London Underground

Context: Many platforms have unique interior designs to help passenger identification. The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes's silhouette, at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments, tape machines and butterflies, and at Charing Cross, David Gentleman designed the mural depicting the construction of the Eleanor Cross. Robyn Denny designed the murals on the Northern line platforms at Embankment.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 1999, Carlton Television premiered a regional game show (Greater London area only) also called "Mind the Gap."

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The London Underground is frequently studied by academics because it is one of the largest, oldest, and most widely used systems of public transit in the world. Therefore, the transportation and complex network literatures include extensive information about the Tube system.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


Claudette Colvin

Context: The record of her arrest and adjudication of delinquency was expunged by the district court in 2021, with the support of the district attorney for the county in which the charges were brought more than 66 years before.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: Two days before Colvin's 13th birthday, Delphine died of polio. Not long after, in September 1952, Colvin started attending Booker T. Washington High School. Despite being a good student, Colvin had difficulty connecting with her peers in school due to grief. She was also a member of the NAACP Youth Council, where she formed a close relationship with her mentor, Rosa Parks.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: Through the trial Colvin was represented by Fred Gray, a lawyer for the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was organizing civil rights actions. She was convicted on all three charges in juvenile court. When Colvin's case was appealed to the Montgomery Circuit Court on May 6, 1955, the charges of disturbing the peace and violating the segregation laws were dropped, although her conviction for assaulting a police officer was upheld.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: The Montgomery bus boycott was able to unify the people of Montgomery, regardless of educational background or class.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: Colvin gave birth to a son, Raymond, in March 1956. Colvin left Montgomery for New York City in 1958, because she had difficulty finding and keeping work following her participation in the federal court case that overturned bus segregation. (Similarly, Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Detroit in 1957.) Colvin stated she was branded a troublemaker by many in her community. She withdrew from college, and struggled in the local environment.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: In New York, Colvin and her son Raymond initially lived with her older sister, Velma Colvin. Claudette began a job in 1969 as a nurse's aide in a nursing home in Manhattan. She worked there for 35 years, retiring in 2004. While living in New York, she had a second son. He became an accountant in Atlanta. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack at age 37.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: Colvin was not the only woman of the Civil Rights Movement who was left out of the history books. In the south, male ministers made up the overwhelming majority of leaders. This was partially a product of the outward face the NAACP was trying to broadcast and partially a product of the women fearing losing their jobs, which were often in the public school system.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: In 2005, Colvin told the "Montgomery Advertiser" that she would not have changed her decision to remain seated on the bus: "I feel very, very proud of what I did," she said. "I do feel like what I did was a spark and it caught on." "I'm not disappointed. Let the people know Rosa Parks was the right person for the boycott. But also let them know that the attorneys took four other women to the Supreme Court to challenge the law that led to the end of segregation."

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: On May 20, 2018, Congressman Joe Crowley honored Colvin for her lifetime commitment to public service with a Congressional Certificate and an American flag.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: Colvin has often said she is not angry that she did not get more recognition; rather, she is disappointed. She said she felt as if she was "getting [her] Christmas in January rather than the 25th."

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: In 2000, Troy State University opened a Rosa Parks Museum in Montgomery to honor the town's place in civil rights history. Roy White, who was in charge of most of the project, asked Colvin if she would like to appear in a video to tell her story, but Colvin refused. She said, "They've already called it the Rosa Parks museum, so they've already made up their minds what the story is."

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: In 2019, a statue of Rosa Parks was unveiled in Montgomery, Alabama, and four granite markers were also unveiled near the statue on the same day to honor four plaintiffs in "Browder v. Gayle", including Colvin

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: Young adult book "", by Phillip Hoose, was published in 2009 and won the National Book Award for Young People's Literature.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: A re-enactment of Colvin's resistance is portrayed in a 2014 episode of the comedy TV series "Drunk History" about Montgomery, Alabama. She was played by Mariah Iman Wilson.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Claudette Colvin

Context: In 2022, a biopic of Colvin titled "Spark" written by Niceole R. Levy and directed by Anthony Mackie was announced.

Question: 白人専用席に座り、席を譲ることを拒否した黒人女性の名前は？


Pavel Rotmistrov

Context: Rotmistrov joined the Red Army in 1919, and served during the Russian Civil War, during which he was involved in the suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion and in the Polish Soviet War. He commanded a platoon and later rifle company in 31st Rifle Regiment of 11th Rifle Division. In 1928 he entered Frunze Military Academy. From 1937 to 1940 he was an instructor at the Moscow Higher Military Academy. In May 1941 he became Chief of Staff of the 3rd Mechanised Corps.

Question: プロホロフカの戦いでソ連軍を指揮したのは誰？


Pavel Rotmistrov

Context: He was promoted to colonel-general in October 1943 and became the first Marshal of Armoured Troops in February 1944.

Question: プロホロフカの戦いでソ連軍を指揮したのは誰？


Pavel Rotmistrov

Context: Following the war he commanded the mechanized forces of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, and he became an assistant minister of defense.

Question: プロホロフカの戦いでソ連軍を指揮したのは誰？


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen (; shortened to VW ) is a German motor vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front, known for their iconic Beetle, it is the flagship brand of the Volkswagen Group, the largest car maker by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017. The group's biggest market is in China, which delivers 40% of its sales and profits. The German term "Volk" translates to "people", thus "Volkswagen" translates to "people's car".

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen was established in 1937 by the German Labour Front ("Deutsche Arbeitsfront") in Berlin. In the early 1930s, cars were a luxury – most Germans could afford nothing more elaborate than a motorcycle and only one German out of 50 owned a car. Seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent "people's car" projects – the Mercedes 170H, BMW 3/15, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1.3L, among others.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1934, with many of the above projects still in development or early stages of production, Adolf Hitler became involved, ordering the production of a basic vehicle capable of transporting two adults and three children at . He wanted a car every German family would be able to afford. The "People's Car" would be available through a savings plan at (US$396 in 1938)—about the price of a small motorcycle (the average income being around a week).

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Erwin Komenda, the longstanding Auto Union chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsche's hand-picked team, developed the car body of the prototype, which was recognisably the Beetle known today. It was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s. The car designs were put through rigorous tests and achieved a record-breaking million miles of testing before being deemed finished.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The construction of the new factory started in May 1938 in the new town of "Stadt des KdF-Wagens" (renamed Wolfsburg after the war), which had been purpose-built for the factory workers. This factory had only produced a handful of cars by the time war started in 1939. None were actually delivered to any holder of the completed saving stamp books, though one Type 1 Cabriolet was presented to Hitler on 20 April 1944 (his 55th birthday).

