Bob Dylan

Context: Also in April 2018, "The New York Times" announced that Dylan was launching Heaven's Door, a range of three whiskeys: a straight rye, a straight bourbon and a "double-barreled" whiskey. Dylan has been involved in both the creation and the marketing of the range. The "Times" described the venture as "Mr. Dylan's entry into the booming celebrity-branded spirits market, the latest career twist for an artist who has spent five decades confounding expectations".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: On November 2, 2018, Dylan released "" as Volume 14 in the Bootleg Series. The set comprises all Dylan's recordings for his 1975 album "Blood On the Tracks", and was issued as a single CD and also as a six-CD Deluxe Edition. The box set album received an aggregate score of 93 on the critical website Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Netflix released the movie "" on June 12, 2019, describing the film as "Part documentary, part concert film, part fever dream". The Scorsese film received an aggregate score of 88 on critical website Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim". The film sparked controversy because of the way it deliberately mixed documentary footage filmed during the Rolling Thunder Revue in the fall of 1975 with fictitious characters and invented stories.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Coinciding with the film release, a box set of 14 CDs, "", was released by Columbia Records. The set comprises five full Dylan performances from the tour and recently discovered tapes from Dylan's tour rehearsals. The box set received an aggregate score of 89 on the critical website Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: The next installment of Dylan's Bootleg Series, "", was released on November 1. The 3-CD set comprises outtakes from Dylan's albums "John Wesley Harding" and "Nashville Skyline", and songs that Dylan recorded with Johnny Cash in Nashville in 1969 and with Earl Scruggs in 1970. "Travelin' Thru" received an aggregate score of 88 on the critical website Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: On February 26, 2021, Columbia Records released "1970", a three-CD set of recordings from the "Self Portrait" and "New Morning" sessions, including the entirety of the session Dylan recorded with George Harrison on May 1, 1970.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan's 80th birthday in May 2021 was commemorated by a virtual conference, Dylan@80, organized by the TU Institute for Bob Dylan Studies. The program featured seventeen sessions spread across three days delivered by over fifty scholars, journalists and musicians, contributing from around the world through internet connections. Several new biographies and studies of Dylan were published as journalists and critics assessed the scale of Dylan's achievements in a career spanning 60 years.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: On July 18, 2021, livestream platform Veeps presented a 50 minute performance by Dylan, "". Filmed in black and white with a film noir look, Dylan performed 13 songs in a club setting with an audience. The performance was favorably reviewed, and one critic suggested the backing band resembled the style of the musical "Girl from the North Country".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: On January 24, 2022 Sony Music obtained the rights to the entire recorded music catalog of Bob Dylan, including all his previous albums and “the rights to multiple future releases”, the financial terms of which were undisclosed.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: The Never Ending Tour commenced on June 7, 1988. Dylan has played roughly 100 dates a year since, a heavier schedule than most performers who started in the 1960s. By April 2019, Dylan and his band had played more than 3,000 shows, anchored by long-time bassist Tony Garnier and multi-instrumentalist Donnie Herron. In November 2021, drummer Charley Drayton joined the band.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: In September 2021, Dylan's touring company announced a series of tours which were billed as the "Rough and Rowdy Ways World Wide Tour, 2021-2024". His latest tour commenced in Seattle on June 1, 2022, with Dylan accompanying himself primarily on piano, and is scheduled to conclude in Denver on July 6, 2022.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan's second show at the Gagosian Gallery, "Revisionist Art", opened in November 2012. The show consisted of thirty paintings, transforming and satirizing popular magazines, including "Playboy" and "Babytalk". In February 2013, Dylan exhibited the "New Orleans Series" of paintings at the Palazzo Reale in Milan. In August 2013, Britain's National Portrait Gallery in London hosted Dylan's first major UK exhibition, "Face Value", featuring twelve pastel portraits.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: In November 2016, the Halcyon Gallery featured a collection of drawings, watercolors and acrylic works by Dylan. The exhibition, "The Beaten Path", depicted American landscapes and urban scenes, inspired by Dylan's travels across the USA. The show was reviewed by "Vanity Fair" and "Asia Times Online". In October 2018, the Halcyon Gallery mounted an exhibition of Dylan's drawings, "Mondo Scripto". The works consisted of Dylan hand-written lyrics of his songs, with each song illustrated by a drawing.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: "Retrospectrum", the largest retrospective of Dylan's visual art to date, consisting of over 250 works in a variety of media, debuted at the Modern Art Museum in Shanghai in 2019. Building on the exhibition in China, a version of "Retrospectrum", which includes a new series of paintings, "Deep Focus", drawn from film imagery, opened at the Frost Art Museum in Miami on November 30, 2021.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan has published "Tarantula", a work of prose poetry; "", the first part of his memoirs; several books of the lyrics of his songs, and eight books of his art. He has also been the subject of numerous biographies and critical studies.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Baez recalled her relationship with Dylan in Martin Scorsese's documentary film "No Direction Home" (2005). Baez wrote about Dylan in two autobiographies—admiringly in "Daybreak" (1968), and less admiringly in "And A Voice to Sing With" (1987). Baez portrayed her relationship with Dylan in her song "Diamonds & Rust", which has been described as "an acute portrait" of Dylan.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Jakob became well known as the lead singer of the band the Wallflowers in the 1990s. Jesse is a film director and business executive.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan and his backup singer Carolyn Dennis (often professionally known as Carol Dennis) have a daughter, Desiree Gabrielle Dennis-Dylan, born on January 31, 1986. The couple were married on June 4, 1986, and divorced in October 1992. Their marriage and child remained a closely guarded secret until the publication of Howard Sounes's biography "Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan", in 2001.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: When not touring, Dylan is believed to live primarily in Point Dume, a promontory on the coast of Malibu, California, though he also owns property around the world.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Growing up in Hibbing, Minnesota, Dylan and his family were part of the area's small, close-knit Jewish community and in May 1954 Dylan had his Bar Mitzvah. Around the time of his 30th birthday, in 1971, Dylan visited Israel, and also met Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the New York-based Jewish Defense League.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: In the late 1970s, Dylan converted to Christianity. In November 1978, guided by his friend Mary Alice Artes, Dylan made contact with the Vineyard School of Discipleship. Vineyard Pastor Kenn Gulliksen has recalled: "Larry Myers and Paul Emond went over to Bob's house and ministered to him. He responded by saying, 'Yes he did in fact want Christ in his life'. And he prayed that day and received the Lord". From January to March 1979, Dylan attended the Vineyard Bible study classes in Reseda, California.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: By 1984, Dylan was distancing himself from the "born again" label. He told Kurt Loder of "Rolling Stone": "I've never said I'm born again. That's just a media term. I don't think I've been an agnostic. I've always thought there's a superior power, that this is not the real world and that there's a world to come." In 1997, he told David Gates of "Newsweek":

