Cerebellum

Context: The smallest region, the flocculonodular lobe, is often called the vestibulocerebellum. It is the oldest part in evolutionary terms (archicerebellum) and participates mainly in balance and spatial orientation; its primary connections are with the vestibular nuclei, although it also receives visual and other sensory input. Damage to this region causes disturbances of balance and gait.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: Two types of neuron play dominant roles in the cerebellar circuit: Purkinje cells and granule cells. Three types of axons also play dominant roles: mossy fibers and climbing fibers (which enter the cerebellum from outside), and parallel fibers (which are the axons of granule cells). There are two main pathways through the cerebellar circuit, originating from mossy fibers and climbing fibers, both eventually terminating in the deep cerebellar nuclei.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: Mossy fibers project directly to the deep nuclei, but also give rise to the following pathway: mossy fibers → granule cells → parallel fibers → Purkinje cells → deep nuclei. Climbing fibers project to Purkinje cells and also send collaterals directly to the deep nuclei. The mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs each carry fiber-specific information; the cerebellum also receives dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic inputs that presumably perform global modulation.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: The top, outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex is the molecular layer. This layer contains the flattened dendritic trees of Purkinje cells, and the huge array of parallel fibers, from the granular layer, that penetrate the Purkinje cell dendritic trees at right angles. The molecular layer also contains two types of inhibitory interneuron: stellate cells and basket cells. Both stellate and basket cells form GABAergic synapses onto Purkinje cell dendrites.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: A specific, recognizable feature of Purkinje neurons is the expression of calbindin. Calbindin staining of rat brain after unilateral chronic sciatic nerve injury suggests that Purkinje neurons may be newly generated in the adult brain, initiating the organization of new cerebellar lobules.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: When a Purkinje cell axon enters one of the deep nuclei, it branches to make contact with both large and small nuclear cells, but the total number of cells contacted is only about 35 (in cats). Conversely, a single deep nuclear cell receives input from approximately 860 Purkinje cells (again in cats).

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: From the viewpoint of gross anatomy, the cerebellar cortex appears to be a homogeneous sheet of tissue, and, from the viewpoint of microanatomy, all parts of this sheet appear to have the same internal structure. There are, however, a number of respects in which the structure of the cerebellum is compartmentalized. There are large compartments that are generally known as "zones"; these can be divided into smaller compartments known as "microzones".

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: In 2005, Richard Apps and Martin Garwicz summarized evidence that microzones themselves form part of a larger entity they call a multizonal microcomplex. Such a microcomplex includes several spatially separated cortical microzones, all of which project to the same group of deep cerebellar neurons, plus a group of coupled olivary neurons that project to all of the included microzones as well as to the deep nuclear area.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: To identify cerebellar problems, neurological examination includes assessment of gait (a broad-based gait being indicative of ataxia), finger-pointing tests and assessment of posture. If cerebellar dysfunction is indicated, a magnetic resonance imaging scan can be used to obtain a detailed picture of any structural alterations that may exist.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: The human cerebellum changes with age. These changes may differ from those of other parts of the brain.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: The cerebellum is the youngest brain region (and body part) in centenarians according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock: it is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian. Further, gene expression patterns in the human cerebellum show less age-related alteration than that in the cerebral cortex.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: Some studies have reported reductions in numbers of cells or volume of tissue, but the amount of data relating to this question is not very large.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: Congenital malformation, hereditary disorders, and acquired conditions can affect cerebellar structure and, consequently, cerebellar function. Unless the causative condition is reversible, the only possible treatment is to help people live with their problems. Visualization of the fetal cerebellum by ultrasound scan at 18 to 20 weeks of pregnancy can be used to screen for fetal neural tube defects with a sensitivity rate of up to 99%.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: Cerebellar atrophy has been observed in many other neurological disorders including Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, essential tremor, progressive myoclonus epilepsy, and Niemann–Pick disease. Cerebellar atrophy can also occur as a result of exposure to toxins including heavy metals or pharmaceutical or recreational drugs.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: There is a general consensus that the cerebellum is involved in pain processing. The cerebellum receives pain input from both descending cortico-cerebellar pathways and ascending spino-cerebellar pathways, through the pontine nuclei and inferior olives. Some of this information is transferred to the motor system inducing a conscious motor avoidance of pain, graded according to pain intensity.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: The circuits in the cerebellum are similar across all classes of vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. There is also an analogous brain structure in cephalopods with well-developed brains, such as octopuses. This has been taken as evidence that the cerebellum performs functions important to all animal species with a brain.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


Cerebellum

Context: Even the earliest anatomists were able to recognize the cerebellum by its distinctive appearance. Aristotle and Herophilus (quoted in Galen) called it the παρεγκεφαλίς ("parenkephalis"), as opposed to the ἐγκέφαλος ("enkephalos") or brain proper. Galen's extensive description is the earliest that survives. He speculated that the cerebellum was the source of motor nerves.

Question: 小脳の機能はなんですか？


.44 Special

Context: The .44 Smith & Wesson Special, also commonly known as .44 S&W Special, .44 Special, .44 Spl, .44 Spc, (pronounced "forty-four special"), or 10.9x29mmR is a smokeless powder center fire metallic revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson in 1907 as the standard chambering for their New Century revolver, introduced in 1908.

Question: .44レミントン・マグナムを開発したのは誰


.44 Special

Context: On the late 19th century American frontier, large .44- and .45-caliber cartridges were considered the epitome of handgun ammunition for self-protection, home defense, and hunting. Black-powder rounds such as the .44 American, .44 Russian, .44 Colt, .44-40 Winchester, .45 Schofield, and .45 Colt enjoyed a well-earned reputation for effective terminal ballistics, accuracy, and reliability.

Question: .44レミントン・マグナムを開発したのは誰


.44 Special

Context: At the start of the 20th century, Smith & Wesson decided to celebrate by introducing a brand new revolver design which they called the New Century.

Question: .44レミントン・マグナムを開発したのは誰


.44 Special

Context: Unfortunately the ballistics of the new cartridge merely duplicated the bullet @ statistics of the .44 Russian, when the powder capacity of its case would have supported performance rivaling that of the .45 Colt and close to the .44-40. Nevertheless, the .44 Special retained its progenitor's reputation for accuracy. The SAAMI maximum pressure standard for the .44 S&W special is .

Question: .44レミントン・マグナムを開発したのは誰


.44 Special

Context: A variety of factory ammunition loadings are available in .44 Special, including bullet weights of at various velocity levels. Special high performance terminal ballistic loads are also offered, such as the Hornady JHP, Winchester Silvertip JHP, Speer Gold Dot JHP, Federal LHP, Cor-Bon JHP, and various other jacketed hollow point and soft point designs.

Question: .44レミントン・マグナムを開発したのは誰


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: Buddhist architecture in Japan during the country's whole history has absorbed much of the best available natural and human resources. Particularly between the 8th and the 16th centuries, it led the development of new structural and ornamental features. For these reasons, its history is vital to the understanding of not only Buddhist architecture itself, but also of Japanese art in general.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: Buddhist architecture in Japan is not native, but was imported from China and other Asian cultures over the centuries with such constancy that the building styles of all Six Dynasties are represented. Its history is as a consequence dominated by Chinese and other Asian techniques and styles (present even in Ise Shrine, held to be the quintessence of Japanese architecture) on one side, and by Japanese original variations on those themes on the other.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: The general structure is almost always the same: columns and lintels support a large and gently curved roof, while the walls are paper-thin, often movable and in any case non-carrying. Arches and barrel roofs are completely absent. Gable and eave curves are gentler than in China and columnar entasis (convexity at the center) limited.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: Even in cases as that of Nikkō Tōshō-gū, where every available space is heavily decorated, ornamentation tends to follow, and therefore emphasize rather than hide, basic structures.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: Being shared by both sacred and profane architecture, these architectonic features made it easy converting a lay building into a temple. This happened for example at Hōryū-ji, where a noblewoman's mansion was transformed into a religious building.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: The Chinese five elements school of thought believed that many natural phenomena naturally fell under five categories. Six groups of five categories were established as a rule to the building of edifices.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: A palace for a new prince would for example be placed east to symbolize birth, and yellow tiles would be used for the imperial palace to symbolize power.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: The five elements theory is also the basis of the "gorintō", an extremely common stone "stupa" whose invention is attributed to Kūkai. Its five sections (a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, a crescent and a lotus-shaped cusp) stand each for one of the five elements.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: Because of fire, earthquakes, typhoons and wars, few of those ancient temples still exist. Hōryū-ji, rebuilt after a fire in 670, is the only one still possessing 7th-century structures, the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: The Kamakura period (1185–1333) brought to power the warrior caste, which expressed in its religious architecture its necessities and tastes. The influential Zen arrived in Japan from China, and the Jōdō sect achieved independence. In architecture this period is characterized by the birth of fresh and rational designs.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: The Zen style was originally called and, like the Daibutsu style, was rechristened by Ōta. Its characteristics are earthen floors, subtly curved pent roofs ("mokoshi") and pronouncedly curved main roofs, cusped windows ("katōmado") and paneled doors. Examples of this style include the belfry at Tōdai-ji, the Founder's Hall at Eihō-ji and the Shariden at Engaku-ji. The Zen "garan" usually does not have a pagoda and, when it does, it is relegated to a peripheral position.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: These three styles we have seen ("wayō", "daibutsuyō" and zen'yō) were often combined during the Muromachi period (1336–1573), giving birth to the so-called , exemplified by the main hall at Kakurin-ji. The combination of "wayō" and "daibutsuyō" in particular became so frequent that sometimes it is called by scholars . By the end of the Muromachi period (late 16th century), Japanese Buddhist architecture had reached its apogee. Construction methods had been perfected and building types conventionalized.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Japanese Buddhist architecture

Context: Representative examples for the Momoyama (1568–1603) and Edo period (1603–1868) temple architecture are the Karamon at Hōgon-ji and the main hall of Kiyomizu-dera, respectively.

