Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: Hatice Cengiz begged the US government to take action in helping to find her fiancé. In her 9 October op-ed in "The Washington Post", Cengiz wrote, "At this time, I implore President Trump and first lady Melania Trump to help shed light on Jamal's disappearance. I also urge Saudi Arabia, especially King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, to show the same level of sensitivity and release CCTV footage from the consulate."

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: "Sabah" reported on 11 October that Turkish officials were investigating whether Khashoggi's Apple Watch would reveal clues as to what happened to him inside the Saudi consulate, examining whether data from the smartwatch could have been transmitted to the cloud, or his personal phone, which was with Cengiz.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: According to anonymous sources, Turkish police have expanded the search, as Khashoggi's body may have been disposed of in nearby Belgrad Forest or on farmland in Yalova Province, as indicated by the movement of the Saudi vehicles, and DNA tests of samples from the Saudi consulate and the consul's residence are being conducted; "Al Jazeera" reported that according to anonymous sources, fingerprints of one of the alleged perpetrators, Salah Muhammad al-Tubaigy, were found in the consulate.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: On 20 October, the Saudi Foreign Ministry reported that a preliminary investigation showed that Khashoggi had died at the consulate while engaged in a fight, the first Saudi acknowledgement of Khashoggi's death.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: The body double footage bolstered Turkish claims that the Saudis always intended either to kill Khashoggi or move him back to Saudi Arabia. Ömer Çelik, a spokesman for Turkey's ruling AKP, stated: "We are facing a situation that has been monstrously planned and later tried to be covered up. It is a complicated murder."

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau gave public confirmation that Turkey had shared audio of the killing with world governments. The German government also confirmed it had received information from the Turkish authorities, but declined to elaborate. The British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt paid an official visit to KSA and called for its cooperation with a "credible" investigation into Khashoggi's killing.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: Four of these men had received paramilitary training in the United States in 2017 under a U.S. State Department contract, as was publicly revealed in 2021.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: Three other defendants, unnamed , were sentenced to a combined total of 24 years in prison for "covering up this crime and violating the law".

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: According to Amnesty International's Middle East Research Director Lynn Maalouf, the verdict was a whitewash and the organisation released a statement saying: "The verdict fails to address the Saudi authorities' involvement in this devastating crime or clarify the location of Jamal Khashoggi's remains ... only an international, independent and impartial investigation can serve justice for Jamal Khashoggi."

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: The United Nations rapporteur on summary executions, Agnès Callamard, described the sentence as a "mockery" of justice, since, according to her, it was an "extrajudicial execution for which the state of Saudi Arabia is responsible" and its masterminds walk free.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: Although Khashoggi's sons reportedly accepted the 2019 verdict, they pardoned the five officials on 22 May 2020, which means the officials would not be executed but their families are to pay blood money to Khashoggi's family.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: In October 2018, the UK and the US joined their major European partners in pulling out of a Saudi Arabia's economic forum nicknamed "Davos in the desert", in response to the murder of Khashoggi.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: WWE was criticized over their "Crown Jewel" event in Saudi Arabia and failure to boycott the country over the death of Khashoggi. WWE's Chief Brand Officer, Stephanie McMahon said that "at the end of the day, it is a business decision and, like a lot of other American companies, we decided that we're going to move forward with the event and deliver Crown Jewel for all of our fans in Saudi Arabia and around the world".

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: Following Khashoggi's assassination, the Turkish president, Erdogan, did not travel to Saudi Arabia again until April 2022, when he met with Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: Germany, Norway and Denmark stopped the sale of arms to Saudi Arabia over the incident. Canada considered freezing its $13 billion General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada arms deal, but so far has chosen to proceed with the deal.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: On 11 December 2018, Khashoggi was named as a person of the year by "Time" magazine for his work in journalism, along with other journalists who faced political persecution for their work. "Time" referred to Khashoggi, and the others, as a "Guardian of the Truth".

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: In mid-August 2020, the Open Society Justice Initiative, part of Open Society Foundations, filed a lawsuit in the district court of New York demanding the release of the government's report on Jamal Khashoggi's murder, under the Freedom of Information Act. In July, they filed for a similar request, but received no response from the authority on the legal deadline.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: A Showtime original documentary about the murder of Khashoggi, "Kingdom of Silence", was released on 2 October 2020, the second anniversary of his death. It was directed by Richard Rowley.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi

Context: In 2020, a documentary on the assassination of Khashoggi and the role played by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman was made by an Oscar-winning film director and producer, Bryan Fogel. However, it took eight months for Fogel to find a streaming service for "The Dissident", which was released by an independent company.

