Natron

Context: Most industrially produced sodium carbonate is soda ash (sodium carbonate anhydrate Na2CO3) which is obtained by calcination (dry heating at temperatures of 150 to 200 °C) of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate monohydrate, or trona.

Question: ماذا كان المصريون القدماء يستخدمون للتحنيط؟


Natron

Context: Geologically, the mineral natron as well as the historical natron are formed as transpiro-evaporite minerals, i.e. crystallizing during the drying up of salt lakes rich in sodium carbonate. The sodium carbonate is usually formed by absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by a highly alkaline, sodium-rich lake brine, according to the following reaction scheme:

Question: ماذا كان المصريون القدماء يستخدمون للتحنيط؟


Natron

Context: Otherwise, the minerals trona or thermonatrite and nahcolite are commonly formed. As the evaporation of a salt lake will occur over geological time spans, during which also part or all of the salt beds might redissolve and recrystallize, deposits of sodium carbonate can be composed of layers of all these minerals.

Question: ماذا كان المصريون القدماء يستخدمون للتحنيط؟


Natron

Context: The following list may include geographical sources of either natron or other hydrated sodium carbonate minerals:

Question: ماذا كان المصريون القدماء يستخدمون للتحنيط؟


Karbala

Context: Karbala or Kerbala ( , , ;) is a city in central Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh, also known as Razzaza Lake. Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorate, and has an estimated population of 700,000 people (2015).

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: The investigator Yaqut al-Hamawi had pointed out that the meaning of "Karbala" could have several explanations, one of which is that the place where Husayn ibn Ali was martyred is made of soft earth—"Al-Karbalat".

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: According to Shia's belief, the archangel Gabriel narrated the true meaning of the name "Karbalā" to Muhammad: a combination of "karb" (, the land which will cause many agonies) and "balā" (, afflictions)."

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: Karbala experiences a hot desert climate ("BWh" in the Köppen climate classification) with extremely hot, long, dry summers and mild winters. Almost all of the yearly precipitation is received between November and April, though no month is wet.

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: The Battle of Karbala was fought on the bare deserts on the way to Kufa on October 10, 680  (10 Muharram 61 AH). Both Husayn ibn Ali and his brother Abbas ibn Ali were buried by the local Banī Asad tribe, at what later became known as the "Mashhad Al-Husayn". The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of Yazid I's demand for allegiance to his caliphate. The Kufan governor, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, sent thirty thousand horsemen against Husayn as he traveled to Kufa.

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: Like Najaf, the city suffered from severe water shortages that were only resolved in the early 18th century by building a dam at the head of the Husayniyya Canal. In 1737, the city replaced Isfahan in Iran as the main centre of Shia scholarship. In the mid-eighteenth century it was dominated by the dean of scholarship, Yusuf Al Bahrani, a key proponent of the Akhbari tradition of Shia thought, until his death in 1772, after which the more state-centric Usuli school became more influential.

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: The Wahhabi sack of Karbala occurred on 21 April 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801), under the rule of Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad the second ruler of the First Saudi State, when 12,000 Wahhabi Muslims from Najd attacked the city of Karbala. The attack was coincident with the anniversary of Ghadir Khum event, or 10 Muharram. This fight left 3,000–5,000 deaths and the dome of the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, was destroyed. The fight lasted for 8 hours.

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: In 1928, an important drainage project was carried out to relieve the city of unhealthy swamps, formed between Hussainiya and the Bani Hassan Canals on the Euphrates.

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: Defense of the City Hall in Karbala – a series of skirmishes fought from April 3 to April 6, 2004, between the Iraqi rebels of the Mahdi Army trying to conquer the city hall and the defending Polish and Bulgarian soldiers from the Multinational Division Central-South

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: In 2003 following the US invasion of Iraq, the Karbala town council attempted to elect United States Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Lopez as mayor. Ostensibly so that his marines, contractors, and funds couldn't leave.

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: On January 19, 2008, 2 million Iraqi Shia pilgrims marched through Karbala city, Iraq to commemorate Ashura. 20,000 Iraqi troops and police guarded the event amid tensions due to clashes between Iraqi troops and Shia which left 263 people dead (in Basra and Nasiriya).

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: Karbala, alongside Najaf, is considered a thriving tourist destination for Shia Muslims and the tourism industry in the city boomed after the end of Saddam Hussein's rule. Some religious tourism attractions include:

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: Some Shi'ites consider this verse of the Quran to refer to Iraq, land of the Shi'ite sacred sites of Kufah, Najaf, Karbala, Kadhimiyyah and Samarra, since the Monotheistic preachers Ibrāhīm (Abraham) and Lūṭ (Lot), who are regarded as Prophets in Islam, are believed to have lived in the ancient Iraqi city of Kutha Rabba, before going to "The Blessed Land".

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: Aside from the story of Abraham and Lot in Polytheistic Mesopotamia, there are passages in the Quran about Mount Judi, Babil ("Babylon") and "Qaryat Yunus" ("Town of Jonah").

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: Thus the tomb of the martyred Imam has acquired this great significance in Shi'ite tradition because the Imam and his fellow martyrs are seen as models of jihad in the way of God. Shi'ites believe that Karbala is one of the holiest places on Earth according to the following traditions (among others):

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: There are many references in books in films to "Karbala", generally referring to Husayn's death at the Battle of Karbala. Husayn is often depicted on a white horse impaled by arrows. There are films and documentaries about the events of Karbala in both animated and realistic form

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: As of now, there are two universities in Karbala. University of Karbala, which was inaugurated on March 1, 2002, is one of the top most universities in Iraq regarding academic administration, human resources, and scientific research. The Ahl Al Bayt University was founded in September 2003 by Dr. Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. The university has six major colleges: College of Law, Arts, Islamic Sciences, Medical & Health Technology, Pharmacy and Dentistry.

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Karbala

Context: Warith al-Anbiya University in Karbala, has recently been established under a project of Husayn Holy Shrine, having the faculties of engineering, administration, economics, law and pathology, which is ready to receive students for the first academic year 2017–2018.

Question: مامعنى إسم كربلاء ؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: Hassan al-Banna was born on 14 October 1906 in Mahmudiyya, a rural Nile Delta town in the Beheira Governorate northwest of Cairo.

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: In addition to his early exposure to Hanbali puritanism, Hassan al-Banna was inspired by Rashid Rida's magazine, "Al-Manar". He was also heavily influenced by Sufism as a youth in Mahmudiyya. He attended weekly Hadra and was a member of the al-Hassafiyya Sufi order.

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: Al-Banna learned of the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, while he was still a student. This event influenced him greatly; although the caliphate had no power, he viewed its end as a "calamity". He later called the events a "declaration of war against all shapes of Islam".

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: A decade later, the organization had 500,000 active members and as many sympathizers in Egypt alone. Its appeal was not limited only to Egypt; its popularity had grown in several other countries. The organization's growth was particularly pronounced after al-Banna relocated their headquarters to Cairo in 1932. The most important factor contributing to this dramatic expansion was the organizational and ideological leadership provided by al-Banna.

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: In Ismailia, al-Banna preached not only in the mosque, but also in the coffee houses; in those times, coffee houses were generally viewed as a morally suspect novelty. When some of his views on relatively minor points of Islamic practice led to strong disagreements with the local religious elite, he adopted the policy of avoiding religious controversies.

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: The material, social and psychological support provided by the Muslim Brotherhood were instrumental to the movement's ability to generate enormous loyalty among its members and to attract new recruits. The movement was built around services and an organizational structure intended to enable individuals to integrate into a distinctly Islamic setting that was shaped by the society's own principles.

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: When Rashid Rida died on August 1935, his "Al-Manar" magazine also perished with him. Sometime in 1939, Hassan al-Banna resurrected "Al-Manar" to further promote the revolutionary ideology pioneered by the Muslim Brotherhood and claim Rashid Rida's legacy.

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: According to Steven Carol, the Brotherhood was heavily financed by Nazi Germany, which contributed greatly to its growth. According to Carol, in 1939 al-Bannah received twice as much funds from Germany per month, as the entire yearly Muslim Brothers' fundraising for the Palestinian cause.

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: Al-Banna's daughter Wafa al-Banna was married to Said Ramadan, who became a major leader of the Muslim Brotherhood. Their two sons, Tariq Ramadan and Hani Ramadan, are contemporary Islamic scholars as well as educationists. Hassan al-Banna's younger brother, Gamal al-Banna, was a more liberal scholar and proponent of Islamic reform.

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Hassan al-Banna

Context: Hassan al-Banna was a prolific writer who penned more than 2000 articles and many books, including an autobiographical novel entitled "Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya" ("Remembrances of Preaching and of a Preacher").

Question: ماهي جنسية حسن البنا مؤسس جماعة الاخوان المسلمين؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: A few years later he first likened painting to composing music in the manner for which he would become noted, writing, "Colour is the keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, the soul is the piano with many strings. The artist is the hand which plays, touching one key or another, to cause vibrations in the soul".

