South Africa

Context: Between 1994 and 2018, there were more than 500 xenophobic attacks against foreigners in South Africa. The 2019 Johannesburg riots were similar in nature and origin to the 2008 xenophobic riots that also occurred in Johannesburg.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: As the Union of South Africa, the country was a founding member of the UN. The then Prime Minister Jan Smuts wrote the preamble to the UN Charter. South Africa is one of the founding members of the African Union (AU), and has the third largest economy of all the members. It is also a founding member of the AU's New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature, which is elected every five years by party-list proportional representation. The legislature elects a Premier as head of government, and the Premier appoints an Executive Council as a provincial cabinet. The powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the Constitution; these topics include such fields as health, education, public housing and transport.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts: 8 metropolitan and 44 district municipalities. The district municipalities are further subdivided into 205 local municipalities. The metropolitan municipalities, which govern the largest urban agglomerations, perform the functions of both district and local municipalities.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Principal international trading partners of South Africa—besides other African countries—include Germany, the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and Spain.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The South African agricultural industry contributes around 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6% of GDP for the nation. Due to the aridity of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: In August 2013, South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by "fDi magazine" based on the country's economic potential, labour environment, cost-effectiveness, infrastructure, business friendliness, and foreign direct investment strategy.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa is a popular tourist destination, and a substantial amount of revenue comes from tourism.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: From 1995 to 2003, the number of formal jobs decreased and informal jobs increased; overall unemployment worsened. According to data published by the University of Cape Town, between 2017 and the end of 2020, South Africa had lost 55.73% of its middle-class earners, and the number of ultra-poor who earn below minimum wage had increased by 6.6 million individuals (54%).

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The Human Rights Watch reported on 26 August 2019 about foreign national truck drivers being subjected to deadly attacks carried out by South African truck drivers. The organization urged the South African government to take immediate actions ensuring the safety of the foreign national truck drivers putting up with violence, harassment, intimidation, stoning, bombing, and shooting, by local truck drivers in the country.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Mark Shuttleworth founded an early Internet security company Thawte, that was subsequently bought out by world-leader VeriSign. It is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realisation that South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the €1.5 billion Square Kilometre Array project. On 25 May 2012, it was announced that hosting of the Square Kilometer Array Telescope will be split over both the South African and the Australia and New Zealand sites.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The eastern parts of South Africa suffer from periodic droughts linked to the El Niño weather phenomenon. In early 2018, Cape Town, which has different weather patterns to the rest of the country, faced a water crisis as the city's water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of June. Water-saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than a day.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa is a nation of about 60 million (2021) people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions. The last census was held in 2011, with estimates produced on an annual basis. South Africa is home to an estimated five million illegal immigrants, including some three million Zimbabweans. A series of anti-immigrant riots occurred in South Africa beginning on 11 May 2008.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Statistics South Africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups. The 2011 census figures for these groups were: Black African at 79.2%, White at 8.9%, Coloured at 8.9%, Indian or Asian at 2.5%, and Other/Unspecified at 0.5%. The first census in South Africa in 1911 showed that whites made up 22% of the population; this had declined to 16% by 1980.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population. According to the "World Refugee Survey 2008", published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007. Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe (48,400), the DRC (24,800), and Somalia (12,900). These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, and Port Elizabeth.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The country also recognises several unofficial languages, including Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, and South African Sign Language. These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Many of the unofficial languages of the San and Khoekhoe peoples contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from the Bantu people who make up most of the Black Africans in South Africa, have their own cultural identity based on their hunter-gatherer societies. They have been marginalised to a great extent, and the remainder of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: White South Africans may also speak European languages, including Italian, Portuguese (also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans), Dutch, German, and Greek, while some Indian South Africans speak Indian languages, such as Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. French is spoken in South Africa by migrants from Francophone Africa.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South African Muslims comprise mainly of those who are described as Coloureds and those who are described as Indians. They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as those from other parts of Africa. South African Muslims describe their faith as the fastest-growing religion of conversion in the country, with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold, from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa is also home to a substantial Jewish population, descended from European Jews who arrived as a minority among other European settlers. This population peaked in the 1970s at 120,000, though only around 67,000 remain today, the rest having emigrated, mostly to Israel. Even so, these numbers make the Jewish community in South Africa the twelfth largest in the world.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Public universities in South Africa are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically oriented university degrees; universities of technology (formerly called "technikons"), which offer vocationally-oriented diplomas and degrees; and comprehensive universities, which offer both types of qualification. There are 23 public universities in South Africa: 11 traditional universities, 6 universities of technology and 6 comprehensive universities.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Under apartheid, schools for black people were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called "Bantu Education" which only taught skills sufficient to work as labourers.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: In 2004, South Africa started reforming its tertiary education system, merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions, and renaming all tertiary education institutions "university". By 2015, 1.4 million students in higher education have benefited from a financial aid scheme which was promulgated in 1999.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: According to the South African Institute of Race Relations, the life expectancy in 2009 was 71 years for a white South African and 48 years for a black South African. The healthcare spending in the country is about 9% of GDP.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: About 84% of the population depends on the public healthcare system, which is beset with chronic human resource shortages and limited resources.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: About 20% of the population uses private healthcare. Only 16% of the population is covered by medical aid schemes. The rest pay for private care out-of-pocket or through in-hospital-only plans. The three dominant hospital groups, Mediclinic, Life Healthcare and Netcare, together control 75% of the private hospital market.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: According to the 2015 UNAIDS Report, South Africa has an estimated seven million people living with HIV – more than any other country in the world. In 2018, HIV prevalence—the percentage of people living with HIV—among adults (15–49 years) was 20.4% and in the same year 71,000 people died from an AIDS-related illness.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: A 2008 study revealed that HIV/AIDS infection in South Africa is distinctly divided along racial lines: 13.6% of blacks are HIV-positive, whereas only 0.3% of whites have the virus. Most deaths are experienced by economically active individuals, resulting in many AIDS orphans who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support. It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The link between HIV, a virus spread primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS was long denied by former president Thabo Mbeki and his health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, who insisted that the many deaths in the country are due to malnutrition, and hence poverty, and not HIV. In 2007, in response to international pressure, the government made efforts to fight AIDS.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: After the 2009 general elections, former president Jacob Zuma appointed Dr Aaron Motsoaledi as the new health minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of HIV treatment, and by 2015, South Africa had made significant progress, with the widespread availability of antiretroviral drugs resulted in an increase in life expectancy from 52.1 years to 62.5 years.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South African art includes the oldest art objects in the world, which were discovered in a South African cave, and dated from 75,000 years ago.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South African literature emerged from a unique social and political history. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje's "Mhudi", written in 1930. During the 1950s, "Drum" magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to urban black culture.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton, who published the novel "Cry, the Beloved Country" in 1948. Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1991. JM Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2003. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee "in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider."

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The plays of Athol Fugard have been regularly premiered in fringe theatres in South Africa, London (Royal Court Theatre) and New York. Olive Schreiner's "The Story of an African Farm" (1883) was a revelation in Victorian literature: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. André Brink was the first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel "A Dry White Season".

