Easter Island

Context: Easter Island's indigenous Rapa Nui toponymy has survived with few Spanish additions or replacements, a fact that has been attributed in part to the survival of the Rapa Nui language.

Question: من هو المستكشف الذي عثرعلى جزيرة القيامة في المحيط الهادي الجنوبي؟


Easter Island

Context: Easter Island shares with Juan Fernández Islands the constitutional status of "special territory" of Chile, granted in 2007. a special charter for the island was under discussion in the Chilean Congress.

Question: من هو المستكشف الذي عثرعلى جزيرة القيامة في المحيط الهادي الجنوبي؟


Easter Island

Context: In August 2018, a law took effect prohibiting non-residents from staying on the island for more than 30 days.

Question: من هو المستكشف الذي عثرعلى جزيرة القيامة في المحيط الهادي الجنوبي؟


Easter Island

Context: Since 1966 rape, sexual abuse and crimes against property in Easter Island have lower sentences than corresponding offences in mainland Chile.

Question: من هو المستكشف الذي عثرعلى جزيرة القيامة في المحيط الهادي الجنوبي؟


Easter Island

Context: Easter Island is served by Mataveri International Airport, with jet service (currently Boeing 787s) from LATAM Chile and, seasonally, subsidiaries such as LATAM Perú.

Question: من هو المستكشف الذي عثرعلى جزيرة القيامة في المحيط الهادي الجنوبي؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: Mary Wollstonecraft (, ; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional personal relationships at the time, received more attention than her writing. Today Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers, and feminists often cite both her life and her works as important influences.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: After Wollstonecraft's death, her widower published a "Memoir" (1798) of her life, revealing her unorthodox lifestyle, which inadvertently destroyed her reputation for almost a century. However, with the emergence of the feminist movement at the turn of the twentieth century, Wollstonecraft's advocacy of women's equality and critiques of conventional femininity became increasingly important.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: After two ill-fated affairs, with Henry Fuseli and Gilbert Imlay (by whom she had a daughter, Fanny Imlay), Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement. Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38 leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts. She died 11 days after giving birth to her second daughter, Mary Shelley, who would become an accomplished writer and the author of "Frankenstein".

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: In London, Wollstonecraft lived on Dolben Street, in Southwark; an up-and-coming area following the opening of the first Blackfriars Bridge in 1769.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: On 26 December 1792, Wollstonecraft saw the former king, Louis XVI, being taken to be tried before the National Assembly, and much to her own surprise, found 'the tears flow[ing] insensibly from my eyes, when I saw Louis sitting, with more dignity than I expected from his character, in a hackney coach going to meet death, where so many of his race have triumphed'.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: France declared war on Britain in February 1793. Wollstonecraft tried to leave France for Switzerland but was denied permission. In March, the Jacobin-dominated Committee of Public Safety came to power, instituting a totalitarian regime meant to mobilise France for the first 'total war'.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: Wollstonecraft was to a certain extent disillusioned by what she saw in France, writing that the people under the republic still behaved slavishly to those who held power while the government remained 'venal' and 'brutal'. Despite her disenchantment, Wollstonecraft wrote:

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: Wollstonecraft called life under the Jacobins 'nightmarish'. There were gigantic daytime parades requiring everyone to show themselves and lustily cheer lest they be suspected of inadequate commitment to the republic, as well as nighttime police raids to arrest 'enemies of the republic'. In a March 1794 letter to her sister Everina, Wollstonecraft wrote:

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: It is impossible for you to have any idea of the impression the sad scenes I have been a witness to have left on my mind ... death and misery, in every shape of terrour, haunts this devoted country—I certainly am glad that I came to France, because I never could have had else a just opinion of the most extraordinary event that has ever been recorded.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: In "Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution" (1799) the historian John Adolphus, F.S.A., condemned Wollstonecraft's work as a "rhapsody of libellous declamations" and took particular offense at her depiction of King Louis XVI.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: In 1851, Wollstonecraft's remains were moved by her grandson Percy Florence Shelley to his family tomb in St Peter's Church, Bournemouth.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: Several plaques have been erected to honour Wollstonecraft. A commemorative sculpture, "A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft" by Maggi Hambling, was unveiled on 10 November 2020; it was criticised for its symbolic depiction rather than a lifelike representation of Wollstonecraft, which commentators felt represented stereotypical notions of beauty and the diminishing of women.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: In November 2020, it was announced that Trinity College Dublin, whose library had previously held forty busts, all of them of men, was commissioning four new busts of women, one of whom would be Wollstonecraft.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: The "Rights of Men" was Wollstonecraft's first overtly political work, as well as her first feminist work; as Johnson contends, "it seems that in the act of writing the later portions of "Rights of Men" she discovered the subject that would preoccupy her for the rest of her career." It was this text that made her a well-known writer.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: "Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark" was Wollstonecraft's most popular book in the 1790s. It sold well and was reviewed positively by most critics. Godwin wrote "if ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author, this appears to me to be the book." It influenced Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who drew on its themes and its aesthetic.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Mary Wollstonecraft

Context: This is a complete list of Mary Wollstonecraft's works; all works are the first edition unless otherwise noted.

Question: ماهى أشهر مؤلفات ماري وولستونكرافت ؟


Quran

Context: The Quran (, ; , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters ( , ), which consist of verses ( , , ). In addition to its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature, and has significantly influenced the Arabic language.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Someone who has memorized the entire Quran is called a "hafiz". A verse is sometimes recited with a special kind of elocution reserved for this purpose, called "tajwid". During the month of Ramadan, Muslims typically complete the recitation of the whole Quran during "tarawih" prayers. In order to extrapolate the meaning of a particular Quranic verse, Muslims rely on exegesis, or commentary rather than a direct translation of the text.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: In other verses, the word refers to 'an individual passage recited [by Muhammad]'. Its liturgical context is seen in a number of passages, for example: "So when is recited, listen to it and keep silent." The word may also assume the meaning of a codified scripture when mentioned with other scriptures such as the Torah and Gospel.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The final verse of the Quran was revealed on the 18th of the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 10 A.H., a date that roughly corresponds to February or March 632. The verse was revealed after the Prophet finished delivering his sermon at Ghadir Khumm.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: According to Shia, Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 661) compiled a complete version of the Quran shortly after Muhammad's death. The order of this text differed from that gathered later during Uthman's era in that this version had been collected in chronological order. Despite this, he made no objection against the standardized Quran and accepted the Quran in circulation. Other personal copies of the Quran might have existed including Ibn Mas'ud's and Ubay ibn Ka'b's codex, none of which exist today.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Muslims believe the Quran to be God's final revelation to humanity, a work of divine guidance revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Revered by pious Muslims as "the holy of holies," whose sound moves some to "tears and ecstasy", it is the physical symbol of the faith, the text often used as a charm on occasions of birth, death, marriage. Consequently,

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: It must never rest beneath other books, but always on top of them, one must never drink or smoke when it is being read aloud, and it must be listened to in silence. It is a talisman against disease and disaster.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Traditionally great emphasis was put on children memorizing the 6,200+ verses of the Quran, those succeeding being honored with the title Hafiz. "Millions and millions" of Muslims "refer to the Koran daily to explain their actions and to justify their aspirations," and in recent years many consider it the source of scientific knowledge.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Revelation in Islamic and Quranic contexts means the act of God addressing an individual, conveying a message for a greater number of recipients. The process by which the divine message comes to the heart of a messenger of God is "tanzil" ('to send down') or ('to come down'). As the Quran says, "With the truth we (God) have sent it down and with the truth it has come down."

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The Quran frequently asserts in its text that it is divinely ordained. Some verses in the Quran seem to imply that even those who do not speak Arabic would understand the Quran if it were recited to them. The Quran refers to a written pre-text, "the preserved tablet," that records God's speech even before it was sent down.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Muslims believe that the present wording of the Quran corresponds to that revealed to Muhammad, and according to their interpretation of Quran , it is protected from corruption ("Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardian."). Muslims consider the Quran to be a guide, a sign of the prophethood of Muhammad and the truth of the religion.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The first surah of the Quran is repeated in daily prayers and on other occasions. This surah, which consists of seven verses, is the most often recited surah of the Quran:

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: In Islam, most intellectual disciplines, including Islamic theology, philosophy, mysticism and jurisprudence, have been concerned with the Quran or have their foundation in its teachings. Muslims believe that the preaching or reading of the Quran is rewarded with divine rewards variously called , "thawab", or .

