Charles de Gaulle

Context: After his initial support, Churchill, emboldened by American antipathy to the French general, urged his War Cabinet to remove de Gaulle as leader of the Free France. But the War Cabinet warned Churchill that a precipitate break with de Gaulle would have a disastrous effect on the whole resistance movement. By autumn 1943, Churchill had to acknowledge that de Gaulle had won the struggle for leadership of Free France.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle's relations with Washington were even more strained. President Roosevelt for a long time refused to recognize de Gaulle as the representative of France, insisting on negotiations with the Vichy government. Roosevelt in particular hoped that it would be possible to wean Pétain away from Germany. Roosevelt maintained recognition of the Vichy regime until late 1942, and saw de Gaulle as an impudent representative of a minority interest.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle and Churchill had a complex relationship during the wartime period. De Gaulle did show respect and admiration for Churchill, and even some light humorous interactions between the two have been noted by observers such as Duff Cooper, the British Ambassador to the French Committee of Liberation. Churchill explained his support for de Gaulle during the darkest hours, calling him "L'homme du destin".

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In the years to come, the sometimes hostile, sometimes friendly dependent wartime relationship of de Gaulle and his future political peers reenacted the historical national and colonial rivalry and lasting enmity between the French and the British, and foreshadowed the deep distrust of France for post-war Anglo-American partnerships.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Meanwhile, with the Germans retreating in the face of the Allied onslaught, harried all the way by the resistance, there were widespread instances of revenge attacks on those accused of collaboration. A number of prominent officials and members of the feared Milice were murdered, often by exceptionally brutal means, provoking the Germans into appalling reprisals, such as in the destruction of the village of Oradour-sur-Glane and the killing of its 642 inhabitants.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle himself though wrote, "There were no bullets whistling around my ears." ("Aucune balle ne siffle à mes oreilles.") He thought the shots were probably over-excited troops firing at shadows. No culprits, if there were any, were ever identified.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Later, in the great hall of the Hôtel de Ville, de Gaulle was greeted by a jubilant crowd and, proclaiming the continuity of the Third Republic, delivered a famous proclamation;

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: The same day, Washington and London agreed to accept the position of the Free French. The following day General Eisenhower gave his de facto blessing with a visit to the General in Paris.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Believing them to be a dangerous revolutionary force, de Gaulle moved to break up the liberation committees and other militias. The communists were not only extremely active, but they received a level of popular support that disturbed de Gaulle. As early as May 1943, the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull had written to Roosevelt urging him to take action to attempt to curb the rise of communism in France.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In social policy, legislation was introduced in February 1945 that provided for the establishment of works committees in all private industrial establishments employing more than 50 (originally more than 100) people.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle was never invited to the summit conferences of Allied leaders such as Yalta and Potsdam. He never forgave the Big Three leaders (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin) for their neglect and continued to rage against it as having been a negative factor in European politics for the rest of his life.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, despite Stalin's opposition, Churchill and Roosevelt insisted that France be allowed a post-war occupation zone in Germany, and also made sure that it was included among the five nations that invited others to the conference to establish the United Nations. This was important because it guaranteed France a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, a prestigious position that, despite pressure from emerging nations, it still holds today.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Churchill's relationship with de Gaulle was now at rock bottom. In January he told a colleague that he believed that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain. After five years of experience, I am convinced that he is the worst enemy of France in her troubles ... he is one of the greatest dangers to European peace... I am sure that in the long run no understanding will be reached with General de Gaulle".

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In the election, the second option was approved by 13 million of the 21 million voters. The big three parties won 75% of the vote, with the Communists winning 158 seats, the MRP 152 seats, the Socialists 142 seats and the remaining seats going to the various far right parties.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Eventually, the new cabinet was finalised on 21 November, with the Communists receiving five out of the twenty-two ministries, and although they still did not get any of the key portfolios, de Gaulle believed that the draft constitution placed too much power in the hands of parliament with its shifting party alliances. One of his ministers said he was "a man equally incapable of monopolizing power as of sharing it".

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: The independence of Morocco and Tunisia was arranged by Mendès France and proclaimed in March 1956. Meanwhile, in Algeria some 350,000 French troops were fighting 150,000 combatants of the Algerian Liberation Movement (FLN). Within a few years, the Algerian war of independence reached a summit in terms of savagery and bloodshed and threatened to spill into metropolitan France itself.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Between 1946 and 1958 the Fourth Republic had 24 separate ministries. Frustrated by the endless divisiveness, de Gaulle famously asked "How can you govern a country which has 246 varieties of cheese?"

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: The Fourth Republic was wracked by political instability, failures in Indochina, and inability to resolve the Algerian question.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: On 13 May 1958, the Pied-Noir settlers seized the government buildings in Algiers, attacking what they saw as French government weakness in the face of demands among the Berber and Arab majority for Algerian independence. A "Committee of Civil and Army Public Security" was created under the presidency of General Jacques Massu, a Gaullist sympathiser. General Raoul Salan, Commander-in-Chief in Algeria, announced on radio that he was assuming provisional power, and appealed for confidence in himself.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: The crisis deepened as French paratroops from Algeria seized Corsica and a landing near Paris was discussed (Operation Resurrection).

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Political leaders on many sides agreed to support the General's return to power, except François Mitterrand, Pierre Mendès France, Alain Savary, the Communist Party, and certain other leftists.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle's cabinet received strong support from right parties, split support from left of center parties, and strong opposition from the Communist Party. In the vote on 1 June 1958, 329 votes were cast in favor and 224 against, out of 593 deputies. The composition of the vote was as follows:

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Votes in favor: 42 out of 95 Socialists led by Guy Mollet, 24 out of 42 Radicals led by Felix Gaillard, 10 out of 20 UDSR deputies led by Rene Pleven, all 14 RGR deputies led by Edgar Faure, 70 out of 74 MRP deputies led by Georges Bidault, around 22 Social Republicans led by Jacques Chelmas-Delban, around 95 Independent-Peasants led by Antoine Pinay, and around 52 Poujadists.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Votes against: 141 Communists, 49 Socialists led by Gaston Deferre, 18 Radicals led by Pierre Mendes-France, and 4 UDSR deputies led by Francois Mitterand.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: He set about building Franco-German cooperation as the cornerstone of the European Economic Community (EEC), paying the first state visit to Germany by a French head of state since Napoleon. In January 1963, Germany and France signed a treaty of friendship, the Élysée Treaty. France also reduced its dollar reserves, trading them for gold from the Federal government of the United States, thereby reducing American economic influence abroad.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: As the last chief of government of the Fourth Republic, de Gaulle made sure that the Treaty of Rome creating the European Economic Community was fully implemented, and that the British project of Free Trade Area was rejected, to the extent that he was sometimes considered as a "Father of Europe".

