Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Ryu pointed out that Korean castle defenses were extremely weak, a fact which he had pointed out before the war. He noted how Korean castles had incomplete fortifications and walls that were too easy to scale. He also wanted cannons set up in the walls. Ryu proposed building strong towers with gun turrets for cannons. Besides castles, Ryu wanted to form a line of defenses in Korea. In this kind of defense, the enemy would have to scale many walls in order to reach the capital, Hanseong.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Ryu also pointed out how efficient the Japanese Army was, since it took them only one month to reach Hanseong, and how well organized the Japanese were. He noted how the Japanese moved their units in complex maneuvers, often weakening their enemy with the use of arquebuses, then attacking with melee weapons.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: One of the most important changes was that both upper-class citizens and slaves were subject to the draft. All males had to enter military service to be trained and familiarized with weapons.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: It was also around this time that the military officer and military scholar Han Gyo (한교) wrote the martial arts manual "Muyejebo", based on the book "Jixiao Xinshu" by the famous Chinese general Qi Jiguang.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: At night, the Koreans silently crossed the river and launched a successful surprise attack against the Japanese encampment. However, this alerted the rest of the Japanese army, which attacked the rear of the Korean positions and destroyed the remaining reinforcements crossing the river. The remainder of the Korean troops then retreated back to Pyongyang, and the Japanese troops gave up their pursuit of the Koreans to observe the manner in which the Koreans had crossed the river.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Katō Kiyomasa, leading the Second Division of more than 20,000 men, crossed the peninsula to Anbyon County with a ten-day march, and swept north along the eastern coast. Among the castles captured was Hamhung, the provincial capital of Hamgyong Province. There a part of the Second Division was assigned to defense and civil administration.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The Second Division continued east, capturing the fortresses of Jangseong County, Onsong County, Kyongwon County, and Kyonghung County, and finally arrived at Sosupo on the estuary of the Tumen River. There the Japanese rested on the beach, and watched a nearby volcanic island on the horizon that they mistook as Mount Fuji. After the tour, the Japanese continued their previous efforts to bureaucratize and administrate the province, and allowed several garrisons to be handled by the Koreans themselves.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The Japanese generals were shocked to hear of the Battle of Okpo, where the Koreans had not lost a single ship, as it threatened to cut them off from Japan. After his victory, Yi Sun-sin found the burnt out remains of countless coastal villages, where the Japanese had enslaved the women while killing all the men.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: About three weeks after the Battle of Okpo, Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun sailed with a total of 26 ships (23 under Yi Sun-sin) toward the Bay of Sacheon after receiving an intelligence report of the Japanese presence. Yi Sun-sin had left behind his fishing vessels that made up most of his fleet in favor of his newly-completed turtle ship. At Sacheon, the Japanese ships were anchored in the bay below a promontory where the Japanese had set up a command base.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The battle ended in a Korean victory, with Japanese losses of 59 ships – 47 destroyed and 12 captured. Not a single Korean ship was lost during the battle. Several Korean prisoners of war were rescued by the Korean soldiers throughout the fight. Wakisaka Yasuharu escaped due to the speed of his flagship. When the news of the defeat at the Battle of Hansan Island reached Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he ordered that the Japanese invasion forces cease all further naval operations.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Yi Eok-gi with his fleet joined Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun, and participated in a search for enemy vessels in the Gyeongsang Province waters. On July 13, the admirals received intelligence that a group of Japanese ships including those that escaped from the Battle of Dangpo was anchored in the Bay of Danghangpo.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: After the battle, the Korean government promoted Yi to "Samdo Sugun Tongjesa" (삼도 수군 통제사; 三道水軍統制使), literally "Naval Commander of the Three Provinces", which was the title for the commander of the Korean Navy until 1896.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: In Japan, referencing the official history of the Joseon, the result is presented as a strategic Japanese victory.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: From the beginning of the war, the Koreans organized militias that they called "righteous armies" () to resist the Japanese invasion. These fighting bands were raised throughout the country, and participated in battles, guerilla raids, sieges, and the transportation and construction of wartime necessities.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: During the first invasion, Jeolla Province remained the only untouched area on the Korean peninsula. In addition to the successful patrols of the sea by Yi Sun-sin, the activities of volunteer forces pressured the Japanese troops to avoid the province in favour of other priorities.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Gwak Jae-u deployed his troops in guerilla warfare under the cover of the tall reeds on the union of the Nakdong and the Nam rivers. This strategy prevented Japanese forces from gaining easy access to Jeolla Province where Yi Sun-sin and his fleet were stationed.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The Sixth Division under the command of Kobayakawa Takakage was in charge of conquering Jeolla Province. The Sixth Division marched to Seongju through the established Japanese route (i.e. the Third Division, above), and cut left to Geumsan in Chungcheong Province, which Kobayakawa secured as his starting base for his invasion of the province.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Hosokawa ordered a new assault with the samurai advancing this time under bamboo shields with covering fire from their arquebuses, which allowed them to place ladders across the walls of Jinju. A scene of carnage occurred with the Koreans dumping rocks and delayed action bombs down on the Japanese. The "Taikōki" reported:

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Unable to repel the Japanese invasion, Korea ultimately had to rely on the intervention of Ming China to halt the Japanese advance, despite the various logistical and organizational difficulties suffered by the Japanese.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Korean Court historian and politician Ryu Seong-ryong stated that the Korean naval victory stalled the entire strategy of the invaders by "cutting off one of the arms" with which Japan tried to envelop Korea, isolating Konishi Yukinaga's army at Pyongyang and securing Chinese waters from the feared Japanese attack, such that "the Celestial Army could come by land to the assistance" of Korea.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Viewing the crisis in Joseon, the Ming Dynasty Wanli emperor and his court were initially filled with confusion and skepticism as to how their tributary could have been overrun so quickly.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Thailand, a longtime faithful tributary state of the Chinese dynasties, offered to directly attack Japan to intervene in Toyotomi Hideyoshi's plans, but Ming did not accept, instead ordering Thailand to attack Burma.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Overconfident with his recent success and possibly misled by false reports, Li Rusong advanced towards the capital city of Hanseong with his allied army of 20,000 on January 21, 1593. On January 26, the force ran into an unexpected confrontation at Byeokjegwan with a large Japanese formation of about 30,000.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Initially, the scouting party of the group under Cha Da Sho and a Korean general confronted a small band of Japanese numbering no more than 600 men. The party overran them successfully but soon ran into a much larger host under Tachibana Muneshige, and retreated to a nearby hill to defend themselves.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Upon hearing of his scouting party's plight, Li decided to rush forward with the rest of his small host. He met up with his scouting party around noon, but by that time even more Japanese forces were converging on the area.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: After the Battle of Byeokjegwan, the Ming army took a cautious approach and moved on Hanseong again later in February after the successful Korean defense in the Battle of Haengju.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Though by mid April 1593, faced with ever-greater logistical pressure from a Korean naval blockade of Yi Sun-sin in addition to a Ming force special operation that managed to burn down a very significant portion of the Japanese grain storage, the Japanese broke off talks and pulled out of Hanseong.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: By May 18, 1594, all the Japanese soldiers had retreated to the area around Busan and many began to make their way back to Japan. The Ming government withdrew most of its expeditionary force, but kept 16,000 men on the Korean peninsula to guard the truce.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Bargaining from such fundamentally different perspectives, there was no prospect whatsoever for success in the talks. Early in 1597, both sides resumed hostilities.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: After the failed peace negotiations of the inter-war years, Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched the second invasion of Korea. One of the main strategic differences between the first and second invasions was that conquering China was no longer an explicit goal for the Japanese. Failing to gain a foothold during Katō Kiyomasa's Chinese campaign and the near complete withdrawal of the Japanese forces during the first invasion had established that the Korean peninsula was the more prudent and realistic objective.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: After Won Gyun replaced Yi Sun-sin as head of the Korean navy, he was quick to take action and justify his newly acquired position. He gathered the entire Korean fleet, which now had more than 100 ships, outside of Yeosu, to search for the Japanese. Without any previous preparations or planning, Won Gyun then had his entire fleet sail towards Busan.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: After one day at sea, Won Gyun was informed of a large Japanese fleet near Busan. He decided to attack immediately, despite reports of exhaustion among the crews of his ships.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The Battle of Chilcheollyang was Japan's only decisive naval victory of the war. Won Gyun was himself killed by a Japanese garrison after he struggled ashore on an island following the destruction of his flagship. The victory allowed the Japanese navy to safely escort its troop ships and to support planned landing operations.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: After the disaster at Chilcheollyang, the allied defenses in the south began to quickly break down and the Japanese forces stormed into Jeolla Province. The garrison of Namwon became their next key target.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Hwangseoksan Fortress consisted of extensive walls that circumscribed the Hwangseok Mountain and garrisoned thousands of soldiers led by generals Jo Jong-do and Gwak Jun. When Katō Kiyomasa laid siege to the mountain with the Army of the Right, and attacked at night under the full moon, the Koreans lost morale and retreated with 350 casualties. The successful siege did not, however, lead to a subsequent advance from beyond Gyeongsang Province.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: After the steady advances on land, the Japanese planned to assault Hanseong (present-day Seoul) by late August or early September 1597. However, the plans were foiled by a Ming defense around Jiksan (modern-day Cheonan).

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: According to Korean records, the Ming forces ran into the vanguard forces under Kuroda Nagamasa around the area of Jiksan. On the first day, they beat back a small scouting party. On the second day, the two forces clashed in earnest, with the Japanese being beaten back.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: By January 29, 1598, the Joseon and Ming allied forces achieved victory in Jiksan and pushed the Japanese further south. After the news of the loss at Myeongnyang, Katō Kiyomasa and his retreating army looted Gyeongju, the former capital of Unified Silla.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The Japanese forces sacked the city and many artifacts and temples were destroyed, most prominently, the Bulguksa, a Buddhist temple. Ming and Joseon forces continued to harass the Japanese forces, who then withdrew further south to Ulsan, a harbor that had been an important Japanese trading post a century before, and which Katō had chosen as a strategic stronghold.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The effort of the Japanese garrison (about 7,000 men) of Ulsan was largely dedicated to its fortification in preparation for the expected attack. Katō Kiyomasa assigned command and defense of the base to Katō Yasumasa, Kuki Hirotaka, Asano Nagayoshi, and others before proceeding to Sosaengpo near Ulsan. The Ming army's first assault on January 29, 1598, caught the Japanese army unaware and still encamped, for the large part, outside Ulsan's unfinished walls.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The general retreat quickly turned into a chaotic rout, of which the Japanese took quick advantage by attacking the retreating Ming and Joseon forces. The retreating Ming and Joseon forces had 20,000 losses. The disaster was a heavy setback for Joseon, who would not be in a position to move on the Japanese position again for more than eight months.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: After the Siege at Ulsan, the two sides remained in a stalemate for the next several months. Xing Jie decided that they would require further reinforcements to launch a final large offensive to permanently remove the Japanese presence on the Korean Peninsula.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Reinforcements from China began to pour in through most of mid-1598, with Chen Lin and Deng Zilong and their navy arriving in May. By September 1598, the Ming presence in Korea had swelled to 75,000 overall, by far the largest at any point in the war.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Xing Jie divided his forces into four groups, with Ma Gui leading the offensive against Ulsan yet again, Li Rumei (Li Rusong's brother) leading the offensive against Sacheon, Chen Lin commanding the navy, and Liu Ting and Yi Sun-sin coordinating a land-sea effort against Suncheon.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Just before they set out, however, news came that Li Rusong was killed by Mongolian tribesmen back in Liaodong. Xing Jie decided then to remove his emotionally weakened brother Li Rumei in favor of Dong Yiyuan.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: At Ulsan, Kato Kiyomasa defended the castle with 10,000 Japanese soldiers. In September 1598, 29,500 Ming and Joseon troops tried again to capture Ulsan Castle, but all their attempts were repulsed by the Japanese. The Ming and Joseon forces withdrew with heavy losses.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: At Suncheon, Konishi Yukinaga defended his position at the Suncheon Castle along with 13,700 Japanese soldiers. A total of 43,000 Ming and Joseon troops tried to capture it, but their attempts were repulsed after three failed assaults, suffering 800 losses.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: In the fall of 1598, following the successful Japanese defense at the battles of Sacheon, Ulsan, and Suncheon, the Ming, Joseon, and Japanese forces were locked in a military stalemate in the south of the peninsula. After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi on September 18, 1598, the Council of Five Elders, in late October, issued orders for the withdrawal of all forces from Korea. Hideyoshi's death was kept a secret by the Council to preserve the morale of the army.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The Battle of Noryang was the final naval battle in the war. A Japanese fleet of approximately 500 ships, under Shimazu Yoshihiro, was assembled and preparing to link up with the blockaded fleet under Konishi Yukinaga, and together withdraw via Busan back to Japan.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The Korean navy under Yi Sun-sin discovered the Shimazu fleet anchored in the narrow strait of Noryang. Noting the narrow geography of the area, Ming general Chen Lin, who led Deng Zilong and Yi Sun-sin, made a surprise attack against the Japanese fleet, under the cover of darkness on December 16, 1598, using cannon and fire arrows.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: By dawn, nearly half of the Japanese fleet was scattered. During the pursuit of the remaining Japanese ships, both Yi Sun-sin and Deng Zilong were killed. Despite suffering high casualties, in the end the battle was a tactical victory for the Korean forces and resulted in the loss of over half of the Japanese fleet.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The Japanese invasions were East Asia's first regional wars involving massed armies equipped with modern weapons. The conflict saw the regular employment of Japanese armies of up to 200,000 men, Ming Chinese armies of 80,000, and the ongoing deployment of local Korean forces numbering in the hundreds of thousands.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: The invasions also stood as a challenge to the existing Chinese world order on two levels: the military, in which the war challenged Ming China's status as the supreme military power in East Asia, and the political, in which the war affirmed Chinese willingness to aid in the protection of its tributary states.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: Korean armies were also known to forcefully acquire food and supplies from civilians, both on an individual and organized level. Korean bandits and highwaymen also took advantage of the chaos during the war to form raiding parties and rob other Koreans.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Context: In China, the war was used politically to inspire nationalistic resistance against Japanese imperialism during the 20th century. In Chinese academia, historians list the war as one of the Wanli Emperor's "Three Great Punitive Campaigns". Contemporary Chinese historians often use the campaigns as an example of the friendship that China and Korea shared.

