Earthquake

Context: One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history was the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake, which occurred on 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, China. More than 830,000 people died. Most houses in the area were yaodongs—dwellings carved out of loess hillsides—and many victims were killed when these structures collapsed. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed between 240,000 and 655,000 people, was the deadliest of the 20th century.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to either heavily populated areas or the ocean, where earthquakes often create tsunamis that can devastate communities thousands of kilometers away. Regions most at risk for great loss of life include those where earthquakes are relatively rare but powerful, and poor regions with lax, unenforced, or nonexistent seismic building codes.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: Earthquake prediction is a branch of the science of seismology concerned with the specification of the time, location, and magnitude of future earthquakes within stated limits. Many methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur. Despite considerable research efforts by seismologists, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: While forecasting is usually considered to be a type of prediction, earthquake forecasting is often differentiated from earthquake prediction. Earthquake forecasting is concerned with the probabilistic assessment of general earthquake hazard, including the frequency and magnitude of damaging earthquakes in a given area over years or decades. For well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: Earthquake warning systems have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: Artificial intelligence may help to assess buildings and plan precautionary operations: the Igor expert system is part of a mobile laboratory that supports the procedures leading to the seismic assessment of masonry buildings and the planning of retrofitting operations on them. It has been successfully applied to assess buildings in Lisbon, Rhodes, Naples.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: Individuals can also take preparedness steps like securing water heaters and heavy items that could injure someone, locating shutoffs for utilities, and being educated about what to do when the shaking starts. For areas near large bodies of water, earthquake preparedness encompasses the possibility of a tsunami caused by a large quake.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: In recent studies, geologists claim that global warming is one of the reasons for increased seismic activity. According to these studies, melting glaciers and rising sea levels disturb the balance of pressure on Earth's tectonic plates, thus causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of earthquakes.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: In Greek mythology, Poseidon was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with a trident, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: In Japanese mythology, Namazu (鯰) is a giant catfish who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth and is guarded by the god Kashima who restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


Earthquake

Context: The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical "Big One" expected of California's San Andreas Fault someday, as depicted in the novels "Richter 10" (1996), "Goodbye California" (1977), "2012" (2009) and "San Andreas" (2015) among other works. Jacob M. Appel's widely anthologized short story, "A Comparative Seismology", features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent.

Question: Mistä maanjäristys syntyy?


China

Context: The Shang was conquered by the Zhou, who ruled between the 11th and 5th centuries BCE, though centralized authority was slowly eroded by feudal warlords. Some principalities eventually emerged from the weakened Zhou, no longer fully obeyed the Zhou king, and continually waged war with each other during the 300-year Spring and Autumn period. By the time of the Warring States period of the 5th–3rd centuries BCE, there were only seven powerful states left.

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China

Context: In the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty experienced Western imperialism in the Opium Wars with Britain and France. China was forced to pay compensation, open treaty ports, allow extraterritoriality for foreign nationals, and cede Hong Kong to the British under the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, the first of the Unequal Treaties. The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) resulted in Qing China's loss of influence in the Korean Peninsula, as well as the cession of Taiwan to Japan.

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China

Context: The Qing dynasty also began experiencing internal unrest in which tens of millions of people died, especially in the White Lotus Rebellion, the failed Taiping Rebellion that ravaged southern China in the 1850s and 1860s and the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in the northwest. The initial success of the Self-Strengthening Movement of the 1860s was frustrated by a series of military defeats in the 1880s and 1890s.

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China

Context: On 1 October 1949, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong formally proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China at the new nation's founding ceremony and inaugural military parade in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. In 1950, the People's Liberation Army captured Hainan from the ROC and incorporated Tibet. However, remaining Kuomintang forces continued to wage an insurgency in western China throughout the 1950s.

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China

Context: Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping has ruled since 2012 and has pursued large-scale efforts to reform China's economy (which has suffered from structural instabilities and slowing growth), and has also reformed the one-child policy and penal system, as well as instituting a vast anti corruption crackdown. In 2013, China initiated the Belt and Road Initiative, a global infrastructure investment project.

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China

Context: The global COVID-19 pandemic originated in Wuhan and was first identified from an outbreak in December 2019. The Chinese government response has included a zero-COVID strategy, making it one of few countries to pursue this approach. The country's economy continued to broaden recovery from the recession during the pandemic, with stable job creation and record international trade growth, although retail consumption was still slower than predicted.

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China

Context: On 1 July 2021, the People's Republic of China celebrated the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the CCP (first of the Two Centenaries) with a huge gathering in Tiananmen Square and cultural artistic performance in Beijing National Stadium in Beijing.

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China

Context: China's climate is mainly dominated by dry seasons and wet monsoons, which lead to pronounced temperature differences between winter and summer. In the winter, northern winds coming from high-latitude areas are cold and dry; in summer, southern winds from coastal areas at lower latitudes are warm and moist.

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China

Context: The People's Republic of China is the second-largest country in the world by land area after Russia. China's total area is generally stated as being approximately . Specific area figures range from according to the "Encyclopædia Britannica", to according to the "UN Demographic Yearbook", and the "CIA World Factbook".

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China

Context: Although the Chinese Communist Party describes China as a "socialist consultative democracy", the country is commonly described as an authoritarian surveillance state and a dictatorship. Its current political, ideological and economic system has been termed by its leaders as a "consultative democracy" "people's democratic dictatorship", "socialism with Chinese characteristics" (which is Marxism adapted to Chinese circumstances) and the "socialist market economy" respectively.

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China

Context: Since both the CCP and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) promote according to seniority, it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese leadership. In official discourse, each group of leadership is identified with a distinct extension of the ideology of the party. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People's Republic of China by reference to these "generations".

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China

Context: The People's Republic of China is officially divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions (each with a designated minority group), and four municipalities—collectively referred to as "mainland China"—as well as the special administrative regions (SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau. Geographically, all 31 provincial divisions of mainland China can be grouped into six regions: North China, Northeast China, East China, South Central China, Southwest China, and Northwest China.

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China

Context: China considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province, although Taiwan is governed by the Republic of China (ROC), which rejects the PRC's claim. Conversely, the ROC constitution claims sovereignty over all divisions governed by the PRC.

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China

Context: Under its interpretation of the One-China policy, Beijing has made it a precondition to establishing diplomatic relations that the other country acknowledges its claim to Taiwan and severs official ties with the government of the Republic of China. Chinese officials have protested on numerous occasions when foreign countries have made diplomatic overtures to Taiwan, especially in the matter of armament sales.

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China

Context: China became the world's largest trading nation in 2013, as measured by the sum of imports and exports, as well as the world's biggest commodity importer. comprising roughly 45% of maritime's dry-bulk market.

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China

Context: China has had a long and complex trade relationship with the United States. In 2000, the United States Congress approved "permanent normal trade relations" (PNTR) with China, allowing Chinese exports in at the same low tariffs as goods from most other countries. China has a significant trade surplus with the United States, its most important export market. In the early 2010s, US politicians argued that the Chinese yuan was significantly undervalued, giving China an unfair trade advantage.

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China

Context: China has resolved its land borders with 12 out of 14 neighboring countries, having pursued substantial compromises in most of them. As of 2022, China currently has a disputed land border with India (Sino-Indian border dispute) and Bhutan.

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China

Context: China is additionally involved in maritime disputes with multiple countries over the ownership of several small islands in the East and South China Seas, such as Socotra Rock, the Senkaku Islands and the entirety of South China Sea Islands, along with the EEZ disputes over East China Sea.

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China

Context: A number of foreign governments, foreign press agencies, and NGOs have criticized China's human rights record, alleging widespread civil rights violations such as detention without trial, forced abortions, forced confessions, torture, restrictions of fundamental rights, and excessive use of the death penalty. The government suppresses popular protests and demonstrations that it considers a potential threat to "social stability", as was the case with the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

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China

Context: In 2019, a study called for the mass retraction of more than 400 scientific papers on organ transplantation, because of fears the organs were obtained unethically from Chinese prisoners. While the government says 10,000 transplants occur each year, a report by the Falun Gong-linked IETAC alleged that between 60,000 and 100,000 organs are transplanted each year and claimed that this gap was being made up by executed prisoners of conscience.

