Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The edible cauliflower is a domesticated version of the wild plant "Brassica oleracea", which does not possess the dense undifferentiated inflorescence, called the curd, that cauliflower possesses.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Cauliflower possesses a single mutation in a gene called "CAL", controlling meristem differentiation into inflorescence. This causes the cells at the floral meristem to gain an undifferentiated identity and, instead of growing into a flower, they grow into a dense mass of inflorescence meristem cells in arrested development. This mutation has been selected through domestication since at least the time of the Greek empire.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The C4 metabolic pathway is a valuable recent evolutionary innovation in plants, involving a complex set of adaptive changes to physiology and gene expression patterns.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: C4 plants evolved carbon concentrating mechanisms that work by increasing the concentration of around RuBisCO, and excluding oxygen, thereby increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis by decreasing photorespiration. The process of concentrating around RuBisCO requires more energy than allowing gases to diffuse, but under certain conditions – i.e. warm temperatures (>25 °C), low concentrations, or high oxygen concentrations – pays off in terms of the decreased loss of sugars through photorespiration.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: One type of C4 metabolism employs a so-called Kranz anatomy. This transports through an outer mesophyll layer, via a range of organic molecules, to the central bundle sheath cells, where the is released. In this way, is concentrated near the site of RuBisCO operation. Because RuBisCO is operating in an environment with much more than it otherwise would be, it performs more efficiently.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: A second mechanism, CAM photosynthesis, temporally separates photosynthesis from the action of RuBisCO. RuBisCO only operates during the day, when stomata are sealed and is provided by the breakdown of the chemical malate. More is then harvested from the atmosphere when stomata open, during the cool, moist nights, reducing water loss.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: The C4 construction is used by a subset of grasses, while CAM is employed by many succulents and cacti. The C4 trait appears to have emerged during the Oligocene, around ; however, they did not become ecologically significant until the Miocene, . Remarkably, some charcoalified fossils preserve tissue organised into the Kranz anatomy, with intact bundle sheath cells, allowing the presence C4 metabolism to be identified. Isotopic markers are used to deduce their distribution and significance.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Transcription factors and transcriptional regulatory networks play key roles in plant development and stress responses, as well as their evolution. During plant landing, many novel transcription factor families emerged and are preferentially wired into the networks of multicellular development, reproduction, and organ development, contributing to more complex morphogenesis of land plants.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: An additional contributing factor in some plants leading to evolutionary change is the force due to coevolution with fungal parasites. In an environment with a fungal parasite, which is common in nature, the plants must make adaptation in an attempt to evade the harmful effects of the parasite.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Whenever a parasitic fungus is siphoning limited resources away from a plant, there is selective pressure for a phenotype that is better able to prevent parasitic attack from fungi. At the same time, fungi that are better equipped to evade the defenses of the plant will have greater fitness level. The combination of these two factors leads to an endless cycle of evolutionary change in the host-pathogen system.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Genes that code for defense mechanisms in plants must keep changing to keep up with the parasite that constantly works to evade the defenses. Genes that code for attachment mechanisms are the most dynamic and are directly related to the evading ability of the fungi. The greater the changes in these genes, the more change in the attachment mechanism. After selective forces on the resulting phenotypes, evolutionary change that promotes evasion of host defenses occurs.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Evolutionary history of plants

Context: Environment and climate patterns also play a role in evolutionary outcomes. Studies with oak trees and an obligate fungal parasite at different altitudes clearly show this distinction. For the same species, different altitudinal positions had drastically different rates of evolution and changes in the response to the pathogens due to the organism also in a selective environment due to their surroundings.

Question: 被子植物が誕生し始めたのはいつごろ


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: Little is known about Lisa's life. Born in Florence and married in her teens to a cloth and silk merchant and shoemaker who later became a local official, she was a mother to five children and led what is thought to have been a comfortable and ordinary middle-class life. Lisa outlived her husband, who was considerably her senior.

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: In the centuries after Lisa's death, the "Mona Lisa" became the world's most famous painting. In 2005, Lisa was definitively identified as the model for the "Mona Lisa".

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: Lisa's Florentine family was old and aristocratic but over time had lost their influence. They were well off but not wealthy, and lived on farm income in a city that was among the largest in Europe. While economically successful, there were great disparities in wealth among Florence's inhabitants.

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: Antonmaria di Noldo Gherardini, Lisa's father, came from a family who had lived on properties near San Donato in Poggio and only recently moved to the city.

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: Antonmaria lost two wives, Lisa di Giovanni Filippo de' Carducci, whom he married in 1465, and Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai, whom he married in 1473. Both died in childbirth. Lisa's mother was Lucrezia del Caccia, daughter of Piera Spinelli, and Gherardini's wife by his third marriage in 1476. Gherardini at one time owned or rented six farms in Chianti that produced wheat, wine and olive oil and where livestock was raised.

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: Lisa was born in Florence on June 15, 1479, on Via Maggio, although for many years it was thought she was born on Villa Vignamaggio just outside Greve, one of the family's rural properties. She is named for Lisa, a wife of her paternal grandfather. The eldest of seven children, Lisa had three sisters, one of whom was named Ginevra, and three brothers, Giovangualberto, Francesco, and Noldo.

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: Lisa and Francesco had five children: Piero, Piera, Camilla, Marietta, and Andrea between 1496 and 1502. Lisa lost a baby daughter in 1499. Lisa also raised Bartolomeo, the son of Francesco and his first wife Camilla di Mariotto Rucellai, who died shortly after the birth. The second wife of Lisa's father, Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai, and Francesco's first wife were sisters, members of the .

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: Francesco became an official in Florence. He was elected to the "Dodici Buonomini" in 1499 and to the Signoria in 1512, where he was confirmed as a "Priori" in 1524. He may have had ties to Medici family political or business interests. In 1512, when the government of Florence feared the return of the Medici from exile, Francesco was imprisoned and fined 1,000 florins. He was released in September when the Medici returned.

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: In June 1537, in his will among many provisions, Francesco returned Lisa's dowry to her, gave her personal clothing and jewelry and provided for her future. Upon entrusting her care to their daughter Ludovica and, should she be incapable, his son Bartolomeo, Francesco wrote, "Given the affection and love of the testator towards Mona Lisa, his beloved wife; in consideration of the fact that Lisa has always acted with a noble spirit and as a faithful wife; wishing that she shall have all she needs…"

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lisa del Giocondo

Context: In one account, Francesco died in the plague of 1538. Lisa fell ill and was taken by her daughter Ludovica to the convent of Sant'Orsola, where she died on July 15, 1542, at the age of 63. In a scholarly account of their lives, Francesco was nearly 80 years old when he died, and Lisa may have lived until at least 1551, when she would have been 71 or 72.

Question: リザ・デル・ジョコンドの職業は何だった？


Lelang Commandery

Context: Immigrants mainly from Yan and Qi settled in the former Gojoseon lands and brought with them Chinese culture. Among them, the Wang clan, whose ancestor is said to have fled there from Qi in the 2nd century BC, became powerful.

Question: 楽浪郡が滅亡した要因は何


Lelang Commandery

Context: While the Han dynasty was taken over by Wang Mang, Wang Tiao (王調) started a rebellion and tried to secede from China. In 30 AD, the rebellion was stopped by Wang Zun (王遵), whom Emperor Guangwu appointed as governor. Lelang came under the direct control of China once again. However, the shortage of human resources caused by the turmoil resulted in the abolishment of the seven eastern prefectures. The administration was left to the Dongye natives, whose chiefs were conferred as marquises.

Question: 楽浪郡が滅亡した要因は何


Lelang Commandery

Context: At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Gongsun Du, appointed as the Governor of Liaodong in 184, extended his semi-independent domain to the Lelang and Xuantu commanderies. His son Gongsun Kang separated the southern half from the Lelang commandery and established the Daifang commandery in 204. As a result, the Lelang commandery reverted to its original size.

Question: 楽浪郡が滅亡した要因は何


Lelang Commandery

Context: In the North Korean academic community and some parts of the South Korean academic community, the Han dynasty's annexation of a section of the Northern portion of the Korean peninsula have been denied. Proponents of this revisionist theory claim that the Lelang Commandery actually existed outside of the Korean peninsula, and place them somewhere in Liaodong Commandery, China instead.

