Military

Context: Most nations have separate military laws which regulate conduct in war and during peacetime. An early exponent was Hugo Grotius, whose "On the Law of War and Peace" (1625) had a major impact of the humanitarian approach to warfare development. His theme was echoed by Gustavus Adolphus.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 군대는 무엇인가?


Military

Context: Ethics of warfare have developed since 1945, to create constraints on the military treatment of prisoners and civilians, primarily by the Geneva Conventions; but rarely apply to use of the military forces as internal security troops during times of political conflict that results in popular protests and incitement to popular uprising.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 군대는 무엇인가?


Military

Context: International protocols restrict the use, or have even created international bans on some types of weapons, notably weapons of mass destruction (WMD). International conventions define what constitutes a war crime, and provides for war crimes prosecution. Individual countries also have elaborate codes of military justice, an example being the United States' Uniform Code of Military Justice that can lead to court martial for military personnel found guilty of war crimes.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 군대는 무엇인가?


Military

Context: Military actions are sometimes argued to be justified by furthering a humanitarian cause, such as disaster relief operations, or in defence of refugees. The term military humanism is used to refer to such actions.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 군대는 무엇인가?


1848 French presidential election

Context: Following the February 1848 revolution, the French replaced the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe with a constitutional republic. The new Second Republic was led by a provisional government and then an executive commission, which held democratic elections for a National Constituent Assembly.

Question: 프랑스의 제 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


1848 French presidential election

Context: The National Constituent Assembly was tasked with drafting a new Constitution for the Second Republic, including the definition of a new head of state to replace the overthrown monarchy. Constitutional debates took place during the period known as the June days uprising.

Question: 프랑스의 제 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


1848 French presidential election

Context: The procedure for presidential election was ratified by referendum on 6 October and included in the Constitution, which was adopted on 12 November. The election was scheduled for 10 December.

Question: 프랑스의 제 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


1848 French presidential election

Context: The election would be held in a single round under the principle of universal male suffrage. If no candidate received a majority of the vote, the president would be elected by a vote of the National Assembly.

Question: 프랑스의 제 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


1848 French presidential election

Context: The presidency was defined by the terms of the constitution. Rather than the model of the executive committee given by the First Republic, the constitutional committee preferred to entrust executive power in a single individual. The office was given extensive powers to propose legislation, appoint ministers and high-ranking officials, engage in diplomacy, and command the military, though all decisions were subject to approval by the ministers.

Question: 프랑스의 제 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


1848 French presidential election

Context: The constitution only included provision for one round, and in the absence of a majority for any candidate, the National Assembly would have decided the victor. Louis-Eugène Cavaignac seemed certain to win, and the Assembly would have most certainly elected him in the absence of an absolute majority.

Question: 프랑스의 제 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


1848 French presidential election

Context: Bonaparte received a plurality or majority in all departments except the Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Morbihan, and Finistère, all four of which were won by Cavaignac. Thus did Bonaparte become the second president in Europe (after Jonas Furrer of Switzerland) and the first French president to be elected by a popular vote.

Question: 프랑스의 제 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including "The Silmarillion". These, together with "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and, within it, Middle-earth. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term "legendarium" to the larger part of these writings.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: As a child, Tolkien was bitten by a large baboon spider in the garden, an event some believe to have been later echoed in his stories, although he admitted no actual memory of the event and no special hatred of spiders as an adult. In an earlier incident from Tolkien's infancy, a young family servant took the baby to his homestead, returning him the next morning.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Mabel Tolkien taught her two children at home. Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil. She taught him a great deal of botany and awakened in him the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees, but his favourite lessons were those concerning languages, and his mother taught him the rudiments of Latin very early.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Tolkien could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards. His mother allowed him to read many books. He disliked "Treasure Island" and "The Pied Piper" and thought "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll was "amusing but disturbing". He liked stories about "Red Indians" (Native Americans) and works of fantasy by George MacDonald. In addition, the "Fairy Books" of Andrew Lang were particularly important to him and their influence is apparent in some of his later writings.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: In October of the same year, Tolkien began studying at Exeter College, Oxford. He initially read classics but changed his course in 1913 to English language and literature, graduating in 1915 with first-class honours. Among his tutors at Oxford was Joseph Wright, whose "Primer of the Gothic Language" had inspired Tolkien as a schoolboy.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: His guardian, Father Morgan, considered it "altogether unfortunate" that his surrogate son was romantically involved with an older, Protestant woman; Tolkien wrote that the combined tensions contributed to his having "muffed [his] exams". Morgan prohibited him from meeting, talking to, or even corresponding with Edith until he was 21. Tolkien obeyed this prohibition to the letter, with one notable early exception, over which Father Morgan threatened to cut short his university career if he did not stop.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Following their engagement, Edith reluctantly announced that she was converting to Catholicism at Tolkien's insistence. Jessop, "like many others of his age and class ... strongly anti-Catholic", was infuriated, and he ordered Edith to find other lodgings.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Edith Bratt and Ronald Tolkien were formally engaged at Birmingham in January 1913, and married at St Mary Immaculate Catholic Church at Warwick, on 22 March 1916. In his 1941 letter to Michael, Tolkien expressed admiration for his wife's willingness to marry a man with no job, little money, and no prospects except the likelihood of being killed in the Great War.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: According to John Garth, Kitchener's army at once marked existing social boundaries and counteracted the class system by throwing everyone into a desperate situation together. Tolkien was grateful, writing that it had taught him "a deep sympathy and feeling for the Tommy; especially the plain soldier from the agricultural counties".

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: On 16 July 1919 Tolkien was taken off active service, at Fovant, on Salisbury Plain, with a temporary disability pension.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: In mid-1919, he began to tutor undergraduates privately, most importantly those of Lady Margaret Hall and St Hugh's College, given that the women's colleges were in great need of good teachers in their early years, and Tolkien as a married professor (then still not common) was considered suitable, as a bachelor don would not have been.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: During his time at Pembroke College Tolkien wrote "The Hobbit" and the first two volumes of "The Lord of the Rings", while living at 20 Northmoor Road in North Oxford. He also published a philological essay in 1932 on the name "Nodens", following Sir Mortimer Wheeler's unearthing of a Roman Asclepeion at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, in 1928.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: In the 1920s, Tolkien undertook a translation of "Beowulf", which he finished in 1926, but did not publish. It was finally edited by his son and published in 2014, more than 40 years after Tolkien's death and almost 90 years after its completion.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: In the run-up to the Second World War, Tolkien was earmarked as a codebreaker. In January 1939, he was asked to serve in the cryptographic department of the Foreign Office in the event of national emergency. Beginning on 27 March, he took an instructional course at the London HQ of the Government Code and Cypher School. He was informed in October that his services would not be required.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: The Tolkiens had four children: John Francis Reuel Tolkien (17 November 1917 – 22 January 2003), Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien (22 October 1920 – 27 February 1984), Christopher John Reuel Tolkien (21 November 1924 – 16 January 2020) and Priscilla Mary Anne Reuel Tolkien (18 June 1929 – 28 February 2022). Tolkien was very devoted to his children and sent them illustrated letters from Father Christmas when they were young.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: During his life in retirement, from 1959 up to his death in 1973, Tolkien received steadily increasing public attention and literary fame. In 1961, his friend C. S. Lewis even nominated him for the Nobel Prize in Literature. The sales of his books were so profitable that he regretted that he had not chosen early retirement. In a 1972 letter, he deplored having become a cult-figure, but admitted that "even the nose of a very modest idol ... cannot remain entirely untickled by the sweet smell of incense!"

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: In his retirement Tolkien was a consultant and translator for "The Jerusalem Bible", published in 1966. He was initially assigned a larger portion to translate, but, due to other commitments, only managed to offer some criticisms of other contributors and a translation of the Book of Jonah.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Edith died on 29 November 1971, at the age of 82. Ronald returned to Oxford, where Merton College gave him convenient rooms near the High Street. He missed Edith, but enjoyed being back in the city.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Tolkien was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1972 New Year Honours and received the insignia of the Order at Buckingham Palace on 28 March 1972. In the same year Oxford University gave him an honorary Doctorate of Letters.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: He had the name Luthien engraved on Edith's tombstone at Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford. When Tolkien died 21 months later on 2 September 1973 from a bleeding ulcer and chest infection, at the age of 81, he was buried in the same grave, with "Beren" added to his name. Tolkien's will was proven on 20 December 1973, with his estate valued at £190,577 (equivalent to £ in ).

