Clipper

Context: The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest quote (referring to the Baltimore Clipper) is from 1824. The Dictionary cites Royal Navy officer and novelist Frederick Marryat as using the term in 1830. British newspaper usage of the term can be found as early as 1832 and in shipping adverts from 1835. A US court case of 1834 has evidence which discusses a clipper being faster than a brig.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: An "extreme clipper" has a hull of great fineness, as judged either by the prismatic coefficient, the coefficient of under-deck-tonnage or some other technical assessment of hull shape. It is a term that has been misapplied in the past, without reference to hull shape. As commercial vessels, these are totally reliant on speed to generate a profit for their owners, as their sharpness limits their cargo carrying capacity.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: A "medium clipper" has a cargo-carrying hull that has some sharpness. In the right conditions and with a capable captain, some of these achieved notable quick passages. They were also able to pay their way when the high freight rates often paid to a fast sailer were not available (in a fluctuating market).

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: The term "clipper" applied to vessels between these two categories. They often made passages as fast as extreme clippers, but had less difficulty in making a living when freight rates were lower.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: The first ships to which the term "clipper" seems to have been applied were the Baltimore clippers, developed in Chesapeake Bay before the American Revolution, and reaching their zenith between 1795 and 1815. They were small, rarely exceeding 200 tons OM. Their hulls were sharp ended and displayed a lot of deadrise. They were rigged as schooners, brigs or brigantines.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: In the War of 1812 some were lightly armed, sailing under Letters of Marque and Reprisal, when the type—exemplified by "Chasseur", launched at Fells Point, Baltimore in 1814—became known for her incredible speed; the deep draft enabled the Baltimore clipper to sail close to the wind. Clippers, running the British blockade of Baltimore, came to be recognized for speed rather than cargo space.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: The type existed as early as 1780. A 1789 drawing of —purchased by the Royal Navy in 1780 in the West Indies—represents the earliest draught of what became known as the Baltimore Clipper

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: Speed was also required for the opium trade from India to China. The fast-sailing vessels used were called Opium Clippers. Some of these were built specifically for the purposemostly in India and Britain. Some fruit schooners were bought for this trade, as were some Baltimore clippers.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: Vessels of the Baltimore clipper type continued to be built for the slave trade, being useful for escaping enforcement of the British and American legislation prohibiting the trans-atlantic slave trade. Some of these Baltimore clippers were captured when working as slavers, condemned by the appropriate court, and sold to owners who then used them as opium clippersmoving from one illegal international trade to another.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: From 1839, larger American clipper ships started to be built beginning with "Akbar", 650 tons OM, in 1839, and including the 1844-built Houqua, 581 tons OM. These larger vessels were built predominantly for use in the China tea trade and known as "tea clippers". Smaller clipper vessels also continued to be built predominantly for the China opium trade and known as "opium clippers" such as the 1842-built "Ariel", 100 tons OM.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: Then in 1845 "Rainbow", 757 tons OM, the first extreme clipper was launched in New York. These American clippers were larger vessels designed to sacrifice cargo capacity for speed. They had a bow lengthened above the water, a drawing out and sharpening of the forward body, and the greatest breadth further aft. Extreme clippers were built in the period 1845 to 1855.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: In 1851, shipbuilders in Medford, Massachusetts built the "Antelope", often called the "Antelope of Boston" to distinguish her from other ships of the same name. This vessel is sometimes called one of the first medium clipper ships. A ship-design journalist noted that "the design of her model was to combine large stowage capacity with good sailing qualities." The "Antelope" was relatively flat-floored and had only an 8-inch dead rise at half-floor.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: The medium clipper, though still very fast, could carry more cargo. After 1854 extreme clippers were replaced in American shipbuilding yards by medium clippers.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: Clipper ships largely ceased being built in American shipyards in 1859 when, unlike the earlier boom years, only four clipper ships were built; a few were built in the 1860s. The last American clipper ship was "the "Pilgrim"" launched in 1873 from the shipyards of Medford, Massachusetts, built by Joshua T. Foster. Among shipowners of the day, "Medford-built" came to mean the best.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: Donald McKay's "Sovereign of the Seas" reported the highest speed ever achieved by a sailing ship – , made while running her easting down to Australia in 1854. (John Griffiths' first clipper, the "Rainbow", had a top speed of 14 knots.) There are eleven other instances of a ship's logging or over. Ten of these were recorded by American clippers.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: Besides the breath-taking day's run of the "Champion of the Seas", there are thirteen other cases of a ship's sailing over in 24 hours.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: The 24h record of the "Champion of the Seas" set in 1854, wasn't broken until 1984 (by a multihull), or 2001 (by another monohull).

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: As the economic situation deteriorated in 1853, American shipowners either did not order new vessels, or specified an ordinary clipper or a medium clipper instead of an extreme clipper. No extreme clipper was launched in an American shipyard after the end of 1854 and only a few medium clippers after 1860.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: By contrast, British trade recovered well at the end of the 1850s. Tea clippers had continued to be launched during the depressed years, apparently little affected by the economic downturn. The long-distance route to China was not realistically challenged by steamships in the early part of the 1860s. No true steamer (as opposed to an auxiliary steamship) had the fuel efficiency to carry sufficient cargo to make a profitable voyage. The auxiliary steamships struggled to make any profit.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: Departures of clipper ships, mostly from New York and Boston to San Francisco, were advertised by clipper ship sailing cards. These cards, slightly larger than today's postcards, were produced by letterpress and wood engraving on coated card stock. Most clipper cards were printed in the 1850s and 1860s, and represented the first pronounced use of color in American advertising art.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Clipper

Context: Relatively few (perhaps 3,500) cards survive today. With their rarity and importance as artifacts of nautical, Western, and printing history, clipper cards are highly prized by both private collectors and institutions.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?


Semper fidelis

Context: It is thought that it originated from the phrase that the senators of ancient Rome declaimed at the end of their intervention.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: The earliest definitively recorded use of "semper fidelis" is as the motto of the French town of Abbeville since 1369. It has also been used by other towns, and is recorded as the motto of various European families since the 16th century, and possibly since the 13th century or earlier. Records show many families in England, France and Ireland using this motto.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: The earliest recorded use of "semper fidelis" by a military unit is by the Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot, raised in south-western England in 1685. This is apparently linked to its use as a motto by the city of Exeter no later than 1660. Subsequently, a variety of military organizations adopted the motto.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: This phrase was used in Europe, at least in Great Britain, Ireland and France and probably in other countries as well. A more recent adoption is by Senator Joe Doyle, in arms granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1999.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: Burke's full list of families using the motto was: Booker, Barbeson, Bonner, Broadmead, Carney, Chesterman, Dick, Dickins, Duffield, Edge, Formby, Frisby, Garrett, Haslett, Hill, Houlton, Kearney, Lynch, Lund, Marriott, Nicholls, Onslow, Pollexfen, Smith, Steele, Steehler, Steuart, Stirling and Wilcoxon. A large portion of these families were Irish or Scottish.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: Chassant and Tausin (1878, p. 647) list the following French families as using it: D'Arbaud of Jonques, De Bréonis, Chevalier of Pontis, Du Golinot of Mauny, De Coynart, De Genibrouse of Gastelpers, Macar of the Province of Liege, Milet of Mureau, Navoir of Ponzac, De Piomelles, De Poussois, De Reymons, Henry de Lolière and De Rozerou of Mos.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: Today, in Poland, the motto is referenced mainly in connection with the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1919 following the collapse of Austro-Hungary in the wake of World War I, and more especially in connection with the Polish-Bolshevik War that followed.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: In Ukraine, the phrase is used much less, and refers to the survival of the Ukrainian Church through the period of Soviet persecution.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: "Civitas Calvi Semper Fidelis" may have been the motto of the city of Calvi, Balagna area in Corsica for 500 years.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: The south-western English city of Exeter has used the motto "semper fidelis" since no later than 1660, inspiring its use by several south-western English military units.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: In 1685 the motto was used by Duke of Beaufort when The Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot, or Beaufort Musketeers, were raised to defend Bristol against the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion. It was numbered as the 11th Regiment of Foot when the numerical system of regimental designation was adopted in 1751 and was designated the regiment for North Devonshire (later the Devonshire Regiment).

