Poseidon

Context: Poseidon appears in "Percy Jackson and the Olympians" as the father of Percy Jackson and Tyson the Cyclops. He also appears in the ABC television series "Once Upon a Time" as the guest star of the second half of season four played by Ernie Hudson. In this version, Poseidon is portrayed as the father of the Sea Witch Ursula.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Poseidon has made multiple appearances in video games, such as in God of War 3 by Sony. In the game, Poseidon appears as a boss for the player to defeat. He also appears in Smite as a playable character.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Poseidon

Context: Many military weapons from multiple countries have been named after Poseidon. Such examples are the P8 Poseidon, & the "Poseidon" which is a Russian nuclear-armed unmanned underwater vehicle.

Question: Кому Посейдон проиграл в битве за протекторат над Афинами?


Sakhalin

Context: The Manchus called it "Sahaliyan ula angga hada" (Island at the Mouth of the Black River) . "Sahaliyan", the word that has been borrowed in the form of "Sakhalin", means "black" in Manchu, "ula" means "river" and "sahaliyan ula" ( , "Black River") is the proper Manchu name of the Amur River.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The island was also called "Kuye Fiyaka". The word "Kuye" used by the Qing is "most probably related to "kuyi", the name given to the Sakhalin Ainu by their Nivkh and Nanai neighbors." When the Ainu migrated onto the mainland, the Chinese described a "strong Kui (or Kuwei, Kuwu, Kuye, Kugi, "i.e." Ainu) presence in the area otherwise dominated by the Gilemi or Jilimi (Nivkh and other Amur peoples)." Related names were in widespread use in the region, for example the Kuril Ainu called themselves "koushi".

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Humans lived on Sakhalin in the Neolithic Stone Age. Flint implements such as those found in Siberia have been found at Dui and Kusunai in great numbers, as well as polished stone hatchets similar to European examples, primitive pottery with decorations like those of the Olonets, and stone weights used with fishing nets. A later population familiar with bronze left traces in earthen walls and kitchen-middens on Aniva Bay.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Indigenous people of Sakhalin include the Ainu in the southern half, the Oroks in the central region, and the Nivkhs in the north.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Nivkh women in Sakhalin married Han Chinese Ming officials when the Ming took tribute from Sakhalin and the Amur river region.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Local native Sakhalin chiefs had their daughters taken as wives by Manchu officials as sanctioned by the Qing dynasty when the Qing exercised jurisdiction in Sakhalin and took tribute from them.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: In 1635 Matsumae Kinhiro, the second daimyō of Matsumae Domain in Hokkaidō, sent Satō Kamoemon and Kakizaki Kuroudo on an expedition to Sakhalin. One of the Matsumae explorers, Kodō Shōzaemon, stayed in the island in the winter of 1636 and sailed along the east coast to Taraika (now Poronaysk) in the spring of 1637.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: In an early colonization attempt, a Japanese settlement was established at Ōtomari on Sakhalin's southern end in 1679. Cartographers of the Matsumae clan drew a map of the island and called it "Kita-Ezo" (Northern Ezo, Ezo being the old Japanese name for the islands north of Honshu).

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Japan proclaimed sovereignty over Sakhalin in 1807, and in 1809 Mamiya Rinzō claimed that it was an island.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The Santan Japanese traders seized Rishiri Ainu women when they were trading in Sakhalin to become their wives.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The first European known to visit Sakhalin was Martin Gerritz de Vries, who mapped Cape Patience and Cape Aniva on the island's east coast in 1643. The Dutch captain, however, was unaware that it was an island, and 17th-century maps usually showed these points (and often Hokkaido as well) as part of the mainland.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: As part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program, the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis, Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli joined a Chinese team visiting the lower Amur (known to them under its Manchu name, Sahaliyan Ula, i.e. the "Black River"), in 1709, and learned of the existence of the nearby offshore island from the "Ke tcheng" natives of the lower Amur.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Only with the 1787 expedition of Jean-François de La Pérouse did the island began to resemble something of its true shape on European maps. Though unable to pass through its northern "bottleneck" due to contrary winds, La Perouse charted most of the Strait of Tartary, and islanders he encountered near today's Strait of Nevelskoy told him that the island was called "Tchoka" (or at least that is how he recorded the name in French), and "Tchoka" appears on some maps thereafter.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: In 1857 the Russians established a penal colony. The island remained under shared sovereignty until the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, in which Japan surrendered its claims in Sakhalin to Russia. In 1890 the distinguished author Anton Chekhov visited the penal colony on Sakhalin and published a memoir of his journey.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Japanese forces invaded and occupied Sakhalin in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War. In accordance with the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, the southern part of the island below the 50th parallel north reverted to Japan, while Russia retained the northern three-fifths. In 1920, during the Siberian Intervention, Japan again occupied the northern part of the island, returning it to the Soviet Union in 1925.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: South Sakhalin was administered by Japan as Karafuto Prefecture (), with the capital at Toyohara (today's Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). A large number of migrants were brought in from Korea.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The northern, Russian, half of the island formed Sakhalin Oblast, with the capital at Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Between 1848 and 1902, American whaleships hunted whales off Sakhalin. They cruised for bowhead and gray whales to the north and right whales to the east and south. On 7 June 1855, the ship "Jefferson" (396 tons), of New London, was wrecked on Cape Levenshtern, on the northeastern side of the island, during a fog. All hands were saved as well as 300 barrels of whale oil.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Of the approximately 400,000 people – mostly Japanese and Korean – who lived on South Sakhalin in 1944, about 100,000 were evacuated to Japan during the last days of the war. The remaining 300,000 stayed behind, some for several more years. While the vast majority of Sakhalin Japanese and Koreans were gradually repatriated between 1946 and 1950, tens of thousands of Sakhalin Koreans (and a number of their Japanese spouses) remained in the Soviet Union.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: On 1 September 1983, Korean Air Flight 007, a South Korean civilian airliner, flew over Sakhalin and was shot down by the Soviet Union, just west of Sakhalin Island, near the smaller Moneron Island. The Soviet Union claimed it was a spy plane; however, commanders on the ground realized it was a commercial aircraft. All 269 passengers and crew died, including a U.S. Congressman, Larry McDonald.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: On 27 May 1995, the 7.0 Neftegorsk earthquake shook the former Russian settlement of Neftegorsk with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ("Violent"). Total damage was $64.1–300 million, with 1,989 deaths and 750 injured. The settlement was not rebuilt.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Strait of Tartary, which often freezes in winter in its narrower part, and from Hokkaido, Japan, by the Soya Strait or La Pérouse Strait. Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, being long, and wide, with an area of . It lies at similar latitudes to England, Wales and Ireland.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Main rivers: The Tym, long and navigable by rafts and light boats for , flows north and northeast with numerous rapids and shallows, and enters the Sea of Okhotsk. The Poronay flows south-southeast to the Gulf of Patience or Shichiro Bay, on the southeastern coast. Three other small streams enter the wide semicircular Aniva Bay or Higashifushimi Bay at the southern extremity of the island.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The northernmost point of Sakhalin is Cape of Elisabeth on the Schmidt Peninsula, while Cape Crillon is the southernmost point of the island.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Sakhalin has two smaller islands associated with it, Moneron Island and Ush Island. Moneron, the only land mass in the Tatar strait, long and wide, is about west from the nearest coast of Sakhalin and from the port city of Nevelsk. Ush Island is an island off of the northern coast of Sakhalin.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The administrative center of the oblast, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, a city of about 175,000, has a large Korean minority, typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans, who were forcibly brought by the Japanese during World War II to work in the coal mines. Most of the population lives in the southern half of the island, centered mainly around Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and two ports, Kholmsk and Korsakov (population about 40,000 each).

