Women in Islam

Context: Modesty (Haya) is a religious prescription in Islam: the Quran commands both men and women to dress modestly and not display their bodies, and Muḥammad asserted that modesty is a central character trait in Islam.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: All orthodox schools of sharia law prescribe covering the body in public: specifically, to the neck, the ankles, and below the elbow. However, none of the traditional legal systems actually stipulate that women must wear a veil: it is only the wives of Muḥammad who are instructed to wear this article of clothing (33:59).

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: In today's modern context, the question of why Muslim women wear the hijab is met with a variety of responses by Muslim American women, including the most popular, "piety and to please God" (54%), "so others know they are Muslim" (21%), and "for modesty" (12%). Only 1% said they wore it, "because a family member or spouse required it".

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Similarly, sharia law posits that only women may wear gold ornaments, such as jewellery. The intention behind this distinction is to help men maintain a state of sobriety, reserve, concentration, and spiritual poverty (the "perfections of the centre"). Conversely, women, who symbolise unfolding, infinitude and manifestation, are not bound by the same constraints.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: From the 1920s to the 1970s, the use of what is often referred to as the "veil" – this term could mean anything from a face veil to a shawl loosely draped over the head – declined until only a minority of Muslim women outside the conservative societies of the Arabian peninsula still used it. However, in recent decades there has been an increase in the number of Muslim women wearing new types of head coverings which are known by the generic appellation "ḥijāb".

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: The 2014–15 Thomson Reuters State of the Global Islamic Economy Report forecasted that expenditure on clothing in OIC member states would reach US$484 billion by 2019.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: The Virgin Mary ('Maryam' in Arabic) has a particularly exalted position within the Islamic tradition, extolled as she is for being the mother of Jesus, whom Muslims revere as a prophet. Maryam is the only woman mentioned by name in Islam's sacred text; an entire chapter or sūra of the Quran – the nineteenth, Sūrat Maryam – bears her name.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Hala Sultan Tekke, Larnaca, Cyprus is an ancient site revered because it contains the burial place of Muḥammad's paternal aunt Hala Sultan (Umm Haram in Arabic), although other scholars believe that she was in fact Muḥammad's wet nurse.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: According to the archaeologist Tuncer Bağışkan, during the Ottoman period in Cyprus, Ottoman-flagged ships used to fly their flags at half-mast when off the shores of Larnaca, and salute Hala Sultan with cannon shots.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: This tekke is also notable for being the burial place of the grandmother of the late King Hussein of Jordan.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: The granddaughter of Muḥammad is the patron saint of Cairo, the Arab world's largest city and a regional cultural hub. She also has the following mosques named for her:

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Fātimah al-Ma'sūmah was the sister of the eighth Imam and the daughter of the seventh Imam in 'Twelver' Shī'ism. Her shrine is located in Qom, a city which is one of the most important Shī'ah centres of theology. During the Safavid dynasty, the women of this family were very active in embellishing the Shrine of Fatima Masumeh. In times of war, Safavid royal women found refuge in Qom, and likely compared their situation to that of Fatima Masumeh.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Today, Muslim women do indeed attend mosques. In fact, in the United States, a recent study by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that American Muslim women attend the mosque at extremely similar rates (35%) to those of American Muslim men (45%). ISPU also found that 87% of Muslim American women say that they "see their faith identity as a source of happiness in their life."

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Women's right to become imams, however, is disputed by many. A fundamental role of an "imam" (religious leader) in a mosque is to lead the "salat" (congregational prayers). Generally, women are not allowed to lead mixed prayers. However, some argue that Muhammad gave permission to Ume Warqa to lead a mixed prayer at the mosque of Dar.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Hui women are self-aware of their relative freedom as Chinese women in contrast to the status of Arab women in countries like Saudi Arabia where Arab women are restricted and forced to wear encompassing clothing. Hui women point out these restrictions as "low status", and feel better to be Chinese than to be Arab, claiming that it is Chinese women's advanced knowledge of the Quran which enables them to have equality between men and women.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Sufi Islam teaches the doctrine of "tariqa", meaning following a spiritual path in daily living habits. To support followers of this concept, separate institutions for men ("ta'ifa, hizb, rabita") and women ("khanqa, rabita, derga") were created. Initiates to these groups pursued a progression of seven stages of spiritual discipline, called "makamat" (stations) or "ahwal" (spiritual states).

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Rabiah al-Basri is an important figure in Islamic Mysticism called Sufism. She upheld the doctrine of "disinterested love of God".

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: There are a number of prominent female Islamic scholars. They generally focus on questioning gender-based interpretations of the Quran, the traditions of Muhammad and early Islamic history. Some notable Muslim women scholars are: Azizah al-Hibri, Amina Wadud, Fatima Mernissi, Riffat Hassan, Laila Ahmad, Amatul Rahman Omar, Farhat Hashmi, Aisha Abdul-Rahman, and Merryl Wyn Davies.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Many classical Islamic scholars, such as al-Tabari, supported female leadership. In early Islamic history, women including Aisha, Ume Warqa, and Samra Binte Wahaib took part in political activities. Ash-Shifa would later on become the head of Health and Safety in Basra, Iraq. Other historical Muslim female leaders include Shajarat ad-Durr, who ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1257, Razia Sultana, who ruled the Sultanate of Delhi from 1236 to 1239, and Taj ul-Alam, who ruled Aceh Sultanate from 1641 to 1675.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: This historical record contrasts markedly with that of (predominantly Taoist and Buddhist) Chinese-majority nations, where there were no women rulers in the period between the reign of the fierce empress Wu Zetian at the turn of the eighth century (690–705), and the inauguration of Tsai Ing-wen as President of the Republic of China in 2016.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah, an Islamic institute that advises Egypt's ministry of justice, had said women can both be rulers and judges in an Islamic state.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: In the modern era, Pakistan became the first Muslim-majority state with an elected female head of government (1988). Currently Bangladesh is the country that has had females as head of government continuously the longest starting with Khaleda Zia in 1991.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: At one stage in the 1990s, over 300 million Muslims – at that time, between one-third and a quarter of the world's entire Islamic population – were simultaneously ruled by women when elected heads of state Tansu Çiller (the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey), Khaleda Zia (the 9th Prime Minister of Bangladesh) and Benazir Bhutto (the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan) led their respective countries.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: At the same time, many Muslim women experience significant barriers to sports participation. These barriers include bans on the Islamic headscarf, commonly known as the hijab, cultural and familial barriers, and the lack of appropriate sports programs and facilities. Many Muslim female athletes have overcome these obstacles and used sports to empower themselves and others, such as through education, health and wellbeing, and a push for women's rights.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: The Islamic Solidarity Games is a large multi-sport event held every four years in which all qualifying athletes from Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries can compete, regardless of their religious affiliation. The female International Athlete Ambassadors for Baku 2017 – the most recent edition of the games – included Tunisian Olympic medallist wrestler Marwa Amri; taekwondo icons Elaine Teo (Malaysia) and Taleen Al Humaidi (Jordan); and the Palestinian swimmer Mary Al-Atrash.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: The international influence of Turkey's television industry has expanded dramatically in the twenty-first century: as of 2017, the country was the world's fastest-growing television series exporter and second in the overall global rankings only to the United States.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Rosianna Silalahi is editor-in-chief of the influential and prestigious Kompas TV, a news channel named after Kompas, Indonesia's highest-circulation daily newspaper.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: The global accelerated proliferation of television channels and content from the 1990s onwards has seen a marked increase in religious programming in Muslim-majority countries. This content is broadcast either on dedicated religious channels, such as Turkey's Diyanet TV, or the many general interest channels which enjoy greater audience share. Topics addressed on these shows range from theology and history to technological developments and mysticism.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Contemporary female presenters of note in this genre include , who presents Öteki Gündem ('The Other Agenda') on Habertürk TV (Turkey); Amina Svraka, a hostess at BIR TV in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and Nashwa Al-Ruwaini, an Egyptian television personality who also has extensive business interests in the media sector.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Notwithstanding these developments, comparing the position of women in Islam with that of women in other faith traditions is complicated by the following determinants:

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Moreover, the Biblical statement that Eve was created from Adam's rib (the famous 'third rib') finds no echo in the Quranic account: both male and female were created 'from one soul' (Sūrah 4:1). Similarly, the concept that (as per Genesis 3:16) the pains of childbirth are a punishment for Eve's sin is alien to the Quran.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: The Virgin Mary (Maryām) is considered by the Quran to hold the most exalted spiritual position amongst women. A chapter of the Quran (Sūrat Maryam, the nineteenth sura) is named after her, and she is the only woman mentioned by name in Islam's sacred scripture; Maryām is mentioned more times in the Quran than in the New Testament. Furthermore, the miraculous birth of Christ from a virgin mother is recognised in the Quran.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: In "Islam and the Destiny of Man", the Swiss-born diplomat Charles le Gai Eaton elaborates on the respective sexuality perspectives of the world's two most popular faiths:

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: "Islam disapproves of casual promiscuity as does Christianity; but the Muslim takes it for granted that when a man sees a beautiful woman he will desire physical union with her, and that when a woman sees a man who appeals to her she will be drawn to him, and this mutual desire is seen as flowing directly from the nature of things as willed by God. It is in itself an unqualified good, however much it may need to be hedged about with restrictions."