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: The 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Rifle Volunteer Corps, raised in Exeter in 1852, was using the motto on its cap badge by 1860 at the latest; the Illustrated London News reported its use in its 7 January 1860 issue. The motto was continued by The Devonshire Regiment of the British Army.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: The motto was further continued on the badges of the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment when the Devonshires were amalgamated into them in 1958. This use of the motto evidently derives from these regiments' close connection with the city of Exeter, where they had a base from their foundation (see the Illustrated London News article referenced above) until their disappearance by amalgamation into the Rifles in 2007.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: Walsh's regiment of the Irish Brigade is noted for aiding the American cause in the American Revolution, when they were assigned as marines to John Paul Jones's ship, the .

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: The involvement of Irish Brigade soldiers serving as marines in the American War of Independence may have inspired the adoption of the motto "Semper Fidelis" by the US Marines. This would be ironic since the Irish Brigade motto referred specifically to their loyalty to Catholicism and Catholic kings, while the American rebels were fighting for a republican form of government for a largely Protestant population.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: The phrase "Semper Fidelis" was made the official motto of the Marine Corps by Charles Grymes McCawley, the eighth Commandant of the Marine Corps, who was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which had a large Irish Catholic population. McCawley owed his commission to Senator Pierre Soulé of Louisiana, a Catholic born and raised in France, who would have been well aware of the Irish Brigade's service as Marines during the American Revolution.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: The United States Marine Corps adopted the motto "Semper Fidelis" in 1883, on the initiative of Colonel Charles McCawley (29 January 1827 – 13 October 1891), the 8th Commandant of the Marine Corps.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Semper fidelis

Context: "Semper Fidelis" is the motto of the Protection and Guard Service, a Romanian secret service concerned with the national security and personal security of officials in Romania.

Question: Mikä on merijalkaväen tunnettu lausahdus?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The Russo-Japanese War (; ) was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The major theatres of military operations were located in Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria, and the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the Meiji government endeavoured to assimilate Western ideas, technological advances and ways of warfare. By the late 19th century, Japan had transformed itself into a modernized industrial state. The Japanese wanted to be recognized as equal with the Western powers. The Meiji Restoration had been intended to make Japan a modernized state, not a Westernized one, and Japan was an imperialist power, looking towards overseas expansionism.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: As part of the modernization process in Japan, Social Darwinist ideas about the "survival of the fittest" were common in Japan from the 1880s onward and many ordinary Japanese resented the heavy taxes imposed by the government to modernize Japan, demanding something tangible like an overseas colony as a reward for their sacrifices.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Furthermore, the educational system of Meiji Japan was meant to train the schoolboys to be soldiers when they grew up, and as such, Japanese schools indoctrinated their students into "Bushidō" ("way of the warrior"), the fierce code of the samurai. Having indoctrinated the younger generations into "Bushidō", the Meiji elite found themselves faced with a people who clamored for war, and regarded diplomacy as a weakness.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The British Japanologist Richard Story wrote that the biggest misconception about Japan in the West was that the Japanese people were the "docile" instruments of the elite, when in fact much of the pressure for Japan's wars from 1894 to 1941 came from the ordinary people, who demanded a "tough" foreign policy, and tended to engage in riots and assassination when foreign policy was perceived to be pusillanimous.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Though the Meiji oligarchy refused to allow liberal democracy, they did seek to appropriate some of the demands of the "people's rights" movement by allowing an elected Imperial Diet in 1890 (with limited powers and an equally limited franchise) and by pursuing an aggressive foreign policy towards Korea.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The Russians also began to make inroads into Korea. By 1898 they had acquired mining and forestry concessions near the Yalu and Tumen rivers, causing the Japanese much anxiety. Japan decided to attack before the Russians completed the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Wilhelm aggressively encouraged Russia's ambitions in Asia because France, Russia's closest ally since 1894, was less than supportive of Russian expansionism in Asia, and it was believed in Berlin that German support of Russia might break up the Franco-Russian alliance and lead to a new German–Russian alliance.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The French had made it clear that they disapproved of Nicholas's forward policy in Asia; the French Premier Maurice Rouvier (in office: May to December 1887) publicly declaring that the Franco-Russian alliance applied only in Europe, not to Asia,

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: On 3 October 1903 the Russian minister to Japan, Roman Rosen, presented to the Japanese government the Russian counter proposal as the basis of negotiations, as follows:

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: By 4 February 1904, no formal reply had been received from Saint Petersburg. On 6 February the Japanese minister to Russia, Kurino Shin'ichirō, was recalled, and Japan severed diplomatic relations with Russia.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: ... the Japanese government have at all times during the progress of the negotiations made it a special point to give prompt answers to all propositions of the Russian government. The negotiations have now been pending for no less than four months, and they have not yet reached a stage where the final issue can with certainty be predicted. In these circumstances the Japanese government cannot but regard with grave concern the situation for which the delays in negotiations are largely responsible.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Some scholars have suggested that Nicholas II dragged Japan into war intentionally, in hopes of reviving Russian nationalism. This notion conflicts with a comment made by Nicholas to Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, saying there would be no war because he "did not wish it".

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Japan issued a declaration of war on 8 February 1904. However, three hours before Japan's declaration of war was received by the Russian government, and without warning, the Japanese Imperial Navy attacked the Russian Far East Fleet at Port Arthur.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Tsar Nicholas II was stunned by news of the attack. He could not believe that Japan would commit an act of war without a formal declaration, and had been assured by his ministers that the Japanese would not fight. When the attack came, according to Cecil Spring Rice, first secretary at the British Embassy, it left the Tsar "almost incredulous".

