Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: "Repeater signals" are also used to maintain safe train operation around curves. These signals repeat the indication of a signal up ahead around a curve, and are located on the opposite side of the track from the signals they repeat.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: Interlocking signals are controlled by human operators in a signal tower near the switches, not by the trains themselves. A train operator must use a punch box, which is located besides the cab window in the station closest to the interlocking, to notify the switch operator of which track the train needs to go to. The switch operator has a switchboard in their tower that allows them to change the switches.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: Interlocking signals also tell train operators which way switches on the subway are set. The top part of an interlocking signal indicates the condition of the block ahead, while the lower part indicates the route selected. The following interlocking signals are used on the New York City Subway:

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: Until the DeKalb Avenue junction's reconstruction in 1958, there was a three-way switch at that junction, the only one in the system. A special blue signal was used for the third option.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: Another signal type is a "dwarf signal", which is often used at switches to allow for occasional movements against the usual direction of train traffic. Controlled manually from a tower, they are not part of ordinary operations, and they generally do not include trip arms.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: , some of the oldest block signals in the system were 80 years old, and they broke down frequently, causing more delays and prompting the MTA to declare a state of emergency for the subway in 2017. An MTA investigation found that between December 2017 and January 2018, broken signals caused 11,555 train delays. In summer 2018, New York City Transit started evaluating twenty places where signal timers affect service the most.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: The R22s were fitted with different types of brake shoes, to see which one would negotiate the rail joints better. It was eventually found that the automated trip took 10 seconds longer than manual operation (about 95 seconds, compared to 85 seconds). As the tests on the Sea Beach Line progressed, grade time stops were added to ensure safety on the line, and on the 42nd Street Shuttle. The train was dubbed SAM, and was to operate on Track 4 of the shuttle line.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: In 1978, senior NYCTA executive John de Roos said that the authority would consider running automated trains following the completion of the 63rd Street lines, which were then scheduled to be opened in 1984 or 1985.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: The first two lines, totaling of track miles, received CBTC from 2000 to 2018. The two lines with the initial installations of CBTC were both chosen because their respective tracks are relatively isolated from the rest of the subway system, and they have fewer junctions along the route.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: On January 13, 2020, the MTA announced that it had awarded the contract to L. K. Comstock & Company, Inc. for $245.8 million. The signaling for the contract will be provided by Siemens. This will be the first CBTC project in the system to use axle-counters instead of track circuits. , the entire project is budgeted at $733.6 million. The project will be completed by January 2025.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Signaling of the New York City Subway

Context: In 2021, it was announced that the Sixth Avenue Line between Broadway–Lafayette Street and Jay Street–MetroTech would receive CBTC; funding for this section is not provided in the 2020—2024 Capital Program. In March 2022, the MTA announced that it would install CBTC on the Sixth Avenue Line between Jay Street and 21st Street—Queensbridge.

Question: 連動装置を持たない電車はある？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was a U.S. Marine veteran who assassinated John F. Kennedy, then president of the United States, on November 22, 1963.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: In September 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had acted alone when assassinating Kennedy. This conclusion, though controversial, was supported by investigations from the Dallas Police Department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the United States Secret Service, and the House Select Committee on Assassinations.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Despite forensic, ballistic, and eyewitness evidence supporting the official findings, public opinion polls have shown that most Americans still do not believe that the official version tells the whole truth of the events, and the assassination spawned numerous conspiracy theories.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: In 1944, Marguerite moved the family from New Orleans to Dallas, Texas. Oswald entered the first grade in 1945 and over the next half-dozen years attended several different schools in the Dallas and Fort Worth areas through the sixth grade. Oswald took an IQ test in the fourth grade and scored 103; "on achievement tests in [grades 4 to 6], he twice did best in reading and twice did worst in spelling".

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: As a child, Oswald was described as withdrawn and temperamental by several people who knew him. When Oswald was 12 in August 1952, his mother took him to New York City where they lived for a short time with Oswald's half-brother, John. Oswald and his mother were later asked to leave after an argument in which Oswald allegedly struck his mother and threatened John's wife with a pocket knife.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Oswald attended seventh grade in the Bronx, New York, but was often truant, which led to a psychiatric assessment at a juvenile reformatory. The reformatory psychiatrist, Dr. Renatus Hartogs, described Oswald as immersed in a "vivid fantasy life, turning around the topics of omnipotence and power, through which [Oswald] tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations". Dr. Hartogs concluded:

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Lee has to be diagnosed as "personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies". Lee has to be seen as an emotionally, quite disturbed youngster who suffers under the impact of really existing emotional isolation and deprivation, lack of affection, absence of family life and rejection by a self involved and conflicted mother.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: When Lee returned to school for the 1953 Fall semester, his disciplinary problems continued. When Oswald failed to cooperate with school authorities, they sought a court order to remove him from his mother's care so he could be placed into a home for boys to complete his education. This was postponed, perhaps partially because his behavior abruptly improved. Before the New York family court system could address their case, the Oswalds left New York in January 1954, and returned to New Orleans.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: As a teenager in 1955, Oswald attended [[Civil Air Patrol]] meetings in New Orleans. Fellow cadets recalled him attending C.A.P. meetings "three or four" times, or "10 or 12 times" over a one- or two-month period.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Oswald's enlistment papers recite that he was tall and weighed , with hazel eyes and brown hair. His primary training was in radar operation, which required a [[security clearance]]. A May 1957 document stated that he was "granted final clearance to handle classified matter up to and including [[Classified information#Confidential|confidential]] after careful check of local records had disclosed no derogatory data".

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Like all marines, Oswald was trained and tested in shooting. In December 1956, he scored 212, which was slightly above the requirements for the designation of [[Weapons Qualification Badge|"sharpshooter"]]. In May 1959 he scored 191, which reduced his rating to [[Weapons Qualification Badge|"marksman"]].

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Slightly built, Oswald was nicknamed "[[Ozzie Rabbit]]" after the cartoon character; he was also called "Oswaldskovich" because he espoused pro-[[Soviet]] sentiments. In November 1958, Oswald transferred back to El Toro where his unit's function "was to serveil for aircraft, but basically to train both enlisted men and officers for later assignment overseas". An officer there said that Oswald was a "very competent" crew chief and was "brighter than most people".

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: [[File:OSWALD'S APARTMENT BUILDING - MINSK - BELARUS.jpg|thumb|Apartment building where Oswald lived in Minsk]]

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: According to Oswald, he met with four more Soviet officials that same day, who asked if he wanted to return to the United States. Oswald replied by insisting that he wanted to live in the Soviet Union as a Soviet national. When pressed for identification papers, he provided his Marine Corps discharge papers.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: From approximately June 1960 to February 1961, Oswald was in a relationship with a [[Belarus]]ian woman, Ella German (), a co-worker at the factory.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: German described her childhood in hindsight as a miserable life, but stated that she never felt unhappy. She was nineteen before she first dated. German reported that theater was important to her family and that she enjoyed dancing the [[waltz]] and [[foxtrot]] as she got older, and frequently performed in public theater and thought she might become an actress. She tried for several years to gain admission to [[Minsk University]], but received very low marks for the language criterion in Belarusian.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: She said, "We went to the movies, the theater, symphonies. He was easy to be with. He didn't demand anything of me". The couple ate in the cafeteria together every day and dated about twice each week. She said that it was difficult to trust him completely as he seemed to [[Compartmentalization (psychology)|compartmentalize]] the relationships in his life. The relationship became more serious to Oswald during the summer and fall of 1960.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Some authors, including Peter Savodnik and Priscilla Johnson McMillan, believe German's rejection of Oswald's marriage proposal had much to do with his disillusionment with life in the Soviet Union and his decision to return to the United States. Oswald formally dated German for the last time in January or February 1961. According to German, he ignored her at their workplace. She was reported to have been surprised when learning Oswald had returned to the United States.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Following the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of United States president John F. Kennedy]], German was worried that the [[KGB]] would come for her, but has stated that they never did. According to novelist [[Norman Mailer]], she said that Oswald was "so gentle" and that she could not believe he was Kennedy's assassin.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: German was still a resident of Minsk in 1993. She was interviewed by Mailer for his 1995 biography, "[[Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery]]". Mailer reported that German was a teacher at that time, living with and caring for her daughter and granddaughter. Savodnik also interviewed her for his 2013 book, "The Interloper: Lee Harvey Oswald Inside the Soviet Union". As of 2015, German lived in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Israel.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: The Oswalds soon settled in the [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth]] area, where Lee's mother and brother lived. Lee began a manuscript on Soviet life, though he eventually gave up the project. The Oswalds also became acquainted with a number of anti-Communist Russian and East European émigrés in the area. In testimony to the Warren Commission, Alexander Kleinlerer said that the Russian émigrés sympathized with Marina, while merely tolerating Oswald, whom they regarded as rude and arrogant.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: In July 1962, Oswald was hired by the Leslie Welding Company in Dallas; he disliked the work and quit after three months. On October 12, he started working for the graphic-arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee. A fellow employee at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall testified that Oswald's rudeness at his new job was such that fights threatened to break out, and that he once saw Oswald reading a Russian-language publication. Oswald was fired in the first week of April 1963.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: [[File:Oswaldrifle.jpg|thumb|Oswald's $29.95 second-hand Carcano rifle in the [[U.S. National Archives]]]]