Question: 일본은 몇년도에 한국을 침공하였는가?


Cell culture

Context: In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are known as primary cells. With the exception of some derived from tumors, most primary cell cultures have limited lifespan.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: An established or immortalized cell line has acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely either through random mutation or deliberate modification, such as artificial expression of the telomerase gene.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: For the majority of isolated primary cells, they undergo the process of senescence and stop dividing after a certain number of population doublings while generally retaining their viability (described as the Hayflick limit).

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays a critical role for some cell types. For example, a lower plating density makes granulosa cells exhibit estrogen production, while a higher plating density makes them appear as progesterone-producing theca lutein cells.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: There are different kinds of cell culture media which being used routinely in life science including the following:

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: As cells generally continue to divide in culture, they generally grow to fill the available area or volume. This can generate several issues:

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Among the common manipulations carried out on culture cells are media changes, passaging cells, and transfecting cells.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: These are generally performed using tissue culture methods that rely on aseptic technique. Aseptic technique aims to avoid contamination with bacteria, yeast, or other cell lines. Manipulations are typically carried out in a biosafety cabinet or laminar flow cabinet to exclude contaminating micro-organisms. Antibiotics (e.g. penicillin and streptomycin) and antifungals (e.g.amphotericin B and Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution) can also be added to the growth media.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: As cells undergo metabolic processes, acid is produced and the pH decreases. Often, a pH indicator is added to the medium to measure nutrient depletion.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: In the case of adherent cultures, the media can be removed directly by aspiration, and then is replaced. Media changes in non-adherent cultures involve centrifuging the culture and resuspending the cells in fresh media.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Cell lines that originate with humans have been somewhat controversial in bioethics, as they may outlive their parent organism and later be used in the discovery of lucrative medical treatments. In the pioneering decision in this area, the Supreme Court of California held in "Moore v. Regents of the University of California" that human patients have no property rights in cell lines derived from organs removed with their consent.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: A cell strain is derived either from a primary culture or a cell line by the selection or cloning of cells having specific properties or characteristics which must be defined. Cell strains are cells that have been adapted to culture but, unlike cell lines, have a finite division potential. Non-immortalized cells stop dividing after 40 to 60 population doublings and, after this, they lose their ability to proliferate (a genetically determined event known as senescence).

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral vaccines and other products of biotechnology. Culture of human stem cells is used to expand the number of cells and differentiate the cells into various somatic cell types for transplantation. Stem cell culture is also used to harvest the molecules and exosomes that the stem cells release for the purposes of therapeutic development.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Cell culture is also a key technique for cellular agriculture, which aims to provide both new products and new ways of producing existing agricultural products like milk, (cultured) meat, fragrances, and rhino horn from cells and microorganisms. It is therefore considered one means of achieving animal-free agriculture. It is also a central tool for teaching cell biology.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Aside from Petri dishes, scientists have long been growing cells within biologically derived matrices such as collagen or fibrin, and more recently, on synthetic hydrogels such as polyacrylamide or PEG. They do this in order to elicit phenotypes that are not expressed on conventionally rigid substrates. There is growing interest in controlling matrix stiffness, a concept that has led to discoveries in fields such as:

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: The major application of human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where mesenchymal stem cells can be cultured and cryopreserved for future use. Tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients annually.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Vaccines for polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox are currently made in cell cultures. Due to the H5N1 pandemic threat, research into using cell culture for influenza vaccines is being funded by the United States government. Novel ideas in the field include recombinant DNA-based vaccines, such as one made using human adenovirus (a common cold virus) as a vector,

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Besides the culture of well-established immortalised cell lines, cells from primary explants of a plethora of organisms can be cultured for a limited period of time before senescence occurs (see Hayflick's limit). Cultured primary cells have been extensively used in research, as is the case of fish keratocytes in cell migration studies.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Plant cell cultures are typically grown as cell suspension cultures in a liquid medium or as callus cultures on a solid medium. The culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires the proper balance of the plant growth hormones auxin and cytokinin.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: Cells derived from Drosophila melanogaster (most prominently, Schneider 2 cells) can be used for experiments which may be hard to do on live flies or larvae, such as biochemical studies or studies using siRNA. Cell lines derived from the army worm "Spodoptera frugiperda", including Sf9 and Sf21, and from the cabbage looper "Trichoplusia ni", High Five cells, are commonly used for expression of recombinant proteins using baculovirus.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: For bacteria and yeasts, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it, usually a gel such as agar, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Cell culture

Context: The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells of mammalian, plant, fungal or bacterial origin as hosts for the growth and replication of the virus. Whole wild type viruses, recombinant viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their natural hosts under the right conditions. Depending on the species of the virus, infection and viral replication may result in host cell lysis and formation of a viral plaque.

Question: 세포 배양 기술의 주된 목표는 무엇인가?


Chemical element

Context: By November 2016, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry had recognized a total of 118 elements. The first 94 occur naturally on Earth, and the remaining 24 are synthetic elements produced in nuclear reactions. Save for unstable radioactive elements (radionuclides) which decay quickly, nearly all of the elements are available industrially in varying amounts. The discovery and synthesis of further new elements is an ongoing area of scientific study.

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Chemical element

Context: The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the element. For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their atomic nucleus; so the atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element.

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Chemical element

Context: Most (66 of 94) naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope. Except for the isotopes of hydrogen (which differ greatly from each other in relative mass—enough to cause chemical effects), the isotopes of a given element are chemically nearly indistinguishable.

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Chemical element

Context: Of the 80 elements with at least one stable isotope, 26 have only one single stable isotope. The mean number of stable isotopes for the 80 stable elements is 3.1 stable isotopes per element. The largest number of stable isotopes that occur for a single element is 10 (for tin, element 50).

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Chemical element

Context: The mass number of an element, "A", is the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers, which are conventionally written as a superscript on the left hand side of the atomic symbol (e.g. 238U). The mass number is always a whole number and has units of "nucleons". For example, magnesium-24 (24 is the mass number) is an atom with 24 nucleons (12 protons and 12 neutrons).

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Chemical element

Context: Chemists and nuclear scientists have different definitions of a "pure element". In chemistry, a pure element means a substance whose atoms all (or in practice almost all) have the same atomic number, or number of protons. Nuclear scientists, however, define a pure element as one that consists of only one stable isotope.

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Chemical element

Context: For example, a copper wire is 99.99% chemically pure if 99.99% of its atoms are copper, with 29 protons each. However it is not isotopically pure since ordinary copper consists of two stable isotopes, 69% 63Cu and 31% 65Cu, with different numbers of neutrons. However, a pure gold ingot would be both chemically and isotopically pure, since ordinary gold consists only of one isotope, 197Au.

