Yamato period

Context: The It was named because there were many palace capitals in the southern part of the Yamato Plain in Nara during the Kofun period and the Asuka period. The Asuka period is known for its significant artistic, social, and political transformations, which had their origins in the late Kofun period.

Question: 일본의 야마토 정권은 언제 끝났는가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: On 12 April 1961, at 6:07 am UTC, the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1) spacecraft was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. Aboard was Gagarin, the first human to travel into space, using the call sign "Kedr" (, Siberian pine or cedar). The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch:

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: In his youth Gagarin was a keen sportsman and played ice hockey as a goalkeeper. He was also a basketball fan and coached the Saratov Industrial Technical School team, as well as being a referee.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: He was honoured as a Hero of Socialist Labor from Czechoslovakia on 29 April 1961, and Hero of Socialist Labor (Bulgaria, including the Order of Georgi Dimitrov) the same year. On the eighth anniversary of the beginning of the Cuban Revolution (26 July), President Osvaldo Dorticos of Cuba presented him with the first Commander of the Order of Playa Girón, a newly created medal.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: The date of Gagarin's space flight, 12 April, has been commemorated. Since 1962, it has been celebrated in the USSR and most of its former territories as Cosmonautics Day. Since 2000, Yuri's Night, an international celebration, is held annually to commemorate milestones in space exploration. In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: Gagarin is memorialised in music; a cycle of Soviet patriotic songs titled "The Constellation Gagarin" () was written by Aleksandra Pakhmutova and Nikolai Dobronravov in 1970–1971. The most famous of these songs refers to Gagarin's "poyekhali!": in the lyrics, "He said 'let's go!' He waved his hand". He was the inspiration for the pieces "Hey Gagarin" by Jean-Michel Jarre on "Métamorphoses", "Gagarin" by Public Service Broadcasting, and "Gagarin, I loved you" by Undervud.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: Vessels have been named for Gagarin; Soviet tracking ship "Kosmonavt Yuriy Gagarin" was built in 1971 and the Armenian airline Armavia named their first Sukhoi Superjet 100 in his honour in 2011.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: In 2008, the Kontinental Hockey League named their championship trophy the Gagarin Cup. In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Gagarin was ranked as the sixth-most-popular space hero, tied with the fictional character James T. Kirk from "Star Trek". A Russian docudrama titled "" was released in 2013. Previous attempts at portraying Gagarin were disallowed; his family took legal action over his portrayal in a fictional drama and vetoed a musical.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: In 2011, a statue of Gagarin was unveiled at Admiralty Arch in The Mall in London, opposite the permanent sculpture of James Cook. It is a copy of the statue outside Gagarin's former school in Lyubertsy. In 2013, the statue was moved to a permanent location outside the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: In April 2018, a bust of Gagarin erected on the street in Belgrade, Serbia, that bears his name was removed, after less than a week. A new work was commissioned following the outcry over the disproportionately small size of its head which locals said was an "insult" to Gagarin. Belgrade City Manager Goran Vesic stated that neither the city, the Serbian Ministry of Culture, nor the foundation that financed it had prior knowledge of the design.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: In August 2019, the Italian artist Jorit painted Gagarin's face on the facade of a twenty-story building in the district of Odintsovo, Russia. The mural is the largest portrait of Gagarin in the world.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: In March 2021, a statue of Gagarin was unveiled at Mataram Park ("Taman Mataram") in Jakarta, Indonesia in celebration of the 70th anniversary of Indonesia–Russia diplomatic relations as well as the 60th anniversary of the first human space flight. The statue, sculpted by Russian artist A.D. Leonov and presented by Russian embassy in Jakarta, is considered as "a sign of strengthening relations" between Moscow and Jakarta, which have been sister cities since 2006.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: The 50th anniversary of Gagarin's journey into space was marked in 2011 by tributes around the world. A documentary film titled "First Orbit" was shot from the International Space Station, combining sound recordings from the original flight with footage of the route taken by Gagarin. The Russian, American, and Italian crew of Expedition 27 aboard the ISS sent a special video message to wish the people of the world a "Happy Yuri's Night", wearing shirts with an image of Gagarin.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Yuri Gagarin

Context: The Central Bank of the Russian Federation released gold and silver coins to commemorate the anniversary. The Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft was named "Gagarin" with the launch in April 2011 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of his mission.

Question: 인류 역사상 첫 우주비행사는 누구인가?


Prime Minister of Cambodia

Context: The prime minister of Cambodia (, ) is the head of government of Cambodia. The prime minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet and leads the executive branch of the Royal Government of Cambodia. The prime minister is a member of parliament, and is appointed by the monarch for a term of five years. Since 1945, 36 individuals have served as prime minister; 32 as official prime ministers, and 4 in acting capacities.

Question: 캄보디아의 장기 집권중인 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Cambodia

Context: The position was first held by King Norodom Sihanouk in March 1945, during the French colonial administration. On 12 March 1945, Sihanouk collaborated with Imperial Japan and declared Cambodia's independence from France. On 18 March, he proclaimed himself prime minister and formed the first government which lasted until August 1945. He was succeeded by Son Ngoc Thanh until October 1945. Following the surrender of Japan, the French administration returned, ending the Japanese occupation.

Question: 캄보디아의 장기 집권중인 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Cambodia

Context: In 1946, France introduced reforms into its colonies in Indochina, and allowed for the first time political parties and parliamentary elections. Cambodia's first parliamentary elections were held on 1 September 1946. The Democratic Party remained the dominant-party in Cambodian politics throughout the 1940s until the formation of the Sangkum in 1955. Sangkum was the only legal party in Cambodia from 1955 to 1970 until a military coup by Marshal Lon Nol.

Question: 캄보디아의 장기 집권중인 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Cambodia

Context: Article 125 of the Constitution states that should the prime minister resign or die in office, an acting prime minister is appointed.

Question: 캄보디아의 장기 집권중인 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Cambodia

Context: The Peace Palace serves as the principal workplace of the prime minister. It was inaugurated on 19 October 2010 by the King. However, the prime minister resides at his own private residence.

Question: 캄보디아의 장기 집권중인 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Cambodia

Context: The powers of the Prime Minister are established by the current Constitution of Cambodia, adopted on 24 September 1993 and amended on 4 March 1999. They are defined by the following articles of the Constitution:

Question: 캄보디아의 장기 집권중인 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Cambodia

Context: The Deputy Prime Minister (, ) serves as the deputy to the Prime Minister of Cambodia and is the second highest position in the Cabinet. As of September 2018, there are 10 deputy prime ministers.

Question: 캄보디아의 장기 집권중인 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Cambodia

Context: As of 2022, there are only two living former prime ministers, shown in order of service. The most recent death of a former prime minister was that of Norodom Ranariddh on 28 November 2021, aged 77.

Question: 캄보디아의 장기 집권중인 총리는 누구인가요?