Question: 楽浪郡が滅亡した要因は何


Motorsport

Context: Motorsport, motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorized vehicles. The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing, and includes off-road racing such as motocross.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Following World War I, European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In the United States, dirt track racing became popular.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: After World War II, the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Motorsports ultimately became divided by types of motor vehicles into racing events, and their appropriate organisations.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Motor racing is the subset of motorsport activities which involve competitors racing against each other.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Formula racing is a set of classes of motor vehicles, with their wheels outside, and not contained by, any bodywork of their vehicle. These have been globally classified as specific 'Formula' series - the most common being Formula One, and Formula Two. Many others include the likes of Formula 3, Formula Ford, Formula Renault and Formula Palmer Audi. However, in North America, the IndyCar series is the most followed open-wheeled racing series. Former 'Formula' series include Formula 5000, GP2 and GP3.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Formula One is a class of single-seat and open-wheel Grand Prix closed course racing, governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), and currently organized by the privately owned company Formula One Group. The formula regulations contain a very strict set of rules which govern vehicle power, weight, size, and design. The rules do allow for some variation, however.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Formula E is a class of open-wheel auto racing that uses only electric-powered cars. The series was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is also sanctioned by the FIA and races a spec chassis/battery combination with manufacturers allowed to develop their own electric power-trains. The series has gained significant traction in recent years.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Enclosed wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, where the wheels are primarily enclosed inside the bodywork of the vehicle, similar to a North American 'stock car'.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Sports car racing is a set of classes of vehicles, over a closed course track, including GT sports cars, and specialized racing prototypes. The premiere race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans which takes place annually in France during the month of June. Sports car racing rules and specifications differentiate in North America from established international sanctioning bodies.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Touring car racing is a set of vehicles, modified street cars, that race over closed purpose built race tracks and street courses.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Forms of motorsport which do not involve racing include drifting, demolition derby, regularity rally, motorcycle trials, gymkhana, freestyle motocross, and tractor pulling.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Racing events are governed by Race Officials. In preparation for the race, a Race Committee is formed, senior officials such as Race Director, Clerk of the Course, Chief Steward are established. Race Officials are typically members of the country's motorsport governing organization and represent its rules and regulations.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: Throughout the racing event, Race Officials are responsible for logistics, supporting services, safety, participant scrutineering, race judging, arbitration, and any other decision making.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Motorsport

Context: After the race, the Race Officials are responsible for resolving any issues that may have arisen during the race. Parties can appeal its decisions to the country's motorsport governing organization.

Question: モータースポーツの起源はいつですか？


Ueno Zoo

Context: The aka Tokyo Zoo is a zoo, managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and located in Taitō, Tokyo, Japan. It is Japan's oldest zoo, opened on March 20, 1882. It is a five-minute walk from the Park Exit of Ueno Station, with convenient access from Tokyo's public-transportation network. The Ueno Zoo Monorail, the first monorail in the country, connects the eastern and western parts of the grounds.

Question: 上野動物園の初代延長は誰


Ueno Zoo

Context: The zoo is in Ueno Park, a large urban park that is from home to museums, a small amusement park, and other attractions. The zoo is closed on Mondays (Tuesday if Monday is a holiday).

Question: 上野動物園の初代延長は誰


Ueno Zoo

Context: Shortly after the March 1945 bombings of Tokyo, the Japanese placed U.S. Army Air Force navigator and bombardier Ray "Hap" Halloran on display naked in a Ueno Zoo tiger cage so civilians could walk in front of the cage and view the B-29 prisoner.

Question: 上野動物園の初代延長は誰


Ueno Zoo

Context: The zoo provides animals an environment similar to the natural habitat. In recent years, the old-fashioned cages of the past have been replaced with modern habitats, such as the "Gorilla Woods," built after two well-publicized mishaps in 1999.

Question: 上野動物園の初代延長は誰


Ueno Zoo

Context: The zoo is home to more than 3,000 individuals representing over 400 species. The Sumatran tiger, and western lowland gorilla head the list of the zoo's population. Ueno has more species on exhibition than any other zoo in Japan.

Question: 上野動物園の初代延長は誰


Ueno Zoo

Context: At some point, redistribution of the animals among Tokyo's other zoos (including Tama Zoo and Inokashira Nature Park) left Ueno without a lion. However, in response to public demand, Ueno borrowed a female from the Yokohama Municipal Zoo.

Question: 上野動物園の初代延長は誰


East Asia Summit

Context: The final report in 2002 of the East Asian Study Group, established by the ASEAN Plus Three countries, was based on an EAS involving ASEAN Plus Three, therefore not involving Australia, New Zealand, or India. The EAS as proposed was to be an ASEAN-led development, with the summit to be linked to ASEAN summit meetings. However, the issue was to which countries beyond those in ASEAN the EAS was to be extended.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The decision to hold the EAS was reached during the 2004 ASEAN Plus Three summit and the initial 16 members determined at the ASEAN Plus Three Ministerial Meeting held in Laos at the end of July 2005.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: Credit for advancing the forum during the 2004 ASEAN Plus Three summit has been attributed to Malaysia.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The next EAS was to be held on 13 December 2006 in Metro Cebu, Philippines. After the confidence building of the inaugural EAS the 2006 EAS will help to define the future role of the EAS, its relationship with ASEAN Plus Three and the involvement of Russia in EAS. However, in the face of Tropical Typhoon Utor the summit was postponed until January 2007. It was rescheduled for 15 January 2007, approximately a month after the original scheduled date.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: Internal ASEAN issues were significant for the next Summits. The issues of Myanmar (Burma), following the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests, and climate change were expected to be discussed at the Third EAS. Myanmar successfully blocked formal discussion of its internal affairs.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The Summit also agreed to the establishment of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia and to receive the final report on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia at the Fourth EAS.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The outcomes are summarised in the Chairman's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore, 21 November 2007.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: After a period of review, the Summit grew from 16 to 18 nations by adding the United States and Russia to the Summit. Initially represented by their Foreign Ministers at the Fifth EAS, the two new members were invited to formally join with the Sixth EAS. Tensions between the members of the Summit continued to impede the members developing a more ambitious program.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: At the Second EAS the EAS members signed the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security, a declaration on energy security and biofuels, containing a statement for members to prepare non-binding targets.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: As to trade and regional integration the following was noted in the Chair's report for the Second EAS:

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The reality appears however that movement towards such a relationship is a long way-off. Lee Kuan Yew has compared the relationship between Southeast Asia and India with that of the European Community and Turkey, and has suggested that a free-trade area involving Southeast Asia and India is 30 to 50 years away.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The members of EAS agreed to study the Japanese proposed Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA). The Track Two report on CEPEA is due to be completed in mid-2008 and at the Third EAS it was agreed this would be considered at the Fourth EAS.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: As noted above the Second EAS welcomed the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). It was subsequently announced that the ERIA would be established in November 2007 and confirmed at the Third EAS.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The Declaration of the Fifth Anniversary of the East Asia Summit issued at the Fifth EAS provided the Summit declared:

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: 3. To redouble efforts to move progress and cooperation in the EAS further forward, including in the priority areas and in the promotion of regional integration through supporting the realisation of the ASEAN Community and such initiatives as the ASEAN Plus FTAs and other existing wider regional economic integration efforts including studies on East Asia Free Trade Area (EAFTA) and Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA).

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: After the EAS was established the issue arose of whether any future East Asia Community would arise from the EAS or ASEAN Plus Three. Prior to the creation of the EAS it appeared that ASEAN Plus Three would take the role of community building in East Asia.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: Malaysia felt that it was still the case that the role of the community building fell to ASEAN Plus Three shortly before the second EAS despite "confusion". China apparently agreed whereas Japan and India felt the EAS should be the focus of the East Asian Community.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: After the first EAS the feasibility of EAS to have a community building role was questioned with Ong Keng Yong, the secretary-general of ASEAN being quoted as describing the EAS as little more than a "brainstorming forum".

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: Nevertheless, the Chairman’s Press Statement for the Seventh ASEAN Plus Three Foreign Ministers’ Meeting Kuala Lumpur, 26 July 2006 said

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: 25. The Ministers welcomed the convening of the East Asia Summit as a forum for dialogue on broad strategic, political and economic issues of common interest with the aim of promoting peace, stability and economic prosperity in East Asia. In this respect, they recognized that the East Asia Summit could make a significant contribution to the achievement of the long-term goal of establishing an East Asian community.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: It appeared that over time following the first EAS the focus was less on whether the EAS has a role in community building to what the role and whether it was secondary to ASEAN Plus Three. By mid-2006 the Chinese news site Xinhua Net suggested the community would arise through a two-phase process with ASEAN Plus Three as the first phase and the EAS as the second phase. The China-India joint declaration of 21 November 2006 linked, at paragraph 43, the EAS with the East Asian Community process.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The concentric circle model of the community process with ASEAN at the centre, ASEAN Plus Three at the next band and the East Asia Summit at the outer band is supported by the Second Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation Building on the Foundations of ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation which said:

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: A. Defining the Objectives and Roles of the ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation in the Emerging Regional Architecture

