Borat Sagdiyev

Context: On 19 October 2006, the BBC reported that Kazakhstan's Deputy Foreign Minister, Rakhat Aliyev, had invited Baron Cohen to visit Kazakhstan to see how inaccurate his portrayals were. In an interview, Aliyev asserted that "His trip could yield a lot of discoveries—that women not only travel inside buses but also drive their own cars, that we make wine from grapes, that Jews can freely attend synagogues and so on."

Question: ボラット・サグディエフの出身はどこ


Borat Sagdiyev

Context: In another scene, Borat visits the Serengeti Range ranch in Texas, where the owner of the ranch, Gene Gordon confides that he believes the Holocaust was a necessity for Germany. He further implies that he would have no moral qualms about running a ranch where people can hunt, in Borat's words, "deer...then Jew."

Question: ボラット・サグディエフの出身はどこ


Borat Sagdiyev

Context: The film has enjoyed particular success in Israel because Israeli filmgoers understand what Borat is really saying when he is supposedly spouting Kazakh: throughout the film, Borat speaks fluent Hebrew with some phrases in Polish, and his assistant speaks Armenian.

Question: ボラット・サグディエフの出身はどこ


Borat Sagdiyev

Context: On 7 January 2005, after convincing the authorities that he was shooting a documentary film, Baron Cohen managed to infuriate a crowd at a rodeo in Salem, Virginia. Even though the crowd first cheered at the beginning of his statements of support for the Iraq War:

Question: ボラット・サグディエフの出身はどこ


Borat Sagdiyev

Context: He then went on to sing an out-of-tune rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" with the lyrics replaced by those of the fictitious "Kazakh national anthem" "O Kazakhstan" used at the end of the film (composed by Erran Baron Cohen), beginning with "Kazakhstan, greatest country in the world / All other countries are run by little girls..."

Question: ボラット・サグディエフの出身はどこ


Borat Sagdiyev

Context: The crowd was not pleased. One witness stated that "if he [Baron Cohen] had been out there a minute longer, I think somebody would have shot him [...] people were booing him, flipping him off." For his own safety, Baron Cohen was escorted from the venue (much of the event appears in the movie). A credible news report about the incident, aired on a local television station, is included in the DVD extras.

Question: ボラット・サグディエフの出身はどこ


Probability theory

Context: Central subjects in probability theory include discrete and continuous random variables, probability distributions, and stochastic processes (which provide mathematical abstractions of non-deterministic or uncertain processes or measured quantities that may either be single occurrences or evolve over time in a random fashion).

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Although it is not possible to perfectly predict random events, much can be said about their behavior. Two major results in probability theory describing such behaviour are the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: As a mathematical foundation for statistics, probability theory is essential to many human activities that involve quantitative analysis of data. Methods of probability theory also apply to descriptions of complex systems given only partial knowledge of their state, as in statistical mechanics or sequential estimation. A great discovery of twentieth-century physics was the probabilistic nature of physical phenomena at atomic scales, described in quantum mechanics.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Initially, probability theory mainly considered events, and its methods were mainly combinatorial. Eventually, analytical considerations compelled the incorporation of variables into the theory.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: This culminated in modern probability theory, on foundations laid by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov. Kolmogorov combined the notion of sample space, introduced by Richard von Mises, and measure theory and presented his axiom system for probability theory in 1933. This became the mostly undisputed axiomatic basis for modern probability theory; but, alternatives exist, such as the adoption of finite rather than countable additivity by Bruno de Finetti.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Most introductions to probability theory treat discrete probability distributions and continuous probability distributions separately. The measure theory-based treatment of probability covers the discrete, continuous, a mix of the two, and more.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: The probability that any one of the events {1,6}, {3}, or {2,4} will occur is 5/6. This is the same as saying that the probability of event {1,2,3,4,6} is 5/6. This event encompasses the possibility of any number except five being rolled. The mutually exclusive event {5} has a probability of 1/6, and the event {1,2,3,4,5,6} has a probability of 1, that is, absolute certainty.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Initially the probability of an event to occur was defined as the number of cases favorable for the event, over the number of total outcomes possible in an equiprobable sample space: see Classical definition of probability.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: For example, if the event is "occurrence of an even number when a die is rolled", the probability is given by formula_3, since 3 faces out of the 6 have even numbers and each face has the same probability of appearing.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: The modern definition starts with a finite or countable set called the sample space, which relates to the set of all "possible outcomes" in classical sense, denoted by formula_4. It is then assumed that for each element formula_5, an intrinsic "probability" value formula_6 is attached, which satisfies the following properties:

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: That is, the probability function "f"("x") lies between zero and one for every value of "x" in the sample space "Ω", and the sum of "f"("x") over all values "x" in the sample space "Ω" is equal to 1. An is defined as any subset formula_9 of the sample space formula_10. The of the event formula_9 is defined as

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: The function formula_6 mapping a point in the sample space to the "probability" value is called a abbreviated as . The modern definition does not try to answer how probability mass functions are obtained; instead, it builds a theory that assumes their existence.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: The classical definition breaks down when confronted with the continuous case. See Bertrand's paradox.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: If the sample space of a random variable "X" is the set of real numbers (formula_14) or a subset thereof, then a function called the (or ) formula_15 exists, defined by formula_16. That is, "F"("x") returns the probability that "X" will be less than or equal to "x".

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: If formula_15 is absolutely continuous, i.e., its derivative exists and integrating the derivative gives us the cdf back again, then the random variable "X" is said to have a or or simply formula_21

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Whereas the "pdf" exists only for continuous random variables, the "cdf" exists for all random variables (including discrete random variables) that take values in formula_26

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: These concepts can be generalized for multidimensional cases on formula_27 and other continuous sample spaces.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: The "raison d'être" of the measure-theoretic treatment of probability is that it unifies the discrete and the continuous cases, and makes the difference a question of which measure is used. Furthermore, it covers distributions that are neither discrete nor continuous nor mixtures of the two.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: An example of such distributions could be a mix of discrete and continuous distributions—for example, a random variable that is 0 with probability 1/2, and takes a random value from a normal distribution with probability 1/2. It can still be studied to some extent by considering it to have a pdf of formula_28, where formula_29 is the Dirac delta function.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Other distributions may not even be a mix, for example, the Cantor distribution has no positive probability for any single point, neither does it have a density. The modern approach to probability theory solves these problems using measure theory to define the probability space:

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Given any set formula_10 (also called ) and a σ-algebra formula_31 on it, a measure formula_32 defined on formula_31 is called a if formula_34

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: If formula_31 is the Borel σ-algebra on the set of real numbers, then there is a unique probability measure on formula_31 for any cdf, and vice versa. The measure corresponding to a cdf is said to be by the cdf. This measure coincides with the pmf for discrete variables and pdf for continuous variables, making the measure-theoretic approach free of fallacies.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Along with providing better understanding and unification of discrete and continuous probabilities, measure-theoretic treatment also allows us to work on probabilities outside formula_27, as in the theory of stochastic processes. For example, to study Brownian motion, probability is defined on a space of functions.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: Certain random variables occur very often in probability theory because they well describe many natural or physical processes. Their distributions, therefore, have gained "special importance" in probability theory. Some fundamental "discrete distributions" are the discrete uniform, Bernoulli, binomial, negative binomial, Poisson and geometric distributions. Important "continuous distributions" include the continuous uniform, normal, exponential, gamma and beta distributions.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: In probability theory, there are several notions of convergence for random variables. They are listed below in the order of strength, i.e., any subsequent notion of convergence in the list implies convergence according to all of the preceding notions.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: As the names indicate, weak convergence is weaker than strong convergence. In fact, strong convergence implies convergence in probability, and convergence in probability implies weak convergence. The reverse statements are not always true.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: identically distributed random variables formula_59 converges towards their common expectation formula_60, provided that the expectation of formula_61 is finite.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: It is in the different forms of convergence of random variables that separates the "weak" and the "strong" law of large numbers

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: It follows from the LLN that if an event of probability "p" is observed repeatedly during independent experiments, the ratio of the observed frequency of that event to the total number of repetitions converges towards "p".

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: For example, if formula_66 are independent Bernoulli random variables taking values 1 with probability "p" and 0 with probability 1-"p", then formula_67 for all "i", so that formula_68 converges to "p" almost surely.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: The central limit theorem (CLT) explains the ubiquitous occurrence of the normal distribution in nature, and this theorem, according to David Williams, "is one of the great results of mathematics."

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: The theorem states that the average of many independent and identically distributed random variables with finite variance tends towards a normal distribution "irrespective" of the distribution followed by the original random variables. Formally, let formula_50 be independent random variables with mean formula_60 and variance formula_71 Then the sequence of random variables

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: For some classes of random variables, the classic central limit theorem works rather fast, as illustrated in the Berry–Esseen theorem. For example, the distributions with finite first, second, and third moment from the exponential family; on the other hand, for some random variables of the heavy tail and fat tail variety, it works very slowly or may not work at all: in such cases one may use the Generalized Central Limit Theorem (GCLT).

