Pharaoh

Context: The Golden Horus or Golden Falcon name was preceded by a falcon on a gold or "nbw" sign. The title may have represented the divine status of the king. The Horus associated with gold may be referring to the idea that the bodies of the deities were made of gold and the pyramids and obelisks are representations of (golden) sun-rays. The gold sign may also be a reference to Nubt, the city of Set. This would suggest that the iconography represents Horus conquering Set.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The prenomen and nomen were contained in a cartouche. The prenomen often followed the King of Upper and Lower Egypt ("nsw bity") or Lord of the Two Lands ("nebtawy") title. The prenomen often incorporated the name of Re. The nomen often followed the title Son of Re ("sa-ra") or the title Lord of Appearances ("neb-kha").

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Reich

Context: Reich (; , English: "Riche") is a German word whose meaning is analogous to the meaning of the English word "realm". The terms ' (literally the "realm of an emperor") and ' (literally the "realm of a king") are respectively used in German in reference to empires and kingdoms. The "Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary" indicates that in English usage, the term "the Reich" refers to "Germany during the period of Nazi control from 1933 to 1945".

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The term "Deutsches Reich" (sometimes translated to "German Empire") continued to be used even after the collapse of the German Empire and the abolition of the monarchy in 1918. There was no emperor, but many Germans had imperialistic ambitions. According to Richard J. Evans:

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The term is derived from the Germanic word which generally means "realm," but in German, it is typically used to designate a kingdom or an empire, especially the Roman Empire. The terms ' ("Imperium") and ' ("Imperial realm”) are used in German to more specifically define an empire ruled by an emperor.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The Nazis adopted the term "Third Reich" as a propaganda tool because they wanted to legitimize their government as a successor to the retroactively renamed "First" and "Second" Reichs. The terms "First Reich" and "Second Reich" are not used by historians, and the term "Fourth Reich" is mainly used in fiction and political humor although it is also used by those who subscribe to the belief in Neo-Nazism.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The German noun "Reich" is derived from , which together with its cognates in , , and is derived from a Common Germanic .

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The English noun is obsolete, but usage of it persists in composition, the only surviving examples in modern English being the words "bishopric" and "archbishopric".

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The German adjective , on the other hand, has an exact cognate in English rich. Both the noun () and the adjective () are derivations based on a Common Germanic "ruler, king", reflected in Gothic as , glossing "leader, ruler, chieftain".

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: It is probable that the Germanic word was not inherited from pre-Proto-Germanic, but rather loaned from Celtic (i.e. Gaulish "rīx", Welsh , both meaning 'king') at an early time.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The word has many cognates outside of Germanic and Celtic, notably and . It is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *"", lit. 'to straighten out or rule'.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: "Frankenreich" or "Fränkisches Reich" is the German name given to the Frankish Kingdom of Charlemagne.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: "Frankenreich" came to be used of Western Francia and medieval France after the development of Eastern Francia into the Holy Roman Empire.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The German name of France, "Frankreich", is a contraction of "Frankenreich" used in reference to the kingdom of France from the late medieval period.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: At the beginning of the modern age, some circles redubbed the HRE into the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (""), a symptom of the formation of a German nation state as opposed to the multinational state the Empire was throughout its history.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: In the case of the Hohenzollern Empire (1871–1918), the official name of the country was "Deutsches Reich" ("German Realm"), because under the Constitution of the German Empire, it was legally a confederation of German states under the permanent presidency of the King of Prussia. The constitution granted the King of Prussia the title of "German Emperor" ("Deutscher Kaiser"), but this referred to the German nation rather than directly to the "state" of Germany.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The exact translation of the term "German Empire" would be "Deutsches Kaiserreich". This name was sometimes used informally for Germany between 1871 and 1918, but it was disliked by the first German Emperor, Wilhelm I, and never became official.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The unified Germany which arose under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1871 was the first entity that was officially called in German "". "Deutsches Reich" remained the official name of Germany until 1945, although these years saw three very different political systems more commonly referred to in English as: "the German Empire" (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933; this term is a post-World War II coinage not used at the time), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945).

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The Nazis also spoke of enlarging the then-established Greater German Reich into a "Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation" ("Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation") by gradually and directly annexing all of the historically Germanic countries and regions of Europe into the Nazi state (Flanders, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden etc.).

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The early medieval form of the word, used in the sense "strong", "powerful" or "ruler", appears as an element in many male personal names from the Germanic heroic tradition, such as Richard (strong heart), Dietrich (ruler of the people), Heinrich (ruler of the home), or Friedrich (guardian of the peace).

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The Lord's Prayer uses the word in the Swedish, Norwegian and Danish versions: "Tillkomme ditt rike", "Komme ditt rike", "Komme dit rige" ('Thy kingdom come' – old versions). "Låt ditt rike komma!", "La ditt rike komme", "Komme dit rige" ('Let your kingdom come' – new versions).

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: The adjective form of the word, "rik" in Swedish/Norwegian and "rig" in Danish, means "rich", like in other Germanic languages.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: In colloquial speech Rijk usually means working for the central government rather than the provincial or municipal, much like e.g. Americans refer to the "federal" government.

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Reich

Context: In Afrikaans, "ryk" refers to rulership and area of governance (mostly a kingdom), but in a modern sense the term is used in a much more figurative sense (e.g. "Die Hemelse Ryk" (the heavenly kingdom, China)), as the sphere under one's control or influence, such as:

Question: من هو الرايخ الثاني ؟


Moors

Context: The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages. The term Moors initially referred to the indigenous Maghrebine Berbers, but the name was later also applied to Arabs and Arabized Iberians.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: Moors are not a distinct or self-defined people. The 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica" observed that the term had "no real ethnological value." Europeans of the Middle Ages and the early modern period variously applied the name to Arabs and North African Berbers, as well as Muslim Europeans.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: During the Latin Middle Ages, "Mauri" was used to refer to Berbers and Arabs in the coastal regions of Northwest Africa. The 16th century scholar Leo Africanus (c. 1494–1554) identified the Moors ("Mauri") as the native Berber inhabitants of the former Roman Africa Province (Roman Africans). He described Moors as one of five main population groups on the continent alongside Egyptians, Abyssinians (Abassins), Arabians and Cafri (Cafates).

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: Apart from these historic associations and context, "Moor" and "Moorish" designate a specific ethnic group speaking Hassaniya Arabic. They inhabit Mauritania and parts of Algeria, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Morocco, Niger, and Mali. In Niger and Mali, these peoples are also known as the Azawagh Arabs, after the Azawagh region of the Sahara.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: The authoritative dictionary of the Spanish language does not list any derogatory meaning for the word "moro", a term generally referring to people of Maghrebian origin in particular or Muslims in general. Some authors have pointed out that in modern colloquial Spanish use of the term "moro" is derogatory for Moroccans in particular and Muslims in general.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: In the Philippines, a former Spanish colony, many modern Filipinos call the large, local Muslim minority concentrated in Mindanao and other southern islands "Moros". The word is a catch-all term, as "Moro" may come from several distinct ethno-linguistic groups such as the Maranao people. The term was introduced by Spanish colonisers, and has since been appropriated by Filipino Muslims as an endonym, with many self-identifying as members of the "Bangsamoro" "Moro Nation".

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: In Portugal, "mouro" (feminine," moura") may refer to supernatural beings known as enchanted "moura", where "Moor" implies "alien" and "non-Christian". These beings were siren-like fairies with golden or reddish hair and a fair face. They were believed to have magical properties. From this root, the name moor is applied to unbaptized children, meaning not Christian. In Basque, "mairu" means moor and also refers to a mythical people.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: Muslims located in South Asia were distinguished by the Portuguese historians into two groups: Mouros da Terra ("Moors of the Land") and the Mouros da Arabia/Mouros de Meca ("Moors from Arabia/Mecca" or "Paradesi Muslims"). The Mouros da Terra were either descendants of any native convert (mostly from any of the former lower or untouchable castes) to Islam or descendants of a marriage alliance between a Middle Eastern individual and an Indian woman.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: The Goan Muslims — a minority community who follow Islam in the western Indian coastal state of Goa — are commonly referred as "Moir" () by Goan Catholics and Hindus. "Moir" is derived from the Portuguese word "mouro" ("Moor").

