Cerebral palsy

Context: Children with CP are prone to low trauma fractures, particularly children with higher Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels who cannot walk. This further affects a child's mobility, strength, and experience of pain, and can lead to missed schooling or child abuse suspicions. These children generally have fractures in the legs, whereas non-affected children mostly fracture their arms in the context of sporting activities.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Children with severe cerebral palsy, particularly with oropharyngeal issues, are at risk of undernutrition. Triceps skin fold tests have been found to be a very reliable indicator of malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Speech and language disorders are common in people with cerebral palsy. The incidence of dysarthria is estimated to range from 31% to 88%, and around a quarter of people with CP are non-verbal. Speech problems are associated with poor respiratory control, laryngeal and velopharyngeal dysfunction, and oral articulation disorders that are due to restricted movement in the oral-facial muscles. There are three major types of dysarthria in cerebral palsy: spastic, dyskinetic (athetotic), and ataxic.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Related conditions can include apraxia, sensory impairments, urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or behavioural disorders.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Seizure management is more difficult in people with CP as seizures often last longer. Epilepsy and asthma are common co-occurring diseases in adults with CP. The associated disorders that co-occur with cerebral palsy may be more disabling than the motor function problems.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Cerebral palsy is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain. This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood. Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the white matter.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy. Most children who are born with cerebral palsy have more than one risk factor associated with CP.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: While in certain cases there is no identifiable cause, typical causes include problems in intrauterine development (e.g. exposure to radiation, infection, fetal growth restriction), hypoxia of the brain (thrombotic events, placental insufficiency, umbilical cord prolapse), birth trauma during labor and delivery, and complications around birth or during childhood.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: In Africa birth asphyxia, high bilirubin levels, and infections in newborns of the central nervous system are main cause. Many cases of CP in Africa could be prevented with better resources available.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Between 40% and 50% of all children who develop cerebral palsy were born prematurely. Most of these cases (75-90%) are believed due to issues that occur around the time of birth, often just after birth. Multiple-birth infants are also more likely than single-birth infants to have CP. They are also more likely to be born with a low birth weight.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: In those who are born with a weight between 1 kg and 1.5 kg CP occurs in 6%. Among those born before 28 weeks of gestation it occurs in 8%. Genetic factors are believed to play an important role in prematurity and cerebral palsy generally. While in those who are born between 34 and 37 weeks the risk is 0.4% (three times normal).

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: In babies that are born at term risk factors include problems with the placenta, birth defects, low birth weight, breathing meconium into the lungs, a delivery requiring either the use of instruments or an emergency Caesarean section, birth asphyxia, seizures just after birth, respiratory distress syndrome, low blood sugar, and infections in the baby.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: , it was unclear how much of a role birth asphyxia plays as a cause. It is unclear if the size of the placenta plays a role. it is evident that in advanced countries, most cases of cerebral palsy in term or near-term neonates have explanations other than asphyxia.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: After birth, other causes include toxins, severe jaundice, lead poisoning, physical brain injury, stroke, abusive head trauma, incidents involving hypoxia to the brain (such as near drowning), and encephalitis or meningitis.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Infections in the mother, even those not easily detected, can triple the risk of the child developing cerebral palsy. Infections of the fetal membranes known as chorioamnionitis increases the risk.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Rh blood type incompatibility can cause the mother's immune system to attack the baby's red blood cells.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: It has been hypothesised that some cases of cerebral palsy are caused by the death in very early pregnancy of an identical twin.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Cerebral palsy is also classified according to the topographic distribution of muscle spasticity. This method classifies children as diplegic, (bilateral involvement with leg involvement greater than arm involvement), hemiplegic (unilateral involvement), or quadriplegic (bilateral involvement with arm involvement equal to or greater than leg involvement).

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Dyskinetic cerebral palsy is an extrapyramidal form of cerebral palsy. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy can be divided into two different groups; choreoathetosis and dystonia. Choreo-athetotic CP is characterized by involuntary movements, whereas dystonic CP is characterized by slow, strong contractions, which may occur locally or encompass the whole body.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Mixed cerebral palsy has symptoms of dyskinetic, ataxic and spastic CP appearing simultaneously, each to varying degrees, and both with and without symptoms of each. Mixed CP is the most difficult to treat as it is extremely heterogeneous and sometimes unpredictable in its symptoms and development over the lifespan.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Because the causes of CP are varied, a broad range of preventive interventions have been investigated.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Electronic fetal monitoring has not helped to prevent CP, and in 2014 the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada have acknowledged that there are no long-term benefits of electronic fetal monitoring. Before this, electronic fetal monitoring was widely used to prop up obstetric litigation.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Cooling high-risk full-term babies shortly after birth may reduce disability, but this may only be useful for some forms of the brain damage that causes CP.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: The effects of sensory, motor, and cognitive impairments affect self-care occupations in children with CP and productivity occupations. Productivity can include but is not limited to, school, work, household chores, or contributing to the community.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Leisure activities can have several positive effects on physical health, mental health, life satisfaction, and psychological growth for people with physical disabilities like CP. Common benefits identified are stress reduction, development of coping skills, companionship, enjoyment, relaxation and a positive effect on life satisfaction. In addition, for children with CP, leisure appears to enhance adjustment to living with a disability.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Children with cerebral palsy may face challenges when it comes to participating in sports. This comes with being discouraged from physical activity because of these perceived limitations imposed by their medical condition.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: A study in young adults (18–34) on transitioning to adulthood found that their concerns were physical health care and understanding their bodies, being able to navigate and use services and supports successfully, and dealing with prejudices. A feeling of being "thrust into adulthood" was common in the study.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Like they did in childhood, adults with cerebral palsy experience psychosocial issues related to their CP, chiefly the need for social support, self-acceptance, and acceptance by others. Workplace accommodations may be needed to enhance continued employment for adults with CP as they age. Rehabilitation or social programs that include salutogenesis may improve the coping potential of adults with CP as they age.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Cerebral palsy occurs in about 2.1 per 1000 live births. In those born at term rates are lower at 1 per 1000 live births. Rates appear to be similar in both the developing and developed world. Within a population it may occur more often in poorer people. The rate is higher in males than in females; in Europe it is 1.3 times more common in males.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: There was a "moderate, but significant" rise in the prevalence of CP between the 1970s and 1990s. This is thought to be due to a rise in low birth weight of infants and the increased survival rate of these infants. The increased survival rate of infants with CP in the 1970s and 80s may be indirectly due to the disability rights movement challenging perspectives around the worth of infants with a disability, as well as the Baby Doe Law.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Prevalence of cerebral palsy is best calculated around the school entry age of about 6 years, the prevalence in the U.S. is estimated to be 2.4 out of 1000 children.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Cerebral palsy has affected humans since antiquity. A decorated grave marker dating from around the 15th to 14th century BCE shows a figure with one small leg and using a crutch, possibly due to cerebral palsy. The oldest likely physical evidence of the condition comes from the mummy of Siptah, an Egyptian Pharaoh who ruled from about 1196 to 1190 BCE and died at about 20 years of age. The presence of cerebral palsy has been suspected due to his deformed foot and hands.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: In 1997, Robert Palisano "et al." introduced the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) as an improvement over the previous rough assessment of limitation as either mild, moderate, or severe. The GMFCS grades limitation based on observed proficiency in specific basic mobility skills such as sitting, standing, and walking, and takes into account the level of dependency on aids such as wheelchairs or walkers. The GMFCS was further revised and expanded in 2007.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: It is difficult to directly compare the cost and cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent cerebral palsy or the cost of interventions to manage CP. Access Economics has released a report on the economic impact of cerebral palsy in Australia. The report found that, in 2007, the financial cost of cerebral palsy (CP) in Australia was A$1.47 billion or 0.14% of GDP. Of this:

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: In per capita terms, this amounts to a financial cost of A$43,431 per person with CP per annum. Including the value of lost well-being, the cost is over $115,000 per person per annum.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Individuals with CP bear 37% of the financial costs, and their families and friends bear a further 6%. The federal government bears around one-third (33%) of the financial costs (mainly through taxation revenues forgone and welfare payments). State governments bear under 1% of the costs, while employers bear 5% and the rest of society bears the remaining 19%. If the burden of disease (lost well-being) is included, individuals bear 76% of the costs.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: The average lifetime cost for people with CP in the US is US$921,000 per individual, including lost income.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: In the United States, many states allow Medicaid beneficiaries to use their Medicaid funds to hire their own PCAs, instead of forcing them to use institutional or managed care.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: In India, the government-sponsored program called "NIRAMAYA" for the medical care of children with neurological and muscular deformities has proved to be an ameliorating economic measure for persons with such disabilities. It has shown that persons with mental or physically debilitating congenital disabilities can lead better lives if they have financial independence.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: "Cerebral" means "of, or pertaining to, the cerebrum or the brain" and "palsy" means "paralysis, generally partial, whereby a local body area is incapable of voluntary movement". It has been proposed to change the name to "cerebral palsy spectrum disorder" to reflect the diversity of presentations of CP.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Many people would rather be referred to as a person with a disability (people-first language) instead of as "handicapped". "Cerebral Palsy: A Guide for Care" at the University of Delaware offers the following guidelines:

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Maverick documentary filmmaker Kazuo Hara criticises the mores and customs of Japanese society in an unsentimental portrait of adults with cerebral palsy in his 1972 film "Goodbye CP" (Sayonara CP). Focusing on how people with cerebral palsy are generally ignored or disregarded in Japan, Hara challenges his society's taboos about physical handicaps. Using a deliberately harsh style, with grainy black-and-white photography and out-of-sync sound, Hara brings a stark realism to his subject.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: "Call the Midwife" (2012–) has featured two episodes with actor Colin Young, who himself has cerebral palsy, playing a character with the same disability. His storylines have focused on the segregation of those with disabilities in the UK in the 1950s, and also romantic relationships between people with disabilities.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Micah Fowler, an American actor with CP, stars in the ABC sitcom "Speechless" (2016–19), which explores both the serious and humorous challenges a family faces with a teenager with CP.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: 9-1-1 (2018–) is a procedural drama series on Fox. From season 2 onwards, it features Gavin McHugh (who himself has cerebral palsy) in the recurring role as Christopher Diaz - a young child who has cerebral palsy.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: "Special" (2019) is a comedy series that premiered on Netflix on 12 April 2019. It was written, produced and stars Ryan O'Connell as a young gay man with mild cerebral palsy. It is based on O'Connell's book "I'm Special: And Other Lies We Tell Ourselves".

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Australian drama serial "The Heights" (2019–) features a character with mild cerebral palsy, teenage girl Sabine Rosso, depicted by an actor who herself has mild cerebral palsy, Bridie McKim.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Cerebral palsy

Context: Because of the false perception that cerebral palsy is mostly caused by trauma during birth, as of 2005, 60% of obstetric litigation was about cerebral palsy, which Alastair MacLennan, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Adelaide, regards as causing an exodus from the profession. In the latter half of the 20th century, obstetric litigation about the cause of cerebral palsy became more common, leading to the practice of defensive medicine.

Question: هل يمكن تعرض الأطفال الرضع لمرض الشلل الدماغي ؟


Brahmagupta

Context: The difference between "rupas", when inverted and divided by the difference of the [coefficients] of the [unknowns], is the unknown in the equation. The "rupas" are [subtracted on the side] below that from which the square and the unknown are to be subtracted.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: which is a solution for the equation where "rupas" refers to the constants and . The solution given is equivalent to .

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 18.44. Diminish by the middle [number] the square-root of the "rupas" multiplied by four times the square and increased by the square of the middle [number]; divide the remainder by twice the square. [The result is] the middle [number].

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 18.45. Whatever is the square-root of the "rupas" multiplied by the square [and] increased by the square of half the unknown, diminished that by half the unknown [and] divide [the remainder] by its square. [The result is] the unknown.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: He went on to solve systems of simultaneous indeterminate equations stating that the desired variable must first be isolated, and then the equation must be divided by the desired variable's coefficient. In particular, he recommended using "the pulverizer" to solve equations with multiple unknowns.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 18.51. Subtract the colors different from the first color. [The remainder] divided by the first [color's coefficient] is the measure of the first. [Terms] two by two [are] considered [when reduced to] similar divisors, [and so on] repeatedly. If there are many [colors], the pulverizer [is to be used].

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: The multiplicand is repeated like a string for cattle, as often as there are integrant portions in the multiplier and is repeatedly multiplied by them and the products are added together. It is multiplication. Or the multiplicand is repeated as many times as there are component parts in the multiplier.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 12.20. The sum of the squares is that [sum] multiplied by twice the [number of] step[s] increased by one [and] divided by three. The sum of the cubes is the square of that [sum] Piles of these with identical balls [can also be computed].

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: He gives the sum of the squares of the first natural numbers as and the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers as .

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 18.30. [The sum] of two positives is positives, of two negatives negative; of a positive and a negative [the sum] is their difference; if they are equal it is zero. The sum of a negative and zero is negative, [that] of a positive and zero positive, [and that] of two zeros zero.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 18.32. A negative minus zero is negative, a positive [minus zero] positive; zero [minus zero] is zero. When a positive is to be subtracted from a negative or a negative from a positive, then it is to be added.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 18.33. The product of a negative and a positive is negative, of two negatives positive, and of positives positive; the product of zero and a negative, of zero and a positive, or of two zeros is zero.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 18.34. A positive divided by a positive or a negative divided by a negative is positive; a zero divided by a zero is zero; a positive divided by a negative is negative; a negative divided by a positive is [also] negative.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 18.35. A negative or a positive divided by zero has that [zero] as its divisor, or zero divided by a negative or a positive [has that negative or positive as its divisor]. The square of a negative or of a positive is positive; [the square] of zero is zero. That of which [the square] is the square is [its] square-root.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 12.39. The height of a mountain multiplied by a given multiplier is the distance to a city; it is not erased. When it is divided by the multiplier increased by two it is the leap of one of the two who make the same journey.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: The nature of squares:18.64. [Put down] twice the square-root of a given square by a multiplier and increased or diminished by an arbitrary [number]. The product of the first [pair], multiplied by the multiplier, with the product of the last [pair], is the last computed.18.65. The sum of the thunderbolt products is the first. The additive is equal to the product of the additives. The two square-roots, divided by the additive or the subtractive, are the additive "rupas".

