Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Christine de Pizan was a noted late medieval writer on women's issues. Her "Book of the City of Ladies" attacked misogyny, while her "The Treasure of the City of Ladies" articulated an ideal of feminine virtue for women from walks of life ranging from princess to peasant's wife. Her advice to the princess includes a recommendation to use diplomatic skills to prevent war:

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: "If any neighbouring or foreign prince wishes for any reason to make war against her husband, or if her husband wishes to make war on someone else, the good lady will consider this thing carefully, bearing in mind the great evils and infinite cruelties, destruction, massacres and detriment to the country that result from war; the outcome is often terrible. She will ponder long and hard whether she can do something (always preserving the honour of her husband) to prevent this war."

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: From the last century of the Middle Ages onwards, restrictions began to be placed on women's work, and guilds became increasingly male-only; some of the reasons may have been the rising status and political role of guilds and the increasing competition from cottage industries, which prompted the guilds to tighten their entrance requirements. Female property rights also began to be curtailed during this period.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Peasants, slaves, and maidservants and generally lower class women needed the permission and consent of their master in order to marry someone; and if they did not they were punished (see below in Law).

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Agnes' connections expanded also based on Kroyl Jr.'s new connections. However, Bennett also signifies that a familial alliance between the couples' families of origin did not form. Kroyl Jr. had limited contact with his father after his marriage, and his social network expanded from the business he conducted with his brothers and other villagers. Agnes, though all contact with her family did not cease, her social network expanded to her husband's family of origin and his new connections.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Franklin also discusses that some Thornbury widows had second and even third marriages. Remarriage would have affected inheritance of property, especially if the widow had children with her second husband; however there are several cases where sons from the widow's first marriage were able to inherit before the second husband.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: McDougall also notes like the varying forms of marriage, the canon law regarding remarriage varied across regions. Both men and women could have been permitted to freely remarry or may have been restricted and/or deemed to serve penance before remarrying.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Chris Middleton made these general observations about English peasant women: "A peasant woman's life was, in fact, hemmed in by prohibition and restraint." If single, women had to submit to the male head of her household; if married, to her husband, under whose identity she was subsumed. English peasant women generally could not hold lands for long, rarely learnt any craft occupation and rarely advanced past the position of assistants, and could not become officials.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Middleton provided some exceptions: English peasant women, on their own behalf, could plead in manorial courts; some female freeholders enjoyed immunities from male peers and landlords; and some trades (such as ale-brewing), provided female workers with independence. Still, Middleton viewed these as exceptions which required historians only to modify, rather than revise, "the essential model of female subservience."

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Notable examples of women landowners in England in the Middle Ages include: countess Gytha, mother of Harold Godwinson, who held lands across the south west of England; Asa, who held land in Yorkshire; and Judith, who owned large amounts of land in the East Midlands (all three women and their claims are recorded in the Domesday Book); and Margaret de Neville, who owned extensive lands in 13th-14th century Yorkshire.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Besides working independently on their own lands, women could hire themselves out as servants or wage-workers. Medieval servants performed works as required by the employer's household: men cooked and cleaned while women did the laundry. Like their independent rural workers, rural wage-labourers performed complementary tasks based on a gendered division of labour. Women were paid only half as much as men even though both sexes performed similar tasks.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: To illustrate, the late medieval poem "Piers Plowman" paints a pitiful picture of the life of the medieval peasant woman:

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Peasant women during the time period were subjected to a number of superstitious practices when it came to their health. In "The Distaff Gospels", a collection of 15th-century French women's lore, advice for women's health was plentiful. "For a fever, write the first 3 words of the Our Father on a sage leaf, eat it in the morning for 3 days and you will be cured."

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Male involvement with women's healthcare was widespread. However, there were limits to male participation because of the resistance to males' viewing women's genitalia. During most encounters with male medical practitioners, women remained clothed because viewing a women's body was considered shameful.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Peasants, slaves, and maidservants were considered as property of their free-born master(s). In some or perhaps most cases, the unfree person might be regarded as of the same value as their master's animals. However, peasants, slaves, and maidservants of the king were regarded as more valuable and even considered to be of the same value as free persons because they were members of the king's court.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: A free-born woman who marries a slave will lose her freedom and privileges as a free-born woman. She will also have her property taken away from her and will be proclaimed an outlaw. A free-born man who marries a slave or maidservant shall also lose his freedom and privilege as a free-born man.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: When female serfs got married, they had to pay fines to their lords. The first fine upon a female serf getting married was known as merchet, to be paid by her father to their lord; the rationale was that the lord had lost a worker and her children. The second fine is the leyrwite, to be paid by a male or female serf who had committed sexual acts forbidden by the Church, for fear that the fornicating serf might have her marriage value lessened and thus the lord might not get the merchet.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Women in the Middle Ages

Context: Chris Middleton cited other historians who demonstrated that lords often regulated their serfs' marriages to make sure that the serfs' landholdings would not be taken out of their jurisdiction. Lords could even force female serfs into involuntary marriages to ensure that the female serfs would be able to pro-create a new generation of workers. Over time, English lords increasingly favoured primogeniture inheritance patterns to prevent their serfs' landholdings from being broken up.

Question: كيف كان دور المرأة في أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطي ؟


Chinese characters

Context: The process has accelerated over the centuries as phonetic change has increased the number of homophones.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: It has been estimated that over two thirds of the 3,000 most common words in modern Standard Chinese are polysyllables, the vast majority of those being disyllables.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The most common process has been to form compounds of existing words, written with the characters of the constituent words. Words have also been created by adding affixes, reduplication and borrowing from other languages.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Many characters have multiple readings, with instances denoting different morphemes, sometimes with different pronunciations. In modern Standard Chinese, one fifth of the 2,400 most common characters have multiple pronunciations.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Another common alternation is between voiced and voiceless initials (though the voicing distinction has disappeared on most modern varieties).

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: This is believed to reflect an ancient prefix, but scholars disagree on whether the voiced or voiceless form is the original root.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. The vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The traditional six-fold classification ("" / "six writings") was first described by the scholar Xu Shen in the postface of his dictionary "Shuowen Jiezi" in 100 AD.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: While this analysis is sometimes problematic and arguably fails to reflect the complete nature of the Chinese writing system, it has been perpetuated by its long history and pervasive use.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Pictograms are highly stylized and simplified pictures of material objects. Examples of pictograms include ' for "sun", ' for "moon", and "" for "tree" or "wood". Xu Shen placed approximately 4% of characters in this category.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Though few in number and expressing literal objects, pictograms and ideograms are nonetheless the basis on which all the more complex characters such as associative compound characters (会意字/會意字) and phono-semantic characters (形声字/形聲字) are formed.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Pictograms are primary characters in the sense that they, along with ideograms (indicative characters i.e. symbols), are the building blocks of associative compound characters (会意字/會意字) and phono-semantic characters (形声字/形聲字).

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Over time pictograms were increasingly standardized, simplified, and stylized to make them easier to write. Furthermore, the same Kangxi radical character element can be used to depict different objects.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Also called "simple indicatives," this small category contains characters that are direct iconic illustrations. Examples include ' "up" and ' "down", originally a dot above and below a line. Indicative characters are symbols for abstract concepts which could not be depicted literally but nonetheless can be expressed as a visual symbol e.g. convex 凸, concave 凹, flat-and-level 平.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Xu Shen placed approximately 13% of characters in this category, but many of his examples are now believed to be phono-semantic compounds whose origin has been obscured by subsequent changes in their form. Peter Boodberg and William Boltz go so far as to deny that any of the compound characters devised in ancient times were of this type, maintaining that now-lost "secondary readings" are responsible for the apparent absence of phonetic indicators, but their arguments have been rejected by other scholars.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In contrast, associative compound characters are common among characters coined in Japan. Also, a few characters coined in China in modern times, such as platinum, "white metal" (see chemical elements in East Asian languages) belong to this category.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Also called "borrowings" or "phonetic loan characters," the rebus category covers cases where an existing character is used to represent an unrelated word with similar or identical pronunciation; sometimes the old meaning is then lost completely, as with characters such as ', which has lost its original meaning of "nose" completely and exclusively means "oneself", or ', which originally meant "scorpion" but is now used only in the sense of "ten thousand".

