Trotskyism

Context: In China various left opposition groups in the late 1920s sought to engage Trotsky against the Comintern policy of support for the Kuomintang. In 1931, at Trotsky's urging, the various factions united in the Communist League of China, adopting Trotsky's document "The Political Situation in China and the Task of the Bolshevik-Leninist Opposition". Prominent members include Chen Duxiu, Wang Fanxi and Chen Qichang. The League was persecuted by the Nationalist government and by the Chinese Communist Party.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: After the war, the Sri Lanka section split into the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the Bolshevik Samasamaja Party (BSP). In the general election of 1947, the LSSP became the main opposition party, winning 10 seats, the BSP winning a further 5. It joined the Trotskyist Fourth International after fusion with the BSP in 1950 and led a general strike (Hartal) in 1953.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: In 1968, a further faction of the LSSP (Revolutionary), led by Keerthi Balasooriya split, to form the Revolutionary Socialist League – more commonly known as the ""Kamkaru Mawatha" Group", after the name of their publication – and joined the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). In 1987, the group changed its name to Socialist Equality Party.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: In 1974, a secret faction of the LSSP, allied to the Militant group in the United Kingdom emerged. In 1977, this faction was expelled and formed the Nava Sama Samaja Party, led by Vasudeva Nanayakkara.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: In India the BLPI fractured. In 1948, at the request of the Fourth International, the rump of the party dissolved into the Congress Socialist Party as an exercise in entryism.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: The French section of the Fourth International was the Internationalist Communist Party (PCI). In 1952 the party split when the Fourth International removed its Central Committee, and split again when in 1953

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: the Fourth International itself divided. Further divisions occurred over which independence faction to support in the Algerian War.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: In Britain during the 1980s, the entryist Militant group operated within the Labour Party with three members of parliament and effective control of Liverpool City Council. Described by journalist Michael Crick as "Britain's fifth most important political party" in 1986, it played a prominent role in the 1989–1991 anti-poll tax movement which was widely thought to have led to the downfall of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: The Socialist Party in Ireland was formed in 1990 by members who had been expelled by the Irish Labour Party's leader Dick Spring. It has had support in the Fingal electoral district as well as in the city of Limerick. In 2018, it had three elected officials in Dáil Éireann. Paul Murphy, representing Dublin West (Dáil constituency),

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: Mick Barry representing Cork North-Central (Dáil constituency) and Ruth Coppinger representing Dublin West (Dáil constituency).

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: In Portugal's October 2015 parliamentary election, the Left Bloc won 550,945 votes, which translated into 10.19% of the expressed votes and the election of 19 (out of 230) "deputados" (members of parliament). Although founded by several leftist tendencies, it still expresses much of the Trotskyist thought upheld and developed by its former leader, Francisco Louçã.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: In Turkey, there are some Trotskyist organizations, including the International Socialist Tendency's section (Revolutionary Workers' Socialist Party), Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International's section (Revolutionary Workers' Party), Permanent Revolution Movement (SDH), "Socialism Magazine" (sympathizers of the International Committee of the Fourth International), and several small groups.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: The International Committee of the Fourth International maintains its independent organization and publishes the World Socialist Web Site.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: The Committee for a Workers' International (CWI) was founded in 1974 and now has sections in over 35 countries. Before 1997, most organisations affiliated to the CWI sought to build an entrist Marxist wing within the large social democratic parties. The CWI has adopted a range of tactics, including working with trade unions, but in some cases working within or supporting other parties, endorsing Bernie Sanders for the 2016 U.S. Democratic Party nomination and encouraging him to run independently.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: In France, the LCR is rivalled by , the French section of the Internationalist Communist Union (UCI), with small sections in a handful of other countries. It focuses its activities, whether propaganda or intervention, within the industrial proletariat.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: The founders of the Committee for a Marxist International (CMI) claim they were expelled from the CWI when the CWI abandoned entryism. The CWI claims they left and no expulsions were carried out. Since 2006, it has been known as the International Marxist Tendency (IMT). CMI/IMT groups continue the policy of entering mainstream social democratic, communist or radical parties. Currently, International Marxist Tendency (IMT) is headed by Alan Woods.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: The list of Trotskyist internationals shows that there are a large number of other multinational tendencies that stand in the tradition of Leon Trotsky.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: Trotsky was not defeated by bureaucratic decisions or Stalin's control of the Party apparatus—as his partisans and Trotskyite historians claim. He had his day in court and finally lost because his whole position flew in the face of Soviet and world realities. He was doomed to defeat because his ideas were incorrect and failed to conform to objective conditions, as well as the needs and interests of the Soviet people.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: Polish philosopher Leszek Kołakowski wrote: "Both Trotsky and Bukharin were emphatic in their assurances that forced labour was an organic part of the new society."

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Trotskyism

Context: Some left communists such as Paul Mattick claim that the October Revolution was totalitarian from the start and therefore Trotskyism has no real differences from Stalinism either in practice or theory.

Question: Какая теория лежит в основе троцкизма?


Underwater explosion

Context: An underwater explosion (also known as an UNDEX) is a chemical or nuclear explosion that occurs under the surface of a body of water. While useful in anti-ship and submarine warfare, underwater bombs are not as effective against coastal facilities.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: Effects of an underwater explosion depend on several things, including distance from the explosion, the energy of the explosion, the depth of the explosion, and the depth of the water.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: Underwater explosions are categorized by the depth of the explosion. Shallow underwater explosions are those where a crater formed at the water's surface is large in comparison with the depth of the explosion. Deep underwater explosions are those where the crater is small in comparison with the depth of the explosion, or nonexistent.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: Underwater nuclear tests close to the surface can disperse radioactive water and steam over a large area, with severe effects on marine life, nearby infrastructures and humans. The detonation of nuclear weapons underwater was banned by the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and it is also prohibited under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty of 1996.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: The Operation Wigwam test in 1955 occurred at a depth of , the deepest detonation of any nuclear device.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: Unless it breaks the water surface while still a hot gas bubble, an underwater nuclear explosion leaves no trace at the surface but hot, radioactive water rising from below. This is always the case with explosions deeper than about .

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: Since water is not readily compressible, moving this much of it out of the way so quickly absorbs a massive amount of energy—all of which comes from the pressure inside the expanding bubble. Water pressure outside the bubble soon causes it to collapse back into a small sphere and rebound, expanding again. This is repeated several times, but each rebound contains only about 40% of the energy of the previous cycle.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: At the maximum diameter of the first oscillation, a very large nuclear bomb exploded in very deep water creates a bubble about a half-mile (800 m) wide in about one second and then contracts, which also takes about a second. Blast bubbles from deep nuclear explosions have slightly longer oscillations than shallow ones. They stop oscillating and become mere hot water in about six seconds. This happens sooner in nuclear blasts than bubbles from conventional explosives.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: The water pressure of a deep explosion prevents any bubbles from surviving to float up to the surface.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: Despite being in direct contact with a nuclear explosion fireball, the water in the expanding bubble wall does not boil; the pressure inside the bubble exceeds (by far) the vapor pressure of water. The water touching the blast can only boil during bubble contraction. This boiling is like evaporation, cooling the bubble wall, and is another reason that an oscillating blast bubble loses most of the energy it had in the previous cycle.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: During these hot gas oscillations, the bubble continually rises for the same reason a mushroom cloud does: it is less dense. This causes the blast bubble never to be perfectly spherical. Instead, the bottom of the bubble is flatter, and during contraction, it even tends to "reach up" toward the blast center.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: In the last expansion cycle, the bottom of the bubble touches the top before the sides have fully collapsed, and the bubble becomes a torus in its last second of life. About six seconds after detonation, all that remains of a large, deep nuclear explosion is a column of hot water rising and cooling in the near-freezing ocean.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: Relatively few underwater nuclear tests were performed before they were banned by the Partial Test Ban Treaty. They are:

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Underwater explosion

Context: Note: it is often believed that the French did extensive underwater tests in French West Polynesia on the Moruroa and Fangataufa Atolls. This is incorrect; the bombs were placed in shafts drilled into the underlying coral and volcanic rock, and they did not intentionally leak fallout.

