Transport Layer Security

Context: The PCI Council suggested that organizations migrate from TLS 1.0 to TLS 1.1 or higher before June 30, 2018. In October 2018, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla jointly announced they would deprecate TLS 1.0 and 1.1 in March 2020.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: TLS 1.1 was defined in in April 2006. It is an update from TLS version 1.0. Significant differences in this version include:

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Support for TLS versions 1.0 and 1.1 was widely deprecated by web sites around 2020, disabling access to Firefox versions before 24 and Chromium-based browsers before 29.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: TLS 1.2 was defined in in August 2008. It is based on the earlier TLS 1.1 specification. Major differences include:

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: All TLS versions were further refined in in March 2011, removing their backward compatibility with SSL such that TLS sessions never negotiate the use of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) version 2.0.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: TLS 1.3 was defined in in August 2018. It is based on the earlier TLS 1.2 specification. Major differences from TLS 1.2 include:

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Network Security Services (NSS), the cryptography library developed by Mozilla and used by its web browser Firefox, enabled TLS 1.3 by default in February 2017. TLS 1.3 support was subsequently added — but due to compatibility issues for a small number of users, not automatically enabled — to Firefox 52.0, which was released in March 2017. TLS 1.3 was enabled by default in May 2018 with the release of Firefox 60.0.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Google Chrome set TLS 1.3 as the default version for a short time in 2017. It then removed it as the default, due to incompatible middleboxes such as Blue Coat web proxies.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: During the IETF 100 Hackathon, which took place in Singapore in 2017, the TLS Group worked on adapting open-source applications to use TLS 1.3. The TLS group was made up of individuals from Japan, United Kingdom, and Mauritius via the cyberstorm.mu team. This work was continued in the IETF 101 Hackathon in London, and the IETF 102 Hackathon in Montreal.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: wolfSSL enabled the use of TLS 1.3 as of version 3.11.1, released in May 2017. As the first commercial TLS 1.3 implementation, wolfSSL 3.11.1 supported Draft 18 and now supports Draft 28, the final version, as well as many older versions. A series of blogs were published on the performance difference between TLS 1.2 and 1.3.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: In <time datetime="2018-09-11T12:00:00+00:00">September 2018</time>, the popular OpenSSL project released version 1.1.1 of its library, in which support for TLS 1.3 was "the headline new feature".

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate, and indicates certain expected usages of that key. This allows others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or on assertions made by the private key that corresponds to the certified public key. Keystores and trust stores can be in various formats, such as .pem, .crt, .pfx, and .jks.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: TLS typically relies on a set of trusted third-party certificate authorities to establish the authenticity of certificates. Trust is usually anchored in a list of certificates distributed with user agent software, and can be modified by the relying party.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: The TLS_DH_anon and TLS_ECDH_anon key agreement methods do not authenticate the server or the user and hence are rarely used because those are vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Only TLS_DHE and TLS_ECDHE provide forward secrecy.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Public key certificates used during exchange/agreement also vary in the size of the public/private encryption keys used during the exchange and hence the robustness of the security provided. In July 2013, Google announced that it would no longer use 1024-bit public keys and would switch instead to 2048-bit keys to increase the security of the TLS encryption it provides to its users because the encryption strength is directly related to the key size.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A message authentication code (MAC) is used for data integrity. HMAC is used for CBC mode of block ciphers. Authenticated encryption (AEAD) such as GCM and CCM mode uses AEAD-integrated MAC and doesn't use HMAC. HMAC-based PRF, or HKDF is used for TLS handshake.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: In applications design, TLS is usually implemented on top of Transport Layer protocols, encrypting all of the protocol-related data of protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NNTP and XMPP.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Historically, TLS has been used primarily with reliable transport protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). However, it has also been implemented with datagram-oriented transport protocols, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), usage of which has been standardized independently using the term Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS).

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A primary use of TLS is to secure World Wide Web traffic between a website and a web browser encoded with the HTTP protocol. This use of TLS to secure HTTP traffic constitutes the HTTPS protocol.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A paper presented at the 2012 ACM conference on computer and communications security showed that few applications used some of these SSL libraries correctly, leading to vulnerabilities. According to the authors:

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: "The root cause of most of these vulnerabilities is the terrible design of the APIs to the underlying SSL libraries. Instead of expressing high-level security properties of network tunnels such as confidentiality and authentication, these APIs expose low-level details of the SSL protocol to application developers. As a consequence, developers often use SSL APIs incorrectly, misinterpreting and misunderstanding their manifold parameters, options, side effects, and return values."