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Today, some notable personalities of the Islamic world include the Turkish Sufi teacher Cemalnur Sargut – a disciple of the novelist and mystic Samiha Ayverdi (1905–1993), Amatul Rahman Omar, the first woman to translate the Qur'an into English, and Shaykha Fariha al Jerrahi, the guide of the Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Order.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: Conservatives reject the assertion that different laws prescribed for men and women imply that men are more valuable than women. Ali ibn Musa Al-reza reasoned that at the time of marriage a man has to pay something to his prospective bride, and that men are responsible for both their wives' and their own expenses but women have no such responsibility.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: She pointed out that polygamy was illegal in Malaysia for non-Muslims but not for Muslims, and that child custody arrangements for Muslims were biased towards fathers as opposed to the shared-custody arrangements of non-Muslim parents. Women's groups in Malaysia began campaigning in the 1990s to have female sharia judges appointed to the sharia legal system in the country, and in 2010 two female judges were appointed.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Women in Islam

Context: In March 2016, an Australian Tribunal determined that separate male and female seating arrangements contravened section 33 of the NSW Anti-Discrimination Act. The Tribunal ordered that all future publicity materials for public events hosted by Hizb ut-Tahrir must clearly inform attendees that segregated seating arrangements are not compulsory.

Question: ما هي حقوق المرأة في الاسلام ؟


Anglo-Saxon law

Context: Whatever the exact motives for making oral law into written code were, King Æthelberht's law code was the first of a long series of Anglo-Saxon law codes that would be published in England for the next four and a half centuries. Almost without exception, every official version of royal law issued during the Anglo-Saxon period was written in Old English.

Question: ماهو القانون الأنجلو- سكسوني ؟


Anglo-Saxon law

Context: The various types of secular legal pronouncements which survive from the Anglo-Saxon period can be grouped into three general categories, according to the manner of their publication:

Question: ماهو القانون الأنجلو- سكسوني ؟


Anglo-Saxon law

Context: To the first division belong the laws of the Kentish kings, Æthelberht, Hlothhere and Eadric, Withraed; those of Ine of Wessex, of Offa (now lost), of Alfred the Great, Edward the Elder, Æthelstan (The "Judicia civitatis Lundoniae" are a guild statute confirmed by King Æthelstan), Edmund I, Edgar, Æthelred and Cnut; the treaty between Alfred and Guthrum and the so-called treaty between Edward and Guthrum.

Question: ماهو القانون الأنجلو- سكسوني ؟


Anglo-Saxon law

Context: The judicial functions of the Anglo-Saxon legal system was mainly practiced by courts. Once a charge had been brought, it had to be heard by a court which would decide whether or not a crime had been committed and, if so, what action was necessary. The hundred court met every 4 weeks but the shire court only met twice a year. Lawsuits could be passed on to the shire court if the hundred court was not able to reach a judgement.

Question: ماهو القانون الأنجلو- سكسوني ؟


Anglo-Saxon law

Context: The codices of the early 11th century (Cnut, Aethelred) establish specific conditions of guaranteed peace or protection depending on particular limitations in time or place, known as grith, such as "ciric-grið" "church-grith" (right of asylum in a church) or "hand-grið" "hand-grith" (protection under the king's hand).

Question: ماهو القانون الأنجلو- سكسوني ؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem (; born 1 March 1969) is a Spanish actor. Known for his roles in blockbusters and foreign films, he has received various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Golden Globe Award.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Bardem comes from a long line of filmmakers and actors dating back to the earliest days of Spanish cinema; he is a grandson of actors Rafael Bardem and Matilde Muñoz Sampedro, and a nephew of screenwriter and director Juan Antonio Bardem. Both siblings are actors. He also comes from a political background, as his uncle Juan Antonio was imprisoned by Franco for his anti-fascist films. Bardem was brought up in the Roman Catholic faith by his grandmother.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: In 1989, for the Spanish comedy show "El Día Por Delante" ("The Day Ahead"), he had to wear a Superman costume for a comedic sketch, a job that made him question whether he wanted to be an actor at all. Bardem also worked as a stripper (for one day) during his struggling acting career.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Bardem's talent did not go unnoticed in the English-speaking world. In 1997, John Malkovich was the first to approach him, then a 27-year-old, for a role in English, but the Spanish actor turned down the offer because his English was still poor. His first English-speaking role came that same year, in with director Álex de la Iglesia's "Perdita Durango", playing a santería-practicing bank robber.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Bardem received the 2,484th star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 8 November 2012. The star is located outside the El Capitan Theatre.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: With his movie "Sons of the Clouds: The Last Colony" (2012), he demonstrated the suffering of the Sahrawi people in refugee camps. He publicly denounced the UN as unwilling to definitively resolve the human crisis there.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Bardem portrayed the main antagonist, Armando Salazar, in 2017's "", the fifth film in the series. In September 2017, Bardem starred with Jennifer Lawrence, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Ed Harris in the horror film "Mother!" from director Darren Aronofsky, which focuses on a couple whose lives are disrupted by the arrival of unexpected guests. In 2018, Bardem once again appeared on screen alongside his spouse Penélope Cruz in Asghar Farhadi's feature film "Everybody Knows".

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Bardem was set to play Frankenstein's Monster in the upcoming remake of the "Bride of Frankenstein", directed by Bill Condon. He is set to play King Triton in Disney's live action/CGI movie, "The Little Mermaid", directed by Rob Marshall and will also appear in the 2022 film "Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile". Bardem will also work once again with Kidman in the upcoming Apple TV+ and Skydance Animation film, "Spellbound".

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Bardem's native language is Spanish, and he is also fluent in English. He is a fan of heavy metal music, and credits the band AC/DC for helping him learn to speak English, in some respects. He is also a fan of Pearl Jam. Bardem prefers not to drive, only getting behind the wheel for film roles, and he consistently refers to himself as a "worker", and not an actor.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Despite the villainous characters he has played throughout his acting career, Bardem has a self-confessed “hatred” of violence which stems from a fight in a nightclub in his early twenties which left him with a broken nose.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: In May 2011 Bardem teamed up with The Enough Project's co-founder John Prendergast to raise awareness about conflict minerals in eastern Congo.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: In 2007, Bardem began dating Penélope Cruz, his co-star in "Vicky Cristina Barcelona". Bardem and Cruz have maintained a low public profile, refusing to discuss their personal lives. The couple married in July 2010 in The Bahamas. They have two children: a son, named Leo Encinas Cruz, born on 23 January 2011, in Los Angeles; and a daughter, named Luna Encinas Cruz, born on 22 July 2013, in Madrid.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Bardem and Cruz signed an open letter denouncing Israel's actions as a genocide.

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: In September 2018, at the Toronto Film Festival premiere of "Everybody Knows", Bardem told "Ikon London Magazine" about acting together with his spouse: "I find it very easy. In a sense that we play what we are supposed to play and then we go back to our daily life which is way more interesting than any fiction. And it is real."

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: In Madrid, in November 2019 during March for Climate, Bardem gave a speech on stage where he called both the mayor of Madrid José Luis Martínez-Almeida and the US president "stupid". He later apologized, declaring that "the insult illegitimates any speech and conversation."