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Marina Oswald testified that her husband told her that he traveled by bus to General Walker's house and shot at Walker with his rifle. She said that Oswald considered Walker to be the leader of a "[[Fascist (epithet)|fascist]] organization". A note Oswald left for Marina on the night of the attempt, telling her what to do if he did not return, was found ten days after the Kennedy assassination.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Before the Kennedy assassination, Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting, but Oswald's involvement was suspected within hours of his arrest following the assassination. The Walker bullet was too damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies on it, but [[neutron activation analysis]] later showed that it was "extremely likely" that it was made by the same manufacturer and for the same rifle make as the two bullets which later struck Kennedy.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: [[File:Magazine Street Jessie James Garner Bldg Sept 2009.JPG|thumb|Oswald rented an apartment in this building in [[Uptown New Orleans]] .]]

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: [[File:Pizzo Exh B-Oswald leaflets FPFC-WH Vol21 139.jpg|thumb|Oswald passing out "Fair Play for Cuba" leaflets in New Orleans, August 16, 1963]][[File:Oswaldneworleans.jpg|thumb|upright|Oswald's mugshot following his arrest for [[disturbing the peace]] in New Orleans, August 9, 1963]]

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Oswald returned to New Orleans on April 24, 1963. Marina's friend Ruth Paine drove her by car from Dallas to join Oswald in New Orleans the following month. On May 10, Oswald was hired by the [[Reily Foods Company|Reily Coffee Company]] as a machinery greaser. He was fired in July "because his work was not satisfactory and because he spent too much time loitering in Adrian Alba's garage next door, where he read rifle and hunting magazines".

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: In his 1988 book "[[On the Trail of the Assassins]]", New Orleans District Attorney [[Jim Garrison]] claimed that Oswald really spent that time across the street at 544 Camp Street. These were the law offices of [[Guy Banister]], a former FBI agent, an avid segregationist, and a local politician. Garrison added that Guy Banister during the summer of 1963 in New Orleans, was most interested in infiltrating the [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]], and used Oswald as his spy.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: On May 26, Oswald wrote to the New York City headquarters of the pro-[[Fidel Castro]] [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]], proposing to rent "a small office at my own expense for the purpose of forming a FPCC branch here in New Orleans". Three days later, the FPCC responded to Oswald's letter advising against opening a New Orleans office "at least not ... at the very beginning". In a follow-up letter, Oswald replied, "Against your advice, I have decided to take an office from the very beginning."

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: On May 29, Oswald ordered the following items from a local printer: 500 application forms, 300 membership cards, and 1,000 leaflets with the heading, "Hands Off Cuba". According to Marina, Lee told her to sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as chapter president on his membership card.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: According to a CIA document released in 2017, it is possible Oswald was trying to get the necessary documents from the embassies to make a quick escape to the Soviet Union after the assassination.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: [[File:SchoolbookDepository.jpg|thumb|[[Texas School Book Depository]], the building where Oswald worked as an order filler when he fired the fatal shots that killed Kennedy]]

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: [[File:HowardBrennan.jpg|thumb|Witness [[Howard Brennan]] standing in the same spot across the street from the [[Texas School Book Depository]] four months after the assassination. Circle "A" indicates where he saw Oswald fire a rifle at the presidential motorcade.]]

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: [[File:Lee Harvey Oswald arrested at the Texas Theatre, Dallas, Texas, 22 November 1963.jpg|thumb|Oswald being led from the [[Texas Theatre]] following his arrest for killing Tippit]]

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Shoe store manager Johnny Brewer testified that he saw Oswald "ducking into" the entrance alcove of his store. Suspicious of this activity, Brewer watched Oswald continue up the street and slip without paying into the nearby [[Texas Theatre]], where the film "[[War Is Hell (film)|War Is Hell]]" was playing. He alerted the theater's ticket clerk, who telephoned police at about 1:40 p.m.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: During an interrogation with Captain Fritz, when asked, "Are you a communist?", he replied, "No, I am not a communist. I am a Marxist."

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: An unconscious Oswald was taken by ambulance to [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]]—the same hospital where Kennedy was pronounced dead two days earlier. Oswald died at 1:07 p.m; Dallas police chief [[Jesse Curry]] announced his death on a TV news broadcast.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Miller Funeral Home had great difficulty finding a cemetery willing to accept Oswald's remains; Rose Hill Cemetery in Fort Worth eventually agreed. A Lutheran reverend reluctantly agreed to officiate but then failed to appear. Reverend Louis Saunders of the Fort Worth Council of Churches volunteered, saying that "someone had to help this family". He performed a brief graveside service under heavy guard on November 25. Reporters covering the burial were asked to act as pallbearers.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Oswald's original tombstone, which gave his full name, birth date, and death date, was stolen four years after the assassination, and his mother replaced it with a marker simply inscribed "Oswald". His mother's body was buried beside his in 1981.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: A [[Michael Eddowes#John F. Kennedy conspiracy allegations|claim that a look-alike Russian agent was buried in place of Oswald]] led to the body's exhumation on October4, 1981. Dental records confirmed it was Oswald. The remains were reburied in a new coffin because of water damage to the original.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] issued an [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]] that created the [[Warren Commission]] to investigate the assassination. The commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, and the Warren Report could not ascribe any one motive or group of motives to Oswald's actions:

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: The proceedings of the commission were closed, though not secret. Approximately three percent of its files have yet to be released to the public, which has continued to provoke speculation among researchers.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: In 1968, the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Ramsey Clark Panel]] examined various photographs, X-ray films, documents, and other evidence. It concluded that Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him: one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone, and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: The acoustical evidence has since been discredited. Officer H.B. McLain, from whose motorcycle radio the HSCA acoustic experts said the Dictabelt evidence came, has repeatedly stated that he was not yet in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination. McLain asked the Committee, "'If it was my radio on my motorcycle, why did it not record the revving up at high speed plus my siren when we immediately took off for Parkland Hospital?'"

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: In 1982, a panel of twelve scientists appointed by the [[National Academy of Sciences]], including Nobel laureates [[Norman Ramsey]] and [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]], unanimously concluded that the acoustic evidence submitted to the HSCA was "seriously flawed", was recorded after the shots, and did not indicate additional gunshots. Their conclusions were published in the journal "[[Science (journal)|Science]]".

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: [[File:Lho-133A.jpg|thumb|Image CE 133-A, one of three known "backyard photos". Oswald sent this image (as a first-generation copy) to George de Mohrenschildt in April 1963.]]

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: When shown one of the photos during his interrogation by Dallas police, Oswald stated that it was a fake. According to Dallas Police Captain Will Fritz:

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: He said that the picture was not his, that the face was his face, but that this picture had been made by someone superimposing his face, the other part of the picture was not him at all and that he had never seen the picture before. ... He told me that he understood photography real well, and that in time, he would be able to show that it was not his picture, and that it had been made by someone else.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Lee Harvey Oswald

Context: Some critics have not accepted the conclusions of the Warren Commission and have proposed several other theories, such as that Oswald conspired with others, or was not involved at all and was [[frameup|framed]]. A [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] Poll taken in mid-November 2013, showed 61% believed that Kennedy was killed as a result of conspiracy, and only 30% thought Oswald acted alone.