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 12.21. The approximate area is the product of the halves of the sums of the sides and opposite sides of a triangle and a quadrilateral. The accurate [area] is the square root from the product of the halves of the sums of the sides diminished by [each] side of the quadrilateral.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: So given the lengths , , and of a cyclic quadrilateral, the approximate area is while, letting , the exact area is

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 12.22. The base decreased and increased by the difference between the squares of the sides divided by the base; when divided by two they are the true segments. The perpendicular [altitude] is the square-root from the square of a side diminished by the square of its segment.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: He further gives a theorem on rational triangles. A triangle with rational sides , , and rational area is of the form:

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 12.23. The square-root of the sum of the two products of the sides and opposite sides of a non-unequal quadrilateral is the diagonal. The square of the diagonal is diminished by the square of half the sum of the base and the top; the square-root is the perpendicular [altitudes].

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: So, in a "non-unequal" cyclic quadrilateral (that is, an isosceles trapezoid), the length of each diagonal is .

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 12.40. The diameter and the square of the radius [each] multiplied by 3 are [respectively] the practical circumference and the area [of a circle]. The accurate [values] are the square-roots from the squares of those two multiplied by ten.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 2.2–5. The sines: The Progenitors, twins; Ursa Major, twins, the Vedas; the gods, fires, six; flavors, dice, the gods; the moon, five, the sky, the moon; the moon, arrows, suns [...]

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: new values of the sine function from other values already tabulated. The formula gives an estimate for the value of a function at a value of its argument (with and ) when its value is already known at , and .

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 1. If the moon were above the sun, how would the power of waxing and waning, etc., be produced from calculation of the longitude of the moon? The near half would always be bright.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 2. In the same way that the half seen by the sun of a pot standing in sunlight is bright, and the unseen half dark, so is [the illumination] of the moon [if it is] beneath the sun.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: 3. The brightness is increased in the direction of the sun. At the end of a bright [i.e. waxing] half-month, the near half is bright and the far half dark. Hence, the elevation of the horns [of the crescent can be derived] from calculation. [...]

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: He explains that since the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun, the degree of the illuminated part of the Moon depends on the relative positions of the Sun and the Moon, and this can be computed from the size of the angle between the two bodies.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


Brahmagupta

Context: Further work exploring the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon's crescent and conjunctions of the planets, are discussed in his treatise Khandakhadyaka.

Question: من هو العالم الذي ينسب إليه اكتشاف الصفر؟


History of sociology

Context: Sociology as a scholarly discipline emerged, primarily out of Enlightenment thought, as a positivist "science of society" shortly after the French Revolution. Its genesis owed to various key movements in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of knowledge, arising in reaction to such issues as modernity, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization, secularization, colonization and imperialism.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: Various quantitative social research techniques have become common tools for governments, businesses, and organizations, and have also found use in the other social sciences. Divorced from theoretical explanations of social dynamics, this has given social research a degree of autonomy from the discipline of sociology. Similarly, "social science" has come to be appropriated as an umbrella term to refer to various disciplines which study humans, interaction, society or culture.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: As a discipline, sociology encompasses a varying scope of conception based on each sociologist's understanding of the nature and scope of society and its constituents. Creating a merely linear definition of its science would be improper in rationalizing the aims and efforts of sociological study from different academic backgrounds.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: The sociological reasoning may be traced back at least as far as the ancient Greeks, whose characteristic trends in sociological thought can be traced back to their social environment. Given the rarity of extensive or highly-centralized political organization within states, the tribal spirit of localism and provincialism was in for deliberations on social phenomena, which would thus pervade much of Greek thought.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: Proto-sociological observations can be seen in the founding texts of Western philosophy (e.g. Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Polybius, etc.). Similarly, the methodological survey can trace its origins back to the Domesday Book ordered by King of England, William the Conqueror, in 1086.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: Sociological perspectives can also be found among non-European thought of figures such as Confucius.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: In the 13th century, Ma Duanlin, a Chinese historian, first recognized patterns of "social dynamics" as an underlying component of historical development in his seminal encyclopedia, ().

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: The term "sociologie" was first coined by the French essayist Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1773-1799), derived the Latin ; joined with the suffix "-ology", 'the study of', itself from the Greek "lógos" ().

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: In 1838, the French scholar Auguste Comte ultimately gave "sociology" the definition that it holds today. Comte had earlier expressed his work as "social physics", however that term would be appropriated by others such as Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: Comte delineated his broader philosophy of science in the "Course of Positive Philosophy" (c. 1830–1842), whereas his "A" "General View of Positivism" (1848) emphasized the particular goals of sociology. Comte would be so impressed with his theory of positivism that he referred to it as "the great discovery of the year 1822.”

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: Marx also co-operated with Friedrich Engels, who accused the capitalist class of "social murder" for causing workers "life of toil and wretchedness" but with a response that "tales no further trouble in the matter". This gives them the power over the workers' health and income, "which can degree his life or death". His book "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (1844) studied the life of the proletariat in Manchester, London, Dublin, and Edinburgh.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: A contemporary of Spencer, Lester Frank Ward is often described as a father of American sociology and served as the first president of the American Sociological Association in 1905 and served as such until 1907. He published "Dynamic Sociology" in 1883; "Outlines of Sociology" in 1898; "Pure Sociology" in 1903; and "Applied Sociology" in 1906. Also in 1906, at the age of 65 he was appointed to professor of sociology at Brown University.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: Formal institutionalization of sociology as an academic discipline began when Emile Durkheim founded the first French department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895. In 1896, he established the journal "L'Année Sociologique".

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: In 1905 the American Sociological Association, the world's largest association of professional sociologists, was founded, and Lester F. Ward was selected to serve as the first President of the new society.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: With the lack of sociological theory being taught at the University of Chicago paired with the new foundations of statistical methods, the student's ability to make any real predictions was nonexistent. This was a major factor in the downfall of the Chicago school.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: International cooperation in sociology began in 1893 when René Worms (1869–1926) founded the small "Institut International de Sociologie", eclipsed by much larger International Sociological Association from 1949.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: The methodological approach toward sociology by early theorists was to treat the discipline in broadly the same manner as natural science. An emphasis on empiricism and the scientific method was sought to provide an incontestable foundation for any sociological claims or findings, and to distinguish sociology from less empirical fields such as philosophy.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: In the early 20th century, sociology expanded in the U.S., including developments in both macrosociology, concerned with the evolution of societies, and microsociology, concerned with everyday human social interactions. Based on the pragmatic social psychology of George Herbert Mead (1863–1931), Herbert Blumer (1900–1987) and, later, the Chicago school, sociologists developed symbolic interactionism.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


History of sociology

Context: The increase in the size of data sets produced by the new survey methods was followed by the invention of new statistical techniques for analyzing this data. Analysis of this sort is usually performed with statistical software packages such as R, SAS, Stata, or SPSS.

