Diniyar Bilyaletdinov

Context: Bilyaletdinov signed a four-year contract with English club Everton in August 2009 for an undisclosed fee – believed to be £9 million – upon recommendation from national team manager Guus Hiddink, who was at Chelsea at that time. The move made him Everton's third most expensive signing in their history.

Question: В каком возрасте Диния́р Рина́тович Билялетди́нов вошел в сборную России?


Diniyar Bilyaletdinov

Context: He made his debut for Everton coming on as an 89th-minute substitute in a 2–1 win over Wigan Athletic later in the month. On 17 October 2009, Bilyaletdinov scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers and scored again on the following week in a 1–1 draw against Aston Villa, but received his first red card in the Premier League later on in the match.

Question: В каком возрасте Диния́р Рина́тович Билялетди́нов вошел в сборную России?


Diniyar Bilyaletdinov

Context: In January 2012, Bilyaletdinov was sold to Spartak Moscow for an undisclosed fee, as Everton wished to raise funds to buy other players. After his move to Spartak Moscow, Bilyaletdinov was given the number 25 shirt.

Question: В каком возрасте Диния́р Рина́тович Билялетди́нов вошел в сборную России?


Diniyar Bilyaletdinov

Context: Bilyaletdinov made his debut for Spartak Moscow in a 1–1 draw against Rubin Kazan on 5 March 2012. On 6 May 2012, Bilyaletdinov scored his first goal in over three years since leaving the country and first for the club in a 3–2 win over Zenit Saint Petersburg.

Question: В каком возрасте Диния́р Рина́тович Билялетди́нов вошел в сборную России?


Diniyar Bilyaletdinov

Context: After Russia failed to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he and several younger players were recalled to the U-21 squad for the 2006 UEFA U21 championship playoffs against Denmark but lost out to the Danes.

Question: В каком возрасте Диния́р Рина́тович Билялетди́нов вошел в сборную России?


Diniyar Bilyaletdinov

Context: Bilyaletdinov is an ethnic Tatar. His father Rinat Bilyaletdinov was also a professional footballer and is now a coach.

Question: В каком возрасте Диния́р Рина́тович Билялетди́нов вошел в сборную России?


Diniyar Bilyaletdinov

Context: On 11 June 2011, Bilyaletdinov married Maria, a former cheerleader for the basketball club CSKA Moscow. Their first son, Timur, was born on 21 March 2012.

Question: В каком возрасте Диния́р Рина́тович Билялетди́нов вошел в сборную России?


Diniyar Bilyaletdinov

Context: "Scores and results list Russia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bilyaletdinov goal".

Question: В каком возрасте Диния́р Рина́тович Билялетди́нов вошел в сборную России?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: The twelfth series included two-part stories for the first time since the tenth series, and more than one two-part story for the first time since the ninth series. "Spyfall" is the first two-part story not to use separate titles for its episodes since "The End of Time" (2009–10).

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: The series is the second to feature Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor. Bradley Walsh, Tosin Cole and Mandip Gill also reprise their roles as Graham O'Brien, Ryan Sinclair and Yasmin Khan, respectively.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: Sharon D. Clarke reprises her role as Graham's late wife, Grace, in "Can You Hear Me?". Maxim Baldry appeared as Dr John Polidori in "The Haunting of Villa Diodati". Jacob Collins-Levy also appeared as Lord Byron in the same episode. Julie Graham, Ian McElhinney and Steve Toussaint guest star in the two-part finale, "Ascension of the Cybermen" / "The Timeless Children".

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: In "SFX" #355, it was confirmed that "Revolution of the Daleks" would be the final appearances by Walsh and Cole, Chris Noth would return as Jack Robertson from "Arachnids in the UK" (2018), and that Harriet Walter had been cast.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: In April 2015, Steven Moffat confirmed that "Doctor Who" would run for at least another five years, extending the show until 2020. In May 2017, it was announced that due to the terms of a deal between BBC Worldwide and SMG Pictures in China, SMG has first right of refusal on the purchase for the Chinese market of future series of the programme until and including Series 15.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: Chris Chibnall returned as the series's showrunner, the role he took on following Steven Moffat's departure after the tenth series. Matt Strevens also returned to serve as executive producer alongside Chibnall.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: The twelfth series introduced changes to the design of the TARDIS, with the differences including a modified column above the time rotor, an updated pathway from the TARDIS's doors, the inclusion of stairs, and modifications to the central console. These changes were introduced by production designer Dafydd Shurmer. Some episodes feature cold openings, which had been consistently used in the revived era but were entirely absent in the eleventh series.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: Filming commenced on 23 January 2019 in South Africa, and concluded on 7 February, taking place at Western Cape, Hopefield, Lion's Head, and Taal Monument. Filming took place in Cardiff and Wales between February and October 2019. Filming also took place in Tenerife, Gloucester, and Merthyr Mawr. Filming concluded by 19 November 2019.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: The 2021 New Year's Day special, "Revolution of the Daleks", was filmed by Lee Haven Jones. In April 2020, Chibnall confirmed that post-production was continuing on "Revolution of the Daleks" remotely throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: A poster for the twelfth series was released on 21 November 2019. The first trailer for the series was released on 23 November 2019, coinciding with the programme's fifty-sixth anniversary. Another trailer was released on 2 December 2019 alongside news of the series's premiere date. Forbidden Planet released shirts weekly with themes that corresponded to each week's broadcast episode of Series 12. Two new trailers were released mid-series on 20 January and 7 February 2020.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: The BBC confirmed after the eleventh series's finale that the twelfth series would premiere in "very early" 2020. BBC confirmed on 2 December 2019 that the series was set to premiere on 1 January 2020, and would air through 1 March 2020. The twelfth series was broadcast on Sundays, bar the premiere episode which aired on a Wednesday, continuing on from the format of the eleventh series, after regular episodes of the revived era had previously been broadcast on Saturdays.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: The "Spyfall" two-part episode was released in cinemas in the United States on 5 January 2020. The series was followed by a special episode, "Revolution of the Daleks", on New Year's Day in 2021.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: The twelfth series was released on 4 May 2020 in Region 2, and included the 2019 special "Resolution" in the boxset.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: The series gained the lowest ratings since the revival of the show in 2005, containing six of the show's ten least-watched episodes. The average viewing figure for this series was 5.40 million UK viewers. The series finale was the least-watched episode of the show since 2005, at 4.69 million viewers. Nielsen ratings of the show on BBC America for the key demographic, people aged 18 to 34, dropped by 52.5% compared to the previous series, down to 0.13.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Doctor Who (series 12)

Context: 48 selected pieces of score from this series as composed by Segun Akinola were released in a 2-CD set on 3 April 2020 by Silva Screen Records. Twelve selected pieces of score from "Revolution of the Daleks" as composed by Segun Akinola were released on digital music platforms on 2 January 2021 by Silva Screen Records.

Question: Сколько всего сезонов в телесериале «Доктор Кто» на март 2019?


Kuznetsov NK-12

Context: The Kuznetsov NK-12 is a Soviet turboprop engine of the 1950s, designed by the Kuznetsov design bureau. The NK-12 drives two large four-bladed contra-rotating propellers, diameter (NK-12MA), and diameter (NK-12MV). It is the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service.

Question: Какова была изначальная мощность НК-12?


Kuznetsov NK-12

Context: The engine has a 14-stage axial-flow compressor, producing pressure ratios between 9:1 and 13:1 depending on altitude, with variable inlet guide vanes and blow-off valves for engine operability. The combustion system used is a cannular-type: each flame tube is centrally mounted on a downstream injector that ends in an annular secondary region. The contra-rotating propellers and compressor are driven by the five-stage axial turbine. Mass flow is 65 kg (143 lb) per second.

Question: Какова была изначальная мощность НК-12?


