Psychology

Context: The Association for Behavior Analysis International was founded in 1974 and by 2003 had members from 42 countries. The field has gained a foothold in Latin America and Japan. Applied behavior analysis is the term used for the application of the principles of operant conditioning to change socially significant behavior (it supersedes the term, "behavior modification").

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: The Stroop effect is the fact that naming the color of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Cognitive psychology involves the study of mental processes, including perception, attention, language comprehension and production, memory, and problem solving. Researchers in the field of cognitive psychology are sometimes called cognitivists. They rely on an information processing model of mental functioning. Cognitivist research is informed by functionalism and experimental psychology.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Starting in the 1950s, the experimental techniques developed by Wundt, James, Ebbinghaus, and others re-emerged as experimental psychology became increasingly cognitivist and, eventually, constituted a part of the wider, interdisciplinary cognitive science. Some called this development the cognitive revolution because it rejected the anti-mentalist dogma of behaviorism as well as the strictures of psychoanalysis.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Albert Bandura helped along the transition in psychology from behaviorism to cognitive psychology. Bandura and other social learning theorists advanced the idea of vicarious learning. In other words, they advanced the view that a child can learn by observing his or her social environment and not necessarily from having been reinforced for enacting a behavior, although they did not rule out the influence of reinforcement on learning a behavior.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Technological advances also renewed interest in mental states and mental representations. English neuroscientist Charles Sherrington and Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena to the structure and function of the brain. The rise of computer science, cybernetics, and artificial intelligence underlined the value of comparing information processing in humans and machines.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: A popular and representative topic in this area is cognitive bias, or irrational thought. Psychologists (and economists) have classified and described a sizeable catalogue of biases which recur frequently in human thought. The availability heuristic, for example, is the tendency to overestimate the importance of something which happens to come readily to mind.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Elements of behaviorism and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist Albert Ellis and American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: On a broader level, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, linguists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and computational neuroscience. The discipline of cognitive science covers cognitive psychology as well as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience. Computer simulations are sometimes used to model phenomena of interest.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Psychoanalytic theory is not monolithic. Other well-known psychoanalytic thinkers who diverged from Freud include Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, Melanie Klein, D.W. Winnicott, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, John Bowlby, Freud's daughter Anna Freud, and Harry Stack Sullivan. These individuals ensured that psychoanalysis would evolve into diverse schools of thought. Among these schools are ego psychology, object relations, and interpersonal, Lacanian, and relational psychoanalysis.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Austrian existential psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor Viktor Frankl drew evidence of meaning's therapeutic power from reflections upon his own internment. He created a variation of existential psychotherapy called logotherapy, a type of existentialist analysis that focuses on a "will to meaning" (in one's life), as opposed to Adler's Nietzschean doctrine of "will to power" or Freud's "will to pleasure".

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: The automaticity model of John Bargh and others involves the ideas of automaticity and unconscious processing in our understanding of social behavior, although there has been dispute with regard to replication.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Some experimental data suggest that the brain begins to consider taking actions before the mind becomes aware of them. The influence of unconscious forces on people's choices bears on the philosophical question of free will. John Bargh, Daniel Wegner, and Ellen Langer describe free will as an illusion.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Hunger, thirst, fear, sexual desire, and thermoregulation constitute fundamental motivations in animals. Humans seem to exhibit a more complex set of motivations—though theoretically these could be explained as resulting from desires for belonging, positive self-image, self-consistency, truth, love, and control.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Behavioral genetics researchers have employed methodologies that help to disentangle this confound and understand the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior. Traditionally the research has involved twin studies and adoption studies, two designs where genetic and environmental influences can be partially un-confounded. More recently, gene-focused research has contributed to understanding genetic contributions to the development of psychological traits.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Some clinical psychologists focus on the clinical management of patients with brain injury. This subspecialty is known as clinical neuropsychology. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession. The emerging field of "disaster psychology" (see crisis intervention) involves professionals who respond to large-scale traumatic events.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Diagnosis in clinical psychology usually follows the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). The study of mental illnesses is called abnormal psychology.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: School psychology combines principles from educational psychology and clinical psychology to understand and treat students with learning disabilities; to foster the intellectual growth of gifted students; to facilitate prosocial behaviors in adolescents; and otherwise to promote safe, supportive, and effective learning environments. School psychologists are trained in educational and behavioral assessment, intervention, prevention, and consultation, and many have extensive training in research.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Organizational behavior (OB) is an allied field involved in the study of human behavior within organizations. One way to differentiate I/O psychology from OB is to note that I/O psychologists train in university psychology departments and OB specialists, in business schools.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: An example of the contribution of psychologists to social change involves the research of Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark. These two African American psychologists studied segregation's adverse psychological impact on Black children. Their research findings played a role in the desegregation case "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954).

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: The impact of psychology on social change includes the discipline's broad influence on teaching and learning. Research has shown that compared to the "whole word" or "whole language" approach, the phonics approach to reading instruction is more efficacious.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Psychologists work with organizations to apply findings from psychological research to improve the health and well-being of employees. Some work as external consultants hired by organizations to solve specific problems, whereas others are full-time employees of the organization. Applications include conducting surveys to identify issues and designing interventions to make work healthier. Some of the specific health areas include:

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Interventions that improve climates are a way to address accidents and violence. Interventions that reduce stress at work or provide employees with tools to better manage it can help in areas where stress is an important component.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Experimental researchers typically use a statistical hypothesis testing model which involves making predictions before conducting the experiment, then assessing how well the data collected are consistent with the predictions. These predictions are likely to originate from one or more abstract scientific hypotheses about how the phenomenon under study actually works.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Surveys are used in psychology for the purpose of measuring attitudes and traits, monitoring changes in mood, and checking the validity of experimental manipulations (checking research participants' perception of the condition they were assigned to). Psychologists have commonly used paper-and-pencil surveys. However, surveys are also conducted over the phone or through e-mail. Web-based surveys are increasingly used to conveniently reach many subjects.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Exploratory data analysis refers to a variety of practices that researchers use to reduce a great many variables to a small number overarching factors. In Peirce's three modes of inference, exploratory data analysis corresponds to abduction. Meta-analysis is the technique research psychologists use to integrate results from many studies of the same variables and arriving at a grand average of the findings.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Interventions such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and drugs also provide information about brain–mind interactions. Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced mental effects.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Qualitative research is often designed to answer questions about the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals. Qualitative research involving first-hand observation can help describe events as they occur, with the goal of capturing the richness of everyday behavior and with the hope of discovering and understanding phenomena that might have been missed if only more cursory examinations are made.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Just as Jane Goodall studied chimpanzee social and family life by careful observation of chimpanzee behavior in the field, psychologists conduct naturalistic observation of ongoing human social, professional, and family life. Sometimes the participants are aware they are being observed, and other times the participants do not know they are being observed. Strict ethical guidelines must be followed when covert observation is being carried out.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Metascience involves the application of scientific methodology to study science itself. The field of metascience has revealed problems in psychological research. Some psychological research has suffered from bias, problematic reproducibility, and misuse of statistics. These findings have led to calls for reform from within and from outside the scientific community.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Some critics view statistical hypothesis testing as misplaced. Psychologist and statistician Jacob Cohen wrote in 1994 that psychologists routinely confuse statistical significance with practical importance, enthusiastically reporting great certainty in unimportant facts. Some psychologists have responded with an increased use of effect size statistics, rather than sole reliance on "p"-values.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Ethical standards in the discipline have changed over time. Some famous past studies are today considered unethical and in violation of established codes (the Canadian Code of Conduct for Research Involving Humans, and the Belmont Report). The American Psychological Association has advanced a set of ethical principles and a code of conduct for the profession.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Universities have ethics committees dedicated to protecting the rights (e.g., voluntary nature of participation in the research, privacy) and well-being (e.g., minimizing distress) of research participants. University ethics committees evaluate proposed research to ensure that researchers protect the rights and well-being of participants; an investigator's research project cannot be conducted unless approved by such an ethics committee.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Some of the ethical issues considered most important are the requirement to practice only within the area of competence, to maintain confidentiality with the patients, and to avoid sexual relations with them. Another important principle is informed consent, the idea that a patient or research subject must understand and freely choose a procedure they are undergoing. Some of the most common complaints against clinical psychologists include sexual misconduct.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Wi-Fi