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) can also be protected by TLS. These applications use public key certificates to verify the identity of endpoints.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: TLS is also a standard method for protecting Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) application signaling. TLS can be used for providing authentication and encryption of the SIP signalling associated with VoIP and other SIP-based applications.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: In February 2015, IETF issued an informational RFC summarizing the various known attacks against TLS/SSL.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A protocol downgrade attack (also called a version rollback attack) tricks a web server into negotiating connections with previous versions of TLS (such as SSLv2) that have long since been abandoned as insecure.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Encryption downgrade attacks can force servers and clients to negotiate a connection using cryptographically weak keys. In 2014, a man-in-the-middle attack called FREAK was discovered affecting the OpenSSL stack, the default Android web browser, and some Safari browsers. The attack involved tricking servers into negotiating a TLS connection using cryptographically weak 512 bit encryption keys.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Logjam is a security exploit discovered in May 2015 that exploits the option of using legacy "export-grade" 512-bit Diffie–Hellman groups dating back to the 1990s. It forces susceptible servers to downgrade to cryptographically weak 512-bit Diffie–Hellman groups. An attacker can then deduce the keys the client and server determine using the Diffie–Hellman key exchange.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: RC4 as a stream cipher is immune to BEAST attack. Therefore, RC4 was widely used as a way to mitigate BEAST attack on the server side. However, in 2013, researchers found more weaknesses in RC4. Thereafter enabling RC4 on server side was no longer recommended.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Chrome and Firefox themselves are not vulnerable to BEAST attack, however, Mozilla updated their NSS libraries to mitigate BEAST-like attacks. NSS is used by Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome to implement SSL. Some web servers that have a broken implementation of the SSL specification may stop working as a result.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Microsoft released Security Bulletin MS12-006 on January 10, 2012, which fixed the BEAST vulnerability by changing the way that the Windows Secure Channel (SChannel) component transmits encrypted network packets from the server end. Users of Internet Explorer (prior to version 11) that run on older versions of Windows (Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows Server 2008 R2) can restrict use of TLS to 1.1 or higher.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Apple fixed BEAST vulnerability by implementing 1/n-1 split and turning it on by default in OS X Mavericks, released on October 22, 2013.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: The authors of the BEAST attack are also the creators of the later CRIME attack, which can allow an attacker to recover the content of web cookies when data compression is used along with TLS. When used to recover the content of secret authentication cookies, it allows an attacker to perform session hijacking on an authenticated web session.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Earlier TLS versions were vulnerable against the padding oracle attack discovered in 2002. A novel variant, called the Lucky Thirteen attack, was published in 2013.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Some experts also recommended avoiding triple DES CBC. Since the last supported ciphers developed to support any program using Windows XP's SSL/TLS library like Internet Explorer on Windows XP are RC4 and Triple-DES, and since RC4 is now deprecated (see discussion of ), this makes it difficult to support any version of SSL for any program using this library on XP.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A fix was released as the Encrypt-then-MAC extension to the TLS specification, released as . The Lucky Thirteen attack can be mitigated in TLS 1.2 by using only AES_GCM ciphers; AES_CBC remains vulnerable.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: On October 14, 2014, Google researchers published a vulnerability in the design of SSL 3.0, which makes CBC mode of operation with SSL 3.0 vulnerable to a padding attack (). They named this attack POODLE (Padding Oracle On Downgraded Legacy Encryption). On average, attackers only need to make 256 SSL 3.0 requests to reveal one byte of encrypted messages.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Although this vulnerability only exists in SSL 3.0 and most clients and servers support TLS 1.0 and above, all major browsers voluntarily downgrade to SSL 3.0 if the handshakes with newer versions of TLS fail unless they provide the option for a user or administrator to disable SSL 3.0 and the user or administrator does so. Therefore, the man-in-the-middle can first conduct a version rollback attack and then exploit this vulnerability.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: On December 8, 2014, a variant of POODLE was announced that impacts TLS implementations that do not properly enforce padding byte requirements.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: As many modern browsers have been designed to defeat BEAST attacks (except Safari for Mac OS X 10.7 or earlier, for iOS 6 or earlier, and for Windows; see ), RC4 is no longer a good choice for TLS 1.0. The CBC ciphers which were affected by the BEAST attack in the past have become a more popular choice for protection. Mozilla and Microsoft recommend disabling RC4 where possible. prohibits the use of RC4 cipher suites in all versions of TLS.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: On September 1, 2015, Microsoft, Google and Mozilla announced that RC4 cipher suites would be disabled by default in their browsers (Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer 11 on Windows 7/8.1/10, Firefox, and Chrome) in early 2016.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A TLS (logout) truncation attack blocks a victim's account logout requests so that the user unknowingly remains logged into a web service. When the request to sign out is sent, the attacker injects an unencrypted TCP FIN message (no more data from sender) to close the connection. The server therefore doesn't receive the logout request and is unaware of the abnormal termination.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Another possibility is when using FTP the data connection can have a false FIN in the data stream, and if the protocol rules for exchanging close_notify alerts is not adhered to a file can be truncated.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: The Sweet32 attack breaks all 64-bit block ciphers used in CBC mode as used in TLS by exploiting a birthday attack and either a man-in-the-middle attack or injection of a malicious JavaScript into a web page. The purpose of the man-in-the-middle attack or the JavaScript injection is to allow the attacker to capture enough traffic to mount a birthday attack.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: In September 2014, a variant of Daniel Bleichenbacher's PKCS#1 v1.5 RSA Signature Forgery vulnerability was announced by Intel Security Advanced Threat Research. This attack, dubbed BERserk, is a result of incomplete ASN.1 length decoding of public key signatures in some SSL implementations, and allows a man-in-the-middle attack by forging a public key signature.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: In May 2016, it was reported that dozens of Danish HTTPS-protected websites belonging to Visa Inc. were vulnerable to attacks allowing hackers to inject malicious code and forged content into the browsers of visitors. The attacks worked because the TLS implementation used on the affected servers incorrectly reused random numbers (nonces) that are intended to be used only once, ensuring that each TLS handshake is unique.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: In February 2017, an implementation error caused by a single mistyped character in code used to parse HTML created a buffer overflow error on Cloudflare servers. Similar in its effects to the Heartbleed bug discovered in 2014, this overflow error, widely known as Cloudbleed, allowed unauthorized third parties to read data in the memory of programs running on the servers—data that should otherwise have been protected by TLS.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: , the Trustworthy Internet Movement estimated the ratio of websites that are vulnerable to TLS attacks.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Since late 2011, Google has provided forward secrecy with TLS by default to users of its Gmail service, along with Google Docs and encrypted search, among other services.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Since November 2013, Twitter has provided forward secrecy with TLS to users of its service. , about 80% of TLS-enabled websites are configured to use cipher suites that provide forward secrecy to most web browsers.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: TLS interception (or HTTPS interception if applied particularly to that protocol) is the practice of intercepting an encrypted data stream in order to decrypt it, read and possibly manipulate it, and then re-encrypt it and send the data on its way again. This is done by way of a "transparent proxy": the interception software terminates the incoming TLS connection, inspects the HTTP plaintext, and then creates a new TLS connection to the destination.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: TLS/HTTPS interception is used as an information security measure by network operators in order to be able to scan for and protect against the intrusion of malicious content into the network, such as computer viruses and other malware. Such content could otherwise not be detected as long as it is protected by encryption, which is increasingly the case as a result of the routine use of HTTPS and other secure protocols.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A typical connection example follows, illustrating a handshake where the server (but not the client) is authenticated by its certificate:

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: The following "full" example shows a client being authenticated (in addition to the server as in the example above; see mutual authentication) via TLS using certificates exchanged between both peers.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Public key operations (e.g., RSA) are relatively expensive in terms of computational power. TLS provides a secure shortcut in the handshake mechanism to avoid these operations: resumed sessions. Resumed sessions are implemented using session IDs or session tickets.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Apart from the performance benefit, resumed sessions can also be used for single sign-on, as it guarantees that both the original session and any resumed session originate from the same client. This is of particular importance for the FTP over TLS/SSL protocol, which would otherwise suffer from a man-in-the-middle attack in which an attacker could intercept the contents of the secondary data connections.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: The TLS 1.3 handshake was condensed to only one round trip compared to the two round trips required in previous versions of TLS/SSL.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: First the client sends a clientHello message to the server that contains a list of supported ciphers in order of the client's preference and makes a guess on what key algorithm will be used so that it can send a secret key to share if needed. By making a guess at what key algorithm will be used, the server eliminates a round trip. After receiving the clientHello, the server sends a serverHello with its key, a certificate, the chosen cipher suite and the finished message.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: After the client receives the server's finished message, it now is coordinated with the server on which cipher suite to use.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: extends TLS via use of session tickets, instead of session IDs. It defines a way to resume a TLS session without requiring that session-specific state is stored at the TLS server.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: When using session tickets, the TLS server stores its session-specific state in a session ticket and sends the session ticket to the TLS client for storing. The client resumes a TLS session by sending the session ticket to the server, and the server resumes the TLS session according to the session-specific state in the ticket. The session ticket is encrypted and authenticated by the server, and the server verifies its validity before using its contents.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: This field identifies the major and minor version of TLS prior to TLS 1.3 for the contained message. For a ClientHello message, this need not be the "highest" version supported by the client. For TLS 1.3 and later, this must to be set 0x0303 and application must send supported versions in an extra message extension block.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: The length of "protocol message(s)", "MAC" and "padding" fields combined (i.e. "q"−5), not to exceed 214 bytes (16 KiB).

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: One or more messages identified by the Protocol field. Note that this field may be encrypted depending on the state of the connection.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: A message authentication code computed over the "protocol message(s)" field, with additional key material included. Note that this field may be encrypted, or not included entirely, depending on the state of the connection.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: No "MAC" or "padding" fields can be present at end of TLS records before all cipher algorithms and parameters have been negotiated and handshaked and then confirmed by sending a CipherStateChange record (see below) for signalling that these parameters will take effect in all further records sent by the same peer.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Most messages exchanged during the setup of the TLS session are based on this record, unless an error or warning occurs and needs to be signaled by an Alert protocol record (see below), or the encryption mode of the session is modified by another record (see ChangeCipherSpec protocol below).

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: This field identifies the level of alert. If the level is fatal, the sender should close the session immediately. Otherwise, the recipient may decide to terminate the session itself, by sending its own fatal alert and closing the session itself immediately after sending it. The use of Alert records is optional, however if it is missing before the session closure, the session may be resumed automatically (with its handshakes).

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: Length of application data (excluding the protocol header and including the MAC and padding trailers)

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: 32 bytes for the SHA-256-based HMAC, 20 bytes for the SHA-1-based HMAC, 16 bytes for the MD5-based HMAC.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: To provide the server name, Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions allow clients to include a Server Name Indication extension (SNI) in the extended ClientHello message. This extension hints to the server immediately which name the client wishes to connect to, so the server

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Transport Layer Security

Context: also documents a method to implement name-based virtual hosting by upgrading HTTP to TLS via an HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header. Normally this is to securely implement HTTP over TLS within the main "http" URI scheme (which avoids forking the URI space and reduces the number of used ports), however, few implementations currently support this.

Question: SSL протоколом можно пользоваться бесплатно в России?