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1986, Hirst said that factory workers were, after many years of Nazi conditioning, initially reluctant to follow his orders; to counter this, he had his military uniform brought back from Britain and wore it in the factory, after which he reported having no problems even though he was no longer a soldier at the time but a civilian member of the military government.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The post-war industrial plans for Germany set out rules that governed which industries Germany was allowed to retain. These rules set German car production at a maximum of 10% of 1936 car production. By 1946, the factory produced 1,000 cars a month even though it was still in disrepair. Owing to roof and window damage, production had to stop when it rained, and the company had to barter new vehicles for steel for production.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagens were first exhibited and sold in the United States in 1949 but sold only two units in America that first year. On entry to the US market, the VW was briefly sold as a "Victory Wagon". Volkswagen of America was formed in April 1955 to standardise sales and service in the United States. Production of the Type 1 Volkswagen Beetle increased dramatically over the years, the total reaching one million in 1955.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The UK's first official Volkswagen importer, Colborne Garages of Ripley, Surrey, started business with importing parts for the models brought home by soldiers returning from Germany.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: By 1955, sales warranted the building of the Volkswagen plant on a site on Scarborough's Golden Mile. To this, a building with administration, showrooms, service, repairs and parts was built in 1957, with storage for $4,000,000 of parts.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Although the car was becoming outdated, during the 1960s and early 1970s, American exports, innovative advertising, and a growing reputation for reliability helped production figures surpass the levels of the previous record-holder, the Ford Model T. On 17 February 1972, the 15,007,034th Beetle was sold. Volkswagen could now claim the world production record for the most-produced, single make of car in history. By 1973, total production was over 16 million.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: VW expanded its product line in 1961 with the introduction of four Type 3 models (Karmann Ghia, Notchback, Fastback, and Variant) based on the new Type 3 mechanical underpinnings. The name 'Squareback' was used in the United States for the Variant.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1969 the larger Type 4 (411 and 412) models were introduced. These differed substantially from previous vehicles, with the notable introduction of monocoque/unibody construction, the option of a fully automatic transmission, electronic fuel injection, and a sturdier powerplant.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1973, Volkswagen introduced the military-themed Type 181, or "Trekker" in Europe, "Thing" in America, recalling the wartime Type 82. The military version was produced for the NATO-era German Army during the Cold War years of 1970 to 1979. The US Thing version only sold for two years, 1973 and 1974.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: By late 1972, Volkswagen had decided to cancel the nearly finished , a project for a mid-engined car to replace the Beetle, and to focus on front-wheel-drive, water-cooled cars. Rudolf Leiding, recently made head of Volkswagen, cited noise, heat, and servicing problems with the mid-engine layout, as well as the difficulty of making it a station wagon.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: First in the series was the Volkswagen Passat (Dasher in the US), introduced in 1973, a fastback version of the Audi 80, using many identical body and mechanical parts. Estate/wagon versions were available in many markets. In Europe, the estate/wagon version dominated market share for many years.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In spring 1974, the Scirocco followed. The coupe was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro. Based on the platform of the not yet released Golf, it was built at Karmann due to capacity constraints at Volkswagen.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1975, the Volkswagen Polo followed. It was a re-badged Audi 50, which was soon discontinued in 1978. The Polo became the base of the Volkswagen Derby, which was introduced in 1977. The Derby was for all intents and purposes a three-box design of the Polo. After a second model generation, the Derby was discontinued in 1985, although the body style lived on in the form of the polo classic/polo saloon until 1991.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Passat, Scirocco, Golf, and Polo shared many character-defining features, as well as parts and engines. They built the basis for Volkswagen's turn-around.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1983 the MK2 Golf was launched. At the beginning of 1988, the third generation Passat was the next major car launch and Volkswagen did not produce a hatchback version of this Passat, despite the rising popularity of the hatchback body style throughout Europe. Just after launching the B3 Passat, Volkswagen launched the Corrado, analogous to the Scirocco, although the Scirocco remained in production until 1992; a third generation of Scirocco was in production 2008–17.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1991, Volkswagen launched the third-generation Golf, which was European Car of the Year for 1992. The Golf Mk3 and Jetta Mk3 arrived in North America in 1993. The sedan version of the Golf was badged Vento in Europe but remained Jetta in the United States. The Scirocco and the later Corrado were both Golf-based coupés.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1994, Volkswagen unveiled the J Mays-designed Concept One, a "retro"-themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Beetle, based on the platform of the Polo. Due to a positive response to the concept, a production version was developed as the New Beetle, based on the Golf's larger platform.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1995 the Sharan was launched in Europe, the result of a joint venture with Ford, which also resulted in the Ford Galaxy and SEAT Alhambra.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The company's evolution of its model range was continued with the Golf Mk4, introduced at the end of 1997 (North America in 1999), its chassis spawned a host of other cars within the Volkswagen Group; the Volkswagen Bora (the sedan known as the Jetta in the United States), SEAT Toledo, SEAT León, Audi A3, Audi TT, and Škoda Octavia. Other main models during the decade include the Polo, a smaller car than the Golf, and the larger Passat for the segment above the Golf.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1998 the company launched the new Lupo city car. In 1999 they announced the first "3-litre" car, a lightweight version of the Lupo that could travel 100 km with only 3-liters of diesel—making it the world's most fuel efficient car at the time.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The sixth-generation Passat and the fifth-generation Jetta both debuted in 2005, and Volkswagen announced plans to expand its lineup further by bringing back the Scirocco by 2008. Other models in Wolfgang Bernhard's (Volkswagen brand CEO) "product offensive" include the Tiguan mid-sized SUV in 2008 and a Passat Coupé. In November 2006 Bernd Pischetsrieder announced his resignation as Volkswagen Group CEO and was replaced by Audi worldwide CEO Martin Winterkorn at the beginning of 2007.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Since the discontinuation of the T4 in 2003 and the decision not to export the T5 to the United States, Volkswagen, coincidentally, lacked a van for its North American lineup. To remedy this, Volkswagen launched the Volkswagen Routan, a badge-engineered Dodge Grand Caravan made for the American and Canadian markets, in 2008.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In September 2006, Volkswagen began offering the City Golf and City Jetta only for the Canadian market. Both models were originally the Mk4 Golf and Jetta but were later replaced with the Brazilian versions of the Golf Mk4 and Bora. Volkswagen's introduction of such models is seen as a test of the market for a subcompact and, if successful, may be the beginnings of a thriving subcompact market for Volkswagen.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In May 2011, Volkswagen completed Chattanooga Assembly in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The Chattanooga Assembly plant marked VW's first plant since the plant at New Stanton was closed down. The facility has produced Volkswagen cars and SUVs specifically designed for the North American markets, beginning with the Passat B7 in 2011. The company recently announced plans to expand further by investing $900 million to add floor space to the factory.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The VW XL1 began a limited production run in 2013. The XL1 is a lightweight and fuel-efficient two-person vehicle (only 795 kg).

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The Volkswagen Atlas, a large crossover SUV, began production in late 2016, and aimed to help end several years of losses for Volkswagen in the United States, the world's second-largest auto market. On 14 September 2016, Volkswagen announced its partnership with three Israeli cybersecurity experts to create a new company, Cymotive, dedicated to automotive security.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen returned to motorsport in 2018 by unveiling its all-electric I.D. R. At the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, Romain Dumas set an all-time course record of just under eight minutes driving the I.D. R.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In September 2018, Volkswagen announced that it would discontinue production of the Beetle (A5) in 2019. Also in September 2018, Volkswagen announced its $100 million investment in Silicon Valley-based solid-state battery startup QuantumScape, becoming the startup's largest automotive investor and gaining representation on its board.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In February 2019, Volkswagen announced that it would launch an entry-level Jetta sub-brand in China aimed at young buyers. Three models were announced in July 2019, a sedan and two SUVs, all three of which will be manufactured in China as a part of Volkswagen's joint-venture with FAW.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In September 2019 at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Volkswagen officially unveiled a refreshed logo (a thinner, two-dimensional version of the previous logo) and new sonic branding, which will accompany the newly launched ID.3 electric vehicle. Volkswagen stated that the ID.3 signified the start of a "new era" of the company.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In September 2019, Volkswagen also announced a program to allow old Beetle models to be converted to run on electric power. The electric motor and battery updates will be done in partnership with German company eClassics. The electric components used for retrofitting will be based upon those found in the e-up! model.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In November 2020, Volkswagen announced that, trying to remain the world's largest carmaker in the green era, it has increased its investment in electric and self-driving cars to $86 billion over the next five years.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In January 2021, Volkswagen announced that its sales in 2020 dropped by 9.9% in China, 23.4% in western Europe and 17.1% in North America.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In March 2021, Volkswagen announced that it would stop developing new internal combustion engines, although it would keep tweaking existing engines to comply with stricter emission rules.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Also, the company announced it was changing the American division's name to "Voltswagen", with the help of Johannes Leonardo, before revealing the move to be a hoax. In a tweet, the company said, the stunt "got the whole world buzzing." However, some news sources considered the announcement to be real, including the Associated Press, whose headline about being fooled stated, "Volkswagen caught lying again, this time about changing its name."

