Languages of India

Context: Most languages in India are written in scripts derived from Brahmi. These include Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Meitei Mayek, Odia, Eastern Nagari – Assamese/Bengali, Gurumukhi and other. Urdu is written in a script derived from Arabic. A few minor languages such as Santali use independent scripts (see Ol Chiki script).

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: Critics praised its production values, writing, plot development, and cast. "Game of Thrones" received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, with 23 nominations, and won 12, including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row. U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season, and by approximately 13 percent over its course, from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 6. They are listed by the region in which they first appear:

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: The season premiere starts off right where the fifth season ended. Material from an excerpt of "The Winds of Winter", published online, regarding a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called "The Bloody Hand", about the events that have taken place in King's Landing since the beginning of the series, is included in the sixth season.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: Filming for the sixth season began in July 2015 and ended on December. The budget for the sixth season increased compared to the previous seasons as each episode cost over $10 million, totaling over $100 million for the full season and setting a new high for the series. The season filmed in five different countries: Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland, and Canada.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: Like the previous seasons, a large amount of production took place in Northern Ireland, mainly in Belfast and on the Causeway Coast, including film locations in the Binevenagh, Magilligan area, which was used to film scenes for the Dothraki Grasslands, and Larrybane Quarry and Ballintoy Harbour, both used for scenes in the Iron Islands. For the siege of Riverrun, the small village of Corbet was used. As in previous seasons, some of Castle Black was set at the abandoned Magheramorne quarry.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: During September and October, the show also filmed in Spain, specifically in Girona, Navarre, Peniscola, and Almería. Specific locations included the Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara, the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarre, the Alcazaba in Almería, and the Castle of Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: In August 2015, HBO announced that for the first time since season 1 the show would not be filming any scenes in Croatia. The Croatian city of Dubrovnik has stood in for King's Landing since the beginning of season 2; nearby cities such as Klis, Split and Šibenik have been used to depict various other locations. Contradicting the statement by HBO, filming took place in Dubrovnik, where the cast of the show were seen in costume in October 2015.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: Only a very small portion of the season was filmed in Canada (north of Calgary, Alberta): the scenes featuring Jon Snow's wolf, Ghost (played by animal actor Quigly). However, some of the special effects were created at Montreal's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: Across the Narrow Sea, Melanie Liburd plays a red priestess from Asshai who is in R'hllor's service. At the Reach, House Tarly is introduced, with Freddie Stroma joining the cast as Samwell Tarly's brother Dickon, a character so far only mentioned in the novels. Other members of House Tarly that were introduced were Randyll Tarly, played by James Faulkner; Melessa Tarly, played by Samantha Spiro; and Talla Tarly, portrayed by Rebecca Benson.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: The soundtrack for the season was digitally released in June 2016, and on CD late the following month. The album reached No. 27 on the "Billboard" 200, No. 1 on Soundtrack chart and No. 79 on the Canadian Albums chart on its digital release, with the track from the season finale "Light of the Seven" reaching No. 1 on "Billboard"s Spotify Viral 50 chart.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes, the sixth season has an approval rating of 94% from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.28 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Bloody and captivating as always, "Game of Thrones" plunges back into the midst of a world touched by grief, dread, and precarious sexuality."

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners. In some countries, it aired the day after its first release. By the end of 2016, the sixth season of "Game of Thrones" became the most-pirated TV series of the year.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: "After the Thrones", a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discussed episodes of the series, aired on the stand-alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show's sixth season.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Game of Thrones (season 6)

Context: The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on November 15, 2016. The set includes extra background, behind-the-scenes material, and deleted scenes.

Question: من مخرج  مسلسل  صراع العروش؟


Fihi Ma Fihi

Context: which most likely refers to this book. The title Maghalat-e Mowlana of copies of the book published in Iran follows this.

Question: من هو مؤلف كتاب (فيه مافيه)؟


Fihi Ma Fihi

Context: This book is one of the first Persian prose books after the so-called Persian literature revolution (enghelāb-e adabi). Moreover, the book has become an introduction to the "Masnavi". Also many concepts in Sufism are described in this book in simple terms.

Question: من هو مؤلف كتاب (فيه مافيه)؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Adolf Hitler had declared his intention to invade the Soviet Union on 11 August 1939 to Carl Jacob Burckhardt, League of Nations Commissioner, by saying:

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Everything I undertake is directed against the Russians. If the West is too stupid and blind to grasp this, then I shall be compelled to come to an agreement with the Russians, beat the West and then after their defeat turn against the Soviet Union with all my forces. I need the Ukraine so that they can't starve us out, as happened in the last war.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Adolf Hitler had argued in his autobiography "Mein Kampf" (1925) for the necessity of "Lebensraum" ("living space"): acquiring new territory for Germans in Eastern Europe, in particular Russia. He envisaged settling Germans there, as according to Nazi ideology the Germanic people constituted the "master race", while exterminating or deporting most of the existing inhabitants to Siberia and using the remainder as slave labour.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Hitler as early as 1917 had referred to the Russians as inferior, believing that the Bolshevik Revolution had put the Jews in power over the mass of Slavs, who were, in Hitler's opinion, incapable of ruling themselves and had thus ended up being ruled by Jewish masters.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The war was fought between Germany, its allies and Finland, against the Soviet Union and its allies. The conflict began on 22 June 1941 with the Operation Barbarossa offensive, when Axis forces crossed the borders described in the German–Soviet Nonaggression Pact, thereby invading the Soviet Union. The war ended on 9 May 1945, when Germany's armed forces surrendered unconditionally following the Battle of Berlin (also known as the Berlin Offensive), a strategic operation executed by the Red Army.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: For nearly two years the border was quiet while Germany conquered Denmark, Norway, France, the Low Countries, and the Balkans. Hitler had always intended to renege on his pact with the Soviet Union, eventually making the decision to invade in the spring of 1941.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Some historians say Stalin was fearful of war with Germany, or just did not expect Germany to start a two-front war, and was reluctant to do anything to provoke Hitler. Others say that Stalin was eager for Germany to be at war with capitalist countries. Another viewpoint is that Stalin expected war in 1942 (the time when all his preparations would be complete) and stubbornly refused to believe its early arrival.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: British historians Alan S. Milward and M. Medlicott show that Nazi Germany—unlike Imperial Germany—was prepared for only a short-term war (Blitzkrieg). According to Edward Ericson, although Germany's own resources were sufficient for the victories in the West in 1940, massive Soviet shipments obtained during a short period of Nazi–Soviet economic collaboration were critical for Germany to launch Operation Barbarossa.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Soviet intelligence was fooled by German disinformation, so sent false alarms to Moscow about a German invasion in April, May and the beginning of June. Soviet intelligence reported that Germany would rather invade the USSR after the fall of the British Empire or after an unacceptable ultimatum demanding German occupation of Ukraine during the German invasion of Britain.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Of the 800,000 tons of nonferrous metals shipped, about 350,000 tons were aluminium. The shipment of aluminium not only represented double the amount of metal that Germany possessed, but also composed the bulk of aluminium that was used in manufacture of Soviet aircraft, that had fallen in critically short supply. Soviet statistics show, that without these shipments of aluminium, aircraft production would have been less than one-half (or about 45,000 less) of the total 137,000 produced aircraft.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: In the last year of war, lend-lease data show that about 5.1 million tons of foodstuff left the United States for the Soviet Union. It is estimated that all the food supplies sent to Russia could feed a 12,000,000-man strong army a half pound of concentrated food per day, for the entire duration of the war.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The total lend-lease aid during the Second World War had been estimated between $42–50 billion. The Soviet Union received shipments in war materials, military equipment and other supplies worth of $12.5 billion, about a quarter of the U.S. lend-lease aid provided to other Allied countries. However, post-war negotiations to settle all the debt were never concluded, and as of date, the debt issues is still on in future American-Russian summits and talks.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Rolf Karlbom estimated that Swedish share of Germany's total consumption of iron may have amounted to 43% during the period of 1933–43. It may also be likely that 'Swedish ore formed the raw material of four out of every ten German guns' during the Hitler era'.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Operation Barbarossa began just before dawn on 22 June 1941. The Germans cut the wire network in all Soviet western military districts to undermine the Red Army's communications. Panicky transmissions from the Soviet front-line units to their command headquarters were picked up like this: "We are being fired upon. What shall we do?" The answer was just as confusing: "You must be insane. And why is your signal not in code?"