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Although the Algerian issue was settled, Prime Minister Michel Debré resigned over the final settlement and was replaced with Georges Pompidou on 14 April 1962. France recognised Algerian independence on 3 July 1962, and a blanket amnesty law was belatedly voted in 1968, covering all crimes committed by the French army during the war. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 "Pied-Noirs" left the country. After 5 July, the exodus accelerated in the wake of the French deaths during the Oran massacre of 1962.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle's proposal to change the election procedure for the French presidency was approved at the referendum on 28 October 1962 by more than three-fifths of voters despite a broad "coalition of no" formed by most of the parties, opposed to a presidential regime. Thereafter the president was to be elected by direct universal suffrage for the first time since Louis Napoleon in 1848.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: With the Algerian conflict behind him, de Gaulle was able to achieve his two main objectives, the reform and development of the French economy, and the promotion of an independent foreign policy and a strong presence on the international stage. This was named by foreign observers the "politics of grandeur" ("politique de grandeur"). See Gaullism.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In the context of a population boom unseen in France since the 18th century, the government intervened heavily in the economy, using "dirigisme"—a unique combination of free-market and state-directed economy—with indicative five-year plans as its main tool. This was followed by a rapid transformation and expansion of the French economy.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: High-profile projects, mostly but not always financially successful, were launched: the extension of Marseille's harbour (soon ranking third in Europe and first in the Mediterranean); the promotion of the Caravelle passenger jetliner (a predecessor of Airbus); the decision to start building the supersonic Franco-British Concorde airliner in Toulouse; the expansion of the French auto industry with state-owned Renault at its centre; and the building of the first motorways between Paris and the provinces.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Aided by these projects, the French economy recorded growth rates unrivalled since the 19th century. In 1964, for the first time in nearly 100 years France's GDP overtook that of the United Kingdom for a time. This period is still remembered in France with some nostalgia as the peak of the "Trente Glorieuses" ("Thirty Glorious Years" of economic growth between 1945 and 1974).

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In 1967, de Gaulle decreed a law that obliged all firms over certain sizes to distribute a small portion of their profits to their employees. By 1974, as a result of this measure, French employees received an average of 700 francs per head, equivalent to 3.2% of their salary.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: By October 1952, the United Kingdom had become the third country—after the United States and the Soviet Union—to independently test and develop nuclear weapons. This gave Britain the capability to launch a nuclear strike via its Vulcan bomber force and they began developing a ballistic missile program known as Blue Streak.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle demanded political parity with Britain and America in NATO, and for its geographic coverage to be extended to include French territories abroad, including Algeria, then experiencing civil war. This was not forthcoming, and so in March 1959 France, citing the need for it to maintain its own independent military strategy, withdrew its Mediterranean Fleet (ALESCMED) from NATO, and a few months later de Gaulle demanded the removal of all US nuclear weapons from French territory.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: France, experiencing the disintegration of its colonial empire and severe problems in Algeria, turned towards Europe after the Suez Crisis, and to West Germany in particular. In the years after, the economies of both nations integrated and they led the drive towards European unity.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: One of the conditions of Marshall Aid was that the nations' leaders must co-ordinate economic efforts and pool the supply of raw materials. By far the most critical commodities in driving growth were coal and steel. France assumed it would receive large amounts of high-quality German coal from the Ruhr as reparations for the war, but the US refused to allow this, fearing a repetition of the bitterness after the Treaty of Versailles which partly caused World War II.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Under the inspiration of the French statesmen Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman, together with the German leader Konrad Adenauer, the rift between the two nations had begun to heal and in 1951, along with Italy and the Benelux countries, they formed the European Coal and Steel Community. Following the Treaty of Rome of 1957, this became the European Economic Community.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Great Britain initially declined to join the EEC, preferring to remain with another organisation known as the European Free Trade Area, mostly consisting of the northern European countries and Portugal. By the late 1950s, German and French living standards began to exceed those in Britain, and the government of Harold Macmillan, realising that the EEC was a stronger trade bloc than EFTA, began negotiations to join.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle vetoed the British application to join the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1963, famously uttering the single word 'non' into the television cameras at the critical moment, a statement used to sum up French opposition towards Britain for many years afterwards. Macmillan said afterwards that he always believed that de Gaulle would prevent Britain joining, but thought he would do it quietly, behind the scenes. He later complained privately that "all our plans are in tatters".

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: However, in this latter respect, a detailed study of the formative years of the EEC argues that the defence of French economic interests, especially in agriculture, in fact played a more dominant role in determining de Gaulle's stance towards British entry than the various political and foreign policy considerations that have often been cited.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Dean Acheson believed that Britain made a grave error in not signing up to European integration right from the start, and that they continued to suffer the political consequences for at least two decades afterwards. However he also stated his belief that de Gaulle used the 'Common Market' (as it was then termed) as an "exclusionary device to direct European trade towards the interest of France and against that of the United States, Britain and other countries."

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: As part of a European tour, Nixon visited France in 1969. He and de Gaulle both shared the same non-Wilsonian approach to world affairs, believing in nations and their relative strengths, rather than in ideologies, international organisations, or multilateral agreements. De Gaulle is famously known for calling the UN the pejorative "" ("the thingamajig").

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In December 1965, de Gaulle returned as president for a second seven-year term. In the first round he did not win the expected majority, receiving 45% of the vote. Both of his main rivals did better than expected; the leftist François Mitterrand received 32% and Jean Lecanuet, who advocated for what "Life" described as "Gaullism without de Gaulle", received 16%. De Gaulle won a majority in the second round, with Mitterrand receiving 44.8%.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle later visited Guadeloupe for two days, in the aftermath of Hurricane Inez, bringing aid which totaled billions of francs.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: With tension rising in the Middle East in 1967, de Gaulle on 2 June declared an arms embargo against Israel, just three days before the outbreak of the Six-Day War. This, however, did not affect spare parts for the French military hardware with which the Israeli armed forces were equipped.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Under de Gaulle, following the independence of Algeria, France embarked on foreign policy more favorable to the Arab side. President de Gaulle's position in 1967 at the time of the Six-Day War played a part in France's new-found popularity in the Arab world. Israel turned towards the United States for arms, and toward its own industry. In a televised news conference on 27 November 1967, de Gaulle described the Jewish people as "this elite people, sure of themselves and domineering".

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: The event however was seen as a watershed moment by the Quebec sovereignty movement, and is still a significant milestone of Quebec's history to the eyes of most Quebecers.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In the following year, de Gaulle visited Brittany, where he declaimed a poem written by his uncle (also called Charles de Gaulle) in the Breton language. The speech followed a series of crackdowns on Breton nationalism. De Gaulle was accused of hypocrisy, on the one hand supporting a "free" Quebec because of linguistic and ethnic differences from other Canadians, while on the other hand suppressing a regional and ethnic nationalist movement in Brittany.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: General de Gaulle paid an official visit to Poland on 6 September 1967 and spent an entire week there. De Gaulle described it as his "pilgrimage to Poland" and visited Warsaw, Gdańsk, Kraków and Nazi death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. He met with crowds of people on the streets and shouted (in Polish) "Long live Poland! Our dear, noble and brave Poland!". Without discussion, de Gaulle announced that France officially recognized the new Polish western border that was established in 1945.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In a private meeting discussing the students' and workers' demands for direct participation in business and government he coined the phrase "La réforme oui, la chienlit non", which can be politely translated as 'reform yes, masquerade/chaos no.' It was a vernacular scatological pun meaning 'chie-en-lit, no' (shit-in-bed, no). The term is now common parlance in French political commentary, used both critically and ironically referring back to de Gaulle.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle had made arrangements that insisted his funeral be held at Colombey, and that no presidents or ministers attend his funeral—only his "Compagnons de la Libération". Despite his wishes, such were the number of foreign dignitaries who wanted to honor de Gaulle that Pompidou was forced to arrange a separate memorial service at the Notre-Dame Cathedral, to be held at the same time as his actual funeral.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle married Yvonne Vendroux on 7 April 1921 in Église Notre-Dame de Calais. They had three children: Philippe (born 1921), Élisabeth (1924–2013), who married General Alain de Boissieu, and Anne (1928–1948). Anne had Down syndrome and died of pneumonia at the age of 20. He always had a particular love for Anne; one Colombey resident recalled how he used to walk with her hand-in-hand around the property, caressing her and talking quietly about the things she understood.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle had an older brother Xavier (1887–1955) and sister Marie-Agnes (1889–1983), and two younger brothers, Jacques (1893–1946) and Pierre (1897–1959). He was particularly close to the youngest, Pierre, who so resembled him that presidential bodyguards often saluted him by mistake when he visited his famous brother or accompanied him on official visits.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: One of De Gaulle's grandsons, also named Charles de Gaulle, was a member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 2004, his last tenure being for the National Front. The younger Charles de Gaulle's move to the anti-Gaullist Front National was widely condemned by other family members, in open letters and newspaper interviews. "It was like hearing the pope had converted to Islam", one said. Another grandson, Jean de Gaulle, was a member of the French parliament until his retirement in 2007.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle made 31 regional tours during his presidency, visiting every French department; for many small towns, the visit was an important moment in history. He enjoyed entering the welcoming crowds; an aide noted how often people said "he saw me" or "he touched me", and another recalled how a mother begged de Gaulle for the king's touch on her baby. They, supporters, and opponents surmised that de Gaulle was a monarch-like figure for the French.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle was admired by the later President Nixon. After a meeting at the Palace of Versailles just before the general left office, Nixon declared that "He did not try to put on airs but an aura of majesty seemed to envelop him ... his performance—and I do not use that word disparagingly—was breathtaking." On arriving for his funeral several months later, Nixon said of him, "greatness knows no national boundaries".