Question: Когда был совершен первый подводный атомный взрыв?


Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Belgrade

Context: The construction of the church began on 1938. It was halted by World War II in 1941, and continued only in 1987. The cathedral was consecrated in 1988, dedicated to Saint John of Capistrano and with the neighboring objects (old church from 1925, auxiliary edifices, etc.) makes the monastery complex known as the Marijanum, after the Virgin Mary ("Marija" in Serbian).

Question: Как называется кафедральный собор в Белграде?


Context: As it was actually never fully completed, a massive reconstruction, including the completion of the complex, will start in June 2019. Plans also include the opening of the Museum of the Catholic Church.

Question: Как называется кафедральный собор в Белграде?


Context: Suggestions for the mix of the Serbian Orthodox motifs in the Catholic church came from France Perko (1929-2008), the archbishop of Belgrade from 1986 to 2001, who wished to show that Belgrade is the meeting point of the West and the East. The church remains the only Catholic cathedral with the image of Saint Sava at the altar.

Question: Как называется кафедральный собор в Белграде?


Tatun Volcano Group

Context: The north of the island is where evidence of volcanic activity is most obvious. In the early 20th century, the North Range of hills, also called "Daitonzan" from Japanese or "Twa-tun" from Hokkien, was recognized as having an abundance of sulfur deposits. There were three craters in the North Range between Tamsui and Kimpauli (approx. modern-day Jinshan). The North hill crater, over in diameter and about deep, was the most extensive and was sometimes filled with water.

Question: Есть в Тайване действующий вулкан?


Megadeth

Context: After arriving back in Los Angeles, Mustaine began the search for new bandmates for his band. He formed the band Fallen Angels, and after numerous band members, the band's name was changed to Megadeth. As the founder of the band, he added to the band his new neighbors David Ellefson and Greg Handevidt, who had moved from Minnesota to Los Angeles and played bass and guitar.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: After considering several labels, Mustaine signed the band to Combat Records, a New York-based Independent record label that offered Megadeth the highest budget to record and tour. In 1985, Combat Records gave the band $8,000 to record and produce its debut album. After spending $4,000 of the budget on drugs, alcohol, and food, the band fired the original producer and finished the recording themselves.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: Despite its low-fidelity sound, "Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!" was relatively successful in underground metal circles and attracted major-label interest. Music writer Joel McIver praised its "blistering technicality" and stated that the album "raised the bar for the whole thrash metal scene, with guitarists forced to perform even more accurately and powerfully". The front cover marked the debut of band mascot Vic Rattlehead, who regularly appeared on subsequent album artwork.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In mid-1985, on a bill with Canadian speed metal band Exciter, Megadeth played its first North American tour: the Killing for a Living Tour. Touring guitarist Mike Albert replaced Poland, who was battling drug addiction. Poland rejoined Megadeth in October 1985, shortly before the group began recording its second album for Combat.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: According to Mustaine, Megadeth was under pressure to deliver another successful album: "That sophomore offering is the 'be-all or end-all' of any band. You either go to the next level, or it's the beginning of the nadir." The songs were developed relatively quickly in an old warehouse south of Los Angeles before recording began. Mustaine composed the music, with the other members adding arrangement ideas.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: Poland was initially replaced by Jay Reynolds of Malice, but as the band began working on its next record, Reynolds was replaced by his guitar teacher, Jeff Young, when Megadeth was six weeks into the recording of its third album.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In June 1988, Megadeth appeared in Penelope Spheeris' documentary "". The documentary chronicled the Los Angeles heavy metal scene of the late 1980s, and Spheeris, who had directed Megadeth in the video for "Wake Up Dead", decided to include them to feature a more serious band in contrast to the glam metal groups. Mustaine remembered the film as a disappointment, as it aligned Megadeth with "a bunch of shit bands".

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In August, the band appeared at the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington in the United Kingdom, performing to an audience of more than 100,000. One show featured a guest appearance by Metallica drummer (and Mustaine's former bandmate) Lars Ulrich. The band was added to the Monsters of Rock European tour, but left after the first show due to Ellefson's drug problems, for which he was treated immediately. Megadeth was replaced by Testament.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: Following the band's mainstream radio success with "Cryptic Writings", Megadeth again worked with Dann Huff on its eighth studio album. The band began writing in January 1999, supervised by manager Bud Prager, who was credited with co-writing five of the album's twelve songs. With high expectations following the chart success of "Trust", Prager convinced Mustaine to grant Huff even more control over the album's recording, a decision Mustaine later regretted.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In April, Megadeth returned to the studio to work on its ninth studio album. A month into production, the band received an offer to join the Maximum Rock tour with Anthrax and Mötley Crüe. Megadeth put the recording on hold and toured North America during the second quarter of 2000. Early in the tour, Anthrax was removed from the bill, allowing Megadeth to play an extended co-headlining set. The tour, however, had poor ticket sales.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In January 2002, Mustaine was hospitalized for the removal of a kidney stone and was administered pain medication that triggered a relapse of his drug addiction. Following his stay, Mustaine checked himself into a treatment center in Texas. While there, Mustaine fell asleep with his left arm over the back of a chair, causing compression of the radial nerve. He was subsequently diagnosed with radial neuropathy, which left him unable to grasp or make a fist with his left hand.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: Following nearly a year of recovery, including physical and electroshock therapy, Mustaine began work on what was to have been his first solo album. The new material was recorded with session musicians Vinnie Colaiuta and Jimmie Lee Sloas in October 2003. The project was put on hold when Mustaine agreed to remix and remaster Megadeth's eight-album back catalog on Capitol Records, re-recording portions that were missing or altered without his knowledge in the original mixing.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: The new lineup made its live debut at the Helsinki Ice Hall on February 4. The 2008 Gigantour, with 29 North American dates, began shortly afterwards. Mustaine wanted a shorter lineup, allowing each band a chance to perform well. The third tour featured In Flames, Children of Bodom, Job for a Cowboy and High on Fire. Megadeth continued the Tour of Duty in South America and Mexico in May and June. A compilation album, "", was released in September 2008.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In a June 2017 interview with No Brown M&Ms, Mustaine said that Megadeth would enter the studio at the end of the year to begin working on their sixteenth studio album. A month later, Mustaine stated on Twitter that he had begun "collecting ideas" for the new album, but stated that they would "probably" enter the studio in mid-2018 to begin recording it for a 2019 release. The band joined with Scorpions for a co-headlining tour in the fall of 2017.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: After several teasers, "We'll Be Back", the first single from the record, was released on June 23, along with the tracklist.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine expressed his anger in the movie "", in a scene he later disapproved of as he felt he was mischaracterized, and that it did not represent the full extent of what happened during the meeting.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In 2003, after recovering from an arm injury that threatened to end his career, Mustaine became a born-again Christian. Minor controversy was sparked by Mustaine's announcement that Megadeth would not play certain songs live due to his conversion. In May 2005, Mustaine allegedly threatened to cancel shows in Greece and Israel with extreme metal bands Rotting Christ and Dissection due to the bands' anti-Christian beliefs. This caused the two bands to cancel appearances.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In July 2004, former bassist Ellefson sued Mustaine for $18.5 million in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Ellefson alleged that Mustaine short-changed him on profits including tour merchandise and publishing royalties. The suit was dismissed in 2005, and Mustaine filed a countersuit alleging that Ellefson had used the band's name in an advertisement for musical equipment; the suit was settled out of court.

