Superconductivity

Context: Other early markets are arising where the relative efficiency, size and weight advantages of devices based on high-temperature superconductivity outweigh the additional costs involved. For example, in wind turbines the lower weight and volume of superconducting generators could lead to savings in construction and tower costs, offsetting the higher costs for the generator and lowering the total levelized cost of electricity (LCOE).

Question: Missä ensimmäinen suprajohtava kaapeli kehitettiin?


Dialectical materialism

Context: The formulation of the Soviet version of dialectical and historical materialism in the 1930s by Joseph Stalin (such as in Stalin's book "Dialectical and Historical Materialism") became the official interpretation taught in Soviet education, while other interpretations and conceptions of dialectical materialism, such as Mao's "On Contradiction", exist across the world.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Marx and Engels each began their adulthood as Young Hegelians, one of several groups of intellectuals inspired by the philosopher Hegel. Marx's doctoral thesis, "The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature", was concerned with the atomism of Epicurus and Democritus, which is considered the foundation of materialist philosophy. Marx was also familiar with Lucretius's theory of "clinamen".

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Marx and Engels both concluded that Hegelian philosophy, at least as interpreted by their former colleagues, was too abstract and was being misapplied in attempts to explain the social injustice in recently industrializing countries such as Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, which was a growing concern in the early 1840s, as exemplified by Dickensian inequity.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In contrast to the conventional Hegelian dialectic of the day, which emphasized the idealist observation that human experience is dependent on the mind's perceptions, Marx developed Marxist dialectics, which emphasized the materialist view that the world of the concrete shapes socioeconomic interactions and that those in turn determine sociopolitical reality.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Whereas some Hegelians blamed religious alienation (estrangement from the traditional comforts of religion) for societal ills, Marx and Engels concluded that alienation from economic and political autonomy, coupled with exploitation and poverty, was the real culprit.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Engels postulated three laws of dialectics from his reading of Hegel's "Science of Logic". Engels elucidated these laws as the materialist dialectic in his work "Dialectics of Nature":

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: The first law, which originates with the ancient Ionian philosopher Heraclitus, can be clarified through the following examples:

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: The first law was seen by both Hegel and Vladimir Lenin as the central feature of a dialectical understanding of things:

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Z. A. Jordan notes, "Engels made constant use of the metaphysical insight that the higher level of existence emerges from and has its roots in the lower; that the higher level constitutes a new order of being with its irreducible laws; and that this process of evolutionary advance is governed by laws of development which reflect basic properties of 'matter in motion as a whole'."

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: After reading Hegel's "Science of Logic" in 1914, Lenin made some brief notes outlining three "elements" of logic. They are:

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Lenin develops these in a further series of notes, and appears to argue that "the transition of quantity into quality and vice versa" is an example of the unity and opposition of opposites expressed tentatively as "not only the unity of opposites but the transitions of every determination, quality, feature, side, property into every other [into its opposite?]."

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In his essay "On the Question of Dialectics", Lenin stated, "Development is the 'struggle' of opposites."

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: He stated, "The unity (coincidence, identity, equal action) of opposites is conditional, temporary, transitory, relative. The struggle of mutually exclusive opposites is absolute, just as development and motion are absolute."

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Lenin reassessed Feuerbach's philosophy and concluded that it was in line with dialectical materialism.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: György Lukács, Minister of Culture in the brief Béla Kun government of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919), published "History and Class Consciousness" (1923), in which he defined "dialectical materialism" as the knowledge of society as a whole, knowledge which, in itself, was the class consciousness of the proletariat. In the first chapter "What is Orthodox Marxism?", Lukács defined "orthodoxy" as fidelity to the "Marxist method", not fidelity to "dogmas":

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Orthodox Marxism, therefore, does not imply the uncritical acceptance of the results of Marx's investigations. It is not the "belief" in this or that thesis, nor the exegesis of a "sacred" book. On the contrary, orthodoxy refers exclusively to method. It is the scientific conviction that dialectical materialism is the road to truth and that its methods can be developed, expanded, and deepened, only along the lines laid down by its founders. (§1)

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In his later works and actions, Lukács became a leader of Democratic Marxism. He modified many of his formulations of his 1923 works and went on to develop a Marxist ontology and played an active role in democratic movements in Hungary in 1956 and the 1960s. He and his associates became sharply critical of the formulation of dialectical materialism in the Soviet Union that was exported to those countries under its control. In the 1960s, his associates became known as the Budapest School.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Lukács, in his philosophical criticism of Marxist revisionism, proposed an intellectual return to the Marxist method. So did Louis Althusser, who later defined Marxism and psychoanalysis as "conflictual sciences", stating that political factions and revisionism are inherent to Marxist theory and political praxis, because dialectical materialism is the philosophic product of class struggle:

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: For this reason, the task of orthodox Marxism, its victory over Revisionism and utopianism can never mean the defeat, once and for all, of false tendencies. It is an ever-renewed struggle against the insidious effects of bourgeois ideology on the thought of the proletariat. Marxist orthodoxy is no guardian of traditions, it is the eternally vigilant prophet proclaiming the relation between the tasks of the immediate present and the totality of the historical process. (§5)

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: ...the premise of dialectical materialism is, we recall: 'It is not men's consciousness that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness'... Only when the core of existence stands revealed as a social process can existence be seen as the product, albeit the hitherto unconscious product, of human activity. (§5)

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Philosophically aligned with Marx is the criticism of the individualist, bourgeois philosophy of the subject, which is founded upon the voluntary and conscious subject. Against said ideology is the primacy of social relations. Existence—and thus the world—is the product of human activity, but this can be seen only by accepting the primacy of social process on individual consciousness. This type of consciousness is an effect of ideological mystification.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: At the 5th Congress of the Communist International (July 1924), Grigory Zinoviev formally denounced Lukács's heterodox definition of Orthodox Marxism as exclusively derived from fidelity to the "Marxist method", and not to Communist party dogmas; and denounced the philosophical developments of the German Marxist theorist Karl Korsch.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In the 1930s, Stalin and his associates formulated a version of dialectical and historical materialism that became the "official" Soviet interpretation of Marxism. It was codified in Stalin's work, "Dialectical and Historical Materialism" (1938), and popularized in textbooks used for compulsory education within the Soviet Union and throughout the Eastern Bloc.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In "On Contradiction" (1937), Mao Zedong outlined a version of dialectical materialism that subsumed two of Engels's three principal laws of dialectics, "the transformation of quantity into quality" and "the negation of the negation" as sub-laws (and not principal laws of their own) of the first law, "the unity and interpenetration of opposites".

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Historian of science Loren Graham has detailed at length the role played by dialectical materialism in the Soviet Union in disciplines throughout the natural and social sciences. He has concluded that, despite the Lysenko period in genetics and constraints on free inquiry imposed by political authorities, dialectical materialism had a positive influence on the work of many Soviet scientists.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, have tried to employ dialectical materialism in their approach. They view dialectics as playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work. From Lewontin's perspective, we get this idea:

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: ... dialectical thinking should be taken more seriously by Western scholars, not discarded because some nations of the second world have constructed a cardboard version as an official political doctrine.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Lewontin, Gould, and Eldredge were thus more interested in dialectical materialism as a heuristic than a dogmatic form of 'truth' or a statement of their politics. Nevertheless, they found a readiness for critics to "seize upon" key statements and portray punctuated equilibrium, and exercises associated with it, such as public exhibitions, as a "Marxist plot".