Tver

Context: Tver () is a city and the administrative centre of Tver Oblast, Russia. Population: 414,606 (2015 est.); 403,606 (2010 Census); 408,903 (2002 Census); It is northwest of Moscow.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Formerly a land of woods and bogs, the Principality of Tver was quickly transformed into one of the richest and most populous Russian states. As the area was hardly accessible for Tatar raids, there was a great influx of population from the recently devastated south. By the end of the century, it vied with Moscow for supremacy in Russia. Both Tver and Moscow were recently founded cities, so the outcome of their rivalry was far from certain.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Mikhail, the Grand Prince of Tver, who ascended the throne of Vladimir in 1305, was one of the most revered medieval Russian rulers. His policy of open conflict with the Golden Horde led to his assassination there in 1318. His son Dmitry "the Terrible Eyes" succeeded him and, concluding an alliance with the mighty Grand Duchy of Lithuania, managed to raise Tver's prestige even higher.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Exasperated by Dmitry's influence, Prince Ivan Kalita of the Grand Duchy of Moscow engineered his murder by the Mongols in 1326. On hearing the news of this crime, the city revolted against the Mongol Horde. The Horde joined its forces with Muscovites and brutally repressed the rebellion. Many citizens were killed, enslaved or deported. This was the fatal blow to Tver's aspirations for supremacy in Russia.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: In the second half of the 14th century, Tver was further weakened by dynastic struggles between its princes. Two senior branches of the ruling house, those of Kashin and Kholmsky, asserted their claims to the grand ducal throne. The claimers were backed up by Moscow and eventually settled at the Moscow Kremlin court.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: During the Great Feudal War in the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tver again rose to prominence and concluded defensive alliances with Lithuania, Novgorod, Byzantium, and the Golden Horde. Grand Prince Boris of Tver sent one of his men, Afanasy Nikitin, to search for gold and diamonds as far as India. Nikitin's travelogue, describing his journey from 1466 to 1472, is probably the first ever firsthand account of India by a European. A monument to Nikitin was opened on the Volga embankment in 1955.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: On 12 September 1485, the forces of Ivan the Great seized the city. The principality was given as an appanage to Ivan's grandson, only to be abolished several decades later. Last scions of the ruling dynasty were executed by Ivan the Terrible during the Oprichnina. At that turbulent time, Tver was ruled by Simeon Bekbulatovich, a former khan of Kasimov. The only remnant of his ephemeral reign is a graceful tent-like church in the village of Kushalino, northeast of Tver.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: The city's decline was not irrevocable, however. With the foundation of St. Petersburg, Tver gained importance as a principal station on the highway (and later railway) en route from Moscow. It was much visited by Russian royalty and nobility traveling from the old capital to the new one and back.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Following a devastating fire of 1763, the city was rebuilt in a Neoclassical style. Under Catherine the Great, the central part was thoroughly reconstructed. Crumbling medieval buildings were razed and replaced with imposing Neoclassical buildings. The most important of these are the Travel Palace of the Empress (designed by the celebrated Matvei Kazakov), and the Ascension church (designed by Prince Lvov and consecrated in 1813).

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: On 12 July 1929, the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Tverskoy District, with the administrative centre in Tver, was established within Tver Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On 23 July 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: On 20 November 1931, the city was renamed Kalinin after the nominal head of state (1919–1946) and affiliate of Josef Stalin, Mikhail Kalinin, who had been born nearby. Simultaneously, Tverskoy District was renamed Kalininsky District. On 29 January 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Kalininsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: The last vestige of the pre-Petrine epoch, the Saviour Cathedral, was blown up in 1936. In 1940, the NKVD executed more than 6,200 Polish policemen and prisoners of war from Ostashkov camp.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: The Wehrmacht entered Kalinin on Monday 13 October 1941 according to MI9 photographs, occupied Kalinin for two months from Monday 13 October 1941/Tuesday, 14 October to 19 December 1941, leaving the city in ashes. Kalinin was the first major city in Europe to be retaken from the Wehrmacht.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: During the Cold War, Kalinin was home to the Kryuchkovo air base, which is no longer in service. The city's historic name of Tver was restored on 17 July 1990.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Apart from the suburban White Trinity Church (1564) (, the Temple of the Lifegiving Trinity), there are no ancient monuments left in Tver. The central part is graced with Catharinian and Soviet edifices, bridges, and embankments. Tver's most notable industries are rolling stock manufacturer Tver Carriage Works, opened in 1898, an excavator factory, and a glass factory. Tver is home to Migalovo, which is one of Russia's biggest military airlift facilities.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Tver is the administrative centre of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative centre of Kalininsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Tver Okrug, an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Tver Okrug is incorporated as Tver Urban Okrug.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: The city was divided into districts in 1936. The districts were updated several times in 1965 and 1976. The final city division, currently in use, divides the city into four districts:

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: On 2 November 2012 Alexander Korzin was appointed as mayor of the city. In 2014, he left his post, and on May 28, 2014, by the decision of the Tver City Duma, Yury Timofeev was appointed to this post, previously working for 10 years as the head of the Zapadnodvinsky District. On 22 September 2016, immediately after Igor Rudenya assumed the post of governor, Timofeev resigned and Alexey Ogonkov, who claimed this position in 2014, became acting Mayor.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: In August 2017, the Tver City Duma adopted amendments to the Charter of the city, according to which the Mayor also heads the administration. Thus, the "two-headed management" system introduced in 2008 was abolished. The amendments entered into force on November 2, 2017, after Alexander Korzin's term as Mayor has expired. Thus, from 2 November 2017 Alexey Ogonykov became the Mayor.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: The newly designed high-speed railway line between Moscow and St Petersburg is expected to have a "New Tver'" station several kilometres southward of the city border.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: There is a local bus station that interconnects Tver with minor towns of Tver Oblast, neighbouring oblasts, and Moscow.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Local public transit consists of trolleybuses, trams, buses, and "marshrutkas" (routed taxis). The latter two have taken priority during recent years.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: In November 2018, the tram traffic in Tver was completely stopped. On August 7, 2019, all car drivers, as well as track fitters and support staff of the trams, left by "mutual agreement". At the same time, the dismantling of the contact network and the tracks along the last existing route began. The city administration said that it was necessary to completely repair the roadbed.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the route network of trolley buses. During the first quarter of 2020, local authorities plan to introduce a new transport model, which implies the elimination of trolleybus traffic and the duplication of its routes with buses. From April 14, 2020, the last of the existing trolleybus routes (No. 2) was replaced by a bus route 42 on which diesel buses now operate.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: There are two airfields within the city: Migalovo military air base and Zmeyovo airport; although the nearest airport with regular scheduled commercial service is Sheremetyevo airport in Moscow.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: The river station is located on the left bank of the Volga River, close to the confluence with the river Tvertsa. There is also a small cargo port in the lower part of the Volga. During the summertime, pleasure boats ply up and down the Volga, with their base off the river station.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Tver has a humid continental climate, which is typical for Central Russia. Winters are long, snowy and cold, but extremely severe frosts (below ) are rare, less than 10 calendar days per annum. The summer is generally warm and humid, with the temperature often rising higher than .

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Tver has four functioning Russian Orthodox cathedrals, fifteen Orthodox churches, a Mormon chapel, a Catholic church, a mosque, and a synagogue.

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Tver

Context: Within Tver, as in other cities of Central Russia, the main religion is Russian Orthodox Christianity. Tver is the centre of Diocese of Tver and Kashin of the Russian Orthodox Church, having the diocesan administration and residence of the ruling bishop. Since 14 July 2018 the Metropolitan of Tver and Kashin has been Savva (Mikheyev).

Question: Когда был основан Калинин?


Lend-Lease

Context: Lend-Lease effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality which had been enshrined in the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s. It was a decisive step away from non-interventionist policy and toward open support for the Allies. Roosevelt's top foreign policy advisor Harry Hopkins had effective control over Lend-Lease, making sure it was in alignment with Roosevelt's foreign policy goals.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: After the Fall of France during June 1940, the British Commonwealth and Empire were the only forces engaged in war against Germany and Italy, until the Italian invasion of Greece. Britain had been paying for its materiel with gold as part of the "cash and carry" program, as required by the U.S. Neutrality Acts of the 1930s, but by 1941 it had liquidated a large part of its overseas holdings and its gold reserves were becoming depleted in paying for materiel from the United States.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Opposition to the Lend-Lease bill was strongest among isolationist Republicans in Congress, who feared the measure would be "the longest single step this nation has yet taken toward direct involvement in the war abroad". When the House of Representatives finally took a roll call vote on February 9, 1941, the 260 to 165 vote was largely along party lines. Democrats voted 238 to 25 in favor and Republicans 24 in favor and 135 against.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: The vote in the Senate, which occurred on 9 March, revealed a similar partisan difference: 49 Democrats (79 percent) voted "aye" with only 13 Democrats (21 percent) voting "nay". In contrast, 17 Republicans (63 percent) voted "nay" while 10 Senate Republicans (37 percent) sided with the Democrats to pass the bill.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: President Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease bill into law on March 11, 1941. It permitted him to "sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government [whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States] any defense article." In April, this policy was extended to China, and in October to the Soviet Union. Roosevelt approved $1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to Britain at the end of October 1941.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: This followed the 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement, whereby 50 US Navy destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy in exchange for basing rights in the Caribbean. Churchill also granted the US base rights in Bermuda and Newfoundland for free; this act allowed their British garrison to be redeployed to more crucial theatres. In 1944, Britain transferred several of the US-made destroyers to the USSR.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entering the war in December 1941, foreign policy was rarely discussed by Congress, and there was very little demand to cut Lend-Lease spending. In spring 1944, the House passed a bill to renew the Lend-Lease program by a vote of 334 to 21. The Senate passed it by a vote of 63 to 1.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: In February 1942, the U.S. and Britain signed the Anglo-American Mutual Aid Agreement as part of a greater multilateral system, developed by the Allies during the war, to provide each other with goods, services, and mutual aid in the widest sense, without charging commercial payments.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Canada operated a program similar to Lend Lease called Mutual Aid that sent a loan of C$1 billion (equivalent to C$ billion in ) and C$3.4 billion (C$ billion) in supplies and services to Britain and other Allies.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Lend-lease aid to the USSR was nominally managed by Stettinius. Roosevelt's Soviet Protocol Committee was dominated by Harry Hopkins and General John York, who were totally sympathetic to the provision of "unconditional aid". Few Americans objected to Soviet aid until 1943.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: The program began to be ended after VE Day. During April 1945, Congress voted that it should not be used for post-conflict purposes, and during August 1945, after Japanese surrender, the program was ended.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Lend-Lease contributed to the Allied victory. Even after the United States forces in Europe and the Pacific began to attain full strength during 1943–1944, Lend-Lease continued. Most remaining Allies were largely self-sufficient in frontline equipment (such as tanks and fighter aircraft) by this time but Lend-Lease provided a useful supplement in this category and Lend-Lease logistical supplies (including motor vehicles and railroad equipment) were of enormous assistance.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: According to the Russian historian Boris Vadimovich Sokolov, Lend-Lease had a crucial role in winning the war:

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Nikita Khrushchev, having served as a military commissar and intermediary between Stalin and his generals during the war, addressed directly the significance of Lend-lease aid in his memoirs:

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Joseph Stalin, during the Tehran Conference during 1943, acknowledged publicly the importance of American efforts during a dinner at the conference: "Without American machines the United Nations could never have won the war."

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: In a confidential interview with the wartime correspondent Konstantin Simonov, the Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov is quoted as saying:

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Today [1963] some say the Allies didn't really help us ... But listen, one cannot deny that the Americans shipped over to us material without which we could not have equipped our armies held in reserve or been able to continue the war.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: If Germany defeated the Soviet Union, the most significant front in Europe would be closed. Roosevelt believed that if the Soviets were defeated the Allies would be far more likely to lose. Roosevelt concluded that the United States needed to help the Soviets fight against the Germans. Soviet Ambassador Maxim Litvinov significantly contributed to the Lend-Lease agreement of 1941. American deliveries to the Soviet Union can be divided into the following phases:

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: The Arctic route was the shortest and most direct route for lend-lease aid to the USSR, though it was also the most dangerous as it involved sailing past German-occupied Norway. Some 3,964,000 tons of goods were shipped by the Arctic route; 7% was lost, while 93% arrived safely. This constituted some 23% of the total aid to the USSR during the war.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: The Persian Corridor was the longest route, and was not fully operational until mid-1942. Thereafter it saw the passage of 4,160,000 tons of goods, 27% of the total.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: The Pacific Route opened in August 1941, but was affected by the start of hostilities between Japan and the U.S.; after December 1941, only Soviet ships could be used, and, as Japan and the USSR observed a strict neutrality towards each other, only non-military goods could be transported. Nevertheless, some 8,244,000 tons of goods went by this route, 50% of the total.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: In total, the U.S. deliveries to the USSR through Lend-Lease amounted to $11 billion in materials: over 400,000 jeeps and trucks; 12,000 armored vehicles (including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386 of which were M3 Lees and 4,102 M4 Shermans); 11,400 aircraft (4,719 of which were Bell P-39 Airacobras) and 1.75 million tons of food.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Roughly 17.5 million tons of military equipment, vehicles, industrial supplies, and food were shipped from the Western Hemisphere to the USSR, 94% coming from the US. For comparison, a total of 22 million tons landed in Europe to supply American forces from January 1942 to May 1945. It has been estimated that American deliveries to the USSR through the Persian Corridor alone were sufficient, by US Army standards, to maintain sixty combat divisions in the line.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: By the end of 1941, early shipments of Matilda, Valentine and Tetrarch tanks represented only 6.5% of total Soviet tank production but over 25% of medium and heavy tanks produced for the Red Army. The British tanks first saw action with the 138 Independent Tank Battalion in the Volga Reservoir on November 20, 1941. Lend-Lease tanks constituted 30 to 40 percent of heavy and medium tank strength before Moscow at the beginning of December 1941.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: In total 4 million tonnes of war material including food and medical supplies were delivered. The munitions totaled £308m (not including naval munitions supplied), the food and raw materials totaled £120m in 1946 index. In accordance with the Anglo-Soviet Military Supplies Agreement of June 27, 1942, military aid sent from Britain to the Soviet Union during the war was entirely free of charge.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: Though diminutive in comparison, Soviet Union supplied the United States with goods that the latter badly needed, including 300,000 tons of chrome ore, 32,000 tons of manganese ore, and large supplies of platinum, gold and wood.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: In a November 1943 report to Congress, President Roosevelt said of Allied participation in reverse Lend-lease:

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: In 1945–46, the value of Reciprocal Aid from New Zealand exceeded that of Lend-Lease, though in 1942–43, the value of Lend-Lease to New Zealand was much more than that of Reciprocal Aid. Britain also supplied extensive material assistance to American forces stationed in Europe, for example the USAAF was supplied with hundreds of Spitfire Mk V and Mk VIII fighter aircraft.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Lend-Lease

Context: The final payment of $83.3 million (£42.5 million), due on December 31, 2006 (repayment having been deferred in the allowed five years and during a sixth year not allowed), was made by Britain on December 29, 2006 (the last working day of the year). After this final payment, Britain's Economic Secretary to the Treasury formally issued thanks to the U.S. for its wartime support.

Question: Сколько лет длилась программа ленд-лиз?


Yuri Andropov

Context: Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (; ; – 9 February 1984) was the sixth paramount leader of the Soviet Union and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Following the 18-year rule of Leonid Brezhnev, Andropov served in the post from November 1982 until his death in February 1984.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: His earliest documented name was Grigory Vladimirovich Andropov-Fyodorov; he changed it to Yuri Andropov several years later. While his original birth certificate disappeared, it was established that Andropov was in fact born in Moscow where his mother had been working in a women's gymnasium from 1913 until 1917.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: Andropov was educated at the Rybinsk Water Transport Technical College and graduated in 1936. As a teenager he worked as a loader, a telegraph clerk, and a sailor for the Volga steamship line. At 16, Yuri Andropov, then a member of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (YCL, or Komsomol), was a worker in the town of Mozdok in the North Ossetian ASSR.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: He became full-time Secretary of the YCL organization of the Water Transport Technical School in Rybinsk in the Yaroslavl Region and was soon promoted to the post of organizer of the YCL Central Committee at the Volodarsky Shipyards in Rybinsk. In 1938, he was elected First Secretary of the Yaroslavl Regional Committee of the YCL, and was First Secretary of the Central Committee of Komsomol in the Soviet Karelo-Finnish Republic from 1940 to 1944.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: According to the official biography, during World War II Andropov took part in partisan guerrilla activities in Finland, although modern researchers didn't manage to find any traces of his supposed partisan squad. From 1944 onwards, he left Komsomol for Communist Party work. Between 1946 and 1951, he studied at the university of Petrozavodsk. In 1947, he was elected Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: In 1951 Andropov was transferred to CPSU Central Committee. He was appointed an inspector and then the head of a subdepartment of the committee.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: In July 1954, he was appointed Soviet Ambassador to Hungary and held this position during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Andropov played a key role in crushing the Hungarian uprising. He convinced a reluctant Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev that military intervention was necessary. He is known as 'The Butcher of Budapest' for his ruthless suppression of the Hungarian uprising. The Hungarian leaders were arrested and Imre Nagy and others executed.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: The repression of dissidents included plans to maim the dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who had defected in 1961. There are some who believe that Andropov was behind the deaths of Fyodor Kulakov and Pyotr Masherov, the two youngest members of the Soviet leadership. A declassified document revealed that Andropov as KGB director gave the order to prevent unauthorized gatherings mourning the death of John Lennon.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: In 1977, Andropov convinced Brezhnev that the Ipatiev House, where Tsar Nicholas II and his family were murdered by Bolshevik revolutionaries during the Russian Civil War, had become a site of pilgrimage for covert monarchists. With the Politburo's approval the house, deemed to be not of "sufficient historical significance", was demolished in September 1977, less than a year before the 60th anniversary of the murders.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: According to Yaakov Kedmi, Andropov was particularly keen to persecute any sign of Zionism in order to distance himself from his Jewish heritage. Andropov was personally responsible for orchestrating the arrest and persecution of Soviet Jewish activist Natan Sharansky.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: On 10 December 1981, in the face of Poland's Solidarity movement, Andropov, along with Soviet Second Secretary Mikhail Suslov and Polish First Secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski, persuaded Brezhnev that it would be counterproductive for the Soviet Union to invade Poland by repeating the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress the Prague Spring. This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: From 1980 to 1982, while still chairman of the KGB, Andropov opposed plans to occupy Poland after the emergence of the Solidarity movement and promoted reform-minded party cadres including Mikhail Gorbachev. Andropov was the longest-serving KGB chairman and did not resign as head of the KGB until May 1982, when he was again promoted to the Secretariat to succeed Mikhail Suslov as secretary responsible for ideological affairs.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: Two days after Leonid Brezhnev's death, on 12 November 1982, Andropov was elected General Secretary of the CPSU, the first former head of the KGB to become General Secretary. His appointment was received in the West with apprehension, in view of his roles in the KGB and in Hungary. At the time his personal background was a mystery in the West, with major newspapers printing detailed profiles of him that were inconsistent and in several cases fabricated.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: Despite such reforms, Andropov refused to consider any changes that sought to dispense with the command economy introduced under Joseph Stalin. In his memoirs, Mikhail Gorbachev recalled that when Andropov was the leader, Gorbachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, the chairman of Gosplan, asked him for access to real budget figures. "You are asking too much," Andropov responded. "The budget is off limits to you."