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The South African media sector is large, and South Africa is one of Africa's major media centres. While South Africa's many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South African cuisine is immensely diverse, and foods from a many different cultures and backgrounds are enjoyed by all communities, and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety available.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South African cuisine is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as the , a variation of the barbecue. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl and Barrydale.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa's most popular sports are association football, rugby union and cricket. Other sports with significant support are swimming, athletics, golf, boxing, tennis, ringball, field hockey and netball. Although football (soccer) commands the greatest following among the youth, other sports like basketball, judo, surfing and skateboarding are becoming increasingly popular amongst the populace.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Association football is the most popular sport in South Africa. Footballers who have played for major foreign clubs include Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radebe and Philemon Masinga, Benni McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena, and Delron Buckley. South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and FIFA president Sepp Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


Formation and evolution of the Solar System

Context: The formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center, forming the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets, moons, asteroids, and other small Solar System bodies formed.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: This model, known as the nebular hypothesis, was first developed in the 18th century by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace. Its subsequent development has interwoven a variety of scientific disciplines including astronomy, chemistry, geology, physics, and planetary science. Since the dawn of the space age in the 1950s and the discovery of extrasolar planets in the 1990s, the model has been both challenged and refined to account for new observations.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: At this point in its evolution, the Sun is thought to have been a T Tauri star. Studies of T Tauri stars show that they are often accompanied by discs of pre-planetary matter with masses of . These discs extend to several hundred AU—the Hubble Space Telescope has observed protoplanetary discs of up to 1000 AU in diameter in star-forming regions such as the Orion Nebula—and are rather cool, reaching a surface temperature of only about at their hottest.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: After between three and ten million years, the young Sun's solar wind would have cleared away all the gas and dust in the protoplanetary disc, blowing it into interstellar space, thus ending the growth of the planets.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: The planets were originally thought to have formed in or near their current orbits. This has been questioned during the last 20 years. Currently, many planetary scientists think that the Solar System might have looked very different after its initial formation: several objects at least as massive as Mercury were present in the inner Solar System, the outer Solar System was much more compact than it is now, and the Kuiper belt was much closer to the Sun.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: This is still 10–20 times more than the current mass in the main belt, which is now about . A secondary depletion period that brought the asteroid belt down close to its present mass is thought to have followed when Jupiter and Saturn entered a temporary 2:1 orbital resonance (see below).

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: According to the nebular hypothesis, the outer two planets may be in the "wrong place". Uranus and Neptune (known as the "ice giants") exist in a region where the reduced density of the solar nebula and longer orbital times render their formation there highly implausible. The two are instead thought to have formed in orbits near Jupiter and Saturn (known as the "gas giants"), where more material was available, and to have migrated outward to their current positions over hundreds of millions of years.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: In contrast to the outer planets, the inner planets are not thought to have migrated significantly over the age of the Solar System, because their orbits have remained stable following the period of giant impacts.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: Moons have come to exist around most planets and many other Solar System bodies. These natural satellites originated by one of three possible mechanisms:

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: Moons of solid Solar System bodies have been created by both collisions and capture. Mars's two small moons, Deimos and Phobos, are thought to be captured asteroids.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: The impacting object probably had a mass comparable to that of Mars, and the impact probably occurred near the end of the period of giant impacts. The collision kicked into orbit some of the impactor's mantle, which then coalesced into the Moon. The impact was probably the last in the series of mergers that formed the Earth.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: It has been further hypothesized that the Mars-sized object may have formed at one of the stable Earth–Sun Lagrangian points (either or ) and drifted from its position. The moons of trans-Neptunian objects Pluto (Charon) and Orcus (Vanth) may also have formed by means of a large collision: the Pluto–Charon, Orcus–Vanth and Earth–Moon systems are unusual in the Solar System in that the satellite's mass is at least 1% that of the larger body.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: The outer planets' orbits are chaotic over longer timescales, with a Lyapunov time in the range of 2–230 million years.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: In all cases this means that the position of a planet along its orbit ultimately becomes impossible to predict with any certainty (so, for example, the timing of winter and summer become uncertain), but in some cases the orbits themselves may change dramatically. Such chaos manifests most strongly as changes in eccentricity, with some planets' orbits becoming significantly more—or less—elliptical.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: The Earth and its Moon are one example of this configuration. Today, the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth; one of its revolutions around the Earth (currently about 29 days) is equal to one of its rotations about its axis, so it always shows one face to the Earth. The Moon will continue to recede from Earth, and Earth's spin will continue to slow gradually. Other examples are the Galilean moons of Jupiter (as well as many of Jupiter's smaller moons) and most of the larger moons of Saturn.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: A third possibility is where the primary and moon are tidally locked to each other. In that case, the tidal bulge stays directly under the moon, there is no transfer of angular momentum, and the orbital period will not change. Pluto and Charon are an example of this type of configuration.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: There is no consensus as to the mechanism of formation of the rings of Saturn. Although theoretical models indicated that the rings were likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history, data from the "Cassini–Huygens" spacecraft suggests they formed relatively late.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: As the Sun expands, it will swallow the planets Mercury and Venus. Earth's fate is less clear; although the Sun will envelop Earth's current orbit, the star's loss of mass (and thus weaker gravity) will cause the planets' orbits to move farther out. If it were only for this, Venus and Earth would probably escape incineration, but a 2008 study suggests that Earth will likely be swallowed up as a result of tidal interactions with the Sun's weakly bound outer envelope.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: The Solar System travels alone through the Milky Way in a circular orbit approximately 30,000 light years from the Galactic Centre. Its speed is about 220 km/s. The period required for the Solar System to complete one revolution around the Galactic Centre, the galactic year, is in the range of 220–250 million years. Since its formation, the Solar System has completed at least 20 such revolutions.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: It is a common misconception that this collision will disrupt the orbits of the planets in the Solar System. Although it is true that the gravity of passing stars can detach planets into interstellar space, distances between stars are so great that the likelihood of the Milky Way–Andromeda collision causing such disruption to any individual star system is negligible. Although the Solar System as a whole could be affected by these events, the Sun and planets are not expected to be disturbed.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: Studies of discs around other stars have also done much to establish a time frame for Solar System formation. Stars between one and three million years old have discs rich in gas, whereas discs around stars more than 10 million years old have little to no gas, suggesting that giant planets within them have ceased forming.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Context: Note: All dates and times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order of magnitude indicator only.