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: The term has been applied at times to urban and coastal populations of the Maghreb, the term in these regions nowadays is rather used to denote the Arab-Berber populations (occasionally somewhat mixed-race) living in Western Sahara, and Hassaniya-speaking populations, mainly in Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Northwestern Mali.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: In 711 the Islamic Arabs and Moors of Berber descent in northern Africa crossed the Strait of Gibraltar onto the Iberian Peninsula, and in a series of raids they conquered Visigothic Christian Hispania. Their general, Tariq ibn Ziyad, brought most of Iberia under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign. They continued northeast across the Pyrenees Mountains but were defeated by the Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: The Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in 1031 and the Islamic territory in Iberia fell under the rule of the Almohad Caliphate in 1153. This second stage was guided by a version of Islam that left behind the more tolerant practices of the past. Al-Andalus broke up into a number of taifas (fiefs), which were partly consolidated under the Caliphate of Córdoba.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: In the meantime, Spanish and Portuguese expeditions westward from the New World spread Christianity to India, the Malay peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines. By 1521, the ships of Magellan had reached that island archipelago, which they named "Las Islas Filipinas", after Philip II of Spain. In Mindanao, the Spaniards named the kris-bearing people as Moros or 'Moors'. Today this ethnic group in Mindanao, who are generally Filipino Muslim, are called "Moros".

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: In 1038, a Byzantine army under George Maniakes crossed the strait of Messina. This army included a corps of Normans that saved the situation in the first clash against the Muslims from Messina. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his success, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: The remaining population of Sicilian Muslims converted to Catholicism due to the incentives put in place by Fredrich II. Some Muslims from Lucera would also later convert due to oppression on the mainland and had their property returned to them and returned to Sicily.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: The use of Moors (and particularly their heads) as a heraldic symbol has been deprecated in modern North America. For example, the College of Arms of the Society for Creative Anachronism urges applicants to use them delicately to avoid causing offence.

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Moors

Context: "This section's bibliographical information is not fully provided. If you know these sources and can provide full information, you can help Wikipedia by completing it."

Question: متى طردت إسبانيا الأندلوسيين؟


Lionel Messi

Context: Messi opened the 2017–18 season by converting a penalty in Barcelona's 1–3 first leg home defeat to Real Madrid in Supercopa de España. Thereby, Messi also extended his "El Clásico" goalscoring record with the goal being his 24th official and 25th overall.

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Lionel Messi

Context: The top goalscorer in La Liga, Messi was announced as the winner of the Pichichi trophy for a record eighth time in his career. It was also his record fifth consecutive win in La Liga, surpassing Alfredo Di Stéfano and Hugo Sánchez who both had four for Real Madrid, and equalled former Marseille striker Jean-Pierre Papin's record of five consecutive league top scorer awards in the top five leagues of Europe.

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Lionel Messi

Context: On 10 August, Messi joined French club Paris Saint-Germain. He signed a two-year deal until June 2023 with an option for an extra year. Messi chose 30 as his squad number, the same he wore as a teenager when he made his senior debut for Barcelona.

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Lionel Messi

Context: On 9 September, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 home win over Bolivia in a 2022 World Cup qualifier which also moved him above Pelé as South America's top male international scorer with 79 goals.

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Lionel Messi

Context: In the 2022 Finalissima, the third edition of the CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions, at Wembley on 2 June 2022, Messi assisted twice in a 3–0 victory against Italy and was named player of the match, securing his second trophy for Argentina at the senior level. Messi then followed this on 6 June with all five Argentina goals in a 5–0 victory in a friendly win over Estonia, overtaking Ferenc Puskás among the all-time international men’s top scorers.

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Lionel Messi

Context: Among his contemporary peers, Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo, as part of an ongoing rivalry that has been compared to past sports rivalries like the Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Roger Federer–Rafael Nadal rivalry in tennis, and the Senna–Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing.

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Lionel Messi

Context: In June 2021, Messi signed a five-year deal to become an ambassador for the Hard Rock Cafe brand. He stated, "sports and music are an integral part of my life. It is an honor to be the first athlete to partner with a brand who has a history of teaming with music legends."

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Lionel Messi

Context: Since 2008, Messi has been in a relationship with Antonela Roccuzzo, a fellow native of Rosario. He has known Roccuzzo since he was five years old, as she is the cousin of his childhood best friend, Lucas Scaglia, who is also a football player. After keeping their relationship private for a year, Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009, before going public a month later during a carnival in Sitges after the Barcelona–Espanyol derby.

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Lionel Messi

Context: Messi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members, particularly his mother, Celia, whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder. His professional affairs are largely run as a family business: his father, Jorge, has been his agent since he was 14, and his oldest brother, Rodrigo, handles his daily schedule and publicity. His mother and other brother, Matías, manage his charitable organization, the Leo Messi Foundation, and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario.

Question: هل امتلك اللاعب الأرجنتيني ميسي الجنسية الاسبانية قبل انضمامه للمنتخب الأرجنتيني؟


Assassination of Ali

Context: The assassination of has been the subject of paintings by Yousef Abdinejad, Farhad Sadeghi, and Masnsoureh Hossein, as well as a stage play by Bahram Beyzai.

Question: من هو والي مصر في عهد الخليفة علي بن أبي طالب؟


French colonial empire

Context: The story of France's colonial empire truly began on 27 July 1605, with the foundation of Port Royal in the colony of Acadia in North America, in what is now Nova Scotia, Canada. A few years later, in 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, which was to become the capital of the enormous, but sparsely settled, fur-trading colony of New France (also called Canada).

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: In 1699, French territorial claims in North America expanded still further, with the foundation of Louisiana in the basin of the Mississippi River. The extensive trading network throughout the region connected to Canada through the Great Lakes, was maintained through a vast system of fortifications, many of them centred in the Illinois Country and in present-day Arkansas.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Colonies were established in India's Chandernagore (1673) and Pondichéry in the south east (1674), and later at Yanam (1723), Mahe (1725), and Karikal (1739) (see French India). Colonies were also founded in the Indian Ocean, on the Île de Bourbon (Réunion, 1664), Isle de France (Mauritius, 1718), and the Seychelles (1756).

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: At the close of the Napoleonic Wars, most of France's colonies were restored to it by Britain, notably Guadeloupe and Martinique in the West Indies, French Guiana on the coast of South America, various trading posts in Senegal, the "Île Bourbon" (Réunion) in the Indian Ocean, and France's tiny Indian possessions; however, Britain finally annexed Saint Lucia, Tobago, the Seychelles, and the "Isle de France" (now Mauritius).