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In the summer of 1902, Kandinsky invited Gabriele Münter to join him at his summer painting classes just south of Munich in the Alps. She accepted, and their relationship became more personal than professional.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: His writing in "The Blue Rider Almanac" and the treatise "On the Spiritual in Art" (which was released in 1910) were both a defence and promotion of abstract art and an affirmation that all forms of art were equally capable of reaching a level of spirituality. He believed that colour could be used in a painting as something autonomous, apart from the visual description of an object or other form.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Sadleir's interest in Kandinsky also led to Kandinsky's first works entering a British art collection; Sadleir's father, Michael Sadler, acquired several wood-prints and the abstract painting "Fragment for Composition VII" in 1913 following a visit by father and son to meet Kandinsky in Munich that year. These works were displayed in Leeds, either in the University or the premises of the Leeds Arts Club, between 1913 and 1923.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In May 1922, he attended the International Congress of Progressive Artists and signed the "Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists".

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Kandinsky was one of Die Blaue Vier (Blue Four), formed in 1923 with Paul Klee, Lyonel Feininger and Alexej von Jawlensky, which lectured and exhibited in the United States in 1924. Due to right-wing hostility, the Bauhaus left Weimar and settled in Dessau in 1925. Following a Nazi smear campaign the Bauhaus left Dessau in 1932 for Berlin, until its dissolution in July 1933. Kandinsky then left Germany, settling in Paris.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Living in an apartment in Paris, Kandinsky created his work in a living-room studio. Biomorphic forms with supple, non-geometric outlines appear in his paintings—forms which suggest microscopic organisms but express the artist's inner life. Kandinsky used original colour compositions, evoking Slavic popular art. He also occasionally mixed sand with paint to give a granular, rustic texture to his paintings.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Writing that "music is the ultimate teacher," Kandinsky embarked upon the first seven of his ten "Compositions". The first three survive only in black-and-white photographs taken by fellow artist and friend Gabriele Münter. Composition I (1910) was destroyed by a British air raid on the city of Braunschweig in Lower Saxony on the night of 14 October 1944.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: While studies, sketches, and improvisations exist (particularly of "Composition II"), a Nazi raid on the Bauhaus in the 1930s resulted in the confiscation of Kandinsky's first three "Compositions." They were displayed in the State-sponsored exhibit "Degenerate Art", and then destroyed (along with works by Paul Klee, Franz Marc and other modern artists)

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: "Composition IV" and later paintings are primarily concerned with evoking a spiritual resonance in viewer and artist. As in his painting of the apocalypse by water ("Composition VI"), Kandinsky puts the viewer in the situation of experiencing these epic myths by translating them into contemporary terms (with a sense of desperation, flurry, urgency, and confusion). This spiritual communion of viewer-painting-artist/prophet may be described within the limits of words and images.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Kandinsky also developed a theory of geometric figures and their relationships—claiming, for example, that the circle is the most peaceful shape and represents the human soul. These theories are explained in "Point and Line to Plane" (see below).

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: His signature or individual style can be further defined and divided into three categories over the course of his art career: Impressions (representational element), Improvisations (spontaneous emotional reaction), Compositions (ultimate works of art).

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: As Kandinsky started moving away from his early inspiration from Impressionism, his paintings became more vibrant, pictographic and expressive with more sharp shapes and clear linear qualities.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: But eventually, Kandinsky went further; rejecting pictorial representation with more synesthetic swirling hurricanes of colours and shapes, eliminating traditional references to depth, laying out bare and abstracted glyphs; but what remained consistent was his spiritual pursuit of expressive forms.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Emotional harmony is another salient feature in the later works of Kandinsky. With diverse dimensions and bright hues balanced through a careful juxtaposition of proportion and colours, he substantiated the universality of shapes in his artworks thus paving the way for further abstraction.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Wassily Kandinsky often used black in his paintings to heighten the impact of brightly coloured forms while his forms were often biomorphic approaches to bring surrealism in his art.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Colours on the painter's palette evoke a double effect: a purely physical effect on the eye which is charmed by the beauty of colours, similar to the joyful impression when we eat a delicacy. This effect can be much deeper, however, causing a vibration of the soul or an "inner resonance"—a spiritual effect in which the colour touches the soul itself.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Red is a warm colour, lively and agitated; it is forceful, a movement in itself. Mixed with black it becomes brown, a hard colour. Mixed with yellow, it gains in warmth and becomes orange, which imparts an irradiating movement on its surroundings. When red is mixed with blue it moves away from man to become purple, which is a cool red. Red and green form the third great contrast, and orange and purple the fourth.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In his writings, published in Munich by Verlag Albert Langen in 1926, Kandinsky analyzed the geometrical elements which make up every painting—the "point" and the "line." He called the physical support and the material surface on which the artist draws or paints the "basic plane", or BP. He did not analyze them objectively, but from the point of view of their inner effect on the observer.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: A point is a small bit of colour put by the artist on the canvas. It is neither a geometric point nor a mathematical abstraction; it is extension, form and colour. This form can be a square, a triangle, a circle, a star or something more complex. The point is the most concise form but, according to its placement on the basic plane, it will take a different tonality. It can be isolated or resonate with other points or lines.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: The subjective effect produced by a line depends on its orientation: a "horizontal" line corresponds with the ground on which man rests and moves; it possesses a dark and cold affective tonality similar to black or blue. A "vertical" line corresponds with height, and offers no support; it possesses a luminous, warm tonality close to white and yellow. A "diagonal" possesses a more-or-less warm (or cold) tonality, according to its inclination toward the horizontal or the vertical.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: A force which deploys itself, without obstacle, as the one which produces a straight line corresponds with "lyricism"; several forces which confront (or annoy) each other form a "drama". The "angle" formed by the angular line also has an inner sonority which is warm and close to yellow for an acute angle (a triangle), cold and similar to blue for an obtuse angle (a circle), and similar to red for a right angle (a square).

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: This book contains many photographic examples and drawing from Kandinsky's works which offer the demonstration of its theoretical observations, and which allow the reader to reproduce in him the inner obviousness provided that he takes the time to look at those pictures with care, that he let them acting on its own sensibility and that he let vibrating the sensible and spiritual strings of his soul.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In the summer of 1902, Kandinsky invited Gabriele Münter to join him at his summer painting classes just south of Munich in the Alps. She accepted, and their relationship became more personal than professional. In 1911, the German expressionist painter was one of a several artists joining Kandinsky in his Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter) group, which ended with the onset of World War I.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Kandinsky and Münter became engaged in the summer of 1903, while he was still married to Anja, and travelled extensively through Europe, Russia and North Africa until 1908. He separated from Anja in 1911.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: From 1906 to 1908 Kandinsky travelled across Europe until he settled in the small Bavarian town of Murnau.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: After the Russian Revolution, he had opportunities in Germany, to which he returned in 1920. There he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: He then moved to France with his wife, where he lived for the rest of his life, becoming a French citizen in 1939 and producing some of his most prominent art.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: The 1990 play "Six Degrees of Separation" refers to a "double-sided Kandinsky" painting. No such painting is known to exist; in the 1993 film version of the play, the double-sided painting is portrayed as having Kandinsky's 1913 painting "Black Lines" on one side and his 1926 painting "Several Circles" on the other side.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: The 1999 film "Double Jeopardy" makes numerous references to Kandinsky, and a piece of his, "Sketch", figures prominently in the plot-line. The protagonist, Elizabeth Parsons (Ashley Judd), utilises the registry entry for the work to track down her husband under his new alias. Two variations of the almanac cover of "Blue Rider" are also featured in the film.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In 2014, Google commemorated Kandinsky's 148th birthday by featuring a Google Doodle based on his abstract paintings.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In the 2015 movie "Longest ride" there is a story within the story telling about Ruth and Ira. Ruth is interested in art and they visit the "Black Mountain College" where Ruth tells Ira about Kandinski who came along and broke all the laws of the discipline.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In Season 4 of Netflix’s Stranger Things, his 1903 colour woodblock “The Singer” can be seen in Nancy Wheeler’s bedroom. This specific season has strong themes about the power of music.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: A picture-book biography entitled "The Noisy Paint Box: The Colors and Sounds of Kandinsky's Abstract Art" was published in 2014. Its illustrations by Mary GrandPre earned it a 2015 Caldecott Honor.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: His grandson was musicology professor and writer Aleksey Ivanovich Kandinsky (1918–2000), whose career was both focused on and centred in Russia.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum will stage the exhibition "Vasily Kandinsky: Around the Circle" from October 8, 2021 to September 5, 2022, in conjunction with a series of solo exhibitions featuring the work of contemporary artists Etel Adnan, Jennie C. Jones, and Cecilia Vicuña.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum held a major retrospective of Kandinsky's work from 2009 to 2010, called "Kandinsky". In 2017, a selection of Kandinsky's work was on view at the Guggenheim, "Visionaries: Creating a Modern Guggenheim".

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: The Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C., held an exhibit from June 11 to September 4, 2011, called ″Kandinsky and the Harmony of Silence,″ featuring ″Painting with White Border″ and its preparatory studies.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In July 2001 Jen Lissitzky, the son of artist El Lissitzky, filed a restitution claim against the Beyeler Foundation in Basel, Switzerland for Kandinsky's "Improvisation No. 10". A settlement was reached in 2002.

