Andorra

Context: Andorra continued with the same economic system that it had during the 12th–14th centuries with a large production of metallurgy (fargues, a system similar to Farga Catalana) and with the introduction of tobacco circa 1692 and import trade. In 1371, and 1448, the co-princes ratified the fair of Andorra la Vella, the most important annual national festival commercially ever since.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The country had a unique and experienced guild of weavers, Confraria de Paraires i Teixidors, in Escaldes-Engordany. Founded in 1604, it took advantage of the local thermal waters. By this time, the country was characterized by the social system of prohoms (wealthy society) and casalers (rest of the population with smaller economic acquisition), deriving from the tradition of pubilla and hereu.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Three centuries after its foundation, the Consell de la Terra located its headquarters and the Tribunal de Corts in Casa de la Vall in 1702. The manor house built in 1580 served as a noble fortress of the Busquets family. Inside the parliament was placed the Closet of the six keys (Armari de les sis claus), representative of each Andorran parish, where the Andorran constitution and other documents and laws were later kept.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: In both the Reapers' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, the Andorran people (while professing to be a neutral country) supported the Catalans who saw their rights reduced in 1716. The reaction was the promotion of Catalan writings in Andorra, with cultural works such as the "Book of Privileges" ("Llibre de Privilegis de 1674"), "Manual Digest" (1748) by Antoni Fiter i Rossell or the "Polità andorrà" (1763) by Antoni Puig.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: During this period, Andorra's late medieval institutions and rural culture remained largely unchanged. In 1866, the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit led the reformist group in a Council General of 24 members elected by suffrage limited to heads of families. The Council General replaced the aristocratic oligarchy that previously ruled the state.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The New Reform () began after ratification by both Co-Princes and established the basis of the constitution and symbolssuch as the tricolour flagof Andorra. A new service economy arose as a demand of the valley inhabitants and began to build infrastructure such as hotels, spa resorts, roads and telegraph lines.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Andorra participated in the cultural movement of the Catalan Renaixença. Between 1882 and 1887, the first academic schools were formed where trilingualism coexisted with the official language, Catalan. Romantic authors from France and Spain reported the awakening of the national consciousness of the country. Jacint Verdaguer lived in Ordino during the 1880s where he wrote and shared works related to the Renaixença with writer and photographer, Joaquim de Riba.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: In 1848, Fromental Halévy had premiered the opera "Le Val d'Andorre" to great success in Europe, where the national consciousness of the valleys was exposed in the romantic work during the Peninsular War.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The Andorran government necessarily involved planning, projection and forecasts for the future: with the official visit of the French co-prince Charles de Gaulle in 1967 and 1969, it was given approval for the economic boom and national demands within the framework of human rights and international openness.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Its political system was modernized in 1993 after the Andorran constitutional referendum, when the constitution was drafted by the co-princes and the General Council and approved on 14 March by 74.2% of voters, with a 76% turnout. The first elections under the new constitution were held later in the year. The same year, Andorra became a member of the United Nations and the Council of Europe.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The current head of government is Xavier Espot Zamora of the Democrats for Andorra (DA). Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both government and parliament.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The Parliament of Andorra is known as the General Council. The General Council consists of between 28 and 42 councillors. The councillors serve for four-year terms, and elections are held between the 30th and 40th days following the dissolution of the previous Council.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Half are elected in equal numbers by each of the seven administrative parishes, and the other half of the councillors are elected in a single national constituency. Fifteen days after the election, the councillors hold their inauguration. During this session, the Syndic General, who is the head of the General Council, and the Subsyndic General, his assistant, are elected. Eight days later, the Council convenes once more. During this session the head of government is chosen from among the councillors.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The council also approves the annual budget of the principality. The government must submit the proposed budget for parliamentary approval at least two months before the previous budget expires. If the budget is not approved by the first day of the next year, the previous budget is extended until a new one is approved. Once any bill is approved, the Syndic General is responsible for presenting it to the co-princes so that they may sign and enact it.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: If the head of government is not satisfied with the council, he may request that the co-princes dissolve the council and order new elections. In turn, the councillors have the power to remove the head of government from office. After a motion of censure is approved by at least one-fifth of the councillors, the council will vote and if it receives the absolute majority of votes, the head of government is removed.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The judiciary is composed of the Magistrates Court, the Criminal Law Court, the High Court of Andorra, and the Constitutional Court. The High Court of Justice is composed of five judges: one appointed by the head of government, one each by the co-princes, one by the Syndic General, and one by the judges and magistrates. It is presided over by the member appointed by the Syndic General and the judges hold office for six-year terms.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Andorra has a small army, which has historically been raised or reconstituted at various dates, but has never in modern times amounted to a standing army. The basic principle of Andorran defence is that all able-bodied men are available to fight if called upon by the sounding of the Sometent. Being a landlocked country, Andorra has no navy.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Before World War I, Andorra maintained an armed force of about 600 part-time militiamen under the supervision of a Captain (Capità or Cap de Sometent) and a Lieutenant (Desener or Lloctinent del Capità). This body was not liable for service outside the principality and was commanded by two officials (veguers) appointed by France and the Bishop of Urgell.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: In the modern era, the army has consisted of a very small body of volunteers willing to undertake ceremonial duties. Uniforms and weaponry were handed down from generation to generation within families and communities.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: In more recent times there has only been a general emergency call to the popular army of Sometent during the floods of 1982 in the Catalan Pyrenees, where 12 citizens perished in Andorra, to help the population and establish a public order along with the Local Police units.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Andorra maintains a small but modern and well-equipped internal police force, with around 240 police officers supported by civilian assistants. The principal services supplied by the corps are uniformed community policing, criminal detection, border control, and traffic policing. There are also small specialist units including police dogs, mountain rescue, and a bomb disposal team.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The "Grup d'Intervenció Policia d'Andorra" (GIPA) is a small special forces unit trained in counter-terrorism, and hostage recovery tasks. Although it is the closest in style to an active military force, it is part of the Police Corps, and not the army. As terrorist and hostage situations are a rare threat to the country, the GIPA is commonly assigned to prisoner escort duties, and at other times to routine policing.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The Andorran Fire Brigade, with headquarters at Santa Coloma, operates from four modern fire stations, and has a staff of around 120 firefighters. The service is equipped with 16 heavy appliances (fire tenders, turntable ladders, and specialist four-wheel drive vehicles), four light support vehicles (cars and vans) and four ambulances.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Historically, the families of the six ancient parishes of Andorra maintained local arrangements to assist each other in fighting fires. The first fire pump purchased by the government was acquired in 1943. Serious fires which lasted for two days in December 1959 led to calls for a permanent fire service, and the Andorran Fire Brigade was formed on 21 April 1961.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The fire service maintains full-time cover with five fire crews on duty at any time: two at the brigade's headquarters in Santa Coloma, and one crew at each of the other three fire stations.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Due to its location in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the Coma Pedrosa at , and the average elevation of Andorra is . These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the Gran Valira river leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest point of ). The near totality of Andorra's drainage is Mediterranean, through the Ebro. Andorra's land area is .

