Workweek and weekend

Context: Ireland has a working week from Monday to Friday, with core working hours from 09:00 to 17:30. Retail stores are usually open until 21:00 every Thursday. Many grocery stores, especially in urban areas, are open until 21:00 or later, and some supermarkets and convenience stores may open around the clock. Shops are generally open all day Saturday and a shorter day Sunday (usually 10:00–12:00 to 17:00–19:00).

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In the past, shops had a break from 13:00 to 16:00 and they were generally open until 19:00/20:00. Working times for shops have been changed recently and now are at the owner's discretion; malls are generally open every day 08.00-09:00 to 20:00.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Latvia has a Monday to Friday working week capped at forty hours. Shops are mostly open on weekends, many large retail chains having full working hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises usually hold hours from 9:00 to 18:00, however government institutions and others may have a shorter working day, ending at 17:00.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Lithuania has a Monday to Friday working week capped at forty hours. Shops are mostly open on weekends, many large retail chains having full working hours even on Sunday and public holidays (however on Christmas or Easter shops usually shortens the work time). Private enterprises usually hold hours from 9:00 to 18:00, however government institutions and others may have a shorter working day, ending at 17:00 or 16:00.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Under the new rules, trading will be only allowed on the first and last Sunday of the month. The ban will be stepped up to all Sundays except the last each month in 2019, while in 2020 trading will be prohibited on all Sundays except seven, including those in the run-up to Christmas and Easter. 11 March 2018 will be the first Sunday on which trading is banned.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Bakeries, confectioners, petrol stations, florists, post offices, train stations and airports will be exempt from the ban. Owners will be able to open their shops as long as they serve customers themselves.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Anyone infringing the new rules faces a fine of up to PLN 100,000 (EUR 23,900; USD 29,250). Repeat offenders may face a prison sentence.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: There are non-working public holidays in Russia; all of them fall on a fixed date. By law, if such a holiday coincides with an ordinary day off, the next work day becomes a day off. An official public holiday cannot replace a regular day off. Each year the government can modify working weeks near public holidays in order to optimize the labor schedule. For example, if a five-day week has a public holiday on Tuesday or Thursday, the calendar is rearranged to provide a reasonable working week.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Exceptions include occupations such as transit workers, shop assistants, and security guards. In many cases independent schemes are used. For example, the service industry often uses the X-through-Y scheme (Russian: "X через Y") when every worker uses X days for work and the next Y days for rest.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In the former Soviet Union the standard working week was 41 hours: 8 hours, 12 minutes, Monday to Friday. Before the mid-1960s there was a 42-hour 6-day standard working week: 7 hours Monday to Friday and 6 hours on Saturday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays, supermarkets and shopping centres, so that employees there have to work. Traditionally, restaurants were closed on Mondays if they were opened during the weekend, but this has in recent years largely fallen out of practice. Many museums do however still remain closed on Mondays.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Laws for shop opening hours differ between Scotland and the rest of the UK. In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, many shops and services are open on Saturdays and increasingly so on Sundays as well. In England and Wales, stores' maximum Sunday opening hours vary according to the total floor space of the store. In Scotland, however, there is no restriction in law on shop opening hours on a Sunday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The minimum holiday entitlement is now 28 days per year, but that can include public holidays, depending on the employee's contract. England & Wales have eight, Scotland has nine, and Northern Ireland has ten permanent public holidays each year. The 28 days holiday entitlement means that if the government creates a one-off public holiday in a given year, it is not necessarily a day off and it does not add 1 day to employees' holiday entitlement – unless the employer says otherwise, which some do.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Islam, Friday is the weekly day of prayer when Jumu'ah prayers take place. For this reason, most of the Middle Eastern countries and some other predominantly Muslim-majority countries used to consider Thursday and Friday as their weekend. However, this weekend arrangement is no longer observed by a significant number of Muslim-majority countries (see below).

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Only two Muslim-majority countries have only Friday as the only weekend day and have a six-day working week.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Jordan was the first Middle Eastern Arab country to shift to a Friday–Saturday weekend arrangement in January 2000. Other Arab states followed in the coming years. Following reforms in a number of Arab states in the Persian Gulf in the 2000s and 2010s, the Thursday–Friday weekend was replaced by the Friday–Saturday weekend. This change provided for the Muslim offering of Friday prayers and afforded more work days to coincide with the working calendars of international financial markets.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Other countries with Muslim-majority populations or significant Muslim populations follow the Saturday–Sunday weekend, such as Indonesia, Lebanon, Turkey, Tunisia and Morocco. While Friday is a working day, a long midday break is given to allow time for worship.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: There are some areas that unusually implement a non-contiguous workweek (Monday–Thursday and Saturday) and weekend (Friday and Sunday), as listed below.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The House of Hohenzollern (, , , , ) is a German royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania. The family came from the area around the town of Hechingen in Swabia during the late 11th century and took their name from Hohenzollern Castle. The first ancestors of the Hohenzollerns were mentioned in 1061.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The Hohenzollern family split into two branches, the Catholic Swabian branch and the Protestant Franconian branch, which ruled the Burgraviate of Nuremberg and later became the Brandenburg-Prussian branch. The Swabian branch ruled the principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen until 1849, and also ruled Romania from 1866 to 1947. Members of the Franconian branch became Margrave of Brandenburg in 1415 and Duke of Prussia in 1525.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were ruled in personal union after 1618 and were called Brandenburg-Prussia. From there, the Kingdom of Prussia was created in 1701, eventually leading to the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire in 1871, with the Hohenzollerns as hereditary German Emperors and Kings of Prussia.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Germany's defeat in World War I in 1918 led to the German Revolution. The Hohenzollerns were overthrown and the Weimar Republic was established, thus bringing an end to the German monarchy and Prussian monarchy. Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia is the current head of the formerly royal Prussian line, while Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern is the head of the formerly princely Swabian line.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Zollern, from 1218 Hohenzollern, was a county of the Holy Roman Empire. Later its capital was Hechingen.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The Hohenzollerns named their estates after Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps. The Hohenzollern Castle lies on an 855 meters high mountain called Hohenzollern. It still belongs to the family today.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The dynasty was first mentioned in 1061. According to the medieval chronicler Berthold of Reichenau, Burkhard I, Count of Zollern ("de Zolorin") was born before 1025 and died in 1061.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1095, Count Adalbert of Zollern founded the Benedictine monastery of Alpirsbach, situated in the Black Forest.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1218, the burgraviate passed to Frederick's elder son Conrad I, he thereby became the ancestor of the Franconian Hohenzollern branch, which acquired the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1415.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The senior Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern was founded by Conrad I, Burgrave of Nuremberg (1186–1261).

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The family supported the Hohenstaufen and Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire during the 12th to 15th centuries, being rewarded with several territorial grants. Beginning in the 16th century, this branch of the family became Protestant and decided on expansion through marriage and the purchase of surrounding lands.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In the first phase, the family gradually added to their lands, at first with many small acquisitions in the Franconian region of Germany:

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In the second phase, the family expanded their lands further with large acquisitions in the Brandenburg and Prussian regions of Germany and present-day Poland:

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: These acquisitions eventually transformed the Franconian Hohenzollerns from a minor German princely family into one of the most important dynasties in Europe.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: From 8 January 1701 the title of Elector of Brandenburg was attached to the title of King "in" Prussia and, from 13 September 1772, to that of King "of" Prussia.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: After John III/I's death on 11 June 1420, the margraviates of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach were briefly reunited under Frederick VI/I/I. He ruled the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach after 1398. From 1420, he became Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. From 1411 Frederick VI became governor of Brandenburg and later Elector and Margrave of Brandenburg as Frederick I. Upon his death on 21 September 1440, his territories were divided among his sons:

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1427 Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg sold Nuremberg Castle and his rights as burgrave to the Imperial City of Nuremberg. The territories of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach remained possessions of the family, once parts of the Burgraviate of Nuremberg.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: On 2 December 1791, Christian II Frederick sold the sovereignty of his principalities to King Frederick William II of Prussia.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: On 2 December 1791, Charles Alexander sold the sovereignty of his principalities to King Frederick William II of Prussia.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The short-lived Margraviate of Brandenburg-Küstrin was set up as a secundogeniture of the House of Hohenzollern.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Although recognized as a branch of the dynasty since 1688, the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Schwedt remained subordinate to the electors, and was never an independent principality.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1525, the Duchy of Prussia was established as a fief of the King of Poland. Albert of Prussia was the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and the first Duke of Prussia. He belonged to the Ansbach branch of the dynasty. The Duchy of Prussia adopted Protestantism as the official state religion.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Frederick William's successor, Frederick the Great gained Silesia in the Silesian Wars so that Prussia emerged as a great power. The king was strongly influenced by French culture and civilization and preferred the French language.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1871, the Kingdom of Prussia became a constituent member of the German Empire, and the King of Prussia gained the additional title of German Emperor.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed. With the accession of William I to the newly established imperial German throne, the titles of King of Prussia, Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title of German Emperor.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Prussia's Minister President Otto von Bismarck convinced William that German Emperor instead of Emperor of Germany would be appropriate. He became "primus inter pares" among other German sovereigns.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: William II intended to develop a German navy capable of challenging Britain's Royal Navy. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 set off the chain of events that led to World War I. As a result of the war, the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires ceased to exist.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1918, the German empire was abolished and replaced by the Weimar Republic. After the outbreak of the German revolution in 1918, both Emperor William II and Crown Prince William signed the document of abdication.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Since the abolition of the German monarchy, no Hohenzollern claims to imperial or royal prerogatives are recognized by Germany's Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949, which guarantees a republic.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The communist government of the Soviet occupation zone expropriated all landowners and industrialists; the House of Hohenzollern lost almost all of its fortune, retaining a few company shares and Hohenzollern Castle in West Germany. The Polish government appropriated the Silesian property and the Dutch government seized Huis Doorn, the Emperor's seat in exile.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: After German reunification, however, the family was legally able to reclaim their portable property, namely art collections and parts of the interior of their former palaces. Negotiations on the return of or compensation for these assets are not yet completed.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The Berlin Palace, home of the German monarchs, was rebuilt in 2020. The Berlin Palace and the Humboldt Forum are located in the middle of Berlin.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The head of the house is the titular King of Prussia and German Emperor. He also bears a historical claim to the title of Prince of Orange. Members of this line style themselves princes of Prussia.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, the current head of the royal Prussian House of Hohenzollern, was married to Princess Sophie of Isenburg on 27 August 2011. On 20 January 2013, she gave birth to twin sons, Carl Friedrich Franz Alexander and Louis Ferdinand Christian Albrecht, in Bremen. Carl Friedrich, the elder of the two, is the heir apparent.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The cadet Swabian branch of the House of Hohenzollern was founded by Frederick IV, Count of Zollern. The family ruled three territories with seats at, respectively, Hechingen, Sigmaringen and Haigerloch. The counts were elevated to princes in 1623. The Swabian branch of the Hohenzollerns is Roman Catholic.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1576, when Charles I, Count of Hohenzollern died, his county was divided to form the three Swabian branches. Eitel Frederick IV took Hohenzollern with the title of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Karl II took Sigmaringen and Veringen, and Christopher got Haigerloch. Christopher's family died out in 1634.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The Hohenzollern-Hechingen branch became extinct in 1869. A descendant of this branch was Countess Sophie Chotek, morganatic wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Lotharingen.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1204, the County of Hohenzollern was established out of the fusion of the County of Zollern and the Burgraviate of Nuremberg. The Swabian branch inherited the county of Zollern and, being descended from Frederick I of Nuremberg, were all named "Friedrich" down through the 11th generation. Each one's numeral is counted from the first Friedrich to rule his branch's appanage.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The most senior of these in the 12th century, Count Frederick VIII (d. 1333), had two sons, the elder of whom became Frederick IX (d. 1379), first Count of Hohenzollern, and fathered Friedrich X who left no sons when he died in 1412.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: But the younger son of Friedrich VIII, called "Friedrich of Strassburg", uniquely, took no numeral of his own, retaining the old title "Count of Zollern" and pre-deceased his brother in 1364/65. Prince Wilhelm Karl zu Isenburg's 1957 genealogical series, "Europäische Stammtafeln", says Friedrich of Strassburg shared, rather, in the rule of Zollern with his elder brother until his premature death.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: It appears, but is not stated, that Strassburg's son became the recognized co-ruler of his cousin Friedrich X (as compensation for having received no appanage and/or because of incapacity on the part of Friedrich X) and, as such, assumed (or is, historically, attributed) the designation Frederick XI although he actually pre-deceased Friedrich X, dying in 1401.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Friedrich XI, however, left two sons who jointly succeeded their cousin-once-removed, being Count Frederick XII (d. childless 1443) and Count Eitel Friedrich I (d. 1439), the latter becoming the ancestor of all subsequent branches of the Princes of Hohenzollern.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In the 12th century, a son of Frederick I secured the county of Hohenberg. The county remained in the possession of the family until 1486.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The influence of the Swabian line was weakened by several partitions of its lands. In the 16th century, the situation changed completely when Eitel Frederick II, a friend and adviser of the emperor Maximilian I, received the district of Haigerloch. His grandson Charles I was granted the counties of Sigmaringen and Vehringen by Charles V.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The County of Hohenzollern-Hechingen was established in 1576 with allodial rights. It included the original County of Zollern, with the Hohenzollern Castle and the monastery at Stetten.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In December 1849, the ruling princes of both Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen abdicated their thrones, and their principalities were incorporated as the Prussian province of Hohenzollern. The Hechingen branch became extinct in dynastic line with Konstantin's death in 1869.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Between 1634 and 1681, the county was temporarily integrated into the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Upon the death of Francis Christopher Anton in 1767, the Haigerloch territory was incorporated into the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was established in 1576 with allodial rights and a seat at Sigmaringen Castle.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In December 1849, sovereignty over the principality was yielded to the Franconian branch of the family and incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia, which accorded status as cadets of the Prussian Royal Family to the Swabian Hohenzollerns. The last ruling Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Karl Anton, would later serve as Minister President of Prussia between 1858 and 1862.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The family continued to use the title of Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. After the Hechingen branch became extinct in 1869, the Sigmaringen branch adopted title of "Prince of Hohenzollern".

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1866, Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was chosen prince of Romania, becoming King Carol I of Romania in 1881.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Charles's elder brother, Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, was offered the Spanish throne in 1870 after a revolt exiled Isabella II in 1868. Although encouraged by Bismarck to accept, Leopold declined in the face of French opposition. Nonetheless, Bismarck altered and then published the Ems telegram to create a "casus belli": France declared war, but Bismarck's Germany won the Franco-Prussian War.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The head of the Sigmaringen branch (the only extant line of the Swabian branch of the dynasty) is Karl Friedrich, styled "His Highness" The Prince of Hohenzollern. His official seat is Sigmaringen Castle.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The Principality of Romania was established in 1862, after the Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia had been united in 1859 under Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Prince of Romania in a personal union. He was deposed in 1866 by the Romanian parliament.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was invited to become reigning Prince of Romania in 1866. In 1881 he became Carol I, King of Romania. Carol I had an only daughter who died young, so the younger son of his brother Leopold, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, would succeed his uncle as King of Romania in 1914, and his descendants, having converted to the Orthodox Church, continued to reign there until the end of the monarchy in 1947.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In 1947, the King Michael I abdicated and the country was proclaimed a People's Republic. Michael did not press his claim to the defunct Romanian throne, but he was welcomed back to the country after half a century in exile as a private citizen, with substantial former royal properties being placed at his disposal. However, his dynastic claim was not recognized by post-Communist Romanians.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: On 10 May 2011, King Michael I severed the dynastic ties between the Romanian Royal Family and the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: After that the branch of the Hohenzollerns was dynastically represented only by the last king Michael, and his daughters. Having no sons, he declared that his dynastic heir, instead of being a male member of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen princely family to which he formerly belonged patrilineally and in accordance with the last Romanian monarchical constitution, should be his eldest daughter Margareta.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: The royal house remains popular in Romania and in 2014 Prime Minister Victor Ponta promised a referendum on whether or not to reinstate the monarchy if he were re-elected.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In mid-2019, it was revealed that Prince Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, Head of the House of Hohenzollern had filed claims for permanent right of residency for his family in Cecilienhof, or one of two other Hohenzollern palaces in Potsdam, as well as return of the family library, 266 paintings, an imperial crown and sceptre, and the letters of Empress Augusta Victoria.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: Central to the argument was that Monbijou Palace, which had been permanently given to the family following the fall of the Kaiser, was demolished by the East German government in 1959. Lawyers for the German state argued that the involvement of members of the family in National Socialism had voided any such rights.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