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China

Context: China boasts the world's third-most powerful military, with the world's third-largest stockpile of nuclear weapons.

Question: Monenneksiko suurin maa Kiina on pinta-alaltaan?


China

Context: Foreign and some Chinese sources have claimed that official Chinese government statistics overstate China's economic growth. However, several Western academics and institutions have stated that China's economic growth is higher than indicated by official figures.

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China

Context: China has a large informal economy, which arose as a result of the country's economic opening. The informal economy is a source of employment and income for workers, but it is unrecognized and suffers from lower productivity.

Question: Monenneksiko suurin maa Kiina on pinta-alaltaan?


China

Context: In 2020, China was the only major economy in the world to grow, recording a 2.3% growth due to its success in taming the coronavirus within its borders.

Question: Monenneksiko suurin maa Kiina on pinta-alaltaan?


China

Context: China has had the world's largest middle class population since 2015, and the middle class grew to a size of 400 million by 2018. In 2020, a study by the Brookings Institution forecast that China's middle-class will reach 1.2 billion by 2027 (almost 4 times the entire U.S. population today), making up one fourth of the world total.

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China

Context: Currently, China is building its own space station, "Tiangong", in low Earth orbit. The construction of the space station is targeted to be completed by the end of 2022 with the launch of two new modules.

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China

Context: China has developed its own satellite navigation system, dubbed Beidou, which began offering commercial navigation services across Asia in 2012 as well as global services by the end of 2018. Upon the completion of the 35th Beidou satellite, which was launched into orbit on 23 June 2020, Beidou followed GPS and GLONASS as the third completed global navigation satellite in the world.

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China

Context: China's railways, which are state-owned, are among the busiest in the world, handling a quarter of the world's rail traffic volume on only 6 percent of the world's tracks in 2006. As of 2017, the country had of railways, the second longest network in the world. The railways strain to meet enormous demand particularly during the Chinese New Year holiday, when the world's largest annual human migration takes place.

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China

Context: Since 2000, the growth of rapid transit systems in Chinese cities has accelerated. , 44 Chinese cities have urban mass transit systems in operation and 39 more have metro systems approved. As of 2020, China boasts the five longest metro systems in the world with the networks in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Shenzhen being the largest.

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China

Context: There were approximately 229 airports in 2017, with around 240 planned by 2020. China has over 2,000 river and seaports, about 130 of which are open to foreign shipping. In 2017, the Ports of Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Guangzhou, Qingdao and Tianjin ranked in the Top 10 in the world in container traffic and cargo tonnage.

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China

Context: On 13 April 2022, a new freight railway route for freight trains from the city of Xi'an was launched, it will pass through Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and reach the German city of Mannheim. The length of the route is 11.3 thousand km.

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China

Context: Water supply and sanitation infrastructure in China is facing challenges such as rapid urbanization, as well as water scarcity, contamination, and pollution. According to data presented by the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF in 2015, about 36% of the rural population in China still did not have access to improved sanitation. The ongoing South–North Water Transfer Project intends to abate water shortage in the north.

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China

Context: The policy, along with traditional preference for boys, may have contributed to an imbalance in the sex ratio at birth. According to the 2010 census, the sex ratio at birth was 118.06 boys for every 100 girls, which is beyond the normal range of around 105 boys for every 100 girls. The 2010 census found that males accounted for 51.27 percent of the total population. However, China's sex ratio is more balanced than it was in 1953, when males accounted for 51.82 percent of the total population.

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China

Context: China legally recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, who altogether comprise the "Zhonghua Minzu". The largest of these nationalities are the ethnic Chinese or "Han", who constitute more than 90% of the total

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China

Context: Standard Mandarin, a variety of Mandarin based on the Beijing dialect, is the official national language of China and is used as a lingua franca in the country between people of different linguistic backgrounds. Mongolian, Uyghur, Tibetan, Zhuang and various other languages are also regionally recognized throughout the country.

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China

Context: China has urbanized significantly in recent decades. The percent of the country's population living in urban areas increased from 20% in 1980 to over 60% in 2019. It is estimated that China's urban population will reach one billion by 2030, potentially equivalent to one-eighth of the world population.

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China

Context: The COVID-19 pandemic was first identified in Wuhan in December 2019. Further studies are being carried out around the world on a possible origin for the virus. The Chinese government has been criticized for its handling of the epidemic and accused of concealing the extent of the outbreak before it became an international pandemic.

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China

Context: The government of the People's Republic of China officially espouses state atheism, and has conducted antireligious campaigns to this end. Religious affairs and issues in the country are overseen by the State Administration for Religious Affairs. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by China's constitution, although religious organizations that lack official approval can be subject to state persecution.

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China

Context: A 2021 poll from Ipsos and the Policy Institute at King's College London found that 35% of Chinese people said there was tension between different religious groups, which was the second lowest percentage of the 28 countries surveyed.

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China

Context: In the wake of the New Culture Movement after the end of the Qing dynasty, Chinese literature embarked on a new era with written vernacular Chinese for ordinary citizens. Hu Shih and Lu Xun were pioneers in modern literature. Various literary genres, such as misty poetry, scar literature, young adult fiction and the xungen literature, which is influenced by magic realism, emerged following the Cultural Revolution. Mo Yan, a xungen literature author, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012.

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China

Context: Cinema was first introduced to China in 1896 and the first Chinese film, "Dingjun Mountain," was released in 1905. China has the largest number of movie screens in the world since 2016, China became the largest cinema market in the world in 2020. The top 3 highest-grossing films in China currently are "Wolf Warrior 2" (2017)", Ne Zha" (2019), and "The Wandering Earth" (2019).

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China

Context: Hanfu is the historical clothing of the Han people in China. The qipao or cheongsam is a popular Chinese female dress. The hanfu movement has been popular in contemporary times and seeks to revitalize Hanfu clothing.

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China

Context: China has one of the oldest sporting cultures in the world. There is evidence that archery ("shèjiàn") was practiced during the Western Zhou dynasty. Swordplay ("jiànshù") and cuju, a sport loosely related to association football date back to China's early dynasties as well.

