Soviet Union

Context: In 1990, the country had a Human Development Index of 0.920, placing it in the "high" category of human development. It was the third-highest in the Eastern Bloc, behind Czechoslovakia and East Germany, and the 25th in the world of 130 countries.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In 1991, the Soviet Union had a pipeline network of for crude oil and another for natural gas. Petroleum and petroleum-based products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a variety of manufactured goods, primarily machinery, arms and military equipment, were exported. In the 1970s and 1980s, the USSR heavily relied on fossil fuel exports to earn hard currency. At its peak in 1988, it was the largest producer and second-largest exporter of crude oil, surpassed only by Saudi Arabia.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Transport was a vital component of the country's economy. The economic centralization of the late 1920s and 1930s led to the development of infrastructure on a massive scale, most notably the establishment of Aeroflot, an aviation enterprise. The country had a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. However, due to inadequate maintenance, much of the road, water and Soviet civil aviation transport were outdated and technologically backward compared to the First World.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Despite improvements, several aspects of the transport sector were still riddled with problems due to outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and bad decision-making. Soviet authorities were unable to meet the growing demand for transport infrastructure and services.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Excess deaths throughout World War I and the Russian Civil War (including the postwar famine) amounted to a combined total of 18 million, some 10 million in the 1930s, and more than 26 million in 1941–1945. The postwar Soviet population was 45 to 50 million smaller than it would have been if pre-war demographic growth had continued. According to Catherine Merridale, "...reasonable estimate would place the total number of excess deaths for the whole period somewhere around 60 million."

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: By 1917, Russia became the first great power to grant women the right to vote. After heavy casualties in World War I and II, women outnumbered men in Russia by a 4:3 ratio. This contributed to the larger role women played in Russian society compared to other great powers at the time.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Soviet dental technology and dental health were considered notoriously bad. In 1991, the average 35-year-old had 12 to 14 cavities, fillings or missing teeth. Toothpaste was often not available, and toothbrushes did not conform to standards of modern dentistry.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: As the most widely spoken of the Soviet Union's many languages, Russian "de facto" functioned as an official language, as the "language of interethnic communication" (), but only assumed the "de jure" status as the official national language in 1990.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Christianity and Islam had the highest number of adherents among the religious citizens. Eastern Christianity predominated among Christians, with Russia's traditional Russian Orthodox Church being the largest Christian denomination. About 90% of the Soviet Union's Muslims were Sunnis, with Shias being concentrated in the Azerbaijan SSR. Smaller groups included Roman Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, and a variety of Protestant denominations (especially Baptists and Lutherans).

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Religious influence had been strong in the Russian Empire. The Russian Orthodox Church enjoyed a privileged status as the church of the monarchy and took part in carrying out official state functions. The immediate period following the establishment of the Soviet state included a struggle against the Orthodox Church, which the revolutionaries considered an ally of the former ruling classes.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In Soviet law, the "freedom to hold religious services" was constitutionally guaranteed, although the ruling Communist Party regarded religion as incompatible with the Marxist spirit of scientific materialism. In practice, the Soviet system subscribed to a narrow interpretation of this right, and in fact used a range of official measures to discourage religion and curb the activities of religious groups.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Under Nikita Khrushchev, the state leadership clashed with the churches in 1958–1964, a period when atheism was emphasized in the educational curriculum, and numerous state publications promoted atheistic views. During this period, the number of churches fell from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1959 to 1965, and the number of synagogues dropped from 500 to 97. The number of working mosques also declined, falling from 1,500 to 500 within a decade.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Religious institutions remained monitored by the Soviet government, but churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques were all given more leeway in the Brezhnev era. Official relations between the Orthodox Church and the government again warmed to the point that the Brezhnev government twice honored Orthodox Patriarch Alexy I with the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. A poll conducted by Soviet authorities in 1982 recorded 20% of the Soviet population as "active religious believers."

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The legacy of the USSR remains a controversial topic. The socio-economic nature of communist states such as the USSR, especially under Stalin, has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of bureaucratic collectivism, state capitalism, state socialism, or a totally unique mode of production.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The 1941–1945 period of World War II is still known in Russia as the "Great Patriotic War". The war became a topic of great importance in cinema, literature, history lessons at school, the mass media, and the arts. As a result of the massive losses suffered by the military and civilians during the conflict, Victory Day celebrated on 9 May is still one of the most important and emotional dates in Russia.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The left's view of the USSR is complex. While some leftists regard the USSR as an example of state capitalism or that it was an oligarchical state, other leftists admire Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution.Council communists generally view the USSR as failing to create class consciousness, turning into a corrupt state in which the elite controlled society.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Anarchists are also critical of the country, labeling the Soviet system as "red fascism". Factors contributing to the anarchist animosity towards the USSR included the Soviet invasion of the anarchist Free Territory after an initial alliance, the suppression of the anarchist Kronstadt rebellion, and the defeat of the rival anarchist factions by the Soviet-supported Communist faction during the Spanish Civil War.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Maoists also have a mixed opinion on the USSR, viewing it negatively during the Sino-Soviet Split and denouncing it as revisionist and reverted to capitalism. The Chinese government in 1963 articulated its criticism of the USSR's system and promoted China's ideological line as an alternative

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The government encouraged a variety of trends. In art and literature, numerous schools, some traditional and others radically experimental, proliferated. Communist writers Maxim Gorky and Vladimir Mayakovsky were active during this time. As a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, films received encouragement from the state, and much of director Sergei Eisenstein's best work dates from this period.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: During Stalin's rule, the Soviet culture was characterized by the rise and domination of the government-imposed style of socialist realism, with all other trends being severely repressed, with rare exceptions, such as Mikhail Bulgakov's works. Many writers were imprisoned and killed.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev's policies of "perestroika" and "glasnost" significantly expanded freedom of expression throughout the country in the media and the press.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Founded on 20 July 1924 in Moscow, "Sovetsky Sport" was the first sports newspaper of the Soviet Union.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The Soviet Union national ice hockey team won nearly every world championship and Olympic tournament between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) tournament in which they competed.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession – in reality, the state paid many of these competitors to train on a full-time basis. Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner... who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 was the first major accident at a civilian nuclear power plant. Unparalleled in the world, it resulted in a large number of radioactive isotopes being released into the atmosphere. Radioactive doses have scattered relatively far. 4,000 new cases of thyroid cancer were reported after the incident, but this led to a relatively low number of deaths (WHO data, 2005). However, the long-term effects of the accident are unknown. Another major accident is the Kyshtym disaster.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Anxiety disorders are a cluster of mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety and fear such that a person's social, occupational, and personal function are significantly impaired. Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, easy fatiguability, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that may vary based on the individual.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: In casual discourse, the words "anxiety" and "fear" are often used interchangeably. In clinical usage, they have distinct meanings: anxiety is defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas fear is an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat. The umbrella term "anxiety disorder" refers to a number of specific disorders that include fears (phobias) or anxiety symptoms.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: In children, GAD may be associated with headaches, restlessness, abdominal pain, and heart palpitations. Typically it begins around 8 to 9 years of age.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Children are also affected by social anxiety disorder, although their associated symptoms are different than that of teenagers and adults. They may experience difficulty processing or retrieving information, sleep deprivation, disruptive behaviors in class, and irregular class participation.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Social physique anxiety (SPA) is a subtype of social anxiety, involving concern over the evaluation of one's body by others. SPA is common among adolescents, especially females.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research began with Vietnam veterans, as well as natural and non-natural disaster victims. Studies have found the degree of exposure to a disaster has been found to be the best predictor of PTSD.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: A person with OCD knows that the symptoms are unreasonable and struggles against both the thoughts and the behavior. Their symptoms could be related to external events they fear (such as their home burning down because they forget to turn off the stove) or worry that they will behave inappropriately.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: It is not certain why some people have OCD, but behavioral, cognitive, genetic, and neurobiological factors may be involved. Risk factors include family history, being single (although that may result from the disorder), and higher socioeconomic class or not being in paid employment. Of those with OCD about 20% of people will overcome it, and symptoms will at least reduce over time for most people (a further 50%).