Context: "WiFi" is a trademark of the non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term "Wi-Fi Certified" to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world. over 3.05 billion Wi-Fi enabled devices are shipped globally each year.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released parts of the ISM bands for unlicensed use for communications. These frequency bands include the same 2.4 GHz bands used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are thus subject to interference.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A Prototype Test Bed for a wireless local area network was developed in 1992 by researchers from the Radiophysics Division of CSIRO in Australia.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: About the same time in The Netherlands in 1991, the NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems, under the name WaveLAN. NCR's Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years, along with Bell Labs Engineer Bruce Tuch, approached IEEE to create a standard and were involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a standards within the IEEE. They have both been subsequently inducted into the Wi-Fi NOW Hall of Fame.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with 802.11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved popular.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The major commercial breakthrough came with Apple Inc. adopting Wi-Fi for their iBook series of laptops in 1999. It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as AirPort. This was in collaboration with the same group that helped create the standard: Vic Hayes, Bruce Tuch, Cees Links, Rich McGinn, and others from Lucent.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The name "Wi-Fi", commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'." According to Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the term "Wi-Fi" was chosen from a list of ten names that Interbrand proposed.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The Wi-Fi Alliance used the advertising slogan "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created, and the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the "Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc" in some publications. The name is often written as "WiFi", "Wifi", or "wifi", but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance. IEEE is a separate, but related, organization and their website has stated "WiFi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity".

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo. The yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Other technologies intended for fixed points, including Motorola Canopy, are usually called "fixed wireless". Alternative wireless technologies include mobile phone standards, such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and LTE.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer must be equipped with a wireless network interface controller. The combination of a computer and an interface controller is called a "station". Stations are identified by one or more MAC addresses.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi nodes often operate in infrastructure mode in which all communications go through a base station. "Ad hoc mode" refers to devices communicating directly with each other, without communicating with an access point.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A service set is the set of all the devices associated with a particular Wi-Fi network. Devices in a service set need not be on the same wavebands or channels. A service set can be local, independent, extended, mesh, or a combination.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Each service set has an associated identifier, a 32-byte service set identifier (SSID), which identifies the network. The SSID is configured within the devices that are part of the network.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A basic service set (BSS) is a group of stations that share the same wireless channel, SSID, and other settings that have wirelessly connected, usually to the same access point. Each BSS is identified by a MAC address called the "BSSID".

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as Super Wi-Fi, coined by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Equipment frequently supports multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use a common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on, the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details. Some versions permit the use of multiple antennas, which permits greater speeds as well as reduced interference.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The list of most important versions of Wi-Fi is: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11-2012, 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj, 802.11aq, 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), 802.11ay.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew, at its Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding originated. By February 1997, the CMU Wi-Fi zone was fully operational. Many universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through the Eduroam international authentication infrastructure.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004, Mysore (Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the whole city and a few nearby villages.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: In 2005, St. Cloud, Florida and Sunnyvale, California, became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from MetroFi). Minneapolis has generated $1.2 million in profit annually for its provider.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: In May 2010, the then London mayor Boris Johnson pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012. Several boroughs including Westminster and Islington already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Officials in South Korea's capital Seoul are moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul will grant leases to KT, LG Telecom, and SK Telecom. The companies will invest $44 million in the project, which was to be completed in 2015.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi stations communicate by sending each other data packets: blocks of data individually sent and delivered over radio. As with all radio, this is done by the modulation and demodulation of carrier waves. Different versions of Wi-Fi use different techniques, 802.11b uses DSSS on a single carrier, whereas 802.11a, Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 use multiple carriers on slightly different frequencies within the channel (OFDM).

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. 802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz band, operating in the United States under FCC Part 15 Rules and Regulations. In this frequency band equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones, USB 3.0 hubs, and Bluetooth devices.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond the 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14). In the US and other countries, 802.11a and 802.11g devices may be operated without a licence, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: 802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the 5 GHz U-NII band, which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels rather than the 2.4 GHz frequency band, where the channels are only 5 MHz wide. In general, lower frequencies have better range but have less capacity. The 5 GHz bands are absorbed to a greater degree by common building materials than the 2.4 GHz bands and usually give a shorter range.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi is part of the IEEE 802 protocol family. The data is organized into 802.11 frames that are very similar to Ethernet frames at the data link layer, but with extra address fields. MAC addresses are used as network addresses for routing over the LAN.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: For internetworking purposes, Wi-Fi is usually layered as a link layer (equivalent to the physical and data link layers of the OSI model) below the internet layer of the Internet Protocol. This means that nodes have an associated internet address and, with suitable connectivity, this allows full Internet access.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: In infrastructure mode, which is the most common mode used, all communications go through a base station. For communications within the network, this introduces an extra use of the airwaves but has the advantage that any two stations that can communicate with the base station can also communicate through the base station, which enormously simplifies the protocols.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access point intermediary. This is called "ad hoc" Wi-Fi transmission. Different types of ad hoc networks exist. In the simplest case network nodes must talk directly to each other. In more complex protocols nodes may forward packets, and nodes keep track of how to reach other nodes, even if they move around.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Ad hoc mode was first described by Chai Keong Toh in his 1996 patent of wireless ad hoc routing, implemented on Lucent WaveLAN 802.11a wireless on IBM ThinkPads over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in "Mobile Computing" magazine (1999) and later published formally in "IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications", 2002 and "ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review", 2001.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with multiplayer handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or "virtual routers".

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specification Wi-Fi Direct for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology. Wi-Fi Direct launched in October 2010.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is Tunneled Direct-Link Setup (TDLS), which enables two devices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate directly, instead of via the access point.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: An Extended Service Set may be formed by deploying multiple access points that are configured with the same SSID and security settings. Wi-Fi client devices typically connect to the access point that can provide the strongest signal within that service set.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi operational range depends on factors such as the frequency band, radio power output, receiver sensitivity, antenna gain, and antenna type as well as the modulation technique. Also, the propagation characteristics of the signals can have a big impact.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Compared to cell phones and similar technology, Wi-Fi transmitters are low-power devices. In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as FCC Part 15 in the US. Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) in the European Union is limited to 20 dBm (100 mW).