Percival Lowell

Context: Percival Lowell (; March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars, and furthered theories of a ninth planet within the Solar System. He founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, and formed the beginning of the effort that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after his death.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: Percival Lowell was born on March 13, 1855, in Boston, Massachusetts, the first son of Augustus Lowell and Katherine Bigelow Lowell. A member of the Brahmin Lowell family, his siblings included the poet Amy Lowell, the educator and legal scholar Abbott Lawrence Lowell, and Elizabeth Lowell Putnam, an early activist for prenatal care. They were the great-grandchildren of John Lowell and, on their mother's side, the grandchildren of Abbott Lawrence.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: Percival graduated from the Noble and Greenough School in 1872 and Harvard University in 1876 with distinction in mathematics. While at Harvard he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. At his college graduation, he gave a speech, considered very advanced for its time, on the nebular hypothesis. He was later awarded honorary degrees from Amherst College and Clark University. After graduation he ran a cotton mill for six years.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: In 1904, Lowell received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society. For the last 23 years of his life, astronomy, Lowell Observatory, and his and others' work at his observatory were the focal points of his life.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: For some fifteen years (1893 to about 1908) Lowell studied Mars extensively, making intricate drawings of the surface markings as he perceived them. Lowell published his views in three books: "Mars" (1895), "Mars and Its Canals" (1906), and "Mars As the Abode of Life" (1908). With these writings, Lowell more than anyone else popularized the long-held belief that these markings showed that Mars sustained intelligent life forms.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: His works include a detailed description of what he termed the "non-natural features" of the planet's surface, including especially a full account of the "canals," single and double; the "oases," as he termed the dark spots at their intersections; and the varying visibility of both, depending partly on the Martian seasons. He theorized that an advanced but desperate culture had built the canals to tap Mars' polar ice caps, the last source of water on an inexorably drying planet.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh, working at the Lowell Observatory, discovered Pluto near the location expected for Planet X. Partly in recognition of Lowell's efforts, a stylized P-L monogram (♇) – the first two letters of the new planet's name and also Lowell's initials – was chosen as Pluto's astronomical symbol. However, it would subsequently emerge that the Planet X theory was mistaken.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: Pluto's mass could not be determined until 1978, when its satellite Charon was discovered. This confirmed what had been increasingly suspected: Pluto's gravitational influence on Uranus and Neptune is negligible, certainly not nearly enough to account for the discrepancies in their orbits. In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: In addition, it is now known that the discrepancies between the predicted and observed positions of Uranus and Neptune were "not" caused by the gravity of an unknown planet. Rather, they were due to an erroneous value for the mass of Neptune. "Voyager 2"s 1989 encounter with Neptune yielded a more accurate value of its mass, and the discrepancies disappear when using this value.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: Although Lowell's theories of the Martian canals, of surface features on Venus, and of Planet X are now discredited, his practice of building observatories at the position where they would best function has been adopted as a principle. He also established the program and setting which made the discovery of Pluto by Clyde Tombaugh possible. Lowell has been described by other planetary scientists as "the most influential popularizer of planetary science in America before Carl Sagan".

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: While eventually disproved, Lowell's vision of the Martian canals, as an artifact of an ancient civilization making a desperate last effort to survive, significantly influences the development of science fiction – starting with H. G. Wells' influential 1898 novel "The War of the Worlds", which made the further logical inference that creatures from a dying planet might seek to invade Earth.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: The image of the dying Mars and its ancient culture was retained, in numerous versions and variations, in most science fiction works depicting Mars in the first half of the twentieth century (see Mars in fiction). Even when proven to be factually mistaken, the vision of Mars derived from his theories remains enshrined in works that remain in print and widely read as classics of science fiction.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: Lowell's influence on science fiction remains strong. The canals figure prominently in "Red Planet" by Robert A. Heinlein (1949) and "The Martian Chronicles" by Ray Bradbury (1950). The canals, and even Lowell's mausoleum, heavily influence "The Gods of Mars" (1918) by Edgar Rice Burroughs as well as all other books in the Barsoom series.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


Percival Lowell

Context: Asteroid 1886 Lowell, discovered by Henry Giclas and Robert Schaldach in 1949, as well as crater "Lowell" on the Moon, and crater "Lowell" on Mars, were named after him. The Lowell Regio on Pluto was also named in his honor after its discovery by the "New Horizons" spacecraft in 2015.

Question: Сколько лет прожил Пе́рсиваль Ло́уэлл?


History of Japan

Context: The first human inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago have been traced to prehistoric times around 30,000 BCE. The Jōmon period, named after its cord-marked pottery, was followed by the Yayoi period in the first millennium BCE when new inventions were introduced from Asia. During this period, the first known written reference to Japan was recorded in the Chinese "Book of Han" in the first century CE.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Around the 3rd century BC, the Yayoi people from the continent immigrated to the Japanese archipelago and introduced iron technology and agricultural civilization.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Because they had an agricultural civilization, the population of the Yayoi began to grow rapidly and ultimately overwhelmed the Jōmon people, natives of the Japanese archipelago who were hunter-gatherers.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: The Yayoi technologies originated on the Asian mainland. There is debate among scholars as to what extent their spread was accomplished by means of migration or simply a diffusion of ideas, or a combination of both. The migration theory is supported by genetic and linguistic studies. Historian Hanihara Kazurō has suggested that the annual immigrant influx from the continent range from 350 to 3,000.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: These leaders sought and received formal diplomatic recognition from China, and Chinese accounts record five successive such leaders as the Five kings of Wa. Craftsmen and scholars from China and the Three Kingdoms of Korea played an important role in transmitting continental technologies and administrative skills to Japan during this period.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Historians agree that there was a big struggle between the Yamato federation and the Izumo Federation centuries before written records.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: The Asuka period began as early as 538 CE with the introduction of the Buddhist religion from the Korean kingdom of Baekje. Since then, Buddhism has coexisted with Japan's native Shinto religion, in what is today known as Shinbutsu-shūgō. The period draws its name from the "de facto" imperial capital, Asuka, in the Kinai region.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: The art of the Asuka period embodies the themes of Buddhist art. One of the most famous works is the Buddhist temple of Horyu-ji, commissioned by Prince Shōtoku and completed in 607 CE. It is now the oldest wooden structure in the world.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: There was also a serious attempt to overthrow the Imperial house during the middle Nara period. During the 760s, monk Dōkyō tried to establish his own dynasty by the aid of Empress Shōtoku, but after her death in 770 he lost all his power and was exiled. The Fujiwara clan furthermore consolidated its power.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: In 784, the capital moved briefly to Nagaoka-kyō, then again in 794 to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto), which remained the capital until 1868. Political power within the court soon passed to the Fujiwara clan, a family of court nobles who grew increasingly close to the imperial family through intermarriage. Between 812 and 814 CE, a smallpox epidemic killed almost half of the Japanese population.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: During the Heian period, the imperial court was a vibrant center of high art and culture. Its literary accomplishments include the poetry collection "Kokinshū" and the "Tosa Diary", both associated with the poet Ki no Tsurayuki, as well as Sei Shōnagon's collection of miscellany "The Pillow Book", and Murasaki Shikibu's "Tale of Genji", often considered the masterpiece of Japanese literature.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: The development of the kana written syllabaries was part of a general trend of declining Chinese influence during the Heian period. The official Japanese missions to Tang dynasty of China, which began in the year 630, ended during the ninth century, though informal missions of monks and scholars continued, and thereafter the development of native Japanese forms of art and poetry accelerated. A major architectural achievement, apart from Heian-kyō itself, was the temple of Byōdō-in built in 1053 in Uji.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Legitimacy was conferred on the shogunate by the Imperial court, but the shogunate was the "de facto" rulers of the country. The court maintained bureaucratic and religious functions, and the shogunate welcomed participation by members of the aristocratic class. The older institutions remained intact in a weakened form, and Kyoto remained the official capital. This system has been contrasted with the "simple warrior rule" of the later Muromachi period.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: After Yoritomo's death in 1199, the office of shogun weakened. Behind the scenes, Yoritomo's wife Hōjō Masako became the true power behind the government. In 1203, her father, Hōjō Tokimasa, was appointed regent to the shogun, Yoritomo's son Minamoto no Sanetomo. Henceforth, the Minamoto shoguns became puppets of the Hōjō regents, who wielded actual power.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: The regime that Yoritomo had established, and which was kept in place by his successors, was decentralized and feudalistic in structure, in contrast with the earlier ritsuryō state. Yoritomo selected the provincial governors, known under the titles of "shugo" or "jitō", from among his close vassals, the "gokenin". The Kamakura shogunate allowed its vassals to maintain their own armies and to administer law and order in their provinces on their own terms.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: In 1221, the retired Emperor Go-Toba instigated what became known as the Jōkyū War, a rebellion against the shogunate, in an attempt to restore political power to the court. The rebellion was a failure and led to Go-Toba being exiled to Oki Island, along with two other emperors, the retired Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Juntoku, who were exiled to Tosa Province and Sado Island respectively. The shogunate further consolidated its political power relative to the Kyoto aristocracy.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West, the first map made of Japan in the west was represented in 1568 by the Portuguese cartographer Fernão Vaz Dourado.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Oda Nobunaga used European technology and firearms to conquer many other "daimyōs"; his consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603). After Nobunaga was assassinated in 1582 by Akechi Mitsuhide, his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the nation in 1590 and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597. Before the invasion, Hideyoshi tried to hire two Portuguese galleons to join the invasion but the Portuguese refused the offer.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: During the second half of the 16th century, Japan gradually reunified under two powerful warlords: Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The period takes its name from Nobunaga's headquarters, Azuchi Castle, and Hideyoshi's headquarters, Momoyama Castle.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: The Tokugawas sponsored and were heavily influenced by Neo-Confucianism, which led the government to divide society into four classes based on the four occupations. The samurai class claimed to follow the ideology of bushido, literally "the way of the warrior".