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Phytogeographically, Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Andorra belongs to the ecoregion of Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests. Andorra had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.45/10, ranking it 127th globally out of 172 countries.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The whole country has been recognised as a single Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, because it is important for forest and mountain birds and supports populations of red-billed choughs, citril finches and rock buntings.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 10.2 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: One of the main sources of income in Andorra is tourism from ski resorts, which total over of ski ground. The sport brings in over 7 million visitors annually and an estimated 340 million euros per year, sustaining 2,000 direct and 10,000 indirect jobs at present since 2007.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Agricultural production is limited; only 1.7% of the land is arable, and most food has to be imported. Some tobacco is grown locally. The principal livestock activity is domestic sheep raising. Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra's natural resources include hydroelectric power, mineral water, timber, iron ore, and lead.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: By the mid-2010s, the financial system comprised five banking groups, one specialised credit entity, eight investment undertaking management entities, three asset management companies, and 29 insurance companies, 14 of which are branches of foreign insurance companies authorised to operate in the principality.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The population of Andorra is estimated at (). The Andorrans are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent. The population has grown from 5,000 in 1900.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Two-thirds of residents lack Andorran nationality and do not have the right to vote in communal elections. Moreover, they are not allowed to be elected as prime minister or to own more than 33% of the capital stock of a privately held company.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The historic and official language is Catalan, a Romance language. The Andorran government encourages the use of Catalan. It funds a Commission for Catalan Toponymy in Andorra (Catalan: ), and provides free Catalan classes to assist immigrants. Andorran television and radio stations use Catalan.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: According to mother tongue percentage statistics by the Andorran Government released in 2018, the principality has the following:

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The population of Andorra is predominantly (88.2%) Catholic. Their patron saint is Our Lady of Meritxell. There are also members of various Protestant denominations. There are also small numbers of Muslims, Hindus, and Bahá'ís, and roughly 100 Jews. (See History of the Jews in Andorra.)

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Children between the ages of 6 and 16 are required by law to have full-time education. Education up to secondary level is provided free of charge by the government.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: There are three systems of school, Andorran, French and Spanish, which use Catalan, French and Spanish languages respectively, as the main language of instruction. Parents may choose which system their children attend. All schools are built and maintained by Andorran authorities, but teachers in the French and Spanish schools are paid for the most part by France and Spain. 39% of Andorran children attend Andorran schools, 33% attend French schools, and 28% Spanish schools.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: The Universitat d'Andorra (UdA) is the state public university and is the only university in Andorra. It was established in 1997. The university provides first-level degrees in nursing, computer science, business administration, and educational sciences, in addition to higher professional education courses. The only two graduate schools in Andorra are the Nursing School and the School of Computer Science, the latter having a PhD programme.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Until the 20th century, Andorra had very limited transport links to the outside world, and development of the country was affected by its physical isolation. Even now, the nearest major airports at Toulouse and Barcelona are each three hours' drive from Andorra.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Nearby airports located in Spain and France provide access to international flights for the principality. The nearest airports are at Perpignan, France ( from Andorra) and Lleida, Spain ( from Andorra). The largest nearby airports are at Toulouse, France ( from Andorra) and Barcelona, Spain ( from Andorra). There are hourly bus services from both Barcelona and Toulouse airports to Andorra.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: In Andorra, mobile and fixed telephone and internet services are operated exclusively by the Andorran national telecommunications company, Andorra Telecom. The same company also manages the technical infrastructure for national broadcasting of digital television and radio. In 2010, Andorra became the first country to provide a direct optical fiber link to all homes (FTTH) and businesses.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Andorra is home to folk dances like the contrapàs and marratxa, which survive in Sant Julià de Lòria especially. Andorran folk music has similarities to the music of its neighbours, but is especially Catalan in character, especially in the presence of dances such as the sardana. Other Andorran folk dances include contrapàs in Andorra la Vella and Saint Anne's dance in Escaldes-Engordany. Andorra's national holiday is Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Among the more important festivals and traditions are the Canólich Gathering in May, the Roser d'Ordino in July, the Meritxell Day (National Day of Andorra), the Andorra la Vella Fair, the Sant Jordi Day, the Santa Llúcia Fair, the Festivity from La Candelera to Canillo, the Carnival of Encamp, the sung of caramelles, the Festivity of Sant Esteve and the Festa del Poble.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Andorra participated regularly in the Eurovision Song Contest between 2004 and 2009, being the only participating country presenting songs in Catalan.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: In popular folklore, the best-known Andorran legends are the legend of Charlemagne, according to which this Frankish king would have founded the country; the White Lady of Auvinyà, the Buner d'Ordino, the legend of Engolasters Lake and the legend of Our Lady of Meritxell.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art are among the most important artistic manifestations and characteristics of the Principality. The Romanesque one allows to know the formation of the parochial communities, the relations of (social and political) power and the national culture. There are a total of forty Romanesque churches that stand out as small austere ornamentation constructions, as well as bridges, fortresses and manor houses of the same period.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees were included as UNESCO Intangible cultural heritage in 2015. Also the Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley became Andorra's first, and to date its only, UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, with a small extension in 2006.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Andorra is famous for the practice of winter sports. Andorra has the largest territory of ski slopes in the Pyrenees (3100 hectares and about 350 km of slopes) and two ski resorts. Grandvalira is the largest and most popular resort. Other popular sports played in Andorra include football, rugby union, basketball, and roller hockey.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: For roller hockey, Andorra usually plays in CERH Euro Cup and in FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup. In 2011, Andorra was the host country to the 2011 European League Final Eight.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Rugby is a traditional sport in Andorra, mainly influenced by its popularity in southern France. The Andorra national rugby union team, nicknamed Els Isards, plays on the international stage in rugby union and rugby sevens. VPC Andorra XV is a rugby team based in Andorra la Vella, which actually plays in the French championship.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Basketball popularity has increased in the country since the 1990s, when the Andorran team BC Andorra played in the top league of Spain (Liga ACB). After 18 years the club returned to the top league in 2014.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Other sports practised in Andorra include cycling, volleyball, judo, Australian Rules football, handball, swimming, gymnastics, tennis, and motorsports. In 2012, Andorra raised its first national cricket team and played a home match against the Dutch Fellowship of Fairly Odd Places Cricket Club, the first match played in the history of Andorra at an altitude of .

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: Andorra first participated at the Olympic Games in 1976. The country has appeared in every Winter Olympic Games since 1976. Andorra competes in the Games of the Small States of Europe, being twice the host country, in 1991 and 2005.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Andorra

Context: As one of the Catalan Countries, Andorra is home to a team of castellers, or Catalan human tower builders. The , based in the town of Santa Coloma d'Andorra, are recognized by the , the governing body of castells.

Question: Minä vuonna voidaan sanoa Andorran itsenäistyneen?


Hugo Riemann

Context: His first musical training came from his father Robert Riemann, a land owner, bailiff and, to judge from locally surviving listings of his songs and choral works, an active music enthusiast. Hugo Riemann was educated by Heinrich Frankenberger, the Sondershausen Choir Master, in Music theory. He was taught the piano by August Barthel and Theodor Ratzenberger (who had once studied under Liszt).

Question: Milloin Hugo Riemann kuoli?


Hugo Riemann

Context: He studied law, and finally philosophy and history at Berlin and Tübingen. After participating in the Franco-Prussian War he decided to devote his life to music, and studied accordingly at the Leipzig Conservatory. He then went to Bielefeld for some years as a teacher and conductor, but in 1878 returned to Leipzig as a visiting professor ("Privatdozent") at the University.

Question: Milloin Hugo Riemann kuoli?


Hugo Riemann

Context: As a much-desired appointment at the Conservatory did not materialize, Riemann went to Bromberg in 1880, but 1881–90 he was a teacher of piano and theory at Hamburg Conservatory. After a short time at the Sondershausen Conservatory, he held a post in the conservatory at Wiesbaden (1890–95). He eventually returned to Leipzig University as lecturer in 1895. In 1901, he was appointed professor, and in 1914 he was made Director of the Institute of Musicology.

Question: Milloin Hugo Riemann kuoli?


Hugo Riemann

Context: Riemann is one of the most influential music theorists. In his publications and lectures he coined various terms which are still in every day use, such as the harmonic function theory (therein popular terms such as the "tonic", the "dominant", the "subdominant" and the "parallel").<br>

Question: Milloin Hugo Riemann kuoli?


Hugo Riemann

Context: In addition, the term and theory of the metric and rhythmic phrase, a basic element of today's music education, originate in Riemann.