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Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Apart from the Western, Byzantine and Armenian traditions, there is another group of Asian traditions, which is generally more illustrative in nature, and from origins in manuscript book decoration also developed into single-sheet small paintings to be kept in albums, which are also called miniatures, as the Western equivalents in watercolor and other mediums are not. These include Arabic miniatures, and their Persian, Mughal, Ottoman and other Indian offshoots.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: And yet, while the ascetic treatment of the miniatures obtained so strongly in Byzantine art, at the same time the Oriental sense of splendour shows itself in the brilliancy of much of the coloring and in the lavish employment of gold. In the miniatures of Byzantine manuscripts are first seen those backgrounds of bright gold which afterwards appear in such profusion in the productions of every western school of painting.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Armenian miniature painting stands out with its variety of styles and schools. When in 405 Mesrop Mashtots created the Armenian letters, Armenian manuscripts appeared, and Armenian miniature painting developed together with it. Most of the 25,000 Armenian manuscripts that have come down to us from different centuries are decorated with miniatures.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Books with religious content were mostly decorated, however, the miniature artists, or ‘’flourishers’’, as they were called at the time, were able to express their emotions and feelings and to reflect real life scenes through religious themes. Especially in capital letters at the beginning of the text, in the ornaments placed before the title or in the pictures made in the margins, in the beautifully decorated letters, they introduced various images and elements of flora and fauna.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: In Armenian miniatures one can find scenes depicting hunting, animal fighting, theatrical performances, other scenes of urban and rural life, portraits of famous figures of the time, commissioners of manuscripts. Such miniatures are of great importance for the study of the life and lifestyle of medieval Armenia, costumes, manners, crafts, Armenian nature. Some miniature painters also left their self-portraits.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Many miniature painting centers operated in Armenia at different times. There are well-known centers, such as those of Ani, Gladzor, Tatev, Nakhichevan, Artsakh, Vaspurakan, each of which, in addition to the general features typical of national art, is characterized by a unique style of miniature painting and local traditions. Later miniature painting centers were established in Armenian colonies as well.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Armenian miniature art flourished in the 13th century, especially in Cilician Armenia, where the miniatures were more luxurious and elegant. Works of such talented miniature artists of different times and centers as Toros Roslin, Grigor, Ignatius, Sargis Pitsak, Toros Taronetsi, Avag, Momik, Simeon Archishetsi, Vardan Artsketsi, Kirakos, Hovhannes, Hakob Jughayetsi and may more have weathered the march of times up to now. Yet names of many other miniature artists have not been preserved.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Armenian miniature painting has gone through long and difficult historical paths; it is a witness of Armenian's unparalleled creative zeal, which neither the countless disasters brought by foreign invaders, nor the difficult and torturous migration routes were able to extinguish. With its originality, mastery of performance, extraordinary color, richness and variety of jewelry, it occupies a unique and honorable place not only in the treasury of national art, but also in the world art.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: An organic combination of Byzantine and all-Christian art can be found in them, in the depictions of arches of the tabernacles of the "Gospel of Queen Mlke", Egyptian motifs, architectural decor of evangelical paintings, and elements of Hellenistic art.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Larger miniatures of the Gospels of Lesser Armenia related to Early Christian miniature art in 1038 (Matenadaran after Mesrop Mashtots, Yerevan, manuscript N 6201), preserving old stylistic and pictorial rules, contain novelties that formed the basis of all subsequent Armenian iconography, for example, the depiction of the naked Christ on the cross. The graphic development of the style of the group of manuscripts is obvious in Vaspurakan School of Miniature Painting.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: In the first half of the 13th century, before the Mongol invasions, miniature painting flourished in Greater Armenia ("Gospel of Haghpat", "Gospel of Translators"). Miniature painting received an unprecedented new quality in Cilician Armenia. Exquisite manuscripts were collected both in the monasteries and in the royal court, and in addition to the clergy, manuscripts were ordered by members of the royal court and the councilors.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: In the native schools of illumination of Western Europe, decoration only was the leading motive. In the manuscripts of the Merovingian period, in the school which connected Frankland and northern Italy, and which is known as Lombardic or Franco-Lombardic, in the manuscripts of Spain, in the productions of the Insular art of the British Isles, figure-drawing was scarcely known, serving rather as a feature of decoration than as a representation of the human form.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: The Norman Conquest had brought England directly within the fold of Continental art; and now began that grouping of the French and the English and the Flemish schools, which, fostered by growing intercourse and moved by common impulses, resulted in the magnificent productions of the illuminators of north-western Europe from the latter part of the 12th century onwards.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Early in the century the old conventional treatment of landscape still held its own; nor did the diapered and gilded background pass out of use. Indeed, in some of the finest French specimens of the time the diapered patterns are more brilliant than ever. But natural scenery in the second quarter of the century asserts itself more decidedly, although with faults in perspective. It was not until another generation had arisen that there was a true appreciation of the horizon and of atmospheric effect.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: The miniatures of the French and Flemish schools run fairly parallel for a time, but after the middle of the century national characteristics become more marked and divergent. The French miniature began to deteriorate, though some very fine examples were produced by the more gifted artists of the school. The figure-drawing was more careless, and the painting tended to hardness without depth, which the artist endeavoured to relieve by an excess of gilt shading.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: In the foregoing remarks what has been said in regard to the careful treatment of details applies still more to the miniatures executed in grisaille, in which the absence of color invited an even stronger accentuation of that treatment. This is perhaps most observable in the grisaille miniatures of northern Flanders, which often suggest, particularly in the strong angular lines of the draperies, a connection with the art of the wood engraver.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: In 2020, UNESCO declared the miniature art of Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey and Uzbekistan as one of the masterpieces of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: The tradition of the Ottoman Empire began under Persian influence, and Persian miniatures were keenly collected by the Sultans. A distinctive Ottoman style soon developed, with a greater interest in narrative, and recording the history of the empire. Ottoman illumination was also extensively used on court manuscripts.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Miniature (illuminated manuscript)

Context: Miniatures are forged for various reasons. Forged Islamic miniatures depicting scientific advancements are made by Turkish artisans as souvenirs, and can often be found innocuously as stock photos on the Internet or within formal learning materials. Medieval European miniatures also have been forged to deceive collectors by various persons, one of the most notable forgers being the Spanish Forger.

Question: Miten määritellään pienoismalli?


Ancient philosophy

Context: This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post-classical history (c. 600 CE).

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Ancient philosophy

Context: In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire marked the ending of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of medieval philosophy, whereas in the Middle East, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy.

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Ancient philosophy

Context: Chinese philosophy is the dominant philosophical thought in China and other countries within the East Asian cultural sphere that share a common language, including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Ancient philosophy

Context: The founder of the Qin Dynasty, who implemented Legalism as the official philosophy, quashed Mohist and Confucianist schools. Legalism remained influential until the emperors of the Han Dynasty adopted Daoism and later Confucianism as official doctrine. These latter two became the determining forces of Chinese thought until the introduction of Buddhism.

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Ancient philosophy

Context: The ancient Indian philosophy is a fusion of two ancient traditions: the Vedic tradition and the śramaṇa tradition.

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Ancient philosophy

Context: Indian philosophy begins with the "Vedas" wherein questions pertaining to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous Rigvedic "Hymn of Creation" (Nasadiya Sukta) the poet asks:

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Ancient philosophy

Context: In the Vedic view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being ("Purusha"). This leads to the inquiry into "the one being" that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed "rta" and causal law by "karma". Nature ("prakriti") is taken to have three qualities ("sattva", "rajas", and "tamas").

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Ancient philosophy

Context: In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Ancient philosophy

Context: Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in Middle Persian and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in Avestan language. Among these are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of Denkard, Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings".

Question: Kuinka vanha tiede filosofia on?


Gambrel

Context: Europeans historically did not distinguish between a gambrel roof and a mansard roof but called both types a mansard. In the United States, various shapes of gambrel roofs are sometimes called Dutch gambrel or Dutch Colonial gambrel with bell-cast eaves, Swedish, German, English, French, or New England gambrel.

Question: Miten mansardikatto määritellään?


Gambrel

Context: The cross-section of a gambrel roof is similar to that of a mansard roof, but a gambrel has vertical gable ends instead of being hipped at the four corners of the building. A gambrel roof overhangs the façade, whereas a mansard normally does not.

Question: Miten mansardikatto määritellään?


Gambrel

Context: An earlier reference from the "Dictionary of Americanisms", published in 1848, defines "gambrel" as "A hipped roof of a house, so called from the resemblance to the hind leg of a horse which by farriers is termed the "gambrel"." Websters Dictionary also confusingly used the term "hip" in the definition of this roof.

Question: Miten mansardikatto määritellään?


Gambrel

Context: The term is also used for a single mansard roof in France and Germany. In Dutch the term 'two-sided mansard roof' is used for gambrel roofs.

Question: Miten mansardikatto määritellään?


Gambrel

Context: The origin of the gambrel roof form in North America is unknown. The oldest known gambrel roof in America was on the second Harvard Hall at Harvard University built in 1677. Possibly the oldest surviving house in the U.S. with a gambrel roof is the c. 1677–78 Peter Tufts House. The oldest surviving framed house in North America, the Fairbanks House, has an ell with a gambrel roof, but this roof was a later addition.

Question: Miten mansardikatto määritellään?


Ran Laurie

Context: Laurie was born in Grantchester, Cambridgeshire, in 1915, the son of William Walker Laurie (1882–1976) and Margaret Grieve (née Mundell) (1886–1959). He was of Scottish descent.

Question: Milloin Lauri Leander kuoli?


Ran Laurie

Context: Laurie rowed for Cambridge in the 1934, 1935, and 1936 boat races, all of which were won by Cambridge. He was in the boat with Jack Wilson, who was to become his rowing partner later in their careers. At the 1936 Olympics, he rowed as stroke in Great Britain's eight, the team eventually finishing in fourth place. Together, Laurie and Wilson, rowing for Leander Club, won the Silver Goblets at Henley Royal Regatta in 1938.

Question: Milloin Lauri Leander kuoli?


