Unintended consequences

Context: The passage of the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act has led to a reported increase in risky behaviors by sex workers as a result of quashing their ability to seek and screen clients online, forcing them back onto the streets or into the dark web. The ads posted were previously an avenue for advocates to reach out to those wanting to escape the trade.

Question: Miten tahattomien seurausten laki määritellään?


Unintended consequences

Context: According to Lynn White, the invention of the horse stirrup enabled new patterns of warfare that eventually led to the development of feudalism (see Stirrup Thesis).

Question: Miten tahattomien seurausten laki määritellään?


Unintended consequences

Context: Because of the complexity of ecosystems, deliberate changes to an ecosystem or other environmental interventions will often have (usually negative) unintended consequences. Sometimes, these effects cause permanent irreversible changes. Examples include:

Question: Miten tahattomien seurausten laki määritellään?


The Head on the Door

Context: When he was interviewed that year, Smith said that his five favourite albums were at that time "Mirror Moves" by the Psychedelic Furs, "This Year's Model" by Elvis Costello, "Low" by David Bowie, "Kaleidoscope" by Siouxsie and the Banshees and "Rattus Norvegicus" by the Stranglers.

Question: Minkä yhtyeen kappale 1980-luvulta on Kyoto Song?


The Head on the Door

Context: A cover version of "A Night Like This" was released on the 1996 reissue of the Smashing Pumpkins' "Bullet with Butterfly Wings" single.

Question: Minkä yhtyeen kappale 1980-luvulta on Kyoto Song?


Lias Andersson

Context: Lias Andersson (born 13 October 1998) is a Swedish professional ice hockey forward for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the New York Rangers, seventh overall, in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Andersson's father Niklas played 763 SHL games and 165 NHL games, and his uncle Mikael played 761 NHL games.

Question: Missä Lias Andersson aloitti ammattilaisuransa?


Lias Andersson

Context: On 8 May 2017, Andersson opted to leave HV71 and agreed to a two-year contract to link up with Frölunda HC. It marked a return in continuing his heritage, as he spent his childhood with the club, as his father gained an icon status during his tenure with Frölunda. Following his selection to the Rangers, Andersson was signed to a three-year, entry-level contract on 14 July 2017.

Question: Missä Lias Andersson aloitti ammattilaisuransa?


Lias Andersson

Context: Andersson began the 2018–19 season in the American Hockey League after being cut from the Rangers 2018 training camp. After recording 12 points in 14 games for the Hartford Wolf Pack, Andersson was recalled to the NHL on 5 November.

Question: Missä Lias Andersson aloitti ammattilaisuransa?


Lias Andersson

Context: On 7 October 2020, the Andersson's tenure with the Rangers ended as he was dealt to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Vegas' second-round pick in 2020.

Question: Missä Lias Andersson aloitti ammattilaisuransa?


University of Helsinki

Context: The University of Helsinki (, , abbreviated UH) is a public research university located in Helsinki, Finland since 1829, but founded in the city of Turku (in Swedish "Åbo") in 1640 as the "Royal Academy of Åbo", at that time part of the Swedish Empire. It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available. In 2020, around 31,600 students were enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The university is bilingual, with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish. Since Swedish, albeit an official language of Finland, is a minority language, Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university. Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at master, licentiate, and doctoral levels, making it a "de facto" third language of instruction.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The university became a community subscribing to the new Humboldtian ideals of science and culture, studying humanity and its living environment by means of scientific methods. The new statutes of the university enacted in 1828 defined the task of the university as promoting the development of "the Sciences and Humanities within Finland and, furthermore, educating the youth for the service of the Emperor and the Fatherland".

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: In the 19th century university research changed from being collection-centred to being experimental, empirical, and analytical. The more scientific approach of the university led to specialisation and created new disciplines. As the scientific disciplines developed, Finland received ever more scholarly knowledge and highly educated people, some of whom entered rapidly evolving industry or the government.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: After World War II, University research focused on improving Finnish living conditions and supporting major changes in the structure of society and business. The university also contributed to the breakthrough of modern technology.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The progress of scientific development created many new disciplines and faculties at the University of Helsinki. At present the university comprises 11 faculties, 500 professors and almost 40,000 students. The university has established as its goal to further its position as one of Europe’s top multidisciplinary research universities.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: In March 2014, two people were arrested and in June 2014 sentenced to prison for three years for plotting a mass murder at the university.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The university is divided into eleven faculties. They are listed below in the official order used by the university, reflecting both the history of the university and the hierarchy of disciplines at the time when the university was established:

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: University of Helsinki is ranked at 82nd in the world by the 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021, the University of Helsinki is ranked at 98th overall in the world. In 2014 THE–QS World University Rankings list, the University of Helsinki was ranked 67th.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The University of Helsinki offers a wide range of master’s degree programmes, taught entirely in English. The scope of the programmes is 120 ECTS credits, completed with two years of full-time study. Some programmes are organised by the University of Helsinki along with other Finnish and foreign universities. All programmes comply with the national legislation governing university education and are, therefore, recognised globally.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The university is located on four main campuses. Originally, the entire university was located in the very centre of Helsinki, but due to the rapid growth of the university since the 1930s, premises have been built and acquired in other areas.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The City Centre Campus, extending around the historical centre of Helsinki, Senate Square, and Kruununhaka city district, is the administrative heart of the University of Helsinki and has the largest concentration of faculties in Helsinki.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The main building as well as other buildings of the campus were badly damaged during the Soviet bombings in World War II but rebuilt after the war.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The plan concerning the concentration of university facilities dating back to the 1980s, aimed to achieve a closer unity between facilities. The City Centre Campus does not stand out from the rest of the urban environment but is a part of the city, in line with the old university tradition. The university facilities still form a functional and coherent whole, consisting not only of historically valuable buildings, but also of facilities for 20,000 students and 3,000 teachers and other staff.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The Kumpula Campus, housing the Faculty of Science, is located four kilometers north from the centre of Helsinki near tram lines 6 and 8. The campus houses the Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Statistics, Computer Science, and Geosciences and Geography.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The campus comprises two main parts: the Botanical Garden, surrounding the old building stock of Kumpula manor and the modern new building stock located a couple of hundred metres north of the manor. The greenness of the area makes the dynamic campus stand out as a unique, distinctive complex. The campus offers study and research facilities for 6,000 students and 1,000 teachers. The Finnish Meteorological Institute moved to the area in 2005. That building is known as Dynamicum.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The latest completed facilities in the campus include the National Library of Health Sciences (Terkko) and the research and teaching centre Biomedicum that houses several research institutes including the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Neuroscience Center (NC), and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The Ruskeasuo premises, including the Department of Dentistry, Institute for Oral Health, Department of Public Health and Department of Forensic Medicine, also belong to the Meilahti campus. The Meilahti and Ruskeasuo areas form a close-knit complex providing a meeting place for medical education, international top-level research and nursing. The campus is a workplace for 2,000 students and 1,500 teachers.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: Thanks to the years-long project to combine the teaching facilities of the Faculty of Medicine, Meilahti is now a functional unity of medicine and health care. The atmosphere in the campus inspires people in their studies, research and international co-operation.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: Although the Meilahti campus is intertwined with the rest of Meilahti district, it succeeds in forming a clear-cut campus area with its hospital-type building stock.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The Viikki Campus is located in the semi-suburban greenspace of the Viikki area, some 8 kilometres north-east of the city centre. It houses the Faculties of Agriculture and Forestry, Biosciences, Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy. It is an important concentration in the field of biosciences, even by European standards. Indeed, it is often called the bioscience campus or the "green campus".

