Expansion of the universe

Context: In the "rubber sheet model" one replaces the rope with a flat two-dimensional rubber sheet that expands uniformly in all directions. The addition of a second spatial dimension raises the possibility of showing local perturbations of the spatial geometry by local curvature in the sheet.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: In the "raisin bread model" one imagines a loaf of raisin bread expanding in the oven. The loaf (space) expands as a whole, but the raisins (gravitationally bound objects) do not expand; they merely grow farther away from each other.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: Technically, the metric expansion of space is a feature of many solutions to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, and distance is measured using the Lorentz interval. This explains observations that indicate that galaxies that are more distant from us are receding faster than galaxies that are closer to us (see Hubble's law).

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: While the metric expansion of space appeared to be implied by Hubble's 1929 observations, Hubble disagreed with the expanding-universe interpretation of the data:

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: In expanding space, distance is a dynamic quantity that changes with time. There are several different ways of defining distance in cosmology, known as "distance measures", but a common method used amongst modern astronomers is comoving distance.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: Theoretical cosmologists developing models of the universe have drawn upon a small number of reasonable assumptions in their work. These workings have led to models in which the metric expansion of space is a likely feature of the universe. Chief among the underlying principles that result in models including metric expansion as a feature are:

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: More direct results of the expansion, such as change of redshift, distance, flux, angular position and the angular size of astronomical objects, have not been detected yet due to smallness of these effects. Change of the redshift or the flux could be observed by Square Kilometre Array or Extremely Large Telescope in the mid-2030s.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


History of diabetes

Context: The Ebers Papyrus is among the oldest and most important medical papyri of Ancient Egypt. Written 1550 BC, it was likely copied from a series of much earlier texts, and contains a passage from the First Dynasty (c. 3400 BC). The document is named after Georg Ebers, who purchased the document in 1872 in the city of Luxor, the site of Thebes (known to Ancient Egyptians as Waset). Thebes was the most venerated city of Ancient Egypt in its heyday during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: The Ebers Papyrus is thought to contain the first known medical reference to diabetes, by the phrase: "...to eliminate urine which is too "asha"". The crucial word "asha" can mean both "plentiful" and "often". It is unclear whether the condition described was excessive urine (polyuria), which may have been symptomatic of diabetes, or increased frequency of urine, very often due to urinary tract infection.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: The following mixture was prescribed for treatment: "A measuring glass filled with Water from the Bird pond, Elderberry, Fibres of the asit plant, Fresh Milk, Beer-Swill, Flower of the Cucumber, and Green Dates". Urinary troubles in the adult were also corrected with "rectal injections of olive oil, honey, sweet beer, sea salt, and seeds of the wonderfruit".

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Ayurveda is a Hindu system of medicine with historic roots in the Indian subcontinent. Some of its conceptual origins trace back to the Indus Valley civilisation. It developed significantly through the Vedic period.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Ayurvedic texts provided dietary prescriptions for the condition. They constitute the earliest known references to the presence of sugar in the urine (glycosuria) and to dietary remedies, at least a thousand years before modern European descriptions began to more comprehensively conceptualize the disease. Sushruta and Charaka also identified the two types of diabetes mellitus, later dubbed Type I and Type II diabetes.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Reviews of diabetology history in Traditional Chinese medicine have classified the diagnosis and treatment of "" () into four periods, summarized below. Classic texts provided a typology of the condition and outlined various recommendations on diagnosis, development, treatment, and prevention. Knowledge of wasting-thirst was integrated with knowledge of diabetes during the Qing dynasty.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: (), or "The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine", is a fundamental ancient text in Chinese medicine and a major book of Daoist philosophy and lifestyle. It is generally dated to the late Warring States period (475–221 BC) and the Western Han dynasty (206 BC-8 AD).

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: The text named the condition "" (; "wasting-thirst") and elaborated on it through 25 clauses. It recorded such symptoms as "three increases [excess] and one decrease [loss]": excessive thirst (polydypsia), excessive hunger (polyphagia), excessive urine (polyuria), and weight loss. Three sub-phases of "xiāo kě" were given, characterized by their dominant symptoms. These roughly correspond to the progressive stages of diabetes in modern-day Western medicine.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: (), or , is the first Chinese monograph on diseases by Zhang Zhongjing. The original work is lost, but most of its contents are preserved in two extant works called "Shānghán Lùn" (; "The Treatise on Cold Damage") and "Jīnguì Yàolüè" (; "Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Chamber"). The first work primarily addresses externally triggered conditions while the latter work describes internally generated conditions.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Sun Simiao (581–682 AD) further developed approaches to treatment, prevention, regulation, nursing, and convalescence. The formulae for wasting-thirst grew from one in "The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine", to nine in Zhang Zhongjing's works, to 73 in Sun Simiao's. The selection of herbs grew from one ("Eupatorium fortunei"), to dozens used by Zhang, to over one hundred used by Sun.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, medical discoveries slowed but practitioners achieved significant knowledge integration across cultures. Over one hundred comprehensive medical monographs were cultivated, many synthesizing developments in the study of wasting-thirst and of diabetes.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Zhang Xichun (1860–1933), a renowned integrator of medical knowledge, produced (among other works) (; "The Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine"). In a dedicated chapter named " therapies", he discussed the following aspects synthesizing wasting-thirst and diabetes: nomenclature, theories (pathologies), primary formulae, medications (herbology and pharmacology), nursing (diet and maintenance), medical cases, and integrated analysis (protein and essence; qi and fluids).

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Yu Yunxiu (1879–1954), a Japanese-educated practitioner of Western medicine aligned with the modernizer camp of the Chinese Ministry of Health, attempted to forbid the practice of Chinese medicine in 1929. In 1939, he wrote on the rough equivalence of wasting-thirst and diabetes.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Greco-Roman accounts of what we now know as diabetes primarily describe excessive urination (polyuria). There is no known account of sweetness in early Greco-Roman concepts of the disease. Given the lasting legacy of classical medicine, these descriptions remained highly influential into the Middle Ages in Europe.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: It is assumed that the Hippocratic Corpus bears no direct mention of what we now know as diabetes. However, a number of indirect statements referring to excessive and "watery urine" suggest that Hippocratic writers may have been familiar with the condition.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: In his classic description of diabetes, Aretaeus of Cappadocia ("fl." early 2nd century AD) noted the excessive amount of urine that passed through the kidney. He also noted its rarity ("Diabetes is a wonderful affection, not very frequent among men..."). He described the disease as "a melting down of the flesh and limbs into urine" and attributed it to the bladder and kidneys, commenting that "life (with diabetes) is short, disgusting and painful."

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Aretaeus's contemporary Galen (129-200 AD) stressed that diabetes was a disease of the kidneys and affirmed its rarity, having observed it "only twice" at the time he wrote "On the affected parts".

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Aretaeus and the others authors under discussion did not differentiate between "diabetes mellitus" and "diabetes insipidus". It is assumed that they were referring to diabetes mellitus, although Swedish physician F. Henschen has suggested that Aretaeus and Galen may have instead been referring to diabetes insipidus. For all practical purposes, however, diabetes insipidus remained unrecognized well into the 17th century.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Aulus Cornelius Celsus ("fl." 30 BC-50 AD), who interpreted Greek works in Latin, provided an early clinical description of diabetes in his eight-volume work titled "De Medicina". He wrote that "urine exceeds in quantity the fluid taken even if it is passed painlessly." This concept of an imbalance between the ingested and excreted amounts of fluid was repeated by many authors into the Middle Ages.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Rufus of Ephesus ("fl". 98–117 AD), a physician famous for his work on the variations of the pulse, described the symptoms of diabetes as "incessant thirst" and immediate urination after drinking, which he called "urinary diarrhea".