Question: Kuinka planeetat muodostuvat?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The writings of Homer and Hesiod were held in extremely high regard throughout antiquity and were viewed by many ancient authors as the foundational texts behind ancient Greek religion; Homer told the story of a heroic past, which Hesiod bracketed with a creation narrative and an account of the practical realities of contemporary daily life.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: All surviving works of Greek drama were composed by playwrights from Athens and are written exclusively in the Attic dialect. Choral performances were a common tradition in all Greek city-states. The Athenians credited a man named Thespis with having invented drama by introducing the first actor, whose primary purpose was to interact with the leader of the chorus. Later playwrights expanded the number of actors to three, allowing for greater freedom in storytelling.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The third dramatic genre was the satyr play. Although the genre was popular, only one complete example of a satyr play has survived: "Cyclops" by Euripides. Large portions of a second satyr play, "Ichneutae" by Sophocles, have been recovered from the site of Oxyrhynchus in Egypt among the Oxyrhynchus Papyri.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: Two notable historians who lived during the Classical Era were Herodotus of Halicarnassus and Thucydides. Herodotus is commonly called "The Father of History." His book "The Histories" is among the oldest works of prose literature in existence. Thucydides's book "History of the Peloponnesian War" greatly influenced later writers and historians, including the author of the book of Acts of the Apostles and the Byzantine Era historian Procopius of Caesarea.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: Many important and influential philosophers lived during the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Among the earliest Greek philosophers were the three so-called "Milesian philosophers": Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. Of these philosophers' writings, however, only one fragment from Anaximander preserved by Simplicius of Cilicia has survived.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: Very little is known for certain about the life of the philosopher Pythagoras of Samos and no writings by him have survived to the present day, but an impressive corpus of poetic writings written by his pupil Empedocles of Acragas has survived, making Empedocles one of the most widely attested Pre-Socratic philosophers. A large number of fragments written by the philosophers Heraclitus of Ephesus and Democritus of Abdera have also survived.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: By 338 BC all of the Greek city-states except Sparta had been united by Philip II of Macedon. Philip's son Alexander the Great extended his father's conquests greatly. Athens lost its preeminent status as the leader of Greek culture, and it was replaced temporarily by Alexandria, Egypt.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The Alexandrian poet Apollonius of Rhodes is best known for his epic poem the "Argonautica", which narrates the adventures of Jason and his shipmates the Argonauts on their quest to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the land of Colchis. The poet Aratus wrote the hexameter poem "Phaenomena", a poetic rendition of Eudoxus of Cnidus's treatise on the stars written in the fourth century BC.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: During the Hellenistic period, the Old Comedy of the Classical Era was replaced by New Comedy. The most notable writer of New Comedy was the Athenian playwright Menander. None of Menander's plays have survived to the present day in their complete form, but one play, "The Bad-Tempered Man", has survived to the present day in a near-complete form. Most of another play entitled "The Girl from Samos" and large portions of another five have also survived.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The historian Timaeus was born in Sicily but spent most of his life in Athens. His "History", though lost, is significant because of its influence on Polybius. In 38 books it covered the history of Sicily and Italy to the year 264 BC, which is where Polybius begins his work. Timaeus also wrote the "Olympionikai", a valuable chronological study of the Olympic Games.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: Very little has survived of prose fiction from the Hellenistic Era. "The Milesiaka" by Aristides of Miletos was probably written during the second century BC. "The Milesiaka" itself has not survived to the present day in its complete form, but various references to it have survived. The book established a whole new genre of so-called "Milesian tales," of which "The Golden Ass" by the later Roman writer Apuleius is a prime example.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The ancient Greek novels "Chaereas and Callirhoe" by Chariton and "Metiochus and Parthenope" were probably both written during the late first century BC or early first century AD, during the latter part of the Hellenistic Era. The discovery of several fragments of Lollianos's "Phoenician Tale" reveal the existence of a genre of ancient Greek picaresque novel.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The poet Quintus of Smyrna, who probably lived during the late fourth century AD, wrote "Posthomerica", an epic poem narrating the story of the fall of Troy, beginning where "The Iliad" left off.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The poet Nonnus of Panopolis wrote "The Dionysiaca", the longest surviving epic poem from antiquity. He also wrote a poetic paraphrase of The Gospel of John. Nonnus probably lived sometime during the late fourth century AD or early fifth century AD.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The historian Polybius was born about 200 BC. He was brought to Rome as a hostage in 168. In Rome he became a friend of the general Scipio Aemilianus. He probably accompanied the general to Spain and North Africa in the wars against Carthage. He was with Scipio at the destruction of Carthage in 146.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: The historians Appian of Alexandria and Arrian of Nicomedia both lived in the second century AD. Appian wrote on Rome and its conquests, while Arrian is remembered for his work on the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Arrian served in the Roman army. His book therefore concentrates heavily on the military aspects of Alexander's life. Arrian also wrote a philosophical treatise, the "Diatribai", based on the teachings of his mentor Epictetus.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: Best known of the late Greek historians to modern readers is Plutarch of Chaeronea, who died about AD 119. His "Parallel Lives" of great Greek and Roman leaders has been read by every generation since the work was first published. His other surviving work is the "Moralia", a collection of essays on ethical, religious, political, physical, and literary topics.

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: During later times, so-called "commonplace books," usually describing historical anecdotes, became quite popular. Surviving examples of this popular genre include works such as Aulus Gellius's "Attic Nights", Athenaeus of Naucratis's "Deipnosophistae", and Claudius Aelianus's "De Natura Animalium" and "Varia Historia".

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: Epictetus ( 55 AD – 135 AD) was associated with the moral philosophy of the Stoics. His teachings were collected by his pupil Arrian in the "Discourses" and the "Encheiridion" (Manual of Study).

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: Another major philosopher of his period was Plotinus. He transformed Plato's philosophy into a school called Neoplatonism. His "Enneads" had a wide-ranging influence on European thought until at least the seventeenth century. Plotinus's philosophy mainly revolved around the concepts of "nous", "psyche", and the "One."

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: After the rise of Christianity, many of the most important philosophers were Christians. The second-century Christian apologist Justin Martyr, who wrote exclusively in Greek, made extensive use of ideas from Greek philosophy, especially Platonism. Origen of Alexandria, the founder of Christian theology, also made extensive use of ideas from Greek philosophy and was even able to hold his own against the pagan philosopher Celsus in his apologetic treatise "Contra Celsum".

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Ancient Greek literature

Context: George Bernard Shaw's play "Pygmalion" is a modern, rationalized retelling of the ancient Greek legend of Pygmalion. James Joyce's novel "Ulysses", heralded by critics as one of the greatest works of modern literature, is a retelling of Homer's "Odyssey" set in modern-day Dublin. The mid-twentieth-century British author Mary Renault wrote a number of critically acclaimed novels inspired by ancient Greek literature and mythology, including "The Last of the Wine" and "The King Must Die".

Question: Mikä on Antiikin Kreikan tunnetuin kirjallinen tuotos?


Niue

Context: Niue is not a member of the United Nations (UN), but UN organisations have accepted its status as a freely associated state as equivalent to independence for the purposes of international law. As such, Niue is a member of some UN specialised agencies (such as UNESCO, and the WHO), and is invited, alongside the other non-UN member state, the Cook Islands, to attend United Nations conferences open to "all states". Niue has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1980.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue is subdivided into 14 "villages" (municipalities). Each village has a council that elects its chairperson. The villages are at the same time electoral districts; each village sends an assemblyperson to the Parliament of Niue. A small and democratic nation, Niueans hold legislative elections every three years.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Polynesians from Samoa settled Niue around 900 AD. Further settlers arrived from Tonga in the 16th century.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Until the beginning of the 18th century, Niue appears to have had no national government or national leader; chiefs and heads of families exercised authority over segments of the population. A succession of "patu-iki" (kings) ruled, beginning with Puni-mata. Tui-toga, who reigned from 1875 to 1887, was the first Christian king.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Whaling vessels were some of the most regular visitors to the island in the nineteenth century. The first on record was the "Fanny" in February 1824. The last known whaler to visit was the "Albatross" in November 1899.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Christianity was first taught to the Mutalau people before it spread to all the villages. Originally other major villages opposed the introduction of Christianity and had sought to kill Peniamina. The people from the village of Hakupu, although the last village to receive Christianity, came and asked for a "word of God"; hence, their village was renamed "Ha Kupu Atua" meaning "any word of God", or "Hakupu" for short.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: The New Zealand Parliament restored self-government in Niue with the 1974 constitution, following a referendum in 1974 in which Niueans had three options: independence, self-government or continuation as a New Zealand territory. The majority selected self-government, and Niue's written constitution

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: was promulgated as supreme law. Robert Rex, ethnically part European, part native, was elected by the Niue Assembly as the first premier, a position he held until his death 18 years later. Rex became the first Niuean to receive a knighthood – in 1984.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: In January 2004 Cyclone Heta hit Niue, killing two people and causing extensive damage to the entire island, including wiping out most of the south of the capital, Alofi.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: On March 7, 2020, the International Dark Sky Association announced that Niue had become the first Dark Sky Preserve Nation.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: The Niue Constitution Act of 1974 vests executive authority in Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand and in the Governor-General of New Zealand. The Constitution specifies that everyday practice involves the exercise of sovereignty by Cabinet, composed of the Premier (currently Dalton Tagelagi since 11 June 2020) and of three other ministers. The Premier and ministers are members of the Niue Legislative Assembly, the nation's parliament.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: The Assembly consists of 20 members, 14 of them elected by the electors of each village constituency, and six by all registered voters in all constituencies. Electors must be New Zealand citizens, resident for at least three months, and candidates must be electors and resident for 12 months. Everyone born in Niue must register on the electoral roll.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue has no political parties; all Assembly members are independents. The only Niuean political party to have ever existed, the Niue People's Party (1987–2003), won once (in 2002) before disbanding the following year.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: The Legislative Assembly elects a Speaker as its first official in the first sitting of the Assembly following an election. The speaker calls for nominations for premier; the candidate with the most votes from the 20 members is elected. The premier selects three other members to form a Cabinet, the executive arm of government. General elections take place every three years, most recently on 30 May 2020.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: The judiciary, independent of the executive and the legislature, includes a High Court and a Court of Appeal, with appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: People of Niue have fought as part of the New Zealand military. During World War I (1914-1918), Niue sent about 200 soldiers as part of the New Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalion in the New Zealand forces.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue is not a republic, but for a number of years the ISO list of country names (ISO-3166-1) listed its full name as "the Republic of Niue". In its newsletter of 14 July 2011, the ISO acknowledged that this was a mistake and the words "the Republic of" were deleted from the ISO list of country names.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue is a raised coral atoll in the southern Pacific Ocean, east of Tonga. There are three outlying coral reefs within the Exclusive Economic Zone, with no land area:

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Besides these, Albert Meyer Reef, (almost long and wide, least depth , southwest) is not officially claimed by Niue, and the existence of Haymet Rocks ( east-southeast) is in doubt.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue is one of the world's largest coral islands. The terrain consists of steep limestone cliffs along the coast with a central plateau rising to about above sea level. A coral reef surrounds the island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central western coast, close to the capital, Alofi. A number of limestone caves occur near the coast.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: The island is roughly oval in shape (with a diameter of about ), with two large bays indenting the western coast, Alofi Bay in the centre and Avatele Bay in the south. Between these is the promontory of Halagigie Point. A small peninsula, TePā Point (Blowhole Point), is close to the settlement of Avatele in the southwest. Most of the population resides close to the west coast, around the capital, and in the northwest.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: According to the World Health Organization, residents are evidently very susceptible to skin cancer. In 2002 Niue reported skin cancer deaths at a rate of 2,482 per 100,000 people – far higher than any other country.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue is separated from New Zealand by the International Date Line. The time difference is 23 hours during the Southern Hemisphere winter and 24 hours when New Zealand uses Daylight Saving Time.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue is part of the Tongan tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion. The island is home to approximately 60 native or pre-European plants, and approximately 160 naturalised flowering plant species. Compared to other Polynesian islands, Niue has sparse documentation for what plants were traditionally found on the island (almost no records are found between the documentation by James Cook's crew in 1774, and Truman G. Yuncker's botanical survey of the island in 1940).

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: The Huvalu Forest Conservation Area is a 5,400 ha site on the eastern side of the island. It was established in 1992 and protects the largest area of primary forest in Niue. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of crimson-crowned fruit doves, blue-crowned lorikeets, Polynesian trillers and Polynesian starlings.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue's economy is small. Its gross domestic product (GDP) was NZ$17 million in 2003, or US$10 million at purchasing power parity. Niue's GDP has increased to US$24.9 million in 2016. Niue uses the New Zealand dollar.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: The government and the Reef Group from New Zealand started two joint ventures in 2003 and 2004 to develop fisheries and a 120-hectare noni juice operation. Noni fruit comes from "Morinda citrifolia", a small tree with edible fruit. Niue Fish Processors Ltd (NFP) is a joint venture company processing fresh fish, mainly tuna (yellowfin, big eye and albacore), for export to overseas markets. NFP operates out of a state-of-the-art fish plant in Amanau Alofi South, completed and opened in October 2004.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue is negotiating free trade agreements with other Pacific countries, PICTA Trade in Services (PICTA TIS), Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union, and PACERPlus with Australia and New Zealand. The Office of the Chief Trade Adviser (OCTA) has been set up to assist Niue and other Pacific countries in the negotiation of the PACERPlus.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Remittances from expatriates were a major source of foreign exchange in the 1970s and early 1980s. Continuous migration to New Zealand has shifted most members of nuclear and extended families there, removing the need to send remittances back home. In the late 1990s, PFTAC conducted studies on the balance of payments, which confirmed that Niueans are receiving few remittances but are sending more money overseas.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Foreign aid is a significant source of income, accounting for approximately a third of Niue's annual government revenue. Most aid comes from New Zealand, which has a legal obligation to provide economic and administrative assistance. Other sources of revenue for the government are taxation and trading activities, such as philatelic services and the lease of phone lines.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: On Dec 16, 2020, the Government of Niue commenced an action to "redelegate" its national webspace, .nu, from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the supranational non-profit that coordinates top-level domains to ensure the stable operation of the internet, in order to assign control of the .nu domain to the Government of Niue.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Tapioca or cassava, yams and kumara also grow very well, as do different varieties of bananas. Coconut meat, passionfruit and limes dominated exports in the 1970s, but in 2008 vanilla, noni and taro were the main export crops.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Most families grow their own food crops for subsistence and sell their surplus at the Niue Makete in Alofi, or export to New Zealand. Coconut crab, or uga, is also part of the food chain; it lives in the forest and coastal areas.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: In 2003, the government made a commitment to develop and expand vanilla production with the support of NZAID. Vanilla has grown wild on Niue for a long time. The industry was devastated by Cyclone Heta in early 2004, but has since recovered.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue became the world's first dark sky country in March 2020. The entire island maintains standards of light development and keeps light pollution limited. Visitors will be able to enjoy guided Astro-tours led by trained Niuean community members. Viewing sites which are used for whale-watching and accessing the sea, as well as the roads that cross the island, make ideal viewing locations.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: In 2003, Niue became the first country in the world to provide state-funded wireless internet to all inhabitants.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: In August 2008 it has been reported that all school students have what is known as the OLPC XO-1, a specialised laptop by the One Laptop per Child project designed for children in the developing world. Niue was also a location of tests for the OpenBTS project, which aims to deliver low-cost GSM base stations built with open source software.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: In July 2011, Telecom Niue launched pre-paid mobile services (Voice/EDGE – 2.5G) as Rokcell Mobile based on the commercial GSM product of vendor Lemko. Three BTS sites will cover the nation. International roaming is not currently available. The fibre optic cable ring is now completed around the island (FTTC), Internet/ADSL services were rolled out towards the end of 2011.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: In January 2015 Telecom Niue completed the laying of the fibre optic cable around Niue connecting all the 14 villages, making land line phones and ADSL internet connection available to households.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue is the birthplace of New Zealand artist and writer John Pule. Author of "The Shark That Ate the Sun", he also paints tapa cloth inspired designs on canvas. In 2005, he co-wrote "Hiapo: Past and Present in Niuean Barkcloth", a study of a traditional Niuean artform, with Australian writer and anthropologist Nicholas Thomas. Matafetu Smith founded the first Niuean women's weaving group in Auckland.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Taoga Niue is a new Government Department responsible for the preservation of culture, tradition and heritage. Recognising its importance, the Government has added Taoga Niue as the sixth pillar of the Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP).

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: Niue has two broadcast outlets, Television Niue and Radio Sunshine, managed and operated by the Broadcasting Corporation of Niue, and one newspaper, the "Niue Star".

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


Niue

Context: In 2004 Cyclone Heta destroyed the Huanaki Cultural Centre & Museum. The damage resulted in the destruction of the buildings, but also the loss of over 90% of the museum's collections. In 2018 Fale Tau Tāoga Museum opened, a new national museum for Niue.

Question: Missä Niue sijaitsee?


