History of Russia

Context: International observers were alarmed by moves in late 2004 to further tighten the presidency's control over parliament, civil society, and regional officeholders. In 2008, Dmitri Medvedev, a former Gazprom chairman and Putin's head of staff, was elected new President of Russia. In 2012, Putin and Medvedev switched places, Putin became president again, prompting massive protests in Moscow in 2011–2012.

Question: 러시아는 언제 개국하였는가?


History of Russia

Context: Russia's long-term problems include a shrinking workforce, rampant corruption, and underinvestment in infrastructure. Nevertheless, reversion to a socialist command economy seemed almost impossible. The economic problems are aggravated by massive capital outflows, as well as extremely difficult conditions for doing business, due to pressure from the security forces "Siloviki" and government agencies.

Question: 러시아는 언제 개국하였는가?


History of Russia

Context: Due to high oil prices, from 2000 to 2008, Russia's GDP at PPP doubled. Although high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble initially drove this growth, since 2003 consumer demand and, more recently, investment have played a significant role. Russia is well ahead of most other resource-rich countries in its economic development, with a long tradition of education, science, and industry. The economic recovery of the 2000s allowed Russia to obtain the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi.

Question: 러시아는 언제 개국하였는가?


History of Russia

Context: In 2014, following a controversial referendum, in which separation was favored by a large majority of voters, the Russian leadership announced the accession of Crimea into the Russian Federation. Following Russia's annexation of Crimea and alleged Russian interference in the war in eastern Ukraine, Western sanctions were imposed on Russia.

Question: 러시아는 언제 개국하였는가?


History of Russia

Context: Since 2015, Russia has been conducting military intervention in Syria in support of the Bashar al-Assad regime, against ISIS and the Syrian opposition.

Question: 러시아는 언제 개국하였는가?


History of Russia

Context: In 2018, the FIFA World Cup was held in Russia. Vladimir Putin was re-elected for a fourth presidential term.

Question: 러시아는 언제 개국하였는가?


History of Russia

Context: In 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine, leading to international sanctions being imposed against Russia.

Question: 러시아는 언제 개국하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The earliest experimenter thought to have (unknowingly) produced X-rays was William Morgan. In 1785, he presented a paper to the Royal Society of London describing the effects of passing electrical currents through a partially evacuated glass tube, producing a glow created by X-rays. This work was further explored by Humphry Davy and his assistant Michael Faraday.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: In 1889, Ukrainian-born Ivan Puluj, a lecturer in experimental physics at the Prague Polytechnic who since 1877 had been constructing various designs of gas-filled tubes to investigate their properties, published a paper on how sealed photographic plates became dark when exposed to the emanations from the tubes.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Helmholtz formulated mathematical equations for X-rays. He postulated a dispersion theory before Röntgen made his discovery and announcement. He based it on the electromagnetic theory of light. However, he did not work with actual X-rays.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: In 1894, Nikola Tesla noticed damaged film in his lab that seemed to be associated with Crookes tube experiments and began investigating this invisible, radiant energy. After Röntgen identified the X-ray, Tesla began making X-ray images of his own using high voltages and tubes of his own design, as well as Crookes tubes.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Röntgen discovered their medical use when he made a picture of his wife's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. The photograph of his wife's hand was the first photograph of a human body part using X-rays. When she saw the picture, she said "I have seen my death."

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Röntgen immediately noticed X-rays could have medical applications. Along with his 28 December Physical-Medical Society submission, he sent a letter to physicians he knew around Europe (January 1, 1896). News (and the creation of "shadowgrams") spread rapidly with Scottish electrical engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton being the first after Röntgen to create an X-ray (of a hand). Through February, there were 46 experimenters taking up the technique in North America alone.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England on 11 January 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate. On February 14, 1896, Hall-Edwards was also the first to use X-rays in a surgical operation.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Hall-Edwards developed a cancer (then called X-ray dermatitis) sufficiently advanced by 1904 to cause him to write papers and give public addresses on the dangers of X-rays. He lost his personal battle and his left arm had to be amputated at the elbow in 1908, and four fingers on his right arm soon thereafter, leaving only a thumb. He died of cancer in 1926. His left hand is kept at Birmingham University.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The many applications of X-rays immediately generated enormous interest. Workshops began making specialized versions of Crookes tubes for generating X-rays and these first-generation cold cathode or Crookes X-ray tubes were used until about 1920.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming invented the thermionic diode, the first kind of vacuum tube. This used a hot cathode that caused an electric current to flow in a vacuum. This idea was quickly applied to X-ray tubes, and hence heated-cathode X-ray tubes, called "Coolidge tubes", completely replaced the troublesome cold cathode tubes by about 1920.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: In about 1906, the physicist Charles Barkla discovered that X-rays could be scattered by gases, and that each element had a characteristic X-ray spectrum. He won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: In 1912, Max von Laue, Paul Knipping, and Walter Friedrich first observed the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. This discovery, along with the early work of Paul Peter Ewald, William Henry Bragg, and William Lawrence Bragg, gave birth to the field of X-ray crystallography.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: In 1913, Henry Moseley performed crystallography experiments with X-rays emanating from various metals and formulated Moseley's law which relates the frequency of the X-rays to the atomic number of the metal.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The Coolidge X-ray tube was invented the same year by William D. Coolidge. It made possible the continuous emissions of X-rays. Modern X-ray tubes are based on this design, often employing the use of rotating targets which allow for significantly higher heat dissipation than static targets, further allowing higher quantity X-ray output for use in high powered applications such as rotational CT scanners.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The use of X-rays for medical purposes (which developed into the field of radiation therapy) was pioneered by Major John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England. Then in 1908, he had to have his left arm amputated because of the spread of X-ray dermatitis on his arm.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: In 1914, Marie Curie developed radiological cars to support soldiers injured in World War I. The cars would allow for rapid X-ray imaging of wounded soldiers so battlefield surgeons could quickly and more accurately operate.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: From the early 1920s through to the 1950s, X-ray machines were developed to assist in the fitting of shoes and were sold to commercial shoe stores. Concerns regarding the impact of frequent or poorly controlled use were expressed in the 1950s, leading to the practice's eventual end that decade.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched on July 23, 1999, has been allowing the exploration of the very violent processes in the universe which produce X-rays. Unlike visible light, which gives a relatively stable view of the universe, the X-ray universe is unstable. It features stars being torn apart by black holes, galactic collisions, and novae, and neutron stars that build up layers of plasma that then explode into space.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: An X-ray laser device was proposed as part of the Reagan Administration's Strategic Defense Initiative in the 1980s, but the only test of the device (a sort of laser "blaster" or death ray, powered by a thermonuclear explosion) gave inconclusive results. For technical and political reasons, the overall project (including the X-ray laser) was defunded (though was later revived by the second Bush Administration as National Missile Defense using different technologies).