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: The beginnings of the second French colonial empire were laid in 1830 with the French invasion of Algeria, which was fully conquered by 1903. Historian Ben Kiernan estimates that 825,000 Algerians died during the conquest by 1875.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Napoleon III doubled the area of the French overseas Empire; he established French rule in New Caledonia, and Cochinchina, established a protectorate in Cambodia (1863); and colonized parts of Africa.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: On 24 September 1853, Admiral Febvrier Despointes took formal possession of New Caledonia and Port-de-France (Nouméa) was founded 25 June 1854. A few dozen free settlers settled on the west coast in the following years, but New Caledonia became a penal colony and, from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, about 22,000 criminals and political prisoners were sent to New Caledonia.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Napoleon III also acted to increase the French presence in Indochina. An important factor in his decision was the belief that France risked becoming a second-rate power by not expanding its influence in East Asia. Deeper down was the sense that France owed the world a civilizing mission.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: In 1863, the ruler of Cambodia, King Norodom, who had been placed in power by the government of Thailand, rebelled against his sponsors and sought the protection of France. The Thai king granted authority over Cambodia to France, in exchange for two provinces of Laos, which were ceded by Cambodia to Thailand. In 1867, Cambodia formally became a protectorate of France.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, were killed within the first three decades of the conquest as a result of war, massacres, disease and famine. French losses from 1830 to 1851 were 3,336 killed in action and 92,329 dead in the hospital.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: The Suez Canal was successfully built by the French, but became a joint British-French project in 1875. Both nations saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. France's leading expansionist Jules Ferry was out of office, and Paris allowed London to take effective control of Egypt.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Most Frenchmen ignored foreign affairs and colonial issues. In 1914 the chief pressure group was the "Parti colonial", a coalition of 50 organizations with a combined total of only 5,000 members.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: It was only after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 and the founding of the Third Republic (1871–1940) that most of France's later colonial possessions were acquired. From their base in Cochinchina, the French took over Tonkin (in modern northern Vietnam) and Annam (in modern central Vietnam) in 1884–1885. These, together with Cambodia and Cochinchina, formed French Indochina in 1887 (to which Laos was added in 1893 and Guangzhouwanin 1900).

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: In 1849, the French Concession in Shanghai was established, and in 1860, the French Concession in Tientsin (now called Tianjin) was set up. Both concessions lasted until 1946. The French also had smaller concessions in Guangzhou and Hankou (now part of Wuhan).

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: The Third Anglo-Burmese War, in which Britain conquered and annexed the hitherto independent Upper Burma, was in part motivated by British apprehension at France advancing and gaining possession of territories near to Burma.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza helped to formalise French control in Gabon and on the northern banks of the Congo River from the early 1880s. The explorer Colonel Parfait-Louis Monteil traveled from Senegal to Lake Chad in 1890–1892, signing treaties of friendship and protection with the rulers of several of the countries he passed through, and gaining much knowledge of the geography and politics of the region.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: During the Agadir Crisis in 1911 Britain supported France against Germany, and Morocco became a French protectorate.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: At this time, the French also established colonies in the South Pacific, including New Caledonia, the various island groups which make up French Polynesia (including the Society Islands, the Marquesas, the Gambier Islands, the Austral Islands and the Tuamotus), and established joint control of the New Hebrides with Britain.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Tunisia was exceptional. The colony was administered by Paul Cambon, who built an educational system for colonists and indigenous people alike that was closely modeled on mainland France. He emphasized female and vocational education. By independence, the quality of Tunisian education nearly equalled that in France.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: African nationalists rejected such a public education system, which they perceived as an attempt to retard African development and maintain colonial superiority. One of the first demands of the emerging nationalist movement after World War II was the introduction of full metropolitan-style education in French West Africa with its promise of equality with Europeans.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: In Algeria, the debate was polarized. The French set up schools based on the scientific method and French culture. The Pied-Noir (Catholic migrants from Europe) welcomed this. Those goals were rejected by the Moslem Arabs, who prized mental agility and their distinctive religious tradition. The Arabs refused to become patriotic and cultured Frenchmen and a unified educational system was impossible until the Pied-Noir and their Arab allies went into exile after 1962.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Critics of French colonialism gained an international audience in the 1920s, and often used documentary reportage and access to agencies such as the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization to make their protests heard. The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives. Major critics included Albert Londres, Félicien Challaye, and Paul Monet, whose books and articles were widely read.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: During World War II, allied Free France, often with British support, and Axis-aligned Vichy France struggled for control of the colonies, sometimes with outright military combat. By 1943, all of the colonies, except for Indochina under Japanese control, had joined the Free French cause.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: The overseas empire helped liberate France as 300,000 North African Arabs fought in the ranks of the Free French. However Charles de Gaulle had no intention of liberating the colonies. He assembled the conference of colonial governors (excluding the nationalist leaders) in Brazzaville in January 1944 to announce plans for postwar Union that would replace the Empire. The Brazzaville manifesto proclaimed:

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: the goals of the work of civilization undertaken by France in the colonies exclude all idea of autonomy, all possibility of development outside the French block of the Empire; the possible constitutional self-government in the colonies is to be dismissed.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: The manifesto angered nationalists across the Empire, and set the stage for long-term wars in Indochina and Algeria that France would lose in humiliating fashion.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Also in Indochina, Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh, which was backed by the Soviet Union and China, declared Vietnam's independence, which started the First Indochina War. The war dragged on until 1954, when the Viet Minh decisively defeated the French at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ in northern Vietnam, which was the last major battle between the French and the Vietnamese in the First Indochina War.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: In France's African colonies, the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon's insurrection, which started in 1955 and headed by Ruben Um Nyobé, was violently repressed over a two-year period, with perhaps as many as 100 people killed. However, France formally relinquished its protectorate over Morocco and granted it independence in 1956.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Critics of neocolonialism claimed that the "Françafrique" had replaced formal direct rule. They argued that while de Gaulle was granting independence on one hand, he was maintaining French dominance through the operations of Jacques Foccart, his counsellor for African matters. Foccart supported in particular Biafra in the Nigerian Civil War during the late 1960s.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: French census statistics from 1936 show an imperial population, outside of Metropolitan France itself, of 69.1 million people. Of the total population, 16.1 million lived in North Africa, 25.5 million in sub-Saharan Africa, 3.2 million in the Middle East, 0.3 million in the Indian subcontinent, 23.2 million in East and South-East Asia, 0.15 million in the South Pacific, and 0.6 million in the Caribbean.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: On 31 December 1687 a community of French Huguenots settled in South Africa. Most of these originally settled in the Cape Colony, but have since been quickly absorbed into the Afrikaner population. After Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608, it became the capital of New France. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


French colonial empire

Context: Apart from French-Canadians (Québécois and Acadians), francophone Louisianians (Cajuns and Louisiana Creoles), and Métis, other populations of French ancestry outside metropolitan France include the "Caldoches" of New Caledonia, the so-called "Zoreilles", "Petits-blancs" with the Franco-Mauritian of various Indian Ocean islands and the Beke people of the French West Indies.

Question: ماهي آخر الكولونيات الفرنسية في أفريقيا؟


Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Context: The United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was "readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives": poison gas. Quantities of phosgene, mustard gas, tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic, and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use. Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program, but it lacked the human, mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project, and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: Edwin O. Reischauer, a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service, was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto. In his autobiography, Reischauer specifically refuted this claim:

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: In early May 1945, the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy. During the meetings on 31 May and 1 June, scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration. Arthur Compton later recalled that:

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on 25 July under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy, the acting chief of staff, since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman. It read:

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: At Potsdam, Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped. William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian, but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission. All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: At 08:09, Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee. The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about to a detonation height of about above the city. "Enola Gay" traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: Due to crosswind, the bomb missed the aiming point, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic. It released the equivalent energy of . The weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7 percent of its material fissioning. The radius of total destruction was about , with resulting fires across .

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: "Enola Gay" stayed over the target area for two minutes and was away when the bomb detonated. Only Tibbets, Parsons, and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles. "It was hard to believe what we saw", Tibbets told reporters, while Parsons said "the whole thing was tremendous and awe-inspiring... the men aboard with me gasped 'My God'". He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to "a close burst of ack-ack fire".