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Chemical element

Context: The standard state, also known as the reference state, of an element is defined as its thermodynamically most stable state at a pressure of 1 bar and a given temperature (typically at 298.15K). In thermochemistry, an element is defined to have an enthalpy of formation of zero in its standard state. For example, the reference state for carbon is graphite, because the structure of graphite is more stable than that of the other allotropes.

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Chemical element

Context: Several kinds of descriptive categorizations can be applied broadly to the elements, including consideration of their general physical and chemical properties, their states of matter under familiar conditions, their melting and boiling points, their densities, their crystal structures as solids, and their origins.

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Chemical element

Context: Several terms are commonly used to characterize the general physical and chemical properties of the chemical elements. A first distinction is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not, and a small group, (the "metalloids"), having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors.

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Chemical element

Context: Melting and boiling points, typically expressed in degrees Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere, are commonly used in characterizing the various elements. While known for most elements, either or both of these measurements is still undetermined for some of the radioactive elements available in only tiny quantities. Since helium remains a liquid even at absolute zero at atmospheric pressure, it has only a boiling point, and not a melting point, in conventional presentations.

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Chemical element

Context: The density at selected standard temperature and pressure (STP) is frequently used in characterizing the elements. Density is often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Since several elements are gases at commonly encountered temperatures, their densities are usually stated for their gaseous forms; when liquefied or solidified, the gaseous elements have densities similar to those of the other elements.

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Chemical element

Context: When an element has allotropes with different densities, one representative allotrope is typically selected in summary presentations, while densities for each allotrope can be stated where more detail is provided. For example, the three familiar allotropes of carbon (amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond) have densities of 1.8–2.1, 2.267, and 3.515 g/cm3, respectively.

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Chemical element

Context: The elements studied to date as solid samples have eight kinds of crystal structures: cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, hexagonal, monoclinic, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, and tetragonal. For some of the synthetically produced transuranic elements, available samples have been too small to determine crystal structures.

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Chemical element

Context: Chemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth, with the first 94 considered naturally occurring, while those with atomic numbers beyond 94 have only been produced artificially as the synthetic products of man-made nuclear reactions.

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Chemical element

Context: The properties of the chemical elements are often summarized using the periodic table, which powerfully and elegantly organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ("periods") in which the columns ("groups") share recurring ("periodic") physical and chemical properties. The current standard table contains 118 confirmed elements as of 2021.

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Chemical element

Context: Although earlier precursors to this presentation exist, its invention is generally credited to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.

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Chemical element

Context: Use of the periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, geology, biology, materials science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, nutrition, environmental health, and astronomy. Its principles are especially important in chemical engineering.

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Chemical element

Context: The various chemical elements are formally identified by their unique atomic numbers, by their accepted names, and by their symbols.

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Chemical element

Context: According to IUPAC, chemical elements are not proper nouns in English; consequently, the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English, even if derived from a proper noun, as in californium and einsteinium. Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out, "e.g.," carbon-12 or uranium-235. Chemical element "symbols" (such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below).

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Chemical element

Context: Precursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late 19th century. For example, "lutetium" was named in reference to Paris, France. The Germans were reluctant to relinquish naming rights to the French, often calling it "cassiopeium". Similarly, the British discoverer of "niobium" originally named it "columbium," in reference to the New World. It was used extensively as such by American publications before the international standardization (in 1950).

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Chemical element

Context: The current system of chemical notation was invented by Berzelius. In this typographical system, chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations—though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet. They are intended as universal symbols for people of all languages and alphabets.

Question: 원소의 별명은 무엇인가요?


Chemical element

Context: Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation. There have sometimes been differences in the past. For example, Germans in the past have used "J" (for the alternate name Jod) for iodine, but now use "I" and "Iod".

Question: 원소의 별명은 무엇인가요?


Chemical element

Context: The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case (small letters). Thus, the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es.

Question: 원소의 별명은 무엇인가요?


Chemical element

Context: At least two additional, two-letter generic chemical symbols are also in informal usage, "Ln" for any lanthanide element and "An" for any actinide element. "Rg" was formerly used for any rare gas element, but the group of rare gases has now been renamed noble gases and the symbol "Rg" has now been assigned to the element roentgenium.

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Chemical element

Context: Isotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number (total protons and neutrons) for a particular isotope of an element, with this number combined with the pertinent element's symbol. IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example 12C and 235U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used.

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Chemical element

Context: As a special case, the three naturally occurring isotopes of the element hydrogen are often specified as H for 1H (protium), D for 2H (deuterium), and T for 3H (tritium). This convention is easier to use in chemical equations, replacing the need to write out the mass number for each atom. For example, the formula for heavy water may be written D2O instead of 2H2O.

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Chemical element

Context: Only about 4% of the total mass of the universe is made of atoms or ions, and thus represented by chemical elements. This fraction is about 15% of the total matter, with the remainder of the matter (85%) being dark matter. The nature of dark matter is unknown, but it is not composed of atoms of chemical elements because it contains no protons, neutrons, or electrons. (The remaining non-matter part of the mass of the universe is composed of the even less well understood dark energy).

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Chemical element

Context: In addition to the 94 naturally occurring elements, several artificial elements have been produced by human nuclear physics technology. , these experiments have produced all elements up to atomic number 118.

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Chemical element

Context: The concept of an "element" as an undivisible substance has developed through three major historical phases: Classical definitions (such as those of the ancient Greeks), chemical definitions, and atomic definitions.

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Chemical element

Context: Ancient philosophy posited a set of classical elements to explain observed patterns in nature. These "elements" originally referred to "earth", "water", "air" and "fire" rather than the chemical elements of modern science.

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Chemical element

Context: The term 'elements' ("stoicheia") was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus, which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry. Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth).

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Chemical element

Context: Aristotle, c. 350 BCE, also used the term "stoicheia" and added a fifth element called aether, which formed the heavens. Aristotle defined an element as:

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Chemical element

Context: From Boyle until the early 20th century, an element was defined as a pure substance that could not be decomposed into any simpler substance. Put another way, a chemical element cannot be transformed into other chemical elements by chemical processes. Elements during this time were generally distinguished by their atomic weights, a property measurable with fair accuracy by available analytical techniques.

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Chemical element

Context: By 1914, seventy-two elements were known, all naturally occurring. The remaining naturally occurring elements were discovered or isolated in subsequent decades, and various additional elements have also been produced synthetically, with much of that work pioneered by Glenn T. Seaborg. In 1955, element 101 was discovered and named mendelevium in honor of D.I. Mendeleev, the first to arrange the elements in a periodic manner.

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Chemical element

Context: Ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements: Carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc. Three additional materials now accepted as elements, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, were recognized as distinct substances prior to 1500 AD. Phosphorus, cobalt, and platinum were isolated before 1750.

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Chemical element

Context: Most of the remaining naturally occurring chemical elements were identified and characterized by 1900, including:

Question: 원소의 별명은 무엇인가요?


Seoul Metro Corporation

Context: Seoul Metro's service covers a part of Seoul Subway Line 1, and the whole Seoul Subway Line 2, Seoul Subway Line 3, Seoul Subway Line 4. For lines 1, 3, and 4, Korail jointly participates in the service. Seoul Metro controls the railways and stations which are owned by Seoul Metropolitan Government.