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: It also attracts an increasing number of businesses to the Helsinki Business and Science Park. The Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute and the Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, have also moved to Viikki and negotiations are under way to relocate MTT Agrifood Research Finland to Viikki to complement the Department of Economics and Management.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The Viikki Campus unites a multidisciplinary science community of more than 6,500 students and 1,600 teachers, a residential area emphasising ecological values and the natural surroundings, including recreational areas and nature reserves, and forms a unique whole. The campus also has the Viikinlahti conservation area, which is particularly popular among bird watchers.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The Helsinki University Museum is the museum of the University of Helsinki and was located until June 2014 on "Snellmanninkatu" off the north-east corner of Senate Square. Museums main exhibition moved to the University Main Building in 2015.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The University Museum is in charge of the preservation and conservation of the university’s valuable museum collections and property: old tuition and research equipment, furniture and works of art. The museum maintains an index register of all valuables that are kept in the facilities of the university. The museum also provides library, archive and photographic services pertaining to the history of the university and the history of medical science.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The Finnish Museum of Natural History is a research institution under the University of Helsinki. It is responsible for the national botanical, zoological, geological and paleontological collections consisting of samples from around the world. The collections serve scientific, public informational and educational purposes.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The student nations are student organisations that provide extra-curricular activities to students. Along with the faculty-based organisations, the nations provide one of the main nodes of student social life. The nations at University of Helsinki have a special legal status in the Universities Act. There are 15 nations at the university, each one representing a historic region or province of Finland, with four of these representing Swedish-speaking regions. Membership is optional.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


University of Helsinki

Context: The Chancellor is the highest representative of the University of Helsinki. He is elected by the College, the highest body of staff representation at the University. According to the University Act, the Chancellor's task is to promote the sciences and monitor the interests of the University. The Chancellor has the right to attend meetings of the Government of Finland on matters concerning the University of Helsinki.

Question: Mikä on Suomen suurin kirjastorakennus?


Satellite

Context: A satellite is an object that is intentionally placed into orbit. These objects are called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: A few large space stations, including the International Space Station, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, a few asteroids, a comet and the Sun.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Satellites are used for many purposes. Among several other applications, they can be used to make star maps and maps of planetary surfaces, and also take pictures of planets they are launched into. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Satellites can operate by themselves or as part of a larger system, a satellite formation or satellite constellation.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Satellite orbits have a large range depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: A launch vehicle is a rocket that places a satellite into orbit. Usually, it lifts off from a launch pad on land. Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform, or aboard a plane (see air launch to orbit).

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control, scientific instrumentation, communication, etc.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite was Newton's cannonball, a thought experiment by Isaac Newton to explain the motion of natural satellites, in his "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (1687). The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a short story by Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869). The idea surfaced again in Jules Verne's "The Begum's Fortune" (1879).

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) published "Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices", which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit, and that a multi-stage rocket fueled by liquid propellants could achieve this.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In 1928, Herman Potočnik (1892–1929) published his sole book, "The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor". He described the use of orbiting spacecraft for observation of the ground and described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In a 1945 "Wireless World" article, the English science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications. He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In February 1954 Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle", written by R.R. Carhart. This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite", by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58), the White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 under the Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Sputnik 2 was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In early 1955, following pressure by the American Rocket Society, the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, the Army and Navy were working on Project Orbiter with two competing programs. The army used the Jupiter C rocket, while the civilian/Navy program used the Vanguard rocket to launch a satellite. Explorer 1 became the United States' first artificial satellite on 31 January 1958.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In June 1961, three-and-a-half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the United States Space Surveillance Network cataloged 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Early satellites were constructed to unique designs. With advancements in technology, multiple satellites began to be built on single model platforms called satellite buses. The first standardized satellite bus design was the HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) communication satellite launched in 1972. Beginning in 1997, FreeFlyer is a commercial off-the-shelf software application for satellite mission analysis, design and operations.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice, data, and video transmission tasks across all countries and continents between certain points on the Earth's surface.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions, vehicles, ships, people and aircraft to other parts of the world and/or other mobile or stationary communications units, in addition to serving as navigation systems.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Scientific research satellites provide meteorological information, land survey data (e.g. remote sensing), Amateur (HAM) Radio, and other different scientific research applications such as earth science, marine science, and atmospheric research.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The first satellite, Sputnik 1, was put into orbit around Earth and was therefore in geocentric orbit. This is the most common type of orbit by far, with approximately 3,372 active artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude, inclination and eccentricity.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The commonly used altitude classifications of geocentric orbit are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2,000 km. Medium Earth orbit is any orbit between 2,000 and 35,786 km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than 35,786 km.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The satellite's functional versatility is embedded within its technical components and its operations characteristics. Looking at the "anatomy" of a typical satellite, one discovers two modules. Note that some novel architectural concepts such as Fractionated spacecraft somewhat upset this taxonomy.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The structural subsystem provides the mechanical base structure with adequate stiffness to withstand stress and vibrations experienced during launch, maintain structural integrity and stability while on station in orbit, and shields the satellite from extreme temperature changes and micro-meteorite damage.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The telemetry subsystem (aka Command and Data Handling, C&DH) monitors the on-board equipment operations, transmits equipment operation data to the earth control station, and receives the earth control station's commands to perform equipment operation adjustments.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The power subsystem may consist of solar panels to convert solar energy into electrical power, regulation and distribution functions, and batteries that store power and supply the satellite when it passes into the Earth's shadow. Nuclear power sources (Radioisotope thermoelectric generator) have also been used in several successful satellite programs including the Nimbus program (1964–1978).

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The thermal control subsystem helps protect electronic equipment from extreme temperatures due to intense sunlight or the lack of sun exposure on different sides of the satellite's body (e.g. optical solar reflector)

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The attitude and orbit control subsystem consists of sensors to measure vehicle orientation, control laws embedded in the flight software, and actuators (reaction wheels, thrusters). These apply the torques and forces needed to re-orient the vehicle to the desired altitude, keep the satellite in the correct orbital position, and keep antennas pointed in the right directions.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The second major module is the communication payload, which is made up of transponders. A transponder is capable of :