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Thus, gamma-rays generated for medical and industrial uses, for example radiotherapy, in the ranges of 6–20 MeV, can in this context also be referred to as X-rays.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: X-rays have much shorter wavelengths than visible light, which makes it possible to probe structures much smaller than can be seen using a normal microscope. This property is used in X-ray microscopy to acquire high-resolution images, and also in X-ray crystallography to determine the positions of atoms in crystals.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: A photoabsorbed photon transfers all its energy to the electron with which it interacts, thus ionizing the atom to which the electron was bound and producing a photoelectron that is likely to ionize more atoms in its path. An outer electron will fill the vacant electron position and produce either a characteristic X-ray or an Auger electron. These effects can be used for elemental detection through X-ray spectroscopy or Auger electron spectroscopy.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Rayleigh scattering is the dominant elastic scattering mechanism in the X-ray regime. Inelastic forward scattering gives rise to the refractive index, which for X-rays is only slightly below 1.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Whenever charged particles (electrons or ions) of sufficient energy hit a material, X-rays are produced.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The maximum energy of the produced X-ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron, which is equal to the voltage on the tube times the electron charge, so an 80 kV tube cannot create X-rays with an energy greater than 80 keV. When the electrons hit the target, X-rays are created by two different atomic processes:

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: So, the resulting output of a tube consists of a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum falling off to zero at the tube voltage, plus several spikes at the characteristic lines. The voltages used in diagnostic X-ray tubes range from roughly 20 kV to 150 kV and thus the highest energies of the X-ray photons range from roughly 20 keV to 150 keV.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Both of these X-ray production processes are inefficient, with only about one percent of the electrical energy used by the tube converted into X-rays, and thus most of the electric power consumed by the tube is released as waste heat. When producing a usable flux of X-rays, the X-ray tube must be designed to dissipate the excess heat.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: A specialized source of X-rays which is becoming widely used in research is synchrotron radiation, which is generated by particle accelerators. Its unique features are X-ray outputs many orders of magnitude greater than those of X-ray tubes, wide X-ray spectra, excellent collimation, and linear polarization.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Short nanosecond bursts of X-rays peaking at 15 keV in energy may be reliably produced by peeling pressure-sensitive adhesive tape from its backing in a moderate vacuum. This is likely to be the result of recombination of electrical charges produced by triboelectric charging. The intensity of X-ray triboluminescence is sufficient for it to be used as a source for X-ray imaging.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: X-rays can also be produced by fast protons or other positive ions. The proton-induced X-ray emission or particle-induced X-ray emission is widely used as an analytical procedure. For high energies, the production cross section is proportional to "Z"12"Z"2−4, where "Z"1 refers to the atomic number of the ion, "Z"2 refers to that of the target atom. An overview of these cross sections is given in the same reference.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Since Röntgen's discovery that X-rays can identify bone structures, X-rays have been used for medical imaging. The first medical use was less than a month after his paper on the subject. Up to 2010, five billion medical imaging examinations had been conducted worldwide. Radiation exposure from medical imaging in 2006 made up about 50% of total ionizing radiation exposure in the United States.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Projectional radiography is the practice of producing two-dimensional images using X-ray radiation. Bones contain a high concentration of calcium, which, due to its relatively high atomic number, absorbs X-rays efficiently. This reduces the amount of X-rays reaching the detector in the shadow of the bones, making them clearly visible on the radiograph. The lungs and trapped gas also show up clearly because of lower absorption compared to tissue, while differences between tissue types are harder to see.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: In medical diagnostic applications, the low energy (soft) X-rays are unwanted, since they are totally absorbed by the body, increasing the radiation dose without contributing to the image. Hence, a thin metal sheet, often of aluminium, called an X-ray filter, is usually placed over the window of the X-ray tube, absorbing the low energy part in the spectrum. This is called "hardening" the beam since it shifts the center of the spectrum towards higher energy (or harder) X-rays.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Computed tomography (CT scanning) is a medical imaging modality where tomographic images or slices of specific areas of the body are obtained from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions. These cross-sectional images can be combined into a three-dimensional image of the inside of the body and used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the management (including palliation) of cancer; it requires higher radiation doses than those received for imaging alone. X-rays beams are used for treating skin cancers using lower energy X-ray beams while higher energy beams are used for treating cancers within the body such as brain, lung, prostate, and breast.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Diagnostic X-rays (primarily from CT scans due to the large dose used) increase the risk of developmental problems and cancer in those exposed. X-rays are classified as a carcinogen by both the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer and the U.S. government. It is estimated that 0.4% of current cancers in the United States are due to computed tomography (CT scans) performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5–2% with 2007 rates of CT usage.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The risk of radiation is greater to a fetus, so in pregnant patients, the benefits of the investigation (X-ray) should be balanced with the potential hazards to the fetus. In the US, there are an estimated 62 million CT scans performed annually, including more than 4 million on children. Avoiding unnecessary X-rays (especially CT scans) reduces radiation dose and any associated cancer risk.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Dosage due to dental X-rays varies significantly depending on the procedure and the technology (film or digital). Depending on the procedure and the technology, a single dental X-ray of a human results in an exposure of 0.5 to 4 mrem. A full mouth series of X-rays may result in an exposure of up to 6 (digital) to 18 (film) mrem, for a yearly average of up to 40 mrem.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Financial incentives have been shown to have a significant impact on X-ray use with doctors who are paid a separate fee for each X-ray providing more X-rays.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Early photon tomography or EPT (as of 2015) along with other techniques are being researched as potential alternatives to X-rays for imaging applications.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: Though X-rays are otherwise invisible, it is possible to see the ionization of the air molecules if the intensity of the X-ray beam is high enough. The beamline from the wiggler at the ID11 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is one example of such high intensity.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: However, the effect of ionizing radiation on matter (especially living tissue) is more closely related to the amount of energy deposited into them rather than the charge generated. This measure of energy absorbed is called the absorbed dose:

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


X-ray

Context: The equivalent dose is the measure of the biological effect of radiation on human tissue. For X-rays it is equal to the absorbed dose.

Question: 엑스선은 누가 발견하였는가?


Sogang University

Context: The 1979 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Mother Teresa visited Sogang in May 1981 and gave addresses in the auditorium and at the basketball court, appealing for all to practice a charity that is universal.

Question: 서강대는 어디에 위치해 있나요?


Sogang University

Context: In 1984 the Korean Catholic Church celebrated its bicentennial. For the celebration Pope John Paul II visited Korea on May 5, meeting with priests along with men and women religious in the gymnasium and with Korean intellectuals in the auditorium.

Question: 서강대는 어디에 위치해 있나요?


Sogang University

Context: On April 24, 1985, Sogang's 25th anniversary was commemorated, with Sogang's founder Fr. Geppert, SJ as a special guest.

Question: 서강대는 어디에 위치해 있나요?


Sogang University

Context: In October 2009 Sogang University received accreditation in business from the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) .

Question: 서강대는 어디에 위치해 있나요?


Sogang University

Context: It is among the top five business schools in Korea. Located near the financial hub in Seoul, it had the highest job-landing ratio for undergraduates among universities in Korea in 2006, 2007 and 2008: the percentages of employment in major companies measured by the Ministry of Education have been 55.1%, 53.3% and 54.9% for these years.

Question: 서강대는 어디에 위치해 있나요?


Sogang University

Context: Sogang Korean Language Education Center (KLEC) was established in 1990 with the goal to popularize and spread the Korean language and Korean culture throughout the world.

Question: 서강대는 어디에 위치해 있나요?


Sogang University

Context: Since its establishment, over 30,000 students from overseas have learned about Korean culture and language by participating in its programs. Currently, an average of 3,500 students register for the Korean Language Education Center every year.

Question: 서강대는 어디에 위치해 있나요?


Sogang University

Context: In July 2010 four professors in the department of Business Administration were dismissed after exposing the mishandling of grant funds by a fellow professor. The professors appealed to the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology. Neither the professors nor the university were satisfied with the Appeal Commission's ruling, with both sides filing suit.

Question: 서강대는 어디에 위치해 있나요?


Christianity in Korea

Context: Meanwhile, Eastern Orthodoxy accounts for about four thousand adherents in South Korea, or 0.005% of the total population.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: The government put the number of Protestant churches at 17,000 and Catholic churches at 3,000. Totaling there are 20,000 Churches.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: South Korea provides the world's second-largest number of Christian missionaries, surpassed only by the United States. GMS, the missionary body of the "Hapdong" General Assembly of Presbyterian Church of Korea, is the single largest missionary organization in South Korea.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: Aaron Tan, director of the Hong Kong architectural firm called Research Architecture Design, described the night scene of Seoul as "full of glowing Christian crosses".

