Ottoman Empire

Context: Under Ivan IV (1533–1584), the Tsardom of Russia expanded into the Volga and Caspian region at the expense of the Tatar khanates. In 1571, the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray, commanded by the Ottomans, burned Moscow. The next year, the invasion was repeated but repelled at the Battle of Molodi. The Ottoman Empire continued to invade Eastern Europe in a series of slave raids, and remained a significant power in Eastern Europe until the end of the 17th century.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1623–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively divided the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: In Ottoman North Africa, Spain conquered Oran from the Ottoman Empire (1732). The bey received an Ottoman army from Algiers, but it failed to recapture Oran; the siege caused the deaths of 1,500 Spaniards, and even more Algerians. The Spanish also massacred many Muslim soldiers. In 1792, Spain abandoned Oran, selling it to the Ottoman Empire.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Selim III (1789–1807) made the first major attempts to modernise the army, but his reforms were hampered by the religious leadership and the Janissary corps. Jealous of their privileges and firmly opposed to change, the Janissary revolted. Selim's efforts cost him his throne and his life, but were resolved in spectacular and bloody fashion by his successor, the dynamic Mahmud II, who eliminated the Janissary corps in 1826.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was called the "sick man of Europe". Three suzerain states – the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia and Moldavia – moved towards "de jure" independence during the 1860s and 1870s.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: In this period, the Ottoman Empire spent only small amounts of public funds on education; for example in 1860–1861 only 0.2 percent of the total budget was invested in education.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: From 1894 to 1896, between 100,000 and 300,000 Armenians living throughout the empire were killed in what became known as the Hamidian massacres.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: In 1897 the population was 19 million, of whom 14 million (74%) were Muslim. An additional 20 million lived in provinces that remained under the sultan's nominal suzerainty but were entirely outside his actual power. One by one the Porte lost nominal authority. They included Egypt, Tunisia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Lebanon.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The Sharifian Army led by Hussein and the Hashemites, with military backing from the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force, successfully fought and expelled the Ottoman military presence from much of the Hejaz and Transjordan. The rebellion eventually took Damascus and set up a short-lived monarchy led by Faisal, a son of Hussein.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Following the Sykes–Picot Agreement, the Middle East was later partitioned by the British and French into mandate territories. There was no unified Arab state, much to the anger of Arab nationalists.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Defeated on every front, the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918. Constantinople was occupied by combined British, French, Italian, and Greek forces. In May 1919, Greece also took control of the area around Smyrna (now İzmir).

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The partition of the Ottoman Empire was finalized under the terms of the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the Conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The status of Anatolia was problematic given the occupied forces.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: There arose a nationalist opposition in the Turkish national movement. It won the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatürk"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–1922), left the country on 17 November 1922. The Republic of Turkey was established in its place on 29 October 1923, in the new capital city of Ankara. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Most of the Ottoman Sultans adhered to Sufism and followed Sufi orders, and believed Sufism is the correct way to reach God. Because the matters of jurisprudence and shariah were state matters, the state-sponsored Sufi religious dominance came into play. Non-Sufi Muslims and Arabs were neglected and not given any position in the Hejaz.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Throughout Ottoman history, there were many instances in which local governors acted independently, and even in opposition to the ruler. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy. The sultan no longer had executive powers. A parliament was formed, with representatives chosen from the provinces. The representatives formed the Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: This eclectic administration was apparent even in the diplomatic correspondence of the Empire, which was initially undertaken in the Greek language to the west.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The Tughra were calligraphic monograms, or signatures, of the Ottoman Sultans, of which there were 35. Carved on the Sultan's seal, they bore the names of the Sultan and his father. The statement and prayer, "ever victorious", was also present in most. The earliest belonged to Orhan Gazi. The ornately stylized "Tughra" spawned a branch of Ottoman-Turkish calligraphy.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: In the late 19th century, the Ottoman legal system saw substantial reform. This process of legal modernisation began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839. These reforms included the "fair and public trial[s] of all accused regardless of religion", the creation of a system of "separate competences, religious and civil", and the validation of testimony on non-Muslims. Specific land codes (1858), civil codes (1869–1876), and a code of civil procedure also were enacted.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military. In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissary corps and established the modern Ottoman army. He named them as the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order). The Ottoman army was also the first institution to hire foreign experts and send its officers for training in western European countries. Consequently, the Young Turks movement began when these relatively young and newly trained men returned with their education.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The Eyalet (also "Pashalik" or "Beylerbeylik") was the territory of office of a Beylerbey ("lord of lords" or governor), and was further subdivided in Sanjaks.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The Vilayets were introduced with the promulgation of the "Vilayet Law" () in 1864, as part of the Tanzimat reforms. Unlike the previous eyalet system, the 1864 law established a hierarchy of administrative units: the vilayet, liva/sanjak, kaza and village council, to which the 1871 Vilayet Law added the nahiye.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organisation developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: A population estimate for the empire of 11,692,480 for the 1520–1535 period was obtained by counting the households in Ottoman tithe registers, and multiplying this number by 5. For unclear reasons, the population in the 18th century was lower than that in the 16th century. An estimate of 7,230,660 for the first census held in 1831 is considered a serious undercount, as this census was meant only to register possible conscripts.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century. Figures from 1831 onwards are available as official census results, but the censuses did not cover the whole population. For example, the 1831 census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire. For earlier periods estimates of size and distribution of the population are based on observed demographic patterns.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: However, it began to rise to reach 25–32 million by 1800, with around 10 million in the European provinces (primarily in the Balkans), 11 million in the Asiatic provinces, and around 3 million in the African provinces. Population densities were higher in the European provinces, double those in Anatolia, which in turn were triple the population densities of Iraq and Syria and five times the population density of Arabia.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Towards the end of the empire's existence life expectancy was 49 years, compared to the mid-twenties in Serbia at the beginning of the 19th century. Epidemic diseases and famine caused major disruption and demographic changes. In 1785 around one-sixth of the Egyptian population died from the plague and Aleppo saw its population reduced by twenty percent in the 18th century. Six famines hit Egypt alone between 1687 and 1731 and the last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Sunni Islam was the prevailing "Dīn" (customs, legal traditions, and religion) of the Ottoman Empire, while the official "Madh'hab" (school of Islamic jurisprudence) was "Hanafi." From the early 16th century until the early 20th century, the Ottoman sultan also served as the caliph, or politco-religious leader, of the Muslim world.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Non-Muslims, particularly Christians and Jews, were present throughout the empire's history. The Ottoman imperial system was charactised by an intricate combination of official Muslim hegemony over non-Muslims and a wide degree of religious tolerance. While religious minorities were never equal under the law, they were granted recognition, protection, and limited freedoms under both Islamic and Ottoman tradition.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Some modern scholars consider the millet system to be an early example of religious pluralism, as it accorded minority religious groups official recognition and tolerance.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: At the local level, power was held beyond the control of the Sultan by the "ayan" or local notables. The ayan collected taxes, formed local armies to compete with other notables, took a reactionary attitude toward political or economic change, and often defied policies handed down by the Sultan.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The economic system made little progress. Printing was forbidden until the 18th century, for fear of defiling the secret documents of Islam. The millets, however, were allowed their own presses, using Greek, Hebrew, Armenian and other languages that greatly facilitated nationalism. The religious prohibition on charging interest foreclosed most of the entrepreneurial skills among Muslims, although it did flourish among the Jews and Christians.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Plague remained a major scourge in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. "Between 1701 and 1750, 37 larger and smaller plague epidemics were recorded in Istanbul, and 31 between 1751 and 1801."

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Ottomans adopted Persian bureaucratic traditions and culture. The sultans also made an important contribution in the development of Persian literature.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: In the Ottoman Empire, each millet established a schooling system serving its members. Education, therefore, was largely divided on ethnic and religious lines: few non-Muslims attended schools for Muslim students and vice versa. Most institutions that did serve all ethnic and religious groups taught in French or other languages.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. Poetry was by far the dominant stream. Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction: there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel. Analog genres did exist, though, in both Turkish folk literature and in Divan poetry.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: The traditional shadow play called Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire and featured characters representing all of the major ethnic and social groups in that culture. It was performed by a single puppet master, who voiced all of the characters, and accompanied by tambourine ("def"). Its origins are obscure, deriving perhaps from an older Egyptian tradition, or possibly from an Asian source.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: In 1660 the Ottoman scholar Ibrahim Efendi al-Zigetvari Tezkireci translated Noël Duret's French astronomical work (written in 1637) into Arabic.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu was the author of the first surgical atlas and the last major medical encyclopaedia from the Islamic world. Though his work was largely based on Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi's "Al-Tasrif", Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations of his own. Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time. Since, the Ottoman Empire is credited with the invention of several surgical instruments in use such as forceps, catheters, scalpels and lancets as well as pincers.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: An example of a watch that measured time in minutes was created by an Ottoman watchmaker, Meshur Sheyh Dede, in 1702.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: In the early 19th century, Egypt under Muhammad Ali began using steam engines for industrial manufacturing, with industries such as ironworks, textile manufacturing, paper mills and hulling mills moving towards steam power. Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions existed in Egypt for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Ottoman Empire

Context: In the 19th century, Ishak Efendi is credited with introducing the then current Western scientific ideas and developments to the Ottoman and wider Muslim world, as well as the invention of a suitable Turkish and Arabic scientific terminology, through his translations of Western works.