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The 400,000 Japanese inhabitants of Sakhalin (including the Japanized indigenous Ainu) who had not already been evacuated during the war were deported following the invasion of the southern portion of the island by the Soviet Union in 1945 at the end of World War II.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The Sea of Okhotsk ensures that Sakhalin has a cold and humid climate, ranging from humid continental (Köppen "Dfb") in the south to subarctic ("Dfc") in the centre and north. The maritime influence makes summers much cooler than in similar-latitude inland cities such as Harbin or Irkutsk, but makes the winters much snowier and a few degrees warmer than in interior East Asian cities at the same latitude. Summers are foggy with little sunshine.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Precipitation is heavy, owing to the strong onshore winds in summer and the high frequency of North Pacific storms affecting the island in the autumn. It ranges from around on the northwest coast to over in southern mountainous regions. In contrast to interior east Asia with its pronounced summer maximum, onshore winds ensure Sakhalin has year-round precipitation with a peak in the autumn.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: For the 2016 summer season, this route will be served by a highspeed catamaran ferry from Singapore named Penguin 33. The ferry is owned by Penguin International Limited and operated by Sakhalin Shipping Company.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Sakhalin's main shipping company is Sakhalin Shipping Company, headquartered in Kholmsk on the island's west coast.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: About 30% of all inland transport volume is carried by the island's railways, most of which are organized as the Sakhalin Railway (), which is one of the 17 territorial divisions of the Russian Railways.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The Sakhalin Railway network extends from Nogliki in the north to Korsakov in the south. Sakhalin's railway has a connection with the rest of Russia via a train ferry operating between Vanino and Kholmsk.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: , the railways are only now being converted from the Japanese gauge to the Russian gauge. The original Japanese D51 steam locomotives were used by the Soviet Railways until 1979. Gauge conversion was complete in 2019.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Besides the main network run by the Russian Railways, until December 2006 the local oil company (Sakhalinmorneftegaz) operated a corporate narrow-gauge line extending for from Nogliki further north to Okha (). During the last years of its service, it gradually deteriorated; the service was terminated in December 2006, and the line was dismantled in 2007–2008.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Sakhalin is connected by regular flights to Moscow, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and other cities of Russia. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport has regularly scheduled international flights to Hakodate, Japan, and Seoul and Busan, South Korea. There are also charter flights to the Japanese cities of Tokyo, Niigata, and Sapporo and to the Chinese cities of Shanghai, Dalian and Harbin. The island was formerly served by Alaska Airlines from Anchorage, Petropavlovsk, and Magadan.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: In November 2008, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced government support for the construction of the Sakhalin Tunnel, along with the required regauging of the island's railways to Russian standard gauge, at an estimated cost of 300–330 billion roubles.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: In July 2013, Russian Far East development minister Viktor Ishayev proposed a railway bridge to link Sakhalin with the Russian mainland. He also again suggested a bridge between Sakhalin and Hokkaidō, which could potentially create a continuous rail corridor between Europe and Japan. In 2018, president Vladimir Putin ordered a feasibility study for a mainland bridge project.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Sakhalin is a classic "primary sector of the economy" area, relying on oil and gas exports, coal mining, forestry, and fishing. Limited quantities of rye, wheat, oats, barley and vegetables grow there, although the growing season averages less than 100 days.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent economic liberalization, Sakhalin has experienced an oil boom with extensive petroleum-exploration and mining by most large oil multinational corporations. The oil and natural- gas reserves contain an estimated 14 billion barrels (2.2 km3) of oil and 2,700 km3 (96 trillion cubic feet) of gas and are being developed under production-sharing agreement contracts involving international oil- companies like ExxonMobil and Shell.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: The Sakhalin I project, managed by Exxon Neftegas Limited (ENL), completed a production-sharing agreement (PSA) between the Sakhalin I consortium, the Russian Federation, and the Sakhalin government. Russia is in the process of building a pipeline across the Tatar Strait from Sakhalin Island to De-Kastri terminal on the Russian mainland. From De-Kastri, the resource will be loaded onto tankers for transport to East Asian markets, namely Japan, South Korea and China.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: In 2000, the oil-and-gas industry accounted for 57.5% of Sakhalin's industrial output. By 2006 it is expected to account for 80% of the island's industrial output. Sakhalin's economy is growing rapidly thanks to its oil-and-gas industry.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Sakhalin

Context: , Gazprom had taken a 50% plus one share interest in Sakhalin II by purchasing 50% of Shell, Mitsui and Mitsubishi's shares.

Question: Какое животное обитает только на Сахалине?


Siberian tiger

Context: The Siberian tiger was also called "Amur tiger", "Manchurian tiger", "Korean tiger", and "Ussurian tiger", depending on the region where individuals were observed.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: "Felis tigris" was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the tiger. In the 19th century, several tiger specimens were collected in East Asia and described:

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In 2015, morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies were analysed in a combined approach. Results support distinction of the two evolutionary groups: continental and Sunda tigers. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies: namely "P. t. tigris" comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South China, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations; and "P. t. sondaica" comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In 2017, the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes all the tiger populations in mainland Asia as "P. t. tigris".

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In 2013, the whole genome of the Siberian tiger was sequenced and published. Tigers in mainland Asia fall into two clades: the northern clade comprises the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and the southern clade all remaining continental tiger populations. A study published in 2018 was based on 32 tiger specimens using a whole-genome sequencing for analysis. Results support six monophyletic tiger clades and indicate that the most recent common ancestor lived about 110,000 years ago.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The tiger is reddish-rusty, or rusty-yellow in colour, with narrow black transverse stripes. The body length is not less than , condylobasal length of skull , zygomatic width , and length of upper carnassial tooth over long. It has an extended supple body standing on rather short legs with a fairly long tail.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In the 1980s, the typical weight range of wild Siberian tigers was indicated as for males and for females. Exceptionally large individuals were targeted and shot by hunters.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: Measurements taken by scientists of the "Siberian Tiger Project" in the Sikhote-Alin range from in head and body length measured in straight line, with an average of for males; and for females ranging from with an average of . The average tail measures in males and in females. The longest male measured in total length including a tail of and with a chest girth of . The longest female measured in total length including tail of and with a chest girth of .

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: A male captured by members of the "Siberian Tiger Project" weighed , and the largest radio-collared male weighed .

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: A wild male, killed in Manchuria by the Sungari River in 1943, reportedly measured "over the curves", with a tail length of about . It weighed about . Dubious sources mention weights of and even .

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The ground colour of Siberian tigers' pelage is often very pale, especially in winter coat. However, variations within populations may be considerable. Individual variation is also found in form, length, and partly in colour, of the dark stripes, which have been described as being dark brown rather than black.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The Siberian tiger once inhabited much of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and other parts of north-eastern China, the eastern part of Siberia and the Russian Far East, perhaps as far west as Mongolia and the area of Lake Baikal, where the Caspian tiger also reportedly occurred.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: During the late Pleistocene and Holocene, it was likely connected to the South China tiger population through corridors in the Yellow River basin, before humans interrupted gene flow.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In 2005, the number of Amur tigers in China was estimated at 18–22, and 331–393 in the Russian Far East, comprising a breeding adult population of about 250, fewer than 100 likely to be sub-adults, more than 20 likely to be less than 3 years of age. More than 90% of the population occurred in the Sikhote Alin mountain region. An unknown number of tigers survive in the reserve areas around Baekdu Mountain, on the border between China and North Korea, based on tracks and sightings.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In August 2012, a Siberian tiger with four cubs was recorded for the first time in northeastern China's Hunchun National Nature Reserve located in the vicinity of the international borders with Russia and North Korea. Camera-trap surveys carried out in the spring seasons of 2013 and 2014 revealed between 27 and 34 tigers along the China-Russian border.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In April 2014, World Wide Fund for Nature personnel captured a video of a tigress with cubs in inland China.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: Camera trap surveys between 2013 and 2018 revealed about 55 Siberian tigers in four forested landscapes in northeastern China: Laoyeling, Zhangguangcai Range, Wandashan and Lesser Khingan Mountains. Feces, urine and hair was used to genetically identify 30 tigers in this region. However, only Laoyeling is thought to support a breeding population.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: Siberian tigers are known to travel up to over ecologically unbroken country. In 1992 and 1993, the maximum total population density of the Sikhote-Alin tiger population was estimated at 0.62 tigers in . The maximum "adult" population estimated in 1993 reached 0.3 tigers in , with a sex ratio of averaging 2.4 females per male. These density values were much lower than what had been reported for other subspecies at the time.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: Siberian tigers share habitat with Amur leopards ("P. pardus orientalis"), but in the Changbai Mountains have been recorded more often in lower elevations than leopards.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: Results of a three-year study on Siberian tigers indicate that the mean interval between their kills and estimated prey consumption varied across seasons: during 2009 to 2012, three adult tigers killed prey every 7.4 days in summer and consumed a daily average of ; in winter they killed more large-bodied prey, made kills every 5.7 days and consumed a daily average of .