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: On May 11, 2022, Volkswagen confirmed the relaunch of its Scout off-road vehicle brand, this time as an EV. Production is set to begin in 2026, and this relaunch will be the first time that VW creates a new brand based solely in the U.S. market.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen is the founding and namesake member of the Volkswagen Group, a large international corporation in charge of multiple car and truck brands, including Audi, SEAT, Porsche, Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti, Scania, MAN, and Škoda. Volkswagen Group's global headquarters are located in Volkswagen's historic home of Wolfsburg, Germany.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen Group, as a unit, is Europe's largest motor vehicle manufacturer, with over 74,000 employees and over 7700 dealerships. For a long time, Volkswagen has had a market share over 20 percent.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2010, Volkswagen posted record sales of 6.29 million vehicles, with its global market share at 11.4%. In 2008, Volkswagen became the third-largest car maker in the world, and, as of 2016, Volkswagen was the second largest manufacturer worldwide. In 2018 the company benefited from trade tariffs and new emission standards, with a record deliveries of 10.8 million vehicles. Volkswagen Group's core markets include Germany and China.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In July 2019, Volkswagen invested $2.6 billion in Argo AI, a startup focused on developing self-driving vehicles.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen has factories in many parts of the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets. In addition to plants in Germany, Volkswagen has manufacturing or assembly facilities in Mexico, the United States, Slovakia, China, India, Russia, Malaysia, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya and South Africa. In 2011, Volkswagen was named in the top 25 largest companies in the world by the Forbes Global 2000.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: As of May 2014, Volkswagen was planning to start assembling certain engines in India to increase localisation from 70% to 90%.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In January 2016, Volkswagen announced the launch of a new factory in Algeria during a summit between Angela Merkel and Algerian prime minister Abdelmalek Sellal. The factory was launched in Relizane, producing Volkswagen Golf VII, Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Caddy, SEAT Ibiza and Škoda Octavia cars.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In the 2021 review of 's annual World Intellectual Property Indicators VW ranked 6th in the world for its 84 industrial design registrations that were published under the Hague System during 2020. This position is down on their previous 5th-place ranking for 73 industrial design registrations being published in 2019.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Since 1985, Volkswagen has also run the Volkswagen AutoMuseum in Wolfsburg, which is dedicated to the history of the company.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: With 120,000 employees in Germany, VW is one of the most well organized labour represented companies in the world and Germany. The role that Works Councils and IG Metall play is unique even within Germany. VW workers have some of the strongest collective agreements. VW has a strong tradition and practice of social partnership and co-determination.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen agreed in December 2011 to implement a rule passed by the company's Works Council aimed at improving work–life balance and avoiding burnout by restricting company email functionality on the firm's BlackBerry smartphones to working periods and the half-hour before and after working periods. About 1,150 of Volkswagen's more than 190,000 employees in Germany were affected by the email restriction.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen has always had a close relationship with Porsche, the Zuffenhausen-based sports car manufacturer founded in 1931 by Ferdinand Porsche, the original Volkswagen designer and Volkswagen company co-founder, hired by Adolf Hitler for the project. The first Porsche car, the Porsche 64 of 1938, used many components from the Volkswagen Beetle. The 1948 Porsche 356 continued using many Volkswagen components, including a tuned engine, gearbox and suspension.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The Porsche Cayenne, introduced in 2002, shares its entire chassis with the Volkswagen Touareg and Audi Q7, and is built at the same Volkswagen factory in Bratislava that the other SUVs are built.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In September 2005, Porsche announced it would increase its 5% stake in Volkswagen to 20% at a cost of €3 billion, with the intention that the combined stakes of Porsche and the government of Lower Saxony would ensure that any hostile takeover by foreign investors would be impossible. Speculated suitors included DaimlerChrysler, BMW, and Renault. In July 2006, Porsche increased their ownership again to 25.1%.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The Volkswagen brand produces various models which consists of global products and regional products, specifically for large markets including Europe, China and Latin America. Volkswagen AG annual report in 2019 reported that the best-selling model under the Volkswagen brand globally is the Tiguan, followed by the B-segment range of Polo, Virtus, Vento and Ameo, and Golf.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen has been one of the leading manufacturer in terms of hatchback production, which traditionally has been a popular segment in Europe. The brand offered a range of hatchbacks from A-segment, B-segment, and C-segment. The Golf traditionally has been the strongest selling vehicle for the brand in Europe, followed by the smaller Polo which apart from the European market also has a stronghold in emerging markets. Sales for the hatchback category has slowed down due to the rise of the SUV segment.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2019, every fourth vehicle delivered by the Volkswagen brand today is an SUV, with its top contributor being the Tiguan. The brand plans to have over 30 SUV models on offer worldwide by 2025, contributing 50 percent of its global sales. Volkswagen also expects SUVs to lead the ID. family, its future electric vehicle range of models.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The SUV expansion has claimed casualties in the MPV segment, which saw the Sharan mid-size MPV being phased out in 2020.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen is a market leader in China, which is the largest single automotive market in the world. In 2019, 3.16 million Volkswagen-branded vehicles were delivered in the country. The importance of the market has justified a significant amount of China-specific models.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The popularity of SUVs also gave birth to several SUV models built or reworked specifically for China, including the Tharu, Tayron, Tayron X, Tiguan X, and reworked versions of the T-Cross and T-Roc. The brand also has a strong presence in the premium or luxury segment including the Phideon and Viloran as the models developed specifically for China.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: The importance of the Brazilian market gave birth to several models developed and manufactured by Volkswagen do Brasil, which include the Fox, Gol, Nivus, Saveiro, Virtus and Voyage. These models are also typically exported throughout Latin America. Historical vehicles built for the market include the Brasília, SP1 & SP2, 1500/Variant/Variant II, Karmann Ghia TC, Parati and Suran. The Gol, first launched in 1980, was the best-selling car in the country for 27 consecutive years, up until 2013.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Production and sales of pure ethanol vehicles tumbled beginning in 1987 owing to several factors, including a sharp decline in petrol prices as a result of the 1980s oil glut, and high sugar prices in the world market, shifting sugarcane ethanol production from fuel to sugar. By mid-1989, a shortage of ethanol fuel supply in the local market left thousands of vehicles in line at petrol stations or out of fuel in their garages, forcing consumers to abandon ethanol vehicles.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: VW intends all future models to have the hybrid option. "Future VW models will fundamentally also be constructed with hybrid concepts," VW head of development Ulrich Hackenberg told "Automobilwoche" in an interview. Hackenberg mentioned that the car based on the Up! concept seen at Frankfurt Motor Show, as well as all future models, could be offered with either full or partial hybrid options. The rear-engine up! will go into production in 2011. Nothing has been said about plug-in hybrid options.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen announced at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show the launch of the 2012 Touareg Hybrid, scheduled for 2011. VW also announced plans to introduce diesel-electric hybrid versions of its most popular models in 2012, beginning with the new Jetta, followed by the Golf Hybrid in 2013 together with hybrid versions of the Passat. In 2012, the Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid set the world record to become the fastest hybrid car at 187 mph.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In November 2009, Volkswagen announced it has hired Karl-Thomas Neumann as its group chief officer for electric traction. VW's Chief of research, Jürgen Leohold, said in 2010 the company has concluded hydrogen fuel-cell cars are not a viable option.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In February 2021, Volkswagen issued a statement that "vertical mobility" could be the next step after self-driving technology. It announced that the company is exploring the feasibility of flying vehicles in China.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1974 Volkswagen paid a $120,000 fine to settle a complaint filed by the Environmental Protection Agency over the use of so-called "defeat devices" that disabled certain pollution-control systems. The complaint said the use of the devices violated the US Clean Air Act.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 1996, Volkswagen first implemented its seven environmental goals in Technical Development with themes involving climate protection, resource conservation, and healthcare, through objectives such as reducing greenhouse emissions and fuel consumption, enabling alternative fuels, and avoiding hazardous materials. The goals have been revised in 2002 and 2007. Volkswagen was the first car manufacturer to apply ISO 14000 during its drafting stage and was re-certified in September 2005.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2011, Greenpeace began criticising Volkswagen's opposition to legislation requiring tighter controls on CO2 emissions and energy efficiency, and launched an advertising campaign parodying VW's series of "Star Wars"–based commercials.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2015, the Volkswagen group admitted to producing certain engine models with software that instructed those models to reduce CO2 emissions during approval testing. These levels were significantly reduced from the actual CO2 concentrations being released once on the road.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2013, the Volkswagen XL1 became the most fuel-efficient production car in the world, with a claimed combined fuel consumption of 261 mpg (0.90 liter/100 km). Driving style has huge impact on this result – "normal" driving produces mileage in the 120 mpg range (1.96 liter/100 km).

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Model year 2017 VW vehicles sold in the US average 26.5 mpgUS, about 6% better than the average for all manufacturers. For comparison among major car makers, Honda led at 29.4 mpgUS while FCA, the owner of Jeep, Ram, Chrysler, Fiat, and Dodge brands, lagged at 21.2 mpgUS.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In March 2016, the US Federal Trade Commission sued Volkswagen for false advertising, because Volkswagen's "clean diesel" vehicles were less environmentally friendly than advertised.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In November 2016, Volkswagen and its labour unions agreed to reduce the workforce by 30,000 people until 2021 as a result of the costs from the violations. However, 9,000 new jobs would come by producing more electric cars. Volkswagen also announced plans to become the world leader in electric cars, producing 1 million VW-EVs by 2025 and 3 million by the group, and a VW manager stated that its diesel cars would not become available in the United States.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: On 9 December 2019, Environment and Climate Change Canada charged Volkswagen AG with importing nearly 128,000 cars into Canada that did not meet its emissions standards, but reached a plea deal with the agency in a case involving 60 charges stemming from devices installed to defeat emissions testing.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2015, activists and former VW employees in Brazil spoke out in public accusing the company of being silent about the persecution of its workers, which was during Brazil's military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985. VW's security personnel informed Brazil's political police on eventual oppositional activities. In 1976, mass arrests occurred and some VW employees were tortured.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In September 2020, Volkswagen announced that it signed a settlement with Brazilian state prosecutors, including compensation and donations amounting to 36 million reais (US$6.7 million), to atone for its collaboration with the dictatorship.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2019, during an internal event with hundreds of managers, the CEO, Herbert Diess, repeatedly said "Ebit macht frei", ('EBIT will set you free'; EBIT is an acronym for "earnings before interest and taxes") a pun on "Arbeit macht frei", ('work will set you free'), a slogan that famously appeared above Nazi Germany's Auschwitz concentration camp.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2020 Volkswagen released a commercial that contained references to colonialism and appeared to show a racial slur. When initially faced with criticism the company stated that the "origin of the people depicted is irrelevant." When they faced an additional backlash from their response, the company stated "We distance ourselves from this and apologise."