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: At 03:15 on 22 June 1941, 99 of 190 German divisions, including fourteen panzer divisions and ten motorised, were deployed against the Soviet Union from the Baltic to the Black Sea. They were accompanied by ten Romanian divisions, three Italian divisions, two Slovakian divisions and nine Romanian and four Hungarian brigades. On the same day, the Baltic, Western and Kiev Special military districts were renamed the Northwestern, Western and Southwestern Fronts respectively.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Army Group North's objective was Leningrad via the Baltic states. Comprising the 16th and 18th Armies and the 4th Panzer Group, this formation advanced through the Baltic states, and the Russian Pskov and Novgorod regions. Local insurgents seized the moment and controlled most of Lithuania, northern Latvia and southern Estonia prior to the arrival of the German forces.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Stalin ordered the retreating Red Army to initiate a scorched-earth policy to deny the Germans and their allies basic supplies as they advanced eastward. To carry out that order, destruction battalions were formed in front-line areas, having the authority to summarily execute any suspicious person. The destruction battalions burned down villages, schools, and public buildings. As a part of this policy, the NKVD massacred thousands of anti-Soviet prisoners.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: However, by 6 December it became clear that the "Wehrmacht" did not have the strength to capture Moscow, and the attack was suspended. Marshal Shaposhnikov thus began his counter-attack, employing freshly mobilised reserves, as well as some well-trained Far-Eastern divisions transferred from the east following intelligence that Japan would remain neutral.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The Soviet counter-offensive during the Battle of Moscow had removed the immediate German threat to the city. According to Zhukov, "the success of the December counter-offensive in the central strategic direction was considerable. Having suffered a major defeat the German striking forces of Army Group Centre were retreating." Stalin's objective in January 1942 was "to deny the Germans any breathing space, to drive them westward without let-up, to make them use up their reserves before spring comes..."

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The 20th Army, part of the Soviet 1st Shock Army, the 22nd Tank Brigade and five ski battalions launched their attack on 10 January 1942. By 17 January, the Soviets had captured Lotoshino and Shakhovskaya. By 20 January, the 5th and 33rd Armies had captured Ruza, Dorokhovo, Mozhaisk and Vereya, while the 43rd and 49th Armies were at Domanovo.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: By April 1942, the Soviet Supreme Command agreed to assume the defensive so as to "consolidate the captured ground." According to Zhukov, "During the winter offensive, the forces of the Western Front had advanced from 70 to 100 km, which somewhat improved the overall operational and strategic situation on the Western sector."

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: To the north, the Red Army surrounded a German garrison in Demyansk, which held out with air supply for four months, and established themselves in front of Kholm, Velizh, and Velikie Luki.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Further north still, the Soviet 2nd Shock Army was unleashed on the Volkhov River. Initially this made some progress; however, it was unsupported, and by June a German counterattack cut off and destroyed the army. The Soviet commander, Lieutenant General Andrey Vlasov, later defected to Germany and formed the ROA or Russian Liberation Army.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: In the south the Red Army lunged over the Donets River at Izyum and drove a deep salient. The intent was to pin Army Group South against the Sea of Azov, but as the winter eased the Wehrmacht counter-attacked and cut off the over-extended Soviet troops in the Second Battle of Kharkov.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Meanwhile, the 6th Army was driving towards Stalingrad, for a long period unsupported by 4th Panzer Army, which had been diverted to help 1st Panzer Army cross the Don. By the time the 4th Panzer Army had rejoined the Stalingrad offensive Soviet resistance (comprising the 62nd Army under Vasily Chuikov) had stiffened. A leap across the Don brought German troops to the Volga on 23 August but for the next three months the "Wehrmacht" would be fighting the Battle of Stalingrad street-by-street.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The advance into the Caucasus bogged down, with the Germans unable to fight their way past Malgobek and to the main prize of Grozny. Instead, they switched the direction of their advance to approach it from the south, crossing the Malka at the end of October and entering North Ossetia. In the first week of November, on the outskirts of Ordzhonikidze, the 13th Panzer Division's spearhead was snipped off and the panzer troops had to fall back. The offensive into Russia was over.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: However, if one last great "blitzkrieg" offensive could be mounted, then attention could then be turned to the Allied threat to the Western Front. Certainly, the peace negotiations in April had gone nowhere. The advance would be executed from the Orel salient to the north of Kursk and from Belgorod to the south. Both wings would converge on the area east of Kursk, and by that means restore the lines of Army Group South to the exact points that it held over the winter of 1941–1942.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: After the war, the battle near Prochorovka was idealised by Soviet historians as the largest tank battle of all time. The meeting engagement at Prochorovka was a Soviet defensive success, albeit at heavy cost. The Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army, with about 800 light and medium tanks, attacked elements of the II SS Panzer Corps. Tank losses on both sides have been the source of controversy ever since. Although the 5th Guards Tank Army did not attain its objectives, the German advance had been halted.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The Kursk offensive was the last on the scale of 1940 and 1941 that the "Wehrmacht" was able to launch; subsequent offensives would represent only a shadow of previous German offensive might.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: As September ended and October started, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. Important Dnieper towns started to fall, with Zaporozhye the first to go, followed by Dnepropetrovsk. Finally, early in November the Red Army broke out of its bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and captured the Ukrainian capital, at that time the third largest city in the Soviet Union.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: By the end of August 1944, it had cost the Germans ~400,000 dead, wounded, missing and sick, from whom 160,000 were captured, as well as 2,000 tanks and 57,000 other vehicles. In the operation, the Red Army lost ~180,000 dead and missing (765,815 in total, including wounded and sick plus 5,073 Poles), as well as 2,957 tanks and assault guns. The offensive at Estonia claimed another 480,000 Soviet soldiers, 100,000 of them classed as dead.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The neighbouring Lvov–Sandomierz operation was launched on 17 July 1944, with the Red Army routing the German forces in Western Ukraine and retaking Lviv. The Soviet advance in the south continued into Romania and, following a coup against the Axis-allied government of Romania on 23 August, the Red Army occupied Bucharest on 31 August. Romania and the Soviet Union signed an armistice on 12 September.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The rapid progress of Operation Bagration threatened to cut off and isolate the German units of Army Group North bitterly resisting the Soviet advance towards Tallinn. Despite a ferocious attack at the Sinimäed Hills, Estonia, the Soviet Leningrad Front failed to break through the defence of the smaller, well-fortified army detachment "Narwa" in terrain not suitable for large-scale operations.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: In Poland, as the Red Army approached, the Polish Home Army (AK) launched Operation Tempest. During the Warsaw Uprising, the Red Army were ordered to halt at the Vistula River. Whether Stalin was unable or unwilling to come to the aid of the Polish resistance is disputed.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: In Slovakia, the Slovak National Uprising started as an armed struggle between German "Wehrmacht" forces and rebel Slovak troops between August and October 1944. It was centered at Banská Bystrica.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: On 8 September 1944 the Red Army began an attack on the Dukla Pass on the Slovak–Polish border. Two months later, the Soviet forces won the battle and entered Slovakia. The toll was high: 20,000 Red Army soldiers died, plus several thousand Germans, Slovaks and Czechs.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Under the pressure of the Soviet Baltic Offensive, the German Army Group North were withdrawn to fight in the sieges of Saaremaa, Courland and Memel.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: On 25 January 1945, Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became Army Group Courland; Army Group Centre became Army Group North and Army Group A became Army Group Centre. Army Group North (old Army Group Centre) was driven into an ever-smaller pocket around Königsberg in East Prussia.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: In the Soviet Union the end of the war is considered to be 9 May, when the surrender took effect Moscow time. This date is celebrated as a national holiday – Victory Day – in Russia (as part of a two-day 8–9 May holiday) and some other post-Soviet countries. The ceremonial Victory parade was held in Moscow on 24 June.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The German Army Group Centre initially refused to surrender and continued to fight in Czechoslovakia until about 11 May. A small German garrison on the Danish island of Bornholm refused to surrender until they were bombed and invaded by the Soviets. The island was returned to the Danish government four months later.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: When the Red Army invaded Germany in 1944, many German civilians suffered from reprisals by Red Army soldiers (see Soviet war crimes). After the war, following the Yalta conference agreements between the Allies, the German populations of East Prussia and Silesia were displaced to the west of the Oder–Neisse line, in what became one of the largest forced migrations of people in world history.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were both ideologically driven states (by Soviet communism and by Nazism respectively), in which the foremost political leaders had near-absolute power. The character of the war was thus determined by the political leaders and their ideology to a much greater extent than in any other theatre of World War II.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Adolf Hitler exercised tight control over the German war-effort, spending much of his time in his command bunkers (most notably at Rastenburg in East Prussia, at Vinnitsa in Ukraine, and under the garden of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin). At crucial periods in the war he held daily situation-conferences at which he used his remarkable talent for public speaking to overwhelm opposition from his generals and from the OKW staff with rhetoric.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: In the winter of 1941–1942 Hitler believed that his obstinate refusal to allow the German armies to retreat had saved Army Group Centre from collapse. He later told Erhard Milch:

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: I had to act ruthlessly. I had to send even my closest generals packing, two army generals, for example … I could only tell these gentlemen, "Get yourself back to Germany as rapidly as you can – but leave the army in my charge. And the army is staying at the front."

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Frustration at Hitler's leadership in the war was one of the factors in the attempted coup d'etat of 1944, but after the failure of the 20 July Plot Hitler considered the army and its officer corps suspect and came to rely on the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) and Nazi party members to prosecute the war.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Hitler's direction of the war ultimately proved disastrous for the German Army, though the skill, loyalty, professionalism and endurance of officers and soldiers enabled him to keep Germany fighting to the end. F. W. Winterbotham wrote of Hitler's signal to Gerd von Rundstedt to continue the attack to the west during the Battle of the Bulge:

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Joseph Stalin bore the greatest responsibility for some of the disasters at the beginning of the war (for example, the Battle of Kiev (1941)), but equally deserves praise for the subsequent success of the Soviet Red Army, which depended on the unprecedentedly rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union, which Stalin's internal policy had made the first priority throughout the 1930s.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Stalin's Great Purge of the Red Army in the late 1930s involved the legal prosecution of many of the senior command, many of whom the courts convicted and sentenced to death or to imprisonment.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: From the foundation of the Red Army in 1918, political distrust of the military had led to a system of "dual command", with every commander paired with a political commissar, a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Larger units had military councils consisting of the commander, commissar and chief of staff – commissars ensured the loyalty of the commanding officers and implemented Party orders.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: As it became clear that the Soviet Union would win the war, Stalin ensured that propaganda always mentioned his leadership of the war; he sidelined the victorious generals and never allowed them to develop into political rivals. After the war the Soviets once again purged the Red Army (though not as brutally as in the 1930s) and demoted many successful officers (including Zhukov, Malinovsky and Koniev) to unimportant positions.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Atrocities against the Jewish population in the conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of "Einsatzgruppen" (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The Nazi ideology and the maltreatment of the local population and Soviet POWs encouraged partisans fighting behind the front; it motivated even anti-communists or non-Russian nationalists to ally with the Soviets and greatly delayed the formation of German-allied divisions consisting of Soviet POWs (see Ostlegionen). These results and missed opportunities contributed to the defeat of the "Wehrmacht".

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Some recent reports raise the number of Belarusians who perished in the war to "3 million 650 thousand people, unlike the former 2.2 million. That is to say not every fourth inhabitant but almost 40% of the pre-war Belarusian population perished (considering the present-day borders of Belarus)."

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Sixty percent of Soviet POWs died during the war. By its end, large numbers of Soviet POWs, forced labourers and Nazi collaborators (including those who were forcefully repatriated by the Western Allies) went to special NKVD "filtration" camps. By 1946, 80 per cent of civilians and 20 per cent of POWs were freed, others were re-drafted, or sent to labour battalions. Two per cent of civilians and 14 per cent of the POWs were sent to the Gulag.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The official Polish government report of war losses prepared in 1947 reported 6,028,000 victims out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Although the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention (1929), it is generally accepted that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the Hague convention. A month after the German invasion in 1941, an offer was made for a reciprocal adherence to Hague convention. This 'note' was left unanswered by Third Reich officials.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Germany had far greater resources than did the USSR, and dwarfed its production in every matrix except for oil, having over five times the USSR's coal production, over three times its iron production, three times its steel production, twice its electricity production, and about 2/3 of its oil production.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: German production of explosives from 1940 to 1944 was 1.595 million tons, along with 829,970 tons of powder. Consumption on all fronts during the same period was 1.493 million tons of explosives and 626,887 tons of powder. From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced only 505,000 tons of explosives and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports. Germany outproduced the Soviet Union 3.16 to 1 in explosives tonnage.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: After the defeat at Stalingrad, Germany geared completely towards a war economy, as expounded in a speech given by Joseph Goebbels (the Nazi propaganda minister), in the Berlin Sportpalast, increasing production in subsequent years under Albert Speer's (the "Reich" armaments minister) direction, despite the intensifying Allied bombing campaign.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The fighting involved millions of Axis and Soviet troops along the broadest land front in military history. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of the European portion of World War II with up to 8.7 to 10 million military deaths on the Soviet side (although, depending on the criteria used, casualties in the Far East theatre may have been similar in number). Axis military deaths were 5 million of which around 4,000,000 were German deaths.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The huge death toll was attributed to several factors, including brutal mistreatment of POWs and captured partisans, the large deficiency of food and medical supplies in Soviet territories, and atrocities committed mostly by the Germans against the civilian population. The multiple battles and the use of scorched earth tactics destroyed agricultural land, infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The Soviets lost 96,500 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns, as well as 37,600 other armoured vehicles (such as armoured cars and semi-tracked trucks) for a total of 134,100 armoured vehicles lost.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: The Soviets also lost 102,600 aircraft (combat and non-combat causes), including 46,100 in combat. According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 75,700 aircraft on the Eastern front.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: Polish Armed Forces in the East, initially consisting of Poles from Eastern Poland or otherwise in the Soviet Union in 1939–1941, began fighting alongside the Red Army in 1943, and grew steadily as more Polish territory was liberated from the Nazis in 1944–1945.

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Eastern Front (World War II)

Context: When the Axis countries of Central Europe were occupied by the Soviets, they changed sides and declared war on Germany (see Allied Commissions).