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: In addition to writing fiction, Tolkien was an author of academic literary criticism. His seminal 1936 lecture, later published as an article, revolutionized the treatment of the Anglo-Saxon epic "Beowulf" by literary critics. The essay remains highly influential in the study of Old English literature to this day. "Beowulf" is one of the most significant influences upon Tolkien's later fiction, with major details of both "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" being adapted from the poem.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Tolkien never expected his stories to become popular, but by sheer accident a book called "The Hobbit", which he had written some years before for his own children, came in 1936 to the attention of Susan Dagnall, an employee of the London publishing firm George Allen & Unwin, who persuaded Tolkien to submit it for publication. When it was published a year later, the book attracted adult readers as well as children, and it became popular enough for the publishers to ask Tolkien to produce a sequel.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Tolkien at first intended "The Lord of the Rings" to be a children's tale in the style of "The Hobbit", but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing. Though a direct sequel to "The Hobbit", it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense backstory of Beleriand that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in "The Silmarillion" and other volumes. Tolkien strongly influenced the fantasy genre that grew up after the book's success.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Tolkien appointed his son Christopher to be his literary executor, and he (with assistance from Guy Gavriel Kay, later a well-known fantasy author in his own right) organized some of this material into a single coherent volume, published as "The Silmarillion" in 1977. It received the Locus Award for Best Fantasy novel in 1978.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: In 2009, a partial draft of "Language and Human Nature", which Tolkien had begun co-writing with C. S. Lewis but had never completed, was discovered at the Bodleian Library.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of auxiliary languages: in 1930 a congress of Esperantists were told as much by him, in his lecture "A Secret Vice", "Your language construction will breed a mythology", but by 1956 he had concluded that "Volapük, Esperanto, Ido, Novial, &c, &c, are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends".

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: From 2001 to 2003, New Line Cinema released "The Lord of the Rings" as a trilogy of live-action films that were filmed in New Zealand and directed by Peter Jackson. The series was successful, performing extremely well commercially and winning numerous Oscars.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: From 2012 to 2014, Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema released "The Hobbit", a series of three films based on "The Hobbit", with Peter Jackson serving as executive producer, director, and co-writer. The first instalment, ', was released in December 2012; the second, ', in December 2013; and the last instalment, "", in December 2014. In 2017, Amazon acquired the global television rights to "The Lord of the Rings", for a series of new stories set before "The Fellowship of the Ring."

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Tolkien and the characters and places from his works have become eponyms of many real-world objects. These include geographical features on Titan (Saturn's largest moon),

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: and species including the wasp "Shireplitis tolkieni", 37 new species of "Elachista" moths, and many fossils.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: Several blue plaques in England that commemorate places associated with Tolkien, including for his childhood, his workplaces, and places he visited.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


J. R. R. Tolkien

Context: On 2 September 2017, the Oxford Oratory, Tolkien's parish church during his time in Oxford, offered its first Mass for the intention of Tolkien's cause for beatification to be opened. A prayer was written for his cause.

Question: J.R.R 톨킨 출생일은 언젠가요?


Capital of Germany

Context: After the Congress of Vienna created the formal German Confederation in 1815, a Federal Assembly convened at the Free City of Frankfurt, representing not the people of the individual German Lands but their sovereigns. Subsequently, Frankfurt briefly became the official German capital during the short-lived Revolutions of 1848 in the German states.

Question: 독일 수도는 어딘가요?


George Washington

Context: He endeavored to assimilate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture. However, he waged military campaigns against hostile Native American nations during the Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president. Upon his death, he was eulogized by Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen".

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media depictions, geographical locations, including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency, and many scholars and ordinary Americans alike rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. In 1976 Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States, the highest rank in the United States Army.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In 1751, Washington made his only trip abroad when he accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, hoping the climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis. Washington contracted smallpox during that trip, which immunized him and left his face slightly scarred. Lawrence died in 1752, and Washington leased Mount Vernon from his widow Anne; he inherited it outright after her death in 1761.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment, with orders to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio. Washington set out for the Forks with half the regiment in April and soon learned a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: The marriage gave Washington control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children; the estate also included 84 slaves. He became one of Virginia's wealthiest men, which increased his social standing.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington soon was counted among the political and social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those whom he considered people of rank, and was known to be exceptionally cordial toward his guests. He became more politically active in 1769, presenting legislation in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington's step-daughter Patsy Custis suffered from epileptic attacks from age 12, and she died in his arms in 1773. The following day, he wrote to Burwell Bassett: "It is easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family". He canceled all business activity and remained with Martha every night for three months.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution. His disdain for the British military had begun when he was passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, he and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, and Samuel and John Adams nominated Washington to become its commander-in-chief. Washington was chosen over John Hancock because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies. He was considered an incisive leader who kept his "ambition in check". He was unanimously elected commander in chief by Congress the next day.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Early in 1775, in response to the growing rebellious movement, London sent British troops, commanded by General Thomas Gage, to occupy Boston. They set up fortifications about the city, making it impervious to attack. Various local militias surrounded the city and effectively trapped the British, resulting in a standoff.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, where Lee's replacement John Sullivan joined him with 2,000 more troops. The future of the Continental Army was in doubt for lack of supplies, a harsh winter, expiring enlistments, and desertions. Washington was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were Loyalists or skeptical about the prospect of independence.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington retreated across the Delaware River to Pennsylvania and returned to New Jersey on January 3, 1777, launching an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured. American Generals Hugh Mercer and John Cadwalader were being driven back by the British when Mercer was mortally wounded, then Washington arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within of the British line.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington made repeated petitions to the Continental Congress for provisions. He received a congressional delegation to check the Army's conditions and expressed the urgency of the situation, proclaiming: "Something must be done. Important alterations must be made." He recommended that Congress expedite supplies, and Congress agreed to strengthen and fund the army's supply lines by reorganizing the commissary department. By late February, supplies began arriving.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's incessant drilling soon transformed Washington's recruits into a disciplined fighting force, and the revitalized army emerged from Valley Forge early the following year. Washington promoted Von Steuben to Major General and made him chief of staff.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In early 1778, the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat and entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans. The Continental Congress ratified the treaty in May, which amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington became "America's first spymaster" by designing an espionage system against the British. In 1778, Major Benjamin Tallmadge formed the Culper Ring at Washington's direction to covertly collect information about the British in New York. Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold, who had distinguished himself in many battles.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: During mid-1780, Arnold began supplying British spymaster John André with sensitive information intended to compromise Washington and capture West Point, a key American defensive position on the Hudson River. Historians have noted as possible reasons for Arnold's defection to be his anger at losing promotions to junior officers, or repeated slights from Congress. He was also deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by Washington's lack of support during his eventual court-martial.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In late 1778, General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against Savannah, reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops. They repelled an attack by Patriots and French naval forces, which bolstered the British war effort.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington's troops went into quarters at Morristown, New Jersey during the winter of 1779–1780 and suffered their worst winter of the war, with temperatures well below freezing. New York Harbor was frozen over, snow and ice covered the ground for weeks, and the troops again lacked provisions.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington's army went into winter quarters at New Windsor, New York in December 1780, and Washington urged Congress and state officials to expedite provisions in hopes that the army would not "continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured". On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, but the government that took effect on March2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: The following month, a Congressional committee led by Alexander Hamilton began adapting the army for peacetime. In August 1783, Washington gave the Army's perspective to the committee in his "Sentiments on a Peace Establishment". He advised Congress to keep a standing army, create a "national militia" of separate state units, and establish a navy and a national military academy.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: The same month, Washington was appointed president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati, a newly established hereditary fraternity of Revolutionary War officers. He served in this capacity for the remainder of his life.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington was longing to return home after spending just ten days at Mount Vernon out of years of war. He arrived on Christmas Eve, delighted to be "free of the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life". He was a celebrity and was fêted during a visit to his mother at Fredericksburg in February 1784, and he received a constant stream of visitors wishing to pay their respects to him at Mount Vernon.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: On December 4, 1786, Washington was chosen to lead the Virginia delegation, but he declined on December 21. He had concerns about the legality of the convention and consulted James Madison, Henry Knox, and others. They persuaded him to attend it, however, as his presence might induce reluctant states to send delegates and smooth the way for the ratification process. On March 28, Washington told Governor Edmund Randolph that he would attend the convention but made it clear that he was urged to attend.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In 1788, the Board of Visitors of the College of William & Mary decided to re-establish the position of Chancellor, and elected Washington to the office on January 18. The College Rector Samuel Griffin wrote to Washington inviting him to the post, and in a letter dated April 30, 1788, Washington accepted the position of the 14th Chancellor of the College of William & Mary. He continued to serve in the post through his presidency until his death on December 14, 1799.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington wrote to James Madison: "As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part that these precedents be fixed on true principles." To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President" over more majestic names proposed by the Senate, including "His Excellency" and "His Highness the President". His executive precedents included the inaugural address, messages to Congress, and the cabinet form of the executive branch.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington's cabinet members formed rival parties with sharply opposing views, most fiercely illustrated between Hamilton and Jefferson. Washington restricted cabinet discussions to topics of his choosing, without participating in the debate. He occasionally requested cabinet opinions in writing and expected department heads to agreeably carry out his decisions.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington was apolitical and opposed the formation of parties, suspecting that conflict would undermine republicanism. He exercised great restraint in using his veto power, writing that "I give my Signature to many Bills with which my Judgment is at variance…."