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Meanwhile, the French had been successful on several other fronts, occupying Savoy and Nice, which were parts of the Kingdom of Sardinia, while General Custine invaded Germany, occupying several German towns along the Rhine and reaching as far as Frankfurt. Dumouriez went on the offensive in the Austrian Netherlands once again, winning a great victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November and occupying the entire country by the beginning of winter.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Spain and Portugal entered the anti-French coalition in January 1793. Britain began military preparations in late 1792 and declared that war was inevitable unless France gave up its conquests, notwithstanding French assurances they would not attack Holland or annex the Low Countries. Britain expelled the French ambassador following the execution of Louis XVI and on 1 February, France responded by declaring war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: France drafted hundreds of thousands of men, beginning a policy of using mass conscription to deploy more of its manpower than the autocratic states could manage to do (first stage, with a decree of 24 February 1793 ordering the draft of 300,000 men, followed by the general mobilization of all the young men able to be drafted, through the famous decree of 23 August 1793). Nonetheless, the Coalition allies launched a determined drive to invade France during the Flanders Campaign.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: By the end of the year, large new armies had turned back foreign invaders, and the Reign of Terror, a fierce policy of repression, had suppressed internal revolts. The French military was in the ascendant. Lazare Carnot, a scientist and prominent member of the Committee of Public Safety, organized the fourteen armies of the Republic, and was then nicknamed the Organizer of the Victory.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: The year 1794 brought increased success to the French armies. On the Alpine frontier, there was little change, with the French invasion of Piedmont failing. On the Spanish border, the French under General Dugommier rallied from their defensive positions at Bayonne and Perpignan, driving the Spanish out of Roussillon and invading Catalonia. Dugommier was killed in the Battle of the Black Mountain in November.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: On the middle Rhine front in July, General Michaud's Army of the Rhine attempted two offensives in July in the Vosges, the second of which was successful but not followed up, allowing for a Prussian counter-attack in September. Otherwise this sector of the front was largely quiet over the course of the year.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: By the end of the year French armies had won victories on all fronts, and as the year closed they began advancing into the Netherlands.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: With the Netherlands falling, Prussia also decided to leave the coalition, signing the Peace of Basel on 6 April, ceding the west bank of the Rhine to France. This freed Prussia to finish the occupation of Poland.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: The French army in Spain advanced in Catalonia while taking Bilbao and Vitoria and marching toward Castile. By 10 July, Spain also decided to make peace, recognizing the revolutionary government and ceding the territory of Santo Domingo, but returning to the pre-war borders in Europe. This left the armies on the Pyrenees free to march east and reinforce the armies on the Alps, and the combined army overran Piedmont.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Meanwhile, Britain's attempt to reinforce the rebels in the Vendée by landing troops at Quiberon failed, and a conspiracy to overthrow the republican government from within ended when Napoleon Bonaparte's garrison used cannon to fire grapeshot into the attacking mob (which led to the establishment of the Directory).

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: On the Rhine frontier, General Pichegru, negotiating with the exiled Royalists, betrayed his army and forced the evacuation of Mannheim and the failure of the siege of Mainz by Jourdan. This was a moderate setback to the position of the French.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: In northern Italy, victory at the Battle of Loano in November gave France access to the Italian peninsula.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: The French prepared a great advance on three fronts, with Jourdan and Moreau on the Rhine, and Bonaparte in Italy. The three armies were to link up in Tyrol and march on Vienna. Jourdan and Moreau advanced rapidly into Germany, and Moreau had reached Bavaria and the edge of Tyrol by September, but Jourdan was defeated by Archduke Charles, and both armies were forced to retreat back across the Rhine.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: The rebellion in the Vendée was also finally crushed in 1796 by Hoche, but Hoche's attempt to land a large invasion force in Ireland was unsuccessful.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: On 14 February, British admiral Jervis met and defeated a Spanish fleet off Portugal at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent. This prevented the Spanish fleet from rendezvousing with the French, removing a threat of invasion to Britain. However, the British fleet was weakened over the rest of the year by the Spithead and Nore mutinies, which kept many ships in port through the summer.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: On 22 February French invasion force consisting of 1,400 troops from the "La Legion Noire" (The Black Legion) under the command of Irish American Colonel William Tate landed near Fishguard (Wales). They were met by a quickly assembled group of around 500 British reservists, militia and sailors under the command of John Campbell, 1st Baron Cawdor. After brief clashes with the local civilian population and Lord Cawdor's forces on 23 February, Tate was forced into an unconditional surrender by 24 February.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Although Britain remained at war with France, this effectively ended the First Coalition. Austria later signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, ceding the Austrian Netherlands to France and recognizing the French border at the Rhine. Austria and France also partitioned Venice between them.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: With only Britain left to fight and not enough of a navy to fight a direct war, Napoleon conceived of an invasion of Egypt in 1798, which satisfied his personal desire for glory and the Directory's desire to have him far from Paris. The military objective of the expedition is not entirely clear, but may have been to threaten British dominance in India.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Napoleon sailed from Toulon to Alexandria, taking Malta on the way, and landing in June. Marching to Cairo, he won a great victory at the Battle of the Pyramids; however, his fleet was sunk by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile, stranding him in Egypt. Napoleon spent the remainder of the year consolidating his position in Egypt.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: The French government also took advantage of internal strife in Switzerland to invade, establishing the Helvetic Republic and annexing Geneva. French troops also deposed Pope Pius VI, establishing a republic in Rome.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: An expeditionary force was sent to County Mayo, in Ireland, to assist in the rebellion against Britain in the summer of 1798. It had some success against British forces, most notably at Castlebar, but was ultimately routed while trying to reach Dublin. French ships sent to assist them were captured by the Royal Navy off County Donegal.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: The French were also under pressure in the Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg where the local people revolted against conscription and anti-religious violence (Peasants' War). The French had taken this territory in 1794, but it was officially theirs in 1797 due to a treaty with Austria. The French forces easily handled the Peasants' rebellion in the Southern Netherlands, and were able to put down the revolting forces in under 2 months.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: The French in 1798 fought an undeclared war at sea against the United States, that was known variously as the "Quasi-War", the "Half War" and the "Pirate Wars". It was resolved peaceably with the Convention of 1800.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Britain and Austria organized a new coalition against France in 1798, including for the first time the Russian Empire, although no action occurred until 1799 except against the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: The major part of the imperial army, under command of the Archduke Charles, had wintered immediately east of the Lech, which Jourdan knew, because he had sent agents into Germany with instructions to identify the location and strength of his enemy. This was less than distant; any passage over the Lech was facilitated by available bridges, both of permanent construction and temporary pontoons and a traverse through friendly territory.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Napoleon himself invaded Syria from Egypt, but after a failed siege of Acre retreated to Egypt, repelling a British-Turkish invasion. Alerted to the political and military crisis in France, he returned, leaving his army behind, and used his popularity and army support to mount a coup that made him First Consul, the head of the French government.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Melas promptly entered into negotiations, which led to the Austrians evacuating Northern Italy west of the Ticino and suspending military operations in Italy. Napoleon returned to Paris after the victory, leaving Brune to consolidate in Italy and begin a march toward Austria.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: By 9 February, the Austrians had signed the Treaty of Lunéville, ending the war on the continent. The war against the United Kingdom continued (with Neapolitan harbours closed to her by the Treaty of Florence, signed on 28 March), and the Turks invaded Egypt in March, losing to Kléber at Heliopolis. The exhausted French force in Egypt, however, surrendered in August.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: In 1802, the British and French signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending the war. The peace held for less than a year but still constituted the longest period of peace between the two countries during the period 1793–1815. The treaty is generally considered to be the most appropriate point to mark the transition between the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, although Napoleon was not crowned emperor until 1804.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


French Revolutionary Wars

Context: Following the declaration of war in 1792, an imposing array of enemies converging on French borders prompted the government in Paris to adopt radical measures. 23 August 1793, would become a historic day in military history; on that date the National Convention called a levée en masse, or mass conscription, for the first time in human history. By summer of the following year, conscription made some 500,000 men available for service and the French began to deal blows to their European enemies.

Question: Milloin käytiin Ranskan vallankumoukselliset sodat??


Wadie Haddad

Context: After graduating, he relocated with Habash (a pediatrician) to Amman, Jordan, where they established a clinic. He worked with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in 1956, but due to his Palestinian nationalist activism he was arrested by the Jordanian authorities in 1957. In 1961, he managed to escape to Syria. Haddad argued for armed struggle against Israel from 1963 onwards, and succeeded in militarizing the ANM.

Question: Miksi palestiinan vapautuksen kansanrintama kaappasi lentokoneet vuonna 1970?