Question: 서울교통공사는 언제 창단했나요?


List of largest universities

Context: The following is a list of largest universities in the world by country listing only the largest university in each country. This is not a list of largest individual campuses with in-person (non-distance) enrollment. This list includes distance enrollment and multiple-campus institutions.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 대학교는 무엇인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Concealed carry, or carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), is the practice of carrying a weapon (such as a handgun) in public in a concealed manner, either on one's person or in close proximity. CCW is often practiced as a means of self-defense. Every state in the United States allows for concealed carry of a handgun either permitless or with a permit, although the difficulty in obtaining a permit varies per jurisdiction.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: There is conflicting evidence regarding the effect that concealed carry has on crime rates. A comprehensive 2004 literature review by the National Academy of Sciences concluded that there is no link between the existence of laws that allow concealed carry and crime rates, while a 2020 review by the Rand Corporation concluded that there is evidence that concealed carry may increase violent crime.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Historically, some states were considered "may-issue" jurisdictions where an applicant was required to provide a proper cause or need to be issued a permit to carry a concealed weapon. On June 23rd, 2022, these laws were found unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in "New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen".

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Regulations differ widely by state, with half of the fifty states either currently maintaining a constitutional carry policy or implementing it in the near future.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: The Federal Gun-Free School Zones Act limits where an unlicensed person may carry; carry of a weapon, openly or concealed, within of a school zone is prohibited, with exceptions granted in the federal law to holders of valid state-issued weapons permits (state laws may reassert the illegality of school zone carry by license holders), and under LEOSA to current and honorably retired law enforcement officers (regardless of permit, usually trumping state law).

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: When in contact with an officer, some states require individuals to inform that officer that they are carrying a handgun. For detailed information on individual states' permitting policies, see gun laws in the United States by state.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Not all weapons that fall under CCW laws are lethal. For example, in Florida, carrying pepper spray in more than a specified volume (2 oz.) of chemical requires a CCW permit, whereas everyone may legally carry a smaller, “self-defense chemical spray” device hidden on their person without a CCW permit. there have been 21.52 million concealed weapon permits issued in the United States.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: An unrestricted jurisdiction is one in which a permit is not required to carry a concealed handgun. This is sometimes called constitutional carry. Within the unrestricted category, there exist states that are "fully unrestricted," where no permit is required for lawful open or concealed carry, and "partially unrestricted," where certain forms of concealed carry may be legal without a permit, while other forms of carry may require a permit.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: While members of the Armed Services may receive extensive small arms training, United States Military installations have some of the most restrictive rules for the possession, transport, and carrying of personally-owned firearms in the country.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Some states require concealed carry applicants to certify their proficiency with a firearm through some type of training or instruction. Certain training courses developed by the National Rifle Association that combine classroom and live-fire instruction typically meet most state training requirements. Some states recognize prior military or police service as meeting training requirements.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Classroom instruction would typically include firearm mechanics and terminology, cleaning and maintenance of a firearm, concealed carry legislation and limitations, liability issues, carry methods and safety, home defense, methods for managing and defusing confrontational situations, and practice of gun handling techniques without firing the weapon. Most required CCW training courses devote a considerable amount of time to liability issues.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: CCW training courses are typically completed in a single day and are good for a set period, the exact duration varying by state. Some states require re-training, sometimes in a shorter, simpler format, for each renewal.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: While generally a concealed carry permit allows the permit holder to carry a concealed weapon in public, a state may restrict carry of a firearm including a permitted concealed weapon while in or on certain properties, facilities or types of businesses that are otherwise open to the public. These areas vary by state (except for the first item below; federal offices are subject to superseding federal law) and can include:

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Some states allow private businesses to post a specific sign prohibiting concealed carry within their premises. The exact language and format of such a sign varies by state. By posting the signs, businesses create areas where it is illegal to carry a concealed handgun; similar to regulations concerning schools, hospitals, and public gatherings.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Violation of such a sign, in some of these states, is grounds for revocation of the offender's concealed carry permit and criminal prosecution. Other states, such as Virginia, enforce only trespassing laws when a person violates a "Gun Free Zone" sign. In some jurisdictions trespass by a person carrying a firearm may have more severe penalties than "simple" trespass, while in other jurisdictions, penalties are lower than for trespass.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Such states include: Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Note that virtually all jurisdictions allow some form of oral communication by the lawful owner or controller of the property that a person is not welcome and should leave. This notice can be given to anyone for any reason (except for statuses that are protected by the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and other CRAs, such as race), including due to the carrying of firearms by that person, and refusal to heed such a request to leave may constitute trespassing.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: In 2004, the United States Congress enacted the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, 18 U.S. Code 926B and 926C. This federal law allows two classes of persons – the "qualified law enforcement officer" and the "qualified retired law enforcement officer" – to carry a concealed firearm in any jurisdiction in the United States, regardless of any state or local law to the contrary, with the exception of areas where all firearms are prohibited without permission, and certain Title II weapons.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Some federal statutes restrict the carrying of firearms on the premises of certain federal properties such as military installations or land controlled by the USACE.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Prior to the 1897 Supreme Court case "Robertson v. Baldwin", the federal courts had been silent on the issue of concealed carry. In the from a maritime law case, the Supreme Court commented that state laws restricting concealed weapons do not infringe upon the right to bear arms protected by the federal Second Amendment. However, in the context of such rulings, open carry of firearms was generally unrestricted in the jurisdictions in question, which provided an alternative means of "bearing" arms.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: In the majority decision in the 2008 Supreme Court case of "District of Columbia v. Heller", Justice Antonin Scalia wrote;

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in "New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen", that the Second Amendment does protect "an individual's right to carry a handgun for self-defense outside the home." The case struck down New York's strict law requiring people to show "proper cause" in order to get a concealed weapons permit, and could affect similar laws in other states such as California, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Even given these relaxed restrictions on use of force, using a handgun must still be a last resort in some jurisdictions; meaning the user must reasonably believe that nothing short of deadly force will protect the life or property at stake in a situation. Additionally, civil liabilities for errors that cause harm to others still exist, although civil immunity is provided in the Castle Doctrine laws of some states (e.g., Texas).

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: Research has had mixed results, indicating variously that right-to-carry laws have no impact on violent crime, that they increase violent crime, and that they decrease violent crime.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Concealed carry in the United States

Context: A 2022 study examining the Sullivan Act of 1911 found that the law had no impact on overall homicide rates, reduced overall suicide rates, and caused large and sustained decrease in gun-related suicide rates.