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: The Communist Party's official interpretation of Marxism, dialectical materialism, fit Alexander Oparin's studies on the origins of life as 'a flow, an exchange, a dialectical unity'. This notion was re-enforced by Oparin's association with Lysenko.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises wrote a critique of Marxist materialism which he published as a part of his 1957 work "Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution". H. B. Acton described the creed as "a philosophical farrago". Max Eastman argued that dialectical materialism lacks a psychological basis.

Question: Mikä oli dialektisen materialismin keskeinen periaate?


Johannes Virolainen

Context: Virolainen was born near Viipuri. After the Continuation War Virolainen moved to Lohja, but he remained one of the leaders of the evacuated Karelians, and never gave up the hope that Soviet Union and later Russia would return Finnish Karelia to Finland. After World War II Virolainen became the first president of the Maaseudun Nuorten Liitto later known as Finnish Centre Youth, which has been educating tens of ministers and hundreds of members of the Finnish Parliament.

Question: Minä vuonna Johannes Virolainen kuoli?


Johannes Virolainen

Context: He was also famous as a teetotaller, saying that the only circumstance where he would countenance downing a toast would be if Karelia was ceded back to Finland. He was fond of repeating the line, and it has been claimed that he said it to, among others, Nikita Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan on the Soviet side, to fend off needling by them for lacking the Soviet style of social graces.

Question: Minä vuonna Johannes Virolainen kuoli?


Johannes Virolainen

Context: A member of the Agrarian League (later the Centre Party), Virolainen was a Member of Parliament 1945–1983 and 1987–1991.

Question: Minä vuonna Johannes Virolainen kuoli?


Johannes Virolainen

Context: He had a long ministerial career, serving as Assistant Minister of the Interior 1950–1951; Minister at the Council of State Chancellery 1951, and 1956–1957; Minister of Education 1953, 1954, 1956–1957, and 1968–1970; Minister of Foreign Affairs 1954–1956, 1957, and 1958; Deputy Prime Minister 1957, 1958, 1962–1963, 1968–1970, and 1977–1979; Minister of Agriculture 1961–1963; Minister of Finance 1972–1975; and Minister of Agriculture and Forestry 1976–1979.

Question: Minä vuonna Johannes Virolainen kuoli?


Johannes Virolainen

Context: Virolainen was Prime Minister from 1964–1966, presiding over a coalition government comprising the Centre Party, National Coalition Party, Swedish People's Party, and Finnish People's Party. He also served as Speaker of the Parliament from 1966–1968 and 1979–1983. Virolainen is considered one of the strongest Centre Party leaders in the post-war era, second only to Urho Kekkonen.

Question: Minä vuonna Johannes Virolainen kuoli?


Johannes Virolainen

Context: During his nine-year retirement from Parliament, Virolainen still actively followed the Finnish political affairs and sometimes gave interviews on current topics (the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE "Living Archives" / Elävä arkisto, search words: "Johannes Virolainen"). He also wrote some volumes of political memoirs, including "A Defence of Politics" (Politiikan puolustus), "From the Path" (Polun varrelta), and "The Pictures Move" (Kuvat kulkevat).

Question: Minä vuonna Johannes Virolainen kuoli?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: Many journalists of the video game industry have praised "StarCraft" as one of the most important, and one of the greatest video games of all time. The game is also said to have raised the bar for developing real-time strategy (RTS) games. With more than 11 million copies sold worldwide by February 2009, "StarCraft" became one of the best-selling games for the personal computer. It has been praised for pioneering the use of unique "factions" in RTS gameplay, and for having a compelling story.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: "StarCraft" has had its storyline adapted and expanded through a series of novels published between 2000 and 2016, the expansion pack ', and two officially authorized add-ons, and "Retribution". A sequel, ', was released in July 2010, along with two expansion packs and a campaign pack between 2013 and 2016, while of the original and its expansion pack was released in August 2017. The original game, along with the expansion, was released for free in April 2017.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: Blizzard Entertainment's use of three distinct races in "StarCraft" is widely credited with revolutionizing the real-time strategy genre. All units are unique to their respective races, and while rough comparisons can be drawn between certain types of units in the technology tree, every unit performs differently and requires different tactics for a player to succeed.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: Although each race is unique in its composition, no race has an innate advantage over the other. Each species is balanced out so that while they have different strengths, powers, and abilities, their overall strength is the same. The balance stays complete via infrequent patches (game updates) provided by Blizzard.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: Before "Insurrection", an unauthorized expansion pack, called "Stellar Forces", was published by Micro Star but was recalled weeks later when Blizzard won the court case against it. It consisted of 22 single player maps and 32 multi-player maps which are considered to be rather plain.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: A remastered edition of the game, "", released August 14, 2017, preserves the gameplay of the original while adding support for ultra-high-definition graphics, Blizzard's modern online features, and re-recorded audio (soundtrack and sound effects).

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: "Next Generation" reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it five stars out of five, and stated that "The quality of the play balancing and the elegance of the design mean that "StarCraft" sets a new high watermark for all real-time strategy games."

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: The reviewer from the online second volume of "Pyramid" stated that "One of the most hotly anticipated computer games of the last two years, Blizzard Entertainment's "Starcraft" has had a tremendous amount of hype to live up to. The fact that it "does" live up to the high expectations set for it may be the only recommendation it needs."

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: With more than 11 million copies sold worldwide by February 2009, "StarCraft" became one of the best-selling games for the personal computer. It has been praised for pioneering the use of unique "factions" in RTS gameplay, and for having a compelling story.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: "StarCraft" was part of the United States Air Force's Air and Space Basic Course, used to teach newly active officers about crisis planning under stress and joint service teamwork. Other efforts to make more 'realistic' current-day battle software led to distractions when simulated hardware didn't align with the real hardware active duty officers knew about. The science fiction setting allowed students to focus on the battle tactics.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: The annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment hosts a competition for AIs playing the game. As of 2015, humans still win.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: In 2014, an unofficial version for the Pandora handheld and the ARM architecture became available by static recompilation and reverse engineering of the original x86 version.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


StarCraft (video game)

Context: In 2021, The Strong National Museum of Play inducted "StarCraft" to its World Video Game Hall of Fame. During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine Ukrainian presidential spokesman and Chief of Staff Oleksiy Arestovych described reports of a potential Russian offensive as a "zerg rush" of 10,000 volunteers (in reference to Zerg swarm species tactics from the game), and proceeded to explain the meaning of the term.

Question: Milloin Starcraft julkaistiin?


Athens Polytechnic uprising

Context: The first massive public action against the Greek junta came from students on 21 February 1973, when law students went on strike and barricaded themselves inside the buildings of the Law School of the University of Athens in the centre of Athens, demanding repeal of the law that imposed forcible conscription.

