Education in Germany

Context: Kindergarten has been shown to improve school readiness in children at risk. Children attending a kindergarten were less likely to have impaired speech or impaired motor development. Only 50% of children whose parents did not graduate from school are ready for school at age six. If such children were enrolled in a high-quality three-year Kindergarten programme, 87% were ready for school at age six. Thus Kindergarten helps to overcome unequal opportunities.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In Germany most children are streamed by ability into different schools after fourth grade. The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study revealed that working class children needed better reading abilities than middle-class children to be nominated for the Gymnasium. After allowing for reading abilities, odds to be nominated to Gymnasium for upper-middle-class children were still 2.63 times better than for working-class children.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Opponents of streaming have pointed out that countries that performed very well in PISA, such as Finland, do not stream by ability. Proponents have pointed out that German comprehensive schools ranked below other German schools on PISA and that children from the lower socio-economic groups attending comprehensive schools fare worse in PISA than middle-class students attending the same schools.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In Germany international students according to the latest official data, make up nearly 15 percent of Germany's student population. The number of international students attending German universities has increased to 393,579 as of winter semester 2018/2019. In 2019 according to German statistics service international students from Africa is 40,146 for schools of general education, 35,025 for vocational schools and 2,877 schools for nurses, midwives and others.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: For an African student willing to study in Germany, you are required to have the following documentations:

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In Germany scholarships are also an opportunity to finance your studies. As a country which welcomes a large number of international students, there are many scholarships offered to talented and skilled students. There are different scholarship opportunities offered by different organizations in Germany to international students from Africa seeking to study in Germany.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: In this adaptation of primitivism and abandonment of perspective in favor of a flat, two-dimensional picture plane, Picasso makes a radical departure from traditional European painting. This proto-cubist work is widely considered to be seminal in the early development of both cubism and modern art.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Picasso came into his own as an important artist during the first decade of the 20th century. He arrived in Paris from Spain around the turn of the century as a young, ambitious painter out to make a name for himself. For several years he alternated between living and working in Barcelona, Madrid and the Spanish countryside, and made frequent trips to Paris.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Picasso became a favorite of the American art collectors Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo around 1905. The Steins' older brother Michael and his wife Sarah also became collectors of his work. Picasso painted portraits of both Gertrude Stein and her nephew Allan Stein.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Although the pictures were widely derided—"A pot of paint has been flung in the face of the public", declared the critic Camille Mauclair (1872–1945)—they also attracted some favorable attention. The painting that was singled out for the most attacks was Matisse's "Woman with a Hat"; the purchase of this work by Gertrude and Leo Stein had a very positive effect on Matisse, who was suffering demoralization from the bad reception of his work.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Matisse and Derain shocked the French public again at the March 1907 Société des Artistes Indépendants when Matisse exhibited his painting "Blue Nude" and Derain contributed "The Bathers". Both paintings evoke ideas of human origins (world beginnings, evolution) an increasingly important theme in Paris at this time. The "Blue Nude" was one of the paintings that would later create an international sensation at the Armory Show of 1913 in New York City.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: The relationship of the painting to other group portraits in the Western tradition, such as "Diana and Callisto" by Titian (1488–1576), and the same subject by Rubens (1577–1640), in the Prado, has also been discussed.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: In the autumn of 1906, Picasso followed his previous successes with paintings of oversized nude women, and monumental sculptural figures that recalled the work of Paul Gauguin and showed his interest in primitive art. Pablo Picasso's paintings of massive figures from 1906 were directly influenced by Gauguin's sculpture, painting and his writing as well. The savage power evoked by Gauguin's work lead directly to "Les Demoiselles" in 1907.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Both David Sweetman and John Richardson point to Gauguin's "Oviri" (literally meaning 'savage'), a gruesome phallic representation of the Tahitian goddess of life and death intended for Gauguin's grave. First exhibited in the 1906 retrospective, it was likely a direct influence on "Les Demoiselles." Sweetman writes,

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Gauguin's statue "Oviri", which was prominently displayed in 1906, was to stimulate Picasso's interest in both sculpture and ceramics, while the woodcuts would reinforce his interest in print-making, though it was the element of the primitive in all of them which most conditioned the direction that Picasso's art would take. This interest would culminate in the seminal "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon".

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Maurice Princet, a French mathematician and actuary, played a role in the birth of Cubism as an associate of Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Jean Metzinger, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris and later Marcel Duchamp. Princet became known as "le mathématicien du cubisme" ("the mathematician of cubism").

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: A photograph of the "Les Demoiselles" was first published in an article by Gelett Burgess entitled "The Wild Men of Paris, Matisse, Picasso and Les Fauves", "The Architectural Record", May 1910.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: "Les Demoiselles" would not be exhibited until 1916, and not widely recognized as a revolutionary achievement until the early 1920s, when André Breton (1896–1966) published the work. The painting was reproduced again in "Cahiers d'art" (1927), within an article dedicated to African art.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Richardson goes on to say that Matisse was fighting mad upon seeing the "Demoiselles" at Picasso's studio. He let it be known that he regarded the painting as an attempt to ridicule the modern movement; he was outraged to find his sensational "Blue Nude," not to speak of "Bonheur de vivre," overtaken by Picasso's "hideous" whores. He vowed to get even and make Picasso beg for mercy. Just as the "Bonheur de vivre" had fueled Picasso's competitiveness, "Les Demoiselles" now fueled Matisse's.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: From 16 to 31 July 1916 "Les Demoiselles" was exhibited to the public for the first time at the Salon d'Antin, an exhibition organized by André Salmon titled "L'Art moderne en France". The exhibition space at 26 rue d'Antin was lent by the famous couturier and art collector Paul Poiret. The larger Salon d'Automne and Salon des Indépendants had been closed due to World War I, making this the only Cubists' exhibition in France since 1914. On 23 July 1916 a review was published in "Le Cri de Paris":

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: The only other time the painting might have been exhibited to the public prior to a 1937 showing in New York was in 1918, in an exhibition dedicated to Picasso and Matisse at Galerie Paul Guillaume in Paris, though very little information exists about this exhibition or the presence (if at all) of "Les Demoiselles".

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Afterwards, the painting was rolled up and remained with Picasso until 1924 when, with urging and help from Breton and Louis Aragon (1897–1982), he sold it to designer Jacques Doucet (1853–1929), for 25,000 francs.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Art critic John Berger, in his controversial 1965 biography "The Success and Failure of Picasso", interprets "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" as the provocation that led to Cubism:

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: According to Steinberg, the reversed gaze, that is, the fact that the figures look directly at the viewer, as well as the idea of the self-possessed woman, no longer there solely for the pleasure of the male gaze, may be traced back to Manet's "Olympia" of 1863. William Rubin (1927–2006), the former Director of the Department of Painting and Sculpture at MoMA wrote that "Steinberg was the first writer to come to grips with the sexual subject of the Demoiselles."

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: A few years after writing "The Philosophical Brothel", Steinberg wrote further about the revolutionary nature of "Les Demoiselles":

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: At the end of the first volume of his (so far) three volume Picasso biography: "A Life Of Picasso. The Prodigy, 1881–1906," John Richardson comments on "Les Demoiselles." Richardson says:

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: Jacques Doucet had seen the painting at the Salon d'Antin, yet remarkably seems to have purchased "Les Demoiselles" without asking Picasso to unroll it in his studio so that he could see it again. André Breton later described the transaction:

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: I remember the day he bought the painting from Picasso, who strange as it may seem, appeared to be intimidated by Doucet and even offered no resistance when the price was set at 25,000 francs: "Well then, it's agreed, M. Picasso." Doucet then said: "You shall receive 2,000 francs per month, beginning next month, until the sum of 25,000 francs is reached.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: through it one penetrates right into the core of Picasso's laboratory and because it is the crux of the drama, the center of all the conflicts that Picasso has given rise to and that will last forever...It is a work which to my mind transcends painting; it is the theater of everything that has happened in the last 50 years.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: In November 1937 the Jacques Seligman & Co. art gallery in New York City held an exhibition titled "20 Years in the Evolution of Picasso, 1903–1923" that included "Les Demoiselles." The Museum of Modern Art acquired the painting for $24,000. The museum raised $18,000 toward the purchase price by selling a Degas painting and the rest came from donations from the co-owners of the gallery Germain Seligman and Cesar de Hauke.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: The Museum of Modern Art in New York City mounted an important Picasso exhibition on 15 November 1939 that remained on view until 7 January 1940. The exhibition, entitled "Picasso: 40 Years of His Art", was organized by Alfred H. Barr (1902–1981), in collaboration with the Art Institute of Chicago. The exhibition contained 344 works, including the major and then newly painted "Guernica" and its studies, as well as "Les Demoiselles."