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Selective mutism (SM) is a disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with shyness or social anxiety. People with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism or even punishment. Selective mutism affects about 0.8% of people at some point in their life.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Testing for selective mutism is important because doctors must determine if it is an issue associated with the child's hearing, movements associated with the jaw or tongue, and if the child can understand when others are speaking to them.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: The diagnosis of anxiety disorders is made by symptoms, triggers, and a person's personal and family histories. There are no objective biomarkers or laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety. It is important for a medical professional to evaluate a person for other medical and mental causes for prolonged anxiety because treatments will vary considerably.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Numerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may be vary between each subtype of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life. Symptoms may include: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; worrying excessively; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; irritability.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normal fear or anxiety by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Several drugs can also cause or worsen anxiety, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, or from chronic use. These include alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, sedatives (including prescription benzodiazepines), opioids (including prescription painkillers and illicit drugs like heroin), stimulants (such as caffeine, cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Focus is increasing on prevention of anxiety disorders. There is tentative evidence to support the use of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy. A 2013 review found no effective measures to prevent GAD in adults. A 2017 review found that psychological and educational interventions had a small benefit for the prevention of anxiety. Research indicates that predictors of the emergence of anxiety disorders partly differ from the factors that predict their persistence.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: There are two prevalent types of stigmas that surround anxiety disorders: Public and Self-Stigma. Public stigma in this context is the reaction that the general population has to people with an anxiety disorder. Self-Stigma is described as the prejudice which people with mental illness turn against themselves.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: There is no explicit evidence that announces the exact cause of stigma towards anxiety, however there are three highlighted perspectives. The macro, intermediate, and micro levels. The macro level marks society as whole with the influence from mass media. The intermediate level includes health care professionals and their perspective. The micro level details the individuals contributions to the process through self-stigmatization.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Stigma can be described in three conceptual ways: cognitive, emotional, and behavioural. This allows for differentiation between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Lifestyle changes include exercise, for which there is moderate evidence for some improvement, regularizing sleep patterns, reducing caffeine intake, and stopping smoking. Stopping smoking has benefits in anxiety as large as or larger than those of medications. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish oil, may reduce anxiety, particularly in those with more significant symptoms.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first-line treatment. CBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet compared to sessions completed face to face.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Mindfulness-based programs also appear to be effective for managing anxiety disorders. It is unclear if meditation has an effect on anxiety and transcendental meditation appears to be no different than other types of meditation.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: A 2015 Cochrane review of Morita therapy for anxiety disorder in adults found not enough evidence to draw a conclusion.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: First-line choices for medications include SSRIs or SNRIs to treat generalized anxiety disorder. There is no good evidence supporting which specific medication in the SSRI or SNRI class is best for treating anxiety, so cost often drives drug choice. If they are effective, it is recommended that they are continued for at least a year. Stopping these medications results in a greater risk of relapse.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Buspirone and pregabalin are second-line treatments for people who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs; there is also evidence that benzodiazepines, including diazepam and clonazepam, are effective.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Medications need to be used with care among older adults, who are more likely to have side effects because of coexisting physical disorders. Adherence problems are more likely among older people, who may have difficulty understanding, seeing, or remembering instructions.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: In general, medications are not seen as helpful in specific phobia, but a benzodiazepine is sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes. In 2007, data were sparse for efficacy of any drug.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Both therapy and a number of medications have been found to be useful for treating childhood anxiety disorders. Therapy is generally preferred to medication.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: If a medication option is warranted, antidepressants such as SSRIs and SNRIs can be effective. Minor side effects with medications, however, are common.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Globally, as of 2010, approximately 273 million (4.5% of the population) had an anxiety disorder. It is more common in females (5.2%) than males (2.8%).

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Anxiety in children has a variety of causes; sometimes anxiety is rooted in biology, and may be a product of another existing condition, such as autism spectrum disorder. Gifted children are also often more prone to excessive anxiety than non-gifted children. Other cases of anxiety arise from the child having experienced a traumatic event of some kind, and in some cases, the cause of the child's anxiety cannot be pinpointed.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Anxiety disorder

Context: Anxiety in children tends to manifest along age-appropriate themes, such as fear of going to school (not related to bullying) or not performing well enough at school, fear of social rejection, fear of something happening to loved ones, etc. What separates disordered anxiety from normal childhood anxiety is the duration and intensity of the fears involved.

Question: Kuinka monta ahdistuneisuushäiriötä on olemassa?


Pinniped

Context: The name "pinniped" derives from the Latin words "pinna" "fin" and "pes, pedis" "foot". The common name "seal" originates from the Old English word "seolh", which is in turn derived from the Proto-Germanic "*selkhaz".

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys eväjalkainen?


Pinniped

Context: Pinnipeds spend many months at a time at sea, so they must sleep in the water. Scientists have recorded them sleeping for minutes at a time while slowly drifting downward in a belly-up orientation. Like other marine mammals, seals sleep in water with half of their brain awake so that they can detect and escape from predators. When they are asleep on land, both sides of their brain go into sleep mode.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys eväjalkainen?


Pinniped

Context: Pinnipeds have lifespans averaging 25–30 years. Females usually live longer, as males tend to fight and often die before reaching maturity. The longest recorded lifespans include 43 years for a wild female ringed seal and 46 years for a wild female grey seal. The age at which a pinniped sexually matures can vary from 2–12 years depending on the species. Females typically mature earlier than males.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys eväjalkainen?


Pinniped

Context: Vocalizations are particularly important during the breeding seasons. Dominant male elephant seals advertise their status and threaten rivals with "clap-threats" and loud drum-like calls that may be modified by the proboscis. Male otariids have strong barks, growls, roars and "whickers". Male walruses are known to produce distinctive gong-like calls when attempting to attract females. They can also create somewhat musical sounds with their inflated throats.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys eväjalkainen?


Pinniped

Context: For sea lions used in entertainment, trainers toss a ball at the animal so it may accidentally balance it or hold the ball on its nose, thereby gaining an understanding of the behavior desired. It may require a year to train a sea lion to perform a trick for the public. Its long-term memory allows it to perform a trick after at least three months of non-performance.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys eväjalkainen?


New Sweden

Context: By the middle of the 17th century, the Realm of Sweden had reached its greatest territorial extent and was one of the great powers of Europe. Sweden then included Finland and Estonia, along with parts of modern Russia, Poland, Germany, and Latvia under King Gustavus Adolphus and later Christina. The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating a plantation (tobacco) and fur-trading colony to circumvent French and English merchants.

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


New Sweden

Context: The Swedish South Company was founded in 1626 with a mandate to establish colonies between Florida and Newfoundland for the purposes of trade, particularly along the Delaware River. Its charter included Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders led by directors of the New Sweden Company, including Samuel Blommaert. The company sponsored 11 expeditions in 14 separate voyages to Delaware between 1638 and 1655; two did not survive.