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: His closest advisors formed two factions, portending the First Party System. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton formed the Federalist Party to promote national credit and a financially powerful nation. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton's agenda and founded the Jeffersonian Republicans. Washington favored Hamilton's agenda, however, and it ultimately went into effect—resulting in bitter controversy.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington proclaimed November 26 as a day of Thanksgiving to encourage national unity. "It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor." He spent that day fasting and visiting debtors in prison to provide them with food and beer.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Hamilton created controversy among Cabinet members by advocating establishing the First Bank of the United States. Madison and Jefferson objected, but the bank easily passed Congress. Jefferson and Randolph insisted that the new bank was beyond the authority granted by the constitution, as Hamilton believed. Washington sided with Hamilton and signed the legislation on February 25, and the rift became openly hostile between Hamilton and Jefferson.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: The nation's first financial crisis occurred in March 1792. Hamilton's Federalists exploited large loans to gain control of U.S. debt securities, causing a run on the national bank; the markets returned to normal by mid-April. Jefferson believed Hamilton was part of the scheme, despite Hamilton's efforts to ameliorate, and Washington again found himself in the middle of a feud.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington reversed his decision to retire after his first term to minimize party strife, but the feud continued after his re-election. Jefferson's political actions, his support of Freneau's "National Gazette", and his attempt to undermine Hamilton nearly led Washington to dismiss him from the cabinet; Jefferson ultimately resigned his position in December 1793, and Washington forsook him from that time on.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: The feud led to the well-defined Federalist and Republican parties, and party affiliation became necessary for election to Congress by 1794. Washington remained aloof from congressional attacks on Hamilton, but he did not publicly protect him, either. The Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal opened Hamilton to disgrace, but Washington continued to hold him in "very high esteem" as the dominant force in establishing federal law and government.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: During the Fall of 1789, Washington had to contend with the British refusing to evacuate their forts in the Northwest frontier and their concerted efforts to incite hostile Indian tribes to attack American settlers. The Northwest tribes under Miami chief Little Turtle allied with the British Army to resist American expansion, and killed 1,500 settlers between 1783 and 1790.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In the Southwest, negotiations failed between federal commissioners and raiding Indian tribes seeking retribution. Washington invited Creek Chief Alexander McGillivray and 24 leading chiefs to New York to negotiate a treaty and treated them like foreign dignitaries. Knox and McGillivray concluded the Treaty of New York on August 7, 1790, in Federal Hall, which provided the tribes with agricultural supplies and McGillivray with a rank of Brigadier General Army and a salary of $1,500.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In January 1795, Hamilton, who desired more income for his family, resigned office and was replaced by Washington appointment Oliver Wolcott, Jr. Washington and Hamilton remained friends. However, Washington's relationship with his Secretary of War Henry Knox deteriorated. Knox resigned office on the rumor he profited from construction contracts on U.S. Frigates.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: After initial publication, many Republicans, including Madison, criticized the Address and believed it was an anti-French campaign document. Madison believed Washington was strongly pro-British. Madison also was suspicious of who authored the Address.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Dr. Brown thought Washington had quinsy; Dr. Dick thought the condition was a more serious "violent inflammation of the throat". They continued the process of bloodletting to approximately five pints, and Washington's condition deteriorated further. Dr. Dick proposed a tracheotomy, but the others were not familiar with that procedure and therefore disapproved. Washington instructed Brown and Dick to leave the room, while he assured Craik, "Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go."

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington's death came more swiftly than expected. On his deathbed, he instructed his private secretary Tobias Lear to wait three days before his burial, out of fear of being entombed alive. According to Lear, he died peacefully between 10 and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with Martha seated at the foot of his bed. His last words were "'Tis well", from his conversation with Lear about his burial. He was 67.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: On October 7, 1837, Washington's remains were placed, still in the original lead coffin, within a marble sarcophagus designed by William Strickland and constructed by John Struthers earlier that year. The sarcophagus was sealed and encased with planks, and an outer vault was constructed around it. The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington frequently suffered from severe tooth decay and ultimately lost all his teeth but one. He had several sets of false teeth, which he wore during his presidency, made using a variety of materials including both animal and human teeth, but wood was not used despite common lore. These dental problems left him in constant pain, for which he took laudanum. As a public figure, he relied upon the strict confidence of his dentist.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In Washington's lifetime, slavery was deeply ingrained in the economic and social fabric of Virginia. Slavery was legal in all of the Thirteen Colonies prior to the American Revolution.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In February 1786, Washington took a census of Mount Vernon and recorded 224 slaves. By 1799, slaves at Mount Vernon totaled 317, including 143 children. Washington owned 124 slaves, leased 40, and held 153 for his wife's dower interest. Washington supported many slaves who were too young or too old to work, greatly increasing Mount Vernon's slave population and causing the plantation to operate at a loss.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Based on his letters, diary, documents, accounts from colleagues, employees, friends, and visitors, Washington slowly developed a cautious sympathy toward abolitionism that eventually ended with his will freeing his military/war valet Billy Lee, and then subsequently freeing the rest of his personally-owned slaves outright upon Martha's death. As president, he remained publicly silent on the topic of slavery, believing it was a nationally divisive issue which could destroy the union.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: In 1879, Congress proclaimed Washington's Birthday to be a federal holiday. Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded, "The great big thing stamped across that man is character." Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment, defining Washington's character as "integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others".

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Many places and monuments have been named in honor of Washington, most notably the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. The state of Washington is the only US state to be named after a president.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


George Washington

Context: Washington appears as one of four U.S. presidents in a colossal statue by Gutzon Borglum on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota.

Question: 미국의 1대 대통령은 누구인가요?


Bible

Context: Christianity began as an outgrowth of Judaism, using the Septuagint as the basis of the Old Testament. The early Church continued the Jewish tradition of writing and incorporating what it saw as inspired, authoritative religious books. The gospels, Pauline epistles and other texts quickly coalesced into the New Testament. The concept of a closed canon emerged in response to heretical writings in the second century. The canon was officially established in the fourth century.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: With estimated total sales of over five billion copies, the Bible is widely considered to be the best-selling publication of all time. It has had a profound influence both on Western culture and history and on cultures around the globe. "Simply put, the Bible is the most influential book of all-time." The study of the Bible through biblical criticism has indirectly impacted culture and history as well. The Bible is currently translated or being translated into about half of the world's languages.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The word itself had the literal meaning of "scroll" and came to be used as the ordinary word for "book". It is the diminutive of "byblos", "Egyptian papyrus", possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos (also known as Gebal) from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Greek "ta biblia" (lit. "little papyrus books") was "an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books". The biblical scholar F. F. Bruce notes that John Chrysostom appears to be the first writer (in his "Homilies on Matthew", delivered between 386 and 388) to use the Greek phrase "ta biblia" ("the books") to describe both the Old and New Testaments together.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Latin "biblia sacra" "holy books" translates Greek ("tà biblía tà hágia", "the holy books"). Medieval Latin is short for "biblia sacra" "holy book". It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (, gen. ) in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Christians now commonly call the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible "the Holy Bible" (in Greek, , ) or "the Holy Scriptures" (, ).

