Differential geometry

Context: The field of differential geometry became an area of study considered in its own right, distinct from the more broad idea of analytic geometry, in the 1800s, primarily through the foundational work of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Bernhard Riemann, and also in the important contributions of Nikolai Lobachevsky on hyperbolic geometry and non-Euclidean geometry and throughout the same period the development of projective geometry.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Pseudo-Riemannian geometry generalizes Riemannian geometry to the case in which the metric tensor need not be positive-definite.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: A special case of this is a Lorentzian manifold, which is the mathematical basis of Einstein's general relativity theory of gravity.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Finsler geometry has "Finsler manifolds" as the main object of study. This is a differential manifold with a "Finsler metric", that is, a Banach norm defined on each tangent space. Riemannian manifolds are special cases of the more general Finsler manifolds. A Finsler structure on a manifold is a function such that:

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Symplectic geometry is the study of symplectic manifolds. An almost symplectic manifold is a differentiable manifold equipped with a smoothly varying non-degenerate skew-symmetric bilinear form on each tangent space, i.e., a nondegenerate 2-form "ω", called the "symplectic form". A symplectic manifold is an almost symplectic manifold for which the symplectic form "ω" is closed: .

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: A local 1-form on "M" is a "contact form" if the restriction of its exterior derivative to "H" is a non-degenerate two-form and thus induces a symplectic structure on "H""p" at each point. If the distribution "H" can be defined by a global one-form formula_7 then this form is contact if and only if the top-dimensional form

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: is a volume form on "M", i.e. does not vanish anywhere. A contact analogue of the Darboux theorem holds: all contact structures on an odd-dimensional manifold are locally isomorphic and can be brought to a certain local normal form by a suitable choice of the coordinate system.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: An almost complex manifold is a "real" manifold formula_11, endowed with a tensor of type (1, 1), i.e. a vector bundle endomorphism (called an "almost complex structure")

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: An almost complex manifold is called "complex" if formula_14, where formula_15 is a tensor of type (2, 1) related to formula_16, called the Nijenhuis tensor (or sometimes the "torsion").

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: An "almost Hermitian structure" is given by an almost complex structure "J", along with a Riemannian metric "g", satisfying the compatibility condition

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: where formula_21 is the Levi-Civita connection of formula_5. In this case, formula_23 is called a "Kähler structure", and a "Kähler manifold" is a manifold endowed with a Kähler structure. In particular, a Kähler manifold is both a complex and a symplectic manifold. A large class of Kähler manifolds (the class of Hodge manifolds) is given by all the smooth complex projective varieties.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Conformal geometry is the study of the set of angle-preserving (conformal) transformations on a space.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Differential topology is the study of global geometric invariants without a metric or symplectic form.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Differential topology starts from the natural operations such as Lie derivative of natural vector bundles and de Rham differential of forms. Beside Lie algebroids, also Courant algebroids start playing a more important role.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: A Lie group is a group in the category of smooth manifolds. Beside the algebraic properties this enjoys also differential geometric properties. The most obvious construction is that of a Lie algebra which is the tangent space at the unit endowed with the Lie bracket between left-invariant vector fields. Beside the structure theory there is also the wide field of representation theory.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Geometric analysis is a mathematical discipline where tools from differential equations, especially elliptic partial differential equations are used to establish new results in differential geometry and differential topology.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: The intrinsic point of view is more flexible. For example, it is useful in relativity where space-time cannot naturally be taken as extrinsic. However, there is a price to pay in technical complexity: the intrinsic definitions of curvature and connections become much less visually intuitive.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: These two points of view can be reconciled, i.e. the extrinsic geometry can be considered as a structure additional to the intrinsic one. (See the Nash embedding theorem.) In the formalism of geometric calculus both extrinsic and intrinsic geometry of a manifold can be characterized by a single bivector-valued one-form called the shape operator.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Below are some examples of how differential geometry is applied to other fields of science and mathematics.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Humber Bridge

Context: The bridge spans the Humber (an estuary formed by the rivers Trent and Ouse), between Barton-upon-Humber on the south bank and Hessle on the north bank, connecting the East Riding of Yorkshire with North Lincolnshire. Both sides of the bridge were in the non-metropolitan county of Humberside until its dissolution in 1996. The bridge can be seen for miles around and from as far as Patrington in the East Riding of Yorkshire and out to sea miles off the coast. It is a Grade I listed building.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: By 2006, the bridge carried an average of 120,000 vehicles per week. The toll was £3.00 each way for cars (higher for commercial vehicles), which made it the most expensive toll crossing in the United Kingdom. In April 2012, the toll was halved to £1.50 each way after the UK government deferred £150 million from the bridge's outstanding debt.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: The architect was R. E. Slater ARIBA. The administration building (for the tolls) was designed by Parker & Rosner. The landscaping was designed by Prof Arnold Weddle. Wind tunnel testing took place at the National Maritime Institute (now part of BMT Limited) at Teddington and the road deck was designed for wind speeds up to , but storms featuring considerably lower wind speeds have been cited as grounds for emergency repairs in recent years.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: The bridge opened to traffic on 24 June 1981. It was opened officially by Queen Elizabeth II on 17 July 1981, a ceremony which included a prayer of dedication by the Archbishop of York and a fly-past by the Red Arrows.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: The road-distance between Hull and Grimsby fell by nearly ; the town of Scunthorpe and environs were relieved of the passing traffic between the two.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: The bridge's surface takes the form of a dual carriageway with a lower-level foot and cyclepath on both sides. There is a permanent speed limit on the full length of the bridge.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: Each tower consists of a pair of hollow vertical concrete columns, each tall and tapering from square at the base to at the top. The bridge is designed to tolerate constant motion and bends more than in winds of . The towers, although vertical, are farther apart at the top than the bottom due to the curvature of the earth.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: The north tower is on the bank, and has foundations down to . The south tower is in the water, and descends to as a consequence of the shifting sandbanks that make up the estuary.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: During construction of the bridge, the road deck sections were floated up on barges then hoisted into place by cables. During one of these lifting operations some of the cables on two of the road deck sections failed, leaving the sections hanging at an angle. The sections were subsequently installed.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: On more than 200 occasions, people have jumped or fallen from the bridge since it was opened in 1981; only five people have survived. Between 1990 and February 2001 the Humber Rescue Team launched its boat 64 times to deal with people falling or jumping off the bridge.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: Notable incidents include the cases of a West Yorkshire woman and her two-year-old daughter who fell off the bridge in 2005 and that of a man jumping from the bridge to his death on the A63 road below in September 2006.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: Plans were announced on 26 December 2009 to construct a suicide barrier along the walkways of the bridge; design constraints were cited as the reason for not installing barriers during the construction of the bridge.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: The bridge had a toll charge of £1.50 for cars from 1 April 2012, until for six months it was £3.00 and the only trunk road British toll bridge to charge motorcycles (£1.20). In 2004 many motorcyclists held a slow-pay protest, taking off gloves and helmets and paying the toll in large denomination bank notes. Police reported that the protest caused a queue long.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Humber Bridge

Context: In the 2011 Autumn Statement on 29 November, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, announced that the government had agreed to reduce the debt on the bridge by £150 million, which would allow the toll for cars to be halved to £1.50. Following the government accepting the agreement, between the four local councils, to meet a portion of the debt if revenues proved insufficient, the Transport Secretary, Justine Greening, confirmed the reduction on 29 February 2012, with effect from April.

Question: イギリスで最大の橋は何


Law of the sea

Context: Law of the sea is a body of international law governing the rights and duties of states in maritime environments. It concerns matters such as navigational rights, sea mineral claims, and coastal waters jurisdiction.

Question: 海洋法の第一案骨子が書かれたのは何年ですか？


Law of the sea

Context: While drawn from a number of international customs, treaties, and agreements, modern law of the sea derives largely from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), effective since 1994, which is generally accepted as a codification of customary international law of the sea, and is sometimes regarded as the "constitution of the oceans".

Question: 海洋法の第一案骨子が書かれたのは何年ですか？


Law of the sea

Context: Law of the sea is the public law counterpart to admiralty law (also known as maritime law), which applies to private maritime issues, such as the carriage of goods by sea, rights of salvage, ship collisions, and marine insurance.

Question: 海洋法の第一案骨子が書かれたのは何年ですか？


Law of the sea

Context: Among the earliest examples of legal codes concerning maritime affairs is the Byzantine "Lex Rhodia," promulgated between 600 and 800 C.E. to govern trade and navigation in the Mediterranean. Maritime law codes were also created during the European Middle Ages, such as the Rolls of Oléron, which drew from "Lex Rhodia", and the Laws of Wisby, enacted among the mercantile city-states of the Hanseatic League.