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


New Sweden

Context: In the following years, the area was settled by 600 Swedes and Finns, a number of Dutchmen, a few Germans, a Dane, and at least one Estonian, and Minuit became the first governor of the colony of New Sweden. He had been the third Director of New Amsterdam, and he knew that the Dutch claimed the area south to the Delaware River and its bay. The Dutch, however, had pulled back their settlers from the area after several years in order to concentrate on the settlement on Manhattan Island.

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


New Sweden

Context: New Sweden continued to exist unofficially, and some immigration and expansion continued. The first settlement at Wicaco began with a Swedish log blockhouse located on Society Hill in Philadelphia in 1669. It was later used as a church until about 1700, when Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church of Philadelphia was built on the site. New Sweden finally came to an end when its land was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania on August 24, 1682.

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


New Sweden

Context: The next step in the assimilation of New Sweden into New York was the extension of the Duke's laws into the region on September 22, 1676. This was followed by the partition of some Upland Counties to conform to the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware, with most of the Delaware portion going to New Castle County on November 12, 1678. The remainder of Upland continued in place under the same name. On June 21, 1680, New Castle and Hoarkill Counties were partitioned to produce St. Jones County.

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


New Sweden

Context: On August 24, 1682, the Duke of York transferred the western Delaware River region to William Penn, including Delaware, thus transferring Deale County and St. Jones County from New York to Delaware. St. Jones County was renamed Kent County, Deale County was renamed Sussex County, and New Castle County retained its name.

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


New Sweden

Context: Swedish explorer and botanist, Pehr Kalm, visited the descendants of the early Swedish immigrants to New Sweden in the mid-18th century and documented their experiences with the Native American Indians who resided in those parts, in a book entitled "Travels into North America".

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


New Sweden

Context: Historian H. Arnold Barton has suggested that the greatest significance of New Sweden was the strong and lasting interest in America that the colony generated in Sweden, although major Swedish immigration did not occur until the late 19th century. From 1870 to 1910, more than one million Swedes arrived in America, settling particularly in Minnesota and other states of the Upper Midwest.

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


New Sweden

Context: Perhaps the greatest contribution of New Sweden to the development of the New World is the log house building technique. The colonists of New Sweden brought with them the log cabin, which became such an icon of the American frontier that it is commonly thought of as an American structure. The C. A. Nothnagle Log House on Swedesboro-Paulsboro Road in Gibbstown, New Jersey, is one of the oldest surviving log houses in the United States.

Question: Missä Uusi-Ruotsi sijaitsi?


Kate Austen

Context: Katherine Anne Austen is a fictional character on the ABC television series "Lost", played by Canadian actress Evangeline Lilly.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: Back at the camp, Kate visited the injured marshal where he attempted to strangle her. Kate told Jack that he should euthanize the dying man, but Jack questioned her true motives when he learned about her criminal record. She went on a mission to triangulate the distress signal, and helped an injured Michael Dawson back to the camp. Jack suggested that the survivors move to the caves that he had discovered, but Kate refused because she was afraid of "digging in" and settling down.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: When Kate discovered the marshal's case, she and Sawyer had several fights to possess it. Eventually, Kate asked Jack for his help; he retrieved the case and decided that he should open it with Kate. Inside the case was Tom's toy plane. Jack questioned her about the toy, and she admitted the plane belonged to the man that she loved and who was killed.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: Kate, along with Jack, attempted to track down Claire and Charlie when they were kidnapped by Ethan. They were able to find and revive a hanging Charlie. Later, she helped to capture Ethan. Kate was forced to deliver Claire's baby by herself while Jack was trying to save Boone's life.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: Kate tried to gain a place on Michael's raft by attempting to steal Sawyer's and Jin's places. She convinced Jin's wife, Sun, to poison his water to ensure that he would not be able to travel on the raft. In preparation for the trip, Kate stole a dead woman's passport to assume her identity. However, Michael accused Sawyer of Michael's poisoning, which led to Sawyer revealing her fugitive status to the other survivors.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: After Rousseau arrived on the beach to warn the camp of the Others' imminent arrival; she directed Kate, Jack, Locke, and Hurley to the Black Rock, where they attempted to carry dynamite to the hatch that was discovered in the jungle.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: Kate and Locke descend into the hatch, Kate entering first. Once inside, she is locked up by Desmond. Kate arrives in a room with a computer, where she overpowers Desmond after Jack arrives. She accidentally damages the computer in the crossfire, causing Desmond to panic and flee. Kate is placed on a rotation to enter a certain set of numbers every 108 minutes into the computer, supposedly saving the world.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: Kate is placed in a cage opposite Sawyer to work for the Others, under the eye of Pickett. Sawyer discovers they are actually on another island, and tries to keep the information from Kate so as to give her hope. When Jack contacts her via Pickett's radio, informing her that she has a head-start to escape, she and Sawyer run towards the beach. They encounter Alex, who gives them her boat

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: Kate follows a trail of Naomi's blood until being attacked by Naomi, who suddenly dies. After a confrontation between Jack and Locke, Kate decides to stay with Jack, but questions Sawyer when he decides to go with Locke. Later, they come across Daniel Faraday, whom they believe has arrived to rescue them. After finding Miles, Kate and Jack find themselves at gunpoint until she takes them to Naomi's body.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: In "Through the Looking Glass", Jack informs her of John Locke's funeral. Jack then tells her that they need to return to the island, but Kate grows furious and leaves.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: Kate, (who has since grouped up with 'Locke') plans a breakout from the Man in Black's party, Kate wants to bring Claire but Sawyer refuses, saying she is no longer the friend they once knew following her attack on Kate. When Claire sees them leaving her behind again she gives chase and holds them at gunpoint just as they attempt to board a boat to escape. Kate talks Claire around, convincing her to come with them so she can finally go home to her son.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: In the Sideways, Kate remembers her life when she helps deliver Aaron at the concert. Kate waits at the concert so she can reunite with Jack. She finds him and tells him "I've missed you so much", a reference that she probably lived a long life after leaving the Island and missed Jack profoundly. Jack eventually awakens and remembers Kate and his friends. Together with Jack at her side, they move on together.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: In this original description for Kate, she was a slightly older woman separated from her husband, who went to the bathroom in the tail-section of the plane. However, that idea ended up being used for Rose Henderson (L. Scott Caldwell) and her husband Bernard Nadler (Sam Anderson). Kate is involved in a love triangle with Jack (Matthew Fox) and Sawyer (Josh Holloway) and is seen as very protective of Claire (Emilie de Ravin) and her baby Aaron.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


Kate Austen

Context: On the other hand, Robert Bianco of "USA Today" said Lilly's performance in the season four episode "Eggtown" was worthy of a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. Lilly's performance in "Whatever Happened, Happened" also received praise from TV critics and fans of the show alike. Lilly got a Golden Globe nomination for best dramatic actress in a lead role for her work in season 3.