Question: Milloin Hugo Riemann kuoli?


Hugo Riemann

Context: He authored many works on many different branches of music. His pupils included the German composer, pianist, organist, and conductor Max Reger and the musicologist and composer Walter Niemann.

Question: Milloin Hugo Riemann kuoli?


Hugo Riemann

Context: He wrote many pieces for piano, songs, a piano sonata, six sonatinas, a violin sonata, and a string quartet.

Question: Milloin Hugo Riemann kuoli?


European Shorthair

Context: The European can be compared to the kind of domestic cat, which has developed naturally, i.e., without having been subject to special rules for breeding.

Question: Mikä on yleisin kissa laji Suomessa?


European Shorthair

Context: Life expectancy depends on whether the cat is outdoors or not. An indoor cat has a life expectancy of 14 years on average.

Question: Mikä on yleisin kissa laji Suomessa?


European Shorthair

Context: All natural colours are permitted, such as black, red, blue and cream, with or without tabby, silver or white markings, though the combination of tabby with white and smoke with white is not allowed in FIFe. Pure white is also permitted. The eye colour corresponds to the coat colour and may be yellow, green or orange. Blue or odd-eyed individuals are permitted if the coat colour is white.

Question: Mikä on yleisin kissa laji Suomessa?


Otto engine

Context: The Otto engine was a large stationary single-cylinder internal combustion four-stroke engine designed by the German Nicolaus Otto. It was a low-RPM machine, and only fired every other stroke due to the Otto cycle, also designed by Otto.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: Three types of internal combustion engines were designed by German inventors Nicolaus Otto and his partner Eugen Langen. The models were a failed 1862 compression engine, an 1864 atmospheric engine, and the 1876 Otto cycle engine known today as the "gasoline engine". The engines were initially used for stationary installations, as Otto had no interest in transportation. Other makers such as Daimler perfected the Otto engine for transportation use.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: Nicolaus August Otto as a young man was a traveling salesman for a grocery concern. In his travels he encountered the internal combustion engine built in Paris by Belgian expatriate Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir. In 1860 Lenoir succeeded in creating a double-acting engine which ran on illuminating gas at 4% efficiency. The 18 liter Lenoir engine was able to produce only 2 horsepower.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: In testing a replica of the Lenoir engine in 1861 Otto became aware of the effects of compression on the fuel charge. In 1862 Otto attempted to produce an engine to improve on the poor efficiency and reliability of the Lenoir engine. He tried to create an engine which would compress the fuel mixture prior to ignition, but failed, as that engine would run no more than a few minutes prior to its destruction. Many engineers were also trying to solve the problem with no success.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: In 1864 Otto and Eugen Langen founded the first internal combustion engine production company NA Otto and Cie (NA Otto and Company). Otto and Cie succeeded in creating a successful atmospheric engine that same year.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: Gottlieb Daimler was technical director and Wilhelm Maybach was the head of engine design. Daimler was a gunsmith who had also worked on the Lenoir engine previously.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: By 1876 Otto and Langen succeeded in creating the first internal combustion engine that compressed the fuel mixture prior to combustion for far higher efficiency than any engine created to this time.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: The first version of the atmospheric engine used a fluted column design which was the design of Eugen Langen. The atmospheric engine has its power stroke delivered upward using a rack and pinion to convert the piston's linear motion to rotary motion. The expansion ratio of this engine was much more effective than that of the 1860 Lenoir engine and gave the engine its superior efficiency.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: The Lenoir engine was an engine that burned fuel without first trying to compress the fuel/mixture. The Otto/Langen atmospheric engine ran at 12% efficiency and produced at 80 RPM. In competition at the 1867 World's Fair in Paris, it easily bested the efficiency of the Lenoir engine and won the gold medal, thus paving the way for production and sales which funded additional research.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: The first version used a frame to stabilize the rack. This was soon dispensed with as the design was simplified. Later engines dispensed with the fluted cylinder as well. The atmospheric engine used a gas flame ignition system and was made in output sizes from .

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: When in 1872 N.A. Otto & Cie reorganized as Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz, management picked Daimler as factory manager, bypassing even Otto, and Daimler joined the company in August, taking Maybach with him as chief designer. While Daimler managed to improve production, the weakness in the Otto's vertical piston design, coupled to Daimler's stubborn insistence on atmospheric engines, led the company to an impasse.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: For all its commercial success, with the company producing 634 engines a year by 1875, the Otto and Langen engine had hit a technical dead end: it produced only , yet required headroom to operate. In 1882, after producing 2,649 engines, the atmospheric engine production was discontinued. This was also the year that Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach left the company.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: This engine used four cycles in its creation of power. It is known now as the "Otto Cycle engine". This is the same engine that was first attempted in 1862.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: Otto turned his attention to the 4-stroke cycle largely due to the efforts of Franz Rings and Herman Schumm, brought into the company by Gottlieb Daimler. It is this engine (the Otto Silent Engine), and not the Otto & Langen engine, to which the Otto cycle refers. This was the first commercially successful engine to use in-cylinder compression (as patented by William Barnett in 1838). The Rings-Schumm engine appeared in autumn 1876 and was immediately successful.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: The cylinder arrangement of the compression engine was horizontal. It featured a slider valve control with "gas flame ignition", which overcame the problems that Lenoir could not overcome with electric ignition which was unreliable at that time. In the 15 years prior to the development of the Otto engine power output never exceeded 3 hp. In a few years after the Otto engine was developed engine power rose until it reached 1000 hp.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: The Otto Cycle engine was eventually adopted to run on Ligroin and eventually gasoline, and many gases. During WWII Otto engines were run on more than 62 different fuels, such as wood gas, coal gas, propane, hydrogen, benzene, and many more. The engine is limited to light fuels. A later development of this engine, known as the Diesel engine, can burn heavy fuels and oils.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: In 1886, the German patent office nullified the Deutz patent that would have run until 1891 due to the discovery of a previous patent for a four cycle engine by Frenchman Alphonse Beau de Rochas. Deutz was unable to show that his stratified charge induction system was unlike that described in the Rochas patent and lost his monopoly and 1 of his 25 patents. By 1889 more than 50 companies were manufacturing Otto design engines.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: This is a demonstration of how the speed regulation works in the Otto engine. The spinning balls are the centrifugal governor, and as the machine runs slower the small wheel moves to the left, inserting the rod into the nearby roller and pushing it up to trigger the intake of fuel to fire the engine for one revolution.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: If the machine is under load and still running too slowly, the cam continues to stay inserted and makes the engine fire repeatedly for each ignition cycle. When the engine speed increases, the governor pulls the small wheel to the right and the machine coasts without injecting any fuel, though the spark plug continues to fire with no fuel in the cylinder.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: This method of speed-control is often referred to as the "Hit or Miss" method because the engine "mis-fires" (for lack of fuel-mixture) on those power-strokes where the engine is running faster than the governed speed, but will "hit" (fire) on power strokes where the speed is too low. No fuel is used on the mis-fire strokes.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: Otto engines use a flowing water jacket around the cylinder wall, similar to modern engine cooling systems. The stationary Otto engines on display at the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion all share a single large heat radiator outside the building. This centralized distant heat dissipation system also helps to keep the engine building cool.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: While Deutz continued to produce large stationary engines Daimler moved onto boats, airships, locomotives, automobiles, trucks, and other transportation uses. Deutz is the world's oldest engine producer. Daimler, which became Daimler-Benz, is the world's oldest automobile manufacturer.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: Daimler-Benz produced this video for the 125th anniversary of the creation of the first motor vehicle which Daimler called the "Petroleum Reitwagen." It used a hot tube ignition specifically because the electrical systems of that era were unreliable. This engine ran on the fuel Ligroin, as did all vehicles until well past the year 1905. Daimler and Maybach founded a company known as Daimler Motorenwerke Gesellschaft which later merged with Benz to form Daimler-Benz, known also as Mercedes-Benz.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Otto engine

Context: Today Otto's company Deutz is one of the largest makers of heavy duty vehicles in the world. Daimler-Benz is one of the largest and most respected makers of luxury automobiles in the world. Virtually all of the world's makers of automobiles produce vehicles using Otto cycle engines which are so ubiquitous as to be referred to as gasoline engines.