Question: 海洋法の第一案骨子が書かれたのは何年ですか？


Law of the sea

Context: The first attempt to promulgate and codify a comprehensive law of the sea was in the 1950s, shortly after the Truman proclamation on the continental shelf. In 1956, the United Nations held its first Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I) in Geneva, Switzerland, which resulted in four treaties concluded in 1958:

Question: 海洋法の第一案骨子が書かれたのは何年ですか？


Law of the sea

Context: UNCLOS introduced a number of provisions, of which the most significant concerned navigation, archipelagic status and transit regimes, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research, and settlement of disputes. It also set the limit of various areas, measured from a carefully defined sea baseline.

Question: 海洋法の第一案骨子が書かれたのは何年ですか？


Law of the sea

Context: Between 2018 and 2020, there is a conference on a possible change to the law of the sea regarding conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (General Assembly resolution 72/249).

Question: 海洋法の第一案骨子が書かれたのは何年ですか？


Law of the sea

Context: Law of the Sea should be distinguished from maritime law, which concerns maritime issues and disputes among private parties, such as individuals, international organizations, or corporations. However, the International Maritime Organisation, a UN agency that plays a major role in implementing law of the sea, also helps to develop, codify, and regulate certain rules and standards of maritime law.

Question: 海洋法の第一案骨子が書かれたのは何年ですか？


Russian battleship Imperator Aleksandr III (1901)

Context: The ship was powered by a pair of four-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam generated by 20 Belleville boilers. The engines were rated at and designed to reach a top speed of . "Imperator Aleksandr III", however, only reached a top speed of from during her official machinery trials on 23 July 1903. She carried enough coal to give her a range of at a speed of .

Question: 戦艦ヴォーリャの初代船長は誰？


Context: Construction began on "Imperator Aleksandr III", named after Tsar Alexander III, on 5 September 1899 at the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg. The ship was laid down on 23 May 1900 and launched on 3 August 1901. In August 1902 she was in Reval for the visit of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, and took part in combined fleet maneuvers with ships from the German navy. She was completed in November 1903 at the cost of 13,979,000 rubles.

Question: 戦艦ヴォーリャの初代船長は誰？


Context: In 1908, a granite obelisk, designed by Artem Ober and Yakov Filote, was constructed in the surrounding gardens of St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, to remember the men of the "Imperator Aleksandr III".

Question: 戦艦ヴォーリャの初代船長は誰？


Viking ships

Context: Viking ships were marine vessels of unique structure, used in Scandinavia from the Viking Age throughout the Middle Ages.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: One particular advantage of the Viking ship is the comparatively low weight, making land transport and portage routine, as in crossing Jutland instead of rounding Skagen to enter or exit the Baltic Sea, and travel on the river networks of Eastern Europe.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: A faering is an open rowboat with two pairs of oars, commonly found in most boat-building traditions in Western and Northern Scandinavia, dating back to the Viking Age. Forerunners of the færing boat type were found both in the Gokstad and the Tune ship burials. As with the Viking ships, such auxiliary vessels are built so light that the full complement of rowers is sufficient to transport the boat over land.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Longships can be classified into a number of different types, depending on size, construction details, and prestige. The most common way to classify longships is by the number of rowing positions on board. Types ranged from the Karvi, with 13 rowing benches, to the Busse, one of which has been found with an estimated 34 rowing positions.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: The Karve was a small type of Viking longship, with a broad hull somewhat similar to the knarr. They were used for both war and ordinary transport, carrying people, cargo or livestock. Because they were able to navigate in very shallow water, they were also used for coasting. Karves typically had broad beams of approximately .

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Viking ships varied from other contemporary ships, being generally more seaworthy and lighter. This was achieved through use of clinker (lapstrake) construction. The planks on Viking vessels were rived (split) from large, old-growth trees — especially oak. A ship's hull could be as thin as one inch (2.5 cm), as a rived plank is stronger than a sawed plank found in later craft, resulting in a strong yet supple hull.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Working up from a stout oaken keel and ribs, the shipwrights would rivet on the planks using wrought iron rivets and roves, reinforced with added support ribs and thwarts. Each tier of planks overlapped the one below, and a caulking of tarred cow's hair was used between planks to create a waterproof hull.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Remarkably large vessels could be constructed using traditional clinker construction. Dragon-ships carrying 100 warriors were not uncommon.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Furthermore, during the early Viking Age, oar ports replaced rowlocks, allowing oars to be stored while the ship was at sail and to provide better angles for rowing. The largest ships of the era could travel five to six knots using oar power and up to ten knots under sail.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Viking sagas routinely tell of voyages where Vikings suffered from being "hafvilla" (bewildered)—voyages beset by fog or bad weather, where they completely lost their sense of direction. This description suggests they did not use a sunstone when the sun was obscured. Moreover, the fact that this same bewilderment could arise when the winds died suggests that the Vikings relied on prevailing winds to navigate, as expected if their skills depended principally on traditional knowledge.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: There are literary sources such as the Norse "Skjoldunga Saga" and the "Ynglinga Saga" which describe more literal "ship burials" in which the deceased and goods are placed on a boat in the water and the vessel is launched into the sea, sometimes being shot with burning arrows and vanishing into the night, ablaze. Nothcotte Toller, however, states:

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Burial of ships is an ancient tradition in Scandinavia, stretching back to at least the Nordic Iron Age, as evidenced by the Hjortspring boat (400–300 BC) or the Nydam boats (200–450 AD), for example. Ships and bodies of water have held major spiritual importance in the Norse cultures since at least the Nordic Bronze Age.

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Several original Viking ships have been found through the ages, but only a few have been relatively intact. The most notable of these few ships include:

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Viking ships

Context: Examples of other Viking ships, including some that are relatively well-preserved and some where only very small parts remain:

Question: ロングシップの名前の由来は何


Karl Popper

Context: In political discourse, he is known for his vigorous defence of liberal democracy and the principles of social criticism that he believed made a flourishing open society possible. His political philosophy embraced ideas from major democratic political ideologies, including socialism/social democracy, libertarianism/classical liberalism and conservatism, and attempted to reconcile them.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper and his wife had chosen not to have children because of the circumstances of war in the early years of their marriage. Popper commented that this "was perhaps a cowardly but in a way a right decision".

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper also wrote extensively against the famous Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. He strongly disagreed with Niels Bohr's instrumentalism and supported Albert Einstein's realist approach to scientific theories about the universe. Popper's falsifiability resembles Charles Peirce's nineteenth-century fallibilism. In "Of Clocks and Clouds" (1966), Popper remarked that he wished he had known of Peirce's work earlier.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper agreed with David Hume that there is often a psychological belief that the sun will rise tomorrow and that there is no logical justification for the supposition that it will, simply because it always has in the past. Popper writes,

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not the goal to bless theories with claims of certainty or justification, but to eliminate errors in them. He writes,

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper's principle of falsifiability runs into "prima facie" difficulties when the epistemological status of mathematics is considered. It is difficult to conceive how simple statements of arithmetic, such as "2 + 2 = 4", could ever be shown to be false. If they are not open to falsification they can not be scientific. If they are not scientific, it needs to be explained how they can be informative about real world objects and events.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: In 1947, Popper co-founded the Mont Pelerin Society, with Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, Ludwig von Mises and others, although he did not fully agree with the think tank's charter and ideology. Specifically, he unsuccessfully recommended that socialists should be invited to participate, and that emphasis should be put on a hierarchy of humanitarian values rather than advocacy of a free market as envisioned by classical liberalism.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Although Popper was an advocate of toleration, he also warned against unlimited tolerance. In "The Open Society and Its Enemies", he argued:

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: The first case belongs to the metalanguage whereas the second is more likely to belong to the object language. Hence, "it is true that" possesses the logical status of a redundancy. "Is true", on the other hand, is a predicate necessary for making general observations such as "John was telling the truth about Phillip."

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: The simplest mathematical formulation that Popper gives of this concept can be found in the tenth chapter of "Conjectures and Refutations". Here he defines it as:

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: where formula_8 is the verisimilitude of "a", formula_9 is a measure of the content of the truth of "a", and formula_10 is a measure of the content of the falsity of "a".

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper's original attempt to define not just verisimilitude, but an actual measure of it, turned out to be inadequate. However, it inspired a wealth of new attempts.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: He also noted that theism, presented as explaining adaptation, "was worse than an open admission of failure, for it created the impression that an ultimate explanation had been reached".