Question: 東大寺の建築デザインをしたのは誰？


Woodwind instrument

Context: Flutes produce sound by directing a focused stream of air below the edge of a hole in a cylindrical tube. The flute family can be divided into two sub-families: open flutes and closed flutes.

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: To produce a sound with a closed flute, the player is required to blow air into a duct. This duct acts as a channel bringing the air to a sharp edge. As with the open flutes, the air is then split; this causes the column of air within the closed flute to vibrate and produce sound. Examples of this type of flute include the recorder, ocarina, and organ pipes.

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: Reed instruments produce sound by focusing air into a mouthpiece which then causes a reed, or reeds, to vibrate. Similarly to flutes, reed pipes are also further divided into two types: single reed and double reed.

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: Single-reed woodwinds produce sound by fixing a reed onto the opening of a mouthpiece (using a ligature). When air is forced between the reed and the mouthpiece, the reed causes the air column in the instrument to vibrate and produce its unique sound. Single reed instruments include the clarinet, saxophone, and others such as the chalumeau.

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: Exposed double-reed instruments are played by having the double reed directly between the player's lips. This family includes instruments such as the oboe, cor anglais (also called English horn) and bassoon, and many types of shawms throughout the world.

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: On the other hand, capped double-reed instruments have the double reed covered by a cap. The player blows through a hole in this cap that then directs the air through the reeds. This family includes the crumhorn.

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: Bagpipes are unique reed pipe instruments since they use two or more double or single reeds. However, bagpipes are functionally the same as a capped double reed instruments since the reeds are never in direct contact with player's lips.

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: Free reed aerophone instruments are likewise unique since sound is produced by 'free reeds' – small metal tongues arranged in rows within a metal or wooden frame. The airflow necessary for the instruments sound is generated either by a player's breath (e.g. harmonica), or by bellows (e.g. accordion).

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: The modern orchestra's woodwind section typically includes: flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons. The piccolo, cor anglais, bass clarinet, E-flat clarinet, and contrabassoon are commonly used supplementary woodwind instruments. The section may also on occasion be expanded by the addition of saxophone(s).

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Woodwind instrument

Context: The concert band's woodwind section is typically much larger and more diverse than the orchestra's. The concert band's woodwind section typically includes piccolos, flutes, oboes, B clarinets, bass clarinets, bassoons, alto saxophones, tenor saxophones, and baritone saxophones. The alto flute, cor anglais, E clarinet, alto clarinet, contra-alto clarinet, contrabass clarinet, contrabassoon, and soprano saxophone are also used, but not as frequently as the other woodwinds.

Question: エアリード楽器にはどのような楽器がありますか？


Emperor Takakura

Context: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was Norihito"-shinnō" (憲仁親王). He was also known as Nobuhito"-shinnō".

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Emperor Takakura

Context: Takakura was the fourth son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa, and thus uncle to his predecessor, Emperor Rokujō. His mother was Empress Dowager Taira no Shigeko, the younger sister of Taira no Tokiko, the wife of Taira no Kiyomori. His empress consort was Taira no Tokuko (later Empress Dowager Kenrei), the daughter of Taira no Kiyomori, and thus his first cousin (as his mother and Tokuko's mothers were sisters).

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Emperor Takakura

Context: Although Takakura was formally enthroned, the reality was that government affairs were controlled by his father and his father-in-law.

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Emperor Takakura

Context: "The Emperor is a ship. His subjects are water. The water enables a ship to float well, but sometimes the vessel is capsized by it. His subjects can sustain an Emperor well, but sometimes they overthrow him."

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Emperor Takakura

Context: Ex-Emperor Go-Shirakawa exercised the powers attendant the well-settled patterns of cloistered rule. Taira no Kiyomori, who was the father of the Empress, did whatever he pleased as "de facto" Regent.

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Emperor Takakura

Context: Soon after the birth of Emperor Takakura's son, Prince Tokihito, he was pressured to abdicate. The one-year-old infant would become Emperor Antoku.

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Emperor Takakura

Context: "Kugyō" (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Emperor Takakura

Context: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Takakura's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan" included:

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Emperor Takakura

Context: Takakura is the "Imperial Sovereign" of the Japan-inspired land of Akatsurai in Book 6: "The Lords of the Rising Sun" in the Fabled Lands adventure gamebook series. He is portrayed as a young man with little real power, it being largely in the hands of his chancellor, "Lord Kiyomori".

Question: 高倉天皇は何年に失脚した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Folk games differed over time, place, and culture, resulting in similar yet variant forms. These games had no standard documented rules and instead were played according to historical customs. These games tended to be played by working classes, peasants, and children. Early folk games were often associated with earlier religious ceremonies and worship rituals. These games became discouraged and even altogether prohibited by subsequent governing states and religious authorities.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The name "oină" was originally "hoina", and is derived from the Cuman word "oyn" "game" (a cognate of Turkish "oyun").

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The oldest direct mention comes from a diet manual of 1782 by medic István Mátyus, who talks about the health benefits of oina.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: In 1899, Spiru Haret, the minister of education decided that oină was to be played in schools in physical education classes. He organized the first annual oină competitions.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The Romanian Oină Federation ("Federaţia Română de Oină") was founded in 1932, and was reactivated at the beginning of the 1950s, after a brief period when it was dissolved.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Today, there are two oină federations: one in Bucharest, Romania and another one in Chişinău, Moldova.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: In an 1802 book entitled "The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England", Joseph Strutt claimed to have shown that baseball-like games can be traced back to the 14th century, in particular an English game called stoolball. The earliest known reference to stoolball is in a 1330 poem by William Pagula, who recommended to priests that the game be forbidden within churchyards.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: According to one legend, milkmaids played stoolball while waiting for their husbands to return from the fields. Another theory is that stoolball developed as a game played after attending church services, in which case the target was probably a church stool. An 18th-century poem depicts men and women playing together (the women using their aprons to catch batted balls), and it and other references associate the game especially with the Easter season.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: There were several versions of stoolball. In the earliest versions, the object was primarily to defend the stool. Successfully defending the stool counted for one point, and the batter was out if the ball hit the stool. There was no running involved. Another version of stoolball involved running between two stools, and scoring was similar to the scoring in cricket. In perhaps yet another version there were several stools, and points were scored by running around them as in baseball.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: When Englishmen came to America, they brought stoolball with them. William Bradford in his diary for Christmas Day, 1621, noted (with disapproval) how the men of Plymouth were "frolicking in þe street, at play openly; some pitching þe barre, some at stoole-ball and shuch-like sport". Because of the different versions of stoolball, and because it was played not only in England, but also in colonial America, stoolball is considered by many to have been the common ancestor of cricket, baseball and rounders.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Another early folk game was "dog and cat" (or "cat and dog"), which probably originated in Scotland. In cat and dog an oblong piece of wood called a "cat" is thrown at a hole in the ground while another player defends the hole with a stick (a "dog"). In some cases there were two holes and, after hitting the cat, the batter would run between them while fielders would try to get the runner out by putting the cat in the hole before the runner got to it. Dog and cat thus resembled cricket.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: A related game was tip-cat; in this, the "cat" was an oblong piece of wood (as in dog-and-cat); it tapered toward each end, rather like a rugby ball or American football, so that striking one end would flip it into the air much like the trap in trap-ball so that it could be struck with a stick or bat.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: An old English game called ""base" or "prisoners' base"", described by George Ewing at Valley Forge, was apparently not much like baseball. There was no bat and no ball involved. The game was more like a fancy game of team "tag", although it did share the concept of places of safety, bases, with baseball.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The history of cricket prior to 1650 is something of a mystery. Games believed to have been similar to cricket had developed by the 13th century. There was a game called "creag", and another game, "Handyn and Handoute" (Hands In and Hands Out), which was made illegal in 1477 by King Edward IV, who considered the game childish, and a distraction from compulsory archery practice.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The earliest known mention of baseball, as a children's game, dates from the same year (1744) in which the Artillery Ground Laws formalised the rules of what was already a first-class, professional sport sponsored by nobility and upon which vast wagers were laid.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: In 1828, William Clarke in London published the second edition of "The Boy's Own Book", which included the rules of rounders (in fact the earliest known use of that name), and the first printed description in English of a bat and ball base-running game played on a diamond. The following year, the book was published in Boston, Massachusetts. The exact same rules were reprinted verbatim in Robin Carver's "The Book of Sports" (Boston, 1834), except they were headed not "Rounders" but "Base, or Goal-ball."