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: An access point compliant with either 802.11b or 802.11g, using the stock omnidirectional antenna might have a range of . The same radio with an external semi parabolic antenna (15 dB gain) with a similarly equipped receiver at the far end might have a range over 20 miles.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by fitting upgraded antennas that provide a higher gain in particular directions. Outdoor ranges can be improved to many kilometres (miles) through the use of high gain directional antennas at the router and remote device(s).

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi 4 and higher standards allow devices to have multiple antennas on transmitters and receivers. Multiple antennas enable the equipment to exploit multipath propagation on the same frequency bands giving much faster speeds and greater range.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: With Wi-Fi signals line-of-sight usually works best, but signals can transmit, absorb, reflect, refract, diffract and up and down fade through and around structures, both man-made and natural. Wi-Fi signals are very strongly affected by metallic structures (including rebar in concrete, low-e coatings in glazing) and water (such as found in vegetation.)

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly around trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter. This effect does not apply equally to long-range Wi-Fi, since longer links typically operate from towers that transmit above the surrounding foliage.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another. Other wireless technologies are more suitable for communicating with moving vehicles.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Distance records (using non-standard devices) include in June 2007, held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between the mountain-tops of El Águila and Platillon. The Swedish Space Agency transferred data , using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead stratospheric balloon.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: These bands can be used by low power transmitters without a licence, and with few restrictions. However, while unintended interference is common, users that have been found to cause deliberate interference (particularly for attempting to locally monopolize these bands for commercial purposes) have been issued large fines.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Various layer-2 variants of IEEE 802.11 have different characteristics. Across all flavours of 802.11, maximum achievable throughputs are either given based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer-2 data rates. This, however, does not apply to typical deployments in which data are transferred between two endpoints of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure, and the other is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: This means that typically data frames pass an 802.11 (WLAN) medium and are being converted to 802.3 (Ethernet) or vice versa.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Due to the difference in the frame (header) lengths of these two media, the packet size of an application determines the speed of the data transfer. This means that an application that uses small packets (e.g. VoIP) creates a data flow with high overhead traffic (low goodput).

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets (i.e. the data rate) and the energy with which the wireless signal is received. The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi allows wireless deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi-Fi signals.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A Wi-Fi device is a short-range wireless device. Wi-Fi devices are fabricated on RF CMOS integrated circuit (RF circuit) chips.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Since the early 2000s, manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backward compatible. Unlike mobile phones, any standard Wi-Fi device works anywhere in the world.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point resembles a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus, and PC Card. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped with built-in internal adapters.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wireless network bridges can act to connect two networks to form a single network at the over Wi-Fi. The main standard is the wireless distribution system (WDS).

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A dual-band wireless bridge can also be used to enable 5 GHz wireless network operation on a device that only supports 2.4 GHz wireless and has a wired Ethernet port.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The security standard, Wi-Fi Protected Setup, allows embedded devices with a limited graphical user interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration. These embedded devices are also called The Internet of Things and are low-power, battery-operated embedded systems. Several Wi-Fi manufacturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi, such as GainSpan.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Increasingly in the last few years (particularly ), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device that can communicate via a serial port. This allows the design of simple monitoring devices. An example is a portable ECG device monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: These Wi-Fi modules are designed by OEMs so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: In June 2014, Texas Instruments introduced the first ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with an onboard dedicated Wi-Fi MCU, the SimpleLink CC3200. It makes embedded systems with Wi-Fi connectivity possible to build as single-chip devices, which reduces their cost and minimum size, making it more practical to build wireless-networked controllers into inexpensive ordinary objects.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A common measure to deter unauthorized users involves hiding the access point's name by disabling the SSID broadcast. While effective against the casual user, it is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another method is to only allow computers with known MAC addresses to join the network, but determined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network by spoofing an authorized address.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as AirSnort or Aircrack-ng can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses TKIP. WPA was specifically designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The more secure WPA2 using Advanced Encryption Standard was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA. In 2017, a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as KRACK.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A flaw in a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), let WPA and WPA2 security be bypassed, and effectively broken in many situations. The only remedy as of late 2011 was to turn off Wi-Fi Protected Setup, which is not always possible.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Virtual Private Networks can be used to improve the confidentiality of data carried through Wi-Fi networks, especially public Wi-Fi networks.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A URI using the WIFI scheme can specify the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, so users can follow links from QR codes, for instance, to join networks without having to manually enter the data. A MECARD-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi Protected Access encryption (WPA2) is considered secure, provided a strong passphrase is used. In 2018, WPA3 was announced as a replacement for WPA2, increasing security; it rolled out on June 26.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate wireless community networks, particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: On an unsecured access point, an unauthorized user can obtain security information (factory preset passphrase and/or Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN) from a label on a wireless access point and use this information (or connect by the Wi-Fi Protected Setup pushbutton method) to commit unauthorized and/or unlawful activities.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wireless internet access has become much more embedded in society. It has thus changed how the society functions in many ways.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Additionally, in the same study it has been noted that wireless connection provides more freedom of movement while working. Both when working at home or from the office it allows the displacement between different rooms or areas. In some offices (notably Cisco offices in New York) the employees do not have assigned desks but can work from any office connecting their laptop to Wi-Fi hotspot.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The internet has become an integral part of living. 81.9% of American households have internet access. Additionally, 89% of American households with broadband connect via wireless technologies. 72.9% of American households have Wi-Fi.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: Wi-Fi networks have also affected how the interior of homes and hotels are arranged. For instance, architects have described that their clients no longer wanted only one room as their home office, but would like to work near the fireplace or have the possibility to work in different rooms. This contradicts architect's pre-existing ideas of the use of rooms that they designed. Additionally, some hotels have noted that guests prefer to stay in certain rooms since they receive a stronger Wi-Fi signal.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) says, "no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from base stations and wireless networks", but notes that they promote research into effects from other RF sources. (a category used when "a causal association is considered credible, but when chance, bias or confounding cannot be ruled out with reasonable confidence"), this classification was based on risks associated with wireless phone use rather than Wi-Fi networks.

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency reported in 2007 that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the "same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobile phone call".

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Wi-Fi

Context: A review of studies involving 725 people who claimed electromagnetic hypersensitivity, "...suggests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelated to the presence of an EMF, although more research into this phenomenon is required."

Question: প্রথম কোন কোম্পানি ওয়াই-ফাই চালু করে ?