Question: オスマン帝国はなぜ没落した？


Junichiro Koizumi

Context: He stood for election to the lower house in December; however, he did not earn enough votes to win election as a Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) representative. In 1970, he was hired as a secretary to Takeo Fukuda, who was Minister of Finance at the time and was elected as Prime Minister in 1976.

Question: 2004年に日本の首相だったのは誰ですか？


Junichiro Koizumi

Context: He has been compared many times to American actor Richard Gere, because of their similar hair style. In 2005, he used the latter as a boost for his falling popularity, by staging an "impromptu ballroom dance performance".

Question: 2004年に日本の首相だったのは誰ですか？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaard's journals were the source of many aphorisms credited to the philosopher. The following passage, from 1 August 1835, is perhaps his most oft-quoted aphorism and a key quote for existentialist studies:

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: An important aspect of Kierkegaard's life – generally considered to have had a major influence on his work – was his broken engagement to Regine Olsen (1822–1904). Kierkegaard and Olsen met on 8 May 1837 and were instantly attracted to each other, but sometime around 11 August 1838 he had second thoughts. In his journals, Kierkegaard wrote idealistically about his love for her.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaard then turned his attention to his examinations. On 13 May 1839, he wrote, "I have no alternative than to suppose that it is God's will that I prepare for my examination and that it is more pleasing to Him that I do this than actually coming to some clearer perception by immersing myself in one or another sort of research, for obedience is more precious to him than the fat of rams." The death of his father and the death of Poul Møller also played a part in his decision.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaard questioned whether an individual can know if something is a good gift from God or not and concludes by saying, "it does not depend, then, merely upon what one sees, but what one sees depends upon "how" one sees; all observation is not just a receiving, a discovering, but also a bringing forth, and insofar as it is that, how the observer himself is constituted is indeed decisive." God's love is imparted indirectly just as our own sometimes is.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: All of these writings analyze the concept of faith, on the supposition that if people are confused about faith, as Kierkegaard thought the inhabitants of Christendom were, they will not be in a position to develop the virtue. Faith is a matter of reflection in the sense that one cannot have the virtue unless one has the concept of virtue – or at any rate the concepts that govern faith's understanding of self, world, and God.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaard wrote two small pieces in response to Møller, "The Activity of a Traveling Esthetician" and "Dialectical Result of a Literary Police Action". The former focused on insulting Møller's integrity while the latter was a directed assault on "The Corsair", in which Kierkegaard, after criticizing the journalistic quality and reputation of the paper, openly asked "The Corsair" to satirize him.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: "Works of Love" followed these discourses on (29 September 1847). Both books were authored under his own name. It was written under the themes "Love covers a multitude of sins" and "Love builds up". (1 Peter 4:8 and 1 Corinthians 8:1) Kierkegaard believed that "all human speech, even divine speech of Holy Scripture, about the spiritual is essentially metaphorical speech". "To build up" is a metaphorical expression. One can never be all human or all spirit, one must be both.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Later, in the same book, Kierkegaard deals with the question of sin and forgiveness. He uses the same text he used earlier in "Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843", "Love hides a multitude of sins". (1 Peter 4:8). He asks if "one who tells his neighbors faults hides or increases the multitude of sins".

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: In 1848 he published "Christian Discourses" under his own name and "The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress" under the pseudonym Inter et Inter. "Christian Discourses" deals the same theme as "The Concept of Anxiety", angst. The text is the Gospel of Matthew 6 verses 24–34. This was the same passage he had used in his "What We Learn From the Lilies in the Field and From the Birds of the Air" of 1847. He wrote:

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: In "Practice in Christianity", 25 September 1850, his last pseudonymous work, he stated, "In this book, originating in the year 1848, the requirement for being a Christian is forced up by the pseudonymous authors to a supreme ideality." This work was called "Training in Christianity" when Walter Lowrie translated it in 1941.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Ah, everything is noisy; and just as strong drink is said to stir the blood, so everything in our day, even the most insignificant project, even the most empty communication, is designed merely to jolt the senses and to stir up the masses, the crowd, the public, noise!

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: In 1851 Kierkegaard wrote his "Two Discourses at the Communion on Fridays" where he once more discussed sin, forgiveness, and authority using that same verse from 1 Peter 4:8 that he used twice in 1843 with his "Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843".

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Nikolai Berdyaev makes a related argument against reason in his 1945 book "The Divine and the Human".

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaard's final years were taken up with a sustained, outright attack on the Church of Denmark by means of newspaper articles published in "The Fatherland" ("Fædrelandet") and a series of self-published pamphlets called "The Moment" ("Øjeblikket"), also translated as "The Instant". These pamphlets are now included in Kierkegaard's "Attack Upon Christendom". "The Moment" was translated into German and other European languages in 1861 and again in 1896.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Swedish author Waldemar Rudin published "Sören Kierkegaards person och författarskap – ett försök" in 1880. During the 1890s, Japanese philosophers began disseminating the works of Kierkegaard. Tetsuro Watsuji was one of the first philosophers outside of Scandinavia to write an introduction on his philosophy, in 1915.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: "The Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics" had an article about Kierkegaard in 1908. The article began:

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Friedrich von Hügel wrote about Kierkegaard in his 1913 book, "Eternal life: a study of its implications and applications", where he said: "Kierkegaard, the deep, melancholy, strenuous, utterly uncompromising Danish religionist, is a spiritual brother of the great Frenchman, Blaise Pascal, and of the striking English Tractarian, Hurrell Froude, who died young and still full of crudity, yet left an abiding mark upon all who knew him well."

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Albert Barthod began translating Kierkegaard's works into German as early as 1873. Hermann Gottsche published Kierkegaard's Journals in 1905. It had taken academics 50 years to arrange his journals. Kierkegaard's main works were translated into German by Christoph Schrempf from 1909 onwards. Emmanuel Hirsch released a German edition of Kierkegaard's collected works from 1950 onwards. Both Harald Hoffding's and Schrempf's books about Kierkegaard were reviewed in 1892.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Students of Kierkegaard became a "group of dissatisfied, excited radicals" when under Barthianism. Eduard Geismar (1871-1939), who gave "Lectures on Kierkegaard" in March 1936, wasn't radical enough for them. Barthianism was opposed to the objective treatment of religious questions and to the sovereignty of man in the existential meeting with the transcendent God. But just as students of Hegel broke off into Right and Left, so did the German followers of Barth.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: William Hubben compared Kierkegaard to Dostoevsky in his 1952 book "Four Prophets of Our Destiny", later titled "Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka".

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: John Daniel Wild noted as early as 1959 that Kierkegaard's works had been "translated into almost every important living language including Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, and it is now fair to say that his ideas are almost as widely known and as influential in the world as those of his great opponent Hegel, still the most potent of world philosophers."

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: — Soren Kierkegaard, "Quidam's Diary" from "Stages on Life's Way", 1845. Lowrie translation, 1967, pp. 217–218.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Either, "the first" contains promise for the future, is the forward thrust, the endless impulse. Or, "the first" does not impel the individual; the power which is in the first does not become the impelling power but the repelling power, it becomes that which thrusts away. ... Thus – for the sake of making a little philosophical flourish, not with the pen but with thought-God only once became flesh, and it would be vain to expect this to be repeated.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaardian scholar Paul Holmer described Kierkegaard's wish in his introduction to the 1958 publication of Kierkegaard's "Edifying Discourses" where he wrote:

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: He attacked Hegelianism via elaborate parody throughout his works from "Either/Or" to "Concluding Unscientific Postscript". Despite his objections to Hegelianism, he expressed an admiration for Hegel personally and would even regard his system favourably if it was proposed as a thought experiment.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaard leaned towards conservatism. Kierkegaard held strong contempt for the media, describing it as "the most wretched, the most contemptible of all tyrannies". He was critical of the Danish public at the time, labeling them as "the most dangerous of all powers and the most meaningless," writing further in "Two Ages: A Literary Review" that:

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Some interpret Kierkegaard's thought as implying that in regards to serving God, sexuality is irrelevant "before God not only for men and women, but also for homosexuals and heterosexuals".