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Megadeth

Context: In 2017, David Ellefson talked in an interview about how the band recently started to use a lower tuning saying: "it's just natural with age, for singers it can be a struggle, so rather than quit, than not play, how do you work it around? Well, let's drop the guitars, let's find a way to work around it."

Question: В какой номинации Megadeth получила премию "Грэмми"?


Elias von Cyon

Context: Son of Pinkhos (Faddey) Cyon and his wife Sarah; he had an elder brother Moses (born 1840). Cyon studied medicine at the medical-surgical academy in Warsaw, at the University of Kyiv and in Berlin. He obtained a degree in medicine in Kyiv in 1864. In 1866 he worked in Leipzig as an assistant to Carl Ludwig (1816–1895), with whom he collaborated on creation of the first isolated perfused frog heart preparation.

Question: Кто по национальности Илья Фаддеевич Цион?


Elias von Cyon

Context: From 1867 he taught classes on anatomy and physiology at the University of St. Petersburg, where he was assistant to the director of the physiology laboratory, Filipp Ovsyannikov. At St. Petersburg one of his students was Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936). In 1870 he became an associate professor, and following student protests concerning his political views, he relocated to Paris in 1877. In Paris he attained French citizenship and worked with famed physiologist Claude Bernard (1813–1881).

Question: Кто по национальности Илья Фаддеевич Цион?


Elias von Cyon

Context: His name is associated with "Cyon's nerve" (aortic nerve), which is a branch of the vagus nerve that terminates in the aortic arch and base of the heart. It is composed entirely of afferent fibers.

Question: Кто по национальности Илья Фаддеевич Цион?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for The CW of any series premiere since the network began in 2006; the first season averaged 3.60 million viewers. It became the most-watched series on the network before being supplanted by "Arrow". The show has received numerous award nominations, winning four People's Choice Award and many Teen Choice Awards.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: In April 2015, lead actress Nina Dobrev, who played Elena Gilbert, confirmed that she would be leaving the show after its sixth season. Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh-season finale and returned as a guest star in the series finale. In March 2016, The CW renewed the series for an eighth season, but in July of that year announced that the eighth season, consisting of 16 episodes, would be the show's last. The final season began airing on October 21, 2016, and ended March 10, 2017.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: The concepts and characters developed in the series served to launch a media franchise that includes other television series, web series, novels and comic books. The television series "The Originals", which also aired on The CW, was the first major entry in this collection of connected works.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: Initially, Kevin Williamson had little interest in developing the series, as he found the premise too similar to the "Twilight" novels. However, at the urging of Julie Plec, he began to read the books. He started to become intrigued by the story: "I began to realize that it was a story about a small town, about that town's underbelly and about what lurks under the surface." Williamson has stated the town's story will be the main focus of the series rather than high school.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: On February 6, 2009, "Variety" announced that The CW had green-lit the pilot for "The Vampire Diaries" with Williamson and Julie Plec set as the head writers and executive producers. On May 19, 2009, the series was officially ordered for the 2009–2010 season.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: The pilot episode was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia. However, the rest of the seasons have been filmed in Covington, Georgia (which doubles as the show's fictional small town of Mystic Falls, Virginia) and various other communities around Greater Atlanta to take advantage of local tax incentives. On the morning of May 10, 2012, a fire broke out in the building on Clark Street in Covington that was used as the setting for Mystic Grill on the show.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: On April 6, 2015, lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed that she and co-star Michael Trevino (who plays Tyler Lockwood) would be leaving the show after its sixth season. Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh-season finale and returned as a guest star in the series finale. Trevino appeared as a guest star in the seventh and eighth seasons.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: On March 11, 2016, The CW renewed the series for an eighth season, but on July 23, 2016, announced that the eighth season, consisting of 16 episodes, would be the show's last. The final season began airing on October 21, 2016, and ended March 10, 2017.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: The show's second season opened to favorable reviews. On Metacritic, it has a score of 78 (out of 100) based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". As the series progressed and developed into the third season, critics praised the portrayals of the main characters and the development of the female characters such as Elena Gilbert played by Nina Dobrev, Bonnie Bennett played by Kat Graham, and Caroline Forbes played by Candice King.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: The third-season finale, "The Departed", received critical acclaim. Diana Steenbergen of IGN praised the episode and the writers for clearing up a couple of storylines and making all of them come to ahead. She also praised Dobrev's performance in this episode, addressing her behavior as another reason the final revelation from Meredith was more shocking and believable. Similarly, Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review praised the writer's skills in creating a more unexpected final twist.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: The following is a table for the seasonal rankings based on average total estimated viewers per episode of "The Vampire Diaries." "Rank" refers to how "The Vampire Diaries" rated compared to the other television series, which aired during prime time hours.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: "The Vampire Diaries Season 2" will be available on DVD and Blu-ray on August 30, 2011. Region B's releases varied; the United Kingdom on August 22, 2011, Brazil on August 25, 2011. "The Vampire Diaries: Season 3" will be available on DVD and Blu-ray on September 11 and A and on September 5, 2012, for Regions 4 and B. "The Vampire Diaries: Season 4" is available on DVD and Blu-ray in A as of September 15, 2013.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: In Japan, the fourth season was released in a special collection, including bonuses not available elsewhere. Included in the collection are an ankle bracelet, promotional image cards, and a booklet about the cast.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: Former president of entertainment at The CW, Dawn Ostroff, mentioned a spin-off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years. A spin-off was in development for the 2011 fall line-up, but due to Kevin Williamson's commitment to "The Secret Circle", it was put on hold indefinitely.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot focused on The Originals, starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled "The Originals" would air on April 25 for a potential series pick-up for the 2013–2014 season. This second spin-off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: On April 26, 2013, The CW announced that "The Originals" had been ordered to the series premiere in the 2013–14 television season. "The Originals" premiered on October 3, 2013.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: Daniel Gillies as Elijah, Claire Holt as Rebekah, and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters, originally from "The Vampire Diaries", in the new spin-off series.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: "The Originals" is about the Mikaelson siblings, who are the original family of vampires, and their take-over of the French Quarter of New Orleans. The show also involves Hayley and Klaus's daughter, Hope.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


The Vampire Diaries

Context: At the Television Critics Association winter 2016 press tour, CW president Mark Pedowitz announced an official crossover between "The Vampire Diaries" and "The Originals," where Stefan goes on the run and finds a haven in New Orleans where he runs into Klaus.

Question: Когда сериал «Дневники вампира» вышел на экраны России?


List of members of the International Ice Hockey Federation

Context: A. Austria was expelled from the IIHF in 1920, then re-admitted on January 24, 1924. It was again expelled in 1939 and re-admitted on 27 April 1946.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: B. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association withdrew from the LIHG on 13 April 1944, then rejoined on 22 March 1947, as part of the merger with the International Ice Hockey Association.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: C. The IIHF recognizes Bohemia, which joined in 1908, and Czechoslovakia as the predecessors to the Czech Republic, which officially became a member in 1993.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: D. In 1940, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were annexed by the Soviet Union. Their membership expired on 27 April 1946. The three nations were re-admitted into the IIHF on 6 May 1992.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: E. Germany was expelled in 1920, then re-admitted on January 11, 1926. It was again expelled on 27 April 1946. West Germany and East Germany were admitted into the IIHF in 1951 and 1954, respectively. Following their reunification, Germany was re-admitted into the IIHF on 3 October 1990.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: G. The IIHF recognizes the Soviet Union, which joined in 1952, as the predecessor to Russia, which officially became a member in 1992.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: H. The IIHF recognizes Yugoslavia, which joined in 1939, as the predecessor to Serbia, which officially became a member on 28 September 2006.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: I. On 22 March 1947, the LIHG chose to recognize the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States instead of the Amateur Athletic Union as the governing body of ice hockey in the United States, as part of the merger with the International Ice Hockey Association.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: J. Armenia was suspended by the IIHF in April 2010, for use of ineligible players on their national team that participated in the 2010 IIHF World Championship Division III Group B in Yerevan, Armenia. The suspension was lifted in 2015.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Context: K. Russia and Belarus were suspended indefinitely by the IIHF on 28 February 2022 from competing in the IIHF World Championship because of their invasion of Ukraine.