Properties of water

Context: Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity allows it to dissociate ions in salts and bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar mass, and a high heat capacity.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water is amphoteric, meaning that it can exhibit properties of an acid or a base, depending on the pH of the solution that it is in; it readily produces both and ions. Related to its amphoteric character, it undergoes self-ionization. The product of the activities, or approximately, the concentrations of and is a constant, so their respective concentrations are inversely proportional to each other.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula ; one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom. Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. Liquid water has weak absorption bands at wavelengths of around 750 nm which cause it to appear to have a blue colour. This can easily be observed in a water-filled bath or wash-basin whose lining is white. Large ice crystals, as in glaciers, also appear blue.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The specific heat capacity of ice at −10 °C is 2030 J/(kg·K) and the heat capacity of steam at 100 °C is 2080 J/(kg·K).

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Under increasing pressure, ice undergoes a number of transitions to other polymorphs with higher density than liquid water, such as ice II, ice III, high-density amorphous ice (HDA), and very-high-density amorphous ice (VHDA).

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water is miscible with many liquids, including ethanol in all proportions. Water and most oils are immiscible usually forming layers according to increasing density from the top. This can be predicted by comparing the polarity. Water being a relatively polar compound will tend to be miscible with liquids of high polarity such as ethanol and acetone, whereas compounds with low polarity will tend to be immiscible and poorly soluble such as with hydrocarbons.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The compressibility of water is a function of pressure and temperature. At 0 °C, at the limit of zero pressure, the compressibility is . At the zero-pressure limit, the compressibility reaches a minimum of around 45 °C before increasing again with increasing temperature. As the pressure is increased, the compressibility decreases, being at 0 °C and .

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The bulk modulus of water is about 2.2 GPa. The low compressibility of non-gasses, and of water in particular, leads to their often being assumed as incompressible. The low compressibility of water means that even in the deep oceans at 4 km depth, where pressures are 40 MPa, there is only a 1.8% decrease in volume.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The bulk modulus of water ice ranges from 11.3 GPa at 0 K up to 8.6 GPa at 273 K. The large change in the compressibility of ice as a function of temperature is the result of its relatively large thermal expansion coefficient compared to other common solids.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The temperature and pressure at which ordinary solid, liquid, and gaseous water coexist in equilibrium is a triple point of water. Since 1954, this point had been used to define the base unit of temperature, the kelvin, but, starting in 2019, the kelvin is now defined using the Boltzmann constant, rather than the triple point of water.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Due to the existence of many polymorphs (forms) of ice, water has other triple points, which have either three polymorphs of ice or two polymorphs of ice and liquid in equilibrium. Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann in Göttingen produced data on several other triple points in the early 20th century. Kamb and others documented further triple points in the 1960s.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Because water is such a good solvent, it almost always has some solute dissolved in it, often a salt. If water has even a tiny amount of such an impurity, then the ions can carry charges back and forth, allowing the water to conduct electricity far more readily.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: It is known that the theoretical maximum electrical resistivity for water is approximately 18.2 MΩ·cm (182 kΩ·m) at 25 °C. This figure agrees well with what is typically seen on reverse osmosis, ultra-filtered and deionized ultra-pure water systems used, for instance, in semiconductor manufacturing plants. A salt or acid contaminant level exceeding even 100 parts per trillion (ppt) in otherwise ultra-pure water begins to noticeably lower its resistivity by up to several kΩ·m.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water molecules stay close to each other (cohesion), due to the collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of the molecules are held together by such bonds.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water has an unusually high surface tension of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C which is caused by the strength of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This allows insects to walk on water.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Because water has strong cohesive and adhesive forces, it exhibits capillary action. Strong cohesion from hydrogen bonding and adhesion allows trees to transport water more than 100 m upward.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: When an ionic or polar compound enters water, it is surrounded by water molecules (hydration). The relatively small size of water molecules (~ 3 angstroms) allows many water molecules to surround one molecule of solute. The partially negative dipole ends of the water are attracted to positively charged components of the solute, and vice versa for the positive dipole ends.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: In general, ionic and polar substances such as acids, alcohols, and salts are relatively soluble in water, and nonpolar substances such as fats and oils are not. Nonpolar molecules stay together in water because it is energetically more favorable for the water molecules to hydrogen bond to each other than to engage in van der Waals interactions with non-polar molecules.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: An example of an ionic solute is table salt; the sodium chloride, NaCl, separates into cations and anions, each being surrounded by water molecules. The ions are then easily transported away from their crystalline lattice into solution. An example of a nonionic solute is table sugar. The water dipoles make hydrogen bonds with the polar regions of the sugar molecule (OH groups) and allow it to be carried away into solution.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water is relatively transparent to visible light, near ultraviolet light, and far-red light, but it absorbs most ultraviolet light, infrared light, and microwaves. Most photoreceptors and photosynthetic pigments utilize the portion of the light spectrum that is transmitted well through water. Microwave ovens take advantage of water's opacity to microwave radiation to heat the water inside of foods. Water's light blue colour is caused by weak absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: However, there is an alternative theory for the structure of water. In 2004, a controversial paper from Stockholm University suggested that water molecules in the liquid state typically bind not to four but only two others; thus forming chains and rings. The term "string theory of water" (which is not to be confused with the string theory of physics) was coined. These observations were based upon X-ray absorption spectroscopy that probed the local environment of individual oxygen atoms.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The equilibrium constant for this reaction, known as the ionic product of water, formula_1, has a value of about at 25 °C. At neutral pH, the concentration of the hydroxide ion () equals that of the (solvated) hydrogen ion (), with a value close to 10−7 mol L−1 at 25 °C. See data page for values at other temperatures.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is a quotient of thermodynamic activities of all products and reactants including water:

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The action of water on rock over long periods of time typically leads to weathering and water erosion, physical processes that convert solid rocks and minerals into soil and sediment, but under some conditions chemical reactions with water occur as well, resulting in metasomatism or mineral hydration, a type of chemical alteration of a rock which produces clay minerals. It also occurs when Portland cement hardens.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water ice can form clathrate compounds, known as clathrate hydrates, with a variety of small molecules that can be embedded in its spacious crystal lattice. The most notable of these is methane clathrate, 4 , naturally found in large quantities on the ocean floor.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Rain is generally mildly acidic, with a pH between 5.2 and 5.8 if not having any acid stronger than carbon dioxide. If high amounts of nitrogen and sulfur oxides are present in the air, they too will dissolve into the cloud and raindrops, producing acid rain.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Consumption of pure isolated may affect biochemical processes—ingestion of large amounts impairs kidney and central nervous system function. Small quantities can be consumed without any ill-effects; humans are generally unaware of taste differences, but sometimes report a burning sensation or sweet flavor. Very large amounts of heavy water must be consumed for any toxicity to become apparent. Rats, however, are able to avoid heavy water by smell, and it is toxic to many animals.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: "Light water" refers to deuterium-depleted water (DDW), water in which the deuterium content has been reduced below the standard level.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water is the most abundant substance on Earth and also the third most abundant molecule in the universe, after and . 0.23 ppm of the earth's mass is water and 97.39% of the global water volume of 1.38 km3 is found in the oceans.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water is amphoteric: it has the ability to act as either an acid or a base in chemical reactions. According to the Brønsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a proton () donor and a base is a proton acceptor. When reacting with a stronger acid, water acts as a base; when reacting with a stronger base, it acts as an acid. For instance, water receives an ion from HCl when hydrochloric acid is formed:

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Because the oxygen atom in water has two lone pairs, water often acts as a Lewis base, or electron-pair donor, in reactions with Lewis acids, although it can also react with Lewis bases, forming hydrogen bonds between the electron pair donors and the hydrogen atoms of water. HSAB theory describes water as both a weak hard acid and a weak hard base, meaning that it reacts preferentially with other hard species:

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: When a salt of a weak acid or of a weak base is dissolved in water, water can partially hydrolyze the salt, producing the corresponding base or acid, which gives aqueous solutions of soap and baking soda their basic pH:

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water contains hydrogen in the oxidation state +1 and oxygen in the oxidation state −2. It oxidizes chemicals such as hydrides, alkali metals, and some alkaline earth metals. One example of an alkali metal reacting with water is:

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Some other reactive metals, such as aluminum and beryllium, are oxidized by water as well, but their oxides adhere to the metal and form a passive protective layer. Note that the rusting of iron is a reaction between iron and oxygen that is dissolved in water, not between iron and water.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water can be oxidized to emit oxygen gas, but very few oxidants react with water even if their reduction potential is greater than the potential of . Almost all such reactions require a catalyst. An example of the oxidation of water is:

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Water can be split into its constituent elements, hydrogen, and oxygen, by passing an electric current through it. This process is called electrolysis. The cathode half reaction is:

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The gases produced bubble to the surface, where they can be collected or ignited with a flame above the water if this was the intention. The required potential for the electrolysis of pure water is 1.23 V at 25 °C. The operating potential is actually 1.48 V or higher in practical electrolysis.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Henry Cavendish showed that water was composed of oxygen and hydrogen in 1781. The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by electrolysis, was done in 1800 by English chemist William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle. In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: The properties of water have historically been used to define various temperature scales. Notably, the Kelvin, Celsius, Rankine, and Fahrenheit scales were, or currently are, defined by the freezing and boiling points of water. The less common scales of Delisle, Newton, Réaumur, and Rømer were defined similarly. The triple point of water is a more commonly used standard point today.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Properties of water

Context: Other systematic names for water include "hydroxic acid", "hydroxylic acid", and "hydrogen hydroxide", using acid and base names. None of these exotic names are used widely. The polarized form of the water molecule, , is also called hydron hydroxide by IUPAC nomenclature.

Question: জলের রাসায়নিক সংকেত কী ?


Bhutan

Context: The precise etymology of "Bhutan" is unknown, although it is likely to derive from the Tibetan endonym "Böd" for Tibet. Traditionally, it is taken to be a transcription of the Sanskrit "Bhoṭa-anta" () "end of Tibet", a reference to Bhutan's position as the southern extremity of the Tibetan plateau and culture.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Since the 17th century, Bhutan's official name has been "Druk yul" (literally, "country of the Drukpa Lineage" or "the Land of the Thunder Dragon," a reference to the country's dominant Buddhist sect); "Bhutan" appears only in English-language official correspondence. The terms for the Kings of Bhutan, "Druk Gyalpo" ("Dragon King"), and the Bhutanese endonym "Drukpa", "Dragon people," are similarly derived.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The first time a separate Kingdom of Bhutan appeared on a western map, it did so under its local name "Broukpa". Others include "Lho Mon" ("Dark Southland"), "Lho Tsendenjong" ("Southland of the Cypress"), "Lhomen Khazhi" ("Southland of the Four Approaches") and "Lho Menjong" ("Southland of the Herbs").

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Much of early Bhutanese history is unclear because most of the records were destroyed when fire ravaged the ancient capital, Punakha, in 1827. By the 10th century, Bhutan's political development was heavily influenced by its religious history. Various subsects of Buddhism emerged that were patronised by the various Mongol warlords.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan may have been influenced by the Yuan dynasty with which it shares various cultural and religious similarities.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: After the decline of the Yuan dynasty in the 14th century, these subsects vied with each other for supremacy in the political and religious landscape, eventually leading to the ascendancy of the Drukpa Lineage by the 16th century.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: When Ngawang Namgyal died in 1651, his passing was kept secret for 54 years. After a period of consolidation, Bhutan lapsed into internal conflict. In 1711 Bhutan went to war against the Raja of the kingdom of Koch Bihar in the south. During the chaos that followed, the Tibetans unsuccessfully attacked Bhutan in 1714.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: During the 1870s, power struggles between the rival valleys of Paro and Tongsa led to civil war in Bhutan, eventually leading to the ascendancy of Ugyen Wangchuck, the "penlop" (governor) of Trongsa. From his power base in central Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck defeated his political enemies and united the country following several civil wars and rebellions during 1882–85.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: In 1953, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck established the country's legislature – a 130-member National Assembly – to promote a more democratic form of governance. In 1965, he set up a Royal Advisory Council, and in 1968 he formed a Cabinet. In 1971, Bhutan was admitted to the United Nations, having held observer status for three years. In July 1972, Jigme Singye Wangchuck ascended to the throne at the age of sixteen after the death of his father, Dorji Wangchuck.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan's political system has recently changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. King Jigme Singye Wangchuck transferred most of his administrative powers to the Council of Cabinet Ministers and allowed for impeachment of the King by a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: In 1999, the government lifted a ban on television and internet, making Bhutan one of the last countries to introduce television. In his speech, the King said that television was a critical step to the modernisation of Bhutan as well as a major contributor to the country's gross national happiness, but warned that the "misuse" of this new technology could erode traditional Bhutanese values.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: A new constitution was presented in early 2005. In December 2005, Wangchuck announced that he would abdicate the throne in his son's favour in 2008. On 9 December 2006, he announced that he would be abdicating immediately. This was followed by the first national parliamentary elections in December 2007 and March 2008.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: In July 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Bhutan became the first world-leading nation in its role of vaccinating 470,000 out of 770,000 people with a two-dose shot of AstraZeneca vaccines.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The northern Duars, which abut the Himalayan foothills, have rugged, sloping terrain and dry, porous soil with dense vegetation and abundant wildlife. The southern Duars have moderately fertile soil, heavy savanna grass, dense, mixed jungle, and freshwater springs. Mountain rivers, fed by melting snow or monsoon rains, empty into the Brahmaputra River in India. Data released by the Ministry of Agriculture showed that the country had a forest cover of 64% as of October 2005.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan's climate varies with elevation, from subtropical in the south to temperate in the highlands and polar-type climate with year-round snow in the north. Bhutan experiences five distinct seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. Western Bhutan has the heavier monsoon rains; southern Bhutan has hot humid summers and cool winters; central and eastern Bhutan are temperate and drier than the west with warm summers and cool winters.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 11 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 25 August 1995. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with two revisions, the most recent of which was received by the convention on 4 February 2010.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan has a rich primate life, with rare species such as the golden langur. A variant Assamese macaque has also been recorded, which is regarded by some authorities as a new species, "Macaca munzala".

