Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: In October 2012, Thor became a regular character in "Uncanny Avengers", beginning with issue #1. The following month, an ongoing series titled "Thor: God of Thunder" by writer Jason Aaron and artist Esad Ribić debuted as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch. This story arc was voted as the eighth best Thor story by Comicbook.com.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: In January 2020, Thor volume #6 debuted, written by Donny Cates. This story follows Thor, as he becomes the new king of Asgard and tries to fulfill his duties as a king while fighting his destiny in an attempt to save the multiverse from an unknown threat.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: Thor battles Surtur once again when the fire demon attempts to storm Asgard; encounters the Stranger and his pawn the Abomination; and overpowers an outmatched Doctor Doom.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: After Thor kills Loki in single combat, Heimdall – standing in for Odin temporarily as ruler of Asgard – banishes Thor from Asgard; he is replaced by the mortal Eric Masterson, who became the hero Thunderstrike. When Odin awakes, Thor is forgiven and returned. During a battle Thor is driven into a "warrior's madness" by a Valkyrie. After overpowering everyone who attempts to stop his rampage, Thor is brought by the Eternal and Thanos before Odin, who cures his son of the madness.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: Meanwhile, an unidentified woman, later revealed as Jane Foster, lifts Mjolnir, taking possession of Thor's power. Although Thor initially attempts to reclaim the hammer, he relinquishes the name and role of Thor after witnessing the woman wield its power. Thor Odinson continues his work as a superhero under the name "Odinson", using Jarnbjorn and a prosthetic arm made of black uru.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: In the 2016 limited series "The Unworthy Thor", Odinson learns that Ultimate Thor's hammer has crash landed on Asgard following the "Secret Wars" storyline. Odinson ultimately turns down the opportunity to lift it and reveals to Beta Ray Bill that the words Nick Fury whispered to him were "Gorr was right," explaining that no god is worthy of mortal admiration. After this, an unknown individual, later revealed as Volstagg, picks up Ultimate Thor's hammer and calls himself "War Thor."

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: During the 2017 "Secret Empire" storyline, Odinson is recruited by Steve Rogers — who is under the influence of Kobik, the sentient Cosmic Cube — into joining Hydra, but later sides with the resistance in their efforts to end Hydra's control over the United States.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: In the 2020 "Avengers" "Enter the Phoenix" story-arc, it is alluded that Thor is the son of a mutant avatar of the Phoenix Force known as Lady Phoenix, who had an affair with Odin 1,000,000 years prior at the dawn of man. However, in a later story in Thor's own comic book, he once again drew upon powers over the Earth inherited by Gaea, as had repeatedly been established earlier, so the veracity of these claims remain very uncertain.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: When Thor has to transport companions and/or objects to a destination by himself, he has a chariot drawn by two huge mystical goats called Toothgnasher and Toothgrinder that can fly nearly anywhere he desires almost as easily as with Mjolnir.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: The hammer also accidentally endowed the hero Union Jack with the ability to generate electricity, and it can remove any harmful radiation or toxins from a host.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: As a former religious relic, Mjolnir is also lethal to the undead, causing creatures such as vampires to burst into flame and crumble to dust.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Thor (Marvel Comics)

Context: When in possession of the "Odinforce" that usually empowers his father, Thor has proven capable of killing Galactus when the latter is very well fed and far beyond his normal power level.

Question: Kuka loi Thor hahmon?


Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Context: English historian Denis Mack Smith says Cavour was the most successful parliamentarian in Italian history, but he was not especially democratic. Cavour was often dictatorial, ignored his ministerial colleagues and parliament, and interfered in parliamentary elections. He also practiced "trasformismo" and other policies which were carried over into post-Risorgimento Italy.

Question: Mistä kaupungista Camillo Benso di Cavour oli kotoisin?


Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Context: Cavour formed a coalition with Urbano Rattazzi known as the "Connubio" ("marriage"), uniting the moderate men of the Right and of the Left, and brought about the fall of the d'Azeglio cabinet in November 1852. The King reluctantly accepted Cavour as prime minister, the most conservative possible choice, but their relationship was never an easy one.

Question: Mistä kaupungista Camillo Benso di Cavour oli kotoisin?


Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Context: In the same year, Cavour sent his cousin, the famous beauty, photographic artist, and secret agent Virginia Oldoïni, to further the interests of Italian unification with the emperor by whatever means possible, and by all accounts she succeeded, famously becoming the mistress of Napoleon.

Question: Mistä kaupungista Camillo Benso di Cavour oli kotoisin?


Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Context: Cavour had retired to his estate at Leri, out of politics but concerned about the King's alliance with Garibaldi's revolutionaries and his desire to renew the war with Austria without allied support. When the weak La Marmora cabinet resigned, Victor Emmanuel was reluctant to have Cavour as premier again due both to their quarrel over the treaty of Villafranca and Cavour's success in preventing the king from marrying his mistress after the queen's death. But Cavour was sent for on 20 January 1860.

Question: Mistä kaupungista Camillo Benso di Cavour oli kotoisin?


Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Context: Cavour agreed with Napoleon to cede Savoy and Nice to France, in order to annex Tuscany and Emilia to Piedmont. Plebiscites were arranged with huge majorities in all these provinces to approve the changes. Cavour managed to convince most that uniting Italy would make up for these territorial losses. With this, the first stage of unification was completed. It was now up to Garibaldi to overthrow the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and bring southern Italy into Piedmont's control.

Question: Mistä kaupungista Camillo Benso di Cavour oli kotoisin?


Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Context: The relationship between Cavour and Garibaldi was always fractious: Cavour likened Garibaldi to "a savage" while Garibaldi memorably called Cavour "a low intriguer".

Question: Mistä kaupungista Camillo Benso di Cavour oli kotoisin?


Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Context: After his death, Italy would gain Venice in 1866 in the course of the Third Italian War of Independence, connected to the Austro-Prussian War. The Capture of Rome completed the unification of Italy (aside from Trentino and Trieste) in 1870.

Question: Mistä kaupungista Camillo Benso di Cavour oli kotoisin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: On August 3, 2014, Studio Ghibli temporarily suspended production following Miyazaki's retirement. In February 2017, Suzuki announced that Miyazaki had come out of retirement to direct a new feature film, "How Do You Live?", which he intended to be his last film.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: The name "Ghibli" was chosen by Miyazaki from the Italian noun (also used in English), based on the Libyan Arabic name for hot desert wind (, ), the idea being the studio would "blow a new wind through the anime industry". It also refers to an Italian aircraft, the Caproni Ca.309. Although the Italian word would be more accurately transliterated as "Giburi" (), with a hard g sound, the studio is romanised in Japanese as "Jiburi" (, ).

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: The studio was founded after the success of the 1984 film "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind". Suzuki was part of the film's production team, and founded Studio Ghibli with Miyazaki, who also invited Takahata to join them.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: In October 2001, the Ghibli Museum opened in Mitaka, Tokyo. It contains exhibits based on Studio Ghibli films and shows animations, including a number of short Studio Ghibli films not available elsewhere.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: The studio is also known for its strict "no-edits" policy in licensing their films abroad due to "Nausicaä of the Valley of Wind" being heavily edited for the film's release in the United States as "Warriors of the Wind". The "no cuts" policy was highlighted when Miramax co-chairman Harvey Weinstein suggested editing "Princess Mononoke" to make it more marketable. A Studio Ghibli producer is rumoured to have sent an authentic Japanese sword with a simple message: "No cuts".

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: Between 1999 and 2005, Studio Ghibli was a subsidiary brand of Tokuma Shoten; however, that partnership ended in April 2005, when Studio Ghibli was spun off from Tokuma Shoten and was re-established as an independent company with relocated headquarters.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: Two Studio Ghibli short films created for the Ghibli Museum were shown at the Carnegie Hall Citywise Japan NYC Festival: "House Hunting" and "Mon Mon the Water Spider" were screened on March 26, 2011.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: Takahata developed a project for release after Gorō Miyazaki's (director of "Tales from Earthsea" and Hayao's son) "The Tale of the Princess Kaguya" – an adaptation of "The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter". The last film Hayao Miyazaki directed before retiring from feature films was "The Wind Rises" which is about the Mitsubishi A6M Zero and its founder.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: On Sunday, September 1, 2013, Hayao Miyazaki held a press conference in Venice to confirm his retirement, saying: "I know I've said I would retire many times in the past. Many of you must think, 'Once again.' But this time I am quite serious."