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute listed Volkswagen among "companies directly or indirectly benefiting from the use of Uighur workers outside Xinjiang through potentially abusive labour transfer programs." German politician Reinhard Bütikofer, the chair of the European Parliament's delegation for relations with China, criticised Volkswagen on these grounds. Volkswagen has denied the allegations.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: On 17 June 2022, Volkswagen’s anchor shareholder, the state of Lower Saxony, joined Germany’s most powerful union boss in calling on the company to address allegations of human rights abuses in Xinjiang. IG Metall’s Jörg Hofmann and Lower Saxony’s minister president Stephan Weil both sat on Volkswagen’s supervisory board.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen was named the fourth most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, for its Volkswagen Type 1 "Beetle" model. It trailed only the Ford Model T, BMC Mini, and Citroën DS.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Volkswagen

Context: Volkswagen has produced five winners of the United States Motor Trend Car of the Year award – the original Car of the Year designation, which began in 1949.

Question: フォルクスワーゲンはいつ設立された


Palais Garnier

Context: This opinion is far from unanimous however: the 20th-century French architect Le Corbusier once described it as "a lying art" and contended that the "Garnier movement is a décor of the grave".

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The Palais Garnier also houses the Bibliothèque-Musée de l'Opéra de Paris (Paris Opera Library-Museum), which is managed by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France and is included in unaccompanied tours of the Palais Garnier.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The building is long; wide at the lateral galleries; wide at the east and west pavilions; from ground level to bottom of the cistern under the stage.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The façade and the interior followed the Napoleon III style principle of leaving no space without decoration. Garnier used polychromy, or a variety of colors, for theatrical effect, achieved different varieties of marble and stone, porphyry, and gilded bronze. The façade of the Opera used seventeen different kinds of material, arranged in very elaborate multicolored marble friezes, columns, and lavish statuary, many of which portray deities of Greek mythology.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The principal façade is on the south side of the building, overlooking the Place de l'Opéra and terminates the perspective along the Avenue de l'Opéra. Fourteen painters, mosaicists and seventy-three sculptors participated in the creation of its ornamentation.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The two gilded figural groups, Charles Gumery's "L'Harmonie" (Harmony) and "La Poésie" (Poetry), crown the apexes of the principal façade's left and right avant-corps. They are both made of gilt copper electrotype.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The bases of the two avant-corps are decorated (from left to right) with four major multi-figure groups sculpted by François Jouffroy ("Poetry", also known as "Harmony"), Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume ("Instrumental Music"), Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux ("The Dance", criticised for indecency), and Jean-Joseph Perraud ("Lyrical Drama"). The façade also incorporates other work by Gumery, Alexandre Falguière, and others.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: Gilded galvanoplastic bronze busts of many of the great composers are located between the columns of the theatre's front façade and depict, from left to right, Rossini, Auber, Beethoven, Mozart, Spontini, Meyerbeer, and Halévy. On the left and right lateral returns of the front façade are busts of the librettists Eugène Scribe and Philippe Quinault, respectively.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The sculptural group "Apollo, Poetry, and Music", located at the apex of the south gable of the stage flytower, is the work of Aimé Millet, and the two smaller bronze Pegasus figures at either end of the south gable are by Eugène-Louis Lequesne.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: Located on the right (east) side of the building as a counterpart to the Pavillon de l'Empereur, this pavilion was designed to allow subscribers ("abonnés") direct access from their carriages to the interior of the building. It is covered by a 13.5-metre (44-ft) diameter dome. Paired obelisks mark the entrances to the rotunda on the north and the south.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The interior consists of interweaving corridors, stairwells, alcoves and landings, allowing the movement of large numbers of people and space for socialising during intermission. Rich with velvet, gold leaf, and cherubim and nymphs, the interior is characteristic of Baroque sumptuousness.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The auditorium has a traditional Italian horseshoe shape and can seat 1,979. The stage is the largest in Europe and can accommodate as many as 450 artists. The canvas house curtain was painted to represent a draped curtain, complete with tassels and braid.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: In 1964 a new ceiling painted by Marc Chagall was installed on a removable frame over the original. It depicts scenes from operas by 14 composers – Mussorgsky, Mozart, Wagner, Berlioz, Rameau, Debussy, Ravel, Stravinsky, Tchaikovsky, Adam, Bizet, Verdi, Beethoven, and Gluck. Although praised by some, others feel Chagall's work creates "a false note in Garnier's carefully orchestrated interior."

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: On 20 May 1896, one of the chandelier's counterweights broke free and burst through the ceiling into the auditorium, killing a concierge. This incident inspired one of the more famous scenes in Gaston Leroux's classic 1910 gothic novel "The Phantom of the Opera".

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: Originally the chandelier was raised up through the ceiling into the cupola over the auditorium for cleaning, but now it is lowered. The space in the cupola was used in the 1960s for opera rehearsals, and in the 1980s was remodelled into two floors of dance rehearsal space. The lower floor consists of the Salle Nureïev (Nureyev) and the Salle Balanchine, and the upper floor, the Salle Petipa.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The grand organ was built by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll for use during lyrical works. It has been out of service for several decades.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: Garnier had originally planned to install a restaurant in the opera house; however, for budgetary reasons, it was not completed in the original design.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: On the third attempt to introduce it since 1875, a restaurant was opened on the eastern side of the building in 2011. L'Opéra Restaurant was designed by French architect Odile Decq. The chef was Christophe Aribert; in October 2015, Guillame Tison-Malthé became the new head chef. The restaurant, which has three different spaces and a large outside terrace, is accessible to the general public.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: On 30 December 1860 the Second Empire of Emperor Napoleon III officially announced an architectural design competition for the design of the new opera house.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: Applicants were given a month to submit entries. There were two phases to the competition. Charles Garnier's project was one of about 170 submitted in the first phase. Each of the entrants was required to submit a motto that summarised their design. Garnier's was the quote "Bramo assai, poco spero" ("Hope for much, expect little") from the Italian poet Torquato Tasso.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: Garnier's project was awarded the fifth-place prize, and he became one of seven finalists selected for the second phase. In addition to Garnier, among the others were his friend Leon Ginain, and Joseph-Louis Duc (who subsequently withdrew due to other commitments). To the surprise of many, both Viollet-le-Duc and Charles Rohault de Fleury missed out.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The second phase required the contestants to revise their original projects and was more rigorous, with a 58-page program, written by the director of the Opéra, Alphonse Royer, which the contestants received on 18 April. The new submissions were sent to the jury in the middle of May, and on 29 May 1861 Garnier's project was selected for its "rare and superior qualities in the beautiful distribution of the plans, the monumental and characteristic aspect of the facades and sections".

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: Garnier's wife Louise later wrote that the French architect Alphonse de Gisors, who was on the jury, had commented to them that Garnier's project was "remarkable in its simplicity, clarity, logic, grandeur, and because of the exterior dispositions which distinguish the plan in three distinct parts—the public spaces, auditorium, and stage ... 'you have greatly improved your project since the first competition; whereas Ginain [the first-place winner in the first phase] has ruined his.'"

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: After the initial funds to begin construction were voted on 2 July 1861, Garnier established the Opéra "Agence", his office on the construction site, and hired a team of architects and draftsmen. He selected as his second-in-command, Louis-Victor Louvet, followed by Jean Jourdain and Edmond Le Deschault.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: During 1874 Garnier and his construction team worked feverishly to complete the new Paris opera house, and by 17 October the orchestra was able to conduct an acoustical test of the new auditorium, followed by another on 2 December which was attended by officials, guests, and members of the press. The Paris Opera Ballet danced on the stage on 12 December, and six days later the famous chandelier was lit for the first time.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: In 1881 electric lighting was installed. In the 1950s new personnel and freight elevators were installed at the rear of stage, to facilitate the movement of employees in the administration building and the moving of stage scenery.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: In 1969, the theatre was given new electrical facilities and, during 1978, part of the original Foyer de la Danse was converted into new rehearsal space for the Ballet company by the architect Jean-Loup Roubert. During 1994, restoration work began on the theatre. This consisted of modernizing the stage machinery and electrical facilities, while restoring and preserving the opulent décor, as well as strengthening the structure and foundation of the building. This restoration was completed in 2007.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The first was issued in September 1998, for the centenary of the death of Charles Garnier. It was designed by Claude Andréotto grouping elements which recall the artistic activities of the Opera Garnier: the profile of a dancer, a violin and a red curtain.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Palais Garnier

Context: The second, drawn and engraved by Martin Mörck, is issued in June 2006 and represents, in intaglio, the main facade.

