Service economy

Context: This is seen, especially in green economics and more specific theories within it such as Natural Capitalism, as having these benefits:

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: Product stewardship or product take-back are words for a specific requirement or measure in which the service of waste disposal is included in the distribution chain of an industrial product and is paid for at time of purchase. That is, paying for the safe and proper disposal when you pay for the product, and relying on those who sold it to you to dispose of it.

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: Those who advocate it are concerned with the later phases of product lifecycle and the comprehensive outcome of the whole production process. It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of (fictional, national, legal) "commodity" and "product" relationships.

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: Rather than let liability for these problems be taken up by the public sector or be haphazardly assigned one issue at a time to companies via lawsuits, many accounting reform efforts focus on achieving full cost accounting. This is the financial reflection of the comprehensive outcome - noting the gains and losses to all parties involved, not just those investing or purchasing. Such moves have made moral purchasing more attractive, as it avoids liability and future lawsuits.

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: The United States Environmental Protection Agency advocates product stewardship to "reduce the life-cycle environmental effects of products." The ideal of product stewardship, as administered by the EPA in 2004, "taps the shared ingenuity and responsibility of businesses, consumers, governments, and others," the EPA states at a Web site.

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: The export potential of many of these products is already well understood, e.g. in tourism, financial services and transport, however, new opportunities are arising in other sectors, such as the health sector. For example:

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: Also, the servitization levels the seasonality of the product and increases life cycles of the complex products, examples of which one can see in the aircraft industry, whereby companies stop focusing on the pure product delivery but start introducing maintenance and other aftermarket activities.

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: Designing a proper go-to-market strategy (aligned with an operations strategy) is key success factor for the PSS to be successfully introduced on the market. The 5Cs marketing framework analysis shall be applied:

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: Perticularly important is the pricing approach, that to be successful shall adopt a Total Economic Value approach supported by a conjoint analysis to determine customer preferences and price sensitivity. Servitization contracts are typically based on fixed-fee schemas with increasing level of risks:

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: TEV analysis shall identify how the repositioning of such risks from customers to supplier creates value for the client and shall be used in pricing strategy

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Patsy Cline

Context: Patsy Cline (born Virginia Patterson Hensley; September 8, 1932 – March 5, 1963) was an American singer. She is considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century and was one of the first country music artists to cross over into pop music. Cline had several major hits during her eight-year recording career, including two number-one hits on the "Billboard" Hot Country and Western Sides chart.

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Patsy Cline

Context: During 1962 and 1963, Cline had hits with "She's Got You", "When I Get Through with You", "So Wrong" and "Leavin' on Your Mind". She also toured and headlined shows with more frequency. In March 1963, Cline was killed in a plane crash along with country performers Cowboy Copas, Hawkshaw Hawkins and manager Randy Hughes, during a flight from Kansas City, Kansas back to Nashville.

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Patsy Cline

Context: "Crazy" was released as a single in October 1961, debuting on the "Billboard" country charts in November. It would peak at number 2 there and number 9 on the same publication's pop charts. "Crazy" would also become Cline's biggest pop hit. Her second studio album "Patsy Cline Showcase" was released in late 1961. The album featured both major hits from that year and re-recorded versions of "Walkin' After Midnight" and "A Poor Man's Roses (Or a Rich Man's Gold)".

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Patsy Cline

Context: Cline's father Samuel Hensley died of lung cancer in 1956. Hensley had deserted the family in 1947. Shortly before his death, upon learning that he was gravely ill, Cline said to her mother, "Mama, I know what-all he did, but it seems he's real sick and may not make it. In spite of everything, I want to visit him." Cline and her mother visited him at a hospital in Martinsburg, West Virginia.

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Patsy Cline

Context: Both of Cline's surviving siblings fought in court over their mother's estate. Because of legal fees, many of Cline's possessions were sold at auction.

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Patsy Cline

Context: Cline was also portrayed in television films. In 1995, a film about the life and career of Cline's friend Dottie West debuted on CBS titled, "". It included several scenes that showcased West's friendship with Cline. Actress Tere Myers played her in the television movie. Deborah Wilker of the "Sun-Sentinel" called her performance "terrific" and authentic.

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Patsy Cline

Context: Lifetime aired an original television film "Patsy & Loretta" in October 2019 on the network. It chronicles Cline's friendship with Loretta Lynn. Cline is portrayed by Megan Hilty and Lynn by Jessie Mueller. The film is directed by the Academy Award-winning screenwriter Callie Khouri. The trailer for the movie was released in July 2019. "Patsy & Loretta" was filmed on location in Nashville, Tennessee and is co-produced by Lynn's daughter and Cline's daughter, Julie Fudge.

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Patsy Cline

Context: Forty years after her death, MCA Nashville released a tribute album entitled "Remembering Patsy Cline" (2003). A television special also followed around the same time. The album consisted of cover versions of songs taken from Cline's 1967 greatest hits album. It included songs covered by country artists such as Terri Clark and Martina McBride. It also featured artists from other genres such as Michelle Branch, Diana Krall and Patti Griffin.

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Patsy Cline

Context: In 2017, the Patsy Cline Museum opened in Nashville, Tennessee, located at 119 3rd Ave. S., on the second floor in the same building as the Johnny Cash Museum. The museum includes Cline's actual stage costumes, as well as her original scrapbook and record albums. It also features other artifacts such as the soda fountain machine from Gaunt's Drug Store where Cline worked as a teenager. Original letters that Cline wrote to friends are also included in the museum's collection.

Question: パッツィー・クラインの性別は？


Fresco

Context: An indispensable component of this process is the carbonatation of the lime, which fixes the colour in the plaster ensuring durability of the fresco for future generations.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: A technique used in the popular frescoes of Michelangelo and Raphael was to scrape indentations into certain areas of the plaster while still wet to increase the illusion of depth and to accent certain areas over others. The eyes of the people of the School of Athens are sunken-in using this technique which causes the eyes to seem deeper and more pensive. Michelangelo used this technique as part of his trademark 'outlining' of his central figures within his frescoes.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: In a wall-sized fresco, there may be ten to twenty or even more "giornate", or separate areas of plaster. After five centuries, the "giornate", which were originally nearly invisible, have sometimes become visible, and in many large-scale frescoes, these divisions may be seen from the ground. Additionally, the border between giornate was often covered by an "a secco" painting, which has since fallen off.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: One of the first painters in the post-classical period to use this technique was the Isaac Master (or Master of the Isaac fresco, and thus a name used to refer to the unknown master of a particular painting) in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. A person who creates fresco is called a frescoist.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: It has also become increasingly clear, thanks to modern analytical techniques, that even in the early Italian Renaissance painters quite frequently employed "a secco" techniques so as to allow the use of a broader range of pigments. In most early examples this work has now entirely vanished, but a whole painting done "a secco" on a surface roughened to give a key for the paint may survive very well, although damp is more threatening to it than to "buon fresco".

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: A third type called a "mezzo-fresco" is painted on nearly dry intonaco—firm enough not to take a thumb-print, says the sixteenth-century author Ignazio Pozzo—so that the pigment only penetrates slightly into the plaster. By the end of the sixteenth century this had largely displaced "buon fresco", and was used by painters such as Gianbattista Tiepolo or Michelangelo. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of "a secco" work.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: The three key advantages of work done entirely "a secco" were that it was quicker, mistakes could be corrected, and the colours varied less from when applied to when fully dry—in wet fresco there was a considerable change.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: For wholly "a secco" work, the intonaco is laid with a rougher finish, allowed to dry completely and then usually given a key by rubbing with sand. The painter then proceeds much as he or she would on a canvas or wood panel.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: The first known Egyptian fresco was found in Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis, and dated to c. 3500–3200 BC. Several of the themes and designs visible in the fresco are otherwise known from other Naqada II objects, such as the Gebel el-Arak Knife. It shows the scene of a "Master of Animals", a man fighting against two lions, individual fighting scenes, and Egyptian and foreign boats. Ancient Egyptians painted many tombs and houses, but those wall paintings are not frescoes.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: An old fresco from Mesopotamia is the "Investiture of Zimri-Lim" (modern Syria), dating from the early 18th century BC.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: The richly decorated Thracian frescoes of the Tomb of Kazanlak are dating back to 4th century BC, making it a UNESCO protected World Heritage Site.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: Roman wall paintings, such as those at the magnificent Villa dei Misteri (1st century BC) in the ruins of Pompeii, and others at Herculaneum, were completed in "buon fresco."