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: In 2017 Robert Colin Lewenstein, Francesca Manuela Davis and Elsa Hannchen Guidotti filed suit against Bayerische Landesbank ("BLB") for the restitution of Kandinsky's "Das Bunte Leben."

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Wassily Kandinsky

Context: Note: Several sections of this article have been translated from its French version: "Theoretical writings on art", "The Bauhaus" and "The great synthesis" artistic periods. For complete detailed references in French, see the original version at .

Question: اين ولد الرسام فاسيلي كاندينسكي؟


Arabic literature

Context: Arabic literature ( / ALA-LC: "al-Adab al-‘Arabī") is the writing, both as prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is "Adab", which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Arabic literature emerged in the 5th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The Qur'an, widely regarded as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language, would have the greatest lasting effect on Arabic culture and its literature. Arabic literature flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, but has remained vibrant to the present day, with poets and prose-writers across the Arab world, as well as in the Arab diaspora, achieving increasing success.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: is the literature of the pre-Islamic period referred to as "al-Jahiliyyah", or "the time of ignorance". In pre-Islamic Arabia, markets such as Souq Okaz, in addition to and , were destinations for caravans from throughout the peninsula. At these markets poetry was recited, and the dialect of the Quraysh, the tribe in control of Souq Okaz of Mecca, became predominant.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Notable poets of the pre-Islamic period were Abu Layla al-Muhalhel and Al-Shanfara. There were also the poets of the "Mu'allaqat", or "the suspended ones", a group of poems said to have been on display in Mecca. These poets are Imru' al-Qais, Tarafah ibn al-‘Abd, , Harith ibn Hilliza, Amr ibn Kulthum, Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma, Al-Nabigha al-Dhubiyānī, Antara Ibn Shaddad, al-A'sha al-Akbar, and Labīd ibn Rabī'ah.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Al-Khansa stood out in her poetry of "rithā"' or elegy. was prominent for his "madīh", or "panegyric", as well as his , or "invective".

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: As the literature of the Jahili period was transmitted orally and not written, prose represents little of what has been passed down. The main forms were parables ( "al-mathal"), speeches ( "al-khitāba"), and stories ( "al-qisas").

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: was a notable Arab ruler, writer, and orator. was also one of the most famous rulers of the Arabs, as well as one of their most renowned speech-givers.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The Qur'an, the main holy book of Islam, had a significant influence on the Arabic language, and marked the beginning of Islamic literature. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the Quraysh, the tribe of Muhammad. As Islam spread, the Quran had the effect of unifying and standardizing Arabic.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The 92 Meccan suras, believed to have been revealed to Muhammad in Mecca before the Hijra, deal primarily with , or "the principles of religion", whereas the 22 Medinan suras, believed to have been revealed to him after the Hijra, deal primarily with Sharia and prescriptions of Islamic life.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The word "qur'an" comes from the Arabic root qaraʼa (قرأ), meaning "he read" or "he recited"; in early times the text was transmitted orally. The various tablets and scraps on which its suras were written were compiled under Abu Bakr (573-634), and first transcribed in unified "masahif", or copies of the Qur'an, under Uthman (576-656).

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Although it contains elements of both prose and poetry, and therefore is closest to "Saj" or rhymed prose, the Qur'an is regarded as entirely apart from these classifications. The text is believed to be divine revelation and is seen by Muslims as being eternal or 'uncreated'. This leads to the doctrine of "i'jaz" or inimitability of the Qur'an which implies that nobody can copy the work's style.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: This doctrine of "i'jaz" possibly had a slight limiting effect on Arabic literature; proscribing exactly what could be written. Whilst Islam allows Muslims to write, read and recite poetry, the Qur'an states in the 26th sura (Ash-Shu'ara or The Poets) that poetry which is blasphemous, obscene, praiseworthy of sinful acts, or attempts to challenge the Qu'ran's content and form, is forbidden for Muslims.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Aside from the Qur'an the "hadith" or tradition of what Muhammed is supposed to have said and done are important literature. The entire body of these acts and words are called "sunnah" or way and the ones regarded as "sahih" or genuine of them are collected into hadith. Some of the most significant collections of hadith include those by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj and Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The other important genre of work in Qur'anic study is the "tafsir" or commentaries Arab writings relating to religion also includes many sermons and devotional pieces as well as the sayings of Ali which were collected in the 10th century as "Nahj al-Balaghah" or "The Peak of Eloquence".

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Under the Rashidun, or the "rightly guided caliphs," literary centers developed in the Hijaz, in cities such as Mecca and Medina; in the Levant, in Damascus; and in Iraq, in Kufa and Basra. Literary production—and poetry in particular—in this period served the spread of Islam. There was also poetry to praise brave warriors, to inspire soldiers in "jihad", and "rithā"' to mourn those who fell in battle. Notable poets of this rite include Ka'b ibn Zuhayr, Hasan ibn Thabit, , and Nābigha al-Ja‘dī.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: There was also poetry for entertainment often in the form of "ghazal". Notables of this movement were Jamil ibn Ma'mar, Layla al-Akhyaliyya, and Umar Ibn Abi Rabi'ah.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Notable writers of this political poetry include Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi, Jarir ibn Atiyah, Al-Farazdaq, Al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi, , and .

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: There were also poetic forms of "rajaz"—mastered by and —and "ar-Rā'uwīyyāt," or "pastoral poetry"—mastered by and Dhu ar-Rumma.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The Abbasid period is generally recognized as the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age, and was a time of significant literary production. The House of Wisdom in Baghdad hosted numerous scholars and writers such as Al-Jahiz and Omar Khayyam. A number of stories in the "One Thousand and One Nights" feature the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. Al-Hariri of Basra was a notable literary figure of this period.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Some of the important poets in were: Bashar ibn Burd, Abu Nuwas, Abu-l-'Atahiya, Muslim ibn al-Walid, Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf, and .

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The rise of Arabic literature in al-Andalus occurred in dialogue with the golden age of Jewish culture in Iberia. Most Jewish writers in al-Andalus—while incorporating elements such as rhyme, meter, and themes of classical Arabic poetry—created poetry in Hebrew, but Samuel ibn Naghrillah, Joseph ibn Naghrela, and Ibn Sahl al-Isra'ili wrote poetry in Arabic. Maimonides wrote his landmark "Dalãlat al-Hā'irīn" ("The Guide for the Perplexed") in Arabic using the Hebrew alphabet.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The Zaydani Library, the library of the Saadi Sultan Zidan Abu Maali, was stolen by Spanish privateers in the 16th century and kept at the El Escorial Monastery.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Significant poets of Arabic literature in the time of the Ottoman Empire included , Al-Busiri author of "Al-Burda", Ibn al-Wardi, Safi al-Din al-Hilli, and Ibn Nubata.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: During the Nahda, poets like Francis Marrash, Ahmad Shawqi and Hafiz Ibrahim began to explore the possibility of developing the classical poetic forms. Some of these neoclassical poets were acquainted with Western literature but mostly continued to write in classical forms, while others, denouncing blind imitation of classical poetry and its recurring themes, sought inspiration from French or English romanticism.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The next generation of poets, the so-called Romantic poets, began to absorb the impact of developments in Western poetry to a far greater extent, and felt constrained by Neoclassical traditions which the previous generation had tried to uphold. The Mahjari poets were emigrants who mostly wrote in the Americas, but were similarly beginning to experiment further with the possibilities of Arabic poetry. This experimentation continued in the Middle East throughout the first half of the 20th century.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Prominent poets of the Nahda, or "Renaissance," were Nasif al-Yaziji; Mahmoud Sami el-Baroudi, , , and Hafez Ibrahim; Ahmed Shawqi; Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi, Maruf al Rusafi, , and Khalil Mutran.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Rifa'a al-Tahtawi, who lived in Paris from 1826 to 1831, wrote about his experiences and observations and published it in 1834. Butrus al-Bustani founded the journal "Al-Jinan" in 1870 and started writing the first encyclopedia in Arabic: Da'irat ul-Ma'arif in 1875. Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq published a number of influential books and was the editor-in-chief of in Tunis and founder of in Istanbul.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Adib Ishaq spent his career in journalism and theater, working for the expansion of the press and the rights of the people. Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghānī and Muhammad Abduh founded the revolutionary anti-colonial pan-Islamic journal "Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa", Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Qasim Amin, and Mustafa Kamil were reformers who influenced public opinion with their writing. Saad Zaghloul was a revolutionary leader and a renowned orator appreciated for his eloquence and reason.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Muhammad al-Kattani, founder of one of the first arabophone newspapers in Morocco, called "At-Tā'ūn", and author of several poetry collections, was a leader of the Nahda in the Maghreb.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Poetry retains a very important status in the Arab world. Mahmoud Darwish was regarded as the Palestinian national poet, and his funeral was attended by thousands of mourners. Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani addressed less political themes, but was regarded as a cultural icon, and his poems provide the lyrics for many popular songs.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Two distinct trends can be found in the "nahda" period of revival. The first was a neo-classical movement which sought to rediscover the literary traditions of the past, and was influenced by traditional literary genres—such as the "maqama"—and works like "One Thousand and One Nights". In contrast, a modernist movement began by translating Western modernist works—primarily novels—into Arabic.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Some of the earliest works studying the Arabic language were started in the name of Islam. Tradition has it that the caliph Ali, after reading a copy of the Qur'an with errors in it, asked Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali to write a work codifying Arabic grammar. Khalil ibn Ahmad would later write "Kitab al-Ayn", the first dictionary of Arabic, along with works on prosody and music, and his pupil Sibawayh would produce the most respected work of Arabic grammar known simply as "al-Kitab" or "The Book".

