Battle of Okinawa

Context: The Americans suffered over 75,000 – 82,000 casualties, including non-battle casualties (psychiatric, injuries, illnesses), of whom over 20,195 were dead (12,500 were killed in action, 7,700 died of wounds or non-combat deaths). Killed in action were 4,907 Navy, 4,675 Army, and 2,938 Marine Corps personnel. The several thousand personnel who died indirectly (from wounds and other causes) at a later date are not included in the total.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Aircraft losses over the three-month period were 768 US planes, including those bombing the Kyushu airfields launching "kamikaze"s. Combat losses were 458, and the other 310 were operational accidents. At sea, 368 Allied ships—including 120 amphibious craft—were damaged while another 36—including 15 amphibious ships and 12 destroyers—were sunk during the Okinawa campaign. The US Navy's dead exceeded its wounded, with 4,907 killed and 4,874 wounded, primarily from "kamikaze" attacks.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: American personnel casualties included thousands of cases of mental breakdown. According to the account of the battle presented in "Marine Corps Gazette":

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: The US military estimates that 110,071 Japanese soldiers were killed during the battle. This total includes conscripted Okinawan civilians.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: During the battle, American forces found it difficult to distinguish civilians from soldiers. It became common for them to shoot at Okinawan houses, as one infantryman wrote:

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: There was some return fire from a few of the houses, but the others were probably occupied by civilians – and we didn't care. It was a terrible thing not to distinguish between the enemy and women and children. Americans always had great compassion, especially for children. Now we fired indiscriminately.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Because the next major event following the Battle of Okinawa was "the total surrender of Japan," the "effect" of this battle is more difficult to consider. Due to the surrender, the next anticipated series of battles, an invasion of the Japanese homeland, never occurred and all military strategies on both sides which presupposed this apparently-inevitable next development were immediately rendered moot.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Some military historians believe that the Okinawa campaign led directly to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as a means of avoiding the planned ground invasion of the Japanese mainland. This view is explained by Victor Davis Hanson in his book "Ripples of Battle":

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Meanwhile, many parties continue to debate the broader question of "why Japan surrendered", attributing the surrender to a number of possible reasons including: the atomic bombings, the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, and Japan's depleted resources.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: In 1995, the Okinawa government erected a memorial monument named the Cornerstone of Peace in Mabuni, the site of the last fighting in southeastern Okinawa. The memorial lists all the known names of those who died in the battle, civilian and military, Japanese and foreign. As of June 2008, it contains 240,734 names including 382 Koreans.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Significant US forces remain garrisoned on Okinawa as the United States Forces Japan, which the Japanese government sees as an important guarantee of regional stability, and Kadena remains the largest US air base in Asia. Local residents have long protested against the size and presence of the base.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The structure of the MBS may be known as "pass-through", where the interest and principal payments from the borrower or homebuyer pass through it to the MBS holder, or it may be more complex, made up of a pool of other MBSs. Other types of MBS include collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs, often structured as real estate mortgage investment conduits) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: A mortgage bond is a bond backed by a pool of mortgages on a real estate asset such as a house. More generally, bonds which are secured by the pledge of specific assets are called mortgage bonds. Mortgage bonds can pay interest in either monthly, quarterly or semiannual periods. The prevalence of mortgage bonds is commonly credited to Mike Vranos.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The total face value of an MBS decreases over time, because like mortgages, and unlike bonds, and most other fixed-income securities, the principal in an MBS is not paid back as a single payment to the bond holder at maturity but rather is paid along with the interest in each periodic payment (monthly, quarterly, etc.). This decrease in face value is measured by the MBS's "factor", the percentage of the original "face" that remains to be repaid.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: In the United States, MBSs may be issued by structures set up by government-sponsored enterprises like Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or they can be "private-label", issued by structures set up by investment banks.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The process of securitization is complex and depends greatly on the jurisdiction within which the process is conducted. Among other things, securitization distributes risk and permits investors to choose different levels of investment and risk. The basics are:

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: While a residential mortgage-backed security (RMBS) is secured by single-family or two- to four-family real estate, a commercial mortgage-backed security (CMBS) is secured by commercial and multi-family properties, such as apartment buildings, retail or office properties, hotels, schools, industrial properties, and other commercial sites. A CMBS is usually structured as a different type of security than an RMBS.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: However, mortgage-backed securities may have "led inexorably to the rise of the subprime industry" and "created hidden, systemic risks". They also "undid the connection between borrowers and lenders". Historically, "less than 2% of people lost their homes to foreclosure", but with securitization, "once a lender sold a mortgage, it no longer had a stake in whether the borrower could make his or her payments."

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Among the early examples of mortgage-backed securities in the United States were the slave mortgage bonds of the early 18th century and the farm railroad mortgage bonds of the mid-19th century which may have contributed to the panic of 1857. There was also an extensive commercial MBS market in the 1920s.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: As part of the New Deal following the Great Depression, the US federal government created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) with the National Housing Act of 1934 to assist in the construction, acquisition, and rehabilitation of residential properties. The FHA helped develop and standardize the fixed-rate mortgage as an alternative to the balloon payment mortgage by insuring them, and helped the mortgage design garner usage.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The Tax Reform Act of 1986 allowed the creation of the tax-exempt real estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC) special purpose vehicle for the express purpose of issuing pass-throughs. The Tax Reform Act may have contributed to the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s that resulted in the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989, which dramatically changed the savings and loan industry and its federal regulation, encouraging loan origination.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Low-quality mortgage-backed securities backed by subprime mortgages in the United States caused a crisis that played a major role in the 2007–08 global financial crisis. By 2012 the market for high-quality mortgage-backed securities had recovered and was a profit center for US banks.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Most bonds backed by mortgages are classified as an MBS. This can be confusing, because a security derived from an MBS is also called an MBS. To distinguish the basic MBS bond from other mortgage-backed instruments, the qualifier "pass-through" is used, in the same way that "vanilla" designates an option with no special features.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: These types are not limited to Mortgage Backed Securities. Bonds backed by mortgages but that are not MBSs can also have these subtypes.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The secondary mortgage market is the market where a network of lenders sell, and investors buy, existing mortgages or MBS. A large percentage of newly originated mortgages are sold by their originators into this large and liquid market where they are packaged into MBS and sold to public and private investors, including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds and hedge funds.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: TBAs are critical in determining the ultimate interest rates that mortgage borrowers pay, since mortgage originators can "lock in" rates and use TBAs to hedge their exposure. TBAs are also used to hedge many non-TBA eligible mortgage products, such as hybrid ARMs and non-agency mortgages.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: There are many reasons for mortgage originators to finance their activities by issuing mortgage-backed securities. Mortgage-backed securities:

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The high liquidity of most mortgage-backed securities means that an investor wishing to take a position need not deal with the difficulties of theoretical pricing described below; the price of any bond is essentially quoted at fair value, with a very narrow bid/offer spread.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Reasons (other than investment or speculation) for entering the market include the desire to hedge against a drop in prepayment rates (a critical business risk for any company specializing in refinancing).