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: According to many sources, the earliest appearance of the word "baseball" dates from 1700, when Anglican bishop Thomas Wilson expressed his disapproval of "Morris-dancing, cudgel-playing, baseball and cricket" occurring on Sundays. However, David Block, in "Baseball Before We Knew It" (2005), reports that the original source has "stoolball" for "baseball". Block also reports the reference appears to date to 1672, rather than 1700.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: A 1744 book in England by children's publisher John Newbery called "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" includes a woodcut of a game similar to three-base stoolball or rounders and a rhyme entitled "Base-Ball". This is the first known instance of the word baseball in print.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The earliest recorded game of base-ball involved none other than the family of the Prince of Wales, played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex. The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, also in Surrey.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The word "baseball" first appeared in a dictionary in 1768, in "A General Dictionary of the English Language" compiled by the editors of the "Encyclopædia Britannica" (first published the same year), with the unhelpful definition "A rural game in which the person striking the ball must run to his base or goal."

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The French book is the second known book to contain printed rules of a batting/base/running game. It was printed in Paris in 1810 and lays out the rules for ("poisoned ball"), in which there were two teams of eight to ten players, four bases (one called home), a pitcher, a batter, "soaking" and flyball outs; however, the ball apparently was struck by the hand.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Another early print reference is Jane Austen's novel "Northanger Abbey", originally written 1798–1799. In the first chapter the young English heroine Catherine Morland is described as preferring "cricket, base ball, riding on horseback and running about the country to books". About the same time, Austen's cousin Cassandra Cooke mentioned baseball in her novel "Battleridge".

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Charting the evolution of the game that became modern baseball is difficult before 1845. The Knickerbocker Rules describe a game that they had been playing for some time. But how long is uncertain and so is how the game had developed. Shane Foster was the first to come up with suspicions of how the origin came into effect.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: A 1791 bylaw in Pittsfield, Massachusetts banned the playing of "any game of wicket, cricket, baseball, batball, football, cats, fives, or any other game played with ball" within 80 yards of the town meeting house to prevent damage to its windows. Worcester, Massachusetts outlawed playing baseball "in the streets" in 1816.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: There are other mentions of baseball during the early 19th century. An advertisement for Kensington House in the New York Evening Post dated June 6, 1821, said "The grounds of Kensington House are spacious, and well adapted to the playing the noble game of cricket, base, trap-ball, quoits and other amusements, and all the apparatus necessary for the above games will be furnished to clubs and parties."

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Two years later the following notice appeared in the July 13, 1825 edition of the Delhi (New York) "Gazette": "The undersigned, all residents of the new town of Hamden, with the exception of Asa Howland, who has recently removed into Delhi, challenge an equal number of persons of any town in the County of Delaware, to meet them at any time at the house of Edward B. Chace, in said town, to play the game of Bass-Ball, for the sum of one dollar each per game."

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The likelihood is that "base ball" and "rounders" (along with "feeder," "squares" and other names) were regional appellations for the same boys' game played with varying rules in many parts of England from the early 1700s onward. Along with its relatives stool-ball and the cat games it crossed the ocean with English colonists, and eventually followed its own independent evolutionary path, at the same time that back in England what was now generally called "rounders" was developing separately.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: There are numerous 18th and early 19th-century references in England and especially America to "bat and ball". Unfortunately,there is no knowledge and information about the game besides the name, nor whether it was an alternate term for baseball or something else such as trap-ball, cat or even cricket. It might merely be a generic phrase for any game played with bat and ball. However, in 1859, Alfred Elwyn recalled of his childhood in New Hampshire in the 1810s:

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: This "bat and ball," at least, appears very clearly to be a form of early baseball/roundball/townball.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: 1835 saw the publication of "Boy's Book of Sports" which, confusingly, has chapters for both "Base ball" and "Base, or Goal-ball", which seem to be little if at all different; both were "all out, all out" townball with soaking and a three-strike rule. Of more interest is the fact that here appears the earliest use of the terms "innings" and "diamond".

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Evolution from the so-called "Knickerbocker Rules" to the current rules is fairly well documented. The most significant differences were that overhand pitching was illegal, strikes were only counted if the batter swung and missed, "wides" or balls were not counted at all, a batted ball caught on the first bounce was an out, and a game was played to 21 "aces" or runs rather than for a set number of innings.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Further evidence of a more collective model of New York baseball's development, and doubts as to Cartwright's role as "inventor", came with the 2004 discovery of a newspaper interview with William R. Wheaton, a founding member of the Gotham Baseball Club in 1837 and first vice president of the Knickerbocker Club, and co-author of its rules, eight years later.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: If Wheaton's account, given in 1887, was correct, then most of the innovations credited to Cartwright were, in fact, the work of the Gothams before the Knickerbockers were formed, including a set of written rules. John Thorn, MLB's official historian, argued in his book "Baseball in the Garden of Eden" that four members of the Knickerbockers, namely Wheaton, Louis F. Wadsworth, Daniel "Doc" Adams and William H. Tucker, have stronger claims than Cartwright as "inventors" of modern baseball.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Legend holds that Cartwright also introduced the game in most of the towns where he stopped on his trek west to California to find gold, a sort of Johnny Appleseed of baseball. This story, however, arose from forged entries in Cartwright's diary which were inserted after his death.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: One point undisputed by historians is that the modern professional major leagues that began in the 1870s developed directly from the amateur urban clubs of the 1840s and 1850s, not from the pastures of small towns such as Cooperstown.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: In 1845, the Knickerbocker Club began using Elysian Fields in Hoboken to play baseball, following the New York and Magnolia Ball Clubs which had begun playing there in 1843.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: At a preliminary meeting [of the Knickerbockers], it was suggested that as it was apparent they would soon be driven from Murray Hill, some suitable place should be obtained in New Jersey, where their stay could be permanent; accordingly, a day or two afterwards, enough to make a game assembled at Barclay street ferry, crossed over, marched up the road, prospecting for ground on each side, until they reached the Elysian Fields, where they "settled."

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: In 1865 the grounds hosted a championship match between the Mutual Club of New York and the Atlantic Club of Brooklyn that was attended by an estimated 20,000 fans and captured in the Currier & Ives lithograph "The American National Game of Base Ball".

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: By 1862 some NABBP member clubs offered games to the general public in enclosed ballparks with admission fees.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: Already in the 19th century, the "old game" was invoked for special exhibitions such as reunions and anniversariesand for making moral points. Today hundreds of clubs in the U.S. play "vintage base ball" according to the 1845, 1858, or later rules (up to about 1887), usually in vintage uniforms. Some of them have supporting casts that recreate period dress and manner, especially those associated with living history museums.

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Origins of baseball

Context: The origins of baseball were summarized in a documentary produced by Major League Baseball in 2009 titled "Base Ball Discovered".

Question: 野球はどこで発祥した？


Japanese metal

Context: Although formed by schoolmates in 1977, Lazy saw a rift between their managers/producers, who wanted to create a pop rock idol band, and the musicians themselves who slowly took control and moved the band to the hard rock and heavy metal they always desired to play by their final album "Earth Ark" in 1980.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Japanese metal

Context: In the eighties few heavy metal bands had female members, like all-female band Show-Ya and Terra Rosa with Kazue Akao on vocals, both formed in 1982. Heavy metal solo artist Mari Hamada, who released material produced by Loudness drummer Munetaka Higuchi, also saw popularity. In September 1987, Show-Ya organized, produced and presented the first Naon no Yaon rock festival, featuring strictly all-female Japanese musicians and bands.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Japanese metal

Context: Ezo's two studio albums, the self-titled "EZO" (1987) and "Fire Fire" (1989) were released in America by Geffen Records, with the first produced by Gene Simmons. Dead End had their albums "Ghost of Romance" (1987) and "Shambara" (1988) released in the United States by Metal Blade Records.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Japanese metal

Context: Sabbat (1983) and Bellzlleb (1985), whose original lineup included female vocalist Atsuko Koizumi, both formed concurrent with the first wave of black metal. Another notable act is Sigh, whose debut album "Scorn Defeat" (1993) was released by Deathlike Silence Records, founded by Euronymous of infamous Norwegian band Mayhem.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Japanese metal

Context: In the 2000s, many visual kei metal bands prospered and pursued activities overseas, such as D'espairs Ray, Mucc, Dir en Grey, Moi dix Mois and Nightmare. D'espairs Ray and Mucc both entered the European market in 2005 and the United States in 2006.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Japanese metal

Context: Likewise, Dir en Grey also entered the European market in 2005 with concerts in Berlin and Paris and a release of "Withering to Death.". The band and album visited the US the following year, which saw them join Korn's Family Values Tour 2006. All of Dir en grey's subsequent albums have placed on several "Billboard" charts, the highest being "Uroboros" topping the Top Heatseekers chart in 2008.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Japanese metal

Context: Symphonic power metal band Versailles gained a significant worldwide following soon after forming as their debut EP "Lyrical Sympathy" (2007) received a simultaneous European release and they performed in Europe and the United States the following year. Their first full-length album, "Noble" released in 2008, was also released in North America in 2009. 2011 saw Versailles starring in their own television show.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Japanese metal

Context: Loudness has re-entered overseas since 2010, and Galneryus, a power metal band that has been major active since 2003, toured Europe for the first time in July 2014.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Japanese metal

Context: In June 2020, "kawaii metal" idol act Passcode's single "Starry Sky" topped the Oricon Singles Chart.