Ran Laurie

Context: Laurie was elected a steward of Henley Royal Regatta in 1951, and also served as a Henley umpire. He sat on Henley's management committee between 1975 and 1986.

Question: Milloin Lauri Leander kuoli?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: A skilled forger and thief, he is charming and intelligent. Caffrey was imprisoned after being captured by FBI Special Agent Peter Burke. Neal proposes he become an FBI consultant, in exchange for early release. Burke agrees on the condition Neal wears an ankle monitor, allowing the FBI to keep a close eye on Neal's movements. Despite being given the opportunity to build a new, honest life for himself, Neal often craves his old life, forcing him to battle with his inner saboteur.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: A hard-working, honest FBI agent, and the head of the investigative team on which Neal serves. He is very committed to his marriage and loves his home life. Although the two often butt heads, Peter is the person Neal trusts the most. Peter is determined to convince Neal that an honest life is possible, even when he refuses to believe it.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: An event planner and Peter's wife. She is supportive and understanding of his work and long hours away. An intelligent woman herself, Elizabeth is able to discuss Peter's cases with him, and admires Neal's refinement.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: Previously Peter's probationary agent, Diana assists on Peter and Neal's first case together. Transferred to D.C. after her probation ends, she later returns to the investigative team in New York. She is openly lesbian.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: Peter's point man who is responsible for carrying out a variety of tasks during the team's investigations, including surveillance. He appreciates Neal's unorthodox contributions to the team.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: An insurance company (Sterling Bosch) investigator who testified against Neal when he was on trial, and determined to see him return to prison, she later discovers she enjoys working with him. During an investigation, they embark on a romantic relationship, complicated by the reappearance of Alex.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: An elderly widow who meets Neal at a thrift store soon after his release from prison. June is a quick judge of character, and offers Neal her guest room. June also has a close friendship with Mozzie and is often seen talking to him or playing board games.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: The agent in charge of the FBI's Manhattan White Collar Crime Unit, Hughes is supportive of Peter's use of Neal as a confidential informant.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: A professional thief and black market fence who was formerly romantically involved with Neal. She periodically assists with Peter and Neal's cases, but the nature of her and Neal's relationship is always somewhat of a mystery.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: A thief and archrival of Neal, Keller was arrested and jailed by Peter but later escaped and tried to steal the U-boat treasure that Neal and Mozzie have.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: Neal's missing girlfriend, who appears to be acting under the direction of a mysterious man, identifiable only by his 10-year commemorative FBI ring. She provides Neal with cryptic clues when she wants to communicate with him, and eventually prepares to reunite with Neal.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: A mysterious former cop who turns out to be Neal's father, and who was framed for murder. Initially, Neal was skeptical of his father's self-proclaimed innocence. However, after revealing more evidence, Neal becomes convinced of his father's innocence. James (like Ellen) was also in WITSEC protection.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: A criminal caught during the first case on which Peter and Neal worked together. Later blackmailed Neal to destroy evidence against him in exchange for help in freeing Peter from jail. Forced Neal to steal Chapter 13 of Mosconi's Codex for him. Killed by Rachel Turner.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: Neal's father's former partner. She arrested Neal's father and then was put into WITSEC along with Neal and his mother.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: A discredited agent from the Office of Professional Responsibility, his abuse of authority in pursuit of Neal and Peter eventually leads to his forced resignation. Neal believes he is responsible for Kate's death.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: Peter Burke's instructor when Burke was training at Quantico, and later Burke's mentor. Kramer works in the Art Crimes Unit in Washington, D.C. He, like Neal, is an expert in art, and believes Neal is too valuable to be a free man, so plans to have Neal transferred to Washington, D.C. to work with him.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: Diana's girlfriend. She is a physician who works at a hospital. She first appeared in the episode "Deadline" (3.03). In the third season episode "Pulling Strings" (3.14), Christie proposed to Diana. Diana reports the couple's breakup in the season four episode "Honor Among Thieves".

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: June's granddaughter. She first appeared in the pilot episode and returned with the third season premiere, "On Guard" (3.01).

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: For the first season, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 96% approval rating with an average rating of 8/10 based on 27 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Featuring clever plotting and outstanding chemistry between its leads, White Collar is a witty, briskly-paced caper series." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 79 out of 100 for the season, based on reviews from 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: For the second season, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average score of 8/10, based on 13 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "White Collar's second season builds on the strengths of its first, placing greater emphasis on the charismatic cast, snappy banter, and compelling crimes."

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: For the third season, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average score of 8.1/10, based on 10 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "White Collar boasts prestige pedigree with stripped down plotting and a laser focus on relationship stakes." Metacritic assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 5 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: For the fourth season, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average score of 8.7/10, based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "White Collar's fourth season keeps things moving with hefty amounts of action, intrigue, and handsomeness."

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: For the fifth season, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 83% approval rating with an average score of 8/10, based on 6 reviews.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: ION Television acquired the rights for syndication of "White Collar" in 2013 along with "Burn Notice". It was the third USA Network television series to be in syndication on ION Television, along with "Monk" and "Psych".

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: On May 6, 2020, series creator Jeff Eastin and lead actor Matt Bomer teased that a revival of White Collar was under consideration. Jeff Eastin wrote on Twitter that he, "Had a great convo with Matt Bomer. We have a plan to bring #WhiteCollar back." Fox 21 Television Studios, which succeeded the now-defunct Fox TV Studios, is not currently working on a revival.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: The first season of "White Collar" was released in the USA under the title "White Collar: The Complete First Season" as a widescreen four-disc Region 1 DVD box set on July 13, 2010.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: DVD extras included Deleted Scenes, Gag Reel, Commentary, Exclusive Featurettes: "Pro and Con", "A Cool Cat in the Hat", and "Nothing But the Truth". The same set was released on July 26, 2010, in Region 2, and on August 18, 2010, in Region 4. The first season of "White Collar" is available on Blu-ray.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: White Collar: The Complete Third Season four-disc Region 1 DVD box set was released on June 5, 2012. Region 1 DVD Features: Interrogation room, a trivia challenge with the cast, Jeff Eastin, @ddicted, Gag reel, Deleted scenes, Audio commentary on season finale, Dual Layer Widescreen - 1.78, Audio: English Dolby Digital 5.1, Subtitles - English SDH, French, Spanish

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: White Collar: Season 4 DVD box set was released on October 8, 2013. DVD Features: Region 1 Note: Deleted scenes Gag reel Tim DeKay - in the director's chair "In the wind" commentary featuring Jeff Eastin, Matt Bomer, Tim DeKay and Willie Garson Dual Layer Widescreen - 1.78 Audio: Dolby Digital 5.1 - English Subtitles - English, French, Spanish

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: White Collar: Season 5 DVD box set was released on November 4, 2014. DVD Features: Region 1 Note: Audio commentary on the season finale. Deleted scenes Gag reel Willie Garson: director extraordinaire Dual Layer Widescreen - 1.78 Audio: Dolby Digital 5.1 - English Subtitles - English, French, Spanish.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


White Collar (TV series)

Context: White Collar: Season 6 DVD box set was released on May 5, 2015. DVD Features: Region 1 Note: Audio commentary featuring Jeff Eastin, Tim DeKay and Willie Garson, Audio commentary featuring Jeff Eastin and Matt Bomer, Deleted scenes Gag reel White Collar: case closed retrospective Dual Layer Widescreen - 1.78 Audio: Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo - English Dolby Digital 5.1 - English Subtitles - English, French, Spanish.

Question: Montako tuotantokautta Kovat kaulassa -sarjaa on valmistunut?