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: As of the second quarter of 2011, there was about $13.7 trillion in total outstanding US mortgage debt. There were about $8.5 trillion in total US mortgage-related securities. About $7 trillion of that was securitized or guaranteed by government-sponsored enterprises or government agencies, the remaining $1.5 trillion being pooled by private mortgage conduits.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: To illustrate these concepts, consider a mortgage pool with just three mortgage loans that have the following outstanding mortgage balances, mortgage rates, and months remaining to maturity:

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The "weighted-average maturity" (WAM) of a pass-through MBS is the average of the maturities of the mortgages in the pool, weighted by their balances at the issue of the MBS. Note that this is an average across mortgages, as distinct from concepts such as weighted-average life and duration, which are averages across payments of a single loan.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The weightings are computed by dividing each outstanding loan amount by total amount outstanding in the mortgage pool (i.e., $900,000). These amounts are the outstanding amounts at the issuance or initiation of the MBS. The WAM for the above example is computed as follows:

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The "weighted-average coupon" (WAC) of a pass-through MBS is the average of the coupons of the mortgages in the pool, weighted by their original balances at the issuance of the MBS. For the above example this is:

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Pricing a "vanilla" corporate bond is based on two sources of uncertainty: default risk (credit risk) and interest rate (IR) exposure. The MBS adds a third risk: early redemption (prepayment). The number of homeowners in residential MBS securitizations who prepay increases when interest rates decrease. One reason for this phenomenon is that homeowners can refinance at a lower fixed interest rate. Commercial MBS often mitigate this risk using call protection.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Professional investors generally use arbitrage-pricing models to value MBS. These models deploy interest rate scenarios consistent with the current yield curve as drivers of the econometric prepayment models that models homeowner behavior as a function of projected mortgage rates. Given the market price, the model produces an option-adjusted spread, a valuation metric that takes into account the risks inherent in these complex securities.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: There are other drivers of the prepayment function (or prepayment risk), independent of the interest rate, such as:

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The credit risk of mortgage-backed securities depends on the likelihood of the borrower paying the promised cash flows (principal and interest) on time. The credit rating of MBS is fairly high because:

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: If the MBS was not underwritten by the original real estate and the issuer's guarantee, the rating of the bonds would be much lower. Part of the reason is the expected adverse selection against borrowers with improving credit (from MBSs pooled by initial credit quality) who would have an incentive to refinance (ultimately joining an MBS pool with a higher credit rating).

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Complex structured products tend to trade less frequently and involve more negotiation. Prices for these more complicated MBSs, as well as for CMOs and CDOs, tend to be more subjective, often available only from dealers.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The price of an MBS pool is influenced by prepayment speed, usually measured in units of CPR or PSA. When a mortgage refinances or the borrower prepays during the month, the prepayment measurement increases.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: If an investor has acquired a pool at a premium (>100), as is common for higher coupons, then they "are" at risk for prepayment. If the purchase price was 105, the investor loses 5 cents for every dollar prepaid, which may significantly decrease the yield. This is likely to happen as holders of higher-coupon mortgages can have a larger incentive to refinance.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Conversely, it may be advantageous to the bondholder for the borrower to prepay if the low-coupon MBS pool was bought at a discount (<100). This is due to the fact that when the borrower pays back the mortgage, he does so at "par". If an investor purchases a bond at 95 cents on the dollar, as the borrower prepays the investor gets the full dollar back, increasing their yield. However, this is less likely to occur, as borrowers with low-coupon mortgages have lower, or no, incentives to refinance.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: The price of an MBS pool is also influenced by the loan balance. Common specifications for MBS pools are loan amount ranges that each mortgage in the pool must pass. Typically, high-premium (high-coupon) MBSs backed by mortgages with an original loan balance no larger than $85,000 command the largest pay-ups. Even though the borrower is paying an above market yield, he or she is dissuaded from refinancing a small loan balance due to the high fixed cost involved.

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Mortgage-backed security

Context: Low Loan Balance: < $85,000Mid Loan Balance: $85,000–$110,000High Loan Balance: $110,000–$150,000Super High Loan Balance: $150,000–$175,000TBA: > $175,000

Question: Когда выдали первую ипотеку в России?


Deadpool 2

Context: In a mid-credits sequence, Negasonic Teenage Warhead and her girlfriend Yukio repair Cable's time-traveling device for Deadpool. He uses it to save the lives of Vanessa and X-Force member Peter, and kills both the "" version of Deadpool and Ryan Reynolds after he finishes reading the screenplay for "Green Lantern", then contemplates killing baby Adolf Hitler.

Question: Какое ограничение по возрасту у фильма «Дэдпул 2»?


Deadpool 2

Context: Scroggins Aviation Mockup & Effects was hired to supply a CH-47 Chinook (s/n 90-00204) in the film. Scroggins made modification to the CH-47 and worked with SFX to rig it to a motion base (Gimbal), It would be the first time a real Chinook was placed on a motion base in a motion picture.

Question: Какое ограничение по возрасту у фильма «Дэдпул 2»?


Deadpool 2

Context: "Deadpool 2" premiered at Leicester Square in London on May 10, 2018. It was released in the United States on May 18, 2018, having been previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year.

Question: Какое ограничение по возрасту у фильма «Дэдпул 2»?


Deadpool 2

Context: "Deadpool 2" grossed $324.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $460.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $785 million, against a production budget of $110 million. "Deadline Hollywood" calculated the net profit of the film to be $235.4 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the seventh most profitable release of 2018.

Question: Какое ограничение по возрасту у фильма «Дэдпул 2»?


Deadpool 2

Context: After the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company in 2019, all "X-Men" films in development were cancelled, including "X-Force" and Fox's "Deadpool 3", with Marvel Studios taking control of the franchise.

Question: Какое ограничение по возрасту у фильма «Дэдпул 2»?


Deadpool 2

Context: Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) under Disney, and the character's films could remain R-rated "as long as we let the audiences know what's coming". The "Once Upon a Deadpool" version of the film was being watched carefully by Disney and Marvel Studios to see whether it might inform how they could approach the character and integrate him into the PG-13 MCU.

Question: Какое ограничение по возрасту у фильма «Дэдпул 2»?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: As World War II broke out, Semyon Vysotsky, a military reserve officer, joined the Soviet army and went to fight the Nazis. Nina and Vladimir were evacuated to the village of Vorontsovka, in Orenburg Oblast where the boy had to spend six days a week in a kindergarten and his mother worked for twelve hours a day in a chemical factory. In 1943, both returned to their Moscow apartment at 1st Meschanskaya St., 126. In September 1945, Vladimir joined the 1st class of the 273rd Moscow Rostokino region School.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: 1972 he stepped up in Soviet Estonian TV where he present his songs and giving interview. The name of the show was "Young Man from Taganka" (Noormees Tagankalt).

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: Still, of nearly 800 poems by Vysotsky only one has been published in the Soviet Union while he was alive. Not a single performance or interview was broadcast by the Soviet television in his lifetime.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: Vysotsky's first wife was Iza Zhukova. They met in 1956, being both MAT theater institute students, lived for some time at Vysotsky's mother's flat in Moscow, after her graduation (Iza was 2 years older) spent months in different cities (her – in Kiev, then Rostov) and finally married on 25 April 1960.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: He met his second wife Lyudmila Abramova in 1961, while shooting the film "713 Requests Permission to Land". They married in 1965 and had two sons, Arkady (born 1962) and Nikita (born 1964).