Question: ما الدور الذي لعبه الإتحاد السوفياتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley, eclipsing the Pyu, Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century. Theravada Buddhism slowly began to spread to the village level although Tantric, Mahayana, Brahmanic, and animist practices remained heavily entrenched at all social strata. Pagan's rulers built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Bagan Archaeological Zone of which over 2000 remain. The wealthy donated tax-free land to religious authorities.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: The origins of the Pagan kingdom have been reconstructed using archaeological evidence as well as the Burmese chronicle tradition. Considerable differences exist between the views of modern scholarship and various chronicle narratives.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Burmese chronicles do not agree on the origins of the Pagan kingdom. Chronicles down to the 18th century trace its origins to 167 CE, when Pyusawhti, a descendant of a solar prince and a dragon princess, founded the dynasty at Pagan (Bagan). But the 19th-century Glass Palace Chronicle ("Hmannan Yazawin") connects the dynasty's origins to the clan of the Buddha and the first Buddhist king Maha Sammata ().

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: The chronicle narratives then merge, and agree that a dynasty of kings followed Pyusawhti. King Pyinbya () fortified the city in 849 AD.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Thant Myint-U summarises that "the Nanzhao Empire had washed up on the banks of the Irrawaddy, and would find a new life, fused with an existing and ancient culture, to produce one of the most impressive little kingdoms of the medieval world. From this fusion would result the Burmese people, and the foundations of modern Burmese culture."

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Below is a "partial" list of early Pagan kings as reported by "Hmannan", shown in comparison with "Hmannan" dates adjusted to 1044 and the list of "Zatadawbon Yazawin" (the Royal Horoscopes Chronicle). Prior to Anawrahta, inscriptional evidence exists thus far only for Nyaung-u Sawrahan and Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu. The list starts from Pyinbya, the fortifier of Pagan according to "Hmannan".

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: In December 1044, a Pagan prince named Anawrahta came to power. Over the next three decades, he turned this small principality into the First Burmese Empire—the "charter polity" that formed the basis of modern-day Burma/Myanmar. Historically verifiable Burmese history begins with his accession.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: The court was also the chief justice of the land. Sithu I (r. 1112–1167) was the first Pagan king to issue an official collection of judgments, later known as the "Alaungsithu hpyat-hton", to be followed as precedents by all courts of justice. A follow-up collection of judgments was compiled during the reign of Sithu II (r. 1174–1211) by a Mon monk named Dhammavilasa. As another sign of delegation of power, Sithu II also appointed a chief justice and a chief minister.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Agriculture was the primary engine of the kingdom from its beginnings in the 9th century. Burman immigrants are believed to have either introduced new water management techniques or greatly enhanced existing Pyu system of weirs, dams, sluices, and diversionary barricades. At any rate, the Kyaukse agricultural basin's development in the 10th and 11th centuries enabled the kingdom of Pagan to expand beyond the dry zone of Upper Burma, and to dominate its periphery, including the maritime Lower Burma.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: A "kyat", unless specified, always meant a silver "kyat". Other metals were also in use. The value of other metal currencies vis-a-vis the silver kyat are shown below.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: The lack of standardised coinage certainly complicated commerce. For instance, many types of silver "kyats" with varying degrees of purity were in use. Records show that people also used a system of barter to conduct commerce.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Surviving records provide a glimpse of the kingdom's economic life. A "pe" (, 0.71 hectare) of fertile land near Pagan cost 20 silver "kyats" but only 1 to 10 "kyats" away from the capital. Construction of a large temple in the reign of Sithu II cost 44,027 "kyats" while a large "Indian style" monastery cost 30,600 "kyats". Manuscripts were rare and extremely costly. In 1273, a complete set of the "Tripiṭaka" cost 3000 "kyats".

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Pagan's society was highly stratified among different social classes. At the top of the pyramid were the royalty (immediate royal family), followed by the upper officialdom (the extended royal family and the court), lower officialdom, artisans and crown service groups, and the commoners. The Buddhist clergy was not a class in the secular society but nonetheless represented an important social class.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Another important development in Burmese history and Burmese language was the rise of Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism. The use of Sanskrit, which had been prevalent in the Pyu realm and in the early Pagan era, declined after Anawrahta's conversion to Theravada Buddhism.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Bagan is well known today for its architecture, and over 2000 remaining temples that dot the modern-day Pagan (Bagan) plains today. Other, non-religious aspects of Pagan architecture were equally important to later Burmese states.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Burman immigrants are believed to have either introduced new water management techniques or greatly enhanced existing Pyu system of weirs, dams, sluices, and diversionary barricades. The techniques of building dams, canals and weirs found in pre-colonial Upper Burma trace their origins to the Pyu era and the Pagan era. Pagan's several water management projects in the dry zone provided Upper Burma with an enduring economic base to dominate the rest of the country.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: In the areas of city planning and temple design, Pagan architecture borrowed heavily from existing Pyu architectural practices, which in turn were based on various Indian styles. Pagan-era city planning largely followed Pyu patterns, the most notable being the use of 12 gates, for each of the signs of the zodiac.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Pagan stands out not only for the sheer number of religious edifices but also for the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. Pagan temples fall into one of two broad categories: the "stupa"-style solid temple and the "gu"-style () hollow temple.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: A "stupa", also called a pagoda, is a massive structure, typically with a relic chamber inside. The Pagan "stupas" or pagodas evolved from earlier Pyu designs, which in turn were based on the "stupa" designs of the Andhra region, particularly Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda in present-day southeastern India, and to a smaller extent to Ceylon. The Pagan-era stupas in turn were the prototypes for later Burmese stupas in terms of symbolism, form and design, building techniques and even materials.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Originally, an Indian/Ceylonese "stupa" had a hemispheric body (, "the egg") on which a rectangular box surrounded by a stone balustrade ("harmika") was set. Extending up from the top of the "stupa" was a shaft supporting several ceremonial umbrellas. The "stupa" is a representation of the Buddhist cosmos: its shape symbolises Mount Meru while the umbrella mounted on the brickwork represents the world's axis.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Pagan Kingdom

Context: Another architectural innovation originated in Pagan is the Buddhist temple with a pentagonal floor plan. This design grew out of hybrid (between one-face and four-face designs) designs. The idea was to include the veneration of the Maitreya Buddha, the future and fifth Buddha of this era, in addition to the four who had already appeared. The Dhammayazika and the Ngamyethna Pagoda are examples of the pentagonal design.

Question: كم عمر مملكة باغان ؟


Katyusha (song)

Context: In 1943, the Kingdom of Italy, until then one of the Axis powers, joined the Allies. During the next two years, Italian partisans fought against German forces in Italy and Italian Fascists. wrote Italian lyrics for "Katyusha". His adaptation, "Fischia il vento" (The Wind Blows), became one of the most famous partisan anthems, along with "Bella ciao" and "La Brigata Garibaldi".

Question: متى أصدرت أغنية كاتيوشا الروسية؟


Katyusha (song)

Context: During the last battles on the Eastern Front, the Blue Division used the melody of "Katyusha" for an adaptation called "Primavera" (Spring), a chant extolling the value of Spanish fascist fighters.

Question: متى أصدرت أغنية كاتيوشا الروسية؟


Katyusha (song)

Context: During the Greek Civil War (1946–1949), Greek partisans who fought against the German invasion in 1941 wrote their version of "Katyusha" named "Ο ύμνος του ΕΑΜ" (The Hymn of EAM). The text to the melody was written by Vassilis Rotas, recorded much later by Thanos Mikroutsikos and sung by Maria Dimitriadi.

Question: متى أصدرت أغنية كاتيوشا الروسية؟


Katyusha (song)

Context: The song was translated into Hebrew and performed by 1945, and has been popular ever since in Israel.