Question: Missä keksittiin ottomoottori?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Daniel Pedrosa Ramal (born 29 September 1985) is a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer who retired from regular competition after the season. He grew up in Castellar del Vallès, a village near Sabadell.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Pedrosa is a test and development rider for Red Bull KTM Factory Racing. In 2021, he returned to race for KTM as a wildcard rider in Austria at the Styrian Grand Prix. In addition to his testing duties with KTM, Pedrosa also competes in Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe, driving for FFF Racing Team.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: He is a three-time World Champion being the 125cc world champion in 2003, 250cc world champion in 2004, the youngest ever to win it and repeated it in 2005. Pedrosa is best known for his time with the Repsol Honda Team in the MotoGP class finishing championship runner-up in , and and is one of the most successful modern MotoGP riders with 31 MotoGP victories and 112 podiums.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: In 2019, the former Curva Dry Sac, a corner at the Spanish Circuito de Jerez, was renamed Curva Dani Pedrosa (English: "Dani Pedrosa Corner") in his honour. He is widely considered to be the best MotoGP rider to have never won a MotoGP World Championship.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Pedrosa continued to race with Honda in on their Honda RC212V, the new 800 cc bike. The machine had problems, and Pedrosa was taken out of races by Olivier Jacque and by Randy de Puniet, but he finished the season in second place behind Stoner and ahead of Rossi. He signed a 2-year contract with Repsol Honda for 2008 and 2009.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: In Pedrosa's problems with the RC212V continued when he was injured in the pre-season and missed developmental testing, but started the season well by scoring a podium at the first round. While leading the race and the standings in the German round, he crashed and was injured, keeping him from racing in the following two rounds. Michelin's performance in MotoGP deteriorated, resulting in Pedrosa switching to Bridgestone at the Indianapolis round. He finished third in the standings in 2008.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: As in 2008, Pedrosa crashed in the pre-season and injured himself, keeping him from testing the machine before the start of the season. He placed 11th in the first round, but recovered his fitness in the following rounds. At the fifth round he injured himself again in practice and then fell during the race, putting him 33 points behind the leader.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: For 2010, Pedrosa reverted to number 26—a number he used when he first entered MotoGP—from number 2 in 2008 and number 3 in 2009. He took this decision to please his fans who had asked him to return to the number he had always used. Pedrosa won four races in 2010 and finished second in the championship standings behind Jorge Lorenzo.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Pedrosa remained with Repsol Honda into the season partnering new teammate Marc Márquez. He won races in Spain, France, and Malaysia but missed the race in Germany, due to injury. He also failed to finish in Aragon after contact with Márquez. He obtained 300 points for the season, and finished in third place in the championship, behind Jorge Lorenzo and Márquez, who won the championship.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Pedrosa finished second behind teammate Márquez in Germany. Pedrosa achieved his first victory of the season – the fiftieth of his career, becoming the eighth rider to reach that mark – in drying conditions at Motegi. The victory ensured that Pedrosa completed a fourteenth successive season with at least one win. He added a second win in Malaysia. Pedrosa finished fourth in the championship standings.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Pedrosa remained with Repsol Honda for the season. Despite a difficult season, struggling with the Michelin tires and with an RC213V that he found difficult to ride, he was able to score in every race he finished and to maintain his streak of winning at least one race in each of the eleven seasons (2006-2016) that he has competed in the premier class.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Pedrosa was contracted to continue racing for Repsol Honda for 2017 and 2018. In 2017, Pedrosa achieved two wins (Spain & Valencia) and a further seven podium finishes to ultimately finish the championship in fouth position with 210 points.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: In March 2022, Pedrosa was announced to be competing in three rounds of the 2022 Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe with the Rexal FFF Racing Team, driving the #29 Lamborghini Huracán in what would be his first foray into automobile racing. Swiss endurance racing driver Antonin Borga was also announced as his co-driver; he would compete in the Pro-Am class of the championship.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Pedrosa and Borga qualified 5th in the first race at Imola and finished 9th in his class and 19th overall; in the second race, he qualified 21st but finished 4th in his class and 8th overall.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Dani Pedrosa

Context: Throughout his World Championship career Pedrosa has been plagued by injuries, and has a high injury per crash ratio compared to other top riders. These injuries has often prevented him from clean seasons that would allow a shot at the title.

Question: Milloin Daniel Pedrosa aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Ion

Context: The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: A cation is a positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons while an anion is a negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons. Opposite electric charges are pulled towards one another by electrostatic force, so cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Svante Arrhenius put forth, in his 1884 dissertation, the explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts dissociate into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Arrhenius' explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt dissociates into Faraday's ions, he proposed that ions formed even in the absence of an electric current.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: As charged objects, ions are attracted to opposite electric charges (positive to negative, and vice versa) and repelled by like charges. When they move, their trajectories can be deflected by a magnetic field.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: An (−) ( , from the Greek word ἄνω ("ánō"), meaning "up") is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged).

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: A (+) ( , from the Greek word κάτω ("káto"), meaning "down") is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: There are additional names used for ions with multiple charges. For example, an ion with a −2 charge is known as a dianion and an ion with a +2 charge is known as a dication. A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Cations and anions are measured by their ionic radius and they differ in relative size: "Cations are small, most of them less than 10−10 m (10−8 cm) in radius. But most anions are large, as is the most common Earth anion, oxygen. From this fact it is apparent that most of the space of a crystal is occupied by the anion and that the cations fit into the spaces between them."

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Ions can be non-chemically prepared using various ion sources, usually involving high voltage or temperature. These are used in a multitude of devices such as mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters, and ion engines.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: As reactive charged particles, they are also used in air purification by disrupting microbes, and in household items such as smoke detectors.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: As signalling and metabolism in organisms are controlled by a precise ionic gradient across membranes, the disruption of this gradient contributes to cell death. This is a common mechanism exploited by natural and artificial biocides, including the ion channels gramicidin and amphotericin (a fungicide).

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Inorganic dissolved ions are a component of total dissolved solids, a widely known indicator of water quality.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: The ionizing effect of radiation on a gas is extensively used for the detection of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma, and X-rays. The original ionization event in these instruments results in the formation of an "ion pair"; a positive ion and a free electron, by ion impact by the radiation on the gas molecules. The ionization chamber is the simplest of these detectors, and collects all the charges created by "direct ionization" within the gas through the application of an electric field.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: The Geiger–Müller tube and the proportional counter both use a phenomenon known as a Townsend avalanche to multiply the effect of the original ionizing event by means of a cascade effect whereby the free electrons are given sufficient energy by the electric field to release further electrons by ion impact.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: When writing the chemical formula for an ion, its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule/atom. The net charge is written with the magnitude "before" the sign; that is, a doubly charged cation is indicated as 2+ instead of +2. However, the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules/atoms; for example, the sodium cation is indicated as Na+ and "not" Na1+.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: An alternative (and acceptable) way of showing a molecule/atom with multiple charges is by drawing out the signs multiple times, this is often seen with transition metals. Chemists sometimes circle the sign; this is merely ornamental and does not alter the chemical meaning. All three representations of , Fe, and Fe shown in the figure, are thus equivalent.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: If an ion contains unpaired electrons, it is called a "radical" ion. Just like uncharged radicals, radical ions are very reactive. Polyatomic ions containing oxygen, such as carbonate and sulfate, are called "oxyanions". Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called "organic ions". If the charge in an organic ion is formally centred on a carbon, it is termed a "carbocation" (if positively charged) or "carbanion" (if negatively charged).