Question: Сколько стран входило в Международную федерацию хоккея на льду в 2018?


Princess Tarakanova

Context: Princess Tarakanova (c. 1745 – ) was a pretender to the Russian throne. She styled herself, among other names, "Knyazhna Yelizaveta Vladimirskaya" (Princess of Vladimir), "Fräulein Frank", and "Madame Trémouille". Tarakanova ("tarakan" is the Russian word for cockroach) is a later name, used only in entertainment (literature, theater, films, paintings), apparently on the basis of how she lived her last months and died. In her own time, she was not known by that name.

Question: Сколько княжна Тараканова находилась в заключении в Петропавловской крепости?


Princess Tarakanova

Context: Tarakanova claimed to be the daughter of Alexei Razumovsky and Empress Elizabeth of Russia, reared in Saint Petersburg. Even her place of birth, however, is not certain, and her real name is not known. She is known to have traveled to several cities in Western Europe, and to have become a mistress of Count Philipp Ferdinand of Limburg Stirum, apparently in the hope that he would marry her.

Question: Сколько княжна Тараканова находилась в заключении в Петропавловской крепости?


Princess Tarakanova

Context: A popular theory postulated that her death was faked and that she was secretly forced to take the veil under the name Dosifea. The mysterious nun of this name is recorded as having lived in the Ivanovsky Convent from 1785 until her death in 1810.

Question: Сколько княжна Тараканова находилась в заключении в Петропавловской крепости?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Downregulation of post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptor is an adaptive process provoked by chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and atypical antipsychotics. Suicidal and otherwise depressed patients have had more 5-HT2A receptors than normal patients. These findings suggest that post-synaptic 5-HT2A overdensity is involved in the pathogenesis of depression.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: In the periphery, it is highly expressed in platelets and many cell types of the cardiovascular system, in fibroblasts, and in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, 5-HT2A mRNA expression has been observed in human monocytes. Whole-body distribution of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, [11C]Cimbi-36 show uptake in several internal organs and brown adipose tissue (BAT), but it is not clear if this represents specific 5-HT2A receptor binding.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: The 5-HT2A receptor is known primarily to couple to the Gαq signal transduction pathway. Upon receptor stimulation with agonist, Gαq and β-γ subunits dissociate to initiate downstream effector pathways. Gαq stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) activity, which subsequently promotes the release of diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3), which in turn stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) activity and Ca2+ release.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Increased 5-HT2A expression is observed in patients with coronary thrombosis, and the receptor has been associated with processes that influence atherosclerosis. As the receptor is present in coronary arteries and capable of mediating vasoconstriction, 5-HT2A has also been linked to coronary artery spasms. 5HT antagonism, therefore, has potential in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, however, no studies have been published so far.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: 5-HT2A-receptor ligands may differentially activate the transductional pathways (see above). Studies evaluated the activation of two effectors, PLC and PLA2, by means of their second messengers. Compounds displaying more pronounced functional selectivity are 2,5-DMA and 2C-N. The former induces IP accumulation without activating the PLA2 mediated response, while the latter elicits AA release without activating the PLC mediated response.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Recent research has suggested potential signaling differences within the somatosensory cortex between 5-HT2A agonists that produce headshakes in the mouse and those that do not, such as lisuride, as these agents are also non-hallucinogenic in humans despite being active 5-HT2A agonists.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: One known example of differences in signal transduction is between the two 5-HT2A agonists serotonin and DOI that involves differential recruitment of intracellular proteins called β-arrestins, more specifically arrestin beta 2. Cyclopropylmethanamine derivatives such as (-)-19 have also been shown to act as 5-HT2A/2C agonists with functional selectivity for Gq-mediated signaling compared with β-arrestin recruitment.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: The gene has previously been called just HTR2 until the description of two related genes "HTR2B" and "HTR2C".

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Probable role in fibromyalgia as the T102C polymorphisms of the gene 5HT2A were common in fibromyalgia patients.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: In human brain tissue, regulation of "HTR2A" varies depending on the region: frontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus, brain stem and cerebellum. In a paper from 2016, they found that "HTR2A" undergoes a variety of different splicing events, including utilization of alternative splice acceptor sites, exon skipping, rare exon usage, and intron retention.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Several studies have seen links between the -1438G/A polymorphism and mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: A weak link with an odds ratio of 1.3 has been found between the T102C polymorphism and schizophrenia.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: This polymorphism has also been studied in relation to suicide attempts, with a study finding excess of the C/C genotypes among the suicide attempters. A number of other studies were devoted to finding an association of the gene with schizophrenia, with diverging results.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: These individual studies may, however, not give a full picture: A review from 2007 looking at the effect of different SNPs reported in separate studies stated that "genetic association studies [of "HTR2A" gene variants with psychiatric disorders] report conflicting and generally negative results" with no involvement, small or a not replicated role for the genetic variant of the gene.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Polymorphisms in the promoter gene coding Early growth response 3 (EGR3) are associated with schizophrenia. Studies have demonstrated a relationship between EGR3 and "HTR2A", and schizophrenia like behaviors in transgenic animals. Exactly how these results translate over to further biopsychological understanding of schizophrenia is still widely debated. There is some evidence that dysfunction of "HTR2A"can impact pharmacological interventions.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Several studies have assessed a relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 2A receptor (5-HTR2A) gene polymorphisms with an increased risk of suicidal behavior. One study revealed that T102C polymorphism is associated with suicidal behavior but other studies failed to replicate these findings and found no association between polymorphism and suicidal behavior.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Genetics seems also to be associated to some extent with the amount of adverse events in treatment of major depression disorder.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: There is some evidence that methylation patterns may contribute to relapse behaviors in people who use stimulants. In mice, psychotropic drugs such as DOI, LSD, DOM, and DOB which produced differing transcriptional patterns among several different brain regions.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: The receptor can be analysed by neuroimaging, radioligand, genetic analysis, measurements of ion flows, and in other ways.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: one study reported a "reduced" binding of altanserin particularly in the hippocampus in patients with major depressive disorder.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


5-HT2A receptor

Context: Western blot with an affinity-purified antibody and examination of 5-HT2A receptor protein samples by electrophoresis has been described. Immunohistochemical staining of 5-HT2A receptors is also possible.

Question: Кто был первооткрывателем 5-HT2A-рецептора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: There exists a class of consorts called Ying (媵; "yìng") during early historical times in China. These were people who came along with brides as a form of dowry. It could be the female cousin or sister of the bride, or people from other countries (not necessarily from another race).

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: Worth noting is the fact that during the Shang Dynasty, there were times where two Empresses reigned at the same period.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: The Rites of Zhou contains great details of an imperial consort ranking system. However, as the "Rites of Zhou" is considered by modern scholars to be merely a fictitious constitution for a utopian society, the system listed in that work of literature cannot be taken word for word. Rather, it offers a rough glimpse into the inner harem during the time.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: It was suggested that a system (not necessarily resembling the one listed above) was set up to prevent the situation of having two Queens/Empresses.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: According to the "Rites of Zhou", Feudal Lords are entitled to 9 consorts in total, and cannot marry again after having 9 consorts, which makes for 1 wife and 8 consorts. For other officers, they are entitled to 1 wife and 1 consort. For normal citizens, only 1 wife is allowed.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: The principal wife of the Crown Prince was called (妃; "fēi"). There also exists a sub-ranking system for concubines; they were called Ladies of Excellence (良娣; "liáng dì") and (孺人; "rú rén"). For grandchildren of the Emperor, their principal wives were called Madame (夫人; "fū rén"). Concubines for these people have no titles, and were simple called (家人子; " jiā rén zǐ").