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: He explained that the difficulty of testing had led some people to describe natural selection as a tautology, and that he too had in the past described the theory as "almost tautological", and had tried to explain how the theory could be untestable (as is a tautology) and yet of great scientific interest:

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper was a key figure encouraging patent lawyer Günter Wächtershäuser to publish his iron–sulfur world hypothesis on abiogenesis and his criticism of "soup" theory.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: In his later work, however, when he had developed his own "spearhead model" and "active Darwinism" theories, Popper revised this view and found some validity in the controversy:

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper and John Eccles speculated on the problem of free will for many years, generally agreeing on an interactionist dualist theory of mind. However, although Popper was a body-mind dualist, he did not think that the mind is a substance separate from the body: he thought that mental or psychological properties or aspects of people are distinct from physical ones.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: When he gave the second Arthur Holly Compton Memorial Lecture in 1965, Popper revisited the idea of quantum indeterminacy as a source of human freedom. Eccles had suggested that "critically poised neurons" might be influenced by the mind to assist in a decision. Popper criticised Compton's idea of amplified quantum events affecting the decision. He wrote:

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper called not for something between chance and necessity but for a combination of randomness and control to explain freedom, though not yet explicitly in two stages with random chance before the controlled decision, saying, "freedom is not just chance but, rather, the result of a subtle interplay between something almost random or haphazard, and something like a restrictive or selective control."

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Then in his 1977 book with John Eccles, "The Self and its Brain", Popper finally formulates the two-stage model in a temporal sequence. And he compares free will to Darwinian evolution and natural selection:

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper also had long and mutually influential friendships with art historian Ernst Gombrich, biologist Peter Medawar, and neuroscientist John Carew Eccles. The German jurist Reinhold Zippelius uses Popper's method of "trial and error" in his legal philosophy. Peter Medawar called him "incomparably the greatest philosopher of science that has ever been".

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Most criticisms of Popper's philosophy are of the falsification, or error elimination, element in his account of problem solving. Popper presents falsifiability as both an ideal and as an important principle in a practical method of effective human problem solving; as such, the current conclusions of science are stronger than pseudo-sciences or non-sciences, insofar as they have survived this particularly vigorous selection method.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his "Logic of Discovery" a fact later stressed by Kuhn, "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about "normal science". However, Popper criticised what he saw as Kuhn's relativism. Also, in his collection "Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge" (Harper & Row, 1963), Popper writes,

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: An early adversary of Popper's critical rationalism, Karl-Otto Apel attempted a comprehensive refutation of Popper's philosophy. In "Transformation der Philosophie" (1973), Apel charged Popper with being guilty of, amongst other things, a pragmatic contradiction.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: The philosopher John Gray argues that Popper's account of scientific method would have prevented the theories of Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein from being accepted.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Karl Popper

Context: The philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark writes in "Popper, Otto Selz and the Rise of Evolutionary Epistemology" (2004) that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly because of the rise of Nazism, which forced him to quit his work in 1933 and prohibited any reference to his ideas. Popper, the historian of ideas and his scholarship, is criticised in some academic quarters for his rejection of Plato and Hegel.

Question: カール・ライムント・ポパーの学部時代の専攻は何


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: "Space Battleship Yamato" is one of the most influential anime series in Japan. Its turn toward serious themes and complex storylines influenced future works in the medium, including "Gundam", "Evangelion", and "Macross," in addition to video games such as "Space Invaders".

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: In 1973, works such as "The Poseidon Adventure" and "Japan Sinks" were enjoying considerable success. Eiichi Yamamoto believed this was because of the way in which they depicted people being able to survive in extreme circumstances, and this influenced the creation of "Yamato". Additionally, he believed that, overall, industrialisation caused people to become more miserable, and "Yamato" was designed to show a triumph of humanity and love.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The first rough draft of "Yamato" came towards the end of summer 1973, where the Yamato (named as such by Nishizaki) was a regular spaceship, that used a large rock as a shell, and the story was notably darker. Heavier emphasis was placed on the character's flaws, who were overall more misanthropic, and only one of them would survive until the end of the series.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: In the earliest stages of production, "Space Battleship Yamato" was planned to be 52 episodes in length, before reducing this to 39, and ultimately, 26. The bulk of the cut content centered around Gamilas, who had more characters, and more complex motivations and goals. Additionally, in this earlier stage, the Yamato's battles were more closely tied to events in World War II – for example, the battle near Neptune in the first episode represented Germany circumventing the Maginot Line.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The inhabitants of Earth secretly build a massive spaceship inside the ruins of the gigantic "Japanese battleship Yamato" which lies exposed at the former bottom of the ocean location where she was sunk in World War II. This becomes the "Space Battleship Yamato" for which the story is titled. In the English "Star Blazers" dub, the ship is noted as being the historical "Yamato", but is then renamed the "Argo" (after the ship of Jason and the Argonauts).

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: A crew of 114 departs for Iscandar in the "Yamato" to retrieve the radiation-removing device and return to Earth within the one-year deadline. Along the way, they discover the motives of their blue-skinned adversaries: the planet Gamilas, sister planet to Iscandar, is dying; and its leader, Lord Dessler (Desslok in the "Star Blazers" dub), is trying to irradiate Earth enough for his people to move there, at the expense of the "barbarians" he considers humanity to be.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Footage from "Arrivederci Yamato" was reused in the second season, particularly in the opening titles. The sequence of the "Yamato" launching from water was also reused in two of the subsequent movies.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The television movie "Yamato: The New Voyage" (aka "Bon Voyage Yamato"), came next, featuring a new enemy, the Black Nebula Empire. The story opens in late 2201. In the film, later modified into a theatrical movie, Dessler sees his homeworld, Gamilas, destroyed by the grey-skinned aliens, and its twin planet Iscandar next in line for invasion. He finds an eventual ally in the "Yamato", then on a training mission under deputy captain Kodai.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The theatrical movie "Be Forever Yamato", set in the year 2202, sees the Black Nebula Empire launch a powerful weapon at Earth, a hyperon bomb which will annihilate humanity if they resist a full-scale invasion. The "Yamato", under new captain, Yamanami, travels to the aliens' home galaxy only to discover what appears to be a future Earth—defeated and ruled by the enemy. Appearing in this film is Sasha, the daughter of Queen Starsha of Iscandar and Mamoru Kodai (Susumu's older brother).

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Premiering in Japanese theaters on March 19, 1983, "Final Yamato" reunites the crew one more time to combat the threat of the Denguilu, a militaristic alien civilization that intends to use the water planet, Aquarius, to flood Earth and resettle there, having lost their home planet to a galactic collision. Captain Okita, who was found to be in cryogenic sleep since the first season, returns to command the "Yamato" and sacrifices himself to stop the Denguili's plan. Kodai and Yuki also get married.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The story is set in the year 2203, contradicting earlier assumptions that its predecessor, "Yamato III", took place in 2205.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Although "New Space Battleship Yamato" was abandoned, Nishizaki promptly began work on a new movie titled , set after the original series, while Matsumoto planned a new "Yamato series". However, additional legal conflicts stalled both projects until August 2008, when Nishizaki announced plans for the release of his film on December 12, 2009.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Set 17 years after the events of "Final Yamato", "Resurrection" brings together some members of the "Yamato" crew, who lead Earth's inhabitants to resettle in a far-flung star system after a black hole which will destroy the solar system in three months is discovered.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: In the mid-1990s, Nishizaki attempted to create a sequel to "Yamato", set hundreds of years after the original. "Yamato 2520" was to chronicle the adventures of the eighteenth starship to bear the name, and its battle against the Seiren Federation. Much of the continuity established in the original series (including the destruction of Earth's moon) is ignored in this sequel.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: In place of Leiji Matsumoto, American artist Syd Mead, known for works such as "∀ Gundam", and "Blade Runner", provided the conceptual art.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Due to the bankruptcy of Nishizaki's company West Cape Corp (former Academy Productions), and legal disputes with Matsumoto over the ownership of the "Yamato" copyrights, the series was never finished and only three episodes were produced, which were only released on home video.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: is a graphic novel comic created by the animator Leiji Matsumoto. It was temporarily available for streaming online.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: is the second original animated video based on "Space Battleship Yamato". It was released in five episodes from 2004 to 2007.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The story begins in 3199, when a mighty enemy attacks the Milky Way from a neighbouring galaxy, and defeats the Milky Way Alliance, reducing them to just six fleets. After the Alliance headquarters is destroyed, and when the collapse of the central Milky Way Alliance is imminent, the "Great Yamato "Zero"" embarks on a mission to assist the Milky Way Alliance in one last great battle.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Debuting in Japanese cinemas on April 7, 2012, "2199" is a remake of the 1974 series. Yutaka Izubuchi serves as supervising director, with character designs by Nobuteru Yuki, and Junichiro Tamamori and Makoto Kobayashi in charge of mecha and conceptual designs. The series is a joint project of Xebec and AIC. Hideaki Anno designed the new series' opening sequence.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The sequel to the first remake heptalogy, and debuting in Japanese cinemas on February 25, 2017, "2202" is a remake of the second series, with Nobuyoshi Habara as director and Harutoshi Fukui as writer. Most of the staff and original cast from the first remake were brought back to the project. It is animated by Xebec.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The sequel to the second remake heptalogy, it debuted in Japanese cinemas on October 8, 2021. "2205" is a remake of the film "". Kenji Yasuda directed the film while Harutoshi Fukui returned as writer. It is the first "Yamato" work animated by Satelight.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: An upcoming sequel in the remake series, "3199" is presumably a remake of "Be Forever Yamato" with which it shares a subtitle. Staff is currently unannounced.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: It is not known if this change was due to the lackluster response to "Yamato III", the production staff's dissatisfaction with the truncated series (additionally, Nishizaki and Matsumoto had limited involvement with it), or a mere oversight.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: In 2220, the ship is rebuilt following the events of "Final Yamato". The new captain of the ship is Susumu Kodai, who was the main character in the previous movies. It is stated in "Space Battleship Yamato: Resurrection" that it is set 17 years after "Final Yamato".