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Other caliphs followed after 'Abd al-Malik made Arabic the official language for the administration of the new empire, such as al-Ma'mun who set up the "Bayt al-Hikma" in Baghdad for research and translations. Basrah and Kufah were two other important seats of learning in the early Arab world, between which there was a strong rivalry.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: In the late 9th century Ibn al-Nadim, a Baghdadi bookseller, compiled a crucial work in the study of Arabic literature. The "Kitab al-Fihrist" is a catalogue of all books available for sale in Baghdad, and it gives an overview of the state of the literature at that time.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: A type of work closely allied to the collection was the manual in which writers like ibn Qutaybah offered instruction in subjects like etiquette, how to rule, how to be a bureaucrat and even how to write. Ibn Qutaybah also wrote one of the earliest histories of the Arabs, drawing together biblical stories, Arabic folk tales and more historical events.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Some writers concentrated solely on history like al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, whilst others focused on a small portion of history such as ibn al-Azraq, with a history of Mecca, and ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur, writing a history of Baghdad. The historian regarded as the greatest of all Arabic historians though is ibn Khaldun whose history "Muqaddimah" focuses on society and is a founding text in sociology and economics.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: In the medieval Near East, Arabic diaries were first being written from before the 10th century, though the medieval diary which most resembles the modern diary was that of Abu Ali ibn al-Banna in the 11th century. His diary was the earliest to be arranged in order of date ("ta'rikh" in Arabic), very much like modern diaries.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Literary criticism in Arabic literature often focused on religious texts, and the several long religious traditions of hermeneutics and textual exegesis have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts. This was particularly the case for the literary traditions of Islamic literature.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval Arabic poetry and literature from the 9th century, notably by Al-Jahiz in his "al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin" and "al-Hayawan", and by Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz in his "Kitab al-Badi".

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The 10th-century "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity" features a fictional anecdote of a "prince who strays from his palace during his wedding feast and, drunk, spends the night in a cemetery, confusing a corpse with his bride. The story is used as a gnostic parable of the soul's pre-existence and return from its terrestrial ".

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Many of the tales in the "One Thousand and One Nights" are also love stories or involve romantic love as a central theme. This includes the frame story of Scheherazade herself, and many of the stories she narrates, including "Aladdin", "The Ebony Horse", "The Three Apples", "Tale of Tàj al-Mulúk and the Princess Dunyà: The Lover and the Loved", "Adi bin Zayd and the Princess Hind", "Di'ibil al-Khuza'i With the Lady and Muslim bin al-Walid", "The Three Unfortunate Lovers", and others.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Other examples of early Arabic proto-science fiction include al-Farabi's "Opinions of the residents of a splendid city" about a utopian society, and elements such as the flying carpet.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: As in other languages, there is a growing number of literary works written in Arabic for young readers. With this group of readers in mind, the Young Readers series of the New York University Press’s Library of Arabic Literature (LAL) offers contemporary and even classical texts in its Weaving Words collection, like the tenth-century anthology of stories and anecdotes "Al-Faraj Ba’d al-Shiddah" (Deliverance Follows Adversity")" by medieval writer Al-Muḥassin ibn ʿAlī al-Tanūkhī (327–84/939–94).

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Whilst not playing a major attested part in Arabic literature for much of its history, women have had a continuing role. Women's literature in Arabic has been relatively little researched, and features relatively little in most Arabic-language education systems, meaning that its prominence and importance is probably generally underrated.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: the citation of women's poetry in the general medieval anthologies is sparse. The earliest anthologists either ignored women poets or made disparaging remarks about them ... In his introduction to the "Nuzhat al-Julasa", al-Suyuti refers to a large (at least six-volume) anthology--now lost--of 'ancient' women's poetry ... It would seem from this that women poets may have formed a more dynamic part of the poetic landscape, at least in the earliest classical period, than is generally believed.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Writings from medieval moorish Spain attest to several important female writers, pre-eminently Wallada bint al-Mustakfi (1001–1091), an Umawi princess of al-Andulus, who wrote Sufi poetry and was the lover of fellow poet ibn Zaydun; the Granadan poet Hafsa Bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya (d. 1190/91); and Nazhun al-Garnatiya bint al-Qulai’iya (d. 1100). These and other women writers suggest a hidden world of literature by women.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Despite their lack of prominence among the literary elite, women still played an important part as characters in Arabic literature. "Sirat al-amirah Dhat al-Himmah", for example, is an Arabic epic with a female warrior, Fatima Dhat al-Himma, as protagonist, and Scheherazade is famous for cunningly telling stories in the "One Thousand and One Nights" to save her life.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The Mamluk period saw the flourishing of the Sufi master and poet 'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya (d. 1517), who was probably the Arabic-speaking world's most prolific female author before the twentieth century. Living in what is now Egypt and Syria, she came from the al-Ba'uni family, noted for its judges and scholars, and belonged to the 'Urmawi branch of the Qadiriyya order. 'A'isha composed at least twelve books in prose and verse, which included over three hundred long mystical and religious poems.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The earliest prominent female writer of the modern period during which the Arab cultural renaissance (Al-Nahda) took place is Táhirih (1820–52), from what is now Iran. She wrote fine Arabic and Persian poetry.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Other major post-war poetic voices include Fadwa Touqan (Palestine, 1917–2003), Rabāb al-Kāẓimī (Iraq, b. 1920), Jalīla Riḍa (Egypt, 1920–2001), Salma Khadra Jayyusi (Palestine, 1926-), Lami'a 'Abbas 'Amara (Iraq, b. 1927).

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: The poetry of Saniya Salih (Syria, 1935–85) appeared in many well-known magazines of her time, particularly "Shi’r" and "Mawaqif," but remained in the shadow of work by her husband, the poet Muhammad al-Maghout. Her later poems often address her relationship with her two daughters, and many were written during her illness, as she died of cancer.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Other Arab post-war poetesses include Zubayda Bashīr (Tunis, 1938-); Ghada al-Samman (Syria, 1942-), known not only for poetry, but also for short stories and novels, Su'ad al-Sabah (Kuwait, 1942-) and Hamda Khamis (Bahrain, 1946-), who is regarded as Bahrain's first female free-verse poet.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: More recent Arabic literature has seen an even greater number of female writers' works published: Suhayr al-Qalamawi, Ulfat Idlibi, Layla Ba'albakki, Zuhrabi Mattummal, Hoda Barakat and Alifa Rifaat are just some of these novelists and prose writers. There has also been a number of significant female authors, who wrote non-fiction and mainly exploring the female condition in Muslim societies, which includes authors such as Zaynab al-Ghazali, Nawal el-Saadawi and Fatema Mernissi.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Women writers in the Arab world have unavoidably courted controversy. Layla Ba'albakki, for instance, was charged with obscenity and "endangering public morality" a few months after she published her collection of short stories titled "Tenderness to the Moon" (1963). The Lebanese vice squad actually traveled to every bookstore, where the book was sold, to confiscate all remaining copies because of its erotic content.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Contemporary Arab women's literature has been strongly influenced by the diaspora of Arabic-speakers, who have produced writing not only in Arabic, but also in other languages, prominently English, French, Dutch and German. The Internet is also important in furthering the reach of literature produced in Arabic or Arabic-speaking regions:

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Modern criticism first compared new works unfavourably with the classical ideals of the past, but these standards were soon rejected as too artificial. The adoption of the forms of European romantic poetry dictated the introduction of corresponding critical standards. Taha Hussayn, himself well versed in European thought, would even dare to examine the Qur'an with modern critical analysis, in which he pointed out ideas and stories borrowed from pre-Islamic poetry.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: An outstanding Sudanese scholar and literary critic with a long list of publications on poetry or other genres, and on Arabic language in general, was Abdallah al-Tayyib (1921–2003). Arguably his most notable work is "A Guide to Understanding Arabic Poetry", written over thirty-five years and published in four volumes of several thousand pages.

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Arabic literature

Context: Literature in Arabic has been influential outside the Islamic world. One of the first important translations of Arabic literature was Robert of Ketton's translation of the Qur'an in the twelfth century, but it would not be until the early eighteenth century that much of the diverse Arabic literature would be recognised. This was largely due to arabists, like Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot and his books such as "Arabic Authors: A Manual of Arabian History and Literature".