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: No limits were set for these consorts. This later created situations when more than 20,000 women were living in the palace during the reigns of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: In 479, at the ascension of Emperor Gao, the Minister for Ceremonies (禮司) successfully petitioned the Emperor to establish the following system:

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: In 483, when Emperor Wu ascended to the throne, the Minister for Ceremonies (禮司) successfully petitioned the Emperor to expand the system. This involved elevating the position of Noble Consort (貴妃; "guì fēi") to a category all unto itself, with the following ranks:

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: The new category was just underneath the Empress. In 489, the position of Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; "zhāo róng") was created to fill the gap created when Pure Consort (淑妃; "shū fēi") was elevated to an independent category.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: Initially, during the reign of Gaozu, no specific ranking system for consorts were devised, due to the Emperor's desire to live a simple life. It was only until Emperor Wen's reign did a ranking system came into being:

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: During the reign of Emperor Daowu, the consort ranking system was very simple, and only contained the rank of Madame (夫人; "fū rén"). However, there existed an unwritten, subjective system of prestige rankings in between. It was during the reign of Emperor Taiwu that the system of rankings listed below came into force:

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: During the sinification of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen reformed the consort ranking system to the system below:

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: In the beginning, there were only three ranks for consorts: Madame (夫人; "fū rén"), Imperial Concubine (嬪; "pín"), and Imperial Ladies (禦; "yù"). However, as Emperor Wucheng ascended to the throne, a system of rankings more sophisticated than any devised before was promulgated:

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: There also existed a system of Women Palace Officials (女官; "nǚ guān") to manage ceremonial affairs in the harem. The system was based on similar systems in the past.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: During the reign of Emperor Yang, the ranking system was expanded yet again, based on systems in the past, to the following:

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: Imperial consorts of Tang China are organized in eight or nine ranks, in addition to the empress. They are also called the "inner officials" (內官), as opposed to "palace officials" (宮官), the bureaucracy.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: In 662, the titles were temporarily changed to be devoid of feminine and superficial quality. This seemingly feminist change was reverted in the twelfth month of 670. The rationales were not explained in official records in both instances. However, some scholars have speculated it to be the suggestion of Empress Wu to her husband.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: The principal wife of the Crown Prince is called Crown Princess (太子妃; "tài zǐ fēi"), which is held by only one person at any given time. There are 5 other ranks of consorts:

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: During these times, governments were replaced frequently, and as a result, it is difficult for modern scholars to derive any solid information on ranking systems during these times.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: The ranking system was at its simplest, and only consists of Empress, Consort, and Concubine. No limits were set on the number of people who could enjoy the title, but only one empress can exist.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: Although the number of ranks were few, there existed a subsystem of ranking by prestige inside the Yuan harem. The "tent" (Chinese: 宮帳, translated term from Mongolian: 斡兒垜) that a consort lives in often determines their status. These tents often contain multiple Empresses, Consorts, and Concubines. In the many tents that existed, the first Empress of the first tent is considered to be the most prestigious consort.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: Imperial marriages between the imperial clan of the Yuan existed between certain states and tribes. These included the Onggirat tribe, Idug-qut's Uighur tribe, the Oirat tribe, and the Goryeo royal family.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: Human tribute, including servants, eunuchs, and virgin girls came from: China's various ethnic tribes, Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Central Asia, Siam, Champa, and Okinawa.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: There were limits placed on how many consorts could hold the ranks of Imperial Concubine (嬪; "pín"), and above. An Emperor could have up to 1 Empress, 1 Imperial Noble Consort, 2 Noble Consorts, 4 Consorts and 6 Imperial Concubines at a time.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: Consorts that attained the rank of Imperial Concubine (嬪) and above would be honoured with a residence in the main section of a palace in the Forbidden City. Consorts that attained the rank of Imperial Concubine and above, when being addressed by lower ranked concubines and servants, would have to be addressed as Your Highness (娘娘; "níangniang"). All people were expected to use deprecating self-titles when addressing higher ranks, and concubines were no different.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: The system was solid, but the number of consorts an emperor actually had during the Qing dynasty was subject to wild variations. The Kangxi Emperor holds the record for having the most consorts with 79, while the Guangxu Emperor holds the record for having the fewest consorts, with one empress and two consorts – a total of just three consorts.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Imperial Chinese harem system

Context: The tradition of ranking concubines ended when the Qing dynasty was overthrown. However, the practice of giving rank to people who "unofficially" (lives with, but never marry) have more than one wife is still widespread. In addition, the term (夫人; "fū rén") is still used, albeit rarely and only in very formal settings, as an honorific title towards another person's wife in China.

Question: Сколько рангов было у жен китайского императора?


Local history

Context: Local history is often documented by local historical societies or groups that form to preserve a local historic building or other historic site. Many works of local history are compiled by amateur historians working independently or archivists employed by various organizations. An important aspect of local history is the publication and cataloguing of documents preserved in local or national records which relate to particular areas.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: In a number of countries a broader concept of local lore is known, which is a comprehensive study of everything pertaining to a certain locality: history, ethnography, geography, natural history, etc.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: In Australia, local history is focussed on specific cities and suburbs or country towns and regions. In cities, local history might concentrate on a CBD and its bordering suburbs, on a specific suburb or municipality, or on an agglomeration of suburbs and municipalities (because local government boundaries have changed over time). Outside the larger cities, local history often examines regional towns and surrounding areas.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: Historians have examined the ways local history has been written in Australia since the nineteenth century. Early on, the emphasis was on pioneer and settler history. The creative ways that local history contributed to making community has also been argued. Subsequently, local history, urban history, public history and heritage were closely connected in Australia.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: The British Association for Local History in the United Kingdom encourages and assists in the study of local history as an academic discipline and as a leisure activity by both individuals and groups. Most historic counties in England have record societies and archaeological and historical societies which coordinate the work of historians and other researchers concerned with that area.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: Local history is rarely taught as a separate subject in British schools. In 1908, a Board of Education circular had urged that schools should pay attention "to the history of the town and district" in which they were situated. In 1952, the Ministry of Education suggested schools should use local material to illustrate national themes. Within the current National Curriculum, pupils at level 4 are expected to "show their knowledge and understanding of local, national and international history".

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: The Alan Ball Local History Awards were established in the 1980s to recognize outstanding contributions in local history publishing in the UK (both in print and in new media), and to encourage the publishing of such works by public libraries and local authorities.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: Local history can become a crucial component to policy-making and serve as a marketable resource and this is demonstrated in the case of Northern Ireland. Aside from its contribution to local development, local history is being used as a non-contentious meeting ground in addressing conflicting traditions by reinforcing shared past rather than adversarial political history.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: In the United States, 79,000 historic sites are identified as listings on its National Register of Historic Places. State and local municipalities often have additional landmark designations to cover sites of more purely local interest.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: In addition, many regional and state historical societies maintain regional history and actively seek out missing historical collections.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: In several Slavic countries there is a related study which may be translated from the local languages as "country lore" or "local lore". In addition to history, it also incorporates other local studies, such as local geography, nature, and ethnography.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: In the USSR, Russia and Russian-speaking post-Soviet states local lore is known as "krayevedenie" (). It is taught in primary schools. There are also local lore museums known as "krayevedcheskie muzei". In modern Russia the concept of "regional studies" ( Регионоведение) is also considered.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: In Ukraine, the study of local history and regional ethnography is known as "krayeznavstvo" (). The National Union of Local Lore Researchers of Ukraine is a professional society for researchers of ethnology and local studies in Ukraine. It was founded in 1925 and has 3,000 members in 17 chapters. The society has published its journal "Краєзнавство" since 1927.