Question: من هو اول باحث عربي في علم الاجتماع؟


Memento (film)

Context: The film's nonlinear narrative is presented as two different sequences of scenes interspersed during the film: a series in black-and-white that is shown chronologically, and a series of color sequences shown in reverse order (simulating for the audience the mental state of the protagonist). The two sequences meet at the end of the film, producing one complete and cohesive narrative.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: The film starts with a Polaroid photograph of a dead man. As the sequence plays backward, the photo reverts to its undeveloped state, entering the camera before the man is shot in the head. The film then continues, alternating between black-and-white and color sequences.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: The film is structured with two timelines: color sequences are alternated with black-and-white sequences. The latter are put together in chronological order. The color ones, though shown forward (except for the first one, which is shown in reverse), are ordered in reverse. Chronologically, the black-and-white sequences come first, the color sequences come next.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: Using the numbering scheme suggested by Andy Klein—who took numbers from 1 to 22 for the black-and-white sequences and letters A–V for the color ones in his article for "Salon" magazine—the plotting of the film as presented is: Opening Credits (shown "backward"), 1, V, 2, U, 3, T, 4, S, ..., 22/A, Credits.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: There is a smooth transition from the black-and-white sequence 22 to color sequence A, which occurs during the development of a Polaroid photograph.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: The chronological order of the story can be viewed as a "hidden feature" on the 2-Disc Limited Edition Region 1 DVD and the 3-Disc special Edition Region 2 DVD. In this special feature, the chapters of the film are put together into the chronological order and is shown: Ending Credits (run in reverse), 1, 2, 3, ..., 22/A, B, ..., V, then the opening title runs "backward" to what was shown (the opening title sequence is run in reverse during the actual film, so it is shown forward in this version).

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: In July 1997, Christopher Nolan's girlfriend (later wife) Emma Thomas showed his screenplay to Aaron Ryder, an executive for Newmarket Films. Ryder said the script was, "perhaps the most innovative script I had ever seen", and soon after, it was optioned by Newmarket and given a budget of $9 million. Pre-production lasted seven weeks, during which the main shooting location changed from Montreal, Quebec to Los Angeles, California, to create a more realistic and "noirish" atmosphere for the film.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: The rest of the film's characters were quickly cast after the three main leads were established. Stephen Tobolowsky and Harriet Sansom Harris play Sammy Jankis and his wife, respectively. Mark Boone Junior landed the role of Burt, the motel clerk, because Jennifer Todd liked his "look and attitude" for the part (as a result he has re-appeared in minor roles in other productions by Nolan).

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: Filming took place from September 7 to October 8, 1999, a 25-day shooting schedule. Pearce was on set every day during filming, although all three principal actors (including Pantoliano and Moss) performed together only on the first day, shooting exterior sequences outside Natalie's house. All of Moss' scenes were completed in the first week, including follow-up scenes at Natalie's home, Ferdy's bar, and the restaurant where she meets Leonard for the final time.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: The next day, on September 26, Larry Holden returned to shoot the sequence where Leonard attacks Jimmy. After filming was completed five days later, Pearce's voice-overs were recorded. For the black-and-white scenes, Pearce was given free rein to improvise his narrative, allowing for a documentary feel.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: The film gained substantial word-of-mouth press from the film festival circuit. It premiered at the 2000 Venice Film Festival, where it received a standing ovation, and afterwards played at Deauville American Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival. With the publicity from these events, "Memento" did not have trouble finding foreign distributors, opening in more than 20 countries worldwide. Its promotion tour ended at the Sundance Film Festival, where it played in January 2001.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: "Memento" was released on DVD and VHS in the United States and Canada on September 4, 2001, and in the United Kingdom on January 14, 2002. The UK edition contains a hidden feature that allows the viewer to watch the film in chronological order. The Canadian version does not have this feature but the film chapters are set up to do this manually or through DVD programming. The original US release does not have the chronological feature nor are the chapters set up correctly to do it.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: The film was later re-released in a limited edition DVD that features an audio commentary by Christopher Nolan, with four different endings; the original short story by Jonathan Nolan on which the film was based; and a Sundance Channel documentary on the making of the film. The limited edition DVD also contains a hidden feature that allows the viewer to watch the film in chronological order.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: "Memento" was re-released in the UK on a 3-disc Special Edition DVD on December 27, 2004. This release contains all the special features that are on the two US releases in one package plus a couple of new interviews. The menus appear as tattoos on Leonard's body and are more straightforward than the US 2-disc limited edition DVD.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: "Memento" was released on Blu-ray on August 15, 2006. This release lacks the special features contained on the Limited Edition DVD, but does include the audio commentary by director Christopher Nolan. The single-layer disc features an MPEG-2 1080p transfer and PCM 5.1 surround audio. The film was also released on iTunes as a digital download.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: The film was re-released on the Blu-ray and DVD in the USA on February 22, 2011, by Lionsgate following the 10th anniversary of the film. Both the Blu-ray and DVD have a new transfer that was also shown in theaters. Aside from the transfer, the Blu-ray contains a new special featurette by Nolan on the film's legacy.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: "Memento" was a box office success. In the United States, during its opening weekend, it was released in only 11 theaters, but by week 11 it was distributed to more than 500 theaters. It grossed over $25 million in North America and $14 million in other countries, making the film's total worldwide gross some $40 million as of August 2007. During its theatrical run, it did not place higher than eighth in the list of highest-grossing movies for a single weekend.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: "Memento" was met with critical acclaim. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 93% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Christopher Nolan skillfully guides the audience through "Memento" fractured narrative, seeping his film in existential dread." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: In 2005, the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay #100 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written. In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the fourteenth best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership. "Memento" was considered "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the US Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2017, the first narrative feature of the 2000s to be honored.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: Many medical experts have cited "Memento" as featuring one of the most realistic and accurate depictions of anterograde amnesia. Caltech neuroscientist Christof Koch called "Memento" "the most accurate portrayal of the different memory systems in the popular media", while physician Esther M. Sternberg, Director of the Integrative Neural Immune Program at the National Institute of Mental Health, identified the film as "close to a perfect exploration of the neurobiology of memory."

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: Author Chuck Klosterman has written in-depth about "Memento" in his essay collection "", specifically on the diner scene with Leonard and Natalie.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: Because Jonathan Nolan's short story was not published before the film was released, it was nominated for Original Screenplay instead of Adapted Screenplay and both Christopher and Jonathan received a nomination.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Memento (film)

Context: AMBI Pictures announced in November 2015 that it plans to remake "Memento", one of several film rights that AMBI acquired from its acquisition of Exclusive Media. Monika Bacardi, an executive for AMBI Pictures, stated that they plan to "stay true to Christopher Nolan's vision and deliver a memorable movie that is every bit as edgy, iconic and award-worthy as the original". As of April 2018, the film was still in the works.