Question: ジャパニーズ・メタルの先駆者は誰


Equal Employment Opportunity Law (Japan)

Context: This section defines the "fringe benefits" that the government's Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare will provide to further the goal of equal opportunity. These rights include: home lending, disbursing funds for the welfare of workers, and lending money for living or educational expenses.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This applies the law to three sets of actions an employer takes that the law mainly applies to. The three sections include: recruitment, hiring, physical requirements, promotions, job reassignments, and relocation.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section applies the law to specific situations related to pregnancy and childbirth. These reasons contain: pregnancy, childbirth, leave requests, reduction of responsibilities, work and overtime hours, overtime, child care time-off requests, and decline in physical abilities due to childbirth.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section requires employers to allow for specific amounts of time off related to the weeks of pregnancy for the purposes of receiving medical care. The law also stipulates that up to a year after childbirth, the employer must allow for sufficient time off for medical care.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section provides for the appointment of the Chief of the Conciliation Commission and gives the Chief the power to preside over meetings. It also provides for the Chief's Deputy, who can preside in the unavoidable absence of the Chief, to be appointed by the Chief.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This article establishes the Equal Opportunity Conciliation Conference. The Chief convenes each conference, which requires at least 2 other commissioners in order to meet. It also states that meetings of the commission will not be open to the public.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section delegates the administrative duties of the Conference to the Equal Opportunity Department in the Prefectural Labor Office where the Conference is located.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section lays out the application process for review by the Conference. It requires a written application filed to the Director of the applicable Prefectural Labor Office.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section directs the Director of the Prefectural Labor Office who received the application to send the case to the Conference immediately after his decision to refer the matter to the Committee. The Director must also notify the parties involved in the complaint of the decision to send the case to the Committee or dismiss the complaint.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section gives the Conference the authority to delegate portions of the procedure to one of the commissioners. Investigation of each case can also be delegated to the Equal Employment Department of a Prefectural Labor Office.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section allows for the Conference to request opinions from the relevant local employees' or employers' organizations and allows them to appoint representatives to give their opinion to the Conference. Those giving opinions must have their names and addresses provided to the Conference.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section requires a conciliation proposal to be unanimously agreed to by the Conference before it is presented to the parties. Once the proposal is sent, a deadline for acceptance is set for each party to accept. In order to make the acceptance official, each party must provide their signature and seal to the Conference.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section requires employers to take measures to protect female workers during transit to and from, as well as during, scheduled night shifts.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Context: This section delegates the authority of the Minister of Health, Labor, and Welfare within the act, to the local Director of the Prefectural Labor Office that has jurisdiction in the situation, unless the matter is deemed to have national significance.

Question: 日本で雇用機会均等法はいつできましたか？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: With the final closing of pagan temples in the 5th century, knowledge of hieroglyphic writing was lost. Although attempts were made, the script remained undeciphered throughout the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The decipherment of hieroglyphic writing was finally accomplished in the 1820s by Jean-François Champollion, with the help of the Rosetta Stone.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: The word "hieroglyph" comes from the Greek adjective ("hieroglyphikos"), a compound of ( 'sacred') and γλύφω ("glýphō" '(Ι) carve, engrave'; see "glyph").

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: In English, "hieroglyph" as a noun is recorded from 1590, originally short for nominalized "hieroglyphic" (1580s, with a plural "hieroglyphics"), from adjectival use ("hieroglyphic character").

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Hieroglyphs may have emerged from the preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt. For example, symbols on Gerzean pottery from c. 4000 BC have been argued to resemble hieroglyphic writing.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Proto-hieroglyphic symbol systems developed in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called "Scorpion I" (Naqada IIIA period, c. 33rd century BC) recovered at Abydos (modern Umm el-Qa'ab) in 1998 or the Narmer Palette (c. 31st century BC).

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs: phonetic glyphs, including single-consonant characters that function like an alphabet; logographs, representing morphemes; and determinatives, which narrow down the meaning of logographic or phonetic words.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: The "Hieroglyphica" of Horapollo (c. 5th century) appears to retain some genuine knowledge about the writing system. It offers an explanation of close to 200 signs.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Some are identified correctly, such as the "goose" hieroglyph ("zꜣ") representing the word for "son".

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Early attempts at decipherment are due to Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya (9th and 10th century, respectively).

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: The breakthrough in decipherment came only with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone by Napoleon's troops in 1799 (during ).

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: As the stone presented a hieroglyphic and a demotic version of the same text in parallel with a Greek translation, plenty of material for falsifiable studies in translation was suddenly available. In the early 19th century, scholars such as Silvestre de Sacy, Johan David Åkerblad, and Thomas Young studied the inscriptions on the stone, and were able to make some headway. Finally, Jean-François Champollion made the complete decipherment by the 1820s. In his "Lettre à M. Dacier" (1822), he wrote:

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: It is a complex system, writing figurative, symbolic, and phonetic all at once, in the same text, the same phrase, I would almost say in the same word.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Most non-determinative hieroglyphic signs are "phonograms", whose meaning is determined by pronunciation, independent of visual characteristics. This follows the rebus principle where, for example, the picture of an eye could stand not only for the English word "eye", but also for its phonetic equivalent, the first person pronoun "I".

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Phonograms formed with one consonant are called "uniliteral" signs; with two consonants, "biliteral" signs; with three, "triliteral" signs.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Twenty-four uniliteral signs make up the so-called hieroglyphic alphabet. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing does not normally indicate vowels, unlike cuneiform, and for that reason has been labelled by some an "abjad" alphabet, i.e., an alphabet without vowels.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Thus, hieroglyphic writing representing a pintail duck is read in Egyptian as "sꜣ", derived from the main consonants of the Egyptian word for this duck: 's', 'ꜣ' and 't'. (Note that ꜣ or , two half-rings opening to the left, sometimes replaced by the digit '3', is the Egyptian "alef.")

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: It is also possible to use the hieroglyph of the pintail duck without a link to its meaning in order to represent the two phonemes "s" and "ꜣ", independently of any vowels that could accompany these consonants, and in this way write the word: "sꜣ", "son"; or when complemented by other signs detailed below "sꜣ", "keep, watch"; and "sꜣṯ.w", "hard ground". For example:

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: G38-Z1sthe same character used only in order to signify, according to the context, "pintail duck" or, with the appropriate determinative, "son", two words having the same or similar consonants; the meaning of the little vertical stroke will be explained further on:

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: The Egyptian hieroglyphic script contained 24 uniliterals (symbols that stood for single consonants, much like letters in English). It would have been possible to write all Egyptian words in the manner of these signs, but the Egyptians never did so and never simplified their complex writing into a true alphabet.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Each uniliteral glyph once had a unique reading, but several of these fell together as Old Egyptian developed into Middle Egyptian. For example, the folded-cloth glyph (𓋴) seems to have been originally an /s/ and the door-bolt glyph (𓊃) a /θ/ sound, but these both came to be pronounced , as the sound was lost. A few uniliterals first appear in Middle Egyptian texts.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Besides the uniliteral glyphs, there are also the biliteral and triliteral signs, to represent a specific sequence of two or three consonants, consonants and vowels, and a few as vowel combinations only, in the language.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Egyptian writing is often redundant: in fact, it happens very frequently that a word is followed by several characters writing the same sounds, in order to guide the reader. For example, the word "nfr", "beautiful, good, perfect", was written with a unique triliteral that was read as "nfr":

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: However, it is considerably more common to add to that triliteral, the uniliterals for "f" and "r". The word can thus be written as "nfr+f+r", but one still reads it merely as "nfr". The two alphabetic characters are adding clarity to the spelling of the preceding triliteral hieroglyph.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: S43-d-w – "md +d +w" (the complementary "d" is placed after the sign) → it reads "mdw", meaning "tongue".