Monk

Context: A monk (, from , "monachos", "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decides to dedicate their life to serving other people and serving God, or to be an ascetic who voluntarily chooses to leave mainstream society and live their life in prayer and contemplation. The concept is ancient and can be seen in many religions and in philosophy.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: In the Greek language, the term can apply to women, but in modern English it is mainly in use for men. The word "nun" is typically used for female monastics.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Although the term "monachos" is of Christian origin, in the English language "monk" tends to be used loosely also for both male and female ascetics from other religious or philosophical backgrounds. However, being generic, it is not interchangeable with terms that denote particular kinds of monk, such as cenobite, hermit, anchorite, hesychast, or solitary.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Traditions of Christian monasticism exist in major Christian denominations, with religious orders being present in Catholicism, Lutheranism, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Reformed Christianity, Anglicanism and Methodism. Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, also have monastic traditions as well.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: In Mahayana Buddhism, the term 'Sangha' strictly speaking refers to those who have achieved certain levels of understanding. They are therefore called 'community of the excellent ones' (); however, these in turn need not be monks (i.e., hold such vows). Several Mahayana orders accept female practitioners as monks, instead of using the normal title of "nun", and they are considered equal to male ascetics in all respects.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: The Bhikkhus are only allowed 4 items "(other than their robes)": a razor, a needle, an alms bowl and a water strainer.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: In Thailand and Burma, it is common for boys to spend some time living as a monk in a monastery. Most stay for only a few years and then leave, but a number continue on in the ascetic life for the rest of their lives.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: In Mongolia during the 1920s, there were about 110,000 monks, including children, who made up about one-third of the male population, many of whom were killed in the purges of Choibalsan.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Loccum Abbey and Amelungsborn Abbey have the longest traditions as Lutheran monasteries; after the Reformation, many monasteries and convents were received into the Lutheran Church and continued religious life, existing to this day.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Since the 19th and 20th century, there has been a renewal in the monastic life among Lutheranism. Lutheran religious orders in the Franciscan, Benedictine and other traditions exist, with some Lutheran monasteries having third orders and accepting oblates.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: There is also the Order of Lutheran Franciscans, a religious community of friars and sisters within the tradition of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Monastic life in England came to an abrupt end when King Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church and made himself the head of the Church of England. He initiated the Dissolution of the Monasteries, during which all of the monasteries within England were destroyed. A large number of monks were executed, others fled to continental European monasteries where they were able to continue their monastic life.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: There are however, still several thousand Anglican monks working today in approximately 200 communities around the world. The most surprising growth has been in the Melanesian countries of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. The Melanesian Brotherhood, founded at Tabalia, Guadalcanal, in 1925 by Ini Kopuria, is now the largest Anglican community in the world with over 450 brothers in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and the United Kingdom.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: The Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery is a double monastery of the United Methodist Church rooted in the Benedictine tradition, being located in Collegeville, Minnesota. Besides monastic orders, the Order of Saint Luke is a dispersed religious order within Methodism, though being ecumenical, it accepts believers of other Christian denominations.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: The Emmanuel Sisters is a convent of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon that was founded by Rev Mother Magdaline Marie Handy. These nuns are engaged in prayer, teaching, and healthcare.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: The various profession rites are normally performed by the Abbot, but if the abbot has not been ordained a priest, or if the monastic community is a convent, a hieromonk will perform the service. The abbot or hieromonk who performs a tonsure must be of at least the rank he is tonsuring into. In other words, only a hieromonk who has been tonsured into the Great Schema may himself tonsure a Schemamonk. A bishop, however, may tonsure into any rank, regardless of his own.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Eastern Orthodox monks are addressed as "Father" even if they are not priests; but when conversing among themselves, monks will often address one another as "Brother". Novices are always referred to as "Brother". Among the Greeks, old monks are often called "Gheronda", or "Elder", out of respect for their dedication. In the Slavic tradition, the title of Elder (Church Slavonic: "Starets") is normally reserved for those who are of an advanced spiritual life, and who serve as guides to others.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: For the Eastern Orthodox, "Mother" is the correct term for nuns who have been tonsured Stavrophore or higher. Novices and Rassophores are addressed as "Sister". Nuns live identical ascetic lives to their male counterparts and are therefore also called "monachai" (the feminine plural of "monachos"), and their community is likewise called a monastery.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Hinduism has many monastic orders, including the Dashanami Sampradaya ("Tradition of Ten Names") orders established by Adi Shankara as well as Vaishnava orders.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Madhvaacharya (Madhvacharya), the Dwaita philosopher, established "ashta matha" (Eight Monasteries). He appointed a monk (called "swamiji" or "swamigalu" in local parlance) for each "matha" or monastery who has the right to worship Madhvacharya's murti of Lord Krishna by rotation. Each matha's swamiji gets a chance to worship after fourteen years. This ritual is called "Paryaya" and has been used also outside his sampradaya, e.g. in Gaudiya Vaisnava Radharamana temple in Vrindavan.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: ISKCON started as a predominantly monastic group but nowadays the majority of members live as lay persons. Many of them, however, spent some time as monks. New persons joining ISKCON as full-time members (living in its centers) first undergo a three-month "Bhakta" training, which includes learning the basics of brahmacari (monastic) life. After that they can decide if they prefer to continue as monks or as married "Grihasthas".

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Brahmacari older than 50 years (per ISKCON rule) can become "sannyasi". "Sannyasa", a life of full dedication to spiritual pursuits, is the highest stage of life in the "varnasrama" society. It is permanent and one cannot give it up. A Sannyasi is given the title Swami. Older grihastha with grown-up children are traditionally expected to accept "vanaprastha" (celibate retired) life.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: The role of monastic orders in Indian and now also Western society has to some extent been adapted over the years in accordance with ever-changing social structures.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: These three are mentioned is the three lines of the Namokar Mantra. In the Digambara tradition, a junior monk can be a:

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: The Svetambar Terapanthi sect has a new rank of junior monks who are called samana. The nuns are called Aryikas in Digambar tradition and Sadhvi in the Svetambar tradition.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: As they are without possession and attachment, they travel from city to city, often crossing forests and deserts, and always barefoot. Jain ascetics do not stay in a single place for more than two months to prevent themselves from becoming attached to any location. However, during four months of monsoon (rainy season) known as chaturmaas, they continue to stay in a single place to avoid killing the life forms that thrive during the rains.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Jain monks and nuns practice complete celibacy. They do not touch or share a sitting platform with a person of opposite sex.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Monk

Context: Every day is spent either in study of scriptures or meditation or teaching to lay people. They stand aloof from worldly matters. Many Jain ascetics take a final vow of Santhara or Sallekhana (i.e., a peaceful and detached death where medicines, food, and water are abandoned). This is done when death is imminent or when a monk feels that he is unable to adhere to his vows on account of advanced age or terminal disease.

Question: 승려는 어느 종교에 종사하고 있는가?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Chief Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo, , (; ; born 5 March 1937) is a Nigerian political and military leader who served as Nigeria's head of state from 1976 to 1979 and later as its president from 1999 to 2007. Ideologically a Nigerian nationalist, he was a member of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) from 1999 to 2015, and from 2018 has been a member of the African Democratic Congress party (ADC).