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: In the seventh century, the first codex form of the Hebrew Bible was produced. The codex is the forerunner of the modern book. Popularized by early Christians, it was made by folding a single sheet of papyrus in half, forming "pages". Assembling multiples of these folded pages together created a "book" that was more easily accessible and more portable than scrolls. In 1488, the first complete printed press version of the Hebrew Bible was produced.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The name Tanakh (Hebrew: ) reflects the threefold division of the Hebrew scriptures, Torah ("Teaching"), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings"). It is not until the Babylonian Talmud (c.550 BCE) that a listing of the contents of these three divisions of scripture are found.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Tanakh was mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some small portions (Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26, Jeremiah 10:11, Daniel 2:4–7:28) written in Biblical Aramaic, a language which had become the "lingua franca" for much of the Semitic world.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Hebrew names of the books are derived from the first words in the respective texts. The Torah consists of the following five books:

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of Moses, who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. He leads the Children of Israel from slavery in ancient Egypt to the renewal of their covenant with God at Mount Sinai and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation was ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the death of Moses.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The commandments in the Torah provide the basis for Jewish religious law. Tradition states that there are 613 commandments ("taryag mitzvot").

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Nevi'im (, "Prophets") is the second main division of the Tanakh, between the Torah and Ketuvim. It contains two sub-groups, the Former Prophets ( , the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) and the Latter Prophets ( , the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel and the Twelve Minor Prophets).

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Former Prophets are the books Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings. They contain narratives that begin immediately after the death of Moses with the divine appointment of Joshua as his successor, who then leads the people of Israel into the Promised Land, and end with the release from imprisonment of the last king of Judah. Treating Samuel and Kings as single books, they cover:

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Latter Prophets are Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the Twelve Minor Prophets, counted as a single book.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Ketuvim or "Kəṯûḇîm" (in "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh. The Ketuvim are believed to have been written under the inspiration of Ruach HaKodesh (the Holy Spirit) but with one level less authority than that of prophecy.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The five relatively short books of Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Book of Esther are collectively known as the "Hamesh Megillot". These are the latest books collected and designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish canon even though they were not complete until the 2nd century CE.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The books of Esther, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles share a distinctive style that no other Hebrew literary text, biblical or extra-biblical, shares. They were not written in the normal style of Hebrew of the post-exilic period. The authors of these books must have chosen to write in their own distinctive style for unknown reasons.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The following list presents the books of Ketuvim in the order they appear in most current printed editions.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Batra 14b–15a) gives their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: One of the large scale differences between the Babylonian and the Tiberian biblical traditions is the order of the books. Isaiah is placed after Ezekiel in the Babylonian, while Chronicles opens the Ketuvim in the Tiberian, and closes it in the Babylonian.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Ketuvim is the last of the three portions of the Tanakh to have been accepted as canonical. While the Torah may have been considered canon by Israel as early as the 5th century BCE and the Former and Latter Prophets were canonized by the 2nd century BCE, the Ketuvim was not a fixed canon until the 2nd century of the Common Era.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Masoretic Text is the authoritative Hebrew text of the Hebrew Bible. It defines the books of the Jewish canon, and also the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and accentuation. Even in this version, there are words which are traditionally read differently from written, because the oral tradition is considered to be the older more fundamental tradition.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon was settled in its present form. Some scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140–40 BCE), while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Septuagint, or the LXX, is a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible begun in the late 3rd century BCE.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The rabbis also wanted to distinguish their tradition from the newly emerging tradition of Christianity. Finally, the rabbis claimed a divine authority for the Hebrew language, in contrast to Aramaic or Greek – even though these languages were the "lingua franca" of Jews during this period (and Aramaic would eventually be given the status of a sacred language comparable to Hebrew).

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Theodotion's Daniel is closer to the surviving Hebrew Masoretic Text version, the text which is the basis for most modern translations. Theodotion's Daniel is also the one embodied in the authorised edition of the Septuagint published by Sixtus V in 1587.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Pseudepigrapha are works whose authorship is wrongly attributed. A written work can be pseudepigraphical and not be a forgery, as forgeries are intentionally deceptive. With pseudepigrapha, authorship has simply been mistransmitted for any one of a number of reasons.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The term "pseudepigrapha" is commonly used to describe numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 300 BCE to 300 CE. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical. (It also refers to books of the New Testament canon whose authorship is questioned.) The Old Testament pseudepigraphal works include the following:

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Some denominations have additional canonical texts beyond the Bible, including the Standard Works of the Latter Day Saints movement and "Divine Principle" in the Unification Church.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Protestant Old Testament of the twenty-first century has a 39-book canon – the number of books (although not the content) varies from the Jewish Tanakh only because of a different method of division. The term "Hebrew scriptures" is often used as being synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, since the surviving scriptures in Hebrew include only those books.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: However, the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books as its Old Testament, and the Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize 6 additional books. These additions, called Apocrypha or Deuterocanon, are also included in the Syriac versions of the Bible called the "Peshitta" and the Ethiopian Bible. Because the content of the canon is unique to each religious community, the books considered apocryphal are unique to each as well, and the list varies.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: All listings of apocryphal books begin with a basic set of books, then add what is unique to each religious tradition. The universal basic set includes: Tobit, Judith, Greek Additions to Esther, the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, The Letter of Jeremiah (also called the Baruch Chapter 6), the Greek Additions to Daniel, along with 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Roman Catholic Church officially recognizes these works as "deuterocanonical". "Deutero" refers to "two" as in a later 'secondary' canon. For Roman Catholics, that canon was fixed definitively by the Council of Trent 1545–1563. It includes 46 books for the Old Testament (45 if Jeremiah and Lamentations are counted as one) and 27 for the New.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Greek Orthodox Church, and the Slavonic churches (Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia) add to the universal list:

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: 2 Esdras (4 Ezra) and the Prayer of Manasseh are not in the Septuagint, and 2 Esdras does not exist in Greek, though it does exist in Latin. There is also 4 Maccabees which is only accepted as canonical in the Georgian Church. It is in an appendix to the Greek Orthodox Bible, and it is therefore sometimes included in collections of the Apocrypha.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Ethiopian Old Testament Canon uses Enoch and Jubilees (that only survived in Ge'ez), 1–3 Meqabyan, Greek Ezra and the Apocalypse of Ezra, and Psalm 151.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches use most of the books of the Septuagint, while Protestant churches usually do not. After the Protestant Reformation, many Protestant Bibles began to follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional texts, which came to be called "apocryphal". The Apocrypha are included under a separate heading in the King James Version of the Bible, the basis for the Revised Standard Version.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The New Testament is a collection of 27 books of 4 different genres of Christian literature (Gospels, one account of the Acts of the Apostles, Epistles and an Apocalypse). These books can be grouped into:

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Pauline epistles are written to individual church groups to address problems, provide encouragement and give instruction.

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Bible

Context: Pastoral epistles discuss the pastoral oversight of churches, Christian living, doctrine and leadership.

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Bible

Context: Both Catholics and Protestants (as well as Greek Orthodox) currently have the same 27-book New Testament Canon. They are ordered differently in the Slavonic tradition, the Syriac tradition and the Ethiopian tradition.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Carmy and Schatz say the Bible "depicts the character of God, presents an account of creation, posits a metaphysics of divine providence and divine intervention, suggests a basis for morality, discusses many features of human nature, and frequently poses the notorious conundrum of how God can allow evil."