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan has supported the Chabad Lubavitch movement, and has privately participated in Jewish religious events, including the Bar Mitzvahs of his sons and attending Hadar Hatorah, a Chabad Lubavitch yeshiva. In September 1989 and September 1991, he appeared on the Chabad telethon.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan has continued to perform songs from his gospel albums in concert, occasionally covering traditional religious songs. He has also made passing references to his religious faith, such as in a 2004 interview with "60 Minutes", when he told Ed Bradley that "the only person you have to think twice about lying to is either yourself or to God". He explained his constant touring schedule as part of a bargain he made a long time ago with the "chief commander—in this earth and in the world we can't see".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Clinton Heylin, one of Dylan's biographers, said that the alleged abuse was not possible due to Dylan's documented presence in other places at the time.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: In June 2007, Dylan received the Prince of Asturias Award in the Arts category. Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in May 2012. In February 2015, Dylan accepted the MusiCares Person of the Year award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, in recognition of his philanthropic and artistic contributions to society. In November 2013, Dylan received the accolade of Légion d'Honneur from the French education minister Aurélie Filippetti.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: The Swedish Academy announced in November that Dylan would not travel to Stockholm for the Nobel Prize Ceremony due to "pre-existing commitments". At the Nobel Banquet in Stockholm on December 10, 2016, Dylan's speech was given by Azita Raji, U.S. Ambassador to Sweden. Patti Smith accepted Dylan's Nobel and performed his song "A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall" to orchestral accompaniment.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan has been described as one of the most influential figures of the 20th century, musically and culturally. He was included in the , where he was called "master poet, caustic social critic and intrepid, guiding spirit of the counterculture generation". In 2008, the Pulitzer Prize jury awarded him a special citation for "his profound impact on popular music and American culture, marked by lyrical compositions of extraordinary poetic power".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: President Barack Obama said of Dylan in 2012: "There is not a bigger giant in the history of American music." For 20 years, academics lobbied the Swedish Academy to give Dylan the Nobel Prize in Literature. He received the award in 2016, making Dylan the first musician awarded the Literature Prize. Horace Engdahl, a member of the Nobel Committee, described Dylan's place in literary history:

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: "Rolling Stone" has ranked Dylan at number one in its 2015 list of the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time, and listed "Like A Rolling Stone" as the "Greatest Song of all Time" in their 2011 list. In 2008, it was estimated that Dylan had sold about 120 million albums worldwide.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: When Dylan made his move from acoustic folk and blues music to a rock backing, the mix became more complex. For many critics, his greatest achievement was the cultural synthesis exemplified by his mid-1960s trilogy of albums—"Bringing It All Back Home", "Highway 61 Revisited" and "Blonde on Blonde". In Mike Marqusee's words:

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan's lyrics began to receive detailed scrutiny from academics and poets as early as 1998, when Stanford University sponsored the first international academic conference on Bob Dylan held in the United States. In 2004, Richard F. Thomas, Classics professor at Harvard University, created a freshman seminar titled "Dylan", which aimed "to put the artist in context of not just popular culture of the last half-century, but the tradition of classical poets like Virgil and Homer".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Literary critic Christopher Ricks published "Dylan's Visions of Sin", a 500-page analysis of Dylan's work, and has said: "I'd not have written a book about Dylan, to stand alongside my books on Milton and Keats, Tennyson and T.S. Eliot, if I didn't think Dylan a genius of and with language".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Former British poet laureate Andrew Motion suggested his lyrics should be studied in schools. The critical consensus that Dylan's song writing was his outstanding creative achievement was articulated by "Encyclopædia Britannica" where his entry stated: "Hailed as the Shakespeare of his generation, Dylan ... set the standard for lyric writing."

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan is considered a seminal influence on many musical genres. As Edna Gundersen stated in "USA Today": "Dylan's musical DNA has informed nearly every simple twist of pop since 1962". Punk musician Joe Strummer praised Dylan for having "laid down the template for lyric, tune, seriousness, spirituality, depth of rock music".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Other major musicians who acknowledged Dylan's importance include Johnny Cash, Jerry Garcia, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Pete Townshend, Neil Young, Bruce Springsteen, David Bowie,

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan significantly contributed to the initial success of both the Byrds and the Band: the Byrds achieved chart success with their version of "Mr. Tambourine Man" and the subsequent album, while the Band were Dylan's backing band on his 1966 tour, recorded "The Basement Tapes" with him in 1967 and featured three previously unreleased Dylan songs on their debut album.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: If Dylan's work in the 1960s was seen as bringing intellectual ambition to popular music, critics in the 21st century described him as a figure who had greatly expanded the folk culture from which he initially emerged. Following the release of Todd Haynes' Dylan biopic "I'm Not There", J. Hoberman wrote in his 2007 "Village Voice" review:

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: Dylan's archive, comprising notebooks, song drafts, business contracts, recordings and movie out-takes, was purchased in 2016 by the George Kaiser Family Foundation, which had also acquired the papers of Woody Guthrie. To house the Archive, The Bob Dylan Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma opened on May 10, 2022.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: In 2005, 7th Avenue East in Hibbing, Minnesota, the street on which Dylan lived from ages 6 to 18, received the honorary name Bob Dylan Drive. In 2006, a cultural pathway, Bob Dylan Way, was inaugurated in Duluth, Minnesota, where Dylan was born. The 1.8 mile path links "cultural and historically significant areas of downtown for the tourists".

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Bob Dylan

Context: In 2015, a 160-foot wide Dylan mural by Brazilian street artist Eduardo Kobra was unveiled in downtown Minneapolis.

Question: هل سبق وحصل المغني الأمريكي  بوب ديلن على جائزة نوبل للآداب؟


Avi Kornick

Context: Avraham "Avi" Kornick (; born 2 May 1983) is an Israeli actor and is famous as a protagonist of the Israeli television series "Split" and "HaShminiya".

Question: من أدى دور البطولة في فيلم "سبليت"؟


Berry

Context: Berries are eaten worldwide and often used in jams, preserves, cakes, or pies. Some berries are commercially important. The berry industry varies from country to country as do types of berries cultivated or growing in the wild. Some berries such as raspberries and strawberries have been bred for hundreds of years and are distinct from their wild counterparts, while other berries, such as lingonberries and cloudberries, grow almost exclusively in the wild.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: While many berries are edible, some are poisonous to humans, such as deadly nightshade and pokeweed. Others, such as the white mulberry, red mulberry, and elderberry, are poisonous when unripe, but are edible when ripe.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Berries have been valuable as a food source for humans since before the start of agriculture, and remain among the primary food sources of other primates. They were a seasonal staple for early hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, and wild berry gathering remains a popular activity in Europe and North America today. In time, humans learned to store berries so that they could be used in the winter. They may be made into fruit preserves, and among Native Americans, mixed with meat and fats as pemmican.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: The Old English word berie ("berry, grape,") comes from Proto-Germanic *basjom (source also of Old Norse ber, Middle Dutch bere, German Beere "berry;" Old Saxon winberi, Gothic weinabasi "grape"), which is of unknown origin. This and apple are the only native fruit names.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Berries under both definitions include blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, and the fruits of many other members of the heather family, as well as gooseberries, goji berries and elderberries. The fruits of some "currants" ("Ribes" species), such as blackcurrants, red currants and white currants, are botanical berries, and are treated as horticultural berries (or as soft fruit in the UK), even though their most commonly used names do not include the word "berry".