Wade Barrett

Context: Stuart Alexander Bennett (born 10 August 1980) is an English-American professional wrestling commentator, actor, former professional wrestler, and former bare-knuckle boxer who holds both British and American citizenship. He is currently signed to WWE, where he is a color commentator on the NXT brand under the ring name Wade Barrett.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: On 1 July episode of "SmackDown", Barrett was announced to be one of the participants for the SmackDown Money in the Bank match at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, facing Heath Slater, Justin Gabriel, Kane, Sin Cara, Daniel Bryan, Cody Rhodes and Sheamus. The match was won by Daniel Bryan, sparking a rivalry between the two. At SummerSlam, Barrett defeated Bryan in a singles match. He then had a short feud with Sheamus, where he lost on three occasions.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: At Elimination Chamber, Barrett failed to capture the World Heavyweight Championship after being eliminated by Santino Marella. The following night on "Raw", Barrett suffered a partially dislocated elbow after Big Show threw Dolph Ziggler at him during a battle royal, and was taken off television.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: After an absence from WWE television due to legitimate work visa issues, he returned on 2 December 2013 episode of "Raw" as Bad News Barrett, a persona he had previously assumed on "The JBL and Cole Show", but was still called Wade on occasion by commentators and backstage interviewers.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: Barrett then formed a partnership named "The Lords of Darkness" with Stardust, leading to a tag team match at SummerSlam, where they were defeated by Neville and actor Stephen Amell, when Neville pinned Barrett for the win. The night after SummerSlam, Stardust turned on Barrett for costing him the match, thus disbanding their tag team. After a short hiatus, Barrett returned on 28 September episode of "Raw", attacking Neville and Stardust.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: On 30 November episode of "Raw", after interfering in Sheamus' WWE World Heavyweight Championship title defence against Reigns, Sheamus announced the formation of The League of Nations stable alongside Barrett, Rusev and Alberto Del Rio. On 14 January episode of "Smackdown", Barrett helped Del Rio to win United States Championship.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: On 6 May, WWE announced that Bennett had been released. Following his release, Bennett stated that he chose not to sign a new contract with WWE in August 2015, his contract was scheduled to end in June 2016, but WWE had agreed to an early release from his contract. Bennett then took a hiatus from wrestling altogether in order to focus on his acting career, but said he would return to wrestling when he felt the time was right.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: After leaving WWE, he would work in no-wrestling roles. Throughout 2017, Bennett made appearances in WhatCulture Pro Wrestling (WCPW)\Defiant Wrestling, where he served as on-screen general manager. The following year, Bennett joined World of Sport Wrestling (WOS) as an on-screen executive and commentator.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: Bennett appeared on Lucha Underground for its season four finale on 8 November 2018. Lucha Underground closed after season 4, therefore Bennett never got to appear for the company again. In December 2019, Bennett provided color commentary for the National Wrestling Alliance during their "Into the Fire" PPV event as well as "NWA Power" tapings.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: On 26 August 2020 episode of "NXT", Bennett returned to WWE under the Wade Barrett name as a colour commentator in a single-appearance deal. He would become an official member of the NXT commentary team the following week. On 17 September, Barrett announced in an interview with "Sports Illustrated" that he had signed a one-year deal with WWE to become a permanent member of the NXT broadcast team.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: Barrett had a small role as Kilroy in the crime thriller film "Dead Man Down" (2013), for which he adopted a New York accent. He starred as assassin George "Bishop" Edwards in the action thriller film "Eliminators" (2016) and had a leading role as John Gold in the action film "" (2020), which received primarily negative reviews; however, his performance received praise, with "Variety" noting that he has "sufficient comic chops to occasionally undercut Gold's macho with self-parody".

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: Bennett resides in Los Angeles. He was granted an American green card in November 2014, before acquiring American citizenship in January 2021. He is an avid supporter of his hometown football team Preston North End FC.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


Wade Barrett

Context: Bennett was formerly in a relationship with American wrestler Alicia Fox, with whom he remained friends after they broke up.

Question: Missä Wade Barrett aloitti showpaini uransa?