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell (the outer-most electron shell) in an atom. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction. The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called "ionization".

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation, but the more usual process of ionization encountered in chemistry is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules. This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ("closed shell") electronic configurations. Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: For example, a sodium atom, Na, has a single electron in its valence shell, surrounding 2 stable, filled inner shells of 2 and 8 electrons. Since these filled shells are very stable, a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable configuration, becoming a sodium cation in the process

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: On the other hand, a chlorine atom, Cl, has 7 electrons in its valence shell, which is one short of the stable, filled shell with 8 electrons. Thus, a chlorine atom tends to "gain" an extra electron and attain a stable 8-electron configuration, becoming a chloride anion in the process:

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: This driving force is what causes sodium and chlorine to undergo a chemical reaction, wherein the "extra" electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine, forming sodium cations and chloride anions. Being oppositely charged, these cations and anions form ionic bonds and combine to form sodium chloride, NaCl, more commonly known as table salt.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Polyatomic and molecular ions are often formed by the gaining or losing of elemental ions such as a proton, , in neutral molecules. For example, when ammonia, , accepts a proton, —a process called protonation—it forms the ammonium ion, . Ammonia and ammonium have the same number of electrons in essentially the same electronic configuration, but ammonium has an extra proton that gives it a net positive charge.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Ammonia can also lose an electron to gain a positive charge, forming the ion . However, this ion is unstable, because it has an incomplete valence shell around the nitrogen atom, making it a very reactive radical ion.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: Due to the instability of radical ions, polyatomic and molecular ions are usually formed by gaining or losing elemental ions such as , rather than gaining or losing electrons. This allows the molecule to preserve its stable electronic configuration while acquiring an electrical charge.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


Ion

Context: The energy required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the "ionization potential", or "ionization energy". The "n"th ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its "n"th electron after the first "n − 1" electrons have already been detached.

Question: Milloin Ioni löydettiin?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Additionally, because radiation was found to exist in hot spring waters which were reputed for their curative powers, it was marketed as a wonder cure for all sorts of ailments in patent medicine and quack cures. It was believed by medical science that small doses of radiation would cause no harm and the harmful effects of large doses were temporary.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: The widespread use of radium in medicine ended when it was discovered that physical tolerance was lower than expected and exposure caused long term cell damage that could appear in carcinoma up to 40 years after treatment. The use of radiation continues today as a treatment for cancer in radiation therapy.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: The imaging properties of x-rays were discovered, their practical uses for research and diagnostics were immediately apparent, and soon their use spread in the medical field. X-rays were used to diagnose bone fractures, heart disease, and phthisis. Inventive procedures for different diagnostic purposes were created, such as filling digestive cavities with bismuth, which allowed them to be seen through tissue and bone.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Within a few months, scientific journals were swamped with accounts of the successful treatment of different types of skin tissue malignancies with x-rays. In Sweden, Thor Stenbeck published results of the first successful treatments of rodent ulcer and epithelioma in 1899, later that year confirmed by Tage Sjögren. Soon afterwards, their findings were confirmed by a number of other physicians.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: By 1905, it was estimated that fully 50 percent of the cases of lupus were successfully healed by Finsen's methods. Finsen was soon awarded a Nobel prize for his research.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: From initial therapeutic experiments, a new field of x-ray therapy was born, referred to as "röntgenotherapy" after Wilhelm Röntgen, the discoverer of x-rays. It was still unclear how the x-rays acted on the skin; however, it was generally agreed upon that the area affected was killed and either discharged or absorbed.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: By 1900, there were four well established classes of problems that were treated by x-ray, based on a set of five classes initially outlined by Freund: "1." in hypertrichosis, for the removal of unwanted hair; "2." in the treatment of disease of hair and hair follicles in which it was necessary to remove hair; "3." in the treatment of inflammatory affections on the skin like eczema and acne; "4." and in the treatment of malignant affections on the skin in cases like lupus and epithelioma.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Additionally, x-rays were successfully applied to other appearances of carcinoma, trials were done in treating leukemia, and because of the supposed bactericidal properties, there were suggestions it could be used in diseases such as tuberculosis. Experiments were also done using x-rays to treat epilepsy, which had previously also experimentally been treated with electrical currents.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Becquerel for this purpose loaned some radium to Henri-Alexandre Danlos of the hôpital St. Louis in Paris in 1901. Danlos successfully treated a few cases of lupus with an admixture of radium and barium chloride. Further trials of radium therapy began, though at a much slower pace than did those using x-rays because radium was expensive and difficult to obtain.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Radium was soon seen as a way to treat disorders that were not affected enough by x-ray treatment because it could be applied in a multitude of ways in which x-rays could not. Different methods of applying radium had been tested, which fell into two categories: the use of radium emanation (now referred to as radon), and the use of radium salts.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Another method of treatment was to condense the emanation at liquid air temperature on substances such as vasoline, glycerine, and lanoline, to apply externally to the part affected; or on quinine, bismuth, subnitrate, and arsenic, to be consumed or applied internally.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Dilute solutions of radium salts were also made, meant to be used internally. Patients would be prescribed regular dosages. More rarely, the salts were also suspended in liquids to be injected in subcutaneous treatments, which could be applied locally to affected tissues. That was considered the most expensive method, because the radium used was irreparably lost.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: As with radium emanation, solutions of free radium salts were also placed in tubes; in this case, the tubes were made from platinum. In metal tubes, the radium could be employed in a number of ways: externally; to the interior of the body in places like the mouth, nose, esophagus, rectum and vagina; and into the substance of a tumor through incisions.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Inspired by this, using preparations of radium salts in bath water was suggested as a way for patients to be treated at home, as the radio-activity in the bathwater was permanent. Radium baths became used experimentally to treat arthritis, gout, and neuralgias.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Widespread commercial exploitation of radium only began in 1913, by which time more efficient methods of extracting radium from pitchblende had been discovered and the mining of radium had taken off.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: The radium commonly used in bath salts, waters, and muds was in low-grade preparations, due to the expense, and their usefulness in curative solutions was questioned, since it had been agreed upon by physicians that radium could only be used successfully in high doses. It was believed that even radiation emanation at higher doses than were useful would cause no harm, because the radioactive deposits were found to have been absorbed and released in urine and waste within a period of three hours.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: "Radium emanation activators", apparatuses that would apply radium emanation to water, started being produced and marketed. Scientifically constructed emanators were sold to hospitals, universities, and independent researchers. Certain companies advertised that they would only give them out to others on a medical prescription and would guarantee the strength of radium in each dose.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: In light of the supposed curative properties of radioactivity, a spa was opened up in Joachimsthal, the place at which Madame Curie gathered some of her original samples of radium from spring waters. Radon inhalation rooms were set up, where air tubes carried the gas up from a processing tank in the basement; the visitor would then use it through an inhalation apparatus. Baths were set up which were also irradiated, and irradiated air was also filtered through a trumpet-like pipe for inhalation.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Around the start of the 1920s, new public health concerns were sparked by the deaths of factory workers at a radioluminescent watch factory. In 1932, a well-known industrialist, Eben Byers died of radiation poisoning from the use of Radithor, a radium water guaranteed by the manufacturer to contain 2 μCi of radium. Cases sprung up of the development of carcinoma in patients who had used conventional radium therapy up to 40 years after the original treatments.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Robley D. Evans made the first measurements of exhaled radon and radium excretion from a former dial painter in 1933. At MIT he gathered dependable body content measurements from 27 dial painters. This information was used in 1941 by the National Bureau of Standards to establish the tolerance level for radium of 0.1 μCi (3.7 kBq).