Question: ماهو الأسلوب الدرامي في الشعر العربي ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Cinema of India consists of films produced in India, where more than 1800 movies are produced annually. Major centres of film production in the country include Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, New Delhi, Amritsar, Kochi, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar-Cuttack, and Guwahati. For a number of years the Indian film industry has ranked first in the world in terms of annual film output. In terms of box office it ranked third in 2019, with total gross of around US$2.7 billion.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Indian cinema is a global enterprise and the films have wide viewership and fanbase throughout South Asia as well as over 90 countries. Films like have been dubbed in many languages, thus starting a Pan-India films movement. Millions of Indians overseas watch Indian films, accounting for 12% of revenue.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Major Indian enterprises in the film industry include Modern Theatres, AVM Productions, Sun Pictures, AGS Entertainment, Geetha Arts, Zee, Mythri Movie Makers, UTV, Suresh Productions, Eros International, Aascar Films, Hombale Films, and Yash Raj Films.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: The history of cinema in India extends back to the beginning of the film era. Following the screening of the Lumière and Robert Paul moving pictures in London in 1896, commercial cinematography became a worldwide sensation, and by mid-1896, both Lumière and Robert Paul films had been shown in Bombay.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: In 1897, a film presentation by Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta's Star Theatre. With Stevenson's camera and his encouragement, Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film consisting of scenes from that show, namely "The Flower of Persia" (1898). "The Wrestlers" (1899), by H. S. Bhatavdekar, showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay, was the first film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: The first Indian film released in India was "Shree Pundalik", a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. Some have argued that "Pundalik" was not the first Indian film, because it was a photographic recording of a play, and because the cameraman was a British man named Johnson and the film was processed in London.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: The first chain of Indian cinemas, Madan Theatre, was owned by Parsi entrepreneur Jamshedji Framji Madan, who oversaw the production of 10 films annually and distributed them throughout India beginning in 1902. He founded Elphinstone Bioscope Company in Calcutta. Elphinstone merged into Madan Theatres Limited in 1919, which had brought many of Bengal's most popular literary works to the stage. He also produced "Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra" in 1917, a remake of Phalke's "Raja Harishchandra".

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu from Machilipatnam was an Indian artist and a film pioneer. From 1909, he was involved in many aspects of Indian cinema, travelling across Asia. He was the first to build and own cinemas in Madras. He was credited as the father of Telugu cinema. In South India, the first Telugu and Tamil bilingual talkie "Kalidas was" released on 31 October 1931. Nataraja Mudaliar established South India's first film studio in Madras.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: The film steadily gained popularity across India. Tickets were affordable to the masses (as low as an "anna" (one-sixteenth of a rupee) in Bombay) with additional comforts available at a higher price.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Young producers began to incorporate elements of Indian social life and culture into cinema, others brought new ideas from across the world. Global audiences and markets soon became aware of India's film industry.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: In 1927, the British Government, to promote the market in India for British films over American ones, formed the Indian Cinematograph Enquiry Committee. The ICC consisted of three British and three Indians, led by T. Rangachari, a Madras lawyer. This committee failed to support the desired recommendations of supporting British Film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry, their suggestions were shelved.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Ardeshir Irani released "Alam Ara", the first Indian talkie, on 14 March 1931. Irani later produced the first south Indian talkie film "Kalidas" directed by H. M. Reddy released on 31 October 1931. "Jumai Shasthi" was the first Bengali talkie. Chittor V. Nagaiah, was one of the first multilingual film actor/singer/composer/producer/directors in India. He was known as India's Paul Muni.

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Cinema of India

Context: In 1933, East India Film Company produced its first Telugu film, "Savitri". Based on a stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam, the film was directed by C. Pullaiah with stage actors Vemuri Gaggaiah and Dasari Ramathilakam. The film received an honorary diploma at the 2nd Venice International Film Festival.

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Cinema of India

Context: The Indian "Masala film"—a term used for mixed-genre films that combined song, dance, romance, etc.—arose following World War II. During the 1940s, cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls, and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival. The partition of India following independence divided the nation's assets and a number of studios moved to Pakistan. Partition became an enduring film subject thereafter.

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Cinema of India

Context: The Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA), an art movement with a communist inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s. Realist IPTA plays, such as "Nabanna" (1944, Bijon Bhattacharya) prepared the ground for realism in Indian cinema, exemplified by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas's "Dharti Ke Lal" ("Children of the Earth") in 1946. The IPTA movement continued to emphasise realism and went on to produce "Mother India" and "Pyaasa", among India's most recognisable cinematic productions.

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Cinema of India

Context: The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema.

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Cinema of India

Context: This period saw the emergence of the Parallel Cinema movement, mainly led by Bengalis, which then accounted for a quarter of India's film output. The movement emphasised social realism. Early examples include "Dharti Ke Lal" (1946, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas), "Neecha Nagar" (1946, Chetan Anand), "Nagarik" (1952, Ritwik Ghatak) and "Do Bigha Zamin" (1953, Bimal Roy), laying the foundations for Indian neorealism and the Indian New Wave.

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Cinema of India

Context: "The Apu Trilogy" (1955–1959, Satyajit Ray) won major prizes at all the major international film festivals and firmly established the Parallel Cinema movement. "Pather Panchali" (1955), the first part of the trilogy, marked Ray's entry in Indian cinema. The trilogy's influence on world cinema can be felt in the "youthful coming-of-age dramas that flooded art houses since the mid-fifties", which "owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy".

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Cinema of India

Context: Cinematographer Subrata Mitra, who debuted in the trilogy, had his own important influence on cinematography globally. One of his most important techniques was bounce lighting, to recreate the effect of daylight on sets. He pioneered the technique while filming "Aparajito" (1956), the second part of the trilogy. Ray pioneered other effects such as the photo-negative flashbacks and X-ray digressions in "Pratidwandi" (1972).

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Cinema of India

Context: During the 1960s, Indira Gandhi's intervention during her reign as the Information and Broadcasting Minister of India supported the production of off-beat cinematic by FFC.

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Cinema of India

Context: Commercial Hindi cinema began thriving, including acclaimed films "Pyaasa" (1957) and "Kaagaz Ke Phool" (1959, Guru Dutt) "Awaara" (1951) and "Shree 420" (1955, Raj Kapoor). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India; "Awaara" presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream, while "Pyaasa" critiqued the unreality of city life.

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Cinema of India

Context: Dilip Kumar (Muhammad Yusuf Khan) debuted in the 1940s and rose to fame in the 1950s, and was the biggest Indian movie star of the time. He was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Much like Brando's influence on New Hollywood actors, Kumar inspired Indian actors, including Amitabh Bachchan, Naseeruddin Shah, Shah Rukh Khan and Nawazuddin Siddiqui.

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Cinema of India

Context: Ray's contemporaries Ghatak and Dutt were overlooked in their own lifetimes, but generated international recognition in the 1980s and 1990s. Ray is regarded as one of the greatest auteurs of 20th century cinema, with Dutt and Ghatak. In 1992, the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll ranked Ray at No. 7 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time, while Dutt ranked No. 73 in the 2002 "Sight & Sound" poll.

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Cinema of India

Context: South Indian cinema saw the production works based on the epic "Mahabharata", such as "Mayabazar" (listed by IBN Live's 2013 Poll as the greatest Indian film of all time).

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Cinema of India

Context: Sivaji Ganesan became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won the "Best Actor" award at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of "Chevalier" in the Legion of Honour by the French Government in 1995. Tamil cinema is influenced by Dravidian politics, with prominent film personalities C N Annadurai, M G Ramachandran, M Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa becoming Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu.

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Cinema of India

Context: During the 1950s, Indian cinema reportedly became the world's second largest film industry, earning a gross annual income of in 1953.

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Cinema of India

Context: Realistic Parallel Cinema continued throughout the 1970s, practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.

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Cinema of India

Context: Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as "Aradhana" (1969), "Sachaa Jhutha" (1970), "Haathi Mere Saathi" (1971), "Anand" (1971), "Kati Patang" (1971) "Amar Prem" (1972), "Dushman" (1972) and "Daag" (1973).

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Cinema of India

Context: Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as "Ek Duuje Ke Liye" (1981), "Disco Dancer" (1982), " Himmatwala" (1983), "Tohfa" (1984), "Naam" (1986), "Mr India" (1987), and "Tezaab" (1988). By 1986, India's annual film output had increased from 741 films produced annually to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.

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Cinema of India

Context: In the late 1990s, Parallel Cinema began a resurgence in Hindi cinema, largely due to the critical and commercial success of crime films such as "Satya" (1998) and "Vaastav" (1999). These films launched a genre known as "Mumbai noir", urban films reflecting social problems there.

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Cinema of India

Context: Telugu cinema produced films of parallel cinema throughout the 1970s. By the 1970s, Telugu cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation, dominated by mythological and historical films.

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Cinema of India

Context: Ram Gopal Varma's "Siva", which attained cult status in Telugu cinema, is one of the first Telugu films produced after the migration of Telugu film industry from Madras to Hyderabad to feature characters speaking the Telangana dialect. Singeetam Srinivasa Rao introduced science fiction to the Telugu screen with "Aditya 369", the film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes.

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Cinema of India

Context: The cultural influences of the country impacted early cinemas. The Tamil-language was the medium in which many plays and stories were written since the ages, as early as the Cholas. They were highly stylized, and the nature of the spectacle could attract the people. Along with this, music and dance were one of the main entertainment sources.

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Cinema of India

Context: In 1991, "Marupakkam" directed by K.S. Sethu Madhavan, became the first Tamil film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, the feat was repeated by "Kanchivaram" in 2007. Tamil films enjoy significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states like Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh they are generally dubbed into Telugu where they have a decent market.