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: The first major treatise blending calculus with probability theory, originally in French: "Théorie Analytique des Probabilités".

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


Probability theory

Context: An English translation by Nathan Morrison appeared under the title "Foundations of the Theory of Probability" (Chelsea, New York) in 1950, with a second edition in 1956.

Question: 確率論の提唱者は誰？


History of the National Hockey League (1917–1942)

Context: The NHL's first quarter-century saw the league compete against two rival major leagues, the Pacific Coast Hockey Association and Western Canada Hockey League, for players and the Stanley Cup. The NHL first expanded into the United States in 1924 with the founding of the Boston Bruins, and by 1926 consisted of ten teams in Ontario, Quebec, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeastern United States. At the same time, the NHL emerged as the only major league and the sole competitor for the Stanley Cup.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: The game itself continued to evolve during this time. Numerous innovations to the rules and equipment were put forward as the NHL sought to improve the flow of the game and make the sport more fan-friendly. The NHL played with six men to a side rather than the traditional seven, and was among the first leagues to allow goaltenders to leave their feet to make saves. The NHL's footprint spread across Canada as Foster Hewitt's radio broadcasts were heard coast-to-coast starting in 1933.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: The Montreal Forum and Maple Leaf Gardens were built, and each played host to All-Star benefit games held to raise money to support Ace Bailey and the family of Howie Morenz in Toronto and Montreal, respectively. Both players' careers had ended due to an on-ice incident, with Morenz eventually dying, a month after he sustained his initial injury. These early NHL All-Star games would lead to the annual All-Star games which continue today.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: Frank Calder was elected to the Chair and a discussion ensued after which it was moved by T.P. Gorman, seconded by G.W. Kendall[:] "That the Canadien, Wanderer, Ottawa and Quebec Hockey Clubs unite to comprise the National Hockey League". The motion was carried.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: It was then moved by M.J. Quinn seconded by G.W. Kendall that: "This League agrees to operate under the rules and conditions governing the game of hockey prescribed by the National Hockey Association of Canada Limited". The motion was carried.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: At this stage, Mr. W.E. Northey, representing the Toronto Arena Company asked to be admitted to the meeting and was admitted. Mr. Northey explained that he was empowered by the interests he represented to say that in the event of a league being formed to contain four clubs, the Toronto Arena desired to enter a team in the competition.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: Upon this assurance M.J. Quinn on behalf of Quebec Hockey Club declared the latter willing to withdraw provided a suitable arrangement could be made regarding players then the property of the Quebec Hockey Club.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: After discussion it was unanimously agreed that the Quebec players be taken over by the league at a cost of $700 (Seven Hundred Dollars) of which amount 50% should be paid to the Quebec Hockey Club by the club winning the championship, 30% by the second club and 20% by the third club in the race...

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: The meeting then proceeded to the election of officers. The following directors were elected S.E. Lichtenhein (Wanderers), Martin Rosenthal (Ottawa), G.W. Kendall (Canadiens) and a director to be named by the Toronto club.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: M.J. Quinn was elected Honorary President with power to vote on matters pertaining to the general welfare of the league.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: Frank Calder was elected President and Secretary-Treasurer at a salary of $800 (Eight Hundred Dollars) on the understanding that there could be no appeal from his decisions...

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: In its first years, the NHL continued the NHA's split season format. The first-half champion Canadiens fell to the second-half champion Toronto team in the 1918 playoffs for the O'Brien Cup by a combined score of 10–7 in a two-game, total goals series. The victory gave Toronto the right to face the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's champion, the Vancouver Millionaires, in the Stanley Cup final. The Torontos defeated Vancouver to become the first NHL team to win the Cup.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: The Canadiens won the NHL championship over the Senators in 1918–19, and traveled west to meet the PCHA's champion, the Seattle Metropolitans. The series is best remembered for its cancellation with the series tied at two wins, two losses, and a tie (2–2–1) due to the Spanish flu pandemic. Several players from both teams became ill, prompting health officials in Seattle to cancel the sixth, and deciding, game. Canadiens defenceman Joe Hall died as a result of the flu on April 5, 1919.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: Throughout, Livingstone continued to try to revive the NHA, convening league meetings on September 20 and December 11, 1918, which representatives of the Canadiens, Senators and Wanderers determined to close out the expired league for good.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: The Montreal Forum, which in later decades became synonymous with the Canadiens, was built in 1924 to house the Maroons. The Canadiens did not move into the Forum until two years later. The Forum hosted its first Stanley Cup final in its second year, as the Maroons defeated the WCHL's Victoria Cougars in the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals, the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Cup.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: Despite the reduced awards, the Querries found the pressures of meeting their obligations to Livingstone too great and, as a result, placed the St. Patricks up for sale in 1927. On February 14, 1927, the St. Patricks were sold to a group represented by Conn Smythe for $160,000 despite a potentially greater offer from a Philadelphia-based group. Among the first moves Smythe made was to rename his team the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Context: That summer, the Canadiens' franchise was for sale, after posting losses of $60,000 over the previous two seasons. Over forty thousand families and 150,000 individuals were receiving social assistance in Montreal. Owners Leo Dandurand and Joseph Cattarinich held negotiations with A. C. Sutphin to sell the club and move it to Cleveland. Just before the season, a syndicate of local Montreal businessmen, led by Maurice Forget and Ernest Savard, stepped forward to buy the club and prevent the transfer.

Question: ＮＨＬの起源はいつ


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray was born in 1925 in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, to Seymour R. and Lillian Cray. His father was a civil engineer who fostered Cray's interest in science and engineering. As early as the age of ten he was able to build a device out of Erector Set components that converted punched paper tape into Morse code signals. The basement of the family home was given over to the young Cray as a "laboratory".

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: In 1950, Cray joined Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in Saint Paul, Minnesota. ERA had formed out of a former United States Navy laboratory that had built codebreaking machines, a tradition ERA carried on when such work was available. ERA was introduced to computer technology during one such effort, but in other times had worked on a wide variety of basic engineering as well.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray quickly came to be regarded as an expert on digital computer technology, especially following his design work on the ERA 1103, the first commercially successful scientific computer. He remained at ERA when it was bought by Remington Rand and then Sperry Corporation in the early 1950s. At the newly formed Sperry Rand, ERA became the "scientific computing" arm of their UNIVAC division.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray, along with William Norris, later became dissatisfied with ERA, then spun off as Sperry Rand. In 1957, they founded a new company, Control Data Corporation.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Although in terms of hardware the 6600 was not on the leading edge, Cray invested considerable effort into the design of the machine in an attempt to enable it to run as fast as possible. Unlike most high-end projects, Cray realized that there was considerably more to performance than simple processor speed, that I/O bandwidth had to be maximized as well in order to avoid "starving" the processor of data to crunch. He later noted, "Anyone can build a fast CPU. The trick is to build a fast system."

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: In 1963, in a "Business Week" article announcing the CDC 6600, Seymour Cray clearly expressed an idea that is often misattributed to Herb Grosch as so-called Grosch's law:

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: During this period Cray had become increasingly annoyed at what he saw as interference from CDC management. Cray always demanded an absolutely quiet work environment with a minimum of management overhead, but as the company grew he found himself constantly interrupted by middle managers who – according to Cray – did little but gawk and use him as a sales tool by introducing him to prospective customers.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: The new Chippewa Lab was set up during the middle of the 6600 project, although it does not seem to have delayed the project. After the 6600 shipped, the successor CDC 7600 system was the next product to be developed in Chippewa Falls, offering peak computational speeds of ten times the 6600. The failed follow-on to the 7600, the CDC 8600, was the project that finally ended his run of successes at CDC in 1972.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: The split was fairly amicable, and when he started Cray Research in a new laboratory on the same Chippewa property a year later, Norris invested $250,000 in start-up money. Like CDC's organization, Cray R&D was based in Chippewa Falls and business headquarters were in Minneapolis. Unlike CDC, Cray's manufacturing was also in Chippewa Falls.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Follow-up success was not as easy. While he worked on the Cray-2, other teams delivered the two-processor Cray X-MP, which was another huge success and later the four-processor X-MP. When the Cray-2 was finally released after six years of development it was only marginally faster than the X-MP, largely due to very fast and large main memory, and thus it sold in much smaller numbers. The Cray-2 ran at 250 MHz with a very deep pipeline, making it harder to write code than for the shorter-pipe X-MP.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: As the Cray-3 project started, he found himself once again being "bothered" too much with day-to-day tasks. In order to concentrate on design, Cray left the CEO position of Cray Research in 1980 to become an independent contractor. In 1988 he moved the Cray 3 project from Chippewa Falls to a laboratory in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: In 1989 Cray was faced with a repeat of history when the Cray-3 started to run into difficulties. An upgrade of the X-MP using high-speed memory from the Cray-2 was under development and seemed to be making real progress, and once again management was faced with two projects and limited budgets. They eventually decided to take the safer route, releasing the new design as the Cray Y-MP.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray decided to spin off the Colorado Springs laboratory to form Cray Computer Corporation. This new entity took the Cray-3 project with them.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: The 500 MHz Cray-3 proved to be Cray's second major failure. In order to provide the tenfold increase in performance that he always demanded of his newest machines, Cray decided that the machine would have to be built using gallium arsenide semiconductors. In the past Cray had always avoided using anything even near the state of the art, preferring to use well-known solutions and designing a fast machine based on them. In this case, Cray was developing every part of the machine, even the chips inside it.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Nevertheless, the team were able to get the machine working and delivered their first example to NCAR on 24 May 1993.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: The machine was still essentially a prototype, and the company was using the installation to debug the design. By this time a number of massively parallel machines were coming into the market at price/performance ratios the Cray-3 could not touch. Cray responded through "brute force", starting design of the Cray-4 which would run at 1 GHz and outpower these machines, regardless of price.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: In 1995 there had been no further sales of the Cray-3, and the ending of the Cold War made it unlikely anyone would buy enough Cray-4s to offer a return on the development funds. The company ran out of money and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy 24 March 1995.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray had always resisted the massively parallel solution to high-speed computing, offering a variety of reasons that it would never work as well as one very fast processor. He famously quipped "If you were plowing a field, which would you rather use: two strong oxen or 1024 chickens?" By the mid-1990s, this argument was becoming increasingly difficult to justify, and modern compiler technology made developing programs on such machines not much more difficult than their simpler counterparts.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray set up a new company, SRC Computers, and started the design of his own massively parallel machine. The new design concentrated on communications and memory performance, the bottleneck that hampered many parallel designs. Design had just started when Cray died suddenly as a result of a car accident. SRC Computers carried on development and specialized in reconfigurable computing.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray frequently cited two important aspects to his design philosophy: remove heat, and ensure that all signals that are supposed to arrive somewhere at the same time do indeed arrive at the same time.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: When asked what kind of CAD tools he used for the Cray-1, Cray said that he liked #3 pencils with 8-1/2" x 11" quadrille paper pads. Cray recommended using the backs of the pages so that the lines were not so dominant.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray avoided publicity, and there are a number of unusual tales about his life away from work, termed "Rollwagenisms", from then-CEO of Cray Research, John A. Rollwagen. He enjoyed skiing, windsurfing, tennis, and other sports. Another favorite pastime was digging a tunnel under his home; he attributed the secret of his success to "visits by elves" while he worked in the tunnel: "While I'm digging in the tunnel, the elves will often come to me with solutions to my problem."

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray died on October 5, 1996, two weeks after his automobile was struck on the highway and rolled several times.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: The IEEE Computer Society's Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award, established in late 1997, recognizes innovative contributions to high performance computing systems exemplifying Cray's creative spirit.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Seymour Cray

Context: Cray married Verene Voll in 1947. They had known each other since childhood. She was the daughter of a Methodist minister, just as was Cray's mother, and Verene worked as a nutritionist. They had three children and divorced around 1978. He later married Geri Harrand and had one son and two daughters.

Question: シーモア・ロジャー・クレイの最終学歴は？


Hypacrosaurus

Context: The new species "Hypacrosaurus stebingeri" was named for a variety of remains, including hatchlings with associated eggs and nests, found near the top of the late Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Two Medicine Formation in Glacier County, Montana, and across the border in Alberta. These represent "the largest collection of baby skeletal material of any single species of hadrosaur known".

Question: ヒパクロサウルスの化石はいつ発見された？


Hypacrosaurus

Context: The following cladogram illustrating the relationships of "Hypacrosaurus" and its close relatives was recovered in a 2012 phylogenetic analysis by Albert Prieto-Márquez, Luis M. Chiappe and Shantanu H. Joshi.

Question: ヒパクロサウルスの化石はいつ発見された？


Hypacrosaurus

Context: As a hadrosaurid, "Hypacrosaurus" would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating a variety of plants. Its skull permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Its feeding range would have extended from the ground to about above.

Question: ヒパクロサウルスの化石はいつ発見された？


Hypacrosaurus

Context: The hollow crest of "Hypacrosaurus" most likely had social functions, such as a visual signal allowing individuals to identify sex or species, and providing a resonating chamber for making noises. The crest and its associated nasal passages have also figured in the debate about dinosaur endothermy, specifically in discussions about nasal turbinates.

Question: ヒパクロサウルスの化石はいつ発見された？


Hypacrosaurus

Context: The discovery of tooth marks in the fibula of a "Hypacrosaurus" specimen inflicted by a bite from the teeth of a tyrannosaurid indicated that this, and other hadrosaurids were either preyed upon or scavenged by large theropod dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous period.

Question: ヒパクロサウルスの化石はいつ発見された？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov has adopted a macho image where he frequently poses with guns and military garb, as well as displaying his opulent wealth. The Kadyrov family has enriched itself considerably during its rule of the Chechen Republic. The Russian Federation dispenses extensive funding to the Chechen government. The distinction between the Chechen government and Kadyrov are blurred.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: During the First Chechen War, together with his father, he fought against Russian armed forces. After the war, Ramzan was the personal driver and bodyguard of his father Akhmad, who became the separatist mufti of Chechnya.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The Kadyrovite militia was formed during the First Chechen War when Akhmad Kadyrov declared jihad against Russia.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The Kadyrov family defected to the Russian side at the beginning of the Second Chechen War in 1999. Since then, Kadyrov led his militia with support from Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) (including service ID cards) becoming the head of the Chechen Presidential Security Service. The militia later became known as the Kadyrovites.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After his father, the then President, was assassinated on 9 May 2004, Ramzan was appointed as the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic on 10 May 2004.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: When his sister was detained by the Dagestan police in January 2005, Kadyrov and some 150 armed men drove to the Khasavyurt City Police (GOVD) building. According to the city mayor, Kadyrov's men surrounded the GOVD, forcing its duty officers against a wall, and assaulted them, after which they left the building with Zulay Kadyrova, "victoriously shooting in the air."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Following a car accident in November 2005, in which Chechnya's prime minister Sergey Abramov was injured, Kadyrov was appointed as the caretaker prime minister on 18 November 2005. He immediately proceeded to implement elements of Sharia law, such as declaring a ban on gambling and alcohol production.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 1 March 2006, Sergey Abramov resigned from the position of prime minister and told Itar-Tass news agency that he did so "on the condition that Ramzan Kadyrov lead the Chechen government." This was followed by a decree of Kadyrov forcing women to wear headscarves; he also rejected a federal appropriation of the republic's budget, demanding more money, and called for all federal forces but the border guards to be withdrawn.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic by Alkhanov on 4 March 2006. Shortly after taking office, Kadyrov approved a project to erect a presidential palace on a plot by the Sunzha River in ruined downtown Grozny. The project, which was also to include a five-star hotel and recreational facilities, was estimated to cost around 1.5 billion rubles ($54 million USD) to build.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The following week, several Russian newspapers reported that a worsening security situation in Chechnya was lessening the likelihood that Kadyrov would replace Alu Alkhanov as the republic's president. Other media, however, reported that Kadyrov continued to strengthen his position at Alkhanov's expense. He was also elected as the Chair of the Chechen Peoples' Assembly in late-October 2006.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 5 February 2007, Kadyrov said he did not aspire to become the Chechen president; however, he criticised Alkhanov. Kadyrov also claimed the war in Chechnya was ultimately finished, with "all informal armed groups eliminated". Alkhanov, for his part, criticised "the cult of personality and idealisation of one person", a clear reference to Kadyrov, whose enormous portraits are prominently displayed in Grozny.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: A Russian daily, "Gazeta", reported that according to a poll conducted by the independent Levada Center, only 33 percent of Russians believe that Kadyrov can be trusted, while 35 percent believed that he cannot. Asked whether they thought Kadyrov could normalise the situation in Chechnya and end the bloodshed there, 31 percent said yes and 38 percent said no.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After the car-bomb attack on Yunus-bek Yevkurov, president of the neighbouring Republic of Ingushetia on 22 June 2009, Kadyrov claimed that the Kremlin had ordered him to fight insurgents there, and during his subsequent visit to the republic on 24 June pledged ruthless vengeance.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In late December 2009, Kadyrov claimed that remaining rebels were getting financed by "The West"; "I officially declare this: those who destroyed the Soviet Union, those who want to destroy the Russian Federation, they stand behind them". He also suggested that Russia should attack Georgia and Ukraine "It's Russia's private affliction; why should we always suffer if we can eradicate this for good?". In early August 2010, Kadyrov had claimed that there were only 70 Islamist militants left in Chechnya.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In February 2011, he invited the players of Brazil's 2002 FIFA World Cup winning team to play a match against a Chechen football team led by Kadyrov. The Brazilian team was named as Brazil XI. In addition, Ruud Gullit was hired by Kadyrov to train FC Terek Grozny.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: An assassination attempt on Kadyrov and a parliament member Adam Delimkhanov was thwarted on 23 October 2009 by the police. Chechen Deputy interior minister Roman Edilov said the police shot dead the driver of a speeding car loaded with a 200-litre tank after firing warning shots shortly before Kadyrov was to arrive at a construction site. The driver of the car was later identified as a militant leader (so-called Urus-Martan emir Beslan Bashtayev).