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: Roman (Christian) frescoes from the 1st to 2nd centuries AD were found in catacombs beneath Rome, and Byzantine icons were also found in Cyprus, Crete, Ephesus, Cappadocia, and Antioch. Roman frescoes were done by the artist painting the artwork on the still damp plaster of the wall, so that the painting is part of the wall, actually colored plaster.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: Thanks to large number of ancient rock-cut cave temples, valuable ancient and early medieval frescoes have been preserved in more than 20 locations of India.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: The later Chola paintings were discovered in 1931 within the circumambulatory passage of the Brihadisvara Temple in India and are the first Chola specimens discovered.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: Researchers have discovered the technique used in these frescos. A smooth batter of limestone mixture was applied over the stones, which took two to three days to set. Within that short span, such large paintings were painted with natural organic pigments.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: During the Nayak period, the Chola paintings were painted over. The Chola frescos lying underneath have an ardent spirit of saivism expressed in them. They probably synchronised with the completion of the temple by Rajaraja Cholan the Great.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: The painting technique used on the Sigiriya paintings is "fresco lustro". It varies slightly from the pure fresco technique in that it also contains a mild binding agent or glue. This gives the painting added durability, as clearly demonstrated by the fact that they have survived, exposed to the elements, for over 1,500 years.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: Located in a small sheltered depression a hundred meters above ground only 19 survive today. Ancient references, however, refer to the existence of as many as five hundred of these frescoes.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: One of the rare examples of Islamic fresco painting can be seen in Qasr Amra, the desert palace of the Umayyads in the 8th century Magotez.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: Andrea Palladio, the famous Italian architect of the 16th century, built many mansions with plain exteriors and stunning interiors filled with frescoes.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: The Foujita chapel in Reims completed in 1966, is an example of modern frescos, the interior being painted with religious scenes by the School of Paris painter Tsuguharu Foujita. In 1996, it was designated an historic monument by the French government.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


Fresco

Context: There have been comparatively few frescoes created since the 1960s but there are some significant exceptions.

Question: フレスコ画のメディアムはなんですか？


History of Vanderbilt Commodores football

Context: The Vanderbilt Commodores football team represents Vanderbilt University in the sport of American football.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Vanderbilt and the University of Nashville played the first college football game in the state of Tennessee in 1890. In late 1894, Vanderbilt was among the seven founding members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). Just after the turn of the century, the team enjoyed fairly substantial success, with a composite record of 20–3–2 from 1901 –1903.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Of Dudley, Elliott Jones said:"Too much cannot be said about Dr. William L. Dudley in connection with early football at Vanderbilt. Since college days his picture has adored my office wall, and when asked by any one who the gentleman is, I always reply, 'The best friend of myself and every other student at Vanderbilt, in my college days.' He went with the team on every trip, and watched over us like a father.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: "He was our inspiration as well as our guardian. He was our true and loyal friend, under any and all circumstances, in adversity as well in prosperity. I have never known a more lovable, more genuine friend. I cherish the memory of his friendship above all else in my college experience."

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: For years he ruled supreme in Dixie, and his teams won many glorious intersectional victories. More than any one man, he was responsible for the progress of southern football... He was the first coach to successfully work the onside kick. He was among the first to bring out guards in the interference... His name will never die.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: McGugin's arrival as coach from his brother-in-law Fielding H. Yost's Michigan program in 1904 showed an immediate impact. The inaugural 1904 squad outscored its opposition by 474–4 in winning all nine games. The average of 52.7 points per game led the nation. Vanderbilt defeated Centre 97–0.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: The toughest Southern opponent left for either school and both with undefeated conference records, the Georgia–Vanderbilt game decided the SIAA title. Georgia had the greatest line in the South. With all games in the series featuring shutouts, the score all time was 184–4 in the Commodores' favor, but this time Georgia was favored.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Dignitaries and politicians were invited to participate at Dudley Field, the largest football-only stadium in the South at that time. The guest of honor for the dedication game was Cornelius Vanderbilt, the great-great grandson of the university's namesake.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Accompanied by his wife, Vanderbilt arrived at Nashville's Union Station on the morning of the game, his first trip to the city. The day's first event was a luncheon for the young Vanderbilt couple, which was held at the Hermitage Hotel and hosted by Vanderbilt University Board of Trust.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Thousands of Vanderbilt students and alumni met downtown for a parade with Tennessee Governor Alf Taylor riding in the lead automobile. Decorated in orange and black, their automobile began the parade at Twelfth and Broadway, weaving through the side streets to a reviewing stand at the foot of the Capitol Building.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: "In 1925 McGugin came up with his finest quarterback in Bill Spears. Spears learned much from his coach and in three seasons had an unbelievably low number of interceptions He led the Commodores three years in which they only lost to Georgia Tech and Auburn in '25, national champion Alabama in '26. and Texas in '27." Grantland Rice said he was one of the fastest quarters he'd ever seen. Bill Hendrix led the SoCon in points scored in 1926, and Jimmy Armistead led the nation in points scored in 1927.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Coach McGugin retired after the 1934 season. He remains the most successful Vanderbilt head football coach in the history of the program. McGugin selected Bull Brown, Josh Cody, Lew Hardage, Ray Morrison, Bill Spears, and Hek Wakefield as the six best players he ever coached.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Fred Pancoast arrived as head football coach at Vanderbilt from Memphis. In Pancoast's first season at the helm of the Commodores, the team posted a 7–4 record. That season, unfortunately, would be Pancoast's only winning season, as three consecutive 2–9 seasons followed. Amid dissatisfaction and frustration among the athletics department and fan base, like several of his predecessors, Pancoast resigned after the 1978 season. His final record in four years at VU is 13–31.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Watson Brown, older brother of former Texas head coach Mack Brown, came to Vanderbilt from Rice. Brown could never get the Commodores pointed in the right direction or find success, failing to post a winning record or win more than four games in a single season in his five-year tenure as head coach. After posting 1–10 records in 1989 and 1990, Brown was fired.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Despite pleas from the fan base and administration to stay, DiNardo left the Commodores after the 1994 season to accept the head football coach position at LSU.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Rod Dowhower was brought to Vanderbilt from his position as an assistant coach for the NFL's Cleveland Browns amid high hopes that he would build on the momentum of his predecessor DiNardo's tenure. However, this never came to pass, as things went downhill very quickly and steadily, as Dowhower's teams was only able to salvage two 2–9 seasons (that included only one conference victory), after which Dowhower resigned under pressure.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Bobby Johnson was hired in 2002 as the head football coach. Johnson had previously coached at NCAA Division I-AA power Furman, leading the Paladins to the Division I-AA title game in 2001, his final year. However, at the time, some questioned the wisdom of hiring a I-AA coach to lead a program in what has widely been reckoned as the strongest football conference in the nation.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Vanderbilt officials had pursued and offered the position initially to Gary Barnett and Tyrone Willingham, both of whom had steered small, private universities (Northwestern and Stanford, respectively) to football success. Both turned down the job for different reasons.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: On July 14, 2010, Bobby Johnson announced his retirement. With less than two months until the season opener, the move was a shock to many players and fans. Said Johnson, "I’ve decided to retire, not resign".

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: On January 17, 2014, Derek Mason, formerly Stanford associate head coach and defensive coordinator, was announced as the new Vanderbilt head coach.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


Context: Coach Mason had greater success at the helm in 2016. Vanderbilt finished the season 6-6, including wins over SEC rivals Georgia, Ole Miss, and Tennessee. They played in the Independence Bowl, losing to North Carolina State 41–17. Although the Commodores once again defeated in-state rival Tennessee in 2017, it was their only SEC victory. Vanderbilt ended the season with a record of 5–7.

Question: ヴァンダービルト・コモドアズの創始者は誰？


History of money

Context: The history of money concerns the development throughout time of systems that provide the functions of money. Such systems can be understood as means of trading wealth indirectly; not directly as with bartering. Money is a mechanism that facilitates this process.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Money may take a physical form as in coins and notes, or may exist as a written or electronic account. It may have intrinsic value (commodity money), be legally exchangeable for something with intrinsic value (representative money), or only have nominal value (fiat money).