House of Plantagenet

Context: The House of Plantagenet () was a Royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family held the English throne from 1154 (with the accession of Henry II, at the end of The Anarchy crisis) to 1485, when Richard III died in battle.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: In the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years' War and beset with social, political and economic problems. Popular revolts were commonplace, triggered by the denial of numerous freedoms. English nobles raised private armies, engaged in private feuds and openly defied Henry VI.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, adopted Plantagenet as his family name in the 15th century. "Plantegenest" (or "Plante Genest") had been a 12th-century nickname for his ancestor Geoffrey, Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy. One of many popular theories suggests the blossom of common broom, a bright yellow ("gold") flowering plant, genista in medieval Latin, as the source of the nickname.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: It is uncertain why Richard chose this specific name, although during the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) it emphasised Richard's status as Geoffrey's patrilineal descendant. The retrospective usage of the name for all of Geoffrey's male-line descendants was popular during the subsequent Tudor dynasty, perhaps encouraged by the further legitimacy it gave to Richard's great-grandson, Henry VIII. It was only in the late 17th century that it passed into common usage among historians.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: The later counts of Anjou, including the Plantagenets, descended from Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais, and his wife Ermengarde of Anjou. In 1060 the couple inherited the title via cognatic kinship from an Angevin family that was descended from a noble named Ingelger, whose recorded history dates from 870.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: In order to secure an orderly succession, Geoffrey and Matilda sought more power from Henry I, but quarrelled with him after the king refused to give them power that might be used against him. When he died in December 1135, the couple were in Anjou, allowing Matilda's cousin Stephen to seize the crown of England. Stephen's contested accession initiated the widespread civil unrest later called the Anarchy.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Of Henry's siblings, William and Geoffrey died unmarried and childless, but the tempestuous marriage of Henry and Eleanor, who already had two daughters (Marie and Alix) through her first marriage to King Louis, produced eight children in thirteen years:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Henry also had illegitimate children with several mistresses, possibly as many as twelve. These children included Geoffrey, William, Peter and four children who died young by Alys, the daughter of Louis VII, while she was betrothed to his son Richard. William's many competencies and importance as a royal bastard led to a long and illustrious career.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Henry reasserted and extended previous suzerainties to secure possession of his inherited realm. In 1162 he attempted to re-establish what he saw as his authority over the English Church by appointing his friend Thomas Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury upon the death of the incumbent archbishop, Theobald. Becket's defiance as Archbishop alienated the king and his counsellors. Henry and Becket had repeated disputes over issues such as church tenures, the marriage of Henry's brother, and taxation.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: In 1172 Henry gave John the castles of Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau as a wedding gift. This angered Henry's eighteen-year-old son, Henry the Young King, who believed these were his. A rebellion by Henry II's wife and three eldest sons ensued. Louis VII of France supported the rebellion. William the Lion, king of the Scots, and others joined the revolt. After eighteen months, Henry subdued the rebels.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: All subsequent English monarchs were descendants of the Angevin line via John, who had five legitimate children with Isabella:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: John also had illegitimate children with several mistresses. These children probably included nine sons called Richard, Oliver, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Geoffrey, John FitzJohn or Courcy, Odo or Eudes FitzRoy, Ivo, Henry, Richard the constable of Wallingford Castle and three daughters called Joan, Matilda the abbess of Barking and Isabella la Blanche. Joan was the best known of these, since she married Prince Llewelyn the Great of Wales.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Edward I married Eleanor of Castile, daughter of King Ferdinand of Castile, a great grandson of Henry II through his second daughter Eleanor in 1254. Edward and Eleanor had sixteen children; five daughters survived to adulthood, but only one son survived Edward:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Following Eleanor's death in 1290, Edward married Margaret of France, daughter of Philip III of France, in 1299. Edward and Margaret had two sons, who both lived to adulthood, and a daughter who died as a child:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: When Gaveston returned again to England, he was abducted and executed after a mock trial. The ramifications of this drove Thomas and his adherents from power. Edward's humiliating defeat by Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn, confirming Bruce's position as an independent king of Scots, leading to Lancaster being appointed head of the king's council. Edward finally repealed the Ordinances after defeating and executing Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: In 1328 Charles IV of France died without a male heir. Queen Isabella made a claim to the throne of France on behalf of her son Edward, on the grounds that he was a matrilineal grandson of Philip IV of France. However, the precedents set by Philip V's succession over his niece Joan II of Navarre and Charles IV's succession over his nieces meant that the senior grandson of Philip III in the male line, Phillip of Valois, became king. Not yet in power, Edward paid homage to Phillip as Duke of Aquitaine.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Edward, the Black Prince resumed the war with destructive chevauchées starting from Bordeaux. His army was caught by a much larger French force at Poitiers, but the ensuing battle was a decisive English victory, resulting in the capture of John II of France. John agreed to a treaty promising the French would pay a four million écus ransom. The subsequent Treaty of Brétigny was demonstrably popular in England, where it was both ratified in parliament and celebrated with great ceremony.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Charles V of France maintained the terms of the treaty of Brétigny but encouraged others in Aquitaine to challenge the authority of the Plantagenets in Aquitaine. The prince, who had suffered a debilitating illness for nearly a decade which often restricted his movement to being carried in a litter, returned to England, where he soon died. John of Gaunt assumed leadership in France with limited success, and peace negotiations over several years were inconclusive.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: The marriage of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault produced thirteen children and thirty-two grandchildren:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: * Philippa (1355–1378/81)through Philippa, the House of York, by cognatic kinship, asserted that its claim to the throne was superior to the House of Lancaster's. Philippa's granddaughter and heir, Anne Mortimer, married Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, the Duke of York's heir. The earls of Northumberland and Clifford, significant supporters of the Lancasters during the Wars of the Roses, were descendants of Philippa through her other daughter, Elizabeth Mortimer.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: * Elizabeth (1364–1426)married John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke; John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter; and John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope; respectively.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: After Blanche's death in 1369, John married Constance of Castile, trying unsuccessfully to obtain the throne of Castile. The marriage produced two children:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: * Catherine of Lancaster (1372–1418)married Henry III of Castile, with whom she was a great-grandmother of Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of England.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Constance died in 1394, after which John married Katherine Swynford on 13 January 1396. Their four children were born before they married. The pope legitimised them in 1396, as did Richard II by charter, on the condition that their children could not ascend the throne:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: * Joan (1379–1440)Joan's son, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and her grandson, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, were leading supporters of the House of York.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Edward's long reign had forged a new national identity, reinforced by Middle English beginning to establish itself as the spoken and written language of government. As a result, he is considered by many historians in cultural respects the first 'English' post-conquest ruler.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: The Black Prince's ten-year-old son succeeded as Richard II of England on the death of his grandfather, nominally exercising all the powers of kingship, supported by various councils. His government levied poll taxes to finance military campaigns which, combined with the poor state of the economy, resulted in the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, followed by brutal reprisals against the rebels.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Henry married his Plantagenet cousin Mary de Bohun, who was paternally descended from Edward I and maternally from Edmund Crouchback. They had seven children:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Henry IV died in 1413. His son and successor, Henry V of England, aware that Charles VI of France's mental illness had caused instability in France, invaded to assert the Plantagenet claims and won a near total victory over the French at the Battle of Agincourt. In subsequent years Henry recaptured much of Normandy and secured marriage to Catherine of Valois. The resulting Treaty of Troyes stated that Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France, but conflict continued with the Dauphin.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: When Henry died in 1422, his nine-month-old son succeeded him as Henry VI of England. During the minority of Henry VI the war caused political division among his Plantagenet uncles, Bedford, Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, and Cardinal Beaufort. Humphrey's wife was accused of treasonable necromancy after two astrologers in her employ unwisely, if honestly, predicted a serious illness would endanger Henry VI's life, and Humphrey was later arrested and died in prison.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: It was also driven by multiple harvest failures in the 1430s and disease amongst livestock, which drove up the price of food and damaged the wider economy. Certain groups were particularly badly affected: cloth exports fell by 35 per cent in just four years at the end of the 1440s, collapsing by up to 90 per cent in some parts of the South-West. The Crown's debts reached £372,000, Henry's deficit was £20,000 per annum, and tax revenues were half those of his father.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Edmund's son Richard was married to Anne Mortimer, the daughter of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March and Eleanor Holland and great-granddaughter of Edward III's second surviving son Lionel. Anne died giving birth to their only son in September 1411. Richard's execution four years later left two orphans: Isabel, who married into the Bourchier family, and a son who was also called Richard.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: When Henry VI had a mental breakdown, Richard was named regent, but the birth of a male heir resolved the question of succession. When Henry's sanity returned, the court party reasserted its authority, but Richard of York and the Nevilles defeated them at a skirmish called the First Battle of St Albans. The ruling class was deeply shocked and reconciliation was attempted. York and the Nevilles fled abroad, but the Nevilles returned to win the Battle of Northampton, where they captured Henry.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: By the mid-1470s, the victorious House of York looked safely established, with seven living male princes: Edward IV, his two sons, his brother George and George's son, his brother Richard and Richard's son. Edward and Elizabeth Woodville themselves had ten children, seven of whom survived him:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Dynastic infighting and misfortune quickly brought about the demise of the House of York. George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, plotted against his brother and was executed. Following Edward's premature death in 1483, his brother Richard had Parliament declare Edward's two sons illegitimate on the pretext of an alleged prior pre-contract to Lady Eleanor Talbot, leaving Edward's marriage invalid.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Richard seized the throne, and the Princes in the Tower were never seen again. Richard's son predeceased him and Richard was killed in 1485 after an invasion of foreign mercenaries led by Henry Tudor, who claimed the throne through his mother Margaret Beaufort. Tudor assumed the throne as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty and bringing the Plantagenet line of kings to an end.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: As late as 1600, with the Tudor succession in doubt, older Plantagenet lines remained as possible claimants to a disputed throne, and religious and dynastic factors gave rise to complications. Thomas Wilson wrote in his report "The State of England, Anno Domini 1600" that there were 12 "competitors" for the succession. At the time of writing (about 1601), Wilson had been working on intelligence matters for Lord Buckhurst and Sir Robert Cecil.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: The alleged competitors included five descendants of Henry VII and Elizabeth, including the eventual successor James I of England, but also seven from older Plantagenet lines:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: Ranulph Crewe, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, argued that by 1626 the House of Plantagenet could not be considered to remain in existence in a speech during the Oxford Peerage case, which was to rule on who should inherit the earldom of Oxford. It was referred by Charles I of England to the House of Lords, who called for judicial assistance. Crewe said:

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: A. Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster, 1355–1381, married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, 2 sons and 2 daughters

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: II Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, 1373–1398, married Eleanor daughter of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent and Alice Holland, Countess of Kent granddaughter of Eleanor of Lancaster

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: a. Anne de Mortimer, 1373–1399, married Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (see below) and it is through her descent from Lionel that the House of York claimed precedence over the House of Lancaster.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: a. Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby 1430–1509, married Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, 1 son

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


House of Plantagenet

Context: iii. Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473–1541, considered by some to be the last of the Plantagenets, had 4 sons and one daughter, considered the source of one of the Alternative successions of the English crown.

Question: Ketä Plantagenet olivat?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: In ratings terms, it is among the most successful British programmes in the digital era, the Christmas and New Year specials entering the UK top 10 programmes of the year.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: "The Vicar of Dibley" received multiple British Comedy Awards, two International Emmys, and was a multiple British Academy Television Awards nominee. In 2004, it placed third in a BBC poll of "Britain's Best Sitcoms".

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: In addition to the twenty main episodes between 1994 and 2007, the series includes numerous shorter charity specials, as well as 'lockdown' episodes produced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: The series was created by Richard Curtis and written for actress Dawn French by Curtis and Paul Mayhew-Archer, with contributions from Kit Hesketh-Harvey. The main character was an invention of Richard Curtis, but he and Dawn French extensively consulted Joy Carroll, one of the first female Anglican priests, and garnered many character traits and much information.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: In earlier episodes, the opening credits were followed by a humorous village scene, such as a woman knitting directly from a sheep.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: After the closing credits, Geraldine usually tells Alice a joke, to which Alice either overreacts, tries to interpret literally, or understands only after Geraldine explains it. There are a few exceptions to this in various episodes.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: Hugh Bonneville, Mel Giedroyc, Richard Griffiths, Miranda Hart, Alistair McGowan, Geraldine McNulty, Philip Whitchurch, Nicholas Le Prevost, Brian Perkins and Roger Sloman have all made one guest appearance each.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: Pam Rhodes, Kylie Minogue, Rachel Hunter, Terry Wogan, Jeremy Paxman, Martyn Lewis, Darcey Bussell and Sean Bean each appeared as themselves in one episode.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: Sarah, Duchess of York, Richard Ayoade, Orla Brady, Fiona Bruce, Annette Crosbie, Johnny Depp, Ruth Jones, Hilary Kay, Damian Lewis, Maureen Lipman, Jennifer Saunders, Sting and his wife Trudie Styler, Stephen Tompkinson, Dervla Kirwan, and Emma Watson have made guest appearances in short charity specials.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: "The Vicar of Dibley" has had 20 episodes as of January 2007 plus numerous short reprises with charity specials and the In Lockdown minis (2020).