Question: متى أصدرت أغنية كاتيوشا الروسية؟


Katyusha (song)

Context: It is a popular song in Iceland (particularly among schoolchildren) where it is known as "" ("Be Ready When Spring Calls"), the lyrics by Tryggvi Þorsteinsson encourage hard work in the hayfields in spring.

Question: متى أصدرت أغنية كاتيوشا الروسية؟


Katyusha (song)

Context: In Finland the best known version (in Finnish) of the song is called "Sörkan sällit", which is also quite popular a student soirée song.

Question: متى أصدرت أغنية كاتيوشا الروسية؟


Katyusha (song)

Context: Katyusha has appeared in numerous works, most often in tandem with Russian or Soviet topics, including the 2012 anime "Girls und Panzer" (though the song is excluded in the English dub and international editions), a level featuring the USSR in the NES video game "Super Dodgeball", and in an album by the band Abney Park. Katyusha's widespread recognizability and lyrics have ensured that it is even now featured in visual and audio media.

Question: متى أصدرت أغنية كاتيوشا الروسية؟


Katyusha (song)

Context: In the 2004 German film "Downfall", it is sung by Soviet soldiers after the German surrender and end of the Battle of Berlin.

Question: متى أصدرت أغنية كاتيوشا الروسية؟


Chromosome

Context: A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins called histones which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity. These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction play a significant role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe. Usually, this will make the cell initiate apoptosis leading to its own death, but sometimes mutations in the cell hamper this process and thus cause progression of cancer.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. Others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: The word "chromosome" () comes from the Greek ("chroma", "colour") and ("soma", "body"), describing their strong staining by particular dyes. The term was coined by the German anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer, referring to the term chromatin, which was introduced by Walther Flemming, the discoverer of cell division.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Some of the early karyological terms have become outdated. For example, Chromatin (Flemming 1880) and Chromosom (Waldeyer 1888), both ascribe color to a non-colored state.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: The German scientists Schleiden, Virchow and Bütschli were among the first scientists who recognized the structures now familiar as chromosomes.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: In a series of experiments beginning in the mid-1880s, Theodor Boveri gave definitive contributions to elucidating that chromosomes are the vectors of heredity, with two notions that became known as ‘chromosome continuity’ and ‘chromosome individuality’.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by homology to eukaryotic histones, and in the case of bacteria, by histone-like proteins.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA).

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Each eukaryotic chromosome consists of a long linear DNA molecule associated with proteins, forming a compact complex of proteins and DNA called "chromatin." Chromatin contains the vast majority of the DNA of an organism, but a small amount inherited maternally, can be found in the mitochondria. It is present in most cells, with a few exceptions, for example, red blood cells.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Histones are responsible for the first and most basic unit of chromosome organization, the nucleosome.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Eukaryotes (cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: The packaging of DNA into nucleosomes causes a 10 nanometer fibre which may further condense up to 30 nm fibres Most of the euchromatin in interphase nuclei appears to be in the form of 30-nm fibers. Chromatin structure is the more decondensed state, i.e. the 10-nm conformation allows transcription.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: During interphase (the period of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing), two types of chromatin can be distinguished:

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell division), the chromatin double helix become more and more condensed. They cease to function as accessible genetic material (transcription stops) and become a compact transportable form. The loops of 30-nm chromatin fibers are thought to fold upon themselves further to form the compact metaphase chromosomes of mitotic cells. The DNA is thus condensed about 10,000 fold.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: The chromosome scaffold, which is made of proteins such as condensin, TOP2A and KIF4, plays an important role in holding the chromatin into compact chromosomes. Loops of 30 nm structure further condense with scaffold into higher order structures.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Mitotic metaphase chromosomes are best described by a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: The number of chromosomes in eukaryotes is highly variable (see table). In fact, chromosomes can fuse or break and thus evolve into novel karyotypes. Chromosomes can also be fused artificially. For example, the 16 chromosomes of yeast have been fused into one giant chromosome and the cells were still viable with only somewhat reduced growth rates.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Normal members of a particular eukaryotic species all have the same number of nuclear chromosomes (see the table). Other eukaryotic chromosomes, i.e., mitochondrial and plasmid-like small chromosomes, are much more variable in number, and there may be thousands of copies per cell.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes that are the same in all body cells. However, asexual species can be either haploid or diploid.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Some animal and plant species are polyploid [Xn]: They have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes. Plants important in agriculture such as tobacco or wheat are often polyploid, compared to their ancestral species. Wheat has a haploid number of seven chromosomes, still seen in some cultivars as well as the wild progenitors. The more-common pasta and bread wheat types are polyploid, having 28 (tetraploid) and 42 (hexaploid) chromosomes, compared to the 14 (diploid) chromosomes in the wild wheat.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: In general, the karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species. The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes, the same cannot be said for their karyotypes, which are often highly variable. There may be variation between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: The technique of determining the karyotype is usually called "karyotyping". Cells can be locked part-way through division (in metaphase) in vitro (in a reaction vial) with colchicine. These cells are then stained, photographed, and arranged into a "karyogram", with the set of chromosomes arranged, autosomes in order of length, and sex chromosomes (here X/Y) at the end.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Like many sexually reproducing species, humans have special gonosomes (sex chromosomes, in contrast to autosomes). These are XX in females and XY in males.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Human examples include:

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Chromosome

Context: Exposure of males to certain lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploid spermatozoa. In particular, risk of aneuploidy is increased by tobacco smoking, and occupational exposure to benzene, insecticides, and perfluorinated compounds. Increased aneuploidy is often associated with increased DNA damage in spermatozoa.

Question: كم نوع يوجد من صبغيات الجلد ؟


Ram Nath Kovind

Context: After his elementary school education, he needed to walk each day to Kanpur village, away, to attend junior school, as nobody in the village had a bicycle. He holds a bachelor's degree in commerce and an LLB from DAV College (affiliated with Kanpur University).

Question: متى استلم الرئيس (رام نات كوفيند) رئاسة الهند؟


Ram Nath Kovind

Context: After graduating in law from DAV College, Kanpur, Kovind went to Delhi to prepare for the civil services examination. He passed this exam on his third attempt, He scored high enough to work in an allied service rather than in IAS and thus started practising law.

Question: متى استلم الرئيس (رام نات كوفيند) رئاسة الهند؟


Ram Nath Kovind

Context: In 1997, Kovind, being from koli family, joined the protest against certain orders from the central government that had adverse effects on the SC/ST workers. Later, three amendments were made to the Constitution that revoked the orders, by the NDA government headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Question: متى استلم الرئيس (رام نات كوفيند) رئاسة الهند؟


Ram Nath Kovind

Context: He has served on the Board of management of Dr. B.R Ambedkar University, Lucknow, and on the Board of Governors of IIM Calcutta. He has also represented India at the UN and addressed the United Nations General Assembly in October 2002.

Question: متى استلم الرئيس (رام نات كوفيند) رئاسة الهند؟


Ram Nath Kovind

Context: On 8 August 2015, President Pranab Mukherjee appointed Kovind as the governor of Bihar. On 16 August 2015, the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Iqbal Ahmad Ansari, administered the oath to Kovind as the 26th governor of Bihar, in a ceremony at Raj Bhawan in Patna.

Question: متى استلم الرئيس (رام نات كوفيند) رئاسة الهند؟


Ram Nath Kovind

Context: After nomination for the post of 14th president of India, he resigned from his post as the governor of Bihar, and the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017. He won the election on 20 July 2017.

Question: متى استلم الرئيس (رام نات كوفيند) رئاسة الهند؟


Ram Nath Kovind

Context: Kovind married Savita on 30 May 1974. They have a son, Prashant Kumar, and a daughter, Swati who is an air hostess for Air India.