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: In 2013, a documentary directed by Mami Sunada called was created delving into the lives of those working at Studio Ghibli and the productions of the animated films "The Wind Rises" and "The Tale of the Princess Kaguya", including storyboard sketching, inking, painting, and voice actor selection for the films.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: On January 31, 2014, it was announced that Gorō Miyazaki will direct his first anime television series, "Sanzoku no Musume Rōnya", an adaptation of Astrid Lindgren's "Ronia the Robber's Daughter" for NHK. The series is computer-animated, produced by Polygon Pictures, and co-produced by Studio Ghibli.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: In March 2014, Toshio Suzuki retired as producer and assumed the new position of general manager. Yoshiaki Nishimura replaced Suzuki in the producer role.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: The 2016 animated fantasy film "The Red Turtle", directed and co-written by Dutch-British animator Michaël Dudok de Wit in his feature film debut, was a co-production between Studio Ghibli and Wild Bunch.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: In February 2017, Toshio Suzuki announced that Hayao Miyazaki had come out of retirement to direct a new feature film with Studio Ghibli.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: On November 28, 2017, Koji Hoshino stepped down as president; he was replaced by Kiyofumi Nakajima (former Ghibli Museum director). Hoshino was then appointed as Chairman of Studio Ghibli.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: In May 2020, Toshio Suzuki confirmed that a new film from Gorō Miyazaki is in development at Studio Ghibli. On June 3, 2020, Studio Ghibli announced that the film would be an adaptation of the novel "Earwig and the Witch" by Diana Wynne Jones. The film was announced as the first full 3D CG animated Ghibli film and slated for a television premiere on NHK in late 2020.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: In Japan, the company's films (along with "The Castle of Cagliostro" and all other "Lupin the Third" titles for movie theaters as well as "Mary and the Witch's Flower") are distributed by Toho theatrically, except for "Castle in the Sky", "Kiki's Delivery Service" (which were distributed by Toei Company along with "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind", with Toei producing "The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun"), and "My Neighbors the Yamadas", which was distributed by Shochiku.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: For home media, a majority of Studio Ghibli releases are distributed by Walt Disney Studios Japan. This also includes "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind", "The Castle of Cagliostro" and "Mary and the Witch's Flower". Pony Canyon occasionally releases Ghibli documentaries on home media, and also distributes rental versions of Ghibli's movies under a deal with Disney. Pony Canyon also fully distributed the standalone version of "Earwig and the Witch" on home media.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: Before the Disney deal, Tokuma Shoten released Ghibli movies themselves through their "Animage Video" imprint, as well as all Laserdisc releases of the movies, as the Disney deal did not include that format.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: In Asia, films are distributed by local companies, including Daewon Media in South Korea (who also hold exclusive merchandising rights to their catalog in the country), Intercontinental Video Limited (IVL) in Hong Kong and Disney/Buena Vista's label distribution at Excelmedia in China and Deltamac in Taiwan.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: GKIDS' home media releases have been handled by multiple distributors. Cinedigm distributed the home media release of "Poppy Hill", Universal Pictures Home Entertainment distributed the home media releases of "Kaguya", "Marnie", "Mary", "Yesterday" and "Waves", and Shout! Factory all subsequent releases thus far. The Ghibli films owned by GKIDS were made available for digital purchases on most major services in the United States and Canada on December 17, 2019, through Shout! Factory.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: Notably, "The Secret World of Arrietty" received a second dub exclusive to the United Kingdom, produced by StudioCanal, likely due to the film's origins being from Mary Norton's British novel "The Borrowers".

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: Disney formerly held the international sales rights as well until Wild Bunch's purchase in 2003. Disney kept the French distribution rights to Ghibli's library until September 2020, when it had expired and transitioned off to Wild Bunch. Since 2021, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment serves as the home media distributor of Studio Ghibli's catalog via its distribution deal with Wild Bunch through the Wild Side Vidéo label.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: Most of the above deals exclude "Grave of the Fireflies"; unlike most of the other films, which were published by Tokuma Shoten, "Grave of the Fireflies" was produced and is owned by Shinchosha, which also had published the short story it was based on, and as such, fell into different rights holdings.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: "Grave of the Fireflies" was released in Japan on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the "Ghibli ga Ippai" Collection on August 7, 1998. On July 29, 2005, a DVD release was distributed through Warner Home Video. Walt Disney Studios Japan released the complete collector's edition DVD on August 6, 2008. WDSJ released the film on Blu-ray twice on July 18, 2012: one as a single release, and one in a two-film set with "My Neighbor Totoro".

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: StudioCanal released a Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on July 1, 2013. Madman Entertainment released the film in Australia and New Zealand.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: "Horus" and "Cagliostro" were the feature-length directorial debuts of Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki respectively, and were produced by Toei Animation and TMS Entertainment years before the founding of Studio Ghibli.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: "Nausicaä" was directed by Miyazaki at Topcraft, a studio which Miyazaki, Takahata and Toshio Suzuki later purchased and renamed Studio Ghibli. As a result, the film has often been rereleased and marketed as a Studio Ghibli movie.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: "The Red Turtle" was a collaborative effort by Studio Ghibli with Dutch animator Michaël Dudok de Wit and was branded as a Studio Ghibli release internationally. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Classics in North and Latin America.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: For the purposes of the list below, only films fully produced and released by Studio Ghibli are listed. Other Studio Ghibli productions are listed here.

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


Studio Ghibli

Context: The signature style and recurrent themes of the studio reflect those of Miyazaki and the other directors and creatives. Common themes include the risks posed by progress to tradition, environmentalism and the natural world, independent female protagonists, the cost of war, and youth. They tend to use intricate watercolor and acrylic 2D animation with vivid colors (particularly greens), and have a "whimsical and joyful aesthetic".

Question: Kuka perusti Studio Ghiblin?


X-ray

Context: The earliest experimenter thought to have (unknowingly) produced X-rays was William Morgan. In 1785, he presented a paper to the Royal Society of London describing the effects of passing electrical currents through a partially evacuated glass tube, producing a glow created by X-rays. This work was further explored by Humphry Davy and his assistant Michael Faraday.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: In 1889, Ukrainian-born Ivan Puluj, a lecturer in experimental physics at the Prague Polytechnic who since 1877 had been constructing various designs of gas-filled tubes to investigate their properties, published a paper on how sealed photographic plates became dark when exposed to the emanations from the tubes.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Helmholtz formulated mathematical equations for X-rays. He postulated a dispersion theory before Röntgen made his discovery and announcement. He based it on the electromagnetic theory of light. However, he did not work with actual X-rays.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: In 1894, Nikola Tesla noticed damaged film in his lab that seemed to be associated with Crookes tube experiments and began investigating this invisible, radiant energy. After Röntgen identified the X-ray, Tesla began making X-ray images of his own using high voltages and tubes of his own design, as well as Crookes tubes.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Röntgen discovered their medical use when he made a picture of his wife's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. The photograph of his wife's hand was the first photograph of a human body part using X-rays. When she saw the picture, she said "I have seen my death."

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Röntgen immediately noticed X-rays could have medical applications. Along with his 28 December Physical-Medical Society submission, he sent a letter to physicians he knew around Europe (January 1, 1896). News (and the creation of "shadowgrams") spread rapidly with Scottish electrical engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton being the first after Röntgen to create an X-ray (of a hand). Through February, there were 46 experimenters taking up the technique in North America alone.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England on 11 January 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate. On February 14, 1896, Hall-Edwards was also the first to use X-rays in a surgical operation.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Hall-Edwards developed a cancer (then called X-ray dermatitis) sufficiently advanced by 1904 to cause him to write papers and give public addresses on the dangers of X-rays. He lost his personal battle and his left arm had to be amputated at the elbow in 1908, and four fingers on his right arm soon thereafter, leaving only a thumb. He died of cancer in 1926. His left hand is kept at Birmingham University.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The many applications of X-rays immediately generated enormous interest. Workshops began making specialized versions of Crookes tubes for generating X-rays and these first-generation cold cathode or Crookes X-ray tubes were used until about 1920.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming invented the thermionic diode, the first kind of vacuum tube. This used a hot cathode that caused an electric current to flow in a vacuum. This idea was quickly applied to X-ray tubes, and hence heated-cathode X-ray tubes, called "Coolidge tubes", completely replaced the troublesome cold cathode tubes by about 1920.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: In about 1906, the physicist Charles Barkla discovered that X-rays could be scattered by gases, and that each element had a characteristic X-ray spectrum. He won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: In 1912, Max von Laue, Paul Knipping, and Walter Friedrich first observed the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. This discovery, along with the early work of Paul Peter Ewald, William Henry Bragg, and William Lawrence Bragg, gave birth to the field of X-ray crystallography.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: In 1913, Henry Moseley performed crystallography experiments with X-rays emanating from various metals and formulated Moseley's law which relates the frequency of the X-rays to the atomic number of the metal.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The Coolidge X-ray tube was invented the same year by William D. Coolidge. It made possible the continuous emissions of X-rays. Modern X-ray tubes are based on this design, often employing the use of rotating targets which allow for significantly higher heat dissipation than static targets, further allowing higher quantity X-ray output for use in high powered applications such as rotational CT scanners.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The use of X-rays for medical purposes (which developed into the field of radiation therapy) was pioneered by Major John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England. Then in 1908, he had to have his left arm amputated because of the spread of X-ray dermatitis on his arm.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: In 1914, Marie Curie developed radiological cars to support soldiers injured in World War I. The cars would allow for rapid X-ray imaging of wounded soldiers so battlefield surgeons could quickly and more accurately operate.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: From the early 1920s through to the 1950s, X-ray machines were developed to assist in the fitting of shoes and were sold to commercial shoe stores. Concerns regarding the impact of frequent or poorly controlled use were expressed in the 1950s, leading to the practice's eventual end that decade.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched on July 23, 1999, has been allowing the exploration of the very violent processes in the universe which produce X-rays. Unlike visible light, which gives a relatively stable view of the universe, the X-ray universe is unstable. It features stars being torn apart by black holes, galactic collisions, and novae, and neutron stars that build up layers of plasma that then explode into space.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: An X-ray laser device was proposed as part of the Reagan Administration's Strategic Defense Initiative in the 1980s, but the only test of the device (a sort of laser "blaster" or death ray, powered by a thermonuclear explosion) gave inconclusive results. For technical and political reasons, the overall project (including the X-ray laser) was defunded (though was later revived by the second Bush Administration as National Missile Defense using different technologies).