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. The capital was Constantinople (modern Istanbul, former Byzantium). It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1453.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Physician Oribasius (c. 320–403), personal physician of the emperor and philosopher Julian, compiled all known ancient medical texts of his time by theme into medical encyclopedia. He quotes Galen and Rufus on diabetes, considering it to be a polyuric disease of the kidneys. Various descriptive names are given for the condition, including: chamber-pot dropsy, diarrhea of the urine (diarrhea urinosa), and the thirsty disease.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: These descriptions, along with a number of other names for the condition ("liuria", "extreme thirst or dipsacus"), were echoed by later Byzantine writers in key encyclopedic texts.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: During the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate, prominent Muslim physicians preserved, systematized and developed ancient medical knowledge from across the Eurasian continent. They synthesized concepts from classical antiquity ("see:" "Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome"), Persia, Ayurveda, and China. This work laid the foundations for later advances in medieval European medicine as European physicians came into contact with Islamic authors through the Renaissance of the 12th century.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Rhazes (c. 865–925), or Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, included writings about diabetes in the more than 230 books he produced in his lifetime.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: It has been noted that references to diabetes expanded in the medical texts of this period. Eknoyan and Nagy (2005) speculate that this indicates the increasing prevalence of the disease. Other interpretations are also possible, including that the increasing references are the result of more systematic knowledge sharing practices.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Maimonides (c. 1135–1204), a renowned philosopher and polymath of the era in both the Jewish and Islamic worlds, claimed to have seen more than 20 cases (in contrast to Galen's two cases).

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231), also a philosopher and polymath, produced a treatise dedicated to diabetes ("On Diabetes", Fols. 140v-149r).

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: In the 16th century, Paracelsus (1493–1541) described diabetes as a constitutional disease that "irritates the kidneys" and provokes excessive urination. He reported that evaporating urine from a diabetic patient left an excessive residue, which he called "salts". It has, however, been noted that he advised tasting the urine for sweetness in other contexts.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: The presence of sugar in the urine (glycosuria) and in the blood (hyperglycemia) was demonstrated through the work of a number of physicians in the late 18th century, including Robert Wyatt (1774) and Matthew Dobson (1776).

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Historically, various notions of present-day "diabetes" have described some general mix of excessive urine (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and weight loss (see: "History of diabetes#Early accounts"). Over the past few centuries, these symptoms have been linked to updated understandings of how the disease works, and how it manifests differently across cases. This section outlines these developments as various diabetic conditions have become better understood.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Today, the term "diabetes" most commonly refers to "diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus" is itself an umbrella term for a number of different diseases involving problems processing sugars that have been consumed (glucose metabolism). Historically, this is the "diabetes" which has been associated with sugary urine (glycosuria).

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: In 1683, a surgical experiment by Johann Conrad Brunner almost led to a medical breakthrough. He excised the pancreas of a neighbour's hunting dog, causing polyuria and polydipsia. Brunner very clearly described these classic symptoms in pancreatectomized dogs, but made no association with diabetes.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: The endocrine role of the pancreas in metabolism, and indeed the existence of insulin, was further clarified between 1921 and 1922 when a group of researchers in Toronto, including Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, J.J.R. MacLeod, and James Collip, were able to isolate and purify the extract.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: The terms type 1 and 2 were for some time forgotten. In 1976, they were revived and popularized by Andrew Cudworth after he discovered the link between type 1 diabetes and a specific genetic marker.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: In 1912, Alfred Eric Frank, then working on diabetes mellitus in the department of Oskar Minkowski in Breslau, reported a specific link to the pituitary gland upon observing a case of a man who had survived after shooting himself in the temple. Morris Simmonds drew the same connection in 1913. Thereafter, numerous reports documented cases of diabetes insipidus associated with pituitary lesions, steadily accumulating evidence favouring the hypothesized connection.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Gestational diabetes insipidus has also been identified as a rare variety of disease that manifests in the third trimester of pregnancy and the early postpartum period.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: Among others, Frederick Madison Allen's "starvation diet" was notoriously spartan, but was shown to extend life expectancy. Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, later among the first people to be treated with insulin, was among Allen's patients.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: A diabetes clinic was established at Toronto General Hospital that summer to increase capacity for treatment by Banting and collaborating physicians. The non-commercial Connaught Laboratories collaborated with researchers to scale production. Once limits were reached, Toronto contracted with Eli Lilly and Company beginning May 1922 with some caution regarding the commercial nature of the firm (see: "Insulin#History of study#Patent").

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: In 2005, a new drug to treat type 2 diabetes, derived from the Gila monster was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The venom of the lizard contains exendin 4, which triggers one of the insulin-releasing pathways.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


History of diabetes

Context: In 1928, Oliver Kamm and his colleagues posited two active principles in the pituitary extract: one with antidiuretic and pressor properties (vasopressin), and another with uterotonic properties (oxytocin). In a series of landmark achievements between 1947 and 1954 which culminated in a Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1955), Vincent du Vigneaud isolated, sequenced, and synthesized oxytocin and vasopressin. Today, synthesized and modified vasopressin is used to treat the condition.

Question: Milloin diabetes havaittiin ensimmäisen kerran?


John Gotti

Context: John Joseph Gotti Jr. (, ; October 27, 1940 – June 10, 2002) was an American gangster and boss of the Gambino crime family in New York City. He ordered and helped to orchestrate the murder of Gambino boss Paul Castellano in December 1985 and took over the family shortly thereafter, becoming boss of what was described as America's most powerful crime syndicate.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: By the age of 12, the Gottis settled in East New York, Brooklyn, where he grew up in poverty alongside his brothers. His father worked irregularly as a day laborer. As an adult, Gotti came to resent his father for being unable to provide for his family. In school, he had a history of truancy and bullying other students, and ultimately dropped out of Franklin K. Lane High School at the age of 16.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: Gotti was involved in street gangs associated with New York City "mafiosi" from the age of 12. When he was 14, he was attempting to steal a cement mixer from a construction site when it fell, crushing his toes; this injury left him with a permanent limp. After leaving school, he devoted himself to working with the Mafia-associated Fulton-Rockaway Boys gang, where he met and befriended fellow future Gambino mobsters Angelo Ruggiero and Wilfred "Willie Boy" Johnson.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: In February 1968, United Airlines employees identified Gotti as the man who had signed for stolen merchandise; the FBI arrested him for that hijacking soon after. Gotti was arrested a third time for hijacking while out on bail two months later, this time for stealing a load of cigarettes worth $50,000 on the New Jersey Turnpike. Later that year, Gotti pleaded guilty to the Northwest Airlines hijacking and was sentenced to three years at Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: After Gotti's death, he was also identified by Massino as the killer of Vito Borelli, a Gambino associate killed in 1975 for insulting then-acting boss Paul Castellano.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: Gotti tried to keep most of his personal family uninvolved with his life of crime, with the exception of his son John Angelo Gotti, who was a mob associate by 1982.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: In August 1983, Ruggiero and Gene Gotti were arrested for dealing heroin, based primarily on recordings from a bug in Ruggiero's house. Castellano, who had banned made men from his family from dealing drugs under threat of death, demanded transcripts of the tapes, and, when Ruggiero refused, he threatened to demote Gotti.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: In the face of previous Mafia convictions, particularly the success of the Mafia Commission Trial, Gotti's acquittal was a major upset that further added to his reputation. The American media dubbed Gotti "The Teflon Don" in reference to the failure of any charges to "stick".

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: While Gotti himself had escaped conviction, his associates were not as fortunate. The other two men in the Gambino administration, underboss Armone and "consigliere" Gallo, had been indicted on racketeering charges in 1986 and were both convicted in December 1987. The heroin trial of Gotti's former fellow Bergin crewmembers Ruggiero and Gene Gotti also commenced in June of that year.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: Gotti was also able to influence the New Jersey-based DeCavalcante crime family in 1988. According to the DeCavalcante "capo"-turned-informant Anthony Rotondo, Gotti attended his father's wake with numerous other Gambino mobsters in a "show of force" and forced boss John Riggi to agree to run his family on the Gambinos' behalf. The DeCavalcantes remained in the Gambinos' sphere of influence until Gotti's imprisonment.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: Gotti's son, John Gotti Jr., was initiated into the Gambino family on Christmas Eve 1988. According to fellow mobster Michael DiLeonardo, initiated on the same night, Gravano held the ceremony to keep Gotti from being accused of nepotism. John Jr. was promptly promoted to "capo".