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: x:p-xpr:r-i-A40 – "ḫ +p +ḫpr +r +j" (the four complementaries frame the triliteral sign of the scarab beetle) → it reads "ḫpr.j", meaning the name "Khepri", with the final glyph being the determinative for 'ruler or god'.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Notably, phonetic complements were also used to allow the reader to differentiate between signs that are homophones, or which do not always have a unique reading. For example, the symbol of "the seat" (or chair):

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Q1 – This can be read "st", "ws" and "ḥtm", according to the word in which it is found. The presence of phonetic complements—and of the suitable determinative—allows the reader to know which of the three readings to choose:

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: *1st Reading: st – Q1-t:pr – "st", written "st+t"; the last character is the determinative of "the house" or that which is found there, meaning "seat, throne, place";

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Q1-t:H8 – "st" (written "st+t"; the "egg" determinative is used for female personal names in some periods), meaning "Isis";

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: *2nd Reading: ws – Q1:ir-A40 – "wsjr" (written "ws"+"jr", with, as a phonetic complement, "the eye", which is read "jr", following the determinative of "god"), meaning "Osiris";

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: *3rd Reading: ḥtm – H-Q1-m:t-E17 – "ḥtm.t" (written "ḥ+ḥtm+m+t", with the determinative of "Anubis" or "the jackal"), meaning a kind of wild animal;

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: H-Q1-t-G41 – "ḥtm" (written "ḥ +ḥtm +t", with the determinative of the flying bird), meaning "to disappear".

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Finally, it sometimes happens that the pronunciation of words might be changed because of their connection to Ancient Egyptian: in this case, it is not rare for writing to adopt a compromise in notation, the two readings being indicated jointly. For example, the adjective "bnj", "sweet", became "bnr". In Middle Egyptian, one can write:

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: which is fully read as "bnr", the "j" not being pronounced but retained in order to keep a written connection with the ancient word (in the same fashion as the English language words "through", "knife", or "victuals", which are no longer pronounced the way they are written.)

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Besides a phonetic interpretation, characters can also be read for their meaning: in this instance, logograms are being spoken (or ideograms) and "semagrams" (the latter are also called determinatives).

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: *G53-Z1 – "bꜣ", meaning "Bâ" (soul); the character is the traditional representation of a "bâ" (a bird with a human head);

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: *G27-Z1 – "dšr", meaning "flamingo"; the corresponding phonogram means "red" and the bird is associated by metonymy with this color.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Determinatives or semagrams (semantic symbols specifying meaning) are placed at the end of a word. These mute characters serve to clarify what the word is about, as homophonic glyphs are common. If a similar procedure existed in English, words with the same spelling would be followed by an indicator that would not be read, but which would fine-tune the meaning: "retort [chemistry]" and "retort [rhetoric]" would thus be distinguished.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: A number of determinatives exist: divinities, humans, parts of the human body, animals, plants, etc. Certain determinatives possess a literal and a figurative meaning. For example, a roll of papyrus, Y1   is used to define "books" but also abstract ideas. The determinative of the plural is a shortcut to signal three occurrences of the word, that is to say, its plural (since the Egyptian language had a dual, sometimes indicated by two strokes). This special character is explained below.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: nfr-w-A17-Z3 – "nfrw" ("w" and the three strokes are the marks of the plural): [literally] "the beautiful young people", that is to say, the young military recruits. The word has a young-person determinative symbol: – which is the determinative indicating babies and children;

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: nfr-:f:r:t-B1 – "nfr.t" (".t" is here the suffix that forms the feminine): meaning "the nubile young woman", with B1 as the determinative indicating a woman;

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: nfr-nfr-nfr-pr – "nfrw" (the tripling of the character serving to express the plural, flexional ending "w") : meaning "foundations (of a house)", with the house as a determinative, pr;

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: All these words have a meliorative connotation: "good, beautiful, perfect". The "Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian" by Raymond A. Faulkner, gives some twenty words that are read "nfr" or which are formed from this word.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Rarely, the names of gods are placed within a cartouche; the two last names of the sitting king are always placed within a cartouche:

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Some signs are the contraction of several others. These signs have, however, a function and existence of their own: for example, a forearm where the hand holds a scepter is used as a determinative for words meaning "to direct, to drive" and their derivatives.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Standard orthography—"correct" spelling—in Egyptian is much looser than in modern languages. In fact, one or several variants exist for almost every word. One finds:

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Here, the 'house' hieroglyph works as a logogram: it represents the word with a single sign. The vertical stroke below the hieroglyph is a common way of indicating that a glyph is working as a logogram.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Another word "pr" is the verb 'to go out, leave'. When this word is written, the 'house' hieroglyph is used as a phonetic symbol:

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: Here, the 'house' glyph stands for the consonants "pr". The 'mouth' glyph below it is a "phonetic complement:" it is read as "r", reinforcing the phonetic reading of "pr". The third hieroglyph is a "determinative": it is an ideogram for verbs of motion that gives the reader an idea of the meaning of the word.

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Egyptian hieroglyphs

Context: , four fonts, "Aegyptus", "NewGardiner", "Noto Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs" and "JSeshFont" support this range. Another font, "Segoe UI Historic", comes bundled with Windows 10 and also contains glyphs for the Egyptian Hieroglyphs block. Segoe UI Historic excludes three glyphs depicting phallus (Gardiner's D52, D52A D53, Unicode code points U+130B8–U+130BA).

Question: 古代エジプト語の文字は何と呼ばれている？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: Intrawest announced the gondola project to employees and the Municipality of Whistler’s Council on September 19, 2005, and held a community open house shortly thereafter. At the time, construction was expected to start in the summer of 2006 and continue for 2 years for an opening for the 2007-2008 ski season. On March 30, 2006, it was announced that construction would be delayed by one year. Whistler Blackcomb announced on April 17, 2007, that groundbreaking would occur in May 2007.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: Each track cable was winched down Blackcomb Mountain to the valley floor, then up Whistler Mountain. While the cables were pulled for twelve straight weeks, terminal construction continued with the gondola machinery being mounted on concrete foundations. The drive terminal on Whistler Mountain had the gondola’s motors installed in an underground vault. After the gondola machinery was installed, steel enclosures were constructed and covered with a blue, translucent material.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: In May 2007, Whistler-Blackcomb announced the naming rights to the gondola were for sale for an undisclosed price, however the gondola has retained the Peak 2 Peak name.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: There are four intermediate towers, two on Whistler Mountain and two on Blackcomb Mountain that support the cables, which range in height from 30 to 65 metres (100 to 210 feet). Combined, they contain 400 metric tonnes of steel.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: The 28 CWA-manufactured gondola cabins hold 28 people each, with 22 seated and 6 standing. Twenty-six of the cabins are painted red and white, while the remaining two are painted blue, and have glass floors.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: The lift is powered by an electric motor on Whistler Mountain; however an auxiliary diesel engine can take over in the case of primary engine failure or if there is a power outage. The lift also has a redundant braking system. Both bullwheels have emergency brakes to stop the gondola if there is a primary braking system failure.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: In the event of a catastrophic failure, an evacuation can be performed. For cabins that are near the terminals, passengers are lowered down by rope from the cabins. For cabins that are too high off the ground for a rope evacuation, cabins are winched along the track cables to towers 2 and 3 where passengers are then lowered to the ground by rope by Ski Patrol members.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: In addition, the gondola is equipped with a state of the art Obstacle Collision Avoidance System that uses radar to alert aircraft of the gondola as an obstacle. Strobe lights and loud noises over all radio frequencies are used to alert pilots who come too close to the gondola.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Peak 2 Peak Gondola

Context: The grand opening ceremony on December 12, 2008 featured Steve Podborski as emcee and Red Bull Air Force members BASE jumping from the middle of the gondola.

Question: ウィスラー・ブラッコムで一番高い山は？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Many of Gentileschi's paintings feature women from myths, allegories, and the Bible, including victims, suicides, and warriors. Some of her best known subjects are "Susanna and the Elders" (particularly the 1610 version in Pommersfelden), "Judith Slaying Holofernes" (her 1614–1620 version is in the Uffizi gallery), and "Judith and Her Maidservant" (her version of 1625 is in the Detroit Institute of Arts).