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Russia declared war on Japan eight days later. Japan, in response, made reference to the Russian attack on Sweden in 1808 without declaration of war, although the requirement to mediate disputes between states before commencing hostilities was made international law in 1899, and again in 1907, with the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The Qing Empire favoured the Japanese position and even offered military aid, but Japan declined it. However, Yuan Shikai sent envoys to Japanese generals several times to deliver foodstuffs and alcoholic drinks. Native Manchurians joined the war on both sides as hired troops.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Port Arthur, on the Liaodong Peninsula in the south of Manchuria, had been fortified into a major naval base by the Russian Imperial Army. Since it needed to control the sea in order to fight a war on the Asian mainland, Japan's first military objective was to neutralize the Russian fleet at Port Arthur.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: These engagements provided cover for a Japanese landing near Incheon in Korea. From Incheon the Japanese occupied Hanseong and then the rest of Korea. After the Japanese occupation of Hanseong, Emperor Gojong sent a detachment of 17,000 soldiers to support Russia. By the end of April, the Japanese Imperial Army under Kuroki Tamemoto was ready to cross the Yalu River into Russian-occupied Manchuria.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: On 12 April 1904, two Russian pre-dreadnought battleships, the flagship and the , slipped out of port but struck Japanese mines off Port Arthur. The "Petropavlovsk" sank almost immediately, while the "Pobeda" had to be towed back to port for extensive repairs. Admiral Makarov, the single most effective Russian naval strategist of the war, died on the battleship "Petropavlovsk".

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: On 15 April 1904, the Russian government made overtures threatening to seize the British war correspondents who were taking the ship into war zones to report for the London-based "Times" newspaper, citing concerns about the possibility of the British giving away Russian positions to the Japanese fleet.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: With the fall of Port Arthur, the Japanese 3rd Army could continue northward to reinforce positions south of Russian-held Mukden. With the onset of the severe Manchurian winter, there had been no major land engagements since the Battle of Shaho the previous year. The two sides camped opposite each other along 60 to of front lines south of Mukden.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The Russian Second Army under General Oskar Gripenberg, between 25 and 29 January, attacked the Japanese left flank near the town of Sandepu, almost breaking through. This caught the Japanese by surprise. However, without support from other Russian units the attack stalled, Gripenberg was ordered to halt by Kuropatkin and the battle was inconclusive. The Japanese knew that they needed to destroy the Russian army in Manchuria before Russian reinforcements arrived via the Trans-Siberian railroad.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The retreating Russian Manchurian Army formations disbanded as fighting units, but the Japanese failed to destroy them completely. The Japanese themselves had suffered heavy casualties and were in no condition to pursue. Although the Battle of Mukden was a major defeat for the Russians and was the most decisive land battle ever fought by the Japanese, the final victory still depended on the navy.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Admiral Tōgō was aware of Russian progress and understood that, with the fall of Port Arthur, the Second and Third Pacific squadrons would try to reach the only other Russian port in the Far East, Vladivostok. Battle plans were laid down and ships were repaired and refitted to intercept the Russian fleet.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The Japanese Combined Fleet, which had originally consisted of six battleships, was now down to four battleships and one second class battleship (two had been lost to mines), but still retained its cruisers, destroyers, and torpedo boats. The Russian Second Pacific Squadron contained eight battleships, including four new battleships of the , as well as cruisers, destroyers and other auxiliaries for a total of 38 ships.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Both sides accepted the offer of United States President Theodore Roosevelt to mediate. Meetings were held in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with Sergei Witte leading the Russian delegation and Baron Komura leading the Japanese delegation. The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on 5 September 1905 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Witte became Russian Prime Minister the same year.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Russia also signed over its 25-year leasehold rights to Port Arthur, including the naval base and the peninsula around it, and ceded the southern half of Sakhalin Island to Japan. Sakhalin would be taken back by the Soviet Union following the defeat of the Japanese in World War II.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: During many of the battles at sea, several thousand soldiers being transported drowned after their ships went down. There was no consensus about what to do with transported soldiers at sea, and as a result, many of the ships failed or refused to rescue soldiers that were left shipwrecked. This led to the creation of the second Geneva Convention in 1906, which gave protection and care for shipwrecked soldiers in armed conflict.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: In the absence of Russian competition, and with the distraction of European nations during World War I, combined with the Great Depression that followed, the Japanese military began efforts to dominate China and the rest of Asia, which eventually led to the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War theatres of World War II.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: In Russia, the defeat of 1905 led in the short term to a reform of the Russian military that allowed it to face Germany in World War I. However, the revolts at home following the war planted seeds that presaged the Russian Revolution of 1917. This was because Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which included only limited reforms such as the Duma and failed to address the societal problems of Russia at the time.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Japan had become the rising Asian power and had proven that its military could combat the major powers in Europe with success. Most Western powers were stunned that the Japanese not only prevailed but decisively defeated Russia. In the Russo-Japanese War, Japan had also portrayed a sense of readiness in taking a more active and leading role in Asian affairs, which in turn had led to widespread nationalism throughout the region.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: As a result, the wartime government, the First Katsura Cabinet, which remained in power for the longest period (1,681 days) in the history of Japanese democracy to date, declared Martial Law to suppress the riots on September 6th (one day after the official signing in Portsmouth, NH). After over 2,000 people were arrested, the Martial Law was lifted on November 29th, but the Cabinet resigned on December 22nd, after ratifying the treaty on October 10th, as if taking the responsibility for a lost war.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: It has also been argued that the conflict had characteristics of what was later to be described as "total war". These included the mass mobilization of troops into battle and the need for so extensive a supply of equipment, armaments, and supplies that both domestic support and foreign aid were required. It is also argued that domestic response in Russia to the inefficiencies of the tsarist government set in motion the eventual dissolution of the Romanov dynasty.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The significance of the war for oppressed classes as well as subject populations was clear too to Socialist thinkers.<poem>