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: During the Meiji period, Japan underwent a rapid transition towards an industrial economy. Both the Japanese government and private entrepreneurs adopted Western technology and knowledge to create factories capable of producing a wide range of goods.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: By the end of the period, the majority of Japan's exports were manufactured goods. Some of Japan's most successful new businesses and industries constituted huge family-owned conglomerates called "zaibatsu", such as Mitsubishi and Sumitomo. The phenomenal industrial growth sparked rapid urbanization. The proportion of the population working in agriculture shrank from 75 percent in 1872 to 50 percent by 1920. In 1927 the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line opened and it is the oldest subway line in Asia.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Emperor Hirohito's sixty-three-year reign from 1926 to 1989 is the longest in recorded Japanese history. The first twenty years were characterized by the rise of extreme nationalism and a series of expansionist wars. After suffering defeat in World War II, Japan was occupied by foreign powers for the first time in its history, and then re-emerged as a major world economic power.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: However, on 6 August 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb over Hiroshima, killing over 70,000 people. This was the first nuclear attack in history. On 9 August the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchukuo and other territories, and Nagasaki was struck by a second atomic bomb, killing around 40,000 people. The surrender of Japan was communicated to the Allies on 14 August and broadcast by Emperor Hirohito on national radio the following day.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Japan experienced dramatic political and social transformation under the Allied occupation in 1945–1952. US General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers, served as Japan's "de facto" leader and played a central role in implementing reforms, many inspired by the New Deal of the 1930s.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Among cultural developments, the immediate post-occupation period became a golden age for Japanese cinema. The reasons for this include the abolition of government censorship, low film production costs, expanded access to new film techniques and technologies, and huge domestic audiences at a time when other forms of recreation were relatively scarce. On 1 October 1964, Japan's first high-speed rail line was built called the Tokaido Shinkansen. It is also the oldest high-speed rail system in the world.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: On 11 March 2011, one of the largest earthquakes recorded in Japan occurred in the northeast. The resulting tsunami damaged the nuclear facilities in Fukushima, which suffered a nuclear meltdown and severe radiation leakage.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: In 2020, Tokyo was due to host the Summer Olympics for the second time since 1964. Japan was the first Asian country to host the Olympics twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of COVID-19 Pandemic, the Summer Olympics were postponed to 2021; they took place from 23 July to 8 August 2021. Japan ranked third place, with 27 gold medals.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


History of Japan

Context: Hideyoshi's land survey of the 1590s designated all who cultivated the land as commoners, an act which granted effective freedom to most of Japan's slaves.

Question: Сколько длился период Дзёмон в Японии?


Ivan Barkov

Context: Ivan Semyonovich Barkov (; –1768) was a Russian poet, the author of erotic "Shameful Odes". He was a student of Mikhail Lomonosov, whose works he frequently parodied. He was also a translator and editor at the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Question: Переведены ли стихи Горация на русский?


Ivan Barkov

Context: In 1755-56 he was Lomonosov's personal secretary, and in this period he wrote "A Brief History of Russia", which was published in 1762. In 1759-60 he edited the medieval "Nestor's Chronicle" for publication. In 1756 he was dismissed from the Academy for drunkenness and insubordination, after several reprieves, and reinstated until final dismissal in 1766.

Question: Переведены ли стихи Горация на русский?


Ivan Barkov

Context: He died in 1768. There were widespread rumors that he died either in a suicide, with the autoepitaph "Жил грешно и умер смешно" ("lived sinfully and died ridiculously") "on a piece of paper inserted into his anus", or in an outhouse drowning.

Question: Переведены ли стихи Горация на русский?


Ivan Barkov

Context: Barkov was highly regarded as an able interpreter and a poet. Since poetry was his hobby more than his job, he could afford to use simpler language in his work. Most of his poems are outrightly obscene or even pornographic, although very funny. Written copies of his work circulated Russia since their creation.

Question: Переведены ли стихи Горация на русский?


Ivan Barkov

Context: Ivan Barkov had a major impact on Russian language and later literati. His name is being brought up in any dispute on introduction of slang words into language, and, although his verses were unpublished for a very long time for being immoral, written copies of his work could always be found in student environments.

Question: Переведены ли стихи Горация на русский?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: Western sources indicate that Princess Olga sent an embassy to the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I. Otto charged Bishop Adaldag of Bremen with missionary work to the Rus'; Adaldag consecrated the monk Libutius of the Convent of St. Albano as bishop of Russia, but Libutius died before he ever set foot in Russia. He was succeeded by Adalbertus, a monk of the convent of St. Maximinus at Trier, but Adalbertus returned to Germany after several of his companions were killed in Russia.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: These embassies to and from Rus' may be the basis for the somewhat fanciful account in the "Russian Primary Chronicle" of Prince Vladimir sending out emissaries to the various religions around Rus' (Islam, Judaism, Western and Eastern Christianity), including to the Catholic Church in Germany, although the emissaries returned unimpressed by Western Christianity, explaining in part the eventual adoption of Orthodox Christianity.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: One line of descent from the Russian royal family in a Catholic dynasty produced several saints from the House of Arpad in Hungary, most notably St. Elizabeth of Hungary, who was a direct descendant of Vladimir the Great (through her father's side).

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: When the Jesuit order was suppressed in the second half of the 18th Century the Papal Brief promulgating the suppression was never published in Russia. Catherine the Great valued the contribution of the Jesuits to learning and invited them to Russia where they remained active until they were expelled in 1820 at the instigation of Russian Orthodox hierarchs.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: Before 1917 there were two dioceses in Russia: in Mogilev with its episcopal see in St. Petersburg and Tiraspol with its episcopal see in Saratov. 150 Catholic parishes were present with more than 250 priests to serve around half a million Catholic believers in Russia.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: In the aftermath of post-Civil-War famine of 1921, the Catholic Church sent a Papal Famine Relief Mission to Russia, headed by the American Jesuit Edmund A. Walsh. The mission also succeeded in securing for the Vatican the Holy Relics of St. Andrew Bobola, which were then transported to Rome by the Mission's Assistant Director, Louis J. Gallagher.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: The Catholic Archbishop of Moscow has voiced his support for religious education in state sponsored schools, citing the examples of other countries.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: Relations with the Russian Orthodox church have been rocky for nearly a millennium, and attempts at re-establishing Catholicism have met with opposition. Pope John Paul II for years expressed a desire to visit Russia, but the Russian Orthodox Church had for years resisted.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: One thousand Russian Catholics gathered in the Virgin Mary's Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Moscow to watch the funeral of Pope John Paul II.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: A 2004 Ecumenical conference was organized for Russia's "traditional religions" Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Buddhism, and therefore excluded Catholicism.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: The ecclesiastical province of Moscow consist of the archdiocese of Moscow with three suffragan dioceses in Saratov, Irkutsk and Novosibirsk. These four dioceses comprise the whole of Russia a part of the Sakhalin Oblast, which forms the "Apostolic Prefecture of Yuzhno Sakhalinsk".