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Botanical berries not commonly known as berries include bananas, tomatoes, grapes, eggplants (aubergines), persimmons, watermelons, and pumpkins.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Strawberries have been grown in gardens in Europe since the 14th century. Blueberries were domesticated starting in 1911, with the first commercial crop in 1916. Huckleberries of all varieties are not fully domesticated, but domestication was attempted from 1994 to 2010 for the economically significant western huckleberry. Many other varieties of "Vaccinium" are likewise not domesticated, with some being of commercial importance.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Like most other food crops, berries are commercially grown, with both conventional pest management and integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Organically certified berries are becoming more widely available.:5

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Growing most berries organically requires the use of proper crop rotation, the right mix of cover crops, and the cultivation of the correct beneficial microorganisms in the soil. As blueberries and cranberries thrive in soils that are not hospitable to most other plants, and conventional fertilizers are toxic to them, the primary concern when growing them organically is bird management.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Some fruit not commonly referred to as berries and not always botanically berries are included by land-grant university extension offices in their guides for berry cultivation, or in guides for identifying local wild edible and non-edible berries. Examples include beach plums, American persimmons, pawpaws, Pacific crabapples, and prickly pears.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: In the year 2005, there were 1.8 million acres of land worldwide cultivating berries, with 6.3 million tons produced.:4

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: In certain regions, berrypicking can be a large part of the economy, and it is becoming increasingly common for western European countries such as Sweden and Finland to import cheap labor from Thailand or Bulgaria to do the berry picking. This practice has come under scrutiny in the past years because of the low wages and poor living standard for the "berry-pickers", as well as the lack of worker safety.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: In the late 2010s in the US, reduced migration from Mexico and increased minimum wage standards have made finding "stoop-work" labourers to pick the strawberry crop difficult and costly.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Once ripened, berries have a contrasting color to their background (often of green leaves), making them visible and attractive to frugivorous animals and birds. This assists the wide dispersal of the plants' seeds.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Berries are commonly used in pies or tarts, such as blueberry pie, blackberry pie, and strawberry pie.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Currants, raisins and sultanas are examples of dried grape berries, and many other commercially important berries are available in dried form.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Berries are perishable fruits with a short shelf life, and are often preserved by drying, freezing, pickling or making fruit preserves. Berries such as blackberry, blueberry, boysenberry, lingonberry, loganberry, raspberry, and strawberry are often used in jams and jellies. In the United States, Native Americans were "the first to make preserves from blueberries".

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Chefs have created quick pickled soft fruit, such as blackberries, strawberries, and blueberries. Strawberries can be battered and quickly fried in a deep fryer. Sauces made from berries, such as cranberry sauce, can be frozen until hard, battered, and deep fried. Cranberry sauce is a traditional food item for Thanksgiving, and similar sauces can be made from many other berries such as blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and huckleberries.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Berry

Context: Berry consumption is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases. A 2016 review found that berry consumption can significantly lower body mass index, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and systolic blood pressure.

Question: ما هي انواع التوت ؟


Salafi movement

Context: In the contemporary era, Salafism refers to a cluster of different Sunni renewal and reform movements inspired by the teachings of classical theologians like Taqi al-Din ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328 CE/661–728 AH). The contemporary formed as a revivalist movement across the Muslim world during the late 19th century in the context of European imperialism and has remained a significant trend in Islamic thought for more than a century.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: According to Bernard Haykel, "temporal proximity to the Prophet Muhammad is associated with the truest form of Islam" among many Sunni Muslims.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Salafis are first and foremost religious and social reformers who are engaged in creating and reproducing particular forms of authority and identity, both personal and communal. They define [their] reformist project first and foremost through creedal tenets (i.e., a theology). Also important in its "Manhaj" (Ar:منهج i.e. Methodology) are certain legal teachings as well as forms of sociability and politics.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Salafis place great emphasis on practicing actions in accordance with the known "sunnah," not only in prayer but in every activity in daily life. For instance, many are careful always to use three fingers when eating, to drink water in three pauses, and to hold it with the right hand while sitting.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Bernard Haykel notes that due to the peculiarity of its methodology, Salafis enjoy a relatively less rigid scholarly hierarchy of authorities ("ulema"). Most Salafis unlike other traditional and pre-modern Muslims do not subscribe to a hierarchy that rigorously "constrains and regulates... the output of opinions". As an interpretive community, Salafi tradition, "in contrast to other Muslim traditions of learning", is "relatively open, even democratic".

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Modern-day proponents of the Athari school of theology largely come from the Salafi movement; they uphold the "Athari" works of Ibn Taymiyyah. Ibn Taimiyya himself, a disputed and partly rejected scholar during his lifetime, became a major scholar among followers of the Salafi movement credited with the title "Shaikh al-Islam". Other important figures include major scholars important in Islamic history, such as Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Further, he states that "al-Sam'ani's dictionary suggests that the surname was marginal at best, and the lone quotation taken from Al-Dhahabi, who wrote 200 years later, does little to prove Salafi claims."

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: As of 2017, journalist Graeme Wood estimated that Salafi "probably" make up "fewer than 10%" of Muslims globally, but by the 21st century, Salafi teachings and ideas had become mainstreamised that many modern Muslims, even those who do not self-identify as Salafi, have adopted various aspects of Salafism.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: In the modern era, some Salafis tend to take the surname "Al-Salafi" and refer to the label "Salafiyya" in various circumstances to evoke a specific understanding of Islam that is supposed to differ from that of other Sunnis in terms of "'Aqidah" (creed) and approach to "Fiqh" (legal tradition).

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: "Salafi Jihadism" was a term invented by Gilles Kepel to describe those self-claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in (armed) jihad during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis" or "Salafi jihadists". Journalist Bruce Livesey estimates that Salafi jihadists constitute less than 1.0 percent of the world's 1.2 billion Muslims (i.e., less than 10 million).

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: This spending has done much to overwhelm less strict local interpretations of Islam, according to observers like Dawood al-Shirian and Lee Kuan Yew, and has caused the Saudi interpretation (sometimes called "petro-Islam") to be perceived as the correct interpretation – or the "gold standard" of Islam – in many Muslims' minds.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Folk Islam and Sufism, popular amongst the poor and working classes in the region, are anathema to Ahl-i Hadith beliefs and practices. This attitude towards Sufism has brought the movement into conflict with the rival Barelvi movement even more so than the Barelvis' rivals, the Deobandis. Ahl-i Hadith followers identify with the Zahiri madhhab. The movement draws both inspiration and financial support from Saudi Arabia. Jamia Salafia is their largest institution in India.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: "Al-Sunna Al-Muhammadeyya" Society, also known as "Ansar Al-Sunna", was founded in 1926 by Sheikh Mohamed Hamed El-Fiqi, a 1916 graduate of Al-Azhar and a student of the famed Muslim reformer

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Muhammed Abduh. It is considered the main Salafi group in Egypt. El-Fiqi's ideas were resentful of Sufism. But unlike Muhammed Abduh, Ansar Al-Sunna follows the "Tawhid" as preached by Ibn Taymiyyah. Many Saudi scholars became disciples of prominent "ulema" of "Ansar al Sunna" like ʿAbd al-Razzaq ʿAfifi and Muhammad Khalil Harras.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: According to Ammar Ali Hassan of "Al-Ahram", while Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood agree on many issues such as the need to "Islamize" society and legally requiring all Muslims to give alms, the former has nevertheless rejected the flexibility of the latter on the issue of whether women and Christians should be entitled to serve in high office, as well as its relatively tolerant attitude towards Iran.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Islamic scholar Muhammad Ibn 'Ali ash-Shawkani (1759 - 1839 C.E) is regarded as their intellectual precursor by the Salafis in Yemen, upholding his works to promote Salafi revivalist ideas. Beyond Yemen, his works are widely used in Salafi schools. He also profoundly influenced other Salafi movements across the world such as the "Ahl-i Hadith" in the Indian subcontinent.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: An attempt at Salafist expansion among the Muslim Chams in Vietnam has been halted by Vietnamese government controls, however, the loss of the Salafis among Chams has been to be benefit of Tablighi Jamaat.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Similar to Saudi Arabia, most citizens of Qatar adhere to a strict sect of Salafism referred to as Wahhabism. The national mosque of Qatar is the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque named after the founder of Wahhabism. Similar to Saudi Arabian sponsorship of Salafism, Qatar has also funded the construction of mosques that promote the Wahhabi Salafism.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Non-militarily, Qatar state-funded broadcaster Al Jazeera has come under criticism for selective reporting in coordination with Qatar's foreign policy objectives. In addition, reports have condemned Qatar's financing of the construction of mosques and Islamic centers in Europe as attempts to exert the state's Salafist interpretation of Islam. Reports of Qatar attempting to impact the curriculum of U.S. schools and buy influence in universities have also spread.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: The nearby Persian Gulf States of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates have been among the countries that have condemned Qatar's actions. In 2014, the three Persian Gulf countries withdrew their ambassadors from Qatar referencing Qatar's failure to commit to non-interference in the affairs of other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Saudi Arabia has also threatened to block land and sea borders with Qatar.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: This blockade came to an end on 5 January 2021, when authorities from both Saudi and Qatar came on common grounds, with the midmanship of Kuwait.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: The origins of contemporary Salafism in the modernist "Salafi Movement" of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh is noted by some, while others say Islamic Modernism only influenced contemporary Salafism. However, the former notion has been rejected by majority. According to Quintan Wiktorowicz:

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Groups like Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-e-Islami etc. are inspired by Modernist Salafis. Muslim Brotherhood include the term "salafi" in the "About Us" section of its website.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: In a broad sense, Salafism is similar to Non-denominational Islam (NDM), in the sense some of its adherents do not follow a particular creed. Salafi (follower of Salaf) means any reform movement that calls for resurrection of Islam by going back to its origin. In line with Wahhabism they promote a literal understanding of the sacred texts of Islam and reject other more liberal reformist movements such as those inspired for example by Muhammad Abduh or by Muhammad Iqbal.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Some scholars of the Al-Azhar University of Cairo produced a work of religious opinions entitled "al-Radd" (The Response) to refute various views of the Salafi movement. "Al-Radd" singles out numerous Salafi aberrations – in terms of ritual prayer alone it targets for criticism the following Salafi claims:

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: One of the authors of "al-Radd", the Professor of Law Anas Abu Shady states that, "they [the Salafis] want to be everything to everyone. They're interested not only in the evident (al-zahir), although most of their law goes back to the "Muhalla" [of the Ẓāhirī scholar Ibn Hazm], but they also are convinced that they alone understand the hidden (al-batin)!"

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: Salafism has become associated with literalist, strict and puritanical approaches to Islam in sections of Western academia. Some Western observers and analysts tend to equate the movement with Salafi jihadism, a hybrid ideology which espouses violent attacks against those it deems to be enemies of Islam (including Salafis) as a legitimate expression of Islam.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Salafi movement

Context: German government officials have accused Salafism of having a strong link to terrorism but later clarified that not all Salafis are terrorists. The statements by German government officials criticizing Salafism were televised by "Deutsche Welle" during April 2012.

Question: متى تاسس حزب النور السلفي في مصر؟


Member states of the Union of South American Nations

Context: There are four active member states of the Union of South American Nations after six member states suspended their participation in the organization in April 2018, while Ecuador and Uruguay announced their withdrawals in March 2019 and March 2020 respectively.

Question: كم عدد دول أعضاء اتحاد دول أمريكا الجنوبية؟


Context: On 28 August 2018, Colombian president Iván Duque announced that foreign minister Carlos Holmes had officially notified Unasur of their intention to leave the bloc, effective in 6 months, denouncing it as an institution created by Hugo Chávez to sideline existing international treaties and referring to it as an accomplice to what they referred to as the dictatorship in Venezuela. Ecuador announced its withdrawal on 13 March 2019. Uruguay followed suit in March 2020.

Question: كم عدد دول أعضاء اتحاد دول أمريكا الجنوبية؟


Martin Baron

Context: Martin Baron (born October 24, 1954) is an American journalist who was editor of "The Washington Post" from December 31, 2012, until his retirement on February 28, 2021. He was previously the editor of "The Boston Globe" from 2001 to 2012.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: Baron achieved heightened prominence in 2015 and 2016 from his portrayal in the film "Spotlight" and his involvement in the release of Jason Rezaian, the Tehran bureau chief for "The Washington Post," who was released in January 2016 after being imprisoned in Iran for 18 months.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: Baron was born to a Jewish family in Tampa, Florida. His parents immigrated from Israel. He attended Berkeley Preparatory School and worked on the school's student paper. He matriculated at Lehigh University where he was editor of "The Brown and White" student newspaper. He earned both a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and MBA with honors in four years, graduating in 1976. He had received special permission to take graduate classes as an undergraduate. Baron is fluent in Spanish.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: In 1976, after graduation, Baron began working for "The Miami Herald"; he moved to "The Los Angeles Times" in 1979, and to "The New York Times" in 1996. He returned to the "Herald" as executive editor in 2000 and led coverage of numerous key stories, including Elián González's return to Cuba and the 2000 election.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: In July 2001, Baron succeeded Matthew V. Storin as executive editor of "The Boston Globe". His editorial term at the "Globe" shifted the paper's coverage from international events toward locally centered investigative journalism. The "Globe"s coverage of the Boston Catholic sexual abuse scandal earned it a Pulitzer Prize in 2003.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: Baron supervised the writing team, including co-authors Michael Kranish and Marc Fisher, that researched the 2016 biography "Trump Revealed: An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power".

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: For his work in journalism, Baron was awarded the 2016 Hitchens Prize. In 2017, he received the Al Neuharth Award for Excellence in Media.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: In May 2019, Baron said in defense of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange: "Dating as far back as the Pentagon Papers case and beyond, journalists have been receiving and reporting on information that the government deemed classified. Wrongdoing and abuse of power were exposed. With the new indictment of Julian Assange, the government is advancing a legal argument that places such important work in jeopardy and undermines the very purpose of the First Amendment."

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: In January 2020, Baron criticized a "Post" reporter who sent a Tweet about the Kobe Bryant sexual assault case after Bryant's death. The reporter, Felicia Sonmez, was later suspended. "The Washington Post" guild criticized the move and she was reinstated. Baron issued a three-page statement but did not apologize.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: In January 2021, via an internal memo, Baron announced his retirement from "The Washington Post" effective February 28, 2021. In his note, he advocated for Section 230 protections for social media companies.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Martin Baron

Context: In the 2015 film "Spotlight", which focuses on "The Boston Globe"s coverage of the Boston Catholic Church's priest child molestation scandal, Baron is played by Liev Schreiber. The film won the award for Best Picture at the 88th Academy Awards.

Question: من هو رئيس التحرير الحالي لصحيفة الواشنطن بوست ؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A number of propaganda techniques based on social psychological research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be classified as logical fallacies, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid. Propaganda techniques emerge from abusive power and control tactics.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: The transition from non-propaganda to propaganda is fluid. Effective manipulation presupposes non-manipulative embedding in order to unfold its effect, which is why the reference to these contexts is not yet a refutation of the manipulative character of an act of communication.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Propaganda is understood as a form of manipulation of public opinion. The semiotic manipulation of signs is the essential characteristic (""Propaganda is a major form of manipulation by symbols" ").

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Thus, propaganda is a special form of communication, which is studied in communication research, and especially in media impact research, focusing on media manipulation. Propaganda is a particular type of communication characterized by distorting the representation of reality.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Information dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with "propagandistic messages". Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Some techniques are categorized, analyzed and interpreted psychologically, within political psychology, especially mass psychology, social psychology, and cognitive psychology, which includes the study of cognitive distortions.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: With regard to political and military conflicts, propaganda is seen as part of psychological warfare and information warfare, which gain particular importance in the era of hybrid warfare and cyberwarfare.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Some techniques are classified as logical fallacies, because propaganda uses arguments which may have psychological effects but which are logically invalid.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A Latin phrase that has come to mean attacking one's opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: This uses tireless repetition of an idea. An idea, especially a simple slogan, that is repeated enough times, may begin to be taken as the truth. This approach is more effective alongside the propagandist limiting or controlling the media.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Agenda setting means the "ability [of the news media] to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda". If a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position, idea, argument, or course of action.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Appeals to fear seek to build support by instilling anxieties and panic in the general population, for example, Joseph Goebbels exploited Theodore Kaufman's "Germany Must Perish!" to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German people.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Bandwagon and "inevitable-victory" appeals attempt to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action that "everyone else is taking."