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Obasanjo has been described as one of the great figures of the second generation of post-colonial African leaders. He received praise both for overseeing Nigeria's transition to representative democracy in the 1970s and for his Pan-African efforts to encourage cooperation across the continent. Critics maintain that he was guilty of corruption, that his administrations oversaw human rights abuses, and that as president he became too interested in consolidating and maintaining his personal power.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In March 1958, Obasanjo enlisted in the Nigerian Army. He saw it as an opportunity to continue his education while earning a salary; he did not immediately inform his family, fearing that his parents would object. It was at this time that the Nigerian Army was being transferred to the control of the Nigerian colonial government, in preparation for an anticipated full Nigerian independence, and there were attempts afoot to get more native Nigerians into the higher ranks of its military.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In 1959 Obasanjo returned to Nigeria. There, he was posted to Kaduna as an infantry subaltern with the Fifth Battalion. His time in Kaduna was the first time that Obasanjo lived in a Muslim-majority area. It was while he was there, in October 1960, that Nigeria became an independent country.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In February 1976, Colonel Buka Suka Dimka launched a coup against Nigeria's government, during which General Murtala Muhammed was assassinated. An attempt was also made on Obasanjo's life, but the wrong individual was killed. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military and his coup failed, forcing him to flee. Obasanjo did not attend Murtala's funeral in Kano, but declared that the government would finance construction of a mosque on the burial site.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Obasanjo emphasised national concerns over those of the regions; he encouraged both children and adults to recite the new national pledge and the national anthem. Interested in getting a broader range of perspectives, each Saturday he held an informal seminar on a topical issue to which people other than politicians and civil servants were invited. Among those whose advice he sought were Islamic scholars and traditional chiefs.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Obasanjo continued the push for universal primary education in Nigeria, a policy inherited from Gowon. He introduced the Primary Education Act in 1976; between 1975–76 and 1979–80, enrolment in free but voluntary primary schooling grew from 6 million to 12.5 million, although there was a shortage of teachers and materials to cope with the demand. In the 1977–78 school year, Obasanjo introduced free secondary educational in technical subjects, something extended to all secondary schooling in 1979–80.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Obasanjo's role in returning Nigeria to civilian rule would form the basis of the good reputation he retained for the next two decades. However, various domestic and foreign individuals, including the Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda and Togo President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, urged him to remain in power. His refusal to back Awolowo, a fellow Yoruba, earned him the enmity of much of the Yoruba elite. Awolowo accused Obasanjo of orchestrating Shagari's victory, something Obasanjo strenuously denied.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: After Botha was replaced by F. W. de Klerk, the latter freed Mandela from prison. One of Mandela's first foreign trips was to Nigeria, where he visited Obasanjo at his home. Two months later, Obasanjo led a Nigerian delegation to South Africa for talks with prominent political figures. In September 1991 he visited again, where he urged the Zulu leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi to engage in negotiations with other factions to help end apartheid and hold a fully representative election.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: On 14 July, the court sentenced Obasanjo to 25 years in prison; Yar'Adua and fourteen others also accused of being part of the conspiracy were sentenced to death. Obasanjo later called it his "saddest day". After the US President Bill Clinton stated that his country would embargo Nigerian oil if these executions took place, Abacha commuted their sentences to imprisonment and reduced Obasanjo's sentence to 15 years.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Abacha died suddenly in June 1998, after which the military commanders appointed Lieutenant General Abdulsalami Abubakar as his successor. A week later, Abubakar ordered Obasanjo's release, sending a plane to return him to Ota. Eager to return Nigeria to civilian rule, Abubakar dissolved the country's existing parties and institutions and announced a plan that would lead to a civilian president being installed in May 1999.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In the initial months of his presidency, Obasanjo retired around 200 military officers, including all 93 who held political positions, thus making a coup by experienced officers less likely. He also moved the Defence Ministry from Lagos to Abuja, ensuring it was brought under more direct government control.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Obasanjo was re-elected in a tumultuous 2003 election that had violent ethnic and religious overtones. His main opponent, fellow former military ruler General Muhammadu Buhari, was Muslim and drew his support mainly from the north. Capturing 61.8% of the vote, Obasanjo defeated Buhari by more than 11 million votes.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In November 2003, Obasanjo was criticized for his decision to grant asylum to the deposed Liberian president, Charles Taylor. On 12 June 2006, he signed the Greentree Agreement with Cameroonian President Paul Biya which formally put an end to the Bakassi peninsula border dispute. Even though the Nigerian Senate passed a resolution declaring that the withdrawal of Nigerian troops from the Bakassi Peninsula was illegal, Obasanjo gave the order for it to continue as planned.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In his second term, Obasanjo continued to ensure the expansion of the country's police force, which rose to 325,000 in 2007.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Ongoing rural violence between Muslims and Christians in Plateau State led Obasanjo to declare a state of emergency there in May 2004, suspending the state government and installing six months of military rule. On 22 August 2005, the then governor of Abia State, Orji Uzor Kalu, submitted a petition alleging corrupt practices against Obasanjo to the EFCC.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: With the oil revenue, Obasanjo created the Niger Delta Development Commission and implemented the Universal Basic Education Program to enhance the literacy level of Nigerians. He constituted both the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission. Resuscitated the National Fertilizer Company in Kaduna and (Onne) Port Harcourt. Obasanjo increased the share of oil royalties and rents to the state of origin from 3 to 13 percent.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Before Obasanjo's administration, Nigeria's GDP growth had been painfully slow since 1987, and only managed 3 percent between 1999 and 2000. However, under Obasanjo, the growth rate doubled to 6 percent until he left office, helped in part by higher oil prices. Nigeria's foreign reserves rose from $2 billion in 1999 to $43 billion on leaving office in 2007.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: He was able to secure debt pardons from the Paris and London club amounting to some $18 billion and paid another $18 billion to be debt free. Most of these loans were accumulated from short-term trade arrears during the exchange control period. (Point of correction). Most of these loans were accumulated not out of corruption but during a period 1982–1985 when Nigeria operated exchange control regime that vested all foreign exchange transactions on the central bank of Nigeria.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Some public officials like the Speaker of the House of Representatives and President of the Senate were involved in conflicts with the President, who battled many impeachment attempts from both houses. Obasanjo managed to survive impeachment and was renominated.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: He became chairman of the PDP Board of Trustees, with control over nominations for governmental positions and even policy and strategy. As one Western diplomat said, "He intends to sit in the passenger seat giving advice and ready to grab the wheel if Nigeria goes off course." He voluntarily resigned as the chairman board of trustees of the PDP in April 2012. Afterwards, he withdrew from political activities with PDP.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In March 2008, Obasanjo was "supposedly" indicted by a committee of the Nigerian parliament for awarding $2.2bn-worth of energy contracts during his eight-year rule, without due process. The report of this probe was never accepted by the whole Nigerian parliament due to manipulation of the entire process by the leadership of the power probe committee. It is not on any official record that Chief Obasanjo was indicted.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In May 2014, Obasanjo wrote to President Goodluck Jonathan requesting that he should mediate on behalf of the Nigerian government for the release of the Chibok girls held by the Boko Haram militants.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: On 16 February 2015, he quit the ruling party and directed a PDP ward leader to tear his membership card during a press conference. He was later to be known as the navigator of the newly formed opposition party, the APC.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: On 24 January 2018, he wrote serving President Muhammadu Buhari highlighting his areas of weakness and advising him not to run for office in 2019. To date all his letters to incumbent presidents have preceded their downfall.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: On 31 January 2018, his political movement called "Coalition for Nigeria Movement" (CNM) was launched in Abuja. On 10 May 2018, the movement adopts a political party, African Democratic Congress (ADC), to realise its dream of a new Nigeria.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: On 20 November 2018, he officially announced his return to the main opposition party, Peoples Democratic Party, PDP during a book launch “My Transition Hours,” written by former President Goodluck Jonathan.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: On 22 January 2022, he declared that he has retired from partisan politics, he stated this after receiving National delegates of the People's Democratic Party [PDP] in his residence in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Obasanjo was appointed Special Envoy by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon to the war-torn Democratic Republic of the Congo. He held separate meetings with DRC President Joseph Kabila and rebel leader Laurent Nkunda.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: During the Zimbabwean election of July 2013, Obasanjo headed a delegation of African Union election observers.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In December 2017, Obasanjo defended his Ph.D. thesis at the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). He now holds a Ph.D. in theology. That was about two years after he completed his master's degree in the same course.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Iliffe noted that as a politician, Obasanjo displayed an "open-minded pragmatism". A tactic employed by Obasanjo at various points was to deliberately polarise an issue so as to rally support for his perspective.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Iliffe thought that although Obasanjo had been too young to play a major role in the anti-colonialist struggle for Nigerian independence from British rule, he was "marked for ever" by the "optimism and dedication" of the independence movement.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Ethnically, Obasanjo is Yoruba, a cultural identification he reflected in his speech and choice of clothing. However, he always foregrounded his Nigerian identity above his Yoruba one, repeatedly stating that "I am a Nigerian who happens to be a Yoruba man. I am not a Yoruba man who happens to be a Nigerian."

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Throughout his life he expressed a preference for rural over urban life. He has been a lifelong teetotaller. He has been characterised as having a sense of discipline and duty, and emphasised what he saw as the importance of leadership. He was meticulous at planning, and Iliffe called him an "instinctively cautious man". Obasanjo always emphasised the importance of deferring to seniority, a value he had learned in childhood.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In his sixties, Obasanjo would regularly work 18 to 20 hour days, getting very little sleep. He would start each day with prayers. Obasanjo suffers from diabetes and high blood-pressure. He enjoyed playing squash.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In addition to a variety of other chieftaincy titles, Chief Obasanjo is the holder of the title of the Olori Omo Ilu of Ibogun-Olaogun. A number of other members of his family hold or have held chieftaincies as well.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: John Iliffe described Obasanjo as "the outstanding member of the second generation of independent African leaders who dedicated themselves to the consolidation of their postcolonial states". He thought that there were four major achievements of Obasanjo's presidency: that he partially contained the domestic turmoil permeating Nigeria, that he kept control of the military, that he helped to form the African Union, and that he liquidated the country's external debt.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: In December 1999, his approval rating was at 84%; by 2001 it was at 72%; and by September 2003 it had fallen to 39%.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Obasanjo was repeatedly accused of corruption throughout his career, although maintained that his dealings were honest.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: Obasanjo's critics believed that after his imprisonment in the 1990s, he increasingly perceived himself as a messianic figure, having lost his humility and become increasingly committed to the belief that it was his God-commanded destiny to rule Nigeria. Obasanjo's critics believed that he had been corrupted by power and that, particularly during his second term in office, he became driven by the idea of indefinitely retaining power for himself.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: During his first term as head of state he earned some enmity from fellow Yoruba who believed that he should have done more to advance the interests of his own ethnic group in government.