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Instead of being de-orbited, most satellites in the first six decades of spaceflight were either left in their current orbit or moved to a graveyard orbit. As of 2002, the FCC requires all geostationary satellites to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life prior to launch.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In cases of uncontrolled de-orbiting, the major variable is the solar flux, and minor variables are the components and form factor of the satellite itself, as well as gravitational perturbations generated by the Sun and the Moon. The nominal breakup altitude due to aerodynamic forces and temperatures is 78 km, with a range between 72 and 84 km. Solar panels, however, are destroyed before any other component at altitudes between 90 and 95 km.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: After the late 2010s, and especially after the advent and operational fielding of large satellite internet constellations—where on-orbit active satellites more than doubled over a period of five years—the companies building the constellations began to propose regular planned deorbiting of the older satellites that reach end of life, as a part of the regulatory process of obtaining a launch license.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: By the early 2000s, and particularly after the advent of CubeSats and increased launches of microsats—frequently launched to the lower altitudes of low Earth orbit (LEO)—satellites began to more frequently be designed to demise, or breakup and burnup entirely in the atmosphere.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: For example, SpaceX Starlink satellites, the first large satellite internet constellation to exceed 1000 active satellites on orbit in ~2020, are designed to be 100% demisable and burn up completely on atmospheric reentry at end of life, or in the event of an early satellite failure.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Orbital Sciences Corporation launched a satellite into orbit on the Pegasus in 1990. SpaceX launched a satellite into orbit on the Falcon 1 in 2008. Rocket Lab launched three cubesats into orbit on the Electron in 2018.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: †-note: Both Chile and Belarus used Russian companies as principal contractors to build their satellites, they used Russian-Ukrainian manufactured rockets and launched either from Russia or Kazakhstan.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Since the mid-2000s, satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions, they are prone to jamming by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming, but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the frequency unusable. Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring that enables them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: During the last five decades, space agencies have sent thousands of space crafts, space capsules, or satellites to the universe. In fact, weather forecasters make predictions on the weather and natural calamities based on observations from these satellites.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Issues like space debris, radio and light pollution are increasing in magnitude and at the same time lack progress in national or international regulation.<ref name="10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6"></ref> Space debris poses dangers to spacecraft (including satellites) in or crossing geocentric orbits and have the potential to drive a Kessler syndrome which could potentially curtail humanity from conducting space endeavors in the future by making such nearly impossible.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Some notable satellite failures that polluted and dispersed radioactive materials are Kosmos 954, Kosmos 1402 and the Transit 5-BN-3.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Generally liability has been covered by the Liability Convention. Using wood as an alternative material has been posited in order to reduce pollution and debris from satellites that reenter the atmosphere.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy satellites and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, cartography and others. The most common type are Earth imaging satellites, that take satellite images, analogous to aerial photographs; some EO satellites may perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in GNSS radio occultation.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the ionosphere.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite, Explorer 1, for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts. The TIROS-1 spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960 as part of NASA's Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily. By 2021, that total had grown to over 950, with the largest number of satellites operated by US-based company Planet Labs.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: To get (nearly) global coverage with a low orbit, a polar orbit is used. A low orbit will have an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes and the Earth will rotate around its polar axis about 25° between successive orbits. The ground track moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in Sun-synchronous orbits.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: A geostationary orbit, at , allows a satellite to hover over a constant spot on the earth since the orbital period at this altitude is 24 hours. This allows uninterrupted coverage of more than 1/3 of the Earth per satellite, so three satellites, spaced 120° apart, can cover the whole Earth except the extreme polar regions. This type of orbit is mainly used for meteorological satellites.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: A weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. These meteorological satellites, however, see more than clouds and cloud systems. City lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc., are other types of environmental information collected using weather satellites.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and activity from other volcanoes such as Mount Etna. Smoke from fires in the western United States such as Colorado and Utah have also been monitored.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: These types of satellites are almost always in Sun-synchronous and "frozen" orbits. A sun-synchronous orbit passes over each spot on the ground at the same time of day, so that observations from each pass can be more easily compared, since the sun is in the same spot in each observation. A "frozen" orbit is the closest possible orbit to a circular orbit that is undisturbed by the oblateness of the Earth, gravitational attraction from the sun and moon, solar radiation pressure, and air drag.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Earth exploration-satellite service (also: Earth exploration-satellite radiocommunication service) is – according to "Article 1.51" of the ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as:

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: A radiocommunication service between earth stations and one or more space stations, which may include links between space stations, in which:

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: This "radiocommunication service" is classified in accordance with "ITU Radio Regulations" (article 1) as follows:

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to "Article 5" of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


Satellite

Context: However, military usage, in bands where there is civil usage, will be in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations.

Question: Kuinka monta satelliittia Venäjä on lähettänyt avaruuteen?


County

Context: A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount. Literal equivalents in other languages, derived from the equivalent of "count", are now seldom used officially, including , , , , , , , and "zhupa" in Slavic languages; terms equivalent to and commune/community are now often instead used.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: In the United States and Canada, founded 600 years later on the British traditions, counties are usually an administrative division set by convenient geographical demarcations, which in governance have certain officeholders (for example sheriffs and their departments) as a part of the state and provincial mechanisms, including geographically common court systems.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Outside English-speaking countries, an equivalent of the term "county" is often used to describe subnational jurisdictions that are structurally equivalent to counties in the relationship they have with their national government; but which may not be administratively equivalent to counties in predominantly English-speaking countries.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Counties are the current second-level political division in Kenya. Each county has an assembly where members of the county assembly (MCAs) sit. This assembly is headed by a Governor. Each county is also represented in the Senate of Kenya by a senator. Additionally, a Women's Representative is elected from each county to the Parliament of Kenya to represent women's interests. Counties replaced provinces as the second-level division after the promulgation of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Provinces in Argentina are divided into departments (), except in the Buenos Aires Province, where they are called . The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires is divided into communes ().

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: In Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia, provinces that have a two-tier system of local government, the counties constitute the upper tier and local municipalities form the lower tier.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The counties of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island are historical and have no governments of their own today. However, they remain used as census divisions by Statistics Canada, and by locals as geographic identifiers.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Quebec's counties are more properly called "Regional County Municipalities" (). The province's former counties proper were supplanted in the early 1980s.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: A "county" in Alberta used to be a type of designation in a single-tier municipal system; but this was nominally changed to "municipal district" under the "Municipal Government Act", when the "County Act" was repealed in the mid-1990s. However, at the time the new "municipal districts" were also permitted to retain the usage of "county" in their official names.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: As a result, in Alberta, the term "county" is synonymous with the term "municipal district" – it is not its own incorporated municipal status that is different from that of a municipal district. As such, Alberta Municipal Affairs provides municipal districts with the opportunity to change to a "county" in their official names, but some have chosen to hold out with the "municipal district" title. The vast majority of "municipal districts" in Alberta are named as counties.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: British Columbia has counties for the purposes of its justice system but otherwise they hold no governmental function. For the provision of all other governmental services, the province is divided into regional districts that form the upper tier, which are further subdivided into local municipalities that are partly autonomous, and unincorporated electoral areas that are governed directly by the regional districts.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Manitoba and Saskatchewan are divided into rural municipalities. The Northwest Territories and Nunavut are divided into regions; however, these regions only serve to streamline the delivery of territorial governmental services, and have no government of their own. Newfoundland and Labrador, and Yukon do not have any second-level administrative subdivision between the provincial/territorial government and their municipalities.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Jamaica is divided into 14 parishes which are grouped together into 3 historic counties: Cornwall, Middlesex, and Surrey.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Counties in U.S. states are administrative or political subdivision of the state in which their boundaries are drawn. In addition, the United States Census Bureau uses the term "county equivalent" to describe places that are comparable to counties, but called by different names. Today, 3,142 counties and county equivalents carve up the United States, ranging in number from 3 for Delaware to 254 for Texas.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: New York City is a special case where the city is made up of five boroughs, each of which is territorially coterminous with a county of New York State. In the context of city government, the boroughs are subdivisions of the city but are still called "county" where state function is involved, e.g., ""New York County" Courthouse".