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The Quran also inspired Islamic arts and specifically the so-called Quranic arts of calligraphy and illumination. The Quran is never decorated with figurative images, but many Qurans have been highly decorated with decorative patterns in the margins of the page, or between the lines or at the start of suras. Islamic verses appear in many other media, on buildings and on objects of all sizes, such as mosque lamps, metal work, pottery and single pages of calligraphy for muraqqas or albums.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Each sūrah consists of several verses, known as "āyāt", which originally means a 'sign' or 'evidence' sent by God. The number of verses differs from sūrah to sūrah. An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines. The total number of verses in the most popular Hafs Quran is 6,236; however, the number varies if the "bismillahs" are counted separately.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: A different structure is provided by semantic units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten each. Such a section is called a "rukū`".

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: According to one estimate the Quran consists of 77,430 words, 18,994 unique words, 12,183 stems, 3,382 lemmas and 1,685 roots.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The central theme of the Quran is monotheism. God is depicted as living, eternal, omniscient and omnipotent (see, e.g., Quran , , ). God's omnipotence appears above all in his power to create. He is the creator of everything, of the heavens and the earth and what is between them (see, e.g., Quran , , , etc.). All human beings are equal in their utter dependence upon God, and their well-being depends upon their acknowledging that fact and living accordingly.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The Quran uses cosmological and contingency arguments in various verses without referring to the terms to prove the existence of God. Therefore, the universe is originated and needs an originator, and whatever exists must have a sufficient cause for its existence. Besides, the design of the universe is frequently referred to as a point of contemplation: "It is He who has created seven heavens in harmony. You cannot see any fault in God's creation; then look again: Can you see any flaw?"

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The Quran's message is conveyed with various literary structures and devices. In the original Arabic, the suras and verses employ phonetic and thematic structures that assist the audience's efforts to recall the message of the text. Muslims assert (according to the Quran itself) that the Quranic content and style is inimitable.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The Quran has sparked a huge body of commentary and explication (), aimed at explaining the "meanings of the Quranic verses, clarifying their import and finding out their significance."

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: There have been several commentaries of the Quran by scholars of all denominations, popular ones include Tafsir ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Jalalayn, Tafsir Al Kabir, Tafsir al-Tabari. More modern works of Tafisr include Ma'ariful Qur'an written by Mufti Muhammad Shafi and Risale-i Nur by Bediüzzaman Said Nursi.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Esoteric or Sufi interpretation attempts to unveil the inner meanings of the Quran. Sufism moves beyond the apparent () point of the verses and instead relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric ("batin") and metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence. According to Sands, esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative, they are allusions () rather than explanations ("tafsir"). They indicate possibilities as much as they demonstrate the insights of each writer.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Sufi interpretation, according to Annabel Keeler, also exemplifies the use of the theme of love, as for instance can be seen in Qushayri's interpretation of the Quran:

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Unlike the Salafis and Zahiri, Shias and Sufis as well as some other Muslim philosophers believe the meaning of the Quran is not restricted to the literal aspect. For them, it is an essential idea that the Quran also has inward aspects. Henry Corbin narrates a "hadith" that goes back to Muhammad:

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The Quran possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning (this depth possesses a depth, after the image of the celestial Spheres, which are enclosed within each other). So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings (seven depths of hidden depth).

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: According to this view, it has also become evident that the inner meaning of the Quran does not eradicate or invalidate its outward meaning. Rather, it is like the soul, which gives life to the body. Corbin considers the Quran to play a part in Islamic philosophy, because gnosiology itself goes hand in hand with prophetology.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Commentaries dealing with the "zahir" ('outward aspects') of the text are called , and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the "batin" are called "ta'wil" ('interpretation' or 'explanation'), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God. In contrast, Quranic literalism, followed by Salafis and Zahiris, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Reappropriation is the name of the hermeneutical style of some ex-Muslims who have converted to Christianity. Their style or reinterpretation can sometimes be geared towards apologetics, with less reference to the Islamic scholarly tradition that contextualizes and systematizes the reading (e.g., by identifying some verses as abrogated). This tradition of interpretation draws on the following practices: grammatical renegotiation, renegotiation of textual preference, retrieval, and concession.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form. Furthermore, an Arabic word may have a range of meanings depending on the context, making an accurate translation even more difficult.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Nevertheless, the Quran has been translated into most African, Asian, and European languages. The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian, who translated surat "al-Fatiha" into Persian during the seventh century. Another translation of the Quran was completed in 884 in Alwar (Sindh, India, now Pakistan) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Islamic tradition also holds that translations were made for Emperor Negus of Abyssinia and Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, as both received letters by Muhammad containing verses from the Quran. In early centuries, the permissibility of translations was not an issue, but whether one could use translations in prayer.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known. In 2010, the "Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review" reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, "Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete", was the first into a Western language (Latin).

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: As with translations of the Bible, the English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents; for example, two widely read translators, Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Marmaduke Pickthall, use the plural and singular "ye" and "thou" instead of the more common "you".

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The oldest Gurmukhi translation of the Quran Sharif has been found in village Lande of Moga district of Punjab which was printed in 1911.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: In order to avoid incorrect pronunciation, reciters follow a program of training with a qualified teacher. The two most popular texts used as references for rules are Matn al-Jazariyyah by Ibn al-Jazari and Tuhfat al-Atfal by Sulayman al-Jamzuri.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The recitations of a few Egyptian reciters, like El Minshawy, Al-Hussary, Abdul Basit, Mustafa Ismail, were highly influential in the development of current styles of recitation. Southeast Asia is well known for world-class recitation, evidenced in the popularity of the woman reciters such as Maria Ulfah of Jakarta. Today, crowds fill auditoriums for public Quran recitation competitions.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The variant readings of the Quran are one type of textual variant. According to Melchert (2008), the majority of disagreements have to do with vowels to supply, most of them in turn not conceivably reflecting dialectal differences and about one in eight disagreements has to do with whether to place dots above or below the line.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Nasser categorizes variant readings into various subtypes, including internal vowels, long vowels, gemination ("shaddah"), assimilation and alternation.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Occasionally, an early Quran shows compatibility with a particular reading. A Syrian manuscript from the 8th century is shown to have been written according to the reading of Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi. Another study suggests that this manuscript bears the vocalization of himsi region.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Whilst the majority of Islamic scribes were men, some women also worked as scholars and copyists; one such woman who made a copy of this text was the Moroccan jurist, Amina, bint al-Hajj ʿAbd al-Latif.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Gustav Flügel published an edition of the Quran in 1834 in Leipzig, which remained authoritative in Europe for close to a century, until Cairo's Al-Azhar University published an edition of the Quran in 1924. This edition was the result of a long preparation, as it standardized Quranic orthography, and it remains the basis of later editions.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The believe the Quran predicts scientific knowledge, relating the author to non-human origin. Critics argue, verses which allegedly explain modern scientific facts, about subjects such as biology, evolution of the earth, and human life, contain fallacies and are unscientific. Most claims of predictions rely on the ambiguity of the Arabic language, another point of criticism. Despite calling itself a clear book, the Quranic language lacks clarity.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: Other criticisms point at the moral attitude asserted by the Quran. Examples include the Sword Verse, which some interpret as promoting violence against "pagans", and An-Nisa, 34, which some view as excusing domestic violence.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Quran

Context: The Quran attributes its relationship with former books (the Torah and the Gospels) to their unique origin, saying all of them have been revealed by the one God.