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Critics view certain biblical stories to be morally problematic and accuse the Bible of advocating for slavery, supersessionism, the death penalty, violence, patriarchy, sexual intolerance and colonialism. Some say it has been used to justify, and even inspire, genocide. John Riches, professor of divinity and biblical criticism at the University of Glasgow, provides the following view of the diverse historical influences of the Bible:

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Bible

Context: The Bible has many rituals of purification which speak of clean and unclean in both literal and metaphorical terms. The biblical toilet etiquette encourages washing after all instances of defecation, hence the invention of the bidet.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: The Bible is one of the world's most published books, with estimated total sales of over five billion copies. As such, the Bible has had a profound influence, especially in the Western world, where the Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed in Europe using movable type.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Biblical texts have always required interpretation, and this has given rise to multiple views and approaches according to the interplay between various religions and the book.

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Bible

Context: The Second Epistle to Timothy says that "all scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness". () Various related but distinguishable views on divine inspiration include:

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Within these broad beliefs many schools of hermeneutics operate. "Bible scholars claim that discussions about the Bible must be put into its context within church history and then into the context of contemporary culture." Fundamentalist Christians are associated with the doctrine of biblical literalism, where the Bible is not only inerrant, but the meaning of the text is clear to the average reader.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Quran#Significance in Islam, Bhagavad Gita#Composition and significance, Torah#Significance in Judaism.

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Bible

Context: Many ancient translations coincide with the invention of the alphabet and the beginning of vernacular literature in those languages. According to British Academy professor N. Fernández Marcos, these early translations represent "pioneer works of enormous linguistic interest, as they represent the oldest documents we have for the study of these languages and literature".

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Nearly all modern English translations of the Old Testament are based on a single manuscript, the Leningrad Codex, copied in 1008 or 1009. It is a complete example of the Masoretic Text, and its published edition is used by the majority of scholars. The Aleppo Codex is the basis of the Hebrew University Bible Project in Jerusalem.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Bible

Context: Biblical criticism refers to the analytical investigation of the Bible as a text, and addresses questions such as history, authorship, dates of composition, and authorial intention. It is not the same as criticism of the Bible, which is an assertion against the Bible being a source of information or ethical guidance, nor is it criticism of possible translation errors.

Question: 성경은 언제 쓰여졌는가?


Ye Wanyong

Context: Ye Wan-yong (; 17 July 1858 – 12 February 1926), also spelled Yi Wan-yong or Lee Wan-yong (), was a Korean politician who served as the 7th Prime Minister of Korea. He was pro-Japanese and is best remembered for signing the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, which placed Korea under Japanese rule in 1910.

Question: 이완용의 고향은 어디인가?


Ye Wanyong

Context: Ye was a founding member of the Independence Club established in 1896 and belonged to the "reform faction" which wanted to Westernize Korea and to open the country to foreign trade.

Question: 이완용의 고향은 어디인가?


Ye Wanyong

Context: Ye was a prominent government minister at the time of Eulsa Treaty of 1905, and was the most outspoken supporter of the pact which made the Korean Empire a protectorate of the Empire of Japan, thus stripping it of its diplomatic sovereignty. The treaty was signed in defiance of Korean Emperor Gojong, and he is thus accounted to be the chief of five ministers (including Park Jae-soon, Lee Ji-yong, Lee Geun-taek, Gwon Joong-hyun) who were later denounced as Five Eulsa Traitors in Korea.

Question: 이완용의 고향은 어디인가?


Ye Wanyong

Context: In 1910, Ye signed the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty by which Japan took full control over Korea, while Korean Emperor Sunjong refused to sign. For his cooperation with the Japanese, Ye is also listed in Korea amongst the eight Gyeongsul Traitors. He was rewarded with a peerage in the Japanese "kazoku" system, becoming a "hakushaku" (Count), in 1910, which was raised to the title of "kōshaku" (Marquis) in 1921. He died in 1926.

Question: 이완용의 고향은 어디인가?


Ye Wanyong

Context: After the independence of Korea at the end of World War II, the grave of Ye was dug up and his remains suffered the posthumous dismemberment, which is often considered to be the most disgraceful punishment in Confucian ideology. Ye's name has become a byword for "traitor" in contemporary South Korea.

Question: 이완용의 고향은 어디인가?


Ye Wanyong

Context: However, Seo Jae-pil's "Dongnip Sinmun" ("Independence Newspaper") never wrote a single line of criticism against him.

Question: 이완용의 고향은 어디인가?


Ye Wanyong

Context: The South Korean "Special law to redeem pro-Japanese collaborators' property" was enacted in 2005 and the committee confiscated the property of the descendants of nine people that had collaborated with Japan when Korea was annexed by Japan in August 1910. Ye is one of those heading the list.

Question: 이완용의 고향은 어디인가?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Around 1993, co-founder Adham told the other executives that he did not like the name "Silicon & Synapse" anymore, as people outside the company were confusing the meaning of silicon the chemical element used in microchips with silicone the materials used in breast implants. By the end of 1993, Adham changed the name to "Chaos Studios", reflecting on the haphazardness of their development processes.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Shortly thereafter, Blizzard Entertainment shipped their breakthrough hit "", a real-time strategy (RTS) game in a high-fantasy setting.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Blizzard started to work on a sequel to the "Warcraft II" in early 1998, which was announced as a "role-playing strategy" game. "," the third title set in the "Warcraft" fictional universe, was released in July 2002. "Warcraft III" has inspired many future games, having the influence on real-time strategy and multiplayer online battle arena genre. Many of the characters, locations and concepts introduced in "Warcraft III" and went on to play major roles in numerous future Blizzard's titles.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: In 2002, Blizzard was able to reacquire rights for three of its earlier Silicon & Synapse titles, "The Lost Vikings", "Rock n' Roll Racing" and "Blackthorne", from Interplay Entertainment and re-release them for the Game Boy Advance handheld console.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: With the success of "World of Warcraft", Blizzard Entertainment organized the first BlizzCon fan convention in October 2005 held at the Anaheim Convention Center. The inaugural event drew about 6,000 people and became an annual event which Blizzard uses to announce new games, expansions, and content for its properties.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: They released an improved version of Battle.net (Battle.net 2.0) in March 2009 which included improved matchmaking, storefront features, and better support for all of Blizzard's existing titles particularly "World of Warcraft".

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Having peaked at 12 million monthly subscriptions in 2010, "World of Warcraft" subscriptions sunk to 6.8 million in 2014, the lowest number since the end of 2006, prior to "" expansion. However, "World of Warcraft" is still the world's most-subscribed MMORPG, and holds the Guinness World Record for the most popular MMORPG by subscribers. In 2008, Blizzard was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for the creation of "World of Warcraft". Mike Morhaime accepted the award.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: In 2012, Blizzard Entertainment had 4,700 employees, with offices across 11 cities including Austin, Texas, and countries around the globe. , the company's headquarters in Irvine, California had 2,622 employees.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: On October 3, 2018, Mike Morhaime announced his plans to step down as the company president and CEO while remaining an advisor to the company; he formally left on April 7, 2019. Morhaime was replaced by J. Allen Brack, the executive producer on "World of Warcraft".

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Frank Pearce announced he would be stepping down as Blizzard's Chief Development Officer on July 19, 2019, though will remain in an advisory role similar to Morhaime. Michael Chu, lead writer on many of Blizzard's franchises including "Diablo", "Warcraft", and "Overwatch", announced he was leaving the company after 20 years in March 2020.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: In celebration of the company's 30th anniversary, Blizzard Entertainment released a compilation called "Blizzard Arcade Collection" in February 2021, for various video game platforms. The collection includes their three classic video games: "The Lost Vikings", "Rock n' Roll Racing," and "Blackthorne," each of which containing additional upgrades and numerous modern features.""

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Blizzard acquired Proletariat, the developers of "Spellbreak", in June 2022 as to help support "World of Warcraft". The 100-employee studio remained in Boston but will shutter "Spellbreak" as they move onto "Warcraft".

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: In 2015, Blizzard Entertainment formed "Classic Games division", a team focused on updating and remastering some of their older titles, with an initially announced focus on ' (2017), ' (2020)"," and "" (2021)"."