Question: Minä vuonna 1970-luvulla Kreikan sotilasdiktatuuri loppui?


Athens Polytechnic uprising

Context: An anti-dictatorial student movement was growing among the youth, and the police utilised brutal methods and torture towards them, in order to confront the threat.

Question: Minä vuonna 1970-luvulla Kreikan sotilasdiktatuuri loppui?


Athens Polytechnic uprising

Context: On 14 November 1973, students at the Athens Polytechnic ("Polytechneion") went on strike and started protesting against the military junta ("Regime of the Colonels"). As the authorities stood by, the students were calling themselves the "Free Besieged" (Greek: Ελεύθεροι Πολιορκημένοι, a reference to the poem by Greek poet Dionysios Solomos inspired by the Ottoman siege of Mesolonghi). Their main demand-slogan was:

Question: Minä vuonna 1970-luvulla Kreikan sotilasdiktatuuri loppui?


Athens Polytechnic uprising

Context: An assembly formed spontaneously and decided to occupy the Polytechnic. The two main student parties, the Marxist pro-Soviet A-AFEE and Rigas did not endorse the movement. A "Coordination Commission of the Occupation" was formed but had loose control over the uprising. Police had gathered outside but did not manage to break into the premises.

Question: Minä vuonna 1970-luvulla Kreikan sotilasdiktatuuri loppui?


Athens Polytechnic uprising

Context: A proclamation was announced on Friday, 16 November by the CCO that the students were aiming to bring down the Junta. During the afternoon, demonstrations and attacks against neighbouring ministries took place. Central roads closed, fires erupted and Molotov cocktails were thrown for the first time in Athens. Students barricaded themselves in and constructed a radio station (using laboratory equipment) that repeatedly broadcast across Athens:

Question: Minä vuonna 1970-luvulla Kreikan sotilasdiktatuuri loppui?


Athens Polytechnic uprising

Context: In the early hours of November 17, 1973, the transitional government sent a tank crashing through the gates of the Athens Polytechnic. Soon after that, Spyros Markezinis himself had the task to request Papadopoulos to reimpose martial law.

Question: Minä vuonna 1970-luvulla Kreikan sotilasdiktatuuri loppui?


Athens Polytechnic uprising

Context: An annual march commemorates the uprising. In 1980, after the government prevented marchers from passing by the American embassy in Athens, police killed two protesters.

Question: Minä vuonna 1970-luvulla Kreikan sotilasdiktatuuri loppui?


Athens Polytechnic uprising

Context: The student's struggle also had a lasting effect on Greek anarchism. Despite the far-left's minor influence in the uprising itself, their unfulfilled vision became a rallying cry for Greek anarchists internally. The now-defunct far-left organization Revolutionary Organization 17 November is named after the last day of the Polytechnic uprising.

Question: Minä vuonna 1970-luvulla Kreikan sotilasdiktatuuri loppui?


Shang dynasty

Context: The Shang dynasty is the earliest dynasty of traditional Chinese history firmly supported by archaeological evidence. Excavation at the Ruins of Yin (near modern-day Anyang), which has been identified as the last Shang capital, uncovered eleven major royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and ritual sites, containing weapons of war and remains from both animal and human sacrifices. Tens of thousands of bronze, jade, stone, bone, and ceramic artifacts have been found.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The Anyang site has yielded the earliest known body of Chinese writing, mostly divinations inscribed on oracle bones – turtle shells, ox scapulae, or other bones. More than 20,000 were discovered in the initial scientific excavations during the 1920s and 1930s, and over four times as many have been found since. The inscriptions provide critical insight into many topics from the politics, economy, and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The founding myth of the Shang dynasty is described by Sima Qian in the "Annals of the Yin". In the text, a woman named Jiandi (簡狄), who was the second wife of Emperor Ku, swallowed an egg dropped by a black bird (玄鳥) and subsequently gave birth miraculously to Xie (偰) – also appearing as Qi (契). Xie is said to have helped Yu the Great to control the Great Flood and for his service to have been granted a place called Shang as a fief.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Di Xin, the last Shang king, is said to have committed suicide after his army was defeated by Wu of Zhou. Legends say that his army and his equipped slaves betrayed him by joining the Zhou rebels in the decisive Battle of Muye. According to the "Yi Zhou Shu" and Mencius the battle was very bloody. The classic, Ming-era novel "Fengshen Yanyi" retells the story of the war between Shang and Zhou as a conflict with rival factions of gods supporting different sides in the war.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: After the Shang were defeated, King Wu allowed Di Xin's son Wu Geng to rule the Shang as a vassal kingdom. However, Zhou Wu sent three of his brothers and an army to ensure that Wu Geng would not rebel. After Zhou Wu's death, the Shang joined the Rebellion of the Three Guards against the Duke of Zhou, but the rebellion collapsed after three years, leaving Zhou in control of Shang territory.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The Eastern Han dynasty bestowed the title of Duke of Song and "Duke Who Continues and Honours the Yin" (殷紹嘉公) upon Kong An (孔安 (東漢)) because he was part of the Shang dynasty's legacy. This branch of the Confucius family is a separate branch from the line that held the title of Marquis of Fengsheng village and later Duke Yansheng.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Another remnant of the Shang established the vassal state of Guzhu (located in present-day Tangshan), which Duke Huan of Qi destroyed. Many Shang clans that migrated northeast after the dynasty's collapse were integrated into Yan culture during the Western Zhou period. These clans maintained an élite status and continued practicing the sacrificial and burial traditions of the Shang.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Both Korean and Chinese legends, including reports in the "Book of Documents" and the "Bamboo Annals", state that a disgruntled Shang prince named Jizi, who had refused to cede power to the Zhou, left China with a small army. According to these legends, he founded a state known as Gija Joseon in northwest Korea during the Gojoseon period of ancient Korean history. However, scholars debate the historical accuracy of these legends.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Before the 20th century, the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) was the earliest Chinese dynasty that could be verified from its own records. However, during the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD), antiquarians collected bronze ritual vessels attributed to the Shang era, some of which bore inscriptions.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: In 1899, several scholars noticed that Chinese pharmacists were selling "dragon bones" marked with curious and archaic characters. These were finally traced back in 1928 to a site (now called Yinxu) near Anyang, north of the Yellow River in modern Henan province, where the Academia Sinica undertook archeological excavation until the Japanese invasion in 1937.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Archaeologists focused on the Yellow River valley in Henan as the most likely site of the states described in the traditional histories. After 1950, the remnants of the earlier walled settlement of Shang City were discovered near Zhengzhou.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: It has been determined that the earth walls at Zhengzhou, erected in the 15th century BC, would have been wide at the base, rising to a height of , and formed a roughly rectangular wall around the ancient city. The rammed earth construction of these walls was an inherited tradition, since much older fortifications of this type have been found at Chinese Neolithic sites of the Longshan culture .