Question: 미국에서 총기 소지가 합법화된 주는 몇개인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: , Thor is a central figure of the MCU, having appeared in eight films and will appear in the upcoming film ' (2022). The character received a mixed reception in his first two titular films, however ' (2017) is often credited as positively rebooting Thor and his storyline, and he has since become a fan favorite.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: Alternate versions of the character appear in the animated series "What If...?" (2021), with Hemsworth reprising the role. One version in particular, which depicts an alternate Thor who was raised without Loki and is recruited into the Guardians of the Multiverse by the Watcher in the battle against an alternate version of Ultron.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: Analysis of the character from a feminist perspective has noted that Thor "might be a hotheaded braggart, but he never demeans women", a sharp contrast with the womanizing Tony Stark.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: In an alternate 2012, Thor and the Avengers are victorious over Loki during the Battle of New York. However, when the time travelling Tony Stark and Scott Lang from 2023 arrive to steal the Tesseract, they alter 2012-Thor's history when they cause 2012-Stark to have a cardiac dysrhythmia. 2012-Thor uses Mjolnir to save 2012-Stark's life, but the incident inadvertently causes Loki to gain access to the Tesseract which he uses to escape by teleporting away, leaving 2012-Thor with concern and confusion.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: In an alternate reality, Thor (voiced by Chris Hemsworth) is turned into a frog and sent to the Void by the Time Variance Authority (TVA). This version is dubbed "Throg".

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: Several alternate versions of Thor appear in the animated series "What If...?", with Hemsworth reprising his role.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: As he then fights off the Ultron Sentries, he is recruited by the Watcher into the Guardians of the Multiverse to defeat Ultron. While in another universe, Thor accidentally alerts Ultron to their presence prematurely, and are transported to Ultron's home universe following a brief battle. Joined by Natasha Romanoff, the team fights Ultron and manage to defeat him, and Thor returns to his home reality and reunites with Foster.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: In an alternate 2015, Thor, along with Stark, Rogers, and Banner, are killed by Ultron who had successfully uploaded his consciousness into a new Vibranium body.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: At the end of "Avengers: Endgame", Thor joins the Guardians of the Galaxy, also a different course from anything that occurs in the comic books.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Context: The depiction of Thor as a depressed and obese alcoholic in "Avengers: Endgame", and the subsequent use of jokes directed at Thor by other characters due to this, led to accusations of fat shaming in various editorial commentary and fan reactions. Others indicated disapproval that Thor's emotional and physical state was played for laughs instead of being approached with more respect and understanding.

Question: 토르는 어느 행성 출신인가?


Stellar evolution

Context: Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star, as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected, even over many centuries. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at various points in their lifetime, and by simulating stellar structure using computer models.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: A protostar continues to grow by accretion of gas and dust from the molecular cloud, becoming a pre-main-sequence star as it reaches its final mass. Further development is determined by its mass. Mass is typically compared to the mass of the Sun: means 1 solar mass.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have been especially important for unveiling numerous galactic protostars and their parent star clusters.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: Eventually the star's core exhausts its supply of hydrogen and the star begins to evolve off the main sequence. Without the outward radiation pressure generated by the fusion of hydrogen to counteract the force of gravity the core contracts until either electron degeneracy pressure becomes sufficient to oppose gravity or the core becomes hot enough (around 100 MK) for helium fusion to begin. Which of these happens first depends upon the star's mass.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: What happens after a low-mass star ceases to produce energy through fusion has not been directly observed; the universe is around 13.8 billion years old, which is less time (by several orders of magnitude, in some cases) than it takes for fusion to cease in such stars.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: Recent astrophysical models suggest that red dwarfs of may stay on the main sequence for some six to twelve trillion years, gradually increasing in both temperature and luminosity, and take several hundred billion years more to collapse, slowly, into a white dwarf. Such stars will not become red giants as the whole star is a convection zone and it will not develop a degenerate helium core with a shell burning hydrogen. Instead, hydrogen fusion will proceed until almost the whole star is helium.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: Stars of roughly become red giants, which are large non-main-sequence stars of stellar classification K or M. Red giants lie along the right edge of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram due to their red color and large luminosity. Examples include Aldebaran in the constellation Taurus and Arcturus in the constellation of Boötes.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: It is possible for thermal pulses to be produced once post-asymptotic-giant-branch evolution has begun, producing a variety of unusual and poorly understood stars known as born-again asymptotic-giant-branch stars. These may result in extreme horizontal-branch stars (subdwarf B stars), hydrogen deficient post-asymptotic-giant-branch stars, variable planetary nebula central stars, and R Coronae Borealis variables.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: Some evidence gained from analysis of the mass and orbital parameters of binary neutron stars (which require two such supernovae) hints that the collapse of an oxygen-neon-magnesium core may produce a supernova that differs observably (in ways other than size) from a supernova produced by the collapse of an iron core.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: The most massive stars that exist today may be completely destroyed by a supernova with an energy greatly exceeding its gravitational binding energy. This rare event, caused by pair-instability, leaves behind no black hole remnant. In the past history of the universe, some stars were even larger than the largest that exists today, and they would immediately collapse into a black hole at the end of their lives, due to photodisintegration.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: After a star has burned out its fuel supply, its remnants can take one of three forms, depending on the mass during its lifetime.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: A white dwarf is very hot when it first forms, more than 100,000 K at the surface and even hotter in its interior. It is so hot that a lot of its energy is lost in the form of neutrinos for the first 10 million years of its existence and will have lost most of its energy after a billion years.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: In the end, all that remains is a cold dark mass sometimes called a black dwarf. However, the universe is not old enough for any black dwarfs to exist yet.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: If a white dwarf forms a close binary system with another star, hydrogen from the larger companion may accrete around and onto a white dwarf until it gets hot enough to fuse in a runaway reaction at its surface, although the white dwarf remains below the Chandrasekhar limit. Such an explosion is termed a nova.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: If the mass of the stellar remnant is high enough, the neutron degeneracy pressure will be insufficient to prevent collapse below the Schwarzschild radius. The stellar remnant thus becomes a black hole. The mass at which this occurs is not known with certainty, but is currently estimated at between 2 and .

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Stellar evolution

Context: Black holes are predicted by the theory of general relativity. According to classical general relativity, no matter or information can flow from the interior of a black hole to an outside observer, although quantum effects may allow deviations from this strict rule. The existence of black holes in the universe is well supported, both theoretically and by astronomical observation.

Question: 우주에서 별은 평균 얼마나 살 수 있나요?


Asuka period

Context: The Asuka period is characterized by its significant artistic, social, and political transformations, having their origins in the late Kofun period. The introduction of Buddhism marked a change in Japanese society. The Asuka period is also distinguished by the change in the name of the country from to .

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: From the Asuka period in the 6th century, as a sub-division of the , is the first time in Japanese history when the Emperor of Japan ruled relatively uncontested from modern-day Nara Prefecture, then known as Yamato Province.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: The Soga clan intermarried with the imperial family, and by 587 Soga no Umako, the Soga chieftain, was powerful enough to install his nephew as emperor and later to assassinate him and replace him with the Empress Suiko (r. 593–628). Suiko, the first of eight sovereign empresses, is sometimes considered a mere figurehead for Umako and Prince Regent Shōtoku Taishi (574–622). However she wielded power in her own right, and the role of Shōtoku Taishi is often exaggerated to the point of legend.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: Shōtoku, recognized as a great intellectual of this period of reform, was a devout Buddhist and was well-read in Chinese literature. He was influenced by Confucian principles, including the Mandate of Heaven, which suggested that the sovereign ruled at the will of a supreme force. Under Shōtoku's direction, Confucian models of rank and etiquette were adopted, and his Seventeen-article constitution prescribed ways to bring harmony to a chaotic society in Confucian terms.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: In addition, Shōtoku adopted the Chinese calendar, developed a system of trade roads (the aforementioned "Gokishichidō"), built numerous Buddhist temples, had court chronicles compiled, sent students to China to study Buddhism and Confucianism, and sent Ono no Imoko to China as an .