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: "Pax Imperia II" was originally announced as a title to be published by Blizzard. Blizzard eventually dropped "Pax Imperia II", though, when it decided it might be in conflict with their other space strategy project, which became known as "StarCraft". THQ eventually contracted with Heliotrope and released the game in 1997 as "".

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: The company, known at the time as the Silicon & Synapse, initially concentrated on porting other studio's games to computer platforms, developing 8 ports between 1992 and 1993.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: As with most studios with multiple franchises, Blizzard Entertainment has organized different departments to oversee these franchises. Formally, since around the time of "World of Warcraft" in 2004, these have been denoted through simply numerical designations. The original three teams were:

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Blizzard Entertainment has made use of a special form of software known as the 'Warden Client'. The Warden client is known to be used with Blizzard's online games such as "Diablo" and "World of Warcraft", and the Terms of Service contain a clause consenting to the Warden software's RAM scans while a Blizzard game is running.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Blizzard Entertainment released its revamped Battle.net service in 2009. The platform provides online gaming, digital distribution, digital rights management, and social networking service. Battle.net allows people who have purchased Blizzard products to download digital copies of games they have purchased, without needing any physical media.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: On November 11, 2009, Blizzard required all "World of Warcraft" accounts to switch over to Battle.net accounts. This transition means that all current Blizzard titles can be accessed, downloaded, and played with a singular Battle.net login.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Battle.net 2.0 is the platform for matchmaking service for Blizzard games, which offers players a host of additional features. Players are able to track their friend's achievements, view match history, avatars, etc. Players are able to unlock a wide range of achievements for Blizzard games.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: The service provides the user with community features such as friends lists and groups, and allows players to chat simultaneously with players from other Blizzard games using VoIP and instant messaging. For example, players no longer need to create multiple user names or accounts for most Blizzard products. To enable cross-game communication, players need to become either Battletag or Real ID friends.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Some technology media outlets suggested that displaying real names through Real ID is a good idea and would benefit both Battle.net and the Blizzard community. But others were worried that Blizzard was opening their fans up to real-life dangers such as stalking, harassment, and employment issues, since a simple Internet search by someone's employer can reveal their online activities.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Apart from the negative side effects of Real ID relating to privacy, the addition boasts features for current Blizzard titles. For instance, real names for friends, cross-realm and cross-game chat, rich presence and broadcasts are included with the Real ID system.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: Blizzard CEO J. Allen Brack wrote an open letter on October 11, 2019, apologizing for the way Blizzard handled the situation, and reduced the bans for both Blitzchung and the casters to six months. Brack reiterated that while they support free speech and their decision was in no way tied to the Chinese government, they want players and casters to avoid speaking beyond the tournament and the games in such interviews.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: In 1998, Donald P. Driscoll, an Albany, California attorney filed a suit on behalf of Intervention, Inc., a California consumer group, against Blizzard Entertainment for "unlawful business practices" for the action of collecting data from a user's computer without their permission.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: On June 20, 2003, Blizzard issued a cease and desist letter to the developers of an open-source clone of the Warcraft engine called "FreeCraft", claiming trademark infringement. This hobby project had the same gameplay and characters as "Warcraft II", but came with different graphics and music.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: As well as a similar name, "FreeCraft" enabled players to use "Warcraft II" graphics, provided they had the "Warcraft II" CD. The programmers of the clone shut down their site without challenge. Soon after that the developers regrouped to continue the work by the name of "Stratagus".

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: On August 14, 2007, Beijing University Founder Electronics Co., Ltd. sued Blizzard Entertainment Limited for copyright infringement claiming 100 million yuan in damages. The lawsuit alleged the Chinese edition of "World of Warcraft" reproduced a number of Chinese typefaces made by Founder Electronics without permission.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: "MDY v. Blizzard"s decision did affirm a prior Ninth Circuit ruling in "Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc." that software licenses, such as the one used by Blizzard for "WoW", were enforceable and enshrined the principle that video games could be sold as licenses to players rather than purchased. This ruling, though limited to the states of the Ninth Circuit, has been used by the industry to continue to sell games as licenses to users.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Blizzard Entertainment

Context: On December 5, 2008, Blizzard Entertainment issued a cease and desist letter to many administrators of high population "World of Warcraft" private servers (essentially slightly altered hosting servers of the actual "World of Warcraft" game, that players do not have to pay for). Blizzard used the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to influence many private servers to fully shut down and cease to exist.

Question: 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 창립주는 누구인가요?


Gallic Wars

Context: His ambition was to conquer and plunder some territories to get himself out of debt. It is possible that Gaul was not his initial target, he may have been planning a campaign against the Kingdom of Dacia in the Balkans instead. However, a mass migration of Gallic tribes in 58 BC provided a convenient "casus belli", and Caesar prepared for war.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Gallic Wars

Context: Bibracte, then the commercial hub of the Gallic Aedui tribe, would again play a crucial role during the Gallic uprising of 52 BC. Vercingetorix himself met with other Gallic leaders there to plot the rebellion against Caesar and the Romans. After Vercingetorix's revolt failed, Bibracte was slowly abandoned for other more prosperous settlements nearby.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Gallic Wars

Context: Caesar's stunning victories in 58 BC had unsettled the Gallic tribes. Many rightly predicted Caesar would seek to conquer all of Gaul, and some sought alliance with Rome. As the campaigning season of 57 BC dawned, both sides were busy recruiting new soldiers. Caesar set off with two more legions than the year before, with 32,000 to 40,000 men, along with a contingent of auxiliaries. The exact number of men the Gauls raised is unknown, but Caesar claims he would fight 200,000.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Gallic Wars

Context: The Veneti, now without a navy, had been bested. They surrendered, and Caesar made an example of the tribal elders by executing them. He sold the rest of the Veneti into slavery. Caesar now turned his attention to the Morini and Menapii along the coast.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Gallic Wars

Context: Things did not run so smoothly back on the continent during 54 BC. Harvests had failed in Gaul that year, but Caesar still wintered his legions there, and expected the Gauls to feed his troops. He did at least realize harvests had failed and spread his troops out so they would not overburden one tribe. But this isolated his legions, making them easier to attack. Gallic anger boiled over shortly after the legions made camp for the winter, and tribes rebelled.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Gallic Wars

Context: With the revolt crushed, Caesar set his legions to winter across the lands of the defeated tribes to prevent further rebellion. He sent troops to protect the Remi, who had been steadfast allies to the Romans throughout the campaign. But resistance was not entirely over: Caesar had not yet pacified southwest Gaul.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Gallic Wars

Context: The legions were again wintered in Gaul, but little unrest occurred. All of the tribes had surrendered to the Romans, and little campaigning took place in 50 BC.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Gallic Wars

Context: In the span of eight years, Caesar had conquered all of Gaul and part of Britain. He had become fabulously wealthy and achieved a legendary reputation. The Gallic Wars provided enough gravitas to Caesar that subsequently he was able to wage a civil war and declare himself dictator, in a series of events that would eventually lead to the end of the Roman Republic.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Gallic Wars

Context: The main contemporary source for the conflict is Julius Caesar's "Commentarii de Bello Gallico", which was largely taken as truthful and accurate until the 20th century. As late as 1908, Camille Jullian wrote a comprehensive history of Gaul and took Caesar's account as unerring. But after World War II, historians began to question if Caesar's claims stood up.

Question: 갈리아 전쟁은 언제 일어났나요?


Antony Hewish

Context: Hewish had honorary degrees from six universities, including Manchester, Exeter and Cambridge, was a foreign member of the Belgian Royal Academy, American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Indian National Science Academy. The National Portrait Gallery holds multiple portraits of him in its permanent collection. Other awards and honours include:

Question: 최초로 노벨상을 받은 천문학자는 누구인가?


Antony Hewish

Context: Hewish married Marjorie Elizabeth Catherine Richards in 1950. They had a son, a physicist, and a daughter, a language teacher. Hewish died on 13 September 2021, aged 97.

Question: 최초로 노벨상을 받은 천문학자는 누구인가?


Pope

Context: The Catholic Church teaches that the pastoral office, the office of shepherding the Church, that was held by the apostles, as a group or "college" with Saint Peter as their head, is now held by their successors, the bishops, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as their head. Thus, is derived another title by which the pope is known, that of "supreme pontiff".