Wadie Haddad

Context: He also employed the services of Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, better known as "Carlos the Jackal", whom he had met in 1970 and trained in guerrilla warfare techniques. Haddad decided to expel Sánchez from his team after Sánchez had been accused of refusing to kill two hostages, and possibly stealing ransom money, following the 1975 assault on the OPEC conference in Vienna. Haddad organized the Entebbe hijacking in June 1976.

Question: Miksi palestiinan vapautuksen kansanrintama kaappasi lentokoneet vuonna 1970?


Wadie Haddad

Context: Haddad died on 28 March 1978 in the German Democratic Republic, reportedly from leukemia. According to the book "Striking Back", published by Aaron J. Klein in 2006, Haddad was killed by Mossad, which had sent the chocolate-loving Haddad Belgian chocolates coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die several months later.

Question: Miksi palestiinan vapautuksen kansanrintama kaappasi lentokoneet vuonna 1970?


Wadie Haddad

Context: According to a 2018 book "Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations" by Ronen Bergman, Mossad killed Haddad by poisoning his toothpaste.

Question: Miksi palestiinan vapautuksen kansanrintama kaappasi lentokoneet vuonna 1970?


Wadie Haddad

Context: What remained of the PFLP-EO dissolved after his death, but in the process inaugurated the 15 May Organization and the PFLP-SC.

Question: Miksi palestiinan vapautuksen kansanrintama kaappasi lentokoneet vuonna 1970?


Wadie Haddad

Context: According to Vasili Mitrokhin, a senior KGB archivist who defected to the UK in 1992, in early 1970 Haddad was recruited by the KGB as an agent, codenamed NATIONALIST. Thereafter, in deep secrecy the Soviets helped to fund and arm the PFLP. The KGB had warning of its major operations and almost certainly sanctioned the most significant, such as the September 1970 hijackings. Haddad remained a highly valued agent till his death in 1978.

Question: Miksi palestiinan vapautuksen kansanrintama kaappasi lentokoneet vuonna 1970?


Wadie Haddad

Context: A letter by KGB chairman Yuri Andropov to Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet leader and head of the Communist Party, about the covert transfer of arms to the PFLP refers to Haddad as a "trusted KGB intelligence agent". The letter and two other highly classified documents from the CPSU Central Committee archive were located and secretly copied by Vladimir Bukovsky in 1992.

Question: Miksi palestiinan vapautuksen kansanrintama kaappasi lentokoneet vuonna 1970?


Omnibus edition

Context: Omnibus editions help consolidate longer series into fewer books. The prices are usually equal to or less than the price of buying each individual edition separately.

Question: Mikä on Omnibussi?


Korpilahti

Context: Korpilahti is a former municipality of Finland. Together with Jyväskylän maalaiskunta, Korpilahti was consolidated with Jyväskylä on January 1, 2009.

Question: Mikä on Korpilahden asukasluku?


Korpilahti

Context: Korpilahti covered an area of 794.62 km2 of which 177.44 km2 is water. The population density was 6.3 inhabitants per km2.

Question: Mikä on Korpilahden asukasluku?


Korpilahti

Context: The municipality is unilingually Finnish. The municipality was also known as "Korpilax" in Swedish. The Swedish name is now considered outdated according to the Institute for the Languages of Finland. Politically, Centre Party is dominant. Korpilahti was one of the poorest municipalities in Finland with an unemployment rate of 14.4% (2002).

Question: Mikä on Korpilahden asukasluku?


Korpilahti

Context: Korpilahti is relatively well known for its beautiful nature, with mountains and about 200 lakes. Lake Päijänne, the second greatest lake in Finland, is partially in the area of Korpilahti.

Question: Mikä on Korpilahden asukasluku?


Korpilahti

Context: A Pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant was planned on Vaaruvuori near lake Päijänne but environmentalist opposition has killed the project.

Question: Mikä on Korpilahden asukasluku?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: 1814 was a less remarkable year for the rising composer, neither "Il turco in Italia" or "Sigismondo" pleasing the Milanese or Venetian public, respectively. 1815 marked an important stage in Rossini's career. In May he moved to Naples, to take up the post of director of music for the royal theatres. These included the Teatro di San Carlo, the city's leading opera house; its manager Domenico Barbaia was to be an important influence on the composer's career there.

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: In a 2003 biography of the composer, Gaia Servadio comments that Rossini and England were not made for each other. He was prostrated by the Channel crossing, and was unlikely to be enthused by the English weather or English cooking. Although his stay in London was financially rewarding – the British press reported disapprovingly that he had earned over £30,000 – he was happy to sign a contract at the French embassy in London to return to Paris, where he had felt much more at home.

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: Colbran's enforced retirement put a strain on the Rossinis' marriage, leaving her unoccupied while he continued to be the centre of musical attention and constantly in demand. She consoled herself with what Servadio describes as "a new pleasure in shopping"; for Rossini, Paris offered continual gourmet delights, as his increasingly rotund shape began to reflect.

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: Rossini's mother, Anna, died in 1827; he had been devoted to her, and he felt her loss deeply. She and Colbran had never got on well, and Servadio suggests that after Anna died Rossini came to resent the surviving woman in his life.

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: By the early 1850s Rossini's mental and physical health had deteriorated to the point where his wife and friends feared for his sanity or his life. By the middle of the decade it was clear that he needed to return to Paris for the most advanced medical care then available. In April 1855 the Rossinis set off for their final journey from Italy to France. Rossini returned to Paris aged sixty-three and made it his home for the rest of his life.

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: One of Rossini's few late works intended to be given in public was his "Petite messe solennelle", first performed in 1864. In the same year Rossini was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honour by Napoleon III.

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: Such structural integration of the forms of vocal music with the dramatic development of the opera meant a sea-change from the Metastasian primacy of the aria; in Rossini's works, solo arias progressively take up a smaller proportion of the operas, in favour of duets (also typically in "cantabile-caballetta" format) and ensembles.

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: Already in 1818, Meyerbeer had heard rumours that Rossini was seeking a lucrative appointment at the Paris Opéra – "Should [his proposals] be accepted, he will go to the French capital, and we will perhaps experience curious things." Some six years were to pass before this prophecy came true.

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Gioachino Rossini

Context: The popularity of Rossini's melodies led many contemporary virtuosi to create piano transcriptions or fantasies based on them. Examples include Sigismond Thalberg's fantasy on themes from "Moïse", the sets of variations on "Non più mesta" from "La Cenerentola" by Henri Herz, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Hünten, Anton Diabelli and Friedrich Burgmüller, and Liszt's transcriptions of the "William Tell" overture (1838) and the "Soirées musicales".

Question: Milloin Gioachino Rossini kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Reynolds was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a TD for Longford–Westmeath in 1977, and was re-elected at each election (from 1992 serving as TD for Longford-Roscommon), until his retirement in 2002.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: During his first term as Taoiseach he led a Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrats coalition, and in his second term he was head of one between Fianna Fáil and the Labour Party.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Albert Reynolds was born in Kilglass, near Roosky, on the Roscommon–Leitrim border on 3 November 1932. His father was a coachbuilder. All his life his political enemies would call him a "country bumpkin".