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaard's political philosophy has been likened to Neo-Conservatism, despite its major influence on radical and anti-traditional thinkers, religious and secular, such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Jean Paul Sartre. It has also been likened to anti-establishment thought and has been described as "a starting point for contemporary political theories".

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


Søren Kierkegaard

Context: Kierkegaard is considered by some modern theologians to be the "Father of Existentialism". Because of his influence and in spite of it, others only consider either Martin Heidegger or Jean-Paul Sartre to be the actual "Father of Existentialism". Kierkegaard predicted his posthumous fame, and foresaw that his work would become the subject of intense study and research.

Question: セーレン・オービエ・キェルケゴールの父親の職業は何？


BTRON

Context: BTRON (Business TRON) is one of the subprojects of the TRON Project proposed by Ken Sakamura, which is responsible for the business phase. It refers to the operating systems (OS), keyboards, peripheral interface specifications, and other items related to personal computers (PCs) that were developed there.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: Originally, it refers to specifications rather than specific products, but in reality, the term "BTRON" is often used to refer to implementations. Currently, Personal Media Corporation's B-right/V is an implementation of BTRON3, and a software product called "" that includes it has been released.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: As with other TRON systems, only the specification of BTRON has been formulated, and the implementation method is not specified. Implementation is mentioned in this section to the extent necessary to explain the specification, but please refer to the Implementation section for details.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: The BTRON project began with Matsushita Electric Industrial and Personal Media prototyping "BTRON286," an implementation on a 16-bit CPU 286 for the CEC machine described below. BTRON1 specifications include the BTRON1 Programming Standard Handbook, which describes the OS API, and the BTRON1 Specification Software Specification. which describes the OS API.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: BTRON2 is planned to be implemented on , and only the specification has been created and published. It is planned to be implemented on evaluation machines equipped with TRON chips made by Fujitsu and named "2B". One of its features is that all OS-managed computing resources such as memory, processes, and threads are handled in a real/pseudomorphic model, a feature of BTRON.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: SIGBTRON's TRON chip machine MCUBE implemented "3B," which is 32-bit and uses an ITRON-specification RTOS (modified from "ItIs") for the microkernel. 3B and The B-right specification used in , etc. is "BTRON3" (currently, the microkernel is I-right); the specification that B-right/V conforms to is published as the BTRON3 specification.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: This is a BTRON subset that was envisioned as a popular version. With the performance of computer hardware at the time of its conception, a computer that can implement the ideal BTRON would be a workstation-class computer, so it is also positioned as BTRON for general households.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: BTRON is a subset of a dedicated machine with fixed applications (like a dedicated machine word processor), and is based on the concept of a "dedicated communication machine. Specific applications include "communication with oneself (creative activities)", "communication with others (Internet communication)", and "communication with machines" (e.g. data exchange with peripheral devices, such as digital cameras).

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: The basic specification is based on IEEE 802.5 with modifications. A real-time bus specification for LANs that can be considered as an alternative to MIDI.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In addition, since the TRON chip was big-endian, TAD was also designed in big-endian, but when BTRON286 was implemented, a quasi-TAD that was modified to little-endian was defined, and the current widely used implementations are all in that format, including the one on MCUBE that uses the TRON chip.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: BTRON adopts a network-type model with an arbitrary directed graph structure called a real/pseudomorphic model as a file management model, instead of the conventional tree structure model with directories (folders). BTRON2 also manages all computer resources in a real/pseudo model. As for the functions provided to users, the real/pseudomodel of BTRON (BTRON1 and BTRON3, which are widely used implementations) is a convenient hypertext environment.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In the past, files and folders were used to distinguish between entities that contain data and indexes that point to them, but BTRON has done away with such distinction. In the body/pseudo-body model, the entire body of data is defined as a Real Object, and the part of the Real Object that points to another Real Object is defined as a Virtual Object.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: A real body is like a file in the sense that it holds data, but it is also like a folder in the sense that it has the ability to point to another real body by the temporary body it contains as its contents.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: While almost all current UNIX do not allow the creation of alias hard links that point to directories, BTRON's real/pseudo links are like hard links that can freely create arbitrary links including such links. In Unix, a link to the parent indicated by "..." is used. In Unix, the fact that there is only one link to the parent indicated by "..." is a problem, but this is not a problem in BTRON because it has abandoned tree-like management in the first place.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: Also, unlike most previous file systems, the name ("real name") is basically not used for identification (as an ID) on the system side, so the user can give a name freely (currently there is a length limit for implementation reasons).

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: One of the problems currently occurring is that only a maximum of 64Ki files can be placed on a single volume (such as a hard disk partition) due to the implementation of the file system inherited from BTRON286, and the number of real bodies is limited accordingly. It has been pointed out that the number of real bodies is limited accordingly. The current release of Cho-Kanji V has the same limitation.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: This is because the file ID is a fixed-length integer of 16 bits, and it is difficult to extend it while maintaining binary compatibility with the current system. Therefore, a redesign and implementation is needed to extend this real body constraint.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: The BTRON-specification OS is a real-time OS, capable of stably processing tasks that require real-time processing, such as video and audio. BTRON3 uses ITRON as a microkernel, and although care must be taken to avoid memory page-out, real-time processing is possible.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In Windows, the graphics card driver is tuned by the manufacturer, while in BTRON there is no such graphics acceleration, etc., so screen rewriting can feel slow. BTRON has short boot time, though it stems from its limited number of daemons and supported devices, which makes it less of an advantage compared to other operating systems.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: Not only BTRON, but the TRON project has also standardized the human-machine interface and published it as the TRON Human Interface Standard Handbook, and BTRON's user interface is designed in accordance with this.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In BTRON, basically everything on the screen can be operated with a pointing device such as a mouse or electronic pen. To make it easy even for users who are not familiar with computers, not only can the size of the window be changed, but also the selection text and graphics can be dragged and dropped directly onto drag and drop (commonly called "grab-and-poi") to move or copy.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: Application launching is basically done by double-clicking or otherwise launching a temporary body that represents the actual body of a document, etc. This is the same operation as selecting an application based on meta-information such as file type and creator in Mac OS and extension linking in Windows, but BTRON In BTRON, there is basically no other way to start an application.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: BTRON (like OS/omicron, etc.) was designed on the premise of representing characters in 16 bits. The character code for TAD, the data format, is , which switches between multiple 16-bit planes by escaping 0xfe**, allowing the space to be expanded arbitrarily. The current implementation uses 32 bits as the internal code.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: For BTRON2, a specification was prepared, and its implementation on GENESYS, an evaluation machine equipped with Fujitsu's TRON chip F32/300, was planned. An implementation by Personal Media, named "2B".

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: MCUBE, a TRON chip machine produced by SIGBTRON, implemented "3B", which was 32-bit and used an ITRON-specification OS (ItIs) for its microkernel; implementations based on 3B included "B-rights" such as the (V810), PC/ The specification that B-right/V conforms to is published as the BTRON3 specification. Products that include B-right/V " is sold to the general public and is easy to obtain.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: Although it is not called BTRON, T-Shell, a middleware for T-Kernel, provides the same functions as some of the outer shell of Cho-Kanji.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In this section, all other descriptions not otherwise mentioned are from the "History" of the TRON Association website, referenced in the web archive.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In 1986, the BTRON Project was fully launched as a sub-project of the TRON Project, and the BTRON Technical Committee was established in the TRON Association. The initial concept was summarized in an article in IEEE Micro's special issue on TRON (Vol. 7, No. 2 (1987/Apr)), and can be read in "TRON Introduction," a translation of the same issue.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: The June 1988 issue of TRON Review contains several screen shots and a report on BTRON286 by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In December 1988, the TRON Association released an outline of the "BTRON/286" specification, and the following year, in March 1989, Matsushita Electric completed a practical level machine that was designated as the "Educational PC Specification Standard Concept," which was intended for educational use as described in the next section.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In March 1989, CEC made the decision to use TRON for personal computers to be installed in schools. This seemed to be a stepping stone to the spread of (B)TRON, but it became the subject of a complaint in the trade issue described in the next section.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: The keyboard and key layout of the "educational PC" presented at this time was not based on the TRON keyboard, but on the New JIS layout.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: It is not unheard of to use a product that does not have a large market share for educational use, such as the Acorn Computer in the UK.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In 1989, a report by the Office of the United States Trade Representative cited TRON as a trade barrier in Japan.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: The details are as follows: " Foreign Trade Barriers" ("Report on Foreign Trade Barriers" ( 1989)) issued by the USTR on April 12, 1989. Other Barriers" in the report on Japan's trade barriers in " Foreign Trade Barriers" ("Report on Foreign Trade Barriers" () 1989 edition), in Section 7 "7. In Section 7 "7. OTHER BARRIERS", TRON was one of those listed with subsections such as "Large-scale Retail Stores Act". The naming of specific systems is bizarre compared to the others, which basically list fields.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: The report points out that several US companies are also members of the TRON Association, but no US company is in a position to sell TRON-based PCs or communication devices, and that the Japanese government's support for TRON could give Japanese manufacturers an advantage, especially in the education sector (referring to the aforementioned CEC) and communication sector (referring to NTT's adoption of CTRON), which is already happening.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In December 1988, Softbank (then Softbank Japan Corp.) Publishing Department (now Softbank Creative) published a book titled "The Tron Revolution" (ISBN 4-89052-037-6).