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Given this and other evidence, such as Emperor Constantine's erection of the "Old St. Peter's Basilica" on the location of St. Peter's tomb, as held and given to him by Rome's Christian community, many scholars agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero, although some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in Palestine.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Documents of the 1st century and early second century indicate that the bishop of Rome had some kind of pre-eminence and prominence in the Church as a whole, as even a letter from the bishop, or patriarch, of Antioch acknowledged the Bishop of Rome as "a first among equals", though the detail of what this meant is unclear.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Sources suggest that at first, the terms 'episcopos' and 'presbyter' were used interchangeably, with the consensus among scholars being that by the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters, whose duties of office overlapped or were indistinguishable from one another. Some say that there was probably "no single 'monarchical' bishop in Rome before the middle of the 2nd century...and likely later."

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Other scholars and historians disagree, citing the historical records of St. Ignatius of Antioch (d. 107) and St. Irenaeus, who recorded the linear succession of bishops of Rome (the popes) up until their own times. However, 'historical' records written by those wanting to show an unbroken line of popes would naturally do so, and there are no objective substantiating documents. They also cite the importance accorded to the bishops of Rome in the ecumenical councils, including early councils.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: During the 1st century of the Church (), the Roman capital became recognized as a Christian center of exceptional importance. The church there, at the end of the 1st century, wrote an epistle to the Church in Corinth intervening in a major dispute, and apologizing for not having taken action earlier. However, there are only a few other references of that time to recognition of the authoritative primacy of the Roman See outside of Rome.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In the Ravenna Document of 13 October 2007, theologians chosen by the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches stated: "41. Both sides agree ... that Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St Ignatius of Antioch, occupied the first place in the , and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the among the patriarchs. Translated into English, the statement means "first among equals".

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: What form that should take is still a matter of disagreement, just as it was when the Catholic and Orthodox Churches split in the Great East-West Schism. They also disagree on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as , a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium."

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The Edict of Milan in 313 granted freedom to all religions in the Roman Empire, beginning the Peace of the Church. In 325, the First Council of Nicaea condemned Arianism, declaring trinitarianism dogmatic, and in its sixth canon recognized the special role of the Sees of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. Great defenders of Trinitarian faith included the popes, especially Liberius, who was exiled to Berea by Constantius II for his Trinitarian faith, Damasus I, and several other bishops.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the pope served as a source of authority and continuity. Pope Gregory I () administered the church with strict reform. From an ancient senatorial family, Gregory worked with the stern judgement and discipline typical of ancient Roman rule. Theologically, he represents the shift from the classical to the medieval outlook; his popular writings are full of dramatic miracles, potent relics, demons, angels, ghosts, and the approaching end of the world.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In 1049, Leo IX traveled to the major cities of Europe to deal with the church's moral problems firsthand, notably simony and clerical marriage and concubinage. With his long journey, he restored the prestige of the papacy in Northern Europe.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: From the 7th century it became common for European monarchies and nobility to found churches and perform investiture or deposition of clergy in their states and fiefdoms, their personal interests causing corruption among the clergy. This practice had become common because often the prelates and secular rulers were also participants in public life.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: This conflict between popes and secular autocratic rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and King Henry I of England, known as the Investiture controversy, was only resolved in 1122, by the Concordat of Worms, in which Pope Callixtus II decreed that clerics were to be invested by clerical leaders, and temporal rulers by lay investiture. Soon after, Pope Alexander III began reforms that would lead to the establishment of canon law.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Since the beginning of the 7th century, the Caliphate had conquered much of the southern Mediterranean, and represented a threat to Christianity. In 1095, the Byzantine emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, asked for military aid from Pope Urban II in the ongoing Byzantine–Seljuq wars. Urban, at the council of Clermont, called the First Crusade to assist the Byzantine Empire to regain the old Christian territories, especially Jerusalem.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: With the East–West Schism, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church split definitively in 1054. This fracture was caused more by political events than by slight divergences of creed. Popes had galled the Byzantine emperors by siding with the king of the Franks, crowning a rival Roman emperor, appropriating the Exarchate of Ravenna, and driving into Greek Italy.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: From 1309 to 1377, the pope resided not in Rome but in Avignon. The Avignon Papacy was notorious for greed and corruption. During this period, the pope was effectively an ally of the Kingdom of France, alienating France's enemies, such as the Kingdom of England.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Popes also contended with the cardinals, who sometimes attempted to assert the authority of Catholic Ecumenical Councils over the pope's. Conciliarism holds that the supreme authority of the church lies with a General Council, not with the pope. Its foundations were laid early in the 13th century, and it culminated in the 15th century with Jean Gerson as its leading spokesman. The failure of Conciliarism to gain broad acceptance after the 15th century is taken as a factor in the Protestant Reformation.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Various Antipopes challenged papal authority, especially during the Western Schism (1378–1417). In this schism, the papacy had returned to Rome from Avignon, but an antipope was installed in Avignon, as if to extend the papacy there. It came to a close when the Council of Constance, at the high-point of Concilliarism, decided among the papal claimants.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Popes instituted a Catholic Reformation (1560–1648), which addressed the challenges of the Protestant Reformation and instituted internal reforms. Pope Paul III initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), whose definitions of doctrine and whose reforms sealed the triumph of the papacy over elements in the church that sought conciliation with Protestants and opposed papal claims.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Gradually forced to give up secular power to the increasingly assertive European nation states, the popes focused on spiritual issues. In 1870, the First Vatican Council proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility for the most solemn occasions when the pope speaks when issuing a definition of faith or morals. Later the same year, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy seized Rome from the pope's control and substantially completed the unification of Italy.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In 1929, the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See established Vatican City as an independent city-state, guaranteeing papal independence from secular rule.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In 1950, Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption of Mary as dogma, the only time a pope has spoken since papal infallibility was explicitly declared.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The Primacy of St. Peter, the controversial doctrinal basis of the pope's authority, continues to divide the eastern and western churches and to separate Protestants from Rome.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The Catholic Church teaches that, within the Christian community, the bishops as a body have succeeded to the body of the apostles ("apostolic succession") and the bishop of Rome has succeeded to Saint Peter.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The new pope is led to the Room of Tears, a dressing room where three sets of white papal vestments ("immantatio") await in three sizes. Donning the appropriate vestments and reemerging into the Sistine Chapel, the new pope is given the "Fisherman's Ring" by the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. The pope assumes a place of honor as the rest of the cardinals wait in turn to offer their first "obedience" ("adoratio") and to receive his blessing.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The cardinal protodeacon announces from a balcony over St. Peter's Square the following proclamation: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! Habemus Papam!" ("I announce to you a great joy! We have a pope!"). He announces the new pope's Christian name along with his newly chosen regnal name.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: For centuries, from 1378 on, those elected to the papacy were predominantly Italians. Prior to the election of the Polish-born John Paul II in 1978, the last non-Italian was Adrian VI of the Netherlands, elected in 1522. John Paul II was followed by election of the German-born Benedict XVI, who was in turn followed by Argentine-born Francis, the first non-European after 1272 years and the first Latin American (albeit of Italian ancestry).

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The body lies in state for several days before being interred in the crypt of a leading church or cathedral; all popes who have died in the 20th and 21st centuries have been interred in St. Peter's Basilica. A nine-day period of mourning ("novendialis") follows the interment.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: It is highly unusual for a pope to resign. The 1983 Code of Canon Law states, "If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone." Benedict XVI, who vacated the Holy See on 28 February 2013, was the most recent to do so since Gregory XII's resignation in 1415.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The official list of titles of the pope, in the order in which they are given in the "Annuario Pontificio", is:

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The best-known title, that of "pope", does not appear in the official list, but is commonly used in the titles of documents, and appears, in abbreviated form, in their signatures. Thus Paul VI signed as "Paulus PP. VI", the "PP." standing for "papa pontifex" ("pope and pontiff").