Question: متى صدر فيلم مومينتو ؟


Sebaceous gland

Context: Sebaceous glands are found throughout all areas of the skin, except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. There are two types of sebaceous glands, those connected to hair follicles and those that exist independently.

Question: ماهي المادة البيضاء الموجودة عادةً في حب الشباب ؟


Sebaceous gland

Context: Sebaceous glands are also found in hairless areas (glabrous skin) of the eyelids, nose, penis, labia minora, the inner mucosal membrane of the cheek, and nipples. Some sebaceous glands have unique names. Sebaceous glands on the lip and mucosa of the cheek, and on the genitalia, are known as Fordyce spots, and glands on the eyelids are known as meibomian glands. Sebaceous glands of the breast are also known as Montgomery's glands.

Question: ماهي المادة البيضاء الموجودة عادةً في حب الشباب ؟


Sebaceous gland

Context: Sebaceous glands are first visible from the 13th to the 16th week of fetal development, as bulgings off hair follicles. Sebaceous glands develop from the same tissue that gives rise to the epidermis of the skin. Overexpression of the signalling factors Wnt, Myc and SHH all increase the likelihood of sebaceous gland presence.

Question: ماهي المادة البيضاء الموجودة عادةً في حب الشباب ؟


Sebaceous gland

Context: The sebaceous glands of a human fetus secrete a substance called vernix caseosa, a waxy, translucent white substance coating the skin of newborns. After birth, activity of the glands decreases until there is almost no activity during ages 2–6 years, and then increases to a peak of activity during puberty, due to heightened levels of androgens.

Question: ماهي المادة البيضاء الموجودة عادةً في حب الشباب ؟


Sebaceous gland

Context: During the last three months of fetal development, the sebaceous glands of the fetus produce vernix caseosa, a waxy white substance that coats the skin to protect it from amniotic fluid.

Question: ماهي المادة البيضاء الموجودة عادةً في حب الشباب ؟


Sebaceous gland

Context: The areolar glands are in the areola that surrounds the nipple in the female breast. These glands secrete an oily fluid that lubricates the nipple, and also secrete volatile compounds that are thought to serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborn. During pregnancy and lactation these glands, also called Montgomery's glands, become enlarged.

Question: ماهي المادة البيضاء الموجودة عادةً في حب الشباب ؟


Sebaceous gland

Context: Fordyce spots, or Fordyce granules, are ectopic sebaceous glands found on the genitals and oral mucosa. They show themselves as yellowish-white milia (milk spots).

Question: ماهي المادة البيضاء الموجودة عادةً في حب الشباب ؟


Sebaceous gland

Context: Sebaceous adenitis is an autoimmune disease that affects sebaceous glands. It is mainly known to occur in dogs, particularly poodles and akitas, where it is thought to be generally autosomal recessively inherited. It has also been described in cats, and one report describes this condition in a rabbit. In these animals, it causes hair loss, though the nature and distribution of the hair loss differs greatly.

Question: ماهي المادة البيضاء الموجودة عادةً في حب الشباب ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Between the end of World War II in 1945 and its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet Union had maintained its status as one of two superpowers vis-à-vis the United States. It was sometimes referred to informally as the "Soviet Empire" in relation to its exercising of hegemony across Europe as well as worldwide with a combination of military and economic strength; proxy conflicts and influence in the Third World; and funding of scientific research, especially in space technology and weaponry.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The word "soviet" is derived from the Russian word "sovet" (), meaning "council", "assembly", "advice", ultimately deriving from the proto-Slavic verbal stem of "vět-iti" ("to inform"), related to Slavic "věst" ("news"), English "wise", the root in "ad-vis-or" (which came to English through French), or the Dutch "weten" ("to know"; cf. "wetenschap" meaning "science"). The word "sovietnik" means "councillor".