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: In July 2007, "Newsweek" published a two-page article about "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" describing it as the "most influential work of art of the last 100 years". Art critic Holland Cotter argued that Picasso "changed history with this work. He'd replaced the benign ideal of the Classical nude with a new race of sexually armed and dangerous beings."

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: The painting is prominently featured in the 2018 season of the television series "Genius" which focuses on Picasso's life and work.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: In 2003, an examination of the painting by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy performed by conservators at the Museum of Modern Art confirmed the presence of the following pigments: lead white, bone black, vermilion, cadmium yellow, cobalt blue, emerald green, and native earth pigments (such as brown ochre) that contain iron.

Question: エル・グレコが世間に認められるきっかけとなった作品は何


Deep Purple

Context: Deep Purple was ranked number 22 on VH1's "Greatest Artists of Hard Rock" programme, and a poll on radio station Planet Rock ranked them 5th among the "most influential bands ever". The band received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards. Deep Purple (specifically Blackmore, Lord, Paice, Gillan, Glover, Coverdale, Evans, and Hughes) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: In 1967, former Searchers drummer Chris Curtis contacted London businessman Tony Edwards, in the hope he would manage a new group he was putting together, to be called Roundabout. Curtis' vision was a "supergroup" where the band members would get on and off, like a musical roundabout. Impressed with the plan, Edwards agreed to finance the venture with his two business partners John Coletta and Ron Hire, who comprised Hire-Edwards-Coletta Enterprises (HEC).

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: During a brief tour of Denmark and Sweden in April, in which they were still billed as Roundabout, Blackmore suggested a new name: "Deep Purple", named after his grandmother's favourite song. The group had resolved to choose a name after everyone had posted one on a board in rehearsal. Second to Deep Purple was "Concrete God", which the band thought was too harsh to take on.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: Mk IIa (1969–1973): "Concerto for Group and Orchestra, In Rock, Fireball, Machine Head," "Made in Japan" and "Who Do We Think We Are".

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: A second Mk. II album, the creatively progressive "Fireball", was issued in the summer of 1971, reaching number 1 on the UK Albums Chart. The title track "Fireball" was released as a single, as was "Strange Kind of Woman", not from the album but recorded during the same sessions (although it replaced "Demon's Eye" on the US version of the album). "Strange Kind of Woman" became their second UK Top 10 single, reaching No. 8.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: The band returned to the US in late May 1972 to undertake their third North America tour (of four total that year). A Japan tour in August of that year led to a double-vinyl live release, "Made in Japan". Originally intended as a Japan-only record, its worldwide release saw the double LP become an instant hit, reaching platinum status in five countries, including the US. It remains one of rock music's most popular and highest selling live-concert recordings.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: Morse's arrival revitalised the band creatively, and in 1996 a new album titled "Purpendicular" was released, showing a wide variety of musical styles, though it never made chart success on the Billboard 200 in the US. The Mark VII line-up then released a new live album "Live at The Olympia '96" in 1997. With a revamped set list to tour, Deep Purple enjoyed successful tours throughout the rest of the 1990s, releasing the harder-sounding "Abandon" in 1998, and touring with renewed enthusiasm.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: Mk VIII (2002–present): "Bananas", "Rapture of the Deep", "Now What?!", "Infinite", "Whoosh!", "Turning to Crime" and upcoming 23rd studio album.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: In 2003, Deep Purple released their first studio album in five years ("Bananas") and began touring in support of the album. EMI Records refused a contract extension with Deep Purple, possibly because of lower than expected sales. Actually "In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra" sold more than "Bananas".

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: On 29 February 2020, a new track, "Throw My Bones" was released online, with a new album "Whoosh!" planned for release in June. The release of the full-length album would later be postponed to 7 August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Gillan confirmed in an interview on 4 August 2020 that he and the other members of Deep Purple have no immediate plans to retire.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: On October 6, 2021, the band had announced the title of their covers album, "Turning to Crime" which was released on 26 November 2021.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: In June 2022, Gillan announced that the band plans to work on their twenty-third studio album after the conclusion of the "Whoosh!" tour: "Deep Purple has got a writing session booked in March 2023, which I believe is to get started on thinking about our next record."

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: While firmly placed in the hard rock and heavy metal categories, Deep Purple's music frequently incorporated elements of progressive rock and blues rock, prompting Canadian journalist Martin Popoff to once call the band "a reference point of a genre in metal without categorisation."

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Deep Purple

Context: In 2007, Deep Purple were one of the featured artists in the fourth episode of the BBC/VH1 series "Seven Ages of Rock" – an episode focusing on heavy metal. In May 2019 the group received the Ivor Novello Award for International Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors.

Question: ディープ・パープルのデビュー曲は何？


Atlanta-class cruiser

Context: The "Atlanta" class saw heavy action during World War II, collectively earning 54 battle stars. Two ships of the class were sunk in action: and , both at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. The other six were decommissioned shortly after the war and were scrapped in the 1960s.

Question: 軽巡洋艦アトランタの最大乗組員数は？


Atlanta-class cruiser

Context: The "Atlanta"-class cruisers were the only class of U.S. Navy cruisers commissioned during World War II to be armed with torpedo tubes, with eight torpedo tubes in two quad launchers.

Question: 軽巡洋艦アトランタの最大乗組員数は？


Atlanta-class cruiser

Context: By the end of the war had been given an anti-"kamikaze" upgrade which included replacing the four aft twin Bofors with quad mountings and greatly reducing the number of 20 mm mounts (to possibly as few as six) while replacing those that remained with twin rather than single guns. The torpedo tubes were removed.

Question: 軽巡洋艦アトランタの最大乗組員数は？


Atlanta-class cruiser

Context: The class was powered by four 665 psi boilers, connected to two geared steam turbines producing , and the ships could maintain a top speed of . On trial the "Atlanta" made and . The ships of the "Atlanta" class had thin armor: a maximum of on their sides covering machinery and magazines, with the 5-inch gun mounts being protected by only and the conning tower by .

Question: 軽巡洋艦アトランタの最大乗組員数は？


Atlanta-class cruiser

Context: After the war, the six surviving ships in this class were decommissioned between 1947 and 1949 and placed in the reserve fleet. The ships received a new type designation of CLAA in 1949. None of these ships were recommissioned to serve in an active role; all were ultimately struck and scrapped by 1970.

Question: 軽巡洋艦アトランタの最大乗組員数は？


Online game

Context: The culture of online gaming sometimes faces criticisms for an environment that can promote cyberbullying, violence, and xenophobia. Some are also concerned about gaming addiction or social stigma. However, it has been argued that, since the players of an online game are strangers to each other and have limited communication, the individual player's experience in an online game is not necessarily different from playing with artificial intelligence players.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: During the last half of the 2010s, hero shooter, a variation of shooter games inspired by multiplayer online battle arena and older class-based shooters, had a substantial rise in popularity with the release of "Battleborn" and "Overwatch" in 2016"." The genre continued to grow with games such as "Paladins" (2018) and "Valorant" (2020).

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: A battle royale game format became widely popular with the release of "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds" (2017), "Fortnite Battle Royale" (2017), and "Apex Legends" (2019). Popularity of the genre continued in 2020s with the release of the "" (2020). Each game has received tens of millions of players within months of their releases.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: The assumption that online games in general are populated mostly by males has remained somewhat accurate for years. Recent statistics begin to diminish the male domination myth in gaming culture. Although a worldwide number of male gamers still dominates over female (52% by 48%), women accounted for more than half of the players of certain games. As of 2019, the average gamer is 33 years old.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: The report Online Game Market Forecasts estimates worldwide revenue from online games to reach $35 billion by 2017, up from $19 billion in 2011.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: As the World Wide Web developed and browsers became more sophisticated, people started creating browser games that used a web browser as a client. Simple single player games were made that could be played using a web browser (most commonly made with web technologies like HTML, JavaScript, ASP, PHP and MySQL).