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Released in 1992 for the Game Boy, "Space Battleship Yamato" is a turn-based strategy game, with the player fighting against Dessler. The player can move a few places on the battlefield at a time, and, if they encounter an enemy, it will start a shoot 'em up section that they must complete without losing all their "Cosmo Tigers" in order to advance.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Released in 1999 for the PlayStation, the game's story is based loosely on events from Leiji Matsumoto's manga. The game requires the player to manage the Yamato, and its crew, flying the ship, attacking enemies, and using individual crewmen to invade enemy territory.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Released in 2000 for the PlayStation, this game is based on the events of Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato. It features the same basic gameplay as "The Faraway Planet Iscandar", but allows for a branching story, with events coming from either Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato or Space Battleship Yamato II.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: The first PlayStation 2 "Yamato" game, released in 2004, "The Reminiscences for Planet Iscandar" is more action-oriented than previous titles, focusing more on combat between the Yamato and Gamilas, rather than micromanaging the crew, though it is heavy on dialogue and cutscenes, which make up the majority of the content of the game.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: A 2005 game, and the first "Yamato" game to be a third-person shooter, but still offers a branching story like the other games.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Three pachinko games for Space Battleship Yamato have been created, released in 2007, 2009, and 2013.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Three separate "Yamato" typing games have been released – "Typing Wave-Motion Gun" (2000), "Typing Warp (2001)", and "Typing Dispersion Wave-Motion Gun (2001)".

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Due to its extensive financial success, "Space Battleship Yamato" has since its release seen a long line of merchandise.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Bandai produced an extensive number of models of the "Yamato", in a variety of sizes, the largest, and most elaborate one being a 70 cm (27.5 inch) model released in 2007. The ship comes with a remote control, designed to look like the Wave-Motion Gun's pistol grip, with which the "Yamato's" shutters, main and auxiliary guns, pulse lasers, and Wave-Motion Gun can all be interacted with. The ship was sold for ¥47,250 ($450).

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Prior to the release of "Yamato" in 1974, anime was called "terebi manga" (TV manga). The success of "Yamato", both because of its tone and themes that were ambitious for an anime at that time, and the fact it was an original work, made it influential in the move towards the term anime.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: "Space Battleship Yamato" is one of the most influential anime series in Japan. Its turn toward serious themes and complex storylines influenced future works in the genre, including "Gundam", "Evangelion", and "Macross".

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: "Yamato" would go on to influence many later anime, including "Mobile Suit Gundam" and "Neon Genesis Evangelion". Its popularity subsequently lead to various parodies and references, such as in Sgt. Frog, Haruhi Suzumiya and Space Battleship Tiramisu.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: Hideaki Anno has ranked "Yamato" as his favorite anime and credited it with sparking his interest in anime. "Yamato" was also the first anime series or movie to win the Seiun Award, a feat not repeated until the film "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" (1984).

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: "Yamato" also had an impact on video games. It was cited as an inspiration behind the influential shoot 'em up game "Space Invaders". Game designer Takashi Nishiyama also credits the Wave Motion Gun as the origin of the Hadouken move in the "Street Fighter" series.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


Space Battleship Yamato

Context: "Star Blazers" (1979) is a heavily edited dubbed version for the United States market produced by Westchester Film Corporation. Voyager Entertainment released DVD volumes and comic adaptations of the anime years later.

Question: 「宇宙戦艦ヤマトシリーズ」の考案者は誰？


John Grinder

Context: John Thomas Grinder Jr. ( ; born January 10, 1940) is an American linguist, author, management consultant, trainer and speaker. Grinder is credited with co-creating neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) with Richard Bandler. He is co-director of Quantum Leap Inc., a management consulting firm founded by his partner Carmen Bostic St. Clair in 1987 (Grinder joined in 1989). Grinder and Bostic St. Clair also run workshops and seminars on NLP internationally.

Question: ジョン・グリンダーとリチャード・バンドラーはいつ出会った？


John Grinder

Context: Edward Klima, doctoral adviser to both Postal and Grinder at UCSC, became involved in the early development of generative semantics.

Question: ジョン・グリンダーとリチャード・バンドラーはいつ出会った？


John Grinder

Context: Grinder co-authored, with Suzette Elgin, a linguistics text book titled "A Guide to Transformational Grammar: History, Theory, Practice". In 2005, Grinder published "Steps to an Ecology of Emergence" with Tom Malloy and Carmen Bostic St Clair in the journal "Cybernetics and Human Knowing".

Question: ジョン・グリンダーとリチャード・バンドラーはいつ出会った？


John Grinder

Context: The seminars were transcribed and published in 1987 as "Turtles All the Way Down; Prerequisites to Personal Genius".

Question: ジョン・グリンダーとリチャード・バンドラーはいつ出会った？


List of state and territorial capitols in the United States

Context: In nine states, the state's highest court also routinely meets in the capitol: Indiana, Kentucky, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma (both civil and criminal courts), Pennsylvania (one of three sites), South Dakota, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The other 40 states have separate buildings for their supreme courts, though in Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah the high court also has ceremonial meetings at the capitol.

Question: アメリカの各州には、全て議事堂が建てられていますか？


Context: Eleven of the fifty state capitols do not feature a dome: Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Virginia.

Question: アメリカの各州には、全て議事堂が建てられていますか？


Context: Forty-four capitols are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, marked with "NRHP". Nineteen of those are further designated as National Historic Landmarks, marked with "NHL".

Question: アメリカの各州には、全て議事堂が建てられていますか？


Crimea

Context: The classical name for Crimea, "Tauris" or "Taurica," is from the Greek Ταυρική (Taurikḗ), after the peninsula's Scytho-Cimmerian inhabitants, the Tauri. The Russian name is Крым (Crim), and the Ukrainian name Крим (Crim).

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Strabo ("Geography" vii 4.3, xi. 2.5), Polybius, ("Histories" 4.39.4), and Ptolemy ("Geographia". II, v 9.5) refer variously to the Strait of Kerch as the Κιμμερικὸς Βόσπορος ("Kimmerikos Bosporos", romanized spelling, "Bosporus Cimmerius"), its easternmost part as the Κιμμέριον Ἄκρον ("Kimmerion Akron", Roman name: Promontorium Cimmerium), as well as to the city of Cimmerium and thence the name of the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Κιμμερικοῦ Βοσπόρου).

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Other suggestions either unsupported or contradicted by sources, apparently based on similarity in sound, include:

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The spelling "Crimea" is the Italian form, i.e., "la Crimea", since at least the 17th century and the "Crimean peninsula" becomes current during the 18th century, gradually replacing the classical name of "Tauric Peninsula" in the course of the 19th century. In English usage since the early modern period the Crimean Khanate is referred to as "Crim Tartary".