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: Six official missions of envoys, priests, and students were sent to China in the seventh century. Some remained twenty years or more; many of those who returned became prominent reformers. The sending of such scholars to learn Chinese political systems showed significant change from envoys in the Kofun period, in which the five kings of Wa sent envoys for the approval of their domains.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: In a move greatly resented by the Chinese, Shōtoku sought equality with the Chinese emperor by sending official correspondence that was addressed, "From the Son of Heaven in the Land of the Rising Sun to the Son of Heaven of the Land of the Setting Sun."

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: Some would argue that Shōtoku's bold step set a precedent: Japan never again accepted a "subordinate" status in its relations with China, except for Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, who accepted such a relationship with China in the 15th century.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: As a result, Japan in this period received no title from Chinese dynasties, while they did send . From the Chinese point of view, the class or position of Japan was demoted from previous centuries in which the kings received titles. On the other hand, Japan loosened its political relationships with China and consequently established extraordinary cultural and intellectual relationships.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: Although it did not constitute a legal code, the Taika Reform mandated a series of reforms that established the "ritsuryō" system of social, fiscal, and administrative mechanisms of the seventh to tenth centuries. was a code of penal laws, while was an administrative code. Combined, the two terms came to describe a system of patrimonial rule based on an elaborate legal code that emerged from the Taika Reform.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: The country was divided into provinces headed by governors appointed by the court, and the provinces were further divided into districts and villages.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: Though the "ritsu" of the code was adopted from the Chinese system, the "ryō" was arranged in a local style. Some scholars argue that it was to a certain extent based on Chinese models.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: Fujiwara no Fuhito, son of Nakatomi no Kamatari, was among those who produced the Taihō Ritsuryō. According to history book , two of the 19 members of the committee drafting the Taihō Code were Chinese priests (Shoku Shugen and Satsu Koukaku). Chinese priests also took an active part as linguistic specialists, and received rewards two times from Empress Jitō.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: In the Taika Reform, the Funeral Simplification Edict was proclaimed, and the building of large "kofun" (tumuli) was banned. The edict also regulated size and shape of "kofun" by classes. As a result, later "kofun", though much smaller, were distinguished by elaborate frescoes. Paintings and decorations in those "kofun" indicate the spread of Taoism and Buddhism in this period; the Takamatsuzuka Kofun and Kitora Kofun are notable for their wall paintings.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: The use of elaborate kofun tombs by the imperial family and other elite thus fell out of use amidst the rise of prevailing new Buddhist beliefs, which put greater emphasis on the transience of human life. Commoners and the elite in outlying regions, however, continued to use kofun until the late seventh century, and simpler but distinctive tombs continued in use throughout the following period.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: In 675 the use of livestock and the consumption of some wild animals (horse, cattle, dogs, monkeys, birds) was banned by Emperor Tenmu due to the influence of Buddhism. This ban was renewed throughout the Asuka period, but ended with the Heian period. The pest animals, deer and wild boar, were not affected by this ban.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: Taoism was also introduced during the Asuka period. The octagonal shape of monarchs' tombs of this age and the celestial maps drawn in the Kitora and Takamatsuzuka "kofun" reflect the Taoist cosmology.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Asuka period

Context: Taoist belief was eventually amalgamated with Shintō and Buddhism to establish new styles of rituals. , a sort of Japanese geomancy and cosmology, is one of the fruits of these religious mixtures. While the Asuka period started with conflicts between clans over religious beliefs, later in the period, the imported religions became syncretized with Japan's native folk beliefs.

Question: 일본 아스카 시대는 언제 끝났는가?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: Cold War participants – the Cold War primarily consisted of competition between the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc. While countries and organisations explicitly aligned to one or the other are listed below, this does not include those involved in specific Cold War events, such as North Korea, South Korea, and Vietnam. It also does not include countries such as China which, while not aligned to either blocs, still played an influential part in the Cold War.

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: Eastern Bloc – the communist side of the Cold War conflict, including the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe. Organizations that the Soviet Union created in order to solidify its control over Eastern Europe, and which tied the Eastern Bloc together, included:

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: Additionally, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Byelorussia) and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukraine) were represented separately in the United Nations in addition to the Soviet Union. Though not parties to the Warsaw Pact, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba and Laos, maintained Cold War alliances with the Eastern Bloc.

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: Western Bloc – the United States and countries allied with it against the Soviet Union and the rest of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. As part of its Containment policy, the United States backed a series of regional alliances:

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: Cold War organisations – throughout the Cold War a series of organisations were created to either further the goals of individual and groups of states, or to act as intermediaries in reducing the tension.

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: Conflicts related to the Cold War – there were a number of conflicts during the Cold War, and none of them escalated to direct fighting between the superpowers (which would have constituted a hot war). Some of them were:

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: Proxy wars of the Cold War – while the superpowers never engaged each other directly, they fought a series proxy wars throughout the period of Cold War, with one, or both sides arming or otherwise supporting one side against another.

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: US-USSR confrontations during the Cold War – while open conflict did not break out between the two superpowers during the Cold War, there were some very intense confrontations that seemed likely to trigger World War III. As the Cold War stretched on, the main concern became the possibility of a nuclear exchange—the ultimate fear characterizing East-West tensions. Some of these confrontations included:

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Outline of the Cold War

Context: End of the Cold War – While many observers state the 1989 Malta Summit was the end of the Cold War, it was December 1991 before the Presidents of the United States and the Soviet Union formally recognised the conflict's end, with the Soviet Union also being dissolved at that time. Some key events leading up to the end include:

Question: 냉전 기간 동안 미국을 돕는 나라는?


Transport

Context: Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. In other words, the action of transport is defined as a particular movement of an organism or thing from a point A (a place in space) to a point B.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Means of transport are any of the different kinds of transport facilities used to carry people or cargo. They may include vehicles, riding animals, and pack animals. Vehicles may include wagons, automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft, and aircraft.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a certain type of vehicle, infrastructure, and operation. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, with the latter case being called inter-modal or multi-modal transport. Each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen on the basis of cost, capability, and route.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Governments deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose, including financing, legalities, and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Human-powered transport, a form of sustainable transport, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running, and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and commodities. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called an airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure for maintenance, restocking, and refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo, and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take-off and landing on ice, snow, and calm water.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to , single-engine aircraft . Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incurs high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places, helicopters can be used. As of April 28, 2009, "The Guardian" article notes that "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time."