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Local history

Context: In Poland, the corresponding concept is called "", the term known since 1902. In modern Poland various organized "krajoznawstwo" activities are carried out by Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze, ineptly translated as "Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society".

Question: Что изучают краеведы?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Mount Vesuvius ( ; ; , also or ; , also , or ) is a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera, caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Today, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living near enough to be affected by an eruption, with 600,000 in the danger zone, making it the most densely populated volcanic region in the world. It has a tendency towards violently explosive eruptions, which are now known as Plinian eruptions.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Vesuvius has a long historic and literary tradition. It was considered a divinity of the Genius type at the time of the eruption of AD 79: it appears under the inscribed name Vesuvius as a serpent in the decorative frescos of many "", or household shrines, surviving from Pompeii. An inscription from Capua to indicates that he was worshipped as a power of Jupiter; that is, "Jupiter Vesuvius".

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Vesuvius is a "humpbacked" peak, consisting of a large cone ("Gran Cono") partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier (and originally much higher) structure called Mount Somma. The Gran Cono was produced during the A.D. 79 eruption. For this reason, the volcano is also called Somma-Vesuvius or Somma-Vesuvio.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The caldera started forming during an eruption around 17,000–18,000 years ago and was enlarged by later paroxysmal eruptions, ending in the one of AD 79. This structure has given its name to the term "somma volcano", which describes any volcano with a summit caldera surrounding a newer cone.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The volcano erupted again in 1631, six times in the 18th century (including 1779 and 1794), eight times in the 19th century (notably in 1872), and in 1906, 1929 and 1944. There have been no eruptions since 1944, and none of the eruptions after AD 79 were as large or destructive as the Pompeian one.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Since 1750, seven of the eruptions of Vesuvius have had durations of more than 5 years, more than any other volcano except Etna. The two most recent eruptions of Vesuvius (1875–1906 and 1913–1944) lasted more than 30 years each.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Several surviving works written over the 200 years preceding the AD 79 eruption describe the mountain as having had a volcanic nature, although Pliny the Elder did not depict the mountain in this way in his "Naturalis Historia":

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: In AD 79, Vesuvius erupted in one of the most catastrophic eruptions of all time. Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, a Roman administrator and poet. In the surviving copies of the letters, several dates are given. The latest evidence supports earlier findings and indicates that the eruption occurred after 17 October.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The volcano ejected a cloud of stones, ashes and volcanic gases to a height of , spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed by pyroclastic surges and the ruins buried under tens of metres of tephra.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake in 62, which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, and particularly to Pompeii. Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted. The deaths of 600 sheep from "tainted air" in the vicinity of Pompeii indicates that the earthquake of AD 62 may have been related to new activity by Vesuvius.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region; the writer Pliny the Younger even wrote that they "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania". Small earthquakes started taking place four days before the eruption becoming more frequent over the next four days, but the warnings were not recognized.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The latest scientific studies of the ash produced by Vesuvius reveal a multi-phase eruption. The initial major explosion produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between high, which rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind. The chief energy supporting the column came from the escape of steam superheated by the magma, created from seawater seeping over time into the deep faults of the region, that came into interaction with magma and heat.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Subsequently, the cloud collapsed as the gases expanded and lost their capability to support their solid contents, releasing it as a pyroclastic surge, which first reached Herculaneum but not Pompeii. Additional blasts reinstituted the column. The eruption alternated between Plinian and Peléan six times. Surges 3 and 4 are believed by the authors to have buried Pompeii. Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations, which are not produced by fallout.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Another study used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of roof-tile and plaster fragments collected around Pompeii to estimate equilibrium temperature of the pyroclastic flow. The magnetic study revealed that on the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to fell for several hours. It heated the roof tiles up to . This period would have been the last opportunity to escape.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The collapse of the Plinian columns on the second day caused pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that devastated Herculaneum and Pompeii. The depositional temperature of these pyroclastic surges ranged up to . Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have escaped, as the city was surrounded by gases of incinerating temperatures. The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs. These were as low as .

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: He set off across the bay but in the shallows on the other side encountered thick showers of hot cinders, lumps of pumice and pieces of rock. Advised by the helmsman to turn back, he stated "Fortune favors the brave" and ordered him to continue on to Stabiae (about 4.5 kilometers from Pompeii).

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Along with Pliny the Elder, the only other noble casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa (a son of the Herodian Jewish princess Drusilla and the procurator Antonius Felix) and his wife.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: By 2003, around 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii, with the scattered bones of another 100. The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum (300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980). What percentage these numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain unknown.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: People caught on the former seashore by the first surge died of thermal shock. The rest were concentrated in arched chambers at a density of as high as 3 persons per square metre. As only of the coast have been excavated, further casualties may be discovered.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The volcano became quiescent at the end of the 13th century, and in the following years it again became covered with gardens and vineyards as of old. Even the inside of the crater was moderately filled with shrubbery.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: In March 1944, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) 340th Bombardment Group was based at Pompeii Airfield near Terzigno, Italy, just a few kilometres from the eastern base of the volcano. The tephra and hot ash from multiple days of the eruption damaged the fabric control surfaces, the engines, the Plexiglas windscreens and the gun turrets of the 340th's B-25 Mitchell medium bombers. Estimates ranged from 78 to 88 aircraft destroyed.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The eruption could be seen from Naples. Different perspectives and the damage caused to the local villages were recorded by USAAF photographers and other personnel based nearer to the volcano.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: Ongoing efforts are being made by the government at various levels (especially of Campania) to reduce the population living in the red zone, by demolishing illegally constructed buildings, establishing a national park around the whole volcano to prevent the future construction of buildings and by offering sufficient financial incentives to people for moving away. One of the underlying goals is to reduce the time needed to evacuate the area, over the next twenty to thirty years, to two or three days.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The area around Vesuvius was officially declared a national park on 5 June 1995. The summit of Vesuvius is open to visitors, and there is a small network of paths around the volcano that are maintained by the park authorities on weekends. There is access by road to within of the summit (measured vertically), but thereafter access is on foot only. There is a spiral walkway around the volcano from the road to the crater.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Mount Vesuvius

Context: The first funicular cable car on Mount Vesuvius opened in 1880. It was later destroyed by the March 1944 eruption. "Funiculì, Funiculà", a Neapolitan language song with lyrics by journalist Peppino Turco set to music by composer Luigi Denza, commemorates its opening.

Question: Сколько человек погибло при извержении Везувия?


Battle of Moscow

Context: The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated Hitler's attack on Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Soviet Union. Moscow was one of the primary military and political objectives for Axis forces in their invasion of the Soviet Union.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: The German Strategic Offensive, named Operation Typhoon, called for two pincer offensives, one to the north of Moscow against the Kalinin Front by the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies, simultaneously severing the Moscow–Leningrad railway, and another to the south of Moscow Oblast against the Western Front south of Tula, by the 2nd Panzer Army, while the 4th Army advanced directly towards Moscow from the west.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: Once Soviet resistance along the Vyazma-Bryansk front was eliminated, German forces were to press east, encircling Moscow by outflanking it from the north and south. Continuous fighting had reduced their effectiveness, and logistical difficulties became more acute. General Guderian, commander of the 2nd Panzer Army, wrote that some of his destroyed tanks had not been replaced, and there were fuel shortages at the start of the operation.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: The weather began to change, hampering both sides. On 7 October, the first snow fell and quickly melted, turning roads and open areas into muddy quagmires, a phenomenon known as "rasputitsa" in Russia. German armored groups were greatly slowed, allowing Soviet forces to fall back and regroup.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: Other counterattacks further slowed the German offensive. The 2nd Army, which was operating to the north of Guderian's forces with the aim of encircling the Bryansk Front, had come under strong Red Army pressure assisted by air support.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: On 15 October, Stalin ordered the evacuation of the Communist Party, the General Staff and various civil government offices from Moscow to Kuibyshev (now Samara), leaving only a limited number of officials behind. The evacuation caused panic among Muscovites. On 16–17 October, much of the civilian population tried to flee, mobbing the available trains and jamming the roads from the city. Despite all this, Stalin publicly remained in the Soviet capital, somewhat calming the fear and pandemonium.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: By late October, the German forces were worn out, with only a third of their motor vehicles still functioning, infantry divisions at third- to half-strength, and serious logistics issues preventing the delivery of warm clothing and other winter equipment to the front. Even Hitler seemed to surrender to the idea of a long struggle, since the prospect of sending tanks into such a large city without heavy infantry support seemed risky after the costly capture of Warsaw in 1939.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: The Germans were driven back in early December, securing the southern approach to the city. Tula itself held, protected by fortifications and determined defenders mostly from the 50th army, made of both soldiers and civilians. In the south, the Wehrmacht never got close to the capital. The first stroke of the Western-Front's counter-offensive on the outskirts of Moscow fell upon Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: The Axis offensive on Moscow stopped. Heinz Guderian wrote in his journal that "the offensive on Moscow failed ... We underestimated the enemy's strength, as well as his size and climate. Fortunately, I stopped my troops on 5 December, otherwise the catastrophe would be unavoidable."