House of Hohenzollern

Context: In June 2019, a claim made by Prince Georg Friedrich that Rheinfels Castle be returned to the Hohenzollern family was dismissed by a court. In 1924, the ruined Castle had been given by the state of Rhineland-Palatinate to the town of St Goar, under the provision it was not sold. In 1998, the town leased the ruins to a nearby hotel. His case made the claim that this constituted a breach of the bequest.

Question: Keitä Hohenzollernit olivat?


Lute

Context: A lute ( or ) is any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. It may be either fretted or unfretted.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: More specifically, the term "lute" can refer to an instrument from the family of European lutes. The term also refers generally to any string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to the sound table (in the Hornbostel–Sachs system).

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Sachs's book is from 1941, and the archaeological evidence available to him placed the early lutes at about 2000 BC. Discoveries since then have pushed the existence of the lute back to c. 3100 BC.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Bactria and Gandhara became part of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). Under the Sasanians, a short almond-shaped lute from Bactria came to be called the barbat or barbud, which was developed into the later Islamic world's "oud" or "ud". When the Moors conquered Andalusia in 711, they brought their ud or quitra along, into a country that had already known a lute tradition under the Romans, the pandura.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. Among them was Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi' (789–857), a prominent musician, who had trained under Ishaq al-Mawsili (d. 850) in Baghdad and was exiled to Andalusia before 833. He taught and has been credited with adding a fifth string to his oud and with establishing one of the first schools of music in Córdoba.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: By the 11th century, Muslim Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually to Provence, influencing French troubadours and trouvères and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. While Europe developed the lute, the "oud" remained a central part of Arab music, and broader Ottoman music, undergoing a range of transformations.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Although the major entry of the short lute was in western Europe, leading to a variety of lute styles, the short lute entered Europe in the East as well; as early as the sixth century, the Bulgars brought the short-necked variety of the instrument called komuz to the Balkans.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Medieval lutes were four- and five-course instruments, plucked with a quill as a plectrum. There were several sizes and, by the end of the Renaissance, seven sizes (up to the great octave bass) are documented. Song accompaniment was probably the lute's primary function in the Middle Ages, but very little music securely attributable to the lute survives from before 1500. Medieval and early-Renaissance song accompaniments were probably mostly improvised, hence the lack of written records.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: In the last few decades of the fifteenth century, to play Renaissance polyphony on a single instrument, lutenists gradually abandoned the quill in favor of plucking the instrument with the fingers. The number of courses grew to six and beyond. The lute was the premier solo instrument of the sixteenth century, but continued to accompany singers as well.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: About 1500, many Iberian lutenists adopted vihuela de mano, a viol-shaped instrument tuned like the lute; both instruments continued in coexistence. This instrument also found its way to parts of Italy that were under Spanish domination (especially Sicily and the papal states under the Borgia pope Alexander VI who brought many Catalan musicians to Italy), where it was known as the viola da mano.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Over the course of the Baroque era, the lute was increasingly relegated to the continuo accompaniment, and was eventually superseded in that role by keyboard instruments. The lute almost fell out of use after 1800. Some sorts of lute were still used for some time in Germany, Sweden, and Ukraine.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: The words "lute" and "oud" possibly derive from Arabic "al-ʿoud" (- literally means "the wood"). It may refer to the wooden plectrum traditionally used for playing the oud, to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguished it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Lutes are made almost entirely of wood. The soundboard is a teardrop-shaped thin flat plate of resonant wood (typically spruce). In all lutes the soundboard has a single (sometimes triple) decorated sound hole under the strings called the "rose". The sound hole is not open, but rather covered with a grille in the form of an intertwining vine or a decorative knot, carved directly out of the wood of the soundboard.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: After joining the top to the sides, a half-binding is usually installed around the edge of the soundboard. The half-binding is approximately half the thickness of the soundboard and is usually made of a contrasting color wood. The rebate for the half-binding must be extremely precise to avoid compromising structural integrity.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: The "back" or the shell is assembled from thin strips of hardwood (maple, cherry, ebony, rosewood, gran, wood and/or other tonewoods) called "ribs", joined (with glue) edge to edge to form a deep rounded body for the instrument. There are braces inside on the soundboard to give it strength.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Of note are the "catlines" used as basses on historical instruments. Catlines are several gut strings wound together and soaked in heavy metal solutions to increase the string mass. Catlines can be quite large in diameter compared to wound nylon strings of the same pitch. They produce a bass that differs somewhat in timbre from nylon basses.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: The lute's strings are arranged in "courses", of two strings each, though the highest-pitched course usually consists of only a single string, called the "chanterelle". In later Baroque lutes two upper courses are single. The courses are numbered sequentially, counting from the highest pitched, so that the "chanterelle" is the "first course", the next pair of strings is the "second course", etc. Thus an 8-course Renaissance lute usually has 15 strings, and a 13-course Baroque lute has 25.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: During the early days of the early music movement, many lutes were constructed by available luthiers, whose specialty was often classical guitars. Such lutes were heavily built with construction similar to classical guitars, with fan bracing, heavy tops, fixed frets, and lined sides, all of which are anachronistic to historical lutes. As lutherie scholarship increased, makers began constructing instruments based on historical models, which have proven lighter and more responsive instruments.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Finally, perhaps the most influential European lute composer was the Hungarian Bálint Bakfark ( 1526/30–1576), whose contrapuntal fantasias were much more difficult and tighter than those of his Western European contemporaries.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Ottorino Respighi's famous orchestral suites called "Ancient Airs and Dances" are drawn from various books and articles on 16th- and 17th-century lute music transcribed by the musicologist Oscar Chilesotti, including eight pieces from a German manuscript "Da un Codice Lauten-Buch", now in a private library in northern Italy.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: The revival of lute-playing in the 20th century has its roots in the pioneering work of Arnold Dolmetsch (1858–1940); whose research into early music and instruments started the movement for authenticity. The revival of the lute gave composers an opportunity to create new works for it.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Lutes were made in a large variety of sizes, with varying numbers of strings/courses, and with no permanent standard for tuning. However, the following seems to have been "generally" true of the Renaissance lute.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: For lutes with more than six courses, the extra courses would be added on the low end. Because of the large number of strings, lutes have very wide necks, and it is difficult to stop strings beyond the sixth course, so additional courses were usually tuned to pitches useful as bass notes rather than continuing the regular pattern of fourths, and these lower courses are most often played without stopping. Thus an 8-course tenor Renaissance lute would be tuned to , and a 10-course to .

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: However, none of these patterns were "de rigueur", and a modern lutenist occasionally retunes one or more courses between pieces. Manuscripts bear instructions for the player, e.g., "7e chœur en fa" = "seventh course in "fa"" (= F in the standard C scale).

