Samoa

Context: The Second Samoan Civil War reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should control the Samoan Islands. The Siege of Apia occurred in March 1899. Samoan forces loyal to Prince Tanu were besieged by a larger force of Samoan rebels loyal to Mata'afa Iosefo. Supporting Prince Tanu were landing parties from four British and American warships. After several days of fighting, the Samoan rebels were finally defeated.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: American and British warships shelled Apia on 15 March 1899, including the USS "Philadelphia". Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States quickly resolved to end the hostilities and divided the island chain at the Tripartite Convention of 1899, signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The eastern island-group became a territory of the United States (the Tutuila Islands in 1900 and officially Manu'a in 1904) and was known as American Samoa. The western islands, by far the greater landmass, became German Samoa. The United Kingdom had vacated all claims in Samoa and in return received (1) termination of German rights in Tonga, (2) all of the Solomon Islands south of Bougainville, and (3) territorial alignments in West Africa.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The German Empire governed the western part of the Samoan archipelago from 1900 to 1914. Wilhelm Solf was appointed the colony's first governor. In 1908, when the non-violent Mau a Pule resistance movement arose, Solf did not hesitate to banish the Mau leader Lauaki Namulau'ulu Mamoe to Saipan in the German Northern Mariana Islands.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The German colonial administration governed on the principle that "there was only one government in the islands." Thus, there was no Samoan "Tupu" (king), nor an "alii sili" (similar to a governor), but two "Fautua" (advisors) were appointed by the colonial government. "Tumua" and "Pule" (traditional governments of Upolu and Savai'i) were for a time silent; all decisions on matters affecting lands and titles were under the control of the colonial Governor.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: In the first month of World War I, on 29 August 1914, troops of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force landed unopposed on Upolu and seized control from the German authorities, following a request by Great Britain for New Zealand to perform this "great and urgent imperial service."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The pandemic undermined Samoan confidence in New Zealand's administrative capacity and competence. Some Samoans asked that the rule of the islands be transferred to the Americans or the British.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The second major incident arose out of an initially peaceful protest by the Mau (which literally translates as "strongly held opinion"), a non-violent popular movement which had its beginnings in the early 1900s on Savai'i, led by Lauaki Namulauulu Mamoe, an orator chief deposed by Solf. In 1909, Lauaki was exiled to Saipan and died en route back to Samoa in 1915.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: On 15 December 1976, Western Samoa was admitted to the United Nations as the 147th member state. It asked to be referred to in the United Nations as the "Independent State of Samoa".

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Travel writer Paul Theroux noted marked differences between the societies in Western Samoa and American Samoa in 1992.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: On 4 July 1997 the government amended the constitution to change the name of the country from "Western Samoa" to "Samoa", the name it had been called by in the United Nations since it joined. American Samoa protested against the name change, asserting that it diminished its own identity.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: In 2002, New Zealand prime minister Helen Clark formally apologised for New Zealand's role in the Spanish influenza outbreak in 1918 that killed over a quarter of Samoa's population and for the Black Saturday killings in 1929.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: On 7 September 2009, the government changed the rule of the road, from right to left, in common with most other Commonwealth countries, most notably countries in the region such as Australia and New Zealand, home to large numbers of Samoans. This made Samoa the first country in the 21st century to switch to driving on the left.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: In June 2017, Parliament amended Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution to make Christianity the state religion.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The 1960 constitution, which formally came into force with independence from New Zealand in 1962, builds on the British pattern of parliamentary democracy, modified to take account of Samoan customs. The national modern Government of Samoa is referred to as the "Malo".

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Prominent women in Samoan politics include the late Laulu Fetauimalemau Mata'afa (1928–2007) from Lotofaga constituency, the wife of Samoa's first prime minister. Their daughter Fiame Naomi Mataʻafa is a high chief and a long-serving senior member of cabinet, who was elected Prime Minister in 2021. Other women in politics include Samoan scholar and eminent professor Aiono Fanaafi Le Tagaloa, orator-chief Matatumua Maimoana and Safuneitu'uga Pa'aga Neri ( the Minister of Communication and Technology).

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The judicial system incorporates English common law and local customs. The Supreme Court of Samoa is the court of highest jurisdiction. The Chief Justice of Samoa is appointed by the head of state upon the recommendation of the prime minister.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoa comprises eleven "itūmālō" (political districts). These are the traditional eleven districts which predate European arrival. Each district has its own constitutional foundation ("fa'avae") based on the traditional order of title precedence found in each district's "faalupega" (traditional salutations). The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount "'tama-a-'aiga"' (royal lineage) title of A'ana is Tuimalealiifano. The paramount "pāpā" title of A'ana is the Tui A'ana. The orator group which confers this title – the "Faleiva" (House of Nine) – is based at Leulumoega.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Ātua has its capital at Lufilufi. The paramount "'tama-a-'aiga"' (royal lineage) titles of A'ana are Tupua Tamasese (based in Falefa and Salani) and Mata'afa (based in Amaile and Lotofaga). The two main political families who confer the respective titles are 'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao and 'Aiga Sā Levālasi. The paramount "pāpā" title of Ātua is the Tui Ātua. The orator group which confers this title - the "Faleono" (House of Six) - is based at Lufilufi.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Tuamasaga has its capital at Afega. The paramount "'tama-a-'aiga"' (royal lineage) title of Tuamasaga is the Malietoa title, based in Malie. The main political family that confers the Malietoa title is 'Aiga Sā Malietoa, with Auimatagi as the main speaker for the family. The paramount "pāpā" titles of Tuamasaga are Gatoaitele (conferred by Afega) and Vaetamasoalii (conferred by Safata).

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Major areas of concern include the under-representation of women, domestic violence and poor prison conditions. Homosexual acts are illegal in Samoa.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoa lies south of the equator, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand, in the Polynesian region of the Pacific Ocean. The total land area is , consisting of the two large islands of Upolu and Savai'i (which together account for 99% of the total land area) and eight small islets.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The main island of Upolu is home to nearly three-quarters of Samoa's population, and to the capital city, Apia.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Savai'i is the largest of the Samoan islands and the sixth-largest Polynesian island (after New Zealand's North, South and Stewart Islands and the Hawaiian islands of Hawaiʻi and Maui). The population of Savai'i is 42,000 people.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoa has an equatorial climate, with an average annual temperature of and a main rainy season from November to April, although heavy rain may fall in any month.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoa forms part of the Samoan tropical moist forests ecoregion. Since human habitation began, about 80% of the lowland rainforests have disappeared. Within the ecoregion about 28% of plants and 84% of land birds are endemic.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The United Nations has classified Samoa as an economically developing country since 2014. Samoa's gross domestic product in purchasing-power parity was estimated at $1.13 billion U.S. dollars, ranking the country 204th in the world. The services sector accounted for 66% of GDP, followed by industry and agriculture at 23.6% and 10.4% respectively. For the same year, the Samoan labour force was estimated at 50,700.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The economy of Samoa has traditionally depended on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the "nonu" fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Sixty percent of Samoa's electricity comes from renewable hydro, solar, and wind sources, with the remainder produced by diesel generators. The Electric Power Corporation set a goal of 100% renewable energy by 2021.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Because of variations in altitude, Samoa can cultivate a large range of tropical and subtropical crops. Land is not generally available to outside interests. Of the total land area of , about 24.4% is in permanent crops and another 21.2% is arable. About 4.4% is Western Samoan Trust Estates Corporation (WSTEC).