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: 1. We reaffirmed that the ASEAN Plus Three Process would remain as the main vehicle towards the long-term goal of building an East Asian community, with ASEAN as the driving force.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: 3. We recognised and supported the mutually reinforcing and complementary roles of the ASEAN Plus Three process and such regional fora as EAS, ARF, APEC and ASEM to promote East Asian community building.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: On any view, community building is not a short-term project. However, after the second EAS, the Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was confident that the EAS would lead to an East Asia Community. China had also apparently accepted this was the case.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: If achieved the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (CEPEA) would be a tangible first step in the community building process. The second EAS seems to have increased confidence in CEPEA but is still only a proposal.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: It has been suggested that as the EAS consists of an "anti-region" the prospects of it forming a community are less than likely.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The tension between the groupings extends to the respective members' intentions towards future Free Trade Agreements with China and South Korea focused on ASEAN Plus Three and Japan on the broader EAS members.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The 1997 Asian financial crisis had demonstrated the need for regional groupings and initiatives. It was during this time ASEAN Plus Three had commenced and it was also during this time that the East Asian caucus was being discussed.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: Russia participated in the first EAS as an observer at the invitation of 2005 host Malaysia and requested to become a member. Its request to become a future member received support from China and India.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The membership of EAS was to be considered by ASEAN on a case-by-case basis. ASEAN decided to freeze new "membership" of EAS for the second and third summits.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: The status of potential future members was discussed in the Chairman's Statement of the 16th ASEAN Summit (9 April 2010) in these terms:

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: Japan and India supported inclusion of the United States and Russia prior to their invitation to join the East Asia Summit.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: US President Barack Obama declared his country "an Asia Pacific nation" during his first year in office. Subsequently, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton attended the Fifth EAS in October 2010 and President Obama attended the Sixth EAS in November 2011.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: In April and May 2010 it was discussed that the roles for Russia and the United States may be to create a new grouping "ASEAN + 8" including the East Asia Summit members together with the United States and Russia. ASEAN + 8 may not meet as regularly as the East Asia Summit due to the logistical difficulties in the United States President committing to an annual Asian meeting. Such a meeting could be held every two to three years to coincide with the APEC meeting occurring in Asia.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: East Timor is a candidate ASEAN member seeking membership within five years (from 2006) and Papua New Guinea has shown intention to join; presumably new members of ASEAN would also join the EAS.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: Over several years, especially shortly the commencement of the summits, other countries have been connected with the EAS.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: In 2006, Pakistan and Mongolia were proposed as future members by Malaysia. Mongolia was mentioned again by Vietnam, the then chair, in 2010.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


East Asia Summit

Context: In 2017, Sri Lanka and Maldives were proposed to be possible members of East Asia Summit. Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau attended as guest. He had arrived directly from the APEC 2017 summit held in Da Nang, Vietnam.

Question: 東アジア共同体は誰が提唱した概念？


Hawker Hurricane

Context: The Hawker Hurricane is a British single-seat fighter aircraft of the 1930s–40s which was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was overshadowed in the public consciousness by the Supermarine Spitfire during the Battle of Britain in 1940, but the Hurricane inflicted 60 percent of the losses sustained by the Luftwaffe in the engagement, and fought in all the major theatres of the Second World War.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: The Hurricane was developed through several versions: bomber-interceptors, fighter-bombers, and ground support aircraft as well as fighters. Versions designed for the Royal Navy known as the Sea Hurricane had modifications enabling operation from ships. Some were converted as catapult-launched convoy escorts. By the end of production in July 1944, 14,487 Hurricanes had been completed in Britain and Canada, with others built in Belgium and Yugoslavia.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: During the early 1930s, when Hawker Aircraft company developed the Hurricane, RAF Fighter Command had just 13 squadrons, equipped with the Hawker Fury, Hawker Demon, or the Bristol Bulldog, all biplanes with fixed-pitch wooden propellers and non-retractable undercarriages. At the time, there was an institutional reluctance towards change within the Air Staff; some senior figures were prejudiced against the adoption of monoplane fighter aircraft, while mid-level officers were typically more open-minded.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: An outline of the "Fury Monoplane" armed with two guns in the wings and two in the nose and powered by the Goshawk was prepared and discussed with Roger Liptrot of the Air Ministry in December 1933. The design was reworked with the PV.12, following detailed work working drawings of the "Interceptor Monoplane" were begun in May 1934. The complete design was presented to the Air Ministry on 4 September.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: In the course of RAF trials, despite the problems with the Merlin engine, which had suffered numerous failures and necessitating several changes, enthusiastic reports were produced on the aircraft and its performance. The trials had proved the aircraft to possess a maximum level speed of at an altitude of , climb to in 5.7 minutes, and a stalling speed of (only marginally higher than the Gladiator biplane), the last achieved using its flaps.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: In early 1936, the Hawker Board of Directors had decided, in the absence of official authorisation and at company expense, to proceed with the issue of the design drawings to the production design office and to start tooling-up for a production line capable of producing a batch of 1,000 Hurricanes.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: In June 1936 the Air Ministry placed its first order, for 600 aircraft. On 26 June 1936, the type name "Hurricane", which had been proposed by Hawker, was approved by the Air Ministry; an informal christening ceremony for the aircraft was carried out the following month during an official visit by King Edward VIII to Martlesham Heath.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: A simple steel tube structure supported the engine; detachable cowling panels allowed access to most of the engine's areas for maintenance. Installed underneath the fuselage, the liquid-cooled radiator has a rectangular opening to its aft; this is covered by a hinged flap, allowing the pilot to control the cooling level. An atypical feature for the era was the use of Tungum alloy pipes throughout the cooling system.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Owing to the Hurricane's rugged construction, ease of maintenance and repair in the field, and its docile landing and take-off characteristics, coupled with a wide-track undercarriage, it was selected to go to France as the principal RAF fighter. Two Hurricane squadrons, No. 1 and No. 73, formed 67 Wing of the Advanced Air Striking Force, while two more, No. 85 and No. 87, formed 60 Wing of the Air Component, BEF.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: While the two squadrons of No. 60 Wing had their Hurricanes painted in the standard colour scheme and markings of Home-based fighters, those of No. 67 Wing differed considerably. It was probably because No. 1 and No. 73 Squadrons were operating in close proximity to French fighter squadrons that these units painted Red, White and Blue stripes over the entire height of the rudders on their Hurricanes in a similar manner to the standard French AF National markings.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: As the French squadrons were not familiar with the [British] use of code letters, and there could have been cause for error in aircraft identification, both Hurricane squadrons removed their Squadron identification letters, leaving the grey-painted aircraft letter aft of the [fuselage] roundel. The decision to adopt these special changes in markings seems to have been made at 67 Group HQ (the immediate command authority for the two squadrons involved) to suit local circumstances.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: After his first flight in October 1939, Hurricane pilot Roland Beamont subsequently flew operationally with 87 Squadron, claiming three enemy aircraft during the French campaign, and delivered great praise for his aircraft's performance:

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: During the 11 days of fighting in France and over Dunkirk from 10 to 21 May, Hurricane pilots claimed 499 kills and 123 probables. Contemporary German records, examined postwar, attribute 299 Luftwaffe aircraft destroyed and 65 seriously damaged by RAF fighters. The last 66 Hurricanes of the 452 engaged during the Battle of France left France on 21 June; 178 were abandoned at several airfields, notably Merville, Abbeville, and Lille/Seclin.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: In September 1940, the more powerful Mk IIa series 1 Hurricanes started entering service, although only in small numbers. This version was capable of a maximum speed of .