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: De Gaulle was an excellent manipulator of the media, as seen in his shrewd use of television to persuade around 80% of Metropolitan France to approve the new constitution for the Fifth Republic. In so doing, he refused to yield to the reasoning of his opponents who said that, if he succeeded in Algeria, he would no longer be necessary. He afterwards enjoyed massive approval ratings, and once said that "every Frenchman is, has been or will be Gaullist".

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: That de Gaulle did not necessarily reflect mainstream French public opinion with his veto was suggested by the decisive majority of French people who voted in favour of British membership when the much more conciliatory Pompidou called a referendum on the matter in 1972. His early influence in setting the parameters of the EEC can still be seen today, most notably with the controversial Common Agricultural Policy.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: In 1968, shortly before leaving office, de Gaulle refused to devalue the Franc on grounds of national prestige, but upon taking over Pompidou reversed the decision almost straight away. It was ironic, that during the financial crisis of 1968, France had to rely on American (and West German) financial aid to help shore up the economy.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: Brian Crozier said "the fame of de Gaulle outstrips his achievements, he chose to make repeated gestures of petulance and defiance that weakened the west without compensating advantages to France"

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: While de Gaulle had many admirers, he was at the same time one of the most hated and reviled men in modern French history.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


Charles de Gaulle

Context: France's largest airport, located in Roissy, outside Paris, is named Charles de Gaulle Airport in his honour. France's nuclear-powered aircraft carrier is also named after him.

Question: 샤를 드골 출생일은 언젠가요?


History of Amazon

Context: Amazon.com, Inc. is an American multinational technology company which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. It has been referred to as "one of the most influential economic and cultural forces in the world", and is one of the world's most valuable brands.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: On July 5, 1994, Bezos initially incorporated the company in Washington state with the name Cadabra, Inc. After a few months, he changed the name to Amazon.com, Inc, because a lawyer misheard its original name as "cadaver". In its early days, the company was operated out of the garage of Bezos's house on Northeast 28th Street in Bellevue, Washington.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: In 1999, Amazon first attempted to enter the publishing business by buying a defunct imprint, "Weathervane", and publishing some books "selected with no apparent thought", according to "The New Yorker". The imprint quickly vanished again, and Amazon representatives said that they had never heard of it. Also in 1999, "Time" magazine named Bezos the Person of the Year when it recognized the company's success in popularizing online shopping.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: Since June 19, 2000, Amazon's logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: In 2011, Amazon had 30,000 full-time employees in the US, and by the end of 2016, it had 180,000 employees.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: In 2014, Amazon launched the Fire Phone. The Fire Phone was meant to deliver media streaming options but the venture failed, resulting in Amazon registering a $170 million loss. This would also lead to the Fire Phone production being stopped the following year. In August of the same year, Amazon would finalize the acquisition of Twitch, a social video gaming streaming site, for $970 million. This new acquisition would be integrated into the game production division of Amazon.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: According to an August 8, 2018 story in Bloomberg Businessweek, Amazon has about a 5 percent share of US retail spending (excluding cars and car parts and visits to restaurants and bars), and a 43.5 percent share of American online spending in 2018. The forecast is for Amazon to own 49 percent of the total American online spending in 2018, with two-thirds of Amazon's revenue coming from the US.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: Amazon launched the last-mile delivery program and ordered 20,000 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Vans for the service in September 2018.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: Amazon generated $386 billion in US retail e-commerce sales in 2020, up 38% over 2019. Amazon's Marketplace sales represent an increasingly dominant portion of its e-commerce business.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: At the end of March 2020, some workers of the Staten Island warehouse staged a walkout in protest of the poor health situation at their workplace amidst the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. One of the organizers, Chris Smalls, was first put on quarantine without anyone else being quarantined, and soon afterwards fired from the company.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: The pandemic caused a surge in online shopping and resulted in shortages of household staples both online and some brick-and-mortar stores. From March 17 to April 10, 2020, Amazon warehouses stopped accepting non-essential items from third-party sellers. The company hired approximately 175,000 additional warehouse workers and delivery contractors to deal with the surge, and temporarily raised wages by $2/hour.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: In March 2022, Amazon announced that they would be closing all 4-star stores, along with their Books and Pop Up stores, across the US and the UK, stating that they were refocusing on their grocery and fashion stores.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


History of Amazon

Context: Amazon has grown through several mergers and acquisitions. The company has also invested in a number of growing firms, both in the United States and internationally. In 2014, Amazon purchased top level domain .buy in auction for over $4 million. The company has invested in brands that offer a wide range of services and products, including Engine Yard, a Ruby-on-Rails platform as a service company, and Living Social, a local deal site.

Question: 누가 아마존을 발명했는가?


Baghdad

Context: A few authors have suggested older origins for the name, in particular the name "Bagdadu" or "Hudadu" that existed in Old Babylonian (spelled with a sign that can represent both "bag" and "hu"), and the Babylonian Talmudic name of a place called "Baghdatha". Some scholars suggested Aramaic derivations.

Question: 이라크에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Baghdad

Context: The bricks used to make the city were on all four sides. Abu Hanifah was the counter of the bricks and he developed a canal, which brought water to the work site for both human consumption and the manufacture of the bricks. Marble was also used to make buildings throughout the city, and marble steps led down to the river's edge.

Question: 이라크에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Baghdad

Context: The roundness points to the fact that it was based on Arabic script. The two designers who were hired by Al-Mansur to plan the city's design were Naubakht, a Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious, and Mashallah, a Jew from Khorasan, Iran.

Question: 이라크에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Baghdad

Context: August 2010, in the presence of the Central Bank Governor Sinan Al Shabibi. On 2 February 2012, Zaha Hadid joined Sinan Al Shabibi at a ceremony in London to sign the agreement between the Central Bank of Iraq and Zaha Hadid Architects for the design stages of the new CBI Headquarters building. The construction was postponed in 2015 due to economical problems, but started again in 2019.