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: Silhak scholars perceived Catholicism as providing an ideological basis for their beliefs and were therefore attracted to what they saw as the egalitarian values of Catholicism. When Catholicism was finally established in Korea in the 18th century, there was already a substantial body of educated opinion sympathetic to it, which was crucial to the spread of the Catholic faith in the 1790s. An 1801 study indicated that 55% of all Catholics had family ties to the Silhak school.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: By 1937, the Presbyterian Church of Korea was largely independent of financial support from the United States; in 1934 the Methodist Church became autonomous and elected a Korean bishop. The most active missionaries among the Catholics were the Maryknoll order, which opened the Maryknoll School of Nursing in Pusan in 1964; it is now the Catholic University of Pusan.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: Many Korean Christians believe that their values have had a positive effect on various social relationships. Traditional Korean society was hierarchically arranged according to Confucian principles. This structure was challenged by the Christian teaching that all human beings are created in the image of God and thus that every one of them is equal and has essential worth. According to Kim Han-sik, this concept also supported the idea of property being owned by individuals rather than by families.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: Christians regarded the emperor as a mere man who was as much under God's authority as were his subjects, and Christian values favored the social emancipation of women and children. Christian parents were taught to regard their children as gifts from God, and were required to educate them. Youn Chul-ho insisted that Korean churches could transform the world through the serving and sacrifice of the church.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: South Korea's rapid economic growth in the 1960s and 1970s is usually credited to the policy of export-oriented industrialization led by Park Chung-hee to indigenous cultural values and work ethic, a strong alliance with the United States, and the infusion of foreign capital. Many South Korean Christians view their religion as a factor in the country's dramatic economic growth over the past three decades, believing that its success and prosperity are indications of God's blessing.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: Korean is now second only to the United States in terms of commissioned missionaries (30,000). The denomination with the highest number of missionaries is Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong) with about 3,000 missionaries.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: Former Mayor of Seoul, Oh Se-hoon, proposed a referendum in Seoul on 24 August 2011. Pastors of multiple churches in Seoul were found to involve unlawfully with the lay people about the referendum and later being penalized by the Seoul Metropolitan election Commission (서울시선거관리위원회).

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: A Christian group in Seoul had been indicted by the Seoul Metropolitan election Commission for sending politically motivated emails to the laypeople in order to vote for the conservative candidate, Na Kyung-won, before the 2011 South Korean by-elections.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: In contrast, relations between South Korean Catholics and Buddhists and other faiths has remained largely cooperative, partly due to the syncretism of many Buddhist and Confucian customs and philosophies into South Korean Catholicism, most notably the practice of "jesa".

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


Christianity in Korea

Context: Pope Francis accepted an invitation to visit South Korea in August 2014. The four-day visit (14–18 August) culminated with a Papal Mass at Myeongdong Cathedral, the seat of the Archdiocese of Seoul on 18 August. During a mass on 16 August, the Pope beatified 124 Korean Catholic martyrs. An invitation for North Korea's Catholics to attend was declined, due to South Korea's refusal to withdraw from military exercises which it had planned with the United States.

Question: 외국 선교사들이 조선에 세운 학교는 총 몇개인가?


List of sovereign states

Context: The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty.

Question: 전 세계에서 연방 국가는 몇개인가요?


List of sovereign states

Context: Note that in some cases, there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed. Unique political entities which fail to meet the classification of a sovereign state are considered proto-states.

Question: 전 세계에서 연방 국가는 몇개인가요?


List of sovereign states

Context: The table includes bullets representing entities which are either not sovereign states or have a close association to another sovereign state. It also includes subnational areas where the sovereignty of the titular state is limited by an international agreement. Taken together, these include:

Question: 전 세계에서 연방 국가는 몇개인가요?


ENIAC

Context: ENIAC (; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. There were other computers that had these features, but the ENIAC had all of them in one package. It was Turing-complete and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: ENIAC was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. It was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947, where it was in continuous operation until 1955.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: ENIAC used ten-position ring counters to store digits; each digit required 36 vacuum tubes, 10 of which were the dual triodes making up the flip-flops of the ring counter. Arithmetic was performed by "counting" pulses with the ring counters and generating carry pulses if the counter "wrapped around", the idea being to electronically emulate the operation of the digit wheels of a mechanical adding machine.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: ENIAC had 20 ten-digit signed accumulators, which used ten's complement representation and could perform 5,000 simple addition or subtraction operations between any of them and a source (e.g., another accumulator or a constant transmitter) per second. It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously, so the peak speed of operation was potentially much higher, due to parallel operation.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: The other nine units in ENIAC were the initiating unit (started and stopped the machine), the cycling unit (used for synchronizing the other units), the master programmer (controlled loop sequencing), the reader (controlled an IBM punch-card reader), the printer (controlled an IBM card punch), the constant transmitter, and three function tables.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: The references by Rojas and Hashagen (or Wilkes) give more details about the times for operations, which differ somewhat from those stated above.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: The basic machine cycle was 200 microseconds (20 cycles of the 100 kHz clock in the cycling unit), or 5,000 cycles per second for operations on the 10-digit numbers. In one of these cycles, ENIAC could write a number to a register, read a number from a register, or add/subtract two numbers.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: A multiplication of a 10-digit number by a "d"-digit number (for "d" up to 10) took "d"+4 cycles, so a 10- by 10-digit multiplication took 14 cycles, or 2,800 microseconds—a rate of 357 per second. If one of the numbers had fewer than 10 digits, the operation was faster.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: Division and square roots took 13("d"+1) cycles, where "d" is the number of digits in the result (quotient or square root). So a division or square root took up to 143 cycles, or 28,600 microseconds—a rate of 35 per second. (Wilkes 1956:20 states that a division with a 10 digit quotient required 6 milliseconds.) If the result had fewer than ten digits, it was obtained faster.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: ENIAC is able to process about 500 FLOPS, compared to modern supercomputers' petascale and exascale computing power.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: ENIAC used common octal-base radio tubes of the day; the decimal accumulators were made of 6SN7 flip-flops, while 6L7s, 6SJ7s, 6SA7s and 6AC7s were used in logic functions. Numerous 6L6s and 6V6s served as line drivers to drive pulses through cables between rack assemblies.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: In 1954, the longest continuous period of operation without a failure was 116 hours—close to five days.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: ENIAC's six primary programmers, Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman, not only determined how to input ENIAC programs, but also developed an understanding of ENIAC's inner workings. The programmers were often able to narrow bugs down to an individual failed tube which could be pointed to for replacement by a technician.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: Following the initial six programmers, an expanded team of a hundred scientists was recruited to continue work on the ENIAC. Among these were several women, including Gloria Ruth Gordon. Adele Goldstine wrote the original technical description of the ENIAC.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: Although the Ballistic Research Laboratory was the sponsor of ENIAC, one year into this three-year project John von Neumann, a mathematician working on the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos National Laboratory, became aware of this computer. Los Alamos subsequently became so involved with ENIAC that the first test problem run consisted of computations for the hydrogen bomb, not artillery tables. The input/output for this test was one million cards.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: The original contract amount was $61,700; the final cost was almost $500,000 (approximately ). It was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: A few months after ENIAC's unveiling in the summer of 1946, as part of "an extraordinary effort to jump-start research in the field", the Pentagon invited "the top people in electronics and mathematics from the United States and Great Britain" to a series of forty-eight lectures given in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; all together called "The Theory and Techniques for Design of Digital Computers"—more often named the Moore School Lectures. Half of these lectures were given by the inventors of ENIAC.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: In March 1948 the converter unit was installed, which made possible programming through the reader from standard IBM cards. The "first production run" of the new coding techniques on the Monte Carlo problem followed in April. After ENIAC's move to Aberdeen, a register panel for memory was also constructed, but it did not work. A small master control unit to turn the machine on and off was also added.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: Early in 1952, a high-speed shifter was added, which improved the speed for shifting by a factor of five. In July 1953, a 100-word expansion core memory was added to the system, using binary-coded decimal, excess-3 number representation. To support this expansion memory, ENIAC was equipped with a new Function Table selector, a memory address selector, pulse-shaping circuits, and three new orders were added to the programming mechanism.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: Mechanical computing machines have been around since Archimedes' time (see: Antikythera mechanism), but the 1930s and 1940s are considered the beginning of the modern computer era.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: For a variety of reasons (including Mauchly's June 1941 examination of the Atanasoff–Berry computer, prototyped in 1939 by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry), for ENIAC, applied for in 1947 and granted in 1964, was voided by the 1973 decision of the landmark federal court case "Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp.", putting the invention of the electronic digital computer in the public domain and providing legal recognition to Atanasoff as the inventor of the first electronic digital computer.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: The main parts were 40 panels and three portable function tables (named A, B, and C). The layout of the panels was (clockwise, starting with the left wall):