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: The invention of money took place before the beginning of written history. Consequently, any story of how money first developed is mostly based on conjecture and logical inference.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Gold coins began to be minted again in Europe in the 13th century. Frederick II is credited with having reintroduced gold coins during the Crusades. During the 14th century Europe changed from use of silver in currency to minting of gold. Vienna made this change in 1328.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Stability came when national banks guaranteed to change silver money into gold at a fixed rate; it did, however, not come easily. The Bank of England risked a national financial catastrophe in the 1730s when customers demanded their money be changed into gold in a moment of crisis. Eventually London's merchants saved the bank and the nation with financial guarantees.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Another step in the evolution of money was the change from a coin being a unit of weight to being a unit of value. A distinction could be made between its commodity value and its "specie" value. The difference in these values is seigniorage.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Other theorists also note that the status of a particular form of money always depends on the status ascribed to it by humans and by society. For instance, gold may be seen as valuable in one society but not in another or that a bank note is merely a piece of paper until it is agreed that it has monetary value.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: In modern times economists have sought to classify the different types of money supply. The different measures of the money supply have been classified by various central banks, using the prefix "M". The supply classifications often depend on how narrowly a supply is specified, for example the "M"s may range from M0 (narrowest) to M3 (broadest). The classifications depend on the particular policy formulation used:

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Assaying is analysis of the chemical composition of metals. The discovery of the touchstone for assaying helped the popularisation of metal-based commodity money and coinage. Any soft metal, such as gold, can be tested for purity on a touchstone. As a result, the use of gold for as commodity money spread from Asia Minor, where it first gained wide usage.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: There is no evidence, historical or contemporary, of a society in which barter is the main mode of exchange;

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: instead, non-monetary societies operated largely along the principles of gift economy and debt. When barter did in fact occur, it was usually between either complete strangers or potential enemies.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: With barter, an individual possessing any surplus of value, such as a measure of grain or a quantity of livestock, could directly exchange it for something perceived to have similar or greater value or utility, such as a clay pot or a tool, however, the capacity to carry out barter transactions is limited in that it depends on a coincidence of wants. For example, a farmer has to find someone who not only wants the grain he produced but who could also offer something in return that the farmer wants.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Economists Robert P. Murphy and George Selgin replied to Graeber saying that the barter hypothesis is consistent with economic principles, and a barter system would be too brief to leave a permanent record. John Alexander Smith from Bella Caledonia said that in this exchange Graeber is the one acting as a scientist by trying to falsify the barter hypotheses, while Selgin is taking a theological stance by taking the hypothesis as truth revealed from authority.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: In a gift economy, valuable goods and services are regularly given without any explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards (i.e. there is no formal "quid pro quo"). Ideally, simultaneous or recurring giving serves to circulate and redistribute valuables within the community.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Anthropologists have noted many cases of 'primitive' societies using what looks to us very like money but for non-commercial purposes, indeed commercial use may have been prohibited:

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: This suggests that the basic idea of money may have long preceded its application to commercial trade.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: After the domestication of cattle and the start of cultivation of crops in 9000–6000 BC, livestock and plant products were used as money. However, it is in the nature of agricultural production that things take time to reach fruition. The farmer may need to buy things that he cannot pay for immediately. Thus the idea of debt and credit was introduced, and a need to record and track it arose.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: This process was independent of the local monetary system so in some cases societies may have used money of exchange before developing a local money of account. In societies where foreign trade was rare money of exchange may have appeared much later than money of account.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: In early Mesopotamia copper was used in trade for a while but was soon superseded by silver. The temple (which financed and controlled most foreign trade) fixed exchange rates between barley and silver, and other important commodities, which enabled payment using any of them. It also enabled the extensive use of accounting in managing the whole economy, which led to the development of writing and thus the beginning of history.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Many cultures around the world developed the use of commodity money, that is, objects that have value in themselves as well as value in their use as money. Ancient China, Africa, and India used cowry shells.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: It has long been assumed that metals, where available, were favored for use as proto-money over such commodities as cattle, cowry shells, or salt, because metals are at once durable, portable, and easily divisible. The use of gold as proto-money has been traced back to the fourth millennium BC when the Egyptians used gold bars of a set weight as a medium of exchange, as had been done earlier in Mesopotamia with silver bars.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: The first mention in the Bible of the use of money is in the Book of Genesis in reference to criteria for the circumcision of a bought slave. Later, the Cave of Machpelah is purchased (with silver) by Abraham, some time after 1985 BC, although scholars believe the book was edited in the 6th or 5th centuries BC.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: All modern coins, in turn, are descended from the coins that appear to have been invented in the kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor somewhere around 7th century BC and that spread throughout Greece in the following centuries: disk-shaped, made of gold, silver, bronze or imitations thereof, with both sides bearing an image produced by stamping; one side is often a human head.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Other coins made of electrum (a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold) were manufactured on a larger scale about 7th century BC in Lydia (on the coast of what is now Turkey). Similar coinage was adopted and manufactured to their own standards in nearby cities of Ionia, including Mytilene and Phokaia (using coins of electrum) and Aegina (using silver) during the 7th century BC, and soon became adopted in mainland Greece, and the Persian Empire (after it incorporated Lydia in 547 BC).

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: The use and export of silver coinage, along with soldiers paid in coins, contributed to the Athenian Empire's dominance of the region in the 5th century BC. The silver used was mined in southern Attica at Laurium and Thorikos by a huge workforce of slave labour. A major silver vein discovery at Laurium in 483 BC led to the huge expansion of the Athenian military fleet.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: The worship of Moneta is recorded by Livy with the temple built in the time of Rome 413 (123); a temple consecrated to the same goddess was built in the earlier part of the 4th century (perhaps the same temple). For four centuries the temple contained the mint of Rome. The name of the goddess thus became the source of numerous words in English and the Romance languages, including the words "money" and "mint"

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Debasement of coin was widespread. Significant periods of debasement took place in 1340–60 and 1417–29, when no small coins were minted, and by the 15th century the issuance of small coin was further restricted by government restrictions and even prohibitions. With the exception of the Great Debasement, England's coins were consistently minted from sterling silver (silver content of 92.5%). A lower quality of silver with more copper mixed in, used in Barcelona, was called "billion".

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: In the Indian subcontinent, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), introduced a silver coin called a "rupiya", weighing 178 grams. Its use was continued by the Mughal Empire. The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: The imperial taka was officially introduced by the monetary reforms of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the emperor of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1329. It was modeled as representative money, a concept pioneered as paper money by the Mongols in China and Persia. The tanka was minted in copper and brass. Its value was exchanged with gold and silver reserves in the imperial treasury. The currency was introduced due to the shortage of metals.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: Both the Kabuli rupee and the Kandahari rupee were used as currency in Afghanistan prior to 1891, when they were standardized as the Afghan rupee. The Afghan rupee, which was subdivided into 60 paisas, was replaced by the Afghan afghani in 1925.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: At around the same time in the medieval Islamic world, a vigorous monetary economy was created during the 7th–12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar). Innovations introduced by Muslim economists, traders and merchants include the earliest uses of credit, cheques, promissory notes, savings accounts, transactional accounts, loaning, trusts, exchange rates, the transfer of credit and debt, and banking institutions for loans and deposits.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: In the Indian subcontinent, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), introduced a silver coin called a "rupiya", weighing 178 grams. Its use was continued by the Mughal rulers. The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: The acceptance of symbolic forms of money meant that a symbol could be used to represent something of value that was available in physical storage somewhere else in space, such as grain in the warehouse; or something of value that would be available later, such as a promissory note or bill of exchange, a document ordering someone to pay a certain sum of money to another on a specific date or when certain conditions have been fulfilled.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: The first European banknotes were issued by Stockholms Banco, a predecessor of Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank, in 1661. These replaced the copper-plates being used instead as a means of payment, although in 1664 the bank ran out of coins to redeem notes and ceased operating in the same year.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: These banknotes were a form of representative money which could be converted into gold or silver by application at the bank. Since banks issued notes far in excess of the gold and silver they kept on deposit, sudden loss of public confidence in a bank could precipitate mass redemption of banknotes and result in bankruptcy.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: In India the earliest paper money was issued by Bank of Hindostan (1770– 1832), General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75), and Bengal Bank (1784–91).

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


History of money

Context: In 1971, United States President Richard Nixon announced that the US dollar would not be directly convertible to Gold anymore. This measure effectively destroyed the Bretton Woods system by removing one of its key components, in what came to be known as the Nixon shock. Since then, the US dollar, and thus all national currencies, are free-floating currencies. Additionally, international, national and local money is now dominated by virtual credit rather than real bullion.

Question: 人類がお金を使い始めたのはいつから


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: Alfred Eugene Montgomery was born in Omaha, Nebraska, on 12 June 1891, the son of Eugene and Julia Smith Montgomery. He was educated in Omaha and at Brookline High School in Massachusetts. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, from Nebraska in 1908. He graduated with the Class of 1912 on 8 June 1912, and was commissioned as an ensign in 1914.

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: His first assignment was to the battleship . He was also assigned as an instructor on the , which was then serving as a training ship at the Naval Training Station, Newport, Rhode Island. Between February 1914 and July 1915 he served on the cruiser , participating in operations in the Mexican waters during the Mexican Revolution, the cruiser and the battleship .

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: In July 1915, he joined the submarine service. After a training course on the old monitor USS "Tonopah", he became executive officer of the submarine . In November 1914 he reported to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard where the new submarine was being fitted out. He served as its commander from June 1917 until 17 December 1917, when "F-1" collided with her sister ship during maneuvers, and sank within seconds with the loss of nineteen of her crew.