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: In 1982 the motion picture "The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe" was produced in the Soviet Union and in 1983 the movie was released to the public. Four songs by Vysotsky were featured in the film.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: In 1989 the official Vladimir Vysotsky Museum opened in Moscow, with the magazine of its own called "Vagant" (edited by Sergey Zaitsev) devoted entirely to Vysotsky's legacy. In 1996 it became an independent publication and was closed in 2002.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: In the years to come, Vysotsky's grave became a site of pilgrimage for several generations of his fans, the youngest of whom were born after his death. His tombstone also became the subject of controversy, as his widow had wished for a simple abstract slab, while his parents insisted on a realistic gilded statue. Although probably too solemn to have inspired Vysotsky himself, the statue is believed by some to be full of metaphors and symbols reminiscent of the singer's life.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: The Vysotsky business center & semi-skyscraper was officially opened in Yekaterinburg, in 2011. It is the tallest building in Russia outside of Moscow, has 54 floors, total height: . On the third floor of the business center is the Vladimir Vysotsky Museum. Behind the building is a bronze sculpture of Vladimir Vysotsky and his third wife, a French actress Marina Vlady.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: In 2011 a controversial movie "Vysotsky. Thank You For Being Alive" was released, script written by his son, Nikita Vysotsky. The actor Sergey Bezrukov portrayed Vysotsky, using a combination of a mask and CGI effects. The film tells about Vysotsky's illegal underground performances, problems with KGB and drugs, and subsequent clinical death in 1979.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: Shortly after Vysotsky's death, many Russian bards started writing songs and poems about his life and death. The best known are Yuri Vizbor's "Letter to Vysotsky" (1982) and Bulat Okudzhava's "About Volodya Vysotsky" (1980). In Poland, Jacek Kaczmarski based some of his songs on those of Vysotsky, such as his first song (1977) was based on "The Wolfhunt", and dedicated to his memory the song "Epitafium dla Włodzimierza Wysockiego" ("Epitaph for Vladimir Vysotsky").

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: Every year on Vysotsky's birthday festivals are held throughout Russia and in many communities throughout the world, especially in Europe. Vysotsky's impact in Russia is often compared to that of Wolf Biermann in Germany, Bob Dylan in America, or Georges Brassens and Jacques Brel in France.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: The Sata Kieli Cultural Association, [Finland], organizes the annual International Vladimir Vysotsky Festival (Vysotski Fest), where Vysotsky's singers from different countries perform in Helsinki and other Finnish cities. They sing Vysotsky in different languages and in different arrangements.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: Two brothers and singers from Finland, Mika and Turkka Mali, over the course of their more than 30 year musical career, have translated into Finnish, recorded and on numerous occasions publicly performed songs of Vladimir Vysotsky.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: The multifaceted talent of Vladimir Vysotsky is often described by the term "bard" ("бард") that Vysotsky has never been enthusiastic about. He thought of himself mainly as an actor and poet rather than a singer, and once remarked, "I do not belong to what people call bards or minstrels or whatever." With the advent of portable tape-recorders in the Soviet Union, Vysotsky's music became available to the masses in the form of home-made reel-to-reel audio tape recordings (later on cassette tapes).

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: His earliest songs were usually written in C minor (with the guitar tuned a tone down from DGBDGBD to CFACFAC), using the following chord shapes:

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: Songs written in this key include "Stars" (Zvyozdy), "My friend left for Magadan" (Moy drug uyekhal v Magadan), and most of his "outlaw songs".

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: At around 1970, Vysotsky began writing and playing exclusively in A minor (guitar tuned to CFACFAC), which he continued doing until his death. The main chord shapes he based his songs on were:

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: Vysotsky used his fingers instead of a pick to pluck and strum, as was the tradition with Russian guitar playing. He used a variety of finger picking and strumming techniques. One of his favorite was to play an alternating bass with his thumb as he plucked or strummed with his other fingers.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Vladimir Vysotsky

Context: Vysotsky had a unique singing style. He had an unusual habit of elongating consonants instead of vowels in his songs. So when a syllable is sung for a prolonged period of time, he would elongate the consonant instead of the vowel in that syllable.

Question: В каком фильме снялся Высоцкий?


Ecchi

Context: is an often used slang term in the Japanese language for playfully sexual actions. As an adjective, it is used with the meaning of "sexy", "dirty" or "naughty"; as a verb, means “to have sex” or, as a noun, to describe someone of lascivious behavior. It is perhaps softer than the Japanese word "ero" (エロ from Eros), and does not imply perversion in the way "hentai" does.

Question: Когда возник жанр Этти в Аниме?


Ecchi

Context: The correct transcription of the word in Hepburn notation is "etchi". However, it is typically written as "ecchi" in the Western world.

Question: Когда возник жанр Этти в Аниме?


Ecchi

Context: Works aimed at a female audience can contain scenes which are seen as ecchi. Examples are "R-18 Love Report!" from Emiko Sugi and "Oruchuban Ebichu" from Risa Itō, which are aimed at the shōjo and josei audience, but contain rather explicit content.

Question: Когда возник жанр Этти в Аниме?


Ecchi

Context: The concept of ecchi is very closely related to fan service. While fan service describes every aspect to please the fans, ecchi relates to sexual themes. A special kind of fan service, that is usually bound or justified by the narrative.

Question: Когда возник жанр Этти в Аниме?


Ecchi

Context: Although revealing or sexualized clothing, nudity or groping may occur in ecchi works, there usually is no explicit sexual intercourse in the works; in the west, such works are classified as hentai. However, in an ecchi work, it may appear as if a couple are having sex. For instance, the two may be seen in silhouette from outside a tent, appearing to be having sex, although they are doing something nonsexual.

Question: Когда возник жанр Этти в Аниме?


Dog

Context: In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral "Canis familiaris" and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: The carnivoran ancestors of the dog-like caniforms and the cat-like feliforms began their separate evolutionary paths just after the end of the dinosaurs. The first members of the dog family Canidae appeared 40 million years ago, of which only its subfamily the Caninae survives today in the form of the wolf-like and fox-like canines. Within the Caninae, the first members of genus "Canis" appeared six million years ago, the ancestors of modern domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and golden jackals.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types. The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis. Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types. The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study has suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year. Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs and prostate cancer in males and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half and full siblings). Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats. One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focussed on the "what" of a task rather than the "where".

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting. Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed. Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included:

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification", shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior. The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities. Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the "Nureongi", differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: In the U.S., cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: "Toxocara canis" (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of "Toxocara" infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Dog

Context: Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love. In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine, and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection. In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.

Question: Какого размера самая большая собака по данным на 2019 год?


Two and a Half Men (season 1)

Context: The series is set in a large oceanfront home in Malibu, California, although most of the series is filmed in Burbank, California at the Warner Brothers Burbank Studio

Question: Где снимали «Два с половиной человека»?


Two and a Half Men (season 1)

Context: Originally, actress Blythe Danner was cast to portray Evelyn Harper, but when she started to suggest changes to scenes, she was dismissed by the producers; one of the bosses commented: "Blythe is a wonderful actress who was put in a part that was not a good fit for her."