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: When Amur tigers prey on brown bears, they usually target young and sub-adult bears, besides small female adults. Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002. Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The relationship between the Amur tiger and the Himalayan bear is not specifically studied. Numerous publications on these species there are mainly episodic and survey data on this issue are collected by different authors in selected areas which do not give a complete picture of the nature.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: This competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats, as they limit ungulate populations less than wolves, and are effective in controlling wolf numbers.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: At 35 months of age, tigers are sub-adults. Males reach sexual maturity at the age of 48 to 60 months.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The average lifespan for Siberian tigers ranges from 16–18 years. Wild individuals tend to live between 10–15 years, while in captivity individuals may live up to 25 years.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: Results of genetic analysis of 95 wild Siberian tiger samples from Russia revealed that genetic diversity is low, only 27–35 individuals contributed to their genes. Further exacerbating the problem is that more than 90% of the population occurred in the Sikhote Alin mountain region. Tigers rarely move across the development corridor, which separates this sub-population from the much smaller sub-population in southwest Primorye province.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The winter of 2006–2007 was marked by heavy poaching. Poaching of tigers and their wild prey species is considered to be driving the decline, although heavy snows in the winter of 2009 could have biased the data. In northern China’s Huang Ni He National Nature Reserve, poachers set up foremost snare traps, but there is not sufficient personnel to patrol this area throughout the year. In Hunchun National Nature Reserve, poaching of ungulate species impedes recovery of the tiger population.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The Siberian tiger was once common in the Korean Peninsula. It was eradicated during the period of Korea under Japanese rule between 1910 and 1945.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: Tigers are included on CITES Appendix I, banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well. At the 14th Conference of the Parties to CITES in 2007, stronger enforcement measures were called for, as well as an end to tiger farming.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In August 2010, China and Russia agreed to enhance conservation and cooperation in protected areas in a transboundary area for Amur tigers. China has undertaken a series of public awareness campaigns including celebration of the first "Global Tiger Day" in July 2010, and "International Forum on Tiger Conservation and Tiger Culture" and "China 2010 Hunchun Amur Tiger Culture Festival" in August 2010.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In 2005, re-introduction was planned as part of the rewilding project at Pleistocene Park in the Kolyma River basin in northern Yakutia, Russia, provided the herbivore population has reached a size warranting the introduction of large predators.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: In an incident at the San Francisco Zoo in December 2007, a tiger escaped and killed a visitor, and injured two others. The animal was shot by the police. The zoo was widely criticized for maintaining only a fence around the tiger enclosure, while the international standard is . The zoo subsequently erected a taller barrier topped by an electric fence. One of the victims admitted to taunting the animal.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The English name 'Siberian tiger' was coined by James Cowles Prichard in the 1830s. The name 'Amur tiger' was used in 1933 for Siberian tigers killed by the Amur River for an exhibition in the American Museum of Natural History.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: The Tungusic peoples considered the tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as "Grandfather" or "Old man". The Udege and Nani people call it "Amba". The Manchu considered the Siberian tiger as Hu Lin, the king. Since the tiger has a mark on its foreheads that looks like a Chinese character for 'King' (), or a similar character meaning "Great Emperor", it is revered by the Udege and Chinese people.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Siberian tiger

Context: A drawn Siberian tiger was the mascot of the 1981 Bandy World Championship, which was played in Khabarovsk in southeast Siberia.

Question: Какой средний вес тигра?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Beer () has a long history in what is now the Czech Republic, with brewing taking place in Břevnov Monastery in 993. The city of Brno had the right to brew beer from the 12th century while Plzeň and České Budějovice (Pilsen and Budweis in German), had breweries in the 13th century.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: The most common Czech beers are pale lagers of pilsner type, with characteristic transparent golden colour, high foaminess and lighter flavour. The Czech Republic has the highest beer consumption per capita in the world.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: The history of beer in the modern Czech Republic, historically Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, goes back even before the Slavic migration in the 6th century, although the ingredients differed from those used today.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Hops have been grown, used in beer making and exported from here since the twelfth century. Most towns had at least one brewery, the most famous brewing cities in Bohemia being Budweis, Plzeň, and Prague. Other towns with breweries are Rakovník, Žatec, and Třeboň.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Today the city has two main breweries: Budějovický měšťanský pivovar a.s. (Samson Budweiser Bier) and Budějovický Budvar n.p. (Budweiser Budvar).

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: The city of České Budějovice was for centuries also known by its German name, Budweis. Brewing is recorded in the city since the 13th century. The modern Budějovický měšťanský pivovar was founded in 1795 as the Bürgerliches Brauhaus Budweis, and is the oldest brewery in the world to use the term "budweiser" when referring to its beer. In 1895, the Budějovický Budvar brewery opened as an ethnically Czech alternative to the German dominated Budějovický měšťanský pivovar.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: In 1876, the US brewer Anheuser-Busch began making a beer which it also called "Budweiser". This led to the "Budweiser trademark dispute" between beer companies claiming trademarks rights to the name. In the European Union, Budějovický Budvar is recognized as a product with Protected Geographical Indication. Because of such disputes, Budvar is sold in the United States and Canada under the label Czechvar and Anheuser-Busch sells its beer as Bud in the most of the European Union.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Much of the brewing history of the Czech capital is connected to the various monasteries in the city, with brewing first recorded at the Benedictine Břevnov Monastery in 993 AD. It is also recorded that in 1088 AD, King Vratislav II granted a tithe of hops to the Canons of Vyšehrad Cathedral in order to brew beer.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Today the Prague brewing scene is quite diverse, with Staropramen being the only industrial brewery. There is a total of 40 breweries and brewpubs, the oldest among them being U Fleků, which was founded in 1499 and has been brewing beer ever since. Most of the other breweries and brewpubs have been established in the city post-1989 and especially, post-2000.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: South Moravia is known for winemaking and there are only few large breweries, namely Starobrno in Brno and Černá hora, although since the 2000s Akciový Pivovar Dalešice, Pegas and Richard have been gaining country wide popularity, despite smaller production.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Most beer brewed in the Czech Republic is lager. Czech beers vary in colour from pale (Světlé), through amber (Polotmavé) and dark (Tmavé) to black (Černé) and in strength from 3–9% ABV. Top fermented wheat beer (Pšeničné pivo) is also available.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: In the Czech Republic, it is still customary to label the strength of beer by the so-called degree scale (in Czech: Stupňovitost). It is expressed as a weight percentage of sucrose and is used to indicate the percentage by weight of extract (sucrose) in a solution. So, the 12° beer has 12% of these substances dissolved in water. A 10 degree beer is about 4% alcohol by volume, a 12 degree is about 5% and 16 degree is about 6.5%.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: The Czech Beer Festival (Český pivní festival) in Prague is the biggest beer festival in Czech Republic held for 17 days every year in May. Festival visitors can taste more than 70 brands of Czech beer.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Exports are especially important for Czech breweries, as consumption in the Czech Republic has decreased by about five liters per person. CEO of Staropramen, Petr Kovařík, speculates this is due to a smoking ban in the Czech Republic.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: In 2010, the Plzeňský Prazdroj group saw an increase in exports by five percent, especially in the German market, with 240,000 hectoliters, the Slovak market, with 114,500 hectolitres, and the British market, with 24,000 hectolitres. Additionally, in 2010 they began to sell their beers to the United Arab Emirates, Syria, South Korea, Vietnam, and Argentina.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: In 2012, the Plzeňský Prazdroj group announced they had the largest beer exports yet, with a record of 685 thousand hectoliters. There continued to be an increase in sales in Slovakia, with additional export sales to Canada and Hungary. The group estimated an increase in exports to Australia by forty percent.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: The company credits their growing sales to Asian countries like Vietnam and Taiwan to the number of international visitors to their country; Taiwan is the third largest nationality that visits the brewery every year, after Czechs and Germans.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: In 2016, Plzeňský Prazdroj sold 11 million hectolitres of beer, with an increase in 1 million hectoliters, and exports grew by ten percent.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Additionally, it is speculated that the increase in beer exports and consumption is contributed to the fact that the brewing company's parent company, SABMiller, was sold to the Japanese company Asahi Breweries. The company sought out to acquire more brewing companies, as beer consumption has been declining in Japan.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Available in more than thirty five countries worldwide, Pivovary Staropramen is the second largest beer producer in the Czech Republic. The beers brewed by this company are: Staropramen, Braník, and Velvet. Currently, the company operates two breweries: Staropramen and Ostravar. It has been in business since 1998 and it holds 15.6 percent of the domestic market. Staropramen is owned by Molson Coors, and one of the primary goals of the parent company is to strengthen its sales in the United Kingdom.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: In 2008, Staropramen exported 687,000 hectoliters of beer. This can be compared to present day, where in 2017, Staropramen sold 3.1 million hectoliters of beer. This was an increase of six thousand hectoliters from the previous year.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: According to the CEO of Staropramen, Petr Kovařík, the goal of the company is: “...not to be in as many countries as possible, but we only choose the strategic markets. Where we enter, we try to do a good job.” The largest export country for Staropramen is Slovakia, and then Sweden, Germany and Great Britain. Additionally, sales in Poland have grown by ten percent in the last two years. Sales in central and southeast Europe have grown by thirty percent in the last year.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: In 2016, Staropramen has launched its lighter beer Pravha in the UK, which is now brewed in Burton upon Trent. This has become quite controversial with many consumers. Although brewed to the Czech recipe, the taste has been compromised.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: Heineken is the third largest beer producer in the world, and the Heineken Ceska Republika Group owns three breweries in the Czech Republic. The company produces and exports Starobrno, Krušovice, Zlatopramen, and Březňák.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: In 2017, Budejovicky Budvar continued to increase its exports and they exported a record volume of beer at 990,508 hectoliters of beer to 76 countries. Additionally, the amount of beer exported increased in 56 countries, with the largest amount being exported to Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Canada, Germany, Austria, and Russia. This year, Budejovicky Budvar was able to begin exporting to Africa, South America, and Asia.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Beer in the Czech Republic