Question: ケネディ大統領暗殺事件の犯人はどのような処分を受けた？


Piano

Context: The piano is a stringed keyboard instrument in which the strings are struck by wooden hammers that are coated with a softer material (modern hammers are covered with dense wool felt; some early pianos used leather). It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys (small levers) that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. It was invented in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori around the year 1700.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: Modern pianos have two basic configurations, the grand piano and the upright piano, with various styles of each. There are also specialized and novelty pianos, electric pianos based on electromechanical designs, electronic pianos that synthesize piano-like tones using oscillators, and digital pianos using digital samples of acoustic piano sounds.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: In grand pianos the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. The action lies beneath the strings, and uses gravity as its means of return to a state of rest. Grand pianos range in length from approximately to . Some of the lengths have been given more-or-less customary names, which vary from time to time and place to place, but might include:

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: The toy piano, introduced in the 19th century, is a small piano-like instrument, that generally uses round metal rods to produce sound, rather than strings. The US Library of Congress recognizes the toy piano as a unique instrument with the subject designation, Toy Piano Scores: M175 T69.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: In 1863, Henri Fourneaux invented the player piano, which plays itself from a piano roll. A machine perforates a performance recording into rolls of paper, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. Modern equivalents of the player piano include the Bösendorfer CEUS, Yamaha Disklavier and QRS Pianomation, using solenoids and MIDI rather than pneumatics and rolls.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: A silent piano is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. They are designed for private silent practice, to avoid disturbing others.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: Edward Ryley invented the transposing piano in 1801. This rare instrument has a lever under the keyboard to move the keyboard relative to the strings, so a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: The minipiano is an instrument patented by the Brasted brothers of the Eavestaff Ltd. piano company in 1934. This instrument has a braceless back and a soundboard positioned below the keys—long metal rods pull on the levers to make the hammers strike the strings. The first model, known as the "Pianette", was unique in that the tuning pins extended through the instrument, so it could be tuned at the front.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: The prepared piano, present in some contemporary art music from the 20th and 21st century is a piano which has objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or has had its mechanism changed in some other way. The scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example, instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, paper, metal screws, or washers in between the strings. These objects mute the strings or alter their timbre.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: The pedal piano is a rare type of piano that has a pedal keyboard at the base, designed to be played by the feet. The pedals may play the existing bass strings on the piano, or rarely, the pedals may have their own set of bass strings and hammer mechanisms. While the typical intended use for pedal pianos is to enable a keyboardist to practice pipe organ music at home, a few players of pedal piano use it as a performance instrument.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: Wadia Sabra had a microtone piano manufactured by Pleyel in 1920. Abdallah Chahine later constructed his quartertone "Oriental piano" with the help of Austrian Hofmann.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: Electronic pianos are non-acoustic; they do not have strings, tines or hammers, but are a type of analog synthesizer that simulates or imitates piano sounds using oscillators and filters that synthesize the sound of an acoustic piano. They must be connected to a keyboard amplifier and speaker to produce sound (however, some electronic keyboards have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can play an electronic piano with headphones in quieter settings.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: The thick wooden posts on the underside (grands) or back (uprights) of the piano stabilize the rim structure, and are made of softwood for stability. The requirement of structural strength, fulfilled by stout hardwood and thick metal, makes a piano heavy. Even a small upright can weigh , and the Steinway concert grand (Model D) weighs . The largest piano available on the general market, the Fazioli F308, weighs .

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: The design of the piano hammers requires having the hammer felt be soft enough so that it will not create loud, very high harmonics that a hard hammer will cause. The hammer must be lightweight enough to move swiftly when a key is pressed; yet at the same time, it must be strong enough so that it can hit strings hard when the player strikes the keys forcefully for fortissimo playing or sforzando accents.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: The extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings; that is, they vibrate sympathetically with other strings whenever the damper pedal is depressed and thus give a fuller tone. Only a very small number of works composed for piano actually use these notes.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: Toy piano company Schoenhut manufactures grands and uprights with only 44 or 49 keys and a shorter distance between the keyboard and the pedals. These are true pianos with working mechanisms and strings.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: There are also non-standard variants. On some pianos (grands and verticals), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal: that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. Players use this pedal to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while playing the melody in the treble section.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: The rare transposing piano (an example of which was owned by Irving Berlin) has a middle pedal that functions as a clutch that disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, so the player can move the keyboard to the left or right with a lever. This shifts the entire piano action so the pianist can play music written in one key so that it sounds in a different key.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: Some piano companies have included extra pedals other than the standard two or three. On the Stuart and Sons pianos as well as the largest Fazioli piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. This fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: A vibrating wire subdivides itself into many parts vibrating at the same time. Each part produces a pitch of its own, called a partial. A vibrating string has one fundamental and a series of partials. The purest combination of two pitches is when one is double the frequency of the other.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


Piano

Context: Pianos have also been used prominently in rock and roll and rock music by performers such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Keith Emerson (Emerson, Lake & Palmer), Elton John, Ben Folds, Billy Joel, Nicky Hopkins, and Tori Amos, to name a few. Modernist styles of music have also appealed to composers writing for the modern grand piano, including John Cage and Philip Glass.

Question: ピアノには何個、鍵盤がありますか？


History of Haiti

Context: Successive waves of Arawak migrants, moving northward from the Orinoco delta in South America, settled the islands of the Caribbean. Around A.D. 600, the Taíno, an Arawak culture, arrived on the island, displacing the previous inhabitants, however this view is widely disputed. They were organized into "cacicazgos" (chiefdoms), each led by a "cacique" (chief).

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: A small number of Taínos were able to survive and set up villages elsewhere. Spanish interest in Hispaniola began to wane in the 1520s, as more lucrative gold and silver deposits were found in Mexico and South America. Thereafter, the population of Spanish Hispaniola grew at a slow pace.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: The settlement of Yaguana was burnt to the ground three times in its just over a century long existence as a Spanish settlement, first by French pirates in 1543, again on 27 May 1592, by a 110-strong landing party from a four-ship English naval squadron led by Christopher Newport in his flagship Golden Dragon, who destroyed all 150 houses in the settlement, and finally by the Spanish themselves in 1605, for reasons set out below.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: This Spanish action was counterproductive as English, Dutch, and French pirates were now free to establish bases on the island's abandoned northern and western coasts, where wild cattle were now plentiful and free. In 1697, after decades of fighting over the territory, the Spanish ceded the western

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: part of the island to the French, who henceforth called it Saint-Domingue. Saint-Domingue developed into a highly lucrative colony for France. Its economy was based on a labor-intensive sugar industry which rested on vast numbers of African slaves. Meanwhile, the situation on the Spanish part of the island deteriorated. The entire Spanish empire sank into a deep economic crisis, and Santo Domingo was in addition struck by earthquakes, hurricanes and a shrinking population.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: When the radical revolutionaries in Paris declared war against Spain in January 1793, the Spanish Crown sent its forces in Santo Domingo into battle on the side of the slaves. By the end of 1793, Spain controlled most of the north, except British-held Môle-Saint-Nicolas and French-held Le Cap François and Port-de-Paix. In 1795, Spain ceded Santo Domingo to France and Spanish attacks on Saint-Domingue ceased.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In the south, the British suffered a series of defeats at the hands of the mulatto General André Rigaud. On 6 October 1794, Rigaud captured Léogane. On 26 December 1794, he attacked the British-held Tiburon, routing the British garrison. In 1798, having lost territory and thousands of men to yellow fever, the British were forced to withdraw.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In the meantime, Rigaud had set up a mulatto separatist movement in the south. With the British gone, Toussaint launched an offensive against his strongholds in 1799. As he sent General Dessalines against Grand and Petit Goâve and General Christophe against the mulatto stronghold of Jacmel, American warships bombarded mulatto fortifications and destroyed Rigaud's transport barges. Rigaud's forces were overwhelmed and defeated in 1800.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: By 1801, Toussaint was in control of all of Hispaniola, after conquering French Santo Domingo and proclaiming the abolition of slavery there. He did not, however, proclaim full independence for the country, nor did he seek reprisals against the country's former white slaveholders, convinced that the French would not restore slavery and "that a population of slaves recently landed from Africa could not attain to civilization by 'going it alone.'"