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: County governments in Rhode Island and Connecticut have been completely abolished but the entities remain for administrative and statistical purposes. Alaska's Unorganized Borough also has no county equivalent government, but the U.S. Census Bureau further divides it into statistical county equivalent subdivisions called census areas.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The areas of each county also vary widely between the states. For example, the territorially medium-sized state of Pennsylvania has 67 counties delineated in geographically convenient ways. By way of contrast, Massachusetts, with far less territory, has massively sized counties in comparison even to Pennsylvania's largest, yet each organizes their judicial and incarceration officials similarly.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Most counties have a county seat: a city, town, or other named place where its administrative functions are centered. Some New England states use the term shire town to mean "county seat". A handful of counties like Harrison County, Mississippi have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of the county, dating back from the days when travel was difficult.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: In the eastern states of Australia, counties are used in the administration of land titles. They do not generally correspond to a level of government, but are used in the identification of parcels of land.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The English word "county" is used to translate the Chinese term ( or ). In Mainland China, governed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), counties and county-level divisions are the third level of regional/local government, coming under the provincial level and the prefectural level, and above the township level and village level.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: In older context, "district" was an older English translation of before the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC). The English nomenclature "county" was adopted following the establishment of the ROC.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Nowadays, most counties in mainland China, i.e. with "Xian" in their titles, are administered by prefecture-level cities and have mainly agricultural economies and rural populations.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The ostans (provinces) of Iran are further subdivided into counties called (). County consists of a city centre, a few (), and many villages around them. There are usually a few cities (, ) and rural agglomerations (, ) in each county. Rural agglomerations are a collection of a number of villages. One of the cities of the county is appointed as the capital of the county.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Each has a government office known as (), which coordinates different events and government offices. The , or the head of , is the governor of the .

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Fars Province has the highest number of , with 36, while Qom uniquely has one, being coextensive with its namesake county. Iran had 324 in 2005 and 443 in 2021.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: County is the common English translation for the character ( or ) that denotes the current second level political division in South Korea and one type of municipal-level division in North Korea.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: After New Zealand abolished its provinces in 1876, a system of counties similar to other countries' systems was instituted, lasting until 1989. They had chairmen, not mayors as boroughs and cities had; many legislative provisions (such as burial and land subdivision control) were different for the counties.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: During the second half of the 20th century, many counties received overflow population from nearby cities. The result was often a merger of the two into a "district" (e.g. Rotorua) or a change of name to either "district" (e.g. Waimairi) or "city" (e.g. Manukau City).

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The Local Government Act 1974 began the process of bringing urban, mixed, and rural councils into the same legislative framework. Substantial reorganisations under that Act resulted in the 1989 shake-up, which covered the country in (non-overlapping) cities and districts and abolished all the counties except for the Chatham Islands County, which survived under that name for a further 6 years but then became a "Territory" under the "Chatham Islands Council".

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: "County" is the common English translation for the character () that denotes the current first level political division in Taiwan and surrounding islands. However, provincial cities have the same level of authority as counties. Above county, there are special municipalities (in effect) and province (suspended due to economical and political reasons). There are currently 14 counties in Taiwan.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Denmark was divided into counties () from 1662 to 2006. On 1 January 2007 the counties were replaced by five Regions. At the same time, the number of municipalities was slashed to 98.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: In 2003, Bornholm County merged with the local five municipalities, forming the Bornholm Regional Municipality. The remaining 13 counties were abolished on 1 January 2007 where they were replaced by five new regions. In the same reform, the number of municipalities was slashed from 270 to 98 and all municipalities now belong to a region.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: A was a territory ruled by a count () in medieval France. In modern France, the rough equivalent of a county as used in many English-speaking countries is a department (). Ninety-six departments are in metropolitan France, and five are overseas departments, which are also classified as overseas regions. Departments are further subdivided into 334 arrondissements, but these have no autonomy; they are the basis of local organisation of police, fire departments and, sometimes, administration of elections.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Each administrative district consists of an elected council and an executive, and whose duties are comparable to those of a county executive in the United States, supervising local government administration. Historically, counties in the Holy Roman Empire were called .

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The majority of German districts are "rural districts" (German: ), of which there are 294 . Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (and smaller towns in some states) do not usually belong to a district, but take on district responsibilities themselves, similar to the concept of independent cities and there are 107 of them, bringing the total number of districts to 401.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The administrative unit of Hungary is called (historically, they were also called ; in Latin), which can be translated with the word "county". The 19 counties constitute the highest level of the administrative subdivisions of the country together with the capital city Budapest, although counties and the capital are grouped into seven statistical regions.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Counties are subdivided to municipalities, the two types of which are towns and villages, each one having their own elected mayor and council. 23 of the towns have the rights of a county although they do not form independent territorial units equal to counties. Municipalities are grouped within counties into subregions (), which have statistical and organizational functions only.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The was also the historic administrative unit in the Kingdom of Hungary, which included areas of present-day neighbouring countries of Hungary. Its Latin name () is the equivalent of the French . Actual political and administrative role of counties changed much through history. Originally they were subdivisions of the royal administration, but from the 13th century they became self-governments of the nobles and kept this character until the 19th century when in turn they became modern local governments.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The island of Ireland was historically divided into 32 counties, of which 26 later formed the Republic of Ireland and 6 made up Northern Ireland.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: In Italy the word "county" is not used; the administrative sub-division of a region is called . Italian provinces are mainly named after their principal town and comprise several administrative subdivisions called ('communes'). There are currently 110 provinces in Italy.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: In the context of pre-modern Italy, the Italian word generally refers to the countryside surrounding, and controlled by, the city state. The provided natural resources and agricultural products to sustain the urban population. In contemporary usage, can refer to a metropolitan area, and in some cases large rural/suburban regions providing resources to distant cities.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: (plural ) is the Lithuanian word for county. Since 1994 Lithuania has 10 counties; before 1950 it had 20. The only purpose with the county is an office of a state governor who shall conduct law and order in the county.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Norway has been divided into 11 counties (, ; singular: ) since 2020; they previously numbered 19 following a local government reform in 1972. Until that year Bergen was a separate county, but today it is a municipality within the county of Vestland. All counties form administrative entities called county municipalities ( or ; singular: ), further subdivided into municipalities ( or ; singular: ). One county, Oslo, is not divided into municipalities, rather it is equivalent to the municipality of Oslo.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The 380 county-level entities in Poland include 314 "land counties" (powiaty ziemskie) and the 66 "city counties" ("miasta na prawach powiatu" or "powiaty grodzkie") . They are subdivisions of the 16 "voivodeship", and are further subdivided into 2,477 gminas (also called commune or municipality).

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The Swedish division into counties, , which literally means 'fief', was established in 1634, and was based on an earlier division into provinces; Sweden is divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities ("kommuner"). At the county level there is a county administrative board led by a governor appointed by the central government of Sweden, as well as an elected county council that handles a separate set of issues, notably hospitals and public transportation for the municipalities within its borders.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The United Kingdom is divided into a number of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. There are also ceremonial counties which group small non-metropolitan counties into geographical areas broadly based on the historic counties of England. In 1974, the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties replaced the system of administrative counties and county boroughs which was introduced in 1889. The counties generally belong to level 3 of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS 3).

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: The name "county" was introduced by the Normans, and was derived from a Norman term for an area administered by a Count (lord). These Norman "counties" were simply the Saxon shires, and kept their Saxon names. Several traditional counties, including Essex, Sussex and Kent, predate the unification of England by Alfred the Great, and were originally more or less independent kingdoms (although the most important Saxon Kingdom on the island of Britain, Alfred's own Wessex, no longer survives in any form).