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: It was this realisation of the universal significance of the war that underlines the historical importance of the conflict and its outcome.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: In 1904–1905, Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton was the military attaché of the British Indian Army serving with the Imperial Japanese Army in Manchuria. As one of the several military attachés from Western countries, he was the first to arrive in Japan after the start of the war.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: He therefore would be recognized as the dean of multi-national attachés and observers in this conflict, although out-ranked by British field marshal, William Gustavus Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson, who was later to become chief of the Imperial General Staff.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Despite its gold reserves of 106.3 million pounds, Russia's pre-war financial situation was not enviable. The country had large budget deficits year after year, and was largely dependent on borrowed money.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Conversely, Japan's pre-war gold reserves were a modest 11.7 million pounds; a major portion of the total cost of the war was covered by money borrowed from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: During his canvassing expedition in London, the Japanese vice-governor of the Bank of Japan Takahashi Korekiyo met Jacob Schiff, an American banker and head of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Schiff, in response to Russia's anti-Jewish pogroms and sympathetic to Japan's cause, extended a critical series of loans to the Empire of Japan, in the amount of 200 million US dollars (41.2 million pounds). He also raised loans from the Rothschild family in Britain.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Japan's total war expenditure was 2,150 million yen, of which 38%, or 820 million yen, was raised overseas.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: On either side, there were lyrics lamenting the necessity of fighting in a foreign land, far from home. One of the earliest of several Russian songs still performed today was the waltz "Amur's Waves" ("Amurskie volny"), which evokes the melancholy of standing watch on the motherland far east frontier.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Two others grew out of incidents during the war. "On the Hills of Manchuria" ("Na sopkah Manchzhurii"; 1906) is another waltz composed by Ilya Shatrov, a decorated military musician whose regiment suffered badly in the Battle of Mukden. Originally only the music was published, and the words by Stepan Petrov were added later.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The second song, "Variag", commemorates the Battle of Chemulpo Bay in which that cruiser and the gunboat "Korietz" steamed out to confront an encircling Japanese squadron rather than surrender. That act of heroism was first celebrated in a German song by Rudolf Greintz in 1907, which was quickly translated into Russian and sung to a martial accompaniment. These lyrics mourned the fallen lying in their graves and threatened revenge.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov also reacted to the war by composing the satirical opera "The Golden Cockerel", completed in 1907. Although it was ostensibly based on a verse fairy tale by Alexander Pushkin written in 1834, the authorities quickly realised its true target and immediately banned it from performance. The opera was premiered in 1909, after Rimsky-Korsakov's death, and even then with modifications required by the censors.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Even the Emperor Meiji himself entered the poetic lists, writing in answer to all the lamentations about death in a foreign land that the patriotic soul returns to the homeland.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: European treatments were similarly varied. Jane H. Oakley attempted an epic treatment of the conflict in 86 cantos. The French poet Blaise Cendrars was later to represent himself as on a Russian train on its way to Manchuria at the time in his "La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France" (1913) and energetically evoked the results of the war along the way:

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: Much later, the Scottish poet Douglas Dunn devoted an epistolary poem in verse to the naval war in "The Donkey's Ears: Politovsky's Letters Home" (2000). This follows the voyage of the Russian Imperial Navy flagship "Kniaz" to its sinking at the Battle of Tsushima.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Russo-Japanese War

Context: The main historical novel dealing with the war from the Japanese side is Shiba Ryōtarō's "Clouds Above the Hill", published serially in several volumes between 1968 and 1972, and translated in English in 2013. The closely researched story spans the decade from the Sino-Japanese War to the Russo-Japanese War and went on to become the nation's favourite book.

Question: Mitkä olivat Venäjän–Japanin sodan laajemmat vaikutukset?


Jackal

Context: Jackals are medium-sized omnivorous mammals of the subtribe Canina, which also includes wolves and the domestic dog, among other species. While the word "jackal" has historically been used for many small canines, in modern use it most commonly refers to three species: the closely related black-backed jackal ("Lupulella mesomelas") and side-striped jackal ("Lupulella adusta") of sub-Saharan-Africa, and the golden jackal ("Canis aureus") of south-central Europe and Asia.

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Jackal

Context: Jackals are opportunistic omnivores, predators of small to medium-sized animals and proficient scavengers. Their long legs and curved canine teeth are adapted for hunting small mammals, birds, and reptiles, and their large feet and fused leg bones give them a physique well-suited for long-distance running, capable of maintaining speeds of for extended periods of time. Jackals are crepuscular, most active at dawn and dusk.

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Jackal

Context: Their most common social unit is a monogamous pair, which defends its territory from other pairs by vigorously chasing intruding rivals and marking landmarks around the territory with their urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults, which stay with their parents until they establish their own territories. Jackals may occasionally assemble in small packs, for example, to scavenge a carcass, but they normally hunt either alone or in pairs.

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Jackal

Context: The English word "jackal" dates back to 1600 and derives from the French "chacal", from Turkish çakal, derived from the Persian "", which is in turn derived from the Sanskrit शृगाल "śṛgāla" meaning "the howler".

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Jackal

Context: Oken's "Thos" theory was revived in 1914 by Edmund Heller, who embraced the separate genus theory. Heller's names and the designations he gave to various jackal species and subspecies live on in current taxonomy, although the genus has been changed from "Thos" to "Canis".

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Jackal

Context: The paraphyletic nature of "Canis" with respect to "Lycaon" and "Cuon" has led to suggestions that the two African jackals should be assigned to different genera, "Schaeffia" for the side-striped jackal and "Lupulella" for the black-backed jackal or "Lupulella" for both.

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Jackal

Context: The intermediate size and shape of the Ethiopian wolf has at times led it to be regarded as a jackal, thus it has also been called the "red jackal" or the "Simien jackal".

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Jackal

Context: In the Indian "Panchatantra" stories, the jackal is mentioned as wily and wise. In Bengali tantrik tradition, they represent the goddess Kali. It is said she appears as jackals when meat is offered to her.

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Jackal

Context: The Serer religion and creation myth posits jackals were among the first animals created by Roog, the supreme deity of the Serer people.

Question: Miltä Sakaali näyttää?


Sapphire

Context: Sapphire is one of the two gem-varieties of corundum, the other being ruby (defined as corundum in a shade of red). Although blue is the best-known sapphire color, they occur in other colors, including gray and black, and also can be colorless. A pinkish orange variety of sapphire is called padparadscha.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Every sapphire mine produces a wide range of quality, and origin is not a guarantee of quality. For sapphire, Kashmir receives the highest premium, although Burma, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar also produce large quantities of fine quality gems.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The cost of natural sapphires varies depending on their color, clarity, size, cut, and overall quality. Sapphires that are completely untreated are worth far more than those that have been treated. Geographical origin also has a major impact on price. For most gems of one carat or more, an independent report from a respected laboratory such as GIA, Lotus Gemology, or SSEF, is often required by buyers before they will make a purchase.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Gemstone color can be described in terms of hue, saturation, and tone. Hue is commonly understood as the "color" of the gemstone. Saturation refers to the vividness or brightness of the hue, and tone is the lightness to darkness of the hue. Blue sapphire exists in various mixtures of its primary (blue) and secondary hues, various tonal levels (shades) and at various levels of saturation (vividness).

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Blue sapphires are evaluated based upon the purity of their blue hue. Violet, and green are the most common secondary hues found in blue sapphires. The highest prices are paid for gems that are pure blue and of vivid saturation. Gems that are of lower saturation, or are too dark or too light in tone are of less value. However, color preferences are a personal taste, like a flavor of ice cream.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The Logan sapphire in the National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D.C., is one of the largest faceted gem-quality blue sapphires in existence. The 422.66-ct Siren of Serendip in the Houston Museum of Natural Science is another stunning example of a Sri Lankan sapphire on public display.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Pink sapphires occur in shades from light to dark pink, and deepen in color as the quantity of chromium increases. The deeper the pink color, the higher their monetary value. In the United States, a minimum color saturation must be met to be called a ruby, otherwise the stone is referred to as a "pink sapphire".

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: "Padparadscha" is a delicate, light to medium toned, pink-orange to orange-pink hued corundum, originally found in Sri Lanka, but also found in deposits in Vietnam and parts of East Africa. Padparadscha sapphires are rare; the rarest of all is the totally natural variety, with no sign of artificial treatment.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The name is derived from the Sanskrit "padma ranga" (padma = lotus; ranga = color), a color akin to the lotus flower ("Nelumbo nucifera").