Question: متى استلم الرئيس (رام نات كوفيند) رئاسة الهند؟


Willem Johan Kolff

Context: When the war ended, Kolff donated his artificial kidneys to other hospitals to spread familiarity with the technology. In Europe, Kolff sent machines to London, Amsterdam, and Poland. Another machine sent to Dr. Isidore Snapper at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City was used to perform the first human dialysis in the United States on January 26, 1948 under the supervision of Drs. Alfred P. Fishman and Irving Kroop.

Question: من مخترع آلة الغسيل الكلوي ؟


Willem Johan Kolff

Context: He became head of the University of Utah's Division of Artificial Organs and Institute for Biomedical Engineering in 1967, where he was involved in the development of the artificial heart, the first of which was implanted in 1982 in patient Barney Clark, who survived for four months, with the heart still functioning at the time of Clark's death.

Question: من مخترع آلة الغسيل الكلوي ؟


Willem Johan Kolff

Context: Kolff died three days short of his 98th birthday on February 11, 2009, in a care center in Philadelphia. On February 29, 2012, Yad Vashem recognized Willem Johan Kolff and his wife as Righteous Among the Nations, for their part in concealing a Jewish medical colleague and his son.

Question: من مخترع آلة الغسيل الكلوي ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: Ben Bella was the son of a farmer and small businessman; he had five brothers and two sisters. His oldest brother died from wounds received in the First World War, during which he fought for France. Another brother died from illness and a third disappeared in France in 1940, during the mayhem of the Nazi victory.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: Ben Bella began his studies in Maghnia, where he went to the French school, and continued them in the city of Tlemcen, where he first became aware of racial discrimination. Disturbed by the animus against Muslims expressed by his European teacher, he began chafing against imperialism and colonialism and criticized the domination of French cultural influence over Algeria. During this period, he joined the nationalist movement.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: At the outbreak of the Algerian War in 1954, Ben Bella was based in Cairo, where he had become one of the nine members of the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action that headed the "Front de Liberation Nationale" (FLN), founded in November that year during a secret meeting of Algerian leaders in Switzerland. The FLN soon began armed insurrection against the French colonists, which in turn triggered a general war between Algeria and France.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: Due to Pakistan's support for the FLN, Ben Bella had been given a Pakistani diplomatic passport to make his foreign travels possible in the face of an international manhunt co-ordinated by the French and their allies. Ben Bella also traveled on a Pakistani diplomatic passport during the years of his exile from Algeria in the 1980s.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: In addition to political resistance, Ben Bella faced religious opposition. The Association of the Algerian Ulema claimed that the "state Islam" that Ben Bella wanted to achieve was not an application of true Muslim values, but rather an attempt to please the population.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: His government was overthrown in June 1965 while he was planning to host an Afro-Asian international meeting, in a bloodless coup led by his defense minister Houari Boumédiène. He was held for eight months in an underground prison, then for the next 14 years lived under house arrest.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: He was also the chairperson of the African Union Panel of the Wise, which is mandated to advise the AU Commission on issues relevant to conflict prevention, management and resolution. The other members of the panel at the time were President Miguel Trovoada (former President of São Tomé and Príncipe), Dr. Salim A. Salim (former Secretary-General of the OAU), Dr. Brigalia Bam (Chair of South Africa's Electoral Commission) and Elisabeth Pognon (former President of the Constitutional Court of Benin).

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: In February 2012, Ben Bella was admitted to a hospital for medical checks. At the same time, a report circulated that he had died, but this was denied by his family.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: Ben Bella died on 11 April 2012 at his family home in Algiers. Though the reasons of his death were unknown, he had been treated for respiratory illnesses twice at Ain Naadja. His body lay in state on 12 April before the funeral at El Alia Cemetery on 13 April. Algeria declared eight days of national mourning.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


Ahmed Ben Bella

Context: Aussaresses, General Paul, "The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955–1957". New York: Enigma Books, 2010. 978-1-929631-30-8.

Question: من هو اول رئيس جزائري ؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: H. G. Wells was inspired to write about atomic weapons in a 1914 novel, "The World Set Free", which appeared shortly before the First World War. In a 1924 article, Winston Churchill speculated about the possible military implications: "Might not a bomb no bigger than an orange be found to possess a secret power to destroy a whole block of buildings—nay to concentrate the force of a thousand tons of cordite and blast a township at a stroke?"