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


Olusegun Obasanjo

Context: After his imprisonment, Obasanjo claimed that criticism only served to confirm "the rightness of my cause" and demonstrated his critics' "depravity in a fallen and perverted world."

Question: 문민정부 시절의 대통령은 누구인가요?


War Memorial of Korea

Context: The War Memorial was built to commemorate the military veterans and victims in the wars which led to the modern nation state. The museum also has the purpose of educating future generations by collecting, preserving, and exhibiting various historical relics and records related to the many wars fought in the country from a South Korean perspective.

Question: 한국의 전쟁기념관은 어디에 있는가?


War Memorial of Korea

Context: The construction of the War Memorial of Korea was completed in December 1993. The project was carried out in consultation with military experts while collecting a wide range of exhibition items at home and abroad. Upon the completion of the interior, the memorial opened officially on June 10, 1994, and became the largest landmark of its kind in the world.

Question: 한국의 전쟁기념관은 어디에 있는가?


War Memorial of Korea

Context: Located on the old site of Army Headquarters, the War Memorial of Korea has four aboveground floors and two underground floors in the main building, which stands on an area of about . On the grounds around the memorial, there are loudspeakers that broadcast patriotic messages.

Question: 한국의 전쟁기념관은 어디에 있는가?


War Memorial of Korea

Context: Inscribed on this memorial are the names of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces Soldiers and Policemen killed in the Armed Forces Activation, Korean War, Vietnam War and Counter Infiltration Operation and the United Nations Forces Soldiers killed in the Korean War.

Question: 한국의 전쟁기념관은 어디에 있는가?


Elephant cognition

Context: Elephants in Africa self-medicate by chewing on the leaves of a tree from the family Boraginaceae, which induces labour. Kenyans also use this tree for the same purpose.

Question: 세상에서 뇌가 가장 큰 동물은 무엇인가?


Elephant cognition

Context: Elephants are able to spend substantial time working on problems. They are able to change their behavior radically to face new challenges, a hallmark of complex intelligence.

Question: 세상에서 뇌가 가장 큰 동물은 무엇인가?


Elephant cognition

Context: Others argue that culling is necessary when biodiversity is threatened. However, the protection of biodiversity argument has been questioned by some animal rights advocates who argue that the animal which most greatly threatens and damages biodiversity is humanity, so if we are not willing to cull our own species we cannot morally justify culling another.

Question: 세상에서 뇌가 가장 큰 동물은 무엇인가?


Elephant cognition

Context: Thorndike's dogs and cats learned to escape a box by, for instance, pulling a loop attached to a string that opened the box. On subsequent introductions to an open box when string-pulling no longer served a purpose, the animal continued to pull a string before getting out of the box. Thorndike concluded that the animal solved the task mechanically, without understanding the causal link between string-pulling and escaping.

Question: 세상에서 뇌가 가장 큰 동물은 무엇인가?


Changwon

Context: Changwon () is the capital city of Gyeongsangnam-do, on the southeast coast of South Korea. With a population of 1.07 million , Changwon is South Korea's ninth-most populous city.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: A port city, Changwon is bordered by Masan Bay to the south, and the cities of Busan and Gimhae to the east. The city of Miryang lies to the northeast, and Jinju to the west.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The region has been inhabited since the Bronze Age, and its urban areas have been renamed and re-organized many times throughout history. In 1974, with the creation of the Changwon National Industrial Complex, the three historically interdependent cities of Masan, Jinhae, and Changwon began to undergo significant economic development, growing into an important industrial centre. On 1 July 2010, the cities of Changwon, Jinhae, and Masan merged to form the current city of Changwon.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: As Korea's first planned city, modeled after Canberra, Australia, Changwon uses accessible urban planning including many parks and separate residential and industrial areas. The city has also branded itself an "environmental capital" with the municipal government actively participating in climate change conferences and committing to the development of sustainable policies like the globally recognized bike-sharing program, Nubija.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Populated since the early Bronze Age, the area surrounding Masan Bay would have been a wide open region between the ocean and the hilly lands of the coastal plain. Today ruins can be found in the area dating from the Iron Age. Typical Iron Age landmarks include Bangyedong monuments, dolmens, holy mounds, lower molar sites, and dolmens from Bronze Age settlements.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: In 209 AD, during the Three Kingdoms period, the area was named Gulja-gun, a province of the Silla kingdom. During the Unified Silla Period, this region was renamed to Uian-gun in 739 AD, during the reorganization of all Silla provinces, then in the Goryeo Period, to Uichang-hyeon.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The name Changwon was first used in 1408 during the Joseon period, when King Taejong established the city as Changwon-bu. In 1415, he renamed Changwon-bu to Changwon-dohobu. Later during the King Sunjo Period (1601), it became Changwondae-do hobu.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: In 1895, the country was reorganized into 23 divisions by King Gojong, and Changwondae-do hobu was split into Changwon-gun and Ungcheon-gun. In 1908 Ungcheon-gun merged with nearby Jinhae-gun. During the Japanese colonial period, the city became known as Masan-bu, and Masan Port was opened. Eventually, Changwon was separated from Masan-bu.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: In 1970, the Masan Free Export Zone was opened to encourage foreign business to move to the area. In 1974, Changwon was selected to be an industrial and residential centre, as well as the provincial capital. The Changwon Industrial Complex was built in the south of the city, while Changwon began urban planning modelling itself after Canberra, Australia.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The country's longest straight road was constructed in Changwon, with a length of , with the industrial park to the south and residential complexes constructed to the north. This road, Changwon Daero, is meant to serve as an airplane runway in a state of emergency as Changwon was designed to be South Korea's emergency backup capital city. Underground walkways are able to serve as bomb shelters and roads and buildings in the planned city are numbered for efficient use in evacuation.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: In 1985, the Korean War Monument () in Changwon's Uichang gu was constructed. The monument is "dedicated to the 1,142 soldiers from Gyeongsangnam province that died in the Korean War."

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: On 1 July 2010, the three neighboring cities of Masan, Changwon and Jinhae unified to create "Unified Changwon City", with a population of 1.04 million.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Changwon is located on the southeastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, on the Nakdong River delta looking out onto Masan Bay. The city is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which are Mt. Bulmo (), Mt. Jeongbyeong (), and Mt. Jangbok ().

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The city also comprises several small islands in Masan Bay and along the coast including Dot island, Sokuri island, and several uninhabited islands.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The city has four distinct seasons. The average temperature ranged between in January to in August. The average annual precipitation is . Between 1980 and 1990 there was an annual average of around 116 sunny days a year (32% of the year), and between 1990 and 2000 an average of 135 (37%).