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: The air raid warning had been cleared at 07:31, and many people were outside, going about their activities. Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor, being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building (it remained as the "Rest House" after the war) only from ground zero at the time of the attack. He died in 1982, aged 84. Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast. She was in the solidly-built Bank of Hiroshima only from ground-zero at the time of the attack.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima. The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time. A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: Purnell, Parsons, Tibbets, Spaatz, and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next. Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering, they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb. Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm, and asked if the bomb could be readied by 9 August. Parsons agreed to try to do so.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: During pre-flight inspection of "Bockscar", the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have "Bockscar" continue the mission.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: In his declaration's fifth paragraph, Hirohito solely mentions the duration of the conflict; and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender:

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: The sixth paragraph by Hirohito specifically mentions the use of nuclear ordnance devices against Japan by the United States, from the aspect of the unprecedented damage they caused:

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: In his "Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors" delivered on 17 August, Hirohito did not refer to the atomic bombs or possible human extinction, and instead described the Soviet declaration of war as "endangering the very foundation of the Empire's existence."

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: On 10 August 1945, the day after the Nagasaki bombing, military photographer Yōsuke Yamahata, correspondent Higashi, and artist Yamada arrived in the city with instructions to record the destruction for propaganda purposes. Yamahata took scores of photographs, and on 21 August, they appeared in "Mainichi Shimbun", a popular Japanese newspaper. After Japan's surrender and the arrival of American forces, copies of his photographs were seized amid the ensuing censorship, but some records have survived.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: While during the preimplantation period, that is one to ten days following conception, intrauterine radiation exposure of "at least 0.2 Gy" can cause complications of implantation and death of the human embryo. The number of miscarriages caused by the radiation from the bombings, during this radiosensitive period, is not known.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: In 1985, Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) were still looking for possible birth defects among the survivors decades later, but found no evidence that they were significantly common among the survivors, or inherited in the children of survivors.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: However either side of this radiosensitive age, none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age "less than" 8 weeks, that is prior to synaptogenesis or at a gestational age "more than" 26 weeks "were observed to be mentally retarded", with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8–26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately "0.09" to "0.15" Gy of "prompt" radiation energy.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records, determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both, when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 gray, during the same gestational period of 8–25 weeks. However outside this period, at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception, "there is no evidence of a radiation-related effect on scholastic performance."

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes, such as schizophrenia as a result of prenatal exposure, have been conducted with "no statistically significant linear relationship seen", there is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed, those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters, a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR, though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that could conceive, who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, went on and had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: A study of the long-term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17–20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: During the war, Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor. About 5,000–8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500–2,000 died in Nagasaki. For many years, Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as "Hibakusha" as afforded to all Japanese survivors, a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them in Japan. Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Context: On 7 July 2017, more than 120 countries voted to adopt the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Elayne Whyte Gómez, President of the UN negotiations on the nuclear ban treaty, said "the world has been waiting for this legal norm for 70 years," since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. , Japan has not signed the treaty.

Question: ماهو عدد الضحايا المدنيين اليابانيين خلال أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية ؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: The most recent Chadian Civil War began in December 18, 2005. Since its independence from France in 1960, Chad has been swamped by the civil war between the Arab-Muslims of the north and the Sub-Saharan-Christians of the south. As a result, leadership and presidency in Chad drifted back and forth between the Christian southerners and Muslim northerners. When one side was in power, the other side usually started a revolutionary war to counter it.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: Many rebel leaders were former allies of Déby, who turned against him after he decided to change the constitution. The change in constitution allowed Déby to run for re-election in 2006, as well as gave power of changing the constitution to the president, this move caused several of Déby's allies to start a rebellion against him.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: The conflict involved Chadian government forces and several Chadian rebel groups. These include the United Front for Democratic Change, United Forces for Development and Democracy, Gathering of Forces for Change and the National Accord of Chad. The conflict has also involved the Janjaweed, while Sudan allegedly supported the rebels, while Libya mediated in the conflict, as well as diplomats from other countries.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: Chadian rebels attacked Guéréda, 120 kilometers north of Adré, on 7 December 2005, leaving ten dead and five wounded. The attack (attributed to the Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy, SCUD, a group of Chadian military deserters) marked the beginning of a campaign of rebel incursions from Darfur. The Chadian Government condemned Khartoum for backing the rebels.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: With considerable assistance from the French military, the takeover attempt was thwarted, with hundreds killed.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: Two mass graves are located in the southeastern suburbs of N’Djaména at a remote spot in Djari-Kawas, where government forces ambushed a rebel column. One mass grave was reported to contain 102 bodies, though reports conflict as to whether the dead were all rebel soldiers or a mix of rebels and civilians. The second mass grave at Djari-Kawas is said to contain 45 bodies that were buried there once they were released from the morgue at the central hospital.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: On 14 April 2006 Chad unilaterally severed relations with Sudan. Though the two countries renewed their pledge to expel rebels from their territories in July and restored diplomatic relations in August, the April attack continued to cast a pall over bilateral relations.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: Chadian rebels led by Mahamat Nouri fought government forces in pitched street battles in N’Djaména on the morning of 2 February 2008. By the afternoon of the next day, rebel forces withdrew from the capital, short on ammunition and unhinged by the possibility that one member of the coalition, Timan Erdimi, had sought a separate accommodation with the government.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: The Battle of Am Dam took place in and around the eastern Chadian town of Am Dam on 7 and 8 May 2009 when Chadian Army forces attacked a column of advancing Union of Forces for the Resistance (UFR) rebels.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: Israel has admitted backing the Government of Chad with "Extensive" Arm Sales to the Country, and in 2019 normalized Relations with the African Country.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: Ukraine was one of the most Notable backers of the Chadian Government, supplying it with large amounts of weapons to use against Sudan-backed Rebels.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)

Context: The Foreign Ministry of Romania condemned the Rebels, announcing that it wanted to send 120 Romanian Peacekeeping Troops into the Country to help negotiate a Ceasefire.

Question: متى بدأ أول نزاع بين تشاد والسودان؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The term "Almoravid" comes from the Arabic "al-Murabit" (), through the . The transformation of the "b" in "al-Murabit" to the "v" in "almorávide" is an example of betacism in Spanish.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: In Arabic, "al-Murabit" literally means "one who is tying" but figuratively means "one who is ready for battle at a fortress". The term is related to the notion of "ribat" , a North African frontier monastery-fortress, through the root r-b-t ( "rabat": "to tie, to unite" or "raabat": "to encamp").