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: From 10 July to 11 August 1940, RAF fighters fired at 114 German bombers and shot down 80, a destruction ratio of 70 per cent. Against the Bf 109, the RAF fighters attacked 70 and shot down 54 of these, a ratio of 77 per cent. It has been suggested that part of the success of the British fighters was possibly due to the use of the de Wilde incendiary round.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: As in the Spitfire, the Merlin engine suffered from negative-G cut-out, a problem not cured until the introduction of Miss Shilling's orifice in early 1941.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Following the Battle of Britain the Hurricane continued to give service; through the Blitz of 1941 it was the principal single-seat night fighter in Fighter Command. F/Lt. Richard Stevens claimed 14 Luftwaffe bombers flying Hurricanes in 1941. In 1942 the cannon-armed Mk IIc performed further afield, as a night intruder over occupied Europe. F/Lt. Karel Kuttelwascher of 1 Squadron proved the top scorer, with 15 Luftwaffe bombers claimed shot down.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: 1942 also saw the manufacture of twelve Hurricane II C(NF) night fighters, equipped with pilot-operated Air Interception Mark VI radar. After a brief operational deployment with No. 245 and No. 247 Squadron RAF during which these aircraft proved too slow for operations in Europe, the aircraft were sent to India to serve with No. 176 Squadron RAF in the defence of Calcutta. They were withdrawn from service at the end of December 1943.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: A Hurricane Mk I undertook tropical trials in Sudan in mid 1939, and a number were hastily tropicalised following Italy's entry into the war in June 1940. These aircraft were initially ferried through France and Malta by air to 80 Squadron in Egypt, replacing Gladiator biplanes. The Hurricane claimed its first kill in the Mediterranean on 19 June 1940, when F/O P.G. Wykeham-Barnes reported shooting down two Fiat CR.42 Falcos.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Hurricanes served with several British Commonwealth squadrons in the Desert Air Force. They suffered heavy losses over North Africa after the arrival of Bf 109E and F-variants and were progressively replaced in the air superiority role from June 1941 by Curtiss Tomahawks/Kittyhawks. However, fighter-bomber variants ("Hurribombers") retained an edge in the ground attack role, due to their impressive armament of four cannon and a bomb load.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: From November 1941, beginning in the Libyan desert, it had to face a new formidable opponent: the new Regia Aeronautica Macchi C.202 "Folgore". The Italian aircraft proved superior to the Hawker fighter and, thanks to its excellent agility and a new, more powerful inline engine licence-built by Alfa Romeo, could outperform it in a dogfight.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: In the spring of 1943, during the German "Ochsenkopf" offensive in Tunisia, Hurricane MKIIDs conducted many sorties after fog had lifted, helping to blunt the final attack at Hunts Gap.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: The Hawker Hurricane was the first Allied Lend-Lease aircraft to be delivered to the Soviet Union with a total of 2,952 Hurricanes eventually delivered, becoming the most numerous British aircraft in Soviet service. Many Soviet pilots were disappointed by the Hawker fighter, regarding it as inferior to both German and Soviet aircraft.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: The British archives file AIR 22/310 reports 218 mark IIA sent to the Soviet Union or handed over, 22 lost before arrival, 1,884 mark IIB sent or handed over, 278 lost before arrival, 1,182 mark IIC sent or handed over, 46 lost before arrival, 117 rejected, 60 IID sent or handed over, 14 rejected, 30 mark IV handed over, total 3,374 Hurricanes sent or handed over, 346 lost before delivery, 2,897 accepted by the Soviets, 131 rejected.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Thanks to the efforts of the 151st Maintenance unit, the 51 Hurricanes were assembled and ready for testing within 48 hours and of these, 21 were ready for operational service within three days. The Hurricanes were fitted with bulky 'Vokes' dust filters under the nose and were armed with 12, rather than eight, machine guns. The additional weight and drag made them slow to climb and unwieldy to manoeuvre at altitude, although they were more effective bomber killers.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: When a Japanese carrier task force under the command of Admiral Chūichi Nagumo made a sortie into the Indian Ocean in April 1942, RAF Hurricanes based on Ceylon saw action against Nagumo's forces during attacks on Colombo on 5 April 1942 and on Trincomalee harbour on 9 April 1942.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: On 9 April 1942, the Japanese task force sent 91 B5Ns escorted by 41 Zeros against Trincomalee port and the nearby China Bay airfield. Sixteen Hurricanes opposed the raid, of which eight were lost with a further three damaged. They claimed eight Japanese aircraft destroyed with a further four probably destroyed and at least five damaged. Actual Japanese losses were three A6Ms and two B5Ns, with a further 10 B5Ns damaged.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: First production version, with fabric-covered wings, a wooden two-bladed, fixed-pitch propeller (first 435) or three blade two -pitch propeller, powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin Mk II (first 364) or III engines and armed with eight Browning machine guns. Produced between 1937 and 1939.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: A revised Hurricane Mk I series built with a de Havilland or Rotol constant speed metal propeller (from mid 1940), metal-covered wings, armour and other improvements. A total of 4,200 mark Is were built; 1,924 by Hawker, 1,850 by Gloster Aircraft Company and 426 by Canadian Car and Foundry between December 1937 and July 1941. The Canadian Car and Foundry Hurricanes were shipped to England to be fitted with engines.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: A few were fitted with racks allowing them to carry two or two bombs. This lowered the top speed of the Hurricane to , but by this point mixed sweeps of Hurricanes carrying bombs, protected by a screen of fighter Hurricanes were not uncommon. The same racks allowed the Hurricane to carry two drop tanks instead of the bombs, nearly doubling the Hurricane's fuel load.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Hurricane Mk IIA Series 2 was equipped with a new and slightly longer propeller spinner, and 4 additional wing-mounted Browning machine guns; for a total of 12 guns. The first aircraft were built in February 1941 and were renamed Mark IIB in April 1941. A total of 3,050 IIBs built to November 1942, 1,883 by Hawker, 867 by Gloster Aircraft Company and 300 by the Austin Aero Company.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: For use in North Africa the Hawker Hurricane Mk IIB (and other variants) were tropicalised. They were fitted with Vokes and Rolls-Royce engine dust filters and the pilots were issued with a desert survival kit, including a bottle of water behind the cockpit.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Mk IIE, this designation was used by the Ministry of Aircraft Production in 1942 and 1943 for mark II factory fitted with wing racks, 270 delivered according to the Ministry, the RAF used the IIB or C designations. The Mk IIE was not an early mark Mk IV.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Two-seat training version of the Mk. IIC. Only two aircraft were built, for the Imperial Iranian Air Force.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Version of the Hurricane Mk II powered by a US Packard-built Merlin engine, intending to enable supplies of the British-built engines for other designs. By the time production was to have started, British Merlin production had increased to the point where the idea was abandoned.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: The final variant to be produced. Only one was built and 2 mark IV converted, and the variant never reached production. This was planned to be powered by a Merlin 27 but also tested with a Merlin 32 boosted engine to give at low level and was intended as a dedicated ground-attack aircraft to use in Burma. All three prototypes had four-bladed propellers. Speed was at , which is comparable with the Hurricane I despite being one and a half times as heavy.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Canadian-built variant. Not an official mark number. Designation used by many references for 150 aircraft from the RCAF mark XII order sent to Britain, these aircraft had their Merlin 29 removed and were either shipped without an engine or fitted with a Merlin 28. Fitted with Merlin XX on arrival in Britain and called a mark II by the RAF.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Canadian-built variant. Originally designated the Mark IIB (Can), designation changed to mark XII in April 1943. Single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber. An order for 400 mark II airframes for the RCAF powered by a Packard Merlin 29, armed with twelve machine guns, production starting in June 1942. 150 sent to Britain in 1943 either engineless or fitted with a Merlin 28.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Canadian-built variant. The survivors of a batch of 30 RAF order mark I airframes retained in Canada in late 1941, initially fitted with Merlin III and propellers from Fairey Battles, when fitted with Merlin 29. Armed with eight machine guns

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: The majority of the aircraft modified had suffered wear-and-tear serving with front line squadrons, so much so that at least one example used during trials broke up under the stress of a catapult launching. CAM Sea Hurricanes were launched operationally on eight occasions and the Hurricanes shot down six enemy aircraft for the loss of one Hurricane pilot killed. The first Sea Hurricane IA kill was an Fw 200C "Condor", shot down on 2 August 1941.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Hurricane Mk I version equipped with catapult spools plus an arrester hook. From July 1941 they operated from and from October 1941, they were used on merchant aircraft carrier (MAC) ships, which were large cargo vessels with a flight deck fitted, enabling aircraft to be launched and recovered. A total of 340 aircraft were converted. The first Sea Hurricane IB kill occurred on 31 July 1941 when Sea Hurricanes of 880 squadron FAA operating from HMS "Furious" shot down a Do 18 flying-boat.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Apart from the conversions in Britain 50 Sea Hurricane IB were built in Canada and delivered in late 1941 and early 1942. Initially fitted with a Merlin III, they became Mk XIIA when later fitted with a Merlin 29.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Reported to be a Hurricane Mk I version equipped with catapult spools, an arrester hook and the four-cannon wing. Despite persistent reports of hundreds converted from early 1942 only two test examples actually done.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: The Sea Hurricane I used during "Operation Pedestal" had their Merlin III engines modified to accept boost, and could generate more than at low altitude. Lt. R. J. Cork was credited with five kills while flying a Sea Hurricane I during "Operation Pedestal".

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: 60 built by Hawker between November 1942 and May 1943, version equipped with naval radio gear; other standard mark IICs were converted and used on fleet carriers. The Merlin XX engine on the Sea Hurricane generated at and at . Top speed was at and at .

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Note the RAF reports as of end June 1944 a total of 378 conversions to Sea Hurricane I, less any conversions back to standard Hurricanes, and no conversions to Sea Hurricane II.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: 50 Canadian built Sea Hurricane I delivered in late 1941 and early 1942. Initially fitted with Merlin III as mark I, the survivors became Mk XII when fitted with Merlin 29.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: A full-scale version of the Hills & Son Bi-mono slip-wing Biplane/monoplane, using a Hawker Hurricane Mk I returned from Canada as RCAF ser no 321 (RAF serial L1884). Taxi and flight trials carried out at RAF Sealand during May 1943, and at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment, Boscombe Down from September 1943. The upper wing was not released in flight before the programme was terminated due to poor performance.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: For duties closer to the front lines some Hurricanes were converted to Tactical Reconnaissance (Tac R) aircraft. An additional radio was fitted for liaison with ground forces who were better placed to direct the Hurricane. Some Hurricane Tac R aircraft also had a vertical camera fitted in the rear fuselage, so to compensate for the extra weight either one or two Brownings or two cannon would be omitted. Externally these aircraft were only distinguishable by the missing armament.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: Due to its lightweight, yet robust, construction and ease of maintenance, the Hurricane had a long operational life in many theatres of war. It was also built by, or exported to, several other countries. The Hurricane was unusual in that it was flown operationally by both the Allies and the Axis during the war. In some cases (e.g., Portugal and Ireland) the Hurricane was pressed into service after being forced to land in a neutral country.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


Hawker Hurricane

Context: In 1939 Latvia ordered and paid for 30 Hurricane fighters, but due to the start of the Second World War later that year, the aircraft were never delivered.