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: Upon assuming power, General Dessalines authorized the Constitution of 1804. This constitution, in terms of social freedoms, called for:

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: The 1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake destroyed the city, and the Sans-Souci Palace, killing 10,000 people. This was the third major earthquake to hit Western Hispaniola following the 1751 and 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquakes, and the last until the devastating earthquake of 2010.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In 1843, a revolt, led by Charles Rivière-Hérard, overthrew Boyer and established a brief parliamentary rule under the Constitution of 1843. Revolts soon broke out and the country descended into near chaos, with a series of transient presidents until March 1847, when General Faustin Soulouque, a former slave who had fought in the rebellion of 1791, became president. During this period, Haiti unsuccessfully waged war against the Dominican Republic.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In 1849, taking advantage of his popularity, President Faustin Soulouque proclaimed himself Emperor Faustin I. His iron rule succeeded in uniting Haiti for a time, but it came to an abrupt end in 1859 when he was deposed by General Fabre Geffrard, styled the Duke of Tabara.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: The last two decades of the 19th century were also marked by the development of a Haitian intellectual culture. Major works of history were published in 1847 and 1865. Haitian intellectuals, led by Louis-Joseph Janvier and Anténor Firmin, engaged in a war of letters against a tide of racism and Social Darwinism that emerged during this period.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: The Constitution of 1867 saw peaceful and progressive transitions in government that did much to improve the economy and stability of the Haitian nation and the condition of its people. Constitutional government restored the faith of the Haitian people in legal institutions. The development of industrial sugar and rum industries near Port-au-Prince made Haiti, for a while, a model for economic growth in Latin American countries.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: This period of relative stability and prosperity ended in 1911, when revolution broke out and the country slid once again into disorder and debt.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: From 1911 to 1915, there were six different presidents, each of whom was killed or forced into exile. The revolutionary armies were formed by "cacos", peasant brigands from the mountains of the north, along the porous Dominican border, who were enlisted by rival political factions with promises of money to be paid after a successful revolution and an opportunity to plunder.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: The United States was particularly apprehensive about the role of the German community in Haiti (approximately 200 in 1910), who wielded a disproportionate amount of economic power. Germans controlled about 80% of the country's international commerce; they also owned and operated utilities in Cap Haïtien and Port-au-Prince, the main wharf and a tramway in the capital, and a railroad serving the Plaine de Cul-du-Sac.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: The German community proved more willing to integrate into Haitian society than any other group of white foreigners, including the French. A number married into the nation's most prominent mulatto families, bypassing the constitutional prohibition against foreign land-ownership. They also served as the principal financiers of the nation's innumerable revolutions, floating innumerable loans-at high interest rates-to competing political factions.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In an effort to limit German influence, in 1910–1911, the US State Department backed a consortium of American investors, assembled by the National City Bank of New York, in securing the currency issuance concession through the National Bank of the Republic of Haiti, which replaced the prior National Bank of Haiti as the nation's only commercial bank and custodian of the government treasury.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In February 1915, Vilbrun Guillaume Sam established a dictatorship, but in July, facing a new revolt, he massacred 167 political prisoners, all of whom were from elite families, and was lynched by a mob in Port-au-Prince.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In 1915 the United States, responding to complaints to President Woodrow Wilson from American banks to which Haiti was deeply in debt, occupied the country. The occupation of Haiti lasted until 1934. The US occupation was resented by Haitians as a loss of sovereignty and there were revolts against US forces. Reforms were carried out despite this.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In 1941 Vincent showed every intention of standing for a third term as president, but after almost a decade of disengagement, the United States made it known that it would oppose such an extension. Vincent accommodated the Roosevelt administration and handed power over to Elie Lescot.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: Duvalier's policies, designed to end the dominance of the mulatto elite over the nation's economic and political life, led to massive emigration of educated people, deepening Haiti's economic and social problems. However, Duvalier appealed to the black middle class of which he was a member by introducing public works into middle-class neighborhoods that previously had been unable to have paved roads, running water, or modern sewage systems. In 1964, Duvalier proclaimed himself "President for Life".

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In 1971, Papa Doc entered into a 99-year contract with Don Pierson representing Dupont Caribbean Inc. of Texas for a free port project on the old buccaneer stronghold of Tortuga island located some off the north coast of the main Haitian island of Hispaniola.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In December 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a liberation theology Roman Catholic (Salesian) priest, won 67% of the vote in elections that international observers deemed largely free and fair.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: Aristide's radical populist policies and the violence of his bands of supporters alarmed many of the country's elite, and, in September 1991, he was overthrown in the 1991 Haitian coup d'état, which brought General Raoul Cédras to power. The coup saw hundreds killed, and Aristide was forced into exile, his life saved by international diplomatic intervention.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: On 16 February 1993, the ferry "Neptune" sank, drowning an estimated 700 passengers. This was the worst ferry disaster in Haitian history.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: Aristide spent years negotiating with the Convergence Démocratique on new elections, but the Convergence's inability to develop a sufficient electoral base made elections unattractive, and it rejected every deal offered, preferring to call for a US invasion to topple Aristide.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: Though this has never been proven, many observers in the press and academia believe that the US has not provided convincing answers to several of the more suspicious details surrounding the coup, such as the circumstances under which the US obtained Aristide's purported letter of "resignation" (as presented by the US) which, translated from Kreyòl, may not have actually read as a resignation.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: Aristide has accused the U.S. of deposing him in concert with the Haitian opposition. In a 2006 interview, he said the U.S. went back on their word regarding compromises he made with them over privatization of enterprises to ensure that part of the profits would go to the Haitian people and then "relied on a disinformation campaign" to discredit him.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: On 1 June 2004, the peacekeeping mission was passed to MINUSTAH and comprised a 7,000 strength force led by Brazil and backed by Argentina, Chile, Jordan, Morocco, Nepal, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, and Uruguay.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: Brazilian forces led the United Nations peacekeeping troops in Haiti composed of United States, France, Canada, and Chile deployments. These peacekeeping troops were a part of the ongoing MINUSTAH operation.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In November 2004, the University of Miami School of Law carried out a Human Rights Investigation in Haiti and documented serious human rights abuses. It stated that "summary executions are a police tactic." It also suggested a "disturbing pattern."

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: On 15 October 2005, Brazil called for more troops to be sent due to the worsening situation in the country.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: After Aristide's overthrow, the violence in Haiti continued, despite the presence of peacekeepers. Clashes between police and Fanmi Lavalas supporters were common, and peacekeeping forces were accused of conducting a massacre against the residents of Cité Soleil in July 2005. Several of the protests resulted in violence and deaths.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In the midst of the ongoing controversy and violence, however, the interim government planned legislative and executive elections. After being postponed several times, these were held in February 2006. The elections were won by René Préval, who had a strong following among the poor, with 51% of the votes. Préval took office in May 2006.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: In the spring of 2008, Haitians demonstrated against rising food prices. In some instances, the few main roads on the island were blocked with burning tires and the airport at Port-au-Prince was closed. Protests and demonstrations by Fanmi Lavalas continued in 2009.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: A new round of protests broke out in February 2021 amid a dispute over Moïse's presidential term. The protesters claim that Moïse's term officially ended on 7 February 2021 and demanded that he step down. Moïse, however, claimed that he has one more year to serve because of delays in starting his term. Protesters have also expressed concerns about a referendum proposed by Moïse, which would reportedly scrap the ban on consecutive presidential terms and enable Moïse to run again.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: On 7 July 2021 President Moïse was assassinated. Prime Minister Claude Joseph declared himself interim president.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


History of Haiti

Context: On 14 August 2021, a strong 7.2 earthquake occurred in Haiti. The earthquake spawned tsunami warnings on the Haitian Coast. The warning was cancelled later that day. The death toll from the quake as of 15 August 2021 is 1,419 people.

Question: ハイチに最初に到達した西欧人は誰？


Blue Thunder

Context: When the death of city councilwoman Diana McNeely turns out to be more than just a random murder, Murphy begins his own covert investigation. He discovers that a subversive action group is intending instead to use "Blue Thunder" in a military role to quell disorder under the project codename T.H.O.R. ("Tactical Helicopter Offensive Response"), and is secretly eliminating political opponents to advance its agenda.