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: However criticism from Conrad and Fisher (1982) argued that the notion of any Almoravid military conquest at its core is merely perpetuated folklore, derived from a misinterpretation or naive reliance on Arabic sources. According to Professor Timothy Insoll, the archaeology of ancient Ghana simply does not show the signs of rapid change and destruction that would be associated with any Almoravid-era military conquests.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: This interpretation of events has been disputed by later scholars like Sheryl L. Burkhalter (1992), who argued that, whatever the nature of the "conquest" in the south of the Sahara, the influence and success of the Almoravid movement in securing west African gold and circulating it widely necessitated a high degree of political control.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The traditional position says that the ensuing war with the Almoravids pushed Ghana over the edge, ending the kingdom's position as a commercial and military power by 1100. It collapsed into tribal groups and chieftaincies, some of which later assimilated into the Almoravids while others founded the Mali Empire.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The Arab geographer Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri wrote that the Almoravids ended Ibadi Islam in Tadmekka in 1084 and that Abu Bakr "arrived at the mountain of gold" in the deep south.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: After the death of Abu Bakr (1087), the confederation of Berber tribes in the Sahara was divided between the descendants of Abu Bakr and his brother Yahya, and would have lost control of Ghana. Sheryl Burkhalter suggests that Abu Bakr's son Yahya was the leader of the Almoravid expedition that conquered Ghana in 1076, and that the Almoravids would have survived the loss of Ghana and the defeat in the Maghreb by the Almohads, and would have ruled the Sahara until the end of the 12th century.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: In 1086 Yusuf ibn Tashfin was invited by the Muslim "taifa" princes of Al-Andalus in the Iberian Peninsula to defend their territories from the encroachment of Alfonso VI, King of León and Castile. In that year, Ibn Tashfin crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Algeciras, and defeated Castile at the Battle of Sagrajas. He was prevented from following up his victory by trouble in Africa, which he chose to settle in person.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: In 1108 Tamim Al Yusuf defeated the Kingdom of Castile at the Battle of Uclés. Yusuf did not reconquer much territory from the Christian kingdoms, except that of Valencia; but he did hinder the progress of the Christian Reconquista by uniting al-Andalus. In 1134, at the Battle of Fraga, the Almoravids were victorious and even succeeded in slaying Alfonso the Battler in the battle.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: Under Yusuf's son and successor, Ali ibn Yusuf, Sintra and Santarém were added, and he invaded Iberia again in 1119 and 1121, but the tide had turned, as the French had assisted the Aragonese to recover Zaragoza. In 1138, Ali ibn Yusuf was defeated by Alfonso VII of León and Castile, and in the Battle of Ourique (1139), by Afonso I of Portugal, who thereby won his crown. Lisbon was conquered by the Portuguese in 1147.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: According to some scholars, Ali ibn Yusuf represented a new generation of leadership that had forgotten the desert life for the comforts of the city. He was defeated by the combined action of his Christian foes in Iberia and the agitation of the Almohads (Muwahhids) in Morocco. After Ali ibn Yusuf's death in 1143, his son Tashfin ibn Ali lost ground rapidly before the Almohads. In 1146 he was killed in a fall from a precipice while attempting to escape after a defeat near Oran.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The Almoravid movement started as a conservative Islamic reform movement inspired by the Maliki school of jurisprudence. The writings of Abu Imran al-Fasi, a Moroccan Maliki scholar, influenced Yahya Ibn Ibrahim and the early Almoravid movement.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: At first, the Almoravids, subscribing to the conservative Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, rejected what they perceived as decadence and a lack of piety among the Iberian Muslims of the Andalusi taifa kingdoms. However, monuments and textiles from Almería from the late Almoravid period indicate that the empire had changed its attitude with time.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: Artistic production under the Almoravids included finely constructed minbars produced in Córdoba; marble basins and tombstones in Almería; fine textiles in Almería, Málaga, Seville; and luxury ceramics.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: Two Almoravid-period marble columns have also been found reused as spolia in later monuments in Fes. One is incorporated into the window of the Dar al-Muwaqqit (timekeeper's house) overlooking the courtyard of the Qarawiyyin Mosque, built in the Marinid period. The other is embedded into the decoration of the exterior southern façade of the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II, a structure which was rebuilt by Ismail Ibn Sharif.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The fact that Ibn Tumart, leader of the Almohad movement, is recorded as having criticized Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf for "sitting on a luxurious silken cloak" at his grand mosque in Marrakesh indicates the important role of textiles under the Almoravids.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The decorative theme of having a regular grid of roundels containing images of animals and figures, with more abstract motifs filling the spaces in between, has origins traced as far back as Persian Sasanian textiles. In subsequent periods, starting with the Almohads, these roundels with figurative imagery are progressively replaced with more abstract roundels, while epigraphic decoration becomes more prominent than before.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: In early Islamic manuscripts, Kufic was the main script used for religious texts. Western or Maghrebi Kufic evolved from the standard (or eastern) Kufic style and was marked by the transformation of the low swooping sections of letters from rectangular forms to long semi-circular forms. It is found in 10th century Qurans before the Almoravid period. Almoravid Kufic is the variety of Maghrebi Kufic script that was used as an official display script during the Almoravid period.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The Almoravid minbars — such as the minbar of the Grand Mosque of Marrakesh commissioned by Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf (1137), or the minbar for the University of al-Qarawiyyin (1144) — expressed the Almoravids' Maliki legitimacy, their "inheritance of the Umayyad imperial role," and the extension of that imperial power into the Maghreb. Both minbars are exceptional works of marquetry and woodcarving, decorated with geometric compositions, inlaid materials, and arabesque reliefs.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The Almoravid period, along with the subsequent Almohad period, is considered one of the most formative stages of Moroccan and Moorish architecture, establishing many of the forms and motifs of this style that were refined in subsequent centuries. Manuel Casamar Perez remarks that the Almoravids scaled back the Andalusi trend towards heavier and more elaborate decoration which had developed since the Caliphate of Córdoba and instead prioritized a greater balance between proportions and ornamentation.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: Moroccan literature flourished in the Almoravid period. The political unification of Morocco and al-Andalus under the Almoravid dynasty rapidly accelerated the cultural interchange between the two continents, beginning when Yusuf ibn Tashfin sent al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, former poet king of the Taifa of Seville, into exile in Tangier and ultimately Aghmat.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The historians Ibn Hayyan, Al-Bakri, Ibn Bassam, and al-Fath ibn Khaqan all lived in the Almoravid period. Ibn Bassam authored , Al-Fath ibn Khaqan authored "Qala'idu l-'Iqyan," and Al-Bakri authored "al-Masālik wa ’l-Mamālik" (Book of Roads and Kingdoms).

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: In the Almoravid period two writers stand out: Qadi Ayyad and Avempace. Ayyad is known for having authored "Kitāb al-Shifāʾ bī Taʾrif Ḥuqūq al-Muṣṭafá". Many of the Seven Saints of Marrakesh were men of letters.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The muwashshah was an important form of poetry and music in the Almoravid period. Great poets from the period are mentioned in anthologies such as , "Rawd al-Qirtas," and "Mu'jam as-Sifr".

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: The Moroccan historian noted that there were 104 paper mills in Fez under Yusuf ibn Tashfin in the 11th century.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: Al-Bakri reports that, while in combat, the Almoravids did not pursue those who fled in front of them. Their fighting was intense and they did not retreat when disadvantaged by an advancing opposing force; they preferred death over defeat. These characteristics were possibly unusual at the time.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Almoravid dynasty

Context: After the death of El Cid, Christian chronicles reported a legend of a Turkish woman leading a band of 300 "Amazons", black female archers. This legend was possibly inspired by the ominous veils on the faces of the warriors and their dark skin colored blue by the indigo of their robes.

Question: من هو أول الحكام دولة المرابطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: These biblical limits for the land differ from the borders of established historical Israelite and later Jewish kingdoms, including the United Kingdom of Israel, the two kingdoms of Israel (Samaria) and Judah, the Hasmonean Kingdom, and the Herodian kingdom. At their heights, these realms ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: During the League of Nations mandatory period (19201948) the term "Eretz Yisrael" or the "Land of Israel" was part of the official Hebrew name of Mandatory Palestine. Official Hebrew documents used the Hebrew transliteration of the word "Palestine" פלשתינה (Palestina) followed always by the two initial letters of "Eretz Yisrael", א״י Aleph-Yod.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: The Land of Israel concept has been evoked by the founders of the State of Israel. It often surfaces in political debates on the status of the West Bank, referred to in official Israeli discourse as the Judea and Samaria Area, from the names of the two historical Jewish kingdoms.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: The term 'Land of Israel' (γῆ Ἰσραήλ) occurs in one episode in the New Testament (), where, according to Shlomo Sand, it bears the unusual sense of 'the area surrounding Jerusalem'. The section in which it appears was written as a parallel to the earlier Book of Exodus.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: describes what are known as "Borders of the Land" ("Gevulot Ha-aretz"), which in Jewish tradition defines the extent of the land promised to the descendants of Abraham, through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob. The passage describes the area as the land of the ten named ancient peoples then living there.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: More precise geographical borders are given which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea (see debate below), the "Sea of the Philistines" "i.e.", the Mediterranean, and the "River", the Euphrates), the traditional furthest extent of the Kingdom of David.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Genesis gives the border with Egypt as "Nahar Mitzrayim" – "nahar" in Hebrew denotes a river or stream, as opposed to a "wadi".