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: Montgomery was then assigned to the submarine , which was being fitted out at the Union Iron Works in San Francisco. He became its commander when it was commissioned on 26 October 1918. He returned to the Union Iron Works in October 1920 to fit out and commission the , but before this occurred he was sent to Mare Island in January 1921 as superintendent of new works in the Machinery Division.

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: Following the usual pattern of alternating sea and shore duty, he commanded the Naval Air Station Seattle from August 1930 to May 1932. From July 1932 until May 1933 he was an aviation officer on the Staff of Commander Cruisers, Scouting Force, on its flagship, . He then became the head of the Aviation Section, Ship's Movement Division in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations at the Navy Department in Washington, D.C., and commanded the Naval Air Station Anacostia from July 1934 to February 1936.

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: He returned to sea in February 1936 as plans and operations officer on the staff of Commander Aircraft, Battle Force, Rear Admiral Henry V. Butler, and later Rear Admiral Frederick J. Horne. He was executive officer of the aircraft carrier in November 1936 until June 1938, and of Naval Air Station San Diego again from July 1938 to July 1939.

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: Promoted to rear admiral in May 1942, Montgomery became commander of the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in June, and then the Naval Air Training Center there in November. For his service at Corpus Christi, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. His citation read:

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: For the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, Montgomery led Task Group 58.2, with the "Bunker Hill", , and . While his forces won a great victory in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Montgomery, in his report on the battle, expressed his opinion that:

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: Montgomery became Commander Fleet Air, West Coast, with his headquarters at the Naval Air Station, San Diego, in January 1945. He tried to bring his experiences in combat to bear in his new role, which involved supplying the combat units with men and equipment. For his services in this job, he was awarded a second Legion of Merit. In July 1945 he became commander of Pacific Fleet Air Forces, with the rank of vice admiral.

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Alfred E. Montgomery

Context: Montgomery died at the Naval Hospital in Bremerton, Washington, on 13 December 1961, at the age of 70. He was survived by his wife, Alice Claire Smith Montgomery, and his daughter Anne. His son, Lieutenant Brooke Montgomery, was killed in a plane crash on 1 February 1956.

Question: アルフレッド・ユージン・モントゴメリーの最終学歴は何


Pager

Context: A pager (also known as a beeper or bleeper) is a wireless telecommunications device that receives and displays alphanumeric or voice messages. One-way pagers can only receive messages, while response pagers and two-way pagers can also acknowledge, reply to and originate messages using an internal transmitter.

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: Pagers operate as part of a paging system which includes one or more fixed transmitters (or in the case of response pagers and two-way pagers, one or more base stations), as well as a number of pagers carried by mobile users. These systems can range from a restaurant system with a single low-power transmitter, to a nationwide system with thousands of high-power base stations.

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: In Japanese, it's commonly called a pocket bell (ポケットベル, "poketto beru") or "pokeberu" (ポケベル), which is an example of "wasei-eigo".

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: While Motorola announced the end of its new pager manufacturing in 2001, pagers remained in use in large hospital complexes. First responders in rural areas with inadequate cellular coverage are often issued pagers.

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: Restaurant pagers were in wide use in the 2000s. Customers were given a portable receiver that would usually vibrate, flash, or beep when a table became free or when their meal was ready. Pagers have been popular with birdwatchers in Britain and Ireland since 1991, with companies Rare Bird Alert and Birdnet Information offering news of rare birds sent to pagers that they sell.

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: The U.S. paging industry generated $2.1 billion in revenue in 2008, down from $6.2 billion in 2003. In Canada, 161,500 Canadians paid $18.5 million for pager service in 2013. Telus, one of the three major mobile carriers, announced the end to its Canadian pager service as of 31 March 2015, but rivals Bell, Rogers and PageNet intend to continue service.

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: Today, companies like Visiplex offer similar solutions for onsite pager systems in the medical, education and commercial sectors.

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: In Japan, more than ten million pagers were active in 1996. On 1 October 2019, Japan's last paging service provider shut down radio signals and terminated its service.

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: Pagers themselves vary from very cheap and simple beepers, to more complex personal communications equipment, falling into eight main categories.

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Pager

Context: Illicit drug dealers used pagers to great effect during the 1990s to conduct commerce, using them to arrange meetings with buyers. Associate superintendent for Dade County Public Schools in Florida James Fleming once called them "the most dominant symbol of the drug trade" and schools have previously forbidden students from carrying them because of the ease with which they could be "used to arrange illegal drug sales."

Question: ページング方式が導入されたのはいつ


Grampus-class submarine

Context: The naval mines were stored in a special "gallery" with a conveyor belt built into the outer casing as pioneered by the converted M-class submarine . These boats were of a saddle tank type.

Question: グランパス級潜水艦とは何トンの潜水艦のことをいいますか？


Grampus-class submarine

Context: Boats of this class were used extensively in the Mediterranean, particularly as part of the supply effort to the besieged island of Malta in a service nicknamed the "magic carpet".

Question: グランパス級潜水艦とは何トンの潜水艦のことをいいますか？


Lute

Context: A lute ( or ) is any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. It may be either fretted or unfretted.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: More specifically, the term "lute" can refer to an instrument from the family of European lutes. The term also refers generally to any string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to the sound table (in the Hornbostel–Sachs system).

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Sachs's book is from 1941, and the archaeological evidence available to him placed the early lutes at about 2000 BC. Discoveries since then have pushed the existence of the lute back to c. 3100 BC.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Bactria and Gandhara became part of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). Under the Sasanians, a short almond-shaped lute from Bactria came to be called the barbat or barbud, which was developed into the later Islamic world's "oud" or "ud". When the Moors conquered Andalusia in 711, they brought their ud or quitra along, into a country that had already known a lute tradition under the Romans, the pandura.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. Among them was Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi' (789–857), a prominent musician, who had trained under Ishaq al-Mawsili (d. 850) in Baghdad and was exiled to Andalusia before 833. He taught and has been credited with adding a fifth string to his oud and with establishing one of the first schools of music in Córdoba.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: By the 11th century, Muslim Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually to Provence, influencing French troubadours and trouvères and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. While Europe developed the lute, the "oud" remained a central part of Arab music, and broader Ottoman music, undergoing a range of transformations.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Although the major entry of the short lute was in western Europe, leading to a variety of lute styles, the short lute entered Europe in the East as well; as early as the sixth century, the Bulgars brought the short-necked variety of the instrument called komuz to the Balkans.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Medieval lutes were four- and five-course instruments, plucked with a quill as a plectrum. There were several sizes and, by the end of the Renaissance, seven sizes (up to the great octave bass) are documented. Song accompaniment was probably the lute's primary function in the Middle Ages, but very little music securely attributable to the lute survives from before 1500. Medieval and early-Renaissance song accompaniments were probably mostly improvised, hence the lack of written records.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: In the last few decades of the fifteenth century, to play Renaissance polyphony on a single instrument, lutenists gradually abandoned the quill in favor of plucking the instrument with the fingers. The number of courses grew to six and beyond. The lute was the premier solo instrument of the sixteenth century, but continued to accompany singers as well.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: About 1500, many Iberian lutenists adopted vihuela de mano, a viol-shaped instrument tuned like the lute; both instruments continued in coexistence. This instrument also found its way to parts of Italy that were under Spanish domination (especially Sicily and the papal states under the Borgia pope Alexander VI who brought many Catalan musicians to Italy), where it was known as the viola da mano.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Over the course of the Baroque era, the lute was increasingly relegated to the continuo accompaniment, and was eventually superseded in that role by keyboard instruments. The lute almost fell out of use after 1800. Some sorts of lute were still used for some time in Germany, Sweden, and Ukraine.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: The words "lute" and "oud" possibly derive from Arabic "al-ʿoud" (- literally means "the wood"). It may refer to the wooden plectrum traditionally used for playing the oud, to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguished it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Lutes are made almost entirely of wood. The soundboard is a teardrop-shaped thin flat plate of resonant wood (typically spruce). In all lutes the soundboard has a single (sometimes triple) decorated sound hole under the strings called the "rose". The sound hole is not open, but rather covered with a grille in the form of an intertwining vine or a decorative knot, carved directly out of the wood of the soundboard.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: After joining the top to the sides, a half-binding is usually installed around the edge of the soundboard. The half-binding is approximately half the thickness of the soundboard and is usually made of a contrasting color wood. The rebate for the half-binding must be extremely precise to avoid compromising structural integrity.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: The "back" or the shell is assembled from thin strips of hardwood (maple, cherry, ebony, rosewood, gran, wood and/or other tonewoods) called "ribs", joined (with glue) edge to edge to form a deep rounded body for the instrument. There are braces inside on the soundboard to give it strength.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Of note are the "catlines" used as basses on historical instruments. Catlines are several gut strings wound together and soaked in heavy metal solutions to increase the string mass. Catlines can be quite large in diameter compared to wound nylon strings of the same pitch. They produce a bass that differs somewhat in timbre from nylon basses.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: The lute's strings are arranged in "courses", of two strings each, though the highest-pitched course usually consists of only a single string, called the "chanterelle". In later Baroque lutes two upper courses are single. The courses are numbered sequentially, counting from the highest pitched, so that the "chanterelle" is the "first course", the next pair of strings is the "second course", etc. Thus an 8-course Renaissance lute usually has 15 strings, and a 13-course Baroque lute has 25.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: During the early days of the early music movement, many lutes were constructed by available luthiers, whose specialty was often classical guitars. Such lutes were heavily built with construction similar to classical guitars, with fan bracing, heavy tops, fixed frets, and lined sides, all of which are anachronistic to historical lutes. As lutherie scholarship increased, makers began constructing instruments based on historical models, which have proven lighter and more responsive instruments.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Finally, perhaps the most influential European lute composer was the Hungarian Bálint Bakfark ( 1526/30–1576), whose contrapuntal fantasias were much more difficult and tighter than those of his Western European contemporaries.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Ottorino Respighi's famous orchestral suites called "Ancient Airs and Dances" are drawn from various books and articles on 16th- and 17th-century lute music transcribed by the musicologist Oscar Chilesotti, including eight pieces from a German manuscript "Da un Codice Lauten-Buch", now in a private library in northern Italy.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: The revival of lute-playing in the 20th century has its roots in the pioneering work of Arnold Dolmetsch (1858–1940); whose research into early music and instruments started the movement for authenticity. The revival of the lute gave composers an opportunity to create new works for it.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Lutes were made in a large variety of sizes, with varying numbers of strings/courses, and with no permanent standard for tuning. However, the following seems to have been "generally" true of the Renaissance lute.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: For lutes with more than six courses, the extra courses would be added on the low end. Because of the large number of strings, lutes have very wide necks, and it is difficult to stop strings beyond the sixth course, so additional courses were usually tuned to pitches useful as bass notes rather than continuing the regular pattern of fourths, and these lower courses are most often played without stopping. Thus an 8-course tenor Renaissance lute would be tuned to , and a 10-course to .