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: In 1959, the site of the Erlitou culture was found in Yanshi, south of the Yellow River near Luoyang. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the Erlitou culture flourished c. 2100 BC to 1800 BC. They built large palaces, suggesting the existence of an organized state.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: In 1983, Yanshi Shang City was discovered north-east of the Erlitou site in Yanshi's Shixianggou Township. This was a large walled city dating from 1600 BC. It had an area of nearly and featured pottery characteristic of the Erligang culture.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Accidental finds elsewhere in China have revealed advanced civilizations contemporaneous with but culturally unlike the settlement at Anyang, such as the walled city of Sanxingdui in Sichuan. Western scholars are hesitant to designate such settlements as belonging to the Shang dynasty. Also unlike the Shang, there is no known evidence that the Sanxingdui culture had a system of writing. The late Shang state at Anyang is thus generally considered the first verifiable civilization in Chinese history.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: In contrast, the earliest layers of the Wucheng site, pre-dating Anyang, have yielded pottery fragments containing short sequences of symbols, suggesting that they may be a form of writing quite different in form from oracle bone characters, but the sample is too small for decipherment.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: A study of mitochondrial DNA (inherited in the maternal line) from Yinxu graves showed similarity with modern northern Han Chinese, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The earliest securely dated event in Chinese history is the start of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC, early in the Zhou dynasty, a date first established by the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian. Attempts to establish earlier dates have been plagued by doubts about the origin and transmission of traditional texts and the difficulties in their interpretation. More recent attempts have compared the traditional histories with archaeological and astronomical data.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The oldest extant direct records date from approximately 1250 BC at Anyang, covering the reigns of the last nine Shang kings.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The Shang had a fully developed system of writing, preserved on bronze inscriptions and a small number of other writings on pottery, jade and other stones, horn, etc., but most prolifically on oracle bones. The complexity and sophistication of this writing system indicates an earlier period of development, but direct evidence of that development is still lacking. Other advances included the invention of many musical instruments and celestial observations of Mars and various comets by Shang astronomers.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: At the excavated royal palace of Yinxu, large stone pillar bases were found along with rammed earth foundations and platforms, which according to Fairbank, were "as hard as cement". These foundations in turn originally supported 53 buildings of wooden post-and-beam construction. In close proximity to the main palatial complex, there were underground pits used for storage, servants' quarters, and housing quarters.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: A line of hereditary Shang kings ruled over much of northern China, and Shang troops fought frequent wars with neighboring settlements and nomadic herdsmen from the inner Asian steppes. The Shang king, in his oracular divinations, repeatedly showed concern about the "fang" states, the barbarians living outside of the civilized "tu" regions, which made up the center of Shang territory. In particular, the "tufang" group of the Yanshan region were regularly mentioned as hostile to the Shang.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Apart from their role as the head military commanders, Shang kings also asserted their social supremacy by acting as the high priests of society and leading the divination ceremonies. As the oracle bone texts reveal, the Shang kings were viewed as the best qualified members of society to offer sacrifices to their royal ancestors and to the high god Di, who in their beliefs was responsible for the rain, wind, and thunder.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The existence of records regarding enemy kills, prisoners and booty taken, point to the existence of a proto-bureaucracy of written documents.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Shang religious rituals featured divination and sacrifice. The degree to which shamanism was a central aspect of Shang religion is a subject of debate.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: There were six main recipients of sacrifice: (1) Di (the High God), (2) nature powers like the sun and mountain powers, (3) former lords, deceased humans who had been added to the dynastic pantheon, (4) pre-dynastic ancestors, (5) dynastic ancestors, and (6) royal wives who were ancestors of the present king.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The Shang believed that their ancestors held power over them and performed divination rituals to secure their approval for planned actions. Divination involved cracking a turtle carapace or ox scapula to answer a question, and to then record the response to that question on the bone itself. It is unknown what criteria the diviners used to determine the response, but it is believed to be the sound or pattern of the cracks on the bone.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The Shang religion was highly bureaucratic and meticulously ordered. Oracle bones contained descriptions of the date, ritual, person, ancestor, and questions associated with the divination. Tombs displayed highly ordered arrangements of bones, with groups of skeletons laid out facing the same direction.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: Bronze weapons were an integral part of Shang society. Shang infantry were armed with a variety of stone and bronze weaponry, including "máo" (矛) spears, "yuè" (鉞) pole-axes, "gē" (戈) pole-based dagger-axes, composite bows, and bronze or leather helmets.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The earliest records are the oracle bones inscribed during the reigns of the Shang kings from Wu Ding.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The oracle bones do not contain king lists, but they do record the sacrifices to previous kings and the ancestors of the current king, which follow a standard schedule that scholars have reconstructed. From this evidence, scholars have assembled the implied king list and genealogy, finding that it is in substantial agreement with the later accounts, especially for later kings.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The last character of each name is one of the 10 celestial stems, which also denoted the day of the 10-day Shang week on which sacrifices would be offered to that ancestor within the ritual schedule.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: There were more kings than stems, so the names have distinguishing prefixes such as "da" (greater, 大), 中 "zhong" (middle, 中), 小 "xiao" (lesser, 小), "bu" (outer, 卜), "zu" (ancestor, 祖) and a few more obscure names.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The kings, in the order of succession derived from the oracle bones, are here grouped by generation. Later reigns were assigned to oracle bone diviner groups by Dong Zuobin.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


Shang dynasty

Context: The oracle bones have been radiocarbon dated and results are given below. The dates given are uncertainty ranges, not regnal years. That is to say, there is a 80 to 90 percent chance that the divinations recorded were performed within the given date range.

Question: Mikä oli Kiinan ensimmäinen dynastia pronssikaudella?


West Germany

Context: At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the Western and Eastern blocs. Germany was divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and a divided Berlin. Initially, West Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany, identifying as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945 German Reich.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, and the Saarland joined West Germany in 1957. In addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial eleventh state. While legally not part of West Germany, as Berlin was under the control of the Allied Control Council, West Berlin politically aligned with West Germany and was directly or indirectly represented in its federal institutions.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The official name of West Germany, adopted in 1949 and unchanged since, is (Federal Republic of Germany).

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: In East Germany, the terms (West Germany) or (West German Federal Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed under its 1968 constitution, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned by East Germany. As a result, it officially considered West Germans and West Berliners as foreigners. The initialism "BRD" (FRG in English) began to prevail in East German usage in the early 1970s, beginning in the newspaper . Other Eastern Bloc nations soon followed suit.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The colloquial term "West Germany" or its equivalent was used in many languages. was also a widespread colloquial form used in German-speaking countries, usually without political overtones.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: West Germany became a focus of the Cold War with its juxtaposition to East Germany, a member of the subsequently founded Warsaw Pact. The former capital, Berlin, had been divided into four sectors, with the Western Allies joining their sectors to form West Berlin, while the Soviets held East Berlin. West Berlin was completely surrounded by East German territory and had suffered a Soviet blockade in 1948–49, which was overcome by the Berlin airlift.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The three Western Allies retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. With the exception of 55,000 French troops, Allied forces were under NATO's joint defense command. (France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966.)