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Land transport covers all land-based transport systems that provide for the movement of people, goods, and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other. Land transport is a key factor in urban planning. It consists of two kinds, rail and road.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete, or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: A road is an identifiable route, way, or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians. As of 2010, there were 1.015 billion automobiles worldwide.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Road transport offers complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to the other and from one road to another according to the need and convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door-to-door service only by road transport.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity, but require high energy and area use, and are the main source of harmful noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft—such as a barge, boat, ship, or sailboat—over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal, or river. The need for buoyancy is common to watercraft, making the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance, and appearance.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Although it is slow compared to other transport, modern sea transport is a highly efficient method of transporting large quantities of goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping; short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water, and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramways, elevators, and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Suborbital spaceflight is the fastest of the existing and planned transport systems from a place on Earth to a distant "other place" on Earth. Faster transport could be achieved through part of a low Earth orbit or by following that trajectory even faster, using the propulsion of the rocket to steer it.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of a roadway, a terminal, and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road, and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be constructed. Air and watercraft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be constructed. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment, seat, or platform for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles, or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: As the population of the world increases, cities grow in size and population—according to the United Nations, 55% of the world's population live in cities, and by 2050 this number is expected to rise to 68%. Public transport policy must evolve to meet the changing priorities of the urban world. The institution of policy enforces order in transport, which is by nature chaotic as people attempt to travel from one place to another as fast as possible. This policy helps to reduce accidents and save lives.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting or for business, leisure, or migration.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Taxis and buses can be found on both ends of the public transport spectrum. Buses are the cheapest mode of transport but are not necessarily flexible, and taxis are very flexible but more expensive. In the middle is demand-responsive transport, offering flexibility whilst remaining affordable.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: An ambulance is a vehicle used to transport people from or between places of treatment, and in some instances will also provide out-of-hospital medical care to the patient. The word is often associated with road-going "emergency ambulances", which form part of emergency medical services, administering emergency care to those with acute medical problems.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: "Air medical services" is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transport to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes. Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and critical care to all types of patients during aeromedical evacuation or rescue operations, aboard helicopters, propeller aircraft, or jet aircraft.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio. In addition to mail, common items sent by air include electronics and fashion clothing.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transport emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog, and climate change.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: While electric cars are being built to cut down CO2 emission at the point of use, an approach that is becoming popular among cities worldwide is to prioritize public transport, bicycles, and pedestrian movement. Redirecting vehicle movement to create 20-minute neighbourhoods that promotes exercise while greatly reducing vehicle dependency and pollution. Some policies are levying a congestion charge to cars for travelling within congested areas during peak time.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: There are various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are promoting sustainable transport in order to meet the defined goals. These include SDG 3 on health (increased road safety), SDG 7 on energy, SDG 8 on decent work and economic growth, SDG 9 on resilient infrastructure, SDG 11 on sustainable cities (access to transport and expanded public transport), SDG 12 on sustainable consumption and production (ending fossil fuel subsidies), and SDG 14 on oceans, seas, and marine resources.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Humans' first ways to move included walking, running, and swimming. The domestication of animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing the hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding animals for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and the sled (U.K. sledge) helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: The first forms of road transport involved animals, such as horses (domesticated in the 4th or the 3rd millennium BCE), oxen (from about 8000 BCE), or humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Many early civilizations, including those in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, constructed paved roads. In classical antiquity, the Persian and Roman empires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds of crushed stone underneath kept such roads dry. The medieval Caliphate later built tar-paved roads.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile around 1900, road transport became more competitive again, and mechanical private transport originated. The first "modern" highways were constructed during the 19th century with macadam. Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving materials.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: In 1903 the Wright brothers demonstrated the first successful controllable airplane, and after World War I (1914–1918) aircraft became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long distances.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Transport

Context: Early in U.S. history, private joint-stock corporations owned most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels. Most such transport infrastructure came under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the nationalization of inter-city passenger rail-service with the establishment of Amtrak. Recently, however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some ground and adherents.

Question: 세상에서 가장 먼저 시작된 교통수단은 무엇인가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: The Military Demarcation Line (MDL), sometimes referred to as the Armistice Line, is the land border or demarcation line between North Korea and South Korea. On either side of the line is the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The MDL and DMZ were established by the Armistice.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: The DMZ runs near the 38th parallel, covering roughly . American and South Korean soldiers patrol this line along the South Korean side while North Korean soldiers patrol along the North Korean side.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: In Korean, the line is called the "Hyujeonseon" (휴전선), meaning "armistice line." It is also sometimes called the "Gunsa Bungye-seon" (군사분계선), which literally means "military demarcation line." However, in colloquial usage, the dividing line is more often called the "Sampalseon" (삼팔선, "38th parallel"), a name likely coined at the end of World War II, when it would have been an accurate description of the North-South border.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: The line itself is marked off by a series of 1,292 identical signs which are placed at intervals across the peninsula. The north facing side of the signs are written in Korean and Chinese, and in Korean and English on the south facing side. The signs are now aging and rusting.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: There have been frequent skirmishes along the line since the armistice ended the fighting of the Korean War.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: In 1999, North Korea unilaterally asserted its own "North Korean Military Demarcation Line in the West Sea (Yellow Sea)", also called the "Inter-Korean MDL in the Yellow Sea".

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: No-fly zones have also been established along the DMZ to ban the operation of drones, helicopters and other aircraft over an area up to 40 km away from the MDL. For UAVs, the no-fly zone is 15 km from the MDL in the East and 10 km from the MDL in the West. For hot-air balloons, the zone is within 25 km from the MDL. For fixed-wing aircraft, no fly zones are designated within 40 km from the

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: MDL in the East (between MDL Markers No. 0646 and 1292) and within 20 km of the MDL in the West (between MDL Markers No. 0001 and 0646). For rotary-wing aircraft, the no fly zones are designated within 10 km of the MDL.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: Both Koreas also established "peace zones" in the area of the Yellow Sea which borders the MDL as well.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: On November 22, 2018, North and South Korea completed construction to connect a three kilometer road along the DMZ. The road, which travels across the MDL, has 1.7 km in South Korea and 1.3 km in North Korea. The road was reconnected for the first time in 14 years in an effort to assist with a process at the DMZ's Arrowhead Hill involving the removal of landmines and exhumation of Korean War remains.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: On November 30, 2018, following the removal of the "frontline" guard posts and Arrowhead Hill landmines, railroad transportation between North and South Korea which ceased in November 2008 resumed when a South Korean train crossed the MDL into North Korea. On December 8, 2018, a South Korean bus crossed the MDL into North Korea.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


Military Demarcation Line

Context: On December 12, 2018, militaries from both Koreas crossed the MDL into the opposition countries for the first time in history to verify the removal of "frontline" guard posts.

Question: 남북 휴전선은 언제 세워졌는가?


World War II casualties

Context: The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.

Question: 제2차 세계 대전의 전사자는 몇명인가요?


World War II casualties

Context: The source of the figures is . Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates.

Question: 제2차 세계 대전의 전사자는 몇명인가요?


World War II casualties

Context: The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German-occupied Europe were Holocaust victims. Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews.

Question: 제2차 세계 대전의 전사자는 몇명인가요?


World War II casualties

Context: The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from "The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust". The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added.

Question: 제2차 세계 대전의 전사자는 몇명인가요?


World War II casualties

Context: Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis.

Question: 제2차 세계 대전의 전사자는 몇명인가요?