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Javier Bardem

Context: Over his career, he has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following performances:

Question: ما هي جنسية خافيير بارديم؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: An electronic cigarette is an electronic device that simulates tobacco smoking. It consists of an atomizer, a power source such as a battery, and a container such as a cartridge or tank. Instead of smoke, the user inhales vapor. As such, using an e-cigarette is often called "vaping". The atomizer is a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution called e-liquid. E-cigarettes are activated by taking a puff or pressing a button. Some look like traditional cigarettes, and most versions are reusable.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: E-cigarettes create an aerosol, often called vapor, made of liquid particulate matter. The vapor is composed primarily of propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine and flavors. It often also contains traces of nitrosamines, other toxicants, carcinogens, heavy metals, and metal nanoparticles. Its exact composition varies, and depends on several things including user behavior.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: For people trying to quit smoking with medical help, e-cigarettes have a higher quit rate than normal nicotine replacement therapy. For others, e-cigarettes do not raise quit rates.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: An electronic cigarette consists of an atomizer, a power source such as a battery, and a container for the e-liquid such as a cartridge or tank.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: The mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes is called e-liquid. E-liquid formulations vary widely. A typical e-liquid comprises propylene glycol and glycerin (95%), and flavorings, nicotine, and other additives (5%). The flavorings may be natural, artificial, or organic. Over 80 chemicals such as formaldehyde and metallic nanoparticles have been found in the e-liquid. There are many e-liquid manufacturers, and more than 15,000 flavors.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In the US, under Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules, e-liquids must comply with manufacturing standards. Industry standards are published by the American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA). EU standards are in the EU Tobacco Products Directive.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Since their entrance to the market around 2003, e-cigarette use has risen rapidly. In 2011 there were about 7 million adult e-cigarette users globally, rising to 68 million in 2020 compared with 1.1 billion cigarette smokers. There was a further rise to 82 million in 2021. The rise was thought to be due to targeted marketing, their lower cost compared to cigarettes, and that e-cigarettes are safer than tobacco.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: E-cigarette use is highest in China, the US, and Europe, with China having the most e-cigarette users.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: There are varied reasons for e-cigarette use. Most users are trying to quit smoking, but a large proportion of use is recreational or as a way to get around smoke-free laws. Many people vape because they believe vaping is safer than smoking. The choice of flavors and lower price compared to cigarettes are both important factors.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Other motivations include reducing tobacco odors and stains, and some e-cigarettes appeal to technophiles who want to customize their devices.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In the context of drugs, the gateway hypothesis is that using less harmful drugs can lead to more harmful ones. There is good evidence that vaping is a "gateway" to smoking as well as an "exit ramp" from smoking. Mentally ill people, who as a group are more susceptible to nicotine addiction, are at particularly high risk of this.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Worldwide, increasing numbers of young people are vaping. With access to e-cigarettes, young people's tobacco use has dropped by about 75%.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Most young e-cigarette users have never smoked, but there is a substantial minority who both vape and smoke. Young people who would not smoke are vaping. Young people who smoke tobacco or marijuana, or who drink alcohol, are much more likely to vape. Among young people who have tried vaping, most used a flavored product the first time.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Vaping correlates with smoking among young people, even in those who would otherwise be unlikely to smoke. Experimenting with vaping encourages young people to continue smoking. A 2015 study found minors had little resistance to buying e-cigarettes online. Teenagers may not admit to using e-cigarettes, but use, for instance, a hookah pen. As a result, self-reporting may be lower in surveys.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In one of the few studies identified, a 2015 survey of 316 pregnant women in a Maryland clinic found that the majority had heard of e-cigarettes, 13% had used them, and 0.6% were current daily users. These findings are of concern because the dose of nicotine delivered by e-cigarettes can be as high or higher than that delivered by traditional cigarettes.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: According to the CDC, E-cigarettes are not safe during pregnancy. "Although the aerosol of e-cigarettes generally has fewer harmful substances than cigarette smoke, e-cigarettes and other products containing nicotine are not safe to use during pregnancy. Nicotine is a health danger for pregnant women and developing babies and can damage a developing baby's brain and lungs. Also, some of the flavorings used in e-cigarettes may be harmful to a developing baby."

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Harm reduction refers to any reduction in harm from a prior level. Harm minimization strives to reduce harms to the lowest achievable level. When a person does not want to quit nicotine, harm minimization means striving to eliminate tobacco exposure by replacing it with vaping. E-cigarettes can reduce smokers' exposure to carcinogens and other toxic chemicals found in tobacco.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: A small number of studies have looked at whether using e-cigarettes reduces the number of cigarettes smokers consume. E-cigarette use may decrease the number of cigarettes smoked, but smoking just one to four cigarettes daily greatly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease compared to not smoking. The extent to which decreasing cigarette smoking with vaping leads to quitting is unknown.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: It is unclear whether e-cigarettes are only helpful for particular types of smokers. Vaping with nicotine may reduce tobacco use among daily smokers. Whether vaping is effective for quitting smoking may depend on whether it was used as part of an effort to quit.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In October 2021, researchers at Johns Hopkins University reported over 2,000 unknown chemicals in the vape clouds that they tested from Vuse, Juul, Blu and Mi-Salt vape devices.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In 2019–2020, there was an outbreak of vaping-related lung illness in the US and Canada, primarily related to vaping THC with vitamin E acetate.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In 1927, Joseph Robinson applied for a patent for an electronic vaporizer to be used with medicinal compounds. The patent was approved in 1930 but the device was never marketed. In 1930, the United States Patent and Trademark Office reported a patent stating, "for holding medicinal compounds which are electrically or otherwise heated to produce vapors for inhalation." In 1934 and 1936, further similar patents were applied for.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In the UK, where most vaping uses refillable sets and e-liquid, there is now support from the National Health Service, and other medical bodies now embrace the use of e-cigarettes as a viable way to quit smoking. This has contributed to record numbers of people vaping, with current vapers over 3.6 million as of June 2021.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Consumers have shown passionate support for e-cigarettes that other nicotine replacement products did not receive. They have a mass appeal that could challenge combustible tobacco's market position.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: A popular vaporizer used by American youth is Juul. Close to 80% of respondents in a 2017 Truth Initiative study aged 15–24 reported using Juul also used the device in the last 30 days. Teenagers use the verb "Juuling" to describe their use of Juul, and Juuling is the subject of many memes on social media. Students have commented on Twitter about using Juul in class.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In November 2020, the New Zealand government passed a vaping regulation that requires vape stores to register as specialist vape retailers before they can sell e-cigarettes, the wider range of flavoured e-liquids, and other related vaping products. Vaping products are required to be notified by the government before they can be sold to ensure that the products are following safety requirements and ingredients in liquids do not contain prohibited substances.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: , 95% of e-cigarette devices were made in China, mainly in Shenzhen. Chinese companies' market share of e-liquid is low. In 2014, online and offline sales starting increases. Since combustible cigarettes are relatively inexpensive in China a lower price may not be large factor in marketing vaping products over there.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: In Canada, e-cigarettes had an estimated value of 140 million CAD in 2015. There are numerous e-cigarette retail shops in Canada. A 2014 audit of retailers in four Canadian cities found that 94% of grocery stores, convenience stores, and tobacconist shops which sold e-cigarettes sold nicotine-free varieties only, while all vape shops stocked at least one nicotine-containing product.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: By 2015 the e-cigarette market had only reached a twentieth of the size of the tobacco market in the UK. In the UK in 2015 the "most prominent brands of cigalikes" were owned by tobacco companies, however, with the exception of one model, all the tank types came from "non-tobacco industry companies". Yet some tobacco industry products, while using prefilled cartridges, resemble tank models.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: France's e-cigarette market was estimated by Groupe Xerfi to be €130 million in 2015. Additionally, France's e-liquid market was estimated at €265 million. In December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year. Industry organization Fivape said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduced demand.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Compared to traditional cigarettes, reusable e-cigarettes do not create waste and potential litter from every use in the form of discarded cigarette butts. Traditional cigarettes tend to end up in the ocean where they cause pollution,

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: though once discarded they undergo biodegradation and photodegradation. Although some brands have begun recycling services for their e-cigarette cartridges and batteries, the prevalence of recycling is unknown.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: E-cigarettes that are not reusable contribute to the problem of electronic waste, which can create a hazard for people and other organisms. If improperly disposed of, they can release heavy metals, nicotine, and other chemicals from batteries and unused e-liquid.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: A July 2018–April 2019 garbology study found e-cigarette products composed 19% of the waste from all traditional and electronic tobacco and cannabis products collected at 12 public high schools in Northern California.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: Other devices to deliver inhaled nicotine have been developed. They aim to mimic the ritual and behavioral aspects of traditional cigarettes.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Electronic cigarette

Context: British American Tobacco, through their subsidiary Nicoventures, licensed a nicotine delivery system based on existing asthma inhaler technology from UK-based healthcare company Kind Consumer. In September 2014 a product based on this named Voke obtained approval from the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.