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In Eastern Christianity, where the title "pope" is used also of the bishop of Alexandria, the bishop of Rome is often referred to as the "pope of Rome", regardless of whether the speaker or writer is in communion with Rome or not.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: This title "vicar of Christ" is thus not used of the pope alone and has been used of all bishops since the early centuries. The Second Vatican Council referred to all bishops as "vicars and ambassadors of Christ", and this description of the bishops was repeated by John Paul II in his encyclical "Ut unum sint," 95. The difference is that the other bishops are vicars of Christ for their own local churches, the pope is vicar of Christ for the whole Church.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: On at least one occasion the title "vicar of God" (a reference to Christ as God) was used of the pope.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The title "vicar of Peter" ("vicarius Petri") is used only of the pope, not of other bishops. Variations of it include: "Vicar of the Prince of the Apostles" ("Vicarius Principis Apostolorum") and "Vicar of the Apostolic See" ("Vicarius Sedis Apostolicae"). Saint Boniface described Pope Gregory II as vicar of Peter in the oath of fealty that he took in 722. In today's Roman Missal, the description "vicar of Peter" is found also in the collect of the Mass for a saint who was a pope.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The term "pontiff" is derived from the , which literally means "bridge builder" ("pons" + "facere") and which designated a member of the principal college of priests in ancient Rome. The Latin word was translated into ancient Greek variously: as , , , (hierophant), or (archiereus, high priest) The head of the college was known as the (the greatest pontiff).

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The "Annuario Pontificio" lists as one of the official titles of the pope that of "Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church" (). He is also commonly called the Supreme Pontiff or the Sovereign Pontiff ().

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Although the description "servant of the servants of God" () was also used by other Church leaders, including Augustine of Hippo and Benedict of Nursia, it was first used extensively as a papal title by Gregory the Great, reportedly as a lesson in humility for the patriarch of Constantinople, John the Faster, who had assumed the title "ecumenical patriarch". It became reserved for the pope in the 12th century and is used in papal bulls and similar important papal documents.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Other titles commonly used are "His Holiness" (either used alone or as an honorific prefix as in "His Holiness Pope Francis"; and as "Your Holiness" as a form of address), "Holy Father". In Spanish and Italian, ""Beatísimo/Beatissimo Padre" (Most Blessed Father) is often used in preference to "Santísimo/Santissimo Padre" (Most Holy Father). In the medieval period, "Dominus Apostolicus"" ("the Apostolic Lord") was also used.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Papal bulls are headed "N. Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei" ("Name, Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God"). In general, they are not signed by the pope, but John Paul II introduced in the mid-1980s the custom by which the pope signs not only bulls of canonization but also, using his normal signature, such as "Benedictus PP. XVI", bulls of nomination of bishops.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The status and authority of the pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the First Vatican Council on 18 July 1870. In its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ, the council established the following canons:

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: If anyone says that the blessed Apostle Peter was not established by the Lord Christ as the chief of all the apostles, and the visible head of the whole militant Church, or, that the same received great honour but did not receive from the same our Lord Jesus Christ directly and immediately the primacy in true and proper jurisdiction: let him be anathema.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: If anyone says that it is not from the institution of Christ the Lord Himself, or by divine right that the blessed Peter has perpetual successors in the primacy over the universal Church, or that the Roman Pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in the same primacy, let him be anathema.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: On 11 October 2012, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council 60 prominent theologians, (including Hans Küng), put out a Declaration, stating that the intention of Vatican II to balance authority in the Church has not been realised. "Many of the key insights of Vatican II have not at all, or only partially, been implemented... A principal source of present-day stagnation lies in misunderstanding and abuse affecting the exercise of authority in our Church."

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The pope's ecclesiastical jurisdiction (the Holy See) is distinct from his secular jurisdiction (Vatican City). It is the Holy See that conducts international relations; for hundreds of years, the papal court (the Roman Curia) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Though the pope is the diocesan bishop of Rome, he delegates most of the day-to-day work of leading the diocese to the cardinal vicar, who assures direct episcopal oversight of the diocese's pastoral needs, not in his own name but in that of the pope. The current cardinal vicar is Angelo De Donatis, who was appointed to the office in June 2017.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Popes like Alexander VI, an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politician, and Julius II, a formidable general and statesman, were not afraid to use power to achieve their own ends, which included increasing the power of the papacy. This political and temporal authority was demonstrated through the papal role in the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the emperors, such as during the pontificates of Pope Gregory VII and Pope Alexander III).

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Under international law, a serving head of state has sovereign immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of other countries, though not from that of international tribunals. This immunity is sometimes loosely referred to as "diplomatic immunity", which is, strictly speaking, the immunity enjoyed by the "diplomatic representatives" of a head of state.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: The pope's claim to authority is either disputed or rejected outright by other churches, for various reasons.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In 1973, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs and the USA National Committee of the Lutheran World Federation in the official Catholic–Lutheran dialogue included this passage in a larger statement on papal primacy:

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Protestant denominations of Christianity reject the claims of Petrine primacy of honor, Petrine primacy of jurisdiction, and papal infallibility. These denominations vary from denying the legitimacy of the pope's claim to authority, to believing that the pope is the Antichrist from 1 John 2:18, the Man of Sin from 2 Thessalonians 2:3–12, and the Beast out of the Earth from Revelation 13:11–18.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Historically, Protestants objected to the papacy's claim of temporal power over all secular governments, including territorial claims in Italy, the papacy's complex relationship with secular states such as the Roman and Byzantine empires, and the autocratic character of the papal office. In Western Christianity these objections both contributed to and are products of the Protestant Reformation.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Groups sometimes form around antipopes, who claim the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In the earlier centuries of Christianity, the title "Pope", meaning "father", had been used by all bishops. Some popes used the term and others did not. Eventually, the title became associated especially with the Bishop of Rome. In a few cases, the term is used for other Christian clerical authorities.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In English, Catholic priests are still addressed as "father", but the term "pope" is reserved for the head of the church hierarchy.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Since the papacy of Heraclas in the 3rd century, the bishop of Alexandria in both the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria continues to be called "pope", the former being called "Coptic pope" or, more properly, "Pope and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist and Holy Apostle" and the latter called "Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa".

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: In the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox Church and Macedonian Orthodox Church, it is not unusual for a village priest to be called a "pope" ("поп" "pop"). However, this should be differentiated from the words used for the head of the Catholic Church (Bulgarian "папа" "papa", Russian "папа римский" "papa rimskiy").

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Some new religious movements within Christianity, especially those that have disassociated themselves from the Catholic Church yet retain a Catholic hierarchical framework, have used the designation "pope" for a founder or current leader. Examples include the African Legio Maria Church and the European Palmarian Catholic Church in Spain. The Cao Dai, a Vietnamese faith that duplicates the Catholic hierarchy, is similarly headed by a pope.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Although the average reign of the pope from the Middle Ages was a decade, a number of those whose reign lengths can be determined from contemporary historical data are the following:

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: During the Western Schism, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (1394–1423) ruled for 28 years, seven months and 12 days, which would place him third in the above list. However, since he is regarded as an anti-pope, he is not mentioned in the list above.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: There have been a number of popes whose reign lasted about a month or less. In the following list the number of calendar days includes partial days. Thus, for example, if a pope's reign commenced on 1 August and he died on 2 August, this would count as having reigned for two calendar days.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Stephen (23–26 March 752) died of stroke three days after his election, and before his consecration as a bishop. He is not recognized as a valid pope, but was added to the lists of popes in the 15th century as "Stephen II", causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named Stephen. The Holy See's "Annuario Pontificio", in its list of popes and antipopes, attaches a footnote to its mention of Pope Stephen II:

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pope

Context: Published every year by the Roman Curia, the "Annuario Pontificio" attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes, stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession, in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII, Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th-century popes.

Question: 교황이 거주하는 방의 이름은 무엇인가?


Pantheon, Rome

Context: Since the French Revolution, when the church of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris was deconsecrated and turned into the secular monument called the Panthéon of Paris, the generic term "pantheon" has sometimes been applied to other buildings in which illustrious dead are honoured or buried.

Question: 로마에서 가장 오래된 건물은 무엇인가?


Pantheon, Rome

Context: It had long been thought that the current building was built by Agrippa, with later alterations undertaken, and this was in part because of the Latin inscription on the front of the temple which reads:

Question: 로마에서 가장 오래된 건물은 무엇인가?