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: The final 2006–2007 episodes, in which the character Geraldine finds love and marries, were publicised as the "last-ever" episodes, although there have been several reappearances of certain characters since.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: On 15 March 2013, French reprised her role as Geraldine Granger as part of her French and Saunders marathon on BBC Radio 2. She was interviewed by Chris Evans on his "Pause for Thought" section. The following year, Rev Granger led Thought for the Day on BBC Radio 4 (29 March 2014).

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: There have been eight short charity TV specials: six for Comic Relief between 1997 and 2015; and a seventh in April 2020, in which French appeared on "The Big Night In" as part of a joint Comic Relief and Children in Need special to support those affected by COVID-19. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the segment was filmed at French's home. For Comic Relief 2021, Geraldine appeared in the Dibley Vicarage, later lip-synching to Juice by Lizzo, with real-life celebrity priest Rev Kate Bottley.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: The opening titles show aerial shots of the M40 motorway's Stokenchurch Gap, the Chiltern Hills of Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, and the village of Turville.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: The series also won TV Choice Award for Best Comedy in 2005 and again in 2021 for the Lockdown Special.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: In May 2007, Richard Curtis received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award for his humanitarian pursuits, as well as his creative work, including "The Vicar of Dibley".

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: On 6 February 2007, Fox announced plans to adapt "The Vicar of Dibley" into an American sitcom, titled "The Minister of Divine". The series starred Kirstie Alley as a former "wild child" who returned to her hometown as its first female minister. The pilot was broadcast on Fox, but the series was not made.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: The series has also been adapted into two stage plays by Ian Gower and Paul Carpenter, both incorporating plots from the TV episodes. The first, "The Vicar of Dibley", and is largely concerned with Alice and Hugo's engagement and wedding. The second, "A Vicar of Dibley Christmas – The Second Coming", is based on the episodes "Dibley Live" and "Winter", in which the villagers set up a radio station and put on a nativity play at Owen's farm.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


The Vicar of Dibley

Context: In February 2016 it was reported that Dawn French was interested in returning to the role in a new series "The Bishop of Dibley", to follow on from the 2015 Red Nose Day Special. In December 2020 Dawn French opened up about the prospect of "The Vicar of Dibley" returning for a new series in 2021.

Question: Milloin Dibleyn kirkon herraa aloitettiin esittämään Suomessa?


American Mafia

Context: Giuseppe Morello was the first known Mafia member to emigrate to the United States. He and six other Sicilians fled to New York after murdering eleven wealthy landowners, the chancellor and a vice chancellor of a Sicilian province. He was arrested in New Orleans in 1881 and extradited to Italy.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: In the early 1920s, fascist Benito Mussolini took control of Italy and waves of Italian immigrants fled to the United States. Sicilian Mafia members also fled to the United States, as Mussolini cracked down on Mafia activities in Italy. Most Italian immigrants resided in tenement buildings. As a way to escape the poor lifestyle, some Italian immigrants chose to join the American Mafia.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: Restaurants were yet another powerful means by which the Mafia could gain economic power. A large concentration of Mafia-owned restaurants was in New York City. Not only were they the setting of many killings and important meetings, but they were also an effective means of smuggling drugs and other illegal goods. From 1985 to 1987, Sicilian Mafiosi in the U.S. imported an estimated $1.65 billion worth of heroin through pizzerias, hiding the cargo in various food products.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: There are occasionally other positions in the family leadership. Frequently, ruling panels have been set up when a boss goes to jail to divide the responsibility of the family (these usually consist of three or five members). This also helps divert police attention from any one member. The family messenger and street boss were positions created by former Genovese family leader Vincent Gigante.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: The following is a list of Mafia families that have been active in the U.S. Note that some families have members and associates working in other regions as well. The organization is not limited to these regions. The Bonanno crime family and the Buffalo crime family also had influence in several factions in Canada including the Rizzuto crime family and Cotroni crime family, and the Luppino crime family and Papalia crime family, respectively.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: U.S. Naval Intelligence entered into an agreement with Lucky Luciano to gain his assistance in keeping the New York waterfront free from saboteurs after the destruction of the "SS Normandie".

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: In August 1960, Colonel Sheffield Edwards, director of the Office of Security of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), proposed the assassination of Cuban head of state Fidel Castro by Mafia assassins. Between August 1960 and April 1961, the CIA, with the help of the Mafia, pursued a series of plots to poison or shoot Castro. Those allegedly involved included Sam Giancana, Carlos Marcello, Santo Trafficante Jr., and John Roselli.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: Although Valachi's disclosures never led directly to the prosecution of any Mafia leaders, he provided many details of history of the Mafia, operations and rituals, aided in the solution of several unsolved murders, and named many members and the major crime families. The trial exposed American organized crime to the world through Valachi's televised testimony.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: In the early 1980s, the Bonanno family were kicked off the Commission due to the Donnie Brasco infiltration, and although Rastelli was one of the men initially indicted, this removal from the Commission actually allowed Rastelli to be removed from the Commission Trial as he was later indicted on separate labor racketeering charges. Having previously lost their seat on the Commission, the Bonannos suffered less exposure than the other families in this case.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: Eight defendants were convicted of racketeering on November 19, 1986, with the exception of Indelicato who was convicted of murder, and were sentenced on January 13, 1987, as follows:

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


American Mafia

Context: In the early 1990s, as the Colombo crime family war raged, the Commission refused to allow any Colombo member to sit on the Commission and considered dissolving the family.

Question: Milloin Cosa Nostra on perustettu?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: The Volkswagen Type 2, known officially (depending on body type) as the Transporter, Kombi or Microbus, or, informally, as the Bus (US), Camper (UK) or Bulli (Germany), is a forward control light commercial vehicle introduced in 1950 by the German automaker Volkswagen as its second car model. Following – and initially deriving from – Volkswagen's first model, the Type 1 (Beetle), it was given the factory designation Type 2.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: As one of the forerunners of the modern cargo and passenger vans, the Type 2 gave rise to forward control competitors in the United States in the 1960s, including the Ford Econoline, the Dodge A100, and the Chevrolet Corvair 95 Corvan, the latter adapting the rear-engine configuration of the Corvair car in the same manner in which the VW Type 2 adapted the Type 1 layout.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: European competition included the 1947–1981 Citroën H Van, the 1959–1980 Renault Estafette (both FF layout), and the 1953–1965 FR layout Ford Transit.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Japanese manufacturers also introduced similar vehicles, such as the Nissan Caravan, Toyota LiteAce and Subaru Sambar.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Like the Beetle, the van has received numerous nicknames worldwide, including the "microbus", "minibus", and, because of its popularity during the counterculture movement of the 1960s, "Hippie van/bus".

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Brazil contained the last factory in the world that produced the T2 series of Type 2, which ceased production on 31 December 2013, due to the introduction of more stringent safety regulations in the country. This (after the 2002 termination of its T3 successor in South Africa) marked the end of the era of rear-engine Volkswagens, which originated in 1935 with their Type 1 prototypes.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: When capacity freed up, a prototype known internally as the Type 29 was produced in a short three months. The stock Type 1 pan proved to be too weak so the prototype used a ladder chassis with unit body construction. Coincidentally the wheelbase was the same as the Type 1's. Engineers reused the reduction gear from the Type 82, enabling the 1.5 ton van to use a flat four engine.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: An ambulance model was added in December 1951 which repositioned the fuel tank in front of the transaxle, put the spare tire behind the front seat, and added a "tailgate"-style rear door. These features became standard on the Type 2 from 1955 to 1967. 11,805 Type 2s were built in the 1951 model year.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: These were joined by a single-cab pickup in August 1952, and it changed the least of the Type 2s until all were heavily modified in 1968.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Unlike other rear engine Volkswagens, which evolved constantly over time but never saw the introduction of all-new models, the Transporter not only evolved, but was completely revised periodically with variations retrospectively referred to as versions "T1" to "T5" (a nomenclature only invented after the introduction of the front-drive T4 which replaced the T3). However, only generations T1 to T3 can be seen as directly related to the Beetle (see below for details).