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Rebus was pivotal in the history of writing in China insofar as it represented the stage at which logographic writing could become purely phonetic (phonographic). Chinese characters used purely for their sound values are attested in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period manuscripts, in which ' was used to write ' and vice versa, just lines apart; the same happened with ' 勺 for ' , with the characters in question being homophonous or nearly homophonous at the time.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Xu Shen (c. 100 AD) placed approximately 82% of characters into this category, while in the Kangxi Dictionary (1716 AD) the number is closer to 90%, due to the extremely productive use of this technique to extend the Chinese vocabulary. The Chu Nom characters of Vietnam were created using this principle.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: This method is used to form new characters, for example / ' ("plutonium") is the metal radical ' plus the phonetic component "", described in Chinese as " gives sound, gives meaning". Many Chinese names of elements in the periodic table and many other chemistry-related characters were formed this way. In fact, it is possible to tell from a Chinese periodic table at a glance which elements are metal (), solid nonmetal (, "stone"), liquid (), or gas () at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The smallest category of characters is also the least understood. In the postface to the ', Xu Shen gave as an example the characters ' "to verify" and "" "old", which had similar Old Chinese pronunciations (*khuʔ and *C-ruʔ respectively) and may once have been the same word, meaning "elderly person", but became lexicalized into two separate words. The term does not appear in the body of the dictionary, and is often omitted from modern systems.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Oracle bone inscriptions are records of divinations performed in communication with royal ancestral spirits. The shortest are only a few characters long, while the longest are thirty to forty characters in length. The Shang king would communicate with his ancestors on topics relating to the royal family, military success, weather forecasting, ritual sacrifices, and related topics by means of scapulimancy, and the answers would be recorded on the divination material itself.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The oracle-bone script is a well-developed writing system, suggesting that the Chinese script's origins may lie earlier than the late second millennium BC. Although these divinatory inscriptions are the earliest surviving evidence of ancient Chinese writing, it is widely believed that writing was used for many other non-official purposes, but that the materials upon which non-divinatory writing was done – likely wood and bamboo – were less durable than bone and shell and have since decayed away.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Proto-clerical script, which had emerged by the time of the Warring States period from vulgar Qin writing, matured gradually, and by the early Western Han period, it was little different from that of the Qin. Recently discovered bamboo slips show the script becoming mature clerical script by the middle-to-late reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han, who ruled from 141 to 87 BC.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Around the mid-Eastern Han period, a simplified and easier-to-write form of clerical script appeared, which Qiu terms "neo-clerical" ( / , "xīnlìtǐ"). By the late Eastern Han, this had become the dominant daily script, although the formal, mature () clerical script remained in use for formal works such as engraved stelae. Qiu describes this neo-clerical script as a transition between clerical and regular script, and it remained in use through the Cao Wei and Jin dynasties.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Meanwhile, modern cursive script slowly emerged from the clerical cursive ("zhāngcǎo") script during the Cao Wei to Jin period, under the influence of both semi-cursive and the newly emerged regular script. Cursive was formalized in the hands of a few master calligraphers, the most famous and influential of whom was [[Wang Xizhi]].

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Although most simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1950s and 60s, the use of some of these forms predates the PRC's formation in 1949. [[Caoshu]], cursive written text, was the inspiration of some simplified characters, and for others, some are attested as early as the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC) as either vulgar variants or original characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:ROC24 SC1.jpg|thumb|The first batch of Simplified Characters introduced in 1935 consisted of 324 characters.]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the [[Kuomintang]] government, and a large number of the intelligentsia maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In 1935, 324 simplified characters collected by [[Qian Xuantong]] were officially introduced as the table of first batch of simplified characters, but they were suspended in 1936 due to fierce opposition within the party.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: "[[Han unification]]" was an effort by the authors of Unicode and the Universal Character Set to map multiple character sets of the so-called CJK languages (Chinese/Japanese/Korean) into a single set of unified characters and was completed for the purposes of [[Unicode]] in 1991 (Unicode 1.0).

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Apart from Chinese ones, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese normative medium of record-keeping, written historical narratives and official communication are in adaptations and variations of Chinese script.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:Chinese-Characters-Distribution.png|thumb|Current (dark green) and former extension (light green) of the use of Chinese characters]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:Map-Chinese Characters.png|thumb|Countries and regions using Chinese characters as a writing system:<br>

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Simplified Chinese used officially but traditional form is also used in publishing (Singapore, Malaysia)<br>

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Simplified Chinese used officially, traditional form in daily use is uncommon (China, [[Kokang]] and [[Wa State]] of Myanmar)<br>

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Chinese characters are used in parallel with other scripts in respective native languages (South Korea, Japan) <br>

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Chinese characters were once used officially, but this is now obsolete ([[Mongolia]], [[North Korea]], [[Vietnam]])]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The Chinese script spread to [[Korea]] together with [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhism]] from the 2nd century BC to 5th century AD ([[hanja]]). This was adopted for recording the Japanese language from the 5th century AD.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Chinese characters were first used in Vietnam during the [[Chinese domination of Vietnam|millennium of Chinese rule]] starting in 111 BC. They were used to write Classical Chinese and adapted around the 13th century to create the [[chữ Nôm]] script to write Vietnamese.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Currently, the only non-Chinese language outside of China that regularly uses the Chinese script is Japanese. Vietnam abandoned its use in the early 20th century in favour of a Latin-based script, and Korea in the late 20th century in favour of its homegrown [[hangul]] script. Since the education of Chinese characters is not mandatory in South Korea, the usage of Chinese character is rapidly disappearing.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Because Chinese words have been borrowed from varying dialects at different times, a single character may have several on'yomi in Japanese.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Written Japanese also includes a pair of [[syllabary|syllabaries]] known as [[kana]], derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular [[katakana]] were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while [[hiragana]] were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for [[word stem]]s, hiragana for inflectional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Latin-script languages).

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Throughout most of Korean history as early as the [[Gojoseon]] period up until the [[Joseon Dynasty]], [[Literary Chinese]] was the dominant form of written communication. Although the Korean alphabet [[hangul]] was created in 1443, it did not come into widespread official use until the late 19th and early 20th century.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:Tale of Kieu parallel text.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|The first two lines of the classic Vietnamese epic poem "[[The Tale of Kieu]]", written in the Nôm script and the modern Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words are shown in green, characters borrowed for similar-sounding native Vietnamese words in purple, and invented characters in brown.]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In Vietnam, Chinese characters (called "[[Chữ Hán]]", "[[chữ Nho]]", or "[[Hán tự]]" in Vietnamese) are now limited to ceremonial uses, but they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, [[Literary Chinese]] was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: During [[French Indochina|French colonization]] in the late 19th and early 20th century, Literary Chinese fell out of use and was gradually replaced with the Latin-based [[Vietnamese alphabet]]. Currently this alphabet is the main script in Vietnam, but Chinese characters and are still used in some activities connected with Vietnamese traditional culture (e.g. [[calligraphy]]).

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Several minority languages of south and southwest China were formerly written with scripts based on Hanzi but also including many locally created characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The most extensive is the "[[sawndip]]" script for the [[Zhuang language]] of [[Guangxi]] which is still used to this day.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The foreign dynasties that ruled northern China between the 10th and 13th centuries developed scripts that were inspired by Hanzi but did not use them directly: the [[Khitan large script]], [[Khitan small script]], [[Tangut script]] and [[Jurchen script]].

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Other scripts in China that borrowed or adapted a few Chinese characters but are otherwise distinct include [[Geba script]], [[Sui script]], [[Yi script]] and the [[Lisu syllabary]].

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:Secret history.jpg|thumb|right|Mongolian text from "[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]" in Chinese transcription, with a glossary on the right of each row]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Chinese character simplification is the overall reduction of the number of strokes in the [[regular script]] of a set of Chinese characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[Singapore]] underwent three successive rounds of character simplification. These resulted in some simplifications that differed from those used in [[mainland China]].