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: Both were results of Soviet General Headquarters' Order 0428 dated 17 November 1941. Artificial floods were also used as an unconventional weapon of direct impact.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: On 5 December 1941, the counteroffensive for "removing the immediate threat to Moscow" started on the Kalinin Front. The South-Western Front and Western Fronts began their offensives the next day. After several days of little progress, Soviet armies retook Solnechnogorsk on 12 December and Klin on 15 December. Guderian's army "beat a hasty retreat towards Venev" and then Sukhinichi. "The threat overhanging Tula was removed."

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: Furious that his army had been unable to take Moscow, Hitler dismissed his commander-in-chief, Walther von Brauchitsch, on 19 December 1941, and took personal charge of the Wehrmacht, effectively taking control of all military decisions. Additionally, Hitler surrounded himself with staff officers with little or no recent combat experience.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Battle of Moscow

Context: The defense of Moscow became a symbol of Soviet resistance against the invading Axis forces. To commemorate the battle, Moscow was awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1965, on the 20th anniversary of Victory Day. A Museum of the Defence of Moscow was created in 1995.

Question: Сколько воинов участвовало в битве за Москву в 1941-1942 гг.?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church has been reported as far back as the 11th century, when Peter Damian wrote the treatise "Liber Gomorrhianus" against such abuses and others.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In the late 15th century, Katharina von Zimmern and her sister were removed from their abbey to live in their family's house for a while partly because the young girls were molested by priests. In 1531, Martin Luther claimed that Pope Leo X had vetoed a measure that cardinals should restrict the number of boys they kept for their pleasure, "otherwise it would have been spread throughout the world how openly and shamelessly the Pope and the cardinals in Rome practice sodomy."

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: The sexual abuse of children below the age of consent by priests has received significant media and public attention in the United States, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Philippines, Belgium, France, Germany, and Australia. Cases have also been reported in other nations throughout the world. Many of the cases span several decades and are brought forward years after the abuse occurred.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In Ireland, the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse issued a report that covered six decades (from the 1950s). It noted "endemic" sexual abuse in Catholic boys' institutions, saying that church leaders were aware of abuses and that government inspectors failed to "stop beatings, rapes and humiliation." The report noted the "centrality of poverty and social vulnerability in the lives of the victims of abuse."

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: Of the Catholic sexual abuse cases in Latin America, the most widely known is the sexual scandal of Father Marcial Maciel, the founder of the Legion of Christ, a Roman Catholic congregation. The revelations took place after the Legion spent more than a decade denying allegations and criticizing the victims who claimed abuse.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In Tanzania, Father Kit Cunningham and three other priests were exposed as pedophiles after Cunningham's death. The abuse took place in the 1960s but was only publicly revealed in 2011, largely through a BBC documentary.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: After the United States, the country with the next highest number of reported cases is Ireland. A significant number of cases have also been reported in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In response to the attention, members of the church hierarchy have argued that media coverage has been unfair, excessive, and disproportionate. According to a Pew Research Center study, in 2002 the media coverage was focused on the US, where a series in "The Boston Globe" initiated widespread coverage in the region. However, by 2010 the focus had shifted to Europe.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: On 13 May 2017, Pope Francis acknowledged that the Vatican had a 2,000 case backlog of sex abuse cases.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: Philip Jenkins, professor at the Department of Religion and History at Penn State University, questioned the theses of increased sexual abuse among priests, saying the percentage of priests accused of molesting minors is 1.8%, much of which is not about pedophilia alone.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In November 2019, the Archdiocese acknowledged sex abuse committed by Fr. Leopoldo Sosa Tolentino in 1994 and issued a public apology to his victim. Tolentino was suspended from ministry and began the canonical trial process. Another El Salvador priest José Adonay Chicas Campos was laicized in 2019 after pleading guilty to sex abuse in a criminal trial at the Vatican and sentenced to 16 years in prison.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In 2018 Pope Francis accepted the resignation of Bishop Juan Jose Pineda, a close aide of Cardinal Maradiaga, following revelations of sexual abuse and financial scandal.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In August 2005, Father Charles Henry Sylvestre of Belle River, Ontario pleaded guilty to 47 counts of sexual abuse of females, aged between nine and fourteen years old, between 1952 and 1989. Sylvestre was given a sentence in October 2006 of three years, and died 22 January 2007 after three months in prison.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: By 1912, thousands of First Nations children attended residential schools, many of which were run by the Catholic Church. In 1990, Manitoba leader Phil Fontaine revealed that he had been sexually and physically abused in a Catholic residential school. He claimed that sexual abuse was common in residential schools in general. "In my grade three class, if there were 20 boys, every single one of them would have experienced what I experienced. They would have experienced some aspect of sexual abuse."

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: Canadian author and artist, Michael D. O'Brien, has also spoken out about his painful experiences of residential school abuse, revealing that "the sexual exploitation of the young has been epidemic in Catholic residential schools and orphanages."

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: Luis Esteban Zavala Rodríguez, a priest in Irapuato, was condemned to 65 years and three months in prison and fined MXN $61,000 in January 2021 for raping a 12-year-old girl as she took catechism classes at a church in the city.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: The United States has been the focus of many scandals and subsequent reforms. BishopAccountability.org, an "online archive established by lay Catholics", have reported over 3,000 civil lawsuits against the church, some of these cases have resulted in multimillion-dollar settlements with many claimants, totaling more than $3 billion since 1950.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In 2004, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange settled nearly 90 cases for $100 million. In July 2007, its parent archdiocese, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles reached a settlement of 45 lawsuits for $60 million. By July 2007, a $660 million agreement was made with more than 500 alleged victims.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In September 2007, the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego reached a $198.1 million "agreement with 144 childhood sexual abuse victims".

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In July 2008, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Denver agreed "to pay $5.5 million to settle 18 claims of childhood sexual abuse."

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In September 1983, the" National Catholic Reporter " published an article on the topic. The subject gained wider national notoriety in October 1985 when Louisiana priest Gilbert Gauthe pleaded guilty to 11 counts of molestation of boys. After the coverage of Gauthe's crimes subsided, the issue faded to the fringes of public attention until the mid-1990s, when the issue was again brought to national attention after a number of books on the topic were published.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In 2003, Archbishop Timothy M. Dolan of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee authorized payments of as much as US$20,000 to sexually abusive priests to convince them to leave the priesthood.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In July 2003, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Louisville paid $25.7 million to "settle child sexual-abuse allegations made in 240 lawsuits naming 34 priests and other church workers." In 2003, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston also settled a large case for $85 million with 552 alleged victims. In 2004, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange settled nearly 90 cases for $100 million.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas paid $30.9 million in 1998 to twelve victims of one priest ($ in present-day terms).