Question: 単座戦闘機ハリケーンは何台製造された


List of Bleach characters

Context: This is a list of characters for Tite Kubo's manga and anime series "Bleach". It takes place in a fictional universe in which the characters are split into various factionalized fictional races. They are subdivisions of humanity, but are distinguished by whether they live on Earth or in one of the afterlives, by possession of thematically contrasting supernatural powers, and by the use of aesthetics drawn from the artistic traditions of different real-life regions.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: Quilge Opie leads one of the many groups that hunt Arrancars. The Wandenreich also includes the serving as low-ranking soldiers sent to exterminate the remaining enemy soldiers after the elite force, the , have done defeating them. Four of the Sternritters, known as the are additionally handpicked by Yhwach to serve as his personal bodyguards.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: is an aloof Sternritter who has the epithet "D" for , which allows Askin to calculate the "absolute lethal dose" of substance by consuming a lethal dosage of it. This allows him to not only increase or decrease the lethal dosage needed to kill his opponent, he can render himself immune to all consumed substances and projects it through attacks like .

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: is a helmeted Sternritter who has the epithet "K". It has a single glowing eye, hides various robotic tendrils and artillery beneath its cloak and claims to have never "breathed", leading Suì Fēng to believe it is a robot. It is cruel and sadistic, not above threatening children if his demands are not met, as seen when he injures Omaeda's younger sister with one of his tendrils.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: is a large dark-skinned Sternritter with an ape-like appearance who has the epithet "R" for as he assumes an ape-like form to dramatically amplify his voice to create a devastating sound-based shockwave. This ability proved to be no match for Kenpachi as he easily cuts Jerome in half and carried his corpse atop his sword.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: During the attack on the Soul Society, as Loyd died fighting Kenpachi Zaraki after assuming his form for a duel, Royd posed as Yhwach and defeated Kenpachi before distracting Yamamoto while the real Yhwach was meeting Aizen. Once fulfilling his role in weakening Yamamoto for him while receiving mortal wounds, Royd is killed off by Yhwach.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: As revealed in the "13 Blades" side story, after escaping the Soul Society, Shaz participated in the Wandenreich's second invasion of the Seireitei with the intention to learn the method of creating his own Hōgyoku before being ultimately defeated by Izuru Kira.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: is a convenience store that predominantly deals in snacks and small household goods. It also caters to a more select crowd of spiritually aware beings, providing them with merchandise it has acquired from Soul Society. Three of its regulars (owner Kisuke Urahara, Yoruichi Shihōin, and Tessai Tsukabishi) are former high-ranking Soul Reapers that are now fugitives of Soul Society.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: He is voiced by Shinichiro Miki in the Japanese anime and by Michael Lindsay in the English dub until episode 214 where the role was recast to Doug Erholtz starting from episodes 231. He is played by Seiichi Tanabe in the live action movie.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: She is voiced by Satsuki Yukino in the Japanese anime and by Wendee Lee in the English dub. Her cat form is voiced by Shirō Saitō in the Japanese anime and by Terrence Stone in the English dub.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: He is voiced by Takako Honda in the Japanese anime and by Cindy Robinson in the English dub, Benjamin Diskin later voicing Jinta after the time skip.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: He is voiced by Masaya Onosaka in the Japanese anime and by Roger Craig Smith in the English version.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: Her Hollow mask is skeletal in appearance with a large horn on the forehead and diamond-shaped markings over the eyebrows. Her "zanpakutō" is named and is released with the command "chop cleanly" to become a large cleaver with a jagged edge.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: She is voiced by Reiko Takagi in the Japanese anime, Mela Lee in earlier episodes of the English dub, and by Laura Bailey later on in the series.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: He is voiced by Shouto Kashii in the Japanese anime and by Christopher Corey Smith in the English dub.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: , or Mod-Souls for short, are a variation of the created by Kirio Hikifune that Soul Reapers use as stand-ins while using vessels to move about in the World of the Living. Unlike Gikon, given personalities and unique powers of their own, Mod-Souls are produced in the Soul Society's to assist in the combat against Hollows by reanimating corpses. However, this act was deemed immoral and Project Spearhead was disbanded with all Mod-Souls seemingly deposed of.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: With Kon one of the surviving Mod-Souls, four other Mod-Souls have been introduced in the anime series. Like Kon, three Mod-Souls created by Kisuke typically inhabits a plushie with all of their abilities intact (albeit scaled down to fit their size). But all four anime-exclusive Mod-Souls possess their own personal gigai they can use to avoid attention with complete use of their abilities.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: is a somewhat cowardly Mod-Soul. He has the ability to shapeshift and can replicate the abilities of others when he does so (although he can not replicate the potency of said abilities). His plushie body is a rabbit-like purse. Kurōdo's "gigai" is of a bespectacled man with a mustache and two-tone hair color (black to the left, blonde to the right). He wears a gray top hat, multi-colored suit, and tie, as well as dark brown boots. He is often told he talks too much.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: The Shiba Clan are Isshin's family who are based in the Soul Society as its fifth noble family with prestige compared to the Kuchiki and Shihōin families. But after the death of Kaien Shiba, the Shiba Clan fell from their high-status position prior to the events of the series and make a living as fireworks specialists in the outskirts of the Soul Society.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: was the father of Ryūken and the grandfather of Uryū. He trained Uryū in Quincy abilities throughout his childhood, becoming his mentor in the process. Sōken tried to make amends with Soul Reapers by advocating a new system of response to Hollow attacks. His proposal was never accepted, and he was eventually killed in a Hollow attack due to his old age (with Mayuri Kurotsuchi being responsible for not sending Soul Reapers to save him).

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: , also simply called "old man" by Ichigo, is the manifestation of Ichigo's Quincy powers, who appears as a tall man with ragged black hair, facial hair, and sunglasses. This appearance is supposed to represent Yhwach, the first Quincy, in his younger days. Pretending to be Ichigo's actual Zanpakutō, Old Man Zangetsu aided Ichigo in achieving his potential as a Soul Reaper. However, while attempting to tame his Inner Hollow, Ichigo hears his opponent introducing himself as Zangetsu.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: Zangetsu is voiced by Takayuki Sugō in the Japanese anime and by Richard Epcar in the English dub. Tensa Zangetsu is voiced by Showtaro Morikubo in the Japanese anime and by Keith Silverstein in the English version.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: Like Ichigo, Hollow Ichigo is voiced by Masakazu Morita in the Japanese anime and by Johnny Yong Bosch in the English dub.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: is the "Zanpakutō" owned by Renji Abarai. It appears as a Nue, first seen in the Soul Society arc when Renji was recovering from his first fight with Ichigo. In the anime exclusive Zanpakutō Rebellion arc, Zabimaru's form changes to that of a green fur woman and a young boy with a snake tail. Though the two are normally connected by a chain, with the child assuming their "zanpakutō" form for his older counterpart to wield, the two halves of Zabimaru act independent of each other when needed to.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: In the Japanese anime, the original form of Zabimaru is voiced by Toru Furusawa, Saru by Mitsuki Saiga, and Hebi by Asami Sanada. In the English dub, while Vic Mignogna in English dub voiced Zabimaru's original form, Saru is voiced by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn while Hebi is voiced by Michelle Ruff in English dub.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: is the "Zanpakutō" owned by Tōshirō Hitsugaya, appearing as a dragon made of ice. Hyōrinmaru already tried to communicate with Hitsugaya before he became a Soul Reaper. During the anime-exclusive Zanpakutō Rebellion arc, Hyōrinmaru assumes the form of a tall young man with long-flowing green hair and dragon limbs.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: Hyōrinmaru is voiced by Daisuke Matsuoka in the Japanese version of the second film, by Kenji Hamada in the Japanese anime, and by Travis Willingham in their English dubs.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: While both Katen and Kyōkotsu make their initial debut in anime-exclusive Zanpakutō Rebellion arc, they appear in the final arc of the manga: Katen appearing when Shunsui uses his bankai to fight Lille Barro, with Kyōkotsu appearing when Shunsui decides to give Nanao her family's "Zanpakutō" as a last resort to defeat Lille.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


List of Bleach characters

Context: Katen is voiced by Ayumi Fujimura in the Japanese version, and by Erin Fitzgerald in the English dub.

Question: 漫画「BLEACH」の黒崎一護の職業は？


Bulgarian Communist Party

Context: The party's origins lay in the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) ("Tesni Sotsialisti", "Narrow Socialists"), which was founded in 1903 after a split in the 10th Congress of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party.