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Other agricultural industries have proven less successful. Sugarcane production was originally established by Germans in the early 20th century. Old train tracks for transporting cane can be seen at some plantations east of Apia. Pineapples grow well in Samoa, but have not moved beyond local consumption to become a major export.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoa reported a population of 194,320 in its 2016 census. About three-quarters of the population live on the main island of Upolu.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: A measles outbreak began in October 2019. As of 7 December, there have been 68 deaths (0.31 per 1,000, based on a population of 201,316) and over 4,460 cases (2.2% of the population) of measles in Samoa, mainly children under four years old, and 10 reported cases in Fiji. It is expected that 70 people will die and up to 6,500 people will be infected.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The population is 92.6% Samoans, 7% Euronesian (people of mixed European and Polynesian ancestry) and 0.4% Europeans, according to the CIA World Factbook.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoan ("Gagana Fa'asāmoa") and English are the official languages. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Samoan than English in Samoa. Samoan Sign Language is also commonly used among the deaf population of Samoa. To emphasize the importance of full inclusion with sign language, elementary Samoan Sign Language was taught to members of the Samoa Police Service, Red Cross Society, and public during the 2017 International Week of the Deaf.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Since 2017, Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that "Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit".

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The Samoan government provides eight years of primary and secondary education that is tuition-free and is compulsory through age 16.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoa's main post-secondary educational institution is the National University of Samoa, established in 1984. The country is also home to several branches of the multi-national University of the South Pacific and the Oceania University of Medicine.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Education in Samoa has proved to be effective as a 2012 UNESCO report stated that 99 per cent of Samoan adults are literate.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that Samoa is fulfilling only 88.0% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Samoa's income level, the nation is achieving 97.7% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 78.3% for secondary education.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoan mythology includes many gods with creation stories and figures of legend such as Tagaloa and the goddess of war Nafanua, the daughter of Saveasi'uleo, ruler of the spirit realm Pulotu. Other legends include the well known story of Sina and the Eel which explains the origins of the first coconut tree.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Some Samoans live a communal way of life, participating in activities collectively. Examples of this are the traditional Samoan "fale" (houses) which are open with no walls, using blinds made of coconut palm fronds during the night or bad weather.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The form and construction of traditional architecture of Samoa was a specialised skill by "Tufuga fai fale" that was also linked to other cultural artforms.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: As with other Polynesian cultures (Hawaiian, Tahitian and Māori) with significant and unique tattoos, Samoans have two gender specific and culturally significant tattoos. For males, it is called the Pe'a and consists of intricate and geometrical patterns tattooed that cover areas from the knees up towards the ribs. A male who possesses such a tatau is called a soga'imiti. A Samoan girl or "teine" is given a malu, which covers the area from just below her knees to her upper thighs.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Albert Wendt is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience. In 1989, his novel "Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree" was made into a feature film in New Zealand, directed by Martyn Sanderson. Another novel "Sons for the Return Home" had also been made into a feature film in 1979, directed by Paul Maunder.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The late John Kneubuhl, born in American Samoa, was an accomplished playwright and screenwriter and writer. His play "Think of Garden" premiered in Auckland in 1993 a year after his death, it was directed by Nathaniel Lees, is set in 1929 and is about Samoa's struggle for independence.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Sia Figiel won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel "Where We Once Belonged".

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Tusiata Avia is a performance poet. Her first book of poetry "Wild Dogs Under My Skirt" was published by Victoria University Press in 2004.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Other Samoan poets and writers include Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia, Eti Sa'aga and Savea Sano Malifa, the editor of the Samoa Observer.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song "Sweet Inspiration" reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song "Reverse Resistance". The music video for "Reverse Resistance" was filmed in Savai'i at his villages.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video "Suamalie" was filmed in Samoa.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The arts organisation "Tautai" "Pacific Arts Trust" was an informal collective of visual artists including Fatu Feu'u, Johnny Penisula, Shigeyuki Kihara, Michel Tuffery, and Lily Laita in the 1980s and formalised into a trust in 1995 and is now a leading Pacific arts organisation directed by Courtney Sina Meredith. Marilyn Kohlhase ran a Pacific focused gallery called "Okaioceanikart" from 2007 - 2013.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: The main sports played in Samoa are rugby union, Samoan cricket and netball. Rugby union is the national football code of Samoa. In Samoan villages, volleyball is also popular.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: At club level, there is the National Provincial Championship and Pacific Rugby Cup. They also took home the cup at Wellington and the Hong Kong Rugby Sevens in 2007—for which the Prime Minister of Samoa, also Chairman of the national rugby union, Tuila’epa Sa’ilele Malielegaoi, declared a national holiday. They were also the IRB World Sevens Series Champions in 2010 capping a year of achievement for the Samoans, following wins in the US, Australia, Hong Kong and Scotland Sevens tournaments.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Prominent Samoan players include Pat Lam and Brian Lima. In addition, many Samoans have played for or are playing for New Zealand.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: Samoans have been very visible in boxing, kickboxing, wrestling, and sumo; some Samoan sumo wrestlers, most famously Musashimaru and Konishiki, have reached the highest rank of "Ozeki" and "yokozuna".