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In Paris in 1934, Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered that artificial radioactivity could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with alpha particles; in Italy Enrico Fermi reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: After learning about the German fission in 1939, Szilard concluded that uranium would be the element which can realize his 1933 idea about nuclear chain reaction.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Between 1939 and 1940, Joliot-Curie's team applied for a patent family covering different use cases of atomic energy, one (case III, in patent FR 971,324 - "Perfectionnements aux charges explosives", meaning "Improvements in Explosive Charges") being the first official document explicitly mentioning a nuclear explosion as a purpose, including for war. This patent was applied for on May 4, 1939, but only granted in 1950, being withheld by French authorities in the meantime.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Roosevelt responded by setting up the Uranium Committee under Lyman James Briggs but, with little initial funding ($6,000), progress was slow. It was not until the U.S. entered the war in December 1941 that Washington decided to commit the necessary resources to a top-secret high priority bomb project.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Edgar Sengier, a director of Shinkolobwe Mine in the Congo which produced by far the highest quality uranium ore in the world, had become aware of uranium's possible use in a bomb. In late 1940, fearing that it might be seized by the Germans, he shipped the mine's entire stockpile of ore to a warehouse in New York.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The beginning of the American research about nuclear weapons (The Manhattan Project) started with the Einstein–Szilárd letter.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The simplest form of nuclear weapon is a gun-type fission weapon, where a sub-critical mass would be shot at another sub-critical mass. The result would be a super-critical mass and an uncontrolled chain reaction that would create the desired explosion. The weapons envisaged in 1942 were the two gun-type weapons, Little Boy (uranium) and Thin Man (plutonium), and the Fat Man plutonium implosion bomb.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In early 1943 Oppenheimer determined that two projects should proceed forwards: the Thin Man project (plutonium gun) and the Fat Man project (plutonium implosion). The plutonium gun was to receive the bulk of the research effort, as it was the project with the most uncertainty involved. It was assumed that the uranium gun-type bomb could then be adapted from it.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In December 1943 the British mission of 19 scientists arrived in Los Alamos. Hans Bethe became head of the Theoretical Division.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Historians claim to have found a rough schematic showing a Nazi nuclear bomb. In March 1945, a German scientific team was directed by the physicist Kurt Diebner to develop a primitive nuclear device in Ohrdruf, Thuringia. Last ditch research was conducted in an experimental nuclear reactor at Haigerloch.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: On April 12, after Roosevelt's death, Vice President Harry S. Truman assumed the presidency. At the time of the unconditional surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, the Manhattan Project was still months away from producing a working weapon.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: On August 6, 1945, a uranium-based weapon, Little Boy, was detonated above the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and three days later, a plutonium-based weapon, Fat Man, was detonated above the Japanese city of Nagasaki. To date, Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain the only two instances of nuclear weapons being used in combat. The atomic raids killed at least one hundred thousand Japanese civilians and military personnel outright, with the heat, radiation, and blast effects.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Many tens of thousands would later die of radiation sickness and related cancers. Truman promised a "rain of ruin" if Japan did not surrender immediately, threatening to systematically eliminate their ability to wage war. On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: A half-hearted plan for international control was proposed at the newly formed United Nations by Bernard Baruch (The Baruch Plan), but it was clear both to American commentators—and to the Soviets—that it was an attempt primarily to stymie Soviet nuclear efforts. The Soviets vetoed the plan, effectively ending any immediate postwar negotiations on atomic energy, and made overtures towards banning the use of atomic weapons in general.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Two days after the bombing of Nagasaki, the U.S. government released an official technical history of the Manhattan Project, authored by Princeton physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth, known colloquially as the Smyth Report. The sanitized summary of the wartime effort focused primarily on the production facilities and scale of investment, written in part to justify the wartime expenditure to the American public.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The Soviet program, under the suspicious watch of former NKVD chief Lavrenty Beria (a participant and victor in Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s), would use the Report as a blueprint, seeking to duplicate as much as possible the American effort. The "secret cities" used for the Soviet equivalents of Hanford and Oak Ridge literally vanished from the maps for decades to come.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: On August 29, 1949, the effort brought its results, when the USSR successfully tested its first fission bomb, dubbed "Joe-1" by the U.S. The news of the first Soviet bomb was announced to the world first by the United States, which had detected atmospheric radioactive traces generated from its test site in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The loss of the American monopoly on nuclear weapons marked the first tit-for-tat of the nuclear arms race.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The notion of using a fission weapon to ignite a process of nuclear fusion can be dated back to September 1941, when it was first proposed by Enrico Fermi to his colleague Edward Teller during a discussion at Columbia University. At the first major theoretical conference on the development of an atomic bomb hosted by J. Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley in the summer of 1942, Teller directed the majority of the discussion towards this idea of a "Super" bomb.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: It was thought at the time that a fission weapon would be quite simple to develop and that perhaps work on a hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear weapon) would be possible to complete before the end of the Second World War. However, in reality the problem of a regular atomic bomb was large enough to preoccupy the scientists for the next few years, much less the more speculative "Super" bomb. Only Teller continued working on the project—against the will of project leaders Oppenheimer and Hans Bethe.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The Joe-1 atomic bomb test by the Soviet Union that took place in August 1949 came earlier than expected by Americans, and over the next several months there was an intense debate within the U.S. government, military, and scientific communities regarding whether to proceed with development of the far more powerful Super.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: After the atomic bombings of Japan, many scientists at Los Alamos rebelled against the notion of creating a weapon thousands of times more powerful than the first atomic bombs. For the scientists the question was in part technical—the weapon design was still quite uncertain and unworkable—and in part moral: such a weapon, they argued, could only be used against large civilian populations, and could thus only be used as a weapon of genocide.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Many scientists, such as Bethe, urged that the United States should not develop such weapons and set an example towards the Soviet Union. Promoters of the weapon, including Teller, Ernest Lawrence, and Luis Alvarez, argued that such a development was inevitable, and to deny such protection to the people of the United States—especially when the Soviet Union was likely to create such a weapon themselves—was itself an immoral and unwise act.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: What is more, if such weapons were developed by both superpowers, they would be more effective against the U.S. than against the USSR, as the U.S. had far more regions of dense industrial and civilian activity as targets for large weapons than the Soviet Union.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Teller pushed the notion further, and used the results of the boosted-fission "George" test (a boosted-fission device using a small amount of fusion fuel to boost the yield of a fission bomb) to confirm the fusion of heavy hydrogen elements before preparing for their first true multi-stage, Teller-Ulam hydrogen bomb test. Many scientists, initially against the weapon, such as Oppenheimer and Bethe, changed their previous opinions, seeing the development as being unstoppable.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Even in the decades before fission weapons, there had been speculation about the possibility for human beings to end all life on the planet, either by accident or purposeful maliciousness—but technology had not provided the capacity for such action. The great power of hydrogen bombs made worldwide annihilation possible.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Speculation began to run towards what fallout and dust from a full-scale nuclear exchange would do to the world as a whole, rather than just cities and countries directly involved. In this way, the fate of the world was now tied to the fate of the bomb-wielding superpowers.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Throughout the 1950s and the early 1960s the U.S. and the USSR both endeavored, in a tit-for-tat approach, to prevent the other power from acquiring nuclear supremacy. This had massive political and cultural effects during the Cold War.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: As one instance of this mindset, in the early 1950s it was proposed to drop a nuclear bomb on the Moon as a globally visible demonstration of American weaponry.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The first atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, were large, custom-made devices, requiring highly trained personnel for their arming and deployment. They could be dropped only from the largest bomber planes—at the time the B-29 Superfortress—and each plane could only carry a single bomb in its hold.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The first hydrogen bombs were similarly massive and complicated. This ratio of one plane to one bomb was still fairly impressive in comparison with conventional, non-nuclear weapons, but against other nuclear-armed countries it was considered a grave danger.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In the immediate postwar years, the U.S. expended much effort on making the bombs "G.I.-proof"—capable of being used and deployed by members of the U.S. Army, rather than Nobel Prize–winning scientists. In the 1950s, the U.S. undertook a nuclear testing program to improve the nuclear arsenal.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Starting in 1951, the Nevada Test Site (in the Nevada desert) became the primary location for all U.S. nuclear testing (in the USSR, Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan served a similar role). Tests were divided into two primary categories: "weapons related" (verifying that a new weapon worked or looking at exactly how it worked) and "weapons effects" (looking at how weapons behaved under various conditions or how structures behaved when subjected to weapons).

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In the beginning, almost all nuclear tests were either atmospheric (conducted above ground, in the atmosphere) or underwater (such as some of the tests done in the Marshall Islands). Testing was used as a sign of both national and technological strength, but also raised questions about the safety of the tests, which released nuclear fallout into the atmosphere (most dramatically with the Castle Bravo test in 1954, but in more limited amounts with almost all atmospheric nuclear testing).

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In 1963, all nuclear and many non-nuclear states signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty, pledging to refrain from testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space. The treaty permitted underground tests.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Most tests were considerably more modest, and worked for direct technical purposes as well as their potential political overtones. Weapons improvements took on two primary forms. One was an increase in efficiency and power, and within only a few years fission bombs were developed that were many times more powerful than the ones created during World War II. The other was a program of miniaturization, reducing the size of the nuclear weapons.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Early nuclear armed rockets—such as the MGR-1 Honest John, first deployed by the U.S. in 1953—were surface-to-surface missiles with relatively short ranges (around 15 mi/25 km maximum) and yields around twice the size of the first fission weapons. The limited range meant they could only be used in certain types of military situations. U.S. rockets could not, for example, threaten Moscow with an immediate strike, and could only be used as tactical weapons (that is, for small-scale military situations).