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Gentileschi was known for being able to depict the female figure with great naturalism and for her skill in handling colour to express dimension and drama.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Her earliest surviving work, completed aged 17, is "Susanna and the Elders" (1610, Schönborn collection in Pommersfelden). The painting depicts the Biblical story of Susanna. The painting shows how Artemisia assimilated the realism of and effects used by Caravaggio without being indifferent to the classicism of Annibale Carracci and the Bolognese School of Baroque style.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: A painting entitled "Mother and Child", discovered in Crow's Nest, Australia in 1976, may or may not have been painted by Gentileschi. Presuming that it is her work, the baby has been interpreted as an indirect reference to Agostino Tassi, her rapist, as it dates to 1614, just two years after the rape. It depicts a strong and suffering woman and casts light on her anguish and expressive artistic capability.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: A month after the trial, Orazio arranged for his daughter to marry Pierantonio Stiattesi, a modest artist from Florence. Shortly afterward the couple moved to Florence. The six years she spent in Florence would be decisive for both for Artemisia's family life and professional career. Artemisia became a successful court painter, enjoying the patronage of the House of Medici, and playing a significant role in courtly culture of the city.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Her involvement in the courtly culture in Florence not only provided access to patrons, but it widened her education and exposure to the arts. She learned to read and write and became familiar with musical and theatrical performances. Such artistic spectacles helped Artemisia's approach to depicting lavish clothing in her paintings: "Artemisia understood that the representation of biblical or mythological figures in contemporary dress... was an essential feature of the spectacle of courtly life."

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: In her last known years of activity she is attributed with works that are probably commissions and follow a traditional representation of the feminine in her works.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: It was once believed that Artemisia died in 1652 or 1653; however, modern evidence has shown that she was still accepting commissions in 1654, although she was increasingly dependent upon her assistant, Onofrio Palumbo. Some have speculated that she died in the devastating plague that swept Naples in 1656 and virtually wiped out an entire generation of Neapolitan artists.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Some works in this period are the "Susanna and the Elders" (1622) today in Brno, the "Virgin and Child with a Rosary" today in El Escorial, the "David and Bathsheba" today in Columbus, Ohio, and the "Bathsheba" today in Leipzig.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Her "David with the Head of Goliath", rediscovered in London in 2020, has been attributed by art historian Gianni Papi to Artemisia's London period, in an article published in "The Burlington Magazine."

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Because Artemisia returned again and again to violent subject matter such as Judith and Holofernes, a repressed-vengeance theory has been postulated by some art historians, but other art historians suggest that she was shrewdly taking advantage of her fame from the rape trial to cater to a niche market in sexually charged, female-dominated art for male patrons.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Feminist scholars suggest that Artemisia wanted to take a stand against the stereotype of female submissiveness. One example of this symbolism appears in her "Corisca and the Satyr", created between 1630 and 1635. In the painting, a nymph runs away from a satyr. The satyr attempts to grab the nymph by her hair, but the hair is a wig. Here, Artemisia depicts the nymph to be quite clever and to be actively resisting the aggressive attack of the satyr.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: For a woman at the beginning of the seventeenth century, Artemisia being a painter represented an uncommon and difficult choice, but not an exceptional one. Artemisia was aware of "her position as a female artist and the current representations of women's relationship to art." This is evident in her allegorical self portrait, "Self Portrait as "La Pittura"", which shows Artemisia as a muse, "symbolic embodiment of the art" and as a professional artist.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Before Artemisia, between the end of the 1500s and the beginning of 1600s, other women painters had successful careers, including Sofonisba Anguissola (born in Cremona around 1530). Later Fede Galizia (born in Milan or Trento in 1578) painted still lifes, and a "Judith with the Head of Holofernes".

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


Artemisia Gentileschi

Context: Italian Baroque painter Elisabetta Sirani was another female artist from this same time period. Sirani's painting "Allegory Painting of Clio" shares a common colour scheme with Artemisia's work. Elisabetta gained considerable success before her death aged 27.

Question: 女性初めてのプロの画家はどこの国で生まれましたか？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Seigenthaler began his career in journalism as a police beat reporter in "The Tennessean" city room after his uncle encouraged an editor about his talent. Seigenthaler gradually established himself on the staff among heavy competition that included future standout journalists David Halberstam and Tom Wicker.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: In July 1957, Seigenthaler began a battle to eliminate corruption within the local branch of the Teamsters, noting the criminal backgrounds of key employees, along with the use of intimidation in keeping news of certain union activities quiet. During this period, he contacted Dave Beck and Jimmy Hoffa, both top Teamsters officials, but the two men ignored Seigenthaler's queries. His series of articles resulted in the impeachment trial of Chattanooga Criminal Court Judge Ralston Schoolfield.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Seigenthaler took a one-year sabbatical from "The Tennessean" in 1958 to participate in Harvard University's prestigious Nieman Fellowship program. Upon returning to "The Tennessean", Seigenthaler became an assistant city editor and special assignment reporter.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Frustrated by the leadership of "Tennessean" publisher Silliman Evans Jr., Seigenthaler resigned in 1960 to serve as an administrative assistant to incoming attorney general Robert F. Kennedy. On April 21, 1961, Seigenthaler was the only other Justice Department figure to witness a meeting between Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: During the Freedom Rides of 1961, Seigenthaler was sent in his capacity as assistant to Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights John Doar

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: to be chief negotiator for the government, in its attempts to work with Alabama Governor John Malcolm Patterson. After several days of refusing to return calls, Patterson finally agreed to protect the Riders, but their state trooper escort disappeared as soon as they arrived in Montgomery on May 20, 1961, leaving them unprotected before the waiting white mob.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Seigenthaler was a block away when he rushed to help Susan Wilbur, a Freedom Rider who was being chased by the angry mob. Seigenthaler shoved her into his car and shouted "Get back! I'm with the Federal government" but was hit behind the left ear with a pipe. Knocked unconscious, he was not picked up until police arrived 10 minutes later, with Montgomery Police Commissioner Lester B. Sullivan noting, "We have no intention of standing police guard for a bunch of troublemakers coming into our city."

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Seigenthaler's brief career in government would conclude as a result of Evans' death from a heart attack on July 29, 1961. A brief transition period followed, during which long-time "Tennessean" reporter John Nye served as publisher. On March 20, 1962, the newspaper made the announcement that Evans' brother, Amon Carter Evans, would be the new publisher.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: One of the new Evans' first acts would be to bring back Seigenthaler as editor. The two had worked together before at the paper, when Seigenthaler served as assistant city editor and Evans was an aspiring journalist. On one occasion during that era, the two nearly came to blows over Seigenthaler's assignment of Evans to a story.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Evans named Seigenthaler editor of "The Tennessean" on March 21, 1962. With this new team in place, "The Tennessean" quickly regained its hard-hitting reputation. One example of the paper's resurgence came following a Democratic primary in August 1962, when "The Tennessean" found documented evidence of voter fraud based on absentee ballots in the city's second ward.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: The following year, Seigenthaler led a fight for access to the Tennessee state senate chamber in Nashville after a resolution was passed revoking the floor privileges of "Tennessean" reporter Bill Kovach. The action came after Kovach had refused to leave a committee hearing following a call for executive session.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: In December 1966, Seigenthaler and Richard Goodwin represented the Kennedy family when controversy developed about historian William Manchester's book about the John F. Kennedy assassination, "The Death of a President". Seigenthaler had read an early version of the book, which led to Jacqueline Kennedy threatening a lawsuit over inaccurate and private statements in the publication.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Remaining focused on the cause of civil rights, Seigenthaler then supported Tennessee Bishop Joseph Aloysius Durick in 1969 during the latter's contentious fight to end segregation, a stance that outraged many in the community who still believed in the concept.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: On February 8, 1973, Seigenthaler was promoted to publisher of the "Tennessean", after Amon Carter Evans was named president of Tennessean Newspaper, Inc.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: In May 1982, Seigenthaler was named the first editorial director of "USA Today". In announcing the appointment, Gannett president Allen Neuharth said Seigenthaler was "one of the most thoughtful and respected editors in America." During Seigenthaler's tenure at "USA Today", he frequently commuted between Nashville and Washington to fulfill his duties at both newspapers.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: In 1986, Middle Tennessee State University established the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies, honoring Seigenthaler's "lifelong commitment to free expression values".

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Seigenthaler announced his retirement in December 1991 from "The Tennessean", just months after he made a similar announcement concerning his tenure at "USA Today".

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: On December 15, 1991, Seigenthaler founded the First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, saying, "It is my hope that this center at Vanderbilt University ... will help promote appreciation and understanding for those values so vital in a democratic society." The center serves as a forum for dialog about First Amendment issues, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: In 1996, Seigenthaler received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: In 2002, when it was discovered that "USA Today" reporter Jack Kelley had fabricated some of his stories, "USA Today" turned to Seigenthaler, along with veteran editors Bill Hilliard and Bill Kovach, to monitor the investigation.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: In 2002, Vanderbilt renamed the 57,000-square-foot (5,300 m2) building that houses the Freedom Forum, First Amendment Center, and Diversity Institute the John Seigenthaler Center. At one point, "USA Today" and Freedom Forum founder Allen Neuharth called Seigenthaler "the best champion of the First Amendment."