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Most non-metropolitan counties in England are run by county councils and are divided into non-metropolitan districts, each with its own council. Local authorities in the UK are usually responsible for education, emergency services, planning, transport, social services, and a number of other functions.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: Until 1974, the county boundaries of England changed little over time. In the medieval period, a number of important cities were granted the status of counties in their own right, such as London, Bristol and Coventry, and numerous small exclaves such as Islandshire were created. In 1844, most of these exclaves were transferred to their surrounding counties.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


County

Context: In Northern Ireland, the six county councils, if not their counties, were abolished in 1973 and replaced by 26 local government districts. The traditional six counties remain in common everyday use for many cultural and other purposes.

Question: Miten määritellään kreivikunta?


Heat pipe

Context: A heat pipe is a heat-transfer device that employs phase transition to transfer heat between two solid interfaces.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: At the hot interface of a heat pipe, a volatile liquid in contact with a thermally conductive solid surface turns into a vapor by absorbing heat from that surface. The vapor then travels along the heat pipe to the cold interface and condenses back into a liquid, releasing the latent heat. The liquid then returns to the hot interface through either capillary action, centrifugal force, or gravity and the cycle repeats.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Due to the very high heat transfer coefficients for boiling and condensation, heat pipes are highly effective thermal conductors. The effective thermal conductivity varies with heat pipe length, and can approach for long heat pipes, in comparison with approximately for copper.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: A typical heat pipe consists of a sealed pipe or tube made of a material that is compatible with the working fluid such as copper for water heat pipes, or aluminium for ammonia heat pipes. Typically, a vacuum pump is used to remove the air from the empty heat pipe. The heat pipe is partially filled with a "working fluid" and then sealed. The working fluid mass is chosen so that the heat pipe contains both vapor and liquid over the operating temperature range.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Heat pipes contain no mechanical moving parts and typically require no maintenance, though non-condensable gases that diffuse through the pipe's walls, that result from breakdown of the working fluid, or that exist as original impurities in the material, may eventually reduce the pipe's effectiveness at transferring heat.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: The advantage of heat pipes over many other heat-dissipation mechanisms is their great efficiency in transferring heat. A pipe one inch in diameter and two feet long can transfer 3.7 kW (12.500 BTU per hour) at with only drop from end to end. Some heat pipes have demonstrated a heat flux of more than 23 kW/cm2, about four times the heat flux through the surface of the sun.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Heat pipes have an envelope, a wick, and a working fluid. Heat pipes are designed for very long term operation with no maintenance, so the heat pipe wall and wick must be compatible with the working fluid. Some material/working fluids pairs that appear to be compatible are not. For example, water in an aluminium envelope will develop large amounts of non-condensable gas over a few hours or days, preventing normal operation of the heat pipe.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Since heat pipes were rediscovered by George Grover in 1963, extensive life tests have been conducted to determine compatible envelope/fluid pairs, some going on for decades. In a heat pipe life test, heat pipes are operated for long periods of time, and monitored for problems such as non-condensable gas generation, material transport, and corrosion.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Other pairs include stainless steel envelopes with nitrogen, oxygen, neon, hydrogen, or helium working fluids at temperatures below 100 K, copper/methanol heat pipes for electronics cooling when the heat pipe must operate below the water range, aluminium/ethane heat pipes for spacecraft thermal control in environments when ammonia can freeze, and refractory metal envelope/lithium working fluid for high temperature (above ) applications.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: In addition to standard, constant conductance heat pipes (CCHPs), there are a number of other types of heat pipes, including:

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Thin planar heat pipes (heat spreaders) have the same primary components as tubular heat pipes: a hermetically sealed hollow vessel, a working fluid, and a closed-loop capillary recirculation system. In addition, an internal support structure or a series of posts are generally used in a vapor chamber to accommodate clamping pressures sometimes up to 90 PSI. This helps prevent collapse of the flat top and bottom when the pressure is applied.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Another major usage of vapor chambers is for cooling purposes in gaming laptops. As vapor chambers are a flatter and more two-dimensional method of heat dissipation, sleeker gaming laptops benefit hugely from them as compared to traditional heat pipes. For example, the vapor chamber cooling in Lenovo's Legion 7i was its most unique selling point (although it was misadvertised as all models having vapor chambers, while in fact only a few had).

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Second, compared to a one-dimensional tubular heat pipe, the width of a two-dimensional heat pipe allows an adequate cross section for heat flow even with a very thin device. These thin planar heat pipes are finding their way into "height sensitive" applications, such as notebook computers and surface mount circuit board cores. It is possible to produce flat heat pipes as thin as 1.0 mm (slightly thicker than a 0.76 mm credit card).

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Pressure controlled heat pipes (PCHPs) can be used when tighter temperature control is required. In a pressure controlled heat pipe, the evaporator temperature is used to either vary the reservoir volume, or the amount of non-condensable gas in the heat pipe. Pressure controlled heat pipes have shown milli-Kelvin temperature control.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Conventional heat pipes transfer heat in either direction, from the hotter to the colder end of the heat pipe. Several different heat pipes act as a thermal diode, transferring heat in one direction, while acting as an insulator in the other:

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Most heat pipes use a wick to return the liquid from the condenser to the evaporator, allowing the heat pipe to operate in any orientation. The liquid is sucked up back to the evaporator by capillary action, similar to the way that a sponge sucks up water when an edge is placed in contact with a pool of water. However the maximum adverse elevation (evaporator over condenser) is relatively small, on the order of 25 cm long for a typical water heat pipe.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: If however, the evaporator is located below the condenser, the liquid can drain back by gravity instead of requiring a wick, and the distance between the two can be much longer. Such a gravity aided heat pipe is known as a thermosyphon.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: In a thermosyphon, liquid working fluid is vaporized by a heat supplied to the evaporator at the bottom of the heat pipe. The vapor travels to the condenser at the top of the heat pipe, where it condenses. The liquid then drains back to the bottom of the heat pipe by gravity, and the cycle repeats. Thermosyphons are diode heat pipes; when heat is applied to the condenser end, there is no condensate available, and hence no way to form vapor and transfer heat to the evaporator.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: While a typical terrestrial water heat pipe is less than 30 cm long, thermosyphons are often several meters long. As discussed below, the thermosyphons used to cool the Alaska pipe line were roughly 11 to 12 m long. Even longer thermosyphons have been proposed for the extraction of geothermal energy. For example, Storch et al. fabricated a 53 mm I.D., 92 m long propane thermosyphon that carried roughly 6 kW of heat.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: A loop heat pipe (LHP) is a passive two-phase transfer device related to the heat pipe. It can carry higher power over longer distances by having co-current liquid and vapor flow, in contrast to the counter-current flow in a heat pipe. This allows the wick in a loop heat pipe to be required only in the evaporator and compensation chamber. Micro loop heat pipes have been developed and successfully employed in a wide sphere of applications both on the ground and in space.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: An oscillating heat pipe, also known as a pulsating heat pipe, is only partially filled with liquid working fluid. The pipe is arranged in a serpentine pattern in which freely moving liquid and vapor segments alternate. Oscillation takes place in the working fluid; the pipe remains motionless.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Heat pipes employ phase change to transfer thermal energy from one point to another by the vaporization and condensation of a working fluid or coolant. Heat pipes rely on a temperature difference between the ends of the pipe, and cannot lower temperatures at either end below the ambient temperature (hence they tend to equalize the temperature within the pipe).