Question: ブルガリア共産党はいつ誕生した


Bulgarian Communist Party

Context: The party's founding leader was Dimitar Blagoev, who was the driving force behind the formation of the BSDWP in 1894. It comprised most of the hardline Marxists in the Social Democratic Workers' Party. The party opposed World War I and was sympathetic to the October Revolution in Russia. Under Blagoev's leadership, the party applied to join the Communist International upon its founding in 1919. Upon joining the Comintern the party was reorganised as the Communist Party of Bulgaria.

Question: ブルガリア共産党はいつ誕生した


Bulgarian Communist Party

Context: The party moved in a more moderate direction, and by the spring of 1990 was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party. That April, the party changed its name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP). A number of hardline Communists established several splinter parties with a small number of members. One of these parties, named Communist Party of Bulgaria ("Komunisticeska Partija na Balgarija"), is led by Aleksandar Paunov.

Question: ブルガリア共産党はいつ誕生した


Numerical control

Context: Numerical control (also computer numerical control, and commonly called CNC) is the automated control of machining tools (such as drills, lathes, mills, grinders, routers and 3D printers) by means of a computer. A CNC machine processes a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to meet specifications by following coded programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly controlling the machining operation.

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: Since any particular component might require the use of several different tools – drills, saws, etc. – modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other installations, several different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD drawing.

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: As the controller hardware evolved, the mills themselves also evolved. One change has been to enclose the entire mechanism in a large box as a safety measure (with safety glass in the doors to permit the operator to monitor the machine's function), often with additional safety interlocks to ensure the operator is far enough from the working piece for safe operation. Most new CNC systems built today are 100% electronically controlled.

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: CNC-like systems are used for any process that can be described as movements and operations. These include laser cutting, welding, friction stir welding, ultrasonic welding, flame and plasma cutting, bending, spinning, hole-punching, pinning, gluing, fabric cutting, sewing, tape and fiber placement, routing, picking and placing, and sawing.

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: The high backlash mechanism itself is not necessarily relied on to be repeatedly precise for the cutting process, but some other reference object or precision surface may be used to zero the mechanism, by tightly applying pressure against the reference and setting that as the zero references for all following CNC-encoded motions. This is similar to the manual machine tool method of clamping a micrometer onto a reference beam and adjusting the Vernier dial to zero using that object as the reference.

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: [Code Miscellaneous Functions (M-Code)]. M-codes are miscellaneous machine commands that do not command axis motion. The format for an M-code is the letter M followed by two to three digits; for example:

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: [M53 Retract Spindle] (raises tool spindle above current position to allow operator to do whatever they would need to do)

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: G20 G40 G80 G90 G94 G54(Inch, Cutter Comp. Cancel, Deactivate all canned cycles, moves axes to machine coordinate, feed per min., origin coordinate system)

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: G02 X.75 Y-1.5625 I0.0 J0.0 (CW arc cut to X.75 Y-1.5625 with same radius origin as the previous arc)

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Numerical control

Context: Having the correct speeds and feeds in the program provides for a more efficient and smoother product run. Incorrect speeds and feeds will cause damage to the tool, machine spindle, and even the product. The quickest and simplest way to find these numbers would be to use a calculator that can be found online. A formula can also be used to calculate the proper speeds and feeds for a material. These values can be found online or in Machinery's Handbook.

Question: NC工作機械はいつ開発された


Henry L. Dawes

Context: Dawes was born in Cummington, Massachusetts, in 1816. After graduating from Yale University in 1839, he taught at Greenfield, Massachusetts, and also edited "The Greenfield Gazette".

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: He studied law with an established firm, and in 1842, was admitted to the bar. He began the practice of law in the village of North Adams, Massachusetts. For a time he edited "The North Adams Transcript".

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: Dawes joined the Republican Party and was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving in 1848–1849 and in 1852. He served in the state Senate in 1850. He was elected as a delegate to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: In 1875, he was chosen by the state legislature (as was the practice at the time) to succeed William B. Washburn as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. He served multiple terms, until 1893.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: During his long period of legislative activity, Dawes served in the House on the committees on elections, ways and means, and appropriations. He took a prominent part in passage of the anti-slavery and Reconstruction measures during and after the Civil War, in tariff legislation, and in the establishment of a fish commission. He also initiated the production of daily weather reports to be provided by the federal government.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (spanning 1877–81), the main beneficiary of the Compromise of 1877 who abandoned military protection of Southern blacks and paved for the rise of Jim Crow, Dawes was a prominent member of congressional "Half-Breeds" within the Republican Party allied with Hayes' support for civil service reform. Along with fellow Massachusetts senatorial Half-Breed George F. Hoar and Rep. John Davis Long, he became one of the faction's leading strategists.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: During the 1880 United States presidential election, the agreed strategy planned was to prevent either former president Ulysses S. Grant, the leader of "Stalwarts," nor Blaine faction leader James G. Blaine of Maine, from obtaining the nomination at the Republican National Convention. Instead, the Half-Breeds would push to nominate faction member George F. Edmunds, a senator from Vermont.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: However, Sen. Hoar admonished Half-Breed supporters that Republican delegates should not make their preferences clearly visible to others. Although the Massachusetts delegation did support Edmunds, the Vermont Half-Breed failed to garner enough support, and the faction ultimately formed an alliance with Blaine supporters in successfully nominating James A. Garfield of Ohio.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: Like all early Half-Breeds who were relatively prominent during the Hayes presidency, Dawes supported civil service reform. During the presidency of James A. Garfield, he wrote two letters at separate occasions in July 1881 on the matter.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: The Coolidge administration studied the effects of the Dawes Act and the current conditions for Indians in what is known as the "Meriam Report", completed in 1928. It found that the Dawes Act had been used illegally to deprive Native Americans of their land rights.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Henry L. Dawes

Context: Aidan Quinn played Dawes in the film "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee", adapted from a 1970 history of Native Americans, the United States, and the West written by Dee Brown.

Question: ヘンリー・ドーズは何歳で死去した？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including mandatory access controls (MAC).

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: SELinux is a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools that have been added to various Linux distributions. Its architecture strives to separate enforcement of security decisions from the security policy, and streamlines the amount of software involved with security policy enforcement. The key concepts underlying SELinux can be traced to several earlier projects by the United States National Security Agency (NSA).

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: From a purist perspective, SELinux provides a hybrid of concepts and capabilities drawn from mandatory access controls, mandatory integrity controls, role-based access control (RBAC), and type enforcement architecture. Third-party tools enable one to build a variety of security policies.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: SELinux was designed to demonstrate the value of mandatory access controls to the Linux community and how such controls could be added to Linux. Originally, the patches that make up SELinux had to be explicitly applied to the Linux kernel source; SELinux was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in the 2.6 series of the Linux kernel.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: A comprehensive list of the original and external contributors to SELinux was hosted at the NSA website until maintenance ceased, sometime 2009. The following list reproduces the original as preserved by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. The scope of their contributions was listed in the page and has been omitted for brevity, but it can be accessed through the archived copy.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: SELinux adds the codice_4 switch to the shell commands codice_5, codice_6, and some others, allowing the security context of the files or process to be seen.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: Typical policy rules consist of explicit permissions, for example, which domains the user must possess to perform certain actions with the given target (read, execute, or, in case of network port, bind or connect), and so on. More complex mappings are also possible, involving roles and security levels.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: Among free community-supported Linux distributions, Fedora was one of the earliest adopters, including support for it by default since Fedora Core 2. Other distributions include support for it such as Debian as of version 9 Stretch release and Ubuntu as of 8.04 Hardy Heron. As of version 11.1, openSUSE contains SELinux "basic enablement". SUSE Linux Enterprise 11 features SELinux as a "technology preview".

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: SELinux is popular in systems based on linux containers, such as CoreOS Container Linux and rkt. It is useful as an additional security control to help further enforce isolation between deployed containers and their host.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: SELinux is available since 2005 as part of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) version 4 and all future releases. This presence is also reflected in corresponding versions of CentOS and Scientific Linux. The supported policy in RHEL4 is targeted policy which aims for maximum ease of use and thus is not as restrictive as it might be. Future versions of RHEL are planned to have more targets in the targeted policy which will mean more restrictive policies.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: SELinux can potentially control which activities a system allows each user, process, and daemon, with very precise specifications. It is used to confine daemons such as database engines or web servers that have clearly defined data access and activity rights. This limits potential harm from a confined daemon that becomes compromised.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: Isolation of processes can also be accomplished by mechanisms such as virtualization; the OLPC project, for example, in its first implementation sandboxed individual applications in lightweight Vservers. Also, the NSA has adopted some of the SELinux concepts in Security-Enhanced Android.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: General Dynamics builds and distributes PitBull Trusted Operating System, a multilevel security (MLS) enhancement for Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Security-Enhanced Linux

Context: Multi-Category Security (MCS) is an enhancement to SELinux for Red Hat Enterprise Linux that allows users to label files with categories, in order to further restrict access through discretionary access control and type enforcement. Categories provide additional compartments within sensitivity levels used by multilevel security (MLS).