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT is a special type of radiation therapy that is delivered immediately after surgical removal of cancer. This method has been employed in breast cancer (TARGeted Intra-operative radiation Therapy or TARGIT), brain tumors, and rectal cancers.

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


History of radiation therapy

Context: Radioactive iodine, which has been used to treat thyroid diseases since 1941, survives today primarily in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism) and some types of thyroid cancer that absorb iodine. Treatment involves the important iodine isotope iodine-131 (131I), often simply called "radioiodine" (though technically all radioisotopes of iodine are radioiodines; see isotopes of iodine).

Question: Minä vuonna sädehoito on löydetty?


Information technology

Context: The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, and e-commerce.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC — 1450 AD), mechanical (1450—1840), electromechanical (1840—1940), and electronic (1940 to present). This article focuses on the most recent period (electronic).

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Information technology is also a branch of computer science, which can be defined as the overall study of procedure, structure, and the processing of various types of data. As this field continues to evolve across the world, the overall priority and importance has also grown, which is where we begin to see the introduction of computer science-related courses in K-12 education. However, concerns have been raised about this fact that most schools are lacking advanced-placement courses in this field.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, where they had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations. As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science became more complex and was able to handle the processing of more data. Scholarly articles began to be published from different organizations.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Looking at early computing, Alan Turing, J. Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly were considered to be some of the major pioneers of computer technology in the mid-1900s. Giving them such credit for their developments, most of their efforts were focused on designing the first digital computer. Along with that, topics such as artificial intelligence began to be brought up as Turing was beginning to question such technology of the time period.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparison, the first transistorized computer developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: By the year of 1984, according to the "National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review", the term 'information technology' had been redefined as "The development of cable television was made possible by the convergence of telecommunications and computing technology (…generally known in Britain as information technology).” We then begin to see the appearance of the term in 1990 contained within documents for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Along with technology revolutionizing society, millions of processes could be done in seconds. Innovations in communication were also crucial as people began to rely on the computer to communicate through telephone lines and cable. The introduction of email was a really big thing as "companies in one part of the world could communicate by e-mail with suppliers and buyers in another part of the world..."

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Not only personally, computers and technology have also revolutionized the marketing industry, resulting in more buyers of their products. During the year of 2002, Americans have exceeded $28 billion in goods just over the Internet alone when e-commerce a decade later resulted in $289 billion in sales. And as computers are rapidly becoming more sophisticated by the day, they are becoming more used as people are becoming more reliant on them during the twenty-first century.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: All DMS consist of components, they allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity. All databases are common in one point that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a database schema.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: In recent years, the extensible markup language (XML) has become a popular format for data representation. Although XML data can be stored in normal file systems, it is commonly held in relational databases to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort." As an evolution of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both machine and human-readable.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: The relational database model introduced a programming-language independent Structured Query Language (SQL), based on relational algebra.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Data transmission has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception. It can be broadly categorized as broadcasting, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or telecommunications, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s, particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented protocols such as SOAP, describing "data-in-transit rather than... data-at-rest".

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analyzed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited". To address that issue, the field of data mining — "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data" — emerged in the late 1980s.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: As technology is becoming more sophisticated by the day, there are increasing problems for security as everyone relies on storing information into computers more than ever. With data and databases becoming more dependent in businesses and organizations, it is considered to be the "backbone" of those businesses and organizations, hence resulting in the development of different technological departments like IT departments and personnel.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Disadvantages of e-mail: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (massive advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a particular letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); limits on the size of one message and on the total size of messages in the mailbox (personal for users).

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: According to Statcounter Global Stats for August 2021, in Asia, the Chinese resource Baidu managed to take almost 3% of the Internet market. In turn, Yandex in the same region bypassed Yahoo, receiving a share of almost 2% and third place in the ranking.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Undergraduate degrees in IT (B.S., A.S.) are similar to other computer science degrees. In fact, they oftentimes have the same foundational level courses. Computer science (CS) programs tend to focus more on theory and design, whereas Information Technology programs are structured to equip the graduate with expertise in the practical application of technology solutions to support modern business and user needs.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: However this not true in all cases. For example, in India an engineering degree in Information Technology (B.Tech IT) is a 4-year professional course and it is considered as an equivalent degree to a degree in Computer Science and Engineering since they share strikingly similar syllabus across many universities in India.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making through a BizOps or business operations department.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems". The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded, and replaced.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: Information services is a term somewhat loosely applied to a variety of IT-related services offered by commercial companies, as well as data brokers.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: The field of information ethics was established by mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s. Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


Information technology

Context: When talking about computer security, most of us think about computers being hacked or taken over by cybercriminals. However, computer security doesn't only deal with protecting the internal components of a computer, but also protecting them from natural disasters like tornadoes, floods, fires, etc. Computer security basically is short for "protecting the computer from harm," meaning from natural disasters, cyber criminals, or pretty much anything that can hurt the computer internally or externally.

Question: Minä vuonna tietotekniikka on keksitty?


IMAX

Context: IMAX is a proprietary system of high-resolution cameras, film formats, film projectors, and theaters known for having very large screens with a tall aspect ratio (approximately either 1.43:1 or 1.90:1) and steep stadium seating.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. Shaw were the co-founders of what would be named the IMAX Corporation (founded in September 1967 as Multiscreen Corporation, Limited), and they developed the first IMAX cinema projection standards in the late 1960s and early 1970s in Canada.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: IMAX GT is the large format as originally conceived. It uses very large screens of and, unlike most conventional film projectors, the film runs horizontally so that the image width can be greater than the width of the film stock. It is called a 70/15 format. It is used exclusively in purpose-built theaters and dome theaters, and many installations limit themselves to a projection of high quality, short documentaries.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: The high costs involved in the construction and maintenance of the dedicated buildings and projectors suggested the introduction of several compromises in the following years.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: To reduce costs, the IMAX SR and MPX systems were introduced in 1998 and 2004, respectively. The smaller projectors were used to retrofit existing theaters, so as to make IMAX available to multiplex and existing theaters, though losing much of the quality of the GT experience.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Later came the introduction of the IMAX Digital 2K and IMAX with Laser 4K in 2008 and 2015 respectively, still limited in respect to the 70 megapixels of equivalent resolution of the original 15/70 film. Both technologies are purely digital and suitable to retrofit existing theaters. Since 2018, the Laser system has been employed to retrofit full dome installations, with limited results due to the large area of a dome screen.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: The IMAX film standard uses 70 mm film run through the projector horizontally. This technique produces an area that is about 8.3 times as large as the 35 mm format, and about 3.4 times as large as 70 mm film run through the projector vertically.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: The name change actually happened more than two years later, because a key patent filed on January 16, 1970, was assigned under the original name Multiscreen Corporation, Limited. IMAX Chief Administration Officer Mary Ruby was quoted as saying, "Although many people may think "IMAX" is an acronym, it is, in fact, a made-up word."