Question: Mikä oli Katherine Anne ”Kate” Austen hahmo teki Lost sarjassa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The history of Scandinavia is the history of the geographical region of Scandinavia and its peoples. The region is located in Northern Europe, and consists of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Finland and Iceland are at times, especially in English-speaking contexts, considered part of Scandinavia.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: Little evidence remains in Scandinavia of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, or the Iron Age except limited numbers of tools created from stone, bronze, and iron, some jewelry and ornaments, and stone burial cairns. One important collection that exists, however, is a widespread and rich collection of stone drawings known as petroglyphs.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: During the Weichselian glaciation, almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent sheet of ice and the Stone Age was delayed in this region. Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. Coastal areas were ice-free several times between 75 000 and 30 000 years B.P. and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after 28 000 years B.P.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: As the climate slowly warmed up at the end of the ice age and deglaciation took place, nomadic hunters from central Europe sporadically visited the region, but it was not until around 12,000 BCE before permanent, but nomadic, habitation took root.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: As the ice receded, reindeer grazed on the flat lands of Denmark and southernmost Sweden. This was the land of the Ahrensburg culture, tribes who hunted over vast territories and lived in lavvus on the tundra. There was little forest in this region except for arctic white birch and rowan, but the taiga slowly appeared.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: From c. 9,000 to 6,000 B.P. (Middle to Late Mesolithic), Scandinavia was populated by mobile or semi-sedentary groups about whom little is known. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering. Approximately 200 burial sites have been investigated in the region from this period of 3,000 years.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: From this period there are many mounds and fields of petroglyphs, but their signification is long since lost. There are also numerous artifacts of bronze and gold. The rather crude appearance of the petroglyphs compared to the bronze works have given rise to the theory that they were produced by different cultures or different social groups. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Nordic Bronze Age ended with a deteriorating, colder and wetter climate. This period is known for being poor in archaeological finds.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: This is also the period when the Germanic tribes became known to the Mediterranean world and the Romans. In 113–101 BC two Germanic tribes originating from Jutland, in modern-day Denmark, attacked the Roman Republic in what is today known as the Cimbrian War. These two tribes, the Cimbri and the Teutons, initially inflicted the heaviest losses that Rome had suffered since the Second Punic War. The Cimbri and the Teutons were eventually defeated by the Roman legions.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: While many Germanic tribes sustained continued contact with the culture and military presence of the Roman Empire, much of Scandinavia existed on the most extreme periphery of the Latin world. With the exception of the passing references to the Swedes (Suiones) and the Geats (Gautoi), much of Scandinavia remained unrecorded by Roman authors.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: In Scandinavia, there was a great import of goods, such as coins (more than 7,000), vessels, bronze images, glass beakers, enameled buckles, weapons, etc. Moreover, the style of metal objects and clay vessels was markedly Roman. Some objects appeared for the first time, such as shears and pawns.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: There are also many bog bodies from this time in Denmark, Schleswig and southern Sweden. Together with the bodies, there are weapons, household wares and clothes of wool. Great ships made for rowing have been found from the 4th century in Nydam mosse in Schleswig. Many were buried without burning, but the burning tradition later regained its popularity.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: Through the 5th century and 6th century, gold and silver became more common. Much of this can be attributed to the ransacking of the Roman Empire by Germanic tribes, from which many Scandinavians returned with gold and silver.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The period succeeding the fall of the Roman Empire is known as the Germanic Iron Age, and it is divided into the early Germanic Iron and the late Germanic Iron Age, which in Sweden is known as the Vendel Age, with rich burials in the basin of Lake Mälaren. The early Germanic Iron Age is the period when the Danes appear in history, and according to Jordanes, they were of the same stock as the Swedes ("suehans", "suetidi") and had replaced the Heruls.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: During the fall of the Roman empire, there was an abundance of gold that flowed into Scandinavia, and there are excellent works in gold from this period. Gold was used to make scabbard mountings and bracteates; notable examples are the Golden horns of Gallehus.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: After the Roman Empire had disappeared, gold became scarce and Scandinavians began to make objects of gilded bronze, with decorations of interlacing animals in Scandinavian style. The early Germanic Iron Age decorations show animals that are rather faithful anatomically, but in the late Germanic Iron Age they evolve into intricate shapes with interlacing and interwoven limbs that are well known from the Viking Age.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead  dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern Norway caused by the climate change in the Jotunheimen Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17 cm long and weighs just 28 grams.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: Petroglyphs and archeological findings such as settlements dating from about 10,000 B.C. can be found in the traditional lands of the Sami. These hunters and gatherers of the late Paleolithic and early Mesolithic were named Komsa by the researchers as what they identified themselves as is unknown.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Sami have been recognized as an indigenous people in Norway since 1990 according to ILO convention 169, and hence, according to international law, the Sami people in Norway are entitled special protection and rights.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: During the Viking Age, the Vikings (Scandinavian warriors and traders) raided, colonized and explored large parts of Europe, the Middle East, northern Africa, as far west as Newfoundland.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The beginning of the Viking Age is commonly given as 793, when Vikings pillaged the important British island monastery of Lindisfarne, and its end is marked by the unsuccessful invasion of England attempted by Harald Hårdråde in 1066 and the Norman conquest.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: Viking religious beliefs were heavily connected to Norse mythology. Vikings placed heavy emphasis on battle, honor and focused on the idea of Valhalla, a mythical home with the gods for fallen warriors. Another Norse tradition was that of blood feuds, which particularly had devastated Iceland.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Icelandic Commonwealth adopted Christianity in 1000 AD, after pressure from Norway. The "Goði"-chieftain Þorgeirr Ljósvetningagoði was instrumental in bringing this about. By formulating a law that made Christianity the official religion, but also that religious practice in the private sphere was outside of the law, he managed to stave off the threat from Norway, limiting the feuds and avoiding an religiously motivated civil war.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Kalmar Union (Danish/Norwegian/Swedish: "Kalmarunionen") was a series of personal unions (1397–1520) that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under a single monarch. The countries had given up their sovereignty but not their independence, and diverging interests (especially Swedish dissatisfaction over the Danish and Holsteinish dominance) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper it from the 1430s until its final dissolution in 1523.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Kalmar War in 1611–1613 was the last serious (although possibly unrealistic) attempt by a Danish King (Christian IV) to re-create the Kalmar Union by force. However, The Kalmar War ended with a minor Danish victory and not the total defeat of the Swedes. No more Danish attempts would be made to re-create the Kalmar Union following this war.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and Scandinavia soon became one of the heartlands of Lutheranism. Catholicism almost completely vanished in Scandinavia, except for a small population in Denmark.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. The Danes and then Swedes intervened at various points to protect their interests.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Swedish intervention began in 1630 and lasted until 1635. Some within Ferdinand II's court believed that Wallenstein wanted to take control of the German princes and thus gain influence over the emperor. Ferdinand II dismissed Wallenstein in 1630. He later recalled him after Gustavus Adolphus attacked the empire and prevailed in a number of significant battles.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him, came to aid the German Lutherans to forestall Catholic aggression against their homeland and to obtain economic influence in the German states around the Baltic Sea. Also like Christian IV, Gustavus Adolphus was subsidized by Richelieu, the Chief Minister of King Louis XIII of France, and by the Dutch. From 1630 to 1634, they drove the Catholic forces back and regained much of the occupied Protestant lands.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Great Northern War was fought between a coalition of Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland (from 1715 also Prussia and Hanover) on one side and Sweden on the other side from 1700 to 1721. It started by a coordinated attack on Sweden by the coalition in 1700 and ended 1721 with the conclusion of the Treaty of Nystad and the Stockholm treaties. As a result of the war, Russia supplanted Sweden as the dominant power on the Baltic Sea and became a major player in European politics.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Swedish king rejected the premise of an independent Norway and launched a military campaign on 27 July 1814, with an attack on the Hvaler islands and the city of Fredrikstad. The Swedish army was superior in numbers, was better equipped and trained, and was led by one of Napoleon's foremost generals, the newly elected Swedish crown prince, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte. Battles were short and decisively won by the Swedes. Armistice negotiations concluded on 14 August 1814.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: In the peace negotiations, Christian Frederik agreed to relinquish claims to the Norwegian crown and return to Denmark if Sweden would accept the democratic Norwegian constitution and a loose personal union. On 4 November 1814, the Norwegian Parliament adopted the constitutional amendments required to enter a union with Sweden, and elected king Charles XIII as king of Norway.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. As a result of the war, Finland which formed the eastern third of Sweden proper became the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within Imperial Russia. Finland remained as a part of Russian Empire until 1917 at which point it became independent. Another notable effect was the Swedish parliament's adoption of a new constitution and a new royal house, that of Bernadotte.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: Industrialization began in the mid 19th century in Scandinavia. In Denmark industrialization began in, and was confined to, Copenhagen until the 1890s, after which smaller towns began to grow rapidly. Denmark remained primarily agricultural until well into the 20th century, but agricultural processes were modernized and processing of dairy and meats became more important than the export of raw agricultural products.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: Industrialization of Sweden experienced a boom during the First World War. The construction of a railway connecting southern Sweden and the northern mines was of primary importance.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The modern use of the term Scandinavia rises from the Scandinavist political movement, which was active in the middle of the 19th century, chiefly between the First war of Schleswig (1848–1850), in which Sweden and Norway contributed with considerable military force, and the Second war of Schleswig (1864) when the Riksdag of the Estates denounced the King's promises of military support for Denmark.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: Between 1820 and 1920 just over two million Scandinavians settled in the United States. One million came from Sweden, 300,000 from Denmark, and 730,000 from Norway. The figure for Norway represents almost 80% of the national population in 1800. The most popular destinations in North America were Minnesota, Iowa, the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Michigan, the Canadian prairies and Ontario.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Scandinavian Monetary Union was a monetary union formed by Sweden and Denmark on 5 May 1873, by fixing their currencies against the gold standard at par to each other. Norway, which was in union with Sweden entered the union two years later, in 1875 by pegging its currency to gold at the same level as Denmark and Sweden (.403 grams ). The monetary union was one of the few tangible results of the Scandinavian political movement of the 19th century.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The union provided fixed exchange rates and stability in monetary terms, but the member countries continued to issue their own separate currencies. Even if it was not initially foreseen, the perceived security led to a situation where the formally separate currencies were accepted on a basis of "as good as" the legal tender virtually throughout the entire area.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought an end to the monetary union. Sweden abandoned the tie to gold on 2 August 1914, and without a fixed exchange rate the free circulation came to an end.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: All three countries developed social welfare states in the early to mid-20th century. This came about partially because of the domination of the social-democrats in Sweden and Denmark, and the Labour party in Norway.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