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: These dioceses and this apostolic prefecture all follow the Latin rite. There is a separate jurisdiction for those of the Byzantine Rite (see Russian Greek Catholic Church), called the Apostolic Exarchate of Russia, but it has very few followers. There has been no Exarch since 1951 but in 2004 Latin Bishop Joseph Werth was appointed Ordinary for Byzantine Catholics in Russia.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: The then Apostolic Administrations were formed into the current archdiocese in Moscow and the three dioceses in February 2002.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: Even though the Crimea was annexed by the Russian Federation in March 2014, this is not recognised by the Catholic hierarchy. The Latin rite Catholics of the Crimea therefore belong to the Diocese of Odessa-Simferopol which is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Lviv. The Byzantine rite Catholics belong to the Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Crimea, which is a suffragan of the archeparchy of Kyiv.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


Catholic Church in Russia

Context: There are 59,000 members of the Armenian Catholic Church in Russia. The government refuses for the most part to allow them to register their parishes. They are of the pastoral care of the Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe.

Question: Когда появились первые католики на Руси?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: The team performs a haka before every match; this is a Māori challenge or posture dance. Traditionally the All Blacks use Te Rauparaha's haka "Ka Mate", although players have also performed "Kapa o Pango" since 2005.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: in two non-Test Internationals. The result of the first match saw Rhodesia run out winners, 10–8. Three days later, the second match resulted in a 3–3 draw. Two of the Rhodesian players were later capped for South Africa (being eligible due to Rhodesia's treatment as a province of South Africa, for rugby reasons) in the All Blacks second test of the tour. No International caps were awarded to either side for these two matches.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: The 1972–3 tourists narrowly missed a Grand Slam with a draw against Ireland. The tour was notable for the sending home of prop Keith Murdoch, who was alleged to have been involved in a brawl in a Cardiff hotel while celebrating the defeat of Wales.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: The All Blacks opened the 2009 season with a 22–27 loss to France at Carisbrook, but defeated them 14–10 in Wellington a week later. On points difference, France won the Dave Gallaher Cup for the first time. A week later the All Blacks defeated Italy 27–6 in Christchurch. They finished second in the Tri-Nations Series, behind South Africa who lost only one game, and ended the series with a 33–6 win over Australia in Wellington.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: The All Blacks opened their 2021 campaign by thrashing Tonga 102-0 at Mt Smart Stadium in Auckland. A week later they won a tough test match against a tough Fiji side in Dunedin (57-23) and then a week later in Hamilton, they beat Fiji again 60-13. They opened their Bledisloe Cup campaign by defeating Australia at Eden Park (33-25).

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: During the 2011 Rugby World Cup, there was an image of the Webb Ellis Cup embroidered on the sleeve of the All Blacks' jerseys, with the year '1987' below it to signify the team's previous world title. Each of the four teams that had won the cup in previous years sported the same detailing on their jerseys.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: On 27 June, Braydon Ennor joined up with the squad as additional cover after David Havili and Jack Goodhue test positive for COVID-19 and were forced to isolate.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: Seventeen former All Blacks have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame: Sir Fred Allen, Don Clarke, Sean Fitzpatrick, Grant Fox, Dave Gallaher, Sir Michael Jones, Ian Kirkpatrick, Sir John Kirwan, Sir Brian Lochore, Jonah Lomu, Richie McCaw, Sir Colin Meads, Graham Mourie, George Nēpia, Joe Warbrick, Sir Bryan Williams and Sir Wilson Whineray.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: There were two players in the Hall of Fame to debut in the 1970s one was flanker Graham Mourie. He captained 19 of his 21 tests and 57 of his 61 overall All Blacks matches between 1976 and 1982. Most notably, in 1978 he was captain of the first All Blacks side to complete a Grand Slam over the four Home Nations sides.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: For many years the most capped test All Black was Sean Fitzpatrick, with 92 appearances. He played in the 1987 World Cup after incumbent Andy Dalton was injured, and was appointed All Blacks captain in 1992, continuing in the role until his retirement in 1997. He played 346 first class rugby matches.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


New Zealand national rugby union team

Context: Eden Park and AMI Stadium were upgraded in preparation for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. By that time, the NZRU no longer considered Carisbrook a suitable test venue, and a covered sports stadium was proposed as a replacement. Dunedin City Council approved the new stadium in March 2008, land acquisition proceeded from August to October of that year.

Question: От кого Сборная Ирландии по регби получила свое самое крупное поражение?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the and quickly became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has expanded into various films, television series, video games, novels, and comic books. With an estimated $10.6 billion in revenue, it is one of the most recognizable and highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "Star Trek" has been a cult phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called "Trekkies" or "Trekkers". The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. From 1998 to 2008 there was in Las Vegas. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world. The constructed language Klingon was created for the franchise. Several "Star Trek" parodies have been made, and viewers have produced several fan productions.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "Star Trek" is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction. The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil-rights stances. "The Original Series" included one of the first multiracial casts on US television.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the science fiction series that would become "Star Trek". Although he publicly marketed it as a Western in outer space—a so-called ""Wagon Train" to the Stars"—he privately told friends that he was modeling it on Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels", intending each episode to act on two levels: as a suspenseful adventure story and as a morality tale.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Most "Star Trek" stories depict the adventures of humans and aliens who serve in Starfleet, the space-borne humanitarian and peacekeeping armada of the United Federation of Planets. The protagonists have altruistic values, and must apply these ideals to difficult dilemmas.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: In early 1964, Roddenberry presented a brief treatment for a television series to Desilu Productions, calling it "a "Wagon Train" to the stars." Desilu studio head Lucille Ball was instrumental in approving production of the series. The studio worked with Roddenberry to develop the treatment into a script, which was then pitched to NBC.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: NBC paid to make a pilot, "", starring Jeffrey Hunter as "Enterprise" Captain Christopher Pike. NBC rejected "The Cage", but the executives were still impressed with the concept, and made the unusual decision to commission a second pilot: "Where No Man Has Gone Before".

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: After the original series was canceled, Desilu, which by then had been renamed Paramount Television, licensed the broadcast syndication rights to help recoup the production losses. Reruns began in late 1969, and by the late 1970s the series aired in over 150 domestic and 60 international markets. This helped "Star Trek" develop a cult following greater than its popularity during its original run.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: One sign of the series' growing popularity was the first "Star Trek" convention, which occurred on January 21–23, 1972 in New York City. Although the original expectation was that only a few hundred fans would attend, several thousand turned up. "Star Trek" fans continue to attend similar conventions worldwide.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Following the success of the science fiction movies "Star Wars" and "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", Paramount adapted the planned pilot episode of "Phase II" into the feature film ". The film opened in North America on December 7, 1979, with mixed reviews from critics. The film earned $139 million worldwide, below expectations but enough for Paramount to create a sequel. The studio forced Roddenberry to relinquish creative control of future sequels.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: The success of the sequel, ", reversed the fortunes of the franchise. While the sequel grossed less than the first movie, "The Wrath of Khan"s lower production costs made it net more profit. Paramount produced six "Star Trek" feature films between 1979 and 1991, each featuring the "Original Series" cast in their original roles.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: In response to the popularity of "Star Trek" feature films, the franchise returned to television with "" in 1987. Paramount chose to distribute it as a first-run syndication show rather than a network show. "The Next Generation" was set a century after the original series, following the adventures of a new starship "Enterprise" with a new crew.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Eight live-action television series, three animated series and one short-form companion series make up the bulk of the "Star Trek" mythos: "The Original Series", "The Animated Series", "The Next Generation", "Deep Space Nine", "Voyager", "Enterprise", "Discovery", "Short Treks", "Picard", "Lower Decks", "Prodigy" and "Strange New Worlds". All the series in total amount to episodes across seasons of television.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: The Original Series, frequently abbreviated as TOS, debuted on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship and its five-year mission "to boldly go where no man has gone before", under the command of Captain James T. Kirk. During the series's initial run, it was nominated for Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation multiple times, and won twice. Cast included:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: NBC canceled the show after three seasons; the last original episode aired on June 3, 1969. A petition near the end of the second season to save the show signed by many Caltech students and its multiple Hugo nominations would, however, indicate that despite low Nielsen ratings, it was highly popular with science fiction fans and engineering students. The series later became popular in reruns and found a cult following.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "The Animated Series" won "Star Trek"s first Emmy Award on May 15, 1975. The series briefly returned to television in the mid-1980s on the children's cable network Nickelodeon, and again on Sci-Fi Channel in the mid-90s. The complete series was released on LaserDisc during the 1980s. The complete series was first released in the U.S. on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989. All 22 episodes were released on DVD in 2006.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: The Next Generation, frequently abbreviated as TNG, takes place about a century after the "Original Series" (2364–2370). It features a new starship, , and a new crew:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, frequently abbreviated as DS9, takes place during the last years of and immediately after the "Next Generation" (2369–2375). It debuted the week of January 3, 1993, and ran for seven seasons. Unlike the other "Star Trek" series, "Deep Space Nine" was set primarily on a space station of the same name rather than aboard a starship. The cast included:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "Deep Space Nine" stands apart from earlier "Trek" series for its lengthy serialized storytelling, character conflicts, and religious themes—all elements praised by critics and audiences, but which Roddenberry had forbidden as a producer of the original series and the "Next Generation".