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: *"Inevitable victory": invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory. Those already or at least partially on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is their best course of action. (e.g., "The debate is over. Nearly everyone who matters agrees with me.")

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: *"Join the crowd": This technique reinforces people's natural desire to be on the winning side. This technique is used to convince the audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their best interest to join.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: The repeated articulation of a complex of events that justify subsequent action. The descriptions of these events have elements of truth, and the "big lie" generalizations merge and eventually supplant the public's accurate perception of the underlying events. After World War I the German stab in the back explanation of the cause of their defeat became a justification for Nazi re-militarization and revanchism.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Presenting only two choices, with the product or idea being propagated as the better choice. (e.g., "You're either with us, or against us...")

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: All vertebrates, including humans, respond to classical conditioning. That is, if A is always present when B is present and B causes a physical reaction (e.g. disgust, pleasure), then when presented with object A in the absence of B, that same reaction will be experienced.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: People desire to be consistent. Suppose a pollster finds that a certain group of people hates his candidate for senator but loves actor A. They use actor A's endorsement of their candidate to change people's minds because people cannot tolerate inconsistency. They are forced to either dislike the actor or like the candidate.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media to create an idealized and heroic public image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. The hero personality then advocates the positions that the propagandist desires to promote. For example, modern propagandists hire popular personalities to promote their ideas and/or products.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Making individuals from the opposing nation, from a different ethnic group, or those who support the opposing viewpoint appear to be subhuman (e.g., the Vietnam War-era term "gooks" for National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam aka Vietcong, or "VC", soldiers), worthless, or immoral, through suggestion or false accusations. Dehumanizing is also a term used synonymously with demonizing, the latter usually serves as an aspect of the former.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: This technique hopes to simplify the decision making process by using images and words including interjection words to tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices. Authority figures can be used to give the order, overlapping it with the appeal to authority technique, but not necessarily. The Uncle Sam "I want you" image is an example of this technique.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: The creation or deletion of information from public records, in the purpose of making a false record of an event or the actions of a person or organization, including outright forgery of photographs, motion pictures, broadcasts, and sound recordings as well as printed documents.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Divide and rule in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into pieces that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Is used to increase a person's latitude of acceptance. For example, if a salesperson wants to sell an item for $100 but the public is only willing to pay $50, the salesperson first offers the item at a higher price (e.g., $200) and subsequently reduces the price to $100 to make it seem like a good deal.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: The use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness, or using an appealing event to boost morale. Euphoria can be created by declaring a holiday, making luxury items available, or mounting a military parade with marching bands and patriotic messages.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: An exaggeration (or hyperbole) occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true, but only to a certain degree. It is also seen as "stretching the truth" or making something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it actually is. Saying that a person ate 20 spring rolls at a party when they actually ate 7 or 8 would be considered an exaggeration.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A false accusation is a claim or allegation of wrongdoing that is untrue and/or otherwise unsupported by facts. They can be used in any of the following contexts: informally in everyday life, quasi-judicially, or judicially.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Sometimes abbreviated as FUD, an attempt to influence public perception by disseminating negative and dubious/false information designed to undermine the credibility of their beliefs.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A propaganda technique in which a large number of messages are broadcast rapidly, repetitively, and continuously over multiple channels (such as news and social media) without regard for truth or consistency.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: An attempt to justify an action on the grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic, or in some way benefit a group, country, or idea. The feeling of patriotism this technique attempts to inspire may not necessarily diminish or entirely omit one's capability for rational examination of the matter in question.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Framing is the social construction of a social phenomenon often by mass media sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. It is an inevitable process of selective influence over the individual's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Using persistent denial, misdirection, contradiction, and lying to sow seeds of doubt in a target individual or group, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, sanity, and norms.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Bombarding a political opponent with obnoxiously complex questions in rapid fire during a debate to make the opponent appear to not know what they are talking about.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Glittering generalities are emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but present no concrete argument or analysis. This technique has also been referred to as the PT Barnum effect. (e.g., the advertising campaign slogan "Ford has a better idea!")

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A half-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. It comes in several forms: the statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth, or it may utilize some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame, or misrepresent the truth.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: "Information overload can have the same effect as secrecy and certainly in the short term and for democracies today it might be considered more effective." "When information overload occurs, it is likely that a reduction in decision quality will occur." "The glut of information generated by modern technology [...] threatens to make its receivers passive. Overload prompts disengagement."

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Specific words and phrases with strong emotional implications are used to influence the audience, for example, using the word "reforms" rather than a more neutral word like "changes."

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Used to recruit members to a cult or ideology by having a group of individuals cut off a person from their existing social support and replace it entirely with members of the group who deliberately bombard the person with affection in an attempt to isolate the person from their prior beliefs and value system.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Lying and deception can be the basis of many propaganda techniques including Ad Hominem arguments, Big-Lie, Defamation, Door-in-the-Face, Half-truth, Name-calling or any other technique that is based on dishonesty or deception. For example, many politicians have been found to frequently stretch or break the truth.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: According to Adolf Hitler, "The most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly – it must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over." This idea is consistent with the principle of classical conditioning as well as the idea of "Staying on Message."

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Minimisation is the opposite of exaggeration. It is a type of deception involving denial coupled with rationalization in situations where complete denial is implausible.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Propagandists use the "name-calling technique" to incite fears and arouse prejudices in their hearers in the intent that the bad names will cause hearers to construct a negative opinion about a group or set of beliefs or ideas that the propagandist wants hearers to denounce. The method is intended to provoke conclusions about a matter apart from impartial examinations of facts. Name-calling is thus a substitute for rational, fact-based arguments against an idea or belief on its own merits.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A type of logical fallacy, in which a conclusion is made out of an argument that does not justify it. All invalid arguments can be considered as special cases of non sequitur.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Operant conditioning involves learning through imitation. For example, watching an appealing person buy products or endorse positions teaches a person to buy the product or endorse the position. Operant conditioning is the underlying principle behind the ad nauseam, slogan and other repetition public relations campaigns.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Enforced reduction of discussion by use of overly simplistic phrases or arguments (e.g., "There is no alternative to war.")

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Selective editing of quotes that can change meanings. Political documentaries designed to discredit an opponent or an opposing political viewpoint often use this technique.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Individuals or groups may use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs. Vague and pleasant phrases are often used to justify such actions or beliefs.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Presenting data or issues that, while compelling, are irrelevant to the argument at hand, and then claiming that it validates the argument.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: This is the repeating of a certain symbol or slogan so that the audience remembers it. This could be in the form of a jingle or an image placed on nearly everything in the picture/scene. This also includes using subliminal phrases, images or other content in a piece of propaganda.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Assigning blame to an individual or group, thus alleviating feelings of guilt from responsible parties and/or distracting attention from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: This technique can be used with the aim of lessening the impact of a damaging headline or sound byte. For example, if an upcoming story about taking a 'bribe' will be damaging, by repeatedly using the word for 'bribe' for trivial accusations, the word itself may become more normalized and readily dismissed when encountered.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A smear is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda. It can be applied to individuals or groups.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: A straw man argument is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by substituting a superficially similar proposition (the "straw man"), and refuting it, without ever having actually refuted the original position.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: This technique is used when the propaganda concept would seem less credible if explicitly stated. The concept is instead repeatedly assumed or implied.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: These are words in the value system of the target audience that produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, hope, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, "The Truth", etc. are virtue words. Many see religiosity as a virtue, making associations to this quality effectively beneficial.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Propaganda techniques

Context: Whataboutism is a variant of the "tu quoque" logical fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly refuting or disproving their argument, which is particularly associated with Soviet and Russian propaganda. When criticisms were leveled at the Soviet Union, the Soviet response would be "What about..." followed by an event in the Western world.