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Modern lutenists tune to a variety of pitch standards, ranging from A = 392 to 470 Hz, depending on the type of instrument they are playing, the repertory, the pitch of other instruments in an ensemble and other performing expediencies. No attempt at a universal pitch standard existed during the period of the lute's historical popularity. The standards varied over time and from place to place.

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Lute

Context: Original: "Over de pioniers van de luitrevival"; Luthinerie / Geluit no. 15 (September 2001) and no. 16 (December 2001)

Question: Milloin luuttu keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set up a new entity, named Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton as CEO, with the responsibility of developing technology. The Foundation was rededicated as an educational charity for promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools and developing countries. Most Pis are made in a Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales, while others are made in China and Japan.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: There are three series of Raspberry Pi, and several generations of each have been released. Raspberry Pi SBCs feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU) and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU), while Raspberry Pi Pico has a RP2040 system on chip with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU).

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: As of 4 May 2021, the Foundation is committed to manufacture most Pi models until at least January 2026. Even the 1 GB Pi4B can still be specially-ordered.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that feature variations in the type of the central processing unit, amount of memory capacity, networking support, and peripheral-device support.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi includes a 700 MHz ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics processing unit (GPU), and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1) cache of 16 KB and a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The level 2 cache is used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is visible. The ARM1176JZ(F)-S is the same CPU used in the original iPhone, although at a higher clock rate, and mated with a much faster GPU.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The earlier V1.1 model of the Raspberry Pi 2 used a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC with a 900 MHz 32-bit, quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB shared L2 cache. The Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 was upgraded to a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, the same one which is used on the Raspberry Pi 3, but underclocked (by default) to the same 900 MHz CPU clock speed as the V1.1. The BCM2836 SoC is no longer in production as of late 2016.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache. The Model A+ and B+ are 1.4 GHz

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi 4 uses a Broadcom BCM2711 SoC with a 1.5 GHz (later models: 1.8 GHz) 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, with 1 MB shared L2 cache. Unlike previous models, which all used a custom interrupt controller poorly suited for virtualisation, the interrupt controller on this SoC is compatible with the ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) architecture 2.0, providing hardware support for interrupt distribution when using ARM virtualisation capabilities.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W use the same Broadcom BCM2835 SoC as the first generation Raspberry Pi, although now running at 1 GHz CPU clock speed.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi Zero W 2 uses the RP3A0-AU CPU, a 1 GHz 64 bit ARM Cortex A53, on 512MB of SDRAM. Documentation states this "system-on-package" is a Broadcom BCM2710A1 package, using a BCM2837 Broadcom chip as core, which is an ARM v8 quad-core. The RPi3 also uses the BCM2837, but at 1.2 GHz, since the Pi Zero W 2 clock is 1 GHz.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first generation Raspberry Pi provided a real-world performance roughly equivalent to 0.041 GFLOPS. On the CPU level the performance is similar to a 300 MHz Pentium II of 1997–99. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5 Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing performance. The graphical capabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to the performance of the Xbox of 2001.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 included a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU running at 900 MHz and 1 GB RAM. It was described as 4–6 times more powerful than its predecessor. The GPU was identical to the original. In parallelised benchmarks, the Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 could be up to 14 times faster than a Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core Cortex-A53 processor, is described as having ten times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1. Benchmarks showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelised tasks.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi 4, with a quad-core Cortex-A72 processor, is described as having three times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 3.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: In the highest ("turbo") mode the SDRAM clock speed was originally 500 MHz, but this was later changed to 600 MHz because of occasional SD card corruption. Simultaneously, in "high" mode the core clock speed was lowered from 450 to 250 MHz, and in "medium" mode from 333 to 250 MHz.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The CPU of the first and second generation Raspberry Pi board did not require cooling with a heat sink or fan, even when overclocked, but the Raspberry Pi 3 may generate more heat when overclocked.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi 3 has 1 GB of RAM in the B and B+ models, and 512 MB of RAM in the A+ model. The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W have 512 MB of RAM.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi 4 is available with 2, 4 or 8 GB of RAM. A 1 GB model was originally available at launch in June 2019 but was discontinued in March 2020, and the 8 GB model was introduced in May 2020.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The RPi Zero, RPi1A, RPi3A+ and RPi4 can be used as a USB device or "USB gadget", plugged into another computer via a USB port on another machine. It can be configured in multiple ways, such as functioning as a serial or Ethernet device. Although originally requiring software patches, this was added into the mainline Raspbian distribution in May 2016.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Raspberry Pi models with a newer chipset can boot from USB mass storage, such as from a flash drive. Booting from USB mass storage is not available in the original Raspberry Pi models, the Raspberry Pi Zero, the Raspberry Pi Pico, the Raspberry Pi 2 A models, and the Raspberry Pi 2 B models with versions lower than 1.2.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Although often pre-configured to operate as a headless computer, the Raspberry Pi may also optionally be operated with any generic USB computer keyboard and mouse. It may also be used with USB storage, USB to MIDI converters, and virtually any other device/component with USB capabilities, depending on the installed device drivers in the underlying operating system (many of which are included by default).

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Other peripherals can be attached through the various pins and connectors on the surface of the Raspberry Pi.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Higher resolutions, up to 2048×1152, may work or even 3840×2160 at 15 Hz (too low a frame rate for convincing video). Allowing the highest resolutions does not imply that the GPU can decode video formats at these resolutions; in fact, the Raspberry Pis are known to not work reliably for H.265 (at those high resolutions), commonly used for very high resolutions (however, most common formats up to Full HD do work).

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Although the Raspberry Pi 3 does not have H.265 decoding hardware, the CPU is more powerful than its predecessors, potentially fast enough to allow the decoding of H.265-encoded videos in software. The GPU in the Raspberry Pi 3 runs at higher clock frequencies of 300 MHz or 400 MHz, compared to previous versions which ran at 250 MHz.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pis can also generate 576i and 480i composite video signals, as used on old-style (CRT) TV screens and less-expensive monitors through standard connectorseither RCA or 3.5 mm phono connector depending on model. The television signal standards supported are PAL-B/G/H/I/D, PAL-M, PAL-N, NTSC and NTSC-J.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The RP2040 microcontroller has a built-in real-time clock but this can not be set automatically without some form of user entry or network facility being added.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Model B rev. 2 also has a pad (called P5 on the board and P6 on the schematics) of 8 pins offering access to an additional 4 GPIO connections. These GPIO pins were freed when the four board version identification links present in revision 1.0 were removed.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and B+ provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and the power status LED using GPIO 35.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Raspberry Pi Foundation first announced it was working on a Vulkan driver in February 2020. A working Vulkan driver running Quake 3 at 100 frames per second on a 3B+ was revealed by a graphics engineer who had been working on it as a hobby project on 20 June. On 24 November 2020 Raspberry Pi Foundation announced that their driver for the Raspberry Pi 4 is Vulkan 1.0 conformant. On 26 October 2021 Raspberry Pi Trading announced that their driver for the Raspberry Pi 4 is Vulkan 1.1 conformant.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more emphasis should be put on improving the educational software available on existing hardware, using tools such as Google App Inventor to return programming to schools, rather than adding new hardware choices. Simon Rockman, writing in a "ZDNet" blog, was of the opinion that teens will have "better things to do", despite what happened in the 1980s.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3's Innovation of the Year award, and futurist Mark Pesce cited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as the inspiration for his ambient device project MooresCloud. In October 2012, the British Computer Society reacted to the announcement of enhanced specifications by stating, "it's definitely something we'll want to sink our teeth into."

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: In June 2017, Raspberry Pi won the Royal Academy of Engineering MacRobert Award. The citation for the award to the Raspberry Pi said it was "for its inexpensive credit card-sized microcomputers, which are redefining how people engage with computing, inspiring students to learn coding and computer science and providing innovative control solutions for industry."