Context: After 2017, Budejovicky Budvar exported 21.5 percent of Czech beer exports. As a result of the increase in exports, the brewery is beginning construction to expand its brewery and meet the export demand for its customers. Due to this record breaking year, Budejovicky Budvar is the second largest beer exporter in the Czech Republic. However, the company was unable to meet all orders due to their limited production capacities.

Question: Как называется самая продаваемая марка чешского пива?


Southern Front (Soviet Union)

Context: Lieutenant General Rodion Ia. Malinovsky arrived in December and held the reins until July 1942. In 1942 the Front took part in the Donbass, Barvenko-Lozovaia, and Voronezh-Stalingrad (Volgograd) operations. According to Glantz and Bonn, the Front then suffered a notable failure at the Second Battle of Kharkov. The Front received additional forces from the (disbanded) Southwestern Front on July 12, 1942 and was formally disbanded on July 28, 1942, with the forces transferred to the North Caucasus Front.

Question: Когда был открыт южный фронт во время Второй Мировой войны?


Southern Front (Soviet Union)

Context: The Southern Front was re-formed from the Stalingrad Front on January 1, 1943, and Colonel General Andrei I. Yeremenko stayed in command, until February 1943. General Lieutenant Rodion Malinovsky [promoted to Colonel General in February 1943] then filled in until Lieutenant General Fyodor I. Tolbukhin took command in March 1943. Tolbukhin was promoted to Colonel General in April. He would command the Front into 1944.

Question: Когда был открыт южный фронт во время Второй Мировой войны?


Everton F.C.

Context: Formed in 1878, Everton won their first League Championship during the 1890–91 season. After winning four more League championships and two FA Cups, the club experienced a post-World War II lull until a revival in the 1960s. A period of sustained success came in the mid-1980s, when Everton won a further two League championships, one FA Cup, and the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: The club's supporters are colloquially known as "Evertonians" or "Blues". Everton's main rivals are Liverpool, whose home stadium at Anfield is just under one mile away from Everton's home at Goodison Park; the two clubs contest the Merseyside derby. Everton have been based at Goodison Park since 1892, having moved from their original home at Anfield following a disagreement over its rent. The club's home colours are royal blue shirts with white shorts and socks.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Everton was founded as St. Domingo's FC in 1878 so that members of the congregation of St Domingo Methodist New Connexion Chapel in Breckfield Road North, Everton could play sport year round – cricket was played in summer. The club's first game was a 1–0 victory over Everton Church Club. The club was renamed Everton in November 1879 after the local area, as people outside the congregation wished to participate.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: The club was a founding member of the Football League in 1888–89 and won its first League Championship title in the 1890–91 season. Everton won the FA Cup for the first time in 1906 and the League Championship again in 1914–15. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 interrupted the football programme while Everton were reigning champions, which was something that would again occur in 1939.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: The outbreak of the Second World War again saw the suspension of league football, and when official competition resumed in 1946, the Everton team had been split up and paled in comparison to the pre-war team. Everton was relegated for the second time in 1950–51 and did not earn promotion until 1953–54, when it finished as the runner-up in its third season in the Second Division. The club has been a top-flight presence ever since.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: However, the success did not last; the team finished fourteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and seventh in the following seasons. Harry Catterick retired, but his successors failed to win any silverware for the remainder of the 1970s despite finishing fourth in 1974–75 under manager Billy Bingham, third in 1977–78 and fourth the following season under manager Gordon Lee. Lee was sacked in 1981.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: After the Heysel Stadium disaster and the subsequent ban of all English clubs from continental football, Everton lost the chance to compete for more European trophies. A large proportion of the title-winning side was broken up following the ban. Kendall himself moved to Athletic Bilbao after the 1987 title triumph and was succeeded by assistant Colin Harvey. Harvey took Everton to the 1989 FA Cup Final, but lost 3–2 after extra time to Liverpool.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Ancelotti left the club in June 2021 to rejoin former club Real Madrid as manager, having lead the club to a 10th place finish in his only full season at the club. Former Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez was appointed as his replacement, subsequently becoming only the second person to manage both Liverpool and Everton. He was dismissed in January 2022 following 9 losses in his last 13 games in charge at the club, and was replaced by former Chelsea boss Frank Lampard.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Everton's traditional away colours were white shirts with black shorts, but from 1968 amber shirts and royal blue shorts became common. Various editions appeared throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Black, white, grey, and yellow away shirts have also been used.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: The club rarely incorporated a badge of any description on its shirts. An interwoven "EFC" design was adopted between 1922 and 1930 before the club reverted to plain royal blue shirts until 1972 when bold "EFC" lettering was added. The crest designed by Kelly was first used on the team's shirts in 1978 and has remained there ever since, while undergoing gradual change to become the version used today.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: From 1966 to 2007, Everton trained at Bellefield in the West Derby area of Liverpool. The club moved to the Finch Farm training complex in Halewood in 2007. The training ground houses both the Everton first team and the youth academy.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Following a unanimous approval by Liverpool City Council to grant planning permission in July 2021, work by contractors, Laing O'Rourke, began on the new stadium on 10 August 2021. The first phase involved infilling the dock with 500,000 cubic metres of sea-dredged sand, and so 2,500 vertical concrete piles have been inserted. Its capacity will be 52,888. It is due to open for the start of the 2024-25 season, replacing Goodison Park.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: The following players are considered "Giants" for their great contributions to Everton. A panel appointed by the club established the inaugural list in 2000 and a new inductee is announced every season.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: At the start of the 2003–04 season, as part of the club's official celebration of its 125th anniversary, supporters cast votes to determine the greatest ever Everton team.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: The Football League 100 Legends is a list of "100 legendary football players" produced by the Football League in 1998 to celebrate the 100th season of League football.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Everton's current kit manufacturers since the 2020–21 season are Hummel, after a previous deal with Umbro was terminated early by the club. Umbro have been the club's kit manufacturer four times (1974–83, 1986–2000, 2004–09, and 2014–20). Other previous manufacturing firms are Le Coq Sportif (1983–86, 2009–12), Puma (2000–04) and Nike (2012–14).

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: The club currently has two 'megastores': one located near Goodison Park on Walton Lane named 'Everton One' and one located in the Liverpool One shopping complex named 'Everton Two', which gives the second store the address 'Everton Two, Liverpool One'.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Everton's community department, Everton in the Community (EitC), is a charity that provides sports and other social activities for the local community including for people with disabilities. EitC represents the club in the European Multisport Club Association.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Everton is connected to many other sports clubs and organisations. It has links with Irish football academy Ballyoulster United in Celbridge, the Canadian Ontario Soccer Association, and the Thai Football Association (where there is a competition named the Chang-Everton Cup, competed for by local schoolboys). The club also has a football academy in the Cypriot city of Limassol and a partnership agreement with American club Pittsburgh Riverhounds.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Ken Loach's 1969 television film "The Golden Vision" combined improvised drama with documentary footage to tell the story of a group of Everton fans for whom the main purpose of life—following the team—is interrupted by such inconveniences as work and weddings. Everton forward Alex Young, whose nickname was also the title of the film, appeared as himself.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: Paul Greengrass's 1997 television film "The Fix" dramatised the true story of a match-fixing scandal in which the club's newest player Tony Kay (played by Jason Isaacs) is implicated in having helped to throw a match between his previous club Sheffield Wednesday and Ipswich Town. The majority of the story is set during Everton's 1962–63 League Championship winning season, with then-manager Harry Catterick played by Colin Welland.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Everton F.C.