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: More recent browser-based games use web technologies like Ajax to make more complicated multiplayer interactions possible and WebGL to generate hardware-accelerated 3D graphics without the need for plugins.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: PvE is a term used in online games, particularly MMORPGs and other role-playing video games, to refer to fighting computer-controlled opponents.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: PvP is a term broadly used to describe any game, or aspect of a game, where players compete against each other rather than against computer-controlled opponents.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: Expansion of hero shooters, a sub-genre of shooter games, happened in 2016 when several developers released or announced their hero shooter multiplayer online game. Hero shooters have been considered to have strong potential as an esport, as a large degree of skill and coordination arises from the importance of teamwork. Some notable examples include "Battleborn", "Overwatch", "" and "Valorant".

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: Early real-time strategy games often allowed multiplayer play over a modem or local network. As the Internet started to grow during the 1990s, software was developed that would allow players to tunnel the LAN protocols used by the games over the Internet. By the late 1990s, most RTS games had native Internet support, allowing players from all over the globe to play with each other. Popular RTS games with online communities have included "Age of Empires", "Sins of a Solar Empire", "StarCraft" and "".

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: Massively multiplayer online games were made possible with the growth of broadband Internet access in many developed countries, using the Internet to allow hundreds of thousands of players to play the same game together. Many different styles of massively multiplayer games are available, such as:

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: Where online games supports an in-game chat feature, it is not uncommon to encounter hate speech, sexual harassment and cyberbullying. Players, developers, gaming companies, and professional observers are discussing and developing tools which discourage antisocial behavior.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Online game

Context: The video game industry is highly competitive. As a result, many online games end up not generating enough profits, such that the service providers do not have the incentives to continue running the servers. In such cases, the developers of a game might decide to shut down the server permanently.

Question: 世界最初のオンラインゲームは何？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Information can be found in the "Britannica" by following the cross-references in the and ; however, these are sparse, averaging one cross-reference per page. Hence, readers are recommended to consult instead the alphabetical index or the , which organizes the "Britannica" contents by topic.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Since 1936, the articles of the "Britannica" have been revised on a regular schedule, with at least 10% of them considered for revision each year. According to one Britannica website, 46% of its articles were revised over the past three years; however, according to another Britannica website, only 35% of the articles were revised.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: "Britannica Junior" was first published in 1934 as 12 volumes. It was expanded to 15 volumes in 1947, and renamed "Britannica Junior Encyclopædia" in 1963. It was taken off the market after the 1984 printing.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: A British "Children's Britannica" edited by John Armitage was issued in London in 1960. Its contents were determined largely by the eleven-plus standardized tests given in Britain. Britannica introduced the "Children's Britannica" to the US market in 1988, aimed at ages seven to 14.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: "My First Britannica" is aimed at children ages six to 12, and the "Britannica Discovery Library" is for children aged three to six (issued 1974 to 1991).

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: There have been, and are, several abridged "Britannica" encyclopaedias. The single-volume "Britannica Concise Encyclopædia" has 28,000 short articles condensing the larger 32-volume "Britannica"; there are authorized translations in languages such as Chinese and Vietnamese. "Compton's by Britannica", first published in 2007, incorporating the former "Compton's Encyclopedia", is aimed at 10- to 17-year-olds and consists of 26 volumes and 11,000 pages.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published annually a "Book of the Year" covering the past year's events. A given edition of the "Book of the Year" is named in terms of the year of its publication, though the edition actually covers the events of the previous year. The company also publishes several specialized reference works, such as "Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard" (Wiley, 2006).

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: The "Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2012 DVD" contains over 100,000 articles. This includes regular "Britannica" articles, as well as others drawn from the "Britannica Student Encyclopædia", and the "Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia." The package includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from Merriam-Webster.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced that it was working with mobile phone search company AskMeNow to launch a mobile encyclopaedia. Users will be able to send a question via text message, and AskMeNow will search "Britannica" 28,000-article concise encyclopaedia to return an answer to the query. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones are also planned.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: On 3 June 2008, an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expert and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content (in the spirit of a wiki), with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced. Approved contributions would be credited, though contributing automatically grants Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. perpetual, irrevocable license to those contributions.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: On 14 September 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced a partnership with mobile phone development company Concentric Sky to launch a series of iPhone products aimed at the K-12 market. On 20 July 2011, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced that Concentric Sky had ported the Britannica Kids product line to Intel's Intel Atom-based Netbooks and on 26 October 2011 that it had launched its encyclopedia as an iPad app. In 2010, Britannica released Britannica ImageQuest, a database of images.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: In March 2012, it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclopaedia set, and that it would focus more on its online version.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: On 7 June 2018, Britannica released a Google Chrome extension, Britannica Insights, which shows snippets of information from Britannica Online in a sidebar for Google Search results. The Britannica sidebar does not replace Google's sidebar and is instead placed above Google's sidebar. Britannica Insights was also available as a Firefox extension but this was taken down due to a code review issue.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: While "Britannica" authors have included writers such as Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, and Leon Trotsky, as well as notable independent encyclopaedists such as Isaac Asimov, some have been criticized for lack of expertise. In 1911 the historian George L. Burr wrote:

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Paul T. Armstrong remains the longest working employee of Encyclopædia Britannica. He began his career there in 1934, eventually earning the positions of treasurer, vice president, and chief financial officer in his 58 years with the company, before retiring in 1992.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: The 2007 editorial staff of the "Britannica" included five Senior Editors and nine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others. The editorial staff helped to write the articles of the and some sections of the .

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: The "Propædia" and its "Outline of Knowledge" were produced by dozens of editorial advisors under the direction of Mortimer J. Adler. Roughly half of these advisors have since died, including some of the Outline's chief architects – Rene Dubos (d. 1982), Loren Eiseley (d. 1977), Harold D. Lasswell (d. 1978), Mark Van Doren (d. 1972), Peter Ritchie Calder (d. 1982) and Mortimer J. Adler (d. 2001). The also lists just under 4,000 advisors who were consulted for the unsigned articles.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: In 2003, former management consultant Jorge Aguilar-Cauz was appointed President of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Cauz is the senior executive and reports directly to the "Britannica's" Board of Directors. Cauz has been pursuing alliances with other companies and extending the "Britannica" brand to new educational and reference products, continuing the strategy pioneered by former CEO Elkan Harrison Powell in the mid-1930s.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Under Safra's ownership, the company has experienced financial difficulties and has responded by reducing the price of its products and implementing drastic cost cuts. According to a 2003 report in the "New York Post", the "Britannica" management has eliminated employee 401(k) accounts and encouraged the use of free images. These changes have had negative impacts, as freelance contributors have waited up to six months for checks and the "Britannica" staff have gone years without pay rises.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: In the fall of 2017, Karthik Krishnan was appointed global chief executive officer of the Encyclopædia Britannica Group. Krishnan brought a varied perspective to the role based on several high-level positions in digital media, including RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier, and one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index) and Rodale, in which he was responsible for "driving business and cultural transformation and accelerating growth".

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Taking the reins of the company as it was preparing to mark its 250th anniversary and define the next phase of its digital strategy for consumers and K-12 schools, Krishnan launched a series of new initiatives in his first year.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: First was Britannica Insights, a free, downloadable software extension to the Google Chrome browser that served up edited, fact-checked Britannica information with queries on search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing. Its purpose, the company said, was to "provide trusted, verified information" in conjunction with search results that were thought to be increasingly unreliable in the era of misinformation and "fake news."

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: The product was quickly followed by Britannica School Insights, which provided similar content for subscribers to Britannica's online classroom solutions, and a partnership with YouTube in which verified Britannica content appeared on the site as an antidote to user-generated video content that could be false or misleading.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Krishnan, himself an educator at New York University's Stern School of Business, believes in the "transformative power of education" and set steering the company toward solidifying its place among leaders in educational technology and supplemental curriculum. Krishnan aimed at providing more useful and relevant solutions to customer needs, extending and renewing Britannica's historical emphasis on "Utility", which had been the watchword of its first edition in 1768.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Krishnan also is active in civic affairs, with organizations such as the Urban Enterprise Initiative and Urban Upbound, whose board he serves on.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: In 2013, the President of Encyclopædia Britannica announced that after 244 years, the encyclopedia would cease print production and all future editions would be entirely digital.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: In 2005, the journal "Nature" chose articles from both websites in a wide range of science topics and sent them to what it called "relevant" field experts for peer review. The experts then compared the competing articles—one from each site on a given topic—side by side, but were not told which article came from which site. "Nature" got back 42 usable reviews.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Interviewed in February 2009, the managing director of "Britannica UK" said: In a January 2016 press release, "Britannica" called Wikipedia "an impressive achievement."