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: "Tiger Child", the first IMAX film, was demonstrated at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan. The first permanent IMAX installation was built at the Cinesphere theatre at Ontario Place in Toronto. It debuted in May 1971, showing the film "North of Superior". The installation remained in place during Ontario Place's hiatus for redevelopment. The Cinesphere was renovated while Ontario Place was closed and re-opened on November 3, 2017, with IMAX 70mm and IMAX with laser illumination.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: During Expo '74 in Spokane, Washington, an IMAX screen that measured was featured in the US Pavilion (the largest structure in the expo). It became the first IMAX Theatre to not be partnered with any other brand of movie theatres. About five million visitors viewed the screen, which covered the viewer's total visual field when looking directly forward. This created a sensation of motion in most viewers, and motion sickness in some.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: The first permanent IMAX Dome installation, the Eugene Heikoff and Marilyn Jacobs Heikoff Dome Theatre at the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center, opened in San Diego's Balboa Park in 1973. It doubles as a planetarium theater. The first permanent IMAX 3D theatre was built in Vancouver, British Columbia, for "Transitions" at Expo '86, and was in use until September 30, 2009. It was located at the tip of Canada Place, a Vancouver landmark.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Since 2002, some feature films have been converted into IMAX format for displaying in IMAX theatres, and some have also been (partially) shot in IMAX. By late 2017, 1,302 IMAX theatre systems were installed in 1,203 commercial multiplexes, 13 commercial destinations, and 86 institutional settings in 75 countries, with less than a quarter of those having the capability to show 70mm film at the resolution of the large format as originally conceived.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In the Todd-AO 70mm-format of widescreen cinema, the image area of a 65 mm film-frame is ; in the IMAX-format of widescreen cinema, the film-frame dimensions are . To match the standard image resolution of the moving image produced with the film-speed of 24 frames per second, an IMAX film requires three times the length of (negative) film stock required for a 65 mm film of comparable scope and cinematic technique.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In 2015, IMAX announced a 2D digital camera that was developed alongside Arri, the camera being based on the latter company's Arri Alexa 65 technology. The first production to use the camera was '. The Russo brothers have stated that they solely used the Arri Alexa IMAX on ' (2018) and " (2019).

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: For "", two ARRI Alexa IMAX cameras were combined in a rig to provide native 3D, with the film containing 93% of IMAX footage.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In September 2020, IMAX launched the "Filmed In IMAX" program, which certifies high-quality digital cameras that can be used to create IMAX-format films. As the scope of certified cameras expands, it will be easier for filmmakers to create films to meet the projection needs of the IMAX giant screen theater. None of the certified cameras in the table below yet do 12K. The Blackmagic URSA Mini Pro 12K is not in the table below because it is not yet certified.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Like conventional theatres, IMAX theatres place speakers both directly behind the acoustically-transparent screen, and around the theatre to create a "surround sound" effect. IMAX also provides a "top center" speaker in addition to the centre speaker found in conventional theatres. This extra channel allows the sound mix engineers to take advantage of the screen's greater height.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: For 3D presentations, one projector is used to display the image for each eye, while 2D presentations use the superimposed images to allow for a brighter 22-foot lambert image. The Digital IMAX projection system includes a proprietary IMAX Image Enhancer that modifies the output of the digital media server based on feedback from cameras and microphones in the auditorium, and maintains alignment with sub-pixel accuracy.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Mainly because the system facilitates inexpensive distribution of IMAX features, the company announced in February 2012 that they were re-renovating specially selected locations around the world to present both 70mm analog as well as digital presentations. To do so, IMAX developed a rail system that moves the projectors in and out to accommodate either a full-frame film print or a digital-only release. These theaters were prepared in time for the release of "The Dark Knight Rises" in July 2012.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: On April 24, 2018, IMAX announced that they would begin rolling out a new single-unit version of their laser projector system later that year, with this iteration designed to replace the IMAX Xenon digital projection system for 1.89:1 screens.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Once completed, the new Sydney IMAX will include an even larger screen ensuring it retains the record as the world's largest 1.43:1 IMAX screen.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: IMAX Dome theatres are used in theme parks and many North American museums, particularly those with a scientific focus, where the technical aspects of the system may be highlighted as part of the attraction. The projection room is often windowed to allow public viewing of the equipment in operation, and it is often accompanied by informational placards like other exhibits. For some theaters, before the show begins, the screen can be backlit to show the speakers and girders behind it.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Alternatively, the dome may be lowered and raised as needed, such as at the Science Museum of Minnesota, and the former installation at the Canadian Museum of History (where it shared an auditorium with a standard IMAX screen, all replaced with a Barco CINE+ digital theatre system in 2016). The entire dome could be raised to show flat-screen features, and repositioned for immersive features.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: While the majority of museum installations focus on educational and documentary films, on special occasions entertainment films are also shown, such as "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry. The largest screen in North America is at the Science World in Vancouver, British Columbia, which has a dome screen in size.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In November 2018, the Hackworth IMAX dome in The Tech Museum (now The Tech Interactive) replaced its 70mm IMAX projector with a 4K IMAX Laser projector. It became the first digital IMAX Laser dome theater in the world.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Several of the early films that had been produced in digital 3D for release in conventional theaters were also presented in IMAX 3D, including "Avatar", "Gravity" and "The Amazing Spider-Man". The first full-color IMAX 3D film was the 1986 short documentary "Transitions", produced for Expo 86 in Vancouver.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: IMAX has held to a uniform branding of "The IMAX Experience" across various underlying technologies and screen sizes. Some have criticized the company's marketing approach, with the format being dubbed "Lie-MAX". The company has defended the format by saying it has a bigger screen, brighter picture and better sound than standard theatres. Despite the differences with digital IMAX, the cost-effective format has aided in the company's worldwide growth, especially in Russia and China.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In May 2016, IMAX announced the test launch of IMAXShift, a multimedia indoor cycling concept, but decided to discontinue it June 4, 2017.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: On September 2, 2016, IMAX announced plans to include virtual reality (VR) into the IMAX theater experience with the opening of a new VR center in Los Angeles that would use a new StarVR headset created by Acer. The VR experience was intended for short but interactive videos. IMAX opened a total of seven IMAX VR centers and established a fund for the creation of VR content, as well as partnering with Google for the production of IMAX VR cameras. However, , all seven IMAX VR centers have closed.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In May 2015, Marvel Studios announced that its next two "Avengers" films – ' (2018) and ' (2019) – would be filmed entirely in IMAX, the first Hollywood feature films to do so, using a modified version of Arri's Alexa 65 digital camera. The camera was used first to film select sequences in another Marvel production, 2016's ".

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: J. J. Abrams's "Star Trek Into Darkness", Francis Lawrence's "", Luc Besson's "Lucy", and Christopher Nolan's "Interstellar" are films that were released between 2013 and 2014 that had sequences filmed with 15/70mm IMAX cameras.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: On July 9, 2014, Bad Robot (J. J. Abrams's production company) confirmed via a picture uploaded to Twitter that one sequence in Disney and Lucasfilm's ' would be captured with the IMAX 15/70 perf film camera, in addition to the standard 35mm film cameras that Abrams and his cinematographer Dan Mindel have employed for shooting the movie. The next installment in the franchise Rian Johnson's ', released in December 2017, also included sequences shot with 15/70mm IMAX cameras.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Adele's music video "Hello", released in 2015, became the first music video that was partially filmed with IMAX cameras.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In April 2015, Marvel Studios announced that Russo brothers' ' would be the first film to use the new ARRI Alexa IMAX 2D digital camera, which was used to shoot approximately 15 minutes of the film. In May 2015, the Russo brothers announced that their films ' and "", released in 2018 and 2019, the first Hollywood feature films shot entirely in IMAX, albeit using ARRI Alexa IMAX cameras instead of 15/70 perf film.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Rihanna's music video "Sledgehammer", released in 2016, was the second music video to use the new ARRI Alexa IMAX camera.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Other films between 2016 to 2021 that captured with IMAX cameras were Zack Snyder's "", Clint Eastwood's "Sully", Damien Chazelle's "First Man", Jon Favreau's "The Lion King, "Patty Jenkins' "Wonder Woman 1984" and Cary Joji Fukunaga's "No Time to Die". "Sully" was filmed with ARRI Alexa IMAX cameras for almost the entire film and "The Lion King" for select sequences. The rest had sequences that were filmed with 15/70mm IMAX cameras.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: Five Chinese titles have been captured with IMAX digital cameras (including two with IMAX-certfied cameras); selected scenes in Jiang Wen's "Gone with the Bullets" in 2014, the entirety of Guan Hu's "The Eight Hundred" in 2020, almost all of Chen Sicheng's "Detective Chinatown 3" in 2021 and the entirety of Chen Kaige, Tsui Hark and Dante Lam's "The Battle at Lake Changjin" and "The Battle at Lake Changjin II" with IMAX-certified Red Ranger Monstro cameras in 2020 and 2022.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In 1996, IMAX was awarded the Oscar for Scientific and Technical Achievement by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The award cited IMAX's innovations in creating and developing a method of filming and exhibiting large-format, wide-angle motion pictures.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: To date, ten native-format IMAX format films have received Academy Awards nomination, with one winner. While on technical aspects and the usage of the IMAX system, only Wally Pfister's cinematography on "The Dark Knight" and Hoyte van Hoytema's cinematography on "Dunkirk" have earned nominations.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


IMAX

Context: In late 2014, Dolby announced Dolby Cinema as an IMAX competitor with super-vivid image mainly in High Dynamic Range with shadow. In Australia and New Zealand, Event Cinemas sells a premium cinema experience with a bigger screen, improved imagery and better seats marketed as Vmax. In the United States Cinemark has its Cinemark XD: Extreme Digital Cinema.