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995 to May 23, 2001. It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway, the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a "Star Trek" series. Cast included:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: Enterprise, originally titled Enterprise, is a prequel to the original "Star Trek" series. It aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005 on UPN. "Enterprise" is set about a century earlier than "The Original Series", early in the fictional history of humanity's space exploration and shortly before the creation of the United Federation of Planets. The show follows the crew of an earlier starship on Earth's first deep-space exploration mission. The cast included:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Initially, "Enterprise" featured self-contained episodes, much like the "Original Series", "Next Generation" and "Voyager". The comprised a single narrative arc. The fourth and final season consisted of several three- and four-episode arcs, which explored the origins of some elements of previous series, and resolved some continuity errors with "The Original Series".

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Ratings for "Enterprise" started strong but declined rapidly. Although critics received the fourth season well, both fans and the cast reviled the series finale, partly because of the episode's focus on the guest appearance of members of the "Next Generation" cast. The cancellation of "Enterprise" ended an 18-year run of new "Star Trek" series, which began with the "Next Generation" in 1987.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: Discovery is the first series of the streaming television "Star Trek" revival; it begins as a prequel to the "Original Series", set roughly ten years prior. It premiered September 24, 2017 in the United States and Canada on CBS. The series is shown on Paramount+ in the United States; elsewhere, Netflix distributes the series worldwide, except for Canada. The cast includes:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: Short Treks is a short film anthology companion series initially exploring settings and characters from "Discovery". Later episodes feature the crew of the "Enterprise" under the command of Christopher Pike. The final episode of the second season serves as a teaser for "."

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: Picard, like "Discovery", is a serialized drama created for CBS All Access; it premiered on January 23, 2020. Set about 30 years after "The Next Generation", the series sees Patrick Stewart reprise his "TNG" role of Jean-Luc Picard. The first season follows Picard in his retirement, seeking redemption for what he sees as his past failings, as he goes on an adventure to save the daughter of his late crewmate Data. The cast includes:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: Lower Decks is an animated adult comedy series created by the "Rick and Morty" writer Mike McMahan. The series follows the support crew of "one of Starfleet's least important ships." The series premiered on August 6, 2020 on CBS All Access. The cast includes:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek: Prodigy is an animated series created by Kevin and Dan Hageman for Paramount+, and the cable channel Nickelodeon. The series follows a group of teenagers who use an abandoned starship to search for adventure. The series premiered on October 28, 2021. The cast includes:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: CBS and "Star Trek" producers Alex Kurtzman and Heather Kadin have announced that further animated and live-action television series are currently in development.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Paramount Pictures has produced thirteen "Star Trek" feature films, the most recent being released in July 2016. The first six films continue the adventures of the cast of the "Original Series"; the seventh film, "Generations", was intended as a transition from original cast to the cast of the "Next Generation"; the next three films focused completely on the "Next Generation" cast.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: The eleventh film and its sequels occur in an alternate timeline with a new cast portraying the "Original Series" characters. Leonard Nimoy portrayed an elderly Spock in the films, providing a narrative link to what became known as the Prime Timeline. The alternate timeline was named "The "Kelvin" Timeline" by "Star Trek Encyclopedia" writers Michael and Denise Okuda, in honor of the starship USS "Kelvin" which was first seen in the 2009 film.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Though initially reported as being placed on hold, Paramount confirmed in September 2020 that they haven't cancelled any of the "Star Trek" films that are currently in development. This includes the Tarantino film, "Star Trek 4" with the "Kelvin" Timeline cast, and Noah Hawley's film

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Many licensed products are based on the "Star Trek" franchise. Merchandising is very lucrative for both studio and actors; by 1986 Nimoy had earned more than $500,000 from royalties. Products include novels, comic books, video games, and other materials, which are generally considered non-canon. "Star Trek" merchandise generated $4 billion for Paramount by 2002.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Since 1967, hundreds of original novels, short stories, and television and movie adaptations have been published. The first original "Star Trek" novel was "Mission to Horatius" by Mack Reynolds, which was published in hardcover by Whitman Books in 1968.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: In 1968, Gene Roddenberry cooperated with Stephen Edward Poe, writing as Stephen Whitfield, on the nonfiction book "The Making of Star Trek" for Ballantine Books.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Among the most recent is the Star Trek Collection of Little Golden Books. Three titles were published by Random House in 2019, a fourth is scheduled for July 2020.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: The first publisher of "Star Trek" fiction aimed at adult readers was Bantam Books. James Blish wrote adaptations of episodes of the original series in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1977; in 1970, he wrote the first original Star Trek novel published by Bantam, "Spock Must Die!".

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: A 2014 scholarly work Newton Lee discussed the actualization of "Star Trek's" holodeck in the future by making extensive use of artificial intelligence and cyborgs.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: The "Star Trek" franchise has numerous games in many formats. Beginning in 1967 with a board game based on the original series and continuing through today with online and DVD games, "Star Trek" games continue to be popular among fans.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Video games based on the series include ' and '. An MMORPG based on "Star Trek" called "Star Trek Online" was developed by Cryptic Studios and published by Perfect World. It is set during the "Next Generation" era, about 30 years after the events of "". The most recent video game was set in the alternate timeline from Abrams's "Star Trek".

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: On June 8, 2010, WizKids announced the development of a "Star Trek" collectible miniatures game using the HeroClix game system.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: On December 9, 2021, "Star Trek: Resurgence", a narrative adventure video game set in the "Next Generation" era, was announced by Dramatic Labs.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Other magazines through the years included professional, as well as magazines published by fans, or fanzines.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: The "Star Trek" media franchise is a multibillion-dollar industry, owned by Paramount Global. Gene Roddenberry sold "Star Trek" to NBC as a classic adventure drama; he pitched the show as ""Wagon Train" to the Stars" and as "Horatio Hornblower in Space". The opening line, "to boldly go where no man has gone before," was taken almost verbatim from a U.S. White House booklet on space produced after the Sputnik flight in 1957.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: After the show, Nichols used this public standing to speak for women and people of color and against their exclusion from the US human space program; NASA reacted by asking her to find people for its future Space Shuttle program. Nichols proceeded and successfully brought the first non-white people and women into the US space program, working in this quality for NASA from the late 1970s until the late 1980s.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: In 2020, the US effort to develop a vaccine to protect against COVID-19 was named Operation Warp Speed, which was suggested by a "Star Trek" fan, Dr. Peter Marks. Dr. Peters leads the unit at the Food and Drug Administration which approves vaccines and therapies.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: A feature-length film that indirectly parodies "Star Trek" is "Galaxy Quest". This film is based on the premise that aliens monitoring the broadcast of an Earth-based television series called "Galaxy Quest", modeled heavily on "Star Trek", believe that what they are seeing is real. Many "Star Trek" actors have been quoted saying that "Galaxy Quest" was a brilliant parody.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "The Simpsons" and "Futurama" television series and others have had many individual episodes parodying "Star Trek" or with "Trek" allusions. "Black Mirror's" "Star Trek" parody episode, "USS Callister", won four Emmy Awards, including the Outstanding Television Movie and Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or Drama, and was nominated for three more.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: In August 2010, the members of the Internal Revenue Service created a "Star Trek" themed training video for a conference. Revealed to the public in 2013, the spoof along with parodies of other media franchises was cited as an example of the misuse of taxpayer funds in a congressional investigation.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "Star Trek" has been parodied in several non-English movies, including the German "Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1" which features a gay version of the "Original Series" bridge crew and a Turkish film that spoofs that same series' episode "The Man Trap" in one of the series of films based on the character Turist Ömer. An entire series of films and novel parodies titled "Star Wreck" has been created in Finnish.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "The Orville" is a comedy-drama science fiction television series created by Seth MacFarlane that premiered on September 10, 2017, on Fox. MacFarlane, a longtime fan of the franchise who previously guest-starred on an episode of "Enterprise", created the series with a similar look and feel as the "Star Trek" series. MacFarlane has made references to "Star Trek" on his animated series "Family Guy", where the "Next Generation" cast guest-starred in the episode "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven".