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Some organizations in Russian history were called "council" (). In the Russian Empire, the State Council which functioned from 1810 to 1917 was referred to as a Council of Ministers after the revolt of 1905.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The Soviet Union, similarly to Russia, had the world's longest border, measuring over , or circumferences of Earth. Two-thirds of it was a coastline. The country bordered (from 1945 to 1991): Norway, Finland, the Baltic Sea, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, the Black Sea, Turkey, Iran, the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. The Bering Strait separated the country from the United States, while the La Pérouse Strait separated it from Japan.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The Soviet Union's highest mountain was Communism Peak (now Ismoil Somoni Peak) in Tajik SSR, at . It also included most of the world's largest lakes; the Caspian Sea (shared with Iran), and Lake Baikal in Russia, the world's largest and deepest freshwater lake.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: A spontaneous popular uprising in Petrograd, in response to the wartime decay of Russia's economy and morale, culminated in the February Revolution and the toppling of Nicholas II and the imperial government in March 1917. The tsarist autocracy was replaced by the Russian Provisional Government, which intended to conduct elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly and to continue fighting on the side of the Entente in World War I.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: On 1 February 1924, the USSR was recognized by the United Kingdom. The same year, a Soviet Constitution was approved, legitimizing the December 1922 union.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In 1928, Stalin introduced the first five-year plan for building a socialist economy. In place of the internationalism expressed by Lenin throughout the Revolution, it aimed to build Socialism in One Country. In industry, the state assumed control over all existing enterprises and undertook an intensive program of industrialization. In agriculture, rather than adhering to the "lead by example" policy advocated by Lenin, forced collectivization of farms was implemented all over the country.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Famines ensued as a result, causing deaths estimated at three to seven million; surviving kulaks were persecuted, and many were sent to Gulags to do forced labor. Social upheaval continued in the mid-1930s. Despite the turmoil of the mid-to-late 1930s, the country developed a robust industrial economy in the years preceding World War II.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In the same year, the USSR, in fulfilment of its agreement with the Allies at the Yalta Conference, denounced the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1945 and invaded Manchukuo and other Japan-controlled territories on 9 August 1945. This conflict ended with a decisive Soviet victory, contributing to the unconditional surrender of Japan and the end of World War II.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Stalin died on 5 March 1953. Without a mutually agreeable successor, the highest Communist Party officials initially opted to rule the Soviet Union jointly through a troika headed by Georgy Malenkov. This did not last, however, and Nikita Khrushchev eventually won the ensuing power struggle by the mid-1950s. In 1956, he denounced Joseph Stalin and proceeded to ease controls over the party and society. This was known as de-Stalinization.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Moscow considered Eastern Europe to be a critically vital buffer zone for the forward defence of its western borders, in case of another major invasion such as the German invasion of 1941. For this reason, the USSR sought to cement its control of the region by transforming the Eastern European countries into satellite states, dependent upon and subservient to its leadership. As a result, Soviet military forces were used to suppress an anti-communist uprising in Hungary in 1956.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In the late 1950s, a confrontation with China regarding the Soviet rapprochement with the West, and what Mao Zedong perceived as Khrushchev's revisionism, led to the Sino–Soviet split. This resulted in a break throughout the global Marxist–Leninist movement, with the governments in Albania, Cambodia and Somalia choosing to ally with China.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Following the ousting of Khrushchev, another period of collective leadership ensued, consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as general secretary, Alexei Kosygin as Premier and Nikolai Podgorny as Chairman of the Presidium, lasting until Brezhnev established himself in the early 1970s as the preeminent Soviet leader.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In 1968, the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact allies invaded Czechoslovakia to halt the Prague Spring reforms. In the aftermath, Brezhnev justified the invasion and previous military interventions as well as any potential military interventions in the future by introducing the Brezhnev Doctrine, which proclaimed any threat to socialist rule in a Warsaw Pact state as a threat to all Warsaw Pact states, therefore justifying military intervention.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Brezhnev presided throughout "détente" with the West that resulted in treaties on armament control (SALT I, SALT II, Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty) while at the same time building up Soviet military might.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In late 1979, the Soviet Union's military intervened in the ongoing civil war in neighboring Afghanistan, effectively ending a détente with the West.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Two developments dominated the decade that followed: the increasingly apparent crumbling of the Soviet Union's economic and political structures, and the patchwork attempts at reforms to reverse that process. Kenneth S. Deffeyes argued in "Beyond Oil" that the Reagan administration encouraged Saudi Arabia to lower the price of oil to the point where the Soviets could not make a profit selling their oil, and resulted in the depletion of the country's hard currency reserves.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The analysis of the succession of states for the 15 post-Soviet states is complex. The Russian Federation is seen as the legal "continuator" state and is for most purposes the heir to the Soviet Union. It retained ownership of all former Soviet embassy properties, and also inherited the Soviet Union's UN membership, with its permanent seat on the Security Council.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Similar situation occurred with restitution of cultural property. Although on 14 February 1992 Russia and other former Soviet republics signed agreement "On the return of cultural and historic property to the origin states" in Minsk, it was halted by Russian State Duma that had eventually passed "Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation" which made restitution currently impossible.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania consider themselves as revivals of the three independent countries that existed prior to their occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940. They maintain that the process by which they were incorporated into the Soviet Union violated both international law and their own law, and that in 1990–1991 they were reasserting an independence that still legally existed.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: There are additionally six states that claim independence from the other internationally recognised post-Soviet states but possess limited international recognition: Abkhazia, Artsakh, Donetsk, Luhansk, South Ossetia and Transnistria. The Chechen separatist movement of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, the Gagauz separatist movement of the Gagauz Republic and the Talysh separatist movement of the Talysh-Mughan Republic lack any international recognition.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The Marxist-Leninist leadership of the Soviet Union intensely debated foreign policy issues and changed directions several times. Even after Stalin assumed dictatorial control in the late 1920s, there were debates, and he frequently changed positions.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: During the country's early period, it was assumed that Communist revolutions would break out soon in every major industrial country, and it was the Soviet responsibility to assist them. The Comintern was the weapon of choice. A few revolutions did break out, but they were quickly suppressed (the longest lasting one was in Hungary)—the Hungarian Soviet Republic—lasted only from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919. The Russian Bolsheviks were in no position to give any help.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin ordered Marxist-Leninist parties across the world to strongly oppose non-Marxist political parties, labor unions or other organizations on the left. Stalin reversed himself in 1934 with the Popular Front program that called on all Marxist parties to join together with all anti-Fascist political, labor, and organizational forces that were opposed to fascism, especially of the Nazi variety.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In 1939, half a year after the Munich Agreement, the USSR attempted to form an anti-Nazi alliance with France and Britain. Adolf Hitler proposed a better deal, which would give the USSR control over much of Eastern Europe through the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In September, Germany invaded Poland, and the USSR also invaded later that month, resulting in the partition of Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Up until his death in 1953, Joseph Stalin controlled all foreign relations of the Soviet Union during the interwar period. Despite the increasing build-up of Germany's war machine and the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet Union did not cooperate with any other nation, choosing to follow its own path. However, after Operation Barbarossa, the Soviet Union's priorities changed. Despite previous conflict with the United Kingdom, Vyacheslav Molotov dropped his post war border demands.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: There were three power hierarchies in the Soviet Union: the legislature represented by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, the government represented by the Council of Ministers, and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the only legal party and the final policymaker in the country.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: However, in practice the degree of control the party was able to exercise over the state bureaucracy, particularly after the death of Stalin, was far from total, with the bureaucracy pursuing different interests that were at times in conflict with the party. Nor was the party itself monolithic from top to bottom, although factions were officially banned.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The judiciary was not independent of the other branches of government. The Supreme Court supervised the lower courts (People's Court) and applied the law as established by the constitution or as interpreted by the Supreme Soviet. The Constitutional Oversight Committee reviewed the constitutionality of laws and acts. The Soviet Union used the inquisitorial system of Roman law, where the judge, procurator, and defence attorney collaborate to establish the truth.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In the post-war period, the Soviet Army was directly involved in several military operations abroad. These included the suppression of the uprising in East Germany (1953), Hungarian revolution (1956) and the invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968). The Soviet Union also participated in the war in Afghanistan between 1979 and 1989.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: As for Lunar space program; USSR only had a program on automated spacecraft launches; with no crewed spacecraft used; passing on the "Moon Race" part of Space Race.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union managed to build the "Mir" orbital station. It was built on the construction of "Salyut" stations and its only role was civilian-grade research tasks.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In 1990, the country had a Human Development Index of 0.920, placing it in the "high" category of human development. It was the third-highest in the Eastern Bloc, behind Czechoslovakia and East Germany, and the 25th in the world of 130 countries.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In 1991, the Soviet Union had a pipeline network of for crude oil and another for natural gas. Petroleum and petroleum-based products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a variety of manufactured goods, primarily machinery, arms and military equipment, were exported. In the 1970s and 1980s, the USSR heavily relied on fossil fuel exports to earn hard currency. At its peak in 1988, it was the largest producer and second-largest exporter of crude oil, surpassed only by Saudi Arabia.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Transport was a vital component of the country's economy. The economic centralization of the late 1920s and 1930s led to the development of infrastructure on a massive scale, most notably the establishment of Aeroflot, an aviation enterprise. The country had a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. However, due to inadequate maintenance, much of the road, water and Soviet civil aviation transport were outdated and technologically backward compared to the First World.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Despite improvements, several aspects of the transport sector were still riddled with problems due to outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and bad decision-making. Soviet authorities were unable to meet the growing demand for transport infrastructure and services.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Excess deaths throughout World War I and the Russian Civil War (including the postwar famine) amounted to a combined total of 18 million, some 10 million in the 1930s, and more than 26 million in 1941–1945. The postwar Soviet population was 45 to 50 million smaller than it would have been if pre-war demographic growth had continued. According to Catherine Merridale, "...reasonable estimate would place the total number of excess deaths for the whole period somewhere around 60 million."