History of Scandinavia

Context: The Nordic countries established the Nordic Council in 1952 and the Nordic passport union two years later.

Question: Mistä lähtien saamelaiset ovat asuttaneet Fennoskandinaaviaa?


International System of Units

Context: The International System of Units, known by the international abbreviation SI in all languages and sometimes pleonastically as the SI system, is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement. Established and maintained by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), it is the only system of measurement with an official status in nearly every country in the world, employed in science, technology, industry, and everyday commerce.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The SI was established and is maintained by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). In practice, the CGPM follows the recommendations of the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU), which is the actual body conducting technical deliberations concerning new scientific and technological developments related to the definition of units and the SI. The CCU reports to the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), which, in turn, reports to the CGPM. See below for more details.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: All the decisions and recommendations concerning units are collected in a brochure called "The International System of Units (SI)", which is published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and periodically updated.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Like all metric systems, the SI uses metric prefixes to systematically construct, for the same physical quantity, a set of units that are decimal multiples of each other over a wide range.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: For example, while the coherent unit of length is the metre, the SI provides a full range of smaller and larger units of length, any of which may be more convenient for any given application – for example, driving distances are normally given in kilometres (symbol ) rather than in metres. Here the metric prefix 'kilo-' (symbol 'k') stands for a factor of 1000; thus, = .

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The current version of the SI provides twenty metric prefixes that signify decimal powers ranging from 10−24 to 1024. Most prefixes correspond to integer powers of 1000; the only ones that do not are those for 10, 1/10, 100, and 1/100.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The grouping formed by a prefix symbol attached to a unit symbol (e.g. ", ") constitutes a new inseparable unit symbol. This new symbol can be raised to a positive or negative power and can be combined with other unit symbols to form compound unit symbols. For example, is an SI unit of density, where is to be interpreted as ().

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: When prefixes are used with the coherent SI units, the resulting units are no longer coherent, because the prefix introduces a numerical factor other than one. The one exception is the kilogram, the only coherent SI unit whose name and symbol, for historical reasons, include a prefix.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The complete set of SI units consists of both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples of coherent units formed by using the SI prefixes. For example, the metre, kilometre, centimetre, nanometre, etc. are all SI units of length, though only the metre is a "coherent" SI unit. A similar statement holds for derived units: for example, , , , /, etc. are all SI units of density, but of these, only is a "coherent" SI unit.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Moreover, the metre is the "only" coherent SI unit of length. Every physical quantity has exactly one coherent SI unit, although this unit may be expressible in different forms by using some of the special names and symbols. For example, the coherent SI unit of linear momentum may be written as either or as , and both forms are in use (e.g. compare respectively here:205 and here:135).

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: On the other hand, several different quantities may share same coherent SI unit. For example, the joule per kelvin (symbol ) is the coherent SI unit for two distinct quantities: heat capacity and entropy; another example is the ampere, which is the coherent SI unit for both electric current and magnetomotive force. This is why it is important not to use the unit alone to specify the quantity.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The SI is intended to be an evolving system; units and prefixes are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: </math> .}}}} The nature of the defining constants ranges from fundamental constants of nature such as to the purely technical constant cd. Prior to 2019, , , , and were not defined a priori but were rather very precisely measured quantities. In 2019, their values were fixed by definition to their best estimates at the time, ensuring continuity with previous definitions of the base units.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: As far as realisations, what are believed to be the current best practical realisations of units are described in the , which are also published by the BIPM. The abstract nature of the definitions of units is what makes it possible to improve and change the "mises en pratique" as science and technology develop without having to change the actual definitions themselves.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The current way of defining the SI is the result of a decades-long move towards increasingly abstract and idealised formulation in which the

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: In the past, there were also various other approaches to the definitions of some of the SI units. One made use of a specific physical state of a specific substance (the triple point of water, which was used in the definition of the kelvin); others referred to idealised experimental prescriptions (as in the case of the former SI definition of the ampere and the former SI definition (originally enacted in 1979) of the candela).

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: In the future, the set of defining constants used by the SI may be modified as more stable constants are found, or if it turns out that other constants can be more precisely measured.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Adopted in 1889, use of the MKS system of units succeeded the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS) in commerce and engineering. The metre and kilogram system served as the basis for the development of the International System of Units (abbreviated SI), which now serves as the international standard. Because of this, the standards of the CGS system were gradually replaced with metric standards incorporated from the MKS system.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: In 1901, Giovanni Giorgi proposed to the (AEI) that this system, extended with a fourth unit to be taken from the units of electromagnetism, be used as an international system.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The CCU has the following as members: national laboratories of the Member States of the CGPM charged with establishing national standards; relevant intergovernmental organisations and international bodies;

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: All the decisions and recommendations concerning units are collected in a brochure called "The International System of Units (SI)", which is published by the BIPM and periodically updated.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The SI base units are the building blocks of the system and all the other units are derived from them.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The derived units in the SI are formed by powers, products, or quotients of the base units and are potentially unlimited in number. Derived units are associated with derived quantities; for example, velocity is a quantity that is derived from the base quantities of time and length, and thus the SI derived unit is metre per second (symbol m/s). The dimensions of derived units can be expressed in terms of the dimensions of the base units.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Combinations of base and derived units may be used to express other derived units. For example, the SI unit of force is the newton (N), the SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa)—and the pascal can be defined as one newton per square metre (N/m2).