Question: パリ・オペラ座の大きさは？


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: Alvis Car and Engineering Company Ltd was a British manufacturing company in Coventry from 1919 to 1967. In addition to automobiles designed for the civilian market, the company also produced racing cars, aircraft engines, armoured cars and other armoured fighting vehicles.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: Car manufacturing ended after the company became a subsidiary of Rover in 1965, but armoured vehicle manufacture continued. Alvis became part of British Leyland and then in 1982 was sold to United Scientific Holdings, which renamed itself Alvis plc.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: In 1936 the company name was shortened to Alvis Ltd, and aircraft engine and armoured vehicle divisions were added to the company by the beginning of the Second World War. Smith-Clarke designed several models during the 1930s and 1940s, including the six-cylinder Speed 20, the Speed 25, and the Alvis 4.3 Litre model.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: From 1952 to 1955 Alec Issigonis, the creator of the later Mini, worked for Alvis and designed a new model with a V8 engine which proved too expensive to produce.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: In 1968, a management buyout of the car operations was finalised and all the Alvis car design plans, customer records, stock of parts and remaining employees were transferred to Red Triangle, a company founded by ex-employees of Alvis to provide parts and service for their cars.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: In 2012 Alvis announced it would offer five variants of its cars. These included both 4.3 litre and 3 litre chassis derivatives. In 2019, a sixth model was released to coincide with the agreement for Meiji Sangyo to be the distributor for Asia.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: In 2021, the firm was featured in the BBC Four documentary "Classic British Cars: Made in Coventry" and released its Graber Super Coupe continuation car, with a convertible version due out in 2022.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: Three British car companies – Alvis, Bentley, and Sunbeam – entered vehicles in local racing events between 1920 and 1930. Alvis and Sunbeam were at that time the only British companies building cars to Grand Prix formula racing specifications. Of these, Alvis was the only company whose racing cars were characterized by front-wheel drive and fully independent suspension.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: The initial Alvis aero-engines were licence-built Gnome-Rhone radials. The first aero-engine designed and built by Alvis was the 14-cylinder Alvis Pelides radial in 1936. Development of this and related engines (Pelides Major, Alcides, Alcides Major, Maeonides Major) was stopped with the start of the Second World War with only a handful built.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: The Alvis Leonides, a smaller 9-cylinder radial, continued in development during the war and was used after the war in some aircraft and helicopters until production finished in 1966. In 1952, Alvis returned to 14-cylinder radials with a development of the Leonides as the Leonides Major. The Major was used in the Westland Whirlwind helicopter.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: The AC2 was subsequently used as a basis for the 39M Csaba armoured scout car built for the Royal Hungarian Army during the Second World War.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: In 1938, Alvis produced a prototype armoured light reconnaissance vehicle for comparison trials with other manufacturers. The Alvis Dingo lost out to a design by BSA Cycles but 'Dingo' was adopted as the name for the BSA design; which was built by a BSA subsidiary as the Daimler Dingo.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: Post-war, Alvis designed a series of six-wheel drive vehicles. The Saladin (FV601) armoured car and Saracen armoured personnel carrier were first. The Saracen was built as a number of related vehicles including FV604 Regimental Command Vehicle, and FV610 Armoured Command Post. The Salamander was an airfield crash tender. It was subsequently used as a basis for the Stalwart amphibious military truck. The FV611 model was also built to serve as an armoured ambulance.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: The FV432 tracked armoured personnel carrier and related vehicles was developed in the early 1960s by GKN Sankey and came under Alvis in 1998.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: More than 20 per cent of all Alvis cars ever manufactured were still in existence in 1989. The Alvis Owner Club, founded in 1951, is a club for all Alvis car and military vehicle enthusiasts. It has over 1,300 members. It hosts International Weekends annually, where owners from the UK and overseas display their cars.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Alvis Car and Engineering Company

Context: The Alvis Register is a club with more than 600 members, dedicated to all things related to vintage Alvis motor cars (1920–32). Members can access technical and historical information and share their interest with other Alvis enthusiasts. Most owners retain an eligible car or cars.

Question: アルヴィス plc社の創始者はだれ


Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939

Context: The effects of the purge are visible in the ranks of the commanders in the order of battle, with only one Army commander serving in the appropriate rank of "Komandarm", in this case 2nd Class (Komandarm 2nd rank, ), the rest serving in being Corps (Komcor) and Divisional (Komdiv) Commander rank ()

Question: ポーランド侵攻を指示したのは誰？


Context: The Belorussian Front included four Armies and a Cavalry-mechanised Group (left). The Ukrainian Front included three Armies (right).

Question: ポーランド侵攻を指示したのは誰？


Context: The Belorussian Front included four Armies and was the northern of the two fronts invading. Its commander was Komandarm 2nd rank Mikhail Kovalyov. As of September 17, 1939, the Front included:

Question: ポーランド侵攻を指示したのは誰？


Context: "According to narod.ru, the 3rd Army also included the 150th Rifle Division (in Odessa Military District as third echelon)"

Question: ポーランド侵攻を指示したのは誰？


Context: The Ukrainian Front covered the southern sector of the Polish front in 1939, and included three Armies, commanded by Komandarm 1st rank Semyon Timoshenko, chief of staff Kombrig Nikolai Vatutin. As of September 17, 1939, the Front included:

Question: ポーランド侵攻を指示したのは誰？


Second Battle of Deep Bottom

Context: The Second Battle of Deep Bottom, also known as Fussell's Mill (particularly in the South), New Market Road, Bailey's Creek, Charles City Road, or White's Tavern was fought August 14–20, 1864, at Deep Bottom in Henrico County, Virginia, during the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign (Siege of Petersburg) of the American Civil War.

Question: 第二次ディープボトムの戦いによる死者の数は？


Second Battle of Deep Bottom

Context: Deep Bottom is the colloquial name for an area of the James River in Henrico County southeast of Richmond, Virginia, at a horseshoe-shaped bend in the river known as Jones Neck. It was so-named because of the depth of the river bottom at that point. It was a convenient crossing point from the Bermuda Hundred area on the south side of the river.

Question: 第二次ディープボトムの戦いによる死者の数は？


Second Battle of Deep Bottom

Context: Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant began a siege of the city of Petersburg, Virginia, after initial assaults on the Confederate lines, June 15–18, 1864, failed to break through. While Union cavalry conducted the Wilson-Kautz Raid (June 22 – July 1) in an attempt to cut the railroad lines leading into Petersburg, Grant and his generals planned a renewed assault on the Petersburg fortifications.

Question: 第二次ディープボトムの戦いによる死者の数は？


Second Battle of Deep Bottom

Context: Birney's movement was delayed by difficult terrain for most of August 15 and Hancock's plan for an early morning attack had to be abandoned. They reached Fussell's Mill around 1 p.m. and Birney spent the entire afternoon performing a reconnaissance while his men recovered from their march. After this, Birney judged that it was too late in the day to attack.

Question: 第二次ディープボトムの戦いによる死者の数は？


Second Battle of Deep Bottom

Context: The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved of the Second Deep Bottom battlefield as of November 2021. The battlefield is just 11 miles southeast of Richmond but looks much as it did during the Civil War. The house and land around Fussell's Mill, where there was heavy fighting, has been preserved by the Richmond Battlefield Association.

Question: 第二次ディープボトムの戦いによる死者の数は？


English Football League

Context: The English Football League (EFL) is a league of professional football clubs from England and Wales. Founded in 1888 as the Football League, the league is the oldest such competition in the world. It was the top-level football league in England from its foundation until 1992, when the top 22 clubs split from it to form the Premier League.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The EFL is divided into the Championship, League One and League Two, with 24 clubs in each division, 72 in total, with promotion and relegation between them; the top Championship clubs change places with the lowest-placed clubs in the Premier League, and the bottom clubs of League Two with the top clubs of the National League. Although primarily an English competition, clubs from Wales – currently Cardiff City, Swansea City and Newport County  – also take part.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The Football League had a sponsor from the 1983–84 season, and thus was known by various names. For the 2016–17 season, the league rebranded itself as the English Football League (EFL).