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: An IBM card reader was attached to Constant Transmitter panel 3 and an IBM card punch was attached to Printer Panel 2. The Portable Function Tables could be connected to Function Table 1, 2, and 3.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: In 1996, in honor of the ENIAC's 50th anniversary, The University of Pennsylvania sponsored a project named, "ENIAC-on-a-Chip", where a very small silicon computer chip measuring 7.44 mm by 5.29 mm was built with the same functionality as ENIAC. Although this 20 MHz chip was many times faster than ENIAC, it had but a fraction of the speed of its contemporary microprocessors in the late 1990s.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: In 1997, the six women who did most of the programming of ENIAC were inducted into the Technology International Hall of Fame. The role of the ENIAC programmers is treated in a 2010 documentary film titled "" by LeAnn Erickson. A 2014 documentary short, "The Computers" by Kate McMahon, tells of the story of the six programmers; this was the result of 20 years' research by Kathryn Kleiman and her team as part of the ENIAC Programmers Project.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


ENIAC

Context: In 2011, in honor of the 65th anniversary of the ENIAC's unveiling, the city of Philadelphia declared February 15 as ENIAC Day.

Question: 에니악은 언제 개발되었는가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: In January 1918, when the workers in munition factories in Berlin went on strike, Ebert joined the strike leadership, but worked hard to get the strikers back to work. He was pilloried by a few politicians from the extremist left as a "traitor to the working class", and from the right as a "traitor to the fatherland". Kaiser Wilhelm II and most politicians from both sides considered him an upstanding person and hero for getting them back to work non violently.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: On 9 November, the revolution reached Berlin as the larger companies were hit by a general strike called by the Spartacists and the Revolutionary Stewards, but also supported by the SPD and the mainstream unions. Workers' and soldiers' councils were created and important buildings occupied. As the striking masses marched on the centre of Berlin, the SPD, afraid of losing its influence on the revolution, announced that it was resigning from the government of Prince Maximilian.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: Since Wilhelm II had not actually abdicated on 9 November, Germany legally remained a monarchy until the Emperor signed his formal abdication on 28 November. But when Wilhelm handed over supreme command of the army to Paul von Hindenburg and left for the Netherlands on the morning of 10 November, the country was effectively without a head of state.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: In domestic policy, a number of social reforms were quickly introduced by the Council of the People's Deputies under Ebert's leadership, including unemployment benefits, the eight-hour workday, universal suffrage for everyone over the age of 20, the right of farmhands to organise, and increases in workers' old-age, sick and unemployment benefits.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: In addition, Ebert's government got food supplies moving again and issued various decrees related to the promotion of civil aviation and restrictions on firearm possession.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: To avoid an election campaign at a critical time, the Reichstag extended his term of office on 24 October 1922 until 25 June 1925, with a qualified majority vote that changed the constitution.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: As president, Ebert appointed centre-right figures like Wilhelm Cuno and Hans Luther as Chancellor and made rigorous use of his wide-ranging powers under Article 48 of the Weimar constitution. For instance, he used Article 48 powers to deal with the Kapp Putsch and the Beer Hall Putsch. Through 1924, he used the presidency's emergency powers a total of 134 times.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: After the civil war, he changed his politics to a "policy of balance" between the left and the right, between the workers and the owners of business enterprises. In that endeavor, he followed a policy of brittle coalitions. This resulted in some problems, such as the acceptance, during the crisis of 1923, by the SPD of longer working hours without extra compensation while the conservative parties ultimately rejected the other element of the compromise, the introduction of special taxes for the rich.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: Ebert became acutely ill in mid-February 1925 from what was believed to be influenza. His condition deteriorated over the following two weeks, and at that time he was thought to be suffering from another episode of gallbladder disease. He became acutely septic on the night of 23 February and underwent an emergency appendectomy (which was performed by August Bier) in the early hours of the following day for what turned out to be appendicitis. Four days later, he died of septic shock, aged 54.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: Ebert remains a controversial figure to this day. While the SPD recognizes him as one of the founders and keepers of German democracy whose death in office was a great loss, others argue that he paved the way for national socialism by supporting the "Freikorps" and their suppression of worker uprisings.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Friedrich Ebert

Context: In Ebert's opinion only reforms, not a revolution, could advance the causes of democracy and socialism. He therefore has been called a traitor by leftists, who claim he paved the way for the ascendancy of the far-right and even of Adolf Hitler, whereas those who think his policies were justified claim that he saved Germany from Bolshevik excesses.

Question: 독일의 첫 번째 지도자는 누구인가?


Ryugyong Hotel

Context: The hotel was scheduled to open in 1992 for the 80th birthday of President Kim Il-Sung, but problems with building methods and materials delayed completion. If it had opened on schedule, it would have surpassed the Westin Stamford to become the world's tallest hotel, and would have been the seventh-tallest building in the world.

Question: 북한에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Ryugyong Hotel

Context: In a 2006 article, ABC News questioned whether North Korea had sufficient raw materials or energy for such a massive project. A North Korean government official told the "Los Angeles Times" in 2008 that construction was not completed "because [North Korea] ran out of money".

Question: 북한에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Ryugyong Hotel

Context: Though mocked-up images of the completed hotel had appeared on North Korean stamps during the initial construction period, the North Korean government ignored the building's existence during the construction hiatus even though it dominated the Pyongyang skyline. The government manipulated official photographs in order to remove the unfinished structure from the skyline, and excluded it from printed maps of Pyongyang.

Question: 북한에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Ryugyong Hotel

Context: The halt in construction, the rumours of problems and the mystery about its future led foreign media sources to dub it "the worst building in the world", "Hotel of Doom" and "Phantom Hotel".

Question: 북한에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Ryugyong Hotel

Context: In July 2011, it was reported that the exterior work was complete. Features that Orascom had installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennae. In September 2012, photographs taken by Koryo Tours were released, showing the interior for the first time. There were few fixtures or furnishings.

Question: 북한에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Ryugyong Hotel

Context: In November 2012, international hotel operator Kempinski announced it would be running the hotel which was expected to partially open in mid‑2013. In March 2013, plans to open the hotel were suspended. Kempinski clarified its earlier statements saying that only "initial discussions" had ever occurred, but that no agreement had been signed because "market entry is not currently possible".

Question: 북한에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Ryugyong Hotel

Context: Kempinski did not elaborate on its reasons, but commentators suggested that international tensions related to the 2013 North Korean nuclear test, economic risks, and delays in construction probably played a part.

Question: 북한에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Grossglockner

Context: The name "Glocknerer" is first documented in a 1561 map designed by the Viennese cartographer Wolfgang Lazius. The denotation "Glogger" is mentioned a 1583 description of the Tyrolean Kals legal district, then referring to the whole ridge south of the Alpine main chain. In the 1760s, the "Atlas Tyrolensis" listed a "Glockner Berg", the prefix "Gross-" ("great") is not mentioned before the first expedition in 1799.

Question: 오스트리아에서 가장 높은 산은 무엇인가?