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: The CD/DVD-ROM version of the "Britannica", "Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite", received the 2004 Distinguished Achievement Award from the Association of Educational Publishers. On 15 July 2009, was awarded a spot as one of "Top Ten Superbrands in the UK" by a panel of more than 2,000 independent reviewers, as reported by the BBC.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: The "Britannica" does not cover topics in equivalent detail; for example, the whole of Buddhism and most other religions is covered in a single article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all religion articles. However, the "Britannica" has been lauded as the "least" biased of general Encyclopaedias marketed to Western readers and praised for its biographies of important women of all eras.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: In 2005, 12-year-old schoolboy Lucian George found several inaccuracies in the "Britannica"s entries on Poland and wildlife in Eastern Europe.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: In 2010, an inaccurate entry about the Irish Civil War was discussed in the Irish press following a decision of the Department of Education and Science to pay for online access.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: However, Jorge Cauz (president of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.) asserted in 2012 that ""Britannica" [...] will always be factually correct."

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Past owners have included, in chronological order, the Edinburgh, Scotland printers Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, Scottish bookseller Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher A & C Black, Horace Everett Hooper, Sears Roebuck and William Benton.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Throughout history, the "Britannica" has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book, and to provide educational material. In 1974, the 15th edition adopted a third goal: to systematize all human knowledge. The history of the "Britannica" can be divided into five eras, punctuated by changes in management, or reorganization of the dictionary.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Production of the 9th edition was overseen by Thomas Spencer Baynes, the first English-born editor-in-chief. Dubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th edition is the most scholarly of all "Britannicas". After 1880, Baynes was assisted by William Robertson Smith. No biographies of living persons were included. James Clerk Maxwell and Thomas Huxley were special advisors on science. However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9th edition was outdated, and the "Britannica" faced financial difficulties.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: On 9 March 1976 the US Federal Trade Commission entered an opinion and order enjoining Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. from using: a) deceptive advertising practices in recruiting sales agents and obtaining sales leads, and b) deceptive sales practices in the door-to-door presentations of its sales agents.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: In 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. released the "Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia: What We Know and What We Don't", an encyclopedia aimed primarily at younger readers, covering major topics. The encyclopedia was widely praised for bringing back the print format. It was "Britannica"'s first encyclopedia for children since 1984.

Question: ブリタニカ百科事典は何年に一度出版される？


DNA sequencing

Context: DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of complete DNA sequences, or genomes, of numerous types and species of life, including the human genome and other complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial species.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The first DNA sequences were obtained in the early 1970s by academic researchers using laborious methods based on two-dimensional chromatography. Following the development of fluorescence-based sequencing methods with a DNA sequencer, DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of magnitude faster.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: DNA sequencing may be used to determine the sequence of individual genes, larger genetic regions (i.e. clusters of genes or operons), full chromosomes, or entire genomes of any organism. DNA sequencing is also the most efficient way to indirectly sequence RNA or proteins (via their open reading frames). In fact, DNA sequencing has become a key technology in many areas of biology and other sciences such as medicine, forensics, and anthropology.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Sequencing is used in molecular biology to study genomes and the proteins they encode. Information obtained using sequencing allows researchers to identify changes in genes, associations with diseases and phenotypes, and identify potential drug targets.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Since DNA is an informative macromolecule in terms of transmission from one generation to another, DNA sequencing is used in evolutionary biology to study how different organisms are related and how they evolved. In February 2021, scientists reported, for the first time, the sequencing of DNA from animal remains, a mammoth in this instance, over a million years old, the oldest DNA sequenced to date.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The field of metagenomics involves identification of organisms present in a body of water, sewage, dirt, debris filtered from the air, or swab samples from organisms. Knowing which organisms are present in a particular environment is critical to research in ecology, epidemiology, microbiology, and other fields. Sequencing enables researchers to determine which types of microbes may be present in a microbiome, for example.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: During the 1990 avian influenza outbreak, viral sequencing determined that the influenza sub-type originated through reassortment between quail and poultry. This led to legislation in Hong Kong that prohibited selling live quail and poultry together at market. Viral sequencing can also be used to estimate when a viral outbreak began by using a molecular clock technique.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Medical technicians may sequence genes (or, theoretically, full genomes) from patients to determine if there is risk of genetic diseases. This is a form of genetic testing, though some genetic tests may not involve DNA sequencing.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: DNA sequencing is also being increasingly used to diagnose and treat rare diseases. As more and more genes are identified that cause rare genetic diseases, molecular diagnoses for patients becomes more mainstream. DNA sequencing allows clinicians to identify genetic diseases, improve disease management, provide reproductive counseling, and more effective therapies.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Also, DNA sequencing may be useful for determining a specific bacteria, to allow for more precise antibiotics treatments, hereby reducing the risk of creating antimicrobial resistance in bacteria populations.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: DNA sequencing may be used along with DNA profiling methods for forensic identification and paternity testing. DNA testing has evolved tremendously in the last few decades to ultimately link a DNA print to what is under investigation. The DNA patterns in fingerprint, saliva, hair follicles, etc. uniquely separate each living organism from another. Testing DNA is a technique which can detect specific genomes in a DNA strand to produce a unique and individualized pattern.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of the first complete gene and the complete genome of Bacteriophage MS2, identified and published by Walter Fiers and his coworkers at the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium), in 1972 and 1976. Traditional RNA sequencing methods require the creation of a cDNA molecule which must be sequenced.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The first full DNA genome to be sequenced was that of bacteriophage φX174 in 1977. Medical Research Council scientists deciphered the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus in 1984, finding it contained 172,282 nucleotides. Completion of the sequence marked a significant turning point in DNA sequencing because it was achieved with no prior genetic profile knowledge of the virus.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: On 26 October 1990, Roger Tsien, Pepi Ross, Margaret Fahnestock and Allan J Johnston filed a patent describing stepwise ("base-by-base") sequencing with removable 3' blockers on DNA arrays (blots and single DNA molecules).