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Strategic weapons—weapons that could threaten an entire country—relied, for the time being, on long-range bombers that could penetrate deep into enemy territory. In the U.S., this requirement led, in 1946, to creation of the Strategic Air Command—a system of bombers headed by General Curtis LeMay (who previously presided over the firebombing of Japan during WWII). In operations like Chrome Dome, SAC kept nuclear-armed planes in the air 24 hours a day, ready for an order to attack Moscow.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: According to game theory, because starting a nuclear war was suicidal, no logical country would shoot first. However, if a country could launch a first strike that utterly destroyed the target country's ability to respond, that might give that country the confidence to initiate a nuclear war. The object of a country operating by the MAD doctrine is to deny the opposing country this first strike capability.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: MAD played on two seemingly opposed modes of thought: cold logic and emotional fear. The English phrase MAD was often known by, "nuclear deterrence," was translated by the French as "dissuasion," and "terrorization" by the Soviets. This apparent paradox of nuclear war was summed up by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill as "the worse things get, the better they are"—the greater the threat of mutual destruction, the safer the world would be.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The U.S. poured massive funding into development of SAGE, a system that could track and intercept enemy bomber aircraft using information from remote radar stations. It was the first computer system to feature real-time processing, multiplexing, and display devices. It was the first general computing machine, and a direct predecessor of modern computers.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the end of World War II quickly followed the 1945 Trinity nuclear test, and the Little Boy device was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people. Subsequently, the world's nuclear weapons stockpiles grew.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Operation Crossroads was a series of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean in the summer of 1946. Its purpose was to test the effect of nuclear weapons on naval ships. To prepare the Bikini atoll for the nuclear tests, Bikini's native residents were evicted from their homes and resettled on smaller, uninhabited islands where they were unable to sustain themselves.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In the United Kingdom, the first Aldermaston March organised by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament took place at Easter 1958, when several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square, London, to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire, England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In 1959, a letter in the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" was the start of a successful campaign to stop the Atomic Energy Commission dumping radioactive waste in the sea 19 kilometres from Boston. On November 1, 1961, at the height of the Cold War, about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. It was the largest national women's peace protest of the 20th century.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The military realities made for a precarious diplomatic situation. The international politics of brinkmanship led leaders to exclaim their willingness to participate in a nuclear war rather than concede any advantage to their opponents, feeding public fears that their generation may be the last. Civil defense programs undertaken by both superpowers, exemplified by the construction of fallout shelters and urging civilians about the survivability of nuclear war, did little to ease public concerns.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: "You and I should not now pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied a knot of war, because the harder you and I pull, the tighter the knot will become. And a time may come when this knot is tied so tight that the person who tied it is no longer capable of untying it, and then the knot will have to be cut. What that would mean I need not explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly what dreaded forces our two countries possess."

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: France had been heavily involved in nuclear research before World War II through the work of the Joliot-Curies. This was discontinued after the war because of the instability of the Fourth Republic and lack of finances. However, in the 1950s, France launched a civil nuclear research program, which produced plutonium as a byproduct.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In 1956, France formed a secret Committee for the Military Applications of Atomic Energy and a development program for delivery vehicles. With the return of Charles de Gaulle to the French presidency in 1958, final decisions to build a bomb were made, which led to a successful test in 1960. Since then, France has developed and maintained its own nuclear deterrent independent of NATO.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 essentially ended the Cold War. However, the end of the Cold War failed to end the threat of nuclear weapon use, although global fears of nuclear war reduced substantially. In a major move of symbolic de-escalation, Boris Yeltsin, on January 26, 1992, announced that Russia planned to stop targeting United States cities with nuclear weapons.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The designing, testing, producing, deploying, and defending against nuclear weapons is one of the largest expenditures for the nations which possess nuclear weapons. In the United States during the Cold War years, between "one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II [was] devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure."

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: According to a retrospective Brookings Institution study published in 1998 by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee (formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation), the total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: For comparison, the total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars. The "entire public debt" in 1998 was therefore equal to the cost of research, development, and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons-related programs during the Cold War.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: The "second nuclear age" can be regarded as proliferation of nuclear weapons among lesser powers and for reasons other than the American-Soviet-Chinese rivalry.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: India embarked relatively early on a program aimed at nuclear weapons capability, but apparently accelerated this after the Sino-Indian War of 1962. India's first atomic-test explosion was in 1974 with "Smiling Buddha", which it described as a "peaceful nuclear explosion."

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: All of the former Soviet bloc countries with nuclear weapons (Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan) transferred their warheads to Russia by 1996.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: Israel is widely believed to possess an arsenal of up to several hundred nuclear warheads, but this has never been officially confirmed or denied (though the existence of their Dimona nuclear facility was confirmed by Mordechai Vanunu in 1986). Several key US scientists involved in the American bomb making program, clandestinely helped the Israelis and thus played an important role in nuclear proliferation. One was Edward Teller, among others.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: In January 2004, Dr A. Q. Khan of Pakistan's programme confessed to having been a key mover in "proliferation activities", seen as part of an international proliferation network of materials, knowledge, and machines from Pakistan to Libya, Iran, and North Korea.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


History of nuclear weapons

Context: North Korea announced in 2003 that it had several nuclear explosives. The first claimed detonation was the 2006 North Korean nuclear test, conducted on October 9, 2006. On May 25, 2009, North Korea continued nuclear testing, violating United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718. A third test was conducted on 13 February 2013, two tests were conducted in 2016 in January and September, followed by test a year later in September 2017.

Question: ما هو الاكتشاف الذي نتج عنه اختراع القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على هيروشيما عام 1945؟


Anatoly Dyatlov

Context: After graduation, he worked in a shipbuilding plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in Lab 23 where reactors were installed into submarines. During a nuclear accident there, Dyatlov received a radiation dose of 100 rem (1.0 Sv), a dose which typically causes mild radiation sickness, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue and reduction in resistance to infections.

Question: من تسبب في كارثة شارنوبل ؟


Anatoly Dyatlov

Context: One of his two sons died of leukemia at age nine. In his personal life, he loved poetry, particularly Pushkin's Eugene Onegin.

Question: من تسبب في كارثة شارنوبل ؟


Anatoly Dyatlov

Context: While withdrawing a dangerous number of control rods, the operators could only reach 200MW due to xenon poisoning. During the test, Akimov called for the AZ-5 (scram) button to be pressed to shut down the reactor. A few seconds later, the reactor exploded.

Question: من تسبب في كارثة شارنوبل ؟


Anatoly Dyatlov

Context: From prison he wrote letters trying to explain RBMK reactor flaws he had discovered, as well as to restore his and the other operators' reputations. He even wrote the family of Toptunov, relating how he had tried to restore coolant to the reactor. He was granted amnesty in late 1990 due to his worsening health from radiation exposure.

Question: من تسبب في كارثة شارنوبل ؟


Anatoly Dyatlov

Context: He wrote a paper published in "Nuclear Engineering International" in 1991 and a book in which he claimed that poor plant design, rather than plant personnel, was primarily responsible for the accident.

Question: من تسبب في كارثة شارنوبل ؟


Anatoly Dyatlov

Context: While the initial Soviet investigation put almost all the blame on the operators, later findings by the Ministry of Atomic Energy and the IAEA found that the reactor design and how the operators were informed of safety information was more significant. However, the operators were found to have deviated from operational procedures, changing test protocols on the fly, as well as having made "ill judged" actions, making human factors a major contributing factor.

Question: من تسبب في كارثة شارنوبل ؟


Anatoly Dyatlov

Context: Dyatlov was portrayed by Igor Slavinskiy in the 2004 series "Zero Hour: Disaster At Chernobyl", by Roger Alborough in 2006 BBC production "Surviving Disaster: Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster" and by Paul Ritter in the 2019 HBO miniseries "Chernobyl".

Question: من تسبب في كارثة شارنوبل ؟


Anatoly Dyatlov

Context: Dyatlov's memoirs were recorded in 1994, a year before his death. The recording was made by an unknown operator and appeared on YouTube in 2016. A version with English subtitles was provided in 2019.

Question: من تسبب في كارثة شارنوبل ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: The Islamic Salvation Front (; , FIS) was an Islamist political party in Algeria. The party had two major leaders representing its two bases of its support; Abbassi Madani appealed to pious small businessmen, and Ali Belhadj appealed to the angry, often unemployed youth of Algeria.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Officially made legal as a political party in September 1989, less than a year later the FIS received more than half of valid votes cast by Algerians in the 1990 local government elections. When it appeared to be winning a general election in January 1992, a military coup dismantled the party, interning thousands of its officials in the Sahara. It was officially banned two months later.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: The founders and leaders of the FIS did not agree on all issues, but agreed on the core objective of establishing an Islamic State ruled by sharia law. FIS hurriedly assembled a platform in 1989, the "Projet de Programme du Front Islamique du Salut", which was widely criticized as vague.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