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: In February 1983, Andropov suffered total kidney failure. In August 1983, he entered the Central Clinical Hospital in western Moscow on a permanent basis, where he would spend the remainder of his life.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Yuri Andropov

Context: Various people who closely knew Andropov, including Vladimir Medvedev, , Vladimir Kryuchkov and Roy Medvedev, remembered him for his politeness, calmness, unselfishness, patience, intelligence and exceptionally sharp memory. According to Chuchyalin, while working at Kremlin Andropov would read ca. 600 pages per day and remember everything he had read. Andropov read English literature and could communicate in Finnish, English and German.

Question: Когда родился Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов?


Oskar Potiorek

Context: In 1913 Potiorek had invited Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie to watch his troops on maneuvers scheduled for 26 and 27 June 1914. An attack on the life of former governor Marijan Varešanin in 1910 and several rumours on future assaults (leaked by Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić) did not keep the archduke from a public appearance in Sarajevo, backed by Potiorek who worried about his own prestige.

Question: В каком году умер Оскар Потиорек?


Flight into Egypt

Context: When the Magi came in search of Jesus, they went to Herod the Great in Jerusalem to ask where to find the newborn "King of the Jews". Herod became paranoid that the child would threaten his throne, and sought to kill him (). Herod initiated the Massacre of the Innocents in hopes of killing the child (–). But an angel appeared to Joseph in a dream and warned him to take Jesus and his mother into Egypt ().

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: Egypt was a logical place to find refuge, as it was outside the dominions of King Herod, but both Egypt and Judea were part of the Roman Empire, linked by a coastal road known as "the way of the sea", making travel between them easy and relatively safe.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: After a time, the holy family returned from Egypt. The text states that Herod had died. Herod is believed to have died in 4 BC, and while Matthew does not mention how, the Jewish historian Josephus vividly relates a gory death.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: cites Hosea as prophetically fulfilled in the return of Joseph, Mary and Jesus from Egypt: "... and out of Egypt I called My son".

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: The Gospel of Luke does not recount this story, relating instead that the Holy Family went to the Temple in Jerusalem, and then home to Nazareth. Followers of the Jesus Seminar thus conclude that both Luke's and Matthew's birth and infancy accounts are fabrications. A theme of Matthew is likening Jesus to Moses for a Judean audience, and the Flight into Egypt illustrates just that theme.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: Regarding Matthew's infancy narrative, the 20th-century British scholar William Neil has said that "when we look beneath the engaging poetic decor, we come face to face with highly probable history. ... The flight of the Holy Family to nearby Egypt until after Herod's death, and the reason for their settling in Galilee on their return, apart altogether from Luke's information that Nazareth was their home, are also circumstantially probable."

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: In their commentary on Matthew in the Anchor Bible Series, W. F. Albright and C. S. Mann state that "there is no reason to doubt the historicity of the story of the family's flight into Egypt. The Old Testament abounds in references to individuals and families taking refuge in Egypt, in flight either from persecution or revenge, or in the face of economic pressure."

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: British scholar R. T. France has also argued in support of the historicity of the narrative. "[Joseph's] choice of Egypt as a place of exile ... was in line with the practice of other Palestinians who feared reprisals from the government; as a neighbouring country with a sizeable Jewish population it was an obvious refuge. And his subsequent avoidance of Judea under Archelaus, and expectation of safety in Galilee, accords with the political circumstances as we know them."

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: One of the most extensive and, in Eastern Christianity, influential accounts of the Flight appears in the perhaps seventh-century "Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew", in which Mary, tired by the heat of the sun, rested beneath a palm tree. The infant Jesus then miraculously has the palm tree bend down to provide Mary with its fruit, and release from its roots a spring to provide her with water.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: Numerous later Muslim writers on the life of Jesus did transmit stories about the Flight into Egypt. Prominent examples include Abū Isḥāḳ al-Thaʿlabī, whose "ʿArāʾis al-madjālis fī ḳiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ", an account of the lives of the prophets, reports the Flight, followed by a stay in Egypt of twelve years; and al-Ṭabarī's "History of the Prophets and Kings".

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: From the 15th century in the Netherlands onwards, the non-Biblical subject of the Holy Family resting on the journey, the "Rest on the Flight into Egypt" became popular, by the late 16th century perhaps more common than the original traveling family. The family were often accompanied by angels, and in earlier images sometimes an older boy who may represent James the Brother of the Lord, interpreted as a son of Joseph, by a previous marriage.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: A subject taking place after the arrival in Egypt is the meeting of the infant Jesus with his cousin, the infant John the Baptist, who, according to legend was rescued from Bethlehem before the massacre by the Archangel Uriel, and joined the Holy Family in Egypt. This meeting of the two Holy Children was to be painted by many artists during the Renaissance period, after being popularized by Leonardo da Vinci and then Raphael with works like Leonardo's Virgin of the Rocks.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: The "Flight into Egypt" was a favorite theme of Henry Ossawa Tanner, depicting the Holy Family's clandestine evasion of King Herod's assassins (Matthew 2:12–14). In it Tanner expresses his sensitivity to issues of personal freedom, escape from persecution, and migrations of African-Americans from the South to the North.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: Two plays of the medieval "Ordo Rachelis" cycle contain an account of the flight into Egypt, and the one found in the Fleury Playbook contains the only dramatic representation of the return from Egypt.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: The oratorio "L'enfance du Christ" (1854) by French composer Hector Berlioz relates the events from Herod's dream and his meeting with the Magi through the angels' warning and the flight into Egypt until the Holy Family arrive at Sais.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: The German composer wrote an opera called "The Flight To Egypt" which was produced and performed in 2021/22 at Teatro Comunale Modena, Linz State Theatre and Serbian National Theatre Novi Sad.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Flight into Egypt

Context: A local French tradition states that Saint Aphrodisius, an Egyptian saint who was venerated as the first bishop of Béziers, was the man who sheltered the Holy Family when they fled into Egypt.

Question: На чем путешествовали Мария и Иосиф?


Margarita Morozova

Context: Margarita Kirillovna Mamontova was born at Pokrovka Street in Moscow, into a well-established merchant's family. Her father Kirill Nikolayevich inherited a vast fortune but proved incapable of making good use of it. Having squandered all of his money and most of the family's property, he shot himself, leaving his wife Margarita Ottovna (née Loewenstein) with two young daughters and without any means. She survived by doing needlework and later launched her own dress-making courses and a sewing factory.

Question: В каком году родилась Маргари́та Кири́лловна Моро́зова?


Margarita Morozova

Context: In 1950s Morozova wrote essays on Scriabin, as well as some memoirs on Bely, Scriabin and the Medtner brothers. Only fragments of them appeared in the USSR (notably, pieces on Scriabin in 1972); they were published fully only in the post-Soviet times. Margarita Morozova spent her last years in poverty, relying only upon the financial help of friends. She died on 3 October 1958, of a stroke, and is interred in Vvedenskoye Cemetery in Moscow.

Question: В каком году родилась Маргари́та Кири́лловна Моро́зова?


Margarita Morozova

Context: With Russian Institute for Strategic Studies (RISI) under the leadership of Mikhail Fradkov, which began on 4 January 2017, the Morozov house at Smolensky Boulevard, 26/9, building 1, underwent improvements under the Office of the Presidential Affairs, which were authorized by Vladimir Putin on 22 February 2017, to become the location of RISI's offices. In 2019, the restoration was completed.