Question: متى تم إبتكار السيجارة الإلكترونية ؟


Caliphate

Context: A caliphate or khilāfah (, ) is an institution or public office governing a territory under Islamic rule. The person who holds this office carries the title of caliph (; , ) and is considered a politico-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world (Ummah). Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam that developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: A few other states that existed through history have called themselves caliphates, including the Ayyubid Caliphate during the reign of Saladin (1174–1193), Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate in Northeast Africa (909–1171), the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in Iberia (929–1031), the Berber Almohad Caliphate in Morocco (1121–1269), the Fula Sokoto Caliphate in what is present-day northern Nigeria (1804–1903), and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the 2010s.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of the Ummah (Islamic world), a caliph was a selected or elected position. Followers of Shia Islam however, believe in an Imamate rather than a Caliphate, that is to say a caliph should be an Imam chosen by Allah from the "Ahl al-Bayt" (the "Family of the House", Muhammad's direct descendants).

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title "malik "(King, ruler), or another from the same root.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The term "caliph" (), derives from the Arabic word "" (, ), which means "successor", "steward", or "deputy" and has traditionally been considered a shortening of "Khalīfat Rasūl Allāh" ("successor of the messenger of God"). However, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was "successor "selected by" God".

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the Ansar (natives of Medina) took place in the "Saqifah" (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later become the subject of debate.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Under the Rāshidun each region (Sultanate, Wilayah, or Emirate) of the Caliphate had its own governor (Sultan, Wāli or Emir). Muāwiyah, a relative of Uthman and governor ("Wali") of Syria, succeeded Ali as Caliph. Muāwiyah transformed the caliphate into a hereditary office, thus founding the Umayyad dynasty.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: In areas which were previously under Sasanian Empire or Byzantine rule, the Caliphs lowered taxes, provided greater local autonomy (to their delegated governors), greater religious freedom for Jews, and some indigenous Christians, and brought peace to peoples demoralised and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the decades of Byzantine-Persian warfare.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Beginning with the Umayyads, the title of the caliph became hereditary. Under the Umayyads, the Caliphate grew rapidly in territory, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and most of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.17 million square miles (13,400,000 km2), making it the largest empire the world had yet seen and the sixth-largest ever to exist in history.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Ottoman Great Sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluk Sultanate and made Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Al-Mutawakkil III was captured together with his family and transported to Constantinople as a prisoner where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Abbasid dynasty lost effective power over much of the Muslim realm by the first half of the tenth century.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over Al-Andalus, reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: During the Umayyad dynasty, the Iberian Peninsula was an integral province of the Umayyad Caliphate ruling from Damascus. The Umayyads lost the position of Caliph in Damascus in 750, and Abd al-Rahman I became Emir of Córdoba in 756 after six years in exile. Intent on regaining power, he defeated the existing Islamic rulers of the area who defied Umayyad rule and united various local fiefdoms into an emirate.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Almohad Caliphate (, from Arabic "", "the Monotheists" or "the Unifiers") was a Moroccan Berber Muslim movement founded in the 12th century.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when Muhammad al-Nasir (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian princes of Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248, respectively.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Almohads continued to rule in northern Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the Marinid dynasty, in 1215. The last representative of the line, Idris al-Wathiq, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western Maghreb.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Fatimid Caliphate was an Isma'ili Shi'i caliphate, originally based in Tunisia, that extended its rule across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the centre of its caliphate. At its height, in addition to Egypt, the caliphate included varying areas of the Maghreb, Sicily, the Levant and the Hejaz.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia and made it their capital city, before conquering Egypt and building the city of Cairo there in 969. Thereafter, Cairo became the capital of the caliphate, with Egypt becoming the political, cultural and religious centre of the state. Islam scholar Louis Massignon dubbed the 4th century AH /10th century CE as the "Ismaili century in the history of Islam".

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The caliphate was reputed to exercise a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Ismaili sects of Islam as well as towards Jews, Maltese Christians and Copts.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Ayyubid Empire overtook the Fatimids by incorporating the empire into the . However, Saladin himself has been a widely celebrated caliph in Islamic history.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The British supported and propagated the view that the Ottomans were Caliphs of Islam among Muslims in British India and the Ottoman Sultans helped the British by issuing pronouncements to the Muslims of India telling them to support British rule from Sultan Ali III and Sultan Abdülmecid I.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Around 1880 Sultan Abdul Hamid II reasserted the title as a way of countering Russian expansion into Muslim lands. His claim was most fervently accepted by the Muslims of British India. By the eve of World War I, the Ottoman state, despite its weakness relative to Europe, represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity. The sultan also enjoyed some authority beyond the borders of his shrinking empire as caliph of Muslims in Egypt, India and Central Asia.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: After the Armistice of Mudros of October 1918 with the military occupation of Constantinople and Treaty of Versailles (1919), the position of the Ottomans was uncertain. The movement to protect or restore the Ottomans gained force after the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) which imposed the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and gave Greece a powerful position in Anatolia, to the distress of the Turks. They called for help and the movement was the result. The movement had collapsed by late 1922.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: On 3 March 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as part of his reforms, constitutionally abolished the institution of the caliphate. Atatürk offered the caliphate to Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for Abdulmejid. The title was then claimed by Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Hejaz, leader of the Arab Revolt, but his kingdom was defeated and annexed by ibn Saud in 1925.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: A summit was convened at Cairo in 1926 to discuss the revival of the caliphate, but most Muslim countries did not participate and no action was taken to implement the summit's resolutions. Though the title "Ameer al-Mumineen" was adopted by the King of Morocco and by Mohammed Omar, former head of the Taliban of Afghanistan, neither claimed any legal standing or authority over Muslims outside the borders of their respective countries.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Since the end of the Ottoman Empire, occasional demonstrations have been held calling for the re-establishment of the caliphate. Organisations which call for the re-establishment of the caliphate include Hizb ut-Tahrir and the Muslim Brotherhood.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Bornu Caliphate, which was headed by the Bornu Emperors, began in 1472. A rump state of the larger Kanem-Bornu Empire, its rulers held the title of Caliph until 1893, when it was absorbed into the British Colony of Nigeria and Northern Cameroons Protectorate. The British recognized them as the 'Sultans of Bornu', one step down in Muslim royal titles. After Nigeria became independent, its rulers became the 'Emirs of Bornu', another step down.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Indonesian Sultan of Yogyakarta historically used "Khalifatullah" (Caliph of God) as one of his many titles. In 2015 sultan Hamengkubuwono X renounced any claim to the Caliphate in order to facilitate his daughter's inheritance of the throne, as the theological opinion of the time was that a woman may hold the secular office of sultan but not the spiritual office of caliph.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Sokoto Caliphate was an Islamic state in what is now Nigeria led by Usman dan Fodio. Founded during the Fulani War in the early 19th century, it controlled one of the most powerful empires in sub-Saharan Africa prior to European conquest and colonisation. The caliphate remained extant through the colonial period and afterwards, though with reduced power. The current head of the Sokoto Caliphate is Sa'adu Abubakar.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Toucouleur Empire, also known as the Tukular Empire, was one of the Fulani jihad states in sub-saharan Africa. It was eventually pacified and annexed by the French Republic, being incorporated into French West Africa.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Though non-political, some Sufi orders and the Ahmadiyya movement define themselves as caliphates. Their leaders are thus commonly referred to as "khalifas" (caliphs).

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: In Sufism, tariqas (orders) are led by spiritual leaders (khilafah ruhaniyyah), the main khalifas, who nominate local khalifas to organize zaouias.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Sufi caliphates are not necessarily hereditary. Khalifas are aimed to serve the "silsilah" in relation to spiritual responsibilities and to propagate the teachings of the tariqa.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is a self-proclaimed Islamic revivalist movement founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, India, who claimed to be the promised Messiah and Mahdi, awaited by Muslims. He also claimed to be a follower-prophet subordinate to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. The group are traditionally shunned by the majority of Muslims.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate lay dormant and largely unclaimed since the 1920s. For the vast majority of Muslims the caliph, as leader of the ummah, "is cherished both as memory and ideal" as a time when Muslims "enjoyed scientific and military superiority globally". The Islamic prophet Muhammad is reported to have prophesied:

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The "" ("Caliphate State") was the name of an Islamist organization in Germany that was proclaimed at an event in Cologne in 1994 and banned in December 2001 after an amendment to the Association Act, which abolished the religious privilege. However, this caliphate was never institutionalized under international law, but only an intention for an Islamic "state within the state".