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In preparation for the inclusion of "information" in the optional content of junior high school technology courses from 1993, the Ministry of Education started the "Educational Computer Assistance Program" in 1990.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: In conjunction with this, released the PanaCAL ET, an educational personal computer equipped with the BTRON286-based OS "ET Master" as a BTRON machine. The hardware was based on the Panacom M, with enhanced 24-dot font ROM and other features for educational use.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


BTRON

Context: However, most of the machines introduced to schools at this time were PC-9800 series, probably because they could inherit BASIC programs and data from word processing software, which had already been created in large numbers by enterprising teachers.

Question: BTRONが開始したのはいつ？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Returning to New York, the widow Seton was received into the Catholic Church on March 14, 1805, by Matthew O'Brien, pastor of St. Peter's Church, then the city's only Catholic church. (Anti-Catholic laws had been lifted just a few years before.) A year later, she received the sacrament of confirmation from the Bishop of Baltimore, John Carroll, the only Catholic bishop in the nation.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: To support herself and her children, Seton had started an academy for young ladies, as was common for widows of social standing in that period. After news of her conversion to Catholicism spread, most parents withdrew their daughters from her school. In 1807, students attending a local Protestant Academy were boarded at her house on Stuyvesant Lane in the Bowery, near St. Mark's Church.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: After living through many difficulties in life, in 1809, Seton accepted the Sulpicians' invitation and moved to Emmitsburg, Maryland. A year later, she established the Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School, a school dedicated to Catholic girls' education. This was possible due to the financial support of Samuel Sutherland Cooper, a wealthy convert and seminarian at the newly established Mount Saint Mary's University, begun by John Dubois, S.S., and the Sulpicians.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Elizabeth Ann Seton died on January 4, 1821, at the age of 46. Today, her remains are interred in the National Shrine of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton in Emmitsburg, Maryland.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: By 1830, the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph's were running orphanages and schools as far west as Cincinnati and New Orleans and had established the first hospital west of the Mississippi in St. Louis.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: It had been Seton's original intention to join the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, but the embargo of France due to the Napoleonic Wars prevented this connection. It was only decades later, in 1850, that the Emmitsburg community took steps to merge with the Daughters and become their first American branch, as their foundress had envisioned.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Today, six separate religious congregations trace their roots to the beginnings of the Sisters of Charity in Emmitsburg. In addition to the original community of Sisters at Emmitsburg (now part of the Vincentian order), they are based in New York City; Cincinnati, Ohio; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Convent Station, New Jersey; and Greensburg, Pennsylvania. The community at Convent Station established the Academy of Saint Elizabeth in 1860 and the College of Saint Elizabeth in 1899.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: In 1952, a miracle involving the healing of 4 year old Ann O'Neil from leukemia was attributed to the intercession of Seton after a nun prayed for the girl to Seton. The miracle was a factor in the beatification of Seton and Seton was beatified by Pope John XXIII on March 17, 1963. The pope said on the occasion, "In a house that was very small, but with ample space for charity, she sowed a seed in America which by Divine Grace grew into a large tree."

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Elizabeth Ann Seton is honored with a Lesser Feast on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on January 4.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: The Daughters of Charity Health Network established Bayley Seton Hospital in 1980 on the site of the former Marine Hospital Service hospital in Stapleton, Staten Island, New York. Most of the property is now the Bayley Seton campus of Richmond University Medical Center, while a portion is used by New York Foundling, a Catholic social services organization.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Mother Seton School in Emmitsburg, Maryland, is a direct descendant of the Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School. It is located less than a mile from the site of the original school and is sponsored by the Daughters of Charity. Mother Seton School is a private elementary school located in Emmitsburg and enrolls 306 students from pre-kindergarten through 8th grade. Mother Seton School is the 84th-largest private school in Maryland and the 3,381st-largest nationally. It has 15 students to every teacher.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: In the Philippines, the Elizabeth Seton School in BF Resort Village, Las Piñas was established in 1975, the year of Seton's canonization. It is the largest Catholic school in the city in terms of population.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Elizabeth Seton College, located in Yonkers, New York, was a college opened to assist young struggling women and men in need of furthering their education, offering Associate of Science or Associate of Occupational Science degrees. It merged with Iona College in 1989.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Seton Hall College (now known as Seton Hall University) in South Orange, New Jersey, was founded in 1856 by Seton's nephew Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley and named after his aunt. Seton Hall Preparatory School, an all-boys High School in West Orange, New Jersey, was formerly associated with the University, but is now independent.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: The Seton Hill Schools (now part of Seton Hill University), named for Seton, were founded by the Sisters of Charity in 1885. The university continues to operate in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, under the auspices of the Sisters of Charity of Seton Hill.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Elizabeth Seton High School, an all-girls Catholic school in Bladensburg, Maryland, sponsored by the Daughters of Charity, is named in honor of Seton.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: The College of Mount Saint Vincent in Bronx, New York, was founded by the Sisters of Charity of New York and traces its lineage to Seton. It features the Elizabeth Seton Library and the Italian Renaissance-style Seton Hall, with a cornerstone set by John Cardinal Farley in November 1911.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Niagara University in Lewiston, New York, near Niagara Falls, also has a dormitory building named after her, called Seton Hall.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut, has a residence hall named after her, called Elizabeth Ann Seton Hall.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Several Catholic churches are named for Seton. The first parish named in her honor, Blessed Elizabeth Ann Seton, was established in 1963 in Shrub Oak, New York, with a school opening in 1966, staffed by the Sisters of Charity.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Upon her canonization in 1975, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Catholic Church was established in Crofton, Maryland, in the same Archdiocese of Baltimore where she had founded Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


Elizabeth Ann Seton

Context: Seton Villa, a small charity for providing accommodation for women with disabilities, was established in 1966 by the Daughters of Charity of St Vincent de Paul in Sydney, Australia.

Question: エリザベス・アン・ベイリー・シートンの性別は何？


SGS S.A.

Context: SGS (formerly Société Générale de Surveillance (French for "General Society of Surveillance")) is a Swiss multinational company headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland which provides inspection, verification, testing and certification services. It has more than 96,000 employees and operates over 2,600 offices and laboratories worldwide. It ranked on Forbes Global 2000 in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2020 and 2021.

Question: ソシエテ・ジェネラルの創業者は誰


SGS S.A.

Context: The core services offered by SGS include the inspection and verification of the quantity, weight and quality of traded goods, the testing of product quality and performance against various health, safety and regulatory standards, and to make sure that products, systems or services meet the requirements of standards set by governments, standardization bodies or by SGS customers.

Question: ソシエテ・ジェネラルの創業者は誰


SGS S.A.

Context: International traders in London, including those from France, Germany and the Netherlands, the Baltic, Hungary, the Mediterranean and the United States, founded the London Corn Trade Association in 1878 in order to standardize shipping documents for exporting nations and to clarify procedures and disputes relating to the quality of imported grain.

Question: ソシエテ・ジェネラルの創業者は誰


SGS S.A.

Context: Business grew rapidly; the two entrepreneurs went into business together in December 1878 and, within a year, had opened offices in Le Havre, Dunkirk and Marseilles.

Question: ソシエテ・ジェネラルの創業者は誰


SGS S.A.

Context: In 1915, during the First World War, the company moved its headquarters from Paris to Geneva, Switzerland and on July 19, 1919 the company adopted the name Société Générale de Surveillance.

Question: ソシエテ・ジェネラルの創業者は誰


SGS S.A.