Question: 이라크에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Baghdad

Context: The nine districts are subdivided into 89 smaller neighborhoods which may make up sectors of any of the districts above. The following is a "selection" (rather than a complete list) of these neighborhoods:

Question: 이라크에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson (born January 3, 1956) is an American actor, film director, and producer. He is best known for his action hero roles, particularly his breakout role as Max Rockatansky in the first three films of the post-apocalyptic action series "Mad Max" and as Martin Riggs in the buddy cop film series "Lethal Weapon".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson's father was awarded US$145,000 in a work-related-injury lawsuit against the New York Central Railroad on February 14, 1968, and soon afterwards relocated his family to West Pymble, Sydney, Australia. Gibson was 12 years old at the time. The move to his grandmother's native Australia was for economic reasons, and his father's expectation that the Australian Defence Forces would reject his eldest son for the draft during the Vietnam War.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: During his high school years, Gibson was educated by members of the Congregation of Christian Brothers at St Leo's Catholic College in Wahroonga, New South Wales.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: During the 1990s, Gibson alternated between commercial and personal projects. His films in the first half of the decade were "Forever Young", "Lethal Weapon 3", "Maverick", and "Braveheart". He then starred in "Ransom", "Conspiracy Theory", "Lethal Weapon 4", and "Payback". Gibson also served as the speaking and singing voice of John Smith in Disney's "Pocahontas".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson also played two villains: Luther Voz in "Machete Kills" in 2013, opposite Danny Trejo, and Conrad Stonebanks in "The Expendables 3" opposite Sylvester Stallone in 2014.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson appeared in the lead role of director S. Craig Zahler's police brutality-themed film "Dragged Across Concrete", released in 2018. He then starred in "The Professor and the Madman" – he and the director both disowned the film.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In June 2010, Gibson was in Brownsville, Texas, filming scenes for the film "How I Spent My Summer Vacation", about a career criminal put in a tough prison in Mexico. In October 2010, it was reported that Gibson would have a small role in "The Hangover Part II", but he was removed from the film after the cast and crew objected to his involvement.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson has expressed an intention to direct a movie set during the Viking Age, starring Leonardo DiCaprio. Like "The Passion of the Christ" and "Apocalypto", he wants this speculative film to feature dialogue in period languages. However, DiCaprio ultimately opted out of the project. In a 2012 interview, Gibson announced that the project, which he has titled "Berserker", was still moving forward.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In June 2016, Gibson announced that he will reunite with "Braveheart" screenwriter Randall Wallace to make a sequel for "The Passion of the Christ", focusing on the resurrection of Jesus. In early November 2016, Gibson revealed on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" that the sequel's title will be "The Passion of the Christ: Resurrection". He also stated that the project could "probably be three years off" because "it's a big subject".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In May 2018, it was announced that Gibson would be directing a WWII film titled "Destroyer". "Destroyer", similar to "Hacksaw Ridge", will also deal with the Battle of Okinawa in the Pacific Theater, although from a different front. It will be based on the heroic story of the crew belonging to USS "Laffey" (DD-724), who defended their ship from 22 kamikaze attacks.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: As of 2019, Gibson's cancelled projects included a Richard Donner–helmed film with the working title "Sam and George".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: After the death of "Lethal Weapon" director Richard Donner, Gibson has stated that he will direct, and also star, in a "Lethal Weapon 5".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: The 1981 Peter Weir film "Gallipoli" is about a group of young men from rural Western Australia who enlist in the Australian Imperial Force during World War I. They are sent to invade the Ottoman Empire, where they take part in the 1915 Gallipoli campaign. During the course of the movie, the young men slowly lose their innocence about the war. The climax of the movie centers on the catastrophic Australian offensive known as the Battle of the Nek.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Peter Weir cast Gibson in the role of Frank Dunne, an Irish-Australian drifter with an intense cynicism about fighting for the British Empire. Newcomer Mark Lee was recruited to play the idealistic Archy Hamilton after participating in a photo session for the director. Gibson later recalled:

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: I'd auditioned for an earlier film and he told me right up front, "I'm not going to cast you for this part. You're not old enough. But thanks for coming in, I just wanted to meet you." He told me he wanted me for "Gallipoli" a couple of years later because I wasn't the archetypal Australian. He had Mark Lee, the angelic-looking, ideal Australian kid, and he wanted something of a modern sensibility. He thought the audience needed someone to relate to of their own time.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson later said that "Gallipoli" is, "Not really a war movie. That's just the backdrop. It's really the story of two young men."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: The critically acclaimed film helped to further launch Gibson's career. He won the award for Best Actor in a Leading Role from the Australian Film Institute.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson was initially reluctant to accept the role of Guy Hamilton. "I didn't necessarily see my role as a great challenge. My character was, like the film suggests, a puppet. And I went with that. It wasn't some star thing, even though they advertised it that way." Gibson saw some similarities between himself and the character of Guy. "He's not a silver-tongued devil. He's kind of immature and he has some rough edges and I guess you could say the same for me."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: The film series has since been rebooted with a television adaptation, which aired for three seasons on FOX.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson made the unusual transition from action to classical drama, playing William Shakespeare's Danish prince in Franco Zeffirelli's "Hamlet". Gibson was cast alongside experienced Shakespearean actors Ian Holm, Alan Bates, and Paul Scofield. He compared working with Scofield to being "thrown into the ring with Mike Tyson". Scofield said of Gibson "Not the sort of actor you'd think would make an ideal Hamlet, but he had enormous integrity and intelligence."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: The film's depiction of the Prince of Wales as an effeminate homosexual caused the film to be attacked by the Gay Alliance. The Gay Alliance was especially enraged by a scene in which King Edward I murders his son's male lover by throwing him out of a castle window.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson, who had previously been reported making several homophobic statements, now replied, "The fact that King Edward throws this character out a window has nothing to do with him being gay ... He's terrible to his son, to everybody."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson asserted that the reason that King Edward I kills his son's lover is because the king is a "psychopath". Gibson also expressed bewilderment that some filmgoers laughed at this murder:

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Among those to defend Gibson were Orthodox Jewish rabbi Daniel Lapin and radio personality Michael Medved. Referring to ADL National Director Abraham Foxman, Rabbi Lapin said that by calling "The Passion of the Christ" anti-semitic, "what he is saying is that the only way (for Christians) to escape the wrath of Foxman is to repudiate (their own) faith."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In an interview with "The Globe and Mail", Gibson stated: "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation. The Papacy has condemned racism in any form... Jesus died for the sins of all times, and I'll be the first on the line for culpability".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Eventually, the continued media attacks began to anger Gibson. After his father's Holocaust denial was sharply criticized in print by "The New York Times" writer Frank Rich, Gibson retorted, "I want to kill him. I want his intestines on a stick... I want to kill his dog."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson's Traditionalist Catholic upbringing was also the target of criticism. In a 2006 interview with Diane Sawyer, Gibson stated that he feels that his "human rights were violated" by the often vitriolic attacks on his person, his family, and his religious beliefs which were sparked by "The Passion".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: The film grossed US$611,899,420 worldwide and $370,782,930 in the U.S. alone, surpassing any motion picture starring Gibson. In U.S. box offices, it became the seventh-highest-grossing (at the time) film in history and the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards and won the People's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson received further critical acclaim for his directing of the 2006 action-adventure film "Apocalypto". Gibson's fourth directorial effort is set in Mesoamerica during the early 16th century against the turbulent end times of a Maya civilization. The sparse dialogue is spoken in the Yucatec Maya language by a cast of Native American descent.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Before its release, much of the coverage focussed on the unavoidable association between the protagonist's issues and Mel Gibson's own well-publicized personal and legal problems (see ), including a conviction of battery of his ex-girlfriend. Wrote "Time" magazine, ""The Beaver" is a somber, sad domestic drama featuring an alcoholic in acute crisis ... It's hard to separate Gibson's true-life story from what's happening onscreen."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In a 2010 interview, Grigorieva stated that, when she first began being wooed by Gibson, the actor-director and his wife had been separated for more than 18 months. Grigorieva added, “He wrote me a lot of poetry. It was very beautiful, impressionistic, like an edgy, modern iambic pentameter. Mel has a really good grasp of language, he’s fantastic with words."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson's divorce was finalized on December 23, 2011, and the settlement with his ex-wife was said to be the highest in Hollywood history at over $400 million. The couple reportedly did not have a prenuptial agreement; because California is a community property state, Robyn was entitled to half of everything earned during the marriage.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In August 2011, Gibson settled with Grigorieva, who was awarded $750,000, joint legal custody, and a house in Sherman Oaks, California until their three-year-old daughter Lucia turns 18. In 2013, Grigorieva sued her attorneys accusing them of advising her to sign a bad agreement, including a term that taking legal action against Gibson would compromise her financial settlement.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: As of 2014, Gibson is in a relationship with former champion equestrian vaulter and writer Rosalind Ross. Ross gave birth to their son, and Gibson's ninth child, Lars Gerard, on January 20, 2017, in Los Angeles.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Records of Gibson using offshore accounts and business were revealed in the Jersey Leaks, records of more than 20,000 individuals held with the wealth management firm Kleinwort Benson.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson and his former wife have contributed a substantial amount of money to various charities, one of which is Healing the Children. According to Cris Embleton, one of the founders, the Gibsons gave millions to provide lifesaving medical treatment to needy children worldwide. They also supported the restoration of Renaissance artwork and gave millions of dollars to NIDA.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In a 2011 interview, Gibson said of his philanthropic works, "It gives you perspective. It's one of my faults, you tend to focus on yourself a lot. Which is not always the healthiest thing for your psyche or anything else. If you take a little time out to think about other people, it's good. It's uplifting."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson was raised a sedevacantist traditionalist Catholic (who reject the sitting pope, and usually several prior). During the filming of "The Passion of The Christ", he had daily visits from both local priests and priests from the Institute of Christ the King (a non-sedevacantist group) in France.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson's acquaintance Fr William Fulco said in 2009 that Gibson denies neither the pope nor Vatican II; even so, as of 2021, Gibson attended the Church of the Holy Family, a sedevacantist church he founded and funds in Southern California. Gibson has told Diane Sawyer that he believes non-Catholics and non-Christians can go to Heaven.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In a 1990 interview with Barbara Walters, Gibson said: "God is the only one who knows how many children we should have, and we should be ready to accept them. One can't decide for oneself who comes into this world and who doesn't. That decision doesn't belong to us."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In 2004, he publicly spoke out against taxpayer-funded embryonic stem-cell research that involves the cloning and destruction of human embryos. In March 2005, he condemned the outcome of the Terri Schiavo case, referring to Schiavo's death as "state-sanctioned murder".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson questioned the Iraq War in March 2004. In 2006, Gibson said that the "fearmongering" depicted in his film "Apocalypto" "reminds me a little of President Bush and his guys." He later said in 2016 that he is anti-war but has an appreciation for the sacrifices made by "warriors".

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson revealed in a 2016 interview with Jorge Ramos that he voted for neither Donald Trump nor Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election. In July 2021, Gibson was filmed saluting Trump while attending UFC 264, which went viral over the Internet.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: In October 2020, Gibson released a statement regarding the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and expressing solidarity with the Armenian people.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson has said that he started drinking at the age of 13. In a 2002 interview about his time at NIDA, Gibson said, "I had really good highs but some very low lows. I found out recently I'm manic depressive."

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: On August 17, 2006, Gibson pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor drunken-driving charge and was sentenced to three years' probation. He was ordered to attend self-help meetings five times a week for four-and-a-half months and three times a week for the remainder of the first year of his probation. He was also ordered to attend a First Offenders Program and fined $1,300, and his license was restricted for 90 days.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: After the arrest report was leaked on TMZ.com, Gibson issued two apologies through his publicist, and—in a televised interview with Diane Sawyer—he affirmed the accuracy of the quotations. He further apologized for his "despicable" behavior, saying that the comments were "blurted out in a moment of insanity", and asked to meet with Jewish leaders to help him "discern the appropriate path for healing." After Gibson's arrest, his publicist said he had entered a recovery program to battle alcoholism.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Mel Gibson

Context: Gibson's controversial statements resulted in his being blacklisted in Hollywood for almost a decade. Robert Downey Jr. and journalist Allison Hope Weiner advocated for forgiveness for Gibson in 2014. In 2016, Gibson's film "Hacksaw Ridge" received Academy Award nominations, and actors and agencies were becoming eager to work with him again, which was perceived as a "thaw" for Gibson.

Question: 멜 깁슨이 영화 감독으로써 제작한 첫 영화는 무엇인가?


Android Ice Cream Sandwich

Context: Android 4.0 received positive reviews by critics, who praised the cleaner, revamped appearance of the operating system in comparison to previous versions, along with its improved performance and functionality. However, critics still felt that some of Android 4.0's stock apps were still lacking in quality and functionality in comparison to third-party equivalents, and regarded some of the operating system's new features, particularly the "face unlock" feature, as being gimmicks.

Question: 아이스크림 폰은 몇 년도에 출시되었는가?


Android Ice Cream Sandwich

Context: , statistics issued by Google indicate that 0.2% of all Android devices accessing Google Play run Ice Cream Sandwich.

Question: 아이스크림 폰은 몇 년도에 출시되었는가?


Android Ice Cream Sandwich

Context: In January 2012, following the official launch of Ice Cream Sandwich, Duarte and Google launched an "Android Design" portal, which features human interface guidelines, best practices, and other resources for developers building Android applications designed for Ice Cream Sandwich.

Question: 아이스크림 폰은 몇 년도에 출시되었는가?


Android Ice Cream Sandwich

Context: On March 29, 2012, Android 4.0.4 was released, adding several performance improvements to the camera and screen rotation, and other bug fixes.

Question: 아이스크림 폰은 몇 년도에 출시되었는가?


Android Ice Cream Sandwich

Context: "PC Magazine" acknowledged influence from Windows Phone 7 in the new "People" app and improved benchmark performance on the web browser, but considered both Android Beam and Face Unlock to be gimmicks, and criticized the lack of support for certain apps and Adobe Flash on launch.

Question: 아이스크림 폰은 몇 년도에 출시되었는가?


Seimei Shrine

Context: is a Shinto shrine that is located in Kyoto, Japan. It is dedicated to the "onmyōji", Abe no Seimei.

Question: 아베노 세이메이 사망일은 언젠가요?


Seimei Shrine

Context: A famous well ("Seimei-i") is located on the shrine grounds, and the water drawn from it is considered somewhat magical. Tea master Sen no Rikyū was known to have brewed tea with the water from this well.

Question: 아베노 세이메이 사망일은 언젠가요?


Seimei Shrine

Context: The pentacle, known locally as a "Seimei-star", is an important symbol found on many parts of the shrine. Abe no Seimei reputedly came up with the arcane insignia in the 10th century, symbolizing the Five Chinese Elements. Japanese bellflower ("Platycodon grandiflorus") ornamentation are found in decorative tiles and lanterns. The five petal tips of the flower are thought to represent the same ideal as the pentagram.

Question: 아베노 세이메이 사망일은 언젠가요?


Seimei Shrine

Context: A nearby bridge, the "Ichijō Modori-bashi" is situated just south of the shrine, and is held to be a gateway between the human and spiritual realms.

Question: 아베노 세이메이 사망일은 언젠가요?