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Said-Emi Khizriev, who played a role in organising the attack, was killed by Russian police who tried to arrest him in the Michurin village in Grozny. Khizriev planned and took part in explosions at two gas stations in Gudermes in the spring of the previous year, as well as in an armed attack at a sport club in the city.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: As reported by the Caucasian Knot, an independent human rights resource, on 5 February 2009, "in the course of his meeting in Grozny with Ramzan Ampukaev, representative of the Chechen Diaspora in Europe, Ramzan Kadyrov invited former militants, now living in Europe, to come back home":

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2010, two large scale attacks were carried out by Chechen insurgents, one in Kadyrov's home-village Tsentoroy and the other on Chechen Parliament in Grozny. The assault on Tsentoroy which occurred on 29 August is considered to have "shattered" the image of Kadyrov's unshakeable rule in Chechnya, as it was the first time in six years that his seemingly impregnable village had come under attack.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov was nominated to a second term as president (now referred to as Head of the Chechen Republic) by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 28 February 2011 and was unanimously elected for a second term by the Chechen Parliament on 5 March 2011. After his election, he stated that he was going to continue the current course of reviving the republic's economy and society.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov was sworn in as head of the republic on 5 April 2011. In November 2012, he visited Azerbaijan to sign intergovernmental agreements. In December 2012, he ordered the closure of the newspaper "Kadyrov's Path" after one of its reporters asked Putin a question about the violence once focused in Chechnya spreading to other republics and followed it up by asking about the fate of a local radio station. Kadyrov had reportedly taken a disliking to the question asked by the reporter to Putin.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov termed former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych's ouster as a "coup d'état" and a deliberate attempt to exert pressure on Russia through Ukraine, however at the same time placed the blame on Yanukovych for the situation in Ukraine. On 28 February 2014, he affirmed his readiness to dispatch peacekeepers and a consignment of humanitarian aid to Crimea.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After the 2014 Grozny bombing, in which ISIL's hand was suspected, he said that he might block internet in Chechnya as anyone could easily find and listen to a sermon by a jihadist. After Kadyrov went on a tirade against ISIL on Instagram for threatening Russia, ISIL commander Omar al-Shishani put a $5 million bounty on him.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov announced on 27 February 2016 that he would step down at the end of his second term, which was set to expire on 5 April. However, he later decided to run in the elections that were to be held that September. Putin appointed him as the acting head of Chechnya until the elections in a decree signed on 25 March.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov launched his reality show titled "The Team" with the first episode being aired by Channel One on 30 June. People from across Russia were invited by Kadyrov to register for the contest. The winner of the contest will go on to become head of Chechnya's Agency for Strategic Development.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: During an interview aired on 27 November 2017, Kadyrov stated that he was ready to resign as Head of the Chechen Republic, calling it his "dream" as he found the responsibility to be "too heavy". He announced on 5 December that no Chechen athletes will participate under a neutral flag at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After an attack on the Church of Archangel Michael in Grozny on 19 May 2018, Kadyrov stated that he had personally overseen the operation to eliminate the attackers. On 26 September, he signed an agreement with Yunus-bek Yevkurov, the Head of Ingushetia, resolving the border dispute between the two Russian republics. The agreement seen as grossly unfair to Ingushestia ignited widespread protests eventually leading to resignation of Yevkurov on 24 June 2019.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov was given the rank of major general in July 2020, through an executive order of the Russian President. He added on his blog that he had been transferred from Ministry of Internal Affairs to the National Guard of Russia.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 26 May 2022 Kadyrov threatened Poland. He was apparently upset by the Polish supply of weapons to Ukraine.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2006, the production of Chechnya's industry increased by 11.9%. In 2007, the rate of growth was 26.4%.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In February 2010, head of the British delegation of the Human Rights Group Lord Judd, formerly "bitterly critical of the Russian authorities for the situation in Chechnya", pointed out a striking change for the better in the Russian North Caucasus republic. Judd said that changes which occurred since his visit as a member of PACE delegation in 2000 were "so overwhelming that sometimes you forget about what happened here until quite recently".

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: For example, the fleet of official vehicles in Chechnya accounts for half of all official vehicles in all Northern Caucasus republics. Public funds are being funnelled through Akhmad Kadyrov Foundation, which—while being registered as a charity—has never produced or published any financial reports as required by Russian law.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2020 Proekt.media published an in-depth analysis of business operations of Kadyrov and Adam Delimkhanov who are allegedly running multi-million dollar businesses in Moscow through a proxy provided by businessman Pavel Krotov.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov stated in December 2009 that he had personally helped many of the murder victims and their families and was not their enemy. "I don't want to kill, who did I fight? I fought terrorists. Who did I protect? I protected the whole of Russia so that people in Moscow or St. Petersburg...could live in peace. They accuse me of killing women and children. It's not true."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov has previously encouraged extrajudicial killings of homosexual men by family members as an alternative to law enforcement – in some cases, gay men in prison have been released early specifically to enable their murder by relatives.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In an interview with HBO's "Real Sports" aired on 18 July, Kadyrov said, "We don't have those kind of people here. We don't have any gays. If there are any take them to Canada. Praise be to God. Take them far from us so we don't have them at home. To purify our blood, if there are any here, take them."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Asked about the accusations of systematic torture, Kadyrov said, "They made it up. They are devils. They are for sale. They are subhuman. God damn them for slandering us."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In response, Kadyrov mocked the sanctions on his Instagram account. "A sleepless night is waiting for me." He further stated, "I can be proud that I'm out of favor with the special services of the USA," and added, "In fact, the USA cannot forgive me for dedicating my whole life to the fight against foreign terrorists among which there are bastards of America's special services."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: President Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov called the sanctions "illegal" and "unfriendly" stating, "We consider these sanctions illegal, we consider them unfriendly, and we do not agree with them." He also stated that it was highly probable that Russia would retaliate by accusing U.S. officials or citizens of rights violations and banning them from the country.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2004, Kadyrov had a conversation with the "Novaya Gazeta" journalist Anna Politkovskaya. One of his assistants said to her, "Someone ought to have shot you back in Moscow, right on the street, like they do in your Moscow". Ramzan then repeated after him, "You're an enemy. To be shot..." He is alleged by some observers to be behind her murder.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 21 April 2020, the US government funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty stated that it had complained to Russian authorities after Kadyrov had threatened to punish their North Caucasus bureau chief Aslan Doukaev over an article against his government's restrictive coronavirus lockdown measures against farmers in an online video.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The ambassador of United States to Russia, John J. Sullivan, condemned Kadyrov's threats against Milashina and Aslan Doukaev, stating that freedom of press was a pillar of democracy. In a joint statement, French Human Rights Ambassador-at-Large François Croquette and the German Commissioner for Human Rights Policy Bärbel Kofler called Kadyrov's threats against Milashina unacceptable and urged Russia to investigate.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In August 2016, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Kadyrov had posted nearly 8,000 pictures on Instagram, which made him the online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing, and social networking service's "most prolific political strongman."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: "The New York Times" called Kadyrov's Instagram account "bizarre if strangely compelling", and "Newsweek" said it was "flashy." In a 2015 article, "The New York Times" said that Kadyrov was "Instagram-addicted."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In May 2015, Kadyrov gave a stern televised lecture to a group of Chechen men and women who were accused of using the WhatsApp messaging service to comment on the impending marriage of local police chief to a teenage girl some three decades younger than him. The wedding had been widely discussed across Russia on reports that the young woman, Kheda Goylabiyeva, was being coerced into marriage with the chief, Nazhud Guchigov.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: "Behave like Chechens", Kadyrov was reported as telling the assemblage of about a dozen people standing in the marbled courtyard of a building that seemed to be his government palace. "Honor of the family is the most important thing. Don't write such things any more. You, men, keep your women away from WhatsApp." In its coverage of the incident, "The New York Times" reported:

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: "Lock them in, do not let them go out, and they will not post anything", Mr. Kadyrov said in a video to a sheepish group of men and women who kept their arms folded across their chests and their eyes firmly on the ground during the harangue.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In December 2015, a female Chechen social worker criticised Kadyrov in an audio message posted on WhatsApp, after her boss tried to force her to put aside some money as collateral for her next month's payment. Three days after posting the message, she appeared on Grozny TV along with her husband, where she was publicly berated by Kadyrov as well as parliament speaker Daudov, presidential administration head Islam Kadyrov and her boss. The couple apologised on live television for her message.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov responded in English, according to "The New York Times" along with a doctored photo of Oliver wearing a Putin T-shirt, captioned, in part, "I am tired of jokes. I want to care for cats in Chechnya. By the way, Putin is our leader."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov stated that he found his Russian-language Instagram and Facebook accounts were not working on 23 December 2017, and he never received a response from Instagram after sending a request for service support. His English-language Instagram account remained unaffected however. Kadyrov accused them of bowing to pressure from United States after he was sanctioned.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: He wrote on Telegram in response, "Instagram's move, which still wants to pretend it is independent from officials of Washington is weird." He added, "They wanted to stir my indignation, but were wrong, and this is the only thing which pleases me in actions Instagram and their patrons in the White House are undertaking. I have planned already to quit the network. But I thought I could fail my friends and subscribers, as on Instagram and Facebook I have more than 4 million followers."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The Speaker of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin stated that the decision by Facebook and Instagram to suspend Kadyrov's accounts violated his rights, stating, "They are afraid of a public conversation and the truth. Such decision cannot be explained in another way… The thing is that to read bloggers in social networks one needs to be their subscribers. By deleting an account, they deprive citizens of their right to know about bloggers’ opinion and to communicate with them."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Russia's telecommunications overseer Roskomnadzor on 26 December asked Facebook to explain why they had suspended his accounts. Facebook issued a statement on 28 December that it did so after he was sanctioned by United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control as these came under trade sanctions.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 3 November 2009, a horse owned by Kadyrov, Mourilyan, came third in the Melbourne Cup winning about US$380,000 in prize money. The leader of the Australian Greens, Senator Bob Brown, immediately called for the Government of Australia to quarantine the prize money until assurances are received as to how the money will be used. Concerns had been previously raised that the Melbourne Cup could be used to launder money by overseas individuals.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2009, Kadyrov stated his approval of honor killings of seven women, based on the belief that they were engaging in adultery. In an interview with David Scott of HBO, he condoned honor killings of homosexuals in July 2017 stating, "If we have [gay] people here, I'm telling you officially their relatives won't let them be because of our faith, our mentality, customs, traditions. Even if it's punishable under the law, we would still condone it."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After the Boston Marathon bombing, Kadyrov expressed sadness for the victims but denied the suspects had any ties to his region in a statement on his Instagram. He suggested that the suspects were products of American upbringing. Kadyrov accused the CIA of framing Dzokhar Tsarnaev on 18 March 2015, after he was handed a death sentence for the Boston Marathon Bombing and said that they could not have conducted the bombing without CIA's knowledge.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 31 January 2016, Kadyrov posted a video of Russian opposition politicians Mikhail Kasyanov and Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza in the crosshairs of a gun on his Instagram blog. In a few days, after multiple complaints, Instagram removed the video prompting Kadyrov to criticize the decision: "This is the much-boasted freedom of speech in America! You can write anything but cannot touch those American dogs, those friends of the Congress and the State Department".

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The report contained 20 questions which Yashin had invited Kadyrov to answer but was refused. Kadyrov dismissed the report calling it "nothing but idle chatter" and posted it on his social network accounts before its release. His spokesman filed a request with the Russian Prosecutor General and the Investigative Committee for Yashin to be arrested for the report saying it contained slander and insults against Kadyrov.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: A conference of Islamic scholars funded by the Tabah foundation in the United Arab Emirates, was convened by Kadyrov in Grozny in late August 2016. The conference was attended by notable Islamic scholars including the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, Ahmed el-Tayeb; Grand Mufti of Egypt, Shawki Allam; ex-Grand Mufti of Egypt Ali Gomaa, Usama al-Azhari who is the religious adviser to Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi; Habib Ali al-Jifri and the mufti of Damascus Abdul Fattah al-Bizm.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: A mixed martial arts tournament involving children was held as an "exhibition fight" on 4 October during the "Grand Prix Akhmat 2016" in Grozny and broadcast on Match TV. Three of Kadyrov's sons, all of them aged under 12, fought in the tournament with Kadyrov sitting in the audience and none of the fighters wearing any protective gear. One of the fights ended with a technical knockout. Kadyrov posted images of the bouts on his Instagram account.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The event caused an outcry especially against Kadyrov allowing his children to compete in the tournament. Fedor Emelianenko, the president of Russian MMA Union, criticised the event as "inexcusable", stating that rules stipulate fighters under the age of 21 have to wear protective gear while children under the age of 12 are not allowed to compete. Vadim Finkelstein, the head of MMA promotion M-1 Global backed Fedor's comments.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Dmitry Peskov, the spokesperson for President Putin, stated that the fact that one of the fights between the children finished with a technical knockout was “a reason for the appropriate oversight agencies to inquire about this incident.” Deputy Minister of Sports Pavel Kolobkov stated that participation of children under the age of 12 in MMA competitions was illegal while stating that the incident was being investigated. Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko also stated that the event will be investigated.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In an interview with HBO's "Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel" in July 2017, Kadyrov denied that there had been anti-gay purges in Chechnya, while claiming that there were no gay men in Chechnya. He further stated that if there were any, they should be sent to Canada. He said that gay people were "not human".

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov commented about Russia's nuclear arsenal and tensions between the United States and Russia. He said that "America is not really a strong enough state for us to regard it as an enemy of Russia, we have a strong government and are a nuclear state." He added, "Even if our government was completely destroyed, our nuclear missiles would be automatically deployed. We will put the whole world on its knees and screw it from behind."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In September 2017, Kadyrov condemned the persecution of Muslims in Myanmar and organized a rally in Grozny in support of persecuted Rohingya people. Kadyrov had pledged to "oppose Russia’s position" if it "supports" Aung San Suu Kyi's government in Myanmar.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In June 2019, Kadyrov, in an Instagram video, told residents of Dagestan to not insult Chechnya or Chechens online amidst controversy over a piece of land of the republic being labeled as belonging to Chechnya, threatening to torture whoever insulted the honor of Chechens. He also warned the people to remove any such comments, otherwise they would have to answer to the Chechen law enforcement agencies.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: During a government function organized for medium and small-scale businesses in November 2019, Kadryov called for online users insulting someone's honor to be killed, arrested or intimidated per a BBC Russian Service translation. He stated in the same speech that he didn't call for targeting law-abiding citizens, but the others were "crooks, traitors, tattletales and schizophrenics of all stripes."

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov's spokesman Alvi Karimov denied the accuracy of BBC's translation, however "Meduza"'s translation found that it painted an accurate picture. The speech was broadcast on a state-owned TV channel. Dmitry Peskov stated that his remarks won't be investigated by the Russian government as it was the job of the police.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov graduated with a degree in law from the Makhachkala Institute of Business and Law in 2004. In 2006, he defended his thesis at Dagestan State Technical University to obtain a Candidate of Sciences degree in economics. In 2015, he defended his thesis at Dagestan State University to obtain a Doctor of Sciences degree in economics.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Medni launched her fashion line called "Firdaws" in March 2012 in Dubai. Aishat presented her own fashion collection in March 2017 and took over her mother's fashion enterprise Firdaws. She was appointed the first deputy culture minister of Chechnya in September 2020 by her father.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: According to a 2021 investigation by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, Kadyrov has a second wife named Fatima Khazuyeva. Kadyrov reportedly met Khazuyeva when she was fourteen years old at a 2006 beauty pageant. He reportedly has a third wife, a singer and dancer named Aminat Akhmadova.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov enjoys boxing, and is the owner of Fight Club Akhmat, a professional sports club that focuses on Boxing and mixed martial arts.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The Russian Federation funnels money to the Kadyrov family. The distinction between the Chechen government and Kadyrov are blurred. In 2015, Chechnya received around 57 billion roubles a year from Moscow (about £550m). The family gets money through the Akhmad Kadyrov Fund, a non-transparent foundation headed by Kadyrov’s mother, Ayman.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2011, the foundation (which describes itself as a charity) funded Kadyrov's lavish 35-year birthday party, which featured celebrities such as Seal, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Vanessa-Mae and Hilary Swank. Journalists have been targeted by Kadyrov's regime for reporting on his opulence.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov is a noted collector of sports cars. He owns a Lamborghini Reventón, one of only 20 sold. He is known for his extensive collection of Chechen daggers. When journalist Marianna Maksimovskaya asked him where the money for the live-televised celebration was coming from, he reportedly laughed and said "Allah gives it to us", before adding: "I don't know, it comes from somewhere." Kadyrov has also been linked to the ownership of a private jet.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov's family members own luxurious real estate in Moscow. Two of his wives own property valued at $8 million in total, which is more than twice Kadyrov's declared salary since 2008.

Question: チェチェン共和国の初代首相は誰？


Hideo Nomo

Context: As batters caught on to his delivery, his effectiveness waned a bit in , although he still went 14–12, joining Dwight Gooden as the only other pitcher to strike out at least 200 batters in each of his first three seasons.