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "Other Space" is a science fiction comedy streaming series which premiered on Yahoo! Screen on April 14, 2015. Created by Paul Feig, it is set in the 22nd century and follows the dysfunctional crew of an exploratory spaceship who become trapped in an unknown universe.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Until 2016, Paramount Pictures and CBS permitted fan-produced films and episode-like clips to be produced. Several veteran "Star Trek" actors and writers participated in many of these productions. Several producers turned to crowdfunding, such as Kickstarter, to help with production and other costs.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Popular productions include: (2004–2016) and "Star Trek Continues" (2013–2017). Additional productions include: (2008), originally released as a three-part web series, and "Prelude to Axanar". Audio dramatizations such as "The Continuing Mission" (2007–2016) have also been published by fans.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: In 2016, CBS published guidelines which restricted the scope of fan productions, such as limiting the length of episodes or films to fifteen minutes, limiting production budgets to $50,000, and preventing actors and technicians from previous "Star Trek" productions from participating. A number of highly publicized productions have since been cancelled or have gone abeyant.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Star Trek has been a popular subject for documentaries reviewing the history of the franchise. Some examples include:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: Some documentaries have been funded by the community by money raised by crowdfunding. "What We Left Behind" raised nearly $650,000 in this way, and a planned Voyager documentary raised $450,000 in 24 hours.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: In 2021, the History network ordered an eight-episode documentary series covering the decades-long history of the "Star Trek" franchise. The series is expected examine the long history of the franchise and its various television series, and conduct cast interviews. They announced the title "."

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: The episode "The Big Goodbye" in the first season of "Star Trek: The Next Generation", in recognition of its "new standard of quality for first-run syndication", the episode was honored with a Peabody Award in 1987. "The Big Goodbye" was also nominated for two Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Cinematography for a Series and Outstanding Costumes for a Series, with costume designer William Ware Theiss winning the award in the latter category.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: "Star Trek" (2009) won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling, the franchise's first Academy Award. In 2016, the franchise was listed in the Guinness World Records as the most successful science fiction television franchise in the world.

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: In 1996, "TV Guide" published the following as the ten best "Star Trek" episodes for the franchise's 30th anniversary:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Star Trek

Context: At the 50th Anniversary "Star Trek" Las Vegas (STLV) convention, in 2016, the following were voted by fans as the best episodes:

Question: Кто снялся в главной роли в «Звёздном пути»?


Atlantis

Context: The only primary sources for Atlantis are Plato's dialogues "Timaeus" and "Critias"; all other mentions of the island are based on them. The dialogues claim to quote Solon, who visited Egypt between 590 and 580 BC; they state that he translated Egyptian records of Atlantis. Written in 360 BC, Plato introduced Atlantis in "Timaeus":

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: The four people appearing in those two dialogues are the politicians Critias and Hermocrates as well as the philosophers Socrates and Timaeus of Locri, although only Critias speaks of Atlantis. In his works Plato makes extensive use of the Socratic method in order to discuss contrary positions within the context of a supposition.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Castleden has pointed out that Plato wrote of Atlantis in 359 BC, when he returned to Athens from Sicily. He notes a number of parallels between the physical organisation and fortifications of Syracuse and Plato's description of Atlantis. Gunnar Rudberg was the first who elaborated upon the idea that Plato's attempt to realize his political ideas in the city of Syracuse could have heavily inspired the Atlantis account.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Alan Cameron argues that the pronoun should be interpreted as referring to Plato, and that, when Proclus writes that "we must bear in mind concerning this whole feat of the Athenians, that it is neither a mere myth nor unadorned history, although some take it as history and others as myth", he is treating "Crantor's view as mere personal opinion, nothing more; in fact he first quotes and then dismisses it as representing one of the two unacceptable extremes".

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Another passage from the commentary by Proclus on the "Timaeus" gives a description of the geography of Atlantis:

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: During the early first century, the Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo wrote about the destruction of Atlantis in his "On the Eternity of the World", xxvi. 141, in a longer passage allegedly citing Aristotle's successor Theophrastus:

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: The theologian Joseph Barber Lightfoot ("Apostolic Fathers", 1885, II, p. 84) noted on this passage: "Clement may possibly be referring to some known, but hardly accessible land, lying without the pillars of Hercules. But more probably he contemplated some unknown land in the far west beyond the ocean, like the fabled Atlantis of Plato ..."

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Other early Christian writers wrote about Atlantis, although they had mixed views on whether it once existed or was an untrustworthy myth of pagan origin. Tertullian believed Atlantis was once real and wrote that in the Atlantic Ocean once existed "[the isle] that was equal in size to Libya or Asia" referring to Plato's geographical description of Atlantis. The early Christian apologist writer Arnobius also believed Atlantis once existed, but blamed its destruction on pagans.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Cosmas Indicopleustes in the sixth century wrote of Atlantis in his "Christian Topography" in an attempt to prove his theory that the world was flat and surrounded by water:

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Contemporary perceptions of Atlantis share roots with Mayanism, which can be traced to the beginning of the Modern Age, when European imaginations were fueled by their initial encounters with the indigenous peoples of the Americas. From this era sprang apocalyptic and utopian visions that would inspire many subsequent generations of theorists.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Most of these interpretations are considered pseudohistory, pseudoscience, or pseudoarchaeology, as they have presented their works as academic or scientific, but lack the standards or criteria.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Much speculation began as to the origins of the Maya, which led to a variety of narratives and publications that tried to rationalize the discoveries within the context of the Bible and that had undertones of racism in their connections between the Old and New World. The Europeans believed the indigenous people to be inferior and incapable of building that which was now in ruins and by sharing a common history, they insinuate that another race must have been responsible.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: In the middle and late nineteenth century, several renowned Mesoamerican scholars, starting with Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, and including Edward Herbert Thompson and Augustus Le Plongeon, formally proposed that Atlantis was somehow related to Mayan and Aztec culture.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Donnelly is credited as the "father of the nineteenth century Atlantis revival" and is the reason the myth endures today. He unintentionally promoted an alternative method of inquiry to history and science, and the idea that myths contain hidden information that opens them to "ingenious" interpretation by people who believe they have new or special insight.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Drawing on the ideas of Rudolf Steiner and Hanns Hörbiger, Egon Friedell started his book "", and thus his historical analysis of antiquity, with the ancient culture of Atlantis. The book was published in 1940.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: The idea of Atlantis as the homeland of the Caucasian race would contradict the beliefs of older Esoteric and Theosophic groups, which taught that the Atlanteans were non-Caucasian brown-skinned peoples. Modern Esoteric groups, including the Theosophic Society, do not consider Atlantean society to have been superior or Utopian—they rather consider it a lower stage of evolution.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: As continental drift became widely accepted during the 1960s, and the increased understanding of plate tectonics demonstrated the impossibility of a lost continent in the geologically recent past, most "Lost Continent" theories of Atlantis began to wane in popularity.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Plato scholar Julia Annas, Regents Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona, had this to say on the matter:

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: One of the proposed explanations for the historical context of the Atlantis story is a warning of Plato to his contemporary fourth-century fellow-citizens against their striving for naval power.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Kenneth Feder points out that Critias's story in the "Timaeus" provides a major clue. In the dialogue, Critias says, referring to Socrates' hypothetical society:

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Feder quotes A. E. Taylor, who wrote, "We could not be told much more plainly that the whole narrative of Solon's conversation with the priests and his intention of writing the poem about Atlantis are an invention of Plato's fancy."