Context: During the mid-20th century, SGS started offering inspection, testing and verification services across a variety of sectors, including industrial, minerals and oil, gas and chemicals, among others. In 1981, the company went public and in 1985 joined the Swiss Market Index.

Question: ソシエテ・ジェネラルの創業者は誰


SGS S.A.

Context: The company works in the following industries: agriculture and food, chemical, construction, consumer goods and retail, energy, finance, industrial manufacturing, life sciences, logistics, mining, oil and gas, public sector and transportation.

Question: ソシエテ・ジェネラルの創業者は誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small portion of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA can be found in the cell nucleus and, in plants and algae, also in plastids such as chloroplasts.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. This sequencing revealed that the human mtDNA includes 16,569 base pairs and encodes 13 proteins.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Since animal mtDNA evolves faster than nuclear genetic markers, it represents a mainstay of phylogenetics and evolutionary biology. It also permits an examination of the relatedness of populations, and so has become important in anthropology and biogeography.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Across all organisms, there are six main genome types found in mitochondrial genomes, classified by their structure (i.e. circular versus linear), size, presence of introns or plasmid like structures, and whether the genetic material is a singular molecule or collection of homogeneous or heterogeneous molecules.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Most animals, specifically bilaterian animals, have a circular mitochondrial genome. Medusozoa and calcarea clades however have species with linear mitochondrial chromosomes.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: In terms of base pairs, the anemone "Isarachnanthus nocturnus" has the largest mitochondrial genome of any animal at 80,923 bp.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: In February 2020, a jellyfish-related parasite – "Henneguya salminicola" – was discovered that lacks mitochondrial genome but retains structures deemed mitochondrion-related organelles. Moreover, nuclear DNA genes involved in aerobic respiration and in mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription were either absent or present only as pseudogenes. This is the first multicellular organism known to have this absence of aerobic respiration and lives completely free of oxygen dependency.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: There are three different mitochondrial genome types found in plants and fungi. The first type is a circular genome that has introns (type 2) and may range from 19 to 1000 kbp in length. The second genome type is a circular genome (about 20–1000 kbp) that also has a plasmid-like structure (1 kb) (type 3). The final genome type that can be found in plants and fungi is a linear genome made up of homogeneous DNA molecules (type 5).

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Great variation in mtDNA gene content and size exists among fungi and plants, although there appears to be a core subset of genes that are present in all eukaryotes (except for the few that have no mitochondria at all).In Fungi, however, there is no single gene shared among all mitogenomes.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Some plant species have enormous mitochondrial genomes, with "Silene conica" mtDNA containing as many as 11,300,000 base pairs. Surprisingly, even those huge mtDNAs contain the same number and kinds of genes as related plants with much smaller mtDNAs.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: The genome of the mitochondrion of the cucumber ("Cucumis sativus") consists of three circular chromosomes (lengths 1556, 84 and 45 kilobases), which are entirely or largely autonomous with regard to their replication.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Protists contain the most diverse mitochondrial genomes, with five different types found in this kingdom. Type 2, type 3 and type 5 mentioned in the plant and fungal genomes also exist in some protists, as do two unique genome types. One of these unique types is a heterogeneous collection of circular DNA molecules (type 4) while the other is a heterogeneous collection of linear molecules (type 6). Genome types 4 and 6 each range from 1–200 kbp in size.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: The smallest mitochondrial genome sequenced to date is the 5,967 bp mtDNA of the parasite "Plasmodium falciparum".

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Endosymbiotic gene transfer, the process by which genes that were coded in the mitochondrial genome are transferred to the cell's main genome, likely explains why more complex organisms such as humans have smaller mitochondrial genomes than simpler organisms such as protists.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Mitochondrial DNA is replicated by the DNA polymerase gamma complex which is composed of a 140 kDa catalytic DNA polymerase encoded by the "POLG" gene and two 55 kDa accessory subunits encoded by the "POLG2" gene. The replisome machinery is formed by DNA polymerase, TWINKLE and mitochondrial SSB proteins. TWINKLE is a helicase, which unwinds short stretches of dsDNA in the 5' to 3' direction. All these polypeptides are encoded in the nuclear genome.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: The two strands of the human mitochondrial DNA are distinguished as the heavy strand and the light strand. The heavy strand is rich in guanine and encodes 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system, two ribosomal RNAs (12S and 16S), and 14 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The light strand encodes one subunit, and 8 tRNAs. So, altogether mtDNA encodes for two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 13 protein subunits, all of which are involved in the oxidative phosphorylation process.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Between most (but not all) protein-coding regions, tRNAs are present (see the human mitochondrial genome map). During transcription, the tRNAs acquire their characteristic L-shape that gets recognized and cleaved by specific enzymes. With the mitochondrial RNA processing, individual mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA sequences are released from the primary transcript. Folded tRNAs therefore act as secondary structure punctuations.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: The promoters for the initiation of the transcription of the heavy and light strands are located in the main non-coding region of the mtDNA called the displacement loop, the D-loop. There is evidence that the transcription of the mitochondrial rRNAs is regulated by the heavy-strand promoter 1 (HSP1), and the transcription of the polycistronic transcripts coding for the protein subunits are regulated by HSP2.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Measurement of the levels of the mtDNA-encoded RNAs in bovine tissues has shown that there are major differences in the expression of the mitochondrial RNAs relative to total tissue RNA. Among the 12 tissues examined the highest level of expression was observed in heart, followed by brain and steroidogenic tissue samples.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: As demonstrated by the effect of the trophic hormone ACTH on adrenal cortex cells, the expression of the mitochondrial genes may be strongly regulated by external factors, apparently to enhance the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins necessary for energy production. Interestingly, while the expression of protein-encoding genes was stimulated by ACTH, the levels of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA showed no significant change.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: In a study published in 2018, human babies were reported to inherit mtDNA from both their fathers and their mothers resulting in mtDNA heteroplasmy.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: The concept of the Mitochondrial Eve is based on the same type of analysis, attempting to discover the origin of humanity by tracking the lineage back in time.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Doubly uniparental inheritance of mtDNA is observed in bivalve mollusks. In those species, females have only one type of mtDNA (F), whereas males have F type mtDNA in their somatic cells, but M type of mtDNA (which can be as much as 30% divergent) in germline cells. Paternally inherited mitochondria have additionally been reported in some insects such as fruit flies, honeybees, and periodical cicadas.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Mutations in mitochondrial tRNAs can be responsible for severe diseases like the MELAS and MERRF syndromes.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Mutations in nuclear genes that encode proteins that mitochondria use can also contribute to mitochondrial diseases. These diseases do not follow mitochondrial inheritance patterns, but instead follow Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Recently a mutation in mtDNA has been used to help diagnose prostate cancer in patients with negative prostate biopsy.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: mtDNA alterations can be detected in the bio-fluids of patients with cancer. mtDNA is characterized by the high rate of polymorphisms and mutations. Some of which are increasingly recognized as an important cause of human pathology such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disorders, maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Neurodegenerative disease, heart failure and cancer.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: In a recent study, it was showed that dietary restriction can reverse aging alterations by affecting the accumulation of mtDNA damage in several organs of rats. For example, dietary restriction prevented age-related accumulation of mtDNA damage in the cortex and decreased it in the lung and testis.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: The brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease have elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage in both nuclear DNA and mtDNA, but the mtDNA has approximately 10-fold higher levels than nuclear DNA. It has been proposed that aged mitochondria is the critical factor in the origin of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: In Huntington’s disease, mutant huntingtin protein causes mitochondrial dysfunction involving inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport, higher levels of reactive oxygen species and increased oxidative stress. Mutant huntingtin protein promotes oxidative damage to mtDNA, as well as nuclear DNA, that may contribute to Huntington’s disease pathology.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: The DNA oxidation product 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a well-established marker of oxidative DNA damage. In persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the enzymes that normally repair 8-oxoG DNA damages in the mtDNA of spinal motor neurons are impaired. Thus oxidative damage to mtDNA of motor neurons may be a significant factor in the etiology of ALS.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Deletion breakpoints frequently occur within or near regions showing non-canonical (non-B) conformations, namely hairpins, cruciforms and cloverleaf-like elements. Moreover, there is data supporting the involvement of helix-distorting intrinsically curved regions and long G-tetrads in eliciting instability events. In addition, higher breakpoint densities were consistently observed within GC-skewed regions and in the close vicinity of the degenerate sequence motif YMMYMNNMMHM.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Mitochondrial DNA was admitted into evidence for the first time ever in a United States courtroom in 1996 during "State of Tennessee v. Paul Ware".

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: In the 1998 United States court case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Patricia Lynne Rorrer, mitochondrial DNA was admitted into evidence in the State of Pennsylvania for the first time. The case was featured in episode 55 of season 5 of the true crime drama series Forensic Files (season 5).