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: On the stand, Gravano confirmed Gotti's place in the structure of the Gambino family and described in detail the conspiracy to assassinate Castellano, giving a full description of the hit and its aftermath. Gravano confessed to 19 murders, implicating Gotti in four of them. Krieger, and Locascio's attorney, Anthony Cardinale, proved unable to shake Gravano during cross-examination. After additional testimony and tapes, the government rested its case on March 24.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: On April 2, 1992, after only 14 hours of deliberation, the jury found Gotti guilty on all charges of the indictment (Locascio was found guilty on all but one). James Fox, Assistant Director in Charge or "ADIC" of the FBI's New York Field Office, announced at a press conference, "The Teflon is gone. The don is covered with Velcro, and all the charges stuck." On June 23, 1992, Glasser sentenced both defendants to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole and a $250,000 fine.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: Gotti was incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois. He spent the majority of his sentence in effective solitary confinement, allowed out of his cell for only one hour a day. His final appeal was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1994.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: John Jr.'s indictment brought further stress to Gotti's marriage. Victoria DiGiorgio Gotti, up to that point unaware of her son's involvement in the Mafia, blamed her husband for ruining her son's life and threatened to leave him unless he allowed John Jr. to leave the mob.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: In 1998, Gotti was diagnosed with throat cancer and sent to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, for surgery. Though the tumor was removed, the cancer was discovered to have returned two years later and Gotti was transferred back to Springfield, where he spent the rest of his life.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: Gotti's condition rapidly declined and he died on June 10, 2002, at the age of 61. The Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn announced that Gotti's family would not be permitted to have a Requiem Mass, but allowed a memorial Mass after the burial.

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


John Gotti

Context: Since his conviction, Gotti has been portrayed in six TV movies, two documentary series, three theatrical films and been subject in music:

Question: Mistä tuli nimitys The Teflon Don?


Kuiper belt

Context: The Kuiper belt and Neptune may be treated as a marker of the extent of the Solar System, alternatives being the heliopause and the distance at which the Sun's gravitational influence is matched by that of other stars (estimated to be between and ).

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: After the discovery of Pluto in 1930, many speculated that it might not be alone. The region now called the Kuiper belt was hypothesized in various forms for decades. It was only in 1992 that the first direct evidence for its existence was found. The number and variety of prior speculations on the nature of the Kuiper belt have led to continued uncertainty as to who deserves credit for first proposing it.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: In 1951, in a paper in "Astrophysics: A Topical Symposium", Gerard Kuiper speculated on a similar disc having formed early in the Solar System's evolution, but he did not think that such a belt still existed today. Kuiper was operating on the assumption, common in his time, that Pluto was the size of Earth and had therefore scattered these bodies out toward the Oort cloud or out of the Solar System. Were Kuiper's hypothesis correct, there would not be a Kuiper belt today.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: Over one thousand bodies were found in a belt in the twenty years (1992–2012), after finding (named in 2018, 15760 Albion), showing a vast belt of bodies more than just Pluto and Albion. By the 2010s the full extent and nature of Kuiper belt bodies is largely unknown. Finally, in the late 2010s, two KBOs were closely flown past by an unmanned spacecraft, providing much closer observations of the Plutonian system and another KBO.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: Astronomers sometimes use the alternative name Edgeworth–Kuiper belt to credit Edgeworth, and KBOs are occasionally referred to as EKOs. Brian G. Marsden claims that neither deserves true credit: "Neither Edgeworth nor Kuiper wrote about anything remotely like what we are now seeing, but Fred Whipple did". David Jewitt comments: "If anything ... Fernández most nearly deserves the credit for predicting the Kuiper Belt."

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: KBOs are sometimes called "kuiperoids", a name suggested by Clyde Tombaugh. The term "trans-Neptunian object" (TNO) is recommended for objects in the belt by several scientific groups because the term is less controversial than all others—it is not an exact synonym though, as TNOs include all objects orbiting the Sun past the orbit of Neptune, not just those in the Kuiper belt.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: Additionally, there is a relative absence of objects with semi-major axes below 39 AU that cannot apparently be explained by the present resonances. The currently accepted hypothesis for the cause of this is that as Neptune migrated outward, unstable orbital resonances moved gradually through this region, and thus any objects within it were swept up, or gravitationally ejected from it.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: The 1:2 resonance at 47.8 AU appears to be an edge beyond which few objects are known. It is not clear whether it is actually the outer edge of the classical belt or just the beginning of a broad gap. Objects have been detected at the 2:5 resonance at roughly 55 AU, well outside the classical belt; predictions of a large number of bodies in classical orbits between these resonances have not been verified through observation.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: The precise origins of the Kuiper belt and its complex structure are still unclear, and astronomers are awaiting the completion of several wide-field survey telescopes such as Pan-STARRS and the future LSST, which should reveal many currently unknown KBOs. These surveys will provide data that will help determine answers to these questions.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: The size distributions of the Kuiper belt objects follow a number of power laws. A power law describes the relationship between "N"("D") (the number of objects of diameter greater than "D") and "D", and is referred to as brightness slope. The number of objects is inversely proportional to some power of the diameter "D":

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: Early estimates that were based on measurements of the apparent magnitude distribution found a value of q = 4 ± 0.5, which implied that there are 8 (=23) times more objects in the 100–200 km range than in the 200–400 km range.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: The centaurs, which are not normally considered part of the Kuiper belt, are also thought to be scattered objects, the only difference being that they were scattered inward, rather than outward. The Minor Planet Center groups the centaurs and the SDOs together as scattered objects.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: Since 2000, a number of KBOs with diameters of between 500 and , more than half that of Pluto (diameter 2370 km), have been discovered. 50000 Quaoar, a classical KBO discovered in 2002, is over 1,200 km across. and , both announced on 29 July 2005, are larger still. Other objects, such as 28978 Ixion (discovered in 2001) and 20000 Varuna (discovered in 2000), measure roughly across.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: Although Pluto is currently the largest known KBO, there is at least one known larger object currently outside the Kuiper belt that probably originated in it: Neptune's moon Triton (which, as explained above, is probably a captured KBO).

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: It is not clear how many KBOs are large enough to be dwarf planets. Consideration of the surprisingly low densities of many dwarf-planet candidates suggests that not many are. , Pluto, Haumea, , and Makemake are accepted by most astronomers; some have proposed other bodies, such as , , , and .

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: On 19 January 2006, the first spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt, "New Horizons", was launched, which flew by Pluto on 14 July 2015. Beyond the Pluto flyby, the mission's goal was to locate and investigate other, farther objects in the Kuiper belt.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: On 26 August 2015, the first target, (nicknamed "Ultima Thule" and later named 486958 Arrokoth), was chosen. Course adjustment took place in late October and early November 2015, leading to a flyby in January 2019. On 1 July 2016, NASA approved additional funding for "New Horizons" to visit the object.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: On 2 December 2015, "New Horizons" detected what was then called (later named "15810 Arawn") from away.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: On 1 January 2019, "New Horizons" successfully flew by Arrokoth, returning data showing Arrokoth to be a contact binary 32 km long by 16 km wide. The Ralph instrument aboard "New Horizons" confirmed Arrokoth's red color. Data from the fly-by will continue to be downloaded over the next 20 months.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: In the late 2010s, a design study by Glen Costigan and colleagues discussed orbital capture and multi-target scenarios for Kuiper belt objects. Some Kuiper belt objects studied in that particular paper included , , and 47171 Lempo. Another design study by Ryan McGranaghan and colleagues in 2011 explored a spacecraft survey of the large trans-Neptunian objects Quaoar, Sedna, Makemake, Haumea, and Eris.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Kuiper belt

Context: Interstellar missions have evaluated including a flyby of Kuiper Belt objects as part of their mission.

Question: Minkä kokoisia planeettoja Kuiperin vyöhykkeellä on?


Earth

Context: There are a number of adjectives for the planet Earth. From "Earth" itself comes "earthly". From the Latin "Terra" comes "terran" , terrestrial , and (via French) "terrene" , and from the Latin "Tellus" comes "tellurian" and "telluric".