Question: В каком году родилась Маргари́та Кири́лловна Моро́зова?


Mount Sinai

Context: Mount Sinai ( "Har Sinai"; Aramaic: ܛܘܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ "Ṭūrāʾ Dsyny"), traditionally known as Jabal Musa (, translation: Mount Moses), is a mountain on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. It is possibly the same location as the biblical Mount Sinai, the place where, according to the Torah, Bible, and Quran, Moses received the Ten Commandments.

Question: Какая высота горы Синай?


Mount Sinai

Context: Immediately north of the mountain is the 6th-century Saint Catherine's Monastery. The summit has a mosque that is still used by Muslims, and a Greek Orthodox chapel, constructed in 1934 on the ruins of a 16th-century church, that is not open to the public. The chapel encloses the rock which is considered to be the source for the biblical Tablets of Stone. At the summit also is "Moses' cave", where Moses was said to have waited to receive the Ten Commandments.

Question: Какая высота горы Синай?


Mount Sinai

Context: The Jabal Musa is associated with the Islamic prophet Musa. In particular, numerous references to Jabal Musa exist in the Quran, where it is called "Ṭūr Sīnāʾ", "Ṭūr Sīnīn", and "aṭ-Ṭūr" and "al-Jabal" (both meaning "the Mount"). As for the adjacent "Wād Ṭuwā" (Valley of Tuwa), it is considered as being "muqaddas" (sacred), and a part of it is called "Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah" ("The Blessed Place"). It is the place where Musa spoke to his Lord.

Question: Какая высота горы Синай?


Mount Sinai

Context: There are two principal routes to the summit. The longer and shallower route, "Siket El Bashait", takes about 2.5 hours on foot, though camels can be used. The steeper, more direct route ("Siket Sayidna Musa") is up the 3,750 "steps of penitence" in the ravine behind the monastery.

Question: Какая высота горы Синай?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev (, 29 December 1899 – 19 April 1985) was a Russian scholar, ethnographer, historian, researcher of religious beliefs, doctor of historical sciences, and professor at Moscow State University.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev returned to Moscow University in 1922, where he began social and historical studies. He received a state scholarship, and supplemented his income by giving private lessons.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: After graduating on 25 June 1925, Tokarev applied to continue research in the university's graduate Institute of History. He submitted a thesis on "totemic society", a fully-fledged work of research. His application was supported by a short but very flattering recommendation from Viacheslav Petrovich Volgin.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Accepted in November 1925, Tokarev was enrolled in the Institute in January 1926, joining what later became the ethnology section.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In 1928, he joined the department of colonies at the museum, and in 1931 he was appointed head of the department of North Asia.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: As a graduate student, in 1928/1929 he also taught part-time at Moscow University, and taught a course on the history of social structures at the Sun Yat-sen University of Communist Workers of China.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Ethnography was considered important in the early years of the Soviet Union, which had a great many different ethnic groups, and the first university courses for professional ethnography were launched in the 1920s.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: However, by the latter part of the decade, Marxist radicals attacked the discipline for being "bourgeois", and some of the main ethnographic institutions were closed in April 1929. Ethnography became redefined as the study of prehistoric peoples.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: The University's Institute of History became part of the Communist Academy. Most positions went only to Marxists and communists, although in some circumstances non-Marxist scholars could be admitted.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: The Marxist linguist Valerian Borisovich Aptekar was an opponent of traditional ethnography, strongly expressing his opinion in a debate on 7 May 1928. He argued that the subject was not scientific, that its concepts were vague, and that by treating the development of mankind in terms of the evolution of cultural forms the ethnographers denied the more fundamental forces of production and class struggle. The subject could only be approached in terms of dialectical materialism.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev disagreed publicly. Although he accepted the need for a more scientific approach and for the subject to be treated from a Marxist–Leninist viewpoint,

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: he defended the study of ethnology as dealing with realities that could not be ignored. Further debates were held at meetings of the AMI in April 1929 and in June 1930. Tokarev was still working at the museum, and the authorities frowned on people holding two positions. He was dismissed from the institute on 1 May 1931 but continued as a free-lance researcher and retained the more secure job at the Museum.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Despite the political climate, Tokarev undertook valuable work in the late 1920s and the 1930s. He spent less time on Australia and Melanesia and more time on the people of Siberia and Yakutia, perhaps due to political pressure, although he was always interested in both subjects. He made his first field trip in September 1928 in Turkmenistan, and in 1930 visited the Altai Mountains.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: The museum supported another expedition to the Altais in 1932, and he returned in 1940, just before the war.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: During the 1930s and the Great Purge, Stalin sent many Soviet intellectuals to labor in the gulags. Yeleazar Meletinsky, often called Zorya, was among those imprisoned. He left his manuscript "The Hero of the Fairy Tale" with Tokarev, who preserved it for publication years later.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev retained his position at the State Academy of the History of Material Culture, where he had worked since 1932 as a Research Fellow in the Department of Feudalism.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In October 1938 he rejoined the museum as an ethnographer and consultant. Until 1941, he was also a research associate at the Central Anti-religious museum.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In 1939 Tokarev was appointed professor in the newly organized Department of Ethnography, History Department of Moscow State University, a position he held until 1973.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: From 1939 to 1941 he also lectured on ethnography at the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In 1940 Tokarev defended his doctoral dissertation "The social system of the Yakuts in the 17th-18th centuries."

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In World War II, he was evacuated from Moscow in June 1941, and headed the history department of Abakan Teachers' Institute.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In 1943 he returned to Moscow and was awarded the title of professor, working as a section head of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In 1951–1952, Tokarev was the first ethnographer from the Soviet Union to teach in the universities of Berlin and Leipzig.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: He went to Berlin in 1951 as a guest of the Finno-Ugrian Institute. His visit may have been arranged by Wolfgang Steinitz,

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: a Jewish specialist in Finno-Ugrian languages who had emigrated from Germany to the Soviet Union in 1933.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: He said the goal of ethnology must be to describe and understand the "way of life" of the people being studied, and the changes that occurred to the way of life.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: From 1961 Tokarev headed up the institute's sector on the ethnography of non-Soviet nations in Europe.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: At the same time from 1956 to 1973 he was in charge of the Department of Ethnography within the History Department of Moscow State University.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In particular, the study of Slavic, Siberian, Central Asian and African peoples, the history of these peoples and the history of primitive religions and of shamanism were points of attention.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev was a follower of Aleksandr Nikolaevich Maksimov, who had undertaken early studies of Siberian and Australian hunter-gatherers. Maksimov believed that an ethnologist should not restrict himself to "primitive" people, but should study people at all stages of development.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev had extremely broad ethnographical interests, and was particularly intrigued by early forms of religion.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: He wrote about the peoples of Australia, Oceania, America and Europe, and about the Yakuts and the Altay people of Siberia. He wrote about how ethnology had evolved in Russia and in the west. Tokarev conformed to Soviet Marxist ideology and Russian nationalist views in his study of the history of anthropology.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Joseph Stalin, who took power in the Soviet Union in 1924, imposed rigid constraints on the study of ethnography that were lifted only after his death in 1953. Tokarev's work continued to advocate a Marxist ethnography.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In the 1920s, Tokarev was one of the first to try to create a conventional code for recording the meaning of kinship terms. He noted that it was misleading for a scholar to simply translate terms used by a people being studied into terms used by the scholar. He tried to define a system that used the numbers 1–6 to represent father, mother, son, daughter, husband and wife, and that reduced all other kinship terms to these basic terms.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: He recorded new insights in his later work on ethnic groups of the USSR. For example, he noted that while in most Russian villages the witches were male, Ukrainian villages had many more female witches, which he thought might be due to western European influence via Poland. He noted that the Slavonic peoples, from the steppes, worshipped stones, streams and hills, while the Finnic peoples, from the forests, worshipped trees or groves.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev's study, "The Yakut social system in the 17th and 18th century" (1945), inquired into the social and land ownership relations of the Sakha people of Yakutia from a Marxist historical perspective. He explored the question of whether the concept of private land ownership existed in Sakha society before the intervention of Russia.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: But after describing abuses of the colonizers, Tokarev noted that the Sakha prospered and grew in numbers in the longer term, and that other colonial regimes had been much more brutal.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: This was in line with Soviet propaganda of World War II, when the Soviet government was trying to rally the peoples of the country to form a common front against the German invaders.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: After the war, there was a resurgence of Russian nationalism in the mid-1950s. In "Yakutia from the 1630s to 1917" (1957), published under his direction, the violence, murder, and enslavements are treated as isolated incidents in a generally peaceful movement of Russians into the territory. Leaders of the local people are often characterized as the instigators of the violence.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev was interested in "primitive" religions. He tended to follow Lev Shternberg's evolutionist views, although rejecting some of Shternberg's specific hypotheses. In 1963 he published a general discussion of the subject, "Early forms of religion and its development, and religion in the history of nations". In this book, Tokarov concluded that Siberian shamanism had evolved from animism, since the shaman's role was to maintain a close relationship with the spirits of hunted animals.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Taking a Marxist view of the religious experience, in the 1980s Tokarev wrote that shamans "were almost always mentally ill, with a propensity for fits of madness." This was not a view that most of his colleagues shared by this time, preferring to describe tribal spirituality in terms of "primal religion". Some of his other ideas about folklore and religion were considered alien, if not outdated, by western scholars. He associated sacred objects with fetishes, and sacred formulae with magic formulae.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev depended on Orthodox missionary scholars for his knowledge of Islam. His 1963 work takes a scientific atheist view of the subject, but betrays his reliance on missionaries as he relates Muslim terms to their Christian equivalents. For example, he describes the Mahdi as "the Messiah in Islam", and discusses "Muslim Clergy" and a "Muslim Church", all concepts that Russian scholars of Islam in the 19th century had understood to be inaccurate.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: He observed that religion is more about how people relate to each other in relation to religious beliefs, than about the nature of these beliefs.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: The introduction noted the book was the first generalized work on the history and ethnography of the peoples of America based on Marxian and Leninist methodology. An American reviewer wrote,