Question: كيف تتم عملية غسل الرأي العام؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: The park contains the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, from which it takes its historical name. Near the end of the 18th century, French trappers named the river ', which is probably a translation of the Hidatsa name ' ("Yellow Rock River"). Later, American trappers rendered the French name in English as "Yellow Stone". Although it is commonly believed that the river was named for the yellow rocks seen in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Native American name source is unclear.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Grinnell documented the poaching of buffalo, deer, elk, and antelope for hides. "It is estimated that during the winter of 1874–1875, not less than 3,000 buffalo and mule deer suffer even more severely than the elk, and the antelope nearly as much."

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Having traveled through Yellowstone and witnessed land management problems first hand, Philetus Norris volunteered for the position following Langford's exit. Congress finally saw fit to implement a salary for the position, as well as to provide minimal funding to operate the park. Norris used these funds to expand access to the park, building numerous crude roads and facilities.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: By 1915, 1,000 automobiles per year were entering the park, resulting in conflicts with horses and horse-drawn transportation. Horse travel on roads was eventually prohibited.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a New Deal relief agency for young men, played a major role between 1933 and 1942 in developing Yellowstone facilities. CCC projects included reforestation, campground development of many of the park's trails and campgrounds, trail construction, fire hazard reduction, and fire-fighting work. The CCC built the majority of the early visitor centers, campgrounds and the current system of park roads.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: The 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake just west of Yellowstone at Hebgen Lake damaged roads and some structures in the park. In the northwest section of the park, new geysers were found, and many existing hot springs became turbid. It was the most powerful earthquake to hit the region in recorded history.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: In 1963, after several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone, United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management of the national parks. In a paper known as the Leopold Report, the committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective, and recommended management of Yellowstone's elk population.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: The wildfires during the summer of 1988 were the largest in the history of the park. Approximately or 36% of the parkland was impacted by the fires, leading to a systematic re-evaluation of fire management policies. The fire season of 1988 was considered normal until a combination of drought and heat by mid-July contributed to an extreme fire danger. On "Black Saturday", August 20, 1988, strong winds expanded the fires rapidly, and more than burned.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: The Continental Divide of North America runs diagonally through the southwestern part of the park. The divide is a topographic feature that separates Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean water drainages. About one third of the park lies on the west side of the divide. The origins of the Yellowstone and Snake Rivers are near each other but on opposite sides of the divide. As a result, the waters of the Snake River flow to the Pacific Ocean, while those of the Yellowstone find their way to the Gulf of Mexico.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Yellowstone National Park has one of the world's largest petrified forests, trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials. This ash and other volcanic debris are believed to have come from the park area itself as the central part of Yellowstone is the massive caldera of a supervolcano. The park contains 290 waterfalls of at least , the highest being the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River at .

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Three deep canyons are located in the park, cut through the volcanic tuff of the Yellowstone Plateau by rivers over the last 640,000 years. The Lewis River flows through Lewis Canyon in the south, and the Yellowstone River has carved two colorful canyons, the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone in its journey north.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Yellowstone is at the northeastern end of the Snake River Plain, a great U-shaped arc through the mountains that extends from Boise, Idaho some to the west.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: The volcanism of Yellowstone is believed to be linked to the somewhat older volcanism of Snake River plain. Yellowstone is thus the active part of a hotspot that has moved northeast over time. The origin of this hotspot volcanism is disputed. One theory holds that a mantle plume has caused the Yellowstone hotspot to migrate northeast, while another theory explains migrating hotspot volcanism as the result of the fragmentation and dynamics of the subducted Farallon Plate in Earth's interior.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Each of the three climactic eruptions released vast amounts of ash that blanketed much of central North America, falling many hundreds of miles away. The amount of ash and gases released into the atmosphere probably caused significant impacts to world weather patterns and led to the extinction of some species, primarily in North America.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: In May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, Yellowstone National Park, and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership for long-term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: On March 30, 2014, a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck almost the very middle of Yellowstone near the Norris Basin at 6:34 am; reports indicated no damage. This was the largest earthquake to hit the park since February 22, 1980.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified, most of which bloom between the months of May and September. The Yellowstone sand verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone. It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates, making the sand verbena an enigma. The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake, well above the waterline.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources. Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation, such as near roads and at major tourist areas, they have also spread into the backcountry. Generally, most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying, both of which are time-consuming and expensive.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Yellowstone is widely considered to be the finest megafauna wildlife habitat in the lower 48 states. There are almost 60 species of mammals in the park, including the Rocky Mountain wolf, coyote, the Canadian lynx, cougars, and black and grizzly bears. Other large mammals include the bison (often referred to as buffalo), elk, moose, mule deer, white-tailed deer, mountain goat, pronghorn, and bighorn sheep.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: The Yellowstone Park bison herd is believed to be one of only four free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The other three herds are the Henry Mountains bison herd of Utah, at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota and in Elk Island National Park in Alberta.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Black bears are common in the park and were a park symbol due to visitor interaction with the bears starting in 1910. Feeding and close contact with bears has not been permitted since the 1960s to reduce their desire for human foods. Yellowstone is one of the few places in the United States where black bears can be seen coexisting with grizzly bears. Black bear observations occur most often in the park's northern ranges, and in the Bechler area which is in the park's southwestern corner.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Yellowstone is also home to seven species of reptiles, including the painted turtle, rubber boa, and prairie rattlesnake, bullsnake, sagebrush lizard, valley garter snake and wandering garter snake and four species of amphibians, including the boreal chorus frog, tiger salamander, western toad and columbia spotted frog.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Precipitation in Yellowstone is highly variable and ranges from annually near Mammoth Hot Springs, to in the southwestern sections of the park. The precipitation of Yellowstone is greatly influenced by the moisture channel formed by the Snake River Plain to the west that was, in turn, formed by Yellowstone itself. Snow is possible in any month of the year, but most common between November and April, with averages of annually around Yellowstone Lake, to twice that amount at higher elevations.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: The climate at Yellowstone Lake is classified as subarctic (Dfc), according to Köppen-Geiger climate classification, while at the park headquarters the classification is humid continental (Dfb).

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Yellowstone National Park

Context: Tornadoes in Yellowstone are rare; however, on July 21, 1987, the most powerful tornado recorded in Wyoming touched down in the Teton Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest and hit Yellowstone National Park. Called the Teton–Yellowstone tornado, it was classified as an F4, with wind speeds estimated at between . The tornado left a path of destruction wide, and long, and leveled of mature pine forest.