Texas

Context: During Spanish colonial rule, in the 18th century, the area was known as ('New Philippines') and ('New Kingdom of the Philippines'), or as ('province of the '), later also (or ), ('province of Texas'). It was incorporated as into the Mexican Empire in 1821, and declared a republic in 1836. The Royal Spanish Academy recognizes both spellings, and , as Spanish-language forms of the name of the U.S. state of Texas.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The English pronunciation with is unetymological, contrary to the historical value of the letter x () in Spanish orthography. Alternative etymologies of the name advanced in the late 19th century connected the Spanish 'rooftile', the plural being used to designate indigenous Pueblo settlements. A 1760s map by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin shows a village named "Teijas" on the Trinity River, close to the site of modern Crockett.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: No culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region, and many peoples inhabited the area. Native American tribes who lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the Alabama, Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Aranama, Comanche, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and settlers in that land. Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunt wild game. Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in 1685. Miscalculations by René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in his establishing the colony of Fort Saint Louis at Matagorda Bay rather than along the Mississippi River. The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed a competitive threat, constructed several missions in East Texas. After Native American resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico. When France began settling Louisiana, mostly in the southern part of the state, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas. Two years later, they created San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in the area.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Hoping more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids, Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain. Under the Mexican immigration system, large swathes of land were allotted to "empresarios", who recruited settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior. The first grant, to Moses Austin, was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin after his death.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against slavery. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States. Illegal immigration from the United States into Mexico continued to increase the population of Texas anyway. New laws also called for the enforcement of customs duties angering native Mexican citizens ("Tejanos") and recent immigrants alike.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: During this time of political turmoil, Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna personally led an army to end the revolt. The Mexican expedition was initially successful. General José de Urrea defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the Goliad massacre. Santa Anna's forces, after a thirteen-day siege, overwhelmed Texian defenders at the Battle of the Alamo. News of the defeats sparked panic among Texas settlers.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The Comanche Indians furnished the main Native American opposition to the Texas Republic, manifested in multiple raids on settlements. Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson massacre. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived. The cotton price crash of the 1840s depressed the country's economy.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: As early as 1837, the Republic of Texas made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States. Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844. On December 29, 1845, the U.S. Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: After a series of United States victories, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two-year war. In return, for US$18,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The Compromise of 1850 set Texas's boundaries at their present form. U.S. Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal where Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present-day New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The cattle industry continued to thrive, though it gradually became less profitable. Cotton and lumber became major industries creating new economic booms in various regions of the state. Railroad networks grew rapidly as did the port at Galveston as commerce between Texas and the rest of the U.S. (and the rest of the world) expanded. As with some other states before, the lumber industry quickly expanded in Texas and was its largest industry before the beginning of the 20th century.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: In 1900, Texas suffered the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history during the Galveston hurricane. On January 10, 1901, the first major oil well in Texas, Spindletop, was found south of Beaumont. Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas, West Texas, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting "oil boom" transformed Texas. Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the state's economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst-hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years. Especially from this period on, blacks left Texas in the Great Migration to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation. In 1940, Texas was 74% Anglo, 14.4% black, and 11.5% Hispanic.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas modernized and expanded its system of higher education through the 1960s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: During the late 20th century, the Republican Party replaced the Democratic Party as the dominant party in the state, as the latter became more politically liberal and as demographic changes favored the former. Beginning in the early 21st century, metropolitan areas including Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Austin became centers for the Texas Democratic Party in statewide and national elections as liberal policies became more accepted in urban areas.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: From the mid-2000s to 2019, Texas gained an influx of business relocations and regional headquarters from companies in California. Texas became a major destination for migration during the early 21st century and was named the most popular state to move for three consecutive years. Another study in 2019 determined Texas's growth rate at 1,000 people per day.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas is the second-largest U.S. state, after Alaska, with an area of . Though 10% larger than France, almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, and more than twice the size of the United Kingdom, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 39th-largest.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: With 10 climatic regions, 14 soil regions and 11 distinct ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities. One classification system divides Texas, in order from southeast to west, into the following: Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state. Vegetation in this region consists of thick piney woods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land and is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest. The Cross Timbers region and Caprock Escarpment are part of the Interior Lowlands.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The Great Plains region in Central Texas spans through the state's panhandle and Llano Estacado to the state's hill country near Lago Vista and Austin. This region is dominated by prairie and steppe. "Far West Texas" or the "Trans-Pecos" region is the state's Basin and Range Province. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers, with the Rio Grande as the largest. Other major rivers include the Pecos, the Brazos, Colorado, and Red River. While Texas has few natural lakes, Texans have built more than a hundred artificial reservoirs.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The size and unique history of Texas make its regional affiliation debatable; it can be fairly considered a Southern or a Southwestern state, or both. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a recognized region of the United States. Notable extremes range from East Texas which is often considered an extension of the Deep South, to Far West Texas which is generally acknowledged to be part of the interior Southwest.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. The continental crust forms a stable Mesoproterozoic craton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: These Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places: Llano uplift, Van Horn, and the Franklin Mountains, near El Paso. Sedimentary rocks overlay most of these ancient rocks. The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin, or passive margin that developed during Cambrian time.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: This margin existed until Laurasia and Gondwana collided in the Pennsylvanian subperiod to form Pangea. This is the buried crest of the Appalachian Mountains–Ouachita Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision. This orogenic crest is today buried beneath the Dallas–Waco–Austin–San Antonio trend.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: A wide range of animals and insects live in Texas. It is the home to 65 species of mammals, 213 species of reptiles and amphibians, and the greatest diversity of bird life in the United States—590 native species in all. At least 12 species have been introduced and now reproduce freely in Texas.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas plays host to several species of wasps, including an abundance of "Polistes exclamans", and is an important ground for the study of "Polistes annularis".