Context: In the 2015 "Rocky" film "Creed", Goodison Park serves as the venue of the climactic fight scene. Footage of the stadium and crowd during a home game against West Bromwich Albion was used for the scene. Liverpool-born boxing champion Tony Bellew, a lifelong Everton fan, plays Creed's opponent and wore the Everton badge on his training gear and shorts.

Question: Сколько раз профессиональный футбольный клуб «Э́вертон»из Ливерпуля становился победителем Английской Премьер лиги?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In the 19th century, with the Czarist Russians moving dangerously close to the Pamir Mountains, near the border with British India, civil servant Mortimer Durand was sent to outline a border, likely in order to control the Khyber Pass. The demarcation of the mountainous region resulted in an agreement, signed with the Afghan Emir, Abdur Rahman Khan, in 1893. It became known as the Durand Line.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Daoud Khan's irredentist foreign policy to reunite the Pashtun homeland caused much tension with Pakistan, a nation that allied itself with the United States. The policy had also angered the non-Pashtun population of Afghanistan, and similarly, the Pashtun population in Pakistan were also not interested in having their areas being annexed by Afghanistan. In 1951, the U.S. State Department urged Afghanistan to drop its claim against Pakistan and accept the Durand Line.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Even before the revolutionaries came to power, Afghanistan was "a militarily and politically neutral nation, effectively dependent on the Soviet Union." A treaty, signed in December 1978, allowed the Democratic Republic to call upon the Soviet Union for military support.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Taraki and Amin's regime even attempted to eliminate Parcham's leader Babrak Karmal. After being relieved of his duties as ambassador, he remained in Czechoslovakia in exile, fearing for his life if he returned as the regime requested. He and his family were protected by the Czechoslovak StB; files from January 1979 revealed information that Afghanistan sent KHAD spies to Czechoslovakia to find and assassinate Karmal.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In May 1979, U.S. officials secretly began meeting with rebel leaders through Pakistani government contacts. After additional meetings Carter signed two presidential findings in July 1979 permitting the CIA to spend $695,000 on non-military assistance (e.g., "cash, medical equipment, and radio transmitters") and on a propaganda campaign targeting the Soviet-backed leadership of the DRA, which (in the words of Steve Coll) "seemed at the time a small beginning."

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: After a month, the Afghan requests were no longer for individual crews and subunits, but for regiments and larger units. In July, the Afghan government requested that two motorized rifle divisions be sent to Afghanistan. The following day, they requested an airborne division in addition to the earlier requests. They repeated these requests and variants to these requests over the following months right up to December 1979. However, the Soviet government was in no hurry to grant them.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Based on information from the KGB, Soviet leaders felt that Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin's actions had destabilized the situation in Afghanistan. Following his initial coup against and killing of Taraki, the KGB station in Kabul warned Moscow that Amin's leadership would lead to "harsh repressions, and as a result, the activation and consolidation of the opposition."

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Carter also withdrew the SALT-II treaty from consideration before the Senate, recalled the US Ambassador Thomas J. Watson from Moscow, and suspended high-technology exports to the Soviet Union.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The Warsaw Pact countries (excluding Romania) publicly supported the intervention; however a press account in June 1980 showed that Poland, Hungary and Romania privately informed the Soviet Union that the invasion was a damaging mistake.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In the wider Cold War, drastic changes were taking place in Southwestern Asia concurrent with the 1978–1979 upheavals in Afghanistan that changed the nature of the two superpowers. In February 1979, the Iranian Revolution ousted the American-backed Shah from Iran, losing the United States as one of its most powerful allies. The United States then deployed twenty ships in the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea including two aircraft carriers, and there were constant threats of war between the U.S. and Iran.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: American observers argued that the global balance of power had shifted to the Soviet Union following the emergence of several pro-Soviet regimes in the Third World in the latter half of the 1970s (such as in Nicaragua and Ethiopia), and the action in Afghanistan demonstrated the Soviet Union's expansionism.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The opposition to the Soviet presence was great nationally, crossing regional, ethnic, and linguistic lines. Never before in Afghan history had this many people been united in opposition against an invading foreign power. In Kandahar a few days after the invasion, civilians rose up against Soviet soldiers, killing a number of them, causing the soldiers to withdraw to their garrison. In this city, 130 Khalqists were murdered between January and February 1980.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In 1985, the size of the LCOSF (Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces) was increased to 108,800 and fighting increased throughout the country, making 1985 the bloodiest year of the war. However, despite suffering heavily, the Mujahideen were able to remain in the field, mostly because they received thousands of new volunteers daily, and continued resisting the Soviets.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Karmal called his regime “a new evolutionary phase of the glorious April Revolution,” but he failed at uniting the PDPA. In the eyes of many Afghans, he was still seen as a "puppet" of the Soviet Union.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In the mid-1980s, the Afghan resistance movement, assisted by the United States, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, Egypt, the People's Republic of China and others, contributed to Moscow's high military costs and strained international relations. The U.S. viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an integral Cold War struggle, and the CIA provided assistance to anti-Soviet forces through the Pakistani intelligence services, in a program called Operation Cyclone.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Afghanistan's resistance movement was born in chaos, spread and triumphed chaotically, and did not find a way to govern differently. Virtually all of its war was waged locally by regional warlords. As warfare became more sophisticated, outside support and regional coordination grew. Even so, the basic units of Mujahideen organization and action continued to reflect the highly segmented nature of Afghan society.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Mujahideen groups used for assassination had three to five men in each. After they received their mission to kill certain government officials, they busied themselves with studying his pattern of life and its details and then selecting the method of fulfilling their established mission. They practiced shooting at automobiles, shooting out of automobiles, laying mines in government accommodation or houses, using poison, and rigging explosive charges in transport.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In May 1985, the seven principal rebel organizations formed the Seven Party Mujahideen Alliance to coordinate their military operations against the Soviet army. Late in 1985, the groups were active in and around Kabul, unleashing rocket attacks and conducting operations against the communist government.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: "Reader's Digest" took a highly positive view of the Mujahideen, a reversal of their usual view of Islamic fighters. The publication praised their martyrdom and their role in entrapping the Soviets in a Vietnam War-style disaster.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The first step of the Soviet Union's exit strategy was to transfer the burden of fighting the Mujahideen to the Afghan armed forces, with the aim of preparing them to operate without Soviet help. During this phase, the Soviet contingent was restricted to supporting the DRA forces by providing artillery, air support and technical assistance, though some large-scale operations were still carried out by Soviet troops.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Under Soviet guidance, the DRA armed forces were built up to an official strength of 302,000 in 1986. To minimize the risk of a coup d'état, they were divided into different branches, each modeled on its Soviet counterpart. The ministry of defence forces numbered 132,000, the ministry of interior 70,000 and the ministry of state security (KHAD) 80,000. However, these were theoretical figures: in reality each service was plagued with desertions, the army alone suffering 32,000 per year.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: As part of the new structure, national parliamentary elections were held in 1988 to elect members of the new National Assembly, the first such elections in Afghanistan in 19 years.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Following lengthy negotiations, the Geneva Accords was signed in 1988 between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Supported by the Soviet Union and the United States respectively, the two Asian countries agreed to refrain from any form of interference in each other’s territory and give Afghan refugees in Pakistan to voluntarily return. The two superpowers agreed to halt their interference in Afghanistan, which included a Soviet withdrawal.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The United Nations set up a special Mission to oversee the process. In this way, President Najibullah had stabilized his political position enough to begin matching Moscow's moves toward withdrawal. Among other things the Geneva Accords identified the US and Soviet non-intervention in the internal affairs of Pakistan and Afghanistan and a timetable for full Soviet withdrawal. The agreement on withdrawal held, and on 15 February 1989, the last Soviet troops departed on schedule from Afghanistan.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In the last phase, Soviet troops prepared and executed their withdrawal from Afghanistan, whilst limiting the launching of offensive operations by those who hadn't withdrawn yet.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In September 1988, Soviet MiG-23 fighters shot down two Iranian AH-1J Cobra, which had intruded into Afghan airspace.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Operation Magistral was one of the final offensive operations undertaken by the Soviets, a successful sweep operation that cleared the road between Gardez and Khost. This operation did not have any lasting effect on the outcome of the conflict nor the soiled political and military status of the Soviets in the eyes of the West, but was a symbolic gesture that marked the end of their widely condemned presence in the country with a victory.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The first half of the Soviet contingent was withdrawn from 15 May to 16 August 1988, and the second from 15 November to 15 February 1989. In order to ensure a safe passage the Soviets had negotiated ceasefires with local Mujahideen commanders, so the withdrawal was generally executed peacefully, except for the operation "Typhoon".