Grossglockner

Context: According to the scholar Belsazar Hacquet (1735–1815), "Glockner" is possibly derived from German: "Glocke" ("bell"), referring to the mountain's characteristic shape. It may also be a Germanised version of the Alpine Slavic word "Klek" ("mountain"), as maintained in the Slovene name "Veliki Klek".

Question: 오스트리아에서 가장 높은 산은 무엇인가?


United States federal judge

Context: Unlike the president of the United States and U.S. Senators and Representatives, U.S. federal judges are not elected officials. They are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, pursuant to the Appointments Clause of Article Two of the U.S. Constitution. Article Three gives federal judges life tenure, and they hold their seats until they resign, die, or are removed from office by impeachment.

Question: 미국에는 몇 개의 법원이 있는가?


United States federal judge

Context: As of 2022, federal district judges are paid $223,400 a year, circuit judges $236,900, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court $274,200 and the Chief Justice of the United States $286,700.

Question: 미국에는 몇 개의 법원이 있는가?


United States federal judge

Context: Thus, Chief Justice Roberts has warned that "judges are no longer drawn primarily from among the best lawyers in the practicing bar" and "If judicial appointment ceases to be the capstone of a distinguished career and instead becomes a stepping stone to a lucrative position in private practice, the Framers' goal of a truly independent judiciary will be placed in serious jeopardy."

Question: 미국에는 몇 개의 법원이 있는가?


United States federal judge

Context: Under section 376 a survivor's annuity to benefit the widow, widower or minor child of the judge may be purchased via a deduction of 2.2% to 3.5% from the retirement benefit.

Question: 미국에는 몇 개의 법원이 있는가?


Disneyland

Context: Disneyland is a theme park in Anaheim, California, which opened in 1955. It is the only one designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Since opening, Disneyland has undergone expansions and major renovations, including the addition of New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country in 1972, Mickey's Toontown in 1993, and in 2019. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneyland's original parking lot.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: The United States Federal Aviation Administration has declared a zone of prohibited airspace around both Disneyland and some of the surrounding areas at Sleeping Beauty Castle. No aircraft, including recreational and commercial drones, are permitted to fly within this zone; this level is only shared with Walt Disney World, other pieces of critical infrastructure (military bases, Pantex) in the United States and whenever the President of the United States travels outside of Washington, D.C.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: At the time, and during the lifetimes of Walt and Roy Disney, July 17 was considered merely a preview, with July 18 the official opening day. Since then, aided by memories of the television broadcast, the company has adopted July 17 as the official date, the one commemorated every year as Disneyland's birthday.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: As part of the Casa de Fritos operation at Disneyland, "Doritos" (Spanish for "little golden things") were created at the park to recycle old tortillas that would have been discarded. The Frito-Lay Company saw the popularity of the item and began selling them regionally in 1964, and then nationwide in 1966.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Despite the opening of the more expansive Walt Disney World resort in 1971, Disneyland continued to set attendance records and maintained its status as a major tourist attraction. In 1972, the Bear Country land was opened and the Main Street Electrical Parade was introduced.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Disneyland underwent several changes in preparation for the United States Bicentennial. In 1974, Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress was replaced with America Sings, an audio-animatronic theater show featuring the history of American music. America on Parade debuted in 1975 and ran through 1976 in celebration of the bicentennial.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Fantasyland was closed for refurbishment in 1982 and reopened to the public in 1983 as "New Fantasyland."

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: On December 5, 1985, to celebrate Disneyland's 30th year in operation, one million balloons were launched along the streets bordering Disneyland as part of the Skyfest Celebration.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Beginning on January 1, 2010, Disney Parks hosted the Give a Day, Get a Disney Day volunteer program, in which Disney encouraged people to volunteer with a participating charity and receive a free Disney Day at either a Disneyland Resort or Walt Disney World park. On March 9, 2010, Disney announced that it had reached its goal of one million volunteers and ended the promotion to anyone who had not yet registered and signed up for a specific volunteer situation.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: In July 2015, Disneyland celebrated its 60th "Diamond Celebration" anniversary. Disneyland Park introduced the Paint the Night parade and Disneyland Forever fireworks show, and Sleeping Beauty Castle is decorated in diamonds with a large "60" logo. The Diamond Celebration concluded in September 2016 and the whole decoration of the anniversary was removed around Halloween 2016.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: The design of Main Street, U.S.A. uses the technique of forced perspective to create an illusion of height. Buildings along Main Street are built at scale on the first level, then on the second story, and scale on the third—reducing the scale by each level up.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: New Orleans Square is based on 19th-century New Orleans, opened on July 24, 1966. It is home to Pirates of the Caribbean and the Haunted Mansion, with nighttime entertainment "Fantasmic!". This area is the home of the private Club 33.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Critter Country opened in 1972 as "Bear Country", and was renamed in 1988. Formerly the area was home to Indian Village, where indigenous tribespeople demonstrated their dances and other customs. Today, the main draw of the area is Splash Mountain, a log-flume journey based on the animated segments of Disney's 1946 film "Song of the South". In 2003, a dark ride called The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh replaced the Country Bear Jamboree, which closed in 2001.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: "Star Wars": Galaxy's Edge is set within the "Star Wars" universe, in the Black Spire Outpost village on the remote frontier planet of Batuu. Attractions include the and . The land opened in 2019, replacing Big Thunder Ranch and former backstage areas.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: During the 1955 inauguration, Walt Disney dedicated Tomorrowland with these words: "Tomorrow can be a wonderful age. Our scientists today are opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future."

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Current attractions include Space Mountain, Star Wars Launch Bay, Autopia, , the Disneyland Monorail Tomorrowland Station, Astro Orbitor, and Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters. Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage opened on June 11, 2007, resurrecting the original Submarine Voyage which closed in 1998. Star Tours was closed in July 2010 and replaced with Star Tours–The Adventures Continue in June 2011.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Major buildings backstage include the Frank Gehry-designed Team Disney Anaheim, where most of the division's administration currently works, as well as the Old Administration Building, behind Tomorrowland.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Photography is forbidden in these areas, both inside and outside, although some photos have found their way to a variety of web sites. Guests who attempt to explore backstage are warned and often escorted from the property.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: In addition to the attractions, Disneyland provides live entertainment throughout the park. Most of the mentioned entertainment is not offered daily, but only on selected days of the week, or selected periods of the year.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: In recent years, Disneyland uses smaller and mid-sized fireworks shells and more low-level pyrotechnics on the castle to allow guests to enjoy the fireworks spectaculars even if there is a weather issue such as high wind. This precedent is known as B-show. The first fireworks show to have this format was "Believe... In Holiday Magic" from the 2018 holiday season.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Disneyland later featured a "Keys to the Kingdom" booklet of tickets, which consisted of 10 unvalued coupons sold for a single flat rate. These coupons could be used for any attraction regardless of its regular value.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: Every year in October, Disneyland has a Halloween promotion. During this promotion, or as Disneyland calls it a "party", areas in the park are decorated in a Halloween theme. Space Mountain and the Haunted Mansion are temporarily re-themed as part of the promotion. A Halloween party is offered on selected nights in late September and October for a separate fee, with a special fireworks show that is only shown at the party.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


Disneyland

Context: From early November until the beginning of January, the park is decorated for the holidays. Seasonal entertainment includes the "Believe... In Holiday Magic" firework show and "A Christmas Fantasy Parade", while the Haunted Mansion and It's a Small World are temporarily redecorated in a holiday theme. The Sleeping Beauty Castle is snow-capped and decorated with colorful lights during the holidays.