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: During the spring Texas wildflowers such as the state flower, the bluebonnet, line highways throughout Texas. During the Johnson Administration the first lady, Lady Bird Johnson, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages of annual rainfall, while parts of southeast Texas average as much as per year. Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate per year.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow falls south of San Antonio or on the coast only in rare circumstances. Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm, when of snow fell as far south as Kingsville, where the average high temperature in December is 65 °F.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s °F (26 °C) in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around in the Rio Grande Valley, but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the range.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Night-time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s °F (14 °C) in the West Texas mountains to in Galveston.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The table below consists of averages for August (generally the warmest month) and January (generally the coldest) in selected cities in various regions of the state.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Thunderstorms strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle. Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston hurricane, Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed more than 600 people, Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Beulah in 1967, Hurricane Alicia in 1983, Hurricane Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Ike in 2008. Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage: Allison in 1989 and again during 2001, Claudette in 1979, and Tropical Storm Imelda in 2019.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: There is no substantial physical barrier between Texas and the polar region. Although it is unusual, it is possible for arctic or polar air masses to penetrate Texas, as occurred during the February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm. Usually, prevailing winds in North America will push polar air masses to the southeast before they reach Texas. Because such intrusions are rare, and, perhaps, unexpected, they may result in crises such as the 2021 Texas power crisis.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as colonias often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty. The office of the Texas Attorney General stated, in 2011, that Texas had about 2,294 colonias, and estimates about 500,000 lived in the colonias. Hidalgo County, as of 2011, has the largest number of colonias. Texas has the largest number of people living in colonias of all states.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas has 254 counties, which is more than any other state by 95 (Georgia). Each county runs on Commissioners' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a "weak" mayor-council system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The United States Census Bureau determined the resident population of Texas was 29,145,505 at the 2020 U.S census, a 15.9% increase since the 2010 United States census. At the 2020 census, the apportioned population of Texas stood at 29,183,290. The 2015 Texas Population Estimate program estimated the population was 27,469,114 on July 1, 2015. In 2010, Texas had a census population of 25,145,561. Texas is the second-most populous state in the United States after California.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: In 2015, Texas had 4.7 million foreign-born residents, about 17% of the population and 21.6% of the state workforce. The major countries of origin for Texan immigrants were Mexico (55.1% of immigrants), India (5%), El Salvador (4.3%), Vietnam (3.7%), and China (2.3%). Of immigrant residents, some 35.8 percent were naturalized U.S. citizens. As of 2018, the population increased to 4.9 million foreign-born residents or 17.2% of the state population, up from 2,899,642 in 2000.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border. During the 2014 crisis, many Central Americans, including unaccompanied minors traveling alone from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, reached the state, overwhelming Border Patrol resources for a time. Many sought asylum in the United States.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: At the 2019 American Community Survey's estimates, 64.4% of the population spoke only English, and 35.6% spoke a language other than English. Roughly 30% of the total population spoke Spanish. Approximately 50,742 Texans spoke French or a French-creole language. German and other West Germanic languages were spoken by 47,098 residents; Russian, Polish, and other Slavic languages by 27,956; Korean by 31,581; Chinese 22,616; Vietnamese 81,022; Tagalog 43,360; and Arabic by 26,281 Texans.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The majority of Texas's population have been and remain predominantly Christian, influenced by Spanish Catholic and American Protestant colonialism and missionary work (75.5%). Texas's large Christian population is also influenced due to its location within the Bible Belt. The following largest groups were the irreligious (20%), Judaism (1%), Islam (1%), Buddhism (1%) and Hinduism, and other religions at less than 1 percent each.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Among Protestant Christians, which as a whole declined to 47% of the population in a separate study by the Public Religion Research Institute, predominantly-white Evangelical Protestantism declined to 14% of the Protestant Christian population. Mainline Protestants in contrast made up 15% of Protestant Texas. Hispanic or Latino American-dominated Protestant churches and historically Black or African American Protestantism grew to a collective 13% of the Protestant population.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas's large population, an abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: In 2010, "Site Selection Magazine" ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar Texas Enterprise Fund. Texas has the joint-highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States, along with California. In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, constituting the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation. In 2018, the number of millionaire households increased to 566,578.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas has a "low taxes, low services" reputation. According to the Tax Foundation, Texans' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4 percent of resident incomes. Texas is one of seven states that lack a state income tax.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Instead, the state collects revenue from property taxes (though these are collected at the county, city, and school district level; Texas has a state constitutional prohibition against a state property tax) and sales taxes. The state sales tax rate is 6.25 percent, but local taxing jurisdictions (cities, counties, special purpose districts, and transit authorities) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2percent for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25 percent.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas is a "tax donor state"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in federal income taxes, the state got back about $0.94 in benefits. To attract business, Texas has incentive programs worth $19 billion per year (2012); more than any other U.S. state.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas leads the nation in the production of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wool, mohair and hay. The state also leads the nation in production of cotton which is the number one crop grown in the state in terms of value. The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce. Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas throughout the 21st century has been hammered by drought. This has cost the state billions of dollars in livestock and crops.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Ever since the discovery of oil at Spindletop, energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state. If Texas were its own country it would be the sixth largest oil producer in the world according to a 2014 study.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The Railroad Commission of Texas, contrary to its name, regulates the state's oil and gas industry, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the liquefied petroleum gas industry, and surface coal and uranium mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas has known petroleum deposits of about , which makes up about one-fourth of the known U.S. reserves. The state's refineries can process of oil a day. The Port Arthur Refinery in Southeast Texas is the largest refinery in the U.S. Texas also leads in natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nation's supply. Several petroleum companies are based in Texas such as: Occidental Petroleum, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, Halliburton, Marathon Oil, Tesoro, Valero Energy, and Western Refining.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: According to the Energy Information Administration, Texans consume, on average, the fifth most energy (of all types) in the nation per capita and as a whole, following behind Wyoming, Alaska, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Iowa.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own alternating current power grid, the Texas Interconnection. Texas has a deregulated electric service. Texas leads the nation in total net electricity production, generating 437,236 MWh in 2014, 89% more MWh than Florida, which ranked second. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's eleventh-largest producer of electricity, after South Korea, and ahead of the United Kingdom.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas's affluence stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are AT&T, Kimberly-Clark, Blockbuster, J. C. Penney, Whole Foods Market, and Tenet Healthcare.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Nationally, the Dallas–Fort Worth area, home to the second shopping mall in the United States, has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan statistical area.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Mexico, the state's largest trading partner, imports a third of the state's exports because of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA has encouraged the formation of maquiladoras on the Texas–Mexico border.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas has made a strong mark on national and international pop culture. The entire state is strongly associated with the image of the cowboy shown in westerns and in country western music. The state's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series "Dallas".

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The internationally known slogan "Don't Mess with Texas" began as an anti-littering advertisement. Since the campaign's inception in 1986, the phrase has become "an identity statement, a declaration of Texas swagger".

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: "Texas-sized" is an expression that can be used in two ways: to describe something that is about the size of the U.S. state of Texas, or to describe something (usually but not always originating from Texas) that is large compared to other objects of its type. Texas was the largest U.S. state until Alaska became a state in 1959. The phrase "everything is bigger in Texas" has been in regular use since at least 1950.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The Deep Ellum district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime jazz and blues hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum". Artists such as Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson, Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter, and Bessie Smith played in early Deep Ellum clubs.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Austin, "The Live Music Capital of the World", boasts "more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City". The city's music revolves around the nightclubs on 6th Street; events like the film, music, and multimedia festival South by Southwest; the longest-running concert music program on American television, "Austin City Limits"; and the Austin City Limits Music Festival held in Zilker Park.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into "The Tejano Music Capital Of The World". The Tejano Music Awards have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The second president of the Republic of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar, is the "Father of Texas Education". During his term, the state set aside three leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's Permanent University Fund. Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Students in Texas take the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) in primary and secondary school. STAAR assess students' attainment of reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act. The test replaced the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) test in the 2011–2012 school year.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Generally prohibited in the West at large, school corporal punishment is not unusual in the more conservative, rural areas of the state, with 28,569 public school students paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year. The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas's alternative affirmative action plan, Texas House Bill 588, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. This does not apply to The University of Texas at Austin, which automatically admits Texas students who graduated in the percent of their high school class. The bill encourages demographic diversity while attempting to avoid problems stemming from the "Hopwood v. Texas" (1996) case.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Trinity University, a private, primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio, has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor's and select master's degrees in the Western United States for 20 consecutive years by "U.S. News". Private universities include Abilene Christian University, , , , and .