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Thus, gamma-rays generated for medical and industrial uses, for example radiotherapy, in the ranges of 6–20 MeV, can in this context also be referred to as X-rays.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: X-rays have much shorter wavelengths than visible light, which makes it possible to probe structures much smaller than can be seen using a normal microscope. This property is used in X-ray microscopy to acquire high-resolution images, and also in X-ray crystallography to determine the positions of atoms in crystals.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: A photoabsorbed photon transfers all its energy to the electron with which it interacts, thus ionizing the atom to which the electron was bound and producing a photoelectron that is likely to ionize more atoms in its path. An outer electron will fill the vacant electron position and produce either a characteristic X-ray or an Auger electron. These effects can be used for elemental detection through X-ray spectroscopy or Auger electron spectroscopy.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Rayleigh scattering is the dominant elastic scattering mechanism in the X-ray regime. Inelastic forward scattering gives rise to the refractive index, which for X-rays is only slightly below 1.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Whenever charged particles (electrons or ions) of sufficient energy hit a material, X-rays are produced.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The maximum energy of the produced X-ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron, which is equal to the voltage on the tube times the electron charge, so an 80 kV tube cannot create X-rays with an energy greater than 80 keV. When the electrons hit the target, X-rays are created by two different atomic processes:

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: So, the resulting output of a tube consists of a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum falling off to zero at the tube voltage, plus several spikes at the characteristic lines. The voltages used in diagnostic X-ray tubes range from roughly 20 kV to 150 kV and thus the highest energies of the X-ray photons range from roughly 20 keV to 150 keV.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Both of these X-ray production processes are inefficient, with only about one percent of the electrical energy used by the tube converted into X-rays, and thus most of the electric power consumed by the tube is released as waste heat. When producing a usable flux of X-rays, the X-ray tube must be designed to dissipate the excess heat.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: A specialized source of X-rays which is becoming widely used in research is synchrotron radiation, which is generated by particle accelerators. Its unique features are X-ray outputs many orders of magnitude greater than those of X-ray tubes, wide X-ray spectra, excellent collimation, and linear polarization.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Short nanosecond bursts of X-rays peaking at 15 keV in energy may be reliably produced by peeling pressure-sensitive adhesive tape from its backing in a moderate vacuum. This is likely to be the result of recombination of electrical charges produced by triboelectric charging. The intensity of X-ray triboluminescence is sufficient for it to be used as a source for X-ray imaging.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: X-rays can also be produced by fast protons or other positive ions. The proton-induced X-ray emission or particle-induced X-ray emission is widely used as an analytical procedure. For high energies, the production cross section is proportional to "Z"12"Z"2−4, where "Z"1 refers to the atomic number of the ion, "Z"2 refers to that of the target atom. An overview of these cross sections is given in the same reference.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Since Röntgen's discovery that X-rays can identify bone structures, X-rays have been used for medical imaging. The first medical use was less than a month after his paper on the subject. Up to 2010, five billion medical imaging examinations had been conducted worldwide. Radiation exposure from medical imaging in 2006 made up about 50% of total ionizing radiation exposure in the United States.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Projectional radiography is the practice of producing two-dimensional images using X-ray radiation. Bones contain a high concentration of calcium, which, due to its relatively high atomic number, absorbs X-rays efficiently. This reduces the amount of X-rays reaching the detector in the shadow of the bones, making them clearly visible on the radiograph. The lungs and trapped gas also show up clearly because of lower absorption compared to tissue, while differences between tissue types are harder to see.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: In medical diagnostic applications, the low energy (soft) X-rays are unwanted, since they are totally absorbed by the body, increasing the radiation dose without contributing to the image. Hence, a thin metal sheet, often of aluminium, called an X-ray filter, is usually placed over the window of the X-ray tube, absorbing the low energy part in the spectrum. This is called "hardening" the beam since it shifts the center of the spectrum towards higher energy (or harder) X-rays.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Computed tomography (CT scanning) is a medical imaging modality where tomographic images or slices of specific areas of the body are obtained from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions. These cross-sectional images can be combined into a three-dimensional image of the inside of the body and used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the management (including palliation) of cancer; it requires higher radiation doses than those received for imaging alone. X-rays beams are used for treating skin cancers using lower energy X-ray beams while higher energy beams are used for treating cancers within the body such as brain, lung, prostate, and breast.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Diagnostic X-rays (primarily from CT scans due to the large dose used) increase the risk of developmental problems and cancer in those exposed. X-rays are classified as a carcinogen by both the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer and the U.S. government. It is estimated that 0.4% of current cancers in the United States are due to computed tomography (CT scans) performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5–2% with 2007 rates of CT usage.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The risk of radiation is greater to a fetus, so in pregnant patients, the benefits of the investigation (X-ray) should be balanced with the potential hazards to the fetus. In the US, there are an estimated 62 million CT scans performed annually, including more than 4 million on children. Avoiding unnecessary X-rays (especially CT scans) reduces radiation dose and any associated cancer risk.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Dosage due to dental X-rays varies significantly depending on the procedure and the technology (film or digital). Depending on the procedure and the technology, a single dental X-ray of a human results in an exposure of 0.5 to 4 mrem. A full mouth series of X-rays may result in an exposure of up to 6 (digital) to 18 (film) mrem, for a yearly average of up to 40 mrem.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Financial incentives have been shown to have a significant impact on X-ray use with doctors who are paid a separate fee for each X-ray providing more X-rays.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Early photon tomography or EPT (as of 2015) along with other techniques are being researched as potential alternatives to X-rays for imaging applications.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: Though X-rays are otherwise invisible, it is possible to see the ionization of the air molecules if the intensity of the X-ray beam is high enough. The beamline from the wiggler at the ID11 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is one example of such high intensity.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: However, the effect of ionizing radiation on matter (especially living tissue) is more closely related to the amount of energy deposited into them rather than the charge generated. This measure of energy absorbed is called the absorbed dose:

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


X-ray

Context: The equivalent dose is the measure of the biological effect of radiation on human tissue. For X-rays it is equal to the absorbed dose.

Question: Kuinka vaarallinen röntgen säteily on?


Teotihuacan

Context: Teotihuacan began as a religious center in the Mexican Highlands around the first century AD. It became the largest and most populated center in the pre-Columbian Americas. Teotihuacan was home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate the large population. The term Teotihuacan (or Teotihuacano) is also used for the whole civilization and cultural complex associated with the site.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: After the collapse of Teotihuacan, central Mexico was dominated by more regional powers, notably Xochicalco and Tula.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The city and the archeological site are located in what is now the San Juan Teotihuacán municipality in the State of México, approximately northeast of Mexico City. The site covers a total surface area of and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It is the most visited archeological site in Mexico, receiving 4,185,017 visitors in 2017.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The original name of the city is unknown, but it appears in hieroglyphic texts from the Maya region as , or "Place of Reeds". This suggests that, in the Maya civilization of the Classic period, Teotihuacan was understood as a Place of Reeds similar to other Postclassic Central Mexican settlements that took the name of , such as and .