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The first round, consisting of 498 Simplified characters from 502 Traditional characters, was promulgated by the [[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Ministry of Education]] in 1969. The second round, consisting of 2287 Simplified characters, was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the Mainland China system; those were removed in the final round in 1976.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In 1993, Singapore adopted the six revisions made by Mainland China in 1986. However, unlike in mainland China where personal names may only be registered using simplified characters, parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters in Singapore.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: It ultimately adopted the reforms of the People's Republic of China in their entirety as official, and has implemented them in the [[Education in Singapore|educational system]]. However, unlike in China, personal names may still be registered in traditional characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[Malaysia]] started teaching a set of simplified characters at schools in 1981, which were also completely identical to the Mainland China simplifications. Chinese newspapers in Malaysia are published in either set of characters, typically with the headlines in traditional Chinese while the body is in simplified Chinese.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Although in both countries the use of simplified characters is universal among the younger Chinese generation, a large majority of the older Chinese literate generation still use the traditional characters. Chinese shop signs are also generally written in traditional characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In the [[Philippines]], most Chinese schools and businesses still use the traditional characters and [[bopomofo]], owing from influence from the Republic of China (Taiwan) due to the shared [[Hokkien]] heritage. Recently, however, more Chinese schools now use both simplified characters and [[pinyin]]. Since most readers of Chinese newspapers in the Philippines belong to the older generation, they are still published largely using traditional characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Public and private Chinese signage in the United States and Canada most often use traditional characters. There is some effort to get municipal governments to implement more simplified character signage due to recent immigration from mainland China. Most community newspapers printed in North America are also printed in traditional characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:Treatise On Calligraphy.jpg|thumb|right|Sample of the cursive script by Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] calligrapher [[Sun Guoting]], c. 650 AD]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: There are numerous styles, or scripts, in which Chinese characters can be written, deriving from various calligraphic and historical models. Most of these originated in China and are now common, with minor variations, in all countries where Chinese characters are used.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Scripts that are still used regularly are the "[[Clerical Script]]" ((), "lìshū") of the [[Qin dynasty]] to the [[Han dynasty]], the [[Wei Monumental Script|Weibei]] (, "wèibēi"), the "[[Regular Script]]" ((), "kǎishū"), which is used mostly for printing, and the "[[Semi-cursive Script]]" ((), "xíngshū"), used mostly for handwriting.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: There also exist scripts created outside China, such as the Japanese "[[Edomoji]]" styles; these have tended to remain restricted to their countries of origin, rather than spreading to other countries like the Chinese scripts.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:This Letter written by Mi Fei.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese calligraphy of mixed styles written by [[Song dynasty]] (1051–1108 AD) poet [[Mi Fu|Mifu]]. For centuries, the Chinese literati were expected to master the art of calligraphy.]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:Chenzihmyon typefaces.svg|thumb|The first four characters of "[[Thousand Character Classic]]" in different type and [[Chinese script styles|script]] styles. From right to left: [[seal script]], [[clerical script]], [[regular script]], [[Ming (typeface)|Ming]] and [[East Asian sans-serif typeface|sans-serif]].]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Ming and sans-serif are the most popular in [[body text]] and are based on regular script for Chinese characters akin to Western [[serif]] and [[sans-serif]] typefaces, respectively. Regular script typefaces emulate [[regular script]].

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The [[Ming (typeface)|"Song" typeface]] ( / , "sòngtǐ") is known as the "Ming" typeface (, "minchō") in Japan, and it is also somewhat more commonly known as the "Ming" typeface ( / , "míngtǐ") than the "Song" typeface in [[Taiwan]] and [[Hong Kong]]. The names of these styles come from the [[Song dynasty|Song]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasties, when [[block printing]] flourished in China.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[East Asian sans-serif typeface|Sans-serif]] typefaces, called black typeface ( / , "hēitǐ") in Chinese and Gothic typeface () in Japanese, are characterized by simple lines of even thickness for each stroke, akin to sans-serif styles such as [[Arial]] and [[Helvetica]] in Western typography.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:CJK variant glyphs.png|right|thumb|The character in [[simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]] Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. If you have an appropriate font installed, you can see the corresponding character in Vietnamese: .]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Despite standardization, some nonstandard forms are commonly used, especially in handwriting. In older sources, even authoritative ones, variant characters are commonplace. For example, in the preface to the "[[Kangxi Dictionary|Imperial Dictionary]]", there are 30 variant characters which are not found in the dictionary itself. A few of these are reproduced at right.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The nature of Chinese characters makes it very easy to produce [[allograph]]s (variants) for many characters, and there have been many efforts at orthographical standardization throughout history. In recent times, the widespread usage of the characters in several nations has prevented any particular system becoming universally adopted and the standard form of many Chinese characters thus varies in different regions.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: A commonly seen example is the [[Double Happiness (calligraphy)|double happiness]] symbol , formed as a ligature of and referred to by its disyllabic name (). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include "niàn," "twenty", normally read as "èrshí," "sà," "thirty", normally read as "sānshí," and xì "forty", normally read as "sìshí". Calendars often use numeral ligatures in order to save space; for example, the "21st of March" can be read as "."

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Conversely, with the fusion of the diminutive "-er" suffix in Mandarin, some monosyllabic words may even be written with two characters, as in , "huār" "flower", which was formerly disyllabic.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In most other languages that use the [[Chinese family of scripts]], notably Korean, Vietnamese, and Zhuang, Chinese characters are typically monosyllabic, but in Japanese a single character is generally used to represent a borrowed monosyllabic Chinese morpheme (the "[[on'yomi]]"), a polysyllabic native Japanese morpheme (the "[[kun'yomi]]"), or even (in rare cases) a foreign loanword. These uses are completely standard and unexceptional.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Often a character not commonly used (a "rare" or "variant" character) will appear in a personal or place name in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese (see [[Chinese name]], [[Japanese name]], [[Korean name]], and [[Vietnamese name]], respectively). This has caused problems as many computer encoding systems include only the most common characters and exclude the less often used characters. This is especially a problem for personal names which often contain rare or classical, antiquated characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In [[Japanese writing system|Japanese]], an 84-stroke "[[kokuji]]" exists: [[File:Taito 1.svg|25px]], normally read "[[Taito (kanji)|taito]]". It is composed of triple "cloud" character () on top of the abovementioned triple "dragon" character (). Also meaning "the appearance of a dragon in flight", it has been pronounced "otodo", "taito", and "daito". The most elaborate character in the [[jōyō kanji list]] is the 29-stroke , meaning "depression" or "melancholy".

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: The most complex Chinese character still in use may be [[File:Biáng.svg|25px]]/[[wikt:𰻞|𰻞]] (U+30EDE) ("biáng", pictured right, bottom), with 58 strokes, which refers to [[biangbiang noodles]], a type of noodle from [[China]]'s [[Shaanxi]] province. This character along with the syllable "biáng" cannot be found in dictionaries. The fact that it represents a syllable that does not exist in any [[Standard Chinese]] word means that it could be classified as a dialectal character.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:Cumulative Hanzi frequency.svg|thumb|right|Cumulative frequency of simplified Chinese characters in Modern Chinese text]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Studies in China have shown that literate individuals know and use between 3,000 and 4,000 characters. Specialists in classical literature or history, who would often encounter characters no longer in use, are estimated to have a working vocabulary characters between 5,000 and 6,000.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In [[Hong Kong]], which uses [[traditional Chinese characters]], the Education and Manpower Bureau's "[[List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters|Soengjung Zi Zijing Biu]]" (), intended for use in elementary and junior secondary education, lists a total of 4,759 characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: [[File:Kendo-kanji-2.gif|thumb|[[Kanji]] for ([[Kendo]]), pronounced differently from the Korean term ([[Kumdo]]), or the Chinese words (jiàndào; it is more common to use the expressions [[Chinese swordsmanship|jiànshù]] or jiànfǎ in Chinese).]]

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In Japanese, there are 2,136 "[[jōyō kanji]]" (, lit. "frequently used Chinese characters") designated by the [[Japanese Ministry of Education]]; these are taught during primary and secondary school. The list is a recommendation, not a restriction, and many characters missing from it are still in common use.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: One area where character usage is officially restricted is in names, which may contain only government-approved characters. Since the "jōyō kanji" list excludes many characters that have been used in personal and place names for generations, an additional list, referred to as the "[[jinmeiyō kanji]]" (, lit. "kanji for use in personal names"), is published. It currently contains 983 characters.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Today, a well-educated Japanese person may know upwards of 3,500 characters. The "[[kanji kentei]]" (, "Nihon Kanji Nōryoku Kentei Shiken" or "Test of Japanese Kanji Aptitude") tests a speaker's ability to read and write kanji. The highest level of the "kanji kentei" tests on approximately 6,000 kanji (corresponding to the kanji characters list of the [[JIS X 0208]]).