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Samoa

Context: American football is occasionally played in Samoa, reflecting its wide popularity in American Samoa, where the sport is played under high school sanction. About 30 ethnic Samoans, many from American Samoa, currently play in the National Football League. A 2002 article from "ESPN" estimated that a Samoan male (either an American Samoan or a Samoan living in the mainland United States) is 40 times more likely to play in the NFL than a non-Samoan American.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد جزر ساموا؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Thomas Cruise Mapother IV (born July 3, 1962), better known as Tom Cruise, is an American actor and producer. One of the world's highest-paid actors, he has received various accolades, including an Honorary Palme d'Or and three Golden Globe Awards, in addition to nominations for three Academy Awards. His films have grossed over in North America and over worldwide, making him one of the highest-grossing box office stars of all time.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In 2000, Cruise returned as Ethan Hunt in the second installment of the "Mission Impossible" films, "". The film was helmed by Hong Kong director John Woo, branded with his gun fu style; it continued the series' success at the box office taking in almost $547M worldwide. Like its predecessor, it was the highest-grossing film of the year, and had a mixed critical reception. Cruise received an MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance for the film.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: His next five films were major critical and commercial successes. The following year Cruise starred in the romantic thriller "Vanilla Sky" (2001) with Cameron Diaz and Penélope Cruz. In 2002, Cruise starred in the dystopian science fiction action film "Minority Report" which was directed by Steven Spielberg and based on the science fiction short story by Philip K. Dick.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In March 2010, Cruise completed filming the action-comedy "Knight and Day", in which he re-teamed with former costar Cameron Diaz; the film was released on June 23, 2010. On February 9, 2010, Cruise confirmed that he would star in ', the fourth installment in the ' series. The film was released in December 2011 to high critical acclaim and box office success. Unadjusted for ticket price inflation, it was Cruise's biggest commercial success to that date.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In May 2020, it was reported that Cruise would be starring and producing a movie shot in outer space. Doug Liman would be directing, writing, and co-producing. Both will fly to the International Space Station as part of a future Axiom Space mission in a SpaceX Dragon 2 spacecraft.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In May 2021, Cruise protested against the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) by returning all three of his Golden Globe Awards in light of controversy surrounding the HFPA, particularly its lack of diversity, specifically no black members, and ethical questions related to financial benefits to some of its members.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In 2022, Cruise reprised his role as Captain Pete "Maverick" Mitchell in "", a film which he also executive produced. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival where Cruise earned an Honorary Palme d'Or. The film was released to widespread critical praise, with many reviewers deeming it superior to its predecessor. The film has broken several box office records upon its release; earning over $1 billion, becoming the highest-grossing film of Cruise's career.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Cruise partnered with his former talent agent Paula Wagner to form Cruise/Wagner Productions in 1993, and the company has since co-produced several of Cruise's films, the first being "" in 1996 which was also Cruise's first project as a producer.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Cruise/Wagner Productions, Cruise's film production company, is said to be developing a screenplay based on Erik Larson's "New York Times" bestseller "The Devil in the White City" about a real-life serial killer, H. H. Holmes, at Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition. Kathryn Bigelow is attached to the project to produce and helm. Meanwhile, Leonardo DiCaprio's production company, Appian Way, is also developing a film about Holmes and the World's Fair, in which DiCaprio will star.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Cruise has produced several films in which he appeared. He produced ', "Without Limits", ', "The Others", "Vanilla Sky" and many others.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: On August 22, 2006, Paramount Pictures announced it was ending its 14-year relationship with Cruise. In the "Wall Street Journal", chairman of Viacom (Paramount's parent company) Sumner Redstone cited the economic damage to Cruise's value as an actor and producer from his controversial public behavior and views. Cruise/Wagner Productions responded that Paramount's announcement was a face-saving move after the production company had successfully sought alternative financing from private equity firms.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Industry analysts such as Edward Jay Epstein commented that the real reason for the split was most likely Paramount's discontent over Cruise/Wagner's exceptionally large share of DVD sales from the "Mission: Impossible" franchise.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In November 2006, Cruise and Paula Wagner announced that they had taken over the film studio United Artists. Cruise acts as a producer and star in films for United Artists, while Wagner serves as UA's chief executive.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In August 2008, Wagner stepped down from her position at United Artists; she retains her stake in UA, which combined with Cruise's share amounts to 30 percent of the studio.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Cruise splits his time between homes in Beverly Hills, California; Clearwater, Florida; Dulwich, London; and East Grinstead, West Sussex.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In the early-to-mid-1980s, Cruise had relationships with Melissa Gilbert, Rebecca De Mornay, Patti Scialfa, and Cher.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Cruise married actress Mimi Rogers on May 9, 1987. They divorced on February 4, 1990. Rogers had grown up in Scientology and was one of its 'auditors'; they met when Cruise became one of her clients. After she left the organization, she blamed its leader, David Miscavige, for the break-up of their marriage.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Scientology is well known for its opposition to mainstream psychiatry and psychoactive drugs that are routinely prescribed for treatment. It was reported that Cruise's anti-psychiatry actions led to a rift with director Steven Spielberg. Spielberg had reportedly mentioned in Cruise's presence the name of a doctor friend who prescribed psychiatric medication. Shortly thereafter, the doctor's office was picketed by Scientologists, reportedly angering Spielberg.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: On January 15, 2008, a video produced by the Church of Scientology featuring an interview with Cruise was posted on YouTube by the Anonymous-linked group Project Chanology, showing Cruise discussing what being a Scientologist means to him. The Church of Scientology said the video had been "pirated and edited," and was taken from a three-hour video produced for members of Scientology. YouTube removed the Cruise video from their site under threat of litigation.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: After YouTube investigated this claim, they found that the video did not breach copyright law, as it is covered by the fair use clause. It was subsequently reinstated on the site, and as of June 2020, the video has achieved over 15 million views. YouTube has declined to remove it again, due to the popularity of the video, and subsequent changes to copyright policy of the website.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In March 2004, his publicist of 14 years, Pat Kingsley, resigned. Cruise's next publicist was Lee Anne DeVette, his sister, who was herself a Scientologist. She served in that role until November 2005. DeVette was replaced with Paul Bloch from the publicity firm Rogers and Cowan. Such restructuring was seen as a move to curtail publicity of his views on Scientology, as well as the controversy surrounding his relationship with Katie Holmes.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In 2006, "Premiere" ranked Cruise as Hollywood's most powerful actor, as Cruise came in at number 13 on the magazine's 2006 Power List, being the highest ranked actor. The same year, "Forbes" magazine ranked him as the world's most powerful celebrity. The founder of CinemaScore in 2016 cited Cruise and Leonardo DiCaprio as the "two stars, it doesn't matter how bad the film is, they can pull [the box office] up."

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: October 10, 2006, was declared "Tom Cruise Day" in Japan; the Japan Memorial Day Association said that he was awarded with a special day because of "his love for and close association with Japan."

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In 1998, Tom Cruise successfully sued the "Daily Express", a British tabloid which alleged that his marriage to Kidman was a sham designed to cover up his homosexuality.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: Cruise also sued "Bold Magazine" publisher Michael Davis for $100 million, because Davis had alleged (though never confirmed) that he had video that would prove Cruise was gay. The suit was dropped in exchange for a public statement by Davis that the video was not of Cruise, and that Cruise was heterosexual.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In 2006, Cruise sued cybersquatter Jeff Burgar to obtain control of the TomCruise.com domain name. When owned by Burgar, the domain redirected to information about Cruise on Celebrity1000.com. The decision to turn TomCruise.com over to Cruise was handed down by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) on July 5, 2006.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In 2009, Michael Davis Sapir filed a suit charging that his phone had been wiretapped at Cruise's behest. That suit was dismissed by a Central Civil West court judge in Los Angeles on the grounds that the statute of limitations had expired on Sapir's claim.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Tom Cruise

Context: In October 2012, Cruise filed a lawsuit against "In Touch" and "Life & Style" magazines for defamation after they claimed Cruise had "abandoned" his six-year-old daughter. During deposition, Cruise testified that due to his work load 110 days had passed without him seeing her. The suit was ultimately settled between the two parties.

Question: متى تزوج  توم كروز نيكول كيدمان؟


Languages of Canada

Context: The following table details the population of each province and territory, with summary national totals, by mother tongue as reported in the Canada 2016 Census.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Source: Statistics Canada, "Mother tongue by age (Total), 2016 counts for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census ".

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: In 2011, 28.4 million Canadians had knowledge of English while only 21.6 million Canadians spoke it most often at home.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: The percentage of the population who speak French both by mother tongue and home language has decreased over the past three decades. Whereas the number of those who speak English at home is higher than the number of people whose mother tongue is English, the opposite is true for Francophones. There are fewer people who speak French at home, than learned French after birth.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: In 1991, due to linguistic assimilation of Francophones outside Quebec, over one million Canadians who claimed English as their mother tongue were of French ethnic origin (1991 Census).

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Bilingualism with regard to nonofficial languages also increased, most individuals speaking English plus an immigrant language such as Punjabi or Mandarin.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Similarly, the rate of bilingualism in Quebec has risen higher, and more quickly than in the rest of Canada. In Quebec, the rate of bilingualism has increased from 26% of the population being able to speak English and French in 1951 to 42.5% in 2011. As of 2011, in the rest of Canada (excluding Quebec) the rate of bilingualism was 7.5%.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: English–French bilingualism is highest among members of local linguistic minorities. It is very uncommon for Canadians to be capable of speaking only the minority official language of their region (French outside Quebec or English in Quebec). Only 1.5% of Canadians are able to speak only the minority official language, and of these most (90%) live in the bilingual belt.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: As the table below shows, rates of bilingualism are much higher among individuals who belong to the linguistic minority group for their region of Canada, than among members of the local linguistic majority. For example, within Quebec around 37% of bilingual Canadians are Francophones, whereas Francophones only represent 4.5% of the population outside Quebec.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: French-speaking Canadians from outside Quebec and English-speaking Quebecers are, together, the official language minority communities. These communities are:

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Given the destruction of Indigenous state structures, academics usually classify Indigenous peoples of Canada by region into "culture areas", or by their language family.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: "Glottolog" 4.3 (2020) counted 13 independent Indigenous language families and/or isolates in Canada. A potential fourteenth family, that of the sign languages of the Plateau, possibly hosting languages like Secwepemcékst and Ktunaxa Sign Language, remains unlisted by Glottolog. It remains unknown to academia the extent which sign languages are spoken and how they relate to and across linguistic families.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Spoken until about 1760, this pidgin was spoken between Breton and Basque fishermen and NunatuKavummiut of NunatuKavut (Labrador).