Question: Где снимали «Два с половиной человека»?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: ODJB billed itself as the Creators of Jazz. It was the first band to record jazz commercially and to have hit recordings in the genre. Band leader and cornetist Nick LaRocca argued that ODJB deserved recognition as the first band to record jazz commercially and the first band to establish jazz as a musical idiom or genre.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: In early 1916, a promoter from Chicago approached clarinetist Alcide Nunez and drummer Johnny Stein about bringing a New Orleans-style band to Chicago, where the similar Brown's Band From Dixieland, led by trombonist Tom Brown, was enjoying success. They then assembled trombonist Eddie Edwards, pianist Henry Ragas, and cornetist Frank Christian. Shortly before they were to leave, Christian backed out, and Nick LaRocca was hired as a last-minute replacement.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: While a couple of other New Orleans bands had passed through New York City slightly earlier, they were part of vaudeville acts. ODJB, on the other hand, played for dancing and hence, were the first "jass" band to get a following of fans in New York and then record at a time when the American recording industry was essentially centered in the northeastern United States, primarily in New York City and Camden, New Jersey.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: Shortly after arriving in New York, a letter dated January 29, 1917, offered the band an audition for the Columbia Graphophone Company. The session took place on Wednesday, January 31, 1917. Nothing from this test session was issued.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: In the wake of the group's success of the Victor record, the ODJB returned to Columbia in May, recording two selections of popular tunes of the day chosen for them by the label (possibly hoping to avoid the copyright problems which arose after Victor recorded two of the band's supposedly original compositions) "Darktown Strutters' Ball" and "(Back Home Again in) Indiana" as catalogue #A-2297.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: Numerous jazz bands were formed in the wake of the success of ODJB that copied and replicated its style and sound. Also bands were brought from Chicago and California (such as the Frisco Jass Band) in an attempts to join the jazz craze. Established bands of different types and bandleaders such as Wilbur Sweatman began billing their groups as "jass" or "jazz" bands. Earl Fuller, bandleader at a competing New York venue, was ordered by management to form a "jass" band.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: In 1918, the song "When You Hear That Dixieland Jazz Band Play" by Shelton Brooks, "the King of Ragtime Writers", was published by Will Rossiter in Chicago. It was a tribute to the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, who were featured on the cover.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: When the New Orleans Jazz style swept New York by storm in 1917 with the arrival of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, Jimmy Durante was part of the audience at Reisenweber's Cafe on Columbus Circle when ODJB played that venue. Durante was very impressed with the band and invited them to play at a club called the Alamo in Harlem where Jimmy played piano.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: "Margie", composed by J. Russel Robinson with Con Conrad, with lyrics added by Benny Davis, has been covered over a hundred times. "Margie" has been recorded by Louis Armstrong, who also covered the band's "Tiger Rag", Ray Charles, Al Jolson, Duke Ellington and His Orchestra in 1935, the Billy Kyle Swing Club Band, Claude Hopkins, Red Nichols, Django Reinhardt, George Paxton, the Dutch Swing College Band, Fats Domino, Sidney Bechet, Don Redman, Cab Calloway, Jim Reeves, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: The band broke up in the late 1920s and its originators scattered. During the Depression, trombonist Eddie Edwards was discovered operating a newsstand in New York City. Newspaper publicity resulted in Edwards fronting a local nightclub band.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: In 1936, the musicians played a reunion performance on network radio. Victor invited them back into the recording studio, and over the next two years the band recorded 25 sides for Victor as "The Original Dixieland Five." The group toured briefly before disbanding again. Clarinetist Larry Shields received particularly positive attention on this tour, and Benny Goodman has commented that Shields was an important early influence.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: In the 1940s and 1950s, Edwards and Sbarbaro both formed bands without other original members under the ODJB name; Teddy Roy was one of the players in Edwards's version of the band. In 1944, a new version of "Tiger Rag" was released as V-Disc 214 by the reformed band. "Sensation Rag" also was released as V-Disc 214B2. V-Discs were non-commercial recordings issued only to the U.S. armed forces.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: Back in New Orleans, LaRocca licensed bandleader Phil Zito to use the ODJB name for many years. Nick LaRocca's son, Jimmy LaRocca, continues to lead bands under the name The Original Dixieland Jazz Band.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: In 1960 the book, "The Story of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band", was published. Writer H. O. Brunn based it on Nick LaRocca's recollections, which sometimes differ from that of other sources.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: ODJB was the first band to record jazz successfully, establishing and creating jazz as a new musical idiom and genre of music. Bix Beiderbecke was influenced by the ODJB to become a jazz musician and was heavily influenced by Nick LaRocca's cornet and trumpet style. Louis Armstrong acknowledged the importance of ODJB:

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: Nick LaRocca and the reunited Original Dixieland Jass Band performed "Tiger Rag" in "The March of Time" newsreel segment titled "Birth of Swing," released to U.S. theaters February 19, 1937.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: The band's 1917 composition "Tiger Rag" became one of the most popular and ubiquitous of jazz standards. There were 136 cover versions of ODJB's copyright jazz standard and classic "Tiger Rag" by 1942. It has been standard ever since.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: The Original Dixieland Jazz Band recording of "Tiger Rag" was no. 1 for two weeks on the U.S. Hit Parade charts beginning on December 11, 1918. The Mills Brothers recorded "Tiger Rag" in 1931 with lyrics and spent four weeks at no. 1 on the charts in 1931–1932 with their version of the ODJB song.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: The Eddie Edwards composition "Sensation Rag" (aka "Sensation") was performed at the 1938 landmark Benny Goodman jazz concert at Carnegie Hall released on the album "The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert".

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: Compared to later jazz, the ODJB recordings have only modest improvisation in mostly ensemble tunes. Clarinetist Larry Shields is perhaps the most interesting player, showing a good fluid tone, and if his melodic variations and breaks now seem overly familiar, this is because they were imitated widely by musicians who followed in the band's footsteps.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: Their concept of arrangement was somewhat limited, and their recordings can seem rather repetitive. The lack of a bass player is scarcely compensated for by the piano on their earlier, acoustically recorded sessions. Nonetheless, ODJB arrangements were wild, impolite, and definitely had a jazz feel, and that style still is referred to as the style of music known as Dixieland.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: ODJB's songs were recorded by other musicians, such as Fletcher Henderson and His Orchestra, one of the most popular and influential jazz bands of the 1920s.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: Bix Beiderbecke recorded nine compositions associated with the ODJB from 1924 to 1930: "Fidgety Feet", his first recording in 1924, "Tiger Rag", "Sensation", "Lazy Daddy", "Ostrich Walk", "Clarinet Marmalade", "Singin' the Blues" with Frankie Trumbauer and Eddie Lang, "Margie", and "At the Jazz Band Ball".

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: The band's seminal 78-rpm recordings include the following (on Victor, Columbia, and Aeolian Vocalion):

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: In 1977, the ODJB classic "Singin' the Blues", co-written by ODJB pianist J. Russel Robinson, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in a landmark 1927 recording by Frankie Trumbauer and His Orchestra featuring Bix Beiderbecke on cornet and Eddie Lang on guitar, as Okeh 40772-B, recorded on February 4, 1927.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: On April 3, 1992, the City Council of New Orleans issued a proclamation honoring the members of the band. In 2003, the 1918 ODJB recording of "Tiger Rag" was placed on the U.S. Library of Congress National Recording Registry. In 2006, the Original Dixieland Jazz Band's recording of "Darktown Strutters' Ball", released in 1917 as Columbia single A2297, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Original Dixieland Jass Band

Context: The Original Dixieland Jazz Band was posthumously inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."

Question: Как назывался первый альбом в стиле джаз?


Torah

Context: Traditionally, the words of the Torah are written on a scroll by a scribe (sofer) in Hebrew. A Torah portion is read publicly at least once every three days in the presence of a congregation. Reading the Torah publicly is one of the bases of Jewish communal life.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: The term "Torah" is used in the general sense to include both Rabbinic Judaism's written law and Oral Law, serving to encompass the entire spectrum of authoritative Jewish religious teachings throughout history, including the Mishnah, the Talmud, the Midrash and more, and the inaccurate rendering of "Torah" as "Law" may be an obstacle to understanding the ideal that is summed up in the term "talmud torah" (תלמוד תורה, "study of Torah").