Question: Missä on suurin tunnettu IMAX-teatteri?


Ninja

Context: In the unrest of the Sengoku period, mercenaries and spies for hire became active in Iga Province and the adjacent area around the village of Kōga, and it is from these areas that much of the knowledge regarding the ninja is drawn. Following the unification of Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity. A number of "shinobi" manuals, often based on Chinese military philosophy, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the "Bansenshūkai" (1676).

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: By the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), "shinobi" had become a topic of popular imagination and mystery in Japan. Ninja figured prominently in legend and folklore, where they were associated with legendary abilities such as invisibility, walking on water and control over natural elements. As a consequence, their perception in popular culture is based more on such legends and folklore than on the covert actors of the Sengoku period.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: "Ninja" is the "on'yomi" (Early Middle Chinese–influenced) reading of the two kanji "忍者". In the native "kun'yomi" reading, it is pronounced "shinobi", a shortened form of "shinobi-no-mono" (忍びの者).

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: The word "shinobi" appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the "Man'yōshū". The underlying connotation of "shinobi" (忍) means "to steal away; to hide" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility. "Mono" (者) means "a person".

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: Historically, the word "ninja" was not in common use, and a variety of regional colloquialisms evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. Along with "shinobi", these include "monomi" ("one who sees"), "nokizaru" ("macaque on the roof"), "rappa" ("ruffian"), "kusa" ("grass") and "Iga-mono" ("one from Iga"). In historical documents, "shinobi" is almost always used.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: "Kunoichi" (くノ一）is, originally, an argot which means "woman"; it supposedly comes from the characters くノ一 (respectively hiragana "ku", katakana "no" and kanji "ichi"), which make up the three strokes that form the kanji for "woman" (女). In fiction written in the modern era "kunoichi" means "female ninja".

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: In the Western world, the word "ninja" became more prevalent than "shinobi" in the post–World War II culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers. In English, the plural of "ninja" can be either unchanged as "ninja", reflecting the Japanese language's lack of grammatical number, or the regular English plural "ninjas".

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence:

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: It was not until the 15th century that spies were specially trained for their purpose. It was around this time that the word "shinobi" appeared to define and clearly identify ninja as a secretive group of agents. Evidence for this can be seen in historical documents, which began to refer to stealthy soldiers as "shinobi" during the Sengoku period. Later manuals regarding espionage are often grounded in Chinese military strategy, quoting works such as "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: Likewise, a supplement to the "Nochi Kagami", a record of the Ashikaga shogunate, confirms the same Iga origin:

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638). The Kōga ninja were recruited by "shōgun" Tokugawa Iemitsu against Christian rebels led by Amakusa Shirō, who made a final stand at Hara Castle, in Hizen Province. A diary kept by a member of the Matsudaira clan, the "Amakusa Gunki", relates: "Men from Kōga in Ōmi Province who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased."

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: The Ukai diary, written by a descendant of Ukai Kanemon, has several entries describing the reconnaissance actions taken by the Kōga.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: As the siege went on, the extreme shortage of food later reduced the defenders to eating moss and grass. This desperation would mount to futile charges by the rebels, where they were eventually defeated by the shogunate army. The Kōga would later take part in conquering the castle:

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: With the fall of Hara Castle, the Shimabara Rebellion came to an end, and Christianity in Japan was forced underground. These written accounts are the last mention of ninja in war.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: Many former ninja were employed as security guards by the Tokugawa shogunate, though the role of espionage was transferred to newly created organizations like the "Onmitsu" and the "Oniwaban". Others used their "ninjutsu" knowledge to become doctors, medicine sellers, merchants, martial artists, and fireworks manufacturers. Some unemployed ninja were reduced to banditry, such as Fūma Kotarō and Ishikawa Goemon.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: Mie University founded the world's first research centre devoted to the ninja in 2017. A graduate master course opened in 2018. It is located in Iga (now Mie Prefecture). There are approximately 3 student enrollments per year. Students must pass an admission test about Japanese history and be able to read historical ninja documents. Scientific researchers and scholars of different disciplines study ancient documents and how it can be utilized in the modern world.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: In 2020, the 45 year old Genichi Mitsuhashi was the first student to graduate from the master course of ninja studies at Mie University. For 2 years he studied historical records and the traditions of the martial art. Similar to the original ninja, by day he was a farmer and grew vegetables while he did ninja studies and trained martial arts in the afternoon.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: The ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by "daimyōs". Their primary roles were those of espionage and sabotage, although assassinations were also attributed to ninja. Although they were considered the anti-samurai and were disdained by those belonging to the samurai class, they were necessary for warfare and were even employed by the samurai themselves to carry out operations that were forbidden by "bushidō".

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: Espionage was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications, as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the "Nochi Kagami" briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage:

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the Tokugawa "bakufu", at a time when the "bakufu" used the ninja in an intelligence network to monitor regional "daimyōs" as well as the Imperial court.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: The "Tamon-in Nikki" (16th century)—a diary written by abbot Eishun of Kōfuku-ji temple—describes an arson attack on a castle by men of the Iga clans.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: The best-known cases of assassination attempts involve famous historical figures. Deaths of famous persons have sometimes been attributed to assassination by ninja, but the secretive natures of these scenarios have made them difficult to prove. Assassins were often identified as ninja later on, but there is no evidence to prove whether some were specially trained for the task or simply a hired thug.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: The ninja Hachisuka Tenzō was sent by Nobunaga to assassinate the powerful "daimyō" Takeda Shingen, but ultimately failed in his attempts. Hiding in the shadow of a tree, he avoided being seen under the moonlight, and later concealed himself in a hole he had prepared beforehand, thus escaping capture.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: An assassination attempt on Toyotomi Hideyoshi was also thwarted. A ninja named Kirigakure Saizō (possibly Kirigakure Shikaemon) thrust a spear through the floorboards to kill Hideyoshi, but was unsuccessful. He was "smoked out" of his hiding place by another ninja working for Hideyoshi, who apparently used a sort of primitive "flamethrower". Unfortunately, the veracity of this account has been clouded by later fictional publications depicting Saizō as one of the legendary Sanada Ten Braves.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: Uesugi Kenshin, the famous "daimyō" of Echigo Province, was rumored to have been killed by a ninja. The legend credits his death to an assassin who is said to have hidden in Kenshin's lavatory, and fatally injured Kenshin by thrusting a blade or spear into his anus. While historical records showed that Kenshin suffered abdominal problems, modern historians have generally attributed his death to stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, or cerebrovascular disease.

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?


Ninja

Context: In battle, the ninja were also used to cause confusion amongst the enemy. A degree of psychological warfare in the capturing of enemy banners can be seen illustrated in the "Ōu Eikei Gunki", composed between the 16th and 17th centuries:

Question: Mikä oli ninjojen tehtävä Japanin historiassa?