Question: 미국의 디즈니 랜드는 언제 설립 되었나요?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: Inspector Lestrade of Scotland Yard brings Holmes a mysterious problem about a man who shatters plaster busts of Napoleon. One was shattered in Morse Hudson's shop, and two others, sold by Hudson to a Dr. Barnicot, were smashed after the doctor's house and branch office had been burgled. Nothing else was taken. In the former case, the bust was taken outside before being broken.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: Holmes knows that Lestrade's theory about a Napoleon-hating lunatic must be wrong. The busts in question all came from the same mould, when there are thousands of images of Napoleon all over London.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: The next day, Lestrade calls Holmes to a house where there has been yet another bust-shattering, but there has also been a murder. Mr. Horace Harker found the dead man on his doorstep after investigating a noise. His Napoleon bust was also taken by a burglar entering through a window. It, too, was from the same mould. Also, a photograph of a rather ape-ish-looking man is found in the dead man's pocket.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: The fragments of Harker's bust are in the front garden of an empty house up the street. Holmes concludes that the burglar wanted to see what he was doing, for there is a streetlamp here, whereas the bust could have been broken at another empty house nearer Harker's, but it had been dark there.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: Holmes tells Lestrade to tell Harker, a journalist for the Central Press Syndicate, that he is convinced that the culprit is a lunatic. Holmes knows that this is not true, but it is expedient to use the press to convince the culprit that this is what the investigators believe.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: Holmes interviews the two shopkeepers who sold the busts and finds out whom they were sold to, and where they were made, Gelder & Co. A couple of his informants also recognize the ape-ish man in the picture. They know him as Beppo, an Italian immigrant. He even worked in the shop where the first bust was broken, having left his job there only two days earlier.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: That evening, Lestrade brings news that the dead man has been identified as Pietro Venucci, a Mafioso. Lestrade believes that Venucci was sent to kill the culprit, but wound up dead himself.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: After serving his one-year sentence, he sought to retrieve the hidden pearl. He found out from his cousin who bought the busts, and through his own efforts and his confederates’, even found out who the end buyers were. He then proceeded to seek the busts out, smashing them one by one to find the pearl.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: Although he appears in later published works, this is one of Lestrade's last appearances within the official canon, near the midpoint of the 60 combined Holmes works by Doyle. After this he is only mentioned by Holmes or Watson – in "The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax" and "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs" – as a working member of the Yard.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: The story's basic plot device is similar to that used by Doyle in the earlier "Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle" where a stolen gem was hidden inside the belly of a goose - but the criminal is not sure which of the similar geese holds the jewel.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: The episode of "The Adventures of Superman" TV series (Episode 4 of season 1) called "Mystery of the Broken Statues" is mainly based on "The Six Napoleons".

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: The opening episode of season 4 of the BBC series "Sherlock" is called "The Six Thatchers" and is based loosely on this story; at one point Sherlock believes that the suspect is hunting for the black pearl, which he had been asked to look into earlier and dismissed as uninteresting, but it is soon revealed that the suspect is actually hunting for a memory stick containing information about Mary Watson's past.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: A radio adaptation of the story was broadcast on BBC Light Programme on 7 December 1954 with John Gielgud as Holmes and Ralph Richardson as Watson. The production aired on NBC radio on 6 March 1955.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: Michael Hardwick adapted the story for the BBC Light Programme in 1966, as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: An adaptation of the story aired on BBC radio in 1978, starring Barry Foster as Holmes and David Buck as Watson.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: "The Six Napoleons" was dramatized for BBC Radio 4 in 1993 by Bert Coules as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. It featured Donald Gee as Inspector Lestrade and Peter Penry-Jones as Horace Harker.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Context: The story is referenced in The Three Investigators book #7 "The Mystery of the Fiery Eye" which deals with a hidden gemstone and false clue of busts, used by a Holmes afficianado.

Question: 여섯점의 나폴레옹 상의 내용은 무엇인가?


Laxey Wheel

Context: It was built in 1854 to pump away water from the Glen Mooar part of the Great Laxey Mines industrial complex. It was named "Lady Isabella" after the wife of Lieutenant Governor Charles Hope, who was the island's governor at that time.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 바퀴는 무엇인가?


Laxey Wheel

Context: A water-powered wheel was used because the Isle of Man does not have a supply of coal for a steam-powered pump.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 바퀴는 무엇인가?


Laxey Wheel

Context: Most of the wheel and rod is made of wood; however, key mechanical parts are metal to provide tension and bearing surfaces. The rod has attached wheels at intervals to permit the stroke's motion with minimal friction.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 바퀴는 무엇인가?


Laxey Wheel

Context: The mine employed over 600 miners at its peak, producing lead, copper, silver and zinc, until it closed in 1929. In 1965 the Manx Government bought the wheel and site. The wheel was restored; in 1989, it was put under the control of Manx National Heritage.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 바퀴는 무엇인가?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Because "cancer" refers to a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "cure for cancer" any more than there will be a single treatment for all infectious diseases. Angiogenesis inhibitors were once thought to have potential as a "silver bullet" treatment applicable to many types of cancer, but this has not been the case in practice.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: In addition to removal of the primary tumor, surgery is often necessary for staging, e.g. determining the extent of the disease and whether it has metastasized to regional lymph nodes. Staging is a major determinant of prognosis and of the need for adjuvant therapy. Occasionally, surgery is necessary to control symptoms, such as spinal cord compression or bowel obstruction. This is referred to as palliative treatment.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Surgery may be performed before or after other forms of treatment. Treatment before surgery is often described as neoadjuvant. In breast cancer, the survival rate of patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy are no different from those who are treated following surgery. Giving chemotherapy earlier allows oncologists to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy, and may make removal of the tumor easier. However, the survival advantages of neoadjuvant treatment in lung cancer are less clear.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Radiation therapy can lead to dry mouth from exposure of salivary glands to radiation, resulting in decreased saliva secretion. Post therapy, the salivary glands will resume functioning but rarely in the same fashion. Dry mouth caused by radiation can be a lifelong problem.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: A study by Reddy A.T. determined the significant decrease in IQ with higher doses of radiation, specifically for children with brain tumours. Alternative treatments, such as surgical resection, may be used in young patients to decrease the occurrence of side effects.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more drugs are often given at the same time. This is called "combination chemotherapy"; most chemotherapy regimens are given in a combination.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: The treatment of some leukaemias and lymphomas requires the use of high-dose chemotherapy, and total body irradiation (TBI). This treatment ablates the bone marrow, and hence the body's ability to recover and repopulate the blood. For this reason, bone marrow, or peripheral blood stem cell harvesting is carried out before the ablative part of the therapy, to enable "rescue" after the treatment has been given. This is known as autologous stem cell transplantation.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Monoclonal antibody therapy is another strategy in which the therapeutic agent is an antibody which specifically binds to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells. Examples include the anti-HER2/neu antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) used in breast cancer, and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, used in a variety of B-cell malignancies.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Targeted therapy can also involve small peptides as "homing devices" which can bind to cell surface receptors or affected extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor. Radionuclides which are attached to these peptides (e.g. RGDs) eventually kill the cancer cell if the nuclide decays in the vicinity of the cell. Especially oligo- or multimers of these binding motifs are of great interest, since this can lead to enhanced tumor specificity and avidity.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: High-energy therapeutic ultrasound could increase higher-density anti-cancer drug load and nanomedicines to target tumor sites by 20x fold higher than traditional target cancer therapy.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Targeted therapies under pre-clinical development as potential cancer treatments include morpholino splice switching oligonucleotides, which induce ERG exon skipping in prostate cancer models, multitargeted kinase inhibitors that inhibit the PI3K with other pathways including MEK and PIM, and inhibitors of NFKB in models of chemotherapy resistance.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ("bone marrow transplantation" from a genetically non-identical donor) can be considered a form of immunotherapy, since the donor's immune cells will often attack the tumor in a phenomenon known as graft-versus-tumor effect. For this reason, allogeneic HSCT leads to a higher cure rate than autologous transplantation for several cancer types, although the side effects are also more severe.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: The cell based immunotherapy in which the patients own Natural Killer cells(NK) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes(CTL) are used has been in practice in Japan since 1990. NK cells and CTLs primarily kill the cancer cells when they are developed. This treatment is given together with the other modes of treatment such as surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy and called as Autologous Immune Enhancement Therapy (AIET).