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: However, none of these patterns were "de rigueur", and a modern lutenist occasionally retunes one or more courses between pieces. Manuscripts bear instructions for the player, e.g., "7e chœur en fa" = "seventh course in "fa"" (= F in the standard C scale).

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Modern lutenists tune to a variety of pitch standards, ranging from A = 392 to 470 Hz, depending on the type of instrument they are playing, the repertory, the pitch of other instruments in an ensemble and other performing expediencies. No attempt at a universal pitch standard existed during the period of the lute's historical popularity. The standards varied over time and from place to place.

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Lute

Context: Original: "Over de pioniers van de luitrevival"; Luthinerie / Geluit no. 15 (September 2001) and no. 16 (December 2001)

Question: 伝統的なリュートの弦主に何で作られていた？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: Although primarily remembered for the sack of Rome in 455 and their persecution of Nicene Christians in favor of Arian Christianity, the Vandals were also patrons of learning. Grand building projects continued, schools flourished, and North Africa fostered many of the most innovative writers and natural scientists of the late Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534, when it was conquered by Belisarius in the Vandalic War and incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire). The surviving Vandals either assimilated into the indigenous African population or were dispersed among the Byzantine territories.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: The peace treaty of 442 did not halt Vandal raids in the western Mediterranean. Over the next 35 years, Gaiseric used his large naval fleet to loot the coasts of both the Eastern and Western Empires. After Attila the Hun's death in 453, however, the Romans turned their attention back to the Vandals, who were now in control of some of the richest lands formerly ruled by Rome.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: The chronicler Prosper of Aquitaine offers the only 5th-century report that on 2 June 455, Pope Leo the Great received Gaiseric and implored him to abstain from murder and destruction by fire, and to be satisfied with pillage. The Vandals departed with countless valuables, including the spoils of the Temple in Jerusalem booty brought to Rome by Titus. Eudoxia and her daughters were taken to Carthage, where Eudocia married Huneric shortly thereafter.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: The sack of Rome earned the Vandals association with senseless destruction through the noun vandalism.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: Gunthamund (484–496), his cousin and successor, sought internal peace with the Niceanians and ceased persecution once more. Externally, Vandal power had been declining since Gaiseric's death; Gunthamund lost large parts of Sicily to Theodoric's Ostrogoths and had to withstand increasing pressure from the native Berbers, whom raided everything inland up to the coast.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: On December 15, 533, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed again at the Battle of Tricamarum, some from Carthage. Again, the Vandals fought well but broke, this time when Tzazo fell in battle. Belisarius quickly advanced to Hippo, second city of the Vandal Kingdom. In 534 Gelimer, besieged at Mount Pappua by the Herulian General Pharas, surrendered to the Byzantines, ending the Kingdom of the Vandals.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: From their invasion of North Africa in 429 onward, the Vandals, who were predominantly followers of Arianism, persecuted Nicene Christians. This persecution began with the unfettered violence inflicted against the church during Gaiseric's invasion, but, with the legitimization of the Vandal Kingdom, the oppression became entrenched in "more coherent religious policies."

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: While primary sources reveal little about Gunthamund's religious policies, existing evidence does suggest that the new king was "generally better disposed towards the Chalcedonian faith than his predecessor [Huneric] had been" and maintained a period of tolerance. Gunthamund ended the desert exile of a bishop called Eugenius and also restored the Nicene shrine of Saint Agileus in Carthage.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: Thrasamund ended his late brother's policies of tolerance when he ascended to the throne in 496. He reintroduced "harsh measures against the Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy" but "worked to maintain positive relations with the Romano-African lay elite," his intention being to split the loyalties of the two groups.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Vandal Kingdom

Context: Except for Hilderic, most Vandal kings persecuted Niceanians (as well as Donatists) to a greater or lesser extent, banning conversion for Vandals and exiling bishops.

Question: ヴァンダル族の最盛期の面積は？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: The Latin word comes from Greek "phoinīx". The Greek word is first attested in the Mycenaean Greek "po-ni-ke", which probably meant 'griffin', though it might have meant 'palm tree'. That word is probably a borrowing from a West Semitic word for madder, a red dye made from "Rubia tinctorum". The word "Phoenician" appears to be from the same root, meaning 'those who work with red dyes'. So "phoenix" may mean 'the Phoenician bird' or 'the purplish-red bird'.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: Exterior to the Linear B mention above from Mycenaean Greece, the earliest clear mention of the phoenix in ancient Greek literature occurs in a fragment of the "Precepts of Chiron", attributed to 6th century BC Greek poet Hesiod. In the fragment, the wise centaur Chiron tells a young hero Achilles the following, describing the phoenix's lifetime as 972 times the length of a long-lived human's:

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: Classical discourse on the subject of the phoenix attributes a potential origin of the phoenix to Ancient Egypt. Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, provides the following account of the phoenix:

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: In the 19th century, scholastic suspicions appeared to be confirmed by the discovery that Egyptians in Heliopolis had venerated the Bennu, a solar bird similar in some respects to the Greek phoenix. However, the Egyptian sources regarding the bennu are often problematic and open to a variety of interpretations. Some of these sources may have actually been influenced by Greek notions of the phoenix, rather than the other way around.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: The phoenix is sometimes pictured in ancient and medieval literature and medieval art as endowed with a halo, which emphasizes the bird's connection with the Sun. In the oldest images of phoenixes on record these nimbuses often have seven rays, like Helios (the Greek personification of the Sun). Pliny the Elder also describes the bird as having a crest of feathers on its head, and Ezekiel the Dramatist compared it to a rooster.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: Herodotus, Pliny, Solinus, and Philostratus describe the phoenix as similar in size to an eagle, but Lactantius and Ezekiel the Dramatist both claim that the phoenix was larger, with Lactantius declaring that it was even larger than an ostrich.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: In time, the motif and concept of the phoenix extended from its origins in ancient Greek folklore. For example, the classical motif of the phoenix continues into the Gnostic manuscript "On the Origin of the World" from the Nag Hammadi Library collection in Egypt generally dated to the 4th century:

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: The anonymous 10th century Old English "Exeter Book" contains an anonymous 677-line 9th-century alliterative poem consisting of a paraphrase and abbreviation of Lactantius, followed by an explication of the Phoenix as an allegory for the resurrection of Christ.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: In the 17th century play "Henry VIII" by English playwrights William Shakespeare and John Fletcher, Archbishop Cranmer says in Act V, Scene v in reference to Elizabeth (who was to become Queen Elizabeth I):

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: Phoenixes are present and relatively common in European heraldry, which developed during the High Middle Ages. They most often appear as crests, and more rarely as charges. The heraldic phoenix is depicted as the head, chest and wings of an eagle rising from a fire; the entire creature is never depicted.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: In the modern era, the phoenix motif continues to see use in a variety of contexts. Elon University's sports teams became known as the Phoenix in 2000, stemming from the colleges fire and subsequent recovery in 1923. University trustees at the time announced their intentions to make Elon "rise from the ashes".