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: "[[Basic Hanja for educational use]]" () are a subset of 1,800 [[Hanja]] defined in 1972 by a [[South Korea]] education standard. 900 characters are expected to be learnt by middle school students and a further 900 at high school.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: In March 1991, the [[Supreme Court of Korea]] published the "Table of Hanja for Personal Name Use" (), which allowed a total of 2,854 "hanja" in South Korean [[given names]]. The list expanded gradually, and until 2015 there are 8,142 "hanja" (including the [[Hanmun gyoyukyong gicho hanja|set of basic "hanja"]]) permitted using in [[Korean names]].

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Dozens of indexing schemes have been created for arranging Chinese characters in [[Chinese dictionary|Chinese dictionaries]]. The great majority of these schemes have appeared in only a single dictionary; only one such system has achieved truly widespread use. This is the system of [[Radical (Chinese character)|radicals]] (see for example, the 214 so-called [[Kangxi radical]]s).

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Chinese characters

Context: Another dictionary system is the [[four corner method]], where characters are classified according to the shape of each of the four corners.

Question: كم عدد الحروف في اللغة الصينية؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Bashar Hafez al-Assad was born in Damascus on 11 September 1965, the second son and third child of Anisa Makhlouf and Hafez al-Assad. Al-Assad in Arabic means "the Lion". Assad's paternal grandfather, Ali Sulayman al-Assad, had managed to change his status from peasant to minor notable and, to reflect this, in 1927 he had changed the family name from Wahsh (meaning "Savage") to Al-Assad.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad's father, Hafez, was born to an impoverished rural family of Alawite background and rose through the Ba'ath Party ranks to take control of the Syrian branch of the Party in the 1970 Corrective Revolution, culminating in his rise to the Syrian presidency. Hafez promoted his supporters within the Ba'ath Party, many of whom were also of Alawite background. After the revolution, Alawite strongmen were installed while Sunnis, Druze, and Ismailis were removed from the army and Ba'ath party.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: The younger Assad had five siblings, three of whom are deceased. A sister named Bushra died in infancy. Assad's youngest brother, Majd, was not a public figure and little is known about him other than he was intellectually disabled, and died in 2009 after a "long illness".

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Unlike his brothers Bassel and Maher, and second sister, also named Bushra, Bashar was quiet, reserved and lacked interest in politics or the military. The Assad children reportedly rarely saw their father, and Bashar later stated that he only entered his father's office once while he was president. He was described as "soft-spoken", and according to a university friend, he was timid, avoided eye contact and spoke in a low voice.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad received his primary and secondary education in the Arab-French al-Hurriya School in Damascus. In 1982, he graduated from high school and then studied medicine at Damascus University.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: To establish his credentials in the military, Bashar entered the military academy at Homs in 1994 and was propelled through the ranks to become a colonel of the elite Syrian Republican Guard in January 1999. To establish a power base for Bashar in the military, old divisional commanders were pushed into retirement, and new, young, Alawite officers with loyalties to him took their place.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Parallel to his military career, Bashar was engaged in public affairs. He was granted wide powers and became head of the bureau to receive complaints and appeals of citizens, and led a campaign against corruption. As a result of this campaign, many of Bashar's potential rivals for president were put on trial for corruption. Bashar also became the President of the Syrian Computer Society and helped to introduce the internet in Syria, which aided his image as a moderniser and reformer.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: After the death of Hafez al-Assad on 10 June 2000, the Constitution of Syria was amended. The minimum age requirement for the presidency was lowered from 40 to 34, which was Bashar's age at the time. Assad was then confirmed president on 10 July 2000, with 97.29% support for his leadership. In line with his role as President of Syria, he was also appointed the commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces and Regional Secretary of the Ba'ath Party.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Immediately after he took office, a reform movement made cautious advances during the Damascus Spring, which led to the shut down of Mezzeh prison and the declaration of a wide-ranging amnesty releasing hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood affiliated political prisoners. However, security crackdowns commenced again within the year. Many analysts stated that reform under Assad had been inhibited by the "old guard", members of the government loyal to his late father.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: During the war on terror, Assad allied his country with the West. Syria was a major site of extraordinary rendition by the CIA of al-Qaeda suspects, who were interrogated in Syrian prisons.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Soon after Assad assumed power, he "made Syria's link with Hezbollah—and its patrons in Tehran—the central component of his security doctrine", and in his foreign policy, Assad is an outspoken critic of the United States, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 27 May 2007, Assad was approved for another seven-year term in a referendum on his presidency, with 97.6% of the votes supporting his continued leadership. Opposition parties were not allowed in the country and Assad was the only candidate in the referendum.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Mass protests in Syria began on 26 January 2011. Protesters called for political reforms and the reinstatement of civil rights, as well as an end to the state of emergency which had been in place since 1963. One attempt at a "day of rage" was set for 4–5 February, though it ended uneventfully. Protests on 18–19 March were the largest to take place in Syria for decades, and the Syrian authority responded with violence against its protesting citizens.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: The U.S. imposed limited sanctions against the Assad government in April 2011, followed by Barack Obama's executive order as of 18 May 2011 targeting Bashar Assad specifically and six other senior officials. On 23 May 2011, the EU foreign ministers agreed at a meeting in Brussels to add Assad and nine other officials to a list affected by travel bans and asset freezes. On 24 May 2011, Canada imposed sanctions on Syrian leaders, including Assad.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 20 June, in response to the demands of protesters and foreign pressure, Assad promised a national dialogue involving movement toward reform, new parliamentary elections, and greater freedoms. He also urged refugees to return home from Turkey, while assuring them amnesty and blaming all unrest on a small number of saboteurs. Assad blamed the unrest on "conspiracies" and accused the Syrian opposition and protestors of "fitna", breaking with the Syrian Ba'ath Party's strict tradition of secularism.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In July 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Assad had "lost legitimacy" as President. On 18 August 2011, Barack Obama issued a written statement that urged Assad to "step aside".

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In August, the cartoonist Ali Farzat, a critic of Assad's government, was attacked. Relatives of the humourist told media outlets that the attackers threatened to break Farzat's bones as a warning for him to stop drawing cartoons of government officials, particularly Assad. Farzat was hospitalised with fractures in both hands and blunt force trauma to the head.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Since October 2011, Russia, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, repeatedly vetoed Western-sponsored draft resolutions in the UN Security Council that would have left open the possibility of UN sanctions, or even military intervention, against the Assad government.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: By the end of January 2012, it was reported by Reuters that over 5,000 civilians and protesters (including armed militants) had been killed by the Syrian army, security agents and militia (Shabiha), while 1,100 people had been killed by "terrorist armed forces".

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 10 January 2012, Assad gave a speech in which he maintained the uprising was engineered by foreign countries and proclaimed that "victory [was] near". He also said that the Arab League, by suspending Syria, revealed that it was no longer Arab. However, Assad also said the country would not "close doors" to an Arab-brokered solution if "national sovereignty" was respected. He also said a referendum on a new constitution could be held in March.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 15 July 2012, the International Committee of the Red Cross declared Syria to be in a state of civil war, as the nationwide death toll for all sides was reported to have neared 20,000.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 6 January 2013, Assad, in his first major speech since June, said that the conflict in his country was due to "enemies" outside of Syria who would "go to Hell" and that they would "be taught a lesson". However, he said that he was still open to a political solution saying that failed attempts at a solution "does not mean we are not interested in a political solution."