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: A pidgin trade language based on Haida, known as Haida Jargon, was used in the 1830s in and around Haida Gwaii. It was used by speakers of English, Haida, Coast Tsimshian, Heiltsuk, and other languages.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: As a result of cultural contact between the Gwich'in (formerly called "Loucheaux") and Europeans (predominately French coureurs des bois and voyageurs), a pidgin language was historically used across Gwich'in Nành, Denendeh. The language is often called in English "Jargon Loucheux" using the traditional French syntax.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Michif (also known as Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, Métif, Métchif, and French Cree) is a mixed language which evolved within the Prairie Métis community. It is based on elements of Cree, Ojibwa, Assiniboine, and French. Michif is today spoken by less than 1,000 individuals in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and North Dakota. At its peak, around 1900, Michif was understood by perhaps three times this number.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Based in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and likely one precursor to Chinook Wawa, Nootka Jargon was a trade language derived from Nuučaan̓uł, English, Spanish, and Russian, as well as other local languages.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Spoken predominately in the Liard and Dehcho Countries of Denendeh, the nouns of the language generally consisted of English, Dënësųłınë́ Yatıé, Sahtúgot’įné / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and Dene Yatıé/Zhatıé, whereas the verbs and pronouns are derived from French. Adverbs are typically pulled from Dënësųłınë́ and Gwich’in. There is, however, a lot of variation in Slavey Jargon. Gwich’in verbs can be mixed with French nouns or phonemically modified French sentences exist.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Spoken alongside the Basque/Breton–Inuit Belle Isle pidgin was another pidgin language that developed in the 16th century amongst the Basque in coastal areas along the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Strait of Belle Isle as the result of contact between Basque whalers and local Algonquian peoples, notably the Mi'kmaq. The name "Souriquois" has an obscure history and most likely refers to region around Souris and the Basque suffix "koa", perhaps from "zurikoa" “that of the whites."

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Born out of the Oneida Nation, OSL is a mixed language, descended primarily from both Prairie Sign Language (or Hand Talk) and the oral Oneida language, with some additions from ASL. Onʌyota'a:ká (or Oneida) Sign Language is a young and growing language, spreading especially amongst deaf Oneida citizens.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Inuit Sign Language, also known as Atgangmuurngniq or Uukturausingit, is a critically endangered language with some 50 speakers remaining. It is a language isolate and has only be found by researchers in Nunavut; however, there are theories it extends across the Arctic Circle. Little is known about its history, but efforts are being made to document and revitalize the language.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Maritime Sign Language is a BANZSL language. It was used as the language of education for Deaf populations in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island before ASL became available in the mid-20th century. It is still remembered by some elderly people but is moribund. The language, living alongside ASL, has produced a unique dialect of ASL in The Maritimes due to mixing of the languages. The exact number of speakers is unknown.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Another trade pidgin that may have become a separate language, Plateau Sign Language replaced Plains Sign Talk in the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. It is now extinct.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Called "ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam" in the Ktunaxa language, Ktunaxa Sign Language has historically been spoken in Ktunaxa ɁamakaɁis (Ktunaxa Country).

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Perhaps related to or descended from the old Plateau Sign Language, Secwepemcékst or Secwépemc Sign Language is spoken by a small number of Secwépemc citizens.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Acadian French is a unique form of Canadian French which incorporates not only distinctly Canadian phrases but also nautical terms, English loanwords, linguistic features found only in older forms of French as well as ones found in the Maritimer English dialect.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: A sub-dialect of Acadian French, Brayon French is spoken by those in Madawaska County of New Brunswick. The language is a mix of Acadian and Quebec French with influence from the local Mi'kmaw and Maliseet languages, with only slight differentiation from the more standard Acadian French.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: As the most spoken variety of French in Canada, Québec French contains a significant number of dialects, generally grouped in two: the "old" dialects of the territories at the time of the British conquest and the "new" dialects that arose post-conquest.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Around 1615 as the coureurs des bois moved past the city of Québec, those who settled in Ndakinna (Abenaki Country) developed unique features still found today, especially in the Bois-Francs region South of the St. Lawrence.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Originally the dialect of the French-speaking working class in Montréal, the cultural renaissance connected to the Quiet Revolution have resulted in Joual being spoken by people across the educational and economic spectrum.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Although quite similar to Québec French, the dialect of the Ontarois or Franco-Ontarians maintains distinctive features. These include the progressive disappearance of the subjunctive, the use of the possessive "á", the transfer of rules from English to French, e.g., "J’ai vu un film sur/à la télévision" which comes from "I saw a film on television", or "Je vais à la maison/chez moi" coming from "I'm going home," and the loaning of English conjunctions such as "so" for "ça fait que" or "alors".

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that speech patterns were inherited from nonstandard colonial English. The dialect was extensively studied in 1992 by Shana Poplack and Sali Tagliamonte from the University of Ottawa.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: A commonality between African Nova Scotian English and African-American Vernacular English is (r)-deletion. This rate of deletion is 57% among Black Nova Scotians, and 60% among African Americans in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, in the surrounding mostly white communities of Nova Scotia, (r)-deletion does not occur.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: The varieties of English spoken by Indigenous people are phonologically influenced by their first or traditional languages. This has resulted in an identifiable dialect spectrum distinct from other Canadian English dialects. Due to the ongoing stigmatization of Indigenous cultures, Indigenous children could be wrongly diagnosed as having a speech impairment or a learning disability, when what is identified by medical professionals are simply the dialectal features.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Some written works use Indigenous English dialects. For example, Maria Campbell's "Stories of the Road Allowance People" is a collection of Métis folktales. An excerpt from that work illustrates the type of speech used by Elders in rural Métis communities during her research, but some stories were collected in Cree or other languages and translated into dialectical English by Campbell:

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Spoken across the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and PEI, this English dialect has been influenced by British and Irish English, Irish and Scottish Gaelic, and some Acadian French, as well as by Mi'kmawi'simk.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: It was not until the 1700s that social disruptions in Ireland sent thousands of Irish from the southeastern counties of Waterford, Wexford, Kilkenny, and Cork and to the Avalon peninsula in the eastern part of Newfoundland where significant Irish influence on the Newfoundland dialects may still be heard.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Some of the Irish immigrants to Newfoundland were native speakers of Irish making Newfoundland the only place outside Europe to have its own Irish dialect. Newfoundland was also the only place outside Europe to have its own distinct name in Irish: "Talamh an Éisc", which means 'land of the fish'. The Irish language is now extinct in Newfoundland.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Ottawa Valley Twang is the accent, sometimes referred to as a dialect of English, that is spoken in the Ottawa Valley, in Ontario. The Ottawa Valley is considered to be a linguistic enclave within Ontario.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: The language of English-speaking Quebecers generally aligns to Standard Canadian English, however established ethnic groups retain certain, distinctive lexical features, such as the dialects spoken by Mohawk, Cree, Inuit, Irish, Jewish, Italian, and Greek communities. Isolated fishing villages on the Basse-Côte-Nord speak Newfoundland English, and many Gaspesian English-speakers use Maritime English.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: In 1890, a private member's bill was tabled in the Canadian Senate, calling for Gaelic to be made Canada's third official language. However, the bill was defeated 42–7.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Newfoundland is home to the largest population of Irish-descendants in Canada and once hosted a thriving Irish Gaelic linguistic community. Although steep declines around the 20th century meant that the Irish language on the Island hardly remains, there exists today strong interest with consistent efforts to revive the language.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Events and institutions are increasingly supporting the language with ever larger Céilithe móra, students participating in Conradh na Gaeilge events, people playing Gaelic sports, and Irish film festivals attracting English- and Irish-speakers alike. There is also an Irish language instructor, appointed every year by the Ireland Canada University Foundation, who works at Memorial University in St. John's, where the university's Digital Learning Centre provides resources for learning the Irish language.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Some Welsh is found in Newfoundland. In part, this is as a result of Welsh settlement since the 17th century. Also, there was an influx of about 1,000 Patagonian Welsh, who migrated to Canada from Argentina after the 1982 Falklands War. Welsh-Argentines are fluent in Spanish as well as English and Welsh.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Canada is also home to Canadian Ukrainian, a distinct dialect of the Ukrainian language, spoken mostly in Western Canada by the descendants of first two waves of Ukrainian settlement in Canada who developed in a degree of isolation from their cousins in what was then Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, Poland, and the Soviet Union.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Canada's Doukhobor community, especially in Grand Forks and Castlegar, British Columbia, has kept its distinct dialect of Russian. It has a lot in common with South Russian dialects, showing some common features with Ukrainian. This dialect's versions are becoming extinct in their home regions of Georgia and Russia where the Doukhobors have split into smaller groups.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: A variety of West Central German spoken by the Old Order Amish, Old Order Mennonites and other descendants of German immigrants in Canada, Pennsylvania Dutch or Deitsch is closely related to the Palatine dialects of the Upper Rhine Valley. Of the estimated 300,000 speakers, most are found across several US states, whilst there is a sizable community within Ontario.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament of Canada, and in all federal institutions.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French. Immigrants who are applying for Canadian citizenship must normally be able to speak either English or French.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: The principles of bilingualism in Canada are protected in sections 16 to 23 of the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" of 1982 which establishes that:

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Canada's Official Languages Act, first adopted in 1969 and updated in 1988, gives English and French equal status throughout federal institutions.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: New Brunswick and Canada's three territories have all given official status to more than one language. In the case of New Brunswick, this means perfect equality. In the other cases, the recognition sometimes amounts to a formal recognition of official languages, but limited services in official languages other than English.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Languages of Canada

Context: Most provinces have laws that make either English or both English and French the official language(s) of the legislature and the courts but may also have separate policies in regards to education and the bureaucracy.

Question: ما هو عدد اللغات الاقليمية في كندا؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: Levi Eshkol (Shkolnik) was born in the shtetl of Oratov, Lipovetsky Uyezd, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now "Orativ", Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine). Both his parents were Jewish, although his mother Dvora (born as Dvora Krasnyanskaya) came from a Hasidic background, whereas his father Joseph Shkolnik came from a family of Mitnagdim. Both families were business-oriented and were owners of agricultural businesses including flour mills, industrial plants and forestry associated businesses.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: Eshkol received a traditional Jewish education from the age of four and began Talmud studies at the age of seven. In addition to his Heder studies, Eshkol was taught by private tutors in general education. In 1911 he was accepted for studies at the Jewish gymnasium in Vilna (now Vilnius, Lithuania) and left his hometown and his family.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: In Vilna, Eshkol joined the students' association Zeiri Zion (Youth of Zion) and began his connections with the Zionist movement. He was elected to the local executive committee and, in 1913, joined Hapoel Hatzair following his meeting with party leader Joseph Shprinzak.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: In 1914, he left for Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire. He first settled in Petach Tikva and worked in the setting of irrigation tunnels at the local orchards. In later years he would be recalled as an excelling worker during this period of time. Eshkol also quickly became publicly active and was elected as a member of the local workers' union. However he soon thereafter left Petach Tikva, joining a small group that was set to settle the area of Atarot (Kalandia).

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: At the outbreak of World War I, fearing local hostility, his group settled briefly in Kfar Uria, Rishon LeZion and returning to Petach Tikva. In 1915–17 he was a leading member of the Judea Workers' Union. In 1918, he volunteered with the Jewish Legion and served in it until the summer of 1920.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: Between 1933 and 1934, Eshkol was working in Berlin on behalf of the Zionist Organization and HeHalutz youth movement. During this time he negotiated with the German authorities over what became known as the Haavara Agreement. Upon his return to Palestine in 1934, he was appointed director of Nir company, which provided funds to new agricultural settlements.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: During the Second World War Eshkol advocated for Jewish enrollment to the British military. However, he confirmed with the Yishuv's leadership and later joined the ideology asserting differentiation between the global front and the local front, fighting against the British Mandate. In 1945–46 Eshkol was representative of Haganah in the leadership of the Jewish Resistance Movement.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: In 1944 he was appointed as the Secretary General of Tel Aviv Workers' Council, remaining in this position until 1948.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: In the 1959 legislative election, Eshkol coordinated Mapai's national campaign with the local party branches. He was also appointed as chairman of the party's committee on social affairs. As internal party tension was growing due to the Lavon Affair, Eshkol was asked to serve as an arbitrator.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: In 1961, Ben-Gurion asked to retire as prime minister and recommended Eshkol as his successor. However, Mapai made Ben-Gurion stay. Ben-Gurion continued to lead Mapai in the 1961 legislative election but struggled to form a coalition and relied on Eshkol's negotiations with rival parties.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: During his term as Finance Minister, Eshkol established himself as a prominent figure in Mapai's leadership, and was designated by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion as his successor.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: During his first months as premier, Eshkol was engaged in a now-declassified diplomatic standoff with the United States that had begun in 1960 under Ben-Gurion.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: In the year following the war, Eshkol's health gradually declined, although he remained in power. He suffered a heart attack on 3 February 1969 from which he recovered and gradually returned to his work, maintaining meetings from the Prime Minister's official residence. In the early morning of 26 February he suffered a fatal attack. At his side were his wife and three physicians, including Moshe Rachmilewitz. He died in office, at the age of 73.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: His eldest daughter Noa did not wed. From his second marriage Eshkol had eight grandchildren. His daughter Dvora married Eliezer Rafaeli and was the mother of three sons, including Prof. Sheizaf Rafaeli. His daughter Tama married Avraham Shochat, who succeeded him as minister of finance (1992–1996, 1999–2001), and had three children. His youngest daughter Ofra married Prof. Baruch Nevo and had two sons, including author Eshkol Nevo who was named after him.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: Eshkol had three siblings. His brother Ben-Zion Shkolnik was a refusenik who made aliyah in 1964. Two other brothers, Lippa and Emanuel, remained in the Soviet Union. Emanuel Shkolnik was killed during combat in the Second World War while serving in the Red Army.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: He was awarded with honorary doctorates by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1964), Roosevelt University (1964), Yeshiva University (1964), University of Liberia (1966) and Hebrew Union College (1968).

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: Since 1970, Yad Levi Eshkol is the official organization commemorating prime minister Eshkol. It holds educational activities in his memory, maintains his papers and personal archive, supports academic research relating to Eshkol and, since 2016, operates the historical building in Jerusalem that served as the former prime minister's residence and now houses a visitors' center in memory of Eshkol.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Levi Eshkol

Context: Streets and neighborhoods have been named in his honor, among them the Ramat Eshkol neighborhood in Jerusalem. Several schools are also named after him, including HaKfar HaYarok. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem named the Agriculture Faculty in Levi Eshkol's name, as well as established a research institute in his name in the Faculty of Social Sciences.

Question: أين دفن ليفي إشكول ؟


Moses in Islam

Context: In Islam, Mūsā ibn ʿImrān (, ), is an important prophet and messenger of God (Allah) and is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran, with his name being mentioned 136 times and his life being narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet.

Question: من هو النبي المرسل إلى بني إسرائيل ؟


Moses in Islam

Context: The Quran states that Musa was sent by God to confront the erstwhile (pharaoh) of ancient Egypt and to guide the Israelites, who were enslaved by the former. The Quran directly validates Musa and Harun as prophets chosen by God:

Question: من هو النبي المرسل إلى بني إسرائيل ؟


Moses in Islam

Context: The grave of Musa is located at Maqam El-Nabi Musa, which lies south of Jericho and east of Jerusalem in the Judean wilderness. A side road to the right of the main Jerusalem-Jericho road, about beyond the sign indicating sea level, leads to the site. The Fatimid, Taiyabi and Dawoodi Bohra sects also believe in the same.