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The most recent pattern of ice ages began about , and then intensified during the Pleistocene about . High- and middle-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 21,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. The Last Glacial Period, colloquially called the "last ice age", covered large parts of the continents, up to the middle latitudes, in ice and ended about 11,700 years ago.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: Because carbon dioxide () has a long lifespan in the atmosphere, moderate human emissions may postpone the next glacial inception by 100,000 years.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about . Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly , about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius, otherwise, with tidal effects, it may enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The shape of Earth is nearly spherical. There is a small flattening at the poles and bulging around the equator due to Earth's rotation. Therefore, a better approximation of Earth's shape is an oblate spheroid, whose equatorial diameter is larger than the pole-to-pole diameter.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The average diameter of the reference spheroid is . Local topography deviates from this idealized spheroid, although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth's radius: the maximum deviation of only 0.17% is at the Mariana Trench ( below local sea level), whereas Mount Everest ( above local sea level) represents a deviation of 0.14%. The point on the surface farthest from Earth's center of mass is the summit of the equatorial Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador ().

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: In geodesy, the exact shape that Earth's oceans would adopt in the absence of land and perturbations such as tides and winds is called the geoid. More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level (MSL). Sea surface topography are water deviations from MSL, analogous to land topography.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: Earth's mass is approximately (5,970 Yg). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the core region is estimated to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The most common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides: chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. Over 99% of the crust is composed of 11 oxides, principally silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash, and soda.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The gravity of Earth is the acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within Earth. Near Earth's surface, gravitational acceleration is approximately . Local differences in topography, geology, and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad regional differences in Earth's gravitational field, known as gravity anomalies.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: During magnetic storms and substorms, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's ionosphere, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing the aurora.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is of mean solar time (). Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration, each day varies between longer than the mean solar day.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its "stellar day" by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is of mean solar time (UT1), or Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean March equinox (when the Sun is at 90° on the equator), is of mean solar time (UT1) . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the celestial equator, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size (or solid angle) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant. This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: Earth's co-orbital asteroids population consists of quasi-satellites, objects with a horseshoe orbit and trojans. There are at least five quasi-satellites, including 469219 Kamoʻoalewa. A trojan asteroid companion, , is librating around the leading Lagrange triangular point, L4, in Earth's orbit around the Sun. The tiny near-Earth asteroid makes close approaches to the Earth–Moon system roughly every twenty years. During these approaches, it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: , there are 4,550 operational, human-made satellites orbiting Earth. There are also inoperative satellites, including Vanguard 1, the oldest satellite currently in orbit, and over 16,000 pieces of tracked space debris. Earth's largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes it from other planets in the Solar System. Solar System planets with considerable atmospheres do partly host atmospheric water vapor, but they lack surface conditions for stable surface water. Despite some moons showing signs of large reservoirs of extraterrestrial liquid water, with possibly even more volume than Earth's ocean, all of them are large bodies of water under a kilometers thick frozen surface layer.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The atmospheric pressure at Earth's sea level averages , with a scale height of about . A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules. Water vapor content varies between 0.01% and 4% but averages about 1%. The height of the troposphere varies with latitude, ranging between at the poles to at the equator, with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60°. Ocean heat content and currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The commonly used Köppen climate classification system has five broad groups (humid tropics, arid, humid middle latitudes, continental and cold polar), which are further divided into more specific subtypes. The Köppen system rates regions based on observed temperature and precipitation. Surface air temperature can rise to around in hot deserts, such as Death Valley, and can fall as low as in Antarctica.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: The first human to orbit Earth was Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961. In total, about 550 people have visited outer space and reached orbit , and, of these, twelve have walked on the Moon. Normally, the only humans in space are those on the International Space Station. The station's crew, made up of six people, is usually replaced every six months. The farthest that humans have traveled from Earth is , achieved during the Apollo 13 mission in 1970.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people's view of the planet. Initial belief in a flat Earth was gradually displaced in Ancient Greece by the idea of a spherical Earth, which was attributed to both the philosophers Pythagoras and Parmenides. Earth was generally believed to be the center of the universe until the 16th century, when scientists first concluded that it was a moving object, one of the planets of the Solar System.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized Earth's age was at least many millions of years. Lord Kelvin used thermodynamics to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and radioactive dating were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old.

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Earth

Context: </math>, where "m" is the mass of Earth, "a" is an astronomical unit, and "M" is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about formula_1.</ref>

Question: Monesko planeetta maa on auringosta?


Makgeolli

Context: The name "makgeolli" () is a compound, consisting of "mak" (; "roughly, recklessly, carelessly") and a deverbal noun derived from the verb stem "georeu-" (; "to strain, to sift, to filter") to which is added a noun-forming suffix "-i" ().

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: Because of its cloudy appearance, "makgeolli" is also called takju (; ), meaning "opaque wine", as opposed to the refined, transparent "cheongju" (; ), meaning "clear wine". Another name for "makgeolli" is nongju (; ), meaning "agricultural wine" or "farmer's wine", reflecting the traditional popularity of the beverage among farmers.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: Scottish band Colonel Mustard & The Dijon 5, playing at the inaugural DMZ Peace Train Festival in 2018, called "makgeolli" 'Fight Milk', or 'Korean Buckfast'.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: During the Goryeo dynasty, "makgeolli" was called "ihwa-ju" (; , pear blossom alcohol), as the liquor was made when the pear trees were in blossom. This was associated in many communities in Korea around that time with a tradition of all-night drinking and dancing in special ceremonies. "Makgeolli" was brewed at home for centuries and was considered a "farmer's wine", or rural working-class beverage.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: "Makgeolli" is made from rice using "nuruk", a Korean fermentation starter. "Nuruk" is a dry cereal cake that has been allowed to ferment and mature to promote the growth of molds producing hydrolyzable enzymes that decompose the starches of the cereal grain into sugar. This sugar is then used by yeast to produce alcohol through fermentation. Different kinds of "nuruk", made with different ingredients such as rice, wheat, barley, or mung beans, produce "makgeolli" of a variety of flavors.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: Steamed rice, "nuruk", and sometimes additional flavoring ingredients such as maize, chestnuts, fruits, herbs, and flowers are mixed and left to ferment in "onggi", the same permeable clay crocks used for making kimchi, soy sauce, and other fermented foods.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: The brewing process involves two stages: seed and main mash and main fermentation. Seed mash is the process of obtaining actively growing yeasts and enzymes in the mixture of yeast and "nuruk". The tastes and aromas of the main mash develop with the transformation of the rice-derived nutrients and amino acids. Main fermentation lasts for about a week.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: "Makgeolli" is best consumed fresh, a week or two after brewing. When freshly brewed, it has a milder and creamier taste. It acquires a stronger taste over time and turns into rice vinegar after a couple of months.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: Traditionally, the wine was only created one way, but to reach out across the different age groups and for exporting purposes there are several different ways the wine is created. Once "makgeolli" has been exported, it can change as well. Many people also brew makgeolli at home these days. Traditionally, "makgeolli" is created unpasteurized.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: Many mass-produced "makgeolli" are brewed with non-traditional manufactured fermentation starter instead of the traditional "nuruk", and are diluted with water and contain additives such as aspartame. This gives the liquor sweetness without adding a fermentable carbohydrate, and thus increases shelf life. Flavorings such as fruit and ginseng are also sometimes added.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: "Makgeolli" is usually served chilled, in a bottle or in a pottery bowl with a ladle. Prior to drinking, it is stirred with the ladle, or the bottle is gently flipped upside down several times with the cap on, in order to mix in the settled sediment. It is then ladled or poured into individual small bowls, rather than cups, for drinking. This is because of the tendency of "makgeolli" to split into a cloudy white fraction that settles to the bottom and a clear, pale yellow liquid that rises to the top.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: "Makgeolli" may also be mixed with ice and fruits such as mango and pineapple to make fruit cocktails, or with "saida" (lemon-lime drink) to make a simple cocktail named "maksa". "Makgeolli" mixed with "kkul" (honey) is called "kkul-makgeolli".