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Konrad Adenauer was 73 years old when he became chancellor in 1949, and for this reason he was initially reckoned as a caretaker. However, he stayed in power for 14 years. The grand old man of German postwar politics had to be dragged—almost literally—out of office in 1963.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: In the early 1960s, the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly. In 1962 growth rate was 4.7% and the following year, 2.0%. After a brief recovery, the growth rate slowed again into a recession, with no growth in 1967.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: "People were seized by a completely new feeling about life. A mania for large scale reforms spread like wildfire, affecting schools, universities, the administration, family legislation. In the autumn of 1970 Jürgen Wischnewski of the SPD declared, 'Every week more than three plans for reform come up for decision in cabinet and in the Assembly.'"

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: In October 1982 the SPD–FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl as Chancellor in a constructive vote of no confidence. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, due to the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens, who received 5.6% of the vote.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. Kohl's CDU and its Bavarian sister party, the CSU, slipped from 48.8% of the vote in 1983 to 44.3%. The SPD fell to 37%; long-time SPD Chairman Brandt subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by Hans-Jochen Vogel. The FDP's share rose from 7% to 9.1%, its best showing since 1980. The Greens' share rose to 8.3% from their 1983 share of 5.6%.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the building, including Chancellor Helmut Kohl, President Richard von Weizsäcker, former Chancellor Willy Brandt and many others. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the Reichstag building.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, the concluded on 20 June 1991, with quite a slim majority, that both government and parliament should move to Berlin from Bonn.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The West German ("economic miracle", coined by "The Times") began in 1950. This improvement was sustained by the currency reform of 1948 which replaced the with the and halted rampant inflation. The Allied dismantling of the West German coal and steel industry finally ended in 1950.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: With the dropping of Allied reparations, the freeing of German intellectual property and the impact of the Marshall Plan stimulus, West Germany developed one of the strongest economies in the world, almost as strong as before the Second World War. The East German economy showed a certain growth, but not as much as in West Germany, partly because of continued reparations to the USSR.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Religious affiliation in West Germany decreased from the 1960s onward. Religious affiliation declined faster among Protestants than among Catholics, causing the Roman Catholic Church to overtake the EKD as the largest denomination in the country during the 1970s.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The official position of West Germany concerning East Germany at the outset was that the West German government was the only democratically elected, and therefore the only legitimate, representative of the German people. According to the Hallstein Doctrine, any country (with the exception of the USSR) that recognised the authorities of the German Democratic Republic would not have diplomatic relations with West Germany.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1973;

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The West German Constitution (, "Basic Law") provided two articles for the unification with other parts of Germany:

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The two German states entered into a currency and customs union in July 1990, and on 3 October 1990, the German Democratic Republic dissolved and the re-established five East German (as well as a unified Berlin) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, bringing an end to the East–West divide.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly. The Adenauer era (1949–63) was followed by a brief period under Ludwig Erhard (1963–66) who, in turn, was replaced by Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1966–69). All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by the united caucus of the Christian-Democratic Union (CDU) and Christian Social Union (CSU), either alone or in coalition with the smaller Free Democratic Party (FDP) or other right-wing parties.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Kiesinger's 1966–69 "Grand Coalition" was between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the Social Democratic Party (SPD). This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts—the Grand Coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required to see them in. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a state of emergency.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the FDP, the rising German student movement, a group calling itself ("Democracy in a State of Emergency") and the labour unions. Demonstrations and protests grew in number, and in 1967 the student Benno Ohnesorg was shot in the head by a policeman. The press, especially the tabloid newspaper, launched a campaign against the protesters.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: By 1968 a stronger desire to confront the Nazi past had come into being. In the 1970s environmentalism and anti-nationalism became fundamental values among left-wing Germans. As a result, in 1979 the Greens were able to reach the 5% minimum required to obtain parliamentary seats in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen state election, and with the foundation of the national party in 1980 developed into one of the most politically successful green movements in the world.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Another result of the unrest in the 1960s was the founding of the Red Army Faction (RAF). The RAF was active from 1968, carrying out a succession of terrorist attacks in West Germany during the 1970s. Even in the 1990s, attacks were still being committed under the name "RAF". The last action took place in 1993, and in 1998 the group announced it was ceasing activities.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt (SPD) then formed a government, continuing the SPD–FDP coalition. He served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, a leading FDP official, was Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister in the same years. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the European Community (EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA".

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The goals of SPD and FDP however drifted apart in the late 1970s and early 1980s. On 1 October 1982 the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl as Chancellor in a constructive vote of no confidence. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, because of the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens, who received 5.6% of the vote.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. The Social Democrats concluded that not only were the Greens unlikely to form a coalition, but also that such a coalition would be far from a majority. Neither condition changed until 1998.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: In many aspects, German culture continued in spite of the dictatorship and wartime. Old and new forms coexisted next to each other, and the American influence, already strong in the 1920s, grew.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: After both Olympic Games of 1936 had been held in Germany, Munich was selected to host the 1972 Summer Olympics. These were also the first summer games in which the East Germans showed up with the separate flag and anthem of the GDR. Since the 1950s, Germany at the Olympics had been represented by a united team led by the pre-war German NOC officials as the IOC had denied East German demands for a separate team.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The 800-page "Doping in Germany from 1950 to today" study details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping programme. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: In West Germany, most of the political agencies and buildings were located in Bonn, while the German Stock Market was located in Frankfurt which became the economic center. The judicial branch of both the German Federal Constitutional Court () and the highest Court of Appeals, were located in Karlsruhe.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: The West German government was known to be much more decentralised than its state socialist East German counterpart, the former being a federal state and the latter a unitary one. Whilst East Germany was divided into 15 administrative districts (), which were merely local branches of the national government, West Germany was divided into states () with independently elected state parliaments and control of the , the second legislative chamber of the Federal Government.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


West Germany

Context: Today, North Rhine-Westphalia is often considered to be Western Germany in geographical terms. When distinguishing between former West Germany and former East Germany as parts of present-day unified Germany, it has become most common to refer to the (old states) and the (new states), although and are still heard as well.