Question: أين  نزل  القرآن؟


Education in Finland

Context: The education system in Finland consists of daycare programmes (for babies and toddlers), a one-year "pre-school" (age six), and an 11-year compulsory basic comprehensive school (age seven to age eighteen). Nowadays secondary general academic and vocational education, higher education and adult education are compulsory.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: The United Nations Development Programme derived an Education Index, a reflection of mean years of schooling of adults and expected years of schooling of children, that placed Finland fourth in the world as of 2019.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Finland has consistently ranked high in the PISA study, which compares national educational systems internationally, although in the recent years Finland has been displaced from the very top. In the 2012 study, Finland ranked sixth in reading, twelfth in mathematics and fifth in science, while back in the 2003 study Finland was first in both science and reading and second in mathematics. Finland's tertiary Education has moreover been ranked first by the World Economic Forum.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: While celebrated for its overall success, Finland had a gender gap on the 2012 PISA reading standards identified in a 2015 Brookings Institution report, but this can be put down to many factors such as the choice of the field of work into which each gender goes. The performance of 15-year-old boys then was not significantly different from OECD averages and was 0.66 of a standard deviation behind that of girls the same age.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: The governments of Jyrki Katainen, Alexander Stubb and Juha Sipilä cut education funds in Finland over 2011–2018 by a total of €1.5 billion. The number of university and college employees was cut by more than 7500.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Early childhood education is not mandatory in Finland, but is used by almost everyone. "We see it as the right of the child to have daycare and pre-school," explained Eeva Penttilä, of Helsinki's Education Department. "It's not a place where you dump your child when you're working. It's a place for your child to play and learn and make friends. Good parents put their children in daycare. It's not related to socioeconomic class".

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: The focus for kindergarten students is to "learn how to learn", Ms. Penttilä said. Instead of formal instruction in reading and math there are lessons on nature, animals, and the "circle of life" and a focus on materials- based learning. It is strongly believed that when children develop learning to learn as a life skill and see the real life applications of the knowledge they gather, they will become lifelong learners.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Teachers, who are fully unionized, follow state curriculum guidelines but are accorded a great deal of autonomy as to methods of instruction and are even allowed to choose their own textbooks.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Reading for pleasure is actively encouraged (Finland publishes more children's books than any other country). Television stations show foreign programs in the original languages with subtitles, so that in Finland children even read while watching TV.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: During the first years of comprehensive school, grading may be limited to verbal assessments rather than formal grades. The start of numerical grading is decided locally. Most commonly, pupils are issued a report card twice a year: at the ends of the autumn and spring terms. There are no high-stakes tests.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Grades are awarded on a scale from 4 to 10. In individual exams, but not on school year report or basic education certificate, it is also possible to divide the scale further with '½', which represents a half grade, and '+' and '–', which represent one-fourth a grade better or worse. For example, the order is "9 < 9+ < 9½ < 10– < 10". The grade '10+' can also be awarded for a perfect performance with extra effort by the student.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Comprehensive school students enjoy a number of social entitlements, such as school health care and a free lunch every day, which covers about a third of the daily nutritional need. In addition, pupils are entitled to receive free books and materials and free school trips (or even housing) in the event that they have a long or arduous trip to school.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: In December 2017, the OECD reported that Finnish fathers spend an average of eight minutes a day more with their school-aged children than mothers do.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: The system, however, is not rigid and vocational school graduates may formally qualify for a university of applied sciences or, in some cases, university education; conversely, academic secondary school graduates may enroll in vocational education programs. It is also possible to attend both vocational and academic secondary schools at the same time. Tuition is free, and vocational and academic students are entitled to school health care, a free lunch, books and a transport to the school.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Polytechnic institutes require school certification for admission, whereas the matriculation examination is more important in university admissions. However, some tertiary education programs have their own admission examinations, and many use a mixture of both.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Both primary and secondary teachers must have a master's degree to qualify. Teaching is a respected profession and entrance to university programs is highly competitive. A prospective teacher must have very good grades and must combat fierce opposition in order to become a teacher. Only about 10% of applicants to certain programs are successful.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: In universities, membership in the students' union is compulsory. Students' unions in universities of applied sciences are similarly recognized in the legislation, but membership is voluntary and does not include special university student health care (which is organised and partly financed by the students' unions). Finnish students are entitled to a student benefit, which may be revoked if there is a persistent lack of progress in the studies.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: After the master's degree, there are two further post-graduate degrees — an intermediate postgraduate degree, called "Licentiate", and the doctoral (Doctorate) degree. A Licenciate programme has the same amount of theoretical education as a Doctor, but its dissertation work has fewer requirements. On the other hand, the requirements for a doctoral dissertation are a little bit higher than in other countries.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: The most typical Finnish doctoral degree is "Doctor of Philosophy" ("filosofian tohtori", "filosofie doktorsexamen"). However, universities of technology award the title Doctor of Science (Technology), "tekniikan tohtori", "teknologie doktorsexamen" and there are several branch-specific titles, e.g., in medicine "lääketieteen tohtori", "medicine doktorsexamen", in art "taiteen tohtori", and in social sciences "valtiotieteen tohtori", "politices doktorsexamen".

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Up until 2017, public universities in Finland did not collect tuition fees. However, since the 1990s there had been plans at government level to introduce tuition fees to students from outside the European Union/EEA. The students' organisations have opposed those plans.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: The Minister of Education has the responsibility of electronically preserving and distributing public domain works. Finland has millions of public domain works (books, pictures, music and films) and views access to them as a basic human right of access to science and culture.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: The ongoing Bologna Process blurs the distinction between vocational and academic qualifications. In some fields, new postgraduate degrees have been introduced. Co-operation between the different systems is rising and some integration will occur (although not without a substantial amount of pressure). This results from not only the Bologna Process but also the goal of Finnish politicians — to educate the vast majority of Finns to a higher degree (ca. 60–70% of each annual cohort enter higher education).

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: In 2015, under prime minister Juha Sipilä's cabinet, the government decided to cut down on university funding by approximately €500 million.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: Due to globalization and increasing competition for diminishing younger age groups, system-wide restructuring has been called for by the Ministry of Education. Since 2006, all institutions of higher education have been sharing methods of cooperation. The total number of institutions is expected to drop significantly within 10–15 years.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: The process within universities began with merger of the University of Kuopio and the University of Joensuu into the University of Eastern Finland in 2010. In Helsinki, three local universities, namely Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki School of Economics and University of Art and Design Helsinki, merged to a new Aalto University on 1 August 2009. Also several universities of applied sciences have announced mergers (such as Haaga and Helia, which merged into Haaga-Helia in 2007).

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: In 2011, documentary filmmaker, Bob Compton, and Harvard researcher, Dr. Tony Wagner, researched the Finnish school system and its excellence. The result of their research is the film, "The Finland Phenomenon: Inside the World's Most Surprising School System".

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Education in Finland

Context: In 2018, the University of Helsinki announced together with the Finnish tech company Reaktor that they would aim to educate 1% (the total of 54,000) of all Finns on the basics of artificial intelligence. The organizations said they want to make Finland "the world's most educated country in the field of artificial intelligence." The course is freely accessible to anyone anywhere online and has already garnered over 220,000 sign-ups.

Question: لماذا يعتبر نظام التعليم الفلندي من افضل الانظمة التعليمية؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest football clubs trace their origins to the mid-19th century, a period when football evolved from being a casual pastime to an organised mainstream sport.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The Foot-Ball Club (active 1824–41) of Edinburgh, Scotland, is the first documented club dedicated to football, and the first to describe itself as a football club. The only surviving club rules forbade tripping, but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball. Other documents describe a game involving 39 players and "such kicking of shins and such tumbling".