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Changwon has 5 administrative districts ("Gu") which are divided into 54 neighbourhoods ("dong"), 5 in Uichang-gu, 7 in Seongsan-gu, 12 in Masanhoewon-gu, 15 in Masanhappo-gu and 13 in Jinhae-gu.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The development of Changwon into an industrial city during the 1960s and 70s has led to a city structure that is bisected by one main avenue called Changwon Daero, meaning Changwon big road. To the south are the factories, to the north are all of the residential areas. Changwon Daero also serves as emergency runway for military purposes.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The Financial district is located in the southern part of Jungang-dong and Sangnam-dong, while the government district located northern part of Youngho-dong and Shinwol-dong.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The Changdong Art Village has many murals and artwork on display throughout the streets. Originally Masan's old town, when businesses began to disperse, "ateliers, cafés, and galleries took over the vacant stores" transforming the area into a thriving art district.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Jungan-dong, located just west of Sangnam, is the "old town" and extended central area of the city. There is more nightlife here than restaurants, and local English speaking expats often frequent the area for drinks and laughs, often living very nearby. This is the most likely place to meet one of the foreign English teachers, engineers and armed services residence of the area.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: As the provincial capital, Changwon is home to several government offices, and the Jinhae-gu district contains a large naval base housing various units of the Republic of Korea Navy.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Changwon's Gross Regional Domestic Product is 21.7 trillion won which is higher than that of Gwangju and Daejeon. It earned 29 billion dollars through exports in 2008, more than Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon or Daegu.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: There are 46 high schools, 63 middle schools, 105 elementary schools and 193 kindergartens in Changwon, including two special-purpose high schools: Changwon Science High School and Changwon Mechanical Technical High School.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The Samsung Changwon's Hospital's Regional Emergency Medical Centre, the region's has been ranked as Gyeongsangnam-do's top emergency medical centre.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: As a planned city, Changwon was built to include more natural space than many other cities in Korea including dozens of parks, gardens, trails, and plazas throughout the city. The city is also located on the coast, making it home to several beaches.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Some well known Changwon parks include Jinhae Dream Park, an ecological reserve; Junamjeosuji, a reservoir and bird sanctuary; House of Changwon, a hanok village and education centre; and Changwon Marine Park on Dotseom Island.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: As the capital and largest city in Gyeongsannam-do, Changwon is a provincial centre for media production and home to television and radio broadcaster Changwon KBS that hosts the K-Pop World Festival each year and newspaper the Kyongnam Shinmun,

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Changwon hosts four professional sports teams: a basketball team, two association football clubs, and a baseball team. The city also hosted a Formula 3 race, the Korea Super Prix, from 1999 to 2003.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Per capita, Changwon has one of the largest foreign populations in South Korea, largely due to the Masan Free Trade Zone, which was created to encourage foreign business to move to the area, the Korea Naval Base in Jinhae, which houses numerous American military professionals, and the prevalence of English academies known as hagwons throughout Korea which frequently employ teachers from a variety of English-speaking countries.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: "Changwonderful", a website created by two foreign residents of Changwon, was created in 2012 as a resource for those traveling and moving to the city from abroad, with a goal to "not only ease foreigner life in Changwon, but also strengthen ties between foreigners and the local community." The website encourages reader participation in content creation and provides information on local business, attractions, culture, and infrastructure.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: "The Changwoner", a podcast with over 50 episodes as of 2017 and hosted by three foreign residents of Changwon, represents another project by foreign residents of Changwon to promote the city and build a common culture between residents, visitors, and ex-pats living in Changwon. "The Changwoner" also has a social media presence on YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: , Nubija had 4,704 bicycles available at 241 terminals throughout the Changwon area, which can be searched for using the Nubija app. Users access the bicycles using a small chip called a MyBi pass.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The name Nubija comes from the Korean words "nubida," which means "to travel" and "jajeongeo", which means "bicycle."

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: As a planned city, Changwon "utilizes a grid style infrastructure which makes transportation more efficient than other cities of comparable size". Changwon and the surrounding area are served by over 80 city bus and express bus routes. Express and Inter-city buses connect Changwon to other cities throughout Korea from six bus terminals throughout the city. See .

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The city is on the Gyeongjeon Line (Gwangju-Samnangjin), which stretches along the southern coast and links the Jeolla and Gyeongsang regions feeding local traffic into adjacent major lines. , KTX trains began running from Changwon to Seoul; travel time is approximately three hours.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: At Masan Dotseom Marine Park, a 10-minute ferry is available to Dotseom, a forested island in the centre of in Masan Bay.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Changwon's municipal flag depicts a tri-coloured pinwheel made of 'C' shaped wings. The white space between the wings forms the image of three people holding hands and spinning in unity, balance, and harmony. The three colours of the pinwheel are: blue, symbolizing the ocean, growth, and hope; orange, which represents the city, passion, and creation; and green for nature, life, and balance.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: The official city mascot of Changwon is PIUMI, a childlike figure with a blooming flower on its head, representing the cities famous cherry blossoms.

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


Changwon

Context: Changwon has several international sister cities around the world, as well as designated "Friendship Cities"

Question: 창원시는 한국에서 몇 번째로 큰 도시인가?


History of calendars

Context: The history of calendars, that is, of people creating and using methods for keeping track of days and larger divisions of time, covers a practice with ancient roots.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Vikram Samvat has been used by Hindus and Sikhs. One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the Indian subcontinent, it is based on twelve synodic lunar months and 365 solar days.The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of Chaitra.This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was reportedly named after the legendary king Vikramaditya, Samvatsara in short ‘Samvat ’is a Sanskrit term for ‘year’. Emperor Vikramaditya of Ujjain started Vikram Samvat in 57 BC and it is believed that this calendar follows his victory over the Saka in 56 B.C.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: A larger number of calendar systems of the ancient Near East appear in the Iron Age archaeological record, based on the Assyrian and Babylonian calendars. This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: Calendars in antiquity were usually lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: In the 11th century in Persia, a calendar reform led by Khayyam was announced in 1079, when the length of the year was measured as 365.24219858156 days. Given that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person's lifetime, this is outstandingly accurate. For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days, while today (1999) it is 365.242190 days.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Gregorian calendar was introduced as a refinement of the Julian calendar in 1582, and is today in worldwide use as the "de facto" calendar for secular purposes.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The term "calendars" itself is taken from the "calends", the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb "to call out", referring to the calling or the announcement that the new moon was just seen. Latin meant "account book, register", as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Latin term was adopted in Old French as and from there into Middle English as by the 13th century. The spelling "calendar" is from Early Modern English.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: An alternative hypothesis connects "calendar" with "koledari" in Slavic, pre-Christian tradition, which was later incorporated into Christmas. "Kolo" means "circle, cycle" and "dar" means "a gift".

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: A number of prehistoric structures have been proposed as having had the purpose of timekeeping (typically keeping track of the course of the solar year). This includes many megalithic structures, and reconstructed arrangements going back far into the Neolithic period.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: In Victoria, Australia, a Wurdi Youang stone arrangement could date back more than 11,000 years. This estimate is based on the inaccuracy of the calendar, which is consistent with how the Earth's supposed orbit is thought to have changed during that time. The site is found near the world's oldest known site of permanent aquaculture.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: A ceramic artefact from Bulgaria, known as the Slatino furnace model, dated to roughly 5,000 BC, has been pronounced by local archaeologists and media to be the oldest known calendar representation, a claim not endorsed in mainstream views.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: A mesolithic arrangement of twelve pits and an arc found in Warren Field, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, dated to roughly 8,000 BC, has been described as a lunar calendar and was dubbed the "world's oldest known calendar" in 2013.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Vučedol culture archeological findings in Vinkovci in modern-day Croatia included a ceramic vessel dated to 2,600 BC bearing inscribed ideograms of celestial objects, that was interpreted as an astral calendar, the oldest one in Europe that shows the year starting at the dusk of the first day of spring.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: Old Persian inscriptions and tablets indicate that early Iranians used a 360-day calendar based on the solar observation directly and modified for their beliefs. Days were not named. The months had two or three divisions depending on the phase of the moon. Twelve months of 30 days were named for festivals or activities of the pastoral year. A 13th month was added every six years to keep the calendar synchronized with the seasons.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The first calendars based on Zoroastrian cosmology appeared in the later Achaemenid period (650 to 330 BC). They evolved over the centuries, but month names changed little until now.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: Khayyam measured the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days. Two comments on this result. Firstly it shows an incredible confidence to attempt to give the result to this degree of accuracy. We know now that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person's lifetime. Secondly it is outstandingly accurate. For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days, while today it is 365.242190 days.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The table of Greek Olympiads, following the four-year cycles between the Olympic Games from 1 July 776 BC, continued until the end of the 4th century AD. The Babylonian Era of Nabonassar, beginning on 26 February 747 BC, was used by the Greeks of Alexandria. It was later known in the Middle Ages from the works of Ptolemy.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Greek calendars were greatly diversified by the Hellenistic period, with separate traditions in every Greek state. Of primary importance for the reconstruction of the regional Greek calendars is the calendar of Delphi, because of the numerous documents found there recording the manumission of slaves, many of which are dated both in the Delphian and in a regional calendar.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Macedonian Era of the Seleucids, which began with the conquest of Babylon by Seleucus Nicator in 312 BC. It became widely used in the Levant. The Jews knew it as the "era of contracts", and used it in Europe until the 15th century.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: Most of the regional Hindu calendars are inherited from a system standardized in classical Hindu astronomy as adopted via Indo-Greek transmission in the final centuries BC, and reformed by Gupta era astronomers such as Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Jyotisha text "Brahma-siddhanta", probably composed in the 5th century AD, discusses how to use the movement of planets, sun and moon to keep time and calendar. This text also lists trigonometry and mathematical formulae to support its theory of orbits, predict planetary positions and calculate relative mean positions of celestial nodes and apsides. The text is notable for presenting very large integers, such as 4.32 billion years as the lifetime of the current universe.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: Water clock and sun dials are mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts such as the Arthashastra. The Jyotisha texts present mathematical formulae to predict the length of day time, sun rise and moon cycles.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, and remain in use by the Hindus in India and Nepal, particularly to set Hindu festival dates. Early Buddhist and Jain communities of India adopted the ancient Hindu calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist and Jain festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system in the luni-solar calendar.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: Marcus Terentius Varro introduced the "Ab urbe condita" epoch, assuming a foundation of Rome in 753 BC. The system remained in use during the early Middle Ages until the widespread adoption of the Dionysian era in the Carolingian period.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: In the Roman Empire, the AUC year could be used alongside the consular year, so that the consulship of Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius could be determined as 707 AUC (or 47 BC), the third consulship of Caius Julius Caesar, with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, as 708 AUC (or 46 BC), and the fourth consulship of Gaius Julius Caesar as 709 AUC (or 45 BC).