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: Filmed on location in Los Angeles beginning in the late months of 1981, "Blue Thunder" was one of Warren Oates' last films before his death on April 3, 1982, which occurred during post-production, and the film is dedicated to him. He made one movie and one TV episode before and after filming during 1981–1982 that were released after "Blue Thunder."

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: Although the film was shot in Los Angeles and real-life neighborhoods are mentioned, the LAPD did not allow any references to be made to them. Hence, the police force is known as the more-generic "Metropolitan Police" and Frank Murphy is part of the fictional "ASTRO Division", rather than the real-life "Air Support Division". However, Air Support assignments are often known as ASTRO, or "Air Support to Regular Operations".

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: The LAPD Hooper Heliport served as home base for the fictional police unit while construction of the heliport was still being completed. The drive-in theater scene where Frank's girlfriend Kate recovers the tape was filmed at the Pickwick Theatre in Burbank, California; the theater has since then been demolished and replaced by a Pavilions supermarket.

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 23 reviews. On Metacritic it has a score of 66% based on reviews from 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: "Variety" called it "a ripsnorting live-action cartoon, utterly implausible but no less enjoyable for that". Rita Kempley of the Washington Post wrote: "Blue Thunder hovers just this side of trash and the other side of credibility, but it propels a willing audience into adrenaline heaven."

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "The action sequences are what the film is all about, and these are remarkably well done, including a climactic, largely bloodless shootout among helicopters and jet fighters over Los Angeles."

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: C.J. Henderson reviewed "Blue Thunder" in "The Space Gamer" No. 63. Henderson commented that ""Blue Thunder" is this year's must-see action film. See it."

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: Christopher John reviewed "Blue Thunder" in "Ares Magazine" #14 and commented that "For those who want a film that is both filled with action "and" thought provoking, "Blue Thunder" is a sure bet. Watch out, George, the Jedi have competition."

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: An acronym used in the film, "", meaning "Just Another Fucking Observer", is police community and is mentioned repeatedly in the film in reference to any police helicopter's non-pilot second officer, in this case Daniel Stern's character of Richard Lymangood. In the related TV series, the reference is expurgated as "Just Another "Frustrated" Observer".

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: A screen still from "Blue Thunder" of the helicopter flying in front of the Los Angeles skyline is used as the background image of the title screen in the Sega 1987 video game "Thunder Blade".

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: In 1987, Coca-Cola Telecommunications released a "Blue Thunder" video tape cartridge for Worlds of Wonder's short lived Action Max game system. Using footage from the film, the player plays the pilot of the Blue Thunder helicopter as he tries to prevent the World Peace Coalition from being attacked by a terrorist organization.

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


Blue Thunder

Context: In 2015, Sony proposed a remake of "Blue Thunder" focusing on drone technology, with Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca as producers, and Craig Kyle as writer. In 2017, it was announced that Columbia Pictures would be overseeing the remake.

Question: 『ブルーサンダー』で主演を務めたのは誰


1826 Chilean presidential election

Context: Presidential elections were held in Chile on July 8, 1826. The National Congress of Chile voted to elect the first President of the Republic of Chile.

Question: チリ共和国の初代大統領は誰？


1826 Chilean presidential election

Context: The election was called after the resignation of General Ramón Freire from the post of supreme director on July 7, 1826. On the nights of the seventh and eighth, the Congress decided that the supreme chief of state would carry the title of President of the Republic, and that a vice president would be elected to replace him in case of illness, etc.

Question: チリ共和国の初代大統領は誰？


Grave of the Fireflies (short story)

Context: is a 1967 semi-autobiographical short story by Japanese author Akiyuki Nosaka. It is based on his experiences before, during, and after the firebombing of Kobe in 1945. One of his sisters died as the result of sickness, his adoptive father died during the firebombing proper, and his younger adoptive sister Keiko died of malnutrition in Fukui. It was written as a personal apology to Keiko, regarding her death.

Question: 野坂昭如のデビュー作品はなんですか？


Grave of the Fireflies (short story)

Context: Nosaka explained that "Grave of the Fireflies" is a "double-suicide story". Isao Takahata, the anime film director, said that he saw similarities to Chikamatsu Monzaemon's double-suicide plays.

Question: 野坂昭如のデビュー作品はなんですか？


Grave of the Fireflies (short story)

Context: Nosaka said that Setsuko also has to grow up quickly, and she takes the role of Seita's mother, "and at other times, the role of his companion." Setsuko acts as Seita's spiritual support while Setsuko relies on Seita for nourishment. Nosaka said that "[i]n the end, it turns out that the days leading up to their death are like the development of a love story."

Question: 野坂昭如のデビュー作品はなんですか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the Huna peoples (Kidarites and Alchon Huns) from Central Asia. After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The homeland of the Guptas is uncertain. According to one theory, they originated in the present-day lower-Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, where most of the inscriptions and coin hoards of the early Gupta kings have been discovered. This theory is also supported by the Purana, as argued by the proponents, that mention the territory of the early Gupta kings as Prayaga, Saketa, and Magadha areas in the Ganges basin.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions that rulers of several frontier kingdoms and tribal oligarchies paid Samudragupta tributes, obeyed his orders, and performed obeisance before him. The frontier kingdoms included Samatata, Davaka, Kamarupa, Nepala, and Karttripura. The tribal oligarchies included Malavas, Arjunayanas, Yaudheyas, Madrakas, and Abhiras, among others.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: Samudragupta appears to have been Vaishnavite, as attested by his Eran inscription, and performed several Brahmanical ceremonies. The Gupta records credit him with making generous donations of cows and gold. He performed the Ashvamedha ritual (horse sacrifice), which was used by the ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty, and issued gold coins (see Coinage below) to mark this performance.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The Allahabad Pillar inscription presents Samudragupta as a wise king and strict administrator, who was also compassionate enough to help the poor and the helpless. It also alludes to the king's talents as a musician and a poet, and calls him the "king of poets". Such claims are corroborated by Samudragupta's gold coins, which depict him playing a veena.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: Samudragupta appears to have directly controlled a large part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in present-day India, as well as a substantial part of central India. Besides, his empire comprised a number of monarchical and tribal tributary states of northern India, and of the south-eastern coastal region of India.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The court of Chandragupta was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the "Navaratna" (Nine Jewels), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Amongst these men was Kālidāsa, whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the "shringara" (romantic) element in his verse.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The "Brihatkathamanjari" of the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the Barbarians like the Sakas, Mlecchas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas, and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely".

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: He was the founder of Nalanda University which on 15 July 2016 was declared as a UNESCO world heritage site. Kumaragupta I was also a worshipper of Kartikeya

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: Skandagupta, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta rulers. He assumed the titles of "Vikramaditya" and "Kramaditya". He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading Kidarites (sometimes described as the Hephthalites or "White Huns", known in India as the Sweta Huna), from the northwest.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: He repelled a "Huna" attack around 455 CE, but the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of Skandagupta, the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near-annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the Kidarites. The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: Following Skandagupta's death, the empire was clearly in decline, and the later Gupta coinage indicates their loss of control over much of western India after 467–469. Skandagupta was followed by Purugupta (467–473), Kumaragupta II (473–476), Budhagupta (476–495), Narasimhagupta (495—530), Kumaragupta III (530—540), Vishnugupta (540—550), two lesser known kings namely, Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognised ruler of the dynasty's main line was king Vishnugupta, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Hun invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the Vakatakas and the rise of Yashodharman in Malwa.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the Damodarpur copper-plate inscription), in which he makes a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha (Bangarh in West Bengal) in 542/543 CE. This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the Aulikara ruler Yashodharman circa 532 CE.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: A 2019 study by archaeologist Shanker Sharma has concluded that the cause of the Gupta empire's downfall was a devastating flood which happened around the middle of the 6th century in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: In the heart of the former Gupta Empire, in the Gangetic region, the Guptas were succeeded by the Maukhari dynasty and the Pushyabhuti dynasty. The coinage of the Maukharis and Pushyabhutis followed the silver coin type of the Guptas, with portrait of the ruler in profile (although facing in the reverse direction compared to the Guptas, a possible symbol of antagonism) and the peacock on the reverse, the Brahmi legend being kept except for the name of the ruler.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: In the western regions, they were succeeded by the Gurjaras, the Pratiharas, and later the Chaulukya-Paramara dynasties, who issued so-called Indo-Sasanian coinage, on the model of the coinage of the Sasanian Empire, which had been introduced in India by the Alchon Huns.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: In contrast to the Mauryan Empire, the Guptas introduced several military innovations to Indian warfare. Chief amongst these was the use of Siege engines, heavy cavalry archers and heavy sword cavalry. The heavy cavalry formed the core of the Gupta army and were supported by the traditional Indian army elements of elephants and light infantry.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The utilisation of horse archers in the Gupta period is evidenced on the coinage of Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta I and Prakasaditya (postulated to be Purugupta) that depicts the emperors as horse-archers.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: The Guptas were traditionally a Hindu dynasty. They were orthodox Hindus, and allowed followers of Buddhism and Jainism to practice their religions. Sanchi remained an important centre of Buddhism. Kumaragupta I (455 CE) is said to have founded Nalanda. Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practicing/enforcing endogamy).