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The English Football League also organises two knock-out cup competitions, the EFL Cup and the EFL Trophy. The operations centre of the Football League is in Preston, while its commercial office is in London.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Promotion and relegation are determined by final league positions, but to sustain interest for more clubs over the length of the season one promotion place from each division is decided according to a playoff between four clubs, which takes place at the end of the season. It is possible for a team finishing sixth in the Championship or League One, or seventh in League Two, to be promoted rather than the clubs finishing immediately above them in the standings.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The other main situation in which is a club may lose points is by fielding an improperly registered or otherwise ineligible player. If a club is found to have done this, then any points earned from any match that player participated in will be deducted; the opposing club(s) do not earn any points from this, however.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Each club played the others twice, once at home and once away, and two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw. This points system was not agreed upon until after the season had started; the alternative proposal was one point for a win only. Preston won the first league title without losing a game, and completed the first league–cup double by also taking the FA Cup.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In 1890, Stoke was not re-elected to the league and was replaced for the 1890–91 season by Sunderland, who won it in their second, third, and fifth year. Stoke was re-elected for the 1891–92 season, along with Darwen, to take the league to 14 clubs.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In the first ten seasons, the only other clubs to win (single) league titles were Everton & Sheffield United.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: For the following season 1894–95, the third season of the division, there was a net increase to 16 with the addition of Bury from the Lancashire League, Leicester Fosse (later Leicester City) and Burton Wanderers (who later joined with existing Second Division club Burton Swifts to form Burton United) from the Midland League along with Lincoln City FC, while Northwich resigned and Middlesbrough Ironopolis disbanded.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In 1895 Loughborough replaced Walsall Town Swifts. In 1896 Blackpool from the Lancashire League and Gainsborough Trinity from the Midland League replaced Burslem Port Vale and Crewe Alexandra. In 1897 Luton Town from the United League replaced Burton Wanderers.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: It was not until the early years of the 20th century, and the expansion of both Leagues to 20 clubs (in 1905), that further southern clubs such as Chelsea and Clapton Orient (later Leyton Orient) (1905), Fulham (1907) and Tottenham Hotspur (1908) established themselves in the League. There would be a further wait until 1931 before a southern club, Arsenal would win the League for the first time.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The League was suspended for four seasons during the First World War and resumed in 1919 with the First and Second Divisions expanded to 22 clubs. On resumption West Bromwich Albion (1919–20) and Burnley (1920–21), both original 12 clubs, won their first-ever titles (in Albion's case their only title to date).

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Manchester City (1936–37) became the only other club to be added to the list of Football League winners prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, the fourteenth club to achieve the feat since 1888–89.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In the 1938–39 season Everton won the title for the fifth time, but suffered the same fate as in 1915, being champions when football was suspended due to the World War.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Clubs to win their first League titles in the quarter-century following the Second World War were Portsmouth (1948–49 and 1949–50), Tottenham Hotspur (1950–51 and 1960–61), founder members of the League Wolverhampton Wanderers (1953–54, 1957–58 and 1958–59), Chelsea (1954–55), Ipswich Town (1961–62) and Leeds United (1968–69).

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Tottenham Hotspur became the first club in the 20th century to win the League and F.A. Cup 'Double' in 1960–61, a season after Wolverhampton Wanderers had come within a whisker of achieving the feat themselves (Wolves won the 1959–60 F.A. Cup and were runners-up to Burnley in the League by a single point).

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Post-Second World War changes in league football included the use of white balls in 1951 and the first floodlight game (played between Portsmouth and Newcastle United) in 1956, opening up the possibility of midweek evening matches.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Substitutes (1 per team per match) were first allowed for injured players in 1965 and for any reason the next year.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The first-ever League game to be held on a Sunday took place on 20 January 1974 (11:30 kick-off) and was played between 2nd Division rivals Millwall and Fulham at The Den. Millwall won 1–0. The first-ever Sunday top-flight game was between Chelsea and Stoke a week later.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: At the same time, automatic promotion and relegation between the Fourth Division and the Football Conference were introduced for one club, replacing the annual application for re-election to the League of the bottom four clubs and linking the League to the developing National League System pyramid.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The League also expanded to 93 clubs for the 1991–92 season and planned to raise the number again to 94 clubs for 1992–93, but after Aldershot and Maidstone United both went out of business within a few months of each other in mid-1992, this plan was abandoned. The issues creating the uncertainty in the game all centered on money.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The increasing influence of money in English football was evident with such events as the first £1m transfer in the game, that of Trevor Francis from Birmingham City to Nottingham Forest in February 1979. The first £2million player transferred between English clubs was Tony Cottee, who moved from West Ham United to Everton in July 1988 – although several players had already been sold by English clubs to foreign clubs for even higher fees.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: There were few major changes to the structure Football League in the 12 seasons which followed the breakaway that created the FA Premier League, perhaps the only notable changes being an expansion to 72 clubs from 70 for the 1995–96 season after the Premier League was streamlined to 20 clubs from 22, and the introduction of a second relegation place to the Football Conference from the end of the 2002–03 season.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The widening gulf between the top two divisions of English football can largely be put down to the increased wealth of the Premier League clubs, and the wealth gained by these clubs – combined with parachute payments following relegation – has also made it easier for many of them to quickly win promotion back to the top flight.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: 2004–05 was the first season to feature the rebranded Football League. The First Division, Second Division and Third Division were renamed the Football League Championship, Football League One, and Football League Two respectively. Coca-Cola replaced the Nationwide Building Society as title sponsor.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: The EFL expulsion of Bury and the threatened expulsion of Bolton Wanderers after both League One clubs became insolvent during the summer of 2019 prompted the EFL to commission an independent review of its regulations concerning the financial sustainability of member clubs.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: "Project Big Picture" was a plan announced in October 2020 to reunite the top Premier League clubs with the EFL, proposed by leading Premier League clubs Manchester United and Liverpool. The plan was criticised by the Premier League leadership and the UK government's Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. The Premier League rejected the proposal a few days later.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In 1892 the Football League absorbed 11 of the 12 clubs in the rival Football Alliance after it folded, meaning the League now had enough clubs to form another division. The existing division was renamed the First Division and the new division was named the Second Division, which comprised most of the Football Alliance's clubs.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In 1920 the Football League admitted the clubs from the first division of the Southern League (the Southern League continued with its remaining clubs) and Grimsby Town, who had failed to be re-elected to the Second Division the season before and been replaced by Cardiff City (of the Southern League). The clubs were placed in the new Third Division:

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: For the beginning of the 1958–59 season, national Third and Fourth Divisions were introduced to replace the regional Third Division North and Third Division South:

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Following the breakaway of the 22 clubs in the First Division to form the FA Premier League, the Football League no longer included the top division in England, and the Football League champions were no longer the national champions of England. Therefore, the Second Division became the First Division, the Third Division became the Second Division and the Fourth Division became the Third Division.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In 2004, the Football League renamed its divisions: the First Division became the Football League Championship, the Second Division became Football League One and the Third Division became Football League Two.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: At the end of the 2005–06 season, Reading finished with a record 106 points, beating the previous record of 105 held by Sunderland.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Due to the breakaway of the Premier League in 1992, winning the Football League title no longer makes a team the top tier champions of English football.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: Since 1983 the League has accepted lucrative sponsorships for its main competition. Below is a list of sponsors and the League's name under their sponsorship:

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In 2012, Sky Sports signed a new exclusive deal to broadcast all matches after the BBC pulled out of the deal owing the financial cuts that the BBC Sport department was going through. However the BBC signed a new deal to still broadcast "The Football League Show" highlights programme.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In May 2017, it was announced that Talksport had secured exclusive national radio rights to the English Football League. It gave them the ability to broadcast up to up 110 EFL fixtures a season. Many Football League matches are also broadcast to local audiences via BBC Local Radio stations or by commercial stations.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


English Football League

Context: In November 2018, Sky Sports announced new controversial 5-year deal with EFL. Starting since 2019/20 season, Sky will show 138 league matches per season, with an option to increase the number of matches to 158 in the final two years of the agreement.

Question: イギリスにはプロサッカーリーグがいくつ存在する


History of chess

Context: The Mongols call the game "shatar", and in Ethiopia it is called "senterej", both evidently derived from "shatranj".

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Chess spread directly from the Middle East to Russia, where chess became known as шахматы ("shakhmaty", literally "checkmates", a plurale tantum).

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The game reached Western Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe. Introduced into the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors in the 10th century, it was described in a famous 13th-century manuscript covering "shatranj", backgammon and dice named the "Libro de los juegos".

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape. Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others carried it to the Far East where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares. "Chaturanga" reached Europe through Persia, the Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire. Muslims carried chess to North Africa, Sicily, and Iberia by the 10th century.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The game was developed extensively in Europe. By the late 15th century, it had survived a series of prohibitions and Christian Church sanctions to almost take the shape of the modern game. Modern history saw reliable reference works, competitive chess tournaments, and exciting new variants. These factors added to the game's popularity, further bolstered by reliable timing mechanisms (first introduced in 1861), effective rules, and charismatic players.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The Cox-Forbes theory, proposed in the late 18th century by Hiram Cox, and later developed by Duncan Forbes, asserted that the four-handed game chaturaji was the original form of chaturanga. The theory is no longer considered tenable.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Some people formerly played chess using a die to decide which piece to move. There was an unproven theory that chess started as this dice-chess and that the gambling and dice aspects of the game were removed because of Hindu religious objections.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: In some variants, a win was by checkmate, or by stalemate, or by "bare king" (taking all of an opponent's pieces except the king).