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Among the fancy (non-blue) sapphires, natural padparadscha fetch the highest prices. Since 2001, more sapphires of this color have appeared on the market as a result of artificial lattice diffusion of beryllium.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The inclusions can alternatively produce a cat's eye effect if the girdle plane of the cabochon is oriented parallel to the crystal's c-axis rather than perpendicular to it. To get a cat's eye, the planes of exsolved inclusions must be extremely uniform and tightly packed. If the dome is oriented in between these two directions, an off-center star will be visible, offset away from the high point of the dome.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: On 28 July 2021, the world's largest cluster of star sapphires, weighing 510 kg, was unearthed from Ratnapura, Sri Lanka. This star sapphire cluster was named "Serendipity Sapphire".

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Color-change sapphires colored by the Cr + Fe/Ti chromophores generally change from blue or violetish blue to violet or purple. Those colored by the V chromophore can show a more pronounced change, moving from blue-green to purple.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Certain synthetic color-change sapphires have a similar color change to the natural gemstone alexandrite and they are sometimes marketed as "alexandrium" or "synthetic alexandrite". However, the latter term is a misnomer: synthetic color-change sapphires are, technically, not synthetic alexandrites but rather alexandrite "simulants". This is because genuine alexandrite is a variety of chrysoberyl: not sapphire, but an entirely different mineral.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Large rubies and sapphires of poor transparency are frequently used with suspect appraisals that vastly overstate their value. This was the case of the "Life and Pride of America Star Sapphire". Circa 1985, Roy Whetstine claimed to have bought the 1905-ct stone for $10 at the Tucson gem show, but a reporter discovered that L.A. Ward of Fallbrook, CA, who appraised it at the price of $1200/ct, had appraised another stone of the exact same weight several years before Whetstine claimed to have found it.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Bangkok-based Lotus Gemology maintains an updated listing of world auction records of ruby, sapphire, and spinel. As of November 2019, no sapphire has ever sold at auction for more than $17,295,796.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Rubies are corundum with a dominant red body color. This is generally caused by traces of chromium (Cr3+) substituting for the (Al3+) ion in the corundum structure. The color can be modified by both iron and trapped hole color centers.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Purple sapphires contain trace amounts of chromium and iron plus titanium and come in a variety of shades. Corundum that contains extremely low levels of chromophores is near colorless. Completely colorless corundum generally does not exist in nature. If trace amounts of iron are present, a very pale yellow to green color may be seen. However, if both titanium and iron impurities are present together, and in the correct valence states, the result is a blue color.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Intervalence charge transfer is a process that produces a strong colored appearance at a low percentage of impurity. While at least 1% chromium must be present in corundum before the deep red ruby color is seen, sapphire blue is apparent with the presence of only 0.01% of titanium and iron.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The most complete description of the causes of color in corundum extant can be found in Chapter 4 of "Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide" (chapter authored by John Emmett, Emily Dubinsky and Richard Hughes).

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: According to United States Federal Trade Commission guidelines, disclosure is required of any mode of enhancement that has a significant effect on the gem's value.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The most complete description of corundum treatments extant can be found in Chapter 6 of "Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide" (chapter authored by John Emmett, Richard Hughes and Troy R. Douthit).

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Sapphires from certain locations, or of certain categories, may be more commercially appealing than others, particularly classic metamorphic sapphires from Kashmir, Burma, or Sri Lanka that have not been subjected to heat-treatment.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: In North America, sapphires have been mined mostly from deposits in Montana: fancies along the Missouri River near Helena, Montana, Dry Cottonwood Creek near Deer Lodge, Montana, and Rock Creek near Philipsburg, Montana. Fine blue Yogo sapphires are found at Yogo Gulch west of Lewistown, Montana. A few gem-grade sapphires and rubies have also been found in the area of Franklin, North Carolina.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The key to the process is that the alumina powder does not melt as it falls through the flame. Instead it forms a sinter cone on the pedestal. When the tip of that cone reaches the hottest part of the flame, the tip melts. Thus the crystal growth is started from a tiny point, ensuring minimal strain.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Due to the vertical layered growth of the crystal and the curved upper growth surface (which starts from a drop), the crystals will display curved growth lines following the top surface of the boule. This is in contrast to natural corundum crystals, which feature angular growth lines expanding from a single point and following the planar crystal faces.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Synthetic sapphire is also produced industrially from agglomerated aluminum oxide, sintered and fused (such as by hot isostatic pressing) in an inert atmosphere, yielding a transparent but slightly porous polycrystalline product.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: In 2003, the world's production of synthetic sapphire was 250 tons (1.25 × 109 carats), mostly by the United States and Russia. The availability of cheap synthetic sapphire unlocked many industrial uses for this unique material.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Synthetic sapphire—sometimes referred to as "sapphire glass"—is commonly used as a window material, because it is both highly transparent to wavelengths of light between 150 nm (UV) and 5500 nm (IR) (the visible spectrum extends about 380 nm to 750 nm), and extraordinarily scratch-resistant.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Some sapphire-glass windows are made from pure sapphire boules that have been grown in a specific crystal orientation, typically along the optical axis, the c-axis, for minimum birefringence for the application.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The boules are sliced up into the desired window thickness and finally polished to the desired surface finish. Sapphire optical windows can be polished to a wide range of surface finishes due to its crystal structure and its hardness. The surface finishes of optical windows are normally called out by the scratch-dig specifications in accordance with the globally adopted MIL-O-13830 specification.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The sapphire windows are used in both high pressure and vacuum chambers for spectroscopy, crystals in various watches, and windows in grocery store barcode scanners since the material's exceptional hardness and toughness makes it very resistant to scratching.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: In 2014 Apple consumed "one-fourth of the world’s supply of sapphire to cover the iPhone’s camera lens and fingerprint reader."

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Several attempts have been made to make sapphire screens for smartphones viable. Apple contracted GT Advanced Technologies, Inc. to manufacture sapphire screens for iPhones, the venture failed resulting in the bankruptcy of GTAT. The Kyocera Brigadier was the first production smartphone to feature a sapphire screen.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: It is used for end windows on some high-powered laser tubes as its wide-band transparency and thermal conductivity allow it to handle very high power densities in the infrared or UV spectrum without degrading due to heating.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Along with zirconia and aluminum oxynitride, synthetic sapphire is used for shatter resistant windows in armored vehicles and various military body armor suits, in association with composites.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: One type of xenon arc lamp – originally called the "Cermax" and now known generically as the "ceramic body xenon lamp" – uses sapphire crystal output windows. This product tolerates higher thermal loads and thus higher output powers when compared with conventional Xe lamps with pure silica window.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: In one process, after single crystal sapphire boules are grown, they are core-drilled into cylindrical rods, and wafers are then sliced from these cores.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Wafers of single-crystal sapphire are also used in the semiconductor industry as substrates for the growth of devices based on gallium nitride (GaN). The use of sapphire significantly reduces the cost, because it has about one-seventh the cost of germanium. Gallium nitride on sapphire is commonly used in blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: The first laser was made in 1960 by Theodore Maiman with a rod of synthetic ruby. Titanium-sapphire lasers are popular due to their relatively rare capacity to be tuned to various wavelengths in the red and near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. They can also be easily mode-locked. In these lasers a synthetically produced sapphire crystal with chromium or titanium impurities is irradiated with intense light from a special lamp, or another laser, to create stimulated emission.