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: Because of the microorganisms present during fermentation, "makgeolli" is a probiotic product. It contains high levels of lactic acid bacteria such as "Lactobacillus", as well as vitamins, amino acids, and fiber. With a 1.9 percent protein content, over 10 amino acids, vitamin B, inositol and choline, "makgeolli" is reputed to increase metabolism, relieve fatigue and improve the complexion.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: "Dongdong-ju" ("float-float wine") is a drink very similar to "makgeolli", but slightly creamier and with unfiltered floating rice grains. The word "dongdong" is an ideophone for a small object floating by. "Ihwa-ju" ("pear-blossom wine") is so named because it is brewed from rice with rice malt which ferments during the pear-blossom season. "Ihwaju" is often so thick that it is eaten with a spoon. "Dansul" ("sweet wine") is a sweeter variety with partial fermentation.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


Makgeolli

Context: The Tibetan alcoholic beverage Chhaang is also very similar drink with its cloudy milky appearance along with its unfiltered rice sediments. During the Tibetan lunar new year, Tibetans drink a slight variation of Chaang by adding dried cheese, droma (a type of small tuber similar in taste to sweet potato) and nuts which is then heated and drunk warm. In Nepal, where chaang is enjoyed by the Newars and Sherpas, Korean produced bottled makgeoli is branded and sold as chaang.

Question: Milloin riisiviini on kehitetty?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American psychological comedy drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy, a new patient at a mental institution, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, Will Sampson, Danny DeVito, Sydney Lassick, William Redfield, as well as Christopher Lloyd and Brad Dourif in their film debuts.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Filming began in January 1975 and lasted three months, taking place on location in Salem, Oregon, and the surrounding area, as well as Depoe Bay on the north Oregon coast. The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital, an actual mental hospital, as this was also the setting of the novel. The hospital still functions (as of 2022), though the original buildings seen in the film have been demolished.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Considered by many to be one of the greatest films ever made, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" is No. 33 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: In 1963, Randle McMurphy is on an Oregon work farm for the statutory rape of a 15-year-old girl. He pretends to be mentally insane in order to get himself transferred to a mental institution and avoid hard labor. The ward is dominated by head nurse Mildred Ratched, a cold, passive-aggressive tyrant who intimidates her patients.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: The other patients include young, anxious, stuttering Billy Bibbit; Charlie Cheswick, who is prone to temper tantrums; delusional, child-like Martini; the articulate, repressed homosexual Dale Harding; belligerent and profane Max Taber; epileptics Jim Sefelt and Bruce Fredrickson; quiet but violent-minded Scanlon; tall, deaf-mute Native American "Chief" Bromden; and several others with chronic conditions.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Ratched sees McMurphy's lively, rebellious presence as a threat to her authority, which she responds to by confiscating and rationing the patients' cigarettes and suspending their card-playing privileges. McMurphy finds himself in a battle of wills against Ratched. He steals a school bus, escaping with several patients to go fishing on the Pacific Coast and encouraging them to discover their own abilities and find self-confidence.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: McMurphy sneaks two women, Candy and Rose, and bottles of alcohol into the ward; he bribes guard Turkle to allow this. After the party, McMurphy and Chief prepare to escape, inviting Billy to come with them. Billy refuses, but asks for a "date" with Candy; McMurphy arranges for him to have sex with her. McMurphy and the others get drunk, and McMurphy falls asleep instead of making his escape with Chief.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: The title comes from a nursery rhyme read to Chief Bromden as a child by his grandmother, mentioned in the book:

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Zaentz, a voracious reader, felt an affinity with Kesey, and so after Hauben's first attempt he asked Kesey to write the screenplay. Kesey participated in the early stages of script development, but withdrew after creative differences with the producers over casting and narrative point of view; ultimately he filed suit against the production and won a settlement.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Hal Ashby, who had been an early consideration for director, suggested Jack Nicholson for the role of McMurphy. Nicholson had never played this type of role before. Production was delayed for about six months because of Nicholson's schedule. Douglas later stated in an interview that "that turned out to be a great blessing: it gave us the chance to get the ensemble right".

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: In 2016, Fletcher recalled that Nicholson's salary was "enormous", while the rest of the cast worked at or close to scale. She put in 11 weeks, earning $10,000 before taxes.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Prior to commencement of filming, a week of rehearsals started on January 4, 1975, in Oregon, during which the actors watched the patients in their daily routine and at group therapy. Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher also witnessed electroconvulsive therapy being performed on a patient.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Filming began in January 1975, and concluded approximately three months later, and was shot on location in Salem, Oregon, and the surrounding area, as well as the coastal town of Depoe Bay, Oregon.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: As Forman did not allow the actors to see the day's filming, this led to the cast losing confidence in him, while Nicholson also began to wonder about his performance. Douglas convinced Forman to show Nicholson something, which he did, and restored the actor's confidence.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: According to Butler, Nicholson refused to speak to Forman: "...[Jack] never talked to Miloš at all, he only talked to me".

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: The production went over the initial budget of $2 million and over-schedule, but Zaentz, who was personally financing the movie, was able to come up with the difference by borrowing against his company, Fantasy Records. The total production budget came to $4.4 million.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: The film premiered at the Sutton and Paramount Theatres in New York City on November 19, 1975. It was the second-highest-grossing film released in 1975 in the United States and Canada with a gross of $109 million, one of the seventh-highest-grossing films of all time at the time. As it was released toward the end of the year, most of its gross was in 1976 and was the highest-grosser for calendar year 1976 with rentals of $56.5 million.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Worldwide, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" grossed $163,250,000. The picture was the highest-grossing film released

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Critics praised the film, sometimes with reservations. Roger Ebert said: Ebert later put the film on his "Great Movies" list. A.D. Murphy of "Variety" wrote a mixed review as well, as did Vincent Canby in "The New York Times":

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: The film opened and closed with original music by composer Jack Nitzsche, featuring an eerie bowed saw (performed by Robert Armstrong) and wine glasses. On the score, reviewer Steven McDonald:

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: Kesey himself claimed never to have seen the movie, but said he disliked what he knew of it, a fact confirmed by Chuck Palahniuk, who wrote: "The first time I heard this story, it was through the movie starring Jack Nicholson. A movie that Kesey once told me he disliked."

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: In 1993, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)

Context: In 2015, the film ranked 59th on BBC's "100 Greatest American Films" list, voted on by film critics from around the world.

Question: Kuinka monta Oscar -palkintoa Yksi lensi yli käenpesän -elokuva on voittanut?


List of most expensive films

Context: Due to the secretive nature of Hollywood accounting, it is not clear which film is the most expensive film ever made. "" officially holds the record, with a budget of $378.5 million, while "The Hobbit" trilogy stands as the most expensive back-to-back film production, with combined costs of $623 million after tax credits.

Question: Kuinka paljon elokuvan käytetään keskimäärin rahaa?


List of most expensive films

Context: Only productions with a net budget of at least $200 million in nominal U.S. dollars are listed here. Due to the effects of inflation, all but one of the films on the chart have been produced in the 21st century.

Question: Kuinka paljon elokuvan käytetään keskimäärin rahaa?


List of most expensive films

Context: The productions listed here have their nominal budgets adjusted for inflation using the United States Consumer Price Index taking the year of release. Charts adjusted for inflation are usually ordered differently, because they are dependent on the inflation measure used and the original budget estimate.

Question: Kuinka paljon elokuvan käytetään keskimäärin rahaa?


List of most expensive films

Context: The 1950s saw costs rapidly escalate as cinema competed with television for audiences, culminating with some hugely expensive epics in the 1960s that failed to recoup their costs. A prominent example of this trend was "Cleopatra" (1963), which lost money on its initial release despite being the highest-grossing film of the year. Since the 1990s, film budgets have once again seen a dramatic increase as the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) has become commonplace in big-budget features.

Question: Kuinka paljon elokuvan käytetään keskimäärin rahaa?


Burlesque

Context: A burlesque is a literary, dramatic or musical work intended to cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works, or by ludicrous treatment of their subjects. The word derives from the Italian ', which, in turn, is derived from the Italian ' – a joke, ridicule or mockery.

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Burlesque

Context: In 17th century Spain, playwright and poet Miguel de Cervantes ridiculed medieval romance in his many satirical works. Among Cervantes' works are "Exemplary Novels" and the "Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes" published in 1615. The term burlesque has been applied retrospectively to works of Chaucer and Shakespeare and to the Graeco-Roman classics.