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Reynolds became interested in politics at the time of the Arms Crisis in 1970, a controversial episode in which two Government ministers, Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries Neil Blaney and Minister for Finance Charles Haughey, were removed from the government over an attempt to send arms to Northern Ireland, where thousands of Catholic families had been driven from their homes, of whom 1,000 had fled across the border to the Republic. Blaney and Haughey were later acquitted in court.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: In the wake of this case, Reynolds decided to launch a political career from his background as a successful west-of-Ireland businessman, although, at 44 years of age when first an electoral candidate, he was considered a late starter. He stood for Fianna Fáil at the 1977 general election for the Longford–Westmeath constituency. The election proved to be a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil, with the party receiving a 20-seat parliamentary majority, resulting in Jack Lynch returning as Taoiseach.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Reynolds remained a backbencher until 1979. Pressure mounted in that year on Lynch, the incumbent Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader, to step down. Reynolds became a member of the so-called "gang of five" politicians of a strongly rural background, with Jackie Fahey (Tipperary), Mark Killilea Jnr (Galway), Tom McEllistrim (Kerry) and Seán Doherty (Roscommon), which aligned itself to Charles Haughey and supported him in the subsequent leadership contest.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: In 1987, Fianna Fáil returned to government and Reynolds was appointed Minister for Industry and Commerce, one of the most senior positions in the Cabinet, especially at a time when the government's top priority was economic recovery. In 1988, Minister for Finance Ray MacSharry became Ireland's European Commissioner, and Reynolds succeeded MacSharry in the most powerful department in government.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: The 1989 general election resulted in Fianna Fáil taking the unprecedented move of entering into a coalition with the four-year-old free-market-centric Progressive Democrats (PD). Reynolds headed the Fianna Fáil negotiation team along with another minister, Bertie Ahern. A programme for government was finally agreed, almost a month after the general election, and Reynolds returned as Minister for Finance in a coalition government that he described as a "temporary little arrangement".

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: On 30 January 1992, Haughey retired as leader of Fianna Fáil at a parliamentary party meeting. Reynolds easily defeated his rivals Mary O'Rourke and Michael Woods in the party leadership election, and succeeded Haughey as Taoiseach on 11 February 1992.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Reynolds negotiated considerable benefits for Ireland from the European Union regional aid budget in the aftermath of the Danish rejection of the Maastricht Treaty.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: The report on the Beef Tribunal was published in July 1994. The Labour Party had threatened to leave the government if Reynolds was criticised. Reynolds was alleged to have juxtaposed and misquoted sections of the report in issuing a rebuttal before the report became public. Spring was furious that the report was not considered by the Cabinet first.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: In September 1994, Reynolds was left standing on the tarmac at Shannon Airport by Russian president Boris Yeltsin, who failed to emerge from his plane to meet awaiting Irish dignitaries. Headlines around the world alleged that Yeltsin was too drunk to appear; a Russian official said that the President was unwell and aides later suggested that he had had a heart attack. Yeltsin later announced that he had overslept.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Spring led his ministers out of a cabinet meeting to consider the position of the Labour Party. The coalition appeared to be finished, but Reynolds still held out for the chance to patch things up. Reynolds went before the Dáil and said that if he had known "then" what he "knew now" about the incompetent handling of the case by the AG's office he would not have appointed Whelehan to the judicial post.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: However Reynolds was damaged politically, having appeared more interested in holding on to power than in the integrity of government actions. Spring decided that he could not go back into government with Reynolds, and the Labour Party resigned from government on 16 November 1994.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: As it was now apparent that Reynolds no longer had enough support to govern, he resigned as Taoiseach on 17 November 1994.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: On 4 February 1995, Reynolds was interviewed at length by Andrew Neil for his one-on-one interview show "Is This Your Life?", made by Open Media for Channel 4.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Reynolds won the first round of voting with a comfortable margin, but supporters of O'Kennedy backed McAleese, who was successful and went on to become the Fianna Fáil nominee and the eighth president of Ireland.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Reynolds retired from politics at the 2002 general election, after 25 years as a TD; he was quoted in 2007 to state: "I don't bear any grudges over Ahern".

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf became President of Pakistan following a military coup. The White House at the time had a policy of not recognising governments that came to power through a coup d'état. Reynolds was asked by business associates to travel to Pakistan and meet Musharraf.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: In November 2007, it was alleged at the Mahon Tribunal that Reynolds, while on government business in New York, collected a substantial sum of money for his Fianna Fáil party that did not get fully credited to the party. On the same trip, it emerged in the tribunal that Reynolds had the government jet make an additional and unscheduled five-hour stopover in the Bahamas.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: In July 2008, it was reported that Reynolds was medically unfit to give evidence at the Mahon Tribunal, because of "significant cognitive impairment". Reynolds had on several previous occasions been due to give evidence concerning payments he allegedly received when he was Taoiseach.

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: His successor as Fianna Fáil leader, Bertie Ahern, who as Taoiseach was one of the negotiators of peace in Northern Ireland and had long been a political ally and friend, said on Reynolds's death:

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Albert Reynolds

Context: Former Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader Brian Cowen expressed his sadness at the passing of their "close personal friend".

Question: Minä vuonna Albert Reynolds kuoli?


Geometry

Context: Geometry (; ) is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space that are related with distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a "geometer".