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: As of January 23, 2018, the name "Teotihuacan" has come under scrutiny by experts, who now feel that the site's name may have been changed by Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. Archeologist Veronica Ortega of the National Institute of Anthropology and History states that the city appears to have actually been named "Teohuacan", meaning "City of the Sun" rather than "City of the Gods", as the current name suggests.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The first human establishment in the area dates back to 600 BCE and until 200 BCE there were scattered small villages on the site of the future city of Teotihuacan. It is estimated that the total population of the Teotihuacan Valley during this time was approximately 6,000 inhabitants. During the period from 100 BC to 750 AD, Teotihuacan had evolved into a huge urban and administrative center with cultural influences throughout the broader Mesoamerica region.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The history of the city of Teotihuacan is distinguished by four consecutive periods, known as Teotihuacan I, II, III and IV.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: Period I occurred between 200 - 1 BCE and marks the genesis of a real city. During this period, Teotihuacan began to grow into a city as farmers working on the hillside of the Teotihuacan Valley began to move down into the valley, coalescing around the abundant springs of Teotihuacan.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: In the Late Formative era, a number of urban centers arose in central Mexico. The most prominent of these appears to have been Cuicuilco, on the southern shore of Lake Texcoco. Scholars have speculated that the eruption of the Xitle volcano may have prompted a mass emigration out of the central valley and into the Teotihuacan valley. These settlers may have founded or accelerated the growth of Teotihuacan.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: In January 378, the warlord Sihyaj K'ahk' (literally, "born of fire"), depicted with artifacts and the feather-serpent imagery associated with Teotihuacan culture, conquered Tikal, 600 miles away from the Teotihuacan, removing and replacing the Maya king, with support from El Peru and Naachtun, as recorded by Stela 31 at Tikal and other monuments in the Maya region. At this time the Spearthrower Owl ruler was also associated with Teotihuacan culture.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: In 426, the Copán ruling dynasty was created with K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' as the first king. The Dynasty went on to have sixteen rulers. Copán is located in modern-day Honduras, as described by Copán Altar Q. Soon thereafter, Yax K'uk' Mo' installed Tok Casper as king of Quiriguá, about 50 km north of Copán.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The sudden destruction of Teotihuacan was common for Mesoamerican city-states of the Classic and Epi-Classic period. Many Maya states suffered similar fates in the coming centuries, a series of events often referred to as the Classic Maya collapse. Nearby, in the Morelos valley, Xochicalco was sacked and burned in 900 and Tula met a similar fate around 1150.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: There is a theory that the collapse of Teotihuacan was caused by the devastation of its agriculture by the 535 CE eruption of the Ilopango volcano in El Salvador.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: In the Tzacualli phase (c. 1–150 CE) , Teotihuacan saw a population growth of around 60 to 80 thousand people, most of which are believed to have come from the Mexican basin. Following this growth, however, the influx of new residents slowed, and evidence suggests that, by the Miccaotli phase, c. 200 CE, the urban population had reached its maximum.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: In "An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya", Miller and Taube list eight deities:

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: Numerous stone masks have been found at Teotihuacan, and have been generally believed to have been used during a funerary context, although some scholars call this into question, noting that masks "do not seem to have come from burials".

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: Teotihuacan had one of the largest, or perhaps had the largest, population of any city in the Basin of Mexico during its occupation. Teotihuacan was a large pre-historic city that underwent massive population growth and sustained it over most of the city's occupancy. In 100 AD, the population could be estimated at around 60,000-80,000, after 200 years of the city's occupancy, within of the city. The population, eventually, stabilized around 100,000 people around 300 AD.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The population reached its peak numbers around 400 to 500 AD. During 400 to 500 AD, the Xolalpan period, the city’s population was estimated to be 100,000 to 200,000 people. This number was achieved by estimating compound sizes to hold approximately 60 to 100, with 2,000 compounds. These high numbers continued until the city started to decline between 600 and 700 AD.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: Knowledge of the huge ruins of Teotihuacan was never completely lost. After the fall of the city, various squatters lived on the site. During Aztec times, the city was a place of pilgrimage and identified with the myth of Tollan, the place where the sun was created. Today, Teotihuacan is one of the most noted archeological attractions in Mexico.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: Further excavations at the "Ciudadela" were carried out in the 1920s, supervised by Manuel Gamio. Other sections of the site were excavated in the 1940s and 1950s. The first site-wide project of restoration and excavation was carried out by INAH from 1960 to 1965, supervised by Jorge Acosta. This undertaking had the goals of clearing the Avenue of the Dead, consolidating the structures facing it, and excavating the Palace of "Quetzalpapalotl".

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: During the installation of a "sound and light" show in 1971, workers discovered the entrance to a tunnel and cave system underneath the Pyramid of the Sun. Although scholars long thought this to be a natural cave, more recent examinations have established the tunnel was entirely manmade. The interior of the Pyramid of the Sun has never been fully excavated.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: In 1980-82, another major program of excavation and restoration was carried out at the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent and the Avenue of the Dead complex. Most recently, a series of excavations at the Pyramid of the Moon have greatly expanded evidence of cultural practices.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: In late 2003 a tunnel beneath the Temple of the Feathered Serpent was accidentally discovered by Sergio Gómez Chávez and Julie Gazzola, archeologists of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). After days of a heavy rainstorm, Gómez Chávez noticed that a nearly three-foot-wide sinkhole occurred near the foot of the temple pyramid.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: After each new segment was cleared, the 3D scanner documented the progress. By 2015 nearly 75,000 fragments of artifacts have been discovered, studied, cataloged, analyzed and, when possible, restored.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The significance of these new discoveries is publicly explored in a major exhibition at the De Young Museum in San Francisco, which opened in late September 2017.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: A recent discovery of an 1800-year-old bouquet of flowers was made in 2021. The flowers, which were found in the tunnel beneath a pyramid dedicated to the feathered serpent deity Quetzalcóatl, date to between roughly 1 and 200 C.E. It is the first time such a well-preserved plant matter has been discovered at Teotihuacan.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The city of Teotihuacan was characterized by large and imposing buildings, which included, apart from the complexes of houses, temples, large squares, stadiums, and palaces of the rulers, nobles, and priests. The city's urban-ceremonial space is considered one of the most impressive achievements of the pre-Columbian New World.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: At the north end of the city, the Boulevard of the dead ends in the "Pyramid of the Moon " (Piramide de la Luna), surrounded laterally by platforms-ramps and lower pyramids. In the southern part is the "Temple of Cetzalkokal " (Quetzalcoatl), dedicated to God in the form of a winged serpent, which gives life and fertility. Sculpture representation of the God Ketzalkokal and twelve Heads of winged snakes adorn the two sides of the uphill scale of the temple.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: Another example of artificial landscape modifications is the course of the San Juan River, which was modified to bend around the structures as it goes through the center of town eventually returning to its natural course outside of Teotihuacan.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The Ciudadela was completed during the Miccaotli phase, and the Pyramid of the Sun underwent a complex series of additions and renovations. The Great Compound was constructed across the Avenue of the Dead, west of Ciudadela. This was probably the city’s marketplace. The existence of a large market in an urban center of this size is strong evidence of state organization. Teotihuacan was at that point simply too large and too complex to have been politically viable as a chiefdom.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The Ciudadela is a great enclosed compound capable of holding 100,000 people. About 700,000 cubic meters (yards) of material were used to construct its buildings. Its central feature is the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, which was flanked by upper-class apartments. The entire compound was designed to overwhelm visitors.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: The archeological park of Teotihuacan is under threat from development pressures. In 2004, the governor of Mexico state, Arturo Montiel, gave permission for Wal-Mart to build a large store in the third archeological zone of the park. According to Sergio Gómez Chávez, an archeologist and researcher for Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) fragments of ancient pottery were found where trucks dumped the soil from the site.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: More recently, Teotihuacan has become the center of controversy over Resplandor Teotihuacan, a massive light and sound spectacular installed to create a nighttime show for tourists. Critics explain that a large number of perforations for the project have caused fractures in stones and irreversible damage, while the project will have limited benefit.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


Teotihuacan

Context: In May 2021, the Secretariat of Culture announced that a construction crew had been bulldozing the northern outskirts of the city ruins in order to develop the land for an amusement park, despite three-months worth of orders from the government to stop work. The report detailed that at least 25 archeological structures were in immediate danger.

Question: Ketkä intiaanit rakensivat Teotihuacánin?


List of awards and nominations received by Lost

Context: "Lost" was nominated for Best Television Series – Drama at the Hollywood Foreign Press Association's annual Golden Globe Awards three straight years in 2005, 2006 and 2007, winning in 2006. Naveen Andrews, Michael Emerson, Matthew Fox, and Evangeline Lilly have all received nominations for acting.