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: More than 770 species of bird have been recorded in Bhutan. The globally endangered white-winged duck has been added recently in 2006 to Bhutan's bird list.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: More than 5,400 species of plants are found in Bhutan, including "Pedicularis cacuminidenta". Fungi form a key part of Bhutanese ecosystems, with mycorrhizal species providing forest trees with mineral nutrients necessary for growth, and with wood decay and litter decomposing species playing an important role in natural recycling.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The Eastern Himalayas has been identified as a global biodiversity hotspot and counted among the 234 globally outstanding ecoregions of the world in a comprehensive analysis of global biodiversity undertaken by WWF between 1995 and 1997.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: In practice, the overlap of these extensive protected lands with populated areas has led to mutual habitat encroachment. Protected wildlife has entered agricultural areas, trampling crops and killing livestock. In response, Bhutan has implemented an insurance scheme, begun constructing solar powered alarm fences, watch towers, and search lights, and has provided fodder and salt licks outside human settlement areas to encourage animals to stay away.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The huge market value of the "Ophiocordyceps sinensis" fungus crop collected from the wild has also resulted in unsustainable exploitation which is proving very difficult to regulate.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan has enforced a plastic ban rule from 1 April 2019, where plastic bags were replaced by alternative bags made of jute and other biodegradable material.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The "Druk Gyalpo" ("Dragon King") is the head of state. The political system grants universal suffrage. It consists of the National Council, an upper house with 25 elected members; and the National Assembly with 47 elected lawmakers from political parties.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. Judicial power is vested in the courts. The legal system originates from the semi-theocratic Tsa Yig code, and was influenced by English common law during the 20th century. The chief justice is the administrative head of the judiciary.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The first general elections for the National Assembly were held on 24 March 2008. The chief contestants were the Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (DPT) led by Jigme Thinley and the People's Democratic Party (PDP) led by Sangay Ngedup. The DPT won the elections, taking 45 out of 47 seats. Jigme Thinley served as Prime Minister from 2008 to 2013.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The People's Democratic Party came to power in the 2013 elections. It won 32 seats and 54.88% of the vote. PDP leader Tshering Tobgay served as Prime Minister from 2013 to 2018.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa won the largest number of seats in the 2018 National Assembly Election, bringing Lotay Tshering to premiership and Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa into the government for the first time.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: In the early 20th century, Bhutan became a "de facto" protectorate of the British Empire under the Treaty of Punakha in 1910. British protection guarded Bhutan from an independent Tibet and Qing China. In the aftermath of the Chinese Communist Revolution, Bhutan signed a friendship treaty with the newly independent Dominion of India in 1949. Its concerns were exacerbated after the Chinese incorporation of Tibet.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Relations with Nepal remained strained due to Bhutanese refugees. Bhutan joined the United Nations in 1971. It was the first country to recognise Bangladesh's independence in 1971. It became a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985. The country is a member of 150 international organisations, including the Bay of Bengal Initiative, BBIN, World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Group of 77.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan does not have formal diplomatic ties with China, but exchanges of visits at various levels between them have significantly increased in recent times. The first bilateral agreement between China and Bhutan was signed in 1998 and Bhutan has also set up honorary consulates in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan opposed the Russian annexation of Crimea in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan is ranked as "Partly Free" by Freedom House. Bhutan's parliament decriminalised homosexuality in 2020.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan is divided into twenty "Dzongkhag" (districts), administered by a body called the Dzongkhag Tshogdu. In certain "thromdes" (urban municipalities), a further municipal administration is directly subordinate to the Dzongkhag administration. In the vast majority of constituencies, rural "geog" (village blocks) are administered by bodies called the Geog Tshogde.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Thromdes (municipalities) elect Thrompons to lead administration, who in turn represent the Thromde in the Dzongkhag Tshogdu. Likewise, "geog" elect headmen called "gup"s, vice-headmen called "mangmis", who also sit on the Dzongkhag Tshogdu, as well as other members of the Geog Tshogde. The basis of electoral constituencies in Bhutan is the "chiwog", a subdivision of gewogs delineated by the Election Commission.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan's currency is the ngultrum, whose value is fixed to the Indian rupee. The Indian rupee is also accepted as legal tender in the country.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Though Bhutan's economy is one of the world's smallest, it has grown rapidly in recent years, by eight percent in 2005 and 14 percent in 2006. In 2007, Bhutan had the second-fastest-growing economy in the world, with an annual economic growth rate of 22.4 percent. This was mainly due to the commissioning of the gigantic Tala Hydroelectric Power Station. , Bhutan's per capita income was US$2,420.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Access to biocapacity in Bhutan is much higher than world average. In 2016, Bhutan had 5.0 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016 Bhutan used 4.5 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use less biocapacity than Bhutan contains. As a result, Bhutan is running a biocapacity reserve.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The share of the agricultural sector in GDP declined from approximately 55% in 1985 to 33% in 2003. In 2013 the government announced the aspiration that Bhutan will become the first country in the world with 100 percent organic farming. Bhutanese red rice is the country's most widely known agricultural export, enjoying a market in North America and Europe. Bangladesh is the largest market of Bhutanese apples and oranges.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The industrial sector accounts for 22% of the economy. The key manufacturing sectors in Bhutan include production of ferroalloy, cement, metal poles, iron and nonalloy steel products, processed graphite, copper conductors, alcoholic and carbonated beverages, processed fruits, carpets, wood products and furniture. The production of ferrosilicon was pioneered by Damchae Dem, CEO of Pelden Group.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan has deposits of numerous minerals. Commercial production includes coal, dolomite, gypsum, and limestone. The country has proven reserves of beryl, copper, graphite, lead, mica, pyrite, tin, tungsten, and zinc. However, the country's mineral deposits remain untapped, as it prefers to conserve the environment, rather than to exploit and destroy it for money.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Besides hydropower, it is also endowed with significant renewable energy resources such as solar, wind and bioenergy. Technically viable solar energy generation capacity is around 12,000 MW and wind around 760 MW. More than 70% of its land is under forest cover, which is an immense source of bioenergy in the country.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: In 2014, Bhutan welcomed 133,480 foreign visitors. Seeking to become a high-value destination, it imposes a daily fee of anywhere between US$180 to US$290 per day (or more) on tourists that covers touring and hotel accommodation. The industry employs 21,000 people and accounts for 1.8% of GDP.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Paro Airport is the only international airport in Bhutan. Yongphulla Airport in Trashigang is a small domestic airport that underwent upgrades through 2010. Yongphulla Domestic Airport was scheduled for completion in January 2010 but , the airport remains closed due to ongoing runway repair. National carrier Druk Air operates flights between Paro Airport and airports in Jakar (Bumthang Dzongkhag) and Gelephu (Sarpang Dzongkhag) on a weekly basis.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Although Bhutan currently has no railways, it has entered into an agreement with India to link southern Bhutan to India's vast network by constructing an , broad gauge rail link between Hashimara in West Bengal and Toribari in Bhutan. The construction of the railway via Satali, Bharna Bari and Dalsingpara by Indian Railways will be funded by India. Bhutan's nearest railway station is Hasimara.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan had a population of people in . Bhutan has a median age of 24.8 years. There are 1,070 males to every 1,000 females. The literacy rate in Bhutan is 59.5 percent.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: It is estimated that between two-thirds and three-quarters of the Bhutanese population follow Vajrayana Buddhism, which is also the state religion. About one-quarter to one-third are followers of Hinduism. Other religions account for less than 1% of the population. The current legal framework, in principle guarantees freedom of religion; proselytism, however, is forbidden by a royal government decision and by judicial interpretation of the Constitution.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Buddhism was introduced to Bhutan in the 7th century AD. Tibetan king Songtsän Gampo (reigned 627–649), a convert to Buddhism, ordered the construction of two Buddhist temples, at Bumthang in central Bhutan and at Kyichu Lhakhang (near Paro) in the Paro Valley.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The national language is Dzongkha (Bhutanese), one of 53 languages in the Tibetan language family. The script, locally called "Chhokey" (literally, "Dharma language"), is identical to classical Tibetan. In Bhutan's education system, English is the medium of instruction, while Dzongkha is taught as the national language. "Ethnologue" lists 24 languages currently spoken in Bhutan, all of them in the Tibeto-Burman family, except Nepali, an Indo-Aryan language.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan has a life expectancy of 70.2 years (69.9 for males and 70.5 for females) according to the latest data for 2016 from the World Bank.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Historically, education in Bhutan was monastic, with secular school education for the general population introduced in the 1960s. The mountainous landscape poses barriers to integrated educational services.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Today, Bhutan has two decentralised universities with eleven constituent colleges spread across the kingdom. These are the Royal University of Bhutan and Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences, respectively. The first five-year plan provided for a central education authority—in the form of a director of education appointed in 1961—and an organised, modern school system with free and universal primary education.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Education programmes were given a boost in 1990, when the Asian Development Bank (see Glossary) granted a US$7.13 million loan for staff training and development, specialist services, equipment and furniture purchases, salaries and other recurrent costs, and facility rehabilitation and construction at Royal Bhutan Polytechnic.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan was the first nation in the world to ban tobacco. It was illegal to smoke in public or sell tobacco, according to Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010. Violators are fined the equivalent of $232—a month's salary in Bhutan. In 2021, this was reversed with the new Tobacco Control Act 2021 to allow for the import and sale of tobacco products to stamp out cross-border smuggling of tobacco products during the pandemic.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Jewellery is commonly worn by women, especially during religious festivals ("tsechus") and public gatherings. To strengthen Bhutan's identity as an independent country, Bhutanese law requires all Bhutanese government employees to wear the national dress at work and all citizens to wear the national dress while visiting schools and other government offices though many citizens, particularly adults, choose to wear the customary dress as formal attire.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Bhutan has numerous public holidays, most of which coincide with traditional, seasonal, secular or religious festivals. They include the winter solstice (around 1 January, depending on the lunar calendar), Lunar New Year (February or March), the King's birthday and the anniversary of his coronation, the official end of monsoon season (22 September), National Day (17 December), and various Buddhist and Hindu celebrations.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Dance dramas and masked dances such as the Cham dance are common traditional features at festivals, usually accompanied by traditional music. At these events, dancers depict heroes, demons, dæmons, death heads, animals, gods, and caricatures of common people by wearing colourful wooden or composition face masks and stylised costumes. The dancers enjoy royal patronage, and preserve ancient folk and religious customs and perpetuate the ancient lore and art of mask-making.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: The music of Bhutan can generally be divided into traditional and modern varieties; traditional music comprises religious and folk genres, the latter including "zhungdra" and "boedra". The modern "rigsar" is played on a mix of traditional instruments and electronic keyboards, and dates back to the early 1990s; it shows the influence of Indian popular music, a hybrid form of traditional and Western popular influences.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