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Universities in Texas host three presidential libraries: George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin, and the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas has many elite research medical centers. The state has 15 medical schools, four dental schools, and two optometry schools. Texas has two Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories: one at The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, and the other at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: San Antonio's South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States. The University of Texas Health Science Center is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home. The institution's medical school employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the state's large size and rough terrain. Texas has compensated by building America's largest highway and railway systems. The regulatory authority, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), maintains the state's immense highway system, regulates aviation, and public transportation systems.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The state is an important transportation hub. From the Dallas/Fort Worth area, trucks can reach 93 percent of the nation's population within 48 hours, and 37 percent within 24 hours. Texas has 33 foreign trade zones (FTZ), the most in the nation. In 2004, a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed through Texas FTZs.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Part of the state's tradition of cowboys is derived from the massive cattle drives which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to drive livestock to railroads and markets in Kansas, for shipment to the east. Towns along the way, such as Baxter Springs, the first cow town in Kansas, developed to handle the seasonal workers and tens of thousands of head of cattle being driven.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The first railroad to operate in Texas was the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, opening in August 1853. The first railroad to enter Texas from the north, completed in 1872, was the . With increasing railroad access, the ranchers did not have to take their livestock up to the Midwest and shipped beef out from Texas. This caused a decline in the economies of the cow towns.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Since 1911, Texas has led the nation in length of railroad miles within the state. Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at , but declined to by 2000. While the Railroad Commission of Texas originally regulated state railroads, in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The current Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876. Like many states, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The state's Bill of Rights is much larger than its federal counterpart, and has provisions unique to Texas.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the House of Representatives, with 150 members, and a Senate, with 31 members. The Speaker of the House leads the House, and the lieutenant governor, the Senate. The Legislature meets in regular session biennially for just over a hundred days, but the governor can call for special sessions as often as desired (notably, the Legislature cannot call itself into session). The state's fiscal year begins September1.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The Texas constitution defines the responsibilities of county governments, which serve as agents of the state. What are called commissioners court and court judges are elected to serve as the administrative arm. Most cities in the state, those over 5,000 in population, have home-rule governments. The vast majority of these have charters for council-manager forms of government, by which voters elect council members, who hire a professional city manager as an operating officer.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Although Texas was essentially a one-party state during this time and the Democratic primary was viewed as "the real election", the Democratic Party had conservative and liberal factions, which became more pronounced after the New Deal. Additionally, several factions of the party briefly split during the 1930s and 1940s.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: In the 2014 Texas elections, the Tea Party movement made large gains, with numerous Tea Party favorites being elected into office, including Dan Patrick as lieutenant governor, Ken Paxton as attorney general, in addition to numerous other candidates including conservative Republican Greg Abbott as governor.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas voters lean toward fiscal conservatism, while enjoying the benefits of huge federal investment in the state in military and other facilities achieved by the power of the Solid South in the 20th century. They also tend to have socially conservative values.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The state's changing demographics may result in a change in its overall political alignment, as a majority population of Black and Hispanic/Latino voters support the Democratic Party. Residents of counties along the Rio Grande closer to the Mexico–United States border, where there are many Latino residents, generally vote for Democratic Party candidates, while most other rural and suburban areas of Texas have shifted to voting for Republican Party candidates.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas has a reputation of very harsh criminal punishment for criminal offenses. It is one of the 32 states that practice capital punishment, and since the US Supreme Court allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976, 40% of all U.S. executions have taken place in Texas. As of 2018, Texas had the 8th highest incarceration rate in the U.S. Texas also has strong right of self-defense and self defense laws, allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves, their families, or their property.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: While American football has long been considered "king" in the state, Texans enjoy a wide variety of sports.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: The University Interscholastic League (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being high school football) as well as artistic and academic subjects.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Texas

Context: Texas Motor Speedway hosts annual NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series auto races since 1997. Since 2012, Austin's Circuit of the Americas plays host to a round of the Formula 1 World Championship— the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the 1980 Grand Prix at Watkins Glen International—, as well as Grand Prix motorcycle racing, FIA World Endurance Championship and United SportsCar Championship races.

Question: 텍사스 주에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: G protein-coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in many diseases.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was "crucial for understanding how G protein-coupled receptors function". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling. As of 2012, two of the top ten global best-selling drugs (Advair Diskus and Abilify) act by targeting G protein-coupled receptors.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: The exact size of the GPCR superfamily is unknown, but at least 831 different human genes (or ~ 4% of the entire protein-coding genome) have been predicted to code for them from genome sequence analysis. Although numerous classification schemes have been proposed, the superfamily was classically divided into three main classes (A, B, and C) with no detectable shared sequence homology between classes.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: The largest class by far is class A, which accounts for nearly 85% of the GPCR genes. Of class A GPCRs, over half of these are predicted to encode olfactory receptors, while the remaining receptors are liganded by known endogenous compounds or are classified as orphan receptors. Despite the lack of sequence homology between classes, all GPCRs have a common structure and mechanism of signal transduction. The very large rhodopsin A group has been further subdivided into 19 subgroups (A1-A19).

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: According to the classical A-F system, GPCRs can be grouped into 6 classes based on sequence homology and functional similarity:

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: More recently, an alternative classification system called GRAFS (Glutamate, Rhodopsin, "Adhesion", Frizzled/Taste2, Secretin) has been proposed for vertebrate GPCRs. They correspond to classical classes C, A, B2, F, and B.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: An early study based on available DNA sequence suggested that the human genome encodes roughly 750 G protein-coupled receptors, about 350 of which detect hormones, growth factors, and other endogenous ligands. Approximately 150 of the GPCRs found in the human genome have unknown functions.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: Some web-servers and bioinformatics prediction methods have been used for predicting the classification of GPCRs according to their amino acid sequence alone, by means of the pseudo amino acid composition approach.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: GPCRs are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. Some examples of their physiological roles include:

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: GPCRs are integral membrane proteins that possess seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helices. The extracellular parts of the receptor can be glycosylated. These extracellular loops also contain two highly conserved cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds to stabilize the receptor structure. Some seven-transmembrane helix proteins (channelrhodopsin) that resemble GPCRs may contain ion channels, within their protein.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: GPCRs exhibit a similar structure to some other proteins with seven transmembrane domains, such as microbial rhodopsins and adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2). However, these 7TMH (7-transmembrane helices) receptors and channels do not associate with G proteins. In addition, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 are oriented oppositely to GPCRs in the membrane (i.e. GPCRs usually have an extracellular N-terminus, cytoplasmic C-terminus, whereas ADIPORs are inverted).

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: GPCRs respond to extracellular signals mediated by a huge diversity of agonists, ranging from proteins to biogenic amines to protons, but all transduce this signal via a mechanism of G-protein coupling. This is made possible by a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain primarily formed by a combination of IL-2 and IL-3 along with adjacent residues of the associated TM helices.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: The G protein-coupled receptor is activated by an external signal in the form of a ligand or other signal mediator. This creates a conformational change in the receptor, causing activation of a G protein. Further effect depends on the type of G protein. G proteins are subsequently inactivated by GTPase activating proteins, known as RGS proteins.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: adenosine, bombesin, bradykinin, endothelin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), melanocortins, neuropeptide Y, opioid peptides, opsins, somatostatin, GH, tachykinins, members of the vasoactive intestinal peptide family, and vasopressin;

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: lipid mediators of inflammation (e.g., prostaglandins, prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and leukotrienes);

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: peptide hormones (e.g., calcitonin, C5a anaphylatoxin, follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH], neurokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH], and oxytocin);

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: GPCRs that act as receptors for stimuli that have not yet been identified are known as orphan receptors.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: However, in other types of receptors that have been studied, wherein ligands bind externally to the membrane, the ligands of GPCRs typically bind within the transmembrane domain. However, protease-activated receptors are activated by cleavage of part of their extracellular domain.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: GPCRs downstream signals have been shown to possibly interact with integrin signals, such as FAK. Integrin signaling will phosphorylate FAK, which can then decrease GPCR Gαs activity.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: If a receptor in an active state encounters a G protein, it may activate it. Some evidence suggests that receptors and G proteins are actually pre-coupled. For example, binding of G proteins to receptors affects the receptor's affinity for ligands. Activated G proteins are bound to GTP.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: Further signal transduction depends on the type of G protein. The enzyme adenylate cyclase is an example of a cellular protein that can be regulated by a G protein, in this case the G protein Gs. Adenylate cyclase activity is activated when it binds to a subunit of the activated G protein. Activation of adenylate cyclase ends when the G protein returns to the GDP-bound state.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?