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Monocrystalline sapphire is fairly biocompatible and the exceptionally low wear of sapphire–metal pairs has led to the introduction (in Ukraine) of sapphire monocrystals for hip

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Sapphire

Context: Extensive tables listing over a hundred important and famous rubies and sapphires can be found in Chapter 10 of "Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide".

Question: MInkä värisiä ovat safiirit?


Curt Lincoln

Context: Curt "Curre" Richard Lincoln (8 October 1918 in Stockholm – 28 August 2005 in Espoo) was one of the most famous race car drivers in Finland, who also played Davis Cup tennis for Finland.

Question: Milloin Curt Lincoln aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Curt Lincoln

Context: Born in Stockholm, Sweden, Lincoln moved to Helsinki, Finland, as a child with his family in 1926. He was one of the Swedish volunteers who fought for Finland in the Winter War.

Question: Milloin Curt Lincoln aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Curt Lincoln

Context: Lincoln was also a top level tennis player, being Finnish and Swedish Champion. Lincoln represented Finland during the 1954 Davis Cup Europe Zone first round tie against Norway, played in Helsinki. He played in the doubles rubber with partner Sakari Salo and lost in four sets to Nils-Erik Hessen and Rolf Pape.

Question: Milloin Curt Lincoln aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Curt Lincoln

Context: Curt Lincoln became a Finnish Citizen in 1961. His daughter Nina was married to Formula One World Champion Jochen Rindt.

Question: Milloin Curt Lincoln aloitti ammattilais uransa?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: It is one of 54 countries worldwide applying it, and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution, which has since been adopted by five other countries. The Philippines has since abolished executions, and Guatemala has done so for civil offenses, leaving the United States as one of four countries to still use this method (along with China, Thailand, and Vietnam). It is common practice for the condemned to be administered sedatives prior to execution, regardless of the method used.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The Human Rights Measurement Initiative gives the US a score of 4.4 out of 10 for the right to freedom from the death penalty.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall, who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for spying on behalf of the Spanish government. Executions in colonial America were also carried out by hanging. The hangman's noose was one of the various banishments the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony applied to enforce religious and intellectual conformity on the whole community.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment. The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty, requiring a grand jury indictment for "capital crime" and a due process of law for deprivation of "life" by the government. The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any states.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The "Espy file", compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla, lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991. From 1930 to 2002, there were 4,661 executions in the U.S., about two-thirds of them in the first 20 years. Additionally, the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1961 (the most recent).

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Three states abolished the death penalty for murder during the 19th century: Michigan (which has never executed a prisoner since achieving statehood), in 1847, Wisconsin, in 1853 and Maine, in 1887. Rhode Island is also a state with a long abolitionist background, having repealed the death penalty in 1852, though it was theoretically available for murder committed by a prisoner between 1872 and 1984.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Capital punishment was used by only 5 of 50 states in 2020. They were Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, Tennessee and Texas. Government executions, as reported by Amnesty International, took place in only 20 of the world's 195 countries. The Federal government, however, which had not executed for 16 years prior, did so in 2020, pushed by Donald Trump and Attorney General William Barr.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Executions for various crimes, especially murder and rape, occurred from the creation of the United States up to the beginning of the 1960s. Until then, "save for a few mavericks, no one gave any credence to the possibility of ending the death penalty by judicial interpretation of constitutional law", according to abolitionist Hugo Bedau.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In "Furman v. Georgia", the U.S. Supreme Court considered a group of consolidated cases. The lead case involved an individual convicted under Georgia's death penalty statute, which featured a "unitary trial" procedure in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and, simultaneously, determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment. The last pre-"Furman" execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The "Furman" decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment, and was described by scholars as a "legal bombshell". The next day, columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was "unlikely" that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Executions resumed on January 17, 1977, when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah. Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Following the decision, the use of capital punishment in the United States soared. This was in contrast to trends in other parts of advanced industrial democracies where the use of capital punishment declined or was prohibited. Forty-seven European States, including Russia, are members of the Council of Europe, and they all comply with the European Convention of Human Rights which prohibits capital punishment. The last execution in the UK took place in 1964, and in 1977 in France.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In 1977, the Supreme Court's "Coker v. Georgia" decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman. Previously, the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States, and at the time of the decision, Georgia and the Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for this offense.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The last person executed for non-homicidal rape in the United States was Ronald Wolfe, executed by Missouri in 1964 for the rape of an 8 year old girl, while the last person executed for robbery was James Coburn, executed by Alabama in 1965.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In the 1980 case "Godfrey v. Georgia", the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty. First, the case of "Atkins v. Virginia", decided on June 20, 2002, held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional. Second, in 2005, the court's decision in "Roper v. Simmons" struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In the 2008 case "Kennedy v. Louisiana", the court also held 5–4 that the death penalty is unconstitutional when applied to non-homicidal crimes against the person, including child rape. Only two death row inmates (both in Louisiana) were affected by the decision. Nevertheless, the ruling came less than five months before the 2008 presidential election and was criticized by both major party candidates Barack Obama and John McCain.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Nebraska's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015, but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it. Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8, 2016. The same day, California's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty, and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: On October 11, 2018, Washington state became the 20th state to abolish capital punishment when its state Supreme Court deemed the death penalty unconstitutional on the grounds of racial bias.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: New Hampshire became the 21st state to abolish capital punishment on May 30, 2019, when its state senate overrode Governor Sununu's veto by a vote of 16–8.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Colorado became the 22nd state to abolish capital punishment when governor Jared Polis signed a repeal bill on March 23, 2020, and commuted all existing death sentences in the state to life without parole.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Virginia became the 23rd state to abolish capital punishment, and the first Southern state to do so when governor Ralph Northam signed a repeal bill on March 24, 2021, and commuted all existing death sentences in the state to life without parole.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Since "Furman", 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process. All resulted in a vote for reinstating it, rejecting its abolition, expanding its application field, specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional, or expediting the appeal process in capital cases.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In 1996, Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act to streamline the appeal process in capital cases. The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton, who had endorsed capital punishment during his 1992 presidential campaign.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Women accounted for just one fifth of all executions between 1632 and 1759, in the colonial United States. Women were more likely to be acquitted, and the relatively low number of executions of women may have been impacted by the scarcity of female laborers. Slavery was not yet widespread in the 17th century mainland and planters relied mostly on Irish indentured servants. To maintain subsistence levels in those days everyone had to do farm work, including women.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The second half of the 17th century saw the executions of 14 women and 6 men who were accused of witchcraft during the witch hunt hysteria and the Salem Witch Trials. While both men and women were executed, 80% of the accusations were towards women, so the list of executions disproportionately affected men by a margin of 6 (actual) to 4 (expected), i.e. 50% more men were executed than expected from the percentage of accused who were men.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Aggravating factors for seeking capital punishment of murder vary greatly among death penalty states. California has twenty-two.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Some aggravating circumstances are nearly universal, such as robbery-murder, murder involving rape of the victim, and murder of an on-duty police officer.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors, but the victim's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies. In 2011, Texas raised this age from six to ten.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In order for a person to be eligible for a death sentence when convicted of aggravated first-degree murder, the jury or court (when there is not a jury) must determine at least one of sixteen aggravating factors that existed during the crime's commission. The following is a list of the 16 aggravating factors under federal law.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The opinion of the court in "Kennedy v. Louisiana" says that the ruling does not apply to "treason, espionage, terrorism, and drug kingpin activity, which are offenses against the State".