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: In 1996, Pål Nyrén and his student Mostafa Ronaghi at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm published their method of pyrosequencing.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: On 1 April 1997, and Laurent Farinelli submitted patents to the World Intellectual Property Organization describing DNA colony sequencing. The DNA sample preparation and random surface-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arraying methods described in this patent, coupled to Roger Tsien et al.'s "base-by-base" sequencing method, is now implemented in Illumina's Hi-Seq genome sequencers.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: In 1998, Phil Green and Brent Ewing of the University of Washington described their phred quality score for sequencer data analysis, a landmark analysis technique that gained widespread adoption, and which is still the most common metric for assessing the accuracy of a sequencing platform.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Lynx Therapeutics published and marketed massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS), in 2000. This method incorporated a parallelized, adapter/ligation-mediated, bead-based sequencing technology and served as the first commercially available "next-generation" sequencing method, though no DNA sequencers were sold to independent laboratories.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert published a DNA sequencing method in 1977 based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. Also known as chemical sequencing, this method allowed purified samples of double-stranded DNA to be used without further cloning. This method's use of radioactive labeling and its technical complexity discouraged extensive use after refinements in the Sanger methods had been made.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1977 soon became the method of choice, owing to its relative ease and reliability. When invented, the chain-terminator method used fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the Maxam and Gilbert method. Because of its comparative ease, the Sanger method was soon automated and was the method used in the first generation of DNA sequencers.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The term ""de novo" sequencing" specifically refers to methods used to determine the sequence of DNA with no previously known sequence. "De novo" translates from Latin as "from the beginning". Gaps in the assembled sequence may be filled by primer walking. The different strategies have different tradeoffs in speed and accuracy; shotgun methods are often used for sequencing large genomes, but its assembly is complex and difficult, particularly with sequence repeats often causing gaps in genome assembly.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Shotgun sequencing is a sequencing method designed for analysis of DNA sequences longer than 1000 base pairs, up to and including entire chromosomes. This method requires the target DNA to be broken into random fragments. After sequencing individual fragments using the chain termination method, the sequences can be reassembled on the basis of their overlapping regions.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: High-throughput sequencing, which includes next-generation "short-read" and third-generation "long-read" sequencing methods, applies to exome sequencing, genome sequencing, genome resequencing, transcriptome profiling (RNA-Seq), DNA-protein interactions (ChIP-sequencing), and epigenome characterization.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The DNA passing through the nanopore changes its ion current. This change is dependent on the shape, size and length of the DNA sequence. Each type of the nucleotide blocks the ion flow through the pore for a different period of time. The method does not require modified nucleotides and is performed in real time. Nanopore sequencing is referred to as "third-generation" or "long-read" sequencing, along with SMRT sequencing.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Early industrial research into this method was based on a technique called 'exonuclease sequencing', where the readout of electrical signals occurred as nucleotides passed by alpha(α)-hemolysin pores covalently bound with cyclodextrin. However the subsequent commercial method, 'strand sequencing', sequenced DNA bases in an intact strand.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The patterned array of positively charged spots is fabricated through photolithography and etching techniques followed by chemical modification to generate a sequencing flow cell. Each spot on the flow cell is approximately 250 nm in diameter, are separated by 700 nm (centre to centre) and allows easy attachment of a single negatively charged DNB to the flow cell and thus reducing under or over-clustering on the flow cell.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: There are two main microfluidic systems that are used to sequence DNA; droplet based microfluidics and digital microfluidics. Microfluidic devices solve many of the current limitations of current sequencing arrays.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Abate et al. studied the use of droplet-based microfluidic devices for DNA sequencing. These devices have the ability to form and process picoliter sized droplets at the rate of thousands per second. The devices were created from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and used Forster resonance energy transfer, FRET assays to read the sequences of DNA encompassed in the droplets. Each position on the array tested for a specific 15 base sequence.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Fair et al. used digital microfluidic devices to study DNA pyrosequencing. Significant advantages include the portability of the device, reagent volume, speed of analysis, mass manufacturing abilities, and high throughput. This study provided a proof of concept showing that digital devices can be used for pyrosequencing; the study included using synthesis, which involves the extension of the enzymes and addition of labeled nucleotides.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Boles et al. also studied pyrosequencing on digital microfluidic devices. They used an electro-wetting device to create, mix, and split droplets. The sequencing uses a three-enzyme protocol and DNA templates anchored with magnetic beads. The device was tested using two protocols and resulted in 100% accuracy based on raw pyrogram levels. The advantages of these digital microfluidic devices include size, cost, and achievable levels of functional integration.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: DNA sequencing research, using microfluidics, also has the ability to be applied to the sequencing of RNA, using similar droplet microfluidic techniques, such as the method, inDrops. This shows that many of these DNA sequencing techniques will be able to be applied further and be used to understand more about genomes and transcriptomes.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Third generation technologies aim to increase throughput and decrease the time to result and cost by eliminating the need for excessive reagents and harnessing the processivity of DNA polymerase.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Another approach uses measurements of the electrical tunnelling currents across single-strand DNA as it moves through a channel. Depending on its electronic structure, each base affects the tunnelling current differently, allowing differentiation between different bases.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The use of tunnelling currents has the potential to sequence orders of magnitude faster than ionic current methods and the sequencing of several DNA oligomers and micro-RNA has already been achieved.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: "Sequencing by hybridization" is a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray. A single pool of DNA whose sequence is to be determined is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array containing known sequences. Strong hybridization signals from a given spot on the array identifies its sequence in the DNA being sequenced.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Early chain-termination and TOF MS methods demonstrated read lengths of up to 100 base pairs. Researchers have been unable to exceed this average read size; like chain-termination sequencing alone, MS-based DNA sequencing may not be suitable for large "de novo" sequencing projects. Even so, a recent study did use the short sequence reads and mass spectroscopy to compare single-nucleotide polymorphisms in pathogenic "Streptococcus" strains.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: In microfluidic Sanger sequencing the entire thermocycling amplification of DNA fragments as well as their separation by electrophoresis is done on a single glass wafer (approximately 10 cm in diameter) thus reducing the reagent usage as well as cost. In some instances researchers have shown that they can increase the throughput of conventional sequencing through the use of microchips. Research will still need to be done in order to make this use of technology effective.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: This approach directly visualizes the sequence of DNA molecules using electron microscopy. The first identification of DNA base pairs within intact DNA molecules by enzymatically incorporating modified bases, which contain atoms of increased atomic number, direct visualization and identification of individually labeled bases within a synthetic 3,272 base-pair DNA molecule and a 7,249 base-pair viral genome has been demonstrated.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The success of any DNA sequencing protocol relies upon the DNA or RNA sample extraction and preparation from the biological material of interest.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: The high-throughput nature of current DNA/RNA sequencing technologies has posed a challenge for sample preparation method to scale-up. Several liquid handling instruments are being used for the preparation of higher numbers of samples with a lower total hands-on time:

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: In October 2006, the X Prize Foundation established an initiative to promote the development of full genome sequencing technologies, called the Archon X Prize, intending to award $10 million to "the first Team that can build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98% of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 (US) per genome."

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Each year the National Human Genome Research Institute, or NHGRI, promotes grants for new research and developments in genomics. 2010 grants and 2011 candidates include continuing work in microfluidic, polony and base-heavy sequencing methodologies.

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: Sometimes, the raw reads produced by the sequencer are correct and precise only in a fraction of their length. Using the entire read may introduce artifacts in the downstream analyses like genome assembly, SNP calling, or gene expression estimation. Two classes of trimming programs have been introduced, based on the window-based or the running-sum classes of algorithms. This is a partial list of the trimming algorithms currently available, specifying the algorithm class they belong to:

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


DNA sequencing

Context: In most of the United States, DNA that is "abandoned", such as that found on a licked stamp or envelope, coffee cup, cigarette, chewing gum, household trash, or hair that has fallen on a public sidewalk, may legally be collected and sequenced by anyone, including the police, private investigators, political opponents, or people involved in paternity disputes. As of 2013, eleven states have laws that can be interpreted to prohibit "DNA theft".

Question: DNAを発見したのは誰ですか？


Dragon Quest

Context: The basic premise of most "Dragon Quest" games is to play a hero (actually named "Hero" in spinoff fiction) who is out to save the land from peril at the hands of a powerful evil enemy, with the hero usually accompanied by a group of party members. Common elements persist throughout the series and its spinoff games: turn-based combat; recurring monsters, including the Slime, which became the series' mascot; a text-based menu system; and random encounters in most of the main series.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: "Dragon Quest XII: The Flames of Fate" was announced in 2021. According to Horii, the game will have a darker tone, feature more meaningful choices, and overhaul the traditional "Dragon Quest" turn-based combat.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: "Dragon Quest" manga began publication in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" in 1989. Based on the world of "Dragon Quest", Riku Sanjo and Koji Inada's was created as a two-chapter short-story entitled "Derupa! Iruiru!". Its success led to the three-chapter sequel, "Dai Bakuhatsu!!!", which set the framework for a later serialization spanning 37 volumes.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: "The Road to Dragon Quest" is a manga about the creators of "Dragon Quest", published by Enix. The single-volume manga was released in 1990 and produced by Ishimori Productions. It focuses on the creation of the series and features series creator Yujii Hori, programmer Koichi Nakamura, composer Koichi Sugiyama, artist Akira Toriyama, and producer Yukinobu Chida.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: A second anime series, "", based on the manga of the same name, was produced by Toei Animation. It ran for 46 episodes from October 17, 1991, to September 24, 1992. A began on October 3, 2020.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: "Dragon Quest" features "puff puff" – a Japanese onomatopoeia for a girl rubbing her breasts in someone's face, which can also be used for the general term of a girl jiggling her own breasts – massage girls that the player can hire with text describing their actions in some of the games; in later games gags were used since breasts could not be displayed. The text descriptions were removed from some North American translations.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: In "Dragon Warrior III", ', "Dragon Warrior VII", and ', several character classes can be chosen for the party members. Each game has its particular set of classes with typical options, including the Cleric, Fighter, Jester, Thief, Warrior, and Mage. All the aforementioned games also include advanced classes such as the Sage. In addition, "Dragon Quest VI" and "VII" include monster classes.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: The "Dragon Quest" series features several recurring monsters, including Slimes, Drackies, Skeletons, Shadows, Mummies, Bags o' Laughs, and Dragons. Many monsters in the series were designed by Akira Toriyama.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: Several "Dragon Quest" games allow the player to recruit monsters to fight alongside them. In "Dragon Quest IV", a Healer monster called "Healie" can be recruited for the first chapter. "Dragon Quest V" and "VI" monsters can be selected by the player to join the player's party and fight in battles. In "Dragon Quest VIII" players can defeat and recruit monsters to fight in an arena.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: In "Dragon Quest XI", the player-character is a warrior chosen by the world tree Yggdrasil to save the world of Erdrea from a being of pure evil known as "Calasmos". After Calasmos is defeated at the end of the game, Yggdrasil bestows him the title of Erdrick.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: , known as Torneko Taloon in North American English localizations, is a recurring character who first appears in "Dragon Quest IV". A traveling merchant, Torneko's usual goal is to expand the inventory of his shop by procuring rare items, often by traversing dungeons and fighting monsters on his own or with his family.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: The character's popularity with players led to further appearances or easter egg references in subsequent mainline sequels, as well as a starring role in 1993's "", the inaugural entry of the long-running "Mystery Dungeon" video game series by Spike Chunsoft. The character's other video game appearances include two direct sequels to "Torneko no Daibōken: Fushigi no Dungeon", the 2016 video game "Dragon Quest Heroes II", and the "Itadaki Street" series.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: The series' monsters, characters, and box art were designed by Toriyama. The music for the "Dragon Quest" series was composed by Koichi Sugiyama. In the past, main "Dragon Quest" games have been developed by Chunsoft, Heartbeat, ArtePiazza, Level-5 and starting with "Dragon Quest X", by Square Enix for the first time. Horii's company, Armor Project, is in charge of the script and design of "Dragon Quest" games that were published by Enix and Square Enix.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: The first six "Dragon Quest" stories are divided into two trilogies. The first three games of the series tell the story of the legendary hero known as Roto (Erdrick or Loto in some versions). "Dragon Quest IV"-"VI" are based around a castle in the sky called Zenithia, referred to as the "Tenku" in Japan, meaning "heaven". Games in the main series from "Dragon Quest VII" onwards are stand-alone games.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: For English releases, games usually include a number of British dialects, such as Polari and Cockney.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: The first album of music from the series was released in 1986 and was based on music from the first game, followed by a "Symphonic Suite" album for each game in the main series. The original soundtrack's "eight melodies" approach set the template for most RPG soundtracks released since then, hundreds of which have been organized in a similar manner. The original game's classical score was considered revolutionary for video game music.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Dragon Quest