Question: Mikä oli Saksan asukasluku vuonna 1950?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: Fletcher attended Mayfield Primary School in Derker, Greater Manchester for his primary school education, and North Chadderton School, Chadderton for his secondary education.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: Born the oldest of three boys, his youngest brother, Brayden Fletcher, also acts. At the age of six, Fletcher started attending drama classes at the Oldham Theatre Workshop and was first seen on television on a Saturday Disney report when he was starring as Charlie in "Charlie Is My Darling", which he also performed in a special show at the London Palladium.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: Fletcher was once a National Champion in the minority sport inline hockey. He played for local Chadderton club 'Chaddy' Wildsharks. He was a national champion in 1998 when he and his team travelled to Newcastle and won the tournament over a weekend. Whilst playing for the 'Chaddy' Wildsharks, Fletcher gained many young fans who knew him from "Emmerdale" fame. They would turn out to watch him play, giving the 'Chaddy' Wildsharks junior team a larger than average audience.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: On 8 September 2019, it was announced that Fletcher would be a competitor in the 2019 series of the BBC television competition, "Strictly Come Dancing", as a replacement for reality TV star Jamie Laing, who had to withdraw from the show prior to airing due to a foot injury. He went on to reach the final and win the competition, resulting in his dance partner, Oti Mabuse, winning her first title on the show.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: Since leaving "Emmerdale", Fletcher has appeared in "Death in Paradise" and "Moving On". In January 2022, he played the part of Jack in "The Teacher" alongside Sheridan Smith.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: Fletcher first ventured into motor racing after a visit to a motoring show with his father in January 2012. He obtained an MSA Competition Licence and won the 2012 Silverstone Classic Celebrity Challenge race. Fletcher also competed in the Mighty Mini's and the Team Trophy. He was invited to partake in the Porsche Supercup support race of the 2014 British Grand Prix, where he finished 22nd.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: Fletcher signed a contract to drive a Chevrolet Cruze entered by the Power Maxed Racing team in the 2016 British Touring Car Championship in March that year. He missed the Knockhill Racing Circuit and the Rockingham Motor Speedway rounds because his wife was due to give birth to their first child. Dave Newsham drove his car instead. During the season, Fletcher competed in 24 races spread over eight rounds of three events. He scored no points and was 31st in the final drivers' championship standings.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: For the 2017 season, Fletcher moved to the British GT Championship and shared a Nissan 370Z Nismo with fellow driver Tim Eakin for the UltraTek Racing RJN in the GT4 category. He was mentored by FIA World Endurance Championship and 24 Hours of Le Mans class victor Martin Plowman during his rookie season. After three years of running in GT4 with Plowman, they will move up to the GT3 class in a Bentley Continental.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


Kelvin Fletcher

Context: Fletcher married fellow actor Elizabeth Marsland, whom he had known since the age of eight, in a secret ceremony on 28 November 2015. They have a daughter and a son and more recently twin boys. Fletcher is also a fan of rugby league; growing up, he was a fan of Paul Sculthorpe and Kevin Sinfield as they were both from Oldham, and he makes occasional appearances at testimonial matches of famous players.

Question: Minä vuonna Kelvin Fletcher on syntynyt?


National library

Context: There are wider definitions of a national library, putting less emphasis to the repository character.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: National libraries are usually notable for their size, compared to that of other libraries in the same country. Some states which are not independent, but who wish to preserve their particular culture, have established a national library with all the attributes of such institutions, such as legal deposit.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards and carry out projects helping them to fulfill their duties. National libraries of Europe participate in The European Library. This is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL).

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: The first national libraries had their origins in the royal collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the state.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: One of the first plans for a national library was devised by the English mathematician John Dee, who in 1556 presented Mary I of England with a visionary plan for the preservation of old books, manuscripts and records and the founding of a national library, but his proposal was not taken up.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: This new institution was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything. The museum's foundations lay in the will of the physician and naturalist Sir Hans Sloane, who gathered an enviable collection of curiosities over his lifetime which he bequeathed to the nation for £20,000.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: Sloane's collection included some 40,000 printed books and 7,000 manuscripts, as well as prints and drawings. The British Museum Act 1753 also incorporated the Cotton library and the Harleian library. These were joined in 1757 by the Royal Library, assembled by various British monarchs.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: The first exhibition galleries and reading room for scholars opened on 15 January 1759, and in 1757, King George II granted it the right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the Museum's library would expand indefinitely.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: The library's collections swelled to over 300,000 volumes during the radical phase of the French Revolution when the private libraries of aristocrats and clergy were seized. After the establishment of the French First Republic in September 1792, "the Assembly declared the "Bibliotheque du Roi" to be national property and the institution was renamed the "Bibliothèque Nationale". After four centuries of control by the Crown, this great library now became the property of the French people."

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: The first national library to establish in the Americas became the National Library of Colombia having been founded on 9 January 1777, as the "Real Biblioteca" by Manuel Antonio Flórez, the Viceroy of New Granada.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: In Australia, the Copyright Act 1968 and other state acts require that a copy of every book published in Australia be deposited with the National Library of Australia, the relevant state library for the state in which the book was published, and some states other libraries such as parliamentary and university libraries.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: A similar system also exists in Canada with respect to its national library, known as Library and Archives Canada, and in Québec with respect to the National Library and Archives of Québec.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: Since 1537, all works published in France must be deposited with the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Since 1997, it has also received deposits of digital works.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: In Singapore, the National Library Board Act requires all publishers in Singapore to deposit two copies of every publication to the National Library Board at their own expense within four weeks from the publication date.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: In addition to having a law requiring publishers to deposit books, those countries with legal deposits usually have many other incentives for a proper and speedy deposit, such as a tie-in with laws affecting copyright of the same documents, and/or a cataloguing-in-publication (CIP) service.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: Approximately three million new English-language books are retained by the British Library and Library of Congress each year.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: One of the main goals of a national library is fulfilling their nation's part of the common international goal of universal bibliographic control, by ensuring the bibliographic control of all the books or book-like documents published in that particular country or talking about that particular country, in any way.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


National library

Context: The first part of the goal is usually achieved through the means of legal deposit laws or (as is the case of the United States) by a host of different programs such as a cataloguing in publication service. By this service, the Library of Congress gives a complete catalogue entry of a book to any publisher who sends a final draft or some form of galley proof of a book currently in production. Other national libraries offer similar services or enforce mandatory practices similar to this.

Question: Milloin Ranskan kansalliskirjasto on perustettu?


Mumbai

Context: The French traveller Louis Rousselet, who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book "L’Inde des Rajahs", which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or Mumba Devi, and that she still ... possesses a temple".

Question: Montako asukasta Mumbaissa on?


Mumbai

Context: A resident of Mumbai is called "Mumbaikar" in Marathi, in which the suffix "kar" means a "resident of". The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Older terms such as "Bombayite" are also in use.

Question: Montako asukasta Mumbaissa on?


Mumbai

Context: King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in "Mahikawati" (present day Mahim). The Pathare Prabhus, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to "Mahikawati" from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev. The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of Gujarat, who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.

Question: Montako asukasta Mumbaissa on?


Mumbai

Context: The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate, which was established in 1407. The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli, built in honour of the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan. In 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.

Question: Montako asukasta Mumbaissa on?


Mumbai

Context: The Mughal Empire, founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century. Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun, Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.

Question: Montako asukasta Mumbaissa on?


Mumbai

Context: In accordance with the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668, England leased these islands to the English East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £10 per annum. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675. The islands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan, the Muslim Koli admiral of the Mughal Empire, in October 1672, Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673, and Siddi admiral Sambal on 10 October 1673.

Question: Montako asukasta Mumbaissa on?


Mumbai

Context: In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency. Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India. Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689–90. The Portuguese presence ended in Bombay when the Marathas under "Peshwa" Baji Rao I captured Salsette in 1737, and Bassein in 1739.

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Mumbai

Context: By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale land reclamation. On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of Thana (now Thane). During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.