Question: Montako primetime Emmy palkintoa televisiosarja Lost voitti?


Context: The Golden Reel Awards are presented annually by the Motion Picture Sound Editors. "Lost" has been nominated in various categories thirteen times, winning five.

Question: Montako primetime Emmy palkintoa televisiosarja Lost voitti?


Context: The Satellite Awards, originally known as the Golden Satellite Awards, are annually given by the International Press Academy, which is commonly noted in entertainment industry journals and blogs. "Lost" has won one award, which went to Matthew Fox for Best Actor in a Series – Drama in 2005.

Question: Montako primetime Emmy palkintoa televisiosarja Lost voitti?


Context: The Saturn Awards are presented annually by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, which honors science fiction, fantasy and horror in film, television, and home video. "Lost" has been nominated for 54 awards and has won 13, including five wins for Best Network Television Series (2005–2006, 2008–2010) and acting wins for Michael Emerson (2008), Matthew Fox (2006, 2008), Josh Holloway (2010), Elizabeth Mitchell (2008), and Terry O'Quinn (2005).

Question: Montako primetime Emmy palkintoa televisiosarja Lost voitti?


Context: The TCA Awards are presented annually by the Television Critics Association in recognition of excellence in television. "Lost" has won four: Outstanding New Program in 2005 and Outstanding Achievement in Drama in 2005, 2006, and 2010.

Question: Montako primetime Emmy palkintoa televisiosarja Lost voitti?


Context: The Teen Choice Awards are voted on by teenagers. "Lost" has been nominated for 33 awards, but has never won a single award. Evangeline Lilly has been nominated for eight awards and Matthew Fox has been nominated for seven, while Jorge Garcia and Josh Holloway have each been nominated for four.

Question: Montako primetime Emmy palkintoa televisiosarja Lost voitti?


Context: The Writers Guild of America Awards are presented annually by the Writers Guild of America. "Lost" has been nominated four times for , winning in 2006. The duos of Elizabeth Sarnoff & Christina M. Kim, Damon Lindelof & Drew Goddard, and Lindelof & Carlton Cuse have all received individual nominations.

Question: Montako primetime Emmy palkintoa televisiosarja Lost voitti?


Ford Pinto

Context: Offered with an inline-four engine and bucket seats the Pinto's mechanical design was conventional, with unibody construction, a longitudinally mounted engine in front driving the rear wheels through either a manual or automatic transmission and live axle rear end. Suspension was by unequal-length control arms with front coil springs; the live rear axle was suspended on leaf springs. The rack and pinion steering optionally had power assist, as did the brakes.

Question: Mikä on Yhdysvaltain suosituin automalli vuodesta 1977 lähtien?


Ford Pinto

Context: The Pinto had sold over 100,000 units by January 1971, and 352,402 for the entire 1971 production run; 1974 saw the most Pintos produced in a single model year, with 544,209 units.

Question: Mikä on Yhdysvaltain suosituin automalli vuodesta 1977 lähtien?


Ford Pinto

Context: For the 1973 model year, more appearance options were offered. There was a new Sport Accent Group offered in white exterior paint with a choice of two-tone orange or avocado accent paint, matching vinyl roof, and a deluxe interior with wood-tone trim. There was also a new Luxury Decor Group with bright exterior dress-up mouldings, black bumper rub strips, and a deluxe interior with wood-tone trim. New slotted forged aluminum wheels were offered.

Question: Mikä on Yhdysvaltain suosituin automalli vuodesta 1977 lähtien?


Ford Pinto

Context: Lincoln-Mercury dealers marketed a rebadged variant of the Pinto, as the Mercury Bobcat, beginning with model year 1974 in Canada produced in all of the same body styles. It was styled with a unique egg-crate grille and chrome headlamp bezels. The rear featured modified double-width tail lamps for sedan and Runabout models.

Question: Mikä on Yhdysvaltain suosituin automalli vuodesta 1977 lähtien?


Ford Pinto

Context: For 1979, the Bobcat received a major restyling shared with the Pinto featuring a slanted back front end with rectangular headlamps and inboard vertical parking lamps but distinguished with a large vertical bar grille. Except for the wagons, the tail lamps were revised. The base instrument cluster received a new rectangular design with a modified dash pad.

Question: Mikä on Yhdysvaltain suosituin automalli vuodesta 1977 lähtien?


Ford Pinto

Context: Production of the Bobcat ended in 1980 to make way for its replacement, the Mercury Lynx. In total, 224,026 Bobcats were produced from 1975 to 1980.

Question: Mikä on Yhdysvaltain suosituin automalli vuodesta 1977 lähtien?


Ford Pinto

Context: The Pinto's design positioned its fuel tank between the solid live rear axle and the rear bumper, a standard practice in US subcompact cars at the time. The Pinto's vulnerability to fuel leakage and fire in a rear-end collision was exacerbated by reduced rear "crush space", a lack of structural reinforcement in the rear, and an "essentially ornamental" rear bumper (though similar to other manufacturers).

Question: Mikä on Yhdysvaltain suosituin automalli vuodesta 1977 lähtien?


NTFS

Context: The HPFS file system for OS/2 contained several important new features. When Microsoft created their new operating system, they "borrowed" many of these concepts for NTFS. The original NTFS developers were Tom Miller, Gary Kimura, Brian Andrew, and David Goebel.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Probably as a result of this common ancestry, HPFS and NTFS use the same disk partition identification type code (07). Using the same Partition ID Record Number is highly unusual, since there were dozens of unused code numbers available, and other major file systems have their own codes. For example, FAT has more than nine (one each for FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, etc.). Algorithms identifying the file system in a partition type 07 must perform additional checks to distinguish between HPFS and NTFS.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The version number (e.g. v5.0 in Windows 2000) is based on the operating system version; it should not be confused with the NTFS version number (v3.1 since Windows XP).

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Although subsequent versions of Windows added new file system-related features, they did not change NTFS itself. For example, Windows Vista implemented NTFS symbolic links, Transactional NTFS, partition shrinking, and self-healing. NTFS symbolic links are a new feature in the file system; all the others are new operating system features that make use of NTFS features already in place.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: NTFS is optimized for 4 KB clusters, but supports a maximum cluster size of 2MB. (Earlier implementations support up to 64KB) The maximum NTFS volume size that the specification can support is clusters, but not all implementations achieve this theoretical maximum, as discussed below.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The NTFS maximum theoretical limit on the size of individual files is 16EB ( or ) minus 1KB, which totals 18,446,744,073,709,550,592 bytes. With Windows 10 version 1709 and Windows Server 2019, the maximum "implemented" file size is 8PB minus 2MB or 9,007,199,252,643,840 bytes.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: FreeBSD 3.2 released in May 1999 included read-only NTFS support written by Semen Ustimenko. This implementation was ported to NetBSD by Christos Zoulas and Jaromir Dolecek and released with NetBSD 1.5 in December 2000. The FreeBSD implementation of NTFS was also ported to OpenBSD by Julien Bordet and offers native read-only NTFS support by default on i386 and amd64 platforms as of version 4.9 released 1 May 2011.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: NTFS-3G is a free GPL-licensed FUSE implementation of NTFS that was initially developed as a Linux kernel driver by Szabolcs Szakacsits. It was re-written as a FUSE program to work on other systems that FUSE supports like macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, QNX, and Haiku and allows reading and writing to NTFS partitions. A performance enhanced commercial version of NTFS-3G, called "Tuxera NTFS for Mac", is also available from the NTFS-3G developers.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Captive NTFS, a 'wrapping' driver that uses Windows' own driver , exists for Linux. It was built as a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) program and released under the GPL but work on Captive NTFS ceased in 2006.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Linux kernel versions 5.15 onwards carry NTFS3, a fully functional NTFS Read-Write driver which works on NTFS versions up to 3.1 and is maintained primarily by the Paragon Software Group with the source code found here.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Mac OS X 10.3 included Ustimenko's read-only implementation of NTFS from FreeBSD. Then in 2006 Apple hired Anton Altaparmakov to write a new NTFS implementation for Mac OS X 10.6. Native NTFS write support is included in 10.6 and later, but is not activated by default, although workarounds do exist to enable the functionality. However, user reports indicate the functionality is unstable and tends to cause kernel panics.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Paragon Software Group sells a read-write driver named "NTFS for Mac OS X", which is also included on some models of Seagate hard drives.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The NetDrive package for OS/2 (and derivatives such as eComStation and ArcaOS) supports a plugin which allows read and write access to NTFS volumes.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Ahead Software developed a "NTFSREAD" driver (version 1.200) for DR-DOS 7.0x between 2002 and 2004. It was part of their Nero Burning ROM software.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The second ACL, called system access control list (SACL), defines which interactions with the file or folder are to be audited and whether they should be logged when the activity is successful, failed or both. For example, auditing can be enabled on sensitive files of a company, so that its managers get to know when someone tries to delete them or make a copy of them, and whether he or she succeeds.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The support of EFS is not available in Basic, Home, and MediaCenter versions of Windows, and must be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The USN Journal (Update Sequence Number Journal) is a system management feature that records (in $Extend\$UsnJrnl) changes to files, streams and directories on the volume, as well as their various attributes and security settings. The journal is made available for applications to track changes to the volume. This journal can be enabled or disabled on non-system volumes.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The hard link feature allows different file names to directly refer to the same file contents. Hard links may link only to files in the same volume, because each volume has its own MFT.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Windows uses hard links to support short (8.3) filenames in NTFS. Operating system support is needed because there are legacy applications that can work only with 8.3 filenames, but support can be disabled. In this case, an additional filename record and directory entry is added, but both 8.3 and long file name are linked and updated together, unlike a regular hard link.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Alternate data streams allow more than one data stream to be associated with a filename (a fork), using the format "filename:streamname" (e.g., "text.txt:extrastream").