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Since no one is on death row for such offenses, the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Treason, espionage and large-scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law. Treason is also punishable by death in six states (Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina). Large-scale drug trafficking is punishable by death in two states (Florida and Missouri), and aircraft hijacking in two others (Georgia and Mississippi). Vermont has an invalidated pre-"Furman" statute allowing the electric chair for treason despite abolishing capital punishment in 1965.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps: (1) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty (2) sentencing, (3) direct review, (4) state collateral review, and (5) federal habeas corpus.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Clemency, through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence, is an executive rather than judicial process.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution, the death penalty can be handed down only if the accuser has specifically decided to seek it.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In 2017, Florida governor Rick Scott removed all capital cases from local prosecutor Aramis Ayala because she decided to never seek the death penalty no matter the gravity of the crime.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Of the 27 states with the death penalty, 25 require the sentence to be decided by the jury, and 24 require a unanimous decision by the jury.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Two states do not use juries in death penalty cases. In Nebraska the sentence is decided by a three-judge panel, which must unanimously agree on death, and the defendant is sentenced to life imprisonment if one of the judges is opposed. Montana is the only state where the trial judge decides the sentence alone. The only state which does not require a unanimous jury decision is Alabama. At least 10 jurors must concur, and a retrial happens if the jury deadlocks.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In all states in which the jury is involved, only death-qualified prospective jurors can be selected in such a jury, to exclude both people who will always vote for the death sentence and those who are categorically opposed to it. However, the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury:

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The first outcome is referred as the "true unanimity" rule, while the third has been criticized as the "single-juror veto" rule.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In Virginia, state habeas corpus for condemned men are heard by the state supreme court under exclusive original jurisdiction since 1995, immediately after direct review by the same court. This avoids any proceeding before the lower courts, and is in part why Virginia has the shortest time on average between death sentence and execution (less than eight years) and has executed 113 offenders since 1976 with only five remaining on death row .

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: To reduce litigation delays, other states require convicts to file their state collateral appeal before the completion of their direct appeal, or provide adjudication of direct and collateral attacks together in a "unitary review".

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: If the federal court refuses to issue a writ of "habeas corpus", the death sentence ordinarily becomes final for all purposes. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through another avenue of federal litigation; the Civil Rights Act of 1871 – codified at – allows complainants to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: While direct appeals are normally limited to just one and automatically stay the execution of the death sentence, Section 1983 lawsuits are unlimited, but the petitioner will be granted a stay of execution only if the court believes he has a likelihood of success on the merits.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: While the execution warrant is issued by the governor in several states, in the vast majority it is a judicial order, issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The warrant usually sets an execution day. Some states instead provide a longer period, such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution. This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last-minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In recent years there has been an average of one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions in the United States.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Alabama has the highest "per capita" rate of death sentences. This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment, a possibility it removed in March 2017.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: According to the Death Penalty Information Center, the top three factors determining whether a convict gets a death sentence in a murder case are not aggravating factors, but instead the location the crime occurred (and thus whether it is in the jurisdiction of a prosecutor aggressively using the death penalty), the quality of legal defense, and the race of the victim (murder of white victims being punished more harshly).

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates. California, which is the most populous state, also has the largest death row, with over 700 inmates. Wyoming, which is the least populous state, has only one condemned man.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: But executions are more frequent (and happen more quickly after sentencing) in conservative states. Texas, which is the second most populous state in the Union, carried out over 500 executions during the post-"Furman" era, more than a third of the national total. California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period, and has carried out none since 2006.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: African Americans make up 41% of death row inmates. African Americans have made up 34% of those actually executed since 1976. Twenty-one white offenders have been executed for the murder of a black person since 1976. During that same period, 299 black offenders have been executed for the murder of a white person. 54% of people wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death in the United States are black.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Approximately 13.5% of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent. In 2019, individuals identified as Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for 5.5% of homicides. The death penalty exhortation rate for Hispanic and Latino Americans is 8.6%.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: As of May 20, 2021, the Death Penalty Information Center reports that there are 51 women on death row. 17 women have been executed since 1976, compared to 1,516 men during the same time period.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: All 27 states with the death penalty for murder provide lethal injection as the primary method of execution. Vermont's remaining death penalty statute for treason provides electrocution as the method of execution.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Some states allow other methods than lethal injection, but only as secondary methods to be used merely at the request of the prisoner or if lethal injection is unavailable.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Several states continue to use the historical three-drug protocol: firstly an anesthetic, secondly pancuronium bromide, a paralytic, and finally potassium chloride to stop the heart. Eight states have used a single-drug protocol, inflicting only an overdose of a single anesthetic to the prisoner.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: While some state statutes specify the drugs required, a majority do not, giving more flexibility to prison officers.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Pressures from anti-death penalty activists and shareholders have made it difficult for correctional services to get the chemicals. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. In 2016, it was reported that more than 20 U.S. and European drug manufacturers including Pfizer (the owner of Hospira) had taken steps to prevent their drugs from being used for lethal injections.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Since then, some states have used other anesthetics, such as pentobarbital, etomidate, or fast-acting benzodiazepines like midazolam. Many states have since bought lethal injection drugs from foreign furnishers, and most states have made it a criminal offense to reveal the identities of furnishers or execution team members. In November 2015, California adopted regulations allowing the state to use its own public compounding pharmacies to make the chemicals.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In 2009, Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone (a 333-fold lethal overdose for an opioid-naive person) and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions when a suitable vein cannot be found for intravenous injection.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in three cases: "Baze v. Rees" (2008), "Glossip v. Gross" (2015), and "Bucklew v. Precythe" (2019).

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In four states (Arizona, Kentucky, Tennessee and Utah), the alternative method is offered only to inmates sentenced to death for crimes committed prior to a specified date (usually when the state switched from the earlier method to lethal injection).

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: When an offender chooses to be executed by a means different from the state default method, which is always lethal injection, he/she loses the right to challenge its constitutionality in court. See "Stewart v. LaGrand", 526 U.S. 115 (1999).