Question: Linux Security Modulesはいつ開発された？


Microkernel

Context: In computer science, a microkernel (often abbreviated as μ-kernel) is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system (OS). These mechanisms include low-level address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication (IPC).

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: If the hardware provides multiple rings or CPU modes, the microkernel may be the only software executing at the most privileged level, which is generally referred to as supervisor or kernel mode. Traditional operating system functions, such as device drivers, protocol stacks and file systems, are typically removed from the microkernel itself and are instead run in user space.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: In terms of the source code size, microkernels are often smaller than monolithic kernels. The MINIX 3 microkernel, for example, has only approximately 12,000 lines of code.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: Microkernels were a very hot topic in the 1980s when the first usable local area networks were being introduced.. The AmigaOS Exec kernel was an early example, introduced in 1986 and used in a PC with relative commercial success. The lack of memory protection, considered in other respects a flaw, allowed this kernel to have very high message-passing performance because it did not need to copy data while exchanging messages between user-space programs.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: Microkernels are closely related to exokernels. They also have much in common with hypervisors, but the latter make no claim to minimality and are specialized to supporting virtual machines; the L4 microkernel frequently finds use in a hypervisor capacity.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: Early operating system kernels were rather small, partly because computer memory was limited. As the capability of computers grew, the number of devices the kernel had to control also grew. Throughout the early history of Unix, kernels were generally small, even though they contained various device drivers and file system implementations. When address spaces increased from 16 to 32 bits, kernel design was no longer constrained by the hardware architecture, and kernels began to grow larger.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: Microkernel servers are essentially daemon programs like any others, except that the kernel grants some of them privileges to interact with parts of physical memory that are otherwise off limits to most programs. This allows some servers, particularly device drivers, to interact directly with hardware.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: Device drivers frequently perform direct memory access (DMA), and therefore can write to arbitrary locations of physical memory, including various kernel data structures. Such drivers must therefore be trusted. It is a common misconception that this means that they must be part of the kernel. In fact, a driver is not inherently more or less trustworthy by being part of the kernel.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: As a microkernel must allow building arbitrary operating system services on top, it must provide some core functionality. At a minimum, this includes:

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: This minimal design was pioneered by Brinch Hansen's Nucleus and the hypervisor of IBM's VM. It has since been formalised in Liedtke's "minimality principle":

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: A concept is tolerated inside the microkernel only if moving it outside the kernel, i.e., permitting competing implementations, would prevent the implementation of the system's required functionality.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: Everything else can be done in a usermode program, although device drivers implemented as user programs may on some processor architectures require special privileges to access I/O hardware.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: Related to the minimality principle, and equally important for microkernel design, is the separation of mechanism and policy, it is what enables the construction of arbitrary systems on top of a minimal kernel. Any policy built into the kernel cannot be overwritten at user level and therefore limits the generality of the microkernel. Policy implemented in user-level servers can be changed by replacing the servers (or letting the application choose between competing servers offering similar services).

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: For efficiency, most microkernels contain schedulers and manage timers, in violation of the minimality principle and the principle of policy-mechanism separation.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: A key component of a microkernel is a good IPC system and virtual-memory-manager design that allows implementing page-fault handling and swapping in usermode servers in a safe way. Since all services are performed by usermode programs, efficient means of communication between programs are essential, far more so than in monolithic kernels. The design of the IPC system makes or breaks a microkernel. To be effective, the IPC system must not only have low overhead, but also interact well with CPU scheduling.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: It has been shown in the meantime that user-level device drivers can come close to the performance of in-kernel drivers even for such high-throughput, high-interrupt devices as Gigabit Ethernet. This seems to imply that high-performance multi-server systems are possible.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: In 2018, a paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Systems Conference claimed that microkernels were demonstrably safer than monolithic kernels by investigating all published critical CVEs for the Linux kernel at the time. The study concluded that 40% of the issues could not occur at all in a formally verified microkernel, and only 4% of the issues would remain entirely unmitigated in such a system.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: More recent work on microkernels has been focusing on formal specifications of the kernel API, and formal proofs of the API's security properties and implementation correctness. The first example of this is a mathematical proof of the confinement mechanisms in EROS, based on a simplified model of the EROS API. More recently (in 2007) a comprehensive set of machine-checked proofs was performed of the properties of the protection model of , a version of L4.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: This has led to what is referred to as "third-generation microkernels", characterised by a security-oriented API with resource access controlled by capabilities, virtualization as a first-class concern, novel approaches to kernel resource management, and a design goal of suitability for formal analysis, besides the usual goal of high performance. Examples are Coyotos, , Nova, Redox and Fiasco.OC.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Microkernel

Context: There is also at least one case where the term nanokernel is used to refer not to a small kernel, but one that supports a nanosecond clock resolution.

Question: マイクロカーネルが初めて開発されたのはいつ


Cool Britannia

Context: The election of Tony Blair in 1997 marked a change in tone from the previous Prime Minister, John Major. Blair, who liked to draw attention during his election campaign that he had been in a punk band called Ugly Rumours while in university, invited high profile musicians to 10 Downing Street for photo opportunities.

Question: 「クール・ブリタニア」という用語を初めて使ったメディアは何？


Cool Britannia

Context: During this however "The Economist" was commenting that "many people are already sick of the phrase", and senior Labour politicians, such as Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, seemed embarrassed by its usage. By 2000 (after the decline of Britpop as a tangible genre) it was being used mainly in a mocking or ironic way.

Question: 「クール・ブリタニア」という用語を初めて使ったメディアは何？


Cool Britannia

Context: Two highlight DVDs, "Later... With Jools Holland: Cool Britannia" 1 & 2, have appeared since 2004. Similar terms have been used regionally for similar phenomena; in Wales and Scotland, "Cool Cymru" and "Cool Caledonia", respectively, have been used.

Question: 「クール・ブリタニア」という用語を初めて使ったメディアは何？


Henry Pike Bowie

Context: Henry Pike Bowie (1848 – December 21, 1920) was an American lawyer, artist, author, Japanologist, and diplomat.

Question: ヘンリイ・パイク・ブイが初めて来日したのはいつ


Henry Pike Bowie

Context: The property was purchased by Achille and Joan Paladini of Hillsborough, California, in 1988 and restored to its original pristine condition. It was featured on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" and has been the location for a recent movie. The director of "Memoirs of a Geisha" visited the property and considered it for the film.

Question: ヘンリイ・パイク・ブイが初めて来日したのはいつ


Henry Pike Bowie

Context: Bowie was a co-founder in 1905 of the Japan Society of Northern California, along with Stanford University's president, David Starr Jordan. He also served as the society's first president.

Question: ヘンリイ・パイク・ブイが初めて来日したのはいつ


Henry Pike Bowie

Context: In 1909, he erected a memorial gate, created by Japanese craftsmen brought from Japan specifically for the project. The memorial structure in Burlingame was designed to honor the valor of Japanese sailors and soldiers during the Russo-Japanese War (1905).

Question: ヘンリイ・パイク・ブイが初めて来日したのはいつ


Henry Pike Bowie

Context: In 1918, he sailed for Japan as special emissary of the U.S. Department of State. Shortly after returning to California, he died in San Mateo on December 21, 1920 at age 72.

Question: ヘンリイ・パイク・ブイが初めて来日したのはいつ


Henry Pike Bowie

Context: His son in Japan, Imao Hirano, was a poet and worked for abolishing discrimination against mixed race children. Imao's daughter, Remi Hirano, who is known as a cooking expert in Japan, married Makoto Wada. Sho Wada, the guitarist and vocalist of Triceratops, is their son.

Question: ヘンリイ・パイク・ブイが初めて来日したのはいつ


Josef Mengele

Context: On 28 July 1939, Mengele married Irene Schönbein, whom he had met while working as a medical resident in Leipzig. Their only son, Rolf, was born in 1944.

Question: ヨーゼフ・メンゲレはどのように亡くなりましたか？


Josef Mengele

Context: The ideology of Nazism brought together elements of antisemitism, racial hygiene, and eugenics, and combined them with pan-Germanism and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more (living space) for the Germanic people. Nazi Germany attempted to obtain this new territory by attacking Poland and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or kill the Jews and Slavs living there, who were considered by the Nazis to be inferior to the Aryan master race.

Question: ヨーゼフ・メンゲレはどのように亡くなりましたか？


Josef Mengele

Context: In 1992, DNA testing confirmed Mengele's identity beyond doubt, but family members refused repeated requests by Brazilian officials to repatriate the remains to Germany. The skeleton is stored at the São Paulo Institute for Forensic Medicine, where it is used as an educational aid during forensic medicine courses at the University of São Paulo's medical school.

Question: ヨーゼフ・メンゲレはどのように亡くなりましたか？


Josef Mengele

Context: In 2007, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum received as a donation the Höcker Album, an album of photographs of Auschwitz staff taken by Karl-Friedrich Höcker. Eight of the photographs include Mengele.