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Decades after production of the Type 2 ended, Volkswagen announced in 2017 that they would be bringing an electric VW microbus out based on the new MEB platform in 2022.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Apart from these factory variants, there were a multitude of third-party conversions available, some of which were offered through Volkswagen dealers. They included, but were not limited to, refrigerated vans, hearses, ambulances, police vans, fire engines and ladder trucks, and camping van conversions by companies other than Westfalia. There were even 30 Klv 20 rail-going draisines built for Deutsche Bundesbahn in 1955.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: In South Africa, it is known as a well-loved variation of the ice cream van (first, second and third generations).

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: The Volkswagen Samba, in the United States marketed as the Sunroof Deluxe, was the most luxurious version of the T1. Volkswagen started producing Sambas in 1951.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: In the US Volkswagen vans were informally identified by the window count. This particular model had 23 and later 21 windows including eight high windows in the roof. The 23 window variant also had curved windows in the rear corners. To distinguish it from the normal Volkswagen van, the name "Samba" was coined.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: The Samba had bi-parting doors in lieu of a sliding door, and could be ordered with a large fabric sunroof. Volkswagen advertised the Samba for making tourist trips through the Alps.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Standard paint finishes on the Samba were two-tone, usually with the upper bodywork in white. The lower bodywork carried a contrasting color, the areas separated by a decorative strip. The roof carried slightly forward of the windshield at the front, creating an integral visor. The windows had chrome tables and the van had a more comprehensive dashboard than the normal T1.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: When Volkswagen started producing the successor of the T1 (the T2) the company also stopped producing the Samba, ending the Samba and the concept of a van with such a high window count.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: In retrospect, audio tapes from the Johnson White House revealed a quid pro quo unrelated to chicken. In January 1964, President Johnson attempted to convince United Auto Workers' president Walter Reuther not to initiate a strike just before the 1964 election, and to support the president's civil rights platform. Reuther, in turn, wanted Johnson to respond to Volkswagen's increased shipments to the United States.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: In 1971 the 1600cc Type 1 engine as used in the Beetle, was supplemented with the 1700cc Type 4 engine – as it was originally designed for the Type 4 (411 and 412) models. European vans kept the option of upright fan Type 1 1600 engine but the 1700 Type 4 became standard for US spec models.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Later model changes were primarily mechanical. By 1974, the T2 had gained its final shape. Very late in the T2's design life, during the late 1970s, the first prototypes of Type 2 vans with four-wheel drive (4WD) were built and tested.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: The T2c, with a roof raised by about was built starting in the early 1990s for the Mexican, South American and Central American markets. Since 1991, the T2c has been built in México with the water-cooled 1.8 L inline four-cylinder carbureted engine—easily identified by the large, black front-mounted radiator—and since 1995 with the 1.6 L air-cooled engines for the Brazilian market.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Once production of the original Beetle ended in late 2003, the T2 was the only Volkswagen model with an air-cooled, rear-mounted boxer engine, but then the Brazilian model shifted to a water-cooled engine on 23 December 2005. There was a 1.6 L water-cooled diesel engine available from 1981 to 1985, which gave fuel economy of 15 km/l to 18 km/l—but gave slow performance and its insufficient cooling system led to short engine life.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: The end of the Volkswagen air-cooled engine on a worldwide basis was marked by a Special Edition Kombi. An exclusive Silver paint job, and limited edition emblems were applied to only 200 units in late 2005, and were sold as 2006 models.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Stricter emissions regulations introduced by the Brazilian government for 2006 forced a shift to a flexible-fuel water-cooled engine able to run on petrol or alcohol. Borrowed from the Volkswagen Gol, the engine is a rear-mounted EA-111 1.4 L 8v Total Flex , on petrol, and when run on ethanol, and torque.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: The production of the Brazilian Volkswagen Kombi ended in 2013 with a production run of 600 Last Edition vehicles. A short film entitled "Os Últimos Desejos da Kombi" (English: The Kombi's Last Wishes) was made by Volkswagen Brazil to commemorate the end of production.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: For 1990, the T4 generation was released, with the model range dropping the Type 2 name in favor of the Transporter nameplate. Over 15 years after the Golf was introduced as the replacement for the Type 1 (Beetle), the Transporter range also adopted a front-engine, front-wheel drive configuration (Syncro 4WD returned as an option). Worldwide, the model range now used water-cooled, fuel-injected engines, with inline (and later VR6) engines replacing the "wasserboxer".

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Through much of the world, the T4 was marketed as the Transporter, with 3-row passenger vans known as the Caravelle; the Vanagon name was used in Japan. In the United States, the T4 was marketed as the Eurovan mid-size van for 1993 and from 1999 to 2003; from 1995 to 2005, the Eurovan served as the basis for multiple recreational vehicles marketed through the United States and Canada. Sales of the Transporter in North America ended in 2003.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: The Volkswagen Transporter T5 range is the fifth generation of Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles medium-sized light commercial vehicle and people movers. Launched 6 January 2003, the T5 went into full production in April 2003, replacing the fourth generation range.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Key markets for the T5 are Germany, the United Kingdom, Russia, France and Turkey. It is not sold in the US market because it is classed as a light truck, accruing the 25% chicken tax on importation. The T5 has a more aerodynamic design. The angle of the windshield and A-pillar is less; this makes for a large dashboard and small bonnet.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: In June 2009, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles announced the one-millionth T5 rolled off the production line in Hanover.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: T5 GP introduced in 2010. Heavily facelifted with some new power plants including the 180 bi-turbo range topper. These new engines saw the demise of the now "dirty" 5 cylinder units.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Late 2015 will see the arrival of the "Neu Sechs", the New 6. The T6 will offer further engine changes in early 2016, but will launch with the previous generation engines. The new engines will see the introduction of Ad-Blu to meet with euro 6 emission compliance. The new 6 was expected by many to be more than just a facelift.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: The new T6 launched with the old Euro 5 non-AdBlue power-plants, but is offered with a Euro 6 diesel engine with 204bhp and AdBlue. Three further Euro 6 Adblue diesel power-plants with 84ps, 102ps and 150ps are also offered.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: There is some debate in the community over whether the T6 is a new model, or simply a face-lift of the T5. There are obvious external changes to the nose and tailgate, while internally there is a new dash in two different versions. Volkswagen claims refinement to ride, handling and noise levels.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: In 2001, a Volkswagen Microbus Concept was created, with design cues from the T1 generation in a spirit similar to the New Beetle nostalgia movement. Volkswagen planned to start selling it in the United States market in 2007, but it was scrapped in May 2004 and replaced with a more cost-effective design to be sold worldwide.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: Like the Beetle, from the beginning, the Type 2 earned many nicknames from its fans. Popular nicknames in German include "VW-Bus", "Bulli/Bully" (a portmanteau of "Bus" and "Lieferwagen" (delivery van)), "Hippie-van", or simply "der Bus". The Type 2 was meant to be officially named the Bully, but Heinrich Lanz, producer of the Lanz Bulldog farm tractor, intervened. The model was then presented as the Volkswagen Transporter and Volkswagen Kleinbus, but the Bully nickname still caught on.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: A popular nickname for the T3 was "2.6i" or "transi" in reference to the 2.6 liter Microbus/Caravelle sold in South Africa and their robust design being a popular choice for transportation of children respectively. Kombi is also a generic nickname for vans and minibuses in South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe, often used as a means of public transportation. In Nigeria it is called Danfo.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?


Volkswagen Type 2

Context: In the UK, it is known as a "Campervan". In France, it was called a "camping-car" (usually hyphenated) though this has been expanded to include other, often more specialized vehicles in more recent times.

Question: Minä vuonna Volkswagen Transporter T3 tuotiin markkinoille?