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In April 2007, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon agreed to a $75 million settlement with 177 claimants and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle agreed to a $48 million settlement with more than 160 victims. In July 2007, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles reached a $660 million agreement with more than 500 alleged victims, in December 2006, the archdiocese had a settlement of 45 lawsuits for $60 million.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: As recently as 2011, Fr Curtis Wehmeyer was allowed to work as a priest in Minnesota despite many people having reported concern about his sexual compulsion and suspicious behavior with boys. Wehmeyer was employed as a priest without proper background checks. Wehmeyer was later convicted of sexually abusing two boys. After Wehmeyer's arrest there were complaints the responsible clergy were more concerned with how to spin the story in a favorable light than in helping victims.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: Addressing "a flood of abuse claims" five dioceses (Tucson, Arizona; Spokane, Washington; Portland, Oregon.; Davenport, Iowa, and San Diego) got bankruptcy protection. Eight Catholic diocese have declared bankruptcy due to sex abuse cases from 2004 to 2011.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In the United States, the 2004 "John Jay Report," commissioned from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice and funded by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), was based on volunteer surveys completed by the Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States. The 2004 "John Jay Report" was based on a study of 10,667 allegations against 4,392 priests accused of engaging in sexual abuse of a minor between 1950 and 2002.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: On 29 December 2019, it was revealed that numerous bishops across the United States withheld hundreds of names from their accused clergy list.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: On 6 March 2020, a joint investigation conducted by Propublica and the "Houston Chronicle" was published which revealed that the Catholic Church transferred more than 50 credibly accused U.S. Catholic clergy to other countries after sex abuse accusations surfaced against them.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: The Holy See Secretariat of State's report, published in November 2020, stated that Pope John Paul II was made aware of allegations against McCarrick but did not believe them, and that Benedict XVI, after receiving further complaints, also made little effort to stop McCarrick. The report absolved Pope Francis, but placed blame on both Pope John Paul II and Benedict XVI for Theodore McCarrick's rise in power they both were aware of sex abuse allegation against him.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: On 17 August 2019, Argentina Bishop Sergio Buenanueva of San Francisco, Cordoba, acknowledged the history of sex abuse in the Catholic Church in Argentina. Buenanueva, who was labeled as a "Prelate" for the Argentine Catholic Church, also stated that the church's sex abuse crisis in Argentina, which is Pope Francis' native country, was "just beginning".

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: A three-judge court cleared former priest Carlos Eduardo José, 62, of sexual abuse charges from 1999 to 2008 in Caseros, Buenos Aires because the statute of limitations had expired by March 9, 2021. The accusations date from 2009 but the church took no action until 2019. Three other complaints against the same priest by other students were earlier dismissed by other courts on statute of limitations grounds.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: On 11 June 2018, Francis accepted the resignations of Bishop Juan Barros Madrid of Osorno, and on 28 June those of Bishops Horacio Valenzuela of Talca and Alejandro Goić Karmelić of Rancagua. In September, he accepted those of those of Carlos Eduardo Pellegrín Barrera of Chillán and Cristián Contreras Molina of San Felipe.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: On 13 October 2018, Pope Francis laicized two former archbishops: Francisco José Cox Huneeus of La Serena and Marco Antonio Órdenes Fernández of Iquique.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In March 2019, Cardinal Ricardo Ezzati Andrello resigned as required upon turning 75 amid allegations of sexual abuse.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: On 21 August 2019, Chile's nuncio announced that the Vatican had launched an investigation into claims that Bernardino Piñera, an influential Chilean priest who is also a paternal uncle of Chilean President Sebastian Piñera, sexually abused at least one child 50 years prior.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In 2002, Mathew N. Schmalz noted that Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in India are generally not spoken about openly, stating "you would have gossip and rumors, but it never reaches the level of formal charges or controversies."

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In 2016, the Catholic Church reappointed a convicted and jailed priest in the Ootacamund Diocese in Tamil Nadu, with little regard for victims rights and children's safety.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In 2017, Father Robin Vadakkumchery of St Sebastian church in Kannur was arrested in Kochi on the charge of repeatedly raping a 15-year-old girl who later gave birth to a child. The baby is reported to have been taken to an orphanage without the mother's consent. He has been sentenced to 20 years in prison by a special court constituted under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 in Thalassery.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In 2018, after much public outcry, Bishop Franco Mulakkal was arrested on 21 September by the Kerala Police. The Vatican had just 'temporarily' relieved him from his pastoral responsibilities. The nun who complained against Bishop Franco had mentioned to the police that he had repeatedly had unnatural sex with her on multiple occasions between 2014 and 2016.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In 2022, a prominent member of the Catholic order in his mid-60s was jailed 5 years for sexually abusing 2 teenage boys on multiple occasions. The offences took place between 2005 and 2007. The identity of the perpetrator and his victims were not revealed due to a gag order imposed by the court. Additionally, the perpetrator’s religious superior was issued a written advisory by the police for not reporting the offences to the police after learning about them.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In November 2010, an independent group in Austria that operates a hotline to help people exit the Catholic Church released a report documenting physical, sexual, and emotional abuse perpetrated by Austrian priests, nuns, and religious officials. The report is based on hotline calls from 91 women (28%) and 234 men (72%), who named 422 perpetrators of both sexes, 63% of whom were ordained priests.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: There are three main known cases of sexual abuse in Croatian Catholic Churches: in Archdiocese of Zagreb, Archdiocese of Rijeka and Archdiocese of Zadar.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In Archdiocese of Zagreb guilty convicted priest was Ivan Čuček (2000), in Archdiocese of Rijeka Drago Ljubičić (2011), and in Archdiocese of Zadar Nediljko Ivanov (2012).

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: Cardinal Philippe Barbarin, the Archbishop of Lyon, was convicted on 7 March 2019 of failing to report sex abuse allegedly committed by priest Bernard Preynat and was given a six-month suspended prison sentence. On 5 July 2019, Pope Francis laicized the priest whom Barbarin was accused of protecting. Despite Barbarin's conviction being overturned on appeal, the scandal resulted in Pope Francis accepting his resignation as Archbishop of Lyon on 6 March 2020.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: abuse in a period of 17 months. On 16 December 2020, former Apostolic nuncio to France Luigi Ventura received a suspended eight-month prison sentence for sexually harassment, which includes probation and a required payment of €13,000 to the victims, as well as €9,000 in legal fees.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: On 3 October 2021, an independent commission set up by the Bishops' Conference of France released a report estimating that the ranks of the 115,000 Catholic priests and other religious officials in France since the 1950s have included about 3,000 abusers. The report estimates that 216,000 children were abused by Catholic priests between 1950 and 2020, and that accounting for abuse by other Catholic church employees increases the total number to around 330,000. Around 80% of the victims were boys.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In May 2021, Cardinal Reinhard Marx offered his resignation, citing collective failure in dealing with sexual abuse as his main reason. Subsequently, Pope Francis denied his offer, while emphasizing the importance of Marx's repentance in his subsequent tenure.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: In the Republic of Ireland, starting in the 1990s, there were a series of criminal cases and government enquiries related to allegations that priests had abused hundreds of minors over previous decades. State-ordered investigations documented "tens of thousands of children from the 1940s to the 1990s" who suffered abuse, including sexual abuse at the hands of priests, nuns, and church staff in three dioceses.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?


Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

Context: Fr Brendan Smyth was reported to have sexually abused and indecently assaulted 20 children in parishes in Belfast, Dublin and the United States, during the period between 1945 and 1989. Controversy over the handling of his extradition to Northern Ireland led to the 1994 collapse of the Fianna Fáil/Labour coalition government.

Question: Как католическая церковь относится к Педера́стии на март 2019?