the working language, while the European Central Bank conducts its business primarily in English.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: A total of twenty official languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language family, represented by the Balto-Slavic, the Italic, the Germanic, the Hellenic, and the Celtic branches. Only four languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian (all three Uralic), and Maltese (Semitic), are not Indo-European languages. The three official alphabets of the European Union (Cyrillic, Latin, and modern Greek) all derive from the Archaic Greek scripts.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Luxembourgish (in Luxembourg) and Turkish (in Cyprus) are the only two national languages that are not official languages of the EU. On 26 February 2016, it was made public that Cyprus has asked to make Turkish an official EU language, in a "gesture" that could help solve the division of the country.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EU has no formal connection to any religion. Article 17 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union recognises the "status under national law of churches and religious associations" as well as that of "philosophical and non-confessional organisations".

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The preamble to the Treaty on European Union mentions the "cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe". Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included proposals to mention Christianity or a god, or both, in the preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and was dropped.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Christians in the European Union are divided among members of Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant denominations (Anglicans, Lutherans, and Reformed forming the bulk of this category), and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In 2009, the EU had an estimated Muslim population of 13 million, and an estimated Jewish population of over a million. The other world religions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism are also represented in the EU population.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2015 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 71.6 per cent of the EU population. Catholics are the largest Christian group, accounting for 45.3 per cent of the EU population, while Protestants make up 11.1 per cent, Eastern Orthodox make up 9.6 per cent, and other Christians make up 5.6 per cent.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: There are seven countries that are recognised as candidates for membership: Albania, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Norway, Switzerland and Iceland have submitted membership applications in the past, but subsequently frozen or withdrawn them. Additionally, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are officially recognised as potential candidates, with Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership application.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine formally submitted an application for EU membership in February 2022. Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy requested that Ukraine be admitted into the Union immediately. Georgia and Moldova also applied for accession to the EU in early March 2022. As of 23 June 2022, Ukraine and Moldova have become candidates for membership.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The four countries forming the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) are not EU members, but have partly committed to the EU's economy and regulations: Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part of the single market through the European Economic Area, and Switzerland, which has similar ties through bilateral treaties. The relationships of the European microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The European Union's member states cover an area of . The EU's highest peak is Mont Blanc in the Graian Alps, above sea level. The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark, and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at below sea level. The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU are influenced by its coastline, which is long.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EU's population is highly urbanised: some 75 per cent of inhabitants lived in urban areas in 2006. Cities are largely spread out across the EU with a large grouping in and around the Benelux.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Several overseas territories and dependencies of various member states are also formally part of the EU.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: EU policy is in general promulgated by EU directives, which are then implemented in the domestic legislation of its member states, and EU regulations, which are immediately enforceable in all member states. Lobbying at EU level by special interest groups is regulated to try to balance the aspirations of private initiatives with public interest decision-making process.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The European Council uses its leadership role to sort out disputes between member states and the institutions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and policies. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Tasks for the president of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU, driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states, both during meetings of the European Council and over the periods between them.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The European Council should not be mistaken for the Council of Europe, an international organisation independent of the EU and based in Strasbourg.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The European Commission acts both as the EU's executive arm, responsible for the day-to-day running of the EU, and also the legislative initiator, with the sole power to propose laws for debate. The commission is 'guardian of the Treaties' and is responsible for their efficient operation and policing. It has 27 European commissioners for different areas of policy, one from each member state, though commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In some policies, there are several member states that ally with strategic partners within the union. Examples of such alliances include the Visegrad Group, Benelux, the Baltic Assembly, the New Hanseatic League, the Weimar Triangle, the Lublin Triangle, EU Med Group, the Craiova Group and Bucharest Nine.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The European Union had an agreed budget of  billion for the year 2007 and  billion for the period 2007–2013, representing 1.10 per cent and 1.05 per cent of the EU-27's GNI forecast for the respective periods. In 1960, the budget of the European Community was 0.03 per cent of GDP.

