Lewis Carroll

Context: His work in the field of mathematical logic attracted renewed interest in the late 20th century. Martin Gardner's book on logic machines and diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the second part of Dodgson's symbolic logic book have sparked a reevaluation of Dodgson's contributions to symbolic logic. It is recognized that in his "Symbolic Logic Part II", Dodgson introduced the Method of Trees, the earliest modern use of a truth tree.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to the alternating sign matrix conjecture, now a theorem.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: The discovery in the 1990s of additional ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he had employed sophisticated mathematical ideas in their creation.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: Dodgson wrote and received as many as 98,721 letters, according to a special letter register which he devised. He documented his advice about how to write more satisfying letters in a missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing".

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: The only known occasion on which he travelled abroad was a trip to Russia in 1867 as an ecclesiastic, together with the Reverend Henry Liddon. He recounts the travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially published in 1935. On his way to Russia and back, he also saw different cities in Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland, and France.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: He is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its stained glass windows depicting characters from "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: Some late twentieth-century biographers have suggested that Dodgson's interest in children had an erotic element, including Morton N. Cohen in his "Lewis Carroll: A Biography" (1995), Donald Thomas in his "Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background" (1995), and Michael Bakewell in his "Lewis Carroll: A Biography" (1996).

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: Cohen, in particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", and further writes:

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: In addition to the biographical works that have discussed Dodgson's sexuality, there are modern artistic interpretations of his life and work that do so as well – in particular, Dennis Potter in his play "Alice" and his screenplay for the motion picture "Dreamchild", and Robert Wilson in his musical "Alice".

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: Many theories have been put forward to explain the missing material. A popular explanation for one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it might have been torn out to conceal a proposal of marriage on that day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has never been any evidence to suggest that this was so, and a paper offers some evidence to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach in the Dodgson family archive in 1996.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not available in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 "The Mystery of Lewis Carroll", is that Dodgson very likely had migraine and may have had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt about making a diagnosis of epilepsy without further information.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: Copenhagen Street in Islington, north London is the location of the Lewis Carroll Children's Library.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: In 1982, his great-nephew unveiled a memorial stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey. In January 1994, an asteroid, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was discovered and named after Carroll. The Lewis Carroll Centenary Wood near his birthplace in Daresbury opened in 2000.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Lewis Carroll

Context: Born in All Saints' Vicarage, Daresbury, Cheshire, in 1832, Lewis Carroll is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury in its stained glass windows depicting characters from "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". In March 2012, the Lewis Carroll Centre, attached to the church, was opened.

Question: チャールズ・ラトウィッジ・ドジソンは何歳で死去した？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: was a Japanese author, writer, teacher, translator, entrepreneur, journalist, and leader who founded Keio University, "Jiji-Shinpō" (a newspaper) and the Institute for Study of Infectious Diseases.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: Fukuzawa was an early advocate for reform in Japan. Fukuzawa's ideas about the organization of government and the structure of social institutions made a lasting impression on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji period. He appears on the current 10,000-Japanese yen banknote.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: The following year, Japan opened up three of its ports to American and European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with Western civilization, traveled to Kanagawa to see them. When he arrived, he discovered that virtually all of the European merchants there were speaking English rather than Dutch. He then began to study English, but at that time, English-Japanese interpreters were rare and dictionaries nonexistent, so his studies were slow.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: In 1859, the Tokugawa shogunate sent the first diplomatic mission to the United States. Fukuzawa volunteered his services to Admiral Kimura Yoshitake. Kimura's ship, the "Kanrin Maru", arrived in San Francisco, California, in 1860. The delegation stayed in the city for a month, during which time Fukuzawa had himself photographed with an American girl, and also found a "Webster's Dictionary", from which he began serious study of the English language.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: In 1868 he changed the name of the school he had established to teach Dutch to Keio Gijuku, and from then on devoted all his time to education. He also added Public speaking to the educational system's curriculum. While Keiō's initial identity was that of a private school of Western studies (Keio-gijuku), it expanded and established its first university faculty in 1890. Under the name Keio-Gijuku University, it became a leader in Japanese higher education.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: Fukuzawa's writings may have been the foremost of the Edo period and Meiji period. They played a large role in the introduction of Western culture into Japan.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: In 1860, he published "English-Japanese Dictionary" ("Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo"). It was his first publication. He bought "English-Chinese Dictionary" ("Kaei Tsūgo") in San Francisco in 1860. He translated it to Japanese and he added the Japanese translations to the original textbook. In his book, he invented the new Japanese characters VU () to represent the pronunciation of VU, and VA () to represent the pronunciation of VA. For example, the name Beethoven is written as in modern Japanese.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: Influenced by the 1835 and 1856 editions of "Elements of Moral Science" by Brown University President Francis Wayland, from 1872-76 Fukuzawa published 17 volumes of "Gakumon no Susume" (, "An Encouragement of Learning" or more idiomatically "On Studying"). Through these writings, Fukuzawa develops his views on the importance of equality of opportunity as a principle, explores his understanding of the principle, and stresses that education is the key to taking best advantage of

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: He argued that Japan should not import guns and materials. Instead it should support the acquisition of knowledge, which would eventually take care of the material necessities. He talked of the Japanese concept of being practical or pragmatic (実学, "jitsugaku") and the building of things that are basic and useful to other people. In short, to Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant the furthering of knowledge and education.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: Fukuzawa appears on the current 10,000-yen banknote and has been compared to Benjamin Franklin in the United States. Franklin appears on the similarly-valued $100 bill. Although all other figures appearing on Japanese banknotes changed when the recent redesign was released, Fukuzawa remained on the 10,000-yen note.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: Yukichi Fukuzawa's former residence in the city of Nakatsu in Ōita Prefecture is a Nationally Designated Cultural Asset. The house and the Yukichi Fukuzawa Memorial Hall are the major tourist attractions of this city.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Fukuzawa Yukichi

Context: One word sums up his entire theme and that is "independence". Yukichi Fukuzawa believed that national independence was the framework to society in the West. However, to achieve this independence, as well as personal independence, Fukuzawa advocated Western learning. He believed that public virtue would increase as people became more educated.

Question: 福澤諭吉の墓はどこにある？


Lewis Ranieri

Context: Ranieri also secured a tax exemption applicable to pools of mortgages held by a REMIC. Legalized by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the mortgage-backed securities market reached $150 billion in 1986. However, Salomon Brothers fired Ranieri in 1987, which some characterized as him becoming a victim of his own success, since his old traders staffed many Wall Street investment banks.

Question: 証券化を考案したのは誰？


Lewis Ranieri

Context: Ranieri formed Hyperion Partners, an investment firm, in 1988. In 2001, Ranieri and his partners at Hyperion sold Bank United of Texas, a firm they acquired in the late 1980s. Under Ranieri's leadership as chairman of the board, Bank United went from having been a failed savings and loan to being a successful $18 Billion asset regional bank at the time of sale.

Question: 証券化を考案したのは誰？


Lewis Ranieri

Context: As mortgage-backed securities came under scrutiny for their role in the subprime mortgage crisis, the United States housing bubble and the financial crisis of 2007–2010, critics took aim at Ranieri. In March 2007, at a time when it was unknown whether or not the over-extension of leverage inherent in subprime mortgages could lead to a financial crisis, Ranieri commented "I think [the risk] is containable. I don't think this is going to be a cataclysm."

Question: 証券化を考案したのは誰？


Lewis Ranieri

Context: In 2005, Ranieri was appointed by Roman Catholic Bishop William Murphy of the Diocese of Rockville Centre to form Tomorrow's Hope Foundation, a nonprofit organization whose mission is to provide assistance to the Catholic elementary and secondary schools of the diocese. The foundation has provided scholarships to thousands of families seeking Catholic education for their children. Ranieri continues to serve as chairman of the foundation.

Question: 証券化を考案したのは誰？


Lewis Ranieri

Context: Ranieri is portrayed by actor Rudy Eisenzopf at the beginning of the film "The Big Short" (adapted from Michael Lewis' book of the same name), which dramatized the events leading up to the 2007–08 housing crisis.

Question: 証券化を考案したのは誰？


Cato the Younger

Context: Cato was born in 95 BC, the son of his homonymous father and Livia. He was descended from Cato the Elder – this Cato's great-grandfather – who was a "novus homo" ("new man") and the first of his family to be elected to the consulship. The elder Cato was famed for his austerity and "aggressive[] championing [of values] he considered to be traditionally Roman", which in part was "partly a façade or political tool" and meant to embellish his reputation as "the foremost representative of the "mos maiorum".

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Around the age of 16, Cato was inducted into the "quindecimviri sacris faciundis", a board of priests in charge of the consultation and interpretation of the Sibylline Oracles. This was a prestigious honour, for which he was likely selected on the initiative of his uncle Mamercus Lepdius, and it introduced Cato "to a powerful circle of influential senators".