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Christian scholars usually refer to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible as the 'Pentateuch' (, ; , , 'five scrolls'), a term first used in the Hellenistic Judaism of Alexandria.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: In Hebrew, the five books of the Torah are identified by the incipits in each book; and the common English names for the books are derived from the Greek Septuagint and reflect the essential theme of each book:

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: The Book of Numbers is the fourth book of the Torah. The book has a long and complex history, but its final form is probably due to a Priestly redaction (i.e., editing) of a Yahwistic source made some time in the early Persian period (5th century BCE). The name of the book comes from the two censuses taken of the Israelites.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: One of its most significant verses is Deuteronomy 6:4, the Shema Yisrael, which has become the definitive statement of Jewish identity: "Hear, O Israel: the our God, the is one." Verses 6:4–5 were also quoted by Jesus in Mark 12:28–34 as part of the Great Commandment.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: The Talmud holds that the Torah was written by Moses, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy, describing his death and burial, being written by Joshua. Alternatively, Rashi quotes from the Talmud that, "God spoke them, and Moses wrote them with tears". The Mishnah includes the divine origin of the Torah as an essential tenet of Judaism. According to Jewish tradition, the Torah was recompiled by Ezra during Second Temple period.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: A minority of scholars would place the final formation of the Pentateuch somewhat later, in the Hellenistic (333–164 BCE) or even Hasmonean (140–37 BCE) periods. Russell Gmirkin, for instance, argues for a Hellenistic dating on the basis that the Elephantine papyri, the records of a Jewish colony in Egypt dating from the last quarter of the 5th century BCE, make no reference to a written Torah, the Exodus, or to any other biblical event, though it does mention the festival of Passover.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Rabbinic writings state that the Oral Torah was given to Moses at Mount Sinai, which, according to the tradition of Orthodox Judaism, occurred in 1312 BCE. The Orthodox rabbinic tradition holds that the Written Torah was recorded during the following forty years, though many non-Orthodox Jewish scholars affirm the modern scholarly consensus that the Written Torah has multiple authors and was written over centuries.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: The Talmud presents two opinions as to how exactly the Torah was written down by Moses. One opinion holds that it was written by Moses gradually as it was dictated to him, and finished it close to his death, and the other opinion holds that Moses wrote the complete Torah in one writing close to his death, based on what was dictated to him over the years.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: All classical rabbinic views hold that the Torah was entirely Mosaic and of divine origin. Present-day Reform and Liberal Jewish movements all reject Mosaic authorship, as do most shades of Conservative Judaism.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: According to "Legends of the Jews", God gave Torah to the children of Israel after he approached every tribe and nation in the world, and offered them the Torah, but the latter refused it so they might have no excuse to be ignorant about it. In this book, Torah is defined as one of the first things created, as a remedy against the evil inclination, and as the counselor who advised God to create human in the creation of the world in order to make him the honored One.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Torah reading () is a Jewish religious ritual that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll. The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the Torah scroll (or scrolls) from the ark, chanting the appropriate excerpt with traditional cantillation, and returning the scroll(s) to the ark. It is distinct from academic Torah study.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Jews observe an annual holiday, Simchat Torah, to celebrate the completion and new start of the year's cycle of readings.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Torah scrolls are often dressed with a sash, a special Torah cover, various ornaments, and a Keter (crown), although such customs vary among synagogues. Congregants traditionally stand in respect when the Torah is brought out of the ark to be read, while it is being carried, and lifted, and likewise while it is returned to the ark, although they may sit during the reading itself.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: The Torah contains narratives, statements of law, and statements of ethics. Collectively these laws, usually called biblical law or commandments, are sometimes referred to as the Law of Moses ("Torat Moshɛ" ), Mosaic Law, or Sinaitic Law.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: According to classical rabbinic texts this parallel set of material was originally transmitted to Moses at Sinai, and then from Moses to Israel. At that time it was forbidden to write and publish the oral law, as any writing would be incomplete and subject to misinterpretation and abuse.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: The completion of the Sefer Torah is a cause for great celebration, and it is a mitzvah for every Jew to either write or have written for him a Sefer Torah. Torah scrolls are stored in the holiest part of the synagogue in the Ark known as the "Holy Ark" ( "aron hakodesh" in Hebrew.) "Aron" in Hebrew means "cupboard" or "closet", and "kodesh" is derived from "kadosh", or "holy".

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: However, there is no suggestion that these translations had been written down as early as this. There are suggestions that the Targum was written down at an early date, although for private use only. The official recognition of a written Targum and the final redaction of its text, however, belong to the post-Talmudic period, thus not earlier than the fifth century C.E.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: One of the earliest known translations of the first five books of Moses from the Hebrew into Greek was the Septuagint. This is a Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible that was used by Greek speakers. This Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures dates from the 3rd century BCE, originally associated with Hellenistic Judaism. It contains both a translation of the Hebrew and additional and variant material.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Later translations into Greek include seven or more other versions. These do not survive, except as fragments, and include those by Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Early translations into Latin—the Vetus Latina—were ad hoc conversions of parts of the Septuagint. With Saint Jerome in the 4th century CE came the Vulgate Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: From the eighth century CE, the cultural language of Jews living under Islamic rule became Arabic rather than Aramaic. "Around that time, both scholars and lay people started producing translations of the Bible into Judeo-Arabic using the Hebrew alphabet." Later, by the 10th century, it became essential for a standard version of the Bible in Judeo-Arabic. The best known was produced by Saadiah (the Saadia Gaon, aka the Rasag), and continues to be in use today, "in particular among Yemenite Jewry".

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Rav Sa'adia produced an Arabic translation of the Torah known as "Targum Tafsir" and offered comments on Rasag's work. There is a debate in scholarship whether Rasag wrote the first Arabic translation of the Torah.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: The Torah has been translated by Jewish scholars into most of the major European languages, including English, German, Russian, French, Spanish and others. The most well-known German-language translation was produced by Samson Raphael Hirsch. A number of Jewish English Bible translations have been published, for example by Artscroll publications.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: As a part of the Christian biblical canons, the Torah has been translated into hundreds of languages.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Torah

Context: Although different Christian denominations have slightly different versions of the Old Testament in their Bibles, the Torah as the "Five Books of Moses" (or "the Mosaic Law") is common among them all.

Question: Когда была написана Тора?