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2015, several members of the Assad family died in Latakia under unclear circumstances. On 14 March, an influential cousin of Assad and founder of the shabiha, Mohammed Toufic al-Assad, was assassinated with five bullets to the head in a dispute over influence in Qardaha—the ancestral home of the Assad family. In April 2015, Assad ordered the arrest of his cousin Munther al-Assad in Alzirah, Latakia. It remains unclear whether the arrest was due to actual crimes.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In January 2016, Putin stated that Russia was supporting Assad's forces and was ready to back anti-Assad rebels as long as they were fighting ISIL.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 22 January 2016, the "Financial Times", citing anonymous "senior western intelligence officials", claimed that Russian general Igor Sergun, the director of GRU, the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, had shortly before his sudden death on 3 January 2016 been sent to Damascus with a message from Vladimir Putin asking that President Assad step aside. The "Financial Times"' report was denied by Putin's spokesman.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: It was reported in December 2016 that Assad's forces had retaken half of rebel-held Aleppo, ending a 6-year stalemate in the city. On 15 December, as it was reported government forces were on the brink of retaking all of Aleppo—a "turning point" in the civil war, Assad celebrated the "liberation" of the city, and stated, "History is being written by every Syrian citizen."

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 30 August 2020, the First Hussein Arnous government was formed, which included a new Council of Ministers.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: A 2007 law required internet cafés to record all the comments users post on chat forums. Websites such as Arabic Wikipedia, YouTube, and Facebook were blocked intermittently between 2008 and February 2011.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2010, Syria banned face veils at universities. Following the Syrian uprising in 2011, Assad partially relaxed the veil ban.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: "Foreign Policy" magazine released an editorial on Assad's position in the wake of the 2011 protests:

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In a February 2015 interview with the BBC, Assad described accusations that the Syrian Arab Air Force used barrel bombs as "childish", stating that his forces have never used these types of "barrel" bombs and responded with a joke about not using "cooking pots" either. The BBC Middle East editor conducting the interview, Jeremy Bowen, later described Assad's statement regarding barrel bombs as "patently not true".

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Nadim Shehadi, the director of The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, stated that "In the early 1990s, Saddam Hussein was massacring his people and we were worried about the weapons inspectors," and claimed that "Assad did that too. He kept us busy with chemical weapons when he massacred his people."

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In September 2015, France began an inquiry into Assad for crimes against humanity, with French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius stating "Faced with these crimes that offend the human conscience, this bureaucracy of horror, faced with this denial of the values of humanity, it is our responsibility to act against the impunity of the killers".

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In March 2016, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs led by New Jersey Rep. Chris Smith called on the Obama administration to create a war crimes tribunal to investigate and prosecute violations "whether committed by the officials of the Government of Syria or other parties to the civil war".

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In April 2017, there was a sarin chemical attack on Khan Sheikhoun that killed more than 80 people. The attack prompted U.S. President Donald Trump to order the U.S. military to launch 59 missiles at a Syrian airbase. Several months later, a joint report from the United Nations and international chemical weapons inspectors found the attack was the work of the Assad regime.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In April 2018, an alleged chemical attack occurred in Douma, prompting the U.S. and its and allies to accuse Assad of violating international laws and initiating the 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs. Both Syria and Russia denied the involvement of the Syrian government at this time.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In an investigative report about the Tadamon Massacre, Proffesors Uğur Ümit Üngör and Annsar Shahhoud, found witnesses who attested that Assad gave orders for the Syrian Military Intelligence to direct the Shabiha to kill civilians, in what is the first known association between the regime and the militia.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq despite a long-standing animosity between the Syrian and Iraqi governments. Assad used Syria's seat in one of the rotating positions on the United Nations Security Council to try to prevent the invasion of Iraq.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: The U.S commander of the coalition forces in Iraq, George W. Casey Jr., accused Assad of providing funding, logistics, and training to insurgents in Iraq to launch attacks against U.S. and allied forces occupying Iraq. Iraqi leaders such as former national security advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie and former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have accused Assad of harbouring and supporting Iraqi militants.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: At the outset of the Arab Spring, Syrian state media focused primarily upon Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, demonising him as pro-U.S. and comparing him unfavourably with Assad. Assad told "The Wall Street Journal" in this same period that he considered himself "anti-Israel" and "anti-West", and that because of these policies he was not in danger of being overthrown.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In late-November 2016, some Arab media outlets reported Egyptian pilots arrived in mid-November to Syria to help the Syrian government in its fight against the Islamic State and Al Nusra front. This came after Sisi publicly stated he supports the Syrian military in the civil war in Syria. However, several days later, Egypt officially denied it has a military presence in Syria.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 5 March 2005, Assad announced that Syrian forces would begin its withdrawal from Lebanon in his address to the Syrian parliament. Syria completed its full withdrawal from Lebanon on 30 April 2005.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In May 2015, Lebanese politician Michel Samaha was sentenced to four-and-a-half years in jail for his role in a terrorist bomb plot that he claimed Assad was aware of.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: The United States, the European Union, the March 14 Alliance, and France accuse Assad of providing support to militant groups active against Israel and opposition political groups. The latter category would include most political parties other than Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In a speech about the 2006 Lebanon War in August 2006, Assad said that Hezbollah had "hoisted the banner of victory", hailing its actions as a "successful resistance."

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In April 2008, Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussing a peace treaty for a year. This was confirmed in May 2008, by a spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. As well as the treaty, the future of the Golan Heights was being discussed. Assad was quoted in "The Guardian" as telling the Qatari paper:

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: ... there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new U.S. president takes office. The U.S. was the only party qualified to sponsor any direct talks, [Assad] told the paper, but added that the Bush administration "does not have the vision or will for the peace process. It does not have anything."

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: According to leaked American cables, Assad called Hamas an "uninvited guest" and said "If you want me to be effective and active, I have to have a relationship with all parties. Hamas is Muslim Brotherhood, but we have to deal with the reality of their presence," comparing Hamas to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood which was crushed by his father, Hafez al-Assad. He also said Hamas would disappear if peace was brought to the Middle East.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In February 2011, Assad backed an initiative to restore ten synagogues in Syria, which had a Jewish community numbering 30,000 in 1947, but only 200 Jews by 2011.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad met with U.S. scientists and policy leaders during a science diplomacy visit in 2009, and he expressed interest in building research universities and using science and technology to promote innovation and economic growth.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: While hosting an 8 March 2015 delegation from North Korea led by North Korean Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Sin Hong Chol, Assad stated that Syria and North Korea were being "targeted" because they are "among those few countries which enjoy real independence".

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: According to Syrian opposition sources, North Korea has sent army units to fight on behalf of Assad in the Syrian civil war.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2001, Assad condemned the September 11 attacks. In 2003, Assad said in an interview with a Kuwaiti newspaper that he doubted the organization of al-Qaeda even existed. He was quoted as saying, "Is there really an entity called al-Qaeda? Was it in Afghanistan? Does it exist now?" He remarked about Osama bin Laden, commenting: "[he] cannot talk on the phone or use the Internet, but he can direct communications to the four corners of the world? This is illogical."

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In October 2014, U.S. Vice President Joe Biden stated that Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had "poured hundreds of millions of dollars and tens of thousands of tons of weapons into anyone who would fight against Al-Assad, except that the people who were being supplied were al-Nusra, and al Qaeda, and the extremist elements of jihadis coming from other parts of the world."

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: During the interview with Jeremy Bowen in February 2015, Assad noted that the sources of the extreme ideology of Islamic State (ISIS) and other al-Qaeda affiliate groups are the Wahabbism that has been supported by kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad condemned the November 2015 Paris attacks, but added that France's support for Syrian rebel groups had contributed to the spread of terrorism, and rejected sharing intelligence on terrorist threats with French authorities unless France altered its foreign policy on Syria.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: During the civil war, the Druze in Syria have primarily sought to remain neutral, "seeking to stay out of the conflict", while according to others over half support the Assad government despite its relative weakness in Druze areas. The "Sheikhs of Dignity" movement, which had sought to remain neutral and to defend Druze areas, blamed the government after its leader Sheikh Wahid al-Balous was assassinated and led to large scale protests which left six government security personnel dead.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2014, the Christian Syriac Military Council, the largest Christian organization in Syria, allied with the Free Syrian Army opposed to Assad, joining other Syrian Christian militias such as the Sutoro who had joined the Syrian opposition against the Assad government.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko has expressed confidence that Syria will eliminate the current crisis and continue under the leadership of President al-Assad "the fight against terrorism and foreign interference in its internal affairs".