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: By 1917, Russia became the first great power to grant women the right to vote. After heavy casualties in World War I and II, women outnumbered men in Russia by a 4:3 ratio. This contributed to the larger role women played in Russian society compared to other great powers at the time.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Soviet dental technology and dental health were considered notoriously bad. In 1991, the average 35-year-old had 12 to 14 cavities, fillings or missing teeth. Toothpaste was often not available, and toothbrushes did not conform to standards of modern dentistry.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: As the most widely spoken of the Soviet Union's many languages, Russian "de facto" functioned as an official language, as the "language of interethnic communication" (), but only assumed the "de jure" status as the official national language in 1990.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Christianity and Islam had the highest number of adherents among the religious citizens. Eastern Christianity predominated among Christians, with Russia's traditional Russian Orthodox Church being the largest Christian denomination. About 90% of the Soviet Union's Muslims were Sunnis, with Shias being concentrated in the Azerbaijan SSR. Smaller groups included Roman Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, and a variety of Protestant denominations (especially Baptists and Lutherans).

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Religious influence had been strong in the Russian Empire. The Russian Orthodox Church enjoyed a privileged status as the church of the monarchy and took part in carrying out official state functions. The immediate period following the establishment of the Soviet state included a struggle against the Orthodox Church, which the revolutionaries considered an ally of the former ruling classes.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In Soviet law, the "freedom to hold religious services" was constitutionally guaranteed, although the ruling Communist Party regarded religion as incompatible with the Marxist spirit of scientific materialism. In practice, the Soviet system subscribed to a narrow interpretation of this right, and in fact used a range of official measures to discourage religion and curb the activities of religious groups.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Under Nikita Khrushchev, the state leadership clashed with the churches in 1958–1964, a period when atheism was emphasized in the educational curriculum, and numerous state publications promoted atheistic views. During this period, the number of churches fell from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1959 to 1965, and the number of synagogues dropped from 500 to 97. The number of working mosques also declined, falling from 1,500 to 500 within a decade.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Religious institutions remained monitored by the Soviet government, but churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques were all given more leeway in the Brezhnev era. Official relations between the Orthodox Church and the government again warmed to the point that the Brezhnev government twice honored Orthodox Patriarch Alexy I with the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. A poll conducted by Soviet authorities in 1982 recorded 20% of the Soviet population as "active religious believers."

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The legacy of the USSR remains a controversial topic. The socio-economic nature of communist states such as the USSR, especially under Stalin, has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of bureaucratic collectivism, state capitalism, state socialism, or a totally unique mode of production.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The 1941–1945 period of World War II is still known in Russia as the "Great Patriotic War". The war became a topic of great importance in cinema, literature, history lessons at school, the mass media, and the arts. As a result of the massive losses suffered by the military and civilians during the conflict, Victory Day celebrated on 9 May is still one of the most important and emotional dates in Russia.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Anarchists are also critical of the country, labeling the Soviet system as "red fascism". Factors contributing to the anarchist animosity towards the USSR included the Soviet invasion of the anarchist Free Territory after an initial alliance, the suppression of the anarchist Kronstadt rebellion, and the defeat of the rival anarchist factions by the Soviet-supported Communist faction during the Spanish Civil War.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Maoists also have a mixed opinion on the USSR, viewing it negatively during the Sino-Soviet Split and denouncing it as revisionist and reverted to capitalism. The Chinese government in 1963 articulated its criticism of the USSR's system and promoted China's ideological line as an alternative

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The government encouraged a variety of trends. In art and literature, numerous schools, some traditional and others radically experimental, proliferated. Communist writers Maxim Gorky and Vladimir Mayakovsky were active during this time. As a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, films received encouragement from the state, and much of director Sergei Eisenstein's best work dates from this period.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: During Stalin's rule, the Soviet culture was characterized by the rise and domination of the government-imposed style of socialist realism, with all other trends being severely repressed, with rare exceptions, such as Mikhail Bulgakov's works. Many writers were imprisoned and killed.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev's policies of "perestroika" and "glasnost" significantly expanded freedom of expression throughout the country in the media and the press.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: Founded on 20 July 1924 in Moscow, "Sovetsky Sport" was the first sports newspaper of the Soviet Union.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The Soviet Union national ice hockey team won nearly every world championship and Olympic tournament between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) tournament in which they competed.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession – in reality, the state paid many of these competitors to train on a full-time basis. Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner... who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


Soviet Union

Context: The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 was the first major accident at a civilian nuclear power plant. Unparalleled in the world, it resulted in a large number of radioactive isotopes being released into the atmosphere. Radioactive doses have scattered relatively far. 4,000 new cases of thyroid cancer were reported after the incident, but this led to a relatively low number of deaths (WHO data, 2005). However, the long-term effects of the accident are unknown. Another major accident is the Kyshtym disaster.