Emergency telephone number

Context: In many countries, dialing either 1-1-2 (used in Europe and parts of Asia) or 9-1-1 (used in the Americas) will connect callers to emergency services. For individual countries, see the list of emergency telephone numbers.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: An emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a telephone operator or an emergency service dispatcher. The nature of the emergency (police, fire, medical, Coast guard) is then determined. If the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of multiple services being needed on a call, the most urgent need must be determined, with other services being called in as needed.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to provide help in an appropriate manner; they can be assisted by computer aided call handling systems (CACH). The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations. Some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform first aid or CPR.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: When an emergency happened in the pre-dial (or "manual") telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer "number, please?" The user responded with "get me the police," "I'm calling to report a fire," or "I need an ambulance/doctor." Even in large cities, it was seldom necessary to ask for these services by number.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: In small towns, operators frequently provided additional services, knowing where to reach doctors, veterinarians, law enforcement personnel and firefighters at all times. Frequently, the operator was also responsible for activating the town's fire alarm.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: When manual switching systems began to be replaced by automatic, or "dial" systems, there was frequently concern among users that the very personalized emergency service provided by manual operators would be lost.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: This problem was at least partially solved in Canada, the UK, and the US by dialling "0" for the local assistance operator in case of emergency, although faster service could be obtained if the user dialled the full number for the Police or Fire Department. This system remained essentially unchanged throughout most of North America until the 1970s.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: When 999 was dialled, a buzzer sounded and a red light flashed in the exchange to attract an operator's attention.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: Southern California Telephone Co. began using 116 as an emergency line for Los Angeles, California in 1946.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: The implementation of 911 service in the USA was a gradual and haphazard process. Because telephone service boundaries did not always exactly match governmental and other jurisdictional boundaries, a user might dial 911, only to discover that he had been connected to the wrong dispatch center because he had telephone service from one location but lived within the boundaries of another jurisdiction.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: Electromechanical switching equipment still in use made it difficult to adapt to recognize 911, especially in small towns and rural areas where the call might have to be switched over a considerable distance. For this reason, there are still county sheriff departments that have toll-free "800" area code numbers.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: The rapid replacement of electromechanical switching systems in the 1980s with electronic or digital systems eliminated the problem of older switches that would not recognize 911. At this point, 911 service is available in most of North America, but there are still small, sparsely-populated, or remote areas (such as Nunavut and the Northwest Territories in Canada's Arctic) that do not have it.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: Gradually, various problems were overcome; "smart" or "enhanced 911" systems were developed that not only would display the caller's number and address at the dispatch center but also could be configured so that 911 calls were automatically routed to the correct dispatch center, regardless of what central office the caller was served from. In the United States, most cities have E911 systems either in use, or in their emergency systems design plans.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: In France, many telephone exchanges were closed at night but it was still possible to make emergency calls. An operator had to connect the emergency calls only. In 1913, an automatic system was set up. It made provision for calling the police by dialing 17 and the fire brigade by dialling 18. As more manual telephone exchanges were converted to dial operation, more and more subscribers had access to these special numbers. The service was not widespread until the 1970s.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: In January 2008, the Internet Engineering Task Force released a set of RFC documents pertaining to emergency calls in IP networks.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: The International Telecommunication Union has officially set two standard emergency phone numbers for countries to use in the future. AP reports that member states have agreed that either 911 or 112 should be designated as emergency phone numbers – 911 is currently used in North America, while 112 is standard across the EU and in many other countries worldwide.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: In the United States, the FCC requires networks to route every mobile-phone and payphone 911 call to an emergency service call center, including phones that have never had service, or whose service has lapsed. As a result, there are programs that provide donated used mobile phones to victims of domestic violence and others especially likely to need emergency services.

Question: Что такое 911?


Emergency telephone number

Context: Over the next six years, emergency responders will be able to better locate callers who dial 911 on their cellphones from indoors as the U.S. wireless industry improves caller-location for the majority of such calls. The "heightened location accuracy," available to supporting networks and handsets, will find callers through nearby devices connected to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth that will be logged with a specific location in a special emergency-services database.

Question: Что такое 911?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: Many of the characters in "Hellsing" were based on concepts from Hirano's prior works as a freelance manga artist. The characters of "Hellsing" have been praised by reviewers and have maintained an enduring presence in cosplay at anime conventions.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: In the manga, these inscriptions change sometimes, in Anderson's later appearances his gloves read "Iscariot Section XIII", the organization to which Anderson belongs. The character Father Barre portrayed by Michael Gothard, an exorcist and wild instigator depicted in Ken Russell's "The Devils" (1971) (a dramatization of Urbain Grandier), has been cited as a possible inspiration for Father Anderson.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: In the "Crossfire" manga, she was show to have a split personality known as . In contrast to Yumie, the Yumiko persona is shy and timid. Yumiko comments on how hard it is for her to "get Yumie to sleep" after she has been provoked into action. The two personalities switch by dueling for control inside their mind. Yumiko takes off her glasses to trigger the change, which can also occur after a strong blow to the head.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: Renaldo is an old Iscariot member informing Anderson of a vampire attack. He appears later with Maxwell accompinying him in various instances. He also appears in a flashback talking to Maxwell where he will be raised by Anderson.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: Makube is the leader of Iscariot for 30 years after the destruction of London and Maxwell's death. He comes off as more level-headed than Maxwell. He is also more patient than his predecessor and seems to have more of a friendly rivalry with Integra.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: The is the main antagonist and the leader of Millennium. He is a short, calculating and utterly ruthless Nazi officer whose unremarkable appearance and polite demeanor mask a psychopathic mind that delights in all forms of cruelty and carnage. He commands with a good-natured attitude, which can change in a moment to cruelty or grandiose elation. Through the intelligence Enrico Maxwell obtains from a corrupt priest he interrogated, the Major is believed to have been born between 1913 and 1914.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: is a member of Millennium who also known as "The Dandy" ("The Dandy Man" in the OVA), a tall and thin character who resembles a "malandro" archetype in Brazilian culture. According to the character descriptions in the Dark Horse version of Volume Four, Tubalcain is a First Lieutenant in Millennium. In a fight, he uses razor-sharp playing cards that can cut through anything or create illusions.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: Helena is a vampire character who looks like a little girl. However, the truth is that she was bitten by a vampire centuries ago. Her true age is reflected in her monotone expression and womanly voice. Helena resides in a candlelit apartment filled with books. Her role in the story is to show Seras that vampires cease aging and thus become disconnected from the rest of the world. When Incognito arrives in England, he kills and devours Helena seemingly just for sport.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: Laura is a vampire who works for Incognito. Using her mental powers, she convinces everyone in the Hellsing organization that she is Integra's sister. Her job is to turn Integra into a ghoul, but she fails thanks to Seras being immune to her telepathy.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: The Convention of Twelve is a group that assists the Hellsing organization. The only named members are Sir Hugh Islands, Sir Shelby Penwood, and Sir Rob Walsh. In 30 years Rob Walsh leads the twelve while Islands and Penwood are succeeded by their descendants.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: Over the next 20 years, Arthur falls ill with a disease that is deemed terminal, and on his deathbed, he appoints his daughter Integra as the new leader of the Hellsing Organization. Arthur seemed to have a very close relationship with Integra. He cared deeply for her, and taught her everything that she needed to know about vampires and other supernatural creatures. He also seemed to trust her more that his own brother and eventually hands the organization over to her.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


List of Hellsing characters

Context: The founder of the Royal Order of Protestant Knights, better known as the Hellsing Organization. He is the grandfather of Integra Hellsing and the father of Arthur and Richard Hellsing. Before the start of the series, he teamed up with Jonathan Harker to save Harker's fiancee Mina Murray from the clutches of Count Dracula. He defeats Dracula but chooses not to kill him, instead making him his slave for another century and founding the Hellsing organization in order to slay monsters such as him.

Question: Как зовут главного героя манги «Хе́ллсинг»?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: Originally, the name Rus' () referred to the people, regions, and medieval states (9th to 12th centuries) of the Kievan Rus'. In Western culture, it was better known as Ruthenia from the 11th century onwards. Its territories are today distributed among Belarus, Northern Ukraine, Eastern Poland, and the European section of Russia. The term Россия ("Rossija"), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Ρωσσία "Rossía"—related to both Modern , and Ρωσία ("Rosía, "Russia"," ]).