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In order to promote their image and media-portrayal overseas, Bashar al-Assad and his wife Asma al-Assad hired United States- and United Kingdom-based PR firms and consultants. In particular, these secured photoshoots for Asma al-Assad with fashion and celebrity magazines, including "Vogue"s March 2011 "A Rose in the Desert". These firms included Bell Pottinger and Brown Lloyd James, with the latter being paid $5,000 a month for their services.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In October 2014, 27,000 photographs depicting torture committed by the Assad government were put on display at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lawyers were hired to write a report on the images by the British law firm Carter-Ruck, which in turn was funded by the Government of Qatar.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In November 2014, the Quilliam Foundation reported that a propaganda campaign, which they claimed had the "full backing of Assad", spread false reports about the deaths of Western-born jihadists in order to deflect attention from the government's alleged war crimes. Using a picture of a Chechen fighter from the Second Chechen War, pro-Assad media reports disseminated to Western media outlets, leading them to publish a false story regarding the death of a non-existent British jihadist.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2015, Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war in support of Assad, and on 21 October 2015, Assad flew to Moscow and met with Russian president Vladimir Putin, who said regarding the civil war: "this decision can be made only by the Syrian people. Syria is a friendly country. And we are ready to support it not only militarily but politically as well."

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad speaks fluent English and basic conversational French, having studied at the Franco-Arab al-Hurriyah school in Damascus.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In December 2000, Assad married Asma Akhras, a British citizen of Syrian origin from Acton, London. In 2001, Asma gave birth to their first child, a son named Hafez after the child's grandfather Hafez al-Assad. Their daughter Zein was born in 2003, followed by their second son Karim in 2004. In January 2013, Assad stated in an interview that his wife was pregnant; however, there were no later reports of them having a fourth child.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad's sister, Bushra al-Assad, and mother, Anisa Makhlouf, left Syria in 2012 and 2013, respectively, to live in the United Arab Emirates. Makhlouf died in Damascus in 2016.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 8 March 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Assad and his wife both tested positive for COVID-19 according to the presidential office. They were reported to be in good health with "minor symptoms". On 30 March, it was announced that both had recovered and tested negative for the disease.

Question: إلى أي حزب  ينتمي بشار الأسد ؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: The demographics of Estonia in the 21st century result from historical trends over more than a thousand years, as with most European countries, but have been disproportionately influenced by events in the second half of the 20th century. The Soviet occupation (1944–1991), extensive immigration from Russia and other parts of the former USSR, and the eventual restoration of independence of Estonia, have all had a major effect on Estonia's current ethnic makeup.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Languages spoken in Estonia largely reflect the composition of the indigenous and immigrant ethnic groups residing in Estonia, and thus have changed with historical trends affecting the ethnic makeup of the country. Similarly to other northern European peoples, religion plays a rather small part in the lives of most Estonians.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Overall, the quality-of-life indices for Estonia indicate a modern industrial state. The population declined annually from 1991 until 2016, except for a brief pause in 2010. Since 2016 immigration has exceeded emigration, making the overall population grow.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: The population increased from 1,351,640 in January 1970 to 1,570,599 in January 1990. After 1990, Estonia lost about 15% of its population (230,000 people). The population decreased to 1,294,455 by December 2011, a figure lower than that recorded in 1970.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Decreasing population pressures are explained by a higher death than birth rate and periods of an excess of emigrants over immigrants.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Since 2015 the country has experienced population growth. The population mainly increased as a result of net immigration of European Union citizens. Citizens of Russia and Ukraine made up the bulk of non-EU immigration. The increase was detected through methodological changes in data collection. Initially a population decrease had been reported.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Between 1970 and 1990 the age structure of Estonia was rather stable with around 22% of the population in the age group 0–14 years, 66% between 15 and 65, while 12% were 65 years or older. Due to the low birth rates after 1990, the proportion of the population 0–14 years of age dropped to 15% in 2009, while the proportion of 65 years or older gradually increased to 17% in 2009. The proportion of the age group 15–64 also slightly increased to 68% in 2009.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: From 1947 to 1989 the number of births was higher than the number of deaths, but from 1990 onwards the number of deaths outnumbered the number of births. The crude birth rate of 2011 was 10.96 (14,679 births) and the crude death rate of 2011 was 11.38 (15,244 deaths), making the rate of natural increase −0.42 (−565). For more detailed historic data, see the table of birth and death rates below.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Between 1970 and 1990, the total fertility rate (TFR) was little over 2 children born per woman. A fast decrease of the TFR occurred after independence. In 1998 the lowest rate was recorded: 1.28 children born per woman. The TFR slightly recovered in the subsequent years. The TFR was 1.66 in 2008 and 1.52 in 2011.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: The infant mortality rate in Estonia has decreased considerably during the past decades. In 1970 the rate was 17.7 per 1,000 live births. The rate decreased to 17.1 in 1980, 12.3 in 1990 and 8.4 in 2000. The lowest infant mortality rate was recorded in 2011: 2.6.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Life expectancy in Estonia is lower than in most Western European countries. During the Soviet era life expectancy in males was between 64 and 66 years and in females between 73 and 75 years. After the independence, life expectancy decreased for a number of years. In 1994, the lowest life expectancy was recorded: 60.5 years in males and 72.8 in females. After 1994, life expectancy gradually increased to reach 68.3 years in males and 79.2 in females in 2012.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: By data from Statistics Estonia life expectancy at birth in both 2019 and 2020 was 74.4 years for males and 82.8 years for females, on average for all 78,8 years.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Life expectancy has increased during last years for both sexes, men are expected to live disability-free for 54.1 years and women for 57.6 years. Males live 72.7 percent of their life in good health and females 70 percent.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: For comparison, in 2018 the average life expectancy for men in Europe was 78.3 years and for women 83.6 years.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: There were a total of 201,253 foreign-born people in Estonia at 1 January 2022, representing 15% of the population. 55% of them were born in Russia, and a total of 82% in a ex-Soviet countries.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: After gaining independence following World War I a population census was held in 1922 and 1934. At that time Estonians were still the predominant ethnic group, while all others constituted 12% of the population of Estonia.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Major Jewish communities were present in Estonia between 1918 and 1940 in Tallinn, Pärnu, Kilingi-Nõmme, Narva, Tartu, Valga, and Võru.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: As of 2008, the largest ethnic groups in Estonia are Estonians (68.7%), Russians (25.6%), Ukrainians (2.1%), Belarusians (1.2%), and Finns (0.8%). These five groups made up 98.4% of Estonia's population.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Estonian and Finnish are closely related, belonging to the same Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. The two languages are only partially mutually intelligible, although learning to comprehend and speak each other's languages is fairly easy for native speakers. Estonian and Finnish are only distantly related to the Hungarian language.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: Written with the Latin script, Estonian is the language of the Estonian people and the official language of the country. One-third of the standard vocabulary is derived from adding suffixes to root words. The oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th century chronicles. During the Soviet era, the Russian language was imposed in parallel to, and often instead of, Estonian in official use.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: In 2000, according to the census, 29.2% of the population considered themselves to be related to any religion, thereof:

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: In 2011, according to the census, 29.31% of the population considered themselves to be related to any religion:

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: There are also a number of smaller Jewish, and Buddhist groups. The organisation Maavalla Koda (Taaraism) unites adherents of animist traditional religions. The Russian neopagan organisation "Vene Rahvausu Kogudus Eestis" is registered in Tartu.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: The irrereligiousity of Estonians is a relic of Soviet occupation time, but culturally Estonia still belongs to the Lutheran culture sphere, like most of Northern Europe.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: The Governorate of Estonia comprised the northern part of present-day Estonia. The southern part was part of the Governorate of Livonia.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Demographics of Estonia

Context: 1 Population figures from 2000 on were revised based on the 2011 Estonian census and various registers.