Question: كم عدد زوار منتزه يلوستون سنوياً ؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the accuracy with which the values for certain pairs of physical quantities of a particle, such as position, "x", and momentum, "p", can be predicted from initial conditions.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: It is vital to illustrate how the principle applies to relatively intelligible physical situations since it is indiscernible on the macroscopic scales that humans experience. Two alternative frameworks for quantum physics offer different explanations for the uncertainty principle. The wave mechanics picture of the uncertainty principle is more visually intuitive, but the more abstract matrix mechanics picture formulates it in a way that generalizes more easily.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: According to the de Broglie hypothesis, every object in the universe is a wave, i.e., a situation which gives rise to this phenomenon. The position of the particle is described by a wave function formula_3. The time-independent wave function of a single-moded plane wave of wavenumber "k"0 or momentum "p"0 is

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The Born rule states that this should be interpreted as a probability density amplitude function in the sense that the probability of finding the particle between "a" and "b" is

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: In the case of the single-moded plane wave, formula_6 is a uniform distribution. In other words, the particle position is extremely uncertain in the sense that it could be essentially anywhere along the wave packet.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where "A""n" represents the relative contribution of the mode "p""n" to the overall total. The figures to the right show how with the addition of many plane waves, the wave packet can become more localized. We may take this a step further to the continuum limit, where the wave function is an integral over all possible modes

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: with formula_9 representing the amplitude of these modes and is called the wave function in momentum space. In mathematical terms, we say that formula_9 is the "Fourier transform" of formula_11 and that "x" and "p" are conjugate variables. Adding together all of these plane waves comes at a cost, namely the momentum has become less precise, having become a mixture of waves of many different momenta.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: One way to quantify the precision of the position and momentum is the standard deviation "σ". Since formula_6 is a probability density function for position, we calculate its standard deviation.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The precision of the position is improved, i.e. reduced "σ""x", by using many plane waves, thereby weakening the precision of the momentum, i.e. increased "σ""p". Another way of stating this is that "σ""x" and "σ""p" have an inverse relationship or are at least bounded from below. This is the uncertainty principle, the exact limit of which is the Kennard bound. Click the "show" button below to see a semi-formal derivation of the Kennard inequality using wave mechanics.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi \hbar}} \int_{-\infty}^\infty p \cdot \varphi(p) \cdot e^{ipx/\hbar} \, dp \\

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: &= \frac{1}{2 \pi \hbar} \int_{-\infty}^\infty \left[ p \cdot \int_{-\infty}^\infty \psi(\chi) e^{-ip\chi/\hbar} \, d\chi \right] \cdot e^{ipx/\hbar} \, dp \\

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: &= \frac{i}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^\infty \left[ \cancel{ \left. \psi(\chi) e^{-ip\chi/\hbar} \right|_{-\infty}^\infty } - \int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{d\psi(\chi)}{d\chi} e^{-ip\chi/\hbar} \, d\chi \right] \cdot e^{ipx/\hbar} \, dp \\

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: &= \frac{-i}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^\infty \int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{d\psi(\chi)}{d\chi} e^{-ip\chi/\hbar} \, d\chi \, e^{ipx/\hbar} \, dp \\

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where the canceled term vanishes because the wave function vanishes at infinity. Often the term formula_13 is called the momentum operator in position space. Applying Parseval's theorem, we see that the variance for momentum can be written as

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Note that the only "physics" involved in this proof was that formula_11 and formula_9 are wave functions for position and momentum, which are Fourier transforms of each other. A similar result would hold for "any" pair of conjugate variables.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: In matrix mechanics, observables such as position and momentum are represented by self-adjoint operators. When considering pairs of observables, an important quantity is the "commutator". For a pair of operators and , one defines their commutator as

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The physical meaning of the non-commutativity can be understood by considering the effect of the commutator on position and momentum eigenstates. Let formula_27 be a right eigenstate of position with a constant eigenvalue . By definition, this means that formula_28 Applying the commutator to formula_27 yields

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Suppose, for the sake of proof by contradiction, that formula_27 is also a right eigenstate of momentum, with constant eigenvalue . If this were true, then one could write

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: When a state is measured, it is projected onto an eigenstate in the basis of the relevant observable. For example, if a particle's position is measured, then the state amounts to a position eigenstate. This means that the state is "not" a momentum eigenstate, however, but rather it can be represented as a sum of multiple momentum basis eigenstates. In other words, the momentum must be less precise. This precision may be quantified by the standard deviations,

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: As in the wave mechanics interpretation above, one sees a tradeoff between the respective precisions of the two, quantified by the uncertainty principle.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where the brackets formula_38 indicate an expectation value. For a pair of operators formula_39 and formula_40, we may define their "commutator" as

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The Robertson uncertainty relation immediately follows from a slightly stronger inequality, the "Schrödinger uncertainty relation",

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation may be generalized in a straightforward way to describe mixed states.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where formula_48, formula_49, formula_50 is a normalized vector that is orthogonal to the state of the system formula_51 and one should choose the sign of formula_52 to make this real quantity a positive number.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The form of formula_54 implies that the right-hand side of the new uncertainty relation is nonzero unless formula_57 is an eigenstate of formula_58. One may note that formula_51 can be an eigenstate of formula_60 without being an eigenstate of either formula_61 or formula_62. However, when formula_55 is an eigenstate of one of the two observables the Heisenberg–Schrödinger uncertainty relation becomes trivial. But the lower bound in the new relation is nonzero unless formula_55 is an eigenstate of both.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Improving the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation based on decompositions of the density matrix.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty can be improved noting that it must hold for all components formula_65 in any decomposition of the density matrix given as

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The above relation very often has a bound larger than that of the original Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation. Thus, we need to calculate the bound of the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty for the mixed components of the quantum state rather than for the quantum state, and compute an average of their square roots. The following expression is stronger than the Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where formula_75 denotes the quantum Fisher information and the density matrix is decomposed to pure states as

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The derivation takes advantage of the fact that the quantum Fisher information is the convex roof of the variance times four.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: which is stronger than the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, since for the quantum Fisher information we have

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: In the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics, the Robertson–Schrödinger relation follows from a positivity condition on a real star-square function. Given a Wigner function formula_79 with star product ★ and a function "f", the following is generally true:

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Since this positivity condition is true for "all" "a", "b", and "c", it follows that all the eigenvalues of the matrix are non-negative.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Since the Robertson and Schrödinger relations are for general operators, the relations can be applied to any two observables to obtain specific uncertainty relations. A few of the most common relations found in the literature are given below.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Suppose we consider a quantum particle on a ring, where the wave function depends on an angular variable formula_96, which we may take to lie in the interval formula_97. Define "position" and "momentum" operators formula_39 and formula_40 by

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where we impose periodic boundary conditions on formula_40. The definition of formula_39 depends on our choice to have formula_96 range from 0 to formula_105. These operators satisfy the usual commutation relations for position and momentum operators, formula_106.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Now let formula_107 be any of the eigenstates of formula_40, which are given by formula_109. These states are normalizable, unlike the eigenstates of the momentum operator on the line. Also the operator formula_39 is bounded, since formula_96 ranges over a bounded interval. Thus, in the state formula_107, the uncertainty of formula_46 is zero and the uncertainty of formula_45 is finite, so that

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: For the usual position and momentum operators formula_122 and formula_123 on the real line, no such counterexamples can occur. As long as formula_124 and formula_125 are defined in the state formula_107, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle holds, even if formula_107 fails to be in the domain of formula_128 or of formula_129.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Consider a one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator. It is possible to express the position and momentum operators in terms of the creation and annihilation operators:

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: In particular, the above Kennard bound is saturated for the ground state , for which the probability density is just the normal distribution.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: In a quantum harmonic oscillator of characteristic angular frequency ω, place a state that is offset from the bottom of the potential by some displacement "x"0 as

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where Ω describes the width of the initial state but need not be the same as ω. Through integration over the , we can solve for the -dependent solution. After many cancelations, the probability densities reduce to

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where we have used the notation formula_140 to denote a normal distribution of mean μ and variance σ2. Copying the variances above and applying trigonometric identities, we can write the product of the standard deviations as

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The mathematician G. H. Hardy formulated the following uncertainty principle: it is not possible for and to both be "very rapidly decreasing". Specifically, if in formula_146 is such that

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: This result was stated in Beurling's complete works without proof and proved in Hörmander (the case formula_154) and Bonami, Demange, and Jaming for the general case. Note that Hörmander–Beurling's version implies the case in Hardy's Theorem while the version by Bonami–Demange–Jaming covers the full strength of Hardy's Theorem. A different proof of Beurling's theorem based on Liouville's theorem appeared in ref.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: A full description of the case as well as the following extension to Schwartz class distributions appears in ref.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Heisenberg's paper did not admit any unobservable quantities like the exact position of the electron in an orbit at any time; he only allowed the theorist to talk about the Fourier components of the motion. Since the Fourier components were not defined at the classical frequencies, they could not be used to construct an exact trajectory, so that the formalism could not answer certain overly precise questions about where the electron was or how fast it was going.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: According to one account: "Heisenberg's paper marked a radical departure from previous attempts to solve atomic problems by making use of observable quantities only. 'My entire meagre efforts go toward killing off and suitably replacing the concept of the orbital paths that one cannot observe,' he wrote in a letter dated 9 July 1925."