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Mitochondrial DNA was first admitted into evidence in California, United States, in the successful prosecution of David Westerfield for the 2002 kidnapping and murder of 7-year-old Danielle van Dam in San Diego: it was used for both human and dog identification. This was the first trial in the U.S. to admit canine DNA.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: The remains of King Richard III, who died in 1485, were identified by comparing his mtDNA with that of two matrilineal descendants of his sister who were alive in 2013, 527 years after he died.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: For instance, while most nuclear genes are nearly identical between humans and chimpanzees, their mitochondrial genomes are 9.8% different. Human and gorilla mitochondrial genomes are 11.8% different, suggesting that we may be more similar to chimps than gorillas.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Several specialized databases have been founded to collect mitochondrial genome sequences and other information. Although most of them focus on sequence data, some of them include phylogenetic or functional information.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Genome-wide association studies can reveal associations of mtDNA genes and their mutations with phenotypes including lifespan and disease risks. In 2021, the largest, UK Biobank-based, genome-wide association study of mitochondrial DNA unveiled 260 new associations with phenotypes including lifespan and disease risks for e.g. type 2 diabetes.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Mitochondrial DNA

Context: Several specialized databases exist that report polymorphisms and mutations in the human mitochondrial DNA, together with the assessment of their pathogenicity.

Question: ミトコンドリアDNA枯渇症候群を初めて診断したのは誰


Tub boat lift

Context: Tub boat lifts consisted of a moveable hoist travelling on four toothed wheels engaging with two toothed wooden rails, one mounted on each supporting wall. The hoist possessed two drums around which the lifting cables were wound. The lifting ropes passed through pulley blocks before being attached to lifting eyes on the boats to make the lift easier. Four men would wind the hoist when lifting a full 2.5 to 3 tonne tub boat until it was high enough to pass over the dam of the upper canal.

Question: 船舶昇降機はどのように機能しますか？


Totsuka Station

Context: JR Totsuka Station is served by the Tōkaidō Main Line, Yokosuka Line and Shōnan-Shinjuku Line and is 40.9 kilometers from . The underground Blue Line station is 7.4 kilometers from the terminus of the subway line at ,

Question: 横浜市営地下鉄で利用者が一番多い駅はどこ


Totsuka Station

Context: Totsuka Station was opened on July 11, 1887 as a station on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), the predecessor to the post-war Japanese National Railways (JNR). The station building was originally on the west side of the station. The east gate was added in 1937. The current building over the tracks was completed on March 26, 1969.

Question: 横浜市営地下鉄で利用者が一番多い駅はどこ


Totsuka Station

Context: On March 15, 1930 when Yokosuka Line trains were replaced by electric multiple units, all Tokaido Line trains ceased to stop at Totsuka Station.

Question: 横浜市営地下鉄で利用者が一番多い駅はどこ


Totsuka Station

Context: With the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the operational control of JR East. Shōnan-Shinjuku Line trains and "Narita Express" limited express services began stopping at Totsuka Station from December 1, 2001.

Question: 横浜市営地下鉄で利用者が一番多い駅はどこ


Totsuka Station

Context: The timetable was revised on March 18, 2007, so that Tokaido Line "Acty" rapid trains all stopped at this station. This resolved the confusing situation that existed before, when the Shonan-Shinjuku Line rapid and special rapid trains stopped at the station, but Tokaido Line "Acty" services did not. Before the change, it was also the only station for changing trains at which the "Acty" did not stop. As before, the Tokaido Line commuter rapid still do not stop at this station.

Question: 横浜市営地下鉄で利用者が一番多い駅はどこ


Totsuka Station

Context: At 05:42 on December 15, 1923, local passenger train No. 21 to collided with the locomotive and a wagon of freight train No. 603, which was blocking the main line. Two locomotives and two wagons were overturned. As a result, the driver of train No. 603 was killed instantly and three passengers were slightly injured. The cause of the accident was a signalman's carelessness according to the official record of the railway.

Question: 横浜市営地下鉄で利用者が一番多い駅はどこ


Totsuka Station

Context: At 09:52 on July 27, 1939, about 500 workers of a nearby Nippon Kōgaku factory entered the track near the station to see off a colleague. The semi-express train No. 221 to hit some of them, killing eight and injuring seven.

Question: 横浜市営地下鉄で利用者が一番多い駅はどこ


Julius Erving

Context: Julius Winfield Erving II (born February 22, 1950), commonly known by the nickname Dr. J, is an American former professional basketball player. Regarded as one of the greatest and most influential basketball players of all time, Erving helped legitimize the American Basketball Association (ABA), and he was the best-known player in that league when it merged into the National Basketball Association (NBA) after the 1975–76 season.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: Erving recalled that "later on, in the Rucker Park league in Harlem, when people started calling me 'Black Moses' and 'Houdini', I told them if they wanted to call me anything, call me 'Doctor'". Over time, the nickname evolved into "Dr. Julius" and finally "Dr. J." Erving was first called "Dr. J" by his friend and future teammate on the Nets and Squires, Willie Sojourner.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: Erving enrolled at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1968. In two varsity college basketball seasons, he averaged 26.3 points and 20.2 rebounds per game, becoming one of only six players to average more than 20 points and 20 rebounds per game in NCAA Men's Basketball. In 1968, the NCAA passed a rule that prohibited dunking. Thus, Erving's fabulous dunking was only seen and known to teammates at practice. He then sought “hardship” entry into professional basketball in 1971.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: Fifteen years later Erving fulfilled a promise he had made to his mother by earning a bachelor's degree in creative leadership and administration from the school through the University Without Walls program. Erving also holds an honorary doctorate from the school. In September 2021, Massachusetts honored Erving by unveiling a statue outside the Mullins Center on the university's campus.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: Although NBA rules at the time did not allow teams to draft players who were less than four years removed from high school, the ABA instituted a “hardship” rule that would allow players to leave college early. Erving took advantage of the rule change and left Massachusetts after his junior year to sign a four-year contract worth $500,000 spread over seven years with the Virginia Squires.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: On October 2, Judge Edward Neaher issued an injunction that prohibited him from playing for any team other than the Squires. The judge then sent the case to arbitration because of an arbitration clause in Erving's contract with Virginia. He agreed to report to the Squires while his appeal of the injunction made its way through the court.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: Back in the ABA, his game flourished, and he achieved a career-best 31.9 points per game in the 1972–1973 season. The following year, the cash-strapped Squires sold his contract to the New York Nets.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: He went on to lead the Nets to their first ABA title in 1973–74, defeating the Utah Stars. Erving established himself as the most important player in the ABA. His spectacular play established the Nets as one of the better teams in the ABA, and brought fans and credibility to the league.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: Erving maintained his all-star caliber of play into his twilight years, averaging 22.4, 20.0, 18.1, and 16.8 points per game in his final seasons. In 1986, he announced that he would retire after the season, causing every game he played to be sold out with adoring fans. That final season saw opposing teams pay tribute to Erving in the last game Erving would play in their arenas, including in cities such as Boston and Los Angeles, his perennial rivals in the playoffs.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: In 1991 he performed the narration in a performance of Copland's Lincoln Portrait with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Riccardo Muti in a concert to honor the 62nd birthday of the late Dr Martin Luther King. The concert was broadcast and is available on YouTube.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: Erving made a cameo appearance in the 1993 movie "Philadelphia" starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington, and in the sitcom "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" in 1995. He also made a cameo appearance as himself in "Lice", the tenth episode of the ninth season of the comedy series "The Office" (2013). Erving appeared as himself in the 2022 movie "Hustle" starring Adam Sandler and Juancho Hernangómez.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: Erving is a Christian. He has spoken about his faith, saying: "After searching for the meaning of life for over ten years, I found the meaning in Jesus Christ." Erving is a second cousin of economist Walter E. Williams. Erving was married to Turquoise Erving from 1972 until 2003. Together they had four children. In 2000, their 19-year-old son Cory went missing for weeks, until he was found drowned after driving his vehicle into a pond.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


Julius Erving

Context: In 1988, Erving received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2003, Erving fathered a second child outside of his marriage, Justin Kangas, with a woman named Dorýs Madden. Julius and Turquoise Erving were subsequently divorced and Erving continued his relationship with Madden, with whom he had three more children, Jules Erving and two others. They married in 2008.