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: A slightly more detailed definition is given in , which describes the borders as "from the sea of reeds (Red Sea) to the Sea of the Philistines (Mediterranean sea) and from the desert to the Euphrates River", though the Hebrew text of the Bible uses the name, "the River", to refer to the Euphrates.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: describes the land allocated to the Israelite tribes after the Exodus. The tribes of Reuben, Gad and half of Manasseh received land east of the Jordan as explained in . provides a detailed description of the borders of the land to be conquered west of the Jordan for the remaining tribes. The region is called "the Land of Canaan" ("Eretz Kna'an") in and the borders are known in Jewish tradition as the "borders for those coming out of Egypt". These borders are again mentioned in , and .

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Paul R. Williamson notes that a "close examination of the relevant promissory texts" supports a "wider interpretation of the promised land" in which it is not "restricted absolutely to one geographical locale". He argues that "the map of the promised land was never seen permanently fixed, but was subject to at least some degree of expansion and redefinition."

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Hence, Numbers 34 and Ezekiel 47 define different but similar borders which include the whole of contemporary Lebanon, both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and Israel, except for the South Negev and Eilat. Small parts of Syria are also included.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: The common biblical phrase used to refer to the territories actually settled by the Israelites (as opposed to military conquests) is "from Dan to Beersheba" (or its variant "from Beersheba to Dan"), which occurs many times in the Bible.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: The 12 tribes of Israel are divided in 1 Kings 11. In the chapter, King Solomon's sins lead to Israelites forfeiting 10 of the 12 tribes:

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: According to Menachem Lorberbaum,In Rabbinic tradition, the land of Israel consecrated by the returning exiles was significantly different in it(s?) boundaries from both the prescribed biblical borders and the actual borders of the pre-Exilic kingdoms. It ranged roughly from Acre in the north to Ashkelon in the south along the Mediterranean, and included Galilee and the Golan. Yet there was no settlement in Samaria.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Many of the religious laws which applied in ancient times are applied in the modern State of Israel; others have not been revived, since the State of Israel does not adhere to traditional Jewish law. However, certain parts of the current territory of the State of Israel, such as the Arabah, are considered by some religious authorities to be outside the Land of Israel for purposes of Jewish law. According to these authorities, the religious laws do not apply there.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: According to some Jewish religious authorities, every Jew has an obligation to dwell in the Land of Israel and may not leave except for specifically permitted reasons (e.g., to get married).

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: There are also many laws dealing with how to treat the land. The laws apply to all Jews, and the giving of the land itself in the covenant, applies to all Jews, including converts.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Traditional religious Jewish interpretation, and that of most Christian commentators, define Abraham's descendants only as Abraham's seed through his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. Johann Friedrich Karl Keil is less clear, as he states that the covenant is through Isaac, but also notes that Ishmael's descendants, generally the Arabs, have held much of that land through time.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: The Land of Israel concept has been evoked by the founders of the State of Israel. It often surfaces in political debates on the status of the West Bank, which is referred to in official Israeli discourse as Judea and Samaria, from the names of the two historical Israelite and Judean kingdoms. These debates frequently invoke religious principles, despite the little weight these principles typically carry in Israeli secular politics.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Ideas about the need for Jewish control of the land of Israel have been propounded by figures such as Yitzhak Ginsburg, who has written about the historical entitlement that Jews have to the whole Land of Israel. Ginsburgh's ideas about the need for Jewish control over the land has some popularity within contemporary West Bank settlements. However, there are also strong backlashes from the Jewish community regarding these ideas.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Early in the deliberations toward British civilian administration, two fundamental decisions were taken, which bear upon the status of the Jews as a nation; the first was the recognition of Hebrew as an official language, along with English and Arabic, and the second concerned the Hebrew name of the country.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: On 14 May 1948, the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation, in which it declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel."

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Following the Six-Day War in 1967, the 1977 elections and the Oslo Accords, the term Eretz Israel became increasingly associated with right-wing expansionist groups who sought to conform the borders of the State of Israel with the biblical "Eretz Yisrael".

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: The Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, signed on 1993, led to the establishment of an agreed border between the two nations, and subsequently the state of Israel has no territorial claims in the parts of the historic Land of Israel lying east of the Jordan river.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day, ) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Land of Israel

Context: According to Palestinian historian Nur Masalha, "Eretz Israel" was a religious concept which was turned by Zionists into a political doctrine in order to emphasize an exclusive Jewish right of possession regardless of the Arab presence. Masalha wrote that the Zionist movement has not given up on an expansive definition of the territory, including Jordan and more, even though political pragmatism has engendered a focus on the region west of the Jordan River.

Question: من وعد اليهود بأرض  فلسطين؟


Insulin

Context: Insulin may have originated more than a billion years ago. The molecular origins of insulin go at least as far back as the simplest unicellular eukaryotes. Apart from animals, insulin-like proteins are also known to exist in the Fungi and Protista kingdoms.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Insulin is produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets in most vertebrates and by the Brockmann body in some teleost fish. Cone snails "Conus geographus" and "Conus tulipa", venomous sea snails that hunt small fish, use modified forms of insulin in their venom cocktails. The insulin toxin, closer in structure to fishes' than to snails' native insulin, slows down the prey fishes by lowering their blood glucose levels.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: MafA is degraded by proteasomes upon low blood glucose levels. Increased levels of glucose make an unknown protein glycosylated. This protein works as a transcription factor for MafA in an unknown manner and MafA is transported out of the cell. MafA is then translocated back into the nucleus where it binds the C1 element of the insulin promoter.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Several regulatory sequences in the promoter region of the human insulin gene bind to transcription factors. In general, the A-boxes bind to Pdx1 factors, E-boxes bind to NeuroD, C-boxes bind to MafA, and cAMP response elements to CREB. There are also silencers that inhibit transcription.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: The resulting mature insulin is packaged inside mature granules waiting for metabolic signals (such as leucine, arginine, glucose and mannose) and vagal nerve stimulation to be exocytosed from the cell into the circulation.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Insulin and its related proteins have been shown to be produced inside the brain, and reduced levels of these proteins are linked to Alzheimer's disease.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Insulin release is stimulated also by beta-2 receptor stimulation and inhibited by alpha-1 receptor stimulation. In addition, cortisol, glucagon and growth hormone antagonize the actions of insulin during times of stress. Insulin also inhibits fatty acid release by hormone sensitive lipase in adipose tissue.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Insulin is produced and stored in the body as a hexamer (a unit of six insulin molecules), while the active form is the monomer. The hexamer is about 36000 Da in size. The six molecules are linked together as three dimeric units to form symmetrical molecule. An important feature is the presence of zinc atoms (Zn2+) on the axis of symmetry, which are surrounded by three water molecules and three histidine residues at position B10.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: This is the primary mechanism for release of insulin. Other substances known to stimulate insulin release include the amino acids arginine and leucine, parasympathetic release of acetylcholine (acting via the phospholipase C pathway), sulfonylurea, cholecystokinin (CCK, also via phospholipase C), and the gastrointestinally derived incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP).

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: The blood insulin level can be measured in international units, such as µIU/mL or in molar concentration, such as pmol/L, where 1 µIU/mL equals 6.945 pmol/L. A typical blood level between meals is 8–11 μIU/mL (57–79 pmol/L).

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: The structure of the insulin–insulin receptor complex has been determined using the techniques of X-ray crystallography.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Hypoglycemia, also known as "low blood sugar", is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures or death. A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness and weakness may also be present. Symptoms typically come on quickly.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Biosynthetic human insulin (insulin human rDNA, INN) for clinical use is manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. Biosynthetic human insulin has increased purity when compared with extractive animal insulin, enhanced purity reducing antibody formation. Researchers have succeeded in introducing the gene for human insulin into plants as another method of producing insulin ("biopharming") in safflower. This technique is anticipated to reduce production costs.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Insulin is usually taken as subcutaneous injections by single-use syringes with needles, via an insulin pump, or by repeated-use insulin pens with disposable needles. Inhaled insulin is also available in the U.S. market.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Unlike many medicines, insulin cannot be taken by mouth because, like nearly all other proteins introduced into the gastrointestinal tract, it is reduced to fragments, whereupon all activity is lost. There has been some research into ways to protect insulin from the digestive tract, so that it can be administered orally or sublingually.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: In 1916, Nicolae Paulescu developed an aqueous pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, had a normalizing effect on blood sugar levels. He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I, and in 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog. Later that year, he published "Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation".