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The omission of the definite article in English ("Crimea" rather than "the Crimea") became common during the later 20th century.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The classical name was used in 1802 in the name of the Russian Taurida Governorate. While it was replaced with "Krym" (; ) in the Soviet Union and has had no official status since 1921, it is still used by some institutions in Crimea, such as the Taurida National University, the Tavriya Simferopol football club, or the Tavrida federal highway.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The north and centre of Crimea fell to the Mongol Golden Horde, although the south coast was still controlled by the Christian Principality of Theodoro and Genoese colonies. The Genoese–Mongol Wars were fought between the 13th and 15th centuries for control of south Crimea.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In the 1440s the Crimean Khanate formed out of the collapse of the horde but quite rapidly itself became subject to the Ottoman Empire, which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times were frequents raids into Russia for slaves.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was defeated by Catherine the Great with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca making the Tatars of the Crimea politically independent. Catherine the Great's incorporation of the Crimea in 1783 into the Russian Empire increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the Crimean War, where Russia lost to a French led alliance.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: During the Russian Civil War, Crimea changed hands many times and was where Wrangel's anti-Bolshevik White Army made their last stand with many anti-Communist fighters and civilians escaping to Istanbul by with up to 150,000 murdered in Crimea.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In 1921 the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created.<ref name="blacksea-crimea/hist"></ref> Crimea was occupied by Germany during the Second World War and afterwards a number of nationalities, including the Crimean Tartars, were deported to other parts of the USSR. The ASSR was dissolved in 1945, and the Crimea became an oblast which and was then transferred to the Ukrainian SSR on the 300th anniversary of the Treaty of Pereyaslav.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991 most of the peninsula was reorganized as the Republic of Crimea, although in 1995 the Republic was forcibly abolished by Ukraine with the Autonomous Republic of Crimea established firmly under Ukrainian authority. A 1997 treaty partitioned the Soviet Black Sea Fleet allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease extended in 2010.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Crimea's status is disputed. In 2014 Crimea saw intense demonstrations against the removal of the Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych culminating in pro Russian forces occupying strategic points in Crimea and the Republic of Crimea declared independence from Ukraine following a disputed referendum supporting reunification. Russia then formally annexed Crimea although most countries recognise Crimea as part of Ukraine.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea recognizes three official languages: Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar. In practice, Russian is the dominant language.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Covering an area of , Crimea is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and on the western coast of the Sea of Azov; the only land border is shared with Ukraine's Kherson Oblast on the north. Crimea is almost an island and only connected to the continent by the Isthmus of Perekop, a strip of land about wide.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Sea of Azov: There is little on the south shore. The west shore is marked by the Arabat Spit. Behind it is the Syvash or "Putrid Sea", a system of lakes and marshes which in the far north extend west to the Perekop Isthmus. Road- and rail-bridges cross the northern part of Syvash.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Interior: Most of the former capitals of Crimea stood on the north side of the mountains. Mangup/Doros (Gothic, Theodoro). Bakhchisarai (1532–1783).

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Southeast of Bakhchisarai is the cliff-fort of Chufut-Kale/Qirq Or which was used in more warlike times. Simferopol/Ak-Mechet, the modern capital. Karasu-Bazar/Bilohorsk was a commercial center. Solkhat/Staryi Krym was the old Tatar capital. Towns on the northern steppe area are all modern, notably Dzhankoi, a major road- and rail-junction.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Rivers: The longest is the Salhyr, which rises southeast of Simferopol and flows north and northeast to the Sea of Azov. The Alma flows west to reach the Black Sea between Eupatoria and Sevastopol. The shorter Chornaya flows west to Sevastopol Bay.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The southeast coast is flanked at a distance of from the sea by a parallel range of mountains: the Crimean Mountains. These mountains are backed by secondary parallel ranges.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The main range of these mountains rises with extraordinary abruptness from the deep floor of the Black Sea to an altitude of , beginning at the southwest point of the peninsula, called . Some Greek myths state that this cape was supposedly crowned with the temple of Artemis where Iphigeneia officiated as priestess.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Seventy-five percent of the remaining area of Crimea consists of semiarid prairie lands, a southward continuation of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, which slope gently to the northwest from the foothills of the Crimean Mountains.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Numerous kurgans, or burial mounds, of the ancient Scythians are scattered across the Crimean steppes.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The Crimean Mountains and the southern coast are part of the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex ecoregion. The natural vegetation consists of scrublands, woodlands, and forests, with a climate and vegetation similar to the Mediterranean Basin.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Most of the peninsula receives more than 2,000 sunshine hours per year; it reaches up to 2,505 sunshine hours in Karabi–Yayla in the Crimean mountains. As a result, the climate favors recreation and tourism. Because of its climate and subsidized travel-packages from Russian state-run companies, the southern Crimean coast has remained a popular resort for Russian tourists.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The Black Sea ports of Crimea provide quick access to the Eastern Mediterranean, Balkans and Middle East. Historically, possession of the southern coast of Crimea was sought after by most empires of the greater region since antiquity (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Russian, British and French, Nazi German, Soviet).

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The nearby Dnieper River is a major waterway and transportation route that crosses the European continent from north to south and ultimately links the Black Sea with the Baltic Sea, of strategic importance since the historical trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Black Sea serves as an economic thoroughfare connecting the Caucasus region and the Caspian Sea to central and Eastern Europe.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: According to the International Transport Workers' Federation, there were at least 12 operating merchant seaports in Crimea.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: After the Russian annexation of Crimea in early 2014 and subsequent sanctions targeting Crimea, the tourist industry suffered major losses for two years. The flow of holidaymakers dropped 35 percent in the first half of 2014 over the same period of 2013. The number of tourist arrivals reached a record in 2012 at 6.1 million. According to the Russian administration of Crimea, they dropped to 3.8 million in 2014, and rebounded to 5.6 million by 2016.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In 2014, the republic's annual GDP was $4.3 billion (500 times smaller than the size of Russia's economy). The average salary was $290 per month. The budget deficit was $1.5 billion.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Agriculture in the region includes cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and wine-making, particularly in the Yalta and Massandra regions. Livestock production includes cattle breeding, poultry keeping, and sheep breeding. Other products produced on the Crimean Peninsula include salt, porphyry, limestone, and ironstone (found around Kerch) since ancient times.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The vine mealybug ("Planococcus ficus") was first discovered here in 1868. First discovered on grape, it has also been found as a pest of some other crops and has since spread worldwide. Sunn pests—especially "Eurygaster integriceps" and "E. maura"—are significant grain pests. Scelioninae and Tachinidae are important parasitoids of sunnpest. Bark beetles are pests of tree crops, and are themselves hosts for "Elattoma" mites and various entomopathogenic fungi transmitted by those "Elattomae".

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Crimea also possesses several natural gas fields both onshore and offshore, which were starting to be drilled by western oil and gas companies before annexation. The inland fields are located in Chornomorske and Dzhankoi, while offshore fields are located in the western coast in the Black Sea and in the northeastern coast in the Azov Sea:

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The republic also possesses two oil fields: one onshore, the Serebryankse oil field in Rozdolne, and one offshore, the Subbotina oil field in the Black Sea.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Crimea has 540 MW of its own electricity generation capacity, including the 100 MW Simferopol Thermal Power Plant, the 22 MW Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant and the 19 MW Kamish-Burunskaya Thermal Power Plant. This local electricity generation has proven insufficient for local consumption and since annexation by Russia, Crimea has been reliant on an underwater power cable to mainland Russia.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: This power production is set to be bolstered by the building of and near start up of two combined cycle gas steam turbo thermal plants PGU, both providing 470 MW (116 167 MW GT, 235 MW block), a build (plant) by TPE along others with turbines provided by Power Machines (UTZ KalugaTZ ?), NPO Saturn with Perm PMZ; either GTD-110M modified or GTE-160 or 180 units or UTZ KTZ or a V94.2 bought by MAPNA, modified in Russian plants for PGU Thermal plants specifics.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In May 2015, work began on a multibillion-dollar road-rail link (a pair of parallel bridges) across the Kerch Strait. The road bridge opened in May 2018, and the rail bridge opened in December 2019. With a length of 19 km, it is the longest bridge in Europe, as it overcame Vasco da Gama Bridge in Lisbon.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In the city of Yevpatoria a tram system is also operated. In the nearby townlet village of Molochnoye, a 1.6 km-long tram line provides the only connection between the sea shore and a holiday resort, but its operation is halted since 2015.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: There are two railroad lines running through Crimea: the non-electrified Armiansk—Kerch (with a link to Feodosia), and the electrified Melitopol—Simferopol-Sevastopol (with a link to Yevpatoria), connecting Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Until 2014 the network was part of the Cisdneper Directorate of the Ukrainian Railways. Long-distance trains provided connection to every major Ukrainian cities, but also to many towns of Russia, Belarus and until the end of the 2000es even to Vilnius, Riga, Warsaw and Berlin.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Further development plans consist a bypass line between Simferopol and Kerch, and a complete electrification of the network with changing the voltage of the already electrified lines from 3 kV DC to 25 kV 50 Hz AC.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The cities of Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch, Sevastopol, Chornomorske and Yevpatoria are connected to one another by sea routes.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The development of Crimea as a holiday destination began in the second half of the 19th century. The development of the transport networks brought masses of tourists from central parts of the Russian Empire.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: At the beginning of the 20th century, a major development of palaces, villas, and dachas began—most of which remain. These are some of the main attractions of Crimea as a tourist destination. There are many Crimean legends about famous touristic places, which attract the attention of tourists.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: A new phase of tourist development began when the Soviet government realised the potential of the healing quality of the local air, lakes and therapeutic muds. It became a "health" destination for Soviet workers, and hundreds of thousands of Soviet tourists visited Crimea.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In the 1990s, Crimea became more of a get-away destination than a "health-improvement" destination. The most visited areas are the south shore of Crimea with cities of Yalta and Alushta, the western shore – Eupatoria and Saki, and the south-eastern shore – Feodosia and Sudak.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The politics of Crimea is that of the Republic of Crimea on one hand, and that of the federal city of Sevastopol on the other.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: United Russia maintained its position as the most supported political party across Crimea at the Russian legislative election on 18 September 2016, achieving 72.8% of the vote. At 49.1%, turnout was slightly ahead of that for Russia as a whole which was only 47.8%.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In the 2018 Russian presidential election, Vladimir Putin secured 92% of the vote in Crimea compared to 77% across Russia as a whole.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: A 2019 survey with a response rate of 54% indicated a majority of Crimean residents support Russian governance, with approval for the 2014 referendum outcome at 84% among Russians, 77% among Ukrainians, and 52% among Tatars.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: , the total population of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol was 2,248,400 people (Republic of Crimea: 1,889,485, Sevastopol: 395,000). This is down from the 2001 Ukrainian Census figure, which was 2,376,000 (Autonomous Republic of Crimea: 2,033,700, Sevastopol: 342,451).