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Gupta Empire

Context: Aryabhata, a noted mathematician-astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is round and rotates about its own axis. He also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth.

Question: インド帝国はいつまでありましたか？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol and also called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable chemical compound (chemical formula ) with a strong odor. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of 1-propanol and ethyl methyl ether.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: It is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial and household chemicals and is a common ingredient in products such as antiseptics, disinfectants, hand sanitizer and detergents. Well over one million tonnes is produced worldwide annually.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol is miscible in water, ethanol, and chloroform. It dissolves ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, gums and natural resins. Unlike ethanol or methanol, isopropyl alcohol is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride. The process is colloquially called "salting out", and causes concentrated isopropyl alcohol to separate into a distinct layer.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of and a composition of 87.7% by mass (91% by volume) isopropyl alcohol. Alcohol mixtures have depressed melting points. It has a slightly bitter taste, and is not safe to drink.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol over a heated copper catalyst:

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol is often used as both solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and other transfer hydrogenation reactions. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acid.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides that can be called "isopropoxides". The reaction with aluminium (initiated by a trace of mercury) is used to prepare the catalyst aluminium isopropoxide.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: In 1920, Standard Oil first produced isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene. Isopropyl alcohol was oxidized to acetone for the preparation of cordite, a smokeless, low explosive propellant.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: In 1994, 1.5 million tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: It is primarily produced by combining water and propene in a hydration reaction or by hydrogenating acetone.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: There are two routes for the hydration process and both processes require that the isopropyl alcohol be separated from water and other by-products by distillation. Isopropyl alcohol and water form an azeotrope, and simple distillation gives a material that is 87.9% by mass isopropyl alcohol and 12.1% by mass water. Pure (anhydrous) isopropyl alcohol is made by azeotropic distillation of the wet isopropyl alcohol using either diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Direct hydration reacts propene and water, either in gas or liquid phase, at high pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts. This type of process usually requires higher-purity propylene (> 90%). Direct hydration is more commonly used in Europe.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol can be prepared via the hydrogenation of acetone; however, this approach involves an extra step compared to the above methods, as acetone is itself normally prepared from propene via the cumene process. IPA cost is primarily driven by raw material (acetone or propylene) cost. A known issue is the formation of MIBK and other self-condensation products. Raney nickel was one of the original industrial catalysts, modern catalysts are often supported bimetallic materials.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: In 1990, 45,000 metric tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were used in the United States, mostly as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. In that year, 5400 metric tonnes were used for household purposes and in personal care products. Isopropyl alcohol is popular in particular for pharmaceutical applications, due to its low toxicity. Some isopropyl alcohol is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to acetone, but the cumene process is more significant.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol is commonly used for cleaning eyeglasses, electrical contacts, audio or video tape heads, DVD and other optical disc lenses, removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs and other IC packages.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads typically contain a 60–70% solution of isopropyl alcohol or ethanol in water. Water is required to open up membrane pores of bacteria, which acts as a gateway for isopropyl alcohol. A 75% solution in water may be used as a hand sanitizer. Isopropyl alcohol is used as a water-drying aid for the prevention of otitis externa, better known as swimmer's ear.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: As a biological specimen preservative, isopropyl alcohol provides a comparatively non-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other synthetic preservatives. Isopropyl alcohol solutions of 70–99% are used to preserve specimens.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol is often used in DNA extraction. A lab worker adds it to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation. This is possible because DNA is insoluble in isopropyl alcohol.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol vapor is denser than air and is flammable, with a flammability range of between 2 and 12.7% in air. It should be kept away from heat and open flame. Distillation of isopropyl alcohol over magnesium has been reported to form peroxides, which may explode upon concentration. Isopropyl alcohol causes eye irritation and is a potential allergen. Wearing protective gloves is recommended.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an anion gap acidosis, but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver and has a biological half-life in humans between 2.5 and 8.0 hours. Unlike methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, the metabolites of isopropyl alcohol are considerably less toxic, and treatment is largely supportive. Furthermore, there is no indication for the use of fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


Isopropyl alcohol

Context: In forensic pathology, people who have died as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis usually have blood concentrations of isopropyl alcohol of tens of mg/dL, while those by fatal isopropyl alcohol ingestion usually have blood concentrations of hundreds of mg/dL.

Question: アルコールの沸点は何度？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Although estimates vary because precise records were not kept, numbers exaggerated and auxiliary troops not always counted, Napoleon's army entered Russia with more than 450,000 men, more than 150,000 horses, around 25,000 wagons and more than 1,250 pieces of artillery. Only 120,000 men survived (excluding early deserters); as many as 380,000 died in the campaign. Perhaps most importantly, Napoleon's reputation of invincibility was shattered.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: From 1792, France had been at a near constant state of war with the major European powers, a consequence of the French Revolution. Napoleon seized power in 1799 and ruled France as a dictator, and he carried on the wars. Starting in 1803, the Napoleonic Wars had proven Napoleon's abilities. He emerged victorious in the War of the Third Coalition (18031806, which dissolved the thousand year old Holy Roman Empire), the War of the Fourth Coalition (18061807), and the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809).

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: The Treaty of Schönbrunn, which ended the 1809 war between Austria and France had a clause removing Western Galicia from Austria and annexing it to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Russia viewed this against its interests as they considered the territory to be a potential launching point for a French invasion.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon had tried to get better Russian cooperation through an alliance by seeking to marry Anna Pavlovna, the youngest sister of Alexander. But finally, he married Marie Louise, the daughter of the Austrian emperor instead. France and Austria signed an alliance treaty on 14 March 1812.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon himself was not in the same physical and mental state as in years past. He had become overweight and increasingly prone to various maladies.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Committed to the expansion policy of Catherine the Great, Alexander I had issued an ultimatum demanding that France evacuate its troops from Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in April 1812. Napoleon chose war over retreat.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: However, nothing was to go as planned, because Napoleon had failed to take into account conditions that were totally different from what he had known so far.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: The most advanced magazine in the operations area during the attack phase was Vilna, beyond that point, the army was on its own.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: The heavy losses to disease, hunger and desertion in the early months of the campaign were in large part due to the inability to transport provisions quickly enough to the troops. The "Intendance" administration failed to distribute with sufficient rigor the supplies that were built up or captured. By that, despite all these preparations, the Grande Armée was not self-sufficient logistically and still depended on foraging to a significant extent.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Though starvation caused horrendous casualties in Napoleon's army, losses arose from other sources as well. The main body of Napoleon's diminished by a third in just the first eight weeks of the campaign, before the major battle was fought. This loss in strength was in part due to diseases such as diphtheria, dysentery and typhus and the need for garrison supply centres.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Nine pontoon companies, three pontoon trains with 100 pontoons each, two companies of marines, nine sapper companies, six miner companies and an engineer park were deployed for the invasion force. Large-scale military hospitals were created at Warsaw, Thorn, Breslau, Marienburg, Elbing and Danzig, while hospitals in East Prussia had beds for 28,000.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: After a whole day of preparation, the invasion commenced on Wednesday, with Napoleon's army crossing the border. The army was split up into five columns:

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: 2. In the evening of 23 June Morand accompanied by sappers occupied the other side of the Niemen. The next morning Napoleon followed by the Imperial Guard (47,000) crossed the river on one of the three pontoon bridges nearby Napoleon's Hill. Afterwards, Murat's cavalry and three corps crossed the river destined for Vilnius. Then they followed Barclay de Toll's First Army of the West to Drissa and Polotsk.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: With French forces moving through different routes in the direction of Polotsk and Vitebsk, the first major engagement took place on 25 July at the Battle of Ostrowno.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: 4. The right or southern wing under Schwarzenberg (34,000) crossed the Western Bug on a pontoon bridge at Drohiczyn on 2 July. Tormasow's third army prevented him from joining up with Davout. When Tormassov occupied Brest (Belarus) at the end of July, Schwarzenberg and Reynier were cut off from supplies. On 18 September the Austrians withdrew when Pavel Chichagov arrived from the south and seized Minsk on 18 November. On 14 December 1812 Schwarzenberg crossed the border.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: 5. During the campaign reinforcements of 80,000 and the baggage trains with 30,000 men were sent on different dates. In November, the division of Durutte assisted Reynier. In December Loison was sent to help extricate the remnants of the Grand Army in its retreat. Within a few days many of Loison's unexperienced soldiers died of the extreme cold.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon initially met little resistance and moved quickly into the enemy's territory in spite of the transport of more than 1,100 cannons, being opposed by the Russian armies with more than 900 cannons. But the roads in this area of Lithuania were actually small dirt tracks through areas of birched woodland and marshes. At the beginning of the war supply lines already simply could not keep up with the forced marches of the corps and rear formations always suffered the worst privations.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Since the end of April, the Russian headquarters was centred in Vilna but on June 24 couriers rushed news about the crossing of the Niemen to Barclay de Tolley. Before the night had passed, orders were sent out to Bagration and Platov, who commanded the Cossacks, to take the offensive. Alexander left Vilna on June 26 and Barclay assumed overall command.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Several days after crossing the Niemen, a number of soldiers began to develop high fevers and a red rash on their bodies. Typhus had made its appearance. On 29/30 June, a violent thunderstorm struck Lithuania during the night and continued for several hours or a day.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Although Barclay wanted to give battle, he assessed it as a hopeless situation and ordered Vilna's magazines burned and its bridge dismantled. Wittgenstein moved his command to Klaipeda, passing beyond Macdonald and Oudinot's operations with Wittgenstein's rear guard clashing with Oudinout's forward elements. Barclay continued his retreat and, with the exception of the occasional rearguard clash, remained unhindered in his movements ever further east.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: The operation intended to split Bagration's forces from Barclay's forces by driving to Vilna had cost the French forces 25,000 losses from all causes in a few days. Strong probing operations were advanced from Vilna towards Nemenčinė, Molėtai in the north and Ashmyany in the east, the location of Bagration on his way to Minsk. Bagration ordered Platov and Dokhturov to distract the enemy.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Murat advanced to Nemenčinė on July 1, running into elements of Dmitry Dokhturov's III Russian Cavalry Corps. Napoleon assumed this was Bagration's 2nd Army and rushed out, before being told it was not. Napoleon then attempted to use Davout, Jerome, and Eugene out on his right in a hammer and anvil to catch Bagration and to destroy the 2nd Army in an operation before reaching Minsk. This operation had failed to produce results on his left.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Conflicting orders and lack of information had almost placed Bagration in a bind marching into Davout; however, Jerome could not arrive in time over the same mud tracks, supply problems, and weather, that had so badly affected the rest of the Grande Armée. Command disputes between Jerome, General Vandamme and Davout would not help the situation.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: After five weeks, the loss of troops from disease and desertion had reduced Napoleon's effective fighting strength to about half. Ney and his corps were given ten days to recover and search for food.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: The Battle of Borodino on September 7 was the bloodiest day of battle in the Napoleonic Wars. The Russian Army could only muster half of its strength on September 8. Kutuzov chose to act in accordance with his scorched earth tactics and retreat, leaving the road to Moscow open. Kutuzov also ordered the evacuation of the city.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: By this point the Russians had managed to draft large numbers of reinforcements into the army, bringing total Russian land forces to their peak strength in 1812 of 904,000, with perhaps 100,000 in the vicinity of Moscow—the remnants of Kutuzov's army from Borodino partially reinforced.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Both armies began to move and rebuild. The Russian retreat was significant for two reasons: firstly, the move was to the south and not the east; secondly, the Russians immediately began operations that would continue to deplete the French forces. Platov, commanding the rear guard on September 8, offered such strong resistance that Napoleon remained on the Borodino field. On the following day, Miloradovich assumed command of the rear guard, adding his forces to the formation.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: On 3 December he published the 29th Bulletin in which he informed the outside world for the first time of the catastrophic state of his army. He abandoned the army on 5 December and returned home on a sleigh, leaving Marshal Joachim Murat in command. In the following weeks, the shrank further, and on 14 December 1812, it left Russian territory.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Following the campaign a saying arose that General Winter defeated Napoleon, alluding to the Russian Winter. Minard's map shows that the opposite is true as the French losses were highest in the summer and autumn, due to inadequate preparation of logistics resulting in insufficient supplies, while many troops were also killed by disease. Thus the outcome of the campaign was decided long before the weather became a factor.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Barclay de Tolly the Minister of War and field commander of the First Western Army and General of Infantry served as the Commander in Chief of the Russian Armies. According to Tolstoy in "War and Peace" (Book X) he was unpopular and regarded as a foreigner by Bagration who was higher in rank but had to follow his orders. Kutuzov replaced Barclay and acted as Commander-in-chief during the retreat following the Battle of Smolensk.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: These forces, however, could count on reinforcements from the second line, which totalled 129,000 men and 8,000 Cossacks with 434 guns and 433 rounds of ammunition.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Of these, about 105,000 men were actually available for the defence against the invasion. In the third line were the 36 recruit depots and militias, which came to a total of approximately 161,000 men of various and highly disparate military values, of which about 133,000 actually took part in the defence.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Sweden, Russia's only ally, did not send supporting troops, but the alliance made it possible to withdraw the 45,000-man Russian corps Steinheil from Finland and use it in the later battles (20,000 men were sent to Riga and Polotsk).

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon lost more than 500,000 men in Russia. Out of an original force of 615,000, only 110,000 frostbitten and half-starved survivors stumbled back.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Hay has argued that the destruction of the Dutch contingent (15,000) of the was not a result of the death of most of its members. Rather, its various units disintegrated and the troops scattered. Later, some of its personnel were collected and reorganised into the new Dutch army.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Most of the Prussian contingent survived thanks to the Convention of Tauroggen and almost the whole Austrian contingent under Schwarzenberg withdrew successfully. The Russians formed the Russian-German Legion from other German prisoners and deserters.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: In January 1813 the French army gathered behind the Vistula some 23,000 strong. The Austrian and Prussian troops mustered some 35,000 men in addition. The number of deserters and stragglers having left Russia alive is unknown by definition. The number of new inhabitants of Russia is unknown. The number of prisoners is estimated at around 100,000, of whom more than 50,000 died in captivity.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: The British historian Dominic Lieven wrote that much of the historiography about the campaign for various reasons distorts the story of the Russian war against France in 1812–14. The number of Western historians who are fluent in French and/or German vastly outnumbers those who are fluent in Russian, which has the effect that many Western historians simply ignore Russian language sources when writing about the campaign because they cannot read them.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon did not touch serfdom in Russia. What the reaction of the Russian peasantry would have been if he had lived up to the traditions of the French Revolution, bringing liberty to the serfs, is an intriguing question.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon's invasion was prefigured by the Swedish invasion of Russia a century before. In 1707 Charles XII had led Swedish forces in an invasion of Russia from his base in Poland. After initial success, the Swedish Army was decisively defeated in Ukraine at the Battle of Poltava. Peter I's efforts to deprive the invading forces of supplies by adopting a scorched-earth policy is thought to have played a role in the defeat of the Swedes.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: Academicians have drawn parallels between the French invasion of Russia and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of 1941. David Stahel writes:

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: The invasion by Germany was called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet people, to evoke comparisons with the victory by Tsar Alexander I over Napoleon's invading army. In addition, the Germans, like the French, took solace from the notion they had been defeated by the Russian winter, rather than the Russians themselves or their own mistakes.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


French invasion of Russia

Context: An event of epic proportions and momentous importance for European history, the French invasion of Russia has been the subject of much discussion among historians. The campaign's sustained role in Russian popular culture may be seen in Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace", Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture", and the identification of it with the German invasion during World War II, which became known as the "Great Patriotic War" in the Soviet Union.