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: The name "insulin" was coined by Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer in 1916 for a hypothetical molecule produced by pancreatic islets of Langerhans (Latin "insula" for islet or island) that controls glucose metabolism. Unbeknown to Sharpey-Schafer, Jean de Meyer had introduced the very similar word "insuline" in 1909 for the same molecule.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Following further concern regarding Eli Lilly's attempts to separately patent parts of the manufacturing process, Connaught's Assistant Director and Head of the Insulin Division Robert Defries established a patent pooling policy which would require producers to freely share any improvements to the manufacturing process without compromising affordability.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Purified animal-sourced insulin was initially the only type of insulin available for experiments and diabetics. John Jacob Abel was the first to produce the crystallised form in 1926. Evidence of the protein nature was first given by Michael Somogyi, Edward A. Doisy, and Philip A. Shaffer in 1924. It was fully proven when Hans Jensen and Earl A. Evans Jr. isolated the amino acids phenylalanine and proline in 1935.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: The Nobel Prize committee in 1923 credited the practical extraction of insulin to a team at the University of Toronto and awarded the Nobel Prize to two men: Frederick Banting and J.J.R. Macleod. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 for the discovery of insulin. Banting, incensed that Best was not mentioned, shared his prize with him, and Macleod immediately shared his with James Collip. The patent for insulin was sold to the University of Toronto for one dollar.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Two other Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work on insulin. British molecular biologist Frederick Sanger, who determined the primary structure of insulin in 1955, was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow received the 1977 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the development of the radioimmunoassay for insulin.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: Insufficient recognition has been given to Paulescu, the distinguished Romanian scientist, who at the time when the Toronto team were commencing their research had already succeeded in extracting the antidiabetic hormone of the pancreas and proving its efficacy in reducing the hyperglycaemia in diabetic dogs.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Insulin

Context: In a private communication, Professor Arne Tiselius, former head of the Nobel Institute, expressed his personal opinion that Paulescu was equally worthy of the award in 1923.

Question: متى تم اكتشاف الأنسولين؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Luxembourg is a small country located in the Low Countries, part of North-West Europe It borders Belgium for to the west and north, France () to the south, and Germany () to the east. Luxembourg is landlocked, separated from the North Sea by Belgium.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: The topography of the country is divided very clearly between the hilly Oesling of the northern third of the Grand Duchy and the flat Gutland, which occupies the southern two-thirds. The country's longest river is the Sauer, which is a tributary of the Moselle, the basin of which includes almost all of Luxembourg's area. Other major rivers include the Alzette in the south and the Wiltz in the north.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: The capital, and by far the largest city, is Luxembourg City, which is located in the Gutland, as are most of the country's main population centres, including Esch-sur-Alzette, Dudelange, and Differdange. Besides Luxembourg City, the other main towns are primarily located in the southern Red Lands region, which lines the border between Luxembourg and France to the south.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Despite its small size, Luxembourg has a varied topography, with two main features to its landscape. The northern section of the country is formed by part of the plateau of the Ardennes, where the mountain heights range from . The rest of the country is made up of undulating countryside with broad valleys. The capital, Luxembourg City, is located in the southern part of the country.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Because the soil is so difficult to cultivate, most of the land is used for cattle pasture. The Ardennes region also includes the Upper Sûre National Park, an important conservation area and a hiker's retreat.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: South of the Sûre River, the country is known as the Gutland. The region covers slightly over two-thirds of the country.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: The terrain gently rises and falls with an average height of . Agriculture is the main activity as term Gutland arises from the fertile soil and warm, dry summers experienced is this part of the Duchy compared to the Oesling region.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: As a result, vegetables and fruit, such as strawberries, apples, plums, and cherries, are grown in large quantities. River erosion in this area has created deep gorges and caves, resulting in some spectacular scenery.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Luxembourg has a number of minor rivers, such as the Eisch, the Alzette, and the Pétrusse, but the main river is the Moselle with its tributaries-the Sûre and the Our. Together, their courses serve as a natural boundary between Luxembourg and Germany. Along their banks, many of the country's medieval castles can be found.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: The Moselle actually rises in northeast France and flows north through Luxembourg for to join the mighty Rhine at Koblenz, Germany. The Moselle is long, and is navigable, due to canalization for . Green slopes, covered with vines, flank the meandering course of the river.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Rising in Belgium, the Sûre River flows for in an easterly direction through Luxembourg and into the Moselle. Its sinuous course essentially cuts Luxembourg from east to west. The Our River, flowing along the northeastern border, is a tributary of the Sûre. Its valley is surrounded by unspoiled countryside.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: The Upper Sûre lake is the largest stretch of water in the Grand Duchy. Surrounded by luxuriant vegetation and peaceful creeks, the lake is a centre for water sports, such as sailing, canoeing, and kayaking. Such outdoor activities, which has made it an attractive spot for tourists, have led to the growth of a local crafts industry.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: The town of Esch-sur-Sûre nestles at one end of the lake. Immediately above it, the river has been dammed to form a hydroelectric reservoir extending some up the valley. The Upper Sûre dam was built in the 1960s to meet the country's drinking water requirements.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Luxembourg is part of the West European Continental climatic region, and enjoys a temperate climate without extremes. Winters are mild, summers fairly cool, and rainfall is high.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Seasonal weather is somewhat different between the northern and southern regions. In the north there is considerable influence from the Atlantic systems, in which the passage of frequent pressure depressions gives rise to unstable weather conditions. This results in overcast skies and considerable drizzle in the winter.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Rainfall reaches a year in some areas. In the summer, excessive heat is rare and temperatures drop noticeably at night. Low temperatures and humidity make for what those living in this part of the country call, optimistically, an "invigorating climate".

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: In the south, although the rainfall is not significantly low, at around , and the winters no milder, the principal difference is in the higher summer temperatures, especially in the Moselle Valley. Crops, especially wine grapes, thrive here. With a mean annual temperature of , the sunniest months are May to August. In the spring, the countryside is a riot of wildflowers and blossoms.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Luxembourg's flora is characterized by the country's location at the border between the Atlantic-European and Central-European climate zones. In the north, beech and oak trees are plentiful. The oak trees can grow up to , with a diameter of . They supply large quantities of excellent hardwood timber because of their strength.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Along the riverbanks, species like the black alder and willows can be found. Alder wood is pale yellow to reddish brown, fine-textured and durable even under water. It is also an important timber tree mainly because of its disease-resistant properties. Willow trees can reach a height of , and are valued for ornamental purposes.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: The narrow, deeply incised valleys of the north also provide a habitat for rare plants and animals, especially the European otter, a protected species. In the industrial south, among the abandoned quarries and deserted open pit mines, nature has reclaimed her own, and there are flowers everywhere.

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Geography of Luxembourg

Context: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Question: ما هي مساحة اللوكسمبورغ ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: Leptis or Lepcis Magna, also known by other names in antiquity, was a prominent city of the Carthaginian Empire and Roman Libya at the mouth of the Wadi Lebda in the Mediterranean.

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: Its ruins are within present-day Khoms, Libya, east of Tripoli. They are among the best-preserved Roman sites in the Mediterranean.

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: The Punic name of the settlement was written () or (). This has been tentatively connected to the Semitic root (present in Arabic) , meaning "to build" or "to piece together", presumably in reference to the construction of the city.