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: He also started to adopt an ostentatious pattern of public antiquarianism. To that end, he adopted an austere lifestyle where he refused to travel long distances on horseback, preferring to walk, travelled the city barefoot, and wore only a toga without a tunic. His sartorial choices were modelled on statues of Rome's legendary founders and heroes, who were depicted wearing togas alone, rather than any philosophical inclinations. His choices were deliberate and political:

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Cato returned to Rome in early 65 BC and intended to stand for the quaestorship later that year. He spent substantial time familiarising himself with the laws related to the office - which related to administration of state finances both in Rome and in the provinces – and may have been angling to engage in reforms of state treasury operations. He was easily elected and took office on 5 December 65 BC.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: He also started the process of collecting on long-standing state debts and made prompt payments to state creditors. In doing so, he cooperated with Julius Caesar, who had then just completed a term as "curule aedile" and was acting as a prosecutor in court, in challenging the legal immunity and payments given to men who had received bounties for killings during the Sullan proscriptions. He also changed procedures to ensure that the treasury archives rejected fraudulent documents.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Cato's reputation in the "aerarium" was exemplary. According to Plutarch's biography, he "taught men that a city can be rich without treating its citizens unjustly" and "brought the quaestorship into greater esteem than the senate, so that everybody thought and said that Cato had given the quaestorship the dignity of the consulship".

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: In 63 BC, Cato stood for the plebeian tribunate of 62 BC. After his election but before his term started in December, he opposed granting additional honours to Pompey, engaged in an unsuccessful prosecution of Lucius Licinius Murena, and was part of in a famous debate on the Catilinarian conspiracy.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: By the end of his tribunate, he was very popular among the nobility: "such influence was remarkable for a man who had not yet reached the praetorship or commanded an army". He also was instrumental in uniting the senate, even at this earlier time, against Caesar; his success in his anti-Caesarian politics, however, forced Caesar "look elsewhere to achieve political success" and thereby forced Caesar to adopt more aggressive "popularis" tactics.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: In the years after his tribunate, many of the other leading conservative senators died or retired. Cato then assumed a loose leadership of the more conservative wing of senators.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Cato's successful opposition to Pompey and Crassus seemed to forebode poorly for Caesar when he would enter into the consulship. "Denied the option of proceeding as a regular traditional consul if he wanted to get anything done... [Caesar] therefore entered into an unusual three-way alliance... with Pompey and Crassus", today known as the First Triumvirate. Caesar would play the junior partner and, as a middleman, ensure that Pompey and Crassus (who were themselves rivals) could cooperate.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: With a sufficient portion of the public on Caesar's side after Bibulus' embarrassing display of obstinate obstructionism and his Bibulus' self-confinement to his home, Caesar moved rapidly to pass further legislation. Over the first half of the year, he passed laws:

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Cato, however, supported one bill Caesar brought forth, the "lex Iulia de repetundis", which detailed specific financial and administrative duties for governors to prevent extortion and embezzlement by provincial governors. His opposition to Caesar's legislative programme was likely focused only on those bills which would benefit Caesar personally, which – unlike passing land reform laws – suppressing corruption would not do.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Following Caesar's consulship and departure to Gaul, opponents of Caesar started to move to question the legal validity of his legislative actions. They also brought Publius Vatinius, the tribune who had passed the "lex Vatinia" assigning the provinces to Caesar, to stand charges, but the court proceedings were disrupted by a mob led by Publius Claudius Pulcher.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: One case was that against Aulus Gabinius, who was convicted for receiving a ten thousand talent bribe to invade Egypt to place Ptolemy XII Auletes back on the throne. He was forced to go into exile. Of the many prosecutions brought against triumviral supporters, Gabinius' was the only one successful. Cato may also have "ben[t] the laws" to expand the jurisdiction of his corruption court with the goal of furthering "anti-bribery reforms that he had thus far failed to advance".

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: While Caesar's daughter, Julia, had died the previous year, Pompey's support of Caesar continued: he lent a legion from Spain to Gaul at Caesar's request (a deal Cato condemned for bypassing the senate). Also in 53, news arrived of Crassus' defeat and death at the hands of the Parthians in Syria. While Plutarch reports this made a confrontation between Caesar and Pompey inevitable, their alliance did not immediately break down, even after Pompey's marriage to Cornelia Metella.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Cato was given command of the city of Utica after convincing Metellus Scipio to spare the town's inhabitants when they attempted to defect to Caesar. He successfully expanded the city's defences, raised troops, and stockpiled supplies while waiting for Caesar's eventual arrival. During his time in Africa, however, Cato became convinced that Metellus Scipio "would not behave with moderation if victorious over Caesar".

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Cato, garrisoning Utica, received news of the defeat three days later, which drove the city into a panic. Knowing that the city would likely defect, Cato evacuated any Roman citizens who wished to flee. He also sent an embassy consisting of his family and allies, headed by one of Caesar's kinsmen, Lucius Julius Caesar, to seek pardon for themselves. Cato himself prepared for death.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: After his death, upon its discovery by Caesar, Caesar "declared that he was angry to have missed the opportunity of pardoning him".

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Cato's death immediately triggered a series of eulogies, of which both Cicero and Brutus were authors, starting to identify Cato as a "great Stoic philosopher". Caesar responded with an "Anticato", which has not survived, although it "may have taken the form of a... speech in which Caesar accused Cato of some crime".

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: After his death, his "rivalry [with Caesar] came to be seen as a conflict of ideologies... Cato increasingly came to be seen as a hero of the republic... [with his] life and death [becoming] symbols of the dying republic". His life was also appropriated by Augustus as a symbol of republican values.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Modern scholars note that "the 'Stoic martyr' tradition has distorted or distracted from the historical Cato". The extent of his belief in Stoicism is debated.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: Some scholars point to how Cato acted in ways profoundly inconsistent with Stoic tenets: his anger at the breaking of his betrothal to Aemilia Lepida, breakdown over the death of his half-brother Caepio, his visible despair at the sight of casualties from the civil wars, etc. For such scholars, Cato's actions fit into the mould of a traditional Roman acting in line with traditional Roman values rather than Stoic ones.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Cato the Younger

Context: On the other hand, others point out that Cato's contemporaries noted his Stoic behaviours and positions explicitly. Cicero lampooned it in "Pro Murena", and also mentioned it in letters and contemporaneous philosophical texts.

Question: マルクス・ポルキウス・カト・ウティケンシスが何歳で死去した？


Ignition system

Context: An ignition system generates a spark or heats an electrode to a high temperature to ignite a fuel-air mixture in spark ignition internal combustion engines, oil-fired and gas-fired boilers, rocket engines, etc. The widest application for spark ignition internal combustion engines is in petrol (gasoline) road vehicles such as cars and motorcycles.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: Compression ignition Diesel engines ignite the fuel-air mixture by the heat of compression and do not need a spark. They usually have glowplugs that preheat the combustion chamber to allow starting in cold weather. Other engines may use a flame, or a heated tube, for ignition. While this was common for very early engines it is now rare.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: The first electric spark ignition was probably Alessandro Volta's toy electric pistol from the 1780s.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: Magnetos were used on the small engine's ancestor, the stationary "hit and miss" engine which was used in the early twentieth century, on older gasoline or distillate farm tractors before battery starting and lighting became common, and on aircraft piston engines. Magnetos were used in these engines because their simplicity and self-contained operation was more reliable, and because magnetos weighed less than having a battery and dynamo or alternator.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: With the universal adoption of electrical starting for automobiles, and the availability of a large battery to provide a constant source of electricity, magneto systems were abandoned for systems which interrupted current at battery voltage, using an ignition coil to step the voltage up to the needs of the ignition, and a distributor to route the ensuing pulse to the correct spark plug at the correct time.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: An improved ignition system was developed by the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co. (Delco) and introduced in the 1912 Cadillac. This ignition was developed by Charles Kettering and was a wonder in its day. It consisted of a single ignition coil, breaker points (the switch), a capacitor (to prevent the points from arcing at break) and a distributor (to direct the electricity from the ignition coil to the correct cylinder).

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: The points allow the coil magnetic field to build. When the points open by a cam arrangement, the magnetic field collapses inducing an EMF in the primary that is much larger than the battery voltage and the transformer action produces a large output voltage (20 kV or greater) from the secondary.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: The capacitor suppresses arcing at the points when they open; without the capacitor, the energy stored in the coil would be expended at an arc across the points rather than at the spark plug gap. The Kettering system became the primary ignition system for many years in the automotive industry due to its lower cost, and relative simplicity.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: Most four-stroke engines have used a mechanically timed electrical ignition system. The heart of the system is the distributor. The distributor contains a rotating cam driven by the engine's drive, a set of breaker points, a condenser, a rotor and a distributor cap. External to the distributor is the ignition coil, the spark plugs and wires linking the distributor to the spark plugs and ignition coil.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: The system is powered by a lead-acid battery, which is charged by the car's electrical system using a dynamo or alternator. The engine operates contact breaker points, which interrupt the current to an induction coil (known as the ignition coil).