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Malware has used alternate data streams to hide code. As a result, malware scanners and other special tools now check for alternate data streams.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Compression works best with files that have repetitive content, are seldom written, are usually accessed sequentially, and are not themselves compressed. Single-user systems with limited hard disk space can benefit from NTFS compression for small files, from 4KB to 64KB or more, depending on compressibility. Files smaller than approximately 900 bytes are stored within the directory entry of the MFT.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Users of fast multi-core processors will find improvements in application speed by compressing their applications and data as well as a reduction in space used. Even when SSD controllers already compress data, there is still a reduction in I/Os since less data is transferred.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: According to research by Microsoft's NTFS Development team, 50–60GB is a reasonable maximum size for a compressed file on an NTFS volume with a 4KB (default) cluster (block) size. This reasonable maximum size decreases sharply for volumes with smaller cluster sizes.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Large compressible files become highly fragmented since every chunk smaller than 64KB becomes a fragment. Flash memory, such as SSD drives do not have the head movement delays and high access time of mechanical hard disk drives, so fragmentation has only a smaller penalty.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: If system files that are needed at boot time (such as drivers, NTLDR, winload.exe, or BOOTMGR) are compressed, the system may fail to boot correctly, because decompression filters are not yet loaded. Later editions of Windows do not allow important system files to be compressed.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Since Windows 10, Microsoft has introduced new file compression scheme based on the XPRESS algorithm with 4K/8K/16K block size and the LZX algorithm; both are variants of LZ77 updated with Huffman entropy coding and range coding, which LZNT1 lacked. These compression algorithms were taken from Windows Imaging Format (WIM file).

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: CompactOS compression is intended for OEMs who prepare OS images with the flag of the tool in Windows ADK, but it can also be manually turned on per file with the flag of the command. CompactOS algorithm avoids file fragmentation by writing compressed data in contiguously allocated chunks, unlike core NTFS compression.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Sparse files are files interspersed with empty segments for which no actual storage space is used. To the applications, the file looks like an ordinary file with empty regions seen as regions filled with zeros; the file system maintains an internal list of such regions for each sparse file. A sparse file does not necessarily include sparse zeros areas; the "sparse file" attribute just means that the file is allowed to have them.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Database applications, for instance, may use sparse files. As with compressed files, the actual sizes of sparse files are not taken into account when determining quota limits.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) keeps historical versions of files and folders on NTFS volumes by copying old, newly overwritten data to shadow copy via copy-on-write technique. The user may later request an earlier version to be recovered. This also allows data backup programs to archive files currently in use by the file system.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Windows Vista also introduced persistent shadow copies for use with System Restore and Previous Versions features. Persistent shadow copies, however, are deleted when an older operating system mounts that NTFS volume. This happens because the older operating system does not understand the newer format of persistent shadow copies.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: As of Windows Vista, applications can use Transactional NTFS (TxF) to group multiple changes to files together into a single transaction. The transaction will guarantee that either all of the changes happen, or none of them do, and that no application outside the transaction will see the changes until they are committed.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: It uses similar techniques as those used for Volume Shadow Copies (i.e. copy-on-write) to ensure that overwritten data can be safely rolled back, and a CLFS log to mark the transactions that have still not been committed, or those that have been committed but still not fully applied (in case of system crash during a commit by one of the participants).

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Microsoft now advises against using TxF: "Microsoft strongly recommends developers utilize alternative means" since "TxF may not be available in future versions of Microsoft Windows".

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Starting with Windows Vista Microsoft added the built-in ability to shrink or expand a partition. However, this ability does not relocate page file fragments or files that have been marked as unmovable, so shrinking a volume will often require relocating or disabling any page file, the index of Windows Search, and any Shadow Copy used by System Restore. Various third-party tools are capable of resizing NTFS partitions.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Since 2017, Microsoft requires the OneDrive file structure to reside on an NTFS disk. This is because OneDrive Files On-Demand feature uses NTFS reparse points to link files and folders that are stored in OneDrive to the local filesystem, making the file or folder unusable with any previous version of Windows, with any other NTFS file system driver, or any file system and backup utilities not updated to support it.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: NTFS is made up of several components including: a partition boot sector (PBS) that holds boot information; the master file table that stores a record of all files and folders in the filesystem; a series of meta files that help structure meta data more efficiently; data streams and locking mechanisms.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Internally, NTFS uses B-trees to index file system data. A file system journal is used to guarantee the integrity of the file system metadata but not individual files' content. Systems using NTFS are known to have improved reliability compared to FAT file systems.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: This boot partition format is roughly based upon the earlier FAT filesystem, but the fields are in different locations. Some of these fields, especially the "sectors per track", "number of heads" and "hidden sectors" fields may contain dummy values on drives where they either do not make sense or are not determinable.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The OS first looks at the 8 bytes at 0x30 to find the cluster number of the $MFT, then multiplies that number by the number of sectors per cluster (1 byte found at 0x0D). This value is the sector offset (LBA) to the $MFT, which is described below.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The MFT structure supports algorithms which minimize disk fragmentation. A directory entry consists of a filename and a "file ID" (analogous to the inode number), which is the record number representing the file in the Master File Table. The file ID also contains a reuse count to detect stale references. While this strongly resembles the W_FID of Files-11, other NTFS structures radically differ.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: A partial copy of the MFT, called the MFT mirror, is stored to be used in case of corruption. If the first record of the MFT is corrupted, NTFS reads the second record to find the MFT mirror file. Locations for both files are stored in the boot sector.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: For each file (or directory) described in the MFT record, there is a linear repository of stream descriptors (also named "attributes"), packed together in one or more MFT records (containing the so-called "attributes list"), with extra padding to fill the fixed 1 KB size of every MFT record, and that fully describes the effective streams associated with that file.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Each attribute has an attribute type (a fixed-size integer mapping to an attribute definition in file $AttrDef), an optional attribute name (for example, used as the name for an alternate data stream), and a value, represented in a sequence of bytes. For NTFS, the standard data of files, the alternate data streams, or the index data for directories are stored as attributes.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: According to $AttrDef, some attributes can be either resident or non-resident. The $DATA attribute, which contains file data, is such an example. When the attribute is resident (which is represented by a flag), its value is stored directly in the MFT record. Otherwise, clusters are allocated for the data, and the cluster location information is stored as data runs in the attribute.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: All attributes of a given file may be displayed by using the nfi.exe ("NTFS File Sector Information Utility") that is freely distributed as part of the Microsoft "OEM Support Tools".

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Windows system calls may handle alternate data streams. Depending on the operating system, utility and remote file system, a file transfer might silently strip data streams. A safe way of copying or moving files is to use the BackupRead and BackupWrite system calls, which allow programs to enumerate streams, to verify whether each stream should be written to the destination volume and to knowingly skip unwanted streams.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: The NTFS file system driver will sometimes attempt to relocate the data of some of the attributes that can be made non-resident into the clusters, and will also attempt to relocate the data stored in clusters back to the attribute inside the MFT record, based on priority and preferred ordering rules, and size constraints.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Opportunistic file locks (oplocks) allow clients to alter their buffering strategy for a given file or stream in order to increase performance and reduce network use. Oplocks apply to the given open stream of a file and do not affect oplocks on a different stream.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Oplocks can be used to transparently access files in the background. A network client may avoid writing information into a file on a remote server if no other process is accessing the data, or it may buffer read-ahead data if no other process is writing data.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Opportunistic locks have been enhanced in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with per-client oplock keys.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


NTFS

Context: Windows NT and its descendants keep internal timestamps as UTC and make the appropriate conversions for display purposes; all NTFS timestamps are in UTC.