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: Leptis Magna remained as such until the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius, when the city and the surrounding area were formally incorporated into the empire as part of the province of Africa. It soon became one of the leading cities of Roman Africa and a major trading post. The city grew rapidly under Roman administration. During the reign of Nero, an amphitheater was constructed. The settlement was elevated to "municipium" in AD 64 or 65 and to "colonia" under Trajan ()

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: In 439, Leptis Magna and the rest of the cities of Tripolitania fell under the control of the Vandals when their king, Gaiseric, captured Carthage from the Romans and made it his capital. Unfortunately for the future of Leptis Magna, Gaiseric ordered the city's walls demolished so as to dissuade its people from rebelling against Vandal rule. The people of Leptis and the Vandals both paid a heavy price for this in AD523 when a group of Berber raiders sacked the city.

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: Today, the site of Leptis Magna is the site of some of the most impressive ruins of the Roman period.

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: Part of an ancient temple was brought from Leptis Magna to the British Museum in 1816 and installed at the Fort Belvedere royal residence in England in 1826. It now lies in part of Windsor Great Park. The ruins are located between the south shore of Virginia Water and Blacknest Road close to the junction with the A30 London Road and Wentworth Drive.

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: When Italians conquered Italian Libya in the early 20th century, they dedicated huge efforts to the rediscovery of Leptis Magna. In the early 1930s Italian archeological research was able to show again the buried remains of nearly all the city. A 4th to 3rd centuryBC necropolis was found under the Roman theater.

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Leptis Magna

Context: In the midst of the Second Libyan Civil War and the disappearance of governmental and international support for the site, people living in the area organized to voluntarily protect and maintain Leptis Magna.

Question: من منشؤ مدينة ليبتس ماغنا ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Upon the death of King Khalid in 1982, Fahd ascended to the throne. He is credited for having introduced the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia in 1992. He suffered a debilitating stroke in 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing his full official duties. His half-brother Crown Prince Abdullah served as "de facto" regent of the kingdom and succeeded Fahd as king upon his death in 2005. With a reign of 23 years, Fahd remains the longest-reigning Saudi king.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Fahd bin Abdulaziz was born in Riyadh in 1921 or 1923. He was the eighth son of King Abdulaziz, and his eldest son by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. Fahd and his six full brothers are known as the Sudairi Seven. Fahd was Hassa's second son; his elder half-brother Abdullah bin Muhammad was his mother's only son from her previous marriage to Prince Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman, Fahd's uncle.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Fahd's education took place at the Princes' School in Riyadh, a school established by King Abdulaziz specifically for the education of members of the House of Saud. He received education for four years as a result of his mother's urging. While at the Princes' School, Fahd studied under tutors including Sheikh Abdul Ghani Khayat. He then went on to receive education at the Religious Knowledge Institute in Mecca.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Prince Fahd was made a member of the royal advisory board at his mother's urging. In 1945, he traveled on his first state visit to San Francisco for the signing of the UN charter. On this trip he served under Prince Faisal who was at the time Saudi Arabia's foreign minister. Fahd led his first official state visit in 1953, attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on behalf of the House of Saud. On 24 December 1953, he was appointed as Saudi Arabia's first education minister.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Prince Fahd led the Saudi delegation to the League of Arab States in 1959, signifying his increasing prominence in the House of Saud and his being groomed for a more significant role. In 1962, he was given the important post of interior minister. As interior minister he headed the Saudi delegation at a meeting of Arab Heads of State in Egypt in 1965. At the beginning of King Faisal's reign Prince Fahd became a member of the council which had been established by the king to guide the succession issues.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: On 2 January 1967 Prince Fahd survived an assassination attempt when an explosion occurred in his private office at the ministry. He was not there during the incident, but the explosion injured nearly 40 staff of the ministry.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Prince Fahd was made the head of the Supreme Council on Petroleum in March 1973 when it was established by King Faisal.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded to the throne being the fifth king of Saudi Arabia. However, the most active period of his life was not his reign, but when he was Crown Prince. King Fahd adopted the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to signify an Islamic rather than secular authority.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Unlike the reigns of King Faisal and King Khalid his reign witnessed significant decrease in the oil price which sharply reduced the oil revenues of Saudi Arabia. Due to this Madawi Al Rasheed described the reign of King Fahd as the era of austerity in contrast to the period of affluence experienced in his two predecessors.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: He took steps to support the conservative Saudi religious establishment, including spending millions of dollars on religious education, strengthened separation of the sexes and power of the religious police, publicly endorsed Sheikh Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz's warning to young Saudis to avoid the path of evil by not traveling to Europe and the United States. This further distanced him from his inconvenient past.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: King Fahd showed little tolerance for reformists. In 1992, a group of reformists and prominent Saudi intellectuals petitioned King Fahd for wide-ranging reforms, including widening political representation and curbing the royal family's wasteful spending. King Fahd first responded by ignoring their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly persecuted, imprisoned, and fired from their jobs.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Like all the countries bordering the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia under King Fahd focused its industrial development on hydrocarbon installations. Up to this day, the country is reliant on imports for nearly all its light and heavy machinery.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: In an effort to institutionalize succession King Fahd issued a decree on 1 March 1992. The decree expanded the criteria for succession, which had been only seniority and family consensus, and led to speculations. The most significant change by the edict was that the King did acquire the right to appoint or dismiss his heir apparent based on suitability rather than seniority and that the grandsons of Abdulaziz became eligible for the throne.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: King Fahd was a heavy smoker, overweight for much of his adult life, and in his sixties began to suffer from arthritis and severe diabetes. He suffered a debilitating stroke on 29 November 1995 and became noticeably frail, and decided to delegate the running of the Kingdom to Crown Prince Abdullah on 2 January 1996. On 21 February, King Fahd resumed official duties.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: In a speech to an Islamic conference on 30 August 2003, King Fahd condemned terrorism and exhorted Muslim clerics to emphasize peace, security, cooperation, justice, and tolerance in their sermons.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: "Fortune Magazine" reported his wealth in 1988 at $18 billion (making him the second-richest person in the world at that time). "Forbes" estimated Fahd's wealth to be $25 billion in 2002. In addition to residences in Saudi Arabia, he had a palace on Spain's Costa del Sol which made Marbella a famous place.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: One of his daughters, Latifa bint Fahd, died at age 54 in Geneva in late December 2013. Another daughter, Al Jawhara bint Fahd, was the wife of Turki bin Mohammad bin Saud Al Kabeer and died in June 2016.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: King Fahd was buried in the last "thawb" (traditional Arab robe) he wore. Fahd's body was carried to Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque, and funeral prayers were held at around 15:30 local time (12:30 GMT) on 2 August. The prayers for the late monarch were led by the Kingdom's grand mufti, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: The King's son Abdulaziz carried the body to the mosque and to the Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh, some two kilometres away, a public cemetery where Fahd's four predecessors and other members of the Al Saud ruling family are buried.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Arab and Muslim dignitaries who attended the funeral were not present at the burial. Only ruling family members and Saudi citizens were on hand as the body was lowered into the grave.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: Muslim leaders offered condolences at the mosque, while other foreign dignitaries and leaders who came after the funeral paid their respects at the royal court.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: In accordance with regulations and social traditions, Saudi Arabia declared a national mourning period of three days during which all offices were closed. Government offices remained closed for the rest of the week. The state flag was not lowered (since the flag of Saudi Arabia bears the Shahada, the Islamic declaration of faith, the flag's protocol requires the flag not to be lowered).

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: After Fahd's death, many Arab countries declared mourning periods. Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Yemen, the Arab League in Cairo, and the Palestinian Authority all declared three-day mourning periods. Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates declared a seven-day mourning period and ordered all flags flown at half-staff. In Jordan, a national three-day mourning period was declared and a 40-day mourning period was decreed at the Royal Court.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟


Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Context: In 1984, King Fahd received the Faisal Prize for Service to Islam awarded by the King Faisal Foundation.

Question: متى توفي الامير محروت بن فهد ؟