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Many non-SI units continue to be used in the scientific, technical, and commercial literature. Some units are deeply embedded in history and culture, and their use has not been entirely replaced by their SI alternatives. The CIPM recognised and acknowledged such traditions by compiling a list of non-SI units accepted for use with SI:

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: These units are used in combination with SI units in common units such as the kilowatt-hour (1 kW⋅h = 3.6 MJ).

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The basic units of the metric system, as originally defined, represented common quantities or relationships in nature. They still do – the modern precisely defined quantities are refinements of definition and methodology, but still with the same magnitudes. In cases where laboratory precision may not be required or available, or where approximations are good enough, the original definitions may suffice.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The English spelling and even names for certain SI units and metric prefixes depend on the variety of English used. US English uses the spelling "deka-", "meter", and "liter", whilst International English uses "deca-", "metre", and "litre". Additionally, the name of the unit whose symbol is t and which is defined according to is 'metric ton' US English but 'tonne' in International English.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Symbols of SI units are intended to be unique and universal, independent of the context language. The SI Brochure has specific rules for writing them. The guideline produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) clarifies language-specific details for American English that were left unclear by the SI Brochure, but is otherwise identical to the SI Brochure.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: General rules for writing SI units and quantities apply to text that is either handwritten or produced using an automated process:

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Further rules are specified in respect of production of text using printing presses, word processors, typewriters, and the like.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The CGPM publishes a brochure that defines and presents the SI. Its official version is in French, in line with the Metre Convention. It leaves some scope for local variations, particularly regarding unit names and terms in different languages.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The writing and maintenance of the CGPM brochure is carried out by one of the committees of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM).

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The definitions of the terms "quantity", "unit", "dimension" etc. that are used in the "SI Brochure" are those given in the International vocabulary of metrology.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The quantities and equations that provide the context in which the SI units are defined are now referred to as the "International System of Quantities" (ISQ).

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The published "mise en pratique" is not the only way in which a base unit can be determined: the SI Brochure states that "any method consistent with the laws of physics could be used to realise any SI unit." Various consultative committees of the CIPM decided in 2016 that more than one "mise en pratique" would be developed for determining the value of each unit. These methods include the following:

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) has described SI as "the modern form of metric system". Changing technology has led to an evolution of the definitions and standards that has followed two principal strands – changes to SI itself, and clarification of how to use units of measure that are not part of SI but are still nevertheless used on a worldwide basis.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: A few changes to notation conventions have also been made to alleviate lexicographic ambiguities. An analysis under the aegis of CSIRO, published in 2009 by the Royal Society, has pointed out the opportunities to finish the realisation of that goal, to the point of universal zero-ambiguity machine readability.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The new definitions were adopted at the 26th CGPM on 16 November 2018, and came into effect on 20 May 2019. The change was adopted by the European Union through Directive (EU) 2019/1258.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The units and unit magnitudes of the metric system which became the SI were improvised piecemeal from everyday physical quantities starting in the mid-18th century. Only later were they moulded into an orthogonal coherent decimal system of measurement.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The degree centigrade as a unit of temperature resulted from the scale devised by Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius in 1742. His scale counter-intuitively designated 100 as the freezing point of water and 0 as the boiling point. Independently, in 1743, the French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin described a scale with 0 as the freezing point of water and 100 the boiling point. The scale became known as the centi-grade, or 100 gradations of temperature, scale.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The metric system was developed from 1791 onwards by a committee of the French Academy of Sciences, commissioned to create a unified and rational system of measures. The group, which included preeminent French men of science, used the same principles for relating length, volume, and mass that had been proposed by the English clergyman John Wilkins in 1668 and the concept of using the Earth's meridian as the basis of the definition of length, originally proposed in 1670 by the French abbot Mouton.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Later, during the process of adoption of the metric system, the Latin "gramme" and "kilogramme", replaced the former provincial terms "gravet" (1/1000 "grave") and "grave". In June 1799, based on the results of the meridian survey, the standard "mètre des Archives" and "kilogramme des Archives" were deposited in the French National Archives. Subsequently, that year, the metric system was adopted by law in France.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The French system was short-lived due to its unpopularity. Napoleon ridiculed it, and in 1812, introduced a replacement system, the "mesures usuelles" or "customary measures" which restored many of the old units, but redefined in terms of the metric system.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: During the first half of the 19th century there was little consistency in the choice of preferred multiples of the base units: typically the myriametre ( metres) was in widespread use in both France and parts of Germany, while the kilogram ( grams) rather than the myriagram was used for mass.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: A French-inspired initiative for international cooperation in metrology led to the signing in 1875 of the Metre Convention, also called Treaty of the Metre, by 17 nations. Initially the convention only covered standards for the metre and the kilogram. In 1921, the Metre Convention was extended to include all physical units, including the ampere and others thereby enabling the CGPM to address inconsistencies in the way that the metric system had been used.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The treaty also established a number of international organisations to oversee the keeping of international standards of measurement.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: In 1879, the CIPM published recommendations for writing the symbols for length, area, volume and mass, but it was outside its domain to publish recommendations for other quantities. Beginning in about 1900, physicists who had been using the symbol "μ" (mu) for "micrometre" or "micron", "λ" (lambda) for "microlitre", and "γ" (gamma) for "microgram" started to use the symbols "μm", "μL" and "μg".

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: At the close of the 19th century three different systems of units of measure existed for electrical measurements: a CGS-based system for electrostatic units, also known as the Gaussian or ESU system, a CGS-based system for electromechanical units (EMU) and an International system based on units defined by the Metre Convention. for electrical distribution systems.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of non-coherent units of measure based on the gram/kilogram, centimetre/metre, and second, such as the "Pferdestärke" (metric horsepower) for power, the darcy for permeability and "millimetres of mercury" for barometric and blood pressure were developed or propagated, some of which incorporated standard gravity in their definitions.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: At the end of the Second World War, a number of different systems of measurement were in use throughout the world. Some of these systems were metric system variations; others were based on customary systems of measure, like the U.S customary system and Imperial system of the UK and British Empire.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: The 9th CGPM also approved the first formal recommendation for the writing of symbols in the metric system when the basis of the rules as they are now known was laid down. These rules were subsequently extended and now cover unit symbols and names, prefix symbols and names, how quantity symbols should be written and used, and how the values of quantities should be expressed.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: When Maxwell first introduced the concept of a coherent system, he identified three quantities that could be used as base units: mass, length, and time. Giorgi later identified the need for an electrical base unit, for which the unit of electric current was chosen for SI. Another three base units (for temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity) were added later.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


International System of Units

Context: Although the term "metric system" is often used as an informal alternative name for the International System of Units, other metric systems exist, some of which were in widespread use in the past or are even still used in particular areas. There are also individual metric units such as the sverdrup and the darcy that exist outside of any system of units. Most of the units of the other metric systems are not recognised by the SI.

Question: Milloin SI-järjestelmä kehitetty?