Question: ジュリアス・アービング引退後の職業は何


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: ACT, Inc. is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization (NTEE classification "B90, Educational Services", per the IRS), primarily known for the ACT, a standardized test designed to assess high school students' academic achievement and college readiness. For the U.S. high school graduating class of 2019, 52 percent of graduates had taken the ACT test; the more than 1.78 million students included virtually all high school graduates in 17 states.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Founded in Iowa City, Iowa, in 1959, the organization has more than 1,000 employees. Its Interim CEO is Janet Godwin, who assumed leadership of ACT in 2020. Previous CEOs include Marten Roorda (2015-2020), Jon Whitmore (2010–2015), Richard L. Ferguson, (1988–2010), and Oluf Davidsen (1974–1988).

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: In addition to the ACT test, ACT programs include ACT Academy, ACT Aspire, ACT CollegeReady, ACT Online Prep, Mawi Learning, ScootPad, PreACT and PreACT 8/9, ACT Tessera, ACT WorkKeys, ACT Work Ready Communities, and the National Career Readiness Certificate.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: In 1958 at a conference sponsored by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), Lindquist presented "The Nature of the Problem of Improving Scholarship and College Entrance Examinations". Lindquist argued entrance examinations should evaluate students’ readiness to perform college-level work, and should, therefore, be tests of achievement and not of innate intelligence or aptitude, a clear challenge to the test then known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (now called the SAT).

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Lindquist and Ted McCarrel, the University of Iowa registrar, led a team that developed and then delivered the first-ever ACT test to 75,406 students on November 7, 1959.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: ACT endorses the Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education and the Code of Professional Responsibilities in Educational Measurement. ACT has policy platforms providing recommendations in three areas: K-12 education, post-secondary education, and workforce development. ACT also publicly publishes its Privacy Policy, which describes protections for the privacy of its customers’ personal information.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: The ACT test became the leading college readiness assessment in 2012, surpassing the SAT in the number of students taking the exam. For the US high school graduating class of 2019, 52 percent of all graduates took the ACT. The total number of 2019 high school graduates taking the ACT exceeded 1.78 million.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: The ACT measures high school students' general educational development and academic readiness to complete first-year college-level work. For the tested students from the high school graduating class of 2019, 37 percent met ACT's College Readiness Benchmarks in at least three of the four subject areas the ACT tests—English, math, reading, and science.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Scores are reported on a 1–36 scale, with a composite score that represents the average scores from each of the four subject area tests. All ACT scores are reported as whole numbers (e.g., a score of 23.5 rounds up to 24). ACT score reports also include a STEM score, an English/Language Arts score, data on text complexity, and a Progress Toward Career Readiness measure. The average composite score earned by 2019 high school graduates taking the ACT was 20.7.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Virtually all four-year colleges and universities in the United States accept the ACT, but institutions place different emphases on standardized tests, relative to other factors including class rank, GPA, and extracurricular activities. Most colleges do not indicate a preference for the ACT or SAT and accept both. Some colleges accept the ACT in place of the SAT subject tests, and some accept the optional ACT writing section in place of an SAT Subject Test.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Most colleges use ACT scores as only one factor in their admission process, as a supplement to the secondary school record and to help admission officers put local data—such as coursework, grades, and class rank—in a national perspective.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Traditionally delivered in a paper format, the ACT was the first national college admissions test to be offered in a digital format in 2014.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Every three to five years ACT conducts its ACT National Curriculum Survey, which collects data about what students should know and be able to do to be ready for college-level coursework in English, math, reading, and science. The results of the survey are used to inform the ACT College and Career Readiness Standards. The standards are empirically derived descriptions of the essential skills and knowledge students need to become ready for college and career.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: ACT also publishes the ACT College Readiness Benchmarks. The benchmarks are scores on the ACT subject-area tests that represent the level of achievement required for students to have a 50% chance of obtaining a B or higher or about a 75% chance of obtaining a C or higher in corresponding credit-bearing first-year college courses. These college courses include English composition, college algebra, introductory social science courses, and biology.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: The ACT (no writing) test costs $55.00 for the 2020-2021 testing year. The ACT with writing costs $70.00. Additional fees are charged for services including late registrations, test date changes, test center changes, and standby testing.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Fee waivers are available to students currently enrolled in high school in the 11th or 12th grade; who are either a United States citizen or testing in the US, US territories, or Puerto Rico; and meet one or more indicators of economic need listed on the ACT Fee Waiver form. During the 2018–2019 academic year, 487,749 students were awarded fee waivers to test at no cost.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: ACT's research seeks to inform decisions at the individual, institutional, system, and agency levels. The ACT has supported a holistic view of college and career readiness, in which academic readiness is one of four critical domains in determining an individual's readiness for success in college and career. Crosscutting skills, behavioral skills, and the ability to navigate future pathways are also important factors affecting student readiness for postsecondary education.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: Each year ACT publishes its Condition of College and Career Readiness report, which reports on the progress of US high school graduates relative to college readiness. In addition to the national report, ACT releases focused reports with organizations such as Excelencia in Education, the United Negro College Fund, the National Indian Education Association, and the Asian and Pacific Islander Scholarship Fund to report on academic achievement within those demographic groups.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: ACT has articulated policy recommendations in the form of policy platforms in three areas: K–12 education, post-secondary education, and workforce development. In addition to the platform-level policy papers, ACT publishes more targeted policy publications.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


ACT (nonprofit organization)

Context: In June 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, SAT and ACT tests have been waived and, according to "The Washington Post", "States are learning they can live without them, having been given permission by the Department of Education to not give them this past spring." A lot of universities and colleges have set aside the requirement for an SAT or ACT score for school year 2020-2021 and some even until school year 2022.

Question: 2018年大学修学能力試験の受験者数は？


IMZ-Ural

Context: In 1940, the Soviet Union acquired the design and production techniques for BMW R71 motorcycles and sidecars. The first M-72 model was finished in 1941. Originally, factories were to be located in Moscow, Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), and Kharkiv, but due to the approach of Nazi German troops, the Moscow facilities were moved to Irbit, and the Leningrad and Kharkiv facilities to Gorkiy (now called Nizhny Novgorod).

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: Plans for the M-72 were later sold to the Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation, a Chinese industrial firm, to build the Chang Jiang.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: The origins of the IMZ-Ural are linked to developments in the Eastern Front during World War II. The Soviet Union was preparing for possible military action by Nazi Germany. Joseph Stalin ordered the Soviet military to prepare in all possible areas, including the ground forces that would be defending the Soviet Union against invading German tanks and infantry. Mobility was especially stressed after the Soviet Union had witnessed the effect of the blitzkrieg on Poland.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: A meeting was held at the Soviet Defence Ministry to devise a motorcycle that would be suitable for the Red Army. The Red Army wanted to modernize its equipment after the suspension of the Winter War with Finland. The motorcycles used up to that point had not been satisfactory; their technology was outdated and the manufacturing quality was inadequate to endure the harsh Russian climate and terrain.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: The motorcycle was "modeled after a late-1930s BMW sidecar bike called the R71, which Nazi Germany provided to the Soviet Union after the countries signed the nonaggression Molotov–Ribbentrop pact in 1939."

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: The only available substantial building was a brewery outside of town, beyond the railway line. It was converted into a research and development building to prepare for the construction of a massive new facility to build the M-72 motorcycle. On October 25, 1942 the first batch of motorcycles went to the front. During WWII a total of 9,799 M-72 motorcycles were delivered for reconnaissance detachments and mobile troops.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: Initially, the "URAL" was built for the military only. In the late 1950s, the KMZ plant in Ukraine assumed the task of supplying the military, and the Irbit Motorcycle Works (IMZ) focused on making bikes for domestic consumers. In the late 1950s the full production of the plant was turned over to non-military production. In 1957, the M-72 production lines were sold to the People's Republic of China.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: The motorcycles are mainly exported to Australia, the UK, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Greece, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, Germany, Egypt, Iran, South Africa, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and the US. The number sold since the factory was founded exceeds 3.2 million. IMZ-Ural is the only Russian manufacturer of large capacity motorcycles and one of few manufacturers of sidecar motorcycles in the world.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: Like most motorcycle manufacturers, Ural now sources pre-made components in many cases — buying alternators from Nippon Denso, brakes from Brembo, handlebar controls from Domino, forks from Paioli, ignitions from Ducati Energia, etc. The company makes the frame, engine and body parts.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: In November 1992, IMZ-Ural transformed into an open-end joint stock company "Uralmoto Joint Stock Company" a privatized entity owned 40% by management and employees through grant, 38% by auction with privatization vouchers (mostly management and employees also) and 22% retained by the government. In July 2000, the company was re-organised with the government's shares being redistributed to investors.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: At the beginning of 1998 the business was bought by private Russian interests and it is no longer a State Company. The private owners have mandated new ideas, investments, management, production techniques, designs, technology and quality control of incoming, in-process and finished products.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


IMZ-Ural

Context: In 2000, the company was sold to three entrepreneurs and broken into three components with the power production facilities, and foundry and forge being sold off. They took that opportunity to reorganize the remaining factory. It was originally spread over many, many acres because it had been such a major manufacturing plant, making thousands of motorcycles per month. Many employees were let go in the ensuing reorganization.