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Clusters of hundreds of Raspberry Pis have been used for testing programs destined for supercomputers.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: , enquiries about the board in the United Kingdom have been received from schools in both the state and private sectors, with around five times as much interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesses will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools. The CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government of a country in the Middle East has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, to enhance her employment prospects.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of its community members including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of free learning resources for its website. The Foundation also started a teacher training course called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Raspberry Pi in the classroom.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: In 2018, NASA launched the "JPL Open Source Rover Project", which is a scaled down version of Curiosity rover and uses a Raspberry Pi as the control module, to encourage students and hobbyists to get involved in mechanical, software, electronics, and robotics engineering.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: There are a number of developers and applications that are using the Raspberry Pi for home automation. These programmers are making an effort to modify the Raspberry Pi into a cost-affordable solution in energy monitoring and power consumption. Because of the relatively low cost of the Raspberry Pi, this has become a popular and economical alternative to the more expensive commercial solutions.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: In March 2018, SUSE announced commercial support for SUSE Linux Enterprise on the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B to support a number of undisclosed customers implementing industrial monitoring with the Raspberry Pi.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: In January 2021, TECHBASE announced a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 cluster for AI accelerator, routing and file server use. The device contains one or more standard Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4s in an industrial DIN rail housing, with some versions containing one or more Coral Edge tensor processing units.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The Organelle is a portable synthesizer, a sampler, a sequencer, and an effects processor designed and assembled by Critter & Guitari. It incorporates a Raspberry Pi computer module running Linux.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: OTTO is a digital camera created by Next Thing Co. It incorporates a Raspberry Pi Compute Module. It was successfully crowd-funded in a May 2014 Kickstarter campaign.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: Slice is a digital media player which also uses a Compute Module as its heart. It was crowd-funded in an August 2014 Kickstarter campaign. The software running on Slice is based on Kodi.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: During the COVID-19 pandemic, demand increased primarily due to the increase in remote work, but also because of the use of many Raspberry Pi Zeros in ventilators for COVID-19 patients in countries such as Colombia, which were used to combat strain on the healthcare system. In March 2020, Raspberry Pi sales reached 640,000 units, the second largest month of sales in the company's history.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: The organisations involved in the Astro Pi competition include the UK Space Agency, UKspace, Raspberry Pi, ESERO-UK and ESA.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: In 2017, the European Space Agency ran another competition open to all students in the European Union called Proxima. The winning programs were run on the ISS by Thomas Pesquet, a French astronaut. In December 2021, the Dragon 2 spacecraft launched by NASA had a pair of Astro pi in it.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Raspberry Pi

Context: According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, more than 5 million Raspberry Pis were sold by February 2015, making it the best-selling British computer. By November 2016 they had sold 11 million units, and 12.5 million by March 2017, making it the third best-selling "general purpose computer". In July 2017, sales reached nearly 15 million, climbing to 19 million in March 2018. By December 2019, a total of 30 million devices had been sold.

Question: Milloin raspberry pi keksittiin?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a difference in sex development involving hormonal resistance due to androgen receptor dysfunction.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Management of AIS is currently limited to symptomatic management; no method is currently available to correct the malfunctioning androgen receptor proteins produced by "AR" gene mutations. Areas of management include sex assignment, genitoplasty, gonadectomy to reduce tumor risk, hormone replacement therapy, genetic counseling, and psychological counseling.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Some individuals with CAIS or PAIS do not have any "AR" mutations despite clinical, hormonal, and histological features sufficient to warrant an AIS diagnosis; up to 5% of women with CAIS do not have an "AR" mutation, as well as between 27 and 72% of individuals with PAIS.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Depending on the mutation, a person with a 46,XY karyotype and AIS can have either a male (MAIS) or female (CAIS) phenotype, or may have genitalia that are only partially masculinized (PAIS). The gonads are testes regardless of phenotype due to the influence of the Y chromosome. A 46,XY female, thus, does not have ovaries or a uterus, and can neither contribute an egg towards conception nor gestate a child.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Several case studies of fertile 46,XY males with AIS have been published, although this group is thought to be a minority. In some cases, infertile males with MAIS have been able to conceive children after increasing their sperm count through the use of supplementary testosterone.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: A genetic male conceived by a man with AIS would not receive his father's X chromosome, thus would neither inherit nor carry the gene for the syndrome. A genetic female conceived in such a way would receive her father's X chromosome, thus would become a carrier.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: A genetic female with mutations in both "AR" genes could theoretically result from the union of a fertile man with AIS and a female carrier of the gene, or from "de novo" mutation. However, given the scarcity of fertile AIS men and low incidence of "AR" mutation, the chances of this occurrence are small. The phenotype of such an individual is a matter of speculation; as of 2010, no such documented case has been published.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: The effects that androgens have on the human body (virilization, masculinization, anabolism, etc.) are not brought about by androgens themselves, but rather are the result of androgens bound to androgen receptors; the androgen receptor mediates the effects of androgens in the human body. Likewise, the androgen receptor itself is generally inactive in the cell until androgen binding occurs.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: The following series of steps illustrates how androgens and the androgen receptor work together to produce androgenic effects:

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: In this way, androgens bound to androgen receptors regulate the expression of target genes, thus produce androgenic effects.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Theoretically, certain mutant androgen receptors can function without androgens; "in vitro" studies have demonstrated that a mutant androgen receptor protein can induce transcription in the absence of androgen if its steroid binding domain is deleted. Conversely, the steroid-binding domain may act to repress the AR transactivation domain, perhaps due to the AR's unliganded conformation.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Each of the three types of AIS (complete, partial, and mild) has a different list of differential diagnoses to consider. Depending on the form of AIS suspected, the list of differentials can include:

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Management of AIS is currently limited to symptomatic management; no method is currently available to correct the malfunctioning androgen receptor proteins produced by "AR" gene mutations. Areas of management include sex assignment, genitoplasty, gonadectomy in relation to tumor risk, hormone replacement therapy, genetic counseling, and psychological counseling.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) refers to genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. When used to screen for a specific genetic sequence, its main advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination, as the method makes it highly likely that a selected embryo will be free of the condition under consideration.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Recorded descriptions of the effects of AIS date back hundreds of years, although significant understanding of its underlying histopathology did not occur until the 1950s. The taxonomy and nomenclature associated with androgen insensitivity went through a significant evolution that paralleled this understanding.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Over the last 60 years, as reports of strikingly different phenotypes were reported to occur even among members of the same family, and as steady progress was made towards the understanding of the underlying molecular pathogenesis of AIS, these disorders were found to be different phenotypic expressions of one syndrome caused by molecular defects in the androgen receptor gene.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: AIS is now the accepted terminology for the syndromes resulting from unresponsiveness of the target cell to the action of androgenic hormones. CAIS encompasses the phenotypes previously described by "testicular feminization", Morris' syndrome, and Goldberg-Maxwell syndrome; PAIS includes Reifenstein syndrome, Gilbert-Dreyfus syndrome, Lub's syndrome, "incomplete testicular feminization", and Rosewater syndrome; and MAIS includes Aiman's syndrome.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: Recording artist Dalea is a Hispanic-American Activist who is public about her CAIS. She has given interviews about her condition and founded Girl Comet, a non-profit diversity awareness and inspiration initiative.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: In the 1991 Japanese horror novel "Ring" and its sequels, by Koji Suzuki (later adapted into Japanese, Korean, and American films), the central antagonist Sadako has this syndrome, as revealed by Dr Nagao when confronted by Ryuji and Asakawa. Sadako's condition is referred to by the earlier name "testicular feminisation syndrome".

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: In season 2, episode 13 ("Skin Deep") of the TV series "House", the main patient's cancerous testicle is mistaken for an ovary due to the patient's undiscovered CAIS.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: In , episode 11 ("Delko for the Defense") of the , the primary suspect has AIS which gets him off a rape charge.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Context: In series 8, episode 5 of "Call the Midwife", a woman discovers that she has AIS. She attends a cervical smear and brings up that she has never had a period, and is concerned about having children as she is about to be married. She is then diagnosed with "testicular feminisation syndrome", the old term for AIS.