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: The ignition firing sequence begins with the points (or contact breaker) closed. A steady current flows from the battery, through the current-limiting resistor, through the primary coil, through the closed breaker points and finally back to the battery. This current produces a magnetic field within the coil's core. This magnetic field forms the energy reservoir that will be used to drive the ignition spark.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: The flat twin cylinder 1948 Citroën 2CV used one double ended coil without a distributor, and just contact breakers, in a wasted spark system.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: Some two-cylinder motorcycles and motor scooters had two contact points feeding twin coils each connected directly to one of the two sparking plugs without a distributor; e.g. the BSA Thunderbolt and Triumph Tigress.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: High performance engines with eight or more cylinders that operate at high r.p.m. (such as those used in motor racing) demand both a higher rate of spark and a higher spark energy than the simple ignition circuit can provide. This problem is overcome by using either of these adaptations:

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: A distributor-based system is not greatly different from a magneto system except that more separate elements are involved. There are also advantages to this arrangement. For example, the position of the contact breaker points relative to the engine angle can be changed a small amount dynamically, allowing the ignition timing to be automatically advanced with increasing revolutions per minute (RPM) or increased manifold vacuum, giving better efficiency and performance.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: However it is necessary to check periodically the maximum opening gap of the breaker(s), using a feeler gauge, since this mechanical adjustment affects the "dwell" time during which the coil charges, and breakers should be re-dressed or replaced when they have become pitted by electric arcing. This system was used almost universally until the 1972, when electronic ignition systems started to appear.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: The disadvantage of the mechanical system is the use of breaker points to interrupt the low-voltage high-current through the primary winding of the coil; the points are subject to mechanical wear where they ride the cam to open and shut, as well as oxidation and burning at the contact surfaces from the constant sparking. They require regular adjustment to compensate for wear, and the opening of the contact breakers, which is responsible for spark timing, is subject to mechanical variations.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: In addition, the spark voltage is also dependent on contact effectiveness, and poor sparking can lead to lower engine efficiency. A mechanical contact breaker system cannot control an average ignition current of more than about 3 A while still giving a reasonable service life, and this may limit the power of the spark and ultimate engine speed.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: The Fiat Dino was the first production car to come standard with EI in 1968, followed by the Jaguar XJ Series 1 in 1971, Chrysler (after a 1971 trial) in 1973 and by Ford and GM in 1975.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: Chrysler introduced breakerless ignition in mid-1971 as an option for its 340 V8 and the 426 Street Hemi. For the 1972 model year, the system became standard on its high-performance engines (the and the four-barrel carburetor-equipped ) and was an option on its , , two-barrel , and low-performance . Breakerless ignition was standardised across the model range for 1973.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: For older cars, it is usually possible to retrofit an EI system in place of the mechanical one. In some cases, a modern distributor will fit into the older engine with no other modifications, like the H.E.I. distributor made by General Motors, the Hot-Spark electronic ignition conversion kit, and the Chrysler breakerless system.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: Some designs using an EMS retain the original ignition coil, distributor and high-tension leads found on cars throughout history. Other systems dispense with the distributor altogether and have individual coils mounted directly atop each spark plug. This removes the need for both distributor and high-tension leads, which reduces maintenance and increases long-term reliability.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Ignition system

Context: Gas turbine engines, including jet engines, have a CDI system using one or more igniter plugs, which are only used at startup or in case the combustor(s) flame goes out.

Question: 点火装置を発明したのは誰？


Domain theory

Context: Domain theory is a branch of mathematics that studies special kinds of partially ordered sets (posets) commonly called domains. Consequently, domain theory can be considered as a branch of order theory. The field has major applications in computer science, where it is used to specify denotational semantics, especially for functional programming languages. Domain theory formalizes the intuitive ideas of approximation and convergence in a very general way and is closely related to topology.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: Scott got around this difficulty by formalizing a notion of "partial" or "incomplete" information to represent computations that have not yet returned a result. This was modeled by considering, for each domain of computation (e.g. the natural numbers), an additional element that represents an "undefined" output, i.e. the "result" of a computation that never ends. In addition, the domain of computation is equipped with an "ordering relation", in which the "undefined result" is the least element.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: Beside these desirable properties, domain theory also allows for an appealing intuitive interpretation. As mentioned above, the domains of computation are always partially ordered. This ordering represents a hierarchy of information or knowledge. The higher an element is within the order, the more specific it is and the more information it contains. Lower elements represent incomplete knowledge or intermediate results.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: Computation then is modeled by applying monotone functions repeatedly on elements of the domain in order to refine a result. Reaching a fixed point is equivalent to finishing a calculation. Domains provide a superior setting for these ideas since fixed points of monotone functions can be guaranteed to exist and, under additional restrictions, can be approximated from below.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: Naturally, one has a special interest in those domains of computations in which all consistent specifications "converge", i.e. in orders in which all directed sets have a least upper bound. This property defines the class of directed-complete partial orders, or dcpo for short. Indeed, most considerations of domain theory do only consider orders that are at least directed complete.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: From the underlying idea of partially specified results as representing incomplete knowledge, one derives another desirable property: the existence of a least element. Such an element models that state of no information—the place where most computations start. It also can be regarded as the output of a computation that does not return any result at all.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: Now that we have some basic formal descriptions of what a domain of computation should be, we can turn to the computations themselves. Clearly, these have to be functions, taking inputs from some computational domain and returning outputs in some (possibly different) domain. However, one would also expect that the output of a function will contain more information when the information content of the input is increased. Formally, this means that we want a function to be monotonic.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: If one wants to model such a relationship, one may first want to consider the induced strict order < of a domain with order ≤. However, while this is a useful notion in the case of total orders, it does not tell us much in the case of partially ordered sets. Considering again inclusion-orders of sets, a set is already strictly smaller than another, possibly infinite, set if it contains just one less element. One would, however, hardly agree that this captures the notion of being "much simpler".

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: A more elaborate approach leads to the definition of the so-called order of approximation, which is more suggestively also called the way-below relation. An element "x" is "way below" an element "y", if, for every directed set "D" with supremum such that

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: since the singleton set {"y"} is directed. For an example, in an ordering of sets, an infinite set is way above any of its finite subsets. On the other hand, consider the directed set (in fact, the chain) of finite sets

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: Since the supremum of this chain is the set of all natural numbers N, this shows that no infinite set is way below N.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: However, being way below some element is a "relative" notion and does not reveal much about an element alone. For example, one would like to characterize finite sets in an order-theoretic way, but even infinite sets can be way below some other set. The special property of these finite elements "x" is that they are way below themselves, i.e.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: An element with this property is also called compact. Yet, such elements do not have to be "finite" nor "compact" in any other mathematical usage of the terms. The notation is nonetheless motivated by certain parallels to the respective notions in set theory and topology. The compact elements of a domain have the important special property that they cannot be obtained as a limit of a directed set in which they did not already occur.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: Many other important results about the way-below relation support the claim that this definition is appropriate to capture many important aspects of a domain.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: The previous thoughts raise another question: is it possible to guarantee that all elements of a domain can be obtained as a limit of much simpler elements? This is quite relevant in practice, since we cannot compute infinite objects but we may still hope to approximate them arbitrarily closely.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: Finally, an even stronger restriction on a partially ordered set is given by requiring the existence of a base of "finite" elements. Such a poset is called algebraic. From the viewpoint of denotational semantics, algebraic posets are particularly well-behaved, since they allow for the approximation of all elements even when restricting to finite ones. As remarked before, not every finite element is "finite" in a classical sense and it may well be that the finite elements constitute an uncountable set.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: In some cases, however, the base for a poset is countable. In this case, one speaks of an ω-continuous poset. Accordingly, if the countable base consists entirely of finite elements, we obtain an order that is ω-algebraic.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: A simple special case of a domain is known as an elementary or flat domain. This consists of a set of incomparable elements, such as the integers, along with a single "bottom" element considered smaller than all other elements.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: All of these classes of orders can be cast into various categories of dcpos, using functions that are monotone, Scott-continuous, or even more specialized as morphisms. Finally, note that the term "domain" itself is not exact and thus is only used as an abbreviation when a formal definition has been given before or when the details are irrelevant.

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: A poset "D" is a dcpo if and only if each chain in "D" has a supremum. (The 'if' direction relies on the axiom of choice.)