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: On Christmas Day 1841, an early documented match between two self-described "football clubs" took place. The Body-guard Club (of Rochdale) lost to the Fear-nought Club after using an ineligible player as a substitute. The complete rules used in this game are unknown, but they specified twelve players on each side, with each team providing its own umpire, and the game being started by the firing of a pistol.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: A club for playing "cricket, quoits and football" was established in Newcastle on Tyne in or before 1848. The Surrey Football Club was established in 1849 and published the first non-school football list of rules (which were probably based upon the eighteenth century Gymnastic Society cited above). Windsor Home Park F.C. was in existence as early as 1854, and would go on to compete in early editions of the FA Cup.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: As the Guy's, Kings and St Thomas' RFC status is still disputed, other sources state that the Dublin University Football Club (DUFC), founded in 1854, at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, would be the oldest "football" club. DUFC plays to the rugby union rules.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: It has been claimed that the present-day Barnes Rugby Football Club, from Barnes in London, is a continuation of the nineteenth-century Barnes Football Club, and moreover that the latter club was formed in 1839 and is thus the oldest club to have played football for its entire history. However, as of 2018, Barnes RFC's website claims only that the club was established in the 1920s, while alluding to "possibilities" that its history stretches back to 1862.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The only survivor among the FA's founding clubs still playing association football is Civil Service F.C. Six of the 18 founding members later adopted rugby exclusively. Cray Wanderers F.C., originally of St Mary Cray and currently playing in Bromley, founded in 1860, is the oldest club now playing association football in Greater London. The code played by Cray Wanderers in its earliest years is unknown.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Liverpool Football Club (not to be confused with Liverpool F.C. of the Premier League), later known as Liverpool St Helens F.C. were formed in 1857, which claims to be the oldest open rugby club in the world. The club adopted the Rugby Union rules in 1872, never playing association rules.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Moghreb Tétouan was founded in 1922. It is the oldest club in Morocco. Moghreb Tétouan took part in Spanish Liga for 33 years until Morocco's independence was achieved in 1956.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Some of the oldest clubs in Hong Kong include St Joseph's (1880), Hong Kong Football Club (1886), Buffs (1886), all formed by Britons. The first club formed by locals was South China AA (1904).

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: In India, some of the oldest clubs are Calcutta Football Club (founded in 1872, later merged with Calcutta Cricket Club founded in 1792 to form Calcutta Cricket and Football Club), Sarada FC, Aryan FC (1884), Sovabazar FC (1886), Mohun Bagan AC (1889), Mohammedan SC (1891), and East Bengal Club (1920). All of these clubs are from Kolkata.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya is a Baghdad-based men's club founded in 1931 in Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration. It plays within the Iraqi Premier League.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: In Japan, the oldest rugby (1866) and association football club (1886) is Yokohama Country & Athletic Club.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest continuing association football club for men of nowadays Pakistan is Karachi Port Trust Football Club, founded in 1887, at the time of the British Raj, when Karachi was part of the Bombay Presidency.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest still active football club is the First Vienna Football Club founded on the 22nd of August 1894. Their early rivals, the Vienna Cricket and Football-Club, was founded only one day later.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Football Club Spa was founded by the Hunter-Blair family of Blairquhan, Ayrshire, Scotland, and was in operation in 1863. The fourth Baronet took his family there in order to economise. The oldest club still in existence today in Belgium is Royal Antwerp FC, founded in 1880.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest football club still in existence today is Slavia Prague, founded in 1892. The first football club to be founded in the country was the football section of the sport club Regatta Prague, founded in May 1891, but discontinued in 1896, when all its footballers left to found the club DFC Prague.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest functioning football club in Croatia is HNK Segesta. It was formed in 1906 and is currently competing in third division.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest football club currently participating in the highest Croatian football division is HNK Hajduk Split, founded in 1911.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: HNK Rijeka (1946) and GNK Dinamo Zagreb (1945) claim lineage from the older clubs that were disbanded by the end of WWII, while NK Slaven Belupo claims foundation date from 1907 while the current club has been founded in 1912.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Kjøbenhavns Boldklub is the oldest football club in Denmark and the oldest active club in continental Europe. The sports club was formed in 1876 and association football was first played two years later.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The first football club in France was established in Paris in 1863 by English expatriates, as the following excerpt from a contemporary newspaper shows: "A number of English gentlemen living in Paris have lately organised a football club... The football contests take place in the Bois de Boulogne, by permission of the authorities and surprise the French amazingly".

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The first association football in Germany (and likely the first outside Great Britain) was Dresden English, founded on 18 March 1874. The club had over 70 members by then, primarily Englishmen working in Dresden, with its matches being attended by hundreds of spectators. Nevertheless, Dresden English was dissolved in 1898.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest still active association football club is BFC Germania 1888 founded on 15 April 1888. They play in the 10th division as of season 2020/21 and never managed to win any national titles.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest still active football clubs in Hungary are Műegyetemi AFC founded in autumn 1897 as a proper football club and III. Kerületi TVE, which whose football section was founded officially in 1899 but stemmed from the 1897-founded Budai Football Csapat. The first ever football club to be founded in Hungary was Budapesti Torna Club having founded its football section in February 1897, dissolved in 1945–46.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest football club in Slovakia is 1. FC Tatran Prešov, founded in 1898, that after many name changes plays in the Slovakian third league.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest active football club in Spain is Recreativo de Huelva, founded in 1889. At the beginning they did not only play football but also other activities such as cricket. In 1890, the Football Club Sevilla was founded, the first one focused solely on football. Despite the name, this club formed by English residents in Seville is not related to the current Sevilla Football Club, founded in 1905.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: FC St. Gallen 1879 is the oldest active football club in Switzerland, founded on 19 April 1879 as FC St. Gallen.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest football (and also the oldest cricket) club in The Netherlands is Koninklijke UD (Royal UD) from Deventer, founded in 1875.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Although football variants have been played in North America since the 1820s, the claim of oldest continuous football club in North America is still a matter of debate.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: In 1869, Rutgers University and Princeton University competed in the first US intercollegiate football game. According to U.S. Soccer, the rules of this game resembled rugby and association football more closely than gridiron football. Moreover, teams competing in intercollegiate championships are amateur teams rather than "clubs".

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: One of the first teams to have played "football" under the association rules in the US was Fall River Rovers, founded in 1884.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The ten charter members of Major League Soccer were all new clubs created shortly before the league began play in 1996. However, in 2011, the league admitted the Vancouver Whitecaps, who had existed continuously since 1986.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The Wellington Football Club based in Hataitai, Wellington is the oldest continuous rugby union club in New Zealand, having played the first rugby match in 1870. The honour of being the first organised association football club is likely to belong to Auckland's North Shore United (founded as Devonport in 1886). Two Dunedin-based clubs, Northern AFC and Wakari FC were officially founded in 1888, although it is possible that Northern had been playing as a team prior to this time.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Club Atlético del Rosario was officially established in 1867 as a cricket institution. The club soon added association football, being the first club from Rosario playing in the Primera División, the top division of Argentina. In rugby union, Rosario AC played the first inter-clubs match in the country on 28 June 1886, when the team faced Buenos Aires Football Club.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Having been established in 1875, Club Mercedes is considered the oldest association football club still in existence in Argentina. This places Mercedes above Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata and Quilmes, both founded in 1887.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Oruro Royal was founded on 26 May 1896 by the English workers hired by the Bolivian Government to build the national railways, becoming the first Bolivian football squad.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: São Paulo Athletic Club, founded on 13 May 1888 by English immigrants as a cricket club, could be considered the oldest Brazilian club to have played any code of "football", starting to play association football in 1898. After football retired from competitions in 1912, rugby union became the main sport of SPAC.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The oldest club to have been in continuous activity in association football is S.C. Rio Grande, founded in July 1900 (a famous misconception is that the oldest one would be A.A. Ponte Preta, named after the neighbourhood of the same name in the city of Campinas, but it was founded close to one month later, in August 1900. São Paulo Railway Company and São Paulo Gaz Company, both established in 1895 (and then defunct) played the first football match in Brazil that same year.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Paissandu Atlético Clube, founded on 15 August 1872, could be the oldest football club in Brazil but the team was dissolved in 1914, with only a futsal section remaining nowadays.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Santiago Wanderers was founded on 15 August 1892 by Irish community and was the first football club in Chile.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: The defunct Barranquilla Football Club founded by British railway workers in 1908 was the first football club in Colombia.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: Lima Cricket and Football Club claims to be the oldest football-practising club in Peru and the Americas, having been founded in 1859 by the city's British community.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Oldest football clubs

Context: In Uruguay, the Montevideo Cricket Club, established in 1861, has however been ranked as the oldest rugby union club outside Europe by the World Rugby Museum of Twickenham, although the first certain rugby match played by MVCC was in 1875.