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: According to the 2014 Russian census, 84% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 7.9% – Crimean Tatar; 3.7% – Tatar; and 3.3% – Ukrainian. It was the first official census in Crimea since a Ukrainian-held census in 2001.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: According to the 2001 census, 77% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 11.4% – Crimean Tatar; and 10.1% – Ukrainian. In 2013, however, the Crimean Tatar language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in Crimea only in around 15 schools at that point. Turkey provided the greatest support to Tatars in Ukraine, which had been unable to resolve the problem of education in their mother tongue in Crimea, by bringing the schools to a modern state.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Ethnic composition of Crimea's population has changed dramatically since the early 20th century. The 1897 Russian Empire Census for the Taurida Governorate reported: 196,854 (13.06%) Crimean Tatars, 404,463 (27.94%) Russians and 611,121 (42.21%) Ukrainians. But these numbers included Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky uyezds which were on mainland, not in Crimea. The population number excluding these uyezds is given in the table below.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Jews in Crimea were historically Krymchaks and Karaites (the latter a small group centered at Yevpatoria). The 1879 census for the Taurida Governorate reported a Jewish population of 4.20%, not including a Karaite population of 0.43%.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: The number of Crimea Germans was 60,000 in 1939. During WWII, they were forcibly deported on the orders of Stalin, as they were regarded as a potential "fifth column". This was part of the 800,000 Germans in Russia who were relocated within the Soviet Union during Stalinist times. The 2001 Ukrainian census reports just 2,500 ethnic Germans (0.1% of population) in Crimea.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Besides the Crimean Germans, Stalin in 1944 also deported 70,000 Greeks, 14,000 Bulgarians and 3,000 Italians.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: In 2013, Orthodox Christians made up 58% of the Crimean population, followed by Muslims (15%) and believers in God without religion (10%).

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Following the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, 38 out of the 46 Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate parishes in Crimea ceased to exist; in three cases, churches were seized by the Russian authorities. Notwithstanding the annexation, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) kept control of its eparchies in Crimea.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Alexander Pushkin visited Bakhchysarai in 1820 and later wrote the poem The Fountain of Bakhchisaray. Crimea was the background for Adam Mickiewicz's seminal work, The Crimean Sonnets inspired by his 1825 travel. A series of 18 sonnets constitute an artistic telling of a journey to and through the Crimea, they feature romantic descriptions of the oriental nature and culture of the East which show the despair of an exile longing for the homeland, driven from his home by a violent enemy.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Ivan Aivazovsky, the 19th-century marine painter of Armenian origin, who is considered one of the major artists of his era was born in Feodosia and lived there for the most part of his life. Many of his paintings depict the Black Sea. He also created battle paintings during the Crimean War.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Crimean Tatar singer Jamala won the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 representing Ukraine with her song "1944", about the historic deportation of Crimean Tatars in that year by Soviet authorities.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: Following Crimea's vote to join Russia and subsequent annexation in March 2014, the top football clubs withdrew from the Ukrainian leagues. Some clubs registered to join the Russian leagues but the Football Federation of Ukraine objected. UEFA ruled that Crimean clubs could not join the Russian leagues but should instead be part of a Crimean league system. The Crimean Premier League is now the top professional football league in Crimea.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


Crimea

Context: A number of Crimean-born athletes have been given permission to compete for Russia instead of Ukraine at future competitions, including Vera Rebrik, the European javelin champion. Due to Russia currently being suspended from all international athletic competitions Rebrik participates in tournaments as a "neutral" athlete.

Question: クリミア半島の主要産業は何？


New Age

Context: The New Age phenomenon has proved difficult to define, with much scholarly disagreement as to its scope. The scholars Steven J. Sutcliffe and Ingvild Sælid Gilhus have even suggested that it remains "among the most disputed of categories in the study of religion".

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: The New Age is also a form of Western esotericism. Hanegraaff regarded the New Age as a form of "popular culture criticism", in that it represented a reaction against the dominant Western values of Judeo-Christian religion and rationalism, adding that "New Age religion formulates such criticism not at random, but falls back on" the ideas of earlier Western esoteric groups.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: The New Age has also been identified by various scholars of religion as part of the cultic milieu. This concept, developed by the sociologist Colin Campbell, refers to a social network of marginalised ideas. Through their shared marginalisation within a given society, these disparate ideas interact and create new syntheses.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Between the 1930s and 1960s a small number of groups and individuals became preoccupied with the concept of a coming "New Age" and prominently used the term accordingly. The term had thus become a recurring motif in the esoteric spirituality milieu.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Sutcliffe, therefore, expressed the view that while the term "New Age" had originally been an "apocalyptic emblem", it would only be later that it became "a tag or codeword for a 'spiritual' idiom".

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: According to scholar Nevill Drury, the New Age has a "tangible history", although Hanegraaff expressed the view that most New Agers were "surprisingly ignorant about the actual historical roots of their beliefs". Similarly, Hammer thought that "source amnesia" was a "building block of a New Age worldview", with New Agers typically adopting ideas with no awareness of where those ideas originated.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: As a form of Western esotericism, the New Age has antecedents that stretch back to southern Europe in Late Antiquity. Following the Age of Enlightenment in 18th century Europe, new esoteric ideas developed in response to the development of scientific rationality. Scholars call this new esoteric trend "occultism", and this occultism was a key factor in the development of the worldview from which the New Age emerged.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Another influence was New Thought, which developed in late nineteenth century New England as a Christian-oriented healing movement before spreading throughout the United States. Another prominent influence was the psychologist Carl Jung.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Drury also identified as an important influence upon the New Age the Indian Swami Vivekananda, an adherent of the philosophy of Vedanta who first brought Hinduism to the West in the late 19th century.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Hanegraaff believed that the New Age's direct antecedents could be found in the UFO religions of the 1950s, which he termed a "proto-New Age movement". Many of these new religious movements had strong apocalyptic beliefs regarding a coming new age, which they typically asserted would be brought about by contact with extraterrestrials. Examples of such groups included the Aetherius Society, founded in the UK in 1955, and the Heralds of the New Age, established in New Zealand in 1956.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: All of these groups created the backdrop from which the New Age movement emerged. As James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton point out, the New Age phenomenon represents "a synthesis of many different preexisting movements and strands of thought". Nevertheless, York asserted that while the New Age bore many similarities with both earlier forms of Western esotericism and Asian religion, it remained "distinct from its predecessors in its own self-consciousness as a new way of thinking".

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: The counterculture of the 1960s had rapidly declined by the start of the 1970s, in large part due to the collapse of the commune movement, but it would be many former members of the counter-culture and hippie subculture who subsequently became early adherents of the New Age movement.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: The exact origins of the New Age movement remain an issue of debate; Melton asserted that it emerged in the early 1970s, whereas Hanegraaff instead traced its emergence to the latter 1970s, adding that it then entered its full development in the 1980s. This early form of the movement was based largely in Britain and exhibited a strong influence from Theosophy and Anthroposophy. Hanegraaff termed this early core of the movement the "New Age sensu stricto", or "New Age in the strict sense".

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: In 2015, the scholar of religion Hugh Urban argued that New Age spirituality is growing in the United States and can be expected to become more visible: "According to many recent surveys of religious affiliation, the 'spiritual but not religious' category is one of the fastest-growing trends in American culture, so the New Age attitude of spiritual individualism and eclecticism may well be an increasingly visible one in the decades to come".