Question: ヨーゼフ・メンゲレはどのように亡くなりましたか？


Sam Browne belt

Context: The Sam Browne is a leather belt with a supporting strap that passes over the right shoulder, worn by military and police officers. It is named after Sir Samuel J. Browne (1824–1901), the British Indian Army general who invented it.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: General Sir Samuel James Browne was a 19th-century British Indian Army officer who had lost his left arm to a sword cut during the Sepoy Rebellion; this made it difficult for him to draw his sword, because the left hand was typically used to steady the scabbard while the right drew out the sword.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: Browne came up with the idea of wearing a second belt that went over his right shoulder to hold the scabbard steady. This would hook into a waist belt with D-rings for attaching accessories. It also securely carried a pistol in a flap-holster on his right hip and included a binocular case with a neck-strap. Other officers began wearing a similar rig and eventually, it became part of the standard uniform. During the Boer War, it was copied by other troops and eventually became standard issue.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: Infantry officers wore a variant that used two suspender-like straps instead of the cross-belt. It was supposedly invented in 1878 by Lieutenant Basil Templer Graham-Montgomery, of the 60th Rifles, while serving in India.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: Due to its former use as equipment for carrying a sword, it was traditionally only worn by those to whom a sword would historically have been issued, namely commissioned officers and warrant officers.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: The Sam Browne belt featured prominently in many uniforms used by the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, again in imitation of earlier European uniforms. It was popular with Adolf Hitler and other leading Nazi officials.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: The Irish Citizen Army, Irish Volunteers and Irish Republican Army (IRA) made extensive use of Sam Browne belts during the Irish revolutionary period (1916–23). This included women serving with the Irish Citizen Army, among them Constance Markievicz. The folk song "The Broad Black Brimmer" also mentions the Sam Browne belt. They were later used by the Garda Síochána and the National Army.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: In the 20th century it was a mainstay in the British Army officers' corps, being adopted service-wide in 1900 during the Second Boer War after limited use in India, and later becoming popular with military forces throughout the Commonwealth.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: After World War II the Sam Browne belt saw a decline in use in the Commonwealth. It was dropped from the standard officer's uniform in 1943 and replaced by the cloth 1937 pattern and 1944 Pattern webbing gear. However, officers and warrant officers class 1 of the British Army and Royal Marines still wear it in service (No.2) dress and in non-ceremonial versions of No.1 dress.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: It was phased out by the Canadian military beginning with the unification of the armed services in 1968.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: In Australia, all officers and warrant officers class 1 are entitled to wear the belt in ceremonial dress. Within the corps of the Australian Army there is some variation, with members of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps, Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps and Australian Army Aviation Corps wearing black Sam Browne belts.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: During World War I the Marine Corps adopted a brown leather Sam Browne Belt. It was later changed to black, the official color of Navy and Marine Corps leather gear. It is worn as part of the dress Blue A & B, Blue-white dress, and service A uniform by sword-bearing commissioned and warrant officers.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: The Sam Browne belt is largely obsolete (except in dress uniforms) in police and security use due to risk of strangulation by potential opponents. It has sometimes been referred to as a "Suicide Belt" by personnel. It had enjoyed some popularity with civilian police agencies worldwide and was probably most widely worn in this context during the 1940s and 1950s. This use has gradually faded out due to field safety concerns.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Sam Browne belt

Context: Since the 1970s, the use of Sam Browne Belts has increased in popularity within the Queer BDSM Leather subculture.

Question: サム・ブラウン・ベルトの名称の由来は何？


Victor Canning

Context: Victor Canning (16 June 1911 – 21 February 1986) was a prolific British writer of novels and thrillers who flourished in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He was personally reticent, writing no memoirs and giving relatively few newspaper interviews.

Question: ヴィクター・カニングの処女作は何？


Victor Canning

Context: He married Phyllis McEwen in 1935, a girl from a theatrical family whom he met while she was working with a touring vaudeville production at Weston-super-Mare. They had three daughters, Lindel born in 1939, Hilary born in 1940, and Virginia who was born in 1942, but died in infancy.

Question: ヴィクター・カニングの処女作は何？


Victor Canning

Context: Canning married Adria Irving-Bell in November 1976, and they moved to Gloucestershire and then Herefordshire, then back to Gloucestershire. He continued writing a book a year, and started to write radio plays, of which three were broadcast. He died in Cirencester, Gloucestershire. His last book, "Table Number Seven", was completed by his wife Adria and his sister Jean. Adria Canning continued to live in Cirencester, and died there in 1986.

Question: ヴィクター・カニングの処女作は何？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: The efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) is a hypothesis in financial economics that states that asset prices reflect all available information. A direct implication is that it is impossible to "beat the market" consistently on a risk-adjusted basis since market prices should only react to new information.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Because the EMH is formulated in terms of risk adjustment, it only makes testable predictions when coupled with a particular model of risk. As a result, research in financial economics since at least the 1990s has focused on market anomalies, that is, deviations from specific models of risk.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: The idea that financial market returns are difficult to predict goes back to Bachelier, Mandelbrot, and Samuelson, but is closely associated with Eugene Fama, in part due to his influential 1970 review of the theoretical and empirical research. The EMH provides the basic logic for modern risk-based theories of asset prices, and frameworks such as consumption-based asset pricing and intermediary asset pricing can be thought of as the combination of a model of risk with the EMH.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Suppose that a piece of information about the value of a stock (say, about a future merger) is widely available to investors. If the price of the stock does not already reflect that information, then investors can trade on it, thereby moving the price until the information is no longer useful for trading.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Note that this thought experiment does not necessarily imply that stock prices are unpredictable. For example, suppose that the piece of information in question says that a financial crisis is likely to come soon. Investors typically do not like to hold stocks during a financial crisis, and thus investors may sell stocks until the price drops enough so that the expected return compensates for this risk.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: How efficient markets are (and are not) linked to the random walk theory can be described through the fundamental theorem of asset pricing. This theorem provides mathematical predictions regarding the price of a stock, assuming that there is no arbitrage, that is, assuming that there is no risk-free way to trade profitably. Formally, if arbitrage is impossible, then the theorem predicts that the price of a stock is the discounted value of its future price and dividend:

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: where formula_2 is the expected value given information at time formula_3, formula_4 is the stochastic discount factor, and formula_5is the dividend the stock pays next period.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Note that this equation does not generally imply a random walk. However, if we assume the stochastic discount factor is constant and the time interval is short enough so that no dividend is being paid, we have

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: In Fama's influential 1970 review paper, he categorized empirical tests of efficiency into "weak-form", "semi-strong-form", and "strong-form" tests.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: These categories of tests refer to the information set used in the statement "prices reflect all available information." Weak-form tests study the information contained in historical prices. Semi-strong form tests study information (beyond historical prices) which is publicly available. Strong-form tests regard private information.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: The concept of market efficiency had been anticipated at the beginning of the century in the dissertation submitted by Bachelier (1900) to the Sorbonne for his PhD in mathematics. In his opening paragraph, Bachelier recognizes that "past, present and even discounted future events are reflected in market price, but often show no apparent relation to price changes".

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Empirical evidence has been mixed, but has generally not supported strong forms of the efficient-market hypothesis. According to Dreman and Berry, in a 1995 paper, low P/E (price-to-earnings) stocks have greater returns. In an earlier paper, Dreman also refuted the assertion by Ray Ball that these higher returns could be attributed to higher beta,; Dreman's research had been accepted by efficient market theorists as explaining the anomaly in neat accordance with modern portfolio theory.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: The performance of stock markets is correlated with the amount of sunshine in the city where the main exchange is located.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Economists Matthew Bishop and Michael Green claim that full acceptance of the hypothesis goes against the thinking of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes, who both believed irrational behavior had a real impact on the markets.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Economist John Quiggin has claimed that "Bitcoin is perhaps the finest example of a pure bubble", and that it provides a conclusive refutation of EMH. While other assets that have been used as currency (such as gold, tobacco) have value or utility independent of people's willingness to accept them as payment, Quiggin argues that "in the case of Bitcoin there is no source of value whatsoever" and thus Bitcoin should be priced at zero or worthless.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Tshilidzi Marwala surmised that artificial intelligence (AI) influences the applicability of the efficient market hypothesis in that the greater amount of AI-based market participants, the more efficient the markets become.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Burton Malkiel in his "A Random Walk Down Wall Street" (1973) argues that "the preponderance of statistical evidence" supports EMH, but admits there are enough "gremlins lurking about" in the data to prevent EMH from being conclusively proved.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？


Efficient-market hypothesis

Context: Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson argued that the stock market is "micro efficient" but not "macro efficient": the EMH is much better suited for individual stocks than it is for the aggregate stock market as a whole. Research based on regression and scatter diagrams, published in 2005, has strongly supported Samuelson's dictum.

Question: 効率的市場仮説とはなんですか？