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Mumbai

Context: The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea. In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week. About 850,000 people fled Bombay and the textile industry was adversely affected. While the city was the capital of the Bombay Presidency, the Indian independence movement fostered the Quit India Movement in 1942 and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946.

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Mumbai

Context: After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State. In April 1950, Municipal limits of Bombay were expanded by merging the Bombay Suburban District and Bombay City to form the Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation.

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Mumbai

Context: The Samyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra state including Bombay was at its height in the 1950s. In the "Lok Sabha" discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–Gujarat with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report. Bombay Citizens' Committee, an advocacy group of leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Bombay's independent status.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub. For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment. From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.

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Mumbai

Context: eastern to Madh Marve on the western front. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under the Köppen climate classification. It varies between a dry period extending from October to May and a wet period peaking in June. The cooler season from December to February is followed by the hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.

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Mumbai

Context: Flooding during monsoon is a major problem for Mumbai. Between June and September, the south west monsoon rains lash the city. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was for 1954. The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was on 26 July 2005. The average total annual rainfall is for the Island City, and for the suburbs.

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Mumbai

Context: The average annual temperature is , and the average annual precipitation is . In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is , while the average minimum temperature is . In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from to , while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from to . The record high is set on 14 April 1952, and the record low is set on 27 January 1962.

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Mumbai

Context: Tropical Cyclones are rare in the city, The worst Cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the 1948 Mumbai Cyclone where gusts reached in Juhu, The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing, The storm reportedly impacted Bombay for 20 hours and left the city devastated

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Mumbai

Context: Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to include finance, engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology.

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Mumbai

Context: Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of , consisting of the Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts, extends from Colaba in the south, to Mulund and Dahisar in the north, and Mankhurd in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.

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Mumbai

Context: It is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (sometimes referred to as the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai), formerly known as the "Bombay Municipal Corporation" (BMC). The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. The mayor, who serves for a term of two and a half years, is chosen through an indirect election by the councillors from among themselves.

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Mumbai

Context: The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.

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Mumbai

Context: The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (TADA) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the Indian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 28 to 31 December 1885. The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the 20th century.

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Mumbai

Context: In the Indian national elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: North, North West, North East, North Central, South Central, and South. A member of parliament (MP) to the "Lok Sabha", the lower house of the Indian Parliament, is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the 2019 national election, all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, with both parties winning three seats each.

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Mumbai

Context: In the Maharashtra state assembly elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies. A member of the legislative assembly (MLA) to the Maharashtra "Vidhan Sabha" (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the 2019 state assembly election, out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 16 were won by the BJP, 11 by the Shiv Sena, 6 by the Congress, 2 by the NCP and one by independent candidate.

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Mumbai

Context: The Mumbai Monorail and Mumbai Metro have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014. The first line of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the Indian Railways: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered at Churchgate. Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Long-distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra Terminus, Andheri and Borivali.

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Mumbai

Context: Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC, also known as ST) buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states. The Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) and Thane Municipal Transport (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.

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Mumbai

Context: Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.

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Mumbai

Context: The "Mumbai Darshan" is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai. Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion. Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.

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Mumbai

Context: Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners. Hovercraft services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the Gateway of India and CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate infrastructure.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014, 56,459 black and yellow taxis , and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.

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Mumbai

Context: The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic. It handled 3.66 crore (36.6 million) passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014–2015. An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 4 crore (40 million) passengers annually and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.

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Mumbai

Context: The proposed Navi Mumbai International airport to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.

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Mumbai

Context: The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts the Bombay Flying Club and a heliport operated by state-owned Pawan Hans.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai is served by two major ports, Mumbai Port Trust and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, which lies just across the creek in Navi Mumbai. Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities. Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India. It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo. Ferries from Ferry Wharf in Mazagaon allow access to islands near the city.

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Mumbai

Context: The city is also the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an important base for the Indian Navy.

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Mumbai

Context: Electricity is distributed by the Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) undertaking in the island city, and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, and the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd (Mahavitaran) in the suburbs. Power supply cables are underground, which reduces pilferage, thefts and other losses.

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Mumbai

Context: Cooking gas is supplied in the form of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders sold by state-owned oil companies, as well as through piped natural gas supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.

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Mumbai

Context: The sex ratio in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.

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Mumbai

Context: The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 11.2 lakh (1.12 million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.

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Mumbai

Context: The religious groups represented in Mumbai as of 2011 include Hindus (65.99%), Muslims (20.65%), Buddhists (4.85%), Jains (4.10%), Christians (3.27%) and Sikhs (0.49%). The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are: Maharashtrians (32%), Gujaratis (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.

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Mumbai

Context: Other languages spoken include Urdu is spoken by 11.69% of the population. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as "Bambaiya" – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.

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Mumbai

Context: Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Odia, Punjabi, Sindhi, Tulu, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri are other minority languages spoken in Mumbai.

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Mumbai

Context: In the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population of suburban Mumbai, and Gujarati by 31.21%.

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Mumbai

Context: Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the Jehangir Art Gallery and the National Gallery of Modern Art. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldest public libraries in the city. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in South Mumbai which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai has a zoo named Jijamata Udyaan (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbor's a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by Booker Prize winners Salman Rushdie, Aravind Adiga. Marathi literature has been modernized in the works of Mumbai-based authors such as Mohan Apte, Anant Kanekar, and Gangadhar Gadgil, and is promoted through an annual Sahitya Akademi Award, a literary honor bestowed by India's National Academy of Letters.

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Mumbai

Context: Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.

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Mumbai

Context: There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band. Mumbai also has access to Commercial radio providers such as Sirius. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.

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Mumbai

Context: Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the MCGM) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:

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Mumbai

Context: The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages (Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu, English, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada). The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools.

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Mumbai

Context: Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enrol for two years in junior college, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.

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Mumbai

Context: Its strongest scores in the QS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).

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Mumbai

Context: It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013. With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best Multi Disciplinary University in the QS University ranking.

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Mumbai

Context: It also has one of the best law schools or universities of the country which is National Law Universities (NLU).

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in Trombay.

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Mumbai

Context: Bombay Veterinary College now Mumbai Veterinary College is the oldest and premier Veterinary College of India and Asia. Its foundation stone is laid in the year of 1886.

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Mumbai

Context: Football is another popular sport in the city, with the FIFA World Cup and the English Premier League being followed widely. In the Indian Super League, the city is represented by Mumbai City FC. While the city based Kenkre FC competes in the I-League (matches in the city are played at the Cooperage Ground). When the Elite Football League of India was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season.

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Mumbai

Context: Mumbai's first professional American football franchise, the Mumbai Gladiators, played its first season, in Pune, in late 2012.

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Mumbai

Context: In Hockey, Mumbai is home to the Mumbai Marines and Mumbai Magicians in the World Series Hockey and Hockey India League respectively. Matches in the city are played at the Mahindra Hockey Stadium.

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Mumbai

Context: The Indian Badminton League (IBL), now known as the Premier Badminton League is also visiting Mumbai since its inaugural edition in 2013 when the final was held in Mumbai's National Sports Club of India. In the second season, the final of the 2016 Premier Badminton League was held between home-squad Mumbai Rockets and the Delhi Dashers (formerly Delhi Acers), the visitors eventually claiming the title. The opening ceremony was also held in Mumbai while the finals in Delhi.