Question: 大リーグで殿堂入りした日本人野球選手はいますか？


PT boat

Context: Primary anti-ship armament on the standard PT boat was four 21-inch Mark 8 torpedoes, each had a TNT warhead and had a range of at . Two twin .50-inch (12.7 mm) M2 Browning heavy machine guns were mounted for anti-aircraft defense and general fire support. Some boats carried a Oerlikon cannon.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Propulsion was via a trio of Packard 4M-2500 and later 5M-2500 supercharged gasoline-fueled, liquid-cooled V-12 marine engines.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Nicknamed "the mosquito fleet" and "devil boats" by the Japanese, the PT boat squadrons were hailed for their daring and earned a durable place in the public imagination that remains strong into the 21st century. Their role was replaced in the U.S. Navy by fast attack craft.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: On 11 July 1938 the Navy issued notices of competitions for the design of four types of boat: 165-foot subchaser, a 110-foot subchaser, a 70-foot motor torpedo boat, and a 54-foot motor torpedo boat.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The winning designs would receive a prize of $15000 with $1500 for designs that reached the final part of the competition; to be given out on 30 March 1939.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: By September 1938, 24 designs for the smaller boat and 13 designs for the 70-footer. Three designers and five designers were asked to submit detailed plans for the 54-ft and 70 ft boats respectively by 7 November 1938.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: On March 21, 1939, Sparkman and Stephens won the prize in the 70-foot class and Prof. George Crouch (for Henry B. Nevins, Inc.) had won the 54-foot class.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Following the competition, contracts were placed for construction of boats: May 25, 1939, to Higgins Industries for two boats (PT5 and PT6) of the Sparkman and Stephens design, scaled up to an overall length of 81 feet; June 8, 1939, to Fogal Boat Yard (PT-1 and PT-2) and Fisher Boat Works (PT-3 and PT-4) for the Crouch design; to the Philadelphia Navy Yard (PT-7, PT-8) for 81-foot boats designed by the Bureau of Ships. These last two boats were constructed mainly out of aluminum and had 4 engines.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: In an important note after winning the design competition for the smaller PT boat, George Crouch wrote that Hickman's Sea Sled design would be far superior "in either rough or smooth water to that of the best possible V-bottom or hard chine design". Earlier when Sea Sleds were specifically excluded, Crouch had informed the Bureau of Ships that the Sea Sled was the best type of vessel for the job.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Higgins built an additional "PT-6 "Prime"" redesigned by Andrew Higgins personally using his own methods. Later that same year, Higgins was to build "PT-70" (at their own expense) that incorporated slight improvements over "PT-6 Prime".

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Later, rigorous testing performed on each design as well as changes in armament revealed limitations or problems that had to be fixed before they could meet required performance specifications. As a result, the Navy ordered further investigation and refinement of the existing designs until a satisfactory working design could be obtained.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The final PT boat design competitor was Huckins Yacht Corporation of Jacksonville, Florida. On 11 October 1940, an agreement between the Navy and Huckins was finalized. The Navy would provide engines, and Huckins would build a PT boat at their own expense, with the caveat that the boat (upon completion) would be offered to the Navy for a later sum. This boat (designated MT-72) later became "PT-69". Huckins reported a profit of $28.60 on this transaction.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The Board of Inspection and Survey, headed by Rear Admiral John W. Wilcox, Jr., conducted comparative service tests off New London, 21 to 24 July 1941, using the following boats:

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Each member of the Board conducted an independent inspection of every boat class, evaluating them for structural sufficiency, habitability, access, arrangement for attack control, and communication facilities.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Boats were also evaluated under two conditions of armament loading: loaded and fully equipped with four torpedoes and sufficient fuel to operate 500 NM at 20 knots; and fully loaded with two torpedoes and ten depth charges with sufficient fuel to operate at .

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: At the time, only the Elco 77-footers were loaded with armament. The other competitors had copper ingots added topside (mostly in the turrets) to make up the difference. This resulted in severe conditions for several of the boats during the trial and accounted for the transverse failure in "PT-70"s deck and subsequent hull failure as the copper fell into the hull.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Nine boats participated in the trial. Six boats completed the trial, while three withdrew: "PT-33" suffered structural damage off Block Island; "PT-70" was damaged by loose copper ingots; and "MRB" developed engine trouble at the start of the run.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: By class, "PT-20", an Elco 77-footer, came in first with an average speed of ; followed by "PT-31", with an average speed of ; "PT-69", the Huckins boat, was third with an average speed of ; "PT-6", the Higgins 81-footer, with an average speed of was fifth; and "PT-8", the Philadelphia Navy Yard boat, was last, at . The other two Elco boats, "PT-30" and "PT 23" (standby boat), followed "PT-31", placing before "PT-69".

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The accelerometers ranked the boats as follows: first was the Philadelphia Navy Yard "PT-8" with the least pounding, second was the Huckins "PT-69", third was the Higgins "PT-6", and last were the Elco 77-footers.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The Board results provided very important benchmarks in the infancy of PT boat development. This type of craft presented design challenges that were still issues decades after, but there are some significant conclusions from the above recommendations and their order of merit. Those are:

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: PT boats offered accommodation for three officers and 14 enlisted men. Crews varied from 12 to 17, depending upon the number and type of weapons installed. Full-load displacement late in the war was 56 tons.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: After the war, Lindsay Lord, who was stationed in Hawaii during the war, recorded the Navy's planing hull research and findings in the book "Naval Architecture of Planing Hulls". It covers PT boat hull design and construction, and provides hull test data as well as detailed analysis of the various PT boat designs.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The primary anti-ship armament was two to four Mark 8 torpedoes, which weighed and contained a TNT warhead. These torpedoes were launched by Mark 18 steel torpedo tubes. Mark 8 torpedoes had a range of at . These torpedoes and tubes were replaced in mid-1943 by four lightweight Mark 13 torpedoes, which weighed and contained a Torpex-filled warhead. These torpedoes were carried on lightweight Mark 1 roll-off style torpedo launching racks. The Mk13 torpedo had a range of and a speed of .

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Forward of the chart house of some early Elco boats (PT20 through PT44) were twin .30 cal (7.62 mm) Lewis machine guns on pedestal mounts. Beginning in mid-1943, some boats were fitted with one or two .30 cal Browning machine guns on the forward torpedo racks on pedestal mounts.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The installation of larger-bore cannons culminated in the fitting of the 40mm Bofors gun on the aft deck. Starting in mid-1943, the installation of this gun had an immediate positive effect on the firepower available from a PT boat. The Bofors cannon had a firing rate of 120 rounds/min (using 4-round clips) and had a range of . This gun was served by a crew of 4 men, and was used against aircraft targets, as well as shore bombardment or enemy surface craft.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Towards the end of the war, beginning in 1945, PTs received two eight-cell Mark 50 rocket launchers, launching spin-stabilized flat trajectory Mark 7 and/or Mark 10 rockets with a range of . These 16 rockets plus 16 reloads gave them as much firepower as a destroyer's guns (albeit without their accuracy). By war's end, the PT boat had more "firepower-per-ton" than any other vessel in the U.S. Navy.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: PT boats also commonly carried between two and eight U.S. Navy Mark 6 depth charges in roll-off racks.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Additionally, a few PT boats were equipped to carry naval mines launched from mine racks, but these were not commonly used.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: With the exception of the experimental PT boats, all U.S. PT boats were powered by three marine modified derivations of the Packard 3A-2500 V-12 liquid-cooled, gasoline-fueled aircraft engine. Improvements upon Packard's World War I Liberty L-12 2A engine, the successive "M" for "marine" designated 3M-2500, 4M-2500, and 5M-2500 generations all featured slight changes and more power. Their superchargers, intercoolers, dual magnetos, and two spark plugs per cylinder reflected their aircraft origins.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Packard's licensed manufacture of the famed Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft engine alongside the marine 4M-2500 has long been a source of confusion. Only the British built "PT-9" prototype boat brought from England for Elco to examine and copy featured a Merlin.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The 4M-2500 initially generated . It was subsequently upgraded in stages to , allowing a designed speed of . The 5M-2500 introduced in late 1945 had a larger supercharger, aftercooler, and increased power output of . It could push fully loaded boats at . However, subsequent additions of weaponry offset this potential increase in top speed.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Fuel consumption of any version of these engines was exceptionally heavy. A PT boat carried of 100 octane aviation fuel, enough for a 4M-2500 equipped boat to conduct a maximum 12-hour patrol. Some an hour were consumed at a cruising speed of , increasing to per hour at top speed. Hull fouling and engine wear could both decrease top speed and increase fuel consumption materially.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: PT boats operated in the southern, western, and northern Pacific, as well as in the Mediterranean Sea and the English Channel.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Originally conceived as anti-ship weapons, PT boats were publicly credited with sinking several Japanese warships during the period between December 1941 and the fall of the Philippines in May 1942 – even though the Navy knew the claims were all false.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The exaggerated claims by Bulkeley about the effectiveness of the PTs in combat against larger craft allowed him to recruit top talent, raise war bonds, and caused overconfidence among squadron commanders who continued to pit PTs against larger craft. The reality was his claims that PTs had sunk a Japanese cruiser, a troopship, and a plane tender in the Philippines were untrue.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Some PT boats served during the Battle of Normandy. During the D-Day invasion, PTs patrolled the "Mason Line", forming a barrier against the German S-boats attacking the Allied landing forces. They also performed lifesaving and anti-shipping mine destruction missions during the invasion.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The efficiency of the PT boats at sinking the Japanese supply barges was considered a key reason that the Japanese had severe food, ammunition, and replacement problems during the New Guinea and Solomon Island campaigns, and made the PT boats prime targets for enemy aircraft. The use of PT boat torpedoes was ineffective against these sometimes heavily armed barges, since the minimum depth setting of the torpedo was about 10 feet (3 m) and the barges drew only 5 feet (1.5 m).