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Domain theory

Context: If "f" is a continuous function on a domain "D" then it has a least fixed point, given as the least upper bound of all finite iterations of "f" on the least element ⊥:

Question: 領域理論の提唱者は誰


Omnipotence paradox

Context: A related issue is whether the concept of "logically possible" is different for a world in which omnipotence exists than a world in which omnipotence does not exist.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: Augustine of Hippo in his City of God writes "God is called omnipotent on account of His doing what He wills" and thus proposes the definition that "Y is omnipotent" means "If Y wishes to do X then Y can and does do X".

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: The notion of omnipotence can also be applied to an entity in different ways. An essentially omnipotent being is an entity that is necessarily omnipotent. In contrast, an accidentally omnipotent being is an entity that can be omnipotent for a temporary period of time, and then becomes non-omnipotent. The omnipotence paradox can be applied to each type of being differently.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: In addition, some philosophers have considered the assumption that a being is either omnipotent or non-omnipotent to be a false dilemma, as it neglects the possibility of varying degrees of omnipotence. Some modern approaches to the problem have involved semantic debates over whether language—and therefore philosophy—can meaningfully address the concept of omnipotence itself.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: If a being is "accidentally omnipotent", it can resolve the paradox by creating a stone it cannot lift, thereby becoming non-omnipotent. Unlike essentially omnipotent entities, it is possible for an accidentally omnipotent being to be non-omnipotent. This raises the question, however, of whether the being was ever truly omnipotent, or just capable of great power. On the other hand, the ability to voluntarily give up great power is often thought of as central to the notion of the Christian Incarnation.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: If a being is "essentially omnipotent", then it can also resolve the paradox. The omnipotent being is essentially omnipotent, and therefore it is impossible for it to be non-omnipotent. Further, the omnipotent being can do what is logically impossible—just like the accidentally omnipotent—and have no limitations except the inability to become non-omnipotent. The omnipotent being cannot create a stone it cannot lift.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: Thus Augustine argued that God could not do anything or create any situation that would, in effect, make God not God.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: The lifting a rock paradox ("Can God lift a stone larger than he can carry?") uses human characteristics to cover up the main skeletal structure of the question. With these assumptions made, two arguments can stem from it:

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: Wittgenstein's approach to these problems is influential among other 20th century religious thinkers such as D. Z. Phillips. In his later years, however, Wittgenstein wrote works often interpreted as conflicting with his positions in the "Tractatus", and indeed the later Wittgenstein is mainly seen as the leading critic of the early Wittgenstein.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: In the 6th century, Pseudo-Dionysius claims that a version of the omnipotence paradox constituted the dispute between Paul the Apostle and Elymas the Magician mentioned in Acts 13:8, but it is phrased in terms of a debate as to whether God can "deny himself" ala 2 Tim 2:13. In the 11th century, Anselm of Canterbury argues that there are many things that God cannot do, but that nonetheless he counts as omnipotent.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: This can be done on a sphere, and not on a flat surface. The later invention of non-Euclidean geometry does not resolve this question; for one might as well ask, "If given the axioms of Riemannian geometry, can an omnipotent being create a triangle whose angles "do not" add up to "more" than 180 degrees?" In either case, the real question is whether an omnipotent being would have the ability to evade consequences that follow logically from a system of axioms that the being created.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: A version of the paradox can also be seen in non-theological contexts. A similar problem occurs when accessing legislative or parliamentary sovereignty, which holds a specific legal institution to be omnipotent in legal power, and in particular such an institution's ability to regulate itself.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Omnipotence paradox

Context: In "Principles of Philosophy," Descartes tried refuting the existence of atoms with a variation of this argument, claiming God could not create things so indivisible that he could not divide them.

Question: 全能の逆説で、石を例に用いたのは誰？


Arturia

Context: Arturia is a French electronics company founded in 1999 and based in Grenoble, France. The company designs and manufactures audio interfaces and electronic musical instruments, including software synthesizers, drum machines, analog synthesizers, MIDI controllers, sequencers, and mobile apps.

Question: 初めて開発されたソフトウェア・シンセサイザーは何


Arturia

Context: In 2003, using the algorithms they had developed, Arturia worked with Robert Moog to create the Modular V softsynth. The Modular V uses Arturia's True Analog Emulation (TAE) in an attempt to faithfully reproduce the oscillators, filters, and other modules from the Moog 3C and Moog 55. Following these releases, Arturia continued to develop software emulations of well known synthesizers, including the ARP 2600, Roland Jupiter-8, Minimoog, and Sequential Circuits Prophet-5.

Question: 初めて開発されたソフトウェア・シンセサイザーは何


Arturia

Context: In 2007, Arturia combined sounds from several of their softsynth titles into Analog Factory, which offered 2000 preset synthesizer patches, offering this the following year as Analog Experience, a hybrid system which combined the software with a MIDI keyboard controller specifically designed to play and control it.

Question: 初めて開発されたソフトウェア・シンセサイザーは何


Arturia

Context: In January, 2018, they introduced MiniBrute 2. This semi-modular analog synth includes its own tiny patch bay that connects to Eurorack modular gear. They also introduced the MiniBrute 2S which swaps a traditional keyboard for performance pads and a sequencer, more powerful than the MiniBrute 2, that can be recorded in real time.

Question: 初めて開発されたソフトウェア・シンセサイザーは何


Arturia

Context: The company's product line includes software synthesizers, software bundles, hardware synthesizers, MIDI keyboards and sequencers, mobile apps, and other audio equipment and controllers.

Question: 初めて開発されたソフトウェア・シンセサイザーは何


Arturia

Context: In December 2018, Arturia released their very first original software synthesizer called Arturia Pigments. It has similarities to the popular VST plugins Serum and Vital, which is visualising realtime timesignatures of envelopes, filter, LFOs and wavetables .

Question: 初めて開発されたソフトウェア・シンセサイザーは何


Arturia

Context: Arturia's previous software synths are emulations of other synthesizers, organs, and pianos, and are available to buy individually or all together in the V Collection. Arturia's Analog Lab is a collection of presets of these synths with limited sound modeling available, and comes bundled with many of their Keyboard Midi controllers, including the KeyLab MkII and KeyLab Essential series.

Question: 初めて開発されたソフトウェア・シンセサイザーは何


Arturia

Context: While Arturia is mostly known for their software synths, Arturia is also making hardware synthesizers, including their popular Brute series.

Question: 初めて開発されたソフトウェア・シンセサイザーは何


Naka, Tokushima

Context: It was founded on March 1, 2005 from the merger of the towns of Aioi, Kaminaka and Wajiki, and the villages of Kisawa and Kito, all from Naka District.

Question: 徳島県那賀郡那賀町の大きさは？


Naka, Tokushima

Context: As of June 1, 2019 the town has an estimated population of 7,549 and a density of 10.9 persons per km². The total area is 694.98 km².

Question: 徳島県那賀郡那賀町の大きさは？


Naka, Tokushima

Context: Per Japanese census data, the population of Naka in 2020 is 7,367 people. Naka has been conducting censuses since 1920.

Question: 徳島県那賀郡那賀町の大きさは？


History of Amazon

Context: Amazon.com, Inc. is an American multinational technology company which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. It has been referred to as "one of the most influential economic and cultural forces in the world", and is one of the world's most valuable brands.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: The company was created as a result of what Jeff Bezos called his "regret minimization framework", which described his efforts to fend off any regrets for participating sooner in the Internet business boom during that time. In 1994, Bezos left his employment as vice-president of D. E. Shaw & Co., a Wall Street firm, and moved to Seattle, Washington, where he began to work on a business plan for what would become Amazon.com.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: On July 5, 1994, Bezos initially incorporated the company in Washington state with the name Cadabra, Inc. After a few months, he changed the name to Amazon.com, Inc, because a lawyer misheard its original name as "cadaver". In its early days, the company was operated out of the garage of Bezos's house on Northeast 28th Street in Bellevue, Washington.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: Since June 19, 2000, Amazon's logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: In 2011, Amazon had 30,000 full-time employees in the US, and by the end of 2016, it had 180,000 employees.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: In 2014, Amazon launched the Fire Phone. The Fire Phone was meant to deliver media streaming options but the venture failed, resulting in Amazon registering a $170 million loss. This would also lead to the Fire Phone production being stopped the following year. In August of the same year, Amazon would finalize the acquisition of Twitch, a social video gaming streaming site, for $970 million. This new acquisition would be integrated into the game production division of Amazon.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: According to an August 8, 2018 story in Bloomberg Businessweek, Amazon has about a 5 percent share of US retail spending (excluding cars and car parts and visits to restaurants and bars), and a 43.5 percent share of American online spending in 2018. The forecast is for Amazon to own 49 percent of the total American online spending in 2018, with two-thirds of Amazon's revenue coming from the US.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: Amazon launched the last-mile delivery program and ordered 20,000 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Vans for the service in September 2018.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: Amazon generated $386 billion in US retail e-commerce sales in 2020, up 38% over 2019. Amazon's Marketplace sales represent an increasingly dominant portion of its e-commerce business.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: At the end of March 2020, some workers of the Staten Island warehouse staged a walkout in protest of the poor health situation at their workplace amidst the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. One of the organizers, Chris Smalls, was first put on quarantine without anyone else being quarantined, and soon afterwards fired from the company.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: The pandemic caused a surge in online shopping and resulted in shortages of household staples both online and some brick-and-mortar stores. From March 17 to April 10, 2020, Amazon warehouses stopped accepting non-essential items from third-party sellers. The company hired approximately 175,000 additional warehouse workers and delivery contractors to deal with the surge, and temporarily raised wages by $2/hour.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: In March 2022, Amazon announced that they would be closing all 4-star stores, along with their Books and Pop Up stores, across the US and the UK, stating that they were refocusing on their grocery and fashion stores.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


History of Amazon

Context: Amazon has grown through several mergers and acquisitions. The company has also invested in a number of growing firms, both in the United States and internationally. In 2014, Amazon purchased top level domain .buy in auction for over $4 million. The company has invested in brands that offer a wide range of services and products, including Engine Yard, a Ruby-on-Rails platform as a service company, and Living Social, a local deal site.