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: When one end of the heat pipe is heated, the working fluid inside the pipe at that end vaporizes and increases the vapor pressure inside the cavity of the heat pipe. The latent heat of vaporization absorbed by the working fluid reduces the temperature at the hot end of the pipe.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: The condensed working fluid then flows back to the hot end of the pipe. In the case of vertically oriented heat pipes the fluid may be moved by the force of gravity. In the case of heat pipes containing wicks, the fluid is returned by capillary action.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: When making heat pipes, there is no need to create a vacuum in the pipe. One simply boils the working fluid in the heat pipe until the resulting vapor has purged the non-condensing gases from the pipe, and then seals the end.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: The general principle of heat pipes using gravity, commonly classified as two phase thermosiphons, dates back to the steam age and Angier March Perkins and his son Loftus Perkins and the "Perkins Tube", which saw widespread use in locomotive boilers and working ovens. Capillary-based heat pipes were first suggested by R. S. Gaugler of General Motors in 1942, who patented the idea, but did not develop it further.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: George Grover independently developed capillary-based heat pipes at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1963, with his patent of that year being the first to use the term "heat pipe", and he is often referred to as "the inventor of the heat pipe". He noted in his notebook:

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Such a closed system, requiring no external pumps, may be of particular interest in space reactors in moving heat from the reactor core to a radiating system. In the absence of gravity, the forces must only be such as to overcome the capillary and the drag of the returning vapor through its channels.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Starting in the 1980s Sony began incorporating heat pipes into the cooling schemes for some of its commercial electronic products in place of both forced convection and passive finned heat sinks. Initially they were used in receivers and amplifiers, soon spreading to other high heat flux electronics applications.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: During the late 1990s increasingly high heat flux microcomputer CPUs spurred a threefold increase in the number of U.S. heat pipe patent applications. As heat pipes evolved from a specialized industrial heat transfer component to a consumer commodity most development and production moved from the U.S. to Asia.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Modern CPU heat pipes are typically made of copper and use water as the working fluid. They are common in many consumer electronics like desktops, laptops, tablets, and high-end smartphones.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: The spacecraft thermal control system has the function to keep all components on the spacecraft within their acceptable temperature range. This is complicated by the following:

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Some spacecraft are designed to last for 20 years, so heat transport without electrical power or moving parts is desirable. Rejecting the heat by thermal radiation means that large radiator panes (multiple square meters) are required. Heat pipes and loop heat pipes are used extensively in spacecraft, since they don't require any power to operate, operate nearly isothermally, and can transport heat over long distances.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Heat pipes began to be used in computer systems in the late 1990s, when increased power requirements and subsequent increases in heat emission resulted in greater demands on cooling systems. They are now extensively used in many modern computer systems, typically to move heat away from components such as CPUs and GPUs to heat sinks where thermal energy may be dissipated into the environment.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Heat pipes are also used to keep the permafrost frozen alongside parts of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway where the embankment and track absorb the sun's heat. Vertical heat pipes on either side of relevant formations prevent that heat from spreading any further into the surrounding permafrost.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Depending on application there are several thermosyphon designs: thermoprobe, thermopile, depth thermosyphon, sloped-thermosyphon foundation, flat loop thermosyphon foundation, and hybrid flat loop thermosyphon foundation.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: The principle has also been applied to camping stoves. The heat pipe transfers a large volume of heat at low temperature to allow goods to be baked and other dishes to be cooked in camping-type situations.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: In heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, heat pipes are positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air-handling system or in the exhaust gases of an industrial process, in order to recover the heat energy.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: The device consists of a battery of multi-row finned heat pipe tubes located within both the supply and exhaust air streams. The system recovers heat from the exhaust and transfers it to the intake.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Because of the characteristics of the device, better efficiencies are obtained when the unit is positioned upright with the supply-air side mounted over the exhaust air side, which allows the liquid refrigerant to flow quickly back to the evaporator aided by the force of gravity. Generally, gross heat transfer efficiencies of up to 75% are claimed by manufacturers.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Grover and his colleagues were working on cooling systems for nuclear power cells for space craft, where extreme thermal conditions are encountered. These alkali metal heat pipes transferred heat from the heat source to a thermionic or thermoelectric converter to generate electricity.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Since the early 1990s, numerous nuclear reactor power systems have been proposed using heat pipes for transporting heat between the reactor core and the power conversion system. The first nuclear reactor to produce electricity using heat pipes was first operated on September 13, 2012 in a demonstration using flattop fission.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Heat exchangers transfer heat from a hot stream to a cold stream of air, water or oil. A heat pipe heat exchanger contains several heat pipes of which each acts as an individual heat exchanger itself. This increases efficiency, life span and safety. In case that one heat pipe breaks, only a small amount of liquid is released which is critical for certain industrial processes such as aluminium casting. Additionally, with one broken heat pipe the heat pipe heat exchanger still remains operable.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Due to the great adaptability of heat pipes, research explores the implementation of heat pipes into various systems:

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Heat pipes must be tuned to particular cooling conditions. The choice of pipe material, size, and coolant all have an effect on the optimal temperatures at which heat pipes work.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: When used outside of its design heat range, the heat pipe's thermal conductivity is effectively reduced to the heat conduction properties of its solid metal casing alone. In the case of a copper casing, that is around 1/80 of the original flux. This is because below the intended temperature range the working fluid will not undergo phase change, while above it, all of the working fluid in the heat pipe vaporizes and the condensation process ceases.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


Heat pipe

Context: Most manufacturers cannot make a traditional heat pipe smaller than 3 mm in diameter due to material limitations.

Question: Milloin lämpöputki keksittiin?


J. Budziszewski

Context: Budziszewski holds that the only way to break this vicious circle is to admit that one has done wrong and to repent, in reliance on the grace of God. Failure to break out of the vicious circle leads to a variety of moral pathologies in the individual, the culture, and the body politic.

Question: Minä vuonna J. Budziszewski on syntynyt?


J. Budziszewski

Context: Most recently, Budziszewski has become known for an ongoing series of publications on the work of Thomas Aquinas, especially line-by-line commentaries on portions of the Summa Theologiae (see Works.)

Question: Minä vuonna J. Budziszewski on syntynyt?


History of the internal combustion engine

Context: Early internal combustion engines were started by hand cranking. Various types of starter motor were later developed. These included:

Question: Milloin polttomoottori keksittiin?


Context: Electric starters are now almost universal for small and medium-sized engines, while pneumatic starters are used for large engines.

Question: Milloin polttomoottori keksittiin?


Context: The first piston engines did not have compression, but ran on an air-fuel mixture sucked or blown in during the first part of the intake stroke. The most significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs is the use of compression of the fuel charge prior to combustion.

Question: Milloin polttomoottori keksittiin?


Context: The problem of ignition of fuel was handled in early engines with an open flame and a sliding gate. To obtain a faster engine speed Daimler adopted a Hot Tube ignition which allowed 600 rpm immediately in his 1883 horizontal cylinder engine and very soon after over 900 rpm. Most of the engines of that time could not exceed 200 rpm due to their ignition and induction systems.

Question: Milloin polttomoottori keksittiin?


Context: The first practical engine, Lenoir's, ran on illuminating gas (coal gas). It wasn't until 1883, that Daimler created an engine that ran on liquid petroleum, a fuel called Ligroin which has a chemical makeup of Hexane-N. The fuel is also known as petroleum naphtha.

Question: Milloin polttomoottori keksittiin?