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The Karnamak-i Ardeshir-i Papakan, a Pahlavi epical treatise about the founder of the Sassanid Persian Empire, mentions the game of "chatrang" as one of the accomplishments of the legendary hero, Ardashir I, founder of the Empire. The oldest recorded game in chess history is a 10th-century game played between a historian from Baghdad and a pupil.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: A manuscript explaining the rules of the game called "Matikan-i-chatrang" (the book of chess) in Middle Persian or Pahlavi still exists.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: One day an ambassador from the king of Hind arrived at the Persian court of Chosroes, and after an oriental exchange of courtesies, the ambassador produced rich presents from his sovereign and amongst them was an elaborate board with curiously carved pieces of ebony and ivory. He then issued a challenge:

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: "Oh great king, fetch your wise men and let them solve the mysteries of this game. If they succeed my master the king of Hind will pay tribute as an overlord, but if they fail it will be proof that the Persians are of lower intellect and we shall demand tribute from Iran."

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The courtiers were shown the board, and after a day and a night in deep thought one of them, Bozorgmehr, solved the mystery and was richly rewarded by his delighted sovereign.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The philosopher and theologian Al-Ghazali mentions chess in "The Alchemy of Happiness" (c. 1100). He uses it as a specific example of a habit that may cloud a person's good disposition:

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: In the 15th and 16th centuries, yet more shogi variants were described, on large boards and with many more pieces. The 1694 book "Shōgi Zushiki" details tenjiku shogi (16×16), dai dai shogi (17×17), maka dai dai shogi (19×19), and tai shogi (25×25); it also mentions wa shogi (11×11), ko shogi (19×19), and taikyoku shogi (36×36). It is not thought that these games were played very much.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Chu shogi declined in popularity after the addition of drops to sho shogi and the removal of the drunk elephant in the 16th century, becoming moribund around the late 20th century. These changes to sho shogi created what is essentially the modern game of shogi.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The Thai variant of chess, makruk is a close living relative to chaturanga, retaining the vizier, non-checkered board, limited promotion, offset kings, and elephant-like bishop move.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Names recorded from the 1880s by Russian sources, quoted in Murray, among the Soyot people (who at the time spoke the Soyot Turkic language) include: "merzé" (dog), "täbä" (camel), "ot" (horse), "ōl" (child) and Mongolian names for the other pieces. This game is called shatar; a large 10×10 variant called hiashatar was also played.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The change with the queen is likely due to the Arabic word "firzān" or Persian word "farzīn" (= "vizier") being confused with Turkic or Mongolian native words ("merzé" = "mastiff", "bar" or "bars" = "tiger", "arslan" = "lion").

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Chess was also recorded from the Yakuts, Tunguses, and Yukaghirs; but only as a children's game among the Chukchi. Chessmen have been collected from the Yakutat people in Alaska, having no resemblance to European chessmen, and thus likely part of a chess tradition coming from Siberia.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Chess passed from Persia to the Arab world, where its name changed to Arabic shatranj. From there it passed to Western Europe, probably via Spain.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Shatranj made its way via the expanding Islamic Arabian empire to Europe. It also spread to the Byzantine empire, where it was called . Chess appeared in Southern Europe during the end of the first millennium, often introduced to new lands by conquering armies, such as the Norman Conquest of England. Previously little known, chess became popular in Northern Europe when figure pieces were introduced.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: In the 14th century, Timur played an enlarged variation of the game which is commonly referred to as Tamerlane chess. This complex game involved each pawn having a particular purpose, as well as additional pieces.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The sides are conventionally called White and Black. But, in earlier European chess writings, the sides were often called Red and Black because those were the commonly available colours of ink when handwriting drawing a chess game layout. In such layouts, each piece was represented by its name, often abbreviated (e.g. "ch'r" for French "chevalier" = "knight").

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The practice of playing chess for money became so widespread during the 13th century that Louis IX of France issued an ordinance against gambling in 1254. This ordinance turned out to be unenforceable and was largely neglected by the common public, and even the courtly society, which continued to enjoy the now-prohibited chess tournaments uninterrupted.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The pieces, which had been nonrepresentational in Islamic countries (see piece values in shantranj), changed shape in Christian cultures. Carved images of men and animals reappeared. The shape of the rook, originally a rectangular block with a V-shaped cut in the top, changed; the two top parts separated by the split tended to get long and hang over, and in some old pictures look like horses' heads. The split top of the piece now called the bishop was interpreted as a bishop's mitre or a fool's cap.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: By the mid-12th century, the pieces of the chess set were depicted as kings, queens, bishops, knights and men at arms. Chessmen made of ivory began to appear in North-West Europe, and ornate pieces of traditional knight warriors were used as early as the mid 13th century. The initially nondescript pawn had now found association with the "pedes", "pedinus," or the footman, which symbolized both infantry and loyal domestic service.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The game, as played during the early Middle Ages, was slow, with many games lasting days. Some variations in rules began to change the shape of the game by the year 1300. A notable, but initially unpopular, change was the ability of the pawn to move two places in the first move instead of one.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Attempts to make the start of the game run faster to get the opposing pieces in contact sooner included:

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: A poem "Caïssa" published in 1527 led to the chess rook being often renamed as "castle", and the modern shape of the rook chess piece; see Vida's poem for more information.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: An Italian player, Gioacchino Greco, regarded as one of the first true professionals of the game, authored an analysis of a number of composed games that illustrated two differing approaches to chess. His work was influential in popularizing chess, and demonstrated many theories regarding game play and tactics.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The first full work dealing with the various winning combinations was written by François-André Danican Philidor of France, regarded as the best chess player in the world for nearly 50 years, and published in the 18th century. He wrote and published "L'Analyse des échecs" (The Analysis of Chess), an influential work which appeared in more than 100 editions.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: In 1861 the first time limits, using sandglasses, were employed in a tournament match at Bristol, England. The sandglasses were later replaced by pendulums. Modern clocks, consisting of two parallel timers with a small button for a player to press after completing a move, were later employed to aid the players. A tiny latch called a flag further helped settle arguments over players exceeding time limit at the turn of the 19th century.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: A Russian composer, Vladimir Korolkov, authored a work entitled "Excelsior" in 1958 in which the White side wins only by making six consecutive captures by a pawn. Position analysis became particularly popular in the 19th century. Many leading players were also accomplished analysts, including Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Jan Timman. Digital clocks appeared in the 1980s.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The first modern chess tournament was held in London in 1851 and won, surprisingly, by German Adolf Anderssen, who was relatively unknown at the time. Anderssen was hailed as the leading chess master, and his brilliant, energetic attacking style became typical for the time, although it was retrospectively regarded as strategically shallow. Sparkling games like Anderssen's Immortal game and Evergreen Game or Morphy's Opera game were regarded as the highest possible summit of the chess art.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: It took a prodigy from Cuba, José Raúl Capablanca (World champion 1921–27), who loved simple positions and endgames, to end the German-speaking dominance in chess; he was undefeated in tournament play for eight years until 1924. His successor was Russian-French Alexander Alekhine, a strong attacking player, who died as the World champion in 1946, having briefly lost the title to Dutch player Max Euwe in 1935, regaining it two years later.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Between the world wars, chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called hypermodernists like Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti. They advocated controlling the center of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, inviting opponents to occupy the center with pawns which become objects of attack.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: After the death of Alekhine, a new World Champion was sought in a tournament of elite players ruled by FIDE, who have controlled the title since then, with a sole interruption. The winner of the 1948 tournament, Russian Mikhail Botvinnik, ushered in an era of Soviet dominance in the chess world. Until the end of the Soviet Union, there was only one non-Soviet champion, American Bobby Fischer (champion 1972–75).

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Botvinnik participated in championship matches over a period of fifteen years. He won the world championship tournament in 1948 and retained the title in tied matches in 1951 and 1954. In 1957, he lost to Vasily Smyslov, but regained the title in a rematch in 1958. In 1960, he lost the title to the Latvian prodigy Mikhail Tal, an accomplished tactician and attacking player. Botvinnik again regained the title in a rematch in 1961.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Following the 1961 event, FIDE abolished the automatic right of a deposed champion to a rematch, and the next champion, Armenian Tigran Petrosian, a genius of defense and strong positional player, was able to hold the title for two cycles, 1963–69. His successor, Boris Spassky from Russia (1969–72), was a player able to win in both positional and sharp tactical style.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The next championship saw the first non-Soviet challenger since World War II, Bobby Fischer, who defeated his Candidates opponents by unheard-of margins and won the world championship match. In 1975, however, Fischer refused to defend his title against Soviet Anatoly Karpov when FIDE refused to meet his demands, and Karpov obtained the title by default. Karpov defended his title twice against Viktor Korchnoi and dominated the 1970s and early 1980s with a string of tournament successes.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Karpov's reign finally ended in 1985 at the hands of another Russian player, Garry Kasparov. Kasparov and Karpov contested five world title matches between 1984 and 1990; Karpov never won his title back.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Earlier in 1999, Kasparov as the reigning world champion played a game online against the world team composed of more than 50,000 participants from more than 75 countries. The moves of the world team were decided by plurality vote, and after 62 moves played over four months Kasparov won the game.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Stalemate was originally considered an inferior form of victory; at various times it has been considered a win, a draw, or even a loss for the player delivering it. Since the 18th century, it has been considered a draw.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: The convention that White moves first was established in the 19th century; previously either White or Black could move first.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: Rules concerning draws by repetition and the fifty-move rule have been refined and now require a formal claim. Perpetual check is no longer included in the rules of chess.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: There have been no recent changes to the moves of the pieces, but the wording of some rules has been changed. Publicity (e.g. by chess problem setters) showed that the old wording of two rules allowed unintended types of moves:

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


History of chess

Context: In line with the rule against receiving outside assistance, if a player's mobile phone or other electronic device generates sound, the player is immediately forfeited. In amateur tournaments players are asked to hand their phones to the tournament director; in professional tournaments they may be required to go through a metal detector.