Question: Milloin NTFS kehitettiin?


Transition metal

Context: The elements of groups 4–11 are generally recognized as transition metals, justified by their typical chemistry, i.e. a large range of complex ions in various oxidation states, coloured complexes, and catalytic properties either as the element or as ions (or both). Sc and Y in group 3 are also generally recognized as transition metals. However, the elements La–Lu and Ac–Lr and group 12 attract different definitions from different authors.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: Although meitnerium, darmstadtium, and roentgenium are within the d-block and are expected to behave as transition metals analogous to their lighter congeners iridium, platinum, and gold, this has not yet been experimentally confirmed. Whether copernicium behaves more like mercury or has properties more similar to those of the noble gas radon is not clear.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: Early transition metals are on the left side of the periodic table from group 3 to group 7. Late transition metals are on the right side of the d-block, from group 8 to 11 (and 12 if it is counted as transition metals).

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: The Madelung rule predicts that the inner "d" orbital is filled after the valence-shell "s" orbital. The typical electronic structure of transition metal atoms is then written as (noble gas) "ns"2("n" − 1)"dm". This rule is however only approximate – it only holds for some of the transition elements, and only then in the neutral ground states.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: The "d" sub-shell is the next-to-last sub-shell and is denoted as sub-shell. The number of s electrons in the outermost s sub-shell is generally one or two except palladium (Pd), with no electron in that "s" sub shell in its ground state. The "s" sub-shell in the valence shell is represented as the "ns" sub-shell, e.g. 4s. In the periodic table, the transition metals are present in eight groups (4 to 11), with some authors including some elements in groups 3 or 12.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: The electronic configuration of the individual elements present in all the d-block series are given below:

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: A careful look at the electronic configuration of the elements reveals that there are certain exceptions to the Madelung rule. For Cr as an example the rule predicts the configuration 3"d"44"s"2, but the observed atomic spectra show that the real ground state is 3"d"54"s"1. To explain such exceptions, it is necessary to consider the effects of increasing nuclear charge on the orbital energies, as well as the electron-electron interactions including both coulomb repulsion and exchange energy.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: The orbitals that are involved in the transition metals are very significant because they influence such properties as magnetic character, variable oxidation states, formation of coloured compounds etc. The valence and orbitals have very little contribution in this regard since they hardly change in the moving from left to the right in a transition series.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: In transition metals, there is a greater horizontal similarities in the properties of the elements in a period in comparison to the periods in which the "d"-orbitals are not involved. This is because in a transition series, the valence shell electronic configuration of the elements do not change. However, there are some group similarities as well.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: There are a number of properties shared by the transition elements that are not found in other elements, which results from the partially filled "d" shell. These include

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: Most transition metals can be bound to a variety of ligands, allowing for a wide variety of transition metal complexes.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: Colour in transition-series metal compounds is generally due to electronic transitions of two principal types.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: A metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition will be most likely when the metal is in a low oxidation state and the ligand is easily reduced.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: which has a "d"5 configuration in which all five electron has parallel spins; the colour of such complexes is much weaker than in complexes with spin-allowed transitions. Many compounds of manganese(II) appear almost colourless. The spectrum of shows a maximum molar absorptivity of about 0.04 M−1cm−1 in the visible spectrum.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: A characteristic of transition metals is that they exhibit two or more oxidation states, usually differing by one. For example, compounds of vanadium are known in all oxidation states between −1, such as , and +5, such as .

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: The maximum oxidation state in the first row transition metals is equal to the number of valence electrons from titanium (+4) up to manganese (+7), but decreases in the later elements. In the second row, the maximum occurs with ruthenium (+8), and in the third row, the maximum occurs with iridium (+9). In compounds such as and , the elements achieve a stable configuration by covalent bonding.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: The lowest oxidation states are exhibited in metal carbonyl complexes such as (oxidation state zero) and (oxidation state −2) in which the 18-electron rule is obeyed. These complexes are also covalent.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: Ionic compounds are mostly formed with oxidation states +2 and +3. In aqueous solution, the ions are hydrated by (usually) six water molecules arranged octahedrally.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: Ferromagnetism occurs when individual atoms are paramagnetic and the spin vectors are aligned parallel to each other in a crystalline material. Metallic iron and the alloy alnico are examples of ferromagnetic materials involving transition metals. Anti-ferromagnetism is another example of a magnetic property arising from a particular alignment of individual spins in the solid state.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: An interesting type of catalysis occurs when the products of a reaction catalyse the reaction producing more catalyst (autocatalysis). One example is the reaction of oxalic acid with acidified potassium permanganate (or manganate (VII)). Once a little Mn2+ has been produced, it can react with MnO4− forming Mn3+. This then reacts with C2O4− ions forming Mn2+ again.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Transition metal

Context: In general, transition metals possess a high density and high melting points and boiling points. These properties are due to metallic bonding by delocalized d electrons, leading to cohesion which increases with the number of shared electrons. However the group 12 metals have much lower melting and boiling points since their full d sub-shells prevent d–d bonding, which again tends to differentiate them from the accepted transition metals. Mercury has a melting point of and is a liquid at room temperature.

Question: MItä tarkoittaa siirtymäalkuaine?


Species

Context: The most recent rigorous estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotes is between 8 and 8.7 million. However, only about 14% of these had been described by 2011.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: All species (except viruses) are given a two-part name, a "binomial". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet (in botanical nomenclature, also sometimes in zoological nomenclature). For example, "Boa constrictor" is one of the species of the genus "Boa", with "constrictor" being the species's epithet.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: In the 1970s, Robert R. Sokal, Theodore J. Crovello and Peter Sneath proposed a variation on the morphological species concept, a phenetic species, defined as a set of organisms with a similar phenotype to each other, but a different phenotype from other sets of organisms. It differs from the morphological species concept in including a numerical measure of distance or similarity to cluster entities based on multivariate comparisons of a reasonably large number of phenotypic traits.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: In microbiology, genes can move freely even between distantly related bacteria, possibly extending to the whole bacterial domain. As a rule of thumb, microbiologists have assumed that kinds of Bacteria or Archaea with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences more similar than 97% to each other need to be checked by DNA-DNA hybridisation to decide if they belong to the same species or not. (See ) This concept was narrowed in 2006 to a similarity of 98.7%.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: The average nucleotide identity method quantifies genetic distance between entire genomes, using regions of about 10,000 base pairs. With enough data from genomes of one genus, algorithms can be used to categorize species, as for "Pseudomonas avellanae" in 2013, and for all sequenced bacteria and archaea since 2020.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: Unlike the biological species concept, a cladistic species does not rely on reproductive isolation – its criteria are independent of processes that are integral in other concepts. Therefore, it applies to asexual lineages. However, it does not always provide clear cut and intuitively satisfying boundaries between taxa, and may require multiple sources of evidence, such as more than one polymorphic locus, to give plausible results.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: An ecological species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment. According to this concept, populations form the discrete phenetic clusters that we recognise as species because the ecological and evolutionary processes controlling how resources are divided up tend to produce those clusters.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: A genetic species as defined by Robert Baker and Robert Bradley is a set of genetically isolated interbreeding populations. This is similar to Mayr's Biological Species Concept, but stresses genetic rather than reproductive isolation. In the 21st century, a genetic species can be established by comparing DNA sequences, but other methods were available earlier, such as comparing karyotypes (sets of chromosomes) and allozymes (enzyme variants).