Question: アマゾンは初期何を売る会社でしたか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, was published on 15 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson. It is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: There was dissatisfaction with the dictionaries of the period, so in June 1746 a group of London booksellers contracted Johnson to write a dictionary for the sum of 1,500 guineas (£1,575), equivalent to about £ in 2022. Johnson took seven years to complete the work, although he had claimed he could finish it in three. He did so single-handedly, with only clerical assistance to copy the illustrative quotations that he had marked in books. Johnson produced several revised editions during his life.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: Until the completion of the "Oxford English Dictionary" 173 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent English dictionary. According to Walter Jackson Bate, the Dictionary "easily ranks as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship, and probably the greatest ever performed by one individual who laboured under anything like the disadvantages in a comparable length of time".

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: Johnson's dictionary was not the first English dictionary, nor even among the first dozen. Over the previous 150 years more than twenty dictionaries had been published in England, the oldest of these being a Latin-English "wordbook" by Sir Thomas Elyot published in 1538.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: Johnson's dictionary was prepared at 17 Gough Square, London, an eclectic household, between the years of 1746 and 1755. By 1747 Johnson had written his "Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language", which spelled out his intentions and proposed methodology for preparing his document. He clearly saw benefit in drawing from previous efforts, and saw the process as a parallel to legal precedent (possibly influenced by Cowell):

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: Johnson's "Plan" received the patronage of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield but not to Johnson's pleasure. Chesterfield did not care about praise, but was instead interested by Johnson's abilities. Seven years after first meeting Johnson to discuss the work, Chesterfield wrote two anonymous essays in "The World" that recommended the "Dictionary". He complained that the English language was lacking structure and argued:

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: However, Johnson did not appreciate the tone of the essay, and he felt that Chesterfield had not made good on his promise to be the work's patron. In a letter, Johnson explained his feelings about the matter:

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: "A Dictionary of the English Language" was somewhat large and very expensive. Its pages were tall and nearly wide. The paper was of the finest quality available, the cost of which ran to nearly £1,600; more than Johnson had been paid to write the book. Johnson himself pronounced the book "Vasta mole superbus" ("Proud in its great bulk"). No bookseller could possibly hope to print this book without help; outside a few special editions of the Bible no book of this heft and size had even been set to type.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: Furthermore, Johnson, unlike Bailey, added notes on a word's usage, rather than being merely descriptive.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: Unlike most modern lexicographers, Johnson introduced humour or prejudice into quite a number of his definitions. Among the best-known are:

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: On a more serious level, Johnson's work showed a heretofore unseen meticulousness. Unlike all the proto-dictionaries that had come before, painstaking care went into the completeness when it came not only to "illustrations" but also to definitions as well:

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: Johnson's etymologies would be considered poor by modern standards, and he gave little guide to pronunciation; one example being "Cough: A convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some sharp serosity. It is pronounced coff". Much of his dictionary was prescriptivist. It was also linguistically conservative, advocating traditional spellings such as "publick" rather than the simpler spellings that would be favoured 73 years later by Noah Webster.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: The dictionary is in alphabetical order according to the 18th Century English alphabet. In the eighteenth century, the letters I and J were considered different forms of the same letter; the same with letters U and V. As a result, in Johnson’s dictionary the word jargon comes before the word idle, and vagabond comes before ultimate.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: In spite of its shortcomings, the dictionary was far and away the best of its day. Its scope and structure were carried forward in dictionaries that followed, including Noah Webster's "Webster's Dictionary" in 1828 and the "Oxford English Dictionary" later in the same century.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: Boswell relates that "A lady once asked him [Johnson] how he came to define "pastern" as the "knee" of a horse: instead of making an elaborate reply, as she expected, he at once replied, 'Ignorance, Madam, pure ignorance.'" On the same page, Boswell notes that Johnson's definition of "network" ("Any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections") "has often been quoted with sportive malignity, as obscuring a thing in itself very plain."

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: The first was the 1755 "Folio" edition, which came in two large volumes on 4 April. The folio edition also features full literary quotes by those authors that Johnson quoted, such as Dryden and Shakespeare. It was followed a few weeks later by a second edition published in 165 weekly parts. The third edition was published in 1765, but it was the fourth, which came out in 1773 which included significant revisions by Johnson of the original work.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: The "Abridged" edition came out in 1756 in two octavo volumes with entries, "abstracted from the folio edition by the author", laid out as two columns per page. The abridged version did not feature the literary quotes, just the author quoted. This made it cheaper to produce and buy. It sold over a thousand copies a year for the next 30 years bringing "The Dictionary" to the reach of every literate home.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


A Dictionary of the English Language

Context: The Preface to the "Dictionary" is available on Project Gutenberg. In addition, a scan of the 6th (1785) edition can be found at the Internet Archive in its two volumes.

Question: 辞書が初めて編纂されたのはいつですか？


List of leaders of the Soviet Union

Context: The following list includes persons who held the top leadership position of the Soviet Union from its founding in 1922 until its 1991 dissolution. Note that † denotes leaders who died in office.

Question: レーニンの後にソビエトを率いたのは誰ですか？


List of leaders of the Soviet Union

Context: On four occasionsthe 2–3-year period between Vladimir Lenin's incapacitation and Joseph Stalin's leadership; the three months following Stalin's death; the interval between Nikita Khrushchev's fall and Leonid Brezhnev's consolidation of power; and the ailing Konstantin Chernenko's tenure as General Secretarythe Soviet Union was governed by an oligarchy known as a troika (i.e."triumvirate"), whereby policymaking depended on the consensus of three chief figures within the Politburo.

Question: レーニンの後にソビエトを率いたのは誰ですか？


Tucker gun turret

Context: Steve Lehto and Jay Leno, in their biography of Tucker, assert that it is a misconception that Tucker's turret was widely used on US bombers during the war. They assert that different manufacturers were each assigned contracts to develop different turrets for different planes, and that Tucker's firm was to build turrets for the Douglas B-18 Bolo. In the end no Tucker turrets equipped any bombers.

Question: 砲塔を開発したのは誰


Tucker gun turret

Context: When Tucker was under investigation by the Security and Exchange Commission, a half-hour film entitled "" was prepared and shown to the Commission members. Lehto and Leno described the film's narrator "gushing" over Tucker and noted: "A short section on his wartime efforts to create the Tucker Combat Car introduced the Tucker Turret and may have been the source of the myth that his turrets were widely used during the war."

Question: 砲塔を開発したのは誰


Tucker gun turret

Context: A Hollywood biopic of Tucker covered Tucker's production of the turret, prompting reviewers to characterize the turret design as "incredibly ergonomic, effective and convenient".