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Cinema of India

Context: Kannada film "Samskara" (1970), Pattabhirama Reddy and Singeetam Srinivasa Rao), pioneered the parallel cinema movement in south Indian cinema. The film won Bronze Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival.

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Cinema of India

Context: Sridevi is widely regarded as the first female "superstar" of Bollywood cinema due to her pan-Indian appeal and a rare actor who had an equally successful career in the major Indian film industries: Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. She is also the only movie star in the history of Bollywood to star in the top 10 highest grosser of the year throughout her active period (1983-1997).

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Cinema of India

Context: By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600million viewers, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Tamil and Telugu films. In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3.6 billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to Hollywood's 2.6 billion tickets sold.

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Cinema of India

Context: K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake identify six major influences that have shaped Indian popular cinema:

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Cinema of India

Context: During colonial rule Indians bought film equipment from Europe. The British funded wartime propaganda films during World War II, some of which showed the Indian army pitted against the Axis powers, specifically the Empire of Japan, which had managed to infiltrate India. One such story was "Burma Rani", which depicted civilian resistance to Japanese occupation by British and Indian forces in Myanmar. Pre-independence businessmen such as J. F. Madan and Abdulally Esoofally traded in global cinema.

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Cinema of India

Context: Indian films frequently appeared in international fora and film festivals. This allowed Parallel Bengali filmmakers to achieve worldwide fame.

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Cinema of India

Context: Many Asian and South Asian countries increasingly found Indian cinema more suited to their sensibilities than Western cinema. Jigna Desai holds that by the 21st century, Indian cinema had become 'deterritorialized', spreading to parts of the world where Indian expatriates were present in significant numbers and had become an alternative to other international cinema.

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Cinema of India

Context: Indian cinema has been recognised repeatedly at the Academy Awards. Indian films "Mother India" (1957), "Salaam Bombay!" (1988) and "Lagaan" (2001), were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Indian Oscar winners include Bhanu Athaiya (costume designer), Ray (filmmaker), A. R. Rahman (music composer), Resul Pookutty (sound editor) and Gulzar (lyricist), Cottalango Leon and Rahul Thakkar Sci-Tech Award.

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Cinema of India

Context: Masala is a style of Indian cinema that mixes multiple genres in one work, especially in Bollywood, West Bengal and South India. For example, one film can portray action, comedy, drama, romance and melodrama. These films tend to be musicals with songs filmed in picturesque locations. Plots for such movies may seem illogical and improbable to unfamiliar viewers. The genre is named after masala, a mixture of spices in Indian cuisine.

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Cinema of India

Context: Some Indian films are known as "multilinguals", filmed in similar but non-identical versions in different languages. This was done in the 1930s. According to Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen in the "Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema" (1994), in its most precise form, a multilingual is

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Cinema of India

Context: Rajadhyaksha and Willemen note that in seeking to construct their "Encyclopedia", they often found it "extremely difficult to distinguish multi linguals in this original sense from dubbed versions, remakes, reissues or, in some cases, the same film listed with different titles, presented as separate versions in different languages ... it will take years of scholarly work to establish definitive data in this respect".

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Cinema of India

Context: Pan-India film is a style of Indian cinema and a film movement that has gained popularity post the success of "" (2015) which was a Tollywood film. The term "Pan-Indian film" is used for a film that is simultaneously released in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi languages, with an aim to maximize the target audience and increase the revenues.

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Cinema of India

Context: Music is a substantial revenue generator, with music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of net revenues. The major film music companies are T-Series at Delhi, Sony Music India at Chennai and Zee Music Company at Mumbai, Aditya Music at Hyderabad and Saregama at Kolkata. Film music accounts for 48% of net music sales. A typical film may feature 5–6 choreographed songs. Indian Music Director A.R. Rahaman have global recognition and have won two Academy Awards.

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Cinema of India

Context: In film-making, a location is any place where acting and dialogue are recorded. Sites where filming without dialogue takes place are termed a second unit photography site. Filmmakers often choose to shoot on location because they believe that greater realism can be achieved in a "real" place. Location shooting is often motivated by budget considerations.

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Cinema of India

Context: The most popular locations for filming in this nation are the main cities of their state for regional industry. Other locations include Manali and Shimla in Himachal Pradesh; Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir; Ladakh; Darjeeling in West Bengal; Ooty and Kodaikanal in Tamil Nadu; Amritsar in Punjab; Udaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Jaipur in Rajasthan; Delhi; Kerala; and Goa and Puducherry.

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Cinema of India

Context: More than 1000 production organisations operate in the Indian film industry, but few are successful. AVM Productions is the oldest surviving studio in India. Other major production houses include Yash Raj Films, T-series, SUN Pictures, Red Chillies Entertainment, Dharma Productions, Eros International, Ajay Devgn FFilms, Balaji Motion Pictures, UTV Motion Pictures, Raaj Kamal Films International, Hombale Films, Aashirvad Cinemas, Wunderbar Films, Hari Om Entertainment and Geetha Arts.

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Cinema of India

Context: Films are made in many cities and regions in India including Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu, Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Konkan (Goa), Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, Tripura and Mizoram.

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Cinema of India

Context: The Bengali language cinematic tradition of Tollygunge located in West Bengal, also known as Tollywood (named after Tollygunge), hosted filmmaking masters such as Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak and Mrinal Sen. Recent Bengali films that have captured national attention include "Choker Bali".(Rituparno Ghosh) Bengal has produced science fiction and issue films.

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Cinema of India

Context: In 1932, the name "Tollywood" was coined for the Bengali film industry because Tollygunge rhymes with "Hollywood" and because it was then the center of the Indian film industry. The 'Parallel Cinema' movement began in West Bengal. Bengali stalwarts such as Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ghatak, and others earned international acclaim. Actors including Uttam Kumar and Soumitra Chatterjee led the Bengali film industry.

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Cinema of India

Context: Other Bengali art film directors include Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Gautam Ghose, Sandip Ray and Aparna Sen.

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Cinema of India

Context: Bhojpuri language films predominantly cater to residents of western Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh and also have a large audience in Delhi and Mumbai due to the migration of Bhojpuri speakers to these cities. Besides India, markets for these films developed in other Bhojpuri speaking countries of the West Indies, Oceania and South America.

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Cinema of India

Context: Bhojpuri film history begins with "Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo" ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari", 1962, Kundan Kumar). Throughout the following decades, few films were produced. Films such as "Bidesiya" ("Foreigner", 1963, S. N. Tripathi) and "Ganga" ("Ganges", 1965, Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not common in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Cinema of India

Context: The Chakma language is spoken in Tripura and Mizoram, as well as in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh.

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Cinema of India

Context: Films in Chakma include "Tanyabi Firti" ("Tanyabi's Lake"), directed by Satarupa Sanyal, which was released in 2005, and the short film "Mor Thengari" from 2015, directed by Aung Rakhine.

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Cinema of India

Context: Known by the sobriquet Chhollywood. It had its beginning in 1965 with the release of the first Chhattisgarhi film "Kahi Debe Sandesh" ("In Black and White", Manu Nayak). Naidu wrote the lyrics for the film, and two songs were sung by Mohammad Rafi. That film and "Ghar Dwar" (1971, Niranjan Tiwari) bombed. No Chhollywood movie was produced for nearly 30 years thereafter.

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Cinema of India

Context: Indian filmmakers also produce English language films. Deepa Mehta, Anant Balani, Homi Adajania, Vijay Singh, Vierendrra Lalit and Sooni Taraporevala have garnered recognition in Indian English cinema.

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Cinema of India

Context: Before the arrival of talkies, several silent films were closely related to Gujarati culture. Many film directors, producers, and actors associated with silent films were Gujarati and Parsi. Twenty leading film companies and studios were owned by Gujaratis between 1913 and 1931. They were mostly located in Mumbai. At least forty-four major Gujarati directors worked during this period.

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Cinema of India

Context: Gujarati cinema dates to 9 April 1932, when the first Gujarati film, "Narsinh Mehta", was released. "Liludi Dharti" (1968) was the first colour Gujarati film. After flourishing through the 1960s to 1980s, the industry declined although it later revived. More than one thousand films were released.

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Cinema of India

Context: Gujarati cinema ranges from mythology to history and from social to political. Gujarati films originally targeted a rural audience, but after its revival catered to an urban audience.

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Cinema of India

Context: The Hindi language film industry of Bombay—also known as Bollywood—is the largest and most powerful branch. Hindi cinema explored issues of caste and culture in films such as "Achhut Kanya" (1936) and "Sujata" (1959). International visibility came to the industry with Raj Kapoor's "Awara" and later in Shakti Samantha's "Aradhana". Hindi cinema grew during the 1990s with the release of as many as 215 films annually.

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Cinema of India

Context: Many actors signed contracts for simultaneous work in 3–4 films. Institutions such as the Industrial Development Bank of India financed Hindi films. Magazines such as "Filmfare", "Stardust" and "Cine Blitz" became popular.

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Cinema of India

Context: Art film directors include Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani, Shyam Benegal, Mira Nair, Nagesh Kukunoor, Sudhir Mishra and Nandita Das.