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: After the withdrawal of the Soviets, the DRA forces were left fighting alone and had to abandon some provincial capitals, and it was widely believed that they would not be able to resist the Mujahideen for long. However, in the spring of 1989 DRA forces inflicted a sharp defeat on the Mujahideen at Jalalabad. The United States, having achieved its goal of forcing the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan, gradually disengaged itself from the country.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Some of the causes of the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan leading to the Afghanistan regime's eventual defeat include

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Whether the introduction of the personal, portable, infrared-homing surface-to-air "Stinger" missile in September 1986 was a turning point in the war is disputed.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Many Western military analysts credit the Stinger with a kill ratio of about 70% and with responsibility for most of the over 350 Soviet or Afghan government aircraft and helicopters downed in the last two years of the war. Some military analysts considered it a "game changer" and coined the term "Stinger effect" to describe it.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Wilson claimed that before the Stinger the Mujahideen never won a set piece battle with the Soviets, but after it was introduced, the Mujahideen never again lost one.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: However, these statistics are based on Mujahideen self-reporting, which is of unknown reliability. A Russian general claimed the United States "greatly exaggerated" Soviet and Afghan aircraft losses during the war. According to Soviet figures, in 1987–1988, only 35 aircraft and 63 helicopters were destroyed by all causes. The Pakistan Army fired twenty-eight Stingers at enemy aircraft without a single kill.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: There have also been numerous reports of illegal chemical weapons, including mycotoxins, being used by Soviet forces in Afghanistan, often indiscriminately against civilians.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The Soviet soldiers were looting from the dead in Afghanistan, including stealing money, jewelry and clothes. During the Red Army withdrawal in February 1989, 30 to 40 military trucks crammed with Afghan historical treasures crossed into the Soviet Union, under orders from General Boris Gromov. He cut an antique Tekke carpet stolen from Darul Aman Palace into several pieces, and gave it to his acquaintances.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Other countries that supported the Mujahideen were Egypt and China. Iran on the other hand only supported the Shia Mujahideen, namely the Persian speaking Shiite Hazaras in a limited way. One of these groups was the Tehran Eight, a political union of Afghan Shi'a. They were supplied predominately by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, but Iran's support for the Hazaras nevertheless frustrated efforts for a united Mujahideen front.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: After the Soviet deployment, Pakistan's military ruler General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq started accepting financial aid from the Western powers to aid the Mujahideen. In 1981, following the election of US President Ronald Reagan, aid for the Mujahideen through Zia's Pakistan significantly increased, mostly due to the efforts of Texas Congressman Charlie Wilson and CIA officer Gust Avrakotos.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The Pakistan Navy were involved in the covert war coordinating foreign weapons being funnelled into Afghanistan. Some of the navy's high-ranking admirals were responsible for storing those weapons in their depots.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Many secular Pakistanis outside of the government were worried about fundamentalists guerillas in Afghanistan, such as Hekmatyar, receiving such a high amount of aid, would lead to bolster conservative Islamic forces in Pakistan and its military.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Pakistan took in millions of Afghan refugees (mostly Pashtun) fleeing the Soviet occupation. Although the refugees were controlled within Pakistan's largest province, Balochistan under then-martial law ruler General Rahimuddin Khan, the influx of so many refugees – believed to be the largest refugee population in the world – spread into several other regions.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: All of this had a heavy impact on Pakistan and its effects continue to this day. Pakistan, through its support for the Mujahideen, played a significant role in the eventual withdrawal of Soviet military personnel from Afghanistan.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Stansfield Turner and the CIA's Directorate of Operations (DO) contemplated sending lethal arms from U.S. stocks to the mujahideen as early as late August 1979, but this idea was ultimately not implemented until after the Soviet invasion in December. The first shipment of U.S. weapons intended for the Mujahideen reached Pakistan on 10 January 1980.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The US attempted to buy back the Stinger missiles, with a $55 million program launched in 1990 to buy back around 300 missiles (US$183,300 each).

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Throughout the war, Britain played a significant role in support of the US and acted in concert with the U.S. government. While the US provided far more in financial and material terms to the Afghan resistance, the UK played more of a direct combat role – in particular the Special Air Service — supporting resistance groups in practical manners. This turned out to be Whitehall's most extensive covert operation since the Second World War.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Thatcher visited Pakistan in October 1981 and met President Zia-ul-Haq, toured the refugee camps close to the Afghan border and then gave a speech telling the people that the "hearts of the free world" were with them and promised aid. The Kremlin responded to the whole incident by blasting Thatcher's "provocation aimed at stirring up anti-Soviet hysteria." Five years later two prominent Mujahideen, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Abdul Haq, met Thatcher in Downing Street.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The UK's role in the conflict entailed direct military involvement not only in Afghanistan, but the Central Asian republics of the Soviet Union. MI6 organised and executed "scores" of psyop attacks in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, on Soviet troop supplies which flowed from these areas. These were the first direct Western attacks on the Soviet Union since the 1950s. MI6 also funded the spread of radical and anti-Soviet Islamic literature in the Soviet republics.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: China may have given support to Tajik and Kazakh insurgents even before the 1978 coup. But the Chinese also requested before the Soviet intervention that Pakistan not permit Chinese arms it had received to be sent to the Afghan guerrillas.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The Chinese People's Liberation Army provided training, arms organisation and financial support. Anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers and machine guns, valued at hundreds of millions, were given to the Mujahideen by the Chinese. Throughout the war Chinese military advisers and army troops trained upwards of several thousand Mujahideen inside Xinjiang and along the Pakistani border. Overall, Chinese aid exceeded $400 million.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Between 25 December 1979, and 15 February 1989, a total of 620,000 soldiers served with the forces in Afghanistan (though there were only 80,000–104,000 serving at one time): 525,000 in the Army, 90,000 with border troops and other KGB sub-units, 5,000 in independent formations of MVD Internal Troops, and police forces. A further 21,000 personnel were with the Soviet troop contingent over the same period doing various white collar and blue collar jobs.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The total irrecoverable personnel losses of the Soviet Armed Forces, frontier, and internal security troops came to 14,453. Soviet Army formations, units, and HQ elements lost 13,833, KGB sub-units lost 572, MVD formations lost 28, and other ministries and departments lost 20 men. During this period 312 servicemen were missing in action or taken prisoner; 119 were later freed, of whom 97 returned to the USSR and 22 went to other countries.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Along with fatalities were 1.2 million Afghans disabled (Mujahideen, government soldiers and noncombatants) and 3 million maimed or wounded (primarily noncombatants).

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: A great deal of damage was done to the civilian children population by land mines. A 2005 report estimated 3–4% of the Afghan population were disabled due to Soviet and government land mines. In the city of Quetta, a survey of refugee women and children taken shortly after the Soviet withdrawal found child mortality at 31%, and over 80% of the children refugees to be unregistered. Of children who survived, 67% were severely malnourished, with malnutrition increasing with age.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Critics of Soviet and Afghan government forces describe their effect on Afghan culture as working in three stages: first, the center of customary Afghan culture, Islam, was pushed aside; second, Soviet patterns of life, especially amongst the young, were imported; third, shared Afghan cultural characteristics were destroyed by the emphasis on so-called nationalities, with the outcome that the country was split into different ethnic groups, with no language, religion, or culture in common.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Before the war, Afghanistan was already one of the world's poorest nations. The prolonged conflict left Afghanistan ranked 170 out of 174 in the UNDP's "Human Development Index", making Afghanistan one of the least developed countries in the world.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The "CIA World Fact Book" reported that as of 2004, Afghanistan still owed $8 billion in bilateral debt, mostly to Russia, however, in 2007 Russia agreed to cancel most of the debt.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: 5.5 million Afghans were made refugees by the war—a full one third of the country's pre-war population—fleeing the country to Pakistan or Iran. Another estimate states 6.2 million refugees. By the end of 1981, the UN High Commission for Refugees reported that Afghans represented the largest group of refugees in the world.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The legacy of the war introduced a culture of guns, drugs and terrorism in Afghanistan. The traditional power structure was also changed in favor of the powerful Mujahideen militias.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The militarization transformed the society in the country, leading to heavily armed police, private bodyguards, and openly armed civil defense groups becoming the norm in Afghanistan both during the war and decades thereafter.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The war also altered the ethnic balance of power in the country. While Pashtuns were historically politically dominant since the modern foundation of the Durrani Empire in 1847, many of the well-organized pro-Mujahideen or pro-government groups consisted of Tajiks, Uzbeks and Hazaras. With Pashtuns increasingly politically fragmented, their influence on the state was challenged.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Civil war continued when the former Mujahideen guerillas, which were never under a united command during the period from 1979 to 1992, failed to create a functioning unity government in 1992. The civil war continued and about 400,000 Afghan civilians had lost their lives in the 1990s, eventually leading to Taliban rule.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: As many as 35,000 non-Afghan Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992. Thousands more came and did not fight but attended schools with "former and future fighters".