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Most of the historically proposed locations are in or near the Mediterranean Sea: islands such as Sardinia, Crete, Santorini (Thera), Sicily, Cyprus, and Malta; land-based cities or states such as Troy, Tartessos, and Tantalis (in the province of Manisa, Turkey); Israel-Sinai or Canaan; and northwestern Africa.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: The Thera eruption, dated to the seventeenth or sixteenth century BC, caused a large tsunami that some experts hypothesize devastated the Minoan civilization on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the story. In the area of the Black Sea the following locations have been proposed: Bosporus and Ancomah (a legendary place near Trabzon).

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: In 2004, Swedish physiographist Ulf Erlingsson proposed that the legend of Atlantis was based on Stone Age Ireland. He later stated that he does not believe that Atlantis ever existed but maintained that his hypothesis that its description matches Ireland's geography has a 99.8% probability. The director of the National Museum of Ireland commented that there was no archaeology supporting this.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Several hypotheses place the sunken island in northern Europe, including Doggerland in the North Sea, and Sweden (by Olof Rudbeck in "Atland", 1672–1702). Doggerland, as well as Viking Bergen Island, is thought to have been flooded by a megatsunami following the Storegga Slide of c. 6100 BC. Some have proposed the Celtic Shelf as a possible location, and that there is a link to Ireland.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: A similar theory had previously been put forward by a German researcher, Rainer W. Kühne, that is based only on satellite imagery and places Atlantis in the Marismas de Hinojos, north of the city of Cádiz. Before that, the historian Adolf Schulten had stated in the 1920s that Plato had used Tartessos as the basis for his Atlantis myth.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Hellanicus of Lesbos used the word "Atlantis" as the title for a poem published before Plato, a fragment of which may be Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 11, 1359. This work only describes the Atlantides (the daughters of Atlas), however, and has no relation to Plato's Atlantis account.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: A slightly later work, "The Ancient of Atlantis" (Boston, 1915) by Albert Armstrong Manship, expounds the Atlantean wisdom that is to redeem the earth. Its three parts consist of a verse narrative of the life and training of an Atlantean wise one, followed by his Utopian moral teachings and then a psychic drama set in modern times in which a reincarnated child embodying the lost wisdom is reborn on earth.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: For some male poets too, the idea of Atlantis is constructed from what cannot be obtained. Charles Bewley in his Newdigate Prize poem (1910) thinks it grows from dissatisfaction with one's condition,

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: in a dream of Atlantis. Similarly for the Australian Gary Catalano in a 1982 prose poem, it is "a vision that sank under the weight of its own perfection". W. H. Auden, however, suggests a way out of such frustration through the metaphor of journeying toward Atlantis in his poem of 1941. While travelling, he advises the one setting out, you will meet with many definitions of the goal in view, only realising at the end that the way has all the time led inward.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: The Spanish composer Manuel de Falla worked on a dramatic cantata based on Verdaguer's "L'Atlántida", during the last 20 years of his life. The name has been affixed to symphonies by Jānis Ivanovs (1941), Richard Nanes, and Vaclav Buzek (2009). There was also the symphonic celebration of Alan Hovhaness: "Fanfare for the New Atlantis" (Op. 281, 1975).

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: The Bohemian-American composer and arranger Vincent Frank Safranek wrote "Atlantis (The Lost Continent) Suite in Four Parts"; I. Nocturne and Morning Hymn of Praise, II. A Court Function, III. "I Love Thee" (The Prince and Aana), IV. The Destruction of Atlantis, for military (concert) band in 1913.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: The opera "Der Kaiser von Atlantis" ("The Emperor of Atlantis") was written in 1943 by Viktor Ullmann with a libretto by Petr Kien, while they were both inmates at the Nazi concentration camp of Theresienstadt. The Nazis did not allow it to be performed, assuming the opera's reference to an Emperor of Atlantis to be a satire on Hitler. Though Ullmann and Kiel were murdered in Auschwitz, the manuscript survived and was performed for the first time in 1975 in Amsterdam.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Paintings of the submersion of Atlantis are comparatively rare. In the seventeenth century there was François de Nomé's "The Fall of Atlantis", which shows a tidal wave surging toward a Baroque city frontage. The style of architecture apart, it is not very different from Nicholas Roerich's "The Last of Atlantis" of 1928.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Atlantis

Context: Robert Smithson's "Hypothetical Continent (Map of broken clear glass, Atlantis)" was first created as a photographical project on Loveladies Island NJ in 1969, and then recreated as a gallery installation of broken glass. On this he commented that he liked "landscapes that suggest prehistory", and this is borne out by the original conceptual drawing of the work that includes an inset map of the continent sited off the coast of Africa and at the straits into the Mediterranean.

Question: В каком году Эдгар Кейси написал книгу об Атлантиде?


Exploration of Mars

Context: One way the surface of Mars has been categorized, is by thirty "quadrangles", with each quadrangle named for a prominent physiographic feature within that quadrangle.

Question: Когда первый зонд сел на поверхность Марса?


Exploration of Mars

Context: The minimum-energy launch windows for a Martian expedition occur at intervals of approximately two years and two months (specifically 780 days, the planet's synodic period with respect to Earth). In addition, the lowest available transfer energy varies on a roughly 16-year cycle. For example, a minimum occurred in the 1969 and 1971 launch windows, rising to a peak in the late 1970s, and hitting another low in 1986 and 1988.

Question: Когда первый зонд сел на поверхность Марса?


Exploration of Mars

Context: Starting in 1960, the Soviets launched a series of probes to Mars including the first intended flybys and hard (impact) landing (Mars 1962B). The first successful flyby of Mars was on 14–15 July 1965, by NASA's Mariner 4. On November 14, 1971, Mariner 9 became the first space probe to orbit another planet when it entered into orbit around Mars. The amount of data returned by probes increased dramatically as technology improved.

Question: Когда первый зонд сел на поверхность Марса?


Exploration of Mars

Context: The Soviet probes Phobos 1 and 2 were sent to Mars in 1988 to study Mars and its two moons, with a focus on Phobos. Phobos 1 lost contact on the way to Mars. Phobos 2, while successfully photographing Mars and Phobos, failed before it was set to release two landers to the surface of Phobos.

Question: Когда первый зонд сел на поверхность Марса?


Exploration of Mars

Context: Mars has a reputation as a difficult space exploration target; just 25 of 55 missions through 2019, or 45.5%, have been fully successful, with a further three partially successful and partially failures. However, of the sixteen missions since 2001, twelve have been successful and eight of these are still operational.

Question: Когда первый зонд сел на поверхность Марса?


Exploration of Mars

Context: Missions that ended prematurely after Phobos 1 and 2 (1988) include (see Probing difficulties section for more details):

Question: Когда первый зонд сел на поверхность Марса?


Exploration of Mars

Context: Following the 1993 failure of the Mars Observer orbiter, the NASA Mars Global Surveyor achieved Mars orbit in 1997. This mission was a complete success, having finished its primary mapping mission in early 2001. Contact was lost with the probe in November 2006 during its third extended program, spending exactly 10 operational years in space. The NASA Mars Pathfinder, carrying a robotic exploration vehicle "Sojourner", landed in the Ares Vallis on Mars in the summer of 1997, returning many images.

Question: Когда первый зонд сел на поверхность Марса?


Exploration of Mars

Context: NASA's "Mars Odyssey" orbiter entered Mars orbit in 2001. "Odyssey" Gamma Ray Spectrometer detected significant amounts of hydrogen in the upper metre or so of regolith on Mars. This hydrogen is thought to be contained in large deposits of water ice.

Question: Когда первый зонд сел на поверхность Марса?