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The leader was initially , who was nicknamed "Khomeini of Cologne" by the German public. In Turkish media he was referred to as the "Dark Voice" (). At an event in honor of Kaplan in 1993, the German convert to Islam publicly "regretted" in front of hundreds of listeners that the Germans had not completely destroyed the Jews: "Like the Turks, we Germans have often had a good cause in history fought, although I have to admit that my grandfathers weren't thorough with our main enemy."

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: "Abu ʿIssa issued 'sad and funny' fatwas, as Abu al-Walid puts it, notably sanctioning the use of drugs. A nexus had been forged between [Abu Issa's group] and local drug smugglers. (The fatwa led one jihadist author to dismiss Abu Issa as the 'caliph of the Muslims among drug traffickers and takfir') Abu ʿIssa also prohibited the use of paper currency and ordered his men to burn their passports."

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The territory under his control "did not extend beyond a few small towns" in Afghanistan's Kunar province. Eventually he did not even control this area after the Taliban took it over in the late 1990s. The caliphate then moved to London, where they "preaching to a mostly skeptical jihadi intelligentsia about the obligation of establishing a caliphate". They succeeded in attracting some jihadis (Yahya al-Bahrumi, Abu Umar al Kuwaiti) who later joined the Islamic State.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Abu Issa died in 2014, "after spending most of his final years in prison in London" Abu Umar al Kuwaiti became a judge for the Islamic state but was later executed for extremism after he "took takfir to new levels... pronouncing death sentences for apostasy on those who were ignorant of scripture -- and then pronouncing takfir on those too reluctant to pronounce takfir."

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The members of the Ahmadiyya community believe that the Ahmadiyya Caliphate (Arabic: "Khilāfah") is the continuation of the Islamic caliphate, first being the "Rāshidūn" (rightly guided) Caliphate (of Righteous Caliphs). This is believed to have been suspended with Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad and re-established with the appearance of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908, the founder of the movement) whom Ahmadis identify as the Promised Messiah and Mahdi.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Abul A'la Maududi believed the caliph was not just an individual ruler who had to be restored, but was man's representation of God's authority on Earth:

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Muslim Brotherhood advocates pan-Islamic unity and the implementation of Islamic law. Founder Hassan al-Banna wrote about the restoration of the Caliphate.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: One transnational group whose ideology was based specifically on restoring the caliphate as a pan-Islamic state is Hizb ut-Tahrir (literally, "Party of Liberation"). It is particularly strong in Central Asia and Europe and is growing in strength in the Arab world. It is based on the claim that Muslims can prove that God exists and that the Qur'an is the word of God. Hizb ut-Tahrir's stated strategy is a non-violent political and intellectual struggle.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: In Southeast Asia, groups such as Jemaah Islamiyah aimed to establish a Caliphate across Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and parts of Thailand, the Philippines and Cambodia.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Quran uses the term "khalifa" twice. First, in al-Baqara, 30, it refers to God creating humanity as his "khalifa" on Earth. Second, in Sad, 26, it addresses King David as God's "khalifa "and reminds him of his obligation to rule with justice.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: In addition, the following excerpt from the Quran, known as the 'Istikhlaf Verse', is used by some to argue for a Quranic basis for Caliphate:

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: In the above verse, the word "Khulifa" (the plural of "Khalifa") has been variously translated as "successors" and "ones who accede to power".

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Several schools of jurisprudence and thought within Sunni Islam argue that to govern a state by Sharia is, by definition, to rule via the Caliphate and use the following verses to sustain their claim.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The following "hadith" from Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal can be understood to prophesy two eras of Caliphate (both on the lines/precepts of prophethood).

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: In the above, the first era of Caliphate is commonly accepted by Muslims to be that of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Hisham ibn Urwah reported on the authority of Abu Saleh on the authority of Abu Hurairah that Muhammad said:

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Many Islamic texts, including several ahadith, state that the Mahdi will be elected caliph and rule over a caliphate. A number of Islamic figures titled themselves both "caliph" and "al-Mahdi", including the first Abbasid caliph As-Saffah.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Al-Habbab Ibn ul-Munthir said, when the Sahaba met in the wake of the death of Muhammad, (at the thaqifa hall) of Bani Sa’ida: Upon this Abu Bakr replied:

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Sahaba agreed to this and selected Abu Bakr as their first Khaleef. Habbab ibn Mundhir who suggested the idea of two Ameers corrected himself and was the first to give Abu Bakr the Bay'ah. This indicates an Ijma as-Sahaba of all of the Sahaba. Ali ibni abi Talib, who was attending the body of Muhammad at the time, also consented to this.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Scholars like Al-Mawardi, Ibn Hazm, Ahmad al-Qalqashandi, and Al-Sha`rani stated that the global Muslim community can have only one leader at any given time. Al-Nawawi and Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad declared it impermissible to give oaths of loyalty to more than one leader.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Shia scholars have expressed similar opinions. However, the Shia school of thought states that the leader must not be appointed by the Islamic ummah, but must be appointed by God.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Al-Qurtubi said that the caliph is the "pillar upon which other pillars rest", and said of the Quranic verse, "Indeed, man is made upon this earth a Caliph":

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Traditionally, Sunni Muslim madhhabs all agreed that a Caliph must be a descendant of the Quraysh. Al-Baqillani has said that the leader of the Muslims simply should be from the majority.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Ismailis believe in the Imamate principle mentioned above, but they need not be secular rulers as well.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The Majlis al-Shura (literally "consultative assembly") was a representation of the idea of consultative governance. The importance of this is premised by the following verses of the Qur'an:

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Islamic lawyers commented that when the rulers refuse to step down after being impeached through the Majlis, becoming dictators through the support of a corrupt army, if the majority is in agreement they have the option to launch a revolution. Many noted that this option is to be exercised only after factoring in the potential cost of life.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: The following hadith establishes the principle of rule of law in relation to nepotism and accountability

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Various Islamic lawyers, however, place multiple conditions and stipulations on the execution of such a law, making it difficult to implement. For example, the poor cannot be penalised for stealing out of poverty, and during a time of drought in the Rashidun caliphate, capital punishment was suspended until the effects of the drought passed.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: Islamic jurists later formulated the concept that all classes were subject to the law of the land, and no person is above the law; officials and private citizens alike have a duty to obey the same law. Furthermore, a Qadi (Islamic judge) was not allowed to discriminate on the grounds of religion, race, colour, kinship or prejudice. In a number of cases, Caliphs had to appear before judges as they prepared to render their verdict.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: According to Noah Feldman, a law professor at Harvard University, the system of legal scholars and jurists responsible for the rule of law was replaced by the codification of Sharia by the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century:

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: "Zakat" (charity), one of the Five Pillars of Islam, since the time of the first Islamic State, established by Allah's Messenger at Medina. The taxes (including "Zakat" and "Jizya") collected in the treasury ("Bayt al-mal") of an Islamic government were used to provide income for the needy, including the poor, elderly, orphans, widows and the disabled.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


Caliphate

Context: During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr, a number of the Arab tribes, who had accepted Islam at the hand of The Prophet Muhammad, rebelled and refused to continue to pay the Zakat, leading to the Ridda Wars. Caliph Umar added to the duties of the state an allowance, paid on behalf of every man woman and child, starting at birth, creating the world's first state run social welfare program.