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: An evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) or "wildlife species" is a population of organisms considered distinct for purposes of conservation.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: Books and articles sometimes intentionally do not identify species fully, using the abbreviation "sp." in the singular or "spp." (standing for "species pluralis", the Latin for multiple species) in the plural in place of the specific name or epithet (e.g. "Canis" sp.). This commonly occurs when authors are confident that some individuals belong to a particular genus but are not sure to which exact species they belong, as is common in paleontology.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: Authors may also use "spp." as a short way of saying that something applies to many species within a genus, but not to all. If scientists mean that something applies to all species within a genus, they use the genus name without the specific name or epithet. The names of genera and species are usually printed in italics. However, abbreviations such as "sp." should not be italicised.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: When a species's identity is not clear, a specialist may use "cf." before the epithet to indicate that confirmation is required. The abbreviations "nr." (near) or "aff." (affine) may be used when the identity is unclear but when the species appears to be similar to the species mentioned after.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: With the rise of online databases, codes have been devised to provide identifiers for species that are already defined, including:

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: Most modern textbooks make use of Ernst Mayr's 1942 definition, known as the Biological Species Concept as a basis for further discussion on the definition of species. It is also called a reproductive or isolation concept. This defines a species as

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection. Mayr's use of the adjective "potentially" has been a point of debate; some interpretations exclude unusual or artificial matings that occur only in captivity, or that involve animals capable of mating but that do not normally do so in the wild.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: It is difficult to define a species in a way that applies to all organisms. The debate about species concepts is called the species problem. The problem was recognised even in 1859, when Darwin wrote in "On the Origin of Species":

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: A simple textbook definition, following Mayr's concept, works well for most multi-celled organisms, but breaks down in several situations:

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: Natural hybridisation presents a challenge to the concept of a reproductively isolated species, as fertile hybrids permit gene flow between two populations. For example, the carrion crow "Corvus corone" and the hooded crow "Corvus cornix" appear and are classified as separate species, yet they hybridise freely where their geographical ranges overlap.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: Species are subject to change, whether by evolving into new species, exchanging genes with other species, merging with other species or by becoming extinct.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: Horizontal gene transfer between organisms of different species, either through hybridisation, antigenic shift, or reassortment, is sometimes an important source of genetic variation. Viruses can transfer genes between species. Bacteria can exchange plasmids with bacteria of other species, including some apparently distantly related ones in different phylogenetic domains, making analysis of their relationships difficult, and weakening the concept of a bacterial species.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: Louis-Marie Bobay and Howard Ochman suggest, based on analysis of the genomes of many types of bacteria, that they can often be grouped "into communities that regularly swap genes", in much the same way that plants and animals can be grouped into reproductively isolated breeding populations. Bacteria may thus form species, analogous to Mayr's biological species concept, consisting of asexually reproducing populations that exchange genes by homologous recombination.

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: When observers in the Early Modern period began to develop systems of organization for living things, they placed each kind of animal or plant into a context. Many of these early delineation schemes would now be considered whimsical: schemes included consanguinity based on colour (all plants with yellow flowers) or behaviour (snakes, scorpions and certain biting ants). John Ray, an English naturalist, was the first to attempt a biological definition of species in 1686, as follows:

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Species

Context: In 1859, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace provided a compelling account of evolution and the formation of new species. Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals. This required a new definition of species. Darwin concluded that species are what they appear to be: ideas, provisionally useful for naming groups of interacting individuals, writing:

Question: Montako laji käsitettä on?


Persona (series)

Context: Persona, previously marketed as Shin Megami Tensei: Persona outside of Japan, is a video game franchise developed and primarily published by Atlus, and owned by Sega. Focusing around a series of role-playing video games, "Persona" is a spin-off from Atlus' "Megami Tensei" franchise. The first entry in the series, "", was released in 1996 for the PlayStation. The series has seen several more games since, with the most recent main entry being 2019's "Persona 5 Royal".

Question: Onko Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4 japanilainen peli?


Persona (series)

Context: The series was also represented in the 2018 crossover fighting game "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" with the April 2019 downloadable content (DLC) inclusion of Joker, the protagonist of "Persona 5". Along with him, a "Persona"-themed stage, eleven musical tracks from the series, and Mii costumes of Morgana, Teddie, and the main protagonists from "Persona 3" and "4" were also featured.

Question: Onko Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4 japanilainen peli?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In Finnish history, Finland under Swedish rule is the historical period when the bulk of the area that later came to constitute Finland was an integral part of Sweden. The starting point of Swedish rule is uncertain and controversial. Historical evidence of the establishment of Swedish rule in Finland exists from the late 13th century onwards.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Swedish rule ended in most of so-called Old Finland in 1721 as a result of the Great Northern War. Sweden ceded the remainder of Old Finland in 1743 following the Hats' War. On 17 September 1809, the period of Swedish rule over the rest of Finland came to an end when the Treaty of Hamina was signed, ending the Finnish War. As a result, the eastern third of Sweden was ceded to the Russian Empire and became established as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Finns were considered by a majority of historians to be the first inhabitants of Sweden and by some Swedish historians, like Olof von Dalin (18th century), one of the biblical Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. This change in attitude largely stemmed from a need to create a more equal footing during the decline of the Swedish Empire. They still faced difficulties in dealing with higher Swedish authorities in Finnish and a lack of publications in Finnish.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The starting point of the Swedish rule is under a large amount of uncertainty. It is connected to the efforts of the Catholic Church to expand the faith in the Eastern Baltic Sea region and to Northern Crusades.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: By the 14th century, with the successful crusades and the partial colonization of Finnish coastline with Christian Swedish colonists, what is now Western and Southern Finland and the Karelian isthmus, had become part of Sweden, Catholic Church and the Uppsala diocese. Eastern Karelia, the Käkisalmi region and the Ladoga Karelia retained their ties to the Orthodox Church and to Novgorod.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Treaty of Nöteborg, made in 1323 between Sweden and Novgorod, was the first treaty that defined the eastern boundary of the Swedish realm and Finland at least for Karelia. The boundary in northern Finland remained unclear. However, Sweden annexed the Finnish population on the shores of Northern Ostrobothnia in the 14th century to its realm.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In the early times of the Swedish rule, official government documents were often written in Latin, which emphasised the role of the clergy also in secular government. The use of old Swedish as a written government language increased during the 14th century. In local governments in cities, particularly concerning international trade, the Middle Low German language was also largely used. It is however impossible to present accurate approximations of the relations of different languages in mediaeval times.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Unlike the situation in central Europe, peasants in Sweden were free and feudalism never developed in the Swedish realm in the proportion it did in central Europe. The local government was based on local settlements ("socken") and parishes in the countryside.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Ordinance of Alsnö, given during the reign of Magnus III of Sweden, established a small secular (Finnish: ) or nobility, freed from tax, in Sweden and Finland in 1280. The spiritual meant spiritual people who were exempt from paying tax to the secular government (such as priests, nuns and beggar brothers).

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded by Queen of Denmark Margaret I in 1397. In practice, conflicts arose within the union, as the Swedish high classes with their expansion policy were interested in the east, the direction of Russia, whereas the Danish were more interested in the souththe direction of the German lands. There were also internal conflicts between the high class of individual nations. The struggle to power was not only the result of "foreign political" differences in modern parlance.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Even in the union age, Finland did not form a continuous governmental area but was divided into two separate governmental districts. Viipuri acted as a significant, sometimes almost independent centre, whereas Turku was a more integral part of the governmental area of the central authority. According to Kauko Pirinen, "In the decentralised union nation Finland was also decentralised. In practical terms, it was not a continuous political entity."

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The independent position of Viipuri was evident in that although Finland was divided into two separate lawspeaker areas, Southern and Northern Finland, in 1435, Viipuri had its own independent Karelian lawspeaker area already in the 1440s, with the lawspeaker probably appointed by the chief of the Viipuri Castle. However, the Karelian lawspeaker had no authority in the Turku land court.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Apart from Turku and Viborg, cities under union times were small, and numbered very few. As such, foreign trade was modest. Even Viborg could not compete with Reval (Tallinn) as the centre of Russian trade. Domestic trade was economically more significant than foreign trade.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: No one from Finland participated in the Arboga meeting in 1435. In the same autumn, the bishop Magnus II Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, and in the negotiations there they participated in the discharge of the leaders of the Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson rebellion and the forming of a compromise. Krister Nilsson became the (seneschal) and Karl Knutsson Bonde became the marshal. After Nilsson had returned to Finland in the same autumn, rebel movements started in Sweden again.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The king was finally deposed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a council of aristocrats. It was composed of bishops and leading noblemen. The mightiest of this group was Karl Knutsson, who was elected leader of the realm in 1438. His biggest competitor, the Krister retreated to Vyborg after this. After the fall of the absolutist government, Finland's connections to Denmark were severed. However, the connections to Sweden were not really strengthened but local governors mostly ruled the country.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In the late 15th century, previous skirmishes with Moscow escalated into a war. In 1495, the Vyborg Castle was sieged. People from Western Finland were also drafted to war. In threatened areas, all people over 15 years of age were called to arms, and in addition, German mercenaries and people from Sweden arrived in the country. The Russian attacks stretched from Karelia to Ostrobothnia, Savonia and Tavastia. Peace was made in 1497.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In war times, the king had spent a long time in Finland. There he ordered an extensive investigation of misconduct by the nobility. This investigation resulted in the so-called Jakob Teit complaint list, which is a significant source of community history in the 16th century. In summer 1556, the king made Finland into its own duchy, and named his son John as its ruler. Gustav Vasa died in September 1560. Erik XIV of Sweden succeeded him on the throne.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?