Question: كم عدد اللغات المتحدث بها في استونيا؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: At times, DVT can cause symptoms in both arms or both legs, as with bilateral DVT. Rarely, a clot in the inferior vena cava can cause both legs to swell. Superficial vein thrombosis, also known as superficial thrombophlebitis, is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a vein close to the skin. It can co-occur with DVT and can be felt as a "palpable cord". Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau's syndrome) is a noted finding in those with pancreatic cancer and is associated with DVT.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: A rare and massive DVT that causes significant obstruction and discoloration (including cyanosis) is phlegmasia cerulea dolens. It is life-threatening, limb-threatening, and carries a risk of venous gangrene. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens can occur in the arm but more commonly affects the leg. If found in the setting of acute compartment syndrome, an urgent fasciotomy is warranted to protect the limb. Superior vena cava syndrome is a rare complication of arm DVT.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: DVT is thought to be able to cause a stroke in the presence of a heart defect. This is called a paradoxical embolism because the clot abnormally travels from the pulmonary circuit to the systemic circuit while inside the heart. The defect of a patent foramen ovale is thought to allow clots to travel through the interatrial septum from the right atrium into the left atrium.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: In most suspected cases, DVT is ruled out after evaluation. Cellulitis is a frequent mimic of DVT, with its triad of pain, swelling, and redness. Symptoms concerning for DVT are more often due to other causes, including cellulitis, ruptured Baker's cyst, hematoma, lymphedema, and chronic venous insufficiency. Other differential diagnoses include tumors, venous or arterial aneurysms, connective tissue disorders, superficial vein thrombosis, muscle vein thrombosis, and varicose veins.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: DVT and PE are the two manifestations of the cardiovascular disease venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE can occur as DVT only, DVT with PE, or PE only. About two-thirds of VTE manifests as DVT only, with one-third manifesting as PE with or without DVT. VTE, along with superficial vein thrombosis, are common types of venous thrombosis.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: DVT is classified as acute when the clots are developing or have recently developed, whereas chronic DVT persists more than 28 days. Differences between these two types of DVT can be seen with ultrasound. An episode of VTE after an initial one is classified as recurrent. Bilateral DVT refers to clots in both limbs while unilateral means only a single limb is affected.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: DVT in the legs is proximal when above the knee and distal (or calf) when below the knee. DVT below the popliteal vein, a proximal vein behind the knee, is classified as distal and has limited clinical significance compared to proximal DVT. Calf DVT makes up about half of DVTs. Iliofemoral DVT has been described as involving either the iliac or common femoral vein; elsewhere, it has been defined as involving at a minimum the common iliac vein, which is near the top of the pelvis.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: DVT can be classified into provoked and unprovoked categories. For example, DVT that occurs in association with cancer or surgery can be classified as provoked. However, the European Society of Cardiology in 2019 urged for this dichotomy to be abandoned to encourage more personalized risk assessments for recurrent VTE. The distinction between these categories is not always clear.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: Infections, including sepsis, COVID-19, HIV, and active tuberculosis, increase risk. Chronic inflammatory diseases and some autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, systemic sclerosis, Behçet's syndrome, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increase risk. SLE itself is frequently associated with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: Some risk factors influence the location of DVT within the body. In isolated distal DVT, the profile of risk factors appears distinct from proximal DVT. Transient factors, such as surgery and immobilization, appear to dominate, whereas thrombophilias and age do not seem to increase risk. Common risk factors for having an upper extremity DVT include having an existing foreign body (such as a central venous catheter, a pacemaker, or a triple-lumen PICC line), cancer, and recent surgery.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: Blood has a natural tendency to clot when blood vessels are damaged (hemostasis) to minimize blood loss. Clotting is activated by the coagulation cascade and the clearing of clots that are no longer needed is accomplished by the process of fibrinolysis. Reductions in fibrinolysis or increases in coagulation can increase the risk of DVT.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: DVT often develops in the calf veins and "grows" in the direction of venous flow, towards the heart. DVT most frequently affects veins in the leg or pelvis including the popliteal vein (behind the knee), femoral vein (of the thigh), and iliac veins of the pelvis. Extensive lower-extremity DVT can even reach into the inferior vena cava (in the abdomen). Upper extremity DVT most commonly affects the subclavian, axillary, and jugular veins.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: D-dimers are a fibrin degradation product, a natural byproduct of fibrinolysis that is typically found in the blood. An elevated level can result from plasmin dissolving a clot—or other conditions. Hospitalized patients often have elevated levels for multiple reasons. Anticoagulation, the standard treatment for DVT, prevents further clot growth and PE, but does not act directly on existing clots.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: CT scan venography, MRI venography, or a non-contrast MRI are also diagnostic possibilities. The gold standard for judging imaging methods is contrast venography, which involves injecting a peripheral vein of the affected limb with a contrast agent and taking X-rays, to reveal whether the venous supply has been obstructed. Because of its cost, invasiveness, availability, and other limitations, this test is rarely performed.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: If someone decides to stop anticoagulation after an unprovoked VTE instead of being on lifelong anticoagulation, aspirin can be used to reduce the risk of recurrence, but it is only about 33% as effective as anticoagulation in preventing recurrent VTE. Statins have also been investigated for their potential to reduce recurrent VTE rates, with some studies suggesting effectiveness.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: In DVT in the arm, the first (topmost) rib can be surgically removed as part of the typical treatment when the DVT is due to thoracic outlet syndrome or Paget–Schroetter syndrome. This treatment involves initial anticoagulation followed by thrombolysis of the subclavian vein and staged first rib resection to relieve the thoracic outlet compression and prevent recurrent DVT.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: Patients with a history of DVT might be managed by primary care, general internal medicine, hematology, cardiology, vascular surgery, or vascular medicine. Patients suspected of having an acute DVT are often referred to the emergency department for evaluation. Interventional radiology is the specialty that typically places and retrieves IVC filters, and vascular surgery might do catheter directed thrombosis for some severe DVTs.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: Acutely ill hospitalized patients are suggested to receive a parenteral anticoagulant, although the potential net benefit is uncertain. Critically ill hospitalized patients are recommended to either receive unfractionated heparin or low-molecular weight heparin instead of foregoing these medicines.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: Major orthopedic surgery—total hip replacement, total knee replacement, or hip fracture surgery—has a high risk of causing VTE. If prophylaxis is not used after these surgeries, symptomatic VTE has about a 4% chance of developing within 35 days. Following major orthopedic surgery, a blood thinner or aspirin is typically paired with intermittent pneumatic compression, which is the preferred mechanical prophylaxis over graduated compression stockings.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: Options for VTE prevention in people following non-orthopedic surgery include early walking, mechanical prophylaxis, and blood thinners (low-molecular-weight heparin and low-dose-unfractionated heparin) depending upon the risk of VTE, risk of major bleeding, and person's preferences. After low-risk surgeries, early and frequent walking is the best preventive measure.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: The risk of VTE is increased in pregnancy by about four to five times because of a more hypercoagulable state that protects against fatal postpartum hemorrhage. Preventive measures for pregnancy-related VTE were suggested by the American Society of Hematology in 2018. Warfarin, a common vitamin K antagonist, can cause birth defects and is not used for prevention during pregnancy.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: DVT occurs in the upper extremities in about 4–10% of cases, with an incidence of 0.4–1.0 people out of 10,000 a year. A minority of upper extremity DVTs are due to Paget–Schroetter syndrome, also called effort thrombosis, which occurs in 1–2 people out of 100,000 a year, usually in athletic males around 30 years of age or in those who do significant amounts of overhead manual labor.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: The book "Sushruta Samhita", an Ayurvedic text published around 600–900 BC, contains what has been cited as the first description of DVT. In 1271, DVT symptoms in the leg of a 20-year-old male were described in a French manuscript, which has been cited as the first case or the first Western reference to DVT.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: Methods to observe DVT by ultrasound were established in the 1960s. Diagnoses were commonly performed by impedance plethysmography in the 1970s and 1980s, but ultrasound, particularly after utility of probe compression was demonstrated in 1986, became the preferred diagnostic method. Yet, in the mid-1990s, contrast venography and impedance plethysmography were still described as common.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: VTE costs the US healthcare system about $7 to 10 billion dollars annually. Initial and average DVT costs for a hospitalized US patient is about $10,000 (2015 estimate). In Europe, the costs for an initial VTE hospitalization are significantly less, costing about €2000 to 4000 (2011 estimate). Post-thrombotic syndrome is a significant contributor to DVT follow-up costs. Outpatient treatment significantly reduces costs, and treatment costs for PE exceed those of DVT.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Deep vein thrombosis

Context: A 2019 study published in "Nature Genetics" reported more than doubling the known genetic loci associated with VTE. In their updated 2018 clinical practice guidelines, the American Society of Hematology identified 29 separate research priorities, most of which related to patients who are acutely or critically ill. Inhibition of factor XI, P-selectin, E-selectin, and a reduction in formation of neutrophil extracellular traps are potential therapies that might treat VTE without increasing bleeding risk.