Question: كم عاماً استمرت الخلافة العباسية ؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Handel composed more than forty opere serie over a period of more than thirty years. Since the late 1960s, interest in Handel's music has grown. The musicologist Winton Dean wrote that "Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order." His music was admired by Classical-era composers, including Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Handel was born in 1685 (the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti) in Halle, Duchy of Magdeburg (then part of Brandenburg-Prussia). His parents were Georg Händel, aged sixty-three, and Dorothea Taust. His father was an eminent barber-surgeon who served the court of Saxe-Weissenfels and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Handel's father died on 11 February 1697. It was German custom for friends and family to compose funeral odes for a substantial burgher like Georg, and young Handel discharged his duty with a poem dated 18 February and signed with his name and (in deference to his father's wishes) "dedicated to the liberal arts." At the time Handel was studying either at Halle's Lutheran Gymnasium or the Latin School.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Shortly after commencing his university education, Handel (though Lutheran) on 13 March 1702 accepted the position of organist at the Calvinist Cathedral in Halle, the Domkirche, replacing J.C. Leporin, for whom he had acted as assistant. The position, which was a one-year probationary appointment showed the foundation he had received from Zachow, for a church organist and cantor was a highly prestigious office. From it he received 5 thalers a year and lodgings in the run-down castle of Moritzburg.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: In 1703, he accepted a position as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt. There he met the composers Johann Mattheson, Christoph Graupner and Reinhard Keiser. His first two operas, "Almira" and "Nero", were produced in 1705. He produced two other operas, "Daphne" and "Florindo", in 1708. It is unclear whether Handel directed these performances.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Handel went back to Halle twice to attend the wedding of his sister and the baptism of her daughter but decided to settle permanently in England in 1712. In the summer of 1713, he lived at Mr. Mathew Andrews' estate in Barn Elms, Surrey. He received a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne after composing for her the "Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate", first performed in 1713.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: One of his most important patrons was the 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork, a young and extremely wealthy member of an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family. While living in the mansion of Lord Burlington, Handel wrote "Amadigi di Gaula", a "magic" opera, about a damsel in distress, based on the tragedy by Antoine Houdar de la Motte.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: The conception of an opera as a coherent structure was slow to capture Handel's imagination and he composed no operas for five years. In July 1717 Handel's "Water Music" was performed more than three times on the River Thames for King George I and his guests. It is said the compositions spurred reconciliation between Handel and the king, supposedly annoyed by the composer's abandonment of his Hanover post.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: The Queen's Theatre at the Haymarket (now Her Majesty's Theatre), established in 1705 by architect and playwright John Vanbrugh, quickly became an opera house. Between 1711 and 1739, more than 25 of Handel's operas premièred there. In 1729, Handel became joint manager of the theatre with John James Heidegger.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: The harp and organ concerto (HWV 294) and Alexander's Feast were published in 1738 by John Walsh. He composed music for a musical clock with a pipe organ built by Charles Clay; it was bought by Gerrit Braamcamp and was in 2016 acquired by the Museum Speelklok in Utrecht. "Deidamia", his last opera, a co-production with the Earl of Holderness, was performed three times in 1741. Handel gave up the opera business, while he enjoyed more success with his English oratorios.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: During the summer of 1741, The 3rd Duke of Devonshire invited Handel to Dublin, capital of the Kingdom of Ireland, to give concerts for the benefit of local hospitals. His "Messiah" was first performed at the New Music Hall in Fishamble Street on 13 April 1742, with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of St Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals participating. Handel secured a balance between soloists and chorus which he never surpassed.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: The use of English soloists reached its height at the first performance of "Samson". The work is highly theatrical. The role of the chorus became increasingly important in his later oratorios. "Jephtha" was first performed on 26 February 1752; even though it was his last oratorio, it was no less a masterpiece than his earlier works.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Handel never married and kept his personal life private. His initial will bequeathed the bulk of his estate to his niece Johanna, however, four codicils distributed much of his estate to other relations, servants, friends and charities.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Handel owned an art collection that was auctioned posthumously in 1760. The auction catalogue listed approximately seventy paintings and ten prints (other paintings were bequeathed).

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: The first published catalogue of Handel's works appeared as an appendix to Mainwaring's "Memoirs". Between 1787 and 1797 Samuel Arnold compiled a 180-volume collection of Handel's works—however, it was far from complete. Also incomplete was the collection produced between 1843 and 1858 by the English Handel Society (founded by Sir George Macfarren).

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: The 105-volume "Händel-Gesellschaft" ("Handel Society") edition was published between 1858 and 1902 – mainly due to the efforts of Friedrich Chrysander. For modern performance, the realisation of the basso continuo reflects 19th-century practice. Vocal scores drawn from the edition were published by Novello in London, but some scores, such as the vocal score to "Samson", are incomplete.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Between 1978 and 1986 the German academic Bernd Baselt catalogued Handel's works in his "Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis" publication. The catalogue has achieved wide acceptance and is used as the modern numbering system, with each of Handel's works designated an "HWV" number, for example "Messiah" is catalogued as "HWV 56".

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: The original form of his name, Georg Friedrich Händel, is generally used in Germany and elsewhere, but he is known as "Haendel" in France. A different composer, Jacob Handl or Händl (1550–1591) is usually known by the Latin form Jacobus Gallus that appears in his publications.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: Handel is honoured with a feast day on 28 July in the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church, with Johann Sebastian Bach and Henry Purcell. In the Lutheran Calendar of Saints Handel and Bach share that date with Heinrich Schütz, and Handel and Bach are commemorated in the calendar of saints prepared by the Order of Saint Luke for the use of the United Methodist Church. The Book of Common Worship of the Presbyterian Church (USA) (Westminster John Knox Press, 2018) commemorates him on 20 April.

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


George Frideric Handel

Context: In 1942, Handel was the subject of the British biographical film "The Great Mr. Handel" directed by Norman Walker and starring Wilfrid Lawson. It was made at Denham Studios by the Rank Organisation, and shot in Technicolor. He is also the central character in the television films "God Rot Tunbridge Wells!" (1985) and "Handel's Last Chance" (1996) and the stage play "All the Angels" (2015). Handel was portrayed by Jeroen Krabbé as the antagonist in the film "Farinelli" (1994).

Question: أين عاش جورج فريدريك هانْدل المؤلف الموسيقي الكلاسيكي الإنكليزي؟


Qutuz

Context: The Battle of Ain Jalut was fought on 3 September 1260 in southeastern Galilee, between the Egyptian Mamluk army and the Mongols. The Mongols were crushingly defeated by Qutuz's forces, in what has been considered a historical turning point. Qutuz was assassinated by a fellow Mamluk leader, Baibars, on the triumphant return journey to Cairo. Although Qutuz's reign was short, he is one of the most popular Mamluk sultans in the Islamic world and holds a high position in Islamic history.

Question: كم دامت فترة حكم الملك سيف الدين قُطُز؟


Qutuz

Context: Qutuz was a Turkic prince from Persia. Captured by the Mongols during the fall of Khwarazmian dynasty , he was taken to Damascus, Syria where he was sold to an Egyptian slave merchant who then sold him to Aybak, the Mamluk sultan in Cairo. According to some sources, Qutuz claimed that his original name was Mahmud ibn Mamdud and he was descended from Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, a ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire.

Question: كم دامت فترة حكم الملك سيف الدين قُطُز؟


Qutuz

Context: Qutuz kept Emir Faris ad-Din Aktai al-Mostareb as the Atabeg of the Egyptian army and began to prepare for battle.<ref name="Shayyal, p.122/vol.2">Shayyal, p. 122/vol. 2</ref>

Question: كم دامت فترة حكم الملك سيف الدين قُطُز؟


Qutuz

Context: Qutuz went to Al-Salihiyya and assembled his commanders to decide when to march against the Mongols. But the Emirs showed timidity. Qutuz shamed them into joining him, with the statement "Emirs of the Muslims, for some time now you have been fed by the country treasury and you hate to be invaded. I will go alone and who likes to join me should do that and who does not like to join me should go back home, but who will not join will carry the sin of not defending our women."

Question: كم دامت فترة حكم الملك سيف الدين قُطُز؟


Qutuz

Context: The Battle of Ain Jalut is also notable for being the earliest known battle where explosive hand cannons ("midfa" in Arabic) were used. These explosives were employed by the Mamluk Egyptians in order to frighten the Mongol horses and cavalry and cause disorder in their ranks. The explosive gunpowder compositions of these cannons were later described in Arabic chemical and military manuals in the early 14th century.

Question: كم دامت فترة حكم الملك سيف الدين قُطُز؟


Qutuz

Context: Qutuz was first buried in the town of Al-Qusair and then reburied in a cemetery in Cairo, Egypt. Baibars returned to Cairo which was decorated and celebrating the victory over the Mongols, where he became the new Sultan. Baibars was at once admired by the people as he revoked the war taxes which had been imposed by Qutuz.

Question: كم دامت فترة حكم الملك سيف الدين قُطُز؟


Qutuz

Context: The coins of Qutuz are considered unique in the history of Mamluk coinages as no other names except his names and titles were inscribed on it: "al-Malik al-Muzafar Saif al-Donya wa al-Din" ("The victorious king, sword of the temporal world and of the faith") and "al-Muzafar Saif al-Din" ("The victorious sword of faith").