Context: Otto's first engines were push engines which produced a push through the entire stroke (like a Diesel). Daimler's engines produced a rapid pulse, more suitable for mobile engine use.

Question: Milloin polttomoottori keksittiin?


The Birds (film)

Context: The film stars Rod Taylor and Tippi Hedren in her screen debut, alongside Jessica Tandy, Suzanne Pleshette and Veronica Cartwright. The screenplay is by Evan Hunter, who was told by Hitchcock to develop new characters and a more elaborate plot while keeping du Maurier's title and concept of unexplained bird attacks.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: In 2016, "The Birds" was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: The director commissioned Sala and Remi Gassmann to design an electronic soundtrack. They are credited with "electronic sound production and composition", and Hitchcock's previous musical collaborator, Bernard Herrmann, is credited as "sound consultant".

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Source music includes the first of Claude Debussy's "Deux arabesques", which Tippi Hedren's character plays on piano, and "Nickety Nackety Now Now Now" by folk musician Chubby Parker, which is sung by the schoolchildren.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Another theme explored within the film is the entrapment of civilians. This is because the birds attack anyone who goes outside, consequently leaving people trapped inside their homes.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Humanities scholar Camille Paglia wrote a monograph about the film for the BFI Film Classics series. She interprets it as an ode to the many facets of female sexuality and, by extension, nature itself. She notes that women play pivotal roles in it. Mitch is defined by his relationships with his mother, sister, and ex-lover – a careful balance which is disrupted by his attraction to the beautiful Melanie.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Montage editing and slow pacing are used within the film to build suspense and elicit a greater emotional response from the audience during the attack scenes: "The pattern of "The Birds" was deliberately to go slow". This is exemplified in the scene where the birds gradually gather outside of the school, while an unobservant Melanie sits and waits on the bench. The camera then cuts between her and the increasing number of birds that swoop down onto the jungle gym behind her until they finally attack.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Eyeline matches and point-of-view (POV) shots within the film encourage audience identification with particular characters and their subjective experiences. This is achieved by cutting between the character and the object of their gaze. For example, when Melanie crosses the bay near the beginning of the film, the camera cuts between close-ups of her face and shots of the Brenner house from her perspective, as she watches Mitch fall for her prank.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: The focus on editing and visuals rather than dialogue is also an element of pure cinema that Hitchcock largely uses throughout his work.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Ub Iwerks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Special Effects. The winner that year was "Cleopatra". Tippi Hedren received the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress in 1964, sharing it with Ursula Andress and Elke Sommer. She also received the Photoplay Award as Most Promising Newcomer. The film ranked No. 1 of the top 10 foreign films selected by the Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards. Hitchcock also received the Association's Director Award for the film.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Stanley Kauffmann of "The New Republic" called "The Birds" "the worst thriller of his (Hitchcock's) that I can remember".

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: The film's first television broadcast was in Canada on CTV television on December 30, 1967. Its subsequent U.S. appearance was on NBC television on January 6, 1968, and became the most watched film on television surpassing "The Bridge on the River Kwai" with a Nielsen rating of 38.9 and an audience share of 59%. The record was beaten in 1972 by "Love Story".

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: The film was honored by the American Film Institute as the seventh greatest thriller in American Cinema.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: It has been suggested that "Hitchcock's deliberate inflicting of injury was revenge for Hedren's spurning of his advances". Hitchcock also signed Hedren to a seven-year contract, which she stated restricted her ability to work. These allegations were not brought to light until after Hitchcock's death. Although they have never been confirmed, they have widely been reported, including by Hedren's co-star, Rod Taylor.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Hedren would later claim during a 2016 interview with Larry King that "[the sexual advances] didn't happen until we were almost finished with "Marnie"", that they hadn't started during "The Birds", and that up until the end of "Marnie" Hitchcock had been "easy to work with", but in her memoir released around the same time, she repeated the earlier allegations, though clarified that the sexual assaults didn't begin until "Marnie".

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: The controversy of this relationship is explored in the 2012 HBO/BBC film, "The Girl". Hedren's daughter Melanie Griffith claims that Hitchcock's abuse extended to her when he played a "prank" by gifting six-year-old Melanie with a wax figure of her mother in a miniature coffin.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: Supposedly, Daphne du Maurier disliked the film, as Hitchcock had changed the location from a farm in England to a sleepy beach community in Northern California.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


The Birds (film)

Context: A poorly received television sequel, "", was released in 1994. Director Rick Rosenthal removed his name from credit and used the Hollywood pseudonym Alan Smithee. The sequel featured entirely new characters and a different setting, with Bodega Bay only mentioned once. Tippi Hedren returned in a supporting role, but not as her original character.

Question: Minä vuonna Hitchkockin elokuva Linnut sai ensi-iltansa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: These events ended the king's independence and heralded a new balance of power that would ultimately displace the established, privileged orders of the French nobility in favor of the common people, collectively known as the Third Estate. By bringing together people representing the sources of the Revolution in their largest numbers yet, the march on Versailles proved to be a defining moment of the Revolution.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: On 1 October, the officers at Versailles held a welcoming banquet for the officers of the newly arrived troops, a customary practice when a unit changed its garrison. The royal family briefly attended the affair, walking amongst the tables set up in the opera house of the palace. Outside, in the "cour de marbre" (central courtyard), the soldiers' toasts and oaths of fealty to the king grew more demonstrative as the night wore on.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: The rioters had already availed themselves of the stores of the Hôtel de Ville, but they remained unsatisfied: they wanted not just one meal but the assurance that bread would once again be plentiful and cheap. Famine was a real and ever-present dread for the lower strata of the Third Estate, and rumors of an "aristocrats' plot" to starve the poor were rampant and readily believed.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: The crowd traveled the distance from Paris to Versailles in about six hours. Among their makeshift weaponry they dragged along several cannons taken from the Hôtel de Ville. Boisterous and energetic, they recruited (or impressed into service) more and more followers as they surged out of Paris in the autumn rain. In their "poissard" slang, they chattered about bringing the king back home. They spoke less affectionately of the queen, Marie Antoinette, and many called for her death.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: At about six o'clock in the morning, some of the protesters discovered a small gate to the palace was unguarded. Making their way inside, they searched for the queen's bedchamber. The royal guards retreated through the palace, bolting doors and barricading hallways and those in the compromised sector, the "cour de marbre", fired their guns at the intruders, killing a young member of the crowd. Infuriated, the rest surged towards the breach and streamed inside.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: One of the "gardes du corps" on duty was killed immediately and his body decapitated. A second , posted outside the entrance to the Queen's apartments, attempted to face down the crowd and was stuck down severely wounded. As battering and screaming filled the halls around her, the queen ran barefoot with her ladies to the king's bedchamber and spent several agonizing minutes banging on its locked door, unheard above the din. In a close brush with death, they barely escaped through the doorway in time.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: The goodwill generated by these displays defused the situation, but to many observers the scene on the balcony lacked long-term resonance. However pleased it may have been by the royal displays, the crowd insisted that the king return with them to Paris.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: No one understood this so well as the king himself. After arriving at the dilapidated Tuileries Palace, abandoned since the reign of Louis XIV, he was asked for his orders and he replied with uncharacteristic diffidence, "Let everyone put himself where he pleases!". He then poignantly asked that a history of the deposed Charles I of England be brought from the library.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: In contrast, Robespierre's impassioned defense of the march raised his public profile considerably. The episode gave him a lasting heroic status among the "poissardes" and burnished his reputation as a patron of the poor. His later rise to become a leading figure in the Revolution was greatly facilitated by his actions during the occupation of the Assembly.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Women's March on Versailles