Question: IMZ社を創設したのは誰？


Energy in Japan

Context: Energy in Japan refers to energy and electricity production, consumption, import and export in Japan. The country's primary energy consumption was 477.6 Mtoe in 2011, a decrease of 5% over the previous year.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: While Japan had previously relied on nuclear power to meet about 30% of its electricity needs, after the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, all nuclear reactors were progressively shut down for safety concerns. As of January 2022 there are 33 operable nuclear reactors in Japan, of which 10 reactors are currently operating.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: Japan's rapid industrial growth since the end of World War II doubled the nation's energy consumption every five years into the 1990s. During the 1960–72 period of accelerated growth, energy consumption grew much faster than GNP, doubling Japan's consumption of world energy. By 1976, with only 3% of the world's population, Japan was consuming 6% of global energy supplies.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: Compared with other nations, electricity in Japan is relatively expensive, and, since the loss of nuclear power after the earthquake and tsunami disaster at Fukushima, the cost of electricity has risen significantly.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: The state stockpile equals about 92 days of consumption and the privately held stockpiles equal another 77 days of consumption for a total of 169 days or . The Japanese SPR is run by the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation. Japan was the fifth-largest oil consumer and fourth-largest crude oil importer in the world in 2019.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: Oil demand has been waning in Japan, especially leading up to and since the Tohoku earthquake in 2011.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: While oil consumption was over 5 million barrels per day (bpd) for decades, this had declined to 3.22 million bpd by 2017.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: As of 2016, India, Saudi Arabia and Texas have overtaken Japan in oil consumption. A further decline to 3.03 mln bpd or just under 176 million kiloliters (preliminary) was posted in 2018. Crude consumption further declined during first half of 2020 to 303/141 = 2.15 million bpd, but that figure probably doesn't include refined products that are directly increasingly imported rather than converted.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: Because domestic natural gas production is minimal, rising demand is met by greater imports. Japan's main LNG suppliers in 2016 were Australia (27%), Malaysia (18%), Qatar (15%), Russia (9%), and Indonesia (8%). In 1987, suppliers were Indonesia (51.3%), Malaysia (20.4%), Brunei (17.8%), United Arab Emirates (7.3%), and the United States (3.2%). In 2017, Japan consumed 4.7 quadrillion Btu (1377 TWh) of imported methane.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: The new Japanese LNG strategy published in May 2016 envisages the creation of a liquid market and an international LNG hub in Japan. This promises to radically change the traditional JCC (crude oil) based pricing system in Japan, but also potentially in the Pacific Basin as a whole. But the path to hub creation and hub pricing in the early 2020s envisaged by the Strategy will not be straightforward.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: After the 2011 earthquake and tsunami, some nuclear reactors were damaged, causing much uncertainty and fear about the release of radioactive material, as well as highlighting the ongoing concerns over seismic design standards (see Nuclear power in Japan §Seismicity).

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: On 5 May 2012, Japan shut down the last nuclear reactor, the first time there has been no nuclear power production since 1970.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: On 16 June Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda ordered the restart of Ōi nuclear plant's reactors number 3 and 4, saying that people's livelihood needs to be protected.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: Ōi nuclear plant's reactor No. 3 was restarted on 2 July, and No. 4 began operation on 21 July. However, in September 2013 the Ōi nuclear plant was shut down in order to have extensive safety inspections performed. By late 2015, both of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant's reactors had reopened and restarted producing nuclear energy. Other nuclear plants, such as the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant, have received permission to reopen, and other nuclear reactors are beginning the process of restarting.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: In June 2015, the Japanese government released an energy proposal that includes the revival of nuclear power to account for Japan's energy needs. The proposal calls for an increase of about 20% in nuclear energy by 2030. This reverses a decision by the previous Democratic Party, the government will re-open nuclear plants, aiming for "a realistic and balanced energy structure".

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: On 3 July 2018, Japan's government pledged to increase renewable energy sources, including wind and solar, from 15% to 22–24% by 2030. Nuclear energy will provide 20% of the country's energy needs as an emissions-free energy source. This will help Japan meet climate change commitments.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: In October 2021 Japan's cabinet approved a new target of 36-38% of renewable share in power generation by 2030. The nuclear target of 20-22% remained unchanged.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: As of September 2011, Japan had 1,198 small hydropower plants with a total capacity of 3,225 MW. The smaller plants accounted for 6.6 percent of Japan's total hydropower capacity. The remaining capacity was filled by large and medium hydropower stations, typically sited at large dams. Cost per kilowatt-hour for power from smaller plants was high at ¥15–100, hindering further development of the energy source.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: Japan was the world's second largest producer of photovoltaic electricity in the early 2000s, although solar was a very minor contribution to the total at that time. The country was overtaken by Germany in 2005, a year in which Japan had 38% of the world supply compared to Germany's 39%.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: On 1 July 2012, after the nuclear disaster at Fukushima, new tariffs for renewable energy were introduced by the Japanese government.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: The tariffs, set at ¥42 per kWh over the next 20 years to solar power producers, were among the highest in the world.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: With the incentives in place, Japan added 1,718 MW of solar power in 2012. By the end of the year, Japan's total solar capacity was 7.4 GW.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: Japan has seen sustained growth of solar PV capacity after 2012, reaching a cumulative installed capacity of 34 GW by the end of 2015, generating 3.5% of the national electricity consumption in that year.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: Japan had 1,807 wind turbines with a total capacity of 2440 MW as of September 2011. Lack of locations with constant wind, environmental restrictions, and emphasis by power utilities on fossil and nuclear power hinders the employment of more wind power in the country. However, it has been estimated that Japan has the potential for 144 GW for onshore wind and 608 GW of offshore wind capacity.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: As of September 2011, Japan had 190 generators attached to municipal waste units and 70 independent plants using biomass fuel to produce energy. In addition, 14 other generators were used to burn both coal and biomass fuel. In 2008, Japan produced 322 million tons of biomass fuel and converted 76% of it into energy.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: In 2012, the government announced plans to build experimental tidal power and wave power plants in coastal areas. Construction on the projects, the locations for which have not been determined, would begin in 2013.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: In 2014, Japan ranked fifth in the world by electricity production, after the United States, China, Russia, and India with 934 TWh produced during that year. It is estimated that Japan's net electricity generation was at about 950 terawatthours (TWh) in 2019 and has declined overall by about 11% since 2010. In 2019, Japan's net electricity generation decreased nearly 4% from the 2018 level as a result of warm winter weather and lower industrial output.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: In terms of per capita electricity consumption, the average person in Japan consumed 8,459 kWh in 2004 compared to 14,240 kWh for the average American. In that respect it ranked 18th among the countries of the world. Its per capita electricity consumption increased by 21.8% between 1990 and 2004.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: The two grids were originally developed by separate companies. Tokyo Electric Light Co was established in 1883, which also established electric power in Japan. In 1885, demand had grown enough that TELCO bought generation equipment from AEG of Germany.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: The same happened in the western parts of Japan with General Electric being the supplier to Osaka Electric Lamp. GE's equipment used the US standard 60 Hz, while AEG's equipment used the European standard of 50 Hz.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Energy in Japan

Context: In March 2016, METI set a target of 40,000 hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles on Japan's roads by 2020 and 160 fueling stations.

Question: 日本で最も多い発電方法は何？


Differential geometry

Context: Around this time there were only minimal overt applications of the theory of infinitesimals to the study of geometry, a precursor to the modern calculus-based study of the subject. In Euclid's "Elements" the notion of tangency of a line to a circle is discussed, and Archimedes applied the method of exhaustion to compute the areas of smooth shapes such as the circle, and the volumes of smooth three-dimensional solids such as the sphere, cones, and cylinders.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？


Differential geometry

Context: Later in the 1700s, the new French school lead by Gaspard Monge began to make contributions to differential geometry. Monge made important contributions to the theory of plane curves, surfaces, and studied surfaces of revolution and envelopes of plane curves and space curves. Several students of Monge made contributions to this same theory, and for example Charles Dupin provided a new interpretation of Euler's theorem in terms of the principle curvatures, which is the modern form of the equation.

Question: 微分幾何学の創始者は誰ですか？