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The seven-day week has a tradition reaching back to the ancient Near East, but the introduction of the "planetary week" which remains in modern use dates to the Roman Empire period (see also names of the days of the week).

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Icelandic calendar was introduced in the 10th century. While the ancient Germanic calendars were based on lunar months, the new Icelandic calendar introduced a purely solar reckoning, with a year having a fixed number of weeks (52 weeks or 364 days). This necessitated the introduction of "leap weeks" instead of the Julian leap days.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: In 1267, the medieval scientist Roger Bacon stated the times of full moons as a number of hours, minutes, seconds, thirds, and fourths ("horae", "minuta", "secunda", "tertia", and "quarta") after noon on specified calendar dates. Although a third for of a second remains in some languages, for example Arabic ثالثة, the modern second is further divided decimally.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: Rival calendar eras to "Anno Domini" remained in use in Christian Europe. In Spain, the "Era of the Caesars" was dated from Octavian's conquest of Iberia in 39 BC. It was adopted by the Visigoths and remained in use in Catalonia until 1180, Castille until 1382 and Portugal until 1415.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation ("nasi"') by Muhammad, in Islamic tradition dated to a sermon held on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah AH 10 (Julian date: 6 March 632). This resulted in an observationally based lunar calendar shifting relative to the seasons of the solar year.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The ancient Taichu calendar of China was refined in the medieval period. The Dàmíng Calendar (), created in the Liang dynasty by Zu Chongzhi, introduced the equinoxes. The use of a syzygy to determine the lunar month was first described in the Tang dynasty Wùyín Yuán Calendar ().

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Yuan dynasty (13th/14th century) Shòushí calendar () used spherical trigonometry to find the length of the tropical year. This calendar had a 365.2425-day year, identical to the Gregorian calendar.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: A number of other epichoric calendars are tentatively reconstructed for the medieval period. Such reconstructions are mostly limited to a list of month names, as is the case with the pre-Christian Germanic calendar as well as with the Bulgar calendar, which was supposedly in use among the Bulgars in the 10th century, as reconstructed from the 15th-century "Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans".

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: Of all the ancient calendar systems, the Maya and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complex. The Mayan calendar had two years, the 260-day Sacred Round, or "tzolkin", and the 365-day Vague Year, or "haab".

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The Sacred Round of 260 days is composed of two smaller cycles: the numbers 1 through 13, coupled with 20 different day names: Imix, Ik, Akbal, Kan, Chicchan, Cimi, Manik, Lamat, Muluc, Oc, Chuen, Eb, Ben, Ix, Men, Cib, Caban, Eiznab, Cauac, and Ahau. The Sacred Round was used to determine important activities related to the gods and humans: name individuals, predict the future, decide on auspicious dates for battles, marriages, and so on.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: The two cycles of 13 and 20 intermesh and are repeated without interruption: the cycle would begin with 1 Imix, then 2 Ik, then 3 Akbal and so on until the number 13 was reached, at which point the number cycle was restarted so 13 Ben would be followed by 1 Ix, 2 Men and so on. This time Imix would be numbered 8. The cycle ended after 260 days, with the last day being 13 Ahau.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: While the Gregorian calendar is now in worldwide use for secular purposes, various medieval or ancient calendars remain in regional use for religious or social purposes, including the Julian calendar, the Hebrew calendar, the Islamic calendar, various Hindu calendars, the Zoroastrian calendar, etc.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


History of calendars

Context: There are also various modern calendars that see limited use, either created for the use of new religious movements or reformed versions of older religious calendars, or calendars introduced by regionalist or nationalist movements.

Question: 누가 첫번째 달력을 발명했는가?


Dinosaur

Context: A detailed assessment of archosaur interrelations by Sterling Nesbitt confirmed or found the following twelve unambiguous synapomorphies, some previously known:

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: Nesbitt found a number of further potential synapomorphies and discounted a number of synapomorphies previously suggested. Some of these are also present in silesaurids, which Nesbitt recovered as a sister group to Dinosauria, including a large anterior trochanter, metatarsals II and IV of subequal length, reduced contact between ischium and pubis, the presence of a cnemial crest on the tibia and of an ascending process on the astragalus, and many others.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: One of the best examples of soft-tissue impressions in a fossil dinosaur was discovered in the Pietraroia Plattenkalk in southern Italy. The discovery was reported in 1998, and described the specimen of a small, juvenile coelurosaur, "Scipionyx samniticus". The fossil includes portions of the intestines, colon, liver, muscles, and windpipe of this dinosaur.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: In 2015, researchers reported finding structures similar to blood cells and collagen fibers, preserved in the bone fossils of six Cretaceous dinosaur specimens, which are approximately 75 million years old.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous, caused the extinction of all dinosaur groups except for the neornithine birds. Some other diapsid groups, including crocodilians, dyrosaurs, sebecosuchians, turtles, lizards, snakes, sphenodontians, and choristoderans, also survived the event.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: Dinosaurs belong to a group known as archosaurs, which also includes modern crocodilians. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodilians sprawl out to either side.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: By contrast, ornithischians—"bird-hipped", from the Greek "ornitheios" (ὀρνίθειος) meaning "of a bird" and "ischion" (ἰσχίον) meaning "hip joint"—had a pelvis that superficially resembled a bird's pelvis: the pubic bone was oriented caudally (rear-pointing). Unlike birds, the ornithischian pubis also usually had an additional forward-pointing process. Ornithischia includes a variety of species that were primarily herbivores.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: Despite the terms "bird hip" (Ornithischia) and "lizard hip" (Saurischia), birds are not part of Ornithischia. Birds instead belong to Saurischia, the “lizard-hipped” dinosaurs—birds evolved from earlier dinosaurs with "lizard hips".

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: The following is a simplified classification of dinosaur groups based on their evolutionary relationships, and those of the main dinosaur groups Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia, exemplified by the studies of Molina-Pérez and Larramendi in 2019 for Theropoda and 2020 for Sauropodomorpha, and Madzia and colleagues in 2021 for Ornithischia. The dagger (†) is used to signify groups with no living members, descriptions of clades follow Holtz (2007).