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: To accomplish the task, PTs in the Mediterranean and the Pacific (and RN and RCN motor torpedo boats in the Mediterranean) installed more and heavier guns which were able to sink the barges. One captured Japanese soldier's diary described their fear of PT boats by describing them as "the monster that roars, flaps its wings, and shoots torpedoes in all directions."

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Though their primary mission continued to be attack on surface ships and craft, PT boats were also used effectively to lay mines and smoke screens, coordinate in air-sea rescue operations, rescue shipwreck survivors, destroy Japanese suicide boats, destroy floating mines, and carry out intelligence or raider operations.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: After the war, American military interviews with captured veterans of the Imperial Japanese Navy, supplemented by the available partial Japanese war records, were unable to verify that all the PT boat sinking claims were valid. Like many other victory claims by all parties involved (aircraft pilots, surface ships, submarines) this unclear verification was due in part to the Japanese military's policies of destroying military records.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: In 1944, several Higgins boats ("PT222", "PT-283", "PT-284", "PT-285", and "PT-282") were converted, releasing "PT-59", "PT-60", and "PT-61" for transfer back home to the Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center in Melville, Rhode Island, for use in training in hull repair techniques.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: PT boats lacked a large capacity refrigerator to store sufficient quantities of perishable foods. While docked, PT boat squadrons were supported by PT boat tenders or base facilities which supplied boat crews with hot meals. As PT boats were usually located near the end of the supply chain, their crews proved resourceful in bartering with nearby ships or military units for supplies and using munitions to harvest their own fish.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: A few (one 80' Elco, one 72' Vosper, and three 78' Higgins) were cut up and destroyed between 1998 and 2008, leaving (a known) total of 12 PT boats, and 2 experimental PT boat hulls in various states of repair, surviving today in the U.S.:

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: "PT-615", an Elco originally assigned to MTBRON 42, was commissioned after the war ended. "PT-615" was returned to Elco after being sold and was heavily modified into a yacht, which was leased to actor Clark Gable. He named the boat "Tarbaby VI", and used her through the 1950s. The boat was serviced and stored by Elco. She was sold several times, and moved to Kingston, NY for possible restoration.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The quality of the restoration was extremely high, and the boat is on display inside a weatherproof building, on blocks out of the water. She is available for public viewing, and has portions of her hull cut away to display the cramped interior of the crew's quarters. General visitors are not allowed inside the boat in order to help preserve her historic integrity.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: "PT-657", a Higgins boat, has been converted into a charter fishing boat. She is located in San Diego and is now named "Malihini".

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: "PT-658" is a Higgins boat and one of two 100% authentically restored and operational U.S. Navy PT boats afloat today. Relaunched after hull restoration from 1995 to 2005, it is located at Pier 308, Vigor Shipyard in Portland, Oregon's Swan Island Lagoon. Maintained by an all volunteer group, it is powered by the three Packard V12 5M-2500 gas engines and includes all weapons, electronics, equipment and accessories restored to appear as they did the day the US Navy accepted the boat, 31 July 1945.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: "PT-724", a surviving Vosper built at the Annapolis Boat yard in Maryland, has been used as a yacht, and has since been acquired by the Liberty Aviation Museum to be restored back to original Vosper configuration.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: "PT-766" is an Elco boat that is a private yacht ("Finished Business") located in Washington D.C. She represents the final class of Elco's with significant updates to the superstructure and radar and was intended for MTBRON 44, but was cancelled due to the end of the war.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: "PT-8" (built at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard) in Louisiana was built entirely from aluminum but did not pass the speed acceptance criteria for use as a PT boat for the U.S. Navy due to its weight. She was reclassified as a harbor patrol boat (YP 110) for the duration of the war. PT-8 was stored in a yard for several decades in Baytown, TX, but has since moved.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Ten Higgins boats were delivered in 1948 for use by the Argentine Navy during the late 1940s up until the late 1970s. All of these boats are now retired from naval use, with two still in civil use today as sightseeing boats on Mar del Plata: the "Leonardo da Vinci" and the "Mar de la Plata". The other six boats are in various states of disrepair, sunk or scrapped.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: The PT boat design was also exported after the end of the Second World War as an unarmed air-sea rescue launch for use by the South African Navy.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: Prior to starring in the television series this boat was purchased as war surplus by Howard Hughes and was used as the camera chase boat when the "Spruce Goose" made its only flight. The stern of the Vosper boat is visible in the footage of that event.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: In John Ford's 1945 war film, "They Were Expendable", two Elcos were used during filming along with four former MTBRON 14 78-foot Huckins.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


PT boat

Context: For the 1962 movie "PT-109", several USAF crash rescue boats were converted to resemble 80-foot Elcos when the few surviving boats were found to need too much work to make them seaworthy for use during the film.

Question: PTボートが初めて使用された戦闘は何？


Kindai Mahjong

Context: is a mahjong-focused magazine line created by Takeshobo. The first title published under the line was the text magazine "Monthly Kindai Mahjong" (1972–1987). It has since then spawned four manga magazines: "Kindai Mahjong Original" (1980–2013), "Bessatsu Kindai Mahjong" (1981–present), "Kindai Mahjong Gold" (1985–2006), and "Kindai Mahjong Gamble Com" (2006).

Question: 『近代麻雀オリジナル』の出版はいつ始まった？


Kindai Mahjong

Context: Among the most popular series published in the magazine line are (1981–1989) by , "" (1985–1990) by , "Akagi" (1991–2018) by Nobuyuki Fukumoto, and "The Legend of Koizumi" (2006–2015) by Hideki Ohwada. The magazines also frequently serialize mahjong spin-off of manga originally published in other magazine's series, such as adaptations of "Higurashi When They Cry", "Iron Wok Jan", and "Getter Robo".

Question: 『近代麻雀オリジナル』の出版はいつ始まった？


Kindai Mahjong

Context: By 1996, "Original", "Bessatsu" and "Gold" had monthly circulation numbers around 180,000–200,000. At that time, the former two's average readership consisted of people aged 16–22, while the later was read by a public of more than 25 years old. Although most "Kindai Mahjong" readers are male, comedy manga such as "Super Zugan", attracted a considerable female readership.

Question: 『近代麻雀オリジナル』の出版はいつ始まった？


Kindai Mahjong

Context: The "Kindai Mahjong" magazines were the only mahjong magazines that were not closed because of the effects of the Japanese asset price bubble in late 1980s. Although there were over ten publications in the genre, the recession and the "depressing image" the game had in that period, as "Kindai Mahjong" editor Michiyuki Miyaji put it, made most of them to close. Miyaji said one of the series that made possible the magazine line survival through that period was "Naki no Ryū".

Question: 『近代麻雀オリジナル』の出版はいつ始まった？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "D. melanogaster" is typically used in research owing to its rapid life cycle, relatively simple genetics with only four pairs of chromosomes, and large number of offspring per generation. It was originally an African species, with all non-African lineages having a common origin. Its geographic range includes all continents, including islands. "D. melanogaster" is a common pest in homes, restaurants, and other places where food is served.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Flies belonging to the family Tephritidae are also called "fruit flies". This can cause confusion, especially in the Mediterranean, Australia, and South Africa, where the Mediterranean fruit fly "Ceratitis capitata" is an economic pest.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Also, females exhibit mate choice copying. When virgin females are shown other females copulating with a certain type of male, they tend to copulate more with this type of male afterwards than naive females (which have not observed the copulation of others). This behavior is sensitive to environmental conditions, and females copulate less in bad weather conditions.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "D. melanogaster" males exhibit a strong reproductive learning curve. That is, with sexual experience, these flies tend to modify their future mating behavior in multiple ways. These changes include increased selectivity for courting only intraspecifically, as well as decreased courtship times.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: The mechanism that affects courtship behavior in" Drosophila" is controlled by the oscillator neurons DN1s and LNDs. Oscillation of the DN1 neurons was found to be effected by sociosexual interactions, and is connected to mating-related decrease of evening activity.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "D. melanogaster" remains one of the most studied organisms in biological research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology. It is also employed in studies of environmental mutagenesis.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "D. melanogaster" was among the first organisms used for genetic analysis, and today it is one of the most widely used and genetically best-known of all eukaryotic organisms. All organisms use common genetic systems; therefore, comprehending processes such as transcription and replication in fruit flies helps in understanding these processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "D. melanogaster" had historically been used in laboratories to study genetics and patterns of inheritance. However, "D. melanogaster" also has importance in environmental mutagenesis research, allowing researchers to study the effects of specific environmental mutagens.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Genetic markers are commonly used in "Drosophila" research, for example within balancer chromosomes or P-element inserts, and most phenotypes are easily identifiable either with the naked eye or under a microscope. In the list of a few common markers below, the allele symbol is followed by the name of the gene affected and a description of its phenotype. "(Note: Recessive alleles are in lower case, while dominant alleles are capitalised.)"