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: One of the earliest written sources mentioning the people called Rus' (as "Rhos") dates to 839 in the "Annales Bertiniani". This chronicle identifies them as a Germanic tribe called the Swedes. According to the Kievan Rus' "Primary Chronicle", compiled in about 1113, the Rus' were a group of Varangians, Norsemen who had relocated somewhere from the Baltic region (literally "from beyond the sea"), first to Northeastern Europe, then to the south where they created the medieval Kievan state.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: In the 11th century, the dominant term in the Latin tradition was "Ruscia". It was used, among others, by Thietmar of Merseburg, Adam of Bremen, Cosmas of Prague and Pope Gregory VII in his letter to Izyaslav I. "Rucia", "Ruzzia", "Ruzsia" were alternative spellings.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: During the 12th century, "Ruscia" gradually made way for two other Latin terms, "Russia" and "Ruthenia". "Russia" (also spelled "Rossia" and "Russie") was the dominant Romance-language form, first used by Liutprand of Cremona in the 960s and then by Peter Damian in the 1030s. It became ubiquitous in English and French documents in the 12th century. "Ruthenia", first documented in the early 12th century Augsburg annals, was a Latin form preferred by the Apostolic Chancery of the Latin Church.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: The modern name of Russia ("Rossija"), which came into use in the 15th century, is derived from the Greek "Ρωσία", which in turn derives from "Ῥῶς", the self-name of the people of Rus'.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: A hypothetical predecessor of Kievan Rus' is the 9th-century Rus' Khaganate, whose name and existence are inferred from a handful of early medieval Byzantine and Persian and Arabic sources.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: The most common theory about the origins of Russians is the Germanic version. The name "Rus", like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden ("*Ruotsi"), supposed to be descended from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" ("rods-") as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen ("Rus-law") or "Roden", as it was known in earlier times.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: The Finnish scholar has pointed out that the territory of present-day Uppland, Södermanland and East Gothland in ancient times was known as "Roðer" or "roðin". Thomsen accordingly has suggested that "Roðer" probably derived from "roðsmenn" or "roðskarlar", meaning seafarers or rowers. Ivar Aasen, the Norwegian philologist and lexicographer, noted proto-Germanic root variants "Rossfolk", "Rosskar", "Rossmann".

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: George Vernadsky theoretized about the association of Rus and Alans. He claimed that "Ruxs" in Alanic means "radiant light", thus the ethnonym "Roxolani" could be understood as "bright Alans". He theorized that the name "Roxolani" a combination of two separate tribal names: the Rus and the Alans.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: "Rusiyyah" was used by Ahmad ibn Fadlan for Varangians near Astrakhan, and by the Persian traveler Ahmad ibn Rustah who visited Veliky Novgorod and described how the Rus' exploited the Slavs.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: When the Varangians arrived in Constantinople, the Byzantines considered and described the "Rhos" (Greek "Ῥῶς") as a different people from the Slavs.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: Later, the Primary Chronicle tells us, they conquered Kiev and created Kievan Rus'. The territory they conquered was named after them as were, eventually, the local people ("cf". Normans).

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: Other spellings used in Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries were as follows: "Ruzi", "Ruzzi", "Ruzia" and "Ruzari". Sources written in Latin routinely confused the Rus' with the Rugii, an ancient East Germanic tribe related to the Goths. Olga of Kiev, for instance, was called "queen of the Rugii" ("regina Rugorum") in the Lotharingian Chronicle compiled by the anonymous continuator of Regino of Prüm.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: The word for "Russian" can be reconstructed for Proto-Permic as *rôć . Besides Komi-Zyrian "роч" / "roć", this develops also into Komi-Yazva "ruć", Udmurt "ӟыч" / "dźuć". The word serves further as a source for exonyms of the Russians in several languages spoken in Siberia. The name surfaces in Mansi as "roš", "ruš", in Khanty as "ruś", "ruť", "rüť" depending on the variety, and in Selkup as "ruš".

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: A number of alternative etymologies have been suggested. These are derived from the "anti-Normanist" school of thought in Russian historiography during the 19th century and in the Soviet era. These hypotheses are considered unlikely in Western mainstream academia.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: The name "Rus" may have originated from the Iranian name of the Volga River (by F. Knauer, Moscow 1901), as well as from the Rosh of Ezekiel. Prof. George Vernadsky has suggested a derivation from the Roxolani or from the Aryan term "ronsa" (moisture, water). River names such as Ros are common in Eastern Europe.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: The Russian linguist Igor Danilevsky, in his "Ancient Rus as Seen by Contemporaries and Descendants", argued against these theories, stating that the anti-Normanists neglected the realities of the Ancient Slavic languages and that the nation name "Rus" could not have arisen from any of the proposed origins.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: Danilevskiy further argued that the term followed the general pattern of Slavic names for neighboring Finnic peoples—the "Chud, "Ves, "Perm, "Sum, etc.—but that the only possible word that it could be based on, "Ruotsi", presented a historical dead-end, since no such tribal or national name was known from non-Slavic sources. "Ruotsi" is, however, the Finnish name for Sweden.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: Danilevskiy shows that the oldest historical source, the "Primary Chronicle", is inconsistent in what it refers to as the "Rus'": in adjacent passages, the Rus' are grouped with Varangians, with the Slavs, and also set apart from the Slavs and Varangians. Danilevskiy suggests that the "Rus'" were originally not a nation but a social class, which can explain the irregularities in the "Primary Chronicle" and the lack of early non-Slavic sources.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: In modern English historiography, common names for the ancient East Slavic state include "Kievan Rus" or "Kyivan Rus" (sometimes retaining the apostrophe in "Rus", a transliteration of the soft sign, ь), "Kievan" or "Kyivan Russia", the "ancient Russian state", and "Kyivan" or "Kievan Ruthenia". It is also called the "Princedom" or "Principality of Kyiv" or "Kiev", or just "Kyiv" or "Kiev".

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: The term "Kievan Rus" was established by modern historians to distinguish the period from the 9th century to the beginning of the 12th century, when Kiev was the center of a large state.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: The vast political state was subsequently divided into several parts. The most influential were, in the south, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and in the north, Vladimir-Suzdal and the Novgorod Republic.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople in 1361 created two metropolitan sees with their own names (in Greek) for the northern and southern parts: respectively, ("Megálē Rhōssía", Great Russia) in Vladimir and Kiev and ("Mikrà Rhōssía", Russia Minor or Little Russia) with the centers in Galich (Halych) and Novgorodok (Navahrudak).

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: In the Russian Tsardom, the word "Russia" replaced the old name "Rus" in official documents, though the names "Rus" and "Russian land" were still common and synonymous to it, and often appeared in the form "Great Russia" (), which is more typical of the 17th century, whereas the state was also known as "Great-Russian Tsardom" ().

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: In the 13th-14th centuries many of Western Russian principalities were united under the power of the Kingdom of Rus (), but unlike its eastern counterpart it declined by mid-14th century with Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia becoming its successor state and Kingdom of Poland absorbing Galicia as "Russian Dominion". Latter one in 1434 became Voivodeship of Russia ().

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: While in Eastern Russia descendants of the Rus' called themselves Russkiye, the residents of Western Russian lands called themselves Rusyny, Rusniaky or Rus'ki.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: While gradually most of the territories of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia retained the name "Rus", some of them got more color-specific names:

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: Although the name "Ruthenia" arises as a Latinized form of the name "Rus" in Western European documents in Medieval times, Russia was still the predominant name for Western Russian territories up until 19th century.