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: The growth of some cancers can be inhibited by providing or blocking certain hormones. Common examples of hormone-sensitive tumors include certain types of breast and prostate cancers. Blocking estrogen or testosterone is often an important additional treatment. In certain cancers, administration of hormone agonists, such as progestogens may be therapeutically beneficial.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Synthetic lethality arises when a combination of deficiencies in the expression of two or more genes leads to cell death, whereas a deficiency in only one of these genes does not. The deficiencies can arise through mutations, epigenetic alterations or inhibitors of one or both of the genes.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Cancer cells are frequently deficient in a DNA repair gene. (Also see DNA repair deficiency in cancer.) This DNA repair defect either may be due to mutation or, often, epigenetic silencing (see epigenetic silencing of DNA repair). If this DNA repair defect is in one of seven DNA repair pathways (see DNA repair pathways), and a compensating DNA repair pathway is inhibited, then the tumor cells may be killed by synthetic lethality. Non-tumorous cells, with the initial pathway intact, can survive.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Mutations in DNA repair genes "BRCA1" or "BRCA2" (active in homologous recombinational repair) are synthetically lethal with inhibition of DNA repair gene "PARP1" (active in the base excision repair and in the microhomology-mediated end joining pathways of DNA repair).

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Ovarian cancers have a mutational defect in "BRCA1" in about 18% of patients (13% germline mutations and 5% somatic mutations) (see BRCA1). Olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, was approved in 2014 by the US FDA for use in BRCA-associated ovarian cancer that had previously been treated with chemotherapy. The FDA, in 2016, also approved the PARP inhibitor rucaparib to treat women with advanced ovarian cancer who have already been treated with at least two chemotherapies and have a "BRCA1" or "BRCA2" gene mutation.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Pain medication, such as morphine and oxycodone, and antiemetics, drugs to suppress nausea and vomiting, are very commonly used in patients with cancer-related symptoms. Improved antiemetics such as ondansetron and analogues, as well as aprepitant have made aggressive treatments much more feasible in cancer patients.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Historically, doctors were reluctant to prescribe narcotics to terminal cancer patients due to addiction and respiratory function suppression. The palliative care movement, a more recent offshoot of the hospice movement, has engendered more widespread support for preemptive pain treatment for cancer patients. The World Health Organization also noted uncontrolled cancer pain as a worldwide problem and established a "ladder" as a guideline for how practitioners should treat pain in patients who have cancer

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Cancer-related fatigue is a very common problem for cancer patients, and has only recently become important enough for oncologists to suggest treatment, even though it plays a significant role in many patients' quality of life.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Clinical trials, also called research studies, test new treatments in people with cancer. The goal of this research is to find better ways to treat cancer and help cancer patients. Clinical trials test many types of treatment such as new drugs, new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy, new combinations of treatments, or new methods such as gene therapy.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: The incidence of concurrent cancer during pregnancy has risen due to the increasing age of pregnant mothers and due to the incidental discovery of maternal tumors during prenatal ultrasound examinations.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Cancer treatment needs to be selected to do least harm to both the woman and her embryo/fetus. In some cases a therapeutic abortion may be recommended.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Radiation therapy is out of the question, and chemotherapy always poses the risk of miscarriage and congenital malformations. Little is known about the effects of medications on the child.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Even if a drug has been tested as not crossing the placenta to reach the child, some cancer forms can harm the placenta and make the drug pass over it anyway. Some forms of skin cancer may even metastasize to the child's body.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Diagnosis is also made more difficult, since computed tomography is infeasible because of its high radiation dose. Still, magnetic resonance imaging works normally. However, contrast media cannot be used, since they cross the placenta.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: As a consequence of the difficulties to properly diagnose and treat cancer during pregnancy, the alternative methods are either to perform a Cesarean section when the child is viable in order to begin a more aggressive cancer treatment, or, if the cancer is malignant enough that the mother is unlikely to be able to wait that long, to perform an abortion in order to treat the cancer.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: Fetal tumors are sometimes diagnosed while still in utero. Teratoma is the most common type of fetal tumor, and usually is benign. In some cases these are surgically treated while the fetus is still in the uterus.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Treatment of cancer

Context: From these studies, researchers have noted that there are definite disparities in the treatment of cancer, specifically who have access to the best treatment and can receive it in a timely manner. This eventually leads to disparities between who is dying from cancer and who is more likely to survive.

Question: 광감작제를 암세포에 투여한뒤 레이저조사로 암세포만을 선택적인 궤사시킬수 있는 최신 암 치료법은 무엇인가요?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is a British evolutionary biologist and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford and was Professor for Public Understanding of Science in the University of Oxford from 1995 to 2008. An atheist, he is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book "The Selfish Gene", which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term "meme". With his book "The Extended Phenotype" (1982), he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment. In 2006, he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Dawkins has been awarded academic and writing awards, and he makes television, radio, and internet appearances, predominantly discussing his books, atheism, and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his Doctor of Philosophy degree by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year. Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning, and choice; Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making. He was awarded a DSc by Oxford in 1989.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the New College of the Humanities, a private university in London established by A. C. Grayling, which opened in September 2012.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene as the principal unit of selection in evolution; this view is most clearly set out in two of his books:

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as spandrels, described by Gould and Lewontin) and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene. He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of group selection as a basis for understanding altruism.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: In his book "The Selfish Gene", Dawkins coined the word "meme" (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes. It was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors, such as Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisations then led to the emergence of memetics, a field from which Dawkins has distanced himself.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: In 2006, Dawkins founded the "Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science" ("RDFRS"), a non-profit organisation. RDFRS financed research on the psychology of belief and religion, financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported charitable organisations that are secular in nature. In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the Center for Inquiry, with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though.". In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism was withdrawn over his sharing of a "'highly offensive' video "mocking feminists and Islamists".

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: As a supporter of the Great Ape Project—a movement to extend certain moral and legal rights to all great apes—Dawkins contributed the article 'Gaps in the Mind' to the "Great Ape Project" book edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer. In this essay, he criticises contemporary society's moral attitudes as being based on a "discontinuous, speciesist imperative".

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Dawkins has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation that campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: In 1998, in a book review published in Nature, Dawkins expressed his appreciation for two books connected with the Sokal affair, "" by Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt and "Intellectual Impostures" by Sokal and Jean Bricmont. These books are famous for their criticism of postmodernism in U.S. universities (namely in the departments of literary studies, anthropology, and other cultural studies).

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Echoing many critics, Dawkins holds that postmodernism uses obscurantist language to hide its lack of meaningful content. As an example he quotes the psychoanalyst Félix Guattari:

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: "We can clearly see that there is no bi-univocal correspondence between linear signifying links or archi-writing, depending on the author, and this multireferential, multi-dimensional machinic catalysis."

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: This is explained, Dawkins maintains, by certain intellectuals' academic ambitions. Figures like Guattari or Lacan, according to Dawkins, have nothing to say but want to reap the benefits of reputation and fame that derive from a successful academic career:

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: "Suppose you are an intellectual impostor with nothing to say, but with strong ambitions to succeed in academic life, collect a coterie of reverent disciples and have students around the world anoint your pages with respectful yellow highlighter. What kind of literary style would you cultivate? Not a lucid one, surely, for clarity would expose your lack of content."

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Continuing a long-standing partnership with Channel 4, Dawkins participated in a five-part television series, "Genius of Britain", along with fellow scientists Stephen Hawking, James Dyson, Paul Nurse, and Jim Al-Khalili. The series was first broadcast in June 2010, and focuses on major, British, scientific achievements throughout history.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: In 1987, Dawkins received a Royal Society of Literature award and a "Los Angeles Times" Literary Prize for his book "The Blind Watchmaker". In the same year, he received a Sci. Tech Prize for Best Television Documentary Science Programme of the Year for his work on the BBC's "Horizon" episode "The Blind Watchmaker".