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Ceratosauria (generally elaborately horned, power carnivores that existed from the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods, originally included Coelophysoidea)

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Ceratosauridae (A group of Ceratosaurs, they existed in North and South America and possibly even Africa during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous)

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Abelisauroidea (A group of Ceratosaurs that include the Abelisauridae and the Noasauridae, they were the dominant Carnivores in the Southeren hemisphere at the end of the Cretaceous)

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Megalosauroidea (early group of large carnivores including the semiaquatic spinosaurids, possibly basal members of Carnosauria)

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Carnosauria (giant meat-eating dinosaurs; "Allosaurus" and close relatives, like "Carcharodontosaurus")

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Ornithomimosauria (ostrich dinosaurs; small-headed, mostly toothless, omnivorous or possible herbivores)

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Titanosauria (diverse; stocky, with wide hips; most common in the Late Cretaceous of southern continents)

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Ornithopoda (various sizes; bipeds and quadrupeds; evolved a method of chewing using skull flexibility and numerous teeth)

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: *†Ankylopollexia (A group that contains most of the Large Ornithopods, ancestrally had a thumb spike)

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: Knowledge about dinosaurs is derived from a variety of fossil and non-fossil records, including fossilized bones, feces, trackways, gastroliths, feathers, impressions of skin, internal organs and other soft tissues. Many fields of study contribute to our understanding of dinosaurs, including physics (especially biomechanics), chemistry, biology, and the Earth sciences (of which paleontology is a sub-discipline). Two topics of particular interest and study have been dinosaur size and behavior.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: The largest carnivorous dinosaur was "Spinosaurus", reaching a length of , and weighing . Other large carnivorous theropods included "Giganotosaurus", "Carcharodontosaurus" and "Tyrannosaurus". "Therizinosaurus" and "Deinocheirus" were among the tallest of the theropods. The largest ornithischian dinosaur was probably the hadrosaurid "Shantungosaurus giganteus" which measured . The largest individuals may have weighed as much as .

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: Many modern birds are highly social, often found living in flocks. There is general agreement that some behaviors that are common in birds, as well as in crocodiles (closest living relatives of birds), were also common among extinct dinosaur groups. Interpretations of behavior in fossil species are generally based on the pose of skeletons and their habitat, computer simulations of their biomechanics, and comparisons with modern animals in similar ecological niches.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: The crests and frills of some dinosaurs, like the marginocephalians, theropods and lambeosaurines, may have been too fragile to be used for active defense, and so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays, though little is known about dinosaur mating and territorialism. Head wounds from bites suggest that theropods, at least, engaged in active aggressive confrontations.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: However, there is ample evidence of precociality or superprecociality among many dinosaur species, particularly theropods. For instance, non-ornithuromorph birds have been abundantly demonstrated to have had slow growth rates, megapode-like egg burying behavior and the ability to fly soon after birth. Both "Tyrannosaurus" and "Troodon" had juveniles with clear superprecociality and likely occupying different ecological niches than the adults. Superprecociality has been inferred for sauropods.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: Some dinosaurs are known to have used gizzard stones like modern birds. These stones are swallowed by animals to aid digestion and break down food and hard fibers once they enter the stomach. When found in association with fossils, gizzard stones are called gastroliths.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Dinosaur

Context: By human standards, dinosaurs were creatures of fantastic appearance and often enormous size. As such, they have captured the popular imagination and become an enduring part of human culture. The entry of the word "dinosaur" into the common vernacular reflects the animals' cultural importance: in English, "dinosaur" is commonly used to describe anything that is impractically large, obsolete, or bound for extinction.

Question: 가장 처음 발견된 공룡 화석은 무엇인가?


Rome

Context: According to the Ancient Romans' founding myth, the name "Roma" came from the city's founder and first king, Romulus.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: The third and second century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean and the Balkans, through the three Punic Wars (264–146 BC) fought against the city of Carthage and the three Macedonian Wars (212–168 BC) against Macedonia. The first Roman provinces were established at this time: Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, Hispania, Macedonia, Achaea and Africa.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a second civil war against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as dictator for life. His assassination led to a second Triumvirate among Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), Mark Antony and Lepidus, and to another civil war between Octavian and Antony.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: In this period, the papacy played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs and exercising additional political powers.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: In 1418, the Council of Constance settled the Western Schism, and a Roman pope, Martin V, was elected.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: In 1849, a second Roman Republic was proclaimed during a year of revolutions in 1848. Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought for the short-lived republic.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: The "comune" covers an area roughly three times the total area within the "Raccordo" and is comparable in area to the entire metropolitan cities of Milan and Naples, and to an area six times the size of the territory of these cities. It also includes considerable areas of abandoned marshland which is suitable neither for agriculture nor for urban development.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: As a consequence, the density of the "comune" is not that high, its territory being divided between highly urbanised areas and areas designated as parks, nature reserves, and for agricultural use.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: Its average annual temperature is above during the day and at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is during the day and at night. In the warmest month, August, the average temperature is during the day and at night.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of approximately . Temperatures during these months generally vary between during the day and between at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: The average relative humidity is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of in February to a high of in August.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT, approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283).

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some parts of the border, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part a new wall was constructed.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: Examples include the Venerable English College, the Pontifical North American College, the Scots College, and the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby Campagna, as lamb and vegetables (globe artichokes are common). In parallel, Roman Jews – present in the city since the 1st century BC – developed their own cuisine, the "cucina giudaico-romanesca".

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors and actresses, such as Alberto Sordi, Aldo Fabrizi, Anna Magnani. Carlo Verdone, Enrico Montesano, Gigi Proietti and Nino Manfredi.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: The latter took place in the Stadio Olimpico, which is also the shared home stadium for local Serie A clubs S.S. Lazio, founded in 1900, and A.S. Roma, founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the Derby della Capitale has become a staple of Roman sports culture.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for A.S. Roma), and Alessandro Nesta (for S.S. Lazio).

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the Italy national rugby union team, which has been playing in the Six Nations Championship since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of .

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of . It will partly replace the existing Termini-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains. The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014. The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of . The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis, the project has been put on hold.

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Rome

Context: The city hosts also other important international entities such as the IDLO (International Development Law Organisation), the ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the UNIDROIT (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law).

Question: 로마의 수도는 어디인가?


Solar panel

Context: A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module or solar panel is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation. Solar panels use sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity. A collection of PV modules is called a PV panel, and a system of PV panels is called an array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to electrical equipment.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light exposure was first observed by the French physicist Edmond Becquerel.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Though these initial solar panels were too inefficient for even simple electric devices, they were used as an instrument to measure light.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: The observation by Becquerel was not replicated again until 1873, when the English electrical engineer Willoughby Smith discovered that the charge could be caused by light hitting selenium. After this discovery, William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day published "The action of light on selenium" in 1876, describing the experiment they used to replicate Smith's results.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: In 1939, Russell Ohl created the solar cell design that is used in many modern solar panels. He patented his design in 1941.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: In 1954, this design was first used by Bell Labs to create the first commercially viable silicon solar cell. In 1957, Mohamed M. Atalla developed the process of silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation at Bell Labs. The surface passivation process has since been critical to solar cell efficiency.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its output interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. A USB power interface can also be used.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structure.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Module electrical connections are made with conducting wires that take the current off the modules and are sized according to the current rating and fault conditions.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Panels are typically connected in series of one or more panels to form strings to achieve a desired output voltage, and strings can be connected in parallel to provide the desired current capability (amperes) of the PV system.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Blocking and bypass diodes may be incorporated within the module or used externally, to deal with partial array shading, to maximize output. For series connections, bypass diodes are placed in parallel with modules to allow current to bypass shaded modules which would be high resistance. For paralleled connections, a blocking diode may be placed in series with each module's string to prevent shaded strings' internal impedance from short circuiting other strings.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: To maximize total energy output, modules are often oriented to face south (in the Northern Hemisphere) or north (in the Southern Hemisphere) and tilted to allow for the latitude.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Large utility-scale solar power plants usually use ground-mounted photovoltaic systems. Their solar modules are held in place by racks or frames that are attached to ground-based mounting supports. Ground based mounting supports include:

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Roof-mounted solar power systems consist of solar modules held in place by racks or frames attached to roof-based mounting supports. Roof-based mounting supports include:

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Solar trackers increase the energy produced per module at the cost of mechanical complexity and increased need for maintenance. They sense the direction of the Sun and tilt or rotate the modules as needed for maximum exposure to the light.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Alternatively, fixed racks can hold modules stationary throughout the day at a given tilt (zenith angle) and facing a given direction (azimuth angle). Tilt angles equivalent to an installation's latitude are common. Some systems may also adjust the tilt angle based on the time of year.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: On the other hand, east- and west-facing arrays (covering an east–west facing roof, for example) are commonly deployed. Even though such installations will not produce the maximum possible average power from the individual solar panels, the cost of the panels is now usually cheaper than the tracking mechanism and they can provided more economically valuable power during morning and evening peak demands than north or south facing systems.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: In general with solar panels, if not enough current is taken from PVs, then power isn't maximised. If too much current is taken then the voltage collapses. The optimum current draw depends on the amount of sunlight striking the panel. Solar panel capacity is specified by the MPP (maximum power point) value of solar panels in full sunlight.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Solar panels are wired to inverters in parallel or series (a 'string'). In string connections the voltages of the modules add, but the current is determined by the lowest performing panel. This is known as the "Christmas light effect". In parallel connections the voltages must be the same to work, but currents add. Arrays are connected up to meet the voltage requirements of the inverters and to not greatly exceed the current limits.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Micro-inverters work independently to enable each panel to contribute its maximum possible output for a given amount of sunlight, but can be more expensive.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Outdoor solar panels usually include MC4 connectors. Automotive solar panels may also include a car lighter and/or USB adapter. Indoor panels (including solar pv glasses, thin films and windows) can integrate microinverter (AC Solar panels).