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: In April 2014, the Shelby Street Bridge was renamed the John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge in his honor.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Seigenthaler hosted a book review program on Nashville public television station WNPT, called "A Word on Words", and chaired the selection committees for the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation's Profiles in Courage Award and the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial's Robert F. Kennedy Book Award.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: On May 26, 2005, an unregistered Wikipedia user created a five-sentence biographical article about Seigenthaler that contained false and defamatory content. The false statement in Seigenthaler's Wikipedia article read:

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: John Seigenthaler Sr. was the assistant to Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the early 1960s. For a brief time, he was thought to have been directly involved in the Kennedy assassinations of both John, and his brother, Bobby. Nothing was ever proven.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: When he was alerted of the article's existence, Seigenthaler directly contacted Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who removed the false claims. As Seigenthaler later wrote: "For four months, Wikipedia depicted me as a suspected assassin before Wales erased it from his website's history" on October 5.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


John Seigenthaler

Context: Seigenthaler died of complications from colon cancer on July 11, 2014, at the age of 86, surrounded by his family in his home.

Question: ジョン・ローレンス・シーゲンソーラーの性別は？


Shigeo Nagashima

Context: Nagashima played baseball at his local high school, and on the Rikkyo University baseball team from 1954–1957. He joined the Yomiuri Giants in 1958. His jersey number (3) is now a retired number for the Yomiuri Giants.

Question: 長嶋茂雄には何人子どもがいた？


Shigeo Nagashima

Context: After retiring, he became manager of the Yomiuri Giants from 1975–1980, and again from 1993–2001. He was scheduled to manage the Japanese national team for the 2004 Athens Olympics, but he suffered a stroke shortly before and was hospitalized. He recovered from his stroke, appearing at a baseball game in the Tokyo Dome in 2005, and in a television commercial in 2006, with his son, Kazushige.

Question: 長嶋茂雄には何人子どもがいた？


Shigeo Nagashima

Context: Nagashima played perhaps his most well-known game on June 25, 1959, when the Japanese emperor attended a baseball game for the first time. Nagashima hit the game-winning home run off Minoru Murayama, and rookie Sadaharu Oh also had a home run in the game.

Question: 長嶋茂雄には何人子どもがいた？


Shigeo Nagashima

Context: Nagashima won only two Golden Glove awards, because the title was established in Japan late during his career, in 1972. Nagashima was a flashy fielder, making extravagant leaps and dashes to field even the most routine ground ball. Giants fans were delighted by Nagashima's fielding, even when he made careless errors.

Question: 長嶋茂雄には何人子どもがいた？


Shigeo Nagashima

Context: He was awarded People's Honour Award on May 5, 2013, for his achievement. And more coincidentally, Hideki Matsui who he had picked in draft was also awarded at the same time.

Question: 長嶋茂雄には何人子どもがいた？


Shigeo Nagashima

Context: In 2021, he received the Order of Culture for the first time as a former professional baseball player.

Question: 長嶋茂雄には何人子どもがいた？


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: "Enterprise" was, at the time of inactivation, the third-oldest commissioned vessel in the United States Navy after the wooden-hulled and . She was inactivated on 1 December 2012, and officially decommissioned on 3 February 2017, after over 55 years of service. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: Designed under project SCB 160, "Enterprise" was intended as the first of a class of six carriers, but massive increases in construction costs led to the remaining vessels being cancelled.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: "Enterprise" is the only aircraft carrier to house more than two nuclear reactors, having an eight-reactor propulsion design, with each A2W reactor taking the place of one of the conventional boilers in earlier constructions. She is the only carrier with four rudders, two more than other classes, and features a more cruiser-like hull.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: Because of the huge cost of her construction, "Enterprise" was launched and commissioned without the planned RIM-2 Terrier missile launchers. Initially, the carrier had little defensive armament. Late in 1967, "Enterprise" was fitted with a prototype Basic Point Defense Missile System (BPDMS) installation, with two eight-round box launchers for Sea Sparrow missiles. A third BPDMS launcher was fitted during the ship's refit in 1970–1971.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: Later upgrades added two NATO Sea Sparrow (NSSM) and three Mk 15 Phalanx CIWS gun mounts. One CIWS mount was later removed and two 21-cell RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers were added.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: The technology of the AN/SPS-32 was based on vacuum tubes and the system required constant repairs. The SPS-32 was a phased array radar which had a range of 400 nautical miles against large targets, and 200 nautical miles against small, fighter-size targets. These early phased arrays, replaced around 1980, were responsible for the distinctive square-looking island.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 25 June 1962, "Enterprise" joined the 2nd Fleet on her initial operational deployment, carrying out training off the US East Coast, and took part in Exercise "LantFlex 2-62", a nuclear strike exercise, in conjunction with the carrier from 6–12 July. In August, the carrier joined the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, returning to Norfolk, Virginia on 11 October 1962.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 19 December 1962, a Grumman E-2 Hawkeye was catapulted off "Enterprise" in the first shipboard test of a nose-wheel launch bar designed to replace the catapult bridle. Minutes later, a second launch with a launch bar was made by a Grumman A-6A Intruder, demonstrating one of the primary design goals of reducing launch intervals.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: The ship tied up at Leyte Pier, U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, on the evening of 8 December 1966. Loading of supplies for the first line period was started immediately. Rear Admiral Walter L Curtis, Jr, Commander Carrier Division Nine, brought his flag aboard. In company with , and , "Enterprise" sailed for Yankee Station on 15 December, and took up her position there three days later.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: When "Enterprise" departed the Gulf of Tonkin on 20 June 1967, her pilots had flown more than 13,400 battle missions during 132 combat days of operations.(Enterprise Command History 1967, 29) As Vice Admiral Hyland stated in his congratulatory statement, "the entire Air Wing Nine has earned a resounding 'Well Done'." The carrier had steamed 67,630 miles in operations with the Seventh Fleet. She arrived in Subic Bay on 22 June and departed on 25 June for return to Alameda on 6 July 1967.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: At Alameda, "Enterprise" began an overhaul. Captain Kent Lee relieved Captain James L. Holloway as commanding officer in ceremonies on 11 July 1967. Shipyard work was completed on 5 September 1967, and after completing sea trials on 7 September, "Enterprise" steamed south from San Francisco Bay to San Diego to reembark CVW-9 and get underway for refresher training off the California coast.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: During the morning of 14 January 1969, while being escorted by the destroyers and , a MK-32 Zuni rocket loaded on a parked F-4 Phantom exploded when ordnance cooked off after being overheated by an aircraft start unit. The explosion set off fires and additional explosions across the flight deck.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In 1969–1970, "Enterprise" returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and went through an overhaul and her second refitting. In January 1971, she completed sea trials with newly designed nuclear reactor cores that contained enough energy for 10 years. On 11 June 1971 "Enterprise", with Captain Forrest S. Petersen now in command and Carrier Air Wing Fourteen (CVW-14) onboard, then departed for Vietnam again.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: "Enterprise", and launched a total of 2,001 strike sorties by 30 July 1971. Strike operations in July were disrupted when the carriers on station evaded three typhoons: Harriet, Kim and Jean. A slight increase in South Vietnam strike sorties occurred during the month. These were mainly visual strikes against enemy troop positions and in support of U.S. helicopter operations. From August–November 1971, "Enterprise" was in operations on Yankee Station.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In December 1971, Captain Ernest E. Tissot, Jr. assumed command, and "Enterprise" was deployed to the Bay of Bengal, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 as a show of strength against India's naval blockade by INS "Vikrant". Later a Soviet Navy submarine was also trailing the U.S. task force. A confrontation was averted when "Enterprise" moved away from the Indian Ocean toward Southeast Asia. "Enterprise" completed its deployment on 12 february 1972.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: After the cease-fire in Vietnam in 1973, "Enterprise" proceeded to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, where the carrier was altered and refitted to support the Navy's newest fighter aircraft – the Grumman F-14 Tomcat. Two of four jet blast deflectors were enlarged to accommodate the Tomcat. The No. 4 propulsion shaft was replaced; it had been bent when its screw became fouled in a discarded arresting gear cable.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 18 March 1974, the first operational Tomcats of VF-1 Wolfpack and VF-2 Bounty Hunters made their maiden takeoffs and landings from the carrier. In September 1974, "Enterprise" became the first carrier to deploy with the new fighter plane when she made her seventh WESTPAC deployment.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In February 1975, Typhoon Gervaise struck the island nation of Mauritius, and "Enterprise" was ordered to provide disaster relief. Arriving at Port Louis, carrier personnel spent more than 10,000 man-hours rendering such assistance as restoring water, power and telephone systems, clearing roads and debris, and providing helicopter, medical, food and drinkable water support to the stricken area.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In July 1976, "Enterprise" began her eighth Western Pacific deployment. Beginning in October she took part in the ANZUS exercise 'Kangaroo II' with ships of the Australian and New Zealand Navies.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: One of the ports visited was Hobart, Tasmania in November 1976. It had also been the first time an American ship anchored in the capital's harbor, Hobart, since the early 1920s. A beer with a picture of the "Enterprise" for its label was just one of the commemorations received by the renowned nuclear carrier.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In 1978, "Enterprise" underwent her ninth Western Pacific deployment, including port calls in Hong Kong, Perth, Australia, and Singapore. In January 1979, the carrier sailed into Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a comprehensive 36-month overhaul. This overhaul modified the ship's superstructure – removing the SCANFAR radars and the unique inverted cone-shaped top section, which was three stories high. During the lengthy overhaul, Navy and shipyard personnel referred to "Enterprise" as "Building 65."