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: Swarthmore College's newspaper has been named "The Phoenix" since the college's fire in 1881; the phoenix bird was considered emblematic of the college's rebirth from its ashes. More recently, "Phineas the Phoenix" has become the official mascot of Swarthmore College, with a dancing student inside a costume of plush plumage.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: The flag of San Francisco features a phoenix in its center, often thought to be symbolic of the city's rebuilding following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. However, the phoenix had been a civic symbol of San Francisco at least since 1852, when it featured on the first official seal of the city.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: The club crest of Coventry City Football Club features a phoenix rising from the flames, in recognition of how the City of Coventry was rebuilt after being destroyed by the Nazi German Luftwaffe during the Blitz bombing campaigns of World War II.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: Coventry University use a phoenix rising from the flames as their emblem, tying in with the city they are based, and the same reason Coventry City Football Club carry a phoenix on their club crest.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: Portland, Maine's city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes, a reference to recovery from four devastating fires.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Phoenix (mythology)

Context: In Eiichiro Oda's manga "One Piece", a character nicknamed as Marco the Phoenix ate the Tori Tori no Mi, Model: Phoenix, a devil fruit that gave Marco phoenix powers. The powers include but are not limited to immense regenerative healing properties through the blue fire, transforming into a phoenix or phoenix/human hybrid at will, and being able to warm others through the helpful flames. He can choose whether to heal or harm with his blue flames.

Question: 不死鳥の出典は何ですか？


Crest of the Stars

Context: Years after his father surrendered the Hyde Star System to the Abh Empire, Jinto is on his way to the capital to attend military school in preparation for claiming his title and succeeding his father as the next territorial lord. He befriends Lafiel not knowing that she is royalty. Although completely unused to life in space, he is quite dependable when on a planet surface.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: Lafiel is the pilot trainee assigned to escort Jinto from the spaceport of Delktou to the patrol ship Gosroth. Although she is a member of the Abriel Imperial Family, she befriends him and allows him to call her by her name. As a space-dweller, she is somehow clueless of life in the surface world. She is self-sacrificing and strong-willed but eventually begins to have more faith in Jinto. She is a very good shot.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: The captain of the patrol ship Gosroth, she decides to send Jinto and Lafiel to Sufugnoff once it is confirmed that the ship is about to be attacked.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: The third Baron of Febdash, an obscure star system where Jinto and Lafiel made a stopover en route to Sufugnoff (Sfagnaumh). He is ambitious and at the same time embarrassed of his heritage. He tried to detain Lafiel and imprison Jinto, which brought dire consequences onto himself.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: The second Baron of Febdash and father of Klowal and Loïc. Due to his being a genetic "grounder," his own son despised him resulting in confinement and isolation. He became friends with Jinto and aided Lafiel in "punishing" Klowal.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: A vassal of the Barony of Febdash who helped Lafiel take over the control room of the baron's mansion.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: Chief of the Police Department of Lune Biga, a city on Planet Clasbul in the Sufugnoff Star System. He is forced to cooperate with the invading forces of the United Mankind to search for Jinto and Lafiel.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: An Alliance military police officer from the United Mankind who led the search for Jinto and Lafiel in Clasbul. Because he is also genetically engineered, he is despised by most citizens of the United Mankind and is prevented from rising amongst the ranks of the military. This results in deep hatred against the Abh.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: Though not necessarily "anti-Abh", it is a group seeking freedom to run their own shipping, transportation, and trade. They help the pair to flee Sufugnoff and escape the clutches of the United Mankind. For their assistance, as well as to meet the legal requirement for ship leasees to be ranking Abh nobles, they are raised to the rank of an Abh dame/equestrian (reucec).

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: The series is notable for Morioka's creation of an entire language, Baronh, and an accompanying alphabet, Ath, used by the Abh. Almost all written text in the anime is in Baronh, with occasional text in other invented languages; at least one planet is shown to have adopted Ath to write their own language.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: Despite being commonly dubbed as a trilogy, the work is actually a three-volume novel. The three volumes were originally released by Hayakawa Publishing from April to June 1996.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: The novel volumes were translated and released in English in softcover format by Tokyopop in 2006 and 2007.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: Radio drama adaptation was broadcast on FM Osaka, and has been released as CDs in three volumes. The cast is practically the same as the anime version, but with some changes.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: Much like the anime series, it covers all three volumes. It was licensed by Tokyopop and released on June 8, 2004, under the name "Seikai Trilogy, Vol. 1: Crest of the Stars", dubbed the first part of the "Seikai Trilogy", since two other companion manga were also released, adapting "Banner of the Stars" "I" and "II".

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: Roughly a year after the anime finished airing, on May 25, 2000 Bandai Visual released a video game adaptation for the PlayStation. It features a story inspired by both the "Crest of the Stars" and the "Banner of the Stars" novels, incorporating some of their characters. The game consists of 67 different space battles, with a story split in two paths with three possible endings each.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


Crest of the Stars

Context: In 1996, the world of Japanese science fiction novels was in a slump. Many people considered the genre dead to such an extent that authors avoided it. The appearance of the "Crest of the Stars" novel was not only a surprise but also earned it the Seiun Award.

Question: 『星界の紋章』はいつ出版された？


John Basilone

Context: He enlisted in the Marine Corps on June 3, 1940, after serving three years in the United States Army with duty in the Philippines. He was deployed to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and in August 1942, he took part in the invasion of Guadalcanal. In October, he and the two machine gun sections under his command held off an attack by a far numerically superior Japanese force. He was one of only three Marines in that group to survive.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: In February 1945, he was killed in action on the first day of the invasion of Iwo Jima, after he single-handedly destroyed an enemy blockhouse and led a Marine tank under fire safely through a minefield. He has received many honors, including having base streets, military facilities, and two United States Navy destroyers named for him.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: Basilone grew up in the nearby Raritan Town (now Borough of Raritan) where he attended St. Bernard Parochial School. After completing middle school at age 15, he dropped out prior to attending high school. Basilone worked as a golf caddy for the local country club before joining the military.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: Basilone enlisted in the United States Army in July 1934 and completed his three-year enlistment with service in the Philippines, where he was a champion boxer. In the Army, Basilone was initially assigned to the 16th Infantry at Fort Jay, New York, before being discharged for a day, reenlisting, and being assigned to the 31st Infantry.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: After he was released from active duty, Basilone returned home and worked as a truck driver in Reisterstown, Maryland. After driving trucks for a few years, he wanted to go back to Manila and believed he could get there faster by serving in the Marine Corps rather than in the Army.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: He enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1940, in Baltimore, Maryland. He went to recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, followed by training at Marine Corps Base Quantico and New River. The Marines sent him to Guantánamo Bay for his next assignment and then to Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands as a member of "D" Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: While stationed at Camp Pendleton, Basilone met his future wife, Lena Mae Riggi, who was a sergeant in the Marine Corps Women's Reserve. They were married at St. Mary's Star of the Sea Church in Oceanside, California, on July 10, 1944, with a reception at the Carlsbad Hotel. They honeymooned at an onion farm near Portland, Oregon.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: His actions helped Marines penetrate the Japanese defense and get off the landing beach during the critical early stages of the invasion. Basilone was posthumously awarded the Marine Corps' second-highest decoration for valor, the Navy Cross, for extraordinary heroism during the battle of Iwo Jima.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. His widow, Lena M. Basilone, died on June 11, 1999, aged 86, and is buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California. Lena's obituary notes that she never remarried and was buried still wearing her wedding ring.

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


John Basilone

Context: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to

Question: ジョン・バジロンの最終階位は何？


Epstein–Barr virus infection

Context: EBV also establishes a lifelong dormant infection in some cells of the body's immune system. A late event in a very few carriers of this virus is the emergence of Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, two rare cancers. EBV appears to play an important role in these malignancies, but is probably not the sole cause of disease.

Question: エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスの治療法はなんですか？


Epstein–Barr virus infection

Context: The clinical diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is suggested on the basis of the symptoms of fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and the age of the patient. Usually, laboratory tests are needed for confirmation. Serologic results for persons with infectious mononucleosis include an elevated white blood cell count, an increased percentage of certain atypical white blood cells, and a positive reaction to a "mono spot" test.

Question: エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスの治療法はなんですか？


Epstein–Barr virus infection

Context: and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Additionally, it has been postulated to be a trigger for a subset of chronic fatigue syndrome patients as well as multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.

Question: エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスの治療法はなんですか？


Epstein–Barr virus infection

Context: Other B cell lymphomas arise in immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantation with associated immunosuppression (Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLPD)). Smooth muscle tumors are also associated with the virus in malignant patients.