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Scientists from Spectrolab, a subsidiary of Boeing, have reported development of multi-junction solar cells with an efficiency of more than 40%, a new world record for solar photovoltaic cells. The Spectrolab scientists also predict that concentrator solar cells could achieve efficiencies of more than 45% or even 50% in the future, with theoretical efficiencies being about 58% in cells with more than three junctions.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Capacity factor of solar panels is limited primarily by geographic latitude and varies significantly depending on cloud cover, dust, day length and other factors. In UK seasonal capacity factor ranges from 2% (December) to 20% (July), with average annual capacity factor of 10-11%, while in Spain the value reaches 18%. Globally, capacity factor for utility-scale PV farms was 16.1% in 2019.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells made of multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. In 2013, crystalline silicon accounted for more than 90 percent of worldwide PV production, while the rest of the overall market is made up of thin-film technologies using cadmium telluride, CIGS and amorphous silicon

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: For optimum performance, a solar panel needs to be made of similar modules oriented in the same direction perpendicular to direct sunlight. Bypass diodes are used to circumvent broken or shaded panels and optimize output. These bypass diodes are usually placed along groups of solar cells to create a continuous flow.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Electrical characteristics include nominal power (PMAX, measured in W), open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (ISC, measured in amperes), maximum power voltage (VMPP), maximum power current (IMPP), peak power, (watt-peak, Wp), and module efficiency (%).

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Open-circuit voltage or VOC is the maximum voltage the module can produce when not connected to an electrical circuit or system. VOC can be measured with a voltmeter directly on an illuminated module's terminals or on its disconnected cable.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: The peak power rating, Wp, is the maximum output under standard test conditions (not the maximum possible output). Typical modules, which could measure approximately , will be rated from as low as 75 W to as high as 600 W, depending on their efficiency. At the time of testing, the test modules are binned according to their test results, and a typical manufacturer might rate their modules in 5 W increments, and either rate them at +/- 3%, +/-5%, +3/-0% or +5/-0%.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Temperature sensitivity is usually described by temperature coefficients, each of which expresses the derivative of the parameter to which it refers with respect to the junction temperature. The values of these parameters can be found in any data sheet of the photovoltaic module; are the following:

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: The ability of solar modules to withstand damage by rain, hail, heavy snow load, and cycles of heat and cold varies by manufacturer, although most solar panels on the U.S. market are UL listed, meaning they have gone through testing to withstand hail.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Potential-induced degradation (also called PID) is a potential-induced performance degradation in crystalline photovoltaic modules, caused by so-called stray currents. This effect may cause power loss of up to 30%.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: The largest challenge for photovoltaic technology is the purchase price per watt of electricity produced. Advancements in photovoltaic technologies have brought about the process of "doping" the silicon substrate to lower the activation energy thereby making the panel more efficient in converting photons to retrievable electrons.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: There are several studies dealing with the power degradation analysis of modules based on different photovoltaic technologies available in the literature. According to a recent study, the degradation of crystalline silicon modules is very regular, oscillating between 0.8% and 1.0% per year.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Solar panel conversion efficiency, typically in the 20% range, is reduced by the accumulation of dust, grime, pollen, and other particulates on the solar panels, collectively referred to as soiling. "A dirty solar panel can reduce its power capabilities by up to 30% in high dust/pollen or desert areas", says Seamus Curran, associate professor of physics at the University of Houston and director of the Institute for NanoEnergy, which specializes in the design, engineering, and assembly of nanostructures.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: However, in some regions, cleaning is not cost-effective. In California as of 2013 soiling-induced financial losses were rarely enough to warrant the cost of washing the panels. On average, panels in California lost a little less than 0.05% of their overall efficiency per day.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: There are also occupational hazards with solar panel installation and maintenance. Birds nests and other debris that can get lodged under the solar panels, which can cause disruptions in the system, lead to fire if there are any loose connections, or just cause the system to degrade over time.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: A 2015–2018 study in the UK investigated 80 PV-related incidents of fire, with over 20 "serious fires" directly caused by PV installation, including 37 domestic buildings and 6 solar farms. In ⅓ of the incidents a root cause was not established and in a majority of others was caused by poor installation, faulty product or design issues. The most frequent single element causing fires was the DC isolators.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: A 2021 study by kWh Analytics determined median annual degradation of PV systems at 1.09% for residential and 0.8% for non-residential ones, almost twice that previously assumed. A PVEL module reliability study found an increasing trend in solar module failure rates with 30% of manufacturers experiencing safety failures related to junction boxes (growth from 20%) and 26% bill-of-materials failures (growth from 20%).

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Since 2010, there is an annual European conference bringing together manufacturers, recyclers and researchers to look at the future of PV module recycling.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: The production of PV systems has followed a classic learning curve effect, with significant cost reduction occurring alongside large rises in efficiency and production output.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: In 2019, 114.9 GW of solar PV system installations were completed, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: With over 100% year-on-year growth in PV system installation, PV module makers dramatically increased their shipments of solar modules in 2019. They actively expanded their capacity and turned themselves into gigawatt GW players. According to Pulse Solar, five of the top ten PV module companies in 2019 have experienced a rise in solar panel production by at least 25% compared to 2019.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: The basis of producing solar panels revolves around the use of silicon cells. These silicon cells are typically 10–20% efficient at converting sunlight into electricity, with newer production models now exceeding 22%.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: In order for solar panels to become more efficient, researchers across the world have been trying to develop new technologies to make solar panels more effective at turning sunlight into energy.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: In 2018, the world's top five solar module producers in terms of shipped capacity during the calendar year of 2018 were Jinko Solar, JA Solar, Trina Solar, Longi Solar, and Canadian Solar.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: The price of solar electrical power has continued to fall so that in many countries it has become cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the electricity grid since 2012, a phenomenon known as grid parity.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Real-world energy production costs depend a great deal on local weather conditions. In a cloudy country such as the United Kingdom, the cost per produced kWh is higher than in sunnier countries like Spain.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: According to U.S. Energy Information Administration, prices per megawatt-hour are expected to converge and reach parity with conventional energy production sources during the period 2020–2030. According to EIA, the parity can be achieved without the need for subsidy support and can be accomplished through organic market mechanisms, namely production price reduction and technological advancement.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: Following to RMI, Balance-of-System (BoS) elements, this is, non-module cost of non-microinverter solar modules (as wiring, converters, racking systems and various components) make up about half of the total costs of installations.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: For merchant solar power stations, where the electricity is being sold into the electricity transmission network, the cost of solar energy will need to match the wholesale electricity price. This point is sometimes called 'wholesale grid parity' or 'busbar parity'.

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?


Solar panel

Context: There are many practical applications for the use of solar panels or photovoltaics. It can first be used in agriculture as a power source for irrigation. In health care solar panels can be used to refrigerate medical supplies. It can also be used for infrastructure. PV modules are used in photovoltaic systems and include a large variety of electric devices:

Question: 태양 전지판을 최초로 발명한 사람은 누구인가?