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In April 1990, "Enterprise" completed her around-the-world deployment, arriving in Norfolk, Virginia, after having steamed more than (nautical). In October, the carrier moved to Newport News Shipbuilding for refueling and the Navy's largest complex overhaul refit ever attempted. On 27 September 1994, "Enterprise" returned to sea for sea trials, now with Captain Richard J. Naughton in command, during which she performed an extended full power run as fast as when she was new.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 28 June 1996, "Enterprise" began her 15th overseas deployment. The carrier enforced no-fly zones in Bosnia as part of Operation Joint Endeavor and over Iraq as part of Operation Southern Watch. The deployment ended in December 1996, which also marked the end of active service for the Grumman A-6 Intruder from the Navy. February 1997, "Enterprise" entered Newport News Shipbuilding for an extended selective restrictive availability lasting four-and-a-half months.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In November 1998, following workups, "Enterprise" departed on her 16th overseas deployment, with CVW-3 embarked. On the night of 8 November, shortly after the start of the deployment, a Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler crashed into a Lockheed S-3 Viking on the carrier's flight deck. The mishap occurred as the EA-6B was landing during night carrier qualifications, striking the folded wings of the S-3, which had not yet cleared the landing area of the flight deck.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: During a port call in Jebel Ali, UAE, the carrier hosted former President George H. W. Bush and enjoyed a live concert by Grammy Award-winning rock group Hootie & the Blowfish.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In December 1998, "Enterprise" battlegroup spearheaded Operation Desert Fox, destroying Iraqi military targets with more than 300 Tomahawk land attack missiles and of ordnance. The 70-hour assault was carried out by "Enterprise", , , and .

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: Shortly after the Račak massacre and failure of Yugoslavian peace talks in Rambouillet, France, "Enterprise" quickly left a port visit in Cannes, France, to return to the Adriatic.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In early March 1999, "Enterprise" returned to the Persian Gulf to relieve in support of Operation Southern Watch, returning to Norfolk in May 1999.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: During the 1998–1999 deployment, "Enterprise" steamed more than and spent 151 days underway. "Enterprise" Battle Group was the first to deploy with IT-21, which allowed unprecedented internal and external communication capabilities, including Internet, email, and television.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In March 2001, "Enterprise" took part in the exercise "JTFEX 01-2" in the Caribbean Sea. "U24", a Type 206 class diesel-electric submarine with the German Navy, managed to "sink" the "Enterprise" by firing flares and taking a photograph through its periscope.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 25 April 2001, "Enterprise" began her 17th overseas deployment with CVW-8 embarked and Captain James A. Winnefeld, Jr. in command. From 18–28 June, the carrier and four escorts participated in an exercise with the Royal Navy in a joint and combined warfare training exercise in the North Sea, near the Hebrides and in Scotland.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In January 2002, "Enterprise" entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia for a scheduled one-year Extended Dry Docking Selected Restricted Availability.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: 2005 saw the ship in for another routine shipyard overhaul at Newport News Shipyard in Newport News, Virginia. Departing the dock after this yard period, "Enterprise" ran through a sand bar, causing all eight reactors to shut down, leaving the ship adrift on emergency power for nearly three hours before she was tugged back to her pier at Norfolk Naval Base. It took about three days for the ship's nuclear machinists to clear her condensers of river mud.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In May 2006, "Enterprise" departed for a six-month deployment, operating in the 6th, 5th and 7th Fleet areas in a world-tour, supporting Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom, and visiting ports in Dubai, Hong Kong, and crossing the line. She returned to Norfolk on 18 November 2006.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 1 January 2011, the Virginian-Pilot leaked highlights from the final video of a set entitled "XO Movie Night" that was filmed on "Enterprise" and aired via closed circuit television on select Saturday evenings. The videos, which were not meant for release outside the command, were produced by Captain Owen Honors when he was executive officer (XO) of the ship in the 2006–07 timeframe and included profanity, anti-gay slurs, and sexually suggestive scenes.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: Captain Honors received public support from Navy personnel, but on 4 January 2011, Admiral John C. Harvey, Jr., the commander of the United States Fleet Forces Command in Norfolk removed Honors for demonstrating poor judgment. Captain Dee Mewbourne was appointed as replacement commander. Forty officers and enlisted sailors, including six flag officers, were later disciplined to varying extents over the incident.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: The carrier and her strike group deployed on 13 January 2011. Accompanying the carrier on the cruise to the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean were Carrier Air Wing One, guided-missile cruiser , and guided-missile destroyers , , and . In February 2011, "Enterprise" was involved in an incident with Somali pirates, an event that ended in the deaths of four American citizens and two pirates.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: The carrier returned to Norfolk on 15 July 2011. During its deployment, it had participated in operations that captured 75 Somali pirates and its strike group made missile strikes against the Libyan government.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 17 August 2011, Captain William C. Hamilton, Jr. relieved Captain Dee L. Mewbourne as "Enterprise"'s commanding officer.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: 11 March 2012 began the final deployment from Norfolk homeport with Carrier Group Ships , , and and on 9 April 2012, the Navy announced that "Enterprise" and her group, Carrier Strike Group Twelve, would be assigned to join in the Persian Gulf. The mission was described as routine, not a response to a specific threat. Upon completion of this cruise in fall 2012, "Enterprise" was scheduled to be deactivated.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In October 2012, "Enterprise" transited the Suez Canal for the final time. She paid her last foreign port call when she visited Naples, Italy, between 16–21 October, which had been the Big E's first foreign port-of-call fifty years earlier.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 4 November 2012, "Enterprise" returned to her homeport at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, for the last time. While on her last journey, the carrier cruised nearly 81,000 miles in a 238-day deployment to the Persian Gulf and her aircraft flew more than 2,000 sorties in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: "Enterprise" was deactivated on 1 December 2012 at Norfolk Naval Station, Virginia. The deactivation of "Enterprise" resulted in a one-time increase of approximately $857.3 million in depot maintenance costs for the U.S. Navy's operation and maintenance budget for Fiscal Year 2013.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: "Enterprise" was the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to be decommissioned. Naval enthusiasts requested that "Enterprise" be converted into a museum. By 2012 this was deemed too expensive to make such an effort practical, in addition to the fact that the ship would need to be partially dismantled anyway to remove the eight reactors safely. A petition was also set up for the next carrier to be named as the ninth USS "Enterprise".

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: At her inactivation ceremony, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced that the next "Gerald R. Ford"-class carrier, , would be named "Enterprise". VIPs present for the ceremony included several former commanding officers, a granddaughter of the ship's sponsor, and a former A-6 pilot, Eugene McDaniel, who had been shot down and captured in North Vietnam and was returning to the ship for the first time since the day he was shot down.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: On 8 February 2013, the United States Department of Defense announced that a number of nuclear projects would have to be postponed until the upcoming budget sequestration issue was resolved. These include the planned de-fuelling of "Enterprise" as well as mid-life overhauls (including nuclear refuelling) for two ships. The contract for defueling "Enterprise" was eventually awarded to Huntington Ingalls Industries in June 2013.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In October 2014, Newport News Shipbuilding announced that one of "Enterprise"s anchors, removed from the ship during deactivation, had been transferred to the during her RCOH. In early 2017, it was announced that steel from CVN-65 will be recycled and used to construct CVN-80.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: In 2019, one of "Enterprise"s anchors was transferred to the "Nimitz"-class carrier , during her midlife refueling and overhaul at Huntington Ingalls Industries Newport News.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: "Enterprise" first appeared in the 1968 movie "Yours, Mine and Ours". Henry Fonda played the role of Frank Beardsley, a U.S. Navy warrant officer attached to the ship.

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

Context: "Enterprise" was a principal setting of the popular movie "Top Gun" released in 1986. Director Tony Scott filmed actual flight operations aboard ship and incorporated them into the film's plot. Some interior scenes taking place aboard "Enterprise" were actually filmed on .

Question: 航空母艦エンタープライズはいつ完成した


Patent

Context: A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention. In most countries, patent rights fall under private law and the patent holder must sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce their rights. In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage; in others they are irrelevant.

Question: 特許認定は各国に限られたものですか？


Patent

Context: The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the scope of protection that is being sought. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right.

Question: 特許認定は各国に限られたものですか？