Question: كيف يمكن تجنب الخثار الوريدي العميق ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Abu Nasr Al-Farabi () known in the West as Alpharabius; (c. 872 – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951) was a renowned early Islamic philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic. He was also a scientist, cosmologist, mathematician and music theorist.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: In Islamic philosophical tradition he was often called "the Second Teacher", following Aristotle who was known as "the First Teacher". He is credited with preserving the original Greek texts during the Middle Ages via his commentaries and treatises, and influencing many prominent philosophers, such as Avicenna and Maimonides. Through his works, he became well-known in the West as well as the East.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: His name was Abū Naṣr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Farabi, sometimes with the family surname al-Ṭarḵānī, i.e., the element Ṭarḵān appears in a nisba. His grandfather was not known among his contemporaries, but a name, Awzalaḡ, suddenly appears later in the writings of Ibn Abī Uṣaibiʿa, and of his great-grandfather in those of Ibn Khallikan.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Al-Farabi's religious affiliation within Islam is disputed. While some historians identify him as Sunni, some others assert he was Shia or influenced by Shia.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Najjar Fauzi argues that al-Farabi's political philosophy was influenced by Shiite sects. Giving a positive account, Nadia Maftouni describes shi'ite aspects of Farabi's writings. As she put it, Farabi in his Al-Millah, Al-Sīyāsah al-Madanīyah, and Tahsil al-Sa’adah believes in a utopia governed by prophet and his successors: the Imams.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Farabi made contributions to the fields of logic, mathematics, music, philosophy, psychology, and education.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Though he was mainly an Aristotelian logician, he included a number of non-Aristotelian elements in his works. He discussed the topics of future contingents, the number and relation of the categories, the relation between logic and grammar, and non-Aristotelian forms of inference. He is also credited with categorizing logic into two separate groups, the first being "idea" and the second being "proof".

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Al-Farabi also considered the theories of conditional syllogisms and analogical inference, which were part of the Stoic tradition of logic rather than the Aristotelian. Another addition al-Farabi made to the Aristotelian tradition was his introduction of the concept of poetic syllogism in a commentary on Aristotle's "Poetics".

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Al-Farabi wrote a book on music titled "Kitab al-Musiqa" (The Book of Music). In it, he presents philosophical principles about music, its cosmic qualities, and its influences.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: He also wrote a treatise on the "Meanings of the Intellect", which dealt with music therapy and discussed the therapeutic effects of music on the soul.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Al-Farabi had great influence on science and philosophy for several centuries, and was widely considered second only to Aristotle in knowledge (alluded to by his title of "the Second Teacher") in his time. His work, aimed at synthesis of philosophy and Sufism, paved the way for the work of Ibn Sina (Avicenna).

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Al-Farabi wrote a short treatise "On Vacuum", where he thought about the nature of the existence of void.His final conclusion was that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: In his treatise "On the Cause of Dreams", which appeared as chapter 24 of his "Principles of the Opinions of the Citizens of the Ideal City", he distinguished between dream interpretation and the nature and causes of dreams.

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Al-Farabi

Context: Al-Farabi as well as Ibn Sina and Averroes have been recognized as Peripatetics ("al-Mashsha’iyu"n) or rationalists ("Estedlaliun") among Muslims. However, he tried to gather the ideas of Plato and Aristotle in his book "The gathering of the ideas of the two philosophers".

Question: أين عاش الفارابي ؟


Space Shuttle

Context: Beginning in the early 1950s, NASA and the Air Force collaborated on developing lifting bodies to test aircraft that primarily generated lift from their fuselages instead of wings, and tested the NASA M2-F1, Northrop M2-F2, Northrop M2-F3, Northrop HL-10, Martin-Marietta X-24A, and the Martin-Marietta X-24B. The program tested aerodynamic characteristics that would later be incorporated in design of the Space Shuttle, including unpowered landing from a high altitude and speed.

Question: في اي ولاية امريكية تطلق وكالة ناسا المركبات الفضائية؟


Space Shuttle

Context: On January 5, 1979, NASA commissioned a second orbiter. Later that month, Rockwell began converting STA-099 to OV-099, later named "Challenger". On January 29, 1979, NASA ordered two additional orbiters, OV-103 and OV-104, which were named "Discovery" and "Atlantis". Construction of OV-105, later named "Endeavour", began in February 1982, but NASA decided to limit the Space Shuttle fleet to four orbiters in 1983. After the loss of "Challenger", NASA resumed production of "Endeavour" in September 1987.

Question: في اي ولاية امريكية تطلق وكالة ناسا المركبات الفضائية؟


Space Shuttle

Context: NASA conducted three additional test flights with "Columbia" in 1981 and 1982. On July 4, 1982, STS-4, flown by Ken Mattingly and Henry Hartsfield, landed on a concrete runway at Edwards AFB. President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy met the crew, and delivered a speech. After STS-4, NASA declared its Space Transportation System (STS) operational.

Question: في اي ولاية امريكية تطلق وكالة ناسا المركبات الفضائية؟


Space Shuttle

Context: The Space Shuttle was the first operational orbital spacecraft designed for reuse. Each Space Shuttle orbiter was designed for a projected lifespan of 100 launches or ten years of operational life, although this was later extended. At launch, it consisted of the orbiter, which contained the crew and payload, the external tank (ET), and the two solid rocket boosters (SRBs).

Question: في اي ولاية امريكية تطلق وكالة ناسا المركبات الفضائية؟


Space Shuttle

Context: The mid-deck contained the crew equipment storage, sleeping area, galley, medical equipment, and hygiene stations for the crew. The crew used modular lockers to store equipment that could be scaled depending on their needs, as well as permanently installed floor compartments. The mid-deck contained a port-side hatch that the crew used for entry and exit while on Earth.

Question: في اي ولاية امريكية تطلق وكالة ناسا المركبات الفضائية؟


Space Shuttle

Context: Space Shuttle missions typically brought a portable general support computer (PGSC) that could integrate with the orbiter vehicle's computers and communication suite, as well as monitor scientific and payload data. Early missions brought the Grid Compass, one of the first laptop computers, as the PGSC, but later missions brought Apple and Intel laptops.

Question: في اي ولاية امريكية تطلق وكالة ناسا المركبات الفضائية؟


Space Shuttle

Context: The SRBs underwent several redesigns throughout the program's lifetime. STS-6 and STS-7 used SRBs that were lighter than the standard-weight cases due to walls that were thinner, but were determined to be too thin. Subsequent flights until STS-26 used cases that were thinner than the standard-weight cases, which saved . After the "Challenger" disaster as a result of an O-ring failing at low temperature, the SRBs were redesigned to provide a constant seal regardless of the ambient temperature.

Question: في اي ولاية امريكية تطلق وكالة ناسا المركبات الفضائية؟


Space Shuttle

Context: Early missions used two firings of the OMS to achieve orbit; the first firing raised the apogee while the second circularized the orbit. Missions after STS-38 used the RS-25 engines to achieve the optimal apogee, and used the OMS engines to circularize the orbit. The orbital altitude and inclination were mission-dependent, and the Space Shuttle's orbits varied from to .

Question: في اي ولاية امريكية تطلق وكالة ناسا المركبات الفضائية؟


Gabriel

Context: In the Abrahamic religions, Gabriel () or Cebrail ([djébraïl]) is an archangel who appears in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and the Quran.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: In the Hebrew Bible, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26, 9:21–27). The archangel also appears in the Book of Enoch and other ancient Jewish writings. Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending its people against the angels of the other nations. Gabriel is also translated as "strength of God" in some languages.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: The Gospel of Luke relates the stories of the Annunciation, in which the angel Gabriel appears to Zechariah and the Virgin Mary, foretelling the births of John the Baptist and Jesus, respectively (Luke 1:11–38). Many Christian traditions—including Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Roman Catholicism—revere Gabriel as a saint.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent by God to various prophets, including Muhammad. The first five verses of the "Al-Alaq", the 96th chapter of the Quran, is believed by Muslims to have been the first verses revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad. The Latter-day Saints hold that the angel Gabriel is the same individual as the prophet Noah in his mortal ministry.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