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: With the thaw in Soviet-Chinese relations in the late 1980s, his recent work began to be translated into Chinese.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: In the introduction he said, "Although myth conveys a story, it is not specifically a genre of literary art but only a certain worldview; often it is storytelling, but in other cases, the general mythic worldview expresses itself through rites, dances and songs."

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Many of the students to whom Tokarev taught the theory and methodology of foreign ethnography during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s later became Siberianists.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: Tokarev was awarded the Double Knight of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1945 and 1979) and Chevalier of the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1975).

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: He was given the Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945" (1945), and the USSR State Prize in 1987, posthumously.

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Sergei Tokarev

Context: He was named an Honored Scientist of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1956) and Honored Scientist of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1971).

Question: Где родился Серге́й И́горевич Иване́нко?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (, ; ; 16 July 1872 – ) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He was a key figure of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Amundsen was born into a family of Norwegian shipowners and captains in Borge, between the towns Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg. His parents were Jens Amundsen and Hanna Sahlqvist. Roald was the fourth son in the family. His mother wanted him to avoid the family maritime trade and encouraged him to become a doctor, a promise that Amundsen kept until his mother died when he was aged 21. He promptly quit university for a life at sea.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Amundsen joined the Belgian Antarctic Expedition as first mate. This expedition, led by Adrien de Gerlache using the ship the RV "Belgica", became the first expedition to overwinter in Antarctica. The "Belgica", whether by mistake or design, became locked in the sea ice at 70°30′S off Alexander Island, west of the Antarctic Peninsula. The crew endured a winter for which they were poorly prepared.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: By Amundsen's own estimation, the doctor for the expedition, the American Frederick Cook, probably saved the crew from scurvy by hunting for animals and feeding the crew fresh meat. In cases where citrus fruits are lacking, uncooked meat - particularly offal - from animals often contain enough of the vitamin to prevent scurvy and even partly treat it. This was an important lesson for Amundsen's future expeditions.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to successfully traverse Canada's Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He planned a small expedition of six men in a fishing vessel, , in order to have flexibility. His ship had relatively shallow draft. His technique was to use a small ship and hug the coast. Amundsen had the ship outfitted with a small 13 horsepower single-screw paraffin engine.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Nearly six months later, the expedition arrived at the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf (then known as "the Great Ice Barrier"), at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales, on 14 January 1911. Amundsen established his base camp there, calling it . Amundsen eschewed the heavy wool clothing worn on earlier Antarctic attempts in favour of adopting Inuit-style furred skins.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: The team arrived at Framheim on 25 January 1912, with 11 surviving dogs. They made their way off the continent and to Hobart, Australia, where Amundsen publicly announced his success on 7 March 1912. He telegraphed news to backers.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Amundsen's expedition benefited from his careful preparation, good equipment, appropriate clothing, a simple primary task, an understanding of dogs and their handling, and the effective use of skis. In contrast to the misfortunes of Scott's team, Amundsen's trek proved relatively smooth and uneventful.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: In 1918, an expedition Amundsen began with a new ship, , lasted until 1925. "Maud" was carefully navigated through the ice west to east through the Northeast Passage. With him on this expedition were Oscar Wisting and Helmer Hanssen, both of whom had been part of the team to reach the South Pole. In addition, Henrik Lindstrøm was included as a cook. He suffered a stroke and was so physically reduced that he could not participate.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: During this time, Amundsen suffered a broken arm and was attacked by polar bears. As a result, he participated little in the work outdoors, such as sleigh rides and hunting. He, Hanssen, and Wisting, along with two other men, embarked on an expedition by dog sled to Nome, Alaska, more than away. But they found that the ice was not frozen solid in the Bering Strait, and it could not be crossed. They sent a telegram from Anadyr to signal their location.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: After two winters frozen in the ice, without having achieved the goal of drifting over the North Pole, Amundsen decided to go to Nome to repair the ship and buy provisions. Several of the crew ashore there, including Hanssen, did not return on time to the ship. Amundsen considered Hanssen to be in breach of contract, and dismissed him from the crew.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Although they were unable to reach the North Pole, the scientific results of the expedition, mainly the work of Sverdrup, have proven to be of considerable value. Much of the carefully collected scientific data was lost during the ill-fated journey of Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen, two crew members sent on a mission by Amundsen. The scientific materials were later retrieved by Russian scientist Nikolay Urvantsev from where they had been abandoned on the shores of the Kara Sea.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: The 1923 attempt to fly over the Pole failed. Amundsen and Oskar Omdal, of the Royal Norwegian Navy, tried to fly from Wainwright, Alaska, to Spitsbergen across the North Pole. When their aircraft was damaged, they abandoned the journey. To raise additional funds, Amundsen traveled around the United States in 1924 on a lecture tour.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Later, a wing-float and bottom gasoline tank from the plane, which had been adapted as a replacement wing-float, were found near the Tromsø coast. It is assumed that the plane crashed in the Barents Sea, and that Amundsen and his crew were killed in the wreck, or died shortly afterward. The search for Amundsen and team was called off in September 1928 by the Norwegian government, and the bodies were never found.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: In 2004 and in late August 2009, the Royal Norwegian Navy used the unmanned submarine "Hugin 1000" to search for the wreckage of Amundsen's plane. The searches focused on a area of the sea floor, and were documented by the German production company ContextTV. They found nothing from the Amundsen flight.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Author Julian Sancton noted that in his younger years, Amundsen was said to have ignored romantic relationships in pursuit of his goals. He "found little use in activities that didn't help him fulfill his polar ambitions".

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: The 1969 film "The Red Tent" tells the story of the Nobile expedition and Amundsen's disappearance. Sean Connery plays the role of Amundsen.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Huntford's book was adapted into the TV serial "The Last Place on Earth". It aired in 1985 and featured Sverre Anker Ousdal as Amundsen.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: On 15 February 2019, a biographic Norwegian film titled "Amundsen", directed by Espen Sandberg, was released.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: At least two Inuit people in Gjøa Haven with European ancestry have claimed to be descendants of Amundsen, from the period of their extended winter stay on King William Island from 1903 to 1905. Accounts by members of the expedition told of their relations with Inuit women, and historians have speculated that Amundsen might also have taken a partner, although he wrote a warning against this.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: Specifically, half-brothers Bob Konona and Paul Ikuallaq say that their father Luke Ikuallaq told them on his deathbed that he was the son of Amundsen. Konona said that their father Ikuallaq was left out on the ice to die after his birth, as his European ancestry made him illegitimate to the Inuit, threatening their community. His Inuit grandparents saved him.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Roald Amundsen

Context: In 2012, Y-DNA analysis, with the families' permission, showed that Ikuallaq was not a match to the direct male line of Amundsen. Not all descendants claiming European ancestry have been tested for a match to Amundsen, nor has there been a comparison of Ikuallaq's DNA to that of other European members of Amundsen's crew.

Question: Где погиб Ру́аль Э́нгельбрегт Гра́внинг А́мундсен?