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Cinema of India

Context: The Kannada film industry also referred to as "Sandalwood", is based in Bangalore and caters mostly to Karnataka. Gubbi Veeranna (1891 – 1972) was an Indian theatre director and artist and an awardee of the Padma Shri award conferred by the President of India. He was one of the pioneers and most prolific contributors to Kannada theatre. Kannada actor Dr. Rajkumar began working with Veeranna and later became an important actor.

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Cinema of India

Context: Veeranna produced "Bedara Kannappa" (1954, H. L. N. Simha), which received the first Certificate of Merit. However, the first "President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Kannada" was awarded at the 5th National Film Awards ceremony to "Premada Puthri" (1957, R. Nagendra Rao).

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Cinema of India

Context: Rajkumar was the legendary actor along with Vishnuvardhan, Ambarish, Anant Nag, Shankar Nag, Prabhakar, Udaya Kumar, Kalyan Kumar, Gangadhar, Leelavathi, Kalpana, Bharathi, Jayanthi, Pandari Bai, Aarathi, Jaimala, Tara, Umashri, Ravichandran, Shivarajkumar, Shashikumar, Ramesh Arvind, Devaraj, Jaggesh, Saikumar, Vinodraj, Charanraj, Ramkumar, Sudeep, Darshan, Puneeth Rajkumar, Yash, and Ramya.

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Cinema of India

Context: The Government Film and Television Institute, Bangalore (formerly a part of S.J. Polytechnic) is believed to be the first government institute in India to start technical film courses.

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Cinema of India

Context: The song "Baare Baare" from the 1972 movie "Naagarahaavu" was the first slow-motion song in Indian cinema.

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Cinema of India

Context: The 1987 movie "Ondu Muttina Kathe" was the first Indian film to have an underwater action sequence shot in an ocean outside India without the help of an oxygen mask.

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Cinema of India

Context: The 1989 movie "Idu Saadhya" created a record by becoming the first Indian movie to be shot within 36 hours.

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Cinema of India

Context: The 2005 movie "Shanti" was the second Indian film to enter the Guinness Book of World Records in the "Fewest actors in a narrative film" category. It had only one actor, with the other characters represented through voice and no physical appearance.

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Cinema of India

Context: The 1964 movie "Naandi" set a landmark by being the first ever Kannada film to be screened at an international film festival. This film was screened at IFFI 1992 Kannada cinema Retrospect.

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Cinema of India

Context: The 1987 film "Pushpaka Vimana" premiered at the International Film Festival of India, 1988 Cannes Film Festival in the International Critics' Week and retrospective at the Shanghai International Film Festival, and Whistling Woods International.

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Cinema of India

Context: The 2000 movie "Munnudi" was screened at Palm Springs International Film Festival (2002). The 2002 movie "Atithi" was screened at Cairo International Film Festival. The 2006 movie "Thutturi" won the "Best Audience Award" at the 9th Dhaka International Film Festival.

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Cinema of India

Context: , first full-length was Kanyadan released in 1965. There are numerous films made in the Maithili over the years but Mithila Makhaan is such a special film that got success to grab everyone's attention after winning the National Award in regional films category.

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Cinema of India

Context: Known by the sobriquet Mollywood, India's fourth-largest film industry, started from Thiruvananthapuram with The Travancore National Pictures (estd in 1928) as the first film studio in Kerala, is now mainly based at Kochi. Noted early filmmakers involved in making serious artistic films include Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun, G. Aravindan, K. G. George, Padmarajan, T. V. Chandran and Bharathan.

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Cinema of India

Context: The first full-length Malayalam feature film was "Vigathakumaran ("1928, J. C. Daniel). This movie is credited as the first Indian social drama feature film, and is one of the few films to have a Dalit lead actress, P.K. Rosy. Daniel is considered the father of the Malayalam film industry. "Balan ("1938, S. Nottani) was the first Malayalam "talkie".

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Cinema of India

Context: Malayalam has been in the forefront of technological innovation in Indian cinema. The first neorealistic film ("Newspaper Boy"), the first CinemaScope film ("Thacholi Ambu"), the first 70 mm film ("Padayottam"), the first 3D film ("My Dear Kuttichathan"), the first Panavision film ("Vanaprastham"), the first digital film ("Moonnamathoral"), The first Smartphone film ("Jalachhayam"), the first 8K film ("Villain") in India were made in Malayalam.

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Cinema of India

Context: The period from 1986 to 1990 is regarded as the "Golden Age" of Malayalam cinema, with the making of some of the best films in the industry. Four Malayalam films has received selection at the Cannes Film Festival—Shaji N. Karun-directed "Piravi" (1989), "Swaham" (1994) and "Vanaprastham" (1999), and Murali Nair-directed "Marana Simhasanam" (1999). "Piravi" (1989) has won the Caméra d'Or — Mention Spéciale (special mention) and "Marana Simhasanam" has won the Caméra d'Or.

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Cinema of India

Context: The Kerala State Film Awards constituted by the Government of Kerala recognizes the best works in Malayalam cinema every year, along with J. C. Daniel Award which is the highest award for any person in Malayalam cinema for lifetime achievement. K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts (KRNNIVSA) is an autonomous institute established by the Government of Kerala at Thekkumthala in Kottayam District in Kerala state as a training-cum-research center in film/audio-visual technology.

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Cinema of India

Context: Manipuri cinema is a small industry in the state of Manipur. This region's debut was a full-length black and white film "Matamgi Manipur" (1972). Manipuri cinema started in the 1970s. "Langlen Thadoi" (1984) was Manipuri cinema's first full-length color film.

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Cinema of India

Context: Manipuri cinema gained momentum following a ban on the screening of Hindi films in entertainment houses in Manipur. Screening of Hindi movies came to a halt despite reiterated appeals made by successive Chief Ministers. 80-100 movies are made each year. Cinemas opened in Imphal after World War II. The first full-length Manipuri movie was made in 1972, followed by a boom in 2002.

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Cinema of India

Context: "Imagi Ningthem" (directed by Aribam Syam Sharma) won the Grand Prix in the 1982 Nantes International Film Festival. A nationwide French telecast of "Imagi Ningthem" expanded the audience. After watching "Ishanou" (Aribam Syam Sharma), westerners began research on Lai Haraoba and Manipur's rich folklore. "Maipak, Son of Manipur" (1971) was the first Manipuri documentary film.

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Cinema of India

Context: Among the notable Manipuri films are "Yenning Amadi Likla", "Phijigee Mani", "Leipaklei", "Loktak Lairembee" and "Eikhoishibu Kanano".

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: The first Marathi talkie, "Ayodhyecha Raja" (1932, Prabhat Films). "Shwaas" (2004) and "Harishchandrachi Factory" (2009), became India's official Oscar entries. Today the industry is based in Mumbai, but it began in Kolhapur and then Pune.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Some of the more notable films are "Sangte Aika", "Ek Gaon Bara Bhangadi", "Pinjara", "Sinhasan", "Pathlaag", "Jait Re Jait", "Saamana", "Santh Wahate Krishnamai", "Sant Tukaram" and "Shyamchi Aai".

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Marathi films feature the work of actors including Durga Khote, V. Shantaram, Lalita Pawar, Nanda, Shriram Lagoo, Ramesh Deo, Seema Deo, Nana Patekar, Smita Patil, Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Sonali Kulkarni, Sonali Bendre, Urmila Matondkar, Reema Lagoo, Padmini Kolhapure, Ashok Saraf, Laxmikant Berde and Sachin Khedekar.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Nagpuri films produced in the Nagpuri language in Jharkhand. The first Nagpuri feature film was "Sona Kar Nagpur" (1992) which was produced and directed by Dhananjay Nath Tiwari.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: The Sindhi film industry produces movies at intervals. The first was "Abana" (1958 ), which was a success throughout the country. Sindhi cinema then produced some Bollywood-style films such as "Hal Ta Bhaji Haloon", "Parewari", "Dil Dije Dil Waran Khe", "Ho Jamalo", "" and "The Awakening". Numerous Sindhi have contributed in Bollywood, including G P Sippy, Ramesh Sippy, Nikhil Advani, Tarun Mansukhani, Ritesh Sidhwani and Asrani.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Director Songe Dorjee Thongdok introduced the first Sherdukpen-language film "Crossing Bridges" (2014). Sherdukpen is native to the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Known by the sobriquet Kollywood, Chennai (Madras) once served as a base for all South Indian film industries, and dubbing artistes knew Tamil as well.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: The first south Indian talkie film "Kalidas ("H. M. Reddy) was shot in Tamil and Telugu. Sivaji Ganesan became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won Best Actor at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and the title of "Chevalier" in the Legion of Honour by the French Government in 1995.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Tamil cinema is influenced by Dravidian politics, and has a rich tradition of films addressing social issues. Tamil Nadu's most prominent Chief Ministers all got their start in cinema: Dravidian stalwarts C N Annadurai and M Karunanidhi were scriptwriters and M G Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa gained a political base through their huge fan following. K. B. Sundarambal was the first film personality to enter a state legislature in India and the first to command a salary of one lakh rupees.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Tamil films are distributed to various parts of Asia, Southern Africa, Northern America, Europe, and Oceania. The industry-inspired Tamil film-making in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and Canada.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: B. Narsing Rao, K. N. T. Sastry and Pattabhirama Reddy garnered international recognition for their pioneering work in Parallel Cinema. Adurthi Subba Rao won ten National Film Awards, Telugu cinema's highest individual awards, for his directorial work.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: S. V. Ranga Rao, N. T. Rama Rao, Savitri, Kanta Rao, Bhanumathi Ramakrishna, Gummadi, Sobhan Babu, Krishna and Krishnam Raju were the stalwarts of the industry. Chiranjeevi was listed among "the men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema" by IBN-live India.,

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Known by the nickname Coastalwood. Tulu cinema (or Coastalwood) is a part of Indian cinema. The Tulu film industry produces 5 to 7 films annually. Usually, earlier, these films were released in theatres across the Tulu Nadu region. But currently the Tulu film industry has grown to such an extent that films are being released simultaneously in Mangalore, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Gulf countries.