Question: エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスの治療法はなんですか？


Epstein–Barr virus infection

Context: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a cancer found in the upper respiratory tract, most commonly in the nasopharynx, and is linked to the EBV virus. It is found predominantly in Southern China and Africa, due to both genetic and environmental factors. It is much more common in people of Chinese ancestry (genetic), but is also linked to the Chinese diet of a high amount of smoked fish, which contain nitrosamines, well known carcinogens (environmental).

Question: エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスの治療法はなんですか？


Epstein–Barr virus infection

Context: EBV can be diagnosed through a serological test which detects antibodies in the blood. A serological test should not be conducted among patients with antibody deficiencies and/or passive antibodies. Another test involves screening for the measurement of EBV viral loads in peripheral blood. Radiographic testing is often paired with EBV viral load measuring. A biopsy can also be conducted in order to find where the EBV is manifested.

Question: エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスの治療法はなんですか？


Wine

Context: The earliest known traces of wine are from Georgia ( BCE), Iran (Persia) ( BCE), and Sicily ( BCE). Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece, Thrace and Rome. Throughout history, wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: The earliest remains of Apadana Palace in Persepolis dating back to 515 BCE include carvings depicting soldiers from Achaemenid Empire subject nations bringing gifts to the Achaemenid king, among them Armenians bringing their famous wine.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: The first known mention of grape-based wines in India is from the late 4th-century BCE writings of Chanakya, the chief minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of wine known as "madhu".

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: The type of grape used and the amount of skin contact while the juice is being extracted determines the color and general style of the wine. The color has no relation to a wine's sweetness—all may be made sweet or dry.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: To make white wine, grapes are pressed quickly with the juice immediately drained away from the grape skins. The grapes used are typically white grape varieties, though red grapes may be used if the winemaker is careful not to let the skin stain the wort during the separation of the pulp-juice. For example, pinot noir (a red grape) is commonly used in champagne.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Dry (low sugar) white wine is the most common, derived from the complete fermentation of the juice, however sweet white wines such as Moscato d'Asti are also made.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: A rosé wine gains color from red grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. It may be the oldest known type of wine, as it is the most straightforward to make with the skin contact method. The color can range from a pale orange to a vivid near-purple, depending on the varietals used and wine-making techniques.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: There are three primary ways to produce rosé wine: Skin contact (allowing dark grape skins to stain the wort), saignée (removing juice from the must early in fermentation and continuing fermentation of the juice separately), and blending of a red and white wine (uncommon and discouraged in most wine growing regions). Rosé wines have a wide range of sweetness levels from dry Provençal rosé to sweet White Zinfandels and blushes. Rosé wines are made from a wide variety of grapes all over the world.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Sometimes called amber wines, these are wines made with white grapes but with the skins allowed to soak during pressing, similar to red and rosé wine production. They are notably tannic, and usually made dry.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: These are effervescent wines, made in any of the above styles (ie, orange, red, rosé, white). They must undergo secondary fermentation to create carbon dioxide, which creates the bubbles.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Two common methods of accomplishing this are the traditional method, used for Cava, Champagne, and more expensive sparkling wines, and the Charmat method, used for Prosecco, Asti, and less expensive wines. A hybrid "transfer method" is also used, yielding intermediate results, and simple addition of carbon dioxide is used in the cheapest of wines.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: The bottles used for sparkling wine must be thick to withstand the pressure of the gas behind the cork, which can be up to .

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: This refers to sweet wines that have a high level of sugar remaining after fermentation. There are various ways of increasing the amount of sugar in a wine, yielding products with different strengths and names. Icewine, Port, Sauternes, Tokaji Aszú, Trockenbeerenauslese, and Vin Santo are some examples.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Mead, also called honey wine, is created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops. As long as the primary substance fermented is honey, the drink is considered mead. Mead was produced in ancient history throughout Europe, Africa and Asia, and was known in Europe before grape wine.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Other drinks called "wine", such as barley wine and rice wine (e.g. sake, huangjiu and cheongju), are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer more than traditional wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these latter cases, the term "wine" refers to the similarity in alcohol content rather than to the production process. The commercial use of the English word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Some UK supermarkets have been criticized for selling "wine based" drinks, which only contain 75% wine, but which are still marketed as wine. The International Organisation of Vine and Wine requires that a "wine-based drink" must contain a minimum of 75% wine, but producers do not have to divulge the nature of the remaining 25%.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Wine is usually made from one or more varieties of the European species "Vitis vinifera", such as Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay and Merlot. When one of these varieties is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as minimums of 75% to 85%), the result is a "varietal" as opposed to a "blended" wine. Blended wines are not necessarily inferior to varietal wines, rather they are a different style of wine-making.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from hybrids, created by the genetic crossing of two species. "V. labrusca" (of which the Concord grape is a cultivar), "V. aestivalis", "V. rupestris", "V. rotundifolia" and "V. riparia" are native North American grapes usually grown to eat fresh or for grape juice, jam, or jelly, and only occasionally made into wine.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Some blended wine names are marketing terms whose use is governed by trademark law rather than by specific wine laws. For example, Meritage (sounds like "heritage") is generally a Bordeaux-style blend of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, but may also include Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, and Malbec. Commercial use of the term Meritage is allowed only via licensing agreements with the Meritage Association.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: New World wines—those made outside the traditional wine regions of Europe—are usually classified by grape rather than by "terroir" or region of origin, although there have been unofficial attempts to classify them by quality.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: In the United States, for a wine to be vintage-dated and labeled with a country of origin or American Viticultural Area (AVA; e.g., Sonoma Valley), 95% of its volume must be from grapes harvested in that year. If a wine is not labeled with a country of origin or AVA the percentage requirement is lowered to 85%.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: For consistency, non-vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage, which helps wine-makers sustain a reliable market image and maintain sales even in bad years. One recent study suggests that for the average wine drinker, the vintage year may not be as significant for perceived quality as had been thought, although wine connoisseurs continue to place great importance on it.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of dollars per bottle, though the broader term "fine wine" covers those typically retailing in excess of US$30–50. "Investment wines" are considered by some to be Veblen goods: those for which demand increases rather than decreases as their prices rise.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Particular selections such as "Verticals", which span multiple vintages of a specific grape and vineyard, may be highly valued. The most notable was a Château d'Yquem 135-year vertical containing every vintage from 1860 to 2003 sold for $1.5 million.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: The most common wines purchased for investment include those from Bordeaux and Burgundy; cult wines from Europe and elsewhere; and vintage port. Characteristics of highly collectible wines include:

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Investment in fine wine has attracted those who take advantage of their victims' relative ignorance of this wine market sector. Such wine fraudsters often profit by charging excessively high prices for off-vintage or lower-status wines from well-known wine regions, while claiming that they are offering a sound investment unaffected by economic cycles. As with any investment, thorough research is essential to making an informed decision.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between 30 and 50 degrees latitude north and south of the equator. The world's southernmost vineyards are in the Central Otago region of New Zealand's South Island near the 45th parallel south, and the northernmost are in Flen, Sweden, just north of the 59th parallel north.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Wine-consumption data from a list of countries by alcohol consumption measured in liters of pure ethyl alcohol consumed per capita in a given year, according to the most recent data from the World Health Organization. The methodology includes persons 15 years of age or older. About 40% of individuals above the legal drinking age consider themselves "wine drinkers", which is higher than all other alcoholic beverages combined (34%) and those who do not drink at all (26%).

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a drink, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes. Wine sauce is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient. Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16% ABV, with most wines being in the 12.5–14.5% range. Fortified wines (usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: The use of wine in ancient Near Eastern and Ancient Egyptian religious ceremonies was common. Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental entheogen to induce a mind-altering state.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Wine is an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The "Kiddush" is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is a Rabbinic obligation of adults to drink four cups of wine. In the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. Note that this does not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception that contributes to the Christian beliefs of the blood libel.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: "It has been one of history's cruel ironies that the blood libel—accusations against Jews using the blood of murdered gentile children for the making of wine and matzot—became the false pretext for numerous pogroms. And due to the danger, those who live in a place where blood libels occur are halachically exempted from using red wine, lest it be seized as "evidence" against them."

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: In Christianity, wine is used in a sacred rite called the Eucharist, which originates in the Gospel account of the Last Supper (Gospel of Luke 22:19) describing Jesus sharing bread and wine with his disciples and commanding them to "do this in remembrance of me." Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations (see Eucharistic theologies contrasted).