Question: Mistä AIS johtuu?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: The Kingdom of Italy () was a state that existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946, when civil discontent led an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic. The state was founded as a result of the Risorgimento under the influence of the Savoy-led Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: After the refusal by President Woodrow Wilson to acknowledge the London Pact and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, with the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920 Italian claims on Northern Dalmatia were abandoned. During World War II, the Kingdom gained additional territory in Slovenia and Dalmatia from Yugoslavia after its breakup in 1941. After World War II, the borders of present-day Italy were founded and the Kingdom abandoned its land claims.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by plurality voting system elections in uninominal districts. A candidate needed the support of 50% of those voting and of 25% of all enrolled voters to be elected on the first round of balloting. If not all seats were filled on the first ballot, a runoff was held shortly afterwards for the remaining vacancies.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of concerted efforts of Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Italian society after unification and throughout most of the Liberal Period was sharply divided along class, linguistic, regional and social lines. The north–south divide is still present.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Liberal governments generally followed a policy of limiting the role of the Roman Catholic Church and its clergy as the state confiscated church lands. Similar policies were supported by such anticlerical and secular movements as republicanism, socialism, anarchism, Freemasonry, Lazzarettism and Protestantism.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Italy had very few public schools upon unification, so the Italian government in the Liberal Period attempted to increase literacy by establishing state-funded schools to teach the official Italian language.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: In terms of the entire period, Giovanni Federico has argued that Italy was not economically backward, for there was substantial development at various times between 1860 and 1940. Unlike most modern nations that relied on large corporations, industrial growth in Italy was a product of the entrepreneurial efforts of small, family-owned firms that succeeded in a local competitive environment.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Political unification did not systematically bring economic integration, as Italy faced serious economic problems and economic division along political, social and regional lines. In the Liberal Period, Italy remained highly economically dependent on foreign trade and the international price of coal and grain.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: After unification, Italy's politics favored liberalism: the liberal-conservative right ("destra storica" or Historical Right) was regionally fragmented and liberal-conservative Prime Minister Marco Minghetti only held on to power by enacting revolutionary and left-leaning policies (such as the nationalization of railways) to appease the opposition.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: In 1876, Minghetti was ousted and replaced by liberal Agostino Depretis, who began the long Liberal Period. The Liberal Period was marked by corruption, government instability, continued poverty in Southern Italy and use of authoritarian measures by the Italian government.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Francesco Crispi was Prime Minister for a total of six years, from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896. Historian R. J. B. Bosworth says of his foreign policy:

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Crispi greatly admired the United Kingdom, but was unable to get British assistance for his aggressive foreign policy and turned instead to Germany. Crispi also enlarged the army and navy and advocated expansionism as he sought Germany's favor by joining the Triple Alliance which included both Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882. It remained officially intact until 1915 and prevented hostilities between Italy and Austria, which controlled border regions that Italy claimed.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: The Italian army failed on the battlefield and was overwhelmed by a huge Ethiopian army at the Battle of Adwa. At that point, the Italian invasion force was forced to retreat into Eritrea. The war formally ended with the Treaty of Addis Ababa in 1896, which abrogated the Treaty of Wuchale recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country. The failed Ethiopian campaign was one of the few military victories scored by the Africans against an imperial power at this time.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: From 2 November 1899 to 7 September 1901, Italy participated as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance forces during the Boxer Rebellion in China. On 7 September 1901, a concession in Tientsin was ceded to Italy by the Qing Dynasty. On 7 June 1902, the concession was taken into Italian possession and administered by an Italian consul.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: The 1913 and 1919 elections saw gains made by Socialist, Catholic and nationalist parties at the expense of the traditionally dominant Liberals and Radicals, who were increasingly fractured and weakened as a result.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: The reaction in Italy was divided: former Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti was furious over Italy's decision to go to war against its former allies, Germany and Austria-Hungary. Giolitti claimed that Italy would fail in the war, predicting high numbers of mutinies, Austro-Hungarian occupation of even more Italian territory and that the failure would produce a catastrophic rebellion that would destroy the liberal-democratic monarchy and the liberal-democratic secular institutions of the state.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: As the war came to an end, Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando met with British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of France Georges Clemenceau and United States President Woodrow Wilson in Versailles to discuss how the borders of Europe should be redefined to help avoid a future European war.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Upon taking power, Mussolini formed a legislative coalition with nationalists, liberals and populists. However, goodwill by the Fascists towards parliamentary democracy faded quickly: Mussolini's coalition passed the electoral Acerbo Law of 1923, which gave two-thirds of the seats in parliament to the party or coalition that achieved 25% of the vote. The Fascist Party used violence and intimidation to achieve the 25% threshold in the 1924 election and became the ruling political party of Italy.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Mussolini was captured on 27 April 1945 by Communist Italian partisans near the Swiss border as he tried to escape Italy. On the next day, he was executed for high treason as sentenced in absentia by a tribunal of the National Liberation Committee. Afterwards, the bodies of Mussolini, his mistress and about fifteen other Fascists were taken to Milan, where they were displayed to the public. Days later on 2 May 1945, the German forces in Italy surrendered.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Much like Japan and Germany, the aftermath of World War II left Italy with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime for the previous twenty years.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Victor Emmanuel III nominally remained King until shortly before a 1946 referendum on whether to remain a monarchy or become a republic. On 9 May 1946, he abdicated in favour of the Crown Prince, who then ascended as King Umberto II. However, on 2 June 1946, the republican side won 54% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: The table of results shows some relevant differences in the different parts of Italy. The peninsula seemed to be drastically cut into two, as if there were two different, respectively homogeneous countries: the North for the republic (with 66.2%); the South for the monarchy (with 63.8%). Some monarchist groups claimed that there was manipulation by northern republicans, socialists and communists. Others argued that Italy was still too chaotic in 1946 to have an accurate referendum.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Kingdom of Italy

Context: Regardless, to prevent civil war Umberto II accepted the results, and the new republic was born on June 12, with bitter resentment by the new government against the House of Savoy. All male members of the House of Savoy were barred from entering Italy in 1948, which was only repealed in 2002.

Question: Minä vuonna Italia haki paikkaansa Euroopan valtioiden joukossa?


Magnetoreception

Context: Birds have iron-containing materials in their upper beaks. There is some evidence that this provides a magnetic sense, mediated by the trigeminal nerve, but the mechanism is unknown.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Cartilaginous fish including sharks and stingrays can detect small variations in electric potential with their electroreceptive organs, the ampullae of Lorenzini. These appear to be able to detect magnetic fields by induction. There is some evidence that these fish use magnetic fields in navigation.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: In animals, the mechanism for magnetoreception is still under investigation. Two main hypotheses are currently being discussed: one proposing a quantum compass based on a radical pair mechanism, the other postulating a more conventional iron-based magnetic compass with magnetite particles.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Many lines of evidence point to cryptochrome and radical pairs as the mechanism of magnetoreception in birds:

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: These findings together suggest that the Cry4a of migratory birds has been selected for its magnetic sensitivity.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: The second proposed model for magnetoreception relies on clusters composed of iron, a natural mineral with strong magnetism, used by magnetotactic bacteria. Iron clusters have been observed in the upper beak of homing pigeons, and other taxa.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Iron-based systems could form a magnetoreceptive basis for many species including turtles. Both the exact location and ultrastructure of birds' iron-containing magnetoreceptors remain unknown; they are believed to be in the upper beak, and to be connected to the brain by the trigeminal nerve. This system is in addition to the cryptochrome system in the retina of birds. Iron-based systems of unknown function might also exist in other vertebrates.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: The yellow stingray, "Urobatis jamaicensis", is able to distinguish between the intensity and inclination angle of a magnetic field in the laboratory. This suggests that cartilaginous fishes may use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Magnetotactic bacteria of multiple taxa contain sufficient magnetic material in the form of magnetosomes, nanometer-sized particles of magnetite, that the Earth's magnetic field passively aligns them, just as it does with a compass needle. The bacteria are thus not actually sensing the magnetic field.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: A possible but unexplored mechanism of magnetoreception in animals is through endosymbiosis with magnetotactic bacteria, whose DNA is widespread in animals. This would involve having these bacteria living inside an animal, and their magnetic alignment being used as part of a magnetoreceptive system.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: It remains likely that two or more complementary mechanisms play a role in magnetic field detection in animals. Of course, this potential dual mechanism theory raises the questions of to what degree each method is responsible for the stimulus, and how they produce a signal in response to the weak magnetic field of the Earth.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: In addition, it is possible that magnetic senses may be different for different species. Some species may only be able to detect north and south, while others may only be able to differentiate between the equator and the poles. Although the ability to sense direction is important in migratory navigation, many animals have the ability to sense small fluctuations in earth's magnetic field to map their position to within a few kilometers.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: The ability to detect and respond to magnetic fields may exist in plants, possibly as in animals mediated by cryptochrome. Experiments by different scientists have identified multiple effects, including changes to growth rate, seed germination, mitochondrial structure, and responses to gravity (geotropism). The results have sometimes been controversial, and no mechanism has been definitely identified. The ability may be widely distributed, but its taxonomic range in plants is unknown.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Studies of magnetoreception in bony fish have been conducted mainly with salmon. Both sockeye salmon ("Oncorhynchus nerka") and Chinook salmon ("Oncorhynchus tschawytscha") have a compass sense. This was demonstrated in experiments in the 1980s by changing the axis of a magnetic field around a circular tank of young fish; they reoriented themselves in line with the field.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Some of the earliest studies of amphibian magnetoreception were conducted with cave salamanders ("Eurycea lucifuga"). Researchers housed groups of cave salamanders in corridors aligned with either magnetic north–south, or magnetic east–west. In tests, the magnetic field was experimentally rotated by 90°, and salamanders were placed in cross-shaped structures (one corridor along the new north–south axis, one along the new east–west axis). The salamanders responded to the field's rotation.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Red-spotted newts ("Notophthalmus viridescens") respond to drastic increases in water temperature by heading for land. The behaviour is disrupted if the magnetic field is experimentally altered, showing that the newts use the field for orientation.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Both European toads ("Bufo bufo") and natterjack toads ("Epidalea calamita)" toads rely on vision and olfaction when migrating to breeding sites, but magnetic fields may also play a role. When randomly displaced from their breeding sites, these toads can navigate their way back, but this ability can be disrupted by fitting them with small magnets.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: The majority of study on magnetoreception in reptiles involves turtles. Early support for magnetoreception in turtles was provided in a 2010 experiment on "Terrapene carolina", a box turtle. After teaching a group of these box turtles to swim to either the east or west end of an experimental tank, a strong magnet disrupted the learned routes.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Domestic hens have iron mineral deposits in the sensory dendrites in the upper beak and are capable of magnetoreception. Beak trimming causes loss of the magnetic sense.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Red foxes ("Vulpes vulpes") may use magnetoreception when predating small rodents like mice and voles. They attack this kind of prey using a specific high-jump, preferring a north-eastern compass direction. Successful attacks are tightly clustered to the north.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Magnetoreception

Context: Humans do not have a magnetic sense, despite having a cryptochrome (cry2) in the retina which is magnetosensitive when exposed to light. A 2019 study found that magnetic fields do affect human alpha brain waves, but it is not known whether this results in any change in behaviour.

Question: Mikä on magneetti kentän merkitys eläimille?


Tuatara

Context: Tuatara are greenish brown and grey, and measure up to from head to tail-tip and weigh up to with a spiny crest along the back, especially pronounced in males. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlapping one row on the lower jaw, which is unique among living species. They are able to hear, although no external ear is present, and have unique features in their skeleton, some of them apparently evolutionarily retained from fish.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Tuatara are sometimes referred to as "living fossils", which has generated significant scientific debate. This term is currently deprecated among paleontologists and evolutionary biologists. Although tuatara have preserved the morphological characteristics of their Mesozoic ancestors (240–230 million years ago), there is no evidence of a continuous fossil record to support this. The species has between 5 and 6 billion base pairs of DNA sequence, nearly twice that of humans.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: During routine maintenance work at Zealandia in late 2008, a tuatara nest was uncovered, with a hatchling found the following autumn. This is thought to be the first case of tuatara successfully breeding in the wild on New Zealand's North Island in over 200 years.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Adult "S. punctatus" males measure in length and females . Tuatara are sexually dimorphic, males being larger. The San Diego Zoo even cites a length of up to . Males weigh up to , and females up to . Brother's Island tuatara are slightly smaller, weighing up to 660 g (1.3 lb).

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The tuatara's greenish brown colour matches its environment, and can change over its lifetime. Tuatara shed their skin at least once per year as adults, and three or four times a year as juveniles. Tuatara sexes differ in more than size. The spiny crest on a tuatara's back, made of triangular, soft folds of skin, is larger in males, and can be stiffened for display. The male abdomen is narrower than the female's.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The tip of the upper jaw is beak-like and separated from the remainder of the jaw by a notch. There is a single row of teeth in the lower jaw and a double row in the upper, with the bottom row fitting perfectly between the two upper rows when the mouth is closed. This specific tooth arrangement is not seen in any other reptile; although most snakes have a double row of teeth in their upper jaws, their arrangement and function is different from the tuatara's.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The structure of the jaw joint allows the lower jaw to slide forwards after it has closed between the two upper rows of teeth. This mechanism allows the jaws to shear through chitin and bone.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Fossils indicate that the jaw mechanism began evolving at least 200 million years ago. The teeth are not replaced. As their teeth wear down, older tuatara have to switch to softer prey such as earthworms, larvae, and slugs, and eventually have to chew their food between smooth jaw bones.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: It is a common misconception that tuatara lack teeth and instead have sharp projections on the jaw bone, though histology shows that they have enamel and dentine with pulp cavities.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The brain of "Sphenodon" fills only half of the volume of its endocranium. This proportion has actually been used by paleontologists trying to estimate the volume of dinosaur brains based on fossils. However, the proportion of the tuatara endocranium occupied by its brain may not be a very good guide to the same proportion in Mesozoic dinosaurs since modern birds are surviving dinosaurs but have brains which occupy a much greater relative volume in the endocranium.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The eyes can focus independently, and are specialised with three types of photoreceptive cells, all with fine structural characteristics of retinal cone cells used for both day and night vision, and a "tapetum lucidum" which reflects onto the retina to enhance vision in the dark. There is also a third eyelid on each eye, the nictitating membrane. Five visual opsin genes are present, suggesting good colour vision, possibly even at low light levels.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Animals that depend on the sense of smell to capture prey, escape from predators or simply interact with the environment they inhabit, usually have many odorant receptors. These receptors are expressed in the dendritic membranes of the neurons for the detection of odours. The tuatara has several hundred receptors, around 472, a number more similar to what birds have than to the large number of receptors that turtles and crocodiles may have.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The tuatara spine is made up of hourglass-shaped amphicoelous vertebrae, concave both before and behind. This is the usual condition of fish vertebrae and some amphibians, but is unique to tuatara within the amniotes. The vertebral bodies have a tiny hole through which a constricted remnant of the notochord passes; this was typical in early fossil reptiles, but lost in most other amniotes.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The spiny plates on the back and tail of the tuatara resemble those of a crocodile more than a lizard, but the tuatara shares with lizards the ability to break off its tail when caught by a predator, and then regenerate it. The regrowth takes a long time and differs from that of lizards. Well illustrated reports on tail regeneration in tuatara have been published by Alibardi & Meyer-Rochow.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Tuatara were originally classified as lizards in 1831 when the British Museum received a skull. The genus remained misclassified until 1867, when A.C.L.G. Günther of the British Museum noted features similar to birds, turtles, and crocodiles. He proposed the order Rhynchocephalia (meaning "beak head") for the tuatara and its fossil relatives.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: A species of sphenodontine is known from the Miocene Saint Bathans Fauna. Whether it is referable to "Sphenodon" proper is not entirely clear, but is likely to be closely related to tuatara.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The Brothers Island tuatara has olive brown skin with yellowish patches, while the colour of the northern tuatara ranges from olive green through grey to dark pink or brick red, often mottled, and always with white spots. In addition, the Brothers Island tuatara is considerably smaller. An extinct species of "Sphenodon" was identified in November 1885 by William Colenso, who was sent an incomplete subfossil specimen from a local coal mine. Colenso named the new species "S. diversum".