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Australian scholar Paul J. Farrelly, in his 2017 doctoral dissertation at Australian National University, argued that, while the term New Age may become less popular in the West, it is actually booming in Taiwan, where it is regarded as something comparatively new and is being exported from Taiwan to the Mainland China, where it is more or less tolerated by the authorities.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Cosmogonical creation stories are common in New Age sources, with these accounts reflecting the movement's holistic framework by describing an original, primal oneness from which all things in the universe emanated. An additional common theme is that human souls—once living in a spiritual world—then descended into a world of matter.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Prominent examples of New Age channeling include Jane Roberts' claims that she was contacted by an entity called Seth, and Helen Schucman's claims to have channeled Jesus Christ. The academic Suzanne Riordan examined a variety of these New Age channeled messages, noting that they typically "echoed each other in tone and content", offering an analysis of the human condition and giving instructions or advice for how humanity can discover its true destiny.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: The mainstreaming of the Holistic Health movement in the UK is discussed by Maria Tighe. The inter-relation of holistic health with the New Age movement is illustrated in Jenny Butler's ethnographic description of "Angel therapy" in Ireland.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: According to Drury, the New Age attempts to create "a worldview that includes both science and spirituality", while Hess noted how New Agers have "a penchant for bringing together the technical and the spiritual, the scientific and the religious".

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Although New Agers typically reject rationalism, the scientific method, and the academic establishment, they employ terminology and concepts borrowed from science and particularly from the New Physics. Moreover, a number of prominent influences on New Age, such as David Bohm and Ilya Prigogine, had backgrounds as professional scientists. Hanegraaff identified "New Age science" as a form of "Naturphilosophie".

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: There is no ethical cohesion within the New Age phenomenon, although Hanegraaff argued that the central ethical tenet of the New Age is to cultivate one's own divine potential. Given that the movement's holistic interpretation of the universe prohibits a belief in a dualistic good and evil, negative events that happen are interpreted not as the result of evil but as lessons designed to teach an individual and enable them to advance spiritually.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Sociological investigation indicates that certain sectors of society are more likely to engage in New Age practices than others. In the United States, the first people to embrace the New Age belonged to the baby boomer generation, those born between 1946 and 1964.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: In 1995, Kyle stated that on the whole, New Agers in the United States preferred the values of the Democratic Party over those of the Republican Party. He added that most New Agers "soundly rejected" the agenda of former Republican President Ronald Reagan.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: MacKian suggested that this phenomenon was "an inherently "social" mode of spirituality", one which cultivated a sense of belonging among its participants and encouraged relations both with other humans and with non-human, otherworldly spirit entities.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: MacKian suggested that these communities "may look very different" from those of traditional religious groups.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Online connections were one of the ways that interested individuals met new contacts and established networks.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: New Age spirituality has led to a wide array of literature on the subject and an active niche market, with books, music, crafts, and services in alternative medicine available at New Age stores, fairs, and festivals.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Given that it encourages individuals to choose spiritual practices on the grounds of personal preference and thus encourages them to behave as a consumer, the New Age has been considered to be well suited to modern society.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: The term "new-age music" is applied, sometimes in a derogative manner, to forms of ambient music, a genre that developed in the 1960s and was popularised in the 1970s, particularly with the work of Brian Eno. The genre's relaxing nature resulted in it becoming popular within New Age circles, with some forms of the genre having a specifically New Age orientation. Studies have determined that new-age music can be an effective component of stress management.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Sutcliffe and Gilhus argued that 'New Age studies' could be seen as having experienced two waves; in the first, scholars focused on "macro-level analyses of the content and boundaries" of the "movement", while the second wave featured "more variegated and contextualized studies of particular beliefs and practices". Sutcliffe and Gilhus have also expressed concern that, as of 2013, 'New Age studies' has yet to formulate a set of research questions scholars can pursue.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: The New Age has proved a challenge for scholars of religion operating under more formative models of what "religion" is. By 2006, Heelas noted that the New Age was so vast and diverse that no scholar of the subject could hope to keep up with all of it.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: Official responses to the New Age have been produced by major Christian organisations like the Roman Catholic Church, Church of England, and Methodist Church.

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


New Age

Context: New Age often adopts spiritual ideas and practices from other, particularly non-Western cultures. These may include "Hawaiian Kahuna magic, Australian Aboriginal dream-working, South American Amerindian "ayahuasca" and "San Pedro" ceremony, Hindu Ayurveda and yoga, Chinese Feng Shui, Qi Gong, and Tai Chi"

Question: ニューエイジ運動を主導したのは誰？


Kii Province

Context: During the Edo period, the Kii branch of the Tokugawa clan had its castle at Wakayama. Its former ichinomiya shrine was Hinokuma Shrine.

Question: 紀伊国は現在のどこ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: There is evidence that cyanobacteria and multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes lived in freshwater communities on land as early as 1 billion years ago, and that communities of complex, multicellular photosynthesizing organisms existed on land in the late Precambrian, around .