Question: 軍人将棋の発祥はどの国ですか？


Caesium

Context: The chemistry of caesium is similar to that of other alkali metals, in particular rubidium, the element above caesium in the periodic table. As expected for an alkali metal, the only common oxidation state is +1. Some slight differences arise from the fact that it has a higher atomic mass and is more electropositive than other (nonradioactive) alkali metals. Caesium is the most electropositive chemical element. The caesium ion is also larger and less "hard" than those of the lighter alkali metals.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Most caesium compounds contain the element as the cation , which binds ionically to a wide variety of anions. One noteworthy exception is the caeside anion (), and others are the several suboxides (see section on oxides below).

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: A stoichiometric mixture of caesium and gold will react to form yellow caesium auride (Cs+Au−) upon heating. The auride anion here behaves as a pseudohalogen. The compound reacts violently with water, yielding caesium hydroxide, metallic gold, and hydrogen gas; in liquid ammonia it can be reacted with a caesium-specific ion exchange resin to produce tetramethylammonium auride. The analogous platinum compound, red caesium platinide (Cs2Pt), contains the platinide ion that behaves as a pseudochalcogen.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Caesium fluoride (CsF) is a hygroscopic white solid that is widely used in organofluorine chemistry as a source of fluoride anions. Caesium fluoride has the halite structure, which means that the Cs+ and F− pack in a cubic closest packed array as do Na+ and Cl− in sodium chloride. Notably, caesium and fluorine have the lowest and highest electronegativities, respectively, among all the known elements.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Caesium has 40 known isotopes, ranging in mass number (i.e. number of nucleons in the nucleus) from 112 to 151. Several of these are synthesized from lighter elements by the slow neutron capture process (S-process) inside old stars and by the R-process in supernova explosions. The only stable caesium isotope is 133Cs, with 78 neutrons. Although it has a large nuclear spin (+), nuclear magnetic resonance studies can use this isotope at a resonating frequency of 11.7 MHz.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: The isotope 135Cs is one of the long-lived fission products of uranium produced in nuclear reactors. However, this fission product yield is reduced in most reactors because the predecessor, 135Xe, is a potent neutron poison and frequently transmutes to stable 136Xe before it can decay to 135Cs.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Caesium is a relatively rare element, estimated to average 3 parts per million in the Earth's crust. It is the 45th most abundant element and the 36th among the metals. Nevertheless, it is more abundant than such elements as antimony, cadmium, tin, and tungsten, and two orders of magnitude more abundant than mercury and silver; it is 3.3% as abundant as rubidium, with which it is closely associated, chemically.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Mining and refining pollucite ore is a selective process and is conducted on a smaller scale than for most other metals. The ore is crushed, hand-sorted, but not usually concentrated, and then ground. Caesium is then extracted from pollucite primarily by three methods: acid digestion, alkaline decomposition, and direct reduction.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: The sulfuric acid method yields the insoluble double salt directly as caesium alum (). The aluminium sulfate component is converted to insoluble aluminium oxide by roasting the alum with carbon, and the resulting product is leached with water to yield a solution.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Roasting pollucite with calcium carbonate and calcium chloride yields insoluble calcium silicates and soluble caesium chloride. Leaching with water or dilute ammonia () yields a dilute chloride (CsCl) solution. This solution can be evaporated to produce caesium chloride or transformed into caesium alum or caesium carbonate. Though not commercially feasible, the ore can be directly reduced with potassium, sodium, or calcium in vacuum to produce caesium metal directly.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Most of the mined caesium (as salts) is directly converted into caesium formate (HCOO−Cs+) for applications such as oil drilling. To supply the developing market, Cabot Corporation built a production plant in 1997 at the Tanco mine near Bernic Lake in Manitoba, with a capacity of per year of caesium formate solution. The primary smaller-scale commercial compounds of caesium are caesium chloride and nitrate.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Alternatively, caesium metal may be obtained from the purified compounds derived from the ore. Caesium chloride and the other caesium halides can be reduced at with calcium or barium, and caesium metal distilled from the result. In the same way, the aluminate, carbonate, or hydroxide may be reduced by magnesium.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: The metal can also be isolated by electrolysis of fused caesium cyanide (CsCN). Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be produced by thermal decomposition of caesium azide , which can be produced from aqueous caesium sulfate and barium azide. In vacuum applications, caesium dichromate can be reacted with zirconium to produce pure caesium metal without other gaseous products.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: The price of 99.8% pure caesium (metal basis) in 2009 was about , but the compounds are significantly cheaper.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: In 1860, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered caesium in the mineral water from Dürkheim, Germany. Because of the bright blue lines in the emission spectrum, they derived the name from the Latin word "caesius", meaning sky-blue. Caesium was the first element to be discovered with a spectroscope, which had been invented by Bunsen and Kirchhoff only a year previously.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: The second, symbol "s", is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency , the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to be when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Caesium vapour thermionic generators are low-power devices that convert heat energy to electrical energy. In the two-electrode vacuum tube converter, caesium neutralizes the space charge near the cathode and enhances the current flow.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Caesium iodide (CsI), bromide (CsBr) and caesium fluoride (CsF) crystals are employed for scintillators in scintillation counters widely used in mineral exploration and particle physics research to detect gamma and X-ray radiation. Being a heavy element, caesium provides good stopping power with better detection. Caesium compounds may provide a faster response (CsF) and be less hygroscopic (CsI).

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: The element is used as an internal standard in spectrophotometry. Like other alkali metals, caesium has a great affinity for oxygen and is used as a "getter" in vacuum tubes. Other uses of the metal include high-energy lasers, vapour glow lamps, and vapour rectifiers.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: The high density of the caesium ion makes solutions of caesium chloride, caesium sulfate, and caesium trifluoroacetate () useful in molecular biology for density gradient ultracentrifugation. This technology is used primarily in the isolation of viral particles, subcellular organelles and fractions, and nucleic acids from biological samples.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Relatively few chemical applications use caesium. Doping with caesium compounds enhances the effectiveness of several metal-ion catalysts for chemical synthesis, such as acrylic acid, anthraquinone, ethylene oxide, methanol, phthalic anhydride, styrene, methyl methacrylate monomers, and various olefins. It is also used in the catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide in the production of sulfuric acid.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power-generating systems were researched, but failed to gain widespread acceptance. Caesium metal has also been considered as the working fluid in high-temperature Rankine cycle turboelectric generators.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Caesium salts have been evaluated as antishock reagents following the administration of arsenical drugs. Because of their effect on heart rhythms, however, they are less likely to be used than potassium or rubidium salts. They have also been used to treat epilepsy.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Caesium-133 can be laser cooled and used to probe fundamental and technological problems in quantum physics. It has a particularly convenient Feshbach spectrum to enable studies of ultracold atoms requiring tunable interactions.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly toxic, and nonradioactive caesium is not a significant environmental hazard. Because biochemical processes can confuse and substitute caesium with potassium, excess caesium can lead to hypokalemia, arrhythmia, and acute cardiac arrest, but such amounts would not ordinarily be encountered in natural sources.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: The median lethal dose (LD50) for caesium chloride in mice is 2.3 g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD50 values of potassium chloride and sodium chloride. The principal use of nonradioactive caesium is as caesium formate in petroleum drilling fluids because it is much less toxic than alternatives, though it is more costly.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？


Caesium

Context: Caesium metal is one of the most reactive elements and is highly explosive in the presence of water. The hydrogen gas produced by the reaction is heated by the thermal energy released at the same time, causing ignition and a violent explosion. This can occur with other alkali metals, but caesium is so potent that this explosive reaction can be triggered even by cold water.

Question: セシウムは地殻で何番目に多く存在する？