Vana Parva

Context: The Vana Parva (or Aranya Parva), also known as the "Book of the Forest", is the third of eighteen parvas in the Indian epic Mahabharata. Aranya Parva traditionally has 21 parts and 324 chapters. The critical edition of Aranya Parva is the longest of the 18 books in the epic, containing 16 parts and 299 chapters.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: Aranya Parva contains discourses on virtues and ethics; myths of Arjuna, Yudhishthara, and Bhima; and the tales of "Nahusha the Snake and Yudhishthira" and "Ushinara and the Hawk". It also includes the love stories of "Nala and Damayanti" and "Savitri and Satyavan".

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: This book traditionally has 21 sub-parvas (parts) and 324 chapters. The following are the sub-parvas:

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: There is a battle between the man-eating demon Kirmira and the giant Pandava brother, Bhima. Kirmira is killed.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: Arjuna visits heaven and the Parva describes the city of Indra. Gods furnish celestial weapons to Arjuna and goddess Urvasi attempts to seduce Arjuna. Arjuna refuses her advances, which infuriates Urvasi and causes her to curse him. Indra converts the curse into a boon.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: Arjuna describes his travel, why he left, where he was, and what he did. Arjuna shows the celestial weapons he now possessed. He demonstrates their effectiveness by destroying the aerial city of Hiranyapura before demonstrating more of his power to Yudhishthira. Sage Narada appears in chapter 175 and advises that war and weapons should not be unleashed unless there is necessary and compelling cause, that rash violence is destructive and wrong. Arjuna stops committing acts of violence.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: Satyabhama asks Draupadi for advice on how to win Krishna's affections. Draupadi outlines the duties of a wife.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: The Parva recites a short summary of Ramayana to comfort Yudhishthira who laments the long exile his brothers have suffered.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: Several translations of the Sanskrit book Aranya Parva in English are available. Two translations from 19th century, now in public domain, are by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Manmatha Nath Dutt. The translations vary with each translator's interpretations. Compare:

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: J. A. B. van Buitenen completed an annotated edition of Aranya Parva, based on the critically edited and least corrupted version of Mahabharata known in 1975. In 2011, Debroy notes that the updated critical edition of Aranya Parva, with spurious and corrupted text removed, has 16 parts, 299 adhyayas (chapters) and 10,239 shlokas (verses). Debroy published a translated version of a critical edition of Aranya Parva in Volume 2 and 3 of his series.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15 volume set of the Mahabharata which includes a translation of Aranya Parva by William Johnson. This translation is modern and uses an old manuscript of the epic. The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Vana Parva

Context: The Kirata sub-parva of Aranya Parva has inspired several major poems and expanded works, such as the Kirātārjunīya by Bhāravi.

Question: Кто главный герой Араньякапарвы?


Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China

Context: In December 2018, an independent tribunal in London chaired by British barrister Sir Geoffrey Nice concluded "unanimously, and sure beyond reasonable doubt—that in China forced organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience has been practiced for a substantial period of time involving a very substantial number of victims.” China eventually admitted that it had engaged in systematic organ harvesting from death row prisoners, though it denies that such an organ harvesting program is ongoing.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Organ transplant recipients in China are generally not told the identity of the organ donor, nor are they provided with evidence of written consent. In some cases even the identity of the medical staff and surgeons may be withheld from patients. The problem of transparency is compounded by the lack of any ethical guidelines for the transplant profession or system of discipline for surgeons who violate ethical standards.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In addition to sourcing organs from death-row inmates, international observers and researchers have also expressed concern that prisoners of conscience are killed to supply the organ transplant industry. These individuals were not convicted of capital crimes, and in many cases were imprisoned extrajudicially on the basis of their political or religious beliefs.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Falun Gong is a Chinese qigong discipline involving meditation and a moral philosophy rooted in Buddhist tradition. The practice rose to popularity in the 1990s in China, and by 1998, Chinese government sources estimated that as many as 70 million people had taken up the practice. Perceiving that Falun Gong was a potential threat to the Party's authority and ideology, Communist Party leader Jiang Zemin initiated a nationwide campaign to eradicate the group in July 1999.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: An extra-constitutional body called the 6-10 Office was created to lead the persecution of Falun Gong, and authorities mobilized the state media apparatus, judiciary, police force, army, education system, families, and workplaces to “struggle” against the group.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: The first allegations of large-scale organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners were made in March 2006 by three individuals claiming knowledge of involuntary organ extractions at the Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital in Shenyang, Liaoning province. One of the whistleblowers, the wife of a surgeon at the hospital, claimed her husband had performed numerous operations to remove the corneas of Falun Gong practitioners for transplant.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In 2007, Kilgour and Matas presented an updated report under the title "Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China". The findings were subsequently rewritten as a book released in October 2009. The reports received international media coverage, and the authors travelled internationally to present their findings to governments and other concerned organizations.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In 2012, "State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China", edited by Matas and Dr. Torsten Trey, was published with essays from Dr. Gabriel Danovitch, Professor of Medicine, Arthur Caplan, Professor of Bioethics, Dr. Jacob Lavee, cardiothoracic surgeon, Dr. Ghazali Ahmad, Professor Maria Fiatarone Singh, Dr. Torsten Trey, Ethan Gutmann and Matas.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: These findings have been published in a variety of journals and periodicals, including the "World Affairs Journal", the "Weekly Standard", the "Toronto Star", and the "National Review", among others. Gutmann has also provided testimony on his findings before U.S. Congress and European Parliament, and in August 2014 published his investigation as a book titled "The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem".

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: The number of organ transplants performed in China grew rapidly beginning in 2000. This timeframe corresponds with the onset of the persecution of Falun Gong, when tens of thousands of Falun Gong practitioners were being sent to Chinese labor camps, detention centers and prisons.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Kilgour and Matas write that the increase in organ transplants cannot be entirely attributed to improvements in transplant technology: "kidney transplant technology was fully developed in China long before the persecution of Falun Gong began. Yet kidney transplants shot up, more than doubling once the persecution of Falun Gong started...Nowhere have transplants jumped so significantly with the same number of donors simply because of a change in technology."

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: According to a US congressional report in 2005, up to 95% of organ transplants in China are sourced from prisoners. However, China does not perform enough legal executions to account for the large number of transplants that are performed, and voluntary donations are exceedingly rare (only 130 people registered as voluntary organ donors nationwide from 2003 to 2009).

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Researchers and medical professionals have expressed concern about the implications of the short organ transplant wait times offered by Chinese hospitals. Specifically, they say these wait times are indicative of a pool of living donors whose organs can be removed on demand. This is because organs must be transplanted immediately after death, or must be taken from a living donor (kidneys must be transplanted within 24–48 hours; livers within 12 hours, and hearts within 8 hours).

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Ethan Gutmann interviewed dozens of former Chinese prisoners, including sixteen Falun Gong practitioners who recalled undergoing unusual medical tests while in detention. Gutmann says some of these tests were likely routine examinations, and some may have been designed to screen for the SARS virus. However, in several cases, the medical tests described were exclusively aimed at assessing the health of internal organs.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In addition to Falun Gong practitioners, researcher Jaya Gibson identified three Tibetan prisoners who were subject to "organs-only" medical exams, all of them shortly after 2005.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In one such call to a police detention center in Mishan city, an official said that they had five to eight Falun Gong practitioners under the age of 40 who were potential organ suppliers. When asked for details on the background of these individuals, the official indicated that they were male Falun Gong prisoners from rural areas.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Kilgour and Matas concede that in at least some instances, the hospital staff may have been supplying answers that the callers wanted to hear in order to make a sale. The results of these phone calls would also be difficult to replicate; as allegations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong gained attention, hospitals would become more reluctant to candidly discuss their organ sourcing practices.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: The growth of a commercial organ trade is linked to economic reforms in the late 1980s and early 1990s that saw a steep decline in government funding to the healthcare system. Healthcare moved toward a more market-driven model, and hospitals devised new ways to grow their revenue. This pattern also applies to military hospitals; since the mid-1980s, the People's Liberation Army has engaged in commercial and profit-making ventures to supplement its budget.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Beginning in 2010, Chinese authorities announced that the country would transition away from the use of prisoners as an organ source, and would rely entirely on voluntary donations coordinated through a centralized registry. By 2015, officials asserted that voluntary donors were the sole source for organ transplants in China. However, critics have pointed to evidence of systematic falsification of data related to voluntary organ donations, casting doubt on reform claims.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Gutmann says it is "extremely unlikely" that all the organs used in these operations were taken from executed death-row prisoners, who would not have been plentiful enough to supply thousands of organ transplants. However, Gutmann notes that Liaoning detained large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners in labor camps and prisons. "It is also germane that both Bo Xilai and Wang Lijun built a large measure of their political power on the repression of Falun Gong," he writes.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Critics have alleged that China's immunosuppressant data would not include foreign transplant tourists but "The Washington Post" reported that these assertions did not stand up to scrutiny. Jose Nuñez, head of the World Health Organization's transplantation program, said the number of foreigners going to China for transplants in 2015 was "really very low" compared with India, Pakistan, the United States as well as China's past.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In response to a 2014 resolution on organ harvesting by the U.S. House of Representatives, a Chinese embassy spokesperson said that China requires written consent from organ donors, and declared that "the so-called organ harvesting from death-row prisoners is totally a lie fabricated by Falun Gong". The embassy representative then urged American lawmakers to stop "supporting and conniving" with Falun Gong.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In 2007, the Chinese embassy in Canada intervened to cancel the broadcast of a documentary on Falun Gong and organ harvesting, which was scheduled to air on the national broadcast network CBC Television. The same year, the Chinese embassy in Israel tried unsuccessfully to cancel a talk by researcher David Matas on the subject of organ harvesting, threatening that his testimony would have an adverse impact on China–Israel relations.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Allegations about organ harvesting from Falun Gong led to renewed focus on China's transplant practices by international medical authorities and professional associations. Medical professionals have raised a number of concerns stemming from the use of prisoner organs, and have debated the ethics of conducting exchanges with Chinese transplant hospitals.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In 2006, the World Medical Association adopted a resolution demanding that China stop using prisoners as organ donors.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In contrast, Jeremy Chapman, Australian transplantation surgeon, dismissed Kilgour and Matas's report as "pure imagination piled upon political interest".