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Usually, the predominant LINE elements are the CR1, contrary to what has been seen in the Tuátaras. This suggests that perhaps the genome repeats of sauropods were very different compared to mammals, birds and lizards.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Many of the elements that have been analyzed are present in all amniotes, most are mammalian interspersed repeats or MIR, specifically the diversity of MIR subfamilies is the highest that has been studied so far in an amniote. 16 families of SINEs that were recently active have also been identified.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The Tuátara has 24 unique families of DNA transposons, and at least 30 subfamilies were recently active. This diversity is greater than what has been found in other amniotes and in addition, thousands of identical copies of these transposons have been analyzed, suggesting to researchers that there is recent activity.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Around 7,500 LTRs have been identified, including 450 endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Studies in other Sauropsida have recognized a similar number but nevertheless, in the genome of the tuatara it has been found a very old clade of retrovirus known as Spumavirus.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: More than 8,000 non-coding RNA-related elements have been identified in tuatara genome, of which the vast majority, about 6,900, are derived from recently active transposable elements. The rest are related to ribosomal, spliceosomal and signal recognition particle RNA.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The mitochondrial genome of the genus Sphenodon is approximately 18,000 bp in size and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: DNA methylation is a very common modification in animals and the distribution of CpG sites within genomes affects this methylation. Specifically, 81% of these CpG sites have been found to be methylated in the tuatara genome. Recent publications propose that this high level of methylation may be due to the amount of repeating elements that exist in the genome of this animal. This pattern is closer to what occurs in organisms such as zebrafish, about 78%, while in humans it is only 70%.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The sex of a hatchling depends on the temperature of the egg, with warmer eggs tending to produce male tuatara, and cooler eggs producing females. Eggs incubated at have an equal chance of being male or female. However, at , 80% are likely to be males, and at , 80% are likely to be females; at all hatchlings will be females. Some evidence indicates sex determination in tuatara is determined by both genetic and environmental factors.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Tuatara are absolutely protected under New Zealand's Wildlife Act 1953. The species is also listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning commercial international trade is prohibited and all other international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permit system.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The recent discovery of a tuatara hatchling on the mainland indicates that attempts to re-establish a breeding population on the New Zealand mainland have had some success. The total population of tuatara is estimated to be between 60,000 and 100,000.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: In late October 2007, 50 tuatara collected as eggs from North Brother Island and hatched at Victoria University were being released onto Long Island in the outer Marlborough Sounds. The animals had been cared for at Wellington Zoo for the previous five years and had been kept in secret in a specially built enclosure at the zoo, off display.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: There is another out of country population of Brothers Island tuatara that was given to the San Diego Zoological Society and is housed off-display at the San Diego Zoo facility in Balboa. No successful reproductive efforts have been reported yet.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The first successful breeding of tuatara in captivity is believed to have achieved by Sir Algernon Thomas at either his University offices or residence in Symonds Street in the late 1880s or his new home, Trewithiel, in Mount Eden in the early 1890s.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Several tuatara breeding programmes are active in New Zealand. Southland Museum and Art Gallery in Invercargill was the first institution to have a tuatara breeding programme; they breed "S. punctatus".

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: Hamilton Zoo, Auckland Zoo and Wellington Zoo also breed tuatara for release into the wild. At Auckland Zoo in the 1990s it was discovered that tuatara have temperature-dependent sex determination.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The Victoria University of Wellington maintains a research programme into the captive breeding of tuatara, and the Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre keeps a pair and a juvenile.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The WildNZ Trust has a tuatara breeding enclosure at Ruawai. One notable captive breeding success story took place in January 2009, when all 11 eggs belonging to 110 year-old tuatara Henry and 80 year-old tuatara Mildred hatched. This story is especially remarkable as Henry required surgery to remove a cancerous tumour in order to successfully breed.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: In January 2016, Chester Zoo, England, announced that they succeeded in breeding the tuatara in captivity for the first time outside its homeland.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


Tuatara

Context: The tuatara was featured on one side of the New Zealand five-cent coin, which was phased out in October 2006. "Tuatara" was also the name of the Journal of the Biological Society of Victoria University College and subsequently Victoria University of Wellington, published from 1947 until 1993. It has now been digitised by the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre, also at Victoria.

Question: Kuinka paljon tuatara painaa?


William R. Catton Jr.

Context: William Catton was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota on January 15, 1926. He served in the US Navy from 1943 to 1946. After his military service he enrolled at Oberlin College, where he met Nancy Lewis. The two were married in 1949 and produced four sons, six grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.

Question: Minä vuonna William R. Catton Jr. kuoli?


William R. Catton Jr.

Context: Catton graduated from Oberlin College with an A.B. degree in 1950, whereupon he entered the graduate program in sociology at the University of Washington. He earned his M.A. there in 1952 and his Ph.D. in 1954. He was Professor Emeritus of Sociology at Washington State University. Catton served as president of the Pacific Sociological Association 1984-85 and as the first chair of the American Sociological Association Section on Environmental Sociology.

Question: Minä vuonna William R. Catton Jr. kuoli?


William R. Catton Jr.

Context: "Overshoot" was started during Catton’s three years in New Zealand, and completed after he returned to the US in 1973 to become Professor of Sociology at Washington State University. "Overshoot" was not published until 1980. During this period Catton, in collaboration with fellow scholar, Riley Dunlap, produced a series of influential articles on ecological issues.

Question: Minä vuonna William R. Catton Jr. kuoli?


William R. Catton Jr.

Context: "The core of Overshoot, which is also the core of the entire world of appropriate technology and green alternatives ... is the recognition that the principles of ecology apply to industrial society just as much as they do to other communities of living things."

Question: Minä vuonna William R. Catton Jr. kuoli?


Madeira

Context: Madeira, originally uninhabited, was claimed by Portuguese sailors in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1419 and settled after 1420. The archipelago is considered to be the first territorial discovery of the exploratory period of the Age of Discovery.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Plutarch in his "Parallel Lives" ("Sertorius", 75 AD) referring to the military commander Quintus Sertorius (d. 72 BC), relates that after his return to Cádiz, he met sailors who spoke of idyllic Atlantic islands: "The islands are said to be two in number separated by a very narrow strait and lie from Africa. They are called the Isles of the Blessed."

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Archaeological evidence suggests that the islands may have been visited by the Vikings sometime between 900 and 1030.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Accounts by Muhammad al-Idrisi state that the Mugharrarin came across an island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep, the meat of which was bitter and inedible" before going to the more incontrovertibly inhabited Canary Islands. This island, possibly Madeira or Hierro, must have been inhabited or previously visited by people for livestock to be present.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: During the reign of King Edward III of England, lovers Robert Machim and Anna d'Arfet were said to have fled from England to France in 1346. Driven off course by a violent storm, their ship ran aground along the coast of an island that may have been Madeira. Later this legend was the basis of the naming of the city of Machico on the island, in memory of the young lovers.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The first settlers were the three captain-donees and their respective families, a small group of members of the gentry, people of modest conditions and some former inmates of the kingdom.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?