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Depending on the state, the following alternative methods are statutorily provided in case lethal injection is either found unconstitutional by a court or unavailable for practical reasons:

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Several states including Oklahoma, Tennessee and Utah, have added back-up methods recently (or have expanded their application fields) in reaction to the shortage of lethal injection drugs.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Some states such as Florida have a larger provision dealing with execution methods unavailability, requiring their state departments of corrections to use "any constitutional method" if both lethal injection and electrocution are found unconstitutional. This was designed to make unnecessary any further legislative intervention in that event, but the provision applies only to legal (not practical) infeasibility.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The federal government has a facility (at U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute) and regulations only for executions by lethal injection, but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The last public execution in the U.S. was that of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro, Kentucky, on August 14, 1936.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: It was the last execution in the nation at which the general public was permitted to attend without any legally imposed restrictions. "Public execution" is a legal phrase, defined by the laws of various states, and carried out pursuant to a court order. Similar to "public record" or "public meeting", it means that anyone who wants to attend the execution may do so.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure", or to "exclude public view". Most state laws currently use such explicit wording to prohibit public executions, while others do so only implicitly by enumerating the only authorized witnesses.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: All states allow news reporters to be execution witnesses for information of the general public, except Wyoming which allows only witnesses authorized by the condemned.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Several states also allow victims' families and relatives selected by the prisoner to watch executions. An hour or two before the execution, the condemned is offered religious services and to choose their last meal (except in Texas which abolished it in 2011).

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11, 2001, was witnessed by over 200 people, most by closed-circuit television. Most were survivors, or relatives of victims of, the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing, for which McVeigh had been sentenced to death.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: A 2014 study found that the belief that the death penalty helps victims' families to heal may be wrong; more often than finding closure, victims' families felt anger and wanted revenge, with potential side effects of depression, PTSD and a decreased satisfaction with life. Furthermore, the researchers found that a sense of compassion or remorse expressed from the perpetrator to the victim's family had a statistically significant positive effect on the family's ability to find closure.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In November 2009, another Gallup poll found that 77% of Americans believed that the mastermind of the September 11 attacks, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, should receive the death penalty if convicted, 12 points higher than the rate of general support for the death penalty upon Gallup's most recent poll at the time. A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City bombing that killed 168 people.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Capital punishment is a controversial issue, with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate. Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The United States is one of the four developed countries that still practice capital punishment, along with Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Religious groups are widely split on the issue of capital punishment. The Fiqh Council of North America, a group of highly influential Muslim scholars in the United States, has issued a fatwa calling for a moratorium on capital punishment in the United States until various preconditions in the legal system are met.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Advocates of the death penalty say that it deters crime, is a good tool for prosecutors in plea bargaining, improves the community by eliminating recidivism by executed criminals, provides "closure" to surviving victims or loved ones, and is a just penalty. Some advocates against the death penalty argue that "most of the rest of the world gave up on human sacrifice a long time ago."

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Data shows that the application of the death penalty is strongly influenced by racial bias. Furthermore, some opponents argue that it is applied in an arbitrary manner by a criminal justice system that has been shown to be biased through the systemic influence of socio-economic, geographic, and gender factors. Another argument in the capital punishment debate is the cost.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Additionally, in 2021–22, states such as South Carolina have experienced a shortage of the drugs used to make the lethal cocktail and some inmates have had to choose between death by electric chair or death by firing squad (aiming for the heart). Critics note that these other methods are more likely to induce pain in the inmate during execution and that these methods of execution have a high risk of being botched.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Austin Sarat, a professor of jurisprudence and political science at Amherst College, in his book "Gruesome Spectacles: Botched Executions and America's Death Penalty", found that from 1890 to 2010, 276 executions were botched out of a total of 8,776, or 3.15%, with lethal injections having the highest rate. Sarat writes that between 1980 and 2010 the rate of botched executions was higher than ever: 8.53 percent.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In states with the death penalty, the governor usually has the discretionary power to commute a death sentence or to stay its execution. In some states the governor is required to receive an advisory or binding recommendation from a separate board. In a few states like Georgia, the board decides alone on clemency. At the federal level, the power of clemency belongs to the President of the United States.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: The largest number of clemencies was granted in January 2003 in Illinois when outgoing Governor George Ryan, who had already imposed a moratorium on executions, pardoned four death-row inmates and commuted the sentences of the remaining 167 to life in prison without the possibility of parole. When Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation abolishing the death penalty in Illinois in March 2011, he commuted the sentences of the fifteen inmates on death row to life imprisonment.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: All executions were suspended through the country between September 2007 and April 2008. At that time, the United States Supreme Court was examining the constitutionality of lethal injection in "Baze v. Rees". This was the longest period with no executions in the United States since 1982. The Supreme Court ultimately upheld this method in a 7–2 ruling.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In addition to the states that have no valid death penalty statute, the following 16 states and 3 jurisdictions either have an official moratorium on executions or have had no executions for more than ten years as of 2022:

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: Since 1976, four states have only executed condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived any further appeals: Pennsylvania has executed three inmates, Oregon two, Connecticut one, and New Mexico one. In the last state, Governor Toney Anaya commuted the sentences of all five condemned prisoners on death row in late 1986.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In California, United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15, 2006, ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed. California Governor Gavin Newsom declared an indefinite moratorium on March 13, 2019.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: On November 25, 2009, the Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed a decision by the Franklin County Circuit Court suspending executions until the state adopts regulations for carrying out the penalty by lethal injection.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: In November 2011, Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon, canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Capital punishment in the United States

Context: On February 13, 2015, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf announced a moratorium on the death penalty. Wolf will issue a reprieve for every execution until a commission on capital punishment, which was established in 2011 by the Pennsylvania State Senate, produces a recommendation. The state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999.

Question: Montako vankia tuomitaan kuolemaan Yhdysvalloissa vuosittain keskimäärin 2000-luvulla?


Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)

Context: The Huey P. Long Bridge, located in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, is a cantilevered steel through-truss bridge that carries a two-track railroad line over the Mississippi River at mile 106.1, with three lanes of US 90 on each side of the central tracks. It is several kilometers upriver from the city of New Orleans. The East Bank entrance is at Elmwood, Louisiana, and the West Bank at Bridge City.

Question: Miten pitkä on ns. Pitkä silta?


Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)

Context: Opened in December 1935, the bridge was named for the late Governor Huey P. Long, who was assassinated on September 8 of that year. The bridge was the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana and the 29th along the length of the river. It was designed by Polish-American engineer Ralph Modjeski and is designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Question: Miten pitkä on ns. Pitkä silta?


Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)

Context: On June 16, 2013, a $1.2 billion widening project by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development was completed and opened to motorists. The bridge now consists of three lanes in each direction, with inside and outside shoulders. Prior to the expansion, there were two lanes in each direction with no shoulders. In both cases, the road lanes flanked the twin railroad tracks contained within the truss.

Question: Miten pitkä on ns. Pitkä silta?


Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)

Context: in 2014, a writer in "The New Yorker" described the bridge as "a structure so vaulting and high that it seems to extend from one white, towering Gulf Coast cloud to the next."

Question: Miten pitkä on ns. Pitkä silta?