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Burlesque

Context: Burlesque was intentionally ridiculous in that it imitated several styles and combined imitations of certain authors and artists with absurd descriptions. In this, the term was often used interchangeably with "pastiche", "parody", and the 17th and 18th century genre of the "mock-heroic". Burlesque depended on the reader's (or listener's) knowledge of the subject to make its intended effect, and a high degree of literacy was taken for granted.

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Burlesque

Context: In more recent times, burlesque true to its literary origins is still performed in revues and sketches. Tom Stoppard's 1974 play "Travesties" is an example of a full-length play drawing on the burlesque tradition.

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Burlesque

Context: Beginning in the early 18th century, the term burlesque was used throughout Europe to describe musical works in which serious and comic elements were juxtaposed or combined to achieve a grotesque effect. As derived from literature and theatre, "burlesque" was used, and is still used, in music to indicate a bright or high-spirited mood, sometimes in contrast to seriousness.

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Burlesque

Context: Some orchestral and chamber works have also been designated as burlesques, of which two early examples are the Ouverture-Suite "Burlesque de Quixotte", TWV 55, by Telemann and the Sinfonia Burlesca by Leopold Mozart (1760). Another often-performed piece is Richard Strauss's 1890 Burleske for piano and orchestra. Other examples include the following:

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Burlesque

Context: Burlesque can be used to describe particular movements of instrumental musical compositions, often involving dance rhythms. Examples are the Burlesca, in Partita No. 3 for keyboard (BWV 827) by Bach, the "Rondo-Burleske" third movement of Symphony No. 9 by Mahler, and the "Burlesque" fourth movement of Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 1.

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Burlesque

Context: The use of burlesque has not been confined to classical music. Well-known ragtime travesties include "Russian Rag", by George L. Cobb, which is based on Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C-sharp minor, and Harry Alford's "Lucy's Sextette" based on the sextet, 'Chi mi frena in tal momento?', from "Lucia di Lammermoor" by Donizetti.

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Burlesque

Context: Victorian burlesque related to and in part derived from traditional English pantomime "with the addition of gags and 'turns'." In the early burlesques, following the example of ballad opera, the words of the songs were written to popular music; later burlesques mixed the music of opera, operetta, music hall and revue, and some of the more ambitious shows had original music composed for them. This English style of burlesque was successfully introduced to New York in the 1840s.

Question: Milloin burleski on keksitty?


Angelic tongues

Context: Angelic tongues are the languages believed by some religious traditions to be used by angels. It usually refers to sung praise in Second Temple period Jewish materials.

Question: Mitä kieltä vanhan testamentin enkelit puhuivat?


Angelic tongues

Context: Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice is the principal source for angelic tongues at Qumran. The texts are fragmentary but appear to relate to praise tongues:

Question: Mitä kieltä vanhan testamentin enkelit puhuivat?


Angelic tongues

Context: It is not clear whether the angelic tongues are coherent, intelligible to man. However, since Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice is itself related to sung praise at the Qumran community, there is not a parallel with coherent angelic praise tongues in Testament of Job.

Question: Mitä kieltä vanhan testamentin enkelit puhuivat?


Angelic tongues

Context: The pseudepigraphical Testament of Job (ca.100 BCE–100CE) contains a conclusion which is believed to relate to the compiling of the hymnbook used by a Therapeutae community. Job gives one of his daughters "a cord" (possibly a stringed instrument of some kind.)

Question: Mitä kieltä vanhan testamentin enkelit puhuivat?


Angelic tongues

Context: Job's other daughters likewise took on "the dialect of archons", "the dialect of those and the "dialect of the cherubim" (Job 49:1-50:3). The "cherubim" are also mentioned Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice as blessing God (4Q403 1 2, 15, cf. 4Q405 20 2, 3).

Question: Mitä kieltä vanhan testamentin enkelit puhuivat?


Angelic tongues

Context: There is parallel description of sung prophecy among the Therapeutae in Alexandria by Philo, but no mention there of angelic tongues.

Question: Mitä kieltä vanhan testamentin enkelit puhuivat?


Symphonic poem

Context: While the terms "symphonic poem" and "tone poem" have often been used interchangeably, some composers such as Richard Strauss and Jean Sibelius have preferred the latter term for their works.

Question: Miten sinfoninen runo määritellään?


Symphonic poem

Context: The first use of the German term "Tondichtung" (tone poem) appears to have been by Carl Loewe, applied not to an orchestral work but to his piece for piano solo, "Mazeppa", Op. 27 (1828), based on the poem of that name by Lord Byron, and written twelve years before Liszt treated the same subject orchestrally.

Question: Miten sinfoninen runo määritellään?


Symphonic poem

Context: While Liszt had been inspired to some extent by the ideas of Richard Wagner in unifying ideas of drama and music via the symphonic poem, Wagner gave Liszt's concept only lukewarm support in his 1857 essay "On the Symphonic Poems of Franz Liszt", and was later to break entirely with Liszt's Weimar circle over their aesthetic ideals.

Question: Miten sinfoninen runo määritellään?


Symphonic poem

Context: Socialist realism in the Soviet Union allowed program music to survive longer there than in western Europe, as typified by Dmitri Shostakovich's symphonic poem "October" (1967).

Question: Miten sinfoninen runo määritellään?


Symphonic poem

Context: While France was less concerned than other countries with nationalism, it still had a well-established tradition of narrative and illustrative music reaching back to Berlioz and Félicien David. For this reason, French composers were attracted to the poetic elements of the symphonic poem. In fact, César Franck had written an orchestral piece based on Hugo's poem "Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne" before Liszt did so himself as his first numbered symphonic poem.

Question: Miten sinfoninen runo määritellään?


Human wave attack

Context: According to U.S. Army analyst Edward C. O'Dowd, the technical definition of a human wave attack tactic is a frontal assault by densely concentrated infantry formations against an enemy line, without any attempts to shield or to mask the attacker's movement. The goal of a human wave attack is to maneuver as many people as possible into close range, hoping that the shock from a large mass of attackers engaged in melee combat would force the enemy to disintegrate or fall back.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: However, this solution usually means that the attackers must sacrifice concealment and cover for numbers and speed. Because of this trade-off, human wave attacks can be used by an attacker with a lack of tactical training or one who lacks firepower and the ability to manoeuvre, but who can motivate and control their personnel.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: Human wave attacks have been used by several armed forces around the world, including European and American armies during the American Civil War and World War I, the Chinese People's Liberation Army during the Korean War, Vietnamese forces during the Indochina Wars, and the Iranian Basij during the Iran–Iraq War.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: Human wave attacks were used during the Boxer Rebellion in China. Boxer rebels performed human wave attacks against Eight-Nation Alliance forces during the Seymour Expedition and the Battle of Langfang where the Eight Nation Alliance was defeated and forced to retreat.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: On June 11 and June 14, Boxers armed only with bladed melee weapons directly charged the Alliance troops at Langfang armed with rifles and machine guns in human wave attacks and the Boxers also blocked the retreat of the expedition via train by destroying the Tianjin-Langfang railway.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: During the Siege of Port Arthur, human wave attacks were conducted on Russian artillery and machine guns by the Japanese which ended up becoming suicidal. Since the Japanese suffered massive casualties in the attacks, one description of the aftermath was that "a thick, unbroken mass of corpses covered the cold earth like a coverlet."