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Evidence of the emergence of embryophyte land plants first occurs in the mid-Ordovician (~), and by the middle of the Devonian (~), many of the features recognised in land plants today were present, including roots and leaves. By Late Devonian (~) some free-sporing plants such as "Archaeopteris" had secondary vascular tissue that produced wood and had formed forests of tall trees. Also by late Devonian, "Elkinsia", an early seed fern, had evolved seeds.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Plants were not the first photosynthesisers on land. Weathering rates suggest that organisms capable of photosynthesis were already living on the land , and microbial fossils have been found in freshwater lake deposits from , but the carbon isotope record suggests that they were too scarce to impact the atmospheric composition until around . These organisms, although phylogenetically diverse, were probably small and simple, forming little more than an algal scum.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Evidence of the earliest land plants occurs much later at about 470Ma, in lower middle Ordovician rocks from Saudi Arabia and Gondwana in the form of spores with decay-resistant walls.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The earliest megafossils of land plants were thalloid organisms, which dwelt in fluvial wetlands and are found to have covered most of an early Silurian flood plain. They could only survive when the land was waterlogged. There were also microbial mats.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Charcoalification is an important taphonomic mode. Wildfire or burial in hot volcanic ash drives off the volatile compounds, leaving only a residue of pure carbon. This is not a viable food source for fungi, herbivores or detritovores, so it is prone to preservation. It is also robust and can withstand pressure, displaying exquisite, sometimes sub-cellular, detail in remains.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: All multicellular plants have a life cycle comprising two generations or phases. The gametophyte phase has a single set of chromosomes (denoted 1"n) and produces gametes (sperm and eggs). The sporophyte phase has paired chromosomes (denoted 2"n) and produces spores. The gametophyte and sporophyte phases may be homomorphic, appearing identical in some algae, such as "Ulva lactuca", but are very different in all modern land plants, a condition known as heteromorphy.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The fungi were of the phylum Glomeromycota, a group that probably first appeared 1 billion years ago and still forms arbuscular mycorrhizal associations today with all major land plant groups from bryophytes to pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms and with more than 80% of vascular plants.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: An endodermis may have evolved in the earliest plant roots during the Devonian, but the first fossil evidence for such a structure is Carboniferous. The endodermis in the roots surrounds the water transport tissue and regulates ion exchange between the groundwater and the tissues and prevents unwanted pathogens etc. from entering the water transport system. The endodermis can also provide an upwards pressure, forcing water out of the roots when transpiration is not enough of a driver.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs of a modern plant. The origin of leaves was almost certainly triggered by falling concentrations of atmospheric during the Devonian period, increasing the efficiency with which carbon dioxide could be captured for photosynthesis.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The rhyniophytes of the Rhynie chert consisted of nothing more than slender, unornamented axes. The early to middle Devonian trimerophytes may be considered leafy. This group of vascular plants are recognisable by their masses of terminal sporangia, which adorn the ends of axes which may bifurcate or trifurcate. Some organisms, such as "Psilophyton", bore enations. These are small, spiny outgrowths of the stem, lacking their own vascular supply.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Secondary evolution can also disguise the true evolutionary origin of some leaves. Some genera of ferns display complex leaves which are attached to the pseudostele by an outgrowth of the vascular bundle, leaving no leaf gap. Further, horsetail ("Equisetum") leaves bear only a single vein, and appear to be microphyllous; however, both the fossil record and molecular evidence indicate that their forebears bore leaves with complex venation, and the current state is a result of secondary simplification.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The arrangement of leaves or phyllotaxy on the plant body can maximally harvest light and might be expected to be genetically robust. However, in maize, a mutation in only one gene called "ABPHYL" "(ABnormal PHYLlotaxy)" is enough to change the phyllotaxy of the leaves, implying that mutational adjustment of a single locus on the genome is enough to generate diversity.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Roots are important to plants for two main reasons: Firstly, they provide anchorage to the substrate; more importantly, they provide a source of water and nutrients from the soil. Roots allowed plants to grow taller and faster.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The evolution of roots had consequences on a global scale. By disturbing the soil and promoting its acidification (by taking up nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate), they enabled it to weather more deeply, injecting carbon compounds deeper into soils with huge implications for climate. These effects may have been so profound they led to a mass extinction.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: A vascular system is indispensable to rooted plants, as non-photosynthesising roots need a supply of sugars, and a vascular system is required to transport water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. Rooted plants are little more advanced than their Silurian forebears, without a dedicated root system; however, the flat-lying axes can be clearly seen to have growths similar to the rhizoids of bryophytes today.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: By the Middle to Late Devonian, most groups of plants had independently developed a rooting system of some nature. As roots became larger, they could support larger trees, and the soil was weathered to a greater depth. This deeper weathering had effects not only on the aforementioned drawdown of , but also opened up new habitats for colonisation by fungi and animals.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Roots today have developed to the physical limits. They penetrate as much as 60 metres of soil to tap the water table. The narrowest roots are a mere 40 μm in diameter, and could not physically transport water if they were any narrower.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The earliest fossil roots recovered, by contrast, narrowed from 3 mm to under 700 μm in diameter; of course, taphonomy is the ultimate control of what thickness can be seen.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The first plants to develop secondary growth and a woody habit, were apparently the ferns, and as early as the Middle Devonian one species, "Wattieza", had already reached heights of 8 m and a tree-like habit.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Other clades did not take long to develop a tree-like stature. The Late Devonian "Archaeopteris", a precursor to gymnosperms which evolved from the trimerophytes, reached 30 m in height. The progymnosperms were the first plants to develop true wood, grown from a bifacial cambium. The first appearance of one of them, "Rellimia", was in the Middle Devonian. True wood is only thought to have evolved once, giving rise to the concept of a "lignophyte" clade.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The horsetail "Calamites" appeared in the Carboniferous. Unlike the modern horsetail "Equisetum", "Calamites" had a unifacial vascular cambium, allowing them to develop wood and grow to heights in excess of 10 m and to branch repeatedly.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: This would lead to the conclusion that both groups arose from within the pteridosperms, probably as early as the Permian.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The angiosperms and their ancestors played a very small role until they diversified during the Cretaceous. They started out as small, damp-loving organisms in the understorey, and have been diversifying ever since the Cretaceous, to become the dominant member of non-boreal forests today.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Early land plants reproduced in the fashion of ferns: spores germinated into small gametophytes, which produced eggs and/or sperm. These sperm would swim across moist soils to find the female organs (archegonia) on the same or another gametophyte, where they would fuse with an egg to produce an embryo, which would germinate into a sporophyte.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Heterosporic plants, as their name suggests, bear spores of two sizes – microspores and megaspores. These would germinate to form microgametophytes and megagametophytes, respectively. This system paved the way for ovules and seeds: taken to the extreme, the megasporangia could bear only a single megaspore tetrad, and to complete the transition to true ovules, three of the megaspores in the original tetrad could be aborted, leaving one megaspore per megasporangium.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The transition to ovules continued with this megaspore being "boxed in" to its sporangium while it germinated. Then, the megagametophyte was contained within a waterproof integument, which enclosed the seed. The pollen grain, which contained a microgametophyte germinated from a microspore , was employed for dispersal of the male gamete, only releasing its desiccation-prone flagellate sperm when it reached a receptive megagametophyte.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: This seed model is shared by basically all gymnosperms (literally: "naked seeds"), most of which encase their seeds in a woody cone or fleshy aril (the yew, for example), but none of which fully enclose their seeds. The angiosperms ("vessel seeds") are the only group to fully enclose the seed, in a carpel.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Fully enclosed seeds opened up a new pathway for plants to follow: that of seed dormancy. The embryo, completely isolated from the external atmosphere and hence protected from desiccation, could survive some years of drought before germinating.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: A combination of these advantages gave seed plants the ecological edge over the previously dominant genus "Archaeopteris", thus increasing the biodiversity of early forests.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Despite these advantages, it is common for fertilized ovules to fail to mature as seeds. Also during seed dormancy (often associated with unpredictable and stressful conditions) DNA damage accumulates. Thus DNA damage appears to be a basic problem for survival of seed plants, just as DNA damage is a A major problem for life in general.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Colorful and/or pungent structures surround the cones of plants such as cycads and Gnetales, making a strict definition of the term "flower" elusive.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The main function of a flower is reproduction, which, before the evolution of the flower and angiosperms, was the job of microsporophylls and megasporophylls. A flower can be considered a powerful evolutionary innovation, because its presence allowed the plant world to access new means and mechanisms for reproduction.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The flowering plants have long been assumed to have evolved from within the gymnosperms; according to the traditional morphological view, they are closely allied to the Gnetales. However, as noted above, recent molecular evidence is at odds with this hypothesis, and further suggests that Gnetales are more closely related to some gymnosperm groups than angiosperms, and that extant gymnosperms form a distinct clade to the angiosperms, the two clades diverging some .

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: In the fossil record, there are three intriguing groups which bore flower-like structures. The first is the Permian pteridosperm "Glossopteris", which already bore recurved leaves resembling carpels. The Mesozoic "Caytonia" is more flower-like still, with enclosed ovules – but only a single integument. Further, details of their pollen and stamens set them apart from true flowering plants.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The Bennettitales bore remarkably flower-like organs, protected by whorls of bracts which may have played a similar role to the petals and sepals of true flowers; however, these flower-like structures evolved independently, as the Bennettitales are more closely related to cycads and ginkgos than to the angiosperms.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: However, no true flowers are found in any groups save those extant today. Most morphological and molecular analyses place "Amborella", the nymphaeales and Austrobaileyaceae in a basal clade called "ANA". This clade appear to have diverged in the early Cretaceous, around  – around the same time as the earliest fossil angiosperm, and just after the first angiosperm-like pollen, 136 million years ago.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The magnoliids diverged soon after, and a rapid radiation had produced eudicots and monocots by . By the end of the Cretaceous , over 50% of today's angiosperm orders had evolved, and the clade accounted for 70% of global species.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The features of the basal "ANA" groups suggest that angiosperms originated in dark, damp, frequently disturbed areas. It appears that the angiosperms remained constrained to such habitats throughout the Cretaceous – occupying the niche of small herbs early in the successional series. This may have restricted their initial significance, but given them the flexibility that accounted for the rapidity of their later diversifications in other habitats.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Some propose that the Angiosperms arose from an unknown Seed Fern, Pteridophyte, and view Cycads as living Seed Ferns with both Seed-Bearing and sterile leaves (Cycas revoluta)

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: In August 2017, scientists presented a detailed description and 3D image of a reconstruction of possibly the first flower that lived about 140 million years ago.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The family Amborellaceae is regarded as being the sister clade to all other living flowering plants. A draft genome of "Amborella trichopoda" was published in December, 2013. By comparing its genome with those of all other living flowering plants, it will be possible to work out the most likely characteristics of the ancestor of "A. trichopoda" and all other flowering plants, i.e. the ancestral flowering plant.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: There is enormous variation in floral structure in plants, typically due to changes in the MADS-box genes and their expression pattern. For example, grasses possess unique floral structures. The carpels and stamens are surrounded by scale-like lodicules and two bracts, the lemma and the palea, but genetic evidence and morphology suggest that lodicules are homologous to eudicot petals. The palea and lemma may be homologous to sepals in other groups, or may be unique grass structures.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Another example is that of "Linaria vulgaris", which has two kinds of flower symmetries-radial and bilateral. These symmetries are due to epigenetic changes in just one gene called "CYCLOIDEA".

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The Anthophyte theory was based on the observation that a gymnospermic group Gnetales has a flower-like ovule. It has partially developed vessels as found in the angiosperms, and the megasporangium is covered by three envelopes, like the ovary structure of angiosperm flowers. However, many other lines of evidence show that Gnetales is not related to angiosperms.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: While environmental factors are significantly responsible for evolutionary change, they act merely as agents for natural selection. Change is inherently brought about via phenomena at the genetic level: mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and epigenetic changes. While the general types of mutations hold true across the living world, in plants, some other mechanisms have been implicated as highly significant.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Domestication of plants like maize, rice, barley, wheat etc. has also been a significant driving force in their evolution. Research concerning the origin of maize has found that it is a domesticated derivative of a wild plant from Mexico called teosinte. Teosinte belongs to the genus "Zea", just as maize, but bears very small inflorescence, 5–10 hard cobs and a highly branched and spread out stem.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