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: In 1996, the American Humanist Association gave him their Humanist of the Year Award, but the award was withdrawn in 2021, with the statement that he "demean[ed] marginalized groups", including transgender people, using "the guise of scientific discourse".

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Dawkins topped "Prospect" magazine's 2004 list of the top 100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers, receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up. He was shortlisted as a candidate in their 2008 follow-up poll. In a poll held by "Prospect" in 2013, Dawkins was voted the world's top thinker based on 65 names chosen by a largely US and UK-based expert panel.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Since 2003, the Atheist Alliance International has awarded a prize during its annual conference, honouring an outstanding atheist whose work has done the most to raise public awareness of atheism during that year; it is known as the Richard Dawkins Award, in honour of Dawkins's own efforts. In February 2010, Dawkins was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: In 2012, ichthyologists in Sri Lanka honored Dawkins by creating "Dawkinsia" as a new genus name (members of this genus were formerly members of the genus "Puntius").

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: On 6 February 2016, Dawkins suffered a minor haemorrhagic stroke while at home. Dawkins reported later that same year that he had almost completely recovered.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: Dawkins has made many television appearances on news shows providing his political opinions and especially his views as an atheist. He has been interviewed on the radio, often as part of his book tours. He has debated many religious figures. He has made many university speaking appearances, again often in coordination with his book tours. As of 2016, he has over 60 credits in the Internet Movie Database where he appeared as himself.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: a. W. D. Hamilton influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins's book "The Selfish Gene". They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton's death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


Richard Dawkins

Context: b. The debate ended with the motion "That the doctrine of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution" being defeated by 198 votes to 115.

Question: 리처드 도킨스는 어느 나라 사람인가?


White House

Context: President John Adams also occupied the High Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. On Saturday, November 1, 1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: The President's House in Philadelphia was converted into the Union Hotel, and later used for stores, before being demolished in 1832.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: Philadelphia began construction of a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away in 1792. It was nearly completed by the time of Adam's 1797 inauguration. However, Adams declined to occupy it, saying he did not have Congressional authorization to lease the building. It remained vacant until it was sold to the University of Pennsylvania in 1800.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: Nine proposals were submitted for the new presidential residence, with the award going to Irish-American architect James Hoban. Hoban ultimately supervised the construction of both the US Capitol and the White House. Hoban was born in Ireland and trained at the Dublin Society of Arts. He emigrated to the US after the revolution, first seeking work in Philadelphia and later finding success in South Carolina, where he designed the state capitol in Columbia.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina, in May 1791 on his "Southern Tour", and saw the under-construction Charleston County Courthouse designed by Hoban. He is reputed to have met with Hoban then. The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: On July 16, 1792, the president met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: Due in part to material and labor shortages, Pierre Charles L'Enfant's plan for a grand palace was five times larger than the house that was eventually built. The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone façades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the president of the United States may have been derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation, in Virginia, where the nation's first president courted the first lady in the mid-18th century.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building. The next day he wrote his wife Abigail:

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: "I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof."

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: President Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions. A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham that reflected the Harrison proposal. These plans were ultimately rejected.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: However, in 1902, Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions. Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the president's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office. In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time. The West Wing was damaged by fire on Christmas Eve 1929; Herbert Hoover and his aides moved back into it on April 14, 1930.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy. Sales of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: In a televised tour of the house on Valentine's Day in 1962, Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: During the Nixon Administration (1969–1974), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon. Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration. Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool. Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration. A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency. Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years. The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room. During the administration of George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: Some members of the president's staff are located in the adjacent Eisenhower Executive Office Building, which was, until 1999, called the Old Executive Office Building and was historically the State War and Navy building.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: The Oval Office, Roosevelt Room, and other portions of the West Wing were partially replicated on a sound stage and used as the setting for "The West Wing" television show.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds. Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane flown by Frank Eugene Corder crashed on the White House grounds, and he died instantly.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: After September 11, 2001, this change was made permanent, in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse. In response to the Boston Marathon bombing, the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


White House

Context: The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.

Question: 백악관은 어느 주에 위치해있는가?


Kolon Industries

Context: Kolon Industries was the defendant in the lawsuit DuPont v. Kolon Industries, about the alleged theft of trade secrets concerning Kevlar. The lawsuit was settled in 2015, with damages of US$275 million being paid to DuPont. The company also pleaded guilty to a federal charge of conspiracy to convert trade secrets, for which they will pay $85 million in criminal fines.

Question: 코오롱은 몇 년도에 설립되었는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: Freedom of religion in South Korea is provided for in the South Korean constitution. The South Korean government has generally respected this right in practice, although it provides no exemption or alternative civilian service for those who have a religious objection to serve in the armed forces.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: Freedom of religion for all citizens and the separation of the state and religious organizations is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, article 20.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: Moreover, any discrimination based on a citizen's religious belief is strictly forbidden by Article 11 :

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: "(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law, and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic, social, or cultural life on account of sex, religion, or social status."

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: Individuals have also the freedom to profess non-theistic and atheistic beliefs as well as the right not to profess any religion or belief. The terms belief and religion are to be broadly construed. (UN Human Rights Committee, General comment 22, 30 July 1993)

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: In 2011 there were 382 civil associations and 322 foundations related to various religious organizations.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: According to Pew research Center's  Government Restrictions Index which measures the overall level of restrictions that the government places on religious organizations using an aggregate score of 20 indicators and then classifies countries in four categories  (Low - the best category, Medium, High and Very High). In the 2009 respectively 2011 indexes South Korea was placed in the category Low and in the 2015 index the country was placed in the category Moderate.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: There are no official figures on the membership of other religious groups such as Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Seventh-day Adventist Church, Daesun Jinrihoe, and Islam.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: Buddhism has 27 orders within the country. The Catholic Church has 16 dioceses. Within the major Protestant traditions there are a total of 121 denominations, approximately 90 percent of which are separate Presbyterian groups. The Christian Council of Korea (CCK) reported that there are an estimated 75 Protestant denominations with at least 100 congregations nationwide, including Methodist, Lutheran, Baptist, Presbyterian, Anglican, and the Korean Gospel Church Assembly.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: Foreign-based missionary groups operate freely. In 2006 the country sent more than 16,000 missionaries abroad, making it the world's second largest source of Christian missionaries after the United States.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: There is no state religion in South Korea. There are no government-established requirements for religious recognition. The Traditional Temples Preservation Law protects cultural properties including Buddhist temples, which receive some subsidies from the government for their preservation and upkeep. Buddha's Birthday and Christmas are the only national holidays that are religious in nature.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: The government does not permit religious instruction in public schools. Private schools are free to conduct religious activities.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: The 'Religious Affairs Bureau' of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in South Korea takes the lead in organizing groups such as the Korean Religious Council and the Council for Peaceful Religions to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Bureau also is responsible for planning regular events such as the Religion and Art Festival, the Seminar for Religious Leaders, and the Symposium for Religious Newspapers and Journalists.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: Other than the conscientious objectors mentioned above, there were no other official reports of religious prisoners or detainees in the country.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: Hye-min Kim, Lak-hoon Cho, and Hyeong-geun Kim, were recently set free from the appeal court. Their case was based on conscientious objection to military service. The unexpected "not guilty" decision of the Gwangju Appellate Court demonstrates the change in attitude among the legal profession. Judges are increasingly recognising conscientious objection is a valid justification for refusing military service.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: At this current time South Korea's Constitutional Court has yet to come to a decision on the right to freedom of conscience in relation to military service.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?


Freedom of religion in South Korea

Context: There were no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice, and prominent societal leaders took positive steps to promote religious freedom.

Question: 한국에는 몇 개의 공식적인 종교가 있는가?