Bhutan

Context: Throughout Bhutan, there has been an improvement in reproductive health services that has led to a drastic drop in maternal mortality rate, dropping from 1,000 in 1990 to 180 in 2010. There has also been an increase in contraceptive use from less than 1/3 in 2003 to 2/3 in 2010.

Question: ভুটানের সবচেয়ে জনবহুল শহর কোনটি ?


First-wave feminism

Context: First-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought that occurred during the 19th and early 20th century throughout the Western world. It focused on legal issues, primarily on securing women's right to vote.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Movements to broaden women's rights began much earlier than the 20th century. In her book "The Second Sex," Simone de Beauvoir wrote that the first woman to "take up her pen in defense of her sex" was Christine de Pizan in the 15th century. Feminists Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and Modesta di Pozzo di Forzi worked in the 16th century. Marie le Jars de Gournay, Anne Bradstreet and François Poullain de la Barre's Equality of sexes came out in 1673.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Wollstonecraft is regarded as the "fore-mother" of the British feminist movement and her ideas shaped the thinking of the suffragettes, who campaigned for the women's vote.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: The First wave women's movement in Finland organized when the "Suomen Naisyhdistys" was founded in 1884.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: The issue of women's rights were discussed during the Age of Enlightenment and the French revolution. Some success was achieved by the new inheritance rights (Loi sur l'héritage des enfants) and the divorce law (Loi autorisant le divorce en France).

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: However, the Code Napoléon of 1804 eradicated the progress made during the revolution. Women's rights were supported by the rule of the Communist Paris Commune of 1870, but the rule of the Commune came to be temporary.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: An 1897 newspaper, La Fronde, was the most prestigious women-run newspaper. It maintained as a daily paper for 6 years and covered controversial topics such as the working women and advocating for women's political rights.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: The First wave women's movement in France organized when the "Association pour le Droit des Femmes" was founded by Maria Deraismes and Léon Richer in 1870. It was followed by the "Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes" (1882) which took up the issue of women suffrage and became the leading suffrage society in parallel to the "Union française pour le suffrage des femmes" (1909-1945).

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: The First wave women's movement in Germany organized under the influence of the Revolutions of 1848. It organized for the first time in the first women's organization in Germany, the "Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein" (ADF), which was founded by Louise Otto-Peters and Auguste Schmidt in Leipzig 1865.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: In comparison to the United States, German feminism targets a collective representation and women's autonomy whereas the American feminism is focused on general equality.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Although in the Netherlands during the Age of Enlightenment the idea of the equality of women and men made progress, no practical institutional measures or legislation resulted. In the second half of the nineteenth century, many initiatives by feminists sprung up in The Netherlands.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929) requested and obtained as the first woman in the Netherlands the right to study at university in 1871, becoming the first female medical doctor and academic. She became a lifelong campaigner for women's suffrage, equal rights, birth control, and international peace, travelling worldwide for, e.g., the International Alliance of Women.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Wilhelmina Drucker (1847–1925) was a politician, a prolific writer and a peace activist, who fought for the vote and equal rights through political and feminist organisations she founded. In 1917–1919 her goal of women's suffrage was reached.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann (1871–1951), President of the Dutch Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [WILPF].