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: The earliest viticulture tradition in the Southwestern United States starts with sacramental wine, beginning in the 1600s, with Christian friars and monks producing New Mexico wine.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Certain exceptions to the ban on alcohol apply. Alcohol derived from a source other than the grape (or its byproducts) and the date is allowed in "very small quantities" (loosely defined as a quantity that does not cause intoxication) under the Sunni Hanafi "madhab", for specific purposes (such as medicines), where the goal is not intoxication. However, modern Hanafi scholars regard alcohol consumption as totally forbidden.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Wines triggers positive emotions in a short period of time, such as feelings of relaxation and comfort. The context and quality of wine can affect the mood and emotions.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism. The American Heart Association "cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Although red wine contains the chemical resveratrol and there is tentative evidence it may improve heart health, the evidence is unclear for those at high risk . Grape skins naturally produce resveratrol in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during fermentation. White wine generally contains lower levels of the chemical as it has minimal contact with grape skins during this process.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Incidents of fraud, such as mislabeling the origin or quality of wines, have resulted in regulations on labeling. "Wine scandals" that have received media attention include:

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: Most wines are sold in glass bottles and sealed with corks (50% of which come from Portugal). An increasing number of wine producers have been using alternative closures such as screwcaps and synthetic plastic "corks". Although alternative closures are less expensive and prevent cork taint, they have been blamed for such problems as excessive reduction.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Wine

Context: There are a large number of occupations and professions that are part of the wine industry, ranging from the individuals who grow the grapes, prepare the wine, bottle it, sell it, assess it, market it and finally make recommendations to clients and serve the wine.

Question: フルーツワインの発祥はどこ


Manila massacre

Context: The Manila massacre ( or "Masaker sa Maynila"), also called the Rape of Manila (), involved atrocities committed against Filipino civilians in the City of Manila, the capital of the Philippines, by Japanese troops during the Battle of Manila (3 February 1945 – 3 March 1945) which occurred during World War II. The total number of civilians who were killed was at least 100,000.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


Manila massacre

Context: The Manila massacre was one of several major war crimes committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as judged by the postwar military tribunal. The Japanese commanding general, Tomoyuki Yamashita, and his chief of staff Akira Mutō, were held responsible for the massacre and other war crimes in a trial which started in October 1945. Yamashita was executed on 23 February 1946 and Mutō on 23 December 1948.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


Manila massacre

Context: Dr Antonio Gisbert told of the murder of his father and brother at the Palacio del Gobernador, saying, "I am one of those few survivors, not more than 50 in all out of more than 3000 men herded into Fort Santiago and, two days later, massacred.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


Manila massacre

Context: The Japanese forced Filipino women and children to be used as human shields into the front lines to protect Japanese positions. Those who survived were then murdered by the Japanese.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


Manila massacre

Context: The Japanese conducted mop-up operations to clear north Manila of guerrillas, executing more than 54,000 Filipinos, including children, as they passed through towns.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


Manila massacre

Context: Pregnant Filipino women were killed by having their bellies ripped open while Filipino civilians trying to flee were executed.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


Manila massacre

Context: The Bayview Hotel was used as a designated "rape center". According to testimony at the Yamashita war crimes trial, 400 women and girls were rounded up from Manila's wealthy Ermita district, and submitted to a selection board that picked out the 25 women who were considered most beautiful. These women and girls, many of them 12 to 14 years old, were then taken to the hotel, where Japanese enlisted men and officers took turns raping them.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


Manila massacre

Context: The Japanese went on setting the entire club on fire killing many of its inhabitants. Women who were escaping out the building from the fire were caught and raped by the Japanese. 28-year-old Julia Lopez had her breasts sliced off, was raped by Japanese soldiers and had her hair set on fire. Another woman was partially decapitated after attempting to defend herself and raped by a Japanese soldier.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


Manila massacre

Context: Extensive as were the Japanese atrocities during the battle, American artillery and firepower were most responsible for the destruction of Manila's architectural and cultural heritage and, according to one estimate, caused 40 percent of the total Filipino deaths during the battle.

Question: マニラの戦いで何人の現地人が死んだ？


David Morrell

Context: David Morrell (born April 24, 1943) is a Canadian-American novelist whose debut 1972 novel "First Blood", later adapted as the 1982 film of the same name, which went on to spawn the successful "Rambo" franchise starring Sylvester Stallone. He has written 28 novels, and his work has been translated into 30 languages. He also wrote the 2007–2008 "Captain America" comic book miniseries "The Chosen".

Question: ディヴィッド・マレルの出身はどこ


David Morrell

Context: Morrell's teenaged son Matthew died of Ewing's sarcoma, a rare form of bone cancer, in 1987. In 2009 his granddaughter died of the same form of cancer. The trauma of his loss influenced Morrell's work, in particular in his creative fiction memoir about Matthew, "Fireflies". The protagonist of Morrell's novel "Desperate Measures" also experiences the loss of a son.

Question: ディヴィッド・マレルの出身はどこ


David Morrell

Context: Morrell is a graduate of the National Outdoor Leadership School for wilderness survival as well as the G. Gordon Liddy Academy of Corporate Security. He is also an honorary lifetime member of the Special Operations Association and the Association of Former Intelligence Officers.

Question: ディヴィッド・マレルの出身はどこ


David Morrell

Context: According to his website, he has been trained to handle firearms, crisis negotiation, assuming identities, executive protection, and defensive driving, among numerous other action skills that he describes in his novels. He earned an FAA licence to pilot his own small plane as part of research for his 2009 novel, "The Shimmer".

Question: ディヴィッド・マレルの出身はどこ


George A. Wyman

Context: George Adams Wyman (July 3, 1877 – November 15, 1959) was the first person to make a transcontinental crossing of the United States by motor vehicle. In 1903, Wyman rode his 1902 California Motor Company motor bicycle from San Francisco to New York City in 51 days, finishing 20 days before Dr. Horatio Nelson Jackson, the first person to cross the continent by automobile.

Question: ホレィシォ・ネルソン・ジャクソン が初めて使用した自転車のメーカーは何


George A. Wyman

Context: In the summer of 1902, perhaps inspired by the epic 1884 bicycle expedition of Thomas Stevens, Wyman became the first person to cross the Sierra Nevada aboard a motor vehicle, riding his 1.5-hp California motorbike from San Francisco to Reno, Nevada, to compete in a club bicycle race at the Reno Fairgrounds. During the trip, Wyman conceived the idea of riding a motorbike across the United States.

Question: ホレィシォ・ネルソン・ジャクソン が初めて使用した自転車のメーカーは何


George A. Wyman

Context: For such a long trip, Wyman carried a remarkably small amount of gear. A set of warm clothing, money, water bottle, cans for spare oil and gasoline, a Kodak Vest Pocket camera, a cyclometer, various bicycle tools and spare parts, and a long-barreled .38 Smith & Wesson revolver constituted his total luggage.

Question: ホレィシォ・ネルソン・ジャクソン が初めて使用した自転車のメーカーは何


George A. Wyman

Context: Wyman departed from Lotta's Fountain at the corner of Market and Kearny streets in San Francisco at 2:30 P.M on May 16, 1903. He had previously agreed to keep a diary of his journey for later publication in "The Motorcycle" magazine, a periodical of the time. The first part of his trip took him across the Sierra Nevada, through the Nevada desert into Wyoming, then on through Nebraska to Illinois.

Question: ホレィシォ・ネルソン・ジャクソン が初めて使用した自転車のメーカーは何


George A. Wyman

Context: After leaving Illinois, Wyman traversed the states of Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania before entering New York state. Outside of Albany his engine lost all power, and he was required to pedal his heavy motorbike the remaining to New York City using a cycle path reserved for licensed cyclists.

Question: ホレィシォ・ネルソン・ジャクソン が初めて使用した自転車のメーカーは何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: Born a Parisian watchmaker's son, Beaumarchais rose in French society and became influential in the court of Louis XV as an inventor and music teacher. He made a number of important business and social contacts, played various roles as a diplomat and spy, and had earned a considerable fortune before a series of costly court battles jeopardized his reputation.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: At the time, pocket watches were commonly unreliable for timekeeping and were worn more as fashion accessories. In response to this, Beaumarchais spent nearly a year researching improvements. In July 1753, at the age of twenty-one, he invented an escapement for watches that allowed them to be made substantially more accurate and compact.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: The following February, the Academy indeed ruled that the mechanism was Beaumarchais' and not Lepaute's, catapulting Beaumarchais to stardom and relegating Lepaute to infamy, as "l'affaire Lepaute" had been the talk of Paris. Soon afterwards, he was asked by King Louis XV to create a watch mounted on a ring for his mistress Madame de Pompadour. Louis was so impressed by the result that he named Beaumarchais "Purveyor to the King", and the Caron family business became prosperous.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: Beaumarchais hoped to be made consul to Spain, but his application was rejected. Instead he concentrated on developing his business affairs and began to show an interest in writing plays. He had already experimented in writing short farces for private audiences, but he now had ambitions to write for the theatre.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何