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: Human wave attacks have also been deployed by the Republicans in Spain during the Spanish Civil War most notably their defense of Casa de Campo during the Siege of Madrid, particularly the counterattack by the Durruti Column led by Buenaventura Durruti himself.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: Also, as recounted by various former members of the Lincoln Battalion, it was not uncommon for Republican commanders to order units onto attacks that were warned by field officers to be ill advised or suicidal.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: There were elements of human waves being utilized in the Russian Civil War recounted by American soldiers in Russia supporting the White Army.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: Human waves attack were also utilized in full force against the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany most notably in the Battle of Stalingrad and also recounted in the Battle of the Seelow Heights.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: The Imperial Japanese Army was known for its use of human wave attacks. There were even specialized units who were trained in this type of assault.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: During the Chinese Civil War, Nationalist Chinese accused the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) of using unarmed civilians as human shields with the intention of draining Nationalist forces' ammunition supplies during battles. This practice is often referred to as "human sea attack" by the Nationalist Chinese.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: Later on, during the Korean War, the term "human wave attack" to describe the Chinese short attack, a combination of infiltration and shock tactics employed by the People's Volunteer Army (PVA). According to some accounts, Marshal Peng Dehuai—the overall commander of the PVA forces in Korea—is said to have invented this tactic.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: In Chinese sources, this tactic is referred to as "three-three fireteams," after the composition of the attack: three men would form one fireteam, and three fireteams one squad. A Chinese platoon, consisting of 50 men, would form three ranks of such fireteams, which would be employed to attack "one point" from "two sides."

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: Although abandoned by the PLA by 1953, the Chinese army re-adopted this tactic during the Sino-Vietnamese War due to the stagnation of the Chinese military modernization programs during the Cultural Revolution. Their use in the Sino-Vietnamese War is a rare example of an army with superior firepower, in this case the PLA, throwing away its advantage.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Human wave attack

Context: During the Iran–Iraq War, some of the attacks conducted by Iranian forces in large operations, were considered to be human wave attacks.

Question: Mitä ihmisaalto tarkoittaa?


Saturn IB

Context: By sharing the S-IVB upper stage, the Saturn IB and Saturn V provided a common interface to the Apollo spacecraft. The only major difference was that the S-IVB on the Saturn V burned only part of its propellant to achieve Earth orbit, so it could be restarted for trans-lunar injection. The S-IVB on the Saturn IB needed all of its propellant to achieve Earth orbit.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen Saturn IB valmistui?


Saturn IB

Context: The Saturn IB launched two uncrewed CSM suborbital flights to a height of 162km, one uncrewed LM orbital flight, and the first crewed CSM orbital mission (first planned as Apollo 1, later flown as Apollo 7). It also launched one orbital mission, AS-203, without a payload so the S-IVB would have residual liquid hydrogen fuel. This mission supported the design of the restartable version of the S-IVB used in the Saturn V, by observing the behavior of the liquid hydrogen in weightlessness.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen Saturn IB valmistui?


Saturn IB

Context: The remaining Saturn IBs in NASA's inventory were scrapped after the ASTP mission, as no use could be found for them and all heavy lift needs of the US space program could be serviced by the cheaper and more versatile Titan III family and also the Space Shuttle.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen Saturn IB valmistui?


Saturn IB

Context: On May 12, 1966, NASA announced the vehicle would be called the "uprated Saturn I", at the same time the "lunar excursion module" was renamed the lunar module. However, the "uprated Saturn I" terminology was reverted to Saturn IB on December 2, 1967.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen Saturn IB valmistui?


Saturn IB

Context: The S-IVB was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company at Huntington Beach, California. The S-IVB-200 model was similar to the S-IVB-500 third stage used on the Saturn V, with the exception of the interstage adapter, smaller auxiliary propulsion control modules, and lack of on-orbit engine restart capability. It was powered by a single Rocketdyne J-2 engine. The fuel and oxidizer tanks shared a common bulkhead, which saved about ten tons of weight and reduced vehicle length over ten feet.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen Saturn IB valmistui?


Saturn IB

Context: Acceleration of the Saturn IB increased from 1.24G at liftoff to a maximum of 4.35G at the end of the S-IB stage burn, and increased again from 0G to 2.85G from stage separation to the end of the S-IVB burn.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen Saturn IB valmistui?


Saturn IB

Context: AS-206, 207, and 208 inserted the Command and Service Module in a elliptical orbit which was co-planar with the Skylab one. The SPS engine of the Command and Service Module was used at orbit apogee to achieve a Hohmann transfer to the Skylab orbit at .

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen Saturn IB valmistui?


Saturn IB

Context: The first five Saturn IB launches for the Apollo program were made from LC-34 and LC-37, Cape Kennedy Air Force Station.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen Saturn IB valmistui?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Alcohol is a depressant, which in low doses causes euphoria, reduces anxiety, and increases sociability. In higher doses, it causes drunkenness, stupor, unconsciousness or death. Long-term use can lead to an alcohol use disorder, an increased risk of developing several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and physical dependence.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs in the world, and about 33% of all humans currently drink alcohol. In 2015, among Americans, 86% of adults had consumed alcohol at some point, with 70% drinking it in the last year and 56% in the last month. Alcoholic drinks are typically divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically their alcohol content is between 3% and 50%.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period (). Several other animals are affected by alcohol similarly to humans and, once they consume it, will consume it again if given the opportunity, though humans are the only species known to produce alcoholic drinks intentionally.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Cider or cyder ( ) is a fermented alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice; apple juice (traditional and most common), peaches, pears ("Perry" cider) or other fruit. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% ABV to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, cider may be called "apple wine".

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Fermented water is an ethanol-based water solution with approximately 15-17% ABV without sweet reserve. Fermented water is "exclusively" fermented with white sugar, yeast, and water. Fermented water is clarified after the fermentation to produce a colorless or off-white liquid with no discernible taste other than that of ethanol.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Mead () is an alcoholic drink made by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops. The alcoholic content of mead may range from as low as 3% ABV to more than 20%. The defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drink's fermentable sugar is derived from honey. Mead can also be referred to as "honeywine."

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Pulque is the Mesoamerican fermented drink made from the "honey water" of maguey, "Agave americana". The drink distilled from pulque is tequila or mescal Mezcal.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Wine is a fermented beverage produced from grapes and sometimes other fruits. Wine involves a longer fermentation process than beer and a long aging process (months or years), resulting in an alcohol content of 9%–16% ABV.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Sparkling wine like French Champagne, Catalan Cava or Italian Prosecco can be made by means of a secondary fermentation.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Fortified wine is wine, such as port or sherry, to which a distilled beverage (usually brandy) has been added. Fortified wine is distinguished from spirits made from wine in that spirits are produced by means of distillation, while fortified wine is simply wine that has had a spirit added to it. Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including port, sherry, madeira, marsala, commandaria, and the aromatized wine vermouth.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Rectified spirit is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid that may contain as much as 95% ABV. It is often used for medicinal purposes. It may be a grain spirit or it may be made from other plants. It is used in mixed drinks, liqueurs, and tinctures, and also as a household solvent.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: The average number of people who drink was 39% for males and 25% for females (2.4 billion people in total). Females on average drink 0.7 drinks per day while males drink 1.7 drinks per day. The rates of drinking varies significantly in different areas of the world.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: An apéritif is any alcoholic beverage usually served before a meal to stimulate the appetite, while a digestif is any alcoholic beverage served after a meal for the stated purpose of improving digestion. Fortified wine, liqueurs, and dry champagne are common apéritifs. Because apéritifs are served before dining, they are usually dry rather than sweet. One example is Cinzano, a brand of vermouth. Digestifs include brandy, fortified wines and herb-infused spirits (Drambuie).

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Alcoholic drinks are considered empty calorie foods because other than food energy they contribute no essential nutrients. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on NHANES 2013–2014 surveys, women in the US ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8 grams/day and men consume on average 15.5 grams/day.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: The USDA uses a figure of per gram of alcohol ( per ml) for calculating food energy. For distilled spirits, a standard serving in the United States is , which at 40% ethanol (80 proof), would be 14 grams and 98 Calories.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: In addition to alcohol, many alcoholic drinks contain carbohydrates. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average energy contributions are 48 and 108 cal/day, respectively. Excessive daily calorie intake may contribute to an increase in body weight and "beer belly".