Question: 砲塔を開発したのは誰


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: An inert gas stored in a tank at a high pressure is sometimes used instead of pumps in simpler small engines to force the propellants into the combustion chamber. These engines may have a higher mass ratio, but are usually more reliable, and are therefore used widely in satellites for orbit maintenance.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Liquid rockets can be monopropellant rockets using a single type of propellant, or bipropellant rockets using two types of propellant. Tripropellant rockets using three types of propellant are rare. Some designs are throttleable for variable thrust operation and some may be restarted after a previous in-space shutdown. Liquid propellants are also used in hybrid rockets, with some of the advantages of a solid rocket.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: The idea of liquid rocket as understood in the modern context first appears in the book "The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices", by the Russian school teacher Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. This seminal treatise on astronautics was published in May 1903, but was not distributed outside Russia until years later, and Russian scientists paid little attention to it.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: After World War II the American government and military finally seriously considered liquid-propellant rockets as weapons and began to fund work on them. The Soviet Union did likewise, and thus began the Space Race.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: In 2010s 3D printed engines started being used for spaceflight. Examples of such engines include SuperDraco used in launch escape system of the SpaceX Dragon 2 and also engines used for first or second stages in launch vehicles from Astra, Orbex, Relativity Space, Skyrora, or Launcher.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Liquid rockets have been built as monopropellant rockets using a single type of propellant, bipropellant rockets using two types of propellant, or more exotic tripropellant rockets using three types of propellant.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Bipropellant liquid rockets generally use a liquid fuel, such as liquid hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel such as RP-1, and a liquid oxidizer, such as liquid oxygen. The engine may be a cryogenic rocket engine, where the fuel and oxidizer, such as hydrogen and oxygen, are gases which have been liquefied at very low temperatures.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Liquid-propellant rockets can be throttled (thrust varied) in realtime, and have control of mixture ratio (ratio at which oxidizer and fuel are mixed); they can also be shut down, and, with a suitable ignition system or self-igniting propellant, restarted.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: All liquid rocket engines have tankage and pipes to store and transfer propellant, an injector system, a combustion chamber which is very typically cylindrical, and one (sometimes two or more) rocket nozzles. Liquid systems enable higher specific impulse than solids and hybrid rocket motors and can provide very high tankage efficiency.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Unlike gases, a typical liquid propellant has a density similar to water, approximately 0.7–1.4g/cm³ (except liquid hydrogen which has a much lower density), while requiring only relatively modest pressure to prevent vaporization. This combination of density and low pressure permits very lightweight tankage; approximately 1% of the contents for dense propellants and around 10% for liquid hydrogen (due to its low density and the mass of the required insulation).

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Alternatively, instead of pumps, a heavy tank of a high-pressure inert gas such as helium can be used, and the pump forgone; but the delta-v that the stage can achieve is often much lower due to the extra mass of the tankage, reducing performance; but for high altitude or vacuum use the tankage mass can be acceptable.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: The major components of a rocket engine are therefore the combustion chamber (thrust chamber), pyrotechnic igniter, propellant feed system, valves, regulators, the propellant tanks, and the rocket engine nozzle. In terms of feeding propellants to the combustion chamber, liquid-propellant engines are either pressure-fed or pump-fed, and pump-fed engines work in either a gas-generator cycle, a staged-combustion cycle, or an expander cycle.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: A liquid rocket engine can be tested prior to use, whereas for a solid rocket motor a rigorous quality management must be applied during manufacturing to ensure high reliability. A Liquid rocket engine can also usually be reused for several flights, as in the Space Shuttle and Falcon 9 series rockets, although reuse of solid rocket motors was also effectively demonstrated during the shuttle program.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Thousands of combinations of fuels and oxidizers have been tried over the years. Some of the more common and practical ones are:

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: One of the most efficient mixtures, oxygen and hydrogen, suffers from the extremely low temperatures required for storing liquid hydrogen (around ) and very low fuel density (, compared to RP-1 at ), necessitating large tanks that must also be lightweight and insulating. Lightweight foam insulation on the Space Shuttle external tank led to the 's destruction, as a piece broke loose, damaged its wing and caused it to break up on atmospheric reentry.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: For storable ICBMs and most spacecraft, including crewed vehicles, planetary probes, and satellites, storing cryogenic propellants over extended periods is unfeasible. Because of this, mixtures of hydrazine or its derivatives in combination with nitrogen oxides are generally used for such applications, but are toxic and carcinogenic. Consequently, to improve handling, some crew vehicles such as Dream Chaser and Space Ship Two plan to use hybrid rockets with non-toxic fuel and oxidizer combinations.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: The injector implementation in liquid rockets determines the percentage of the theoretical performance of the nozzle that can be achieved. A poor injector performance causes unburnt propellant to leave the engine, giving poor efficiency.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Additionally, injectors are also usually key in reducing thermal loads on the nozzle; by increasing the proportion of fuel around the edge of the chamber, this gives much lower temperatures on the walls of the nozzle.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Injectors can be as simple as a number of small diameter holes arranged in carefully constructed patterns through which the fuel and oxidizer travel. The speed of the flow is determined by the square root of the pressure drop across the injectors, the shape of the hole and other details such as the density of the propellant.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: The first injectors used on the V-2 created parallel jets of fuel and oxidizer which then combusted in the chamber. This gave quite poor efficiency.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Injectors today classically consist of a number of small holes which aim jets of fuel and oxidizer so that they collide at a point in space a short distance away from the injector plate. This helps to break the flow up into small droplets that burn more easily.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: The pintle injector permits good mixture control of fuel and oxidizer over a wide range of flow rates. The pintle injector was used in the Apollo Lunar Module engines (Descent Propulsion System) and the Kestrel engine, it is currently used in the Merlin engine on Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: The RS-25 engine designed for the Space Shuttle uses a system of fluted posts, which use heated hydrogen from the preburner to vaporize the liquid oxygen flowing through the center of the posts and this improves the rate and stability of the combustion process; previous engines such as the F-1 used for the Apollo program had significant issues with oscillations that led to destruction of the engines, but this was not a problem in the RS-25 due to this design detail.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Valentin Glushko invented the centripetal injector in the early 1930s, and it has been almost universally used in Russian engines. Rotational motion is applied to the liquid (and sometimes the two propellants are mixed), then it is expelled through a small hole, where it forms a cone-shaped sheet that rapidly atomizes. Goddard's first liquid engine used a single impinging injector. German scientists in WWII experimented with impinging injectors on flat plates, used successfully in the Wasserfall missile.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: To avoid instabilities such as "chugging," which is a relatively low speed oscillation, the engine must be designed with enough pressure drop across the injectors to render the flow largely independent of the chamber pressure. This pressure drop is normally achieved by using at least 20% of the chamber pressure across the injectors.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Nevertheless, particularly in larger engines, a high speed combustion oscillation is easily triggered, and these are not well understood. These high speed oscillations tend to disrupt the gas side boundary layer of the engine, and this can cause the cooling system to rapidly fail, destroying the engine. These kinds of oscillations are much more common on large engines, and plagued the development of the Saturn V, but were finally overcome.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Some combustion chambers, such as those of the RS-25 engine, use Helmholtz resonators as damping mechanisms to stop particular resonant frequencies from growing.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: To prevent these issues the RS-25 injector design instead went to a lot of effort to vaporize the propellant prior to injection into the combustion chamber. Although many other features were used to ensure that instabilities could not occur, later research showed that these other features were unnecessary, and the gas phase combustion worked reliably.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Testing for stability often involves the use of small explosives. These are detonated within the chamber during operation, and causes an impulsive excitation. By examining the pressure trace of the chamber to determine how quickly the effects of the disturbance die away, it is possible to estimate the stability and redesign features of the chamber if required.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: For liquid-propellant rockets, four different ways of powering the injection of the propellant into the chamber are in common use.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Fuel and oxidizer must be pumped into the combustion chamber against the pressure of the hot gasses being burned, and engine power is limited by the rate at which propellant can be pumped into the combustion chamber. For atmospheric or launcher use, high pressure, and thus high power, engine cycles are desirable to minimize gravity drag. For orbital use, lower power cycles are usually fine.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Selecting an engine cycle is one of the earlier steps to rocket engine design. A number of tradeoffs arise from this selection, some of which include:

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Injectors are commonly laid out so that a fuel-rich layer is created at the combustion chamber wall. This reduces the temperature there, and downstream to the throat and even into the nozzle and permits the combustion chamber to be run at higher pressure, which permits a higher expansion ratio nozzle to be used which gives a higher "I" and better system performance. A liquid rocket engine often employs regenerative cooling, which uses the fuel or less commonly the oxidizer to cool the chamber and nozzle.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Ignition can be performed in many ways, but perhaps more so with liquid propellants than other rockets a consistent and significant ignitions source is required; a delay of ignition (in some cases as small as a few tens of milliseconds) can cause overpressure of the chamber due to excess propellant. A hard start can even cause an engine to explode.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Generally, ignition systems try to apply flames across the injector surface, with a mass flow of approximately 1% of the full mass flow of the chamber.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Methods of ignition include pyrotechnic, electrical (spark or hot wire), and chemical. Hypergolic propellants have the advantage of self igniting, reliably and with less chance of hard starts. In the 1940s, the Russians began to start engines with hypergols, to then switch over to the primary propellants after ignition. This was also used on the American F-1 rocket engine on the Apollo program.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


Liquid-propellant rocket

Context: Ignition with a pyrophoric agent: Triethylaluminium ignites on contact with air and will ignite and/or decompose on contact with water, and with any other oxidizer—it is one of the few substances sufficiently pyrophoric to ignite on contact with cryogenic liquid oxygen. The enthalpy of combustion, ΔcH°, is . Its easy ignition makes it particularly desirable as a rocket engine ignitor. May be used in conjunction with triethylborane to create triethylaluminum-triethylborane, better known as TEA-TEB.