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: These "Afghan-Arabs" had a marginal impact on the jihad against the Soviets, but a much greater effect after the Soviets left and in other countries. (After the Soviets left, training continued and "tens of thousands" from "some 40 nations" came to prepare for armed insurrections "to bring the struggle back home". )

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The man instrumental not only in generating international support but also in inspiring these volunteers to travel to Afghanistan for the jihad was a Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood cleric, Abdullah Azzam. Touring the Muslim world and the United States, he inspired young Muslims with stories of miraculous deeds, such as Mujahideen who defeated vast columns of Soviet troops virtually single-handedly, angels riding into battle on horseback, and falling bombs intercepted by birds.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The volunteers also influenced each other. Many "unexpected" religious-political ideas resulted from the "cross-pollination" during the "great gathering" of Islamists from dozens of countries in the camps and training centers. One in particular was a "variant of Islamist ideology based on armed struggle and extreme religious vigour", known as Salafi jihadism.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: When the Soviet Union fell shortly after their withdrawal from Afghanistan, the volunteers were "exultant", believing that—in the words of Osama bin Laden—the credit for "the dissolution of the Soviet Union ... goes to God and the mujahideen in Afghanistan ... the US had no mentionable role," (Soviet economic troubles and United States aid to Mujahideen notwithstanding). They eagerly sought to duplicate their jihad in other countries.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: From 2008 to 2014 "thousands of Shia" have been killed by Sunni extremists according to Human Rights Watch.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The war has left a controversial legacy for Afghan people. The Mujahideen Victory Day is an annual holiday in Afghanistan on 28 April, however it is a controversial event to Afghans. On one hand Afghans honor the fighters and sacrifice made by the Mujahideen to defeat a major power. Others view the victory as a prelude to the brutal 1990s civil war that divided the country politically and ethnically.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Many Afghans see their victory in the war as a source of pride. Atta Muhammad Nur, a former commander of the Mujahideen, says that the war was a victory for Afghans but also the former Soviet bloc for bringing "freedom" to nations oppressed by Moscow. However, other Afghans hold the view that subsequent infighting and the rise of the Taliban undermined the victory in the war.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The war left a long legacy in the former Soviet Union and following its collapse. Along with losses, it brought physical disabilities and widespread drug addiction throughout the USSR.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The remembrance of Soviet soldiers killed in Afghanistan and elsewhere internationally are commemorated annually on 15 February in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Veterans of the war are often referred to as афганцы ("Afgantsy") in Russian.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: Duma member Semyon Bagdasarov (Just Russia) advocated that Russia had to reject Western calls for stronger assistance to the US-led ISAF-coalition in Afghanistan and also had to establish contacts with the "anti-Western forces"; the Taliban, in case they regain power.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: In November 2018, Russian lawmakers from United Russia and Communist parties jointly approved a draft resolution seeking to justify the Soviet–Afghan War as well as declare null and void the 1989 resolution passed by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union which condemned the intervention. Communist lawmaker Nikolay Kharitonov hailed the decision as a victory for "historical truth".

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: About 25 percent of Soviet servicemen in Afghanistan were Ukrainian, numbering 160,000 of which more than 3,000 died and dozens more went missing.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The war affected many families in post-Soviet Uzbekistan who had lost children. Some 64,500 young men from the Uzbek SSR were drafted in the war. At least 1,522 were killed and more than 2,500 left disabled. The former Uzbekistani president Islam Karimov described the Afghan war as a "major mistake" of the Soviet Union.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The Soviet–Afghan War has caused grief in the memories of Belarusians, but apparently remains a topic rarely discussed in public. It remains the last war the nation took part in. 28,832 Belarusian natives were involved in the campaign and 732 died. Most casualties were under 20 years old.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Soviet–Afghan War

Context: The Soviet invasion is considered by many Belarusians as a shameful act, and some veterans have refused to accept medals. Many veterans have had cold relations with the Belarusian regime of Alexander Lukashenko, accusing the government of depriving them of benefits. One Afghanistan veteran, Mikalaj Autukhovich, has been deemed a political prisoner by the present regime of Belarus.

Question: Какова причина начала Афганской войны?


Vyacheslav Butusov

Context: After Nautilus Pompilius disbanded, Butusov launched his solo career. In 1997, he recorded "Nezakonnopozhdenniy AlKhimik doktor faust pernatiy zmey" with Yuri Kasparyan, and in 1998, his first solo album, "Ovaly". During this years he also had a brief cameo in Russian crime film "Brother".

Question: Кто солист группы Nautilus Pompilius?


Vyacheslav Butusov

Context: In 2001 Vyacheslav Butusov founded the band U-Piter with former Kino guitarist Yuri Kasparyan. They recorded 7 albums, the last being in 2015. U-Piter was disbanded in 2017.

Question: Кто солист группы Nautilus Pompilius?


Vyacheslav Butusov

Context: Butusov is married to Anzhelika Estoyeva (born 1970). He has four children: three daughters - Anna (born 1980; with his first wife Mariana Dobrovolskiy-Butusova), Ksenia (born 1991), Sofya (born 1999) and Daniil (born 2005).

Question: Кто солист группы Nautilus Pompilius?


Type 1 47 mm anti-tank gun

Context: The was an anti-tank gun developed by the Imperial Japanese Army, and used in combat during World War II. The Type 1 number was designated for the year the gun was accepted, 2601 in the Japanese imperial year calendar, or 1941 in the Gregorian calendar.

Question: Какая дальность полета заряда была у 47-мм мобильной противотанковой пушка Типа 1?


Type 1 47 mm anti-tank gun

Context: The Type 1 was the only gun to ever use the 47×285mmR cartridge, which in spite of its niche application, enjoyed a decent amount of success in military capabilities for a rare proprietary round, at the very least performing comparably to those of contemporary European guns of a similar caliber. Two types of shells were known to have been used with this ammunition, as follows:

Question: Какая дальность полета заряда была у 47-мм мобильной противотанковой пушка Типа 1?


Type 1 47 mm anti-tank gun

Context: The APHE shell weighed and used a Mark 2 base fuse, the complete round weighing . It had a small explosive charge of consisting of RDX phlegmatized with 10% paraffin, which was able to consistently launch its shell at around . The round also had a tracer.

Question: Какая дальность полета заряда была у 47-мм мобильной противотанковой пушка Типа 1?


Type 1 47 mm anti-tank gun

Context: The HE shell weighed and used the Type 88 instantaneous or short delay fuse with a complete round weighing . It contained of explosive, consisting of a small block of picric acid and a larger block of TNT.

Question: Какая дальность полета заряда была у 47-мм мобильной противотанковой пушка Типа 1?


Type 1 47 mm anti-tank gun

Context: After World War II the Type 1 47 mm AT gun was used in the Indonesian National Revolution by the Indonesian Army. In the Battle of Surabaya Dutch forces and British forces suffered moderate casualties among their convoy which consisted of M3 Stuarts and M4 Shermans.

Question: Какая дальность полета заряда была у 47-мм мобильной противотанковой пушка Типа 1?


Type 1 47 mm anti-tank gun

Context: A variant known as the Type 1 47 mm tank gun was used as the main armament of the Type 97 Shinhoto Chi-Ha, Type 1 Chi-He, Type 3 Ka-Chi, and Type 5 Ke-Ho tanks.

Question: Какая дальность полета заряда была у 47-мм мобильной противотанковой пушка Типа 1?