Global biodiversity

Context: Habitat change (see: habitat fragmentation or habitat destruction) is the most important driver currently affecting biodiversity, as some 40% of forests and ice-free habitats have been converted to cropland or pasture.<ref name="10.1146/annurev-environ-042911-093511"></ref> Other drivers are: overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.it helps animals to have energy

Question: Montako päälajia eläinkunnalla on?


Global biodiversity

Context: Based on Chapman's (2009) report, the estimated numbers of described extant species as of 2009 can be broken down as follows:

Question: Montako päälajia eläinkunnalla on?


Global biodiversity

Context: The Biodiversity Indicators Partnership was established in 2006 to assist biodiversity indicator development, advancement and to increase the availability of indicators.

Question: Montako päälajia eläinkunnalla on?


Global biodiversity

Context: Biodiversity is important for humans through ecosystem services and goods. Ecosystem services are broken down into: regulating services such as air and water purification, provisioning services (goods), such as fuel and food, cultural services and supporting services such as pollination and nutrient cycling.

Question: Montako päälajia eläinkunnalla on?


History of skiing

Context: The oldest information about skiing is based on archaeological evidence. Two regions present the earliest evidence of skis and their use: the Altaic region of modern China where 5000-year-old paintings suggest the aboriginal use of skis, and northern Russia, where the oldest fragments of ski-like objects, dating from about 6300–5000 BCE were found about 1,200 km northeast of Moscow at Lake Sindor.

Question: Kuinka pitkä muinaissuksi on?


Empire

Context: An empire is an aggregate of many separate states or territories under a supreme ruler or oligarchy. This is in contrast to a federation, which is an extensive state voluntarily composed of autonomous states and peoples. An empire is a large polity which rules over territories outside of its original borders.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Tom Nairn and Paul James define empires as polities that "extend relations of power across territorial spaces over which they have no prior or given legal sovereignty, and where, in one or more of the domains of economics, politics, and culture, they gain some measure of extensive hegemony over those spaces for the purpose of extracting or accruing value". Rein Taagepera has defined an empire as "any relatively large sovereign political entity whose components are not sovereign".

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: The terrestrial empire's maritime analogue is the thalassocracy, an empire composed of islands and coasts which are accessible to its terrestrial homeland, such as the Athenian-dominated Delian League.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Furthermore, empires can expand by both land and sea. Stephen Howe notes that empires by land can be characterized by expansion over terrain, "extending directly outwards from the original frontier" while an empire by sea can be characterized by colonial expansion and empire building "by an increasingly powerful navy".

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Scholars distinguish empires from nation-states. In an empire, there is a hierarchy whereby one group of people (usually, the metropole) has command over other groups of people, and there is a hierarchy of rights and prestige for different groups of people. Josep Colomer distinguished between empires and nation-states in the following way:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Stephen Howe writes that with the exception of the Roman, Chinese and "perhaps ancient Egyptian states"; early empires seldom survived the death of their founder and were usually limited in scope to conquest and collection of tribute, having little impact on the everyday lives of their subjects.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Meanwhile, in the western Mediterranean the Empires of Carthage and Rome began their rise. Having decisively defeated Carthage in 202 BC, Rome defeated Macedonia in 200 BC and the Seleucids in 190–189 BC to establish an all-Mediterranean Empire. The Seleucid Empire broke apart and its former eastern part was absorbed by the Parthian Empire. In 30 BC Rome annexed Ptolemaic Egypt.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: In Western Asia, the term "Persian Empire" came to denote the Iranian imperial states established at different historical periods of pre–Islamic and post–Islamic Persia.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: In 1204, after the Fourth Crusade conquered Constantinople, the crusaders established a Latin Empire (1204–1261) in that city, while the defeated Byzantine Empire's descendants established two smaller, short-lived empires in Asia Minor: the Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261) and the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461).

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: In the Indian subcontinent, the Delhi Sultanate conquered most of the Indian peninsula and spread Islam across it. It later got broken with the establishment of the Bengal Sultanate. In the 15th century, the Mughal Empire was founded by Timur and Genghis Khan's direct descendant Babur. His successors such Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan extended the empire. Meanwhile, the Sur Empire was also established in the north by Sher Shah Suri.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: In the 17th century, Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir expanded the Mughal Empire, controlling most of the South Asia through Sharia, which became the world's largest economy and leading manufacturing power with a nominal GDP that valued a quarter of world GDP, superior than the combination of Europe's GDP. It has been estimated that the Mughal emperors controlled an unprecedented one-fourth of the world's entire economy and was home to one-fourth of the world's population at the time.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: After the death of Aurangzeb, which marks the end of the medieval India and the beginning of European invasion in India, the empire was weakened by Nader Shah's invasion.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: The Mysore Empire was soon established by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, allies of Napoleone Bonaparte. Other independent empires were also been established, such as those ruled by the Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad and Hyderabad State's Nizam of Hyderabad.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: In the pre-Columbian Americas, two Empires were prominent—the Azteca in Mesoamerica and Inca in Peru. Both existed for several generations before the arrival of the Europeans. Inca had gradually conquered the whole of the settled Andean world as far south as today Santiago in Chile.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: In Oceania, the Tonga Empire was a lonely empire that existed from the Late Middle Ages to the Modern period.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: The Empire of Brazil (1822–1889) was the only South American modern monarchy, established by the heir of the Portuguese Empire as an independent nation eventually became an emerging international power. The new country was huge but sparsely populated and ethnically diverse. In 1889 the monarchy was overthrown in a sudden coup d'état led by a clique of military leaders whose goal was the formation of a republic.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: In 2004 Eliot A. Cohen summarized the contemporary transition from empire: "The Age of Empire may indeed have ended, but then an age of American hegemony has begun, regardless of what one calls it."

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Contemporaneously, the concept of "empire" is politically valid, yet is not always used in the traditional sense. Despite the semantic reference to imperial power, Japan is a "de jure" constitutional monarchy, with a homogeneous population of 127 million people that is 98.5 percent ethnic Japanese, making it one of the largest nation-states.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: The chart below shows a timeline of polities that have been called empires. Dynastic changes are marked with a white line.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: The military historian Sir John Bagot Glubb studied eleven empires starting with the Assyrians in 859 B.C. and ending with the British in 1950 A.D. Sir John determined that each followed a remarkably similar pattern from birth to demise. Spanning a period of about ten generations, each went through 7 Stages of Empire:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Glubb noted that in all these example, the penultimate age was marked by defensiveness, pessimism, materialism, frivolity, an influx of foreigners, the Welfare State, and a weakening of religion. He attributed this decadence to an excessively long period of wealth and power, selfishness, love of money, and the loss of a sense of duty.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Similarly, Anthony Pagden, Eliot A. Cohen, Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper estimate that "empires have always been more frequent, more extensive political and social forms than tribal territories or nations have ever been." Many empires endured for centuries, while the age of the ancient Egyptian, Chinese and Japanese Empires is counted in millennia. "Most people throughout history have lived under imperial rule."

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Political scientist Hedley Bull wrote that "in the broad sweep of human history ... the form of states system has been the exception rather than the rule". His colleague Robert Gilpin confirmed this conclusion for the pre-modern period:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Historian Michael Doyle who undertook an extensive research on empires extended the observation into the modern era:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Expert on warfare Quincy Wright generalized on what he called "universal empire"—empire unifying all the contemporary system:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: The earliest thinker to approach the phenomenon of universal empire from a theoretical point of view was Polybius (2:3):

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Johann Gottlieb Fichte, having witnessed the battle at Jena in 1806 when Napoleon overwhelmed Prussia, described what he perceived as a deep historical trend:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Fichte's later compatriot, Geographer Alexander von Humboldt, in the mid-Nineteenth century observed a macro-historic trend of imperial growth in both Hemispheres: "Men of great and strong minds, as well as whole nations, acted under influence of one idea, the purity of which was utterly unknown to them."