Question: 液体燃料ロケットはいつ開発された？


3dfx Interactive

Context: 3dfx Interactive was an American technology company headquartered in San Jose, California, founded in 1994, that specialized in the manufacturing of 3D graphics processing units, and later, video cards. It was a pioneer in the field from the late 1990s until 2000.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: The company's original product was the Voodoo Graphics, an add-in card that implemented hardware acceleration of 3D graphics. The hardware accelerated only 3D rendering, relying on the PC's current video card for 2D support. Despite this limitation, the Voodoo Graphics product and its follow-up, Voodoo2, were popular. It became standard for 3D games to offer support for the company's Glide API.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: The success of the company's products led to renewed interest in 3D gaming, and by the second half of the 1990s, products combining a 2D output with reasonable 3D performance were appearing. This was accelerated by the introduction of Microsoft's Direct3D, which provided a single high-performance API that could be implemented on these cards, seriously eroding the value of Glide. While 3dfx continued to offer high-performance options, the value proposition was no longer compelling.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: 3dfx rapidly declined in the late 1990s and most of the company's assets were acquired by Nvidia Corporation on December 15, 2000, mostly for intellectual property rights. The acquisition was accounted for as a purchase by Nvidia and was completed by the first quarter of their fiscal year of 2002. 3dfx ceased supporting their products on February 15, 2001 and filed for bankruptcy on October 15, 2002.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: Towards the end of 1996, the cost of EDO DRAM dropped significantly and 3dfx was able to enter the consumer PC hardware market with aggressive pricing compared to the few previous 3D graphics solutions for computers. Prior to affordable 3D hardware, games such as "Doom" and "Quake" had compelled video game players to move from their 80386s to 80486s, and then to the Pentium.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: In August 1997, 3dfx released the Voodoo Rush chipset, combining a Voodoo chip with a 2D chip that lay on the same circuit board, eliminating the need for a separate VGA card. Most cards were built with an Alliance Semiconductor AT25/AT3D 2D component, but there were some built with a Macronix chip and there were initial plans to partner with Trident but no such boards were ever marketed.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: Some manufacturers bundled a PC version of Atari Games' racing game "", the arcade version of which utilised a slightly upgraded Voodoo Graphics chipset with an extra texture mapping unit and additional texture memory.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: Sales of the Voodoo Rush cards were very poor, and the cards were discontinued within a year. The Voodoo Rush was 3dfx's first commercial failure.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: The 3dfx Voodoo2, the successor to the Voodoo Graphics chipset released in March 1998, was architecturally similar, but the basic board configuration added a second texturing unit, allowing two textures to be drawn in a single pass.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: The arrival of the Nvidia RIVA TNT with integrated 2D/3D chipset would offer minor challenge to the Voodoo2's supremacy months later.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: 3dfx announced in January 1999 that the Banshee had sold about one million units. While Nvidia had yet to launch a product in the add-in board market that sold as well as 3dfx's Voodoo line, the company was gaining steady ground in the OEM market. The Nvidia RIVA TNT was a similar, highly integrated product that had two major advantages in greater 3D speed and 32-bit 3D color support. 3dfx, by contrast, had very limited OEM sales, as the Banshee was adopted only in small numbers by OEMs.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: In 1997, 3dfx was working with entertainment company Sega to develop a new video game console hardware platform. Sega solicited two competing designs: a unit code-named "Katana", developed in Japan using NEC and Imagination Technologies (then VideoLogic) technology, and "Blackbelt", a system designed in the United States using 3dfx technology.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: However, on July 22, 1997, 3dfx announced that Sega was terminating the development contract. Sega chose to use NEC's PowerVR chipset for its game console, though it still planned to purchase the rights to 3dfx's technology in order to prevent competitors from acquiring it.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: "This is a highly competitive market with price wars happening all the time and it would appear that after evaluating a number of choices—and the ramifications each choice brings—Sega went with a decision that it thought was best for the company's longevity," said Mr. Ford.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: "Sega has to make a significant move to stay competitive and they need to make it soon. Now whether this move is to roll out another home console platform or move strictly to the PC gaming space is unknown."

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: Sega quickly quashed 3dfx's "Blackbelt" and used the NEC-based "Katana" as the model for the product that would be marketed and sold as the Dreamcast. 3dfx sued Sega for breach of contract, accusing Sega of starting the deal in bad faith in order to take 3dfx technology. The case was settled out of court.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: As 3dfx focused more on the retail graphics card space, further inroads into the OEM space were limited. A significant requirement of the OEM business was the ability to consistently produce new products on the six-month product refresh cycle the computer manufacturers required; 3dfx did not have the methodology nor the mindset to focus on this business model. In the end, 3dfx opted to be a retail distribution company manufacturing their own branded products.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: The Voodoo 5 5000, which had 32 MB of VRAM to the 5500's 64 MB, was never launched, as the smaller frame buffer didn't significantly reduce cost over the Voodoo 5 5500.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: The only other member of the Voodoo 5 line, the Voodoo 4 4500, was as much of a disaster as Voodoo Rush, because it had performance well short of its value-oriented peers combined with a late launch. Voodoo 4 was beaten in almost all areas by the GeForce 2 MX—a low-cost board sold mostly as an OEM part for computer manufacturers—and the Radeon VE.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: One unusual trait of the Voodoo 4 and 5 was that the Macintosh versions of these cards had both VGA and DVI output jacks, whereas the PC versions had only the VGA connector. Also, the Mac versions of the Voodoo 4 and 5 had a vulnerability in that they did not support hardware-based MPEG2 decode acceleration, which hindered the playback of DVDs on a Mac equipped with a Voodoo graphics card.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: On March 28, 2000, 3dfx bought GigaPixel for US$186 million, in order to help launch its products to market quicker.

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


3dfx Interactive

Context: The 3dfx bankruptcy is in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, appeal, Docket # 11–15189. Following is a clerk's order as filed in the docket:

Question: 3dfx Interactiveの創始者は誰？


Crazy Cats

Context: The were a Japanese jazz band and comedy group popular in film and television, particularly between the 1950s and 1970s. Led by Hajime Hana, the band's other main members were Kei Tani, Hitoshi Ueki, Hiroshi Inuzuka, Senri Sakurai, Shin Yasuda, and Ētarō Ishibashi.

Question: ハナ肇とクレージーキャッツが結成した場所はどこ？


Crazy Cats

Context: In terms of their music, E. Taylor Atkins has said that "The Crazy Cats are significant for capitalizing and purveying an image of jazz musicians as clownish, slang-slinging ne’er-do-wells. Their audience rewarded the Cats with the longevity of which very few Japanese acts could boast." Mark Anderson has written that their "film series, in particular, had a great impact on 1960s popular culture," and that "they remain emblematic of a group of entertainers made possible by the television era."