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as an accompanying beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes. Wine sauce is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient. Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16% ABV, with most wines being in the 12.5–14.5% range. Fortified wines (usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Ordinary distillation cannot produce alcohol of more than 95.6% by weight, which is about 97.2% ABV (194.4 proof) because at that point alcohol is an azeotrope with water. A spirit which contains a very high level of alcohol and "does not contain any added flavoring" is commonly called a neutral spirit. Generally, any distilled alcoholic beverage of 170 US proof or higher is considered to be a neutral spirit.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Most yeasts cannot reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is higher than about 18%, so that is the practical limit for the strength of fermented drinks such as wine, beer, and sake. However, some strains of yeast have been developed that can reproduce in solutions of up to 25% ABV.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: Shot sizes vary significantly from country to country. In the United Kingdom, serving size in licensed premises is regulated under the Weights and Measures Act (1985). A single serving size of spirits (gin, whisky, rum, and vodka) are sold in 25 ml or 35 ml quantities or multiples thereof. Beer is typically served in pints (568 ml), but is also served in half-pints or third-pints. In Israel, a single serving size of spirits is about twice as much, 50 or 60 mL.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: There is no single standard, but a "standard drink" of 10g alcohol, which is used in the WHO AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test)'s questionnaire form example, have been adopted by more countries than any other amount. 10 grams is equivalent to 12.7 millilitres.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Alcoholic drink

Context: In some jurisdictions, alcoholic drinks are totally prohibited for reasons of religion (e.g., Islamic countries with sharia law) or for reasons of local option, public health, and morals (e.g., Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933). In jurisdictions which enforce sharia law, the consumption of alcoholic drinks is an illegal offense, although such laws may exempt non-Muslims.

Question: Mikä tekee oluesta alkoholillisen?


Viktor Ferdinand Brotherus

Context: Viktor Ferdinand Brotherus (28 October 1849 – 9 February 1929), Finnish botanist who studied the mosses (Bryophyta), best known for authoring the treatment of 'Musci' in Engler and Prantl's "Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien".

Question: Milloin Viktor Brotherus tuli kasvitieteilijä?


Viktor Ferdinand Brotherus

Context: "Foreign guests arrived to his funeral, he was praised in the funeral orations, last respects were read from distant lands. The staff of the school was astonished. They had no idea that he was also something else but their dear old junior lecturer [original in Finnish]."

Question: Milloin Viktor Brotherus tuli kasvitieteilijä?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced, the older lunatic asylum. Their development also entails the rise of organized institutional psychiatry.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, terms such as "madness", "lunacy" or "insanity"—all of which assumed a unitary psychosis—were split into numerous "mental diseases", of which catatonia, melancholia and dementia praecox (modern day schizophrenia) were the most common in psychiatric institutions.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: In 1961 sociologist Erving Goffman described a theory of the "total institution" and the process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the part of both "guard" and "captor", suggesting that many of the features of such institutions serve the ritual function of ensuring that both classes of people know their function and social role, in other words of "institutionalizing" them. "Asylums" was a key text in the development of deinstitutionalization.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: Crisis Stabilization Units (CSU) are small facilities with minimal beds used for people in crisis whose needs cannot be met safely in residential service settings.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: Another type of psychiatric hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. Most drugs used for psychiatric purposes take several weeks to take effect, and the main purpose of these hospitals is to monitor the patient for the first few weeks of therapy to ensure the treatment is effective.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: Juvenile wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children with mental illness. However, there are a number of institutions specializing only in the treatment of juveniles, particularly when dealing with drug abuse, self-harm, eating disorders, anxiety, depression or other mental illness.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: These hospitals provide stabilization and rehabilitation for those who are actively experiencing uncontrolled symptoms of mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, and so on.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: One type of institution for the mentally ill is a community-based halfway house. These facilities provide assisted living for an extended period of time for patients with mental illnesses, and they often aid in the transition to self-sufficiency. These institutions are considered to be one of the most important parts of a mental health system by many psychiatrists, although some localities lack sufficient funding.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: In some countries, the mental institution may be used for the incarceration of political prisoners as a form of punishment. A notable historical example was the use of punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union and China.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: Run by the National Health Service, these facilities which provide psychiatric assessments can also provide treatment and accommodation in a safe hospital environment which prevents absconding. Thus there is far less risk of patients harming themselves or others. The Central Mental Hospital in Dublin performs a similar function.

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


Psychiatric hospital

Context: "For lists of establishments, see the categorical index "Psychiatric hospitals" at the bottom of the page."

Question: Mitä nimitystä käytettiin Suomessa aiemmin psykiatriasta?


History of New Zealand

Context: In New Zealand there are no human artifacts or remains dating earlier than the Kaharoa Tephra, a layer of volcanic debris deposited by the Mount Tarawera eruption around 1314 CE. The 1999 dating of some kiore (Polynesian rat) bones to as early as 100 CE was later found to be an error; new samples of rat bone (and also of rat-gnawed shells and woody seed cases) mostly gave dates later than the Tarawera eruption with only three samples giving slightly earlier dates.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: The descendants of these settlers became known as the Māori, forming a distinct culture of their own. The latter settlement of the tiny Chatham Islands in the east of New Zealand about 1500 CE produced the Moriori; linguistic evidence indicates that the Moriori were mainland Māori who ventured eastward. There is no evidence of a pre-Māori civilisation in mainland New Zealand.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: New Zealand has no native land mammals (apart from some rare bats) so birds, fish and sea mammals were important sources of protein. Māori cultivated food plants which they had brought with them from Polynesia, including sweet potatoes (called kūmara), taro, gourds, and yams. They also cultivated the cabbage tree, a plant endemic to New Zealand, and exploited wild foods such as fern root, which provided a starchy paste.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-Polynesian voyagers before Tasman, but these are not widely accepted. Peter Trickett, for example, argues in "Beyond Capricorn" that the Portuguese explorer Cristóvão de Mendonça reached New Zealand in the 1520s, and the Tamil bell discovered by missionary William Colenso has given rise to a number of theories, but historians generally believe the bell "is not in itself proof of early Tamil contact with New Zealand".

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: The first European settlement was at Rangihoua Pā where the first full-blooded European infant in the territory, Thomas Holloway King, was born on 21 February 1815 at the Oihi Mission Station near Hohi Bay in the Bay of Islands. Kerikeri, founded in 1822, and Bluff founded in 1823, both claim to be the oldest European settlements in New Zealand. Many European settlers bought land from Māori, but misunderstanding and different concepts of land ownership led to conflict and bitterness.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: The effect of contact on Māori varied. In some inland areas life went on more or less unchanged, although a European metal tool such as a fish-hook or hand axe might be acquired through trade with other tribes. At the other end of the scale, tribes that frequently encountered Europeans, such as Ngāpuhi in Northland, underwent major changes.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: Around this time, many Māori converted to Christianity. In the 1840s, there were probably a higher percentage of Christians attending services among Māori than among people in the United Kingdom, and their moral practices and spiritual lives were transformed. The New Zealand Anglican Church, (the missionary church), was, and is, the largest Māori denomination. Māori made Christianity their own and spread it throughout the country often before European missionaries arrived.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: In 1839 the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and to establish colonies in New Zealand. This and the increased commercial interests of merchants in Sydney and London spurred the British Government to take stronger action.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand by the British government with instructions to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown. In reaction to the New Zealand Company's moves, on 15 June 1839 the issue of new Letters Patent expanded the territory of New South Wales to include all of New Zealand. Governor of New South Wales George Gipps was appointed governor "over" New Zealand. This represented the first clear expression of British intent to annex New Zealand.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: On 6 February 1840, Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. The British subsequently took copies of the Treaty around the islands of New Zealand for signature by other chiefs. A significant number refused to sign or were not asked but, in total, more than five hundred Māori eventually signed.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: The Treaty gave Māori sovereignty over their lands and possessions and all of the rights of British citizens. What it gave the British in return depends on the language-version of the Treaty used. The English version can be said to give the British Crown sovereignty over New Zealand; but in the Māori version, the Crown receives "kāwanatanga", which, arguably, is a lesser power (see interpretations of the Treaty). The dispute over the "true" meaning and the intent of the signatories remains an issue.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: Governor Hobson died on 10 September 1842. Robert FitzRoy, the new governor (in office: 1843–1845), took some legal steps to recognise Māori custom.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?


History of New Zealand

Context: However, his successor, George Grey, promoted rapid cultural assimilation and reduction of the land-ownership, influence and rights of the Māori. The practical effect of the Treaty was, in the beginning, only gradually felt, especially in predominantly Māori regions, where the settler government had little or no authority.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Uuden-Seelannin?