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: The imperial expansion filled the world circa 1900. Two famous contemporary observers—Frederick Turner and Halford Mackinder described the event and drew implications, the former predicting American overseas expansion and the latter stressing that the world empire is now in sight.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Two other contemporaries—Kang Yu-wei and George Vacher de Lapouge—stressed that imperial expansion cannot indefinitely proceed on the definite surface of the globe and therefore world empire is imminent. Kang Yu-wei in 1885 believed that the imperial trend will culminate in the contest between Washington and Berlin and Vacher de Lapouge in 1899 estimated that the final contest will be between Russia and America in which America is likely to triumph.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Russian colleague of Russell and Neighbour, Georgy Fedotov, wrote in 1945: All empires are but stages on the way to the sole Empire which must swallow all others. The only question is who will build it and on which foundations. Universal unity is the only alternative to annihilation. Unity by conference is utopian but unity by conquest by the strongest Power is not and probably the uncompleted in this War will be completed in the next. "Pax Atlantica" is the best of possible outcomes.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Expert on earlier civilizations, Toynbee, further developed the subject of World War III leading to world empire:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Carneiro explored the Bronze Age civilizations. Stuart J. Kaufman, Richard Little and William Wohlforth researched the next three millennia, comparing eight civilizations. They conclude: The "rigidity of the borders" contributed importantly to hegemony in every concerned case. Hence, "when the system's borders are rigid, the probability of hegemony is high".

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: One of leading experts on world-system theory, Christopher Chase-Dunn, noted that the circumscription theory is applicable for the global system, since the global system is circumscribed. In fact, within less than a century of its circumscribed existence the global system overcame the centuries-old balance of power and reached the unipolarity. Given "constant spatial parameters" of the global system, its unipolar structure is neither historically unusual nor theoretically surprising.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Chalmers Johnson argues that the US globe-girding network of hundreds of military bases already represents a global empire in its initial form:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Kenneth Pomeranz and Harvard Historian Niall Ferguson share the above-cited views: "With American military bases in over 120 countries, we have hardly seen the end of empire.” This “vast archipelago of US military bases … far exceeds 19th-century British ambitions. Britain’s imperium consisted of specific, albeit numerous, colonies and clients; the American imperial vision is much more global…”

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Another Harvard Historian Charles S. Maier opens his "Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors" with these words: "What a substratum for empire! Compared with which, the foundation of the Macedonian, the Roman and the British, sink into insignificance."

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Walter Russell Mead observes that the United States attempts to repeate “globally” what the ancient empires of Egypt, China and Rome had each accomplished on a regional basis. Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Leeds, Zygmunt Bauman, concludes that due to its planetary dimension, the new empire cannot be drawn on a map:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: "Times Atlas of Empires" numbers 70 empires in the world history. Niall Ferguson lists numerous parallels between them and the United States. He concludes: “To those who would still insist on American exceptionalism, the historian of empires can only retort: as exceptional as all the other 69 empires.” Fareed Zakaria stressed one element not exceptional for the American Empire—the concept of exceptionalism. All dominant empires thought they were special.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: In 1945, Historian Ludwig Dehio predicted global unification due to the circumscription of the global system, although he did not use this term. Being global, the system can neither expand nor be subject to external intrusion as the European states system had been for centuries:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Fifteen years later, Dehio confirmed his hypothesis: The European system owed its durability to its overseas outlet. “But how can a multiple grouping of world states conceivably be supported from outside in the framework of a finite globe?”

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Five scholars—Hornell Hart, Raoul Naroll, Louis Morano, Rein Taagepera and the author of the circumscription theory Robert Carneiro—researched expanding imperial cycles.

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: The founder of the Paneuropean Union, Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, writing yet in 1943, drew a more specific and immediate future imperial project: After the War America is bound “to take over the command of the skies.” The danger of “the utter annihilation of all enemy towns and lands” can “only be prevented by the air superiority of a single power ... America’s air role is the only alternative to intercontinental wars.” Despite his outstanding anti-imperialism, Coudenhove-Kalergi detailed:

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Eisenhower assured Soviet first secretary Nikita Khrushchev on Berlin in 1959: “Clearly we did not contemplate 50 years in occupation there.” It lasted, remarks Marc Trachtenberg, from July 1945 to September 1994, 10 months short of 50 years. Notably, when the US troops eventually left, they left eastward. Confirming the theory of the “empire by invitation,” with their first opportunity East European states extended the “invitation.”

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: Envisaging a world empire of either the United States or the Soviet Union (whoever is victorious in World War III), Bertrand Russell projected the Roman scenario too: "Like the Romans, they will, in the course of time, extend citizenship to the vanquished. There will then be a true world state, and it will be possible to forget that it will have owed its origin to conquest."

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Empire

Context: To the case of Caracalla, Toynbee added the Abbasid cosmopolitan reformation of 750 AD. Both "were good auguries for the prospect that, in a post-Modern chapter of Western history, a supranational commonwealth originally based on the hegemony of a paramount power over its satellites might eventually be put on the sounder basis of a constitutional partnership in which all the people of all the partner states would have their fare share in the conduct of common affairs.”

Question: Miten määritellään imperiumi?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident occurs, using cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that mark speed limit changes depending on conditions.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Other parts of the developing world, such as China, India and Brazil remain largely rural but are rapidly urbanising and industrialising. In these areas a motorised infrastructure is being developed alongside motorisation of the population. Great disparity of wealth means that only a fraction of the population can motorise, and therefore the highly dense multimodal transportation system for the poor is cross-cut by the highly motorised transportation system for the rich.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for intelligent transportation systems.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Radio modem communication on UHF and VHF frequencies are widely used for short and long range communication within ITS.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Short-range communications of 350 m can be accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols, specifically WAVE or the dedicated short range communications (DSRC) standard being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America and the United States Department of Transportation. Theoretically, the range of these protocols can be extended using mobile ad hoc networks or mesh networking.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Longer range communications use infrastructure networks such as 5G. Long-range communications using these methods are well established, but, unlike the short-range protocols, these methods require extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: "Floating car" or "probe" data collected other transport routes. Broadly speaking, four methods have been used to obtain the raw data:

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Bluetooth is an accurate and inexpensive way to transmit position from a vehicle in motion. Bluetooth devices in passing vehicles are detected by sensing devices along the road. If these sensors are interconnected they are able to calculate travel time and provide data for origin and destination matrices.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Since Bluetooth devices become more prevalent on board vehicles and with more portable electronics broadcasting, the amount of data collected over time becomes more accurate and valuable for travel time and estimation purposes, more information can be found in.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: It is also possible to measure traffic density on a road using the audio signal that consists of the cumulative sound from tire noise, engine noise, engine-idling noise, honks and air turbulence noise. A roadside-installed microphone picks up the audio that comprises the various vehicle noise and audio signal processing techniques can be used to estimate the traffic state. The accuracy of such a system compares well with the other methods described above.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Radars are mounted on the side of the road to measure traffic flow and for stopped and stranded vehicle detection purposes. Like video systems, radar learns its environment during set up so can distinguish between vehicles and other objects. It can also operate in conditions of low visibility.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?