Question: ハナ肇とクレージーキャッツが結成した場所はどこ？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: During the early Jōmon period in the 6th millenniumBC typical coil-made ware appeared, decorated with hand-impressed rope patterns. Jōmon pottery developed a flamboyant style at its height and was simplified in the later Jōmon period. The pottery was formed by coiling clay ropes and fired in an open fire.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: In about the 4th–3rd centuriesBC Yayoi period, Yayoi pottery appeared which was another style of earthenware characterised by a simple pattern or no pattern. Jōmon, Yayoi, and later Haji ware shared the firing process but had different styles of design.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: In the 3rd to 4th centuriesAD, the anagama kiln, a roofed-tunnel kiln on a hillside, and the potter's wheel appeared, brought to Kyushu island from the Korean peninsula.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Although a three-color lead glaze technique was introduced to Japan from the Tang dynasty of China in the 8th century, official kilns produced only simple green lead glaze for temples in the Heian period, around 800–1200.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Until the 17th century, unglazed stoneware was popular for the heavy-duty daily requirements of a largely agrarian society; funerary jars, storage jars, and a variety of kitchen pots typify the bulk of the production. Some of the kilns improved their technology and are called the "Six Old Kilns": Shigaraki (Shigaraki ware), Tamba, Bizen, Tokoname, Echizen, and Seto.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: From the middle of the 11th century to the 16th century, Japan imported much Chinese celadon greenware, white porcelain, and blue-and-white ware. Japan also imported Chinese pottery as well as Korean and Vietnamese ceramics. Such Chinese ceramics (Tenmoku) were regarded as sophisticated items, which the upper classes used in the tea ceremony. The Japanese also ordered custom-designed ceramics from Chinese kilns.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Highly priced imports also came from the Luzon and was called "Rusun-yaki" or "Luzon ware", as well as "Annan" from Annam, northern Vietnam.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: In the late 18th to early 19th century, white porcelain clay was discovered in other areas of Japan and was traded domestically, and potters were allowed to move more freely. Local lords and merchants established many new kilns (e.g., Kameyama kiln and Tobe kiln) for economic profit, and old kilns such as Seto restarted as porcelain kilns. These many kilns are called "New Kilns" and they popularized porcelain in the style of the Arita kilns among the common folk.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Japanese pottery strongly influenced British studio potter Bernard Leach (1887–1979), who is regarded as the "Father of British studio pottery". He lived in Japan from 1909 to 1920 during the Taishō era and became the leading western interpreter of Japanese pottery and in turn influenced a number of artists abroad.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: One of the most critical moments was during the Pacific War when all resources went towards the war efforts, and production and development became severely hampered and the markets suffered.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: The modern potters operate in Shiga, Iga, Karatsu, Hagi, and Bizen. Yamamoto Masao (Toushuu) of Bizen and Miwa Kyusetsu of Hagi were designated "ningen kokuho". Only a half-dozen potters had been so honored by 1989, either as representatives of famous kiln wares or as creators of superlative techniques in glazing or decoration; two groups were designated for preserving the wares of distinguished ancient kilns.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: British artist Lucie Rie (1902–1995) was influenced by Japanese pottery and Bernard Leach, and was also appreciated in Japan with a number of exhibitions. British artist Edmund de Waal (b. 1964) studied Leach and spent a number of years in Japan studying "mingei" style. Brother Thomas Bezanson from Canada was influenced by it.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: The earliest pieces were made by pressing the clay into shape. This method continued to be employed after the invention of the wheel, such as when producing Rengetsu ware. Coiled methods developed in the Jōmon period. Production by kneading and cutting slabs developed later, for example, for Haniwa clay figures.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: The first use of the potter's wheel in Japan can be seen in Sue pottery. While Sue productions combined wheel and coiling techniques, the lead-glazed earthenware made under Chinese influence from the 8th to the 10th centuries include forms made entirely on the potter's wheel.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, a student of Dr. Wagener went to Germany to learn how to build a downdraft kiln, and observed many wheels operated by belts on pulleys from a single shaft. On his return he set up a similar system in the Seto area, using one man to turn the flywheel that drove the shaft and the pulley system. From this beginning the two-man wheel developed.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Today, most potters in Kyoto use electric wheels, though there are many studios that still have a handwheel and a kick wheel. However, it is now difficult to find craftsmen who can make or repair them.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: At Koishibara, Onda, and Tamba, large bowls and jars are first roughly coil-built on the wheel, then shaped by throwing, in what is known as the "coil and throw technique". The preliminary steps are the same as for coil building, after which the rough form is lubricated with slip and shaped between the potter's hands as the wheel revolves. The process dates back 360 years to a Korean technique brought to Japan following Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Generally fashioned out of fast-growing bamboo or wood, these tools for shaping pottery have a natural feel that is highly appealing. While most are Japanese versions of familiar tools in the West, some are unique Japanese inventions .

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Hundreds of different wares and styles have existed throughout its history. The most historic and well-known ones have received recognition from the government. For more information see the list of Japanese ceramics sites.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Japanese pottery and porcelain

Context: Most ceramic museums around the world have collections of Japanese pottery, many very extensive. Japanese modern ceramic works are often very sought-after and expensive. Apart from traditional styles art and studio pottery in contemporary art styles are made for the international market.

Question: 日本で陶芸はいつ始まった？


Stye

Context: The cause of a stye is usually a bacterial infection by "Staphylococcus aureus". The internal ones are due to infection of the meibomian gland while the external ones are due to an infection of the gland of Zeis. A chalazion on the other hand is a blocked oil gland without infection. A chalazion is typically in the middle of the eyelid and not painful.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Often a stye will go away without any specific treatment in a few days or weeks. Recommendations to speed improvement include warm compresses. Occasionally antibiotic eye ointment may be recommended. While these measures are often recommended, there is little evidence for use in internal styes. The frequency at which styes occur is unclear, though they may occur at any age.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: The first sign of a stye is a small, yellowish spot at the center of the bump that develops as pus and expands in the area.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Stye complications occur in very rare cases. However, the most frequent complication of styes is progression to a chalazion that causes cosmetic deformity, corneal irritation, and often requires surgical removal. Complications may also arise from the improper surgical lancing, and mainly consist of disruption of lash growth, lid deformity or lid fistula. Large styes may interfere with one's vision.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Eyelid cellulitis is another potential complication of eye styes, which is a generalized infection of the eyelid. Progression of a stye to a systemic infection (spreading throughout the body) is extremely rare, and only a few instances of such spread have been recorded.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: A stye is caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus in about 95% of cases. The infection leads to the blocking of an oil gland at the base of the eyelash. Styes are experienced by people of all ages. Styes can be triggered by poor nutrition, sleep deprivation, lack of hygiene, lack of water, and rubbing of the eyes. Styes can be secondary to blepharitis or a deficiency in immunoglobulin.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Stye prevention is closely related to proper hygiene. Proper hand washing can reduce the risks of developing not only styes, but also many other types of infections.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Upon awakening, application of a warm washcloth to the eyelids for one to two minutes may be beneficial in decreasing the occurrence of styes by liquefying the contents of the oil glands of the eyelid and thereby preventing blockage.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: To prevent styes, cosmetics and cosmetic eye tools should not be shared among people. Like with all infections, regular hand washing is essential, and the eyes should not be rubbed or touched with unclean hands. Contaminated eye makeup should be discarded and sharing of washcloths or face towels should be curtailed, to avoid spreading the infection between individuals. Breaking the stye may spread bacteria contained in the pus and should be avoided.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Most cases of styes resolve on their own within one to two weeks, without professional care. The primary treatment is application of warm compresses. As a part of self-care at home, people may cleanse the affected eyelid with tap water or with a mild, nonirritating soap or shampoo (such as baby shampoo) to help clean crusted discharge. Cleansing must be done gently and while the eyes are closed to prevent eye injuries.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: People with styes should avoid eye makeup (e.g., eyeliner), lotions, and wearing contact lenses, since these can aggravate and spread the infection (sometimes to the cornea). People are advised not to lance the stye themselves, as serious infection can occur. Pain relievers such as acetaminophen may be used.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Evidence to support the use of antibiotic eye ointment is poor. Occasionally erythromycin ophthalmic ointment is recommended. Other antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol or amoxicillin may also be used. Chloramphenicol is used successfully in many parts of the world, but contains a black box warning in the United States due to concerns about aplastic anemia, which on rare occasions can be fatal.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Antibiotics are normally given to people with multiple styes or with styes that do not seem to heal, and to people who have blepharitis or rosacea.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Incision and drainage is performed if resolution does not begin in the next 48 hours after warm compresses are started. Medical professionals will sometimes lance a particularly persistent or irritating stye with a needle to accelerate its draining.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: A 2017 Cochrane review found low-certainty evidence that acupuncture helps in hordeolum compared with antibiotics or warm compresses. There was also low-certainty evidence that acupuncture plus usual treatment may increase the chance of hordeolum getting better, though they could not rule out placebo or observer effect, since the studies reviewed either had no positive control, were not blinded, or both.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: Although styes are harmless in most cases and complications are very rare, styes often recur. They do not cause intraocular damage, meaning they do not affect the eye. Styes normally heal on their own by rupturing within a few days to a week causing the relief of symptoms, but if it does not improve or it worsens within two weeks, a doctor's opinion should be sought. Few people require surgery as part of stye treatment. With adequate treatment, styes tend to heal quickly and without complications.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: The prognosis is better if one does not attempt to squeeze or puncture the stye, as infection may spread to adjacent tissues. Also, patients are recommended to call a doctor if they encounter problems with vision, the eyelid bump becomes very painful, the stye bleeds or reoccurs, or the eyelid or eyes becomes red.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: The word "stye" (first recorded in the 17th century) is probably a back-formation from "styany" (first recorded in the 15th century), which in turn comes from "styan" plus "eye", the former of which in turn comes from the old English "stīġend", meaning "riser", from the verb "stīgan", "to rise". The older form "styan" is still used in Ulster Scots today.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: The homonym "sty" found in the combination "pigsty" has a slightly different origin, namely it comes from the Old English "stiġ-fearh"—"fearh" (farrow) is the Old English word for "piglet"—where "stiġ" meant "hall" (cf. "steward"), possibly an early Old Norse loanword, which could be cognate with the word "stīgan" above.

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？


Stye

Context: The synonymous late Latin expression is "hordeolum" a modulation of the word "hordeolus" simply related to "hordeum" ("barley"), after its resemblance to a barleycorn. In Czech, a sty is called "ječné zrno" (from "ječmen" "barley" and "zrno" "seed or grain"); in German, it is called "Gerstenkorn" (barleycorn). In Hebrew it is called "שעורה" Seh-oh-Ráh (Barley)

Question: ものもらいは医学用語ですか？