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: There are three transferrin orthologs, all of which are dramatically divergent from those known in chordate models.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: A March 2000 study by National Human Genome Research Institute comparing the fruit fly and human genome estimated that about 60% of genes are conserved between the two species. About 75% of known human disease genes have a recognizable match in the genome of fruit flies, and 50% of fly protein sequences have mammalian homologs . An online database called "Homophila" is available to search for human disease gene homologues in flies and vice versa.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "Drosophila" is being used as a genetic model for several human diseases including the neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's, Huntington's, spinocerebellar ataxia and Alzheimer's disease. The fly is also being used to study mechanisms underlying aging and oxidative stress, immunity, diabetes, and cancer, as well as drug abuse.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "Drosophila" is one of the few animals ("C. elegans" being another) where detailed neural circuits (a connectome) are available.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: A high-level connectome, at the level of brain compartments and interconnecting tracts of neurons, exists for the full fly brain. A version of this is available online.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Detailed circuit-level connectomes exist for the lamina and a medulla column, both in the visual system of the fruit fly, and the alpha lobe of the mushroom body.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: In May 2017 a paper published in bioRxiv presented an electron microscopy image stack of the whole adult female brain at synaptic resolution. The volume is available for sparse tracing of selected circuits.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: In 2020, a dense connectome of half the central brain of "Drosophila" was released, along with a web site that allows queries and exploration of this data. The methods used in reconstruction and initial analysis of the connectome followed.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Embryogenesis in "Drosophila" has been extensively studied, as its small size, short generation time, and large brood size makes it ideal for genetic studies. It is also unique among model organisms in that cleavage occurs in a syncytium.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: During oogenesis, cytoplasmic bridges called "ring canals" connect the forming oocyte to nurse cells. Nutrients and developmental control molecules move from the nurse cells into the oocyte. In the figure to the left, the forming oocyte can be seen to be covered by follicular support cells.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Nuclear division in the early "Drosophila" embryo happens so quickly, no proper checkpoints exist, so mistakes may be made in division of the DNA. To get around this problem, the nuclei that have made a mistake detach from their centrosomes and fall into the centre of the embryo (yolk sac), which will not form part of the fly.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: The gene network (transcriptional and protein interactions) governing the early development of the fruit fly embryo is one of the best understood gene networks to date, especially the patterning along the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes (See under morphogenesis).

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: The embryo undergoes well-characterized morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and early development, including germ-band extension, formation of several furrows, ventral invagination of the mesoderm, and posterior and anterior invagination of endoderm (gut), as well as extensive body segmentation until finally hatching from the surrounding cuticle into a first-instar larva.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: While the traits described above are expected to manifest similarly across sexes, developmental temperature can also produce sex-specific effects in "D. melanogaster" adults.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "Drosophila" flies have both X and Y chromosomes, as well as autosomes. Unlike humans, the Y chromosome does not confer maleness; rather, it encodes genes necessary for making sperm. Sex is instead determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes. Furthermore, each cell "decides" whether to be male or female independently of the rest of the organism, resulting in the occasional occurrence of gynandromorphs.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: The toll pathway was identified by its regulation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including the antifungal peptide drosomycin. Upon infection, AMPs increase in expression sometimes by 1,000-fold, providing unmistakable readouts of pathway activation. Another group of toll-regulated AMP-like effectors includes the Bomanins, which appear to be responsible for the bulk of toll-mediated immune defence, however Bomanins alone do not exhibit antimicrobial activity.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Since then, Benzer and others have used behavioral screens to isolate genes involved in vision, olfaction, audition, learning/memory, courtship, pain, and other processes, such as longevity.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: The first learning and memory mutants ("dunce", "rutabaga", etc.) were isolated by William "Chip" Quinn while in Benzer's lab, and were eventually shown to encode components of an intracellular signaling pathway involving cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, and a transcription factor known as CREB. These molecules were shown to be also involved in synaptic plasticity in "Aplysia" and mammals.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2017 was awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young for their works using fruit flies in understanding the "molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Flies use a modified version of Bloom filters to detect novelty of odors, with additional features including similarity of novel odor to that of previously experienced examples, and time elapsed since previous experience of the same odor.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: As with most insects, aggressive behaviors between male flies commonly occur in the presence of courting a female and when competing for resources. Such behaviors often involve raising wings and legs towards the opponent and attacking with the whole body. Thus, it often causes wing damage, which reduces their fitness by removing their ability to fly and mate.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: It is now relatively simple to generate transgenic flies in Drosophila, relying on a variety of techniques. One approach of inserting foreign genes into the "Drosophila" genome involves P elements. The transposable P elements, also known as transposons, are segments of bacterial DNA that are transferred into the fly genome. Transgenic flies have already contributed to many scientific advances, e.g., modeling such human diseases as Parkinson's, neoplasia, obesity, and diabetes.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: The photoreceptors in "Drosophila" express a variety of rhodopsin isoforms. The R1-R6 photoreceptor cells express rhodopsin1 (Rh1), which absorbs blue light (480 nm). The R7 and R8 cells express a combination of either Rh3 or Rh4, which absorb UV light (345 nm and 375 nm), and Rh5 or Rh6, which absorb blue (437 nm) and green (508 nm) light, respectively. Each rhodopsin molecule consists of an opsin protein covalently linked to a carotenoid chromophore, 11-cis-3-hydroxyretinal.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Calcium binds to proteins such as calmodulin (CaM) and an eye-specific protein kinase C (PKC) known as InaC. These proteins interact with other proteins and have been shown to be necessary for shut off of the light response. In addition, proteins called arrestins bind metarhodopsin and prevent it from activating more Gq. A sodium-calcium exchanger known as CalX pumps the calcium out of the cell. It uses the inward sodium gradient to export calcium at a stoichiometry of 3 Na+/ 1 Ca++.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: TRP, InaC, and PLC form a signaling complex by binding a scaffolding protein called InaD. InaD contains five binding domains called PDZ domain proteins, which specifically bind the C termini of target proteins. Disruption of the complex by mutations in either the PDZ domains or the target proteins reduces the efficiency of signaling. For example, disruption of the interaction between InaC, the protein kinase C, and InaD results in a delay in inactivation of the light response.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Unlike vertebrate metarhodopsin, invertebrate metarhodopsin can be converted back into rhodopsin by absorbing a photon of orange light (580 nm).

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: About two-thirds of the "Drosophila" brain is dedicated to visual processing. Although the spatial resolution of their vision is significantly worse than that of humans, their temporal resolution is around 10 times better.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Ceramide kinase is found to increase proapoptotic ceramide activity by Dasgupta et al. 2009, and this increases photoreceptor cell apoptotic turnover.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "Drosophila" are known to exhibit grooming behaviors that are executed in a predictable manner. "Drosophila" consistently begin a grooming sequence by using their front legs to clean the eyes, then the head and antennae. Using their hind legs, "Drosophila" proceed to groom their abdomen, and finally the wings and thorax. Throughout this sequence, "Drosophila" periodically rub their legs together to get rid of excess dust and debris that accumulates during the grooming process.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Flies fly via straight sequences of movement interspersed by rapid turns called saccades. During these turns, a fly is able to rotate 90° in less than 50 milliseconds.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: Characteristics of "Drosophila" flight may be dominated by the viscosity of the air, rather than the inertia of the fly body, but the opposite case with inertia as the dominant force may occur. However, subsequent work showed that while the viscous effects on the insect body during flight may be negligible, the aerodynamic forces on the wings themselves actually cause fruit flies' turns to be damped viscously.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: "Drosophila" is sometimes referred to as a pest due to its tendency to live in human settlements, where fermenting fruit is found. Flies may collect in homes, restaurants, stores, and other locations.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Drosophila melanogaster

Context: The name and behavior of this species of fly has led to the misconception that it is a biological security risk in Australia. While other "fruit fly" species do pose a risk, "D. melanogaster" is attracted to fruit that is already rotting, rather than causing fruit to rot.

Question: ショウジョウバエの平均的な寿命は？


Stock market

Context: A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include "securities" listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately, such as shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Investment is usually made with an investment strategy in mind.

Question: 株式の起源はいつ


Stock market

Context: Stocks can be categorized by the country where the company is domiciled. For example, Nestlé and Novartis are domiciled in Switzerland and traded on the SIX Swiss Exchange, so they may be considered as part of the Swiss stock market, although the stocks may also be traded on exchanges in other countries, for example, as American depositary receipts (ADRs) on U.S. stock markets.

Question: 株式の起源はいつ


Stock market

Context: The total market capitalization of all publicly traded securities worldwide rose from US$2.5 trillion in 1980 to US$93.7 trillion at the end of 2020.

Question: 株式の起源はいつ