Question: ما هو أ قدم  فريق كرة قدم في فرنسا؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: In early September 1947, Gandhi moved to Delhi to help stem the violent rioting there and in the neighboring province of East Punjab. The rioting had come in the wake of the partition of the British Indian empire, which had accompanied the creation of the new independent dominions of India and Pakistan, and involved large, chaotic transfers of population between them.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: On the day Gandhi went on hunger strike, Godse and his colleagues began planning how to assassinate Gandhi. Nathuram Vinayak Godse and Narayan Apte purchased a Beretta M1934. Along with purchasing the pistol, Godse and his accomplices shadowed Gandhi's movements.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: According to several reports, while the attending crowd was still in shock, Gandhi's assassin Godse was seized by Herbert Reiner Jr, a 32-year-old, newly arrived vice-consul at the American embassy in Delhi. According to an obituary for Reiner published in May 2000 by "The Los Angeles Times", Reiner's role was reported on the front pages of newspapers around the world,

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: According to some accounts, Gandhi died on the spot. In other accounts, such as one prepared by an eyewitness journalist, Gandhi was carried back into the Birla House, into a bedroom, where he died about 30minutes later as one of Gandhi's family members read verses from Hindu scriptures.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: During the subsequent trial, and in various witness accounts and books written since, the motivation of Godse has been summarized, speculated about and debated. Godse did not deny killing Gandhi, and made a long statement explaining his motivations for the assassination of Gandhi. Some of these motivations were:

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: The assassination was investigated, and many additional people were arrested, charged and tried in a lower court. The case and its appeal attracted considerable media attention, but Godse's statement in his defense to the court was banned immediately by the Indian government. Those convicted were either executed or served their complete sentences.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: Along with Nathuram Godse many other accomplices were arrested. They were all identified as prominent members of the Hindu Mahasabha – a nationalist organization.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: Along with Godse and accomplices, police arrested the 65-year-old Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who they accused of being the mastermind behind the plot.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: The appeal by the convicted men was heard from 2 May 1949, at Peterhoff, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) which then housed the Punjab High Court. The High Court confirmed the findings and sentences of the lower court except in the cases of Dattatraya Parchure and Shankar Kistayya who were acquitted of all charges.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: G.D. Khosla, one of the judges who heard the assassination proceedings, later wrote of the Godse statement and the reception of his reasons for assassinating Gandhi by the audience in the court:

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: Gandhi's death was mourned around the world. Field Marshal Jan Smuts, former prime minister of South Africa, and once Gandhi's adversary, said,

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: "The New York Times" in its editorial wrote:Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Governor general and founder of Pakistan, had his differences with Gandhi. But on the day of Gandhi's assassination, he said:Over two million people joined the five-mile long funeral procession that took over five hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla House, where he had been assassinated. Gandhi was cremated in a funeral pyre.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: Gandhi's assassination dramatically changed the political landscape. Nehru became his political heir. According to Markovits, while Gandhi was alive, Pakistan's declaration that it was a "Muslim state" had led Indian groups to demand that India be declared a "Hindu state". Nehru linked Gandhi's assassination to the politics of hatred and ill-will.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Context: For years after the assassination, states Markovits, "Gandhi's shadow loomed large over the political life of the new Indian Republic". The government quelled any opposition to its economic and social policies, despite this being contrary to Gandhi's ideas, by reconstructing Gandhi's image and ideals.

Question: في عام توفي المهاتما غاندي؟


Tiger shark

Context: The shark was first described by Peron and Lesueur in 1822, and was given the name "Squalus cuvier". Müller and Henle in 1837 renamed it "Galeocerdo tigrinus". The genus, "Galeocerdo", is derived from the Greek "galeos", which means shark, and "kerdo", the word for fox. It is often colloquially called the man-eater shark.

Question: ما هو اخطر انواع سمك القرش ؟


Tiger shark

Context: Tiger Sharks are unique among all sharks in the fact that they employ embrytrophy to nourish their young inside the womb. The young gestate in sacks which are filled with a fluid that nourishes them. This allows for the young to dramatically increase in size, even though they have no placental connection to the mother.

Question: ما هو اخطر انواع سمك القرش ؟


Ramadan

Context: Ramadan ( ; also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting ("sawm"), prayer, reflection and community. A commemoration of Muhammad's first revelation, the annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the crescent moon to the next.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Accordingly, during the hours of fasting Muslims refrain not only from food and drink, but also tobacco products, sexual relations, and sinful behavior, devoting themselves instead to "salat" (prayer) and study of the Quran.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: The word "Ramadan" derives from the Arabic root "R-M-Ḍ" () "scorching heat", which is the Classical Arabic verb ""ramiḍa" ()" meaning "become intensely hot – become burning; become scorching; be blazing; be glowing".

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Ramadan is thought as one of the names of God in Islam by some, and as such it is reported in many hadiths that it is prohibited to say only "Ramadan" in reference to the calendar month and that it is necessary to say "month of Ramadan", as reported in Sunni, Shia and Zaydi sources.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: In the Persian language, the Arabic letter ("Ḍād") is pronounced as /z/. The Muslim communities in some countries with historical Persian influence, such as Azerbaijan, Iran, India, Pakistan and Turkey, use the word "Ramazan" or "Ramzan". The word "Romzan" is used in Bangladesh.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Muslims hold that all scripture was revealed during Ramadan, the scrolls of Abraham, Torah, Psalms, Gospel, and Quran having been handed down on the first, sixth, twelfth, thirteenth (in some sources, eighteenth) and twenty-fourth Ramadans, respectively. Muhammed is said to have received his first quranic revelation on "Laylat al-Qadr", one of five odd-numbered nights that fall during the last ten days of Ramadan.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Because the "Hilāl", or crescent moon, typically occurs approximately one day after the new moon, Muslims can usually estimate the beginning of Ramadan; however, many prefer to confirm the opening of Ramadan by direct visual observation of the crescent.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: "Laylat al-Qadr" is considered the holiest night of the year. It is generally believed to have occurred on an odd-numbered night during the last ten days of Ramadan; the Dawoodi Bohra believe that "Laylat al-Qadr" was the twenty-third night of Ramadan.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: The holiday of "Eid al-Fitr" (Arabic:عيد الفطر), which marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of "Shawwal", the next lunar month, is declared after a crescent new moon has been sighted or after completion of thirty days of fasting if no sighting of the moon is possible. "Eid" celebrates of the return to a more natural disposition ("fitra") of eating, drinking, and marital intimacy.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: The common practice is to fast from dawn to sunset. The pre-dawn meal before the fast is called the "suhur", while the meal at sunset that breaks the fast is called "iftar".

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Muslims devote more time to prayer and acts of charity, striving to improve their self-discipline, motivated by hadith: "When Ramadan arrives, the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils are put in chains."

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Exemptions to fasting include travel, menstruation, severe illness, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. However, many Muslims with medical conditions insist on fasting to satisfy their spiritual needs, although it is not recommended by hadith. Those unable to fast are obligated to make up the missed days later.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Each day, before dawn, Muslims observe a pre-fast meal called the "suhoor". After stopping a short time before dawn, Muslims begin the first prayer of the day, "Fajr".

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: At sunset, families break the fast with the "iftar", traditionally opening the meal by eating dates to commemorate Muhammad's practice of breaking the fast with three dates. They then adjourn for "Maghrib", the fourth of the five required daily prayers, after which the main meal is served.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Social gatherings, many times in buffet style, are frequent at "iftar". Traditional dishes are often highlighted, including traditional desserts, particularly those made only during Ramadan. Water is usually the beverage of choice, but juice and milk are also often available, as are soft drinks and caffeinated beverages.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: In the Middle East, "iftar" consists of water, juices, dates, salads and appetizers; one or more main dishes; and rich desserts, with dessert considered the most important aspect of the meal. Typical main dishes include lamb stewed with wheat berries, lamb kebabs with grilled vegetables, and roasted chicken served with chickpea-studded rice pilaf. Desserts may include "luqaimat", baklava or "kunafeh".