Question: كم دامت فترة حكم الملك سيف الدين قُطُز؟


Economy of Benin

Context: A modest fishing fleet provides fish and shrimp for local subsistence and export to Europe. Formerly government-owned commercial activities are now privatized. A French brewer acquired the former state-run brewery. Smaller businesses are privately owned by Beninese citizens, but some firms are foreign owned, primarily French and Lebanese. The private commercial and agricultural sectors remain the principal contributors to growth.

Question: ما نسبة النمو الإقتصادي في جمهورية بنين سنة 2018؟


Economy of Benin

Context: In December 2014, the Bureau of International Labor Affairs issued a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" in which the Republic of Benin was mentioned among 74 other countries where significant instances of child labor were observed. Two major products involved such working conditions in Benin: cotton and crushed granite.

Question: ما نسبة النمو الإقتصادي في جمهورية بنين سنة 2018؟


Economy of Benin

Context: Benin's financial sector is dominated by banks, and in general remains shallow. However, a series of reforms were undertaken in the 1990s, which resulted in the consolidation of the banking sector and in the privatization of all state banks.

Question: ما نسبة النمو الإقتصادي في جمهورية بنين سنة 2018؟


Economy of Benin

Context: A legal framework regarding licensing, bank activities, organizational and capital requirements, inspections and sanctions (all applicable to all countries of the Union) is in place and underwent significant reforms in 1999. There is no customer deposit insurance system.

Question: ما نسبة النمو الإقتصادي في جمهورية بنين سنة 2018؟


Economy of Benin

Context: Benin is member of the Bourse Regionale des Valeures Mobilières (BRVM) located in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Stocks were issued by a number of companies in the region. Listed bonds were partly issued by companies and partly by governments of the West African Monetary and Economic Union (UEMOA).

Question: ما نسبة النمو الإقتصادي في جمهورية بنين سنة 2018؟


Economy of Benin

Context: The payment and settlement system and clearing mechanisms were reformed in 2004 through the BCEAO and offer RTGS and SWIFT access to banks, financial institutions, the stock exchange as well as the Central bank and special banks.

Question: ما نسبة النمو الإقتصادي في جمهورية بنين سنة 2018؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: Previous space missions to comets, such as "Giotto", "Deep Space 1", and "Stardust", were fly-by missions. These missions were able to photograph and examine only the surfaces of cometary nuclei, and even then from considerable distances. The "Deep Impact" mission was the first to eject material from a comet's surface, and the mission garnered considerable publicity from the media, international scientists, and amateur astronomers alike.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: Upon the completion of its primary mission, proposals were made to further utilize the spacecraft. Consequently, "Deep Impact" flew by Earth on December 31, 2007 on its way to an extended mission, designated EPOXI, with a dual purpose to study extrasolar planets and comet Hartley 2 (103P/Hartley). Communication was unexpectedly lost in August 2013 while the craft was heading for another asteroid flyby.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: The mission's Principal Investigator was Michael A'Hearn, an astronomer at the University of Maryland. He led the science team, which included members from Cornell University, University of Maryland, University of Arizona, Brown University, Belton Space Exploration Initiatives, JPL, University of Hawaii, SAIC, Ball Aerospace, and Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: The spacecraft consists of two main sections, the copper-core "Smart Impactor" that impacted the comet, and the "Flyby" section, which imaged the comet from a safe distance during the encounter with Tempel 1.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: The Impactor's payload, dubbed the "Cratering Mass", was 100% copper, with a weight of 100 kg. Including this cratering mass, copper formed 49% of total mass of the Impactor (with aluminium at 24% of the total mass); this was to minimize interference with scientific measurements. Since copper was not expected to be found on a comet, scientists could ignore copper's signature in any spectrometer readings. Instead of using explosives, it was also cheaper to use copper as the payload.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: Explosives would also have been superfluous. At its closing velocity of 10.2 km/s, the Impactor's kinetic energy was equivalent to 4.8 tonnes of TNT, considerably more than its actual mass of only 372 kg.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: The mission coincidentally shared its name with the 1998 film, "Deep Impact", in which a comet strikes the Earth.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: The Flyby spacecraft performed one of two divert maneuvers to avoid damage. A 14-minute burn was executed which slowed down the spacecraft. It was also reported that the communication link between the Flyby and the Impactor was functioning as expected. The Impactor executed three correction maneuvers in the final two hours before impact.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: The impactor returned images as late as three seconds before impact. Most of the data captured was stored on board the Flyby spacecraft, which radioed approximately 4,500 images from the HRI, MRI, and ITS cameras to Earth over the next few days. The energy from the collision was similar in size to exploding five tons of dynamite and the comet shone six times brighter than normal.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: Mission control did not become aware of the Impactor's success until five minutes later at 05:57 UTC. Don Yeomans confirmed the results for the press, "We hit it just exactly where we wanted to" and JPL Director Charles Elachi stated "The success exceeded our expectations."

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: Astronomers hypothesized, based on its interior chemistry, that the comet formed in the Uranus and Neptune Oort cloud region of the Solar System. A comet which forms farther from the Sun is expected to have greater amounts of ices with low freezing temperatures, such as ethane, which was present in Tempel 1. Astronomers believe that other comets with compositions similar to Tempel 1 are likely to have formed in the same region.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: On February 15, NASA scientists identified the crater formed by "Deep Impact" in images from "Stardust". The crater is estimated to be in diameter, and has a bright mound in the center likely created when material from the impact fell back into the crater.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: Experts came up with a range of soundbites to summarize the mission to the public. Iwan Williams of Queen Mary University of London, said "It was like a mosquito hitting a 747. What we've found is that the mosquito didn't splat on the surface; it's actually gone through the windscreen."

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: Chinese researchers used the "Deep Impact" mission as an opportunity to highlight the efficiency of American science because public support ensured the possibility of funding long-term research. By contrast, "in China, the public usually has no idea what our scientists are doing, and limited funding for the promotion of science weakens people's enthusiasm for research."

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: Two days after the US mission succeeded in having a probe collide with a comet, China revealed a plan: landing a probe on a small comet or asteroid to push it off course. China said it would begin the mission after sending a probe to the Moon.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: However, as the December 2007 Earth gravity assist approached, astronomers were unable to locate Comet Boethin, which may have broken up into pieces too faint to be observed. Consequently, its orbit could not be calculated with sufficient precision to permit a flyby.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: In November 2007 the JPL team targeted "Deep Impact" toward Comet Hartley 2. However, this would require an extra two years of travel for "Deep Impact" (including earth gravity assists in December 2007 and December 2008). On May 28, 2010, a burn of 11.3 seconds was conducted, to enable the June 27 Earth fly-by to be optimized for the transit to Hartley 2 and fly-by on November 4. The velocity change was .

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: On November 4, 2010, the "Deep Impact" extended mission (EPOXI) returned images from comet Hartley 2. EPOXI came within of the comet, returning detailed photographs of the "peanut" shaped cometary nucleus and several bright jets. The probe's medium-resolution instrument captured the photographs.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: "Deep Impact" observed Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1) from February 20 to April 8, 2012, using its Medium Resolution Instrument, through a variety of filters. The comet was from the Sun and from the spacecraft. It was found that the outgassing from the comet varies with a period of 10.4 hours, which is presumed to be due to the rotation of its nucleus. The dry ice content of the comet was measured and found to be about ten percent of its water ice content by number of molecules.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: On September 3, 2013, a mission update was posted to the EPOXI mission status website, stating "Communication with the spacecraft was lost some time between August 11 and August 14 ... The last communication was on August 8. ... the team on August 30 determined the cause of the problem. The team is now trying to determine how best to try to recover communication."

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: On September 10, 2013, a "Deep Impact" mission status report explained that mission controllers believe the computers on the spacecraft are continuously rebooting themselves and so are unable to issue any commands to the vehicle's thrusters. As a result of this problem, communication with the spacecraft was explained to be more difficult, as the orientation of the vehicle's antennas is unknown. Additionally, the solar panels on the vehicle may no longer be positioned correctly for generating power.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Deep Impact (spacecraft)

Context: On September 20, 2013, NASA abandoned further attempts to contact the craft. According to chief scientist A'Hearn, the reason for the software malfunction was a Y2K-like problem. August 11, 2013, 00:38:49.6, was 232 tenth-seconds from January 1, 2000, leading to speculation that a system on the craft tracked time in one-tenth second increments since January 1, 2000, and stored it in an unsigned 32-bit integer, which then overflowed at this time, similar to the Year 2038 problem.