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Mumbai

Context: In the 2017 Premier Badminton League (also known as Vodafone PBL 2017 for sponsorship reasons) the Mumbai Rockets beat the Hyderabad Hunters 3–1 to proceed to the final. In the final they lost 3–4 to the Chennai Smashers.

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Mumbai

Context: U Mumba is the team representing Mumbai in the country's professional Kabaddi league, Pro Kabaddi. The Mumbai Leg of Pro Kabaddi is held at the NSCI, Worli.

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Mumbai

Context: Rugby is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the Bombay Gymkhana from June to November.

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Battle of Tampere

Context: The Battle of Tampere was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Tampere, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the Whites and the Reds. It is the most famous and the heaviest of all the Finnish Civil War battles. Today it is particularly remembered for its bloody aftermath as the Whites executed hundreds of capitulated Reds and took 11,000 prisoners placed in the Kalevankangas camp.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: In the 1910s, Tampere was the third largest town in Finland with a population of approximately 60,000, including the suburbs. It was the most industrialized town in Finland which was considered the capital of the Finnish labour movement. Tampere had played a key role in the 1905 general strike and the town was a stronghold for the trade unions and the Social Democratic Party.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: On 28 March, the Whites suffered the hardest daily casualties of the war so far, in what was later called ″Bloody Thursday″. The Whites completed a large offensive in order to finally enter the town. The fighting concentrated to the areas of Kalevankangas Cemetery and the Hippodrome in the eastern outskirts of Tampere. The attack was launched at 9:00 am. After seven hours of fighting, the Whites managed to repel the Reds from the Kaleva district but could not reach the town.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: During the day, the Reds had 50–70 fighters killed. The Red leader Hugo Salmela died after a hand grenade accidentally exploded in his headquarters. He was succeeded by Verner Lehtimäki. According to the French journalist Henry Laporte, Lehtimäki drove in his car back and forth through the Red lines to encourage his men. Laporte was a retired officer returning from an official mission to Russia. He later described his experiences of the Tampere Battle in the 1929 book "Le Premier Échec des Rouges".

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: After the failed attack, the Whites halted their offensive for the next five days. Only the artillery was pounding the town. The artillery fire killed at least 20 civilians, some of them neutral or White supporters, and destroyed the working-class neighbourhoods of Tammela and Kyttälä almost completely. During this five-day period, the fighting continued in Lempäälä, where the Reds still were desperately trying to breakthrough.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: One of the most famous operations of the battle was conducted on the same day. A White unit led by jäger Gunnar Melin took the Näsilinna Palace on the Näsinkallio hill along Hallituskatu, only to lose it again in the evening, as the main force was stuck on the east side of Tammerkoski. Melin's troops executed 20 surrendered Reds in the yard of the Näsinlinna Palace despite the leaflets signed by the White commander C. G. E. Mannerheim claiming Whites would not shoot prisoners.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: On 6 April, the Whites were about to attack the western suburbs, but at 8:30 am a white flag was raised on top of the Pyynikki Tower, and the battle was over. However, there were still some lone Red snipers for a couple of days.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: The number of casualties is quite unclear. The number of killed Whites is usually estimated at 600–820 and the Reds at 600–1,000. A thousand Reds and 200 Russians were also executed right after the battle. According to some sources, a mass grave in the Kalevankangas Cemetery contains 2,751 Reds of which 1,208 were killed in action. The War Victims of Finland 1914–1922 database knows the names of 824 Whites, 1,087 Reds and 67 are unknown or neutral.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: Notable persons who died in the Battle of Tampere were the Swedish historian Olof Palme, Members of the Parliament Ernst Saari and Juho Lehmus, editor and translator Matti Kivekäs, the poet Juhani Siljo, the Russian officer Georgij Bulatsel and the Olympic athletes David Kolehmainen and Kalle Viljamaa.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: The Whites started the executions right after the Reds surrendered. Up to 1,000 were shot as well as all the Russians in Tampere. Most of the executed 200 Russians were soldiers. The executed included also women and children, although captured women fighters were not systematically shot like the Whites did in Lahti and Vyborg. Even people who were neither involved in the battle nor members of the Red Guards were imprisoned and killed.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: As the number of capitulated became too large, it was impossible to shoot everyone. More than 10,000 Reds were gathered to the Central Square, where they had to stand for nearly 24 hours. The prisoners were then transferred to a prison camp established in the eastern Kaleva district. During the next five months, 1,228 Reds died in the Tampere camp of executions, disease or hunger.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Battle of Tampere

Context: The Red memorial was erected to the Kalevankangas Cemetery in 1941. It was designed by the sculptor Jussi Hietanen who was held at the Kalevankangas Prison Camp in 1918 at the age of 15. Another memorial is placed in Pispala where the last Reds surrendered.

Question: Mikä johti Länkipohjan taisteluun?


Hat

Context: A hat is a head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: One of the first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a tomb painting from Thebes, Egypt, which shows a man wearing a conical straw hat, dated to around 3200 BC. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt. Many upper-class Egyptians shaved their heads, then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: Other early hats include the Pileus, a simple skull-like cap; the Phrygian cap, worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome (which became iconic in America during the Revolutionary War and the French Revolution, as a symbol of the struggle for liberty against the Monarchy); and the Greek petasos, the first known hat with a brim. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: Like Ötzi, the Tollund Man was preserved to the present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a pointed cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: St. Clement, the patron saint of felt hatmakers, is said to have discovered felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet, around 800 AD.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: In the Middle Ages, hats were a marker of social status and used to single out certain groups. The 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat ("Jewish hat"), marking them as targets for anti-Semitism. The hats were usually yellow and were either pointed or square.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin, and denoted social status. Structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in the late 16th century. The term 'milliner' comes from the Italian city of Milan, where the best quality hats were made in the 18th century. Millinery was traditionally a woman's occupation, with the milliner not only creating hats and bonnets but also choosing lace, trimmings and accessories to complete an outfit.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: In the first half of the 19th century, women wore bonnets that gradually became larger, decorated with ribbons, flowers, feathers, and gauze trims. By the end of the century, many other styles were introduced, among them hats with wide brims and flat crowns, the flower pot and the toque. By the middle of the 1920s, when women began to cut their hair short, they chose hats that hugged the head like a helmet.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: The tradition of wearing hats to horse racing events began at the Royal Ascot in Britain, which maintains a strict dress code. All guests in the Royal Enclosure must wear hats. This tradition was adopted at other horse racing events, such as the Kentucky Derby in the United States.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: Extravagant hats were popular in the 1980s, and in the early 21st century, flamboyant hats made a comeback, with a new wave of competitive young milliners designing creations that include turban caps, trompe-l'œil-effect felt hats and tall headpieces made of human hair. Some new hat collections have been described as "wearable sculpture". Many pop stars, among them Lady Gaga, have commissioned hats as publicity stunts.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?