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Over time, the practice of "iftar" has evolved into banquets that may accommodate hundreds or even thousands of diners. The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, the largest mosque in the UAE, feeds up to thirty thousand people every night. Some twelve thousand people attend "iftar" at the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: "Zakāt", often translated as "the poor-rate", is the fixed percentage of income a believer is required to give to the poor; the practice is obligatory as one of the pillars of Islam. Muslims believe that good deeds are rewarded more handsomely during Ramadan than at any other time of the year; consequently, many Muslims donate a larger portionor even allof their yearly "zakāt" during this month.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: "Tarawih" () are extra nightly prayers performed during the month of Ramadan. Contrary to popular belief, they are not compulsory.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Muslims are encouraged to read the entire Quran, which comprises thirty "juz (sections), over the thirty days of Ramadan. Some Muslims incorporate a recitation of one "juz into each of the thirty "tarawih" sessions observed during the month.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: In some Islamic countries, lights are strung up in public squares and across city streets, a tradition believed to have originated during the Fatimid Caliphate, where the rule of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah was acclaimed by people holding lanterns.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Common greetings during Ramadan include "Ramadan mubarak" and "Ramadan kareem", which mean (have a) "blessed Ramadan" and "generous Ramadan" respectively.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: During Ramadan in the Middle East, a "mesaharati" beats a drum across a neighbourhood to wake people up to eat the suhoor meal. Similarly in Southeast Asia, the "kentongan" slit drum is used for the same purpose.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: According to a 2012 Pew Research Centre study, there was widespread Ramadan observance, with a median of 93 percent across the thirty-nine countries and territories studied. Regions with high percentages of fasting among Muslims include Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East and North Africa, Horn of Africa and most of Sub-Saharan Africa. Percentages are lower in Central Asia and Southeast Europe.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: In some Muslim countries, eating in public during daylight hours in Ramadan is a crime. The sale of alcohol becomes prohibited during Ramadan in Egypt. The penalty for publicly eating, drinking or smoking during Ramadan can result in fines or incarceration in the countries of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Algeria and Malaysia. In the United Arab Emirates, the punishment is community service.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: In some countries, on the contrary, the observance of Ramadan has been restricted by governments. In the USSR, the practice of Ramadan was suppressed by officials. In Albania, Ramadan festivities were banned during the communist period. However, many Albanians continued to fast secretly during this period.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: China is reported to have banned Ramadan fasting for officials, students, and teachers in Xinjiang since 2012. Radio Free Asia alleged that residents in Kashgar Prefecture were encouraged to report those who fasted to the authorities. The ban has been denied by Chinese diplomats and Muslim associations in Xinjiang. Antara News, "Daily Times", and "Pakistan Today" have also brought up accounts of residents in Xinjiang fasting.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Some countries impose modified work schedules. In the UAE, employees may work no more than six hours per day and thirty-six hours per week. Qatar, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait have similar laws.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: In many cultures, it is associated with heavy food and water intake during Suhur and Iftar times, which may do more harm than good. Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people provided that overall food and water intake is adequate but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice if they encounter health problems before or during fasting.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: The education departments of Berlin and the United Kingdom have tried to discourage students from fasting during Ramadan, as they claim that not eating or drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: A review of the literature by an Iranian group suggested fasting during Ramadan might produce renal injury in patients with moderate (GFR <60 ml/min) or severe kidney disease but was not injurious to renal transplant patients with good function or most stone-forming patients.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: A study on 55 professional Algerian soccer players showed that performance during Ramadan declined significantly for speed, agility, dribbling speed and endurance, and most stayed low 2 weeks after the conclusion of Ramadan.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Ramadan

Context: Muslim astronauts in space schedule religious practices around the time zone of their last location on Earth. For example, this means an astronaut from Malaysia launching from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida would center their fast according to sunrise and sunset in Florida's Eastern Time. This includes times for daily prayers, as well as sunset and sunrise for Ramadan.

Question: ماهو عدد أيام شهر رمضان ؟


Big Ben

Context: Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the striking clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, England, and the name is frequently extended to refer also to the clock and the clock tower. The official name of the tower in which Big Ben is located was originally the Clock Tower, but it was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: Big Ben is the largest of the tower's five bells and weighs . It was the largest bell in the United Kingdom for 23 years. The origin of the bell's nickname is open to question; it may be named after Sir Benjamin Hall, who oversaw its installation, or heavyweight boxing champion Benjamin Caunt. Four quarter bells chime at 15, 30 and 45 minutes past the hour and just before Big Ben tolls on the hour. The clock uses its original Victorian mechanism, but an electric motor can be used as a backup.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: The tower is a British cultural icon recognised all over the world. It is one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and parliamentary democracy, and it is often used in the establishing shot of films set in London. The clock tower has been part of a Grade I listed building since 1970 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: Above the belfry and Ayrton light are 52 shields decorated with national emblems of the four countries of the UK: the red and white rose of England's Tudor dynasty, the thistle of Scotland, shamrock of Northern Ireland, and leek of Wales. They also feature the pomegranate of Catherine of Aragon, first wife of the Tudor king Henry VIII; the portcullis, symbolising both Houses of Parliament; and fleurs-de-lis, a legacy from when English monarchs claimed to rule France.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: A ventilation shaft running from ground level up to the belfry, which measures by , was designed by David Boswell Reid, known as "the grandfather of air-conditioning". It was intended to draw cool, fresh air into the Palace of Westminster; in practice this did not work and the shaft was repurposed as a chimney, until around 1914. The 2017–2021 conservation works included the addition of a lift (or elevator) that was installed in the shaft.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: A new feature was added in 1873 by Acton Smee Ayrton, then First Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings. The Ayrton Light is a lantern sited above the belfry and is lit whenever the House of Commons sits after dark. It can be seen from across London. Originally, it shone towards Buckingham Palace so Queen Victoria could look out of a window and see when the Commons were at work.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: When completed, the frame and hands were Prussian blue, but were painted black in the 1930s to disguise the effects of air pollution. The original colour scheme was reinstated during the 2017–2021 conservation work. It was found that no fewer than six different colour schemes had been used over the past 160 years. The Victorian glass was also removed and replaced with faithful reproductions made in Germany by glassmakers Glasfabrik Lamberts.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: On 10 May 1941, a German bombing raid damaged two of the clock's dials and sections of the tower's stepped roof and destroyed the House of Commons chamber. Architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott designed a new five-floor block. Two floors are occupied by the current chamber, which was used for the first time on 26 October 1950. The clock ran accurately and chimed throughout the Blitz.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: The main bell, officially known as the "Great Bell" but better known as "Big Ben", is the largest bell in the tower and part of the Great Clock of Westminster. It sounds an E-natural.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: The original bell was a 16 ton (16.3-tonne) hour bell, cast on 6 August 1856 in Stockton-on-Tees by John Warner & Sons. It is thought that the bell was originally to be called "Victoria" or "Royal Victoria" in honour of Queen Victoria, but that an MP suggested the bell's current nickname of "Big Ben" during a Parliamentary debate; the comment is not recorded in "Hansard".

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: One of the requirements for the clock was that the first stroke of the hour bell should be correct to within one second per day. The tolerance is with reference to Greenwich Mean Time (BST in summer). So, at twelve o'clock, for example, it is the first of the twelve hour-bell strikes that signifies the hour (the New Year on New Year's Eve at midnight). The time signalled by the last of the "six pips" (UTC) may be fractionally different.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: The clock has become a cultural symbol of the United Kingdom, particularly in the visual media. When a television or film-maker wishes to indicate a generic location in the country, a popular way to do so is to show an image of the tower, often with a red double-decker bus or black cab in the foreground.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: In 2008, a survey of 2,000 people found that the tower was the most popular landmark in the United Kingdom. It has also been named as the most iconic film location in London.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: Londoners who live an appropriate distance from the tower and Big Ben can, by means of listening to the chimes both live and on analogue radio, hear the bell strike thirteen times. This is possible because the electronically transmitted chimes arrive virtually instantaneously, while the "live" sound is delayed travelling through the air since the speed of sound is relatively slow.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: At the close of the polls for the 2010 general election the results of the national exit poll were projected onto the south side of the tower. On 27 July 2012, starting at 8:12 a.m, Big Ben chimed 30 times, to welcome the Games of the 30th Olympiad, which officially began that day, to London.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Big Ben

Context: In December 2021, after four years of renovations and restoration, the tower emerged from behind its scaffolding in time for the ringing in of the new year.