Context: King Louis XVI was officially welcomed to Paris with a respectful ceremony held by mayor Jean Sylvain Bailly. His return was touted as a momentous turning point in the Revolution, by some even as its end. Optimistic observers such as Camille Desmoulins declared that France would now enter a new golden age, with its revived citizenry and popular constitutional monarchy. Others were more wary, such as journalist Jean-Paul Marat, who wrote:

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä osallistui Naisten marssiin Versaillesissa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: The Battle of the Yalu River (; ; ) was the largest naval engagement of the First Sino-Japanese War, and took place on 17 September 1894, the day after the Japanese victory at the land Battle of Pyongyang. It involved ships from the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Chinese Beiyang Fleet.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: The battle is also known by a variety of names: Battle of Haiyang Island, Battle of Dadonggou, Battle of the Yellow Sea and Battle of Yalu, after the geographic location of the battle, which was in the Yellow Sea off the mouth of the Yalu River and not in the river itself. There is no agreement among contemporary sources on the exact numbers and composition of each fleet, but both were of a similar size, and the battle is considered to be one of the Imperial Japanese Navy's greatest victories.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: Admiral Ding Ruchang attempted to form his fleet into a southward-facing line abreast with the strongest ships ("Dingyuan", "Zhenyuan") in the center. The newer , "Guangjia", , , "Laiyuan", "Jingyuen", and the obsolete and , were lined from left to right. The four-ship group led by , having escorted a convoy upriver, had to catch up, and only joined action around 14:30, in time to chase off "Saikyō Maru".

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: Late in the morning the two fleets approached each other, in contrasting formations. The Chinese had intended to form a line with the ships side-by-side, but due to confusion in signals and the differing speeds of the ships, they were in a wedge formation, with the two battleships at the fore and the other vessels trailing behind on both flanks. The Japanese were in column formation with the flying squadron in front, followed by the main squadron.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: The main squadron of the Japanese fleet initially followed the same course as the flying squadron towards the Chinese left but completed the turn all the way round to circle behind the Chinese fleet. As the flying squadron again turned south, the Beiyang Fleet was caught between the two Japanese squadrons. and resisted the heaviest bombardment as a result of their armour; however, the quick firing Japanese guns decimated crews on their decks.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: By sunset the Beiyang Fleet was near the point of total collapse, most of the fleet had fled or had been sunk and the two largest ships and were nearly out of ammunition.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: According to an account from James Allan, an officer aboard the U.S.-flagged supply ship "Columbia", who witnessed the battle, rumors abounded that Admiral Ding deferred command to Major Constantin von Hannecken. He opined that it was not surprising that the Chinese had suffered such losses if an army officer was directing a naval fleet.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: As the Japanese ships opened fire, "Jiyuan" turned and fled, followed by "Guangjia". "Jiyuan" was hit only once, while "Guangjia" became lost, ran aground, and was scuttled a few days later by its own crew. Some sources also say "Jiyuan" collided with "Yangwei", causing her sinking.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: The Japanese had intended to swing the flying division around the right flank of the Chinese line in an encirclement, but the timely arrival of the "Kuang Ping" and "Pingyuan", along with the torpedo boats "Fu Lung" (built at Schichau) and "Choi Ti" (a Yarrow-built vessel), diverted this maneuver.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: The Japanese fast cruisers veered to port and were then dispatched by Admiral Itoh to go to the assistance of "Hiei", "Saikyō Maru" and "Akagi", which had been unable to keep up with the main line, and had then been engaged by the left-hand vessels of the Chinese line when "Saikyō Maru" tried to finish off the beached "Yangwei".

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: At 15:20, the severely crippled and burning "Zhiyuan" tried to ram "Naniwa" (Chinese source says "Yoshino") but failed. She sank along with her captain, Deng Shichang.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: Due to the Chinese Navy's weak preparations for the battle, faulty ammunition, and a lack of communication and discipline, which was the cause of at least one account of fragging, the Japanese forces were able to operate under very desirable conditions. Their victory in the battle established naval supremacy, demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese military, and by extension, the strength of their own. The New York Times would liken the battle to Waterloo.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: The remnants of the Beiyang Fleet retired into Lüshunkou for repairs, but were withdrawn to Weihaiwei to avoid a second encounter with the Japanese fleet during the Battle of Lüshunkou. The Japanese did not pursue the retreating ships, as "Dingyuan" and "Zhenyuan" were only slightly damaged, and the Japanese had no way of knowing that the battleships suffered from a lack of ammunition. The Beiyang Fleet was finally destroyed by a combined land and naval attack during the Battle of Weihaiwei.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Battle of the Yalu River (1894)

Context: While it was not the first battle involving pre-dreadnought technology on a wide scale (the Battle of Foochow in the 1884 Sino-French War predated it), there were significant lessons for naval observers to consider.

Question: Mikä oli Japanin joukkojen tappion lukumäärä Jalujoen taistelussa?


Transport in Finland

Context: The transport system of Finland is well-developed. Factors affecting traffic include the sparse population and long distance between towns and cities, and the cold climate with waterways freezing and land covered in snow for winter.

Question: Mikä on Suomessa linja-auton suurin sallittu ajonopeus?


Transport in Finland

Context: The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. , the country's network of main roads has a total length of around and all public roads . The motorway network totals with additional reserved only for motor traffic. Road network expenditure of around €1 billion is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes that amount to around €1.5 billion and €1 billion, respectively.

Question: Mikä on Suomessa linja-auton suurin sallittu ajonopeus?


Transport in Finland

Context: Despite low population density, taxpayers spend annually around €350 million in maintaining railway tracks even to many rural towns. Operations are privatized and currently the only operator is the state-owned VR. It has 5 percent passenger market share (out of which 80 percent are urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25 percent cargo market share. Helsinki has an urban rail network.

Question: Mikä on Suomessa linja-auton suurin sallittu ajonopeus?


Transport in Finland

Context: Icebreakers keep the 23 ports open all year round. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Sweden and several other destinations.

Question: Mikä on Suomessa linja-auton suurin sallittu ajonopeus?


Transport in Finland

Context: Road transport in Finland is the most popular method of transportation, particularly in rural areas where the railway network does not extend to. there are of public roads, of which are paved. The main road network comprises over of road.

Question: Mikä on Suomessa linja-auton suurin sallittu ajonopeus?


Transport in Finland

Context: Speed limits change depending on the time of the year; the maximum speed limit on motorways is in the summer and in the winter. The main roads usually have speed limits of either 100 km/h or . Speed limits in urban areas range between and . If no other speed limit is signposted, the general speed limit in Finland is in built-up areas and outside.

Question: Mikä on Suomessa linja-auton suurin sallittu ajonopeus?


Transport in Finland

Context: , there are 4,95 million registered automobiles, of which 2,58 million cars. Average age of cars (museum cars excluded) is 12,5 years (in some regions even 15 years), and typically the cars are destroyed in age of 24 years. In 2015, ca. 123 000 new vehicles were registered in Finland. About 550,000–600,000 used automobiles are sold each year in Finland. During 2011–2014 the most sold car brand was Volkswagen. It had a market share of 12% of new cars.

Question: Mikä on Suomessa linja-auton suurin sallittu ajonopeus?