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: Later application of the name "Ruthenia" became narrowed to Carpathian Ruthenia ("Karpats'ka Rus’"), the northeastern part of the Carpathian Mountains, in the Kingdom of Hungary where the local Slavs had "Rusyn" identity. Carpathian Ruthenia incorporated the cities of Mukachevo (), Uzhhorod () and Prešov ("Pryashiv"; ). Carpathian Rus' had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary since 907, and had been known as "Magna Rus'" but was also called "Karpato-Rus'" or "Zakarpattya".

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Context: In 1654, under the Pereyaslav Agreement, the Cossack lands of the Zaporozhian Host were signed into the protectorate of the Tsardom of Russia, including the Cossack Hetmanate of Left-bank Ukraine, and Zaporozhia. In Russia, these lands were referred to as Little Russia ("Malorossiya"). Colonies established in lands ceded from the Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea were called Novorossiya "New Russia".

Question: Когда было первое упоминание о Руси в хрониках?


Poseidon

Context: The earliest attested occurrence of the name, written in Linear B, is "Po-se-da-o" or "Po-se-da-wo-ne", which correspond to ("Poseidaōn") and ("Poseidawonos") in Mycenean Greek; in Homeric Greek it appears as ("Poseidaōn"); in Aeolic as ("Poteidaōn"); and in Doric as ("Poteidan"), ("Poteidaōn"), and ("Poteidas"). The form ("Poteidawon") appears in Corinth. A cult title of Poseidon in Linear B is "E-ne-si-da-o-ne", "earth-shaker".

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: At least a few sources deem Poseidon as a "prehellenic" (i.e. Pelasgian) word, considering an Indo-European etymology "quite pointless".

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: In Linear B inscriptions found at Pylos, "E-ne-si-da-o-ne" is related with Poseidon, and "Si-to Po-tini-ja" is probably related with Demeter. Tablets from Pylos record sacrificial goods destined for "the Two Queens and Poseidon" ("to the Two Queens and the King": "wa-na-soi", "wa-na-ka-te"). The "Two Queens" may be related with Demeter and Persephone, or their precursors, goddesses who were not associated with Poseidon in later periods.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: In any case, the early importance of Poseidon can still be glimpsed in Homer's "Odyssey", where Poseidon rather than Zeus is the major mover of events. In Homer, Poseidon is the master of the sea.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Poseidon is still worshipped today in modern Hellenic religion, among other Greek gods. The worship of Greek gods has been recognized by the Greek government since 2017.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Poseidon had a variety of roles, duties and attributes. He is a separate deity from the oldest Greek god of the sea Pontus. In Athens his name is superimposed οn the name of the non-Greek god Erechtheus ("Poseidon Erechtheus").

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Some of the epithets (or adjectives) applied to him like "Enosigaios" (), "Enosichthon" () (Homer) and "Ennosidas" () (Pindar) , mean "earth shaker". These epithets indicate his chthonic nature, and have an older evidence of use, as it is identified in Linear B, as , "E-ne-si-da-o-ne". Other epithets that relate him with the earthquakes are "Gaieochos" () and "Seisichthon" ()

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: The god who causes the earthquakes is also the protector against them, and he had the epithets "Themeliouchos" () "upholding the foundations" , "Asphaleios" () "securer, protector" with a temble at Tainaron. Pausanias describes a sanctuary of Poseidon near Sparta beside the shrine of Alcon, where he had the surname "Domatites" (), "of the house"

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Poseidon had a close association with horses. He is known under the epithet " Hippios" () ,"of a horse or horses" usually in Arcadia. He had temples at Lycosura, Mantineia, Methydrium, Pheneos, Pallandion.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Epithets like "Genesios" at Lerna "Genethlios" () "of the race or family" "Phratrios" () "of the brotherhood", and "Patrigenios" () indicate his relation with the genealogy trees and the brotherhood. Other epithets of Poseidon in local cults are "Epoptes" () , "overseer, watcher" at Megalopolis, "Empylios" (), "at the gate " at Thebes., "Kronios" () (Pindar) and "semnos" (), "august, holy" (Sophocles).

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Poseidon was the second son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. In most accounts he is swallowed by Cronus at birth and is later saved, along with his other siblings, by Zeus.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: However, in some versions of the story, he, like his brother Zeus, did not share the fate of his other brother and sisters who were eaten by Cronus. He was saved by his mother Rhea, who concealed him among a flock of lambs and pretended to have given birth to a colt, which she gave to Cronus to devour.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: According to John Tzetzes the "kourotrophos", or nurse of Poseidon was Arne, who denied knowing where he was, when Cronus came searching; according to Diodorus Siculus Poseidon was raised by the Telchines on Rhodes, just as Zeus was raised by the Korybantes on Crete.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: According to a single reference in the "Iliad", when the world was divided by lot in three, Zeus received the sky, Hades the underworld and Poseidon the sea.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: This myth is construed by Robert Graves and others as reflecting a clash between the inhabitants during Mycenaean times and newer immigrants. Athens at its height was a significant sea power, at one point defeating the Persian fleet at Salamis Island in a sea battle.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Poseidon and Apollo, having offended Zeus by their rebellion in Hera's scheme, were temporarily stripped of their divine authority and sent to serve King Laomedon of Troy. He had them build huge walls around the city and promised to reward them with his immortal horses, a promise he then refused to fulfill. In vengeance, before the Trojan War, Poseidon sent a sea monster to attack Troy. The monster was later killed by Heracles.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: A mortal woman named Cleito once lived on an isolated island; Poseidon fell in love with the human mortal and created a dwelling sanctuary at the top of a hill near the middle of the island and surrounded the dwelling with rings of water and land to protect her. She gave birth to five sets of twin boys; the firstborn, Atlas, became the first ruler of Atlantis.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: His other children include Polyphemus (the Cyclops) and, finally, Alebion and Bergion and Otos and Ephialtae (the giants).

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: The philosopher Plato was held by his fellow ancient Greeks to have traced his descent to the sea-God Poseidon through his father Ariston and his mythic predecessors the demigod kings Codrus and Melanthus.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: In Greek art, Poseidon rides a chariot that was pulled by a hippocampus or by horses that could ride on the sea. He was associated with dolphins and three-pronged fish spears (tridents). He lived in a palace on the ocean floor, made of coral and gems.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: In the "Iliad" Poseidon favors the Greeks, and on several occasion takes an active part in the battle against the Trojan forces. However, in Book XX he rescues Aeneas after the Trojan prince is laid low by Achilles.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: In the "Odyssey", Poseidon is notable for his hatred of Odysseus who blinded the god's son, the Cyclops Polyphemus. The enmity of Poseidon prevents Odysseus's return home to Ithaca for many years. Odysseus is even told, notwithstanding his ultimate safe return, that to placate the wrath of Poseidon will require one more voyage on his part.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: In the "Aeneid", Neptune is still resentful of the wandering Trojans, but is not as vindictive as Juno, and in Book I he rescues the Trojan fleet from the goddess's attempts to wreck it, although his primary motivation for doing this is his annoyance at Juno's having intruded into his domain.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: A hymn to Poseidon included among the Homeric Hymns is a brief invocation, a seven-line introduction that addresses the god as both "mover of the earth and barren sea, god of the deep who is also lord of Helicon and wide Aegae, and specifies his twofold nature as an Olympian: "a tamer of horses and a saviour of ships."

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Due to his status as a Greek god, Poseidon has made multiple appearances in modern and popular culture.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Poseidon has been very popular especially in god-related films. John Putch directed the movie "The Poseidon Adventure". Wolfgang Petersen also film adapted Paul Gallico's novel and directed the movie "Poseidon".

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?