Question: كم تزن ساعة بيج بن؟


Christian denomination

Context: Restorationism emerged after the Second Great Awakening and collectively affirms belief in a Great Apostasy, thus promoting a belief in restoring what they see as primitive Christianity. It includes Mormonism, Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, among others.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Since the reforms surrounding the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, the Roman Catholic Church has referred to Protestant Churches as ecclesial communities, while reserving the term "church" for apostolic churches, including the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches, as well as the Ancient and Assyrian Churches of the East . But some non-denominational Christians do not follow any particular branch, though they sometimes are regarded as Protestants.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Each group uses different terminology to discuss their beliefs. This section will discuss the definitions of several terms used throughout the article, before discussing the beliefs themselves in detail in following sections.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: A denomination within Christianity can be defined as a "recognized autonomous branch of the Christian Church"; major synonyms include "religious group, sect, Church," etc. "Church" as a synonym, refers to a "particular Christian organization with its own clergy, buildings, and distinctive doctrines"; "church" can also more broadly be defined as the entire body of Christians, the "Christian Church".

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The views of Protestant leaders differ greatly from those of the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the two largest Christian denominations. Each church makes mutually exclusive statements for itself to be the direct continuation of the church founded by Jesus Christ, from whom other denominations later broke away. These churches, and a few others, reject denominationalism.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Although Catholics reject branch theory, Pope Benedict XVI and Pope John Paul II used the "two lungs" concept to relate Catholicism with Eastern Orthodoxy.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Christianity has denominational families (or movements) and also has individual denominations (or communions). The difference between a denomination and a denominational family is sometimes unclear to outsiders. Some denominational families can be considered major branches. Groups that are members of a branch, while sharing historical ties and similar doctrines, are not necessarily in communion with one another.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Some groups count membership based on adult believers and baptized children of believers, while others only count adult baptized believers. Others may count membership based on those adult believers who have formally affiliated themselves with the congregation. In addition, there may be political motives of advocates or opponents of a particular group to inflate or deflate membership numbers through propaganda or outright deception.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Some Christians view denominationalism as a regrettable fact. As of 2011, divisions are becoming less sharp, and there is increasing cooperation between denominations, which is known as ecumenism. Many denominations participate in the World Council of Churches. Theological denominationalism ultimately denies reality to any apparent doctrinal differences among the "denominations", reducing all differences to mere matters "de nomina" ("of names").

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: A denomination in this sense is created when part of a church no longer feel they can accept the leadership of that church as a spiritual leadership due to a different view of doctrine or what they see as immoral behaviour, but the schism does not in any way reflect either group leaving the Church as a theoretical whole.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: This particular doctrine is rejected by Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy. In these churches, it is not possible to have a separation over doctrinal or leadership issues, and any such attempts automatically are a type of schism. Some Protestant groups reject denominationalism as well.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Christianity has not been a monolithic faith since the first century or Apostolic Age, if ever, and today there exist a large variety of groups that share a common history and tradition within and without mainstream Christianity. Christianity is the largest religion in the world (making up approximately one-third of the population) and the various divisions have commonalities and differences in tradition, theology, church government, doctrine, and language.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Catholic Church, due to their hierarchical structures, are not said to be made up of denominations, rather, they include kinds of regional councils and individual congregations and church bodies, which do not officially differ from one another in doctrine.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The first significant, lasting split in historic Christianity came from the Church of the East, who left following the Christological controversy over Nestorianism in 431 (the Assyrians in 1994 released a common Christological statement with the Catholic Church). Today, the Assyrian and Catholic Church view this schism as largely linguistic, due to problems of translating very delicate and precise terminology from Latin to Aramaic and vice versa (see Council of Ephesus).

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: There has been a statement that the Chalcedonian Creed restored Nestorianism, however this is refuted by maintaining the following distinctions associated with the "person" of Christ: two hypostases, two natures (Nestorian); one hypostasis, one nature (Monophysite); one hypostasis, two natures (Orthodox/Catholic).

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: In England, Henry VIII of England declared himself to be supreme head of the Church of England with the Act of Supremacy in 1531, founding the Church of England, repressing both Lutheran reformers and those loyal to the pope. Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury introduced the Reformation, in a form compromising between the Calvinists and Lutherans.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Old Catholic Church split from the Catholic Church in the 1870s because of the promulgation of the dogma of papal infallibility as promoted by the First Vatican Council of 1869–1870. The term 'Old Catholic' was first used in 1853 to describe the members of the See of Utrecht that were not under Papal authority. The Old Catholic movement grew in America but has not maintained ties with Utrecht, although talks are under way between independent Old Catholic bishops and Utrecht.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Liberal Catholic Church started in 1916 via an Old Catholic bishop in London, bishop Matthew, who consecrated bishop James Wedgwood to the Episcopacy. This stream has in its relatively short existence known many splits, which operate worldwide under several names.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: And finally the smallest Eastern Christian group founded in early 20th century is Byzantine Rite Lutheranism where accept Byzantine Rite as Church's liturgy while retaining their Lutheran traditions like Ukrainian Lutheran Church. It is considered part of Eastern Protestant denominational movement.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Anabaptist tradition, made up of the Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites, rejected the Roman Catholic and Lutheran doctrines of infant baptism; this tradition is also noted for its belief in pacifism. Many Anabaptists do not see themselves as Protestant, but a separate tradition altogether.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies. Data from the Pew Research Center has it that, as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult American Jews identify themselves as Christians, most as Protestants. According to the same data, most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement began on the American frontier during the Second Great Awakening (1790–1870) of the early 19th century. The movement sought to restore the church and "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the church of the New Testament." Members do not identify as Protestant but simply as Christian.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Other Christian groups originating during the Second Great Awakening including the Adventist movement, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and Christian Science, founded within fifty years of one another, all consider themselves to be restorative of primitive Christianity and the early church. Some Baptist churches with Landmarkist views have similar beliefs concerning their connection with primitive Christianity.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Spiritual Christianity, inclusive of the Molokans and Doukhobors emerged in Russia, each containing a unique tradition. The Doukhobor have maintained close association with Mennonite Anabaptist Christians and Quaker Christians due to analogous religious practices; all of these groups are furthermore collectively considered to be peace churches due to their belief in pacifism.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Protestant denominations have shown a strong tendency towards diversification and fragmentation, giving rise to numerous churches and movements, especially in Anglo-American religious history, where the process is cast in terms of a series of "Great Awakenings".

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The most recent wave of diversification, known as the Fourth Great Awakening took place during the 1960s to 1980s and resulted in phenomena such as the Charismatic Movement, the Jesus movement, and a great number of parachurch organizations based in Evangelicalism.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Two movements, which are entirely unrelated in their founding, but share a common element of an additional Messiah (or incarnation of Christ) are the Unification Church and the Rastafari movement. These movements fall outside of traditional taxonomies of Christian groups, though both cite the Christian Bible as a basis for their beliefs.

Question: كم عدد التقسيمات الرئيسية للمسيحية؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (; 10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Soviet and Russian lieutenant general, inventor, military engineer, writer, and small arms designer. He is most famous for developing the AK-47 assault rifle and its improvements, the AKM and AK-74, as well as the PK machine gun and RPK light machine gun.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: Kalashnikov was, according to himself, a self-taught tinkerer who combined innate mechanical skills with the study of weaponry to design arms that achieved battlefield ubiquity. Even though Kalashnikov felt sorrow at the weapons' uncontrolled distribution, he took pride in his inventions and in their reputation for reliability, emphasizing that his rifle is "a weapon of defense" and "not a weapon for offense".