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Selma Meyer (1890–1941), Secretary of the Dutch Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [WILPF]

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: The First wave women's movement in Norway organized when the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights was founded in 1884.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: In Imperial Russia, it was not legal to form political organisations prior to the 1905 Russian Revolution. Because of this, there was no open organised women's rights movement similar to the one in the West before this. There was, however, in practice a women's movement during the 19th century.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: In 1895, Anna Filosofova founded the "Russian Women's Charity League", which was officially a charitable society to avoid the ban of political organisations but which was in effect a women's rights organisation: Anna Filosofova was elected to the International Council of Women in 1899. Because of the ban of political activity in Russia the only thing they could do was to raise awareness of feminist issues.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: After the 1905 Russian Revolution political organisations was made legal in Russia and the women's movement was able to organise in the form of "Liga ravnopraviia zhenshchin", which started a campaign of women's suffrage the same year. The Russian Revolution of 1917 formally made men and women equal in the eyes of the law in the Soviet Union, but also banned all organised women's movement.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: In 1919-1921, women's suffrage was finally introduced. The women suffrage reform was followed by the "Behörighetslagen" of 1923, in which males and females were formally given equal access to all professions and positions in society, the only exceptions being military and priesthood positions. The last two restrictions were removed in 1958, when women were allowed to become priests, and in a series of reforms between 1980 and 1989, when all military professions were opened to women.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: In 1918 Marie Stopes published the very influential "Married Love", in which she advocated gender equality in marriage and the importance of women's sexual desire. (Importation of the book into the United States was banned as obscene until 1931.)

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: The "Representation of the People Act 1918" extended the franchise to women who were at least 30 years old and they or their husbands were property holders, while the "Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918" gave women the right to sit in Parliament, although it was only slowly that women were actually elected. In 1928, the franchise was extended to all women over 21 by the "Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928", on an equal basis to men.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Many feminist writers and women's rights activists argued that it was not equality to men which they needed but a recognition of what women need to fulfill their potential of their own natures, not only within the aspect of work but society and home life too. Virginia Woolf produced her essay "A Room of One's Own" based on the ideas of women as writers and characters in fiction. Woolf said that a woman must have money and a room of her own to be able to write.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: "Woman in the Nineteenth Century" by Margaret Fuller has been considered the first major feminist work in the United States and is often compared to Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman". Prominent leaders of the feminist movement in the United States include Lucretia Coffin Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Susan B. Anthony; Anthony and other activists such as Victoria Woodhull and Matilda Joslyn Gage made attempts to cast votes prior to their legal enti

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: First-wave feminism involved a wide range of women, some belonging to conservative Christian groups (such as Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union), others such as Matilda Joslyn Gage of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) resembling the radicalism of much of second-wave feminism. The creation of these organizations was a direct result of the Second Great Awakening, a religious movement in the early 19th century, that inspired female reformers in the United States.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: The end of the first wave is often linked with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1920), granting women the right to vote. This was the major victory of the movement, which also included reforms in higher education, in the workplace and professions, and in health care.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: The rise in unemployment during the Great Depression which started in the 1920s hit women first, and when the men also lost their jobs there was further strain on families. Many women served in the armed forces during World War II, when around 300,000 American women served in the navy and army, performing jobs such as secretaries, typists and nurses.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Marylynn Salmon argues that each state developed different ways of dealing with a variety of legal issues pertaining to women, especially in the case of property laws. In 1809, Connecticut was the first state to pass a law allowing women to write wills.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: In 1860, New York passed a revised Married Women's Property Act which gave women shared ownership of their children, allowing them to have a say in their children's wills, wages, and granting them the right to inherit property. Further advances and setbacks were experienced in New York and other states, but with each new win the feminists were able to use it as an example to apply more leverage on unyielding legislative bodies.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: White women feminists, in this historical context, asserted their superiority over white men and brown women. They have in been criticized by modern women writers of color like Valerie Amos and Pratibha Parmar.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


First-wave feminism

Context: Institutional racism excluded black women in the March on Washington in 1913. Black women were asked to march separately, together, at the back of the parade. They were forced to be made absent which can be seen in the lack of photographs and media of black women marching in the parade. White women did not want black women associated with their movement because they believed white women would disaffiliate themselves from an integrated group and create a segregated, more powerful one.

Question: বিশ্বের প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠনের নাম কী ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: Naidu started his political activities as a students' union leader in Sri Venkateswara University while pursuing his Masters. In 1975, he joined Indian Youth Congress and became the president for its local chapter in Pulicherla. After the emergency was imposed on the country in 1975, he became a close supporter of Sanjay Gandhi.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: In 1979, he played a crucial role in the electing G. Kuthuhalamma as Chittoor Zilla Parishad chief, against the official Congress candidate. Following this, he was suspended from the party for two months.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: As the cinematography minister, Naidu came in contact with N. T. Rama Rao, a popular film star in Telugu cinema. In 1980, he married Bhuvaneswari, Rao's second daughter.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: In 1982, N. T. Rama Rao formed the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and swept the assembly polls held in 1983. Naidu, who was then still in the Congress (I) party, was defeated by a TDP candidate in Chandragiri. He joined TDP soon after. TDP reversed its policy of not admitting candidates who contested against it in the 1983 elections and inducted Naidu into the party at the second "mahanadu", an annual convention that TDP organises, at Visakhapatnam by Rama Rao.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: Naidu demonstrated his political skills in August 1984, when N. Bhaskara Rao staged a coup against N. T. Rama Rao. Subsequently, Rama Rao was reinstated as the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. Impressed with his son-in-law's efforts, Rao made Naidu in-charge of Karshaka Parishad, the farmers' council established by his government. Rao later appointed Naidu as the general secretary of the party and he began playing an important role in the TDP after Bhaskara Rao's coup attempt.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: Naidu won the 1994 elections from Kuppam constituency. He became the Finance and Revenue Minister in N. T. Rama Rao's ministry.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: On 1 September 1995, Naidu came to power as the Chief Minister by organising a coup against Rama Rao. In an interview with "Reuters", Rama Rao compared himself to Shah Jahan, a 17th-century Mughal emperor who was imprisoned by his son, and predicted that he would gain his revenge against what he called "the backstabbers" in his family, especially his son-in-law and successor, Naidu.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: In July 1999, Naidu launched the "Deepam" () scheme to provide LPG cooking gas connections to rural women, with a budget of . The central government agreed to provide one million LPG connections via this scheme.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: TDP, led by Naidu, won a majority in the state legislature, with 185 of 294 seats in the Assembly and 29 of 42 seats in the Parliament in the 1999 general election, making it the second-largest party in the BJP-led NDA coalition government.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: "Rythu Bazaar" was launched by Naidu on 26 January 1999 with the objective to control the skyrocketing prices of fruits and vegetables. Under this program, farmers were encouraged to sell their produce directly to the consumers and in the process, eliminate the middleman. In the first phase itself, the program succeeded and reached various towns. Prices were down by 70 to 75 percent, and it benefited both the farmers and the direct consumers.

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: In 1999, Naidu produced a vision statement called "Andhra Pradesh Vision 2020" that outlined various goals and objectives to be achieved by 2020. It was prepared in collaboration with US consultants, McKinsey & Company, who proposed the following:

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?


N. Chandrababu Naidu

Context: After returning as Chief Minister in 2014, Naidu updated the document to version 2.0, titled "Sunrise AP Vision 2029".

Question: অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বর্তমান মুখ্যমন্ত্রী কে ?