Question: ナポレオンはいくつの軍隊を率いた？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: Although the case has been featured on the television shows "Unsolved Mysteries" and "Disappeared", few leads have emerged. In the summer of 2005, volunteers from a North Carolina missing-persons awareness group organized a caravan across the country to raise awareness for Leah's case and others; that has since become an annual event.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: Leah Toby Roberts was born in 1976, the youngest of three children in a family living in the suburbs of Durham, North Carolina. When she was seventeen, her father was diagnosed with a chronic lung illness. This put a great deal of strain on the family as Roberts began her studies at North Carolina State University in nearby Raleigh in 1995. When she was twenty years old and a sophomore in college, her mother died suddenly from heart disease.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: In the fall of 1998, she returned to school after taking some time off, but was involved in a serious car accident that resulted in a punctured lung and a shattered femur. Surgeons inserted a metal rod next to her femur to help it heal. Roberts told her sister Kara later that, when she saw the truck that she hit pull out in front of her, she was certain she would die and felt "born again" after her recovery. She took some time off from college and decided she wanted to live her life to the fullest.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: In the spring of 1999, just three weeks before she was scheduled to leave for Costa Rica for a field program, Roberts' father died. However, she decided to continue with the program. Since she was leaving the country and no longer had living parents, Leah granted Kara power of attorney over her bank accounts, where some money that she had inherited from her parents had been deposited.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: Since Kara still had power of attorney over Leah's bank accounts, she was able to look at her sister's financial records. She discovered that Leah had withdrawn several thousand dollars on the afternoon of March 9, and then used her debit card to pay for a motel room near Memphis, Tennessee. Later transactions were purchases of gas or food, their locations suggesting Leah was traveling west along Interstate 40, and then north on Interstate 5 when she reached I-40's western end in California.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: Kara was relieved to have discovered her sister's probable objective. Leah's accounts showed no new activity, but Kara had no reason to believe that something unfortunate had occurred.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: Kara expected that Leah would call her on March 18 to wish her a happy 26th birthday. Instead, on that day, she received a note from the Durham County sheriff's office telling her to call one of their counterparts in the Whatcom County sheriff's office in Bellingham, Washington. She then learned that, earlier that day, Leah's Jeep had been discovered in a remote forest, but Leah herself was not present.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: A few days after the Jeep was discovered, a man called the sheriff's office to report a sighting of Leah. He claimed that his wife had seen Leah, disoriented and confused, wandering around a gas station in Everett, closer to Seattle. After disclosing this information, he seemed to panic and hung up before identifying himself. Police nevertheless consider the tip credible; it might have been the last sighting of Leah.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: In 2001, the Lifetime television series "Unsolved Mysteries" ran a segment on the case that generated some new tips for investigators and reports that Leah had been sighted elsewhere in the U.S., but nothing that proved credible.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: After the initial investigation concluded, Kara asked the Whatcom County sheriff's office to keep Leah's car in case more clues turned up years later. This decision bore fruit in 2006 when Mark Joseph, the detective who had originally investigated the case, passed his files on to two younger detectives. Reviewing the case, one of the detectives noticed that the car and its contents had not been fully processed for evidence when it was originally brought in, so the two decided to finish that job.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Disappearance of Leah Roberts

Context: As no one had looked under the Jeep's hood during the initial investigation, the detectives pried it open and found that a wire had been cut, allowing the car to accelerate without anyone having depressed the gas pedal, confirming early suspicions that no one had been in the car when it left the road, and thus had been purposely wrecked. The detectives found a fingerprint under the hood and some male DNA on an article of Leah's clothing.

Question: リア・ロバーツの失踪事件当時のリア・ロバーツの職業は何だった？


Stuttgart

Context: In 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property. Archaeological evidence shows that later Merovingian era Frankish farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: In AD 950, Duke Liudolf of Swabia, son of the current Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the Hungarian invasions of Europe on a widened area of the Nesenbach river valley south of the old Roman castrum. The land and title of Duke of Swabia remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the Old Castle.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803, and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Württemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: During World War I, the city was a target of air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: The military government of the American occupation zone established a Displaced persons camp for displaced persons, mostly forced labourers from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area. There was, however, a camp located in Stuttgart-West that, until its closure and transportation of internees to Heidenheim an der Brenz in 1949, housed almost exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of the Shoah.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: In May 1965 Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Stuttgart and nearby Marbach and Schwäbisch Hall. Her great-grandfather Duke Francis (1837-1900) had been a member of the Württemberg royal family.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War. In 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the protests against the controversial Stuttgart 21.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: The core area of Stuttgart lies in a fertile bowl-shaped valley about above sea level, an hour from the Black Forest and Swabian Jura on the banks of the Neckar river at to the west and north of Munich. The city is often described as being "zwischen Wald und Reben", or "between forest and vines" because of its viticulture and surrounding forests.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: Although the city center was heavily damaged during World War II, many historic buildings have been reconstructed and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture. Buildings and squares of note in the inner city include:

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart's suburbs and beyond as reminders of the city's royal past. These include:

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: There are a number of natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Stuttgart. The largest is the Max-Eyth-See, which was created in 1935 by reclaiming a former quarry and is now an official nature reserve. It is surrounded by an expansive open area overlooked by vineyards on the banks of the river Neckar near [Mühlhausen].

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: There are expansive areas of woodland to the west and south west of Stuttgart which are popular with walkers, families, cyclists and ramblers. The most frequented lakes form a trio made up of the Bärensee, Neuer See and Pfaffensee. The lakes are also used for local water supplies.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: In the Feuersee area in the west of Stuttgart lies one of two 'Feuersee's (literally fire lakes), striking for its views of the Johanneskirche (St. Johns) church across the lake, surrounded by nearby houses and offices. The other Feuersee can be found in Vaihingen.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: The city boasts the second-largest mineral water deposits in Europe after Budapest, with over 250 springs within the urban area. The Athenebrunnen (or Fountain of Pallas Athena) is along Jean-Amery-Weg in the western part of Stuttgart, dating from 1911.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: The city offers two Broadway-style musical theatres, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats). Ludwigsburg Palace in the nearby town of Ludwigsburg is also used throughout the year as a venue for concerts and cultural events.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: The Schleyerhalle sports arena is regularly used to stage rock and pop concerts with major international stars on European tour.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: In October 2009 the Stuttgart Ministry of Agriculture announced that the European Union was to officially recognise the pasta dish Maultaschen as a "regional specialty", thus marking its significance to the cultural heritage of Baden-Württemberg.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: In 1993 Stuttgart hosted the International Garden Show in the suburb of Killesberg. In 2006 it was also one of the host cities of the Football World Cup. In 2007, Stuttgart hosted the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. In 2008 it was host to the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships. In 2015 Stuttgart hosted the Protestant Kirchentag (Church festival).

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: The Old Castle is also home to the State Museum of Württemberg which was founded in 1862 by William I of Württemberg. The museum traces the rich history of Württemberg with many artifacts from its dukes, counts and kings, as well as earlier remnants dating back to the Stone Age. On the Karlsplatz side of the Old Castle is a museum dedicated to the memory of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, former resident of Stuttgart who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler on 20 July 1944.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？


Stuttgart

Context: The Württembergische Landesbibliothek (WLB) is one of two state libraries for Baden-Württemberg. The WLB is specifically responsible for the administrative regions of Stuttgart and Tübingen. Especially devoted to the National Library of acquiring, cataloging, archiving and provision of literature about Württemberg, called "Württembergica". Together with the Badische Landesbibliothek (BLB) in Karlsruhe it also has the legal deposit for Baden-Württemberg, making it an archive library.

Question: ヴュルテンベルクの公用語はなんですか？