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: "Enna Thangadi", was the first, released in 1971. The critically acclaimed "Suddha" won the award for Best Indian Film at the Osian film festival held at New Delhi in 2006. "Oriyardori Asal", released in 2011, is the most successful. "Koti Chennaya" (1973, Vishu Kumar) was the first history-based. The first colour film was "Kariyani Kattandi Kandani" (1978, Aroor Bhimarao).

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Cinema of India

Context: Government-run and private institutes provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking. Some of the prominent ones include:

Question: من هو مؤسس بوليوود ؟


Edward III of England

Context: Edward was a temperamental man but capable of unusual clemency. He was in many ways a conventional king whose main interest was warfare. Admired in his own time and for centuries after, he was denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by later Whig historians such as Bishop William Stubbs, but modern historians credit him with some significant achievements.

Question: متى توفي إدوارد الثالث؟


Edward III of England

Context: One reason for the change of strategy towards Scotland was a growing concern for the relationship between England and France. For as long as Scotland and France were in an alliance, the English were faced with the prospect of fighting a war on two fronts. The French carried out raids on English coastal towns, leading to rumours in England of a full-scale French invasion.

Question: متى توفي إدوارد الثالث؟


Edward III of England

Context: By the early 1340s, it was clear that Edward's policy of alliances was too costly, and yielded too few results. The following years saw more direct involvement by English armies, including in the Breton War of Succession, but these interventions also proved fruitless at first. Edward defaulted on Florentine loans of 1,365,000 florins, resulting in the ruin of the lenders.

Question: متى توفي إدوارد الثالث؟


Edward III of England

Context: Edward did not have much to do with any of this; after around 1375 he played a limited role in the government of the realm. Around 29 September 1376 he fell ill with a large abscess. After a brief period of recovery in February 1377, the king died of a stroke at Sheen on 21 June.

Question: متى توفي إدوارد الثالث؟


Edward III of England

Context: In 1376, Edward signed letters patent on the order of succession to the crown, citing in second position John of Gaunt, born in 1340, but ignoring Philippa, daughter of Lionel, born in 1338. Philippa's exclusion contrasted with a decision by Edward I in 1290, which had recognized the right of women to inherit the crown and to pass it on to their descendants.

Question: متى توفي إدوارد الثالث؟


Edward III of England

Context: Edward III was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, King Richard II, son of Edward of Woodstock, since Woodstock himself had died on 8June 1376.

Question: متى توفي إدوارد الثالث؟


Edward III of England

Context: The order of succession determined in 1376 led to the throne the House of Lancaster in 1399 (John of Gaunt was Duke of Lancaster), whereas the rule decided by Edward I would have favoured Philippa's descendants, among them the House of York, beginning with Richard of York, her great-grandson.

Question: متى توفي إدوارد الثالث؟


Solomon

Context: According to the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48 Jewish prophets. In the Quran, he is considered to be a major Islamic prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him as "Sulaiman ibn Dawud" ().

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: The Hebrew Bible identifies Solomon as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, beginning in the fourth year of his reign using the vast wealth he and his father had accumulated; he dedicated the temple to Yahweh, the God of Israel. Solomon is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: He is the subject of many other later references and legends, most notably in the 1st-century apocryphal work known as the Testament of Solomon. In the New Testament, he is portrayed as a teacher of wisdom excelled by Jesus, and as arrayed in glory, but excelled by "the lilies of the field". In later years, in mostly non-biblical circles, Solomon also came to be known as a magician and an exorcist, with numerous amulets and medallion seals dating from the Hellenistic period invoking his name.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: The life of Solomon is primarily described in 2Samuel, 1Kings and 2Chronicles. His two names mean "peaceful" and "friend of God", both considered "predictive of the character of his reign".

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: Solomon was born in Jerusalem, the second born child of David and his wife Bathsheba, widow of Uriah the Hittite. The first child (unnamed in that account), a son conceived adulterously during Uriah's lifetime, had died during birth. It is believed by some that this was a judgment of God. Solomon had three named full brothers born to Bathsheba: Nathan, Shammua, and Shobab, besides six known older half-brothers born of as many mothers.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: According to the First Book of Kings, when David was old, "he could not get warm". "So they sought a beautiful young woman throughout all the territory of Israel, and found Abishag the Shunamite, and brought her to the king. The young woman was very beautiful, and she was of service to the king and attended to him, but the king knew her not."

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: While David was in this state, court factions were maneuvering for power. David's heir apparent, Adonijah, acted to have himself declared king, but was outmaneuvered by Bathsheba and the prophet Nathan, who convinced David to proclaim Solomon king according to his earlier promise (not recorded elsewhere in the biblical narrative), despite Solomon's being younger than his brothers.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: Solomon, as instructed by David, began his reign with an extensive purge, including his father's chief general, Joab, among others, and further consolidated his position by appointing friends throughout the administration, including in religious positions as well as in civic and military posts. It is said that Solomon ascended to the throne when he was only about fifteen.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: Solomon greatly expanded his military strength, especially the cavalry and chariot arms. He founded numerous colonies, some of which doubled as trading posts and military outposts.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: Trade relationships were a focus of his administration. In particular he continued his father's very profitable relationship with the Phoenician king Hiram I of Tyre (see 'wealth' below); they sent out joint expeditions to the lands of Tarshish and Ophir to engage in the trade of luxury products, importing gold, silver, sandalwood, pearls, ivory, apes and peacocks. Solomon is considered the most wealthy of the Israelite kings named in the Bible.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: Solomon was the biblical king most famous for his wisdom. In 1Kings he sacrificed to God, and God later appeared to him in a dream, asking what Solomon wanted from God. Solomon asked for wisdom in order to better rule and guide his people. Pleased, God personally answered Solomon's prayer, promising him great wisdom because he did not ask for self-serving rewards like long life or the death of his enemies.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: Perhaps the best known story of his wisdom is the Judgment of Solomon; two women each lay claim to being the mother of the same child. Solomon easily resolved the dispute by commanding the child to be cut in half and shared between the two. One woman promptly renounced her claim, proving that she would rather give the child up than see it killed. Solomon declared the woman who showed compassion to be the true mother, entitled to the whole child.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: Solomon was traditionally considered the author of several biblical books, "including not only the collections of Proverbs, but also of Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon and the later apocryphal book the Wisdom of Solomon."

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: According to the Hebrew Bible, the Israelite monarchy gained its highest splendour and wealth during Solomon's reign of 40 years. In a single year, according to , Solomon collected tribute amounting to 666 talents (18,125 kilograms) of gold. Solomon is described as surrounding himself with all the luxuries and the grandeur of an Eastern monarch, and his government prospered. He entered into an alliance with Hiram I, king of Tyre, who in many ways greatly assisted him in his numerous undertakings.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: For some years before his death, David was engaged in collecting materials for building a temple in Jerusalem as a permanent home for Yahweh and the Ark of the Covenant. Solomon is described as undertaking the construction of the temple, with the help of an architect, also named Hiram, and other materials, sent from King Hiram of Tyre.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: After the completion of the temple, Solomon is described in the biblical narrative as erecting many other buildings of importance in Jerusalem. For 13 years, he was engaged in the building of a royal palace on Ophel (a hilly promontory in central Jerusalem). This complex included buildings referred to as:

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: The Hall of the Throne or the Hall of Justice as well as his own residence and a residence for his wife, Pharaoh's daughter.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: Solomon's throne is said to have been spectaclarly opulent, and also to have moving parts making it one of the earliest mechanical devices. Solomon also constructed great water works for the city, and the Millo (Septuagint, "Acra") for the defense of the city. However, excavations of Jerusalem have discovered no monumental architecture from the era, and no remains of either the Temple or Solomon's palace have been found.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: According to the Bible, during Solomon's reign, Israel enjoyed great commercial prosperity, with extensive traffic being carried on by land with Tyre, Egypt, and Arabia, and by sea with Tarshish, Ophir, and South India.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟


Solomon

Context: According to the biblical account, Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines. The wives were described as foreign princesses, including Pharaoh's daughter and women of Moab, Ammon, Edom, Sidon and of the Hittites. His marriage to Pharaoh's daughter appears to have cemented a political alliance with Egypt, whereas he clung to his other wives and concubines "in love". The only wife mentioned by name is Naamah the Ammonite, mother of Solomon's successor, Rehoboam.

Question: هل بنى  النبيّ سليمان القدس؟