Context: In 2006, readers of the Japanese gaming magazine "Famitsu" voted on the hundred best video games of all time. "Dragon Quest III" was third, "Dragon Quest VIII" fourth, "Dragon Quest VII" ninth, "Dragon Quest V" eleventh, "Dragon Quest IV" fourteenth, "Dragon Quest II" seventeenth, "Dragon Quest" thirtieth, and "Dragon Quest VI" thirty-fourth. In 2009, Horii received a special award at the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association Developers Conference for his work on the "Dragon Quest" franchise.

Question: ダンジョンズ&ドラゴンズ のスピンオフ作品はありますか？


Spacecraft

Context: A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket).

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided by a method of reentry to Earth into non-winged space capsules and winged spaceplanes. Recoverable spacecraft may be reusable (can be launched again or several times, like the SpaceX Dragon and the Space Shuttle orbiters) or expendable (like the Soyuz). In recent years, more space agencies are tending towards reusable spacecraft.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: While Sputnik 1 was the first spacecraft to orbit the Earth, other man-made objects had previously reached an altitude of 100 km, which is the height required by the international organization Fédération Aéronautique Internationale to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the Kármán line. In particular, in the 1940s there were several test launches of the V-2 rocket, some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: The first crewed spacecraft was Vostok 1, which carried Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a Vostok spacecraft. The second crewed spacecraft was named "Freedom 7", and it performed a sub-orbital spaceflight in 1961 carrying American astronaut Alan Shepard to an altitude of just over . There were five other crewed missions using Mercury spacecraft.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: The International Space Station, crewed since November 2000, is a joint venture between Russia, the United States, Canada and several other countries.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: Spaceplanes are spacecraft are built in the shape of, and function as, airplanes. The first example of such was the North American X-15 spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over 100 km in the 1960s. This first reusable spacecraft was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: Scaled Composites' SpaceShipOne was a reusable suborbital spaceplane that carried pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the Ansari X Prize. The Spaceship Company will build its successor SpaceShipTwo. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by Virgin Galactic was planned to begin reusable private spaceflight carrying paying passengers in 2014, but was delayed after the crash of VSS "Enterprise".

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: A spacecraft astrionics system comprises different subsystems, depending on the mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems comprise the spacecraft's "bus" and may include attitude determination and control (variously called ADAC, ADC, or ACS), guidance, navigation and control (GNC or GN&C), communications (comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS), thermal control (TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically payloads.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: A Spacecraft needs an attitude control subsystem to be correctly oriented in space and respond to external torques and forces properly. The attitude control subsystem consists of sensors and actuators, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude-control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and earth pointing for communications.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's orbital elements or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: Spacecraft, both robotic and crewed, utilize various communications systems for communication with terrestrial stations as well as for communication between spacecraft in space. Technologies utilized include RF and optical communication. In addition, some spacecraft payloads are explicitly for the purpose of ground–ground communication using receiver/retransmitter electronic technologies.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending on mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the atmosphere of another planetary body, and landing on the surface of another planetary body.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: The payload depends on the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments (cameras, telescopes, or particle detectors, for example), cargo, or a human crew.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: The ground segment, though not technically part of the spacecraft, is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility, ground stations to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Spacecraft

Context: The launch vehicle propels the spacecraft from Earth's surface, through the atmosphere, and into an orbit, the exact orbit being dependent on the mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be expendable or reusable.

Question: 初めて無人惑星探査機が打ち上げられたのはいつ


Pacific Plate

Context: The north-eastern side is a divergent boundary with the Explorer Plate, the Juan de Fuca Plate and the Gorda Plate forming respectively the Explorer Ridge, the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Gorda Ridge. In the middle of the eastern side is a transform boundary with the North American Plate along the San Andreas Fault, and a boundary with the Cocos Plate. The south-eastern side is a divergent boundary with the Nazca Plate forming the East Pacific Rise.

Question: 地球最大のプレートは何？


Pacific Plate

Context: The southern side is a divergent boundary with the Antarctic Plate forming the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge.

Question: 地球最大のプレートは何？


Pacific Plate

Context: The western side is bounded by the Okhotsk Plate at the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench and the Japan Trench. The plate forms a convergent boundary by subducting under the Philippine Sea Plate creating the Mariana Trench, has a transform boundary with the Caroline Plate, and has a collision boundary with the North Bismarck Plate.

Question: 地球最大のプレートは何？


Pacific Plate

Context: The northern side is a convergent boundary subducting under the North American Plate forming the Aleutian Trench and the corresponding Aleutian Islands.