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: where , and , are the standard deviations of position and momentum. Heisenberg only proved relation () for the special case of Gaussian states.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Throughout the main body of his original 1927 paper, written in German, Heisenberg used the word "Ungenauigkeit" ("indeterminacy"),

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: to describe the basic theoretical principle. Only in the endnote did he switch to the word "Unsicherheit" ("uncertainty"). When the English-language version of Heisenberg's textbook, "The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory", was published in 1930, however, the translation "uncertainty" was used, and it became the more commonly used term in the English language thereafter.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The principle is quite counter-intuitive, so the early students of quantum theory had to be reassured that naive measurements to violate it were bound always to be unworkable. One way in which Heisenberg originally illustrated the intrinsic impossibility of violating the uncertainty principle is by utilizing the observer effect of an imaginary microscope as a measuring device.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: He imagines an experimenter trying to measure the position and momentum of an electron by shooting a photon at it.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle were, in fact, seen as twin targets by detractors who believed in an underlying determinism and realism. According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, there is no fundamental reality that the quantum state describes, just a prescription for calculating experimental results. There is no way to say what the state of a system fundamentally is, only what the result of observations might be.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Albert Einstein believed that randomness is a reflection of our ignorance of some fundamental property of reality, while Niels Bohr believed that the probability distributions are fundamental and irreducible, and depend on which measurements we choose to perform. Einstein and Bohr debated the uncertainty principle for many years.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Wolfgang Pauli called Einstein's fundamental objection to the uncertainty principle "the ideal of the detached observer" (phrase translated from the German):

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Consider a particle passing through a slit of width . The slit introduces an uncertainty in momentum of approximately because the particle passes through the wall. But let us determine the momentum of the particle by measuring the recoil of the wall. In doing so, we find the momentum of the particle to arbitrary accuracy by conservation of momentum.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Bohr's response was that the wall is quantum mechanical as well, and that to measure the recoil to accuracy , the momentum of the wall must be known to this accuracy before the particle passes through. This introduces an uncertainty in the position of the wall and therefore the position of the slit equal to , and if the wall's momentum is known precisely enough to measure the recoil, the slit's position is uncertain enough to disallow a position measurement.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: "Through this chain of uncertainties, Bohr showed that Einstein's light box experiment could not simultaneously measure exactly both the energy of the photon and the time of its escape."

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: But Einstein came to much more far-reaching conclusions from the same thought experiment. He believed the "natural basic assumption" that a complete description of reality would have to predict the results of experiments from "locally changing deterministic quantities" and therefore would have to include more information than the maximum possible allowed by the uncertainty principle.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: In 1934, Popper published "Zur Kritik der Ungenauigkeitsrelationen" ("Critique of the Uncertainty Relations") in "Naturwissenschaften", and in the same year "Logik der Forschung" (translated and updated by the author as "The Logic of Scientific Discovery" in 1959), outlining his arguments for the statistical interpretation. In 1982, he further developed his theory in "Quantum theory and the schism in Physics", writing:

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: [Heisenberg's] formulae are, beyond all doubt, derivable "statistical formulae" of the quantum theory. But they have been "habitually misinterpreted" by those quantum theorists who said that these formulae can be interpreted as determining some upper limit to the "precision of our measurements". [original emphasis]

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: Popper proposed an experiment to falsify the uncertainty relations, although he later withdrew his initial version after discussions with Weizsäcker, Heisenberg, and Einstein; this experiment may have influenced the formulation of the EPR experiment.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: The many-worlds interpretation originally outlined by Hugh Everett III in 1957 is partly meant to reconcile the differences between Einstein's and Bohr's views by replacing Bohr's wave function collapse with an ensemble of deterministic and independent universes whose "distribution" is governed by wave functions and the Schrödinger equation. Thus, uncertainty in the many-worlds interpretation follows from each observer within any universe having no knowledge of what goes on in the other universes.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Uncertainty principle

Context: There is reason to believe that violating the uncertainty principle also strongly implies the violation of the second law of thermodynamics. See Gibbs paradox.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب اليه وضع مبدأ الريبة في الفيزياء؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: Stratemeyer was born the youngest of six children in Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Henry Julius Stratemeyer, a tobacconist, and Anna Siegel. They were both from Hanover, Germany, immigrating to the United States in 1837. Although they were German, he and his siblings were educated in English and spoke English to each other.

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: Stratemeyer moved to Newark, New Jersey, in 1890 and opened a paper store. He ran his shop while continuing to write stories under pseudonyms. He was able to write for many genres including detective dime novels, westerns, and serials that ran in newspapers.

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: In 1893, Stratemeyer hired the popular dime-novel writer Gilbert Patten, according to Patten's own autobiography, "Frank Merriwell's 'Father': An Autobiography by Gilbert Patten (Burt L. Standish)" (U OK Press 1964). Patten writes that he did not like Stratemeyer. (A less-reliable source says that Stratemeyer was hired by Patten to write as an editor for the Street & Smith publication "Good News".)

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: In 1894, he published his first full-length book, "Richard Dare's Venture", which was the first in his "Bound to Succeed" series. It contained autobiographical content and was similar to Alger's rags-to-riches story formula.

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: Stratemeyer formed the Stratemeyer Syndicate in 1905 and hired journalists to write stories based on his ideas. He paid them a flat rate for each book and kept the copyrights to the novels.

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: He married Magdalena Van Camp, the daughter of a Newark businessman, on March 25, 1891. The couple had two daughters: Harriet Stratemeyer Adams (1892–1982) and Edna C. Squier (1895–1974), both of whom would later take over the future Stratemeyer Syndicate.

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: Stratemeyer enjoyed the outdoors and often took annual summer trips to the Great Lakes, Lake George, and Lake Champlain with his family. They traveled as far as the west coast and Yosemite. A humble man, he never sought public attention and preferred living a private and quiet life with his family at their home on N. 7th Street in the Roseville section of Newark. His relationships with his daughters was described as "warm", and his daughter Harriet recalled that it was a lively atmosphere growing up.

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: Stratemeyer died at age 67 in Newark, New Jersey on May 10, 1930, of lobar pneumonia and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Hillside, New Jersey. On May 12, 1930, two days after his death, the "New York Times" reported that his Rover Boys series "had sales exceeding 5,000,000 copies."

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟


Edward Stratemeyer

Context: He pioneered the book-packaging technique of producing a consistent, long-running series of books using a team of freelance writers. All of the books in the series used the same characters in similar situations. All of the freelance writers, including Mildred Benson, who developed the character of Nancy Drew, were published under a pen name owned by his company.

Question: متى ولد إدوارد سترايتماير ؟