Question: في أي عام تم انطلاق المكوك الفضائي ديب إمباكت من قاعدة كيب كانفيرال الفضائية في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: A biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. Biblical manuscripts vary in size from tiny scrolls containing individual verses of the Jewish scriptures (see "Tefillin") to huge polyglot codices (multi-lingual books) containing both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the New Testament, as well as extracanonical works.

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: The study of biblical manuscripts is important because handwritten copies of books can contain errors. Textual criticism attempts to reconstruct the original text of books, especially those published prior to the invention of the printing press.

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: The New Testament has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work of literature, with over 5,800 complete or fragmented Greek manuscripts catalogued, 10,000 Latin manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including Syriac, Slavic, Gothic, Ethiopic, Coptic and Armenian. The dates of these manuscripts range from c. 125 (the papyrus, oldest copy of John fragments) to the introduction of printing in Germany in the 15th century.

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: Due to the prevalence of manuscript caches, scholars today are more likely to find incomplete and sometimes conflicting segments of manuscripts rather than complete and largely consistent works.

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: The original New Testament books did not have titles, section headings, or verse and chapter divisions. These were developed over the years as "helps for readers". The Eusebian Canons were an early system of division written in the margin of many manuscripts. The Eusebian Canons are a series of tables that grouped parallel stories among the gospels. Starting in the fifth century, subject headings (κεφαλαία) were used.

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: Manuscripts became more ornate over the centuries, which developed into a rich illuminated manuscript tradition, including the famous Irish Gospel Books, the "Book of Kells" and the "Book of Durrow".

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: The earliest manuscript of a New Testament text is a business-card-sized fragment from the Gospel of John, Rylands Library Papyrus P52, which may be as early as the first half of the 2nd century. The first complete copies of single New Testament books appear around 200, and the earliest complete copy of the New Testament, the Codex Sinaiticus dates to the 4th century. The following table lists the earliest extant manuscript witnesses for the books of the New Testament.

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: Palaeography is the study of ancient writing, and textual criticism is the study of manuscripts in order to reconstruct a probable original text.

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Biblical manuscript

Context: Textual scholar Bart D. Ehrman writes: "It is true, of course, that the New Testament is abundantly attested in the manuscripts produced through the ages, but most of these manuscripts are many centuries removed from the originals, and none of them perfectly accurate. They all contain mistakes – altogether many thousands of mistakes. It is not an easy task to reconstruct the original words of the New Testament..." In reference to the textual evidence for the New Testament, Bruce M. Metzger wrote,

Question: كيف يتم تحديد عمر المخطوطات القديمة؟


Generations of Noah

Context: The Generations of Noah, also called the Table of Nations or Origines Gentium, is a genealogy of the sons of Noah, according to the Hebrew Bible (Genesis ), and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood, focusing on the major known societies. The term "nations" to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word "goyim", following the 400 CE Latin Vulgate's "nationes", and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: According to Joseph Blenkinsopp, the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of humanity, corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel who go down into Egypt with Jacob at and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in Exodus .

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: Maimonides, echoing the same sentiments, wrote that the genealogy of the nations contained in the Law has the unique function of establishing a principle of faith, how that, although from Adam to Moses there was no more than a span of two-thousand five hundred years, and the human race was already spread over all parts of the earth in different families and with different languages, they were still people having a common ancestor and place of beginning.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: The date of composition of Genesis 1–11 cannot be fixed with any precision, although it seems likely that an early brief nucleus was later expanded with extra data. Portions of the Table itself 'may' derive from the 10th century BCE, while others reflect the 7th century BCE and priestly revisions in the 5th century BCE. Its combination of world review, myth and genealogy corresponds to the work of the Greek historian Hecataeus of Miletus, active c.520 BCE.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: I Chronicles 1 includes a version of the Table of Nations from Genesis, but edited to make clearer that the intention is to establish the background for Israel. This is done by condensing various branches to focus on the story of Abraham and his offspring. Most notably, it omits Genesis 10:9–14, in which Nimrod, a son of Cush, is linked to various cities in Mesopotamia, thus removing from Cush any Mesopotamian connection. In addition, Nimrod does not appear in any of the numerous Mesopotamian King Lists.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: The Hebrew bible was translated into Greek in Alexandria at the request of Ptolemy II, who reigned over Egypt 285–246 BCE. Its version of the Table of Nations is substantially the same as that in the Hebrew text, but with the following differences:

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: In the First Epistle of Peter, 3:20, the author says that eight righteous persons were saved from the Great Flood, referring to the four named males, and their wives aboard Noah's Ark not enumerated elsewhere in the Bible.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: The Genesis flood narrative tells how Noah and his three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth, together with their wives, were saved from the Deluge to repopulate the Earth.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: "The sons of Ḥam are Kūš, and Miṣrayim, and Fūṭ (Phut), and Kenaʻan, while the names of their diocese are Arabia, and Egypt, and Elīḥerūq and Canaan. The sons of Kūš are Sebā and Ḥawīlah and Savtah and Raʻamah and Savteḫā, [while the sons of Raʻamah are Ševā and Dedan]. The names of their diocese are called Sīnīrae, and Hīndīqī, Samarae, Lūbae, Zinğae, while the sons of Mauretinos are [the inhabitants of] Zemarğad and [the inhabitants of] Mezağ." ---

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: Identifying geographically-defined groups of people in terms of their biblical lineage, based on the Generations of Noah, has been common since antiquity.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: The early modern biblical division of the world's "races" into Semites, Hamites and Japhetites was coined at the Göttingen School of History in the late 18th century – in parallel with the color terminology for race which divided mankind into five colored races ("Caucasian or White", "Mongolian or Yellow", "Aethiopian or Black", "American or Red" and "Malayan or Brown").

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: There exist various traditions in post-biblical and talmudic sources claiming that Noah had children other than Shem, Ham, and Japheth who were born before the Deluge.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: According to the Quran ("Hud" 42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned. Some later Islamic commentators give his name as either "Yam" or "Kan'an".

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: According to Irish mythology, as found in the "Annals of the Four Masters" and elsewhere, Noah had another son named Bith who was not allowed aboard the Ark, and who attempted to colonise Ireland with 54 persons, only to be wiped out in the Deluge.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: Some 9th-century manuscripts of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" assert that "Sceafa" was the fourth son of Noah, born aboard the Ark, from whom the House of Wessex traced their ancestry; in William of Malmesbury's version of this genealogy (c. 1120), Sceaf is instead made a descendant of "Strephius", the fourth son born aboard the Ark ("Gesta Regnum Anglorum").

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: Martin of Opava (c. 1250), later versions of the "Mirabilia Urbis Romae", and the "Chronicon Bohemorum" of Giovanni di Marignola (1355) make Janus (the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented astrology, and instructed Nimrod.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


Generations of Noah

Context: Historian William Whiston stated in his book "A New Theory of the Earth" that Noah, who is to be identified with Fuxi, migrated with his wife and children born "after" the deluge to China, and founded Chinese civilization.

Question: ما اسم أبناء سيدنا نوح ؟


History of the United States

Context: One of the earlier cultures in the present-day United States was the Clovis culture, who are primarily identified by the use of fluted spear points called the Clovis point. From 9,100 to 8,850 BCE, the culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, New Mexico. The Folsom culture was similar, but is marked by the use of the Folsom point.

Question: في أي عام إتحدة الولايات الأمريكية ؟


History of the United States

Context: The Adena began constructing large earthwork mounds around 600 BCE. They are the earliest known people to have been Mound Builders, however, there are mounds in the United States that predate this culture. Watson Brake is an 11-mound complex in Louisiana that dates to 3,500 BCE, and nearby Poverty Point, built by the Poverty Point culture, is an earthwork complex that dates to 1,700 BCE. These mounds likely served a religious purpose.

Question: في أي عام إتحدة الولايات الأمريكية ؟


History of the United States

Context: In the Southwest, the Anasazi began constructing stone and adobe pueblos around 900 BCE. These apartment-like structures were often built into cliff faces, as seen in the Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde. Some grew to be the size of cities, with Pueblo Bonito along the Chaco River in New Mexico once consisting of 800 rooms.

Question: في أي عام إتحدة الولايات الأمريكية ؟


History of the United States

Context: Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the present-day United States, after Christopher Columbus's expeditions (beginning in 1492) established possessions in the Caribbean, including the modern-day U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, and parts of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Juan Ponce de León landed in Florida in 1513. Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon, and the Great Plains.

Question: في أي عام إتحدة الولايات الأمريكية ؟