Question: من هو النبي المرسل إلى بني إسرائيل ؟


Moses in Islam

Context: The main body of the present shrine, mosque, minaret and some rooms were built during the reign of Baibars, a Mamluk Sultan, in 1270 AD. Over the years Nabi Musa was expanded, protected by walls, and includes 120 rooms in its two levels which hosted the visitors.

Question: من هو النبي المرسل إلى بني إسرائيل ؟


Moses in Islam

Context: During his Night Journey ("Isra"), Muhammad is known to have led Musa along with Jesus, Abraham and all other prophets in prayer. Musa is mentioned to be among the prophets who Muhammad meets during his ascension to heaven ("Mi'raj") alongside Gabriel.

Question: من هو النبي المرسل إلى بني إسرائيل ؟


Moses in Islam

Context: In Muhammad al-Bukhari's book Sahih al-Bukhari, in Chapter 55, Hadith 648, Musa is depicted by Muhammad after the Night of Ascension, narrarated by Ibn Umar.

Question: من هو النبي المرسل إلى بني إسرائيل ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Commissioner reports to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Robert Califf is the current commissioner, .

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA has its headquarters in unincorporated White Oak, Maryland. The agency also has 223 field offices and 13 laboratories located throughout the 50 states, the United States Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. In 2008, the FDA began to post employees to foreign countries, including China, India, Costa Rica, Chile, Belgium, and the United Kingdom.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: FDA headquarters facilities are currently located in Montgomery County and Prince George's County, Maryland.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: With the passing of the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017, the FDA is projecting a 64% increase in employees to 18,000 over the next 15 years, and would like to add approximately of office and special use space to their existing facilities. The National Capital Planning Commission approved a new master plan for this expansion in December 2018, and construction is expected to be completed by 2035, dependent on GSA appropriations.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA has a number of field offices across the United States, in addition to international locations in China, India, Europe, the Middle East, and Latin America.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: As of 2021, the FDA had responsibility for overseeing $2.7 trillion in food, medical, and tobacco products. Some 54% of its budget derives from the federal government, and 46% is covered by industry user fees for FDA services. For example, pharmaceutical firms pay fees to expedite drug reviews.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) is a mechanism that was created to facilitate the availability and use of medical countermeasures, including vaccines and personal protective equipment, during public health emergencies such as the Zika virus epidemic, the Ebola virus epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: In June 2018, the FDA released a statement regarding new guidelines to help food and drug manufacturers "implement protections against potential attacks on the U.S. food supply". One of the new guidelines includes the Intentional Adulteration (IA) rule, which requires strategies and procedures by the food industry to reduce the risk of compromise in facilities and processes that are significantly vulnerable.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA also uses tactics of regulatory shaming, mainly through online publication of non-compliance, warning letters, and "shaming lists." Regulation by shaming harnesses firms' sensitivity to reputational damage. For example, in 2018, the agency published an online "black list," in which it named dozens of branded drug companies that are supposedly using unlawful or unethical means to attempt to impede competition from generic drug companies.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA frequently works with other federal agencies, including the Department of Agriculture, the Drug Enforcement Administration, Customs and Border Protection, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. They also often work with local and state government agencies in performing regulatory inspections and enforcement actions.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The regulation of food and dietary supplements by the Food and Drug Administration is governed by various statutes enacted by the United States Congress and interpreted by the FDA. Pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and accompanying legislation, the FDA has authority to oversee the quality of substances sold as food in the United States, and to monitor claims made in the labeling of both the composition and the health benefits of foods.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the FDA is responsible for ensuring that manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements and dietary ingredients meet the current requirements. These manufacturers and distributors are not allowed to advertise their products in an adulterated way, and they are responsible for evaluating the safety and labeling of their product.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA has a "Dietary Supplement Ingredient Advisory List" that includes ingredients that sometimes appear on dietary supplements but need further evaluation further. An ingredient is added to this list when it is excluded from use in a dietary supplement, does not appear to be an approved food additive or recognized as safe, and/or is subjected to the requirement for pre-market notification without having a satisfied requirement.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research uses different requirements for the three main drug product types: new drugs, generic drugs, and over-the-counter drugs. A drug is considered "new" if it is made by a different manufacturer, uses different excipients or inactive ingredients, is used for a different purpose, or undergoes any substantial change. The most rigorous requirements apply to "new molecular entities": drugs that are not based on existing medications.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The drug advertising regulation contains two broad requirements: (1) a company may advertise or promote a drug only for the specific indication or medical use for which it was approved by FDA. Also, an advertisement must contain a "fair balance" between the benefits and the risks (side effects) of a drug.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: After NDA approval, the sponsor must then review and report to the FDA every single patient adverse drug experience it learns of. They must report unexpected serious and fatal adverse drug events within 15 days, and other events on a quarterly basis. The FDA also receives directly adverse drug event reports through its MedWatch program. These reports are called "spontaneous reports" because reporting by consumers and health professionals is voluntary.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Over-the-counter (OTC) are drugs like aspirin that do not require a doctor's prescription. The FDA has a list of approximately 800 such approved ingredients that are combined in various ways to create more than 100,000 OTC drug products. Many OTC drug ingredients had been previously approved prescription drugs now deemed safe enough for use without a medical practitioner's supervision like ibuprofen.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: In 2014, the FDA added an Ebola treatment being developed by Canadian pharmaceutical company Tekmira to the Fast Track program, but halted the phase 1 trials in July pending the receipt of more information about how the drug works. This was widely viewed as increasingly important in the face of a major outbreak of the disease in West Africa that began in late March 2014 and ended in June 2016.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: During the coronavirus pandemic, FDA granted emergency use authorization for personal protective equipment (PPE), in vitro diagnostic equipment, ventilators and other medical devices.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: On March 18, 2020, FDA inspectors postponed most foreign facility inspections and all domestic routine surveillance facility inspections. In contrast, the USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) continued inspections of meatpacking plants, which resulted in 145 FSIS field employees who tested positive for COVID-19, and three who died.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research is the branch of the FDA responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of biological therapeutic agents. These include blood and blood products, vaccines, allergenics, cell and tissue-based products, and gene therapy products. New biologics are required to go through a premarket approval process called a Biologics License Application (BLA), similar to that for drugs.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The original authority for government regulation of biological products was established by the 1902 Biologics Control Act, with additional authority established by the 1944 Public Health Service Act. Along with these Acts, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act applies to all biologic products, as well. Originally, the entity responsible for regulation of biological products resided under the National Institutes of Health; this authority was transferred to the FDA in 1972.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: CDRH regulatory powers include the authority to require certain technical reports from the manufacturers or importers of regulated products, to require that radiation-emitting products meet mandatory safety performance standards, to declare regulated products defective, and to order the recall of defective or noncompliant products. CDRH also conducts limited amounts of direct product testing.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Clearance requests are required for medical devices that prove they are "substantially equivalent" to the predicate devices already on the market. Approved requests are for items that are new or substantially different and need to demonstrate "safety and efficacy", for example they may be inspected for safety in case of new toxic hazards. Both aspects need to be proved or provided by the submitter to ensure proper procedures are followed.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is a center of the FDA that regulates food additives and drugs that are given to animals. CVM regulates animal drugs, animal food including pet animal, and animal medical devices. The FDA's requirements to prevent the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy are also administered by CVM through inspections of feed manufacturers. CVM does not regulate vaccines for animals; these are handled by the United States Department of Agriculture.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA regulates tobacco products with authority established by the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. This Act requires color warnings on cigarette packages and printed advertising, and text warnings from the U.S. Surgeon General.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: In July 2017, the FDA announced a plan that would reduce the current levels of nicotine permitted in tobacco cigarettes.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: With acceptance of premarket notification 510(k) k033391 in January 2004, the FDA granted Dr. Ronald Sherman permission to produce and market medical maggots for use in humans or other animals as a prescription medical device. Medical maggots represent the first living organism allowed by the Food and Drug Administration for production and marketing as a prescription medical device.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: In June 2004, the FDA cleared "Hirudo medicinalis" (medicinal leeches) as the second living organism to be used as a medical device.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: In February 2011, President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a "Declaration on a Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness" and announced the creation of the Canada-United States Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) "to increase regulatory transparency and coordination between the two countries."