Question: من هو مؤسس الإتحاد السوفيتي ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950. The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament, first played in 1930, whose finals stage has been held every four years since, except 1942 and 1946, due to the Second World War.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland, who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales. With the top two from the group qualifying, both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals, and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship, and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil. A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory, the title and the top spot in the group.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: England were seeded in pot one for the finals, which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2, which also contained Spain, Chile and the United States. England's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro, and, as was expected, England cruised to a 2–0 victory, courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match, against Spain in Rio. They needed to win, and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through, and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour. As it turned out, no such calculations were necessary, despite Chile's victory, as Spain's Zarra scored the only goal of the game, eliminating England from the competition.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: As with their first World Cup, England's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953–54 British Home Championship. They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again, and the 4–1 result was the same. However, unlike four years earlier, it was the home side that went into the lead, after 22 minutes through Ivor Allchurch. Despite being 1–0 down at half time, England scored four within eight minutes of the restart; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Goodison Park was the venue for England's home clash against Ireland, who were newly renamed Northern Ireland. Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes. Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark, but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later. Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3–1 win for England.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals, with hosts Switzerland, Italy and Belgium. In an odd twist, unique to the 1954 tournament, England and Italy, as the two seeded teams in the group, did not have to play each other.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Equally, Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other. England's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel, and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes. Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over 20 minutes later, and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later, it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Broadis scored his second just after the hour, but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3–2 down. Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again. In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup, drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time, and as such the teams played on with the score at 3–3.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Just one minute into the added period, Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it, but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4–4. It stayed this way until the extra period was up, and as penalty shoot-outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group, the match was recorded as a draw.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: England's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern. This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions, and they scored one goal in each half (from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively) to give them a comfortable win of 2–0. As Switzerland (against England), Italy (against Switzerland) and Belgium (against Italy) had all lost one game, England progressed as group winners, along with Switzerland, who won a play-off against Italy.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter-finals. Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes, but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later. England were clearly struggling, but held on until just before half time, when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break, but Tom Finney kept England's foot in the door with his 67th-minute goal. However, it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two-goal lead with twelve minutes to play. The score remained at 4–2, and England were eliminated from the cup.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: The third World Cup which took place in South America, saw England qualify from the group, which contained Portugal and Luxembourg, defeating Luxembourg on both occasions, and defeating Portugal at home, and drawing in Lisbon.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: At the finals, England were drawn in a group with Hungary, Argentina and Bulgaria. England defeated Argentina 3–1, thanks to goals from Ron Flowers, Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves, before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria, and a 2–1 defeat to Hungary.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: After Beckenbauer's goal, Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton, who overtook Billy Wright as England's most capped player ever, with caps totalling 106. Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the 81st minute, thereby taking the game into extra time. During extra time, Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3–2. This turned out to be Charlton's last game for England.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: For the first time, England did not qualify for a World Cup. In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales, England could not overtake Poland. After only drawing at home to Wales 1–1 and losing 2–0 in Poland, England had to beat Poland at home, whilst Poland only needed to draw. Poland managed to withstand England's attacks in the first half, who had Martin Peters playing for them. Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams, where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup. Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania, Switzerland and Norway.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: At the finals, England won all three group games for the first time, defeating France 3–1, with a brace from Bryan Robson, before beating Czechoslovakia 2–0, with a Jozef Barmos own goal, and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1–0, thanks to a Trevor Francis goal.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams, a first-time event at the World Cup. England drew with West Germany 0–0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2–1, England then had to beat Spain with a two-goal difference to progress to the next round. England, however, only managed a 0–0 draw against the Spanish. England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament. After the World Cup, Ron Greenwood's time as England manager ended, and he was replaced by Bobby Robson.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico. England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland, who qualified in second place, Romania, Finland and Turkey. In Mexico, England lost their opening game to Portugal 1–0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco. The final group game, however, saw England beat Poland 3–0, which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup, with Gary Lineker scoring a hat-trick.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches, England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily. In group F, was the European champions Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England. After opening the tournament with a 1–1 draw against Ireland and a 0–0 draw against the Dutch, England then beat Egypt 1–0. This was Egypt's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup. England won the group with four points.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: In the semi-finals, England met West Germany. There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes, which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games. There was also no separating the two teams after extra time, thereby taking the game to penalties.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: For the 1994 World Cup in the United States, under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor, England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament. In a group with six teams, England lost to Norway and the Netherlands, finishing third above Poland, Turkey and San Marino.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties, David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence, knocking over Diego Simeone. Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game, before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later. England took the lead through Owen, in the 16th minute. Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: The game finished 2–2, and, as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time, penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round. While David Seaman did save one penalty, Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two, including the vital one from David Batty, thereby knocking England out of the World Cup. Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3–0, thanks to goals from Michael Owen, Rio Ferdinand, and Emile Heskey. England played four-time World Cup winners and 1998 runners-up Brazil in the quarter-finals. Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal, a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2–1, and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England, and went on to win the tournament.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup. The group featured other home nations in Wales, and Northern Ireland, as well as Poland (who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany), Azerbaijan and Austria. England won eight of the 10 games, and qualified as group winners, in front of Poland, despite drawing to Austria in Vienna, and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Under Roy Hodgson, who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA, England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil. Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds. The other opponents included Montenegro, Poland, Moldova and San Marino. After winning six games and drawing four, England qualified unbeaten.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup, in a group of six with Slovakia, Slovenia, Scotland, Lithuania and Malta, with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification. England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce, only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Under Allardyce's replacement, Gareth Southgate, England went undefeated throughout qualification, winning eight matches out of 10, drawing with Slovenia 0–0 in Ljubljana, and drawing 2–2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Harry Kane. This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated, having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup, and Euro 2016 qualifying.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: In the second group stage match, England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6-1. Jesse Lingard scored the third goal, John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat-trick with the second, fifth and sixth goals.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: The tournament would see England score nine goals from set-pieces – the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: In qualifying for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, England were drawn in Group I along with Poland, Hungary, Albania, Andorra and San Marino.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Historically, very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad.

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees, more than by any other football association. The first Englishman to officiate a final, George Reader, is also the oldest World Cup referee to date, as he was 53 years and 236 days old in the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil. The other final referees are William Ling (1954), Jack Taylor (1974) and Howard Webb (2010).

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


England at the FIFA World Cup

Context: Arthur Ellis, who was a linesman for the 1950 final, is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups (1950–1958).

Question: كم عدد مشاركات انجلترا في كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


Demographics of India

Context: India is the second most populated country in the world with a sixth of the world's population. According to the population stood at .

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 1998. India is projected to surpass China to become the world's most populous country by 2024. It is expected to become the first country to be home to more than 1.5 billion people by 2030, and its population is set to reach 1.7 billion by 2050. Its population growth rate is 0.98%, down from 2.3% from 1972 to 1983, ranking 112th in the world in 2017.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011. This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the last century.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate, before population growth slowed down in the Early Medival Era up to 700 AD, and then started decreasing the up to 1500 AD.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: Under Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge, due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production. 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India and contemporary Europe up until the 19th century. Those estimates were criticized by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations. According to Dyson, urbanization of the Mughal empire was less than 9%

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief… that… late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation…".

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population lived in about 638,000 villages and the remaining 27.8% lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010. However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: 41.03% of the Indians speak Hindi while the rest speak Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages are Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution and 100 non-specified languages.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The table immediately below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was: Hindus, 2.7; Muslims, 3.1; Christians, 2.4; and Sikhs, 2.0.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" ("SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983."

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2027. These projections make assumptions about future fertility and death rates which may not turn out to be correct in the event. Fertility rates also vary from region to region, with some higher than the national average and some lower than China's.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India, but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries) see ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


Demographics of India

Context: Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان الهند ؟


The Kingdom (film)

Context: On their way to King Khalid International Airport, their convoy is attacked and incapacitated. Leavitt is dragged out of the wrecked car and kidnapped while Fleury manages to wound one attacker. Al-Ghazi commandeers a civilian vehicle to chase the fourth SUV and the other car holding Leavitt into the dangerous Al-Suwaidi neighborhood of Riyadh. As they pull up, a gunman fires rocket-propelled grenades at them and a fierce firefight starts. Leavitt is tied up inside a complex.

Question: متى تم إطلاق فيلم ذا كينغدوم ؟


The Kingdom (film)

Context: While shooting on location in Mesa, Berg was involved in a fatal accident that resulted in the death of another member of the production team. The SUV he was riding in collided with a John Deere Gator all-terrain vehicle driven by Nick Papac. Papac died three hours later. On August 8, 2008, Papac's parents Michael Papac and Michele Bell filed a lawsuit against the director, a driver, and the production company. The lawsuit was dropped in 2008. Filming resumed one day after the incident.

Question: متى تم إطلاق فيلم ذا كينغدوم ؟


The Kingdom (film)

Context: On-location filming took place in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates for two weeks in mid-September. Since Universal Pictures does not have an office in the Middle East, the production was facilitated by a local production firm called Filmworks, based in Dubai. Filming also took place at the Emirates Palace hotel in Abu Dhabi.

Question: متى تم إطلاق فيلم ذا كينغدوم ؟