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European Union

Context: In the 2010 budget of  billion, the largest single expenditure item was "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45 per cent of the total budget. Next was "agriculture" with approximately 31 per cent of the total. "Rural development, environment and fisheries" takes up around 11 per cent. "Administration" accounts for around 6 per cent. The ""EU as a global partner" and "citizenship, freedom, security and justice"" had approximately 6 per cent and 1 per cent respectively.

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European Union

Context: The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the parliament and the council (specifically, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council) with "a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions". The Court also gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. The parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the commission's handling of the budget.

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European Union

Context: The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while making it clear that the European Commission has more work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national level. In their report on 2009 the auditors found that five areas of Union expenditure, agriculture and the cohesion fund, were materially affected by error. The European Commission estimated in 2009 that the financial effect of irregularities was  million.

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European Union

Context: In November 2020, members of the union, Hungary and Poland, blocked approval to the EU's budget at a meeting in the Committee of Permanent Representatives (Coreper), citing a proposal that linked funding with adherence to the rule of law. The budget included a COVID-19 recovery fund of billion. The budget may still be approved if Hungary and Poland withdraw their vetoes after further negotiations in the council and the European Council.

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European Union

Context: That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. Different legislative procedures are used within the same category of competence, and even with the same policy area.

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European Union

Context: The distribution of competences in various policy areas between member states and the union is divided in the following three categories:

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European Union

Context: Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, and thus the laws enacted under them, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional provisions.

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European Union

Context: The direct effect and supremacy doctrines were not explicitly set out in the European Treaties but were developed by the Court of Justice itself over the 1960s, apparently under the influence of its then most influential judge, Frenchman Robert Lecourt

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European Union

Context: The judicial branch of the European Union is formally called the Court of Justice of the European Union and consists of two courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court. The Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by member states, the institutions, and cases referred to it by the courts of member states. Because of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy, many judgments of the Court of Justice are automatically applicable within the internal legal orders of the member states.

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European Union

Context: The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU's courts, and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service. Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a point of law.

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European Union

Context: The European Public Prosecutor's Office is an independent body of the European Union (EU) established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 22 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation. The European Public Prosecutor's Office investigate and prosecute fraud against the budget of the European Union and other crimes against the EU's financial interests including fraud concerning EU funds of over €10,000 and cross-border VAT fraud cases involving damages above €10 million.

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European Union

Context: The treaties declare that the European Union itself is "founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities ... in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail."

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European Union

Context: Signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership. Previously, the EU itself could not accede to the convention as it is neither a state nor had the competence to accede. The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the convention while the latter formally permits it.

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European Union

Context: On 19 October 2020, the European Union revealed new plans to create a legal structure to act against human rights violations worldwide. The new plan was expected to provide the European Union with greater flexibility to target and sanction those responsible for serious human rights violations and abuses around the world.

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European Union

Context: Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value and apply without any formal hierarchy.

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European Union

Context: The European Ombudsman was established by the Maastricht Treaty. The ombudsman is elected by the European Parliament for the length of the parliament's term, and the position is renewable. Any EU citizen or entity may appeal to the ombudsman to investigate an EU institution on the grounds of maladministration (administrative irregularities, unfairness, discrimination, abuse of power, failure to reply, refusal of information or unnecessary delay). Emily O'Reilly has been the ombudsman since 2013.

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European Union

Context: The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the international community as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. The unanimity and difficult issues treated under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements, such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq.

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European Union

Context: The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes. 21 EU members are members of NATO while the remaining member states follow policies of neutrality. The Western European Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU.

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European Union

Context: Since the withdrawal of the United Kingdom, France is the only member officially recognised as a nuclear weapon state and the sole holder of a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. France and Italy are also the only EU countries that have power projection capabilities outside of Europe. Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium participate in NATO nuclear sharing.

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European Union

Context: The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, or "ECHO", provides humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries. In 2012, its budget amounted to million, 51 per cent of the budget went to Africa and 20 per cent to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacific, and 20 per cent to the Middle East and Mediterranean.

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European Union

Context: In 2016, the average among EU countries was 0.4 per cent and five had met or exceeded the 0.7 per cent target: Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden and the United Kingdom. If considered collectively, EU member states are the largest contributor of foreign aid in the world.

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