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Under the RCC mandate, the FDA and Health Canada undertook a "first of its kind" initiative by selecting "as its first area of alignment common cold indications for certain over-the-counter antihistamine ingredients (GC 2013-01-10)."

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: A more recent example of the FDA's international work is their 2018 cooperation with regulatory and law-enforcement agencies worldwide through Interpol as part of Operation Pangea XI. The FDA targeted 465 websites that illegally sold potentially dangerous, unapproved versions of opioid, oncology, and antiviral prescription drugs to U.S. consumers. The agency focused on transaction laundering schemes in order to uncover the complex online drug network.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA carries out research and development activities to develop technology and standards that support its regulatory role, with the objective of resolving scientific and technical challenges before they become impediments. The FDA's research efforts include the areas of biologics, medical devices, drugs, women's health, toxicology, food safety and applied nutrition, and veterinary medicine.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The FDA has collected a large amount of data through the decades. The OpenFDA project was created to enable easy access of the data for the public and was officially launched in June 2014.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act into law on June 24, 1938. The new law significantly increased federal regulatory authority over drugs by mandating a pre-market review of the safety of all new drugs, as well as banning false therapeutic claims in drug labeling without requiring that the FDA prove fraudulent intent.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Soon after passage of the 1938 Act, the FDA began to designate certain drugs as safe for use only under the supervision of a medical professional, and the category of "prescription-only" drugs was securely codified into law by the Durham-Humphrey Amendment in 1951. These developments confirmed extensive powers for the FDA to enforce post-marketing recalls of ineffective drugs.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: When the FDA requested Endo Pharmaceuticals on June 8, 2017, to remove "oxymorphone hydrochloride" from the market, it was the first such request in FDA history.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The Critical Path Initiative is the FDA's effort to stimulate and facilitate a national effort to modernize the sciences through which FDA-regulated products are developed, evaluated, and manufactured. The Initiative was launched in March 2004, with the release of a report entitled Innovation/Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: The Compassionate Investigational New Drug program was created after "Randall v. U.S." ruled in favor of Robert C. Randall in 1978, creating a program for medical marijuana.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: As of 2011, Risk Minimization Action Plans (RiskMAPS) have been created to ensure risks of a drug never outweigh the benefits of that drug within the post-marketing period. This program requires that manufacturers design and implement periodic assessments of their programs' effectiveness. The Risk Minimization Action Plans are set in place depending on the overall level of risk a prescription drug is likely to pose to the public.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Also, because children were thought to be ethically restricted in their ability to give informed consent, there were increased governmental and institutional hurdles to approval of these clinical trials, as well as greater concerns about legal liability. Thus, for decades, most medicines prescribed to children in the U.S. were done so in a non-FDA-approved, "off-label" manner, with dosages "extrapolated" from adult data through body weight and body-surface-area calculations.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Since the 1990s, many successful new drugs for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other conditions have been protein-based biotechnology drugs, regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Many of these drugs are extremely expensive; for example, the anti-cancer drug Avastin costs $55,000 for a year of treatment, while the enzyme replacement therapy drug Cerezyme costs $200,000 per year, and must be taken by Gaucher's Disease patients for life.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: In 2013, a guidance was issued to regulate mobile medical applications and protect users from their unintended use. This guidance distinguishes the apps subjected to regulation based on the marketing claims of the apps. Incorporation of the guidelines during the development phase of these apps has been proposed for expedited market entry and clearance.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: Nine FDA scientists appealed to then president-elect Barack Obama over pressures from management, experienced during the George W. Bush presidency, to manipulate data, including in relation to the review process for medical devices. Characterized as "corrupted and distorted by current FDA managers, thereby placing the American people at risk," these concerns were also highlighted in the 2006 report on the agency as well.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Food and Drug Administration

Context: A 2022 article from Politico raised concerns that food is not a high priority at the FDA. The report explains the FDA has structural and leadership problems in the food division and is often deferential to industry. This might be attributed to lobbying and influence of big food companies in Washington, D.C.

Question: من هو مؤسس إدارة الغذاء والدواء في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering, and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the hypocaust, mica glazing (examples in Ostia Antica), and piped hot and cold water (examples in Pompeii and Ostia).

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Despite the technical developments of the Romans, which took their buildings far away from the basic Greek conception where columns were needed to support heavy beams and roofs, they were very reluctant to abandon the classical orders in formal public buildings, even though these had become essentially decorative. However, they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek aesthetic concerns and treated the orders with considerable freedom.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of Roman concrete as a readily available adjunct to, or substitute for, stone and brick. More daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes. The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the floor plan from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: While borrowing much from the preceding Etruscan architecture, such as the use of hydraulics and the construction of arches, Roman prestige architecture remained firmly under the spell of Ancient Greek architecture and the classical orders.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: This came initially from Magna Graecia, the Greek colonies in southern Italy, and indirectly from Greek influence on the Etruscans, but after the Roman conquest of Greece directly from the best classical and Hellenistic examples in the Greek world.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The influence is evident in many ways; for example, in the introduction and use of the triclinium in Roman villas as a place and manner of dining. Roman builders employed Greeks in many capacities, especially in the great boom in construction in the early Empire.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: A crucial factor in this development, which saw a trend toward monumental architecture, was the invention of Roman concrete ("opus caementicium"), which led to the liberation of shapes from the dictates of the traditional materials of stone and brick.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: These enabled the building of the many aqueducts throughout the Roman Empire, such as the Aqueduct of Segovia, the Pont du Gard, and the eleven aqueducts of Rome. The same concepts produced numerous bridges, some of which are still in daily use, for example the Puente Romano at Mérida in Spain, and the Pont Julien and the bridge at Vaison-la-Romaine, both in Provence, France.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The dome permitted construction of vaulted ceilings without crossbeams and made possible large covered public space such as public baths and basilicas, such as Hadrian's Pantheon, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla, all in Rome.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The Romans first adopted the arch from the Etruscans and implemented it in their own building. The use of arches that spring directly from the tops of columns was a Roman development, seen from the 1st century AD, that was very widely adopted in medieval Western, Byzantine and Islamic architecture.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The Romans were the first builders in the history of architecture to realize the potential of domes for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces. Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as temples, thermae, palaces, mausolea and later also churches. Half-domes also became a favoured architectural element and were adopted as apses in Christian sacred architecture.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Numerous local classical styles developed, such as Palladian architecture, Georgian architecture and Regency architecture in the English-speaking world, Federal architecture in the United States, and later Stripped Classicism and PWA Moderne.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: In Britain, a similar enthusiasm has seen the construction of thousands of neoclassical buildings over the last five centuries, both civic and domestic, and many of the grandest country houses and mansions are purely Classical in style, an obvious example being Buckingham Palace.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The Romans were extremely fond of luxury imported coloured marbles with fancy veining, and the interiors of the most important buildings were very often faced with slabs of these, which have usually now been removed even where the building survives. Imports from Greece for this purpose began in the 2nd century BC.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The ancient Romans employed regular orthogonal structures on which they molded their colonies. They probably were inspired by Greek and Hellenic examples, as well as by regularly planned cities that were built by the Etruscans in Italy. (see Marzabotto)