Question: 地球最大のプレートは何？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Comet Hale–Bopp (formally designated C/1995 O1) is a comet that was one of the most widely observed of the 20th century and one of the brightest seen for many decades.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: The comet was discovered independently on July 23, 1995, by two observers, Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, both in the United States.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: The following morning, it was confirmed that this was a new comet, and it was given the designation C/1995 O1. The discovery was announced in International Astronomical Union circular 6187.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Hale–Bopp became visible to the naked eye in May 1996, and although its rate of brightening slowed considerably during the latter half of that year, scientists were still cautiously optimistic that it would become very bright. It was too closely aligned with the Sun to be observable during December 1996, but when it reappeared in January 1997 it was already bright enough to be seen by anyone who looked for it, even from large cities with light-polluted skies.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: The Internet was a growing phenomenon at the time, and numerous websites that tracked the comet's progress and provided daily images from around the world became extremely popular. The Internet played a large role in encouraging the unprecedented public interest in comet Hale–Bopp.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: As the comet approached the Sun, it continued to brighten, shining at 2nd magnitude in February, and showing a growing pair of tails, the blue gas tail pointing straight away from the Sun and the yellowish dust tail curving away along its orbit. On March 9, a solar eclipse in China, Mongolia and eastern Siberia allowed observers there to see the comet in the daytime. Hale–Bopp had its closest approach to Earth on March 22, 1997, at a distance of 1.315 AU.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: As it passed perihelion on April 1, 1997, the comet developed into a spectacular sight. It shone brighter than any star in the sky except Sirius, and its dust tail stretched 40–45 degrees across the sky. The comet was visible well before the sky got fully dark each night, and while many great comets are very close to the Sun as they pass perihelion, comet Hale–Bopp was visible all night to northern hemisphere observers.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: The comet continued to fade as it receded, but was still tracked by astronomers. In October 2007, 10 years after the perihelion and at distance of 25.7 AU from Sun, the comet was still active as indicated by the detection of the CO-driven coma. Herschel Space Observatory images taken in 2010 suggest comet Hale–Bopp is covered in a fresh frost layer. Hale–Bopp was again detected in December 2010 when it was 30.7 AU away from the Sun, and on August 7, 2012, at a 33.2 AU distance from the Sun.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: The comet likely made its previous perihelion 4,200 years ago, in July 2215 BC. The estimated closest approach to Earth was 1.4 AU, and it may have been observed in ancient Egypt during the 6th dynasty reign of the Pharaoh Pepi II (Reign: 2247 – c. 2216 BC). Pepi's pyramid at Saqqara contains a text referring to an "nhh-star" as a companion of the pharaoh in the heavens, where "" is the hieroglyph for long hair.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Hale–Bopp showed the highest ever linear polarization detected for any comet. Such polarization is the result of solar radiation getting scattered by the dust particles in the coma of the comet and depends on the nature of the grains. It further confirms that the dust grains in the coma of comet Hale–Bopp were smaller than inferred in any other comet.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: One of the most remarkable discoveries was that the comet had a third type of tail. In addition to the well-known gas and dust tails, Hale–Bopp also exhibited a faint sodium tail, only visible with powerful instruments with dedicated filters. Sodium emission had been previously observed in other comets, but had not been shown to come from a tail. Hale–Bopp's sodium tail consisted of neutral atoms (not ions), and extended to some 50 million kilometres in length.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: The source of the sodium appeared to be the inner coma, although not necessarily the nucleus. There are several possible mechanisms for generating a source of sodium atoms, including collisions between dust grains surrounding the nucleus, and "sputtering" of sodium from dust grains by ultraviolet light. It is not yet established which mechanism is primarily responsible for creating Hale–Bopp's sodium tail, and the narrow and diffuse components of the tail may have different origins.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: While the comet's dust tail roughly followed the path of the comet's orbit and the gas tail pointed almost directly away from the Sun, the sodium tail appeared to lie between the two. This implies that the sodium atoms are driven away from the comet's head by radiation pressure.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: The abundance of deuterium in comet Hale–Bopp in the form of heavy water was found to be about twice that of Earth's oceans. If Hale–Bopp's deuterium abundance is typical of all comets, this implies that although cometary impacts are thought to be the source of a significant amount of the water on Earth, they cannot be the only source.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Deuterium was also detected in many other hydrogen compounds in the comet. The ratio of deuterium to normal hydrogen was found to vary from compound to compound, which astronomers believe suggests that cometary ices were formed in interstellar clouds, rather than in the solar nebula. Theoretical modelling of ice formation in interstellar clouds suggests that comet Hale–Bopp formed at temperatures of around 25–45 kelvins.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Spectroscopic observations of Hale–Bopp revealed the presence of many organic chemicals, several of which had never been detected in comets before. These complex molecules may exist within the cometary nucleus, or might be synthesised by reactions in the comet.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Comet Hale–Bopp's activity and outgassing were not spread uniformly over its nucleus, but instead came from several specific jets. Observations of the material streaming away from these jets allowed astronomers to measure the rotation period of the comet, which was found to be about 11 hours 46 minutes.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Although observations using adaptive optics in late 1997 and early 1998 showed a double peak in the brightness of the nucleus, controversy still exists over whether such observations can only be explained by a binary nucleus. The discovery of the satellite was not confirmed by other observations. Also, while comets have been observed to break up before, no case had been found of a stable binary nucleus until the subsequent discovery of .

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Thirty-nine members of the Heaven's Gate cult committed mass suicide in March 1997 with the intention of teleporting to a spaceship which they believed was flying behind the comet.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Its lengthy period of visibility and extensive coverage in the media meant that Hale–Bopp was probably the most-observed comet in history, making a far greater impact on the general public than the return of Halley's Comet in 1986, and certainly seen by a greater number of people than witnessed any of Halley's previous appearances. For instance, 69% of Americans had seen Hale–Bopp by April 9, 1997.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Hale–Bopp was a record-breaking comet—the farthest comet from the Sun discovered by amateurs, with the largest well-measured cometary nucleus known after 95P/Chiron, and it was visible to the naked eye for twice as long as the previous record-holder. It was also brighter than magnitude 0 for eight weeks, longer than any other recorded comet.

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


Comet Hale–Bopp

Context: Carolyn Shoemaker and her husband Gene, both famous for co-discovering comet Shoemaker–Levy 9, were involved in a car crash after photographing the comet. Gene died in the crash and his ashes were sent to the Moon aboard NASA's "Lunar Prospector" mission along with an image of Hale–Bopp, "the last comet that the Shoemakers observed together".

Question: ヘール・ボップ彗星は何故明るくなった？


List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Context: The sultan was also referred to as the Padishah (, ). In Ottoman usage the word "Padisha" was usually used except "sultan" was used when he was directly named. In several European languages, he was referred to as the "Grand Turk", as the ruler of the Turks, or simply the "Great Lord" ("il Gran Signore", "le grand seigneur") especially in the 16th century.

Question: オスマン帝国は何年続いた？


List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Context: After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II, Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of the titles caesar ( "qayser") of Rûm, and emperor, as well as the caliph of Islam. Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the Sword of Osman, an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation. A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession.

Question: オスマン帝国は何年続いた？


List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Context: Constitutionalism was established during the reign Abdul Hamid II, who thus became the empire's last absolute ruler and its reluctant first constitutional monarch. Although Abdul Hamid II abolished the parliament and the constitution to return to personal rule in 1878, he was again forced in 1908 to reinstall constitutionalism and was deposed. Since 2021, the head of the House of Osman has been Harun Osman, a great-grandson of Abdul Hamid II.

Question: オスマン帝国は何年続いた？


List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Context: d: The Ottoman Interregnum, also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate (), was a period of chaos in the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1402 to 1413. It started following the defeat and capture of Bayezid I by the Turco-Mongol warlord Tamerlane at the Battle of Ankara, which was fought on 20 July 1402. Bayezid's sons fought each other for over a decade, until Mehmed I emerged as the undisputed victor in 1413.

Question: オスマン帝国は何年続いた？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: The United Kingdom did not seek to adopt the euro as its official currency for the duration of its membership of the European Union (EU), and secured an opt-out at the euro's creation via the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, wherein the Bank of England would only be a member of the European System of Central Banks.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: United Kingdom opinion polls showed that the majority of British people were against adopting the euro; and in a June 2016 referendum, the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU, significantly reducing any chance of future adoption. On 31 January 2020 the United Kingdom left the EU.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: Despite never being a member of the eurozone, the euro is used in Akrotiri and Dhekelia and as a secondary currency in Gibraltar. Furthermore, during its membership in the EU, London was home to the majority of the euro's clearing houses.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: The UK would also have to meet the EU's economic convergence criteria (Maastricht criteria) before being allowed to adopt the euro; which at that time the UK's annual government deficit to the gross domestic product (GDP) was above the defined threshold. The government committed itself to a triple-approval procedure before joining the eurozone, involving approval by the Cabinet, Parliament, and the electorate in a referendum.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: The UK released new coin designs in 2008 following the Royal Mint's biggest redesign of the national currency since decimalisation in 1971. German news magazine "Der Spiegel" saw this as an indication that the country has no intention of switching to the euro within the foreseeable future.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: In the UK general election 2010, the Liberal Democrats increased their share of the vote, but lost seats. One of their aims was to see the UK rejoining ERM II and eventually joining the euro, but when a coalition was formed between the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives, the Liberal Democrats agreed that the UK would not join the euro during this term of government.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: Following the election of a majority-Conservatives government in the subsequent election, a referendum on EU membership itself was held, and the result was in favour of leaving the EU. Since the UK has withdrawn from the EU, euro adoption is practically impossible. Even if government and or public opinion were to change, the EU's position is that third countries would only adopt the euro through membership of the EU. Withdrawal may also negatively impact London's position as a hub for euro clearing.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: The currency of Gibraltar is the Gibraltar pound, issued by Her Majesty's Government of Gibraltar. Unofficially, most retail outlets in Gibraltar also accept the euro, though some payphones and the Royal Gibraltar Post Office, along with all other government offices, do not.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: London is home to three-quarters of all euro clearing in the world, to a value of €927 billion (2017 figure). The second largest hub is Paris, which operates 11% of clearing. In light of the UK's withdrawal from the EU, the EU is looking at whether these operations should be forced to move from London to within the EU so the activities could be regulated by the European Central Bank. Brexit might affect this.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: At that time, some shops in Northern Ireland accepted the euro at parity, causing a large influx of shoppers from across the Irish border. This made some shops the most successful in their company for several weeks. Alex Salmond, the then First Minister of Scotland, called for more Scottish businesses to accept the euro to encourage tourism from the eurozone, noting that this is already done by organisations such as Historic Scotland.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: During 2009, the value of the euro against the pound fluctuated between 96.1 pence on 2 January and 84.255 pence on 22 June. In 2010, the value of the euro against the pound fluctuated between 91.140 pence on 10 March and 81.040 pence on 29 June. On 31 December 2010, the euro closed at 86.075 pence. A report in Britain's "Daily Telegraph" argued that the high euro had caused problems in the eurozone outside Germany.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: There was a fairly steady decline in the euro rate during 2013, 2014 and 2015 from 85 pence to 70 pence. During 2016, the pound declined against several currencies, meaning the euro rose, especially on 24 June 2016 (because of the EU referendum) when the euro rose from 76 pence to 82 pence and further the following days.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: While the UK remained an EU member, its membership in the eurozone was only possible if it decided to drop its opt-out. Over the years, considerations on the impact of membership weighed heavily.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: An interesting parallel can be seen in the 19th century discussions concerning the possibility of the UK joining the Latin Monetary Union.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: The wording of the question may have varied, but the figures showed that a majority of British people have been consistently against adopting the euro.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: It was suggested that the sterling zone territories would, in the event of the UK adopting the euro, have four options:

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: Gibraltar was in a different position, being within the EU as part of the UK's membership. If the UK were to have adopted the euro it might not have been possible to implement an opt-out for Gibraltar or whether it would have had a separate referendum.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: Some private sector banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland issue banknotes of their own design. The Banking Act, 2008 amended the rights of Scottish and Northern Irish banks to produce banknotes. This does not apply in Wales which uses Bank of England notes.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


United Kingdom and the euro

Context: Aside from approval in a domestic referendum, the UK would be required to meet the euro convergence criteria before being granted approval to adopt the euro. As of the last report by the European Central Bank in May 2018, the UK met 1 of 5 of the criteria.

Question: イギリスはなぜユーロを導入しなかった？


Summer Madness (Lead song)

Context: The single contained two b-sides, "Boku ga Tsuki ni Inoru Yoru" and "One", the latter of which became popular enough to be placed on their first compilation album "."

Question: 「Summer Madness」が販売されたのはいつ


Summer Madness (Lead song)

Context: "One" was later placed on their first greatest hits album, "," while the title track would later be placed on their Jacket B edition of their 2012 studio album "Now or Never", which would also be their final album with their leader and lead vocalist Hiroki.

Question: 「Summer Madness」が販売されたのはいつ


Summer Madness (Lead song)

Context: The music video for "Summer Madness" was predominantly centered around the group, Hiroki, Shinya, Keita and Akira, on their way to and arriving at a beach. Sections of the video showed the members in front of a mall, while each performed solo vocals as the other members played in the background. Other clips featured them inside a mall, donning summer-themed attire while partaking in comedic moments.

Question: 「Summer Madness」が販売されたのはいつ


Summer Madness (Lead song)

Context: Shinya's solo rap segments were filmed with him leaned against a palm tree during a sunset over the beach. Other segments featured a caucasian woman donning a bikini, with some of the shots panning between her legs to focus on the group.

Question: 「Summer Madness」が販売されたのはいつ


Summer Madness (Lead song)

Context: "Summer Madness" became Lead's third single to be released both as a standard CD and a CD+DVD combo, the priors being "Night Deluxe" (2004) and "Baby Runnin' Wild" (2005).

Question: 「Summer Madness」が販売されたのはいつ


Summer Madness (Lead song)

Context: The standard CD carried the title track, the coupling tracks "Boku ga Tsuki ni Inoru Yoru" and "One" and the corresponding instrumental to "Summer Madness" (the others not receiving an instrumental rendition). The DVD on the first press limited edition contained both the music video and making video for the title track, "Summer Madness."

Question: 「Summer Madness」が販売されたのはいつ


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Hunter became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1787. The Hunterian Society of London was named in his honour, and the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons preserves his name and his collection of anatomical specimens. It still contains the illegally procured body of Charles Byrne, despite ongoing protests.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Hunter was born at Long Calderwood to Agnes Paul (c.1685–1751) and John Hunter (1662/3–1741), the youngest of their ten children. Three of Hunter's siblings (one of whom had also been named John) died of illness before he was born. An elder brother was William Hunter, the anatomist. As a youth, he showed little talent, and helped his brother-in-law as a cabinet-maker.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Hunter heavily researched blood while bloodletting patients with various diseases. This helped him develop his theory that inflammation was a bodily response to disease, and was not itself pathological.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Hunter studied under William Cheselden at Chelsea Hospital and Percival Pott at St Bartholomew's Hospital. Hunter also studied with Marie Marguerite Bihéron, a famous anatomist and wax modeler teaching in London; some of the illustrations in his text were likely hers. After qualifying, he worked at St George's Hospital as assistant surgeon from 1756, then as surgeon from 1768.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Hunter was commissioned as an Army surgeon in 1760 and was staff surgeon on expedition to the French island of Belle Île in 1761, then served in 1762 with the British Army.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Hunter left the Army in 1763, and spent at least five years working in partnership with James Spence, a well-known London dentist.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: In 1768, Hunter was appointed as surgeon to St George's Hospital. Later, he became a member of the Company of Surgeons. In 1776, he was appointed surgeon to King George III.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: In 1786, he was appointed deputy surgeon to the British Army and in March 1790, he was made surgeon general by the then Prime Minister, William Pitt. While in this post, he instituted a reform of the system for appointment and promotion of army surgeons based on experience and merit, rather than the patronage-based system that had been in place.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Hunter's death in 1793 was due to a heart attack brought on by an argument at St George's Hospital concerning the admission of students. He was originally buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields, but in 1859 was reburied in the north aisle of the nave in Westminster Abbey, reflecting his importance to the country.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: He was described by one of his assistants late in his life as a man 'warm and impatient, readily provoked, and when irritated, not easily soothed'.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: In 1771, he married Anne Home, daughter of Robert Boyne Home and sister of Sir Everard Home. They had four children, two of whom died before the age of five. One of his infant children is buried in the churchyard in Kirkheaton, Northumberland, and the gravestone is Grade II listed. Their fourth child, Agnes, married General Sir James Campbell of Inverneill.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: In 1799, the government purchased Hunter's collection of papers and specimens, which it presented to the Company of Surgeons.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Hunter helped to improve understanding of human teeth, bone growth and remodeling, inflammation, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases, digestion, the functioning of the lacteals, child development, the separateness of maternal and foetal blood supplies, and the role of the lymphatic system. He carried out the first recorded artificial insemination in 1790 on a linen draper's wife.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a key figure in Romantic thought, science, and medicine, saw in Hunter's work the seeds of Romantic medicine, namely as regards his principle of life, which he felt had come from the mind of genius.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: His Leicester Square house is said to have been the inspiration for the home of Dr Jekyll of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel "The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde".

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


John Hunter (surgeon)

Context: The John Hunter Clinic of the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London is named after him, as are the John Hunter Hospital in Newcastle, Australia and the Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.

Question: ジョン・ハンターの最終学歴は？


Inclusion (education)

Context: Implementation of these practices varies. Schools most frequently use the inclusion model for select students with mild to moderate special needs. Fully inclusive schools, which are rare, do not separate "general education" and "special education" programs; instead, the school is restructured so that all students learn together.

Question: 普通教育のされる公立学校で障がい者を受け入れる取り組みはインクルーシブ教育？


Inclusion (education)

Context: Inclusive education differs from the 'integration' or 'mainstreaming' model of education, which tended to be concerne

Question: 普通教育のされる公立学校で障がい者を受け入れる取り組みはインクルーシブ教育？