Brigada

Context: The film proceeds in chronological order, apart from the scene at the beginning of the first episode before the opening credits, which was taken from Winter 1997.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Belov also learns that his former girlfriend, Yelena Yeliseyeva (Lena, Lenka) has become a prostitute. Enraged, Sasha ventures to the "disco", and finds her there, but an attempted conversation is interrupted by Yelena's pimp, Mukha (Fly). Having earlier prepared for a likely fight, Belov strikes Mukha in the face with a brass knuckle resulting in fracture. Before Mukha's fellow gangsters have time to beat up Sasha, Kosmos, Fil and Pchyola arrive and rescue their friend.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: What Bely did not know was that Mukha has strong ties in the Militsiya — his cousin Lieutenant Vladimir Kaverin (Volodya). After Mukha's recovery, Kaverin agrees to cover the revenge against Belov, which is likely to result in death. Belov instead comes to the gang's gathering and challenges Mukha to a 1-on-1 fight, which the latter loses. The fight also ends Belov's relationship with Lenka.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: At the dacha, Sasha notices a beautiful neighbour, Olga Surikova, with whom he immediately falls in love. He follows her to her violin recital in Moscow and begins a courtship. The date ends abruptly when Olga, waiting for Sasha to return from repairing a broken heel on her shoe, notices a wanted poster on the train platform with his face and name.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Afterwards, in Kosmos's father's apartment, Olga confesses to Sasha despite her knowing who he is and what he does, she still loves him. Knowing that such action could have been carried out only by a mole, Sasha stages his imminent departure to Yalta, which causes the mole to reveal himself. Afterwards he is driven out into the woods and killed. Belov openly states to his Brigada that anyone who tries something like that will share his fate.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: The large cell is filled with people swept up in raids, including Kaverin and two colleagues. Although the two parties do not approach each other, they describe what they know of their friends, and that Kaverin, after leaving the MVD, now works for a private security firm with criminal activities, headed by Bek.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Vvedenskiy, realising what has become of Belov, arranges for his release. As soon as Sasha walks out he learns that Olga has given birth. As the Brigada drive off to the hospital they see army trucks removing the dead from the White House.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Seeing his newborn son, the Brigada come back to the office, where Farik tells the problems he has to Beliy. Kosmos and Pchyola agree that selling drugs in Moscow would bring more revenue, but Sasha refuses. The discussion ends, and Farik walks out saying that he felt betrayed. Kosmos convinces Beliy to change his mind, but stating that he will not play any direct role in the deal.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Sasha learns what has happened and personally takes the bodies to Farik's elders in Tajikistan. Belov explains, to his father that they have every right to consider him responsible, but he is here alone, and that their partnership is more important. After showing Farik's father the photo of the newborn Ivan, the former allows him to return to Moscow and find those responsible.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: The 1993 part of the film ends with Vvedenskiy reporting to the KGB on Kaverin. Seeing how the subject has successfully played out a double agent between Bek and Belov and that his personal score with the latter, Vvedenskiy proposes to support Kaverin as a counterbalance Belov's growing brigade.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: However, the KGB (now FSK) want the arms deal to progress, and have Luka's men attack Sasha when he is visiting with Olga and Ivan to his mother's flat. Belov's bodyguard Max is able to kill two and pursues the remaining assassin away. Max hurries Olga and Ivan to a safe-house outside Moscow, while Belov and Fil hide in an undisclosed flat in Moscow.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: While Fil unsuccessfully tries to gain aid from Viktor Petrovich, Luka phones Belov and states his ultimatum. Belov throws the phone down, and Luka tells Kaverin to finish him off. Kaverin hires a professional sniper and a gang duel is called on the Tushino airfield with the sniper on top of a building several kilometres away. However, Luka is killed instead of Sasha, and Pchyola and Fil finish off his bodyguards. Luka's men leave the hospital and Ivan's operation is completed.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Afterwards, Beliy meets with Vvedensky and Kaverin. Vvedenskiy tells him that Kaverin is taking over Luka's activities and Beliy must sell weapons to Chechnya if he does not want a repeat of what has happened. The 1994 story ends when Belov visits his mother's flat. Witnessing the earlier assassination attempt, she collapsed with a heart attack, and died. Belov talks to her spirit, asking her to forgive him.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Belov continues his attempts in legalising the Brigada's activities and secures a deal with Viktor Petrovich for a set of alcohol and tobacco licenses. Breaking the news to Fil, they go to a casino to celebrate, where Sasha becomes very drunk, and they bump into famous film producer Gordon and his wife, actress Anyuta, whom Fil knows from his work as a stuntman.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: The 1995 part of the film ends with a blood soaked Kaverin, who despite taking two sniper bullets, is limping next a burnt out village. A Russian Army BTR patrol pulls up and the soldiers rescue him.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Pchyola departs for the airport to catch his flight to Germany. As Fil drives Kosmos and Sasha back to their office, all three notice how their wristwatch arms accelerate and the radio begins to glitch. In a split second decision Sasha yells for everyone to jump out, and with Kosmos they roll out onto the snow-covered street. Fil however hesitates, and jumps only seconds before the large Mercedes explodes. This is the scene that was shown before the opening credits of the first episode.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Unconscious, he is rushed off to the hospital where he spends several hours under surgery with serious head injuries. Kosmos convinces Sasha that Pchyola is the only one who could have carried this out, as after their death he'll have everything and he didn't sit into their car. They send their head of security, Shmit, and his men (all former thugs) to find him. Pchyola himself, as soon as he learns of the attack, just as he arrives to the airport, catches the first taxi back to Moscow.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Olga meanwhile comes to Anyuta's home and confronts her, forcing to abandon the affair with Sasha, and to return the camera. At the hospital Pchyola is met with Bely and Kosmos holding pistols, they are interrupted by a nurse asking for anyone with Type B negative blood for Fil. Sasha points to Pchyola who makes a transfusion to the still unconscious Fila, after the operation was finally completed.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: The 1998 part ends when Sasha visits Fil and finds him surrounded by doctors. He kneels over Fil, and seeing that his eyes are open whispers: "brother". A tear flows out of Fil's eyes. After that Belov makes up his mind to run against Kaverin.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Bely's campaign focuses more on the social problems. He has his men deliver presents to the poor, and sponsors construction of Eastern Orthodox Churches to win support. He tries to re-unite with Olga, and after a dinner together, breaks with her into the same dacha where he hid in 1989. There he tells her of his thoughts, before the discussion turns to love-making.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Soon the elections come, and despite Kaverin's early lead, Belov clips a narrow margin at the last moment and wins the vote. A celebration follows at Belov's office, Kosmos proposes to Lyuda, Artur's original secretary who has worked with them since 1991. Then a phone call follows that Sasha and Olga are on their way. Pchyola and Kosmos come out into the snow-covered courtyard to greet them, and see Sasha's red armoured SUV driven alone by Maks, who climbs out and stabs the two.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: Reflective of Russians' affinity to music,- classical music and musical instruments are well represented in the series. Upright pianos are in the homes of Sasha's mother and Kosmos' father. Olga is a violinist and her rehearsing on a violin impresses Sasha to court her. Olga and Sasha attend a Bolshoi Theater performance of Swan Lake Waltz.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: The main complaints about the film are that it romanticizes banditry and relations between members of the criminal community in general, showing too attractive (especially for the youth audience) images of criminals.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: In 2018 Pavel Maykov, the performer of the role of "The Bee" called the "Brigade" a crime against Russia in which he participated, and explained that the harm of the series is that because of him, "the boys wanted to become bandits".

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: The actors who starred in the series became household names very soon after the series aired on television.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Brigada

Context: The author of the original book wrote a series of sequel novels which had Sasha start a new gang but it was met with lackluster reviews by critics, who said there was no chemistry between Sasha and the new gang like there was between him, Pchyola, Kosmos, and Fil. However, the book is still considered an interesting read for whomever enjoyed the first part.

Question: Сколько главных героев в фильме "Бригада"?


Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)

Context: The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (, CDU) was an East German political party founded in 1945. It was part of the National Front with the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and a bloc party until 1989.

Question: Какая газета издавалась Демократическим союзом?


Context: It contested the free elections in 1990 as an arm of the West German Christian Democratic Union, into which it merged after German reunification later that same year.

Question: Какая газета издавалась Демократическим союзом?


Context: The CDU was originally very similar to its West German counterpart. Like the West German CDU, its support came mostly from devout middle class Christians. However, it was a little more left-leaning than the West German CDU.

Question: Какая газета издавалась Демократическим союзом?


Context: Nuschke and his supporters gradually pushed out those CDU members who were not willing to do the Communists' bidding. This culminated at the Sixth Party Congress in 1952, at which it formally transformed itself into a loyal partner of the Communists. At this gathering, it declared itself "a Socialist party without any limitations" in accordance with the new line of "Christian realism".

Question: Какая газета издавалась Демократическим союзом?