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Each "insula" was square, with the land within it divided. As the city developed, each "insula" would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and crisscrossed with back roads and alleys. Most "insulae" were given to the first settlers of a Roman city, but each person had to pay to construct his own house.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The city was surrounded by a wall to protect it from invaders and to mark the city limits. Areas outside city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main road was a large gateway with watchtowers. A portcullis covered the opening when the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were constructed along the city walls. An aqueduct was built outside the city walls.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The development of Greek and Roman urbanization is well-known, as there are relatively many written sources, and there has been much attention to the subject, since the Romans and Greeks are generally regarded as the main ancestors of modern Western culture. It should not be forgotten, though, that the Etruscans had many considerable towns and there were also other cultures with more or less urban settlements in Europe, primarily of Celtic origin.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Architecturally, they are typically an example of the Roman use of the classical orders to decorate large concrete walls pierced at intervals, where the columns have nothing to support. Aesthetically, however, the formula is successful.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The oldest known basilica, the Basilica Porcia, was built in Rome in 184 BC by Cato the Elder during the time he was censor. Other early examples include the basilica at Pompeii (late 2nd century BC). After Christianity became the official religion, the basilica shape was found appropriate for the first large public churches, with the attraction of avoiding reminiscences of the Greco-Roman temple form.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The performance space of the Roman circus was normally, despite its name, an oblong rectangle of two linear sections of race track, separated by a median strip running along the length of about two thirds the track, joined at one end with a semicircular section and at the other end with an undivided section of track closed (in most cases) by a distinctive starting gate known as the "carceres", thereby creating a circuit for the races.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: To lighten up the small dark rooms, tenants able to afford a degree of painted colourful murals on the walls. Examples have been found of jungle scenes with wild animals and exotic plants. Imitation windows ("trompe-l'œil") were sometimes painted to make the rooms seem less confined.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Ancient Rome had elaborate and luxurious houses owned by the elite. The average house, or in cities apartment, of a commoner or plebeius did not contain many luxuries. The "domus", or single-family residence, was only for the well-off in Rome, with most having a layout of the closed unit, consisting of one or two rooms. Between 312 and 315 AD Rome had 1781 "domus" and 44,850 of "insulae".

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Many lighthouses were built around the Mediterranean and the coasts of the empire, including the Tower of Hercules at A Coruña in northern Spain, a structure which survives to this day. A smaller lighthouse at Dover, England also exists as a ruin about half the height of the original. The light would have been provided by a fire at the top of the structure.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Roman bath-houses were also provided for private villas, town houses and forts. They were normally supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or by aqueduct. The design of "thermae" is discussed by Vitruvius in "De architectura".

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Roman theatres were built in all areas of the Empire, from Spain to the Middle East. Because of the Romans' ability to influence local architecture, we see numerous theatres around the world with uniquely Roman attributes.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: A third type of villa provided the organizational center of the large farming estates called "latifundia"; such villas might be lacking in luxuries. By the 4th century, "villa" could simply mean an agricultural estate or holding: Jerome translated the Gospel of Mark (xiv, 32) "chorion", describing the olive grove of Gethsemane, with "villa", without an inference that there were any dwellings there at all ("Catholic Encyclopedia" "Gethsemane").

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: With the colossal Diocletian's Palace, built in the countryside but later turned into a fortified city, a form of residential castle emerges, that anticipates the Middle Ages.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: In architecture, a monolith is a structure which has been excavated as a unit from a surrounding matrix or outcropping of rock. Monoliths are found in all types of Roman buildings. They were either: quarried without being moved; or quarried and moved; or quarried, moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position (e.g., architraves); or quarried, moved and erected in an upright position (e.g., columns).

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Transporting was done by land or water (or a combination of both), in the later case often by special-built ships such as obelisk carriers. For lifting operations, ancient cranes were employed since c. 515 BC, such as in the construction of Trajan's Column.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: An obelisk is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top. These were originally called "tekhenu" by the builders, the ancient Egyptians. The Greeks who saw them used the Greek 'obeliskos' to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and then English. The Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style. Examples include:

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Roman gardens were influenced by Egyptian, Persian, and Greek gardening techniques . In Ancient Latium, a garden was part of every farm. According to Cato the Elder, every garden should be close to the house and should have flower beds and ornamental trees. Horace wrote that during his time flower gardens became a national indulgence.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Gardens were not reserved for the extremely wealthy. Excavations in Pompeii show that gardens attaching to residences were scaled down to meet the space constraints of the home of the average Roman. Modified versions of Roman garden designs were adopted in Roman settlements in Africa, Gaul, and Britannia. As town houses were replaced by tall "insulae" (apartment buildings), these urban gardens were replaced by window boxes or roof gardens.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The first recorded Roman triumphal arches were set up in the time of the Roman Republic. Generals who were granted a triumph were termed "triumphators" and would erect "fornices" or honorific arches bearing statues to commemorate their victories.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves, with very finely cut, sometimes gilded letters. The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity, without any decorative flourishes, emphasizing the Roman taste for restraint and order. This conception of what later became the art of typography remains of fundamental importance down to the present day.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Roman road builders aimed at a regulation width (see Laws and standards above), but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 ft (1.1 m) and more than . Today, the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones, giving the impression of a very bumpy road, but the original practice was to produce a surface that was no doubt much closer to being flat.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts in order to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying public baths, latrines, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by complex sewage systems and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from effluent. Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations, milling, farms and gardens.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were the first large and lasting bridges built. Roman bridges were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure. Most utilized concrete as well, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Roman canals were typically multi-purpose structures, intended for irrigation, drainage, land reclamation, flood control and navigation where feasible. Some navigational canals were recorded by ancient geographers and are still traceable by modern archaeology. Channels which served the needs of urban water supply are covered at the List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Freshwater reservoirs were commonly set up at the termini of aqueducts and their branch lines, supplying urban households, agricultural estates, imperial palaces, "thermae" or naval bases of the Roman navy.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Roman builders were the first to realize the stabilizing effect of arches and buttresses, which they integrated into their dam designs. Previously unknown dam types introduced by the Romans include arch-gravity dams, arch dams,; buttress dams, and multiple-arch buttress dams.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: The Romans walled major cities and towns in areas they saw as vulnerable, and parts of many walls remain incorporated in later defensive fortifications, as at Córdoba (2nd century BC), Chester (earth and wood in the 70s AD, stone from c. 100), and York (from 70s AD). Strategic walls across open country were far rarer, and Hadrian's Wall (from 122) and the Antonine Wall (from 142, abandoned only 8 years after completion) are the most significant examples, both on the Pictish frontier of Roman Britain.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: On his return from campaigns in Greece, the general Sulla brought back what is probably the best-known element of the early imperial period: the mosaic, a decoration made of colourful chips of stone inserted into cement. This tiling method took the empire by storm in the late first century and the second century and in the Roman home joined the well-known mural in decorating floors, walls, and grottoes with geometric and pictorial designs.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: A specific genre of Roman mosaic obtained the name "asaroton" (Greek "unswept floor"). It represented an optical illusion of the leftovers from a feast on the floor of rich houses.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: A hypocaust was an ancient Roman system of underfloor heating, used to heat houses with hot air. The Roman architect Vitruvius, writing about the end of the 1st century BC, attributes their invention to Sergius Orata. Many remains of Roman hypocausts have survived throughout Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. The hypocaust was an invention which improved the hygiene and living conditions of citizens, and was a forerunner of modern central heating.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths ("thermae"), houses and other buildings, whether public or private. The floor was raised above the ground by pillars, called pilae stacks, with a layer of tiles, then a layer of concrete, then another of tiles on top; and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the furnace would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof, thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Ancient Roman architecture

Context: In Magna Graecia truss roofs presumably appeared as early as 550 BC. Their potential was fully realized in the Roman period, which saw trussed roofs over 30 wide spanning the rectangular spaces of monumental public buildings such as temples, basilicas, and later churches. Such spans were three times as wide as the widest prop-and-lintel roofs and only surpassed by the largest Roman domes.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