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: Seeing the drawbacks of the standard infantry weapons at the time, he decided to construct a new rifle for the Soviet military. During this time Kalashnikov began designing a submachine gun. Although his first submachine gun design was not accepted into service, his talent as a designer was noticed. From 1942 onwards, Kalashnikov was assigned to the Central Scientific-developmental Firing Range for Rifle Firearms of the Chief Artillery Directorate of the Red Army.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: In 1944, he designed a gas-operated carbine for the new 7.62×39mm cartridge. This weapon, influenced by the Garand rifle design, lost out to the new Simonov carbine which would be eventually adopted as the SKS; but it became a basis for his entry in an assault rifle competition in 1946. His winning entry, the "Mikhtim" (so named by taking the first letters of his name and patronymic, Mikhail Timofeyevich) became the prototype for the development of a family of prototype rifles.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: This process culminated in 1947, when he designed the AK-47 (standing for "Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947"). In 1949, the AK became the standard issue assault rifle of the Soviet Army and went on to become Kalashnikov's most famous invention.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: While developing his first assault rifles, Kalashnikov competed with two much more experienced weapon designers, Vasily Degtyaryov and Georgy Shpagin, who both accepted the superiority of the AK-47 design. Kalashnikov named Alexandr Zaitsev and Vladimir Deikin as his major collaborators during those years.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: From 1949, Mikhail Kalashnikov lived and worked in Izhevsk, Udmurtia. He held a degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences (1971) and was a member of 16 academies.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: Over the course of his career, he evolved the basic design into a weapons family. The AKM (), first brought into service in 1959, was lighter and cheaper to manufacture, owing to the use of a stamped steel receiver (in place of the AK-47's milled steel receiver) and contained detail improvements such as a re-shaped stock and muzzle compensator. From the AKM, he developed a squad automatic weapon variant, known as the RPK ().

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: He also developed the general-purpose PK machine gun (), which used the more powerful 7.62×54mmR cartridge of the Mosin–Nagant rifle. It is cartridge belt-fed, not magazine-fed, as it is intended to provide heavy sustained fire from a tripod mount, or be used as a light, bipod-mounted weapon. The common characteristics of all these weapons are simple design, ruggedness and ease of maintenance in all operating conditions.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: Kalashnikov himself claimed he was always motivated by service to his country rather than money, and made no direct profit from weapon production. He did however own 30% of a German company Marken Marketing International (MMI) run by his grandson Igor. The company revamps trademarks and produces merchandise carrying the Kalashnikov name, such as vodka, umbrellas and knives. One of the items is a knife named for the AK-74.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: During a visit to the United States in the early 2000s, Kalashnikov was invited to tour a Virginia holding site for the forthcoming American Wartime Museum. Kalashnikov, a former tank commander, became visibly moved at the sight of his old tank in action, painted with his name in Cyrillic.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: The patriarch wrote back, thanked Kalashnikov, and said that he "was an example of patriotism and a correct attitude toward the country". Kirill added about the design responsibility for the deaths by the rifle, "the church has a well-defined position when the weapon is defense of the Motherland, the Church supports its creators and the military, which use it."

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: Kalashnikov's father, Timofey Aleksandrovich Kalashnikov (1883–1930), was a peasant. He completed two grades of parochial school and could read and write. In 1901, he married Aleksandra Frolovna Kaverina (1884–1957), who was illiterate throughout her life. They had 19 children, but only eight survived to adult age; Kalashnikov was born 17th, and was close to death at age six.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: In 1930, the government labeled Timofey Aleksandrovich a kulak, confiscated his property, and deported him to Siberia, along with most of the family. The eldest three siblings, daughters Agasha (b. 1905) and Anna and son Victor, were already married by 1930, and remained in Kuriya. After her husband's death in 1930, Aleksandra Frolovna married Efrem Kosach, a widower who had three children of his own.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: Mikhail Kalashnikov married twice, the first time to Ekaterina Danilovna Astakhova of Altai Krai. He married the second time to Ekaterina Viktorovna Moiseyeva (1921–1977). She was an engineer and did much technical drawing work for her husband. They had four children: daughters Nelli (b. 1942), Elena (b. 1948) and Natalya (1953–1983), and a son Victor (1942–2018). Victor also became a prominent small arms designer.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: The title to the AK-47 trademark belonged to Mikhail Kalashnikov's family until 4 April 2016, when the Kalashnikov Concern won a lawsuit to invalidate the registration of the trademark.

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Mikhail Kalashnikov

Context: During his career, Kalashnikov designed about 150 models of small weapons. The most famous of them are:

Question: من هو كلاشنكوف ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: Led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others, the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws.

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: The Birmingham campaign was a model of nonviolent direct action protest and, through the media, drew the world's attention to racial segregation in the South. It burnished King's reputation, ousted Connor from his job, forced desegregation in Birmingham, and directly paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited racial discrimination in hiring practices and public services throughout the United States.

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: Martin Luther King Jr.'s presence in Birmingham was not welcomed by all in the black community. A local black attorney complained in "Time" that the new city administration did not have enough time to confer with the various groups invested in changing the city's segregation policies. Black hotel owner A. G. Gaston agreed. A white Jesuit priest assisting in desegregation negotiations attested the "demonstrations [were] poorly timed and misdirected".

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: The plan called for direct nonviolent action to attract media attention to "the biggest and baddest city of the South". In preparation for the protests, Walker timed the walking distance from the 16th Street Baptist Church, headquarters for the campaign, to the downtown area. He surveyed the segregated lunch counters of department stores, and listed federal buildings as secondary targets should police block the protesters' entrance into primary targets such as stores, libraries, and all-white churches.

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: Birmingham's fire department refused orders from Connor to turn the hoses on demonstrators again, and waded through the basement of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church to clean up water from earlier fire-hose flooding. White business leaders met with protest organizers to try and arrange an economic solution but said they had no control over politics. Protest organizers disagreed, saying that business leaders were positioned to pressure political leaders.

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: Fire hoses were used once again, injuring police and Fred Shuttlesworth, as well as other demonstrators. Commissioner Connor expressed regret at missing seeing Shuttlesworth get hit and said he "wished they'd carried him away in a hearse". Another 1,000 people were arrested, bringing the total to 2,500.

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: Outgoing mayor Art Hanes left office after the Alabama State Supreme Court ruled that Albert Boutwell could take office on May 21, 1963. Upon picking up his last paycheck, Bull Connor remarked tearfully, "This is the worst day of my life." In June 1963, the Jim Crow signs regulating segregated public places in Birmingham were taken down.

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: The reputation of Martin Luther King Jr. soared after the protests in Birmingham, and he was lauded by many as a hero. The SCLC was much in demand to effect change in many Southern cities. In the summer of 1963, King led the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom where he delivered his most famous speech, "I Have a Dream".

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Birmingham campaign

Context: Birmingham's public schools were integrated in September 1963. Governor Wallace sent National Guard troops to keep black students out but President Kennedy reversed Wallace by ordering the troops to stand down. Violence continued to plague the city, however. Someone threw a tear gas canister into Loveman's department store when it complied with the desegregation agreement; twenty people in the store required hospital treatment.

Question: متى حدثت حملة برمنجهام ؟


Alfred de Vigny

Context: Vigny was born in Loches (a town to which he never returned) to an aristocratic family. His father was a 60-year-old veteran of the Seven Years' War who died before Vigny's 20th birthday; his mother, 20 years younger, was a strong-willed woman who was inspired by Rousseau and took personal responsibility for Vigny's early education. His maternal grandfather, the Marquis de Baraudin, had served as commodore with the royal navy.

Question: من هو زعيم الحركة الرومنطيقية ؟


Alfred de Vigny

Context: Vigny grew up in Paris, and attended preparatory studies for the École Polytechnique at the Lycée Bonaparte, obtaining a good knowledge of French history and the Bible before developing an "inordinate love for the glory of bearing arms".

Question: من هو زعيم الحركة الرومنطيقية ؟


Alfred de Vigny

Context: As was the case for every noble family, the French Revolution diminished the family's circumstances considerably. After Napoléon's defeat at Waterloo, a Bourbon, Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, was restored to authority, and in 1814 Vigny enrolled in one of the privileged aristocratic companies of the "Maison du Roi" (king's guard) as a second lieutenant.

Question: من هو زعيم الحركة الرومنطيقية ؟


Alfred de Vigny

Context: Though he was promoted to first lieutenant in 1822 and to captain the next year, the military profession in time of peace bored him. After taking several leaves of absence he abandoned military life during 1827, having already published his first poem "Le Bal" during 1820 and an ambitious narrative poem "Éloa" in 1824 on the popular romantic theme of the redemption of Satan.

Question: من هو زعيم الحركة الرومنطيقية ؟