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Until the 19th century, geometry was almost exclusively devoted to Euclidean geometry, which includes the notions of point, line, plane, distance, angle, surface, and curve, as fundamental concepts.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: During the 19th century several discoveries enlarged dramatically the scope of geometry. One of the oldest such discoveries is Gauss' Theorema Egregium ("remarkable theorem") that asserts roughly that the Gaussian curvature of a surface is independent from any specific embedding in a Euclidean space. This implies that surfaces can be studied "intrinsically", that is, as stand-alone spaces, and has been expanded into the theory of manifolds and Riemannian geometry.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the parallel postulate (non-Euclidean geometries) can be developed without introducing any contradiction. The geometry that underlies general relativity is a famous application of non-Euclidean geometry.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Originally developed to model the physical world, geometry has applications in almost all sciences, and also in art, architecture, and other activities that are related to graphics. Geometry also has applications in areas of mathematics that are apparently unrelated. For example, methods of algebraic geometry are fundamental in Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem that was stated in terms of elementary arithmetic, and remained unsolved for several centuries.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Indian mathematicians also made many important contributions in geometry. The "Satapatha Brahmana" (3rd century BC) contains rules for ritual geometric constructions that are similar to the "Sulba Sutras". According to , the "Śulba Sūtras" contain "the earliest extant verbal expression of the Pythagorean Theorem in the world, although it had already been known to the Old Babylonians. They contain lists of Pythagorean triples, which are particular cases of Diophantine equations.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In the Bakhshali manuscript, there is a handful of geometric problems (including problems about volumes of irregular solids). The Bakhshali manuscript also "employs a decimal place value system with a dot for zero." Aryabhata's "Aryabhatiya" (499) includes the computation of areas and volumes.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Points are generally considered fundamental objects for building geometry. They may be defined by the properties that thay must have, as in Euclid's definition as "that which has no part", or in synthetic geometry. In modern mathematics, they are generally defined as elements of a set called space, which is itself axiomatically defined.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: With these modern definitions, every geometric shape is defined as a set of points; this is not the case in synthetic geometry, where a line is another fundamental object that is not viewed as the set of the points through which it passes.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: However, there has modern geometries, in which points are not primitive objects, or even without points. One of the oldest such geometries is Whitehead's point-free geometry, formulated by Alfred North Whitehead in 1919–1920.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In Euclidean geometry a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely; the definitions for other types of geometries are generalizations of that. Planes are used in many areas of geometry. For instance, planes can be studied as a topological surface without reference to distances or angles; it can be studied as an affine space, where collinearity and ratios can be studied but not distances; it can be studied as the complex plane using techniques of complex analysis; and so on.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Euclid defines a plane angle as the inclination to each other, in a plane, of two lines which meet each other, and do not lie straight with respect to each other. In modern terms, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the "sides" of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the "vertex" of the angle.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In Euclidean geometry, angles are used to study polygons and triangles, as well as forming an object of study in their own right. The study of the angles of a triangle or of angles in a unit circle forms the basis of trigonometry.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In differential geometry and calculus, the angles between plane curves or space curves or surfaces can be calculated using the derivative.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: A curve is a 1-dimensional object that may be straight (like a line) or not; curves in 2-dimensional space are called plane curves and those in 3-dimensional space are called space curves.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In topology, a curve is defined by a function from an interval of the real numbers to another space. In differential geometry, the same definition is used, but the defining function is required to be differentiable Algebraic geometry studies algebraic curves, which are defined as algebraic varieties of dimension one.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: A surface is a two-dimensional object, such as a sphere or paraboloid. In differential geometry and topology, surfaces are described by two-dimensional 'patches' (or neighborhoods) that are assembled by diffeomorphisms or homeomorphisms, respectively. In algebraic geometry, surfaces are described by polynomial equations.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: A manifold is a generalization of the concepts of curve and surface. In topology, a manifold is a topological space where every point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to Euclidean space. In differential geometry, a differentiable manifold is a space where each neighborhood is diffeomorphic to Euclidean space.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Length, area, and volume describe the size or extent of an object in one dimension, two dimension, and three dimensions respectively.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In Euclidean geometry and analytic geometry, the length of a line segment can often be calculated by the Pythagorean theorem.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Area and volume can be defined as fundamental quantities separate from length, or they can be described and calculated in terms of lengths in a plane or 3-dimensional space. Mathematicians have found many explicit formulas for area and formulas for volume of various geometric objects. In calculus, area and volume can be defined in terms of integrals, such as the Riemann integral or the Lebesgue integral.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: The concept of length or distance can be generalized, leading to the idea of metrics. For instance, the Euclidean metric measures the distance between points in the Euclidean plane, while the hyperbolic metric measures the distance in the hyperbolic plane. Other important examples of metrics include the Lorentz metric of special relativity and the semi-Riemannian metrics of general relativity.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In a different direction, the concepts of length, area and volume are extended by measure theory, which studies methods of assigning a size or "measure" to sets, where the measures follow rules similar to those of classical area and volume.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Congruence and similarity are concepts that describe when two shapes have similar characteristics. In Euclidean geometry, similarity is used to describe objects that have the same shape, while congruence is used to describe objects that are the same in both size and shape. Hilbert, in his work on creating a more rigorous foundation for geometry, treated congruence as an undefined term whose properties are defined by axioms.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Congruence and similarity are generalized in transformation geometry, which studies the properties of geometric objects that are preserved by different kinds of transformations.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Classical geometers paid special attention to constructing geometric objects that had been described in some other way. Classically, the only instruments used in most geometric constructions are the compass and straightedge. Also, every construction had to be complete in a finite number of steps. However, some problems turned out to be difficult or impossible to solve by these means alone, and ingenious constructions using neusis, parabolas and other curves, or mechanical devices, were found.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Where the traditional geometry allowed dimensions 1 (a line), 2 (a plane) and 3 (our ambient world conceived of as three-dimensional space), mathematicians and physicists have used higher dimensions for nearly two centuries. One example of a mathematical use for higher dimensions is the configuration space of a physical system, which has a dimension equal to the system's degrees of freedom. For instance, the configuration of a screw can be described by five coordinates.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In general topology, the concept of dimension has been extended from natural numbers, to infinite dimension (Hilbert spaces, for example) and positive real numbers (in fractal geometry). In algebraic geometry, the dimension of an algebraic variety has received a number of apparently different definitions, which are all equivalent in the most common cases.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: A different type of symmetry is the principle of duality in projective geometry, among other fields. This meta-phenomenon can roughly be described as follows: in any theorem, exchange "point" with "plane", "join" with "meet", "lies in" with "contains", and the result is an equally true theorem. A similar and closely related form of duality exists between a vector space and its dual space.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Differential geometry uses techniques of calculus and linear algebra to study problems in geometry. It has applications in physics, econometrics, and bioinformatics, among others.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In particular, differential geometry is of importance to mathematical physics due to Albert Einstein's general relativity postulation that the universe is curved. Differential geometry can either be "intrinsic" (meaning that the spaces it considers are smooth manifolds whose geometric structure is governed by a Riemannian metric, which determines how distances are measured near each point) or "extrinsic" (where the object under study is a part of some ambient flat Euclidean space).

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Euclidean geometry was not the only historical form of geometry studied. Spherical geometry has long been used by astronomers, astrologers, and navigators.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Topology is the field concerned with the properties of continuous mappings, and can be considered a generalization of Euclidean geometry. In practice, topology often means dealing with large-scale properties of spaces, such as connectedness and compactness.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: The field of topology, which saw massive development in the 20th century, is in a technical sense a type of transformation geometry, in which transformations are homeomorphisms. This has often been expressed in the form of the saying 'topology is rubber-sheet geometry'. Subfields of topology include geometric topology, differential topology, algebraic topology and general topology.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: In general, algebraic geometry studies geometry through the use of concepts in commutative algebra such as multivariate polynomials. It has applications in many areas, including cryptography and string theory.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Complex geometry studies the nature of geometric structures modelled on, or arising out of, the complex plane. Complex geometry lies at the intersection of differential geometry, algebraic geometry, and analysis of several complex variables, and has found applications to string theory and mirror symmetry.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Complex geometry first appeared as a distinct area of study in the work of Bernhard Riemann in his study of Riemann surfaces. Work in the spirit of Riemann was carried out by the Italian school of algebraic geometry in the early 1900s. Contemporary treatment of complex geometry began with the work of Jean-Pierre Serre, who introduced the concept of sheaves to the subject, and illuminated the relations between complex geometry and algebraic geometry.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Discrete geometry is a subject that has close connections with convex geometry. It is concerned mainly with questions of relative position of simple geometric objects, such as points, lines and circles. Examples include the study of sphere packings, triangulations, the Kneser-Poulsen conjecture, etc. It shares many methods and principles with combinatorics.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Computational geometry deals with algorithms and their implementations for manipulating geometrical objects. Important problems historically have included the travelling salesman problem, minimum spanning trees, hidden-line removal, and linear programming.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Although being a young area of geometry, it has many applications in computer vision, image processing, computer-aided design, medical imaging, etc.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Geometric group theory uses large-scale geometric techniques to study finitely generated groups. It is closely connected to low-dimensional topology, such as in Grigori Perelman's proof of the Geometrization conjecture, which included the proof of the Poincaré conjecture, a Millennium Prize Problem.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Geometric group theory often revolves around the Cayley graph, which is a geometric representation of a group. Other important topics include quasi-isometries, Gromov-hyperbolic groups, and right angled Artin groups.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Convex geometry investigates convex shapes in the Euclidean space and its more abstract analogues, often using techniques of real analysis and discrete mathematics. It has close connections to convex analysis, optimization and functional analysis and important applications in number theory.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Mathematics and art are related in a variety of ways. For instance, the theory of perspective showed that there is more to geometry than just the metric properties of figures: perspective is the origin of projective geometry.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Artists have long used concepts of proportion in design. Vitruvius developed a complicated theory of "ideal proportions" for the human figure. These concepts have been used and adapted by artists from Michelangelo to modern comic book artists.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: The golden ratio is a particular proportion that has had a controversial role in art. Often claimed to be the most aesthetically pleasing ratio of lengths, it is frequently stated to be incorporated into famous works of art, though the most reliable and unambiguous examples were made deliberately by artists aware of this legend.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Tilings, or tessellations, have been used in art throughout history. Islamic art makes frequent use of tessellations, as did the art of M. C. Escher. Escher's work also made use of hyperbolic geometry.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Cézanne advanced the theory that all images can be built up from the sphere, the cone, and the cylinder. This is still used in art theory today, although the exact list of shapes varies from author to author.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Geometry has many applications in architecture. In fact, it has been said that geometry lies at the core of architectural design. Applications of geometry to architecture include the use of projective geometry to create forced perspective, the use of conic sections in constructing domes and similar objects, the use of tessellations, and the use of symmetry.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: The field of astronomy, especially as it relates to mapping the positions of stars and planets on the celestial sphere and describing the relationship between movements of celestial bodies, have served as an important source of geometric problems throughout history.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?


Geometry

Context: Riemannian geometry and pseudo-Riemannian geometry are used in general relativity. String theory makes use of several variants of geometry, as does quantum information theory.

Question: Missä geometrinen struktuuri kehitettiin?