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Several national governments have held hearings in their national legislatures regarding organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners, with some of them subsequently adopting resolutions condemning organ transplant abuses in China or developing legislation to ban transplant tourism.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In 2018, Graham Fletcher, the head of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade's North Asia Division, said "the idea that there is a separate, parallel, hidden, vast network of unspeakable activity where people are essentially killed for their organs, we don't believe that that is happening." Graham's statement was to a parliamentary inquiry into organ trading.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: In June 2015, the national legislature of Taiwan passed an amendment to the "Human Organ Transplantation Act" to prohibit the sale or purchase of organs, including from abroad. The law also prohibits the use of organs from executed prisoners. Legislators who supported the bill noted that the amendments were intended to address the problem of Taiwanese citizens traveling to China to purchase organs, some of which were harvested from living donors.

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Context: Similar bills against organ tourism have been proposed in the French national assembly (2010) and in Canadian parliament (2007, 2013).

Question: Когда вышел первоначальный отчёт Килгура — Мэйтаса?


Edwin Smith Papyrus

Context: The Edwin Smith Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical text, named after Edwin Smith who bought it in 1862, and the oldest known surgical treatise on trauma. From a cited quotation in another text, it may have been known to ancient surgeons as the "Secret Book of the Physician".

Question: Когда был расшифрован первый папирус?


Edwin Smith Papyrus

Context: that survive today. While other papyri, such as the Ebers Papyrus and London Medical Papyrus, are medical texts based in magic, the Edwin Smith Papyrus presents a rational and scientific approach to medicine in ancient Egypt, in which medicine and magic do not conflict. Magic would be more prevalent had the cases of illness been mysterious, such as internal disease.

Question: Когда был расшифрован первый папирус?


Edwin Smith Papyrus

Context: From 1938 through 1948, the papyrus was at the Brooklyn Museum. In 1948, the New York Historical Society and the Brooklyn Museum presented the papyrus to the New York Academy of Medicine, where it remains today.

Question: Когда был расшифрован первый папирус?


Edwin Smith Papyrus

Context: From 2005 through 2006, the Edwin Smith Papyrus was on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. James P. Allen, curator of Egyptian Art at the museum, published a new translation of the work, coincident with the exhibition. This was the first complete English translation since Breasted’s in 1930. This translation offers a more modern understanding of hieratic and medicine.

Question: Когда был расшифрован первый папирус?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: USS "Concord" (Gunboat No. 3/PG-3) was a member of the of steel-hulled, twin-screw gunboats in the United States Navy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She was the second U.S. Navy ship named in honor of the town of Concord, Massachusetts, site of the Battle of Concord in the American Revolutionary War.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: "Concord"s keel was laid down in May 1888, and the ship was launched on 8 March 1890, sponsored by Minnie Darlington Coates, the daughter of Major Joseph R. T. Coates, the mayor of Chester. Among those in attendance at the launch ceremony was sculptor Daniel Chester French.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: Above the armored deck, "Concord" had forecastle and poop decks with an open gun deck that spanned the length of the ship between them. The conning tower was located forward on the forecastle deck and was oval-shaped to deflect shot. It was outfitted with a steam-powered steering wheel, a telegraph, and speaking tubes; it was protected by of steel armor plate.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: "Concord" was powered by two triple-expansion steam engines which each drove one of the pair of , three-bladed screw propellers. The cylinders of each engine were 22, 31, and 51 inches (56, 79, and 130 cm) in diameter and had a stroke. Each engine was rated at and together were designed to move the ship at , though the ship exceeded that in her trials.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: The engines, situated in separate watertight compartments, were each fed by a pair of coal-fired boilers. Each boiler was horizontally mounted and was in diameter and in length with a total grate area of . "Concord"s coal bunkers could carry up to of the fuel, and were shielded from "shot and shell". At a near top-speed of 16 knots, the ship could cover in 6½ days; at the more economical speed of she could cruise over 62 days.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: To supplement her steam power plant, "Concord" was built with three masts that were schooner-rigged. She had a total sail area of . The steam and sail combination was expected to allow "Concord" to remain at sea for months at a time during wartime.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: "Concord"s main battery consisted of six /30 caliber Mark 3 guns, with each gun weighing in excess of . Two were mounted on the forecastle deck, two on the poop deck, and the other pair amidships on the gun deck. The two guns on the gun deck were mounted above the waterline, while the other four were above. The guns fired armor-piercing projectiles with a propellant charge weighing at . At an elevation of 30.2°, the guns had a range of . Each gun was shielded with steel plating thick.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: "Concord"s secondary battery consisted of two 6-pounder () guns, two 3-pounder () guns, and two 1-pounder () guns. All were based on designs of the French arms company Hotchkiss. According to a 1902 Bureau of Ordnance publication, an armor-piercing round fired from a 6-pounder gun could penetrate of armor at a distance of .

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: USS "Concord" (PG-3) was commissioned on 14 February 1891 under the command of Commander O. A. Batcheller. "Concord" operated on the coast of New England, and sailed from New York City on 17 November 1891 on a cruise to the West Indies and South America with her squadron, then arrived at New Orleans, Louisiana, on 27 April 1892 and cruised up the Mississippi River as far as Cairo, Illinois, visiting various ports en route.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: "Concord" served as station ship at Guam from 2 January to 10 September 1909, then sailed to Puget Sound Navy Yard where she arrived on 11 October.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


USS Concord (PG-3)

Context: She was decommissioned for the final time on 4 November 1909, and assigned as barracks ship for the Washington Naval Militia at Seattle. She was transferred to the Public Health Service of the Treasury Department on 15 June 1914 and served as a stationary quarantine barge at Astoria, Oregon. Returned to naval custody on 19 March 1929, she was sold on 28 June 1929.

Question: На каком заводе построили «Конко́рд»?


Kuznetsky District, Penza Oblast

Context: Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kuznetsky District is one of the twenty-seven in the oblast. The town of Kuznetsk serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of oblast significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.

Question: Какое число населения живет в Кузнецке на 2018 год?


Kuznetsky District, Penza Oblast

Context: As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Kuznetsky Municipal District. The town of oblast significance of Kuznetsk is incorporated separately from the district as Kuznetsk Urban Okrug.

Question: Какое число населения живет в Кузнецке на 2018 год?


Alisa Freindlich

Context: Alisa Brunovna Freindlich (, born 8 December 1934 in Leningrad, Soviet Union) is a Soviet and Russian actress. People's Artist of the USSR (1981). Since 1983, Freindlich has been a leading actress of the Bolshoi Drama Theater in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Question: Как звали мужа Али́сы Бру́новны Фре́йндлих?


Alisa Freindlich

Context: Alisa Freindlich was born into the family of Bruno Freindlich, a prominent actor and People's Artist of the USSR. She is of German and Russian ancestry. Her father and paternal relatives were ethnic Germans living in Russia for more than a century. In her childhood years, Alisa Freindlich attended the drama and music classes of the Leningrad Palace of Pioneers. During World War II she survived the 900-day-long Nazi siege of Leningrad and continued her school studies after the war.

Question: Как звали мужа Али́сы Бру́новны Фре́йндлих?


Alisa Freindlich

Context: On her 70th birthday, Freindlich's apartment in St. Petersburg was visited by Vladimir Putin, who awarded her with the State Prize of the Russian Federation. She also received a Nika Award in 2005.

Question: Как звали мужа Али́сы Бру́новны Фре́йндлих?