Question: من سفيرالمملكة العربية السعودية بأسنطبول؟


Keratoconus

Context: Keratoconus (KC) is a disorder of the eye that results in progressive thinning of the cornea. This may result in blurry vision, double vision, nearsightedness, irregular astigmatism, and light sensitivity leading to poor quality-of-life. Usually both eyes are affected. In more severe cases a scarring or a circle may be seen within the cornea.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: Keratoconus affects about 1 in 2,000 people. However, some estimates suggest that the incidence may be as high as 1 in 400 individuals. It occurs most commonly in late childhood to early adulthood. While it occurs in all populations it may be more frequent in certain ethnic groups such as those of Asian descent. The word is from the Greek "kéras" meaning cornea and the Latin "cōnus" meaning cone.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: Six genes have been found to be associated with the condition. These genes include BANP-ZNF469, COL4A4, FOXO1, FNDC3B, IMMP2L and RXRA-COL5A1. Others likely also exist.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: Patients with a parent, sibling, or child who has keratoconus have 15 to 67 times higher risk in developing corneal ectasia compared to patients with no affected relatives.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: In early stages of keratoconus, glasses or soft contact lenses can suffice to correct for the mild astigmatism. As the condition progresses, these may no longer provide the person with a satisfactory degree of visual acuity, and most practitioners will move to manage the condition with rigid contact lenses, known as rigid, gas-permeable, (RGP) lenses. RGP lenses provide a good level of visual correction, but do not arrest progression of the condition.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: Scleral lenses are sometimes prescribed for cases of advanced or very irregular keratoconus; these lenses cover a greater proportion of the surface of the eye and hence can offer improved stability. Easier handling can find favor with people with reduced dexterity, such as the elderly.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: Some people find good vision correction and comfort with a "piggyback" lens combination, in which RGP lenses are worn over soft lenses, both providing a degree of vision correction. One form of piggyback lens makes use of a soft lens with a countersunk central area to accept the rigid lens. Fitting a piggyback lens combination requires experience on the part of the lens fitter, and tolerance on the part of the person with keratoconus.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: Rarely, a nonpenetrating keratoplasty known as an epikeratophakia (or epikeratoplasty) may be performed in cases of keratoconus. The corneal epithelium is removed and a lenticule of donor cornea is grafted on top of it. The procedure requires a greater level of skill on the part of the surgeon, and is less frequently performed than a penetrating keratoplasty, as the outcome is generally less favorable. However, it may be seen as an option in a number of cases, particularly for young people.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: Corneal intrastromal implantation surgery involving the implantation of a full ring is also available as a treatment option for keratoconus. Evidence supports that the full-ring implant improves vision outcomes for at least a year.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: In advanced cases, bulging of the cornea can result in a localized rupture of Descemet's membrane, an inner layer of the cornea. Aqueous humor from the eye's anterior chamber seeps into the cornea before Descemet's membrane reseals. The patient experiences pain and a sudden severe clouding of vision, with the cornea taking on a translucent milky-white appearance known as a corneal hydrops.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Keratoconus

Context: Although disconcerting to the patient, the effect is normally temporary and after a period of six to eight weeks, the cornea usually returns to its former transparency. The recovery can be aided nonsurgically by bandaging with an osmotic saline solution. Although a hydrops usually causes increased scarring of the cornea, occasionally it will benefit a patient by creating a flatter cone, aiding the fitting of contact lenses. Corneal transplantation is not usually indicated during corneal hydrops.

Question: من مكتشف إضطراب القرنية المخروطية  ؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: In Islam, Jesus () is believed to be the penultimate prophet and messenger of God (Allah) and the Messiah. He is also considered to be the last prophet sent to guide the Children of Israel (), being revealed the third holy book called the "Injīl."

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: In Islamic eschatology, Jesus will return in the Second Coming with Imam Al Mahdi to kill the "Al-Masih ad-Dajjal" ('The False Messiah'), after which with the ancient tribes Gog and Magog () would disperse. After these creatures would miraculously perish, Imam Mahdi and Jesus would rule the entire world, establish peace and justice, and die after a reign of 40 years. Some Muslims believe that he would then be buried alongside Muhammad at the fourth reserved tomb of the Green Dome in Medina.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Jesus is understood by Muslims to be one of the most important prophets of Islam. The place where Jesus is believed to return, the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, is highly esteemed by Muslims as the fourth holiest site of Islam. Jesus is widely venerated in Sufism, with numerous ascetic and mystic literature being written and recited about the Islamic prophet.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Islamic exegesis affirms the virginal birth of Jesus similarly to the Gospel account and occurring in Bethlehem. The narrative of the virgin birth is an announcement to Mary by the angel Gabriel while Mary is being raised in the Temple after having been pledged to God by her mother. Gabriel states she is honored over all women of all nations and has brought her glad tidings of a holy son.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Gabriel declares the son is to be named Jesus, the Messiah, proclaiming he will be called a great prophet. Mary, asking how she could conceive and have a child when no man had touched her, was answered by the angel that God can decree what He wills, and it shall come to pass.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The narrative from the Quran continues with Mary, overcome by the pains of childbirth, being provided a stream of water under her feet from which she could drink and a palm tree which she could shake so ripe dates would fall and be enjoyed. After giving birth, Mary carries baby Jesus back to the temple and she is asked by the temple elders about the child. Having been commanded by Gabriel to a vow of silence, she points to the infant Jesus and the infant proclaims:

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Jesus speaking from the cradle is one of six miracles attributed to him in the Quran, which is also found in the Syriac Infancy Gospel, a sixth-century work. According to various hadiths, Jesus and Mary didn't cry at their birth. The Islamic prophet Muhammad explained that both Jesus and Mary were the only human beings to be born as sinless and thus, were protected from Satan's touch at their births, quoting Al Imran's thirty-sixth verse.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The Islamic faith echoed some strands within the Christian tradition that Mary (or Maryam) was a literal virgin when Jesus was conceived. The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in Surah 3 (Al Imran) and 19 (Maryam) of the Quran where the story is narrated that God (Allah) sent an angel to announce that Maryam could shortly expect to bear a son, despite being a virgin.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The 10th-century Persian scholar Al-Tabari (839–923), mentions envoys arriving from the king of Persia with gifts (similar to the Magi from the east) for the Messiah; the command to a man called Joseph (not specifically Mary's husband) to take her and the child to Egypt and later return to Nazareth.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Al-Masudi wrote that Jesus as a boy studied the Jewish religion reading from the Psalms and found "traced in characters of light":

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Several narratives show some disparity and similarity in Islamic writings about Jesus' early childhood, specifically his time in Egypt with regard to duration and events. Most of the narratives are found in non-canonical Christian sources like, for example, the pre-Islamic Gospel of Thomas. One such disparity is from al-Athir in his "The Perfection of History" which contains a birth narrative stating Jesus was born in Egypt instead of Bethlehem.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Some other narratives of Jesus' childhood are popular Middle Eastern lore as highlighted by professor of interfaith studies Mahmoud M. Ayoub. Many miracles are attributed to a young Jesus while in Egypt (see §§ Miracles and Other miracles).

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: It is generally agreed that Jesus spoke Aramaic, the common language of Judea in the first century A.D. and the region at-large.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: A second early high image of Jesus is an end-time figure. This concept arises mostly from the Hadith. Muslim tradition constructs a narrative similarly found in Christian theology, seeing Jesus arriving at the end of time and descending upon earth to fight the Antichrist. This narrative is understood to champion the cause of Islam, with some traditions narrating Jesus pointing to the primacy of Muhammad. Most traditions state Jesus will then die a natural death.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The Islamic concepts of Jesus' preaching is believed to have originated in Kufa, Iraq, under the Rashidun Caliphate where the earliest writers of Muslim tradition and scholarship was formulated. The concepts of Jesus and his preaching ministry developed in Kufa was adopted from the early ascetic Christians of Egypt who opposed official church bishopric appointments from Rome.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The earliest stories, numbering about 85, are found in two major collections of ascetic literature entitled "Kitab al-Zuhd wa'l Raqa'iq" (The Book of the Asceticism and Tender Mercies) by Ibn al-Mubarak (d. 797), and "Kitab al-Zuhd" (The Book of Asceticism) by Ibn Hanbal (d. 855). These sayings fall into four basic groups: a) eschatological sayings; b) quasi-Gospel sayings; c) ascetic sayings and stories; d) sayings echoing intra-Muslim polemics.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The first group of sayings expands Jesus' archetype as portrayed in the Quran. The second group of stories, although containing a Gospel core, are expanded with a "distinctly Islamic stamp". The third group, being the largest of the four, portrays Jesus as a patron saint of Muslim asceticism. The last group builds upon the Islamic archetype and Muslim-centric definition of Jesus and his attributes, furthering esoteric ideas regarding terms such as "Spirit of God" and "Word of God".

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: These six miracles in the Quran are without detail unlike the Gospel and their non-canonical Gnostic sources, which include details and mention other attributed miracles. Over the centuries, these six miracle narratives have been elaborated through Hadith and poetry, with religious writings including some of the other miracles mentioned in the Gospel, non-canonical sources, and from lore.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Although this particular narrative is not found in the Bible, the theme of speaking from the cradle is found in the non-canonical pre-Islamic Syriac Infancy Gospel. That source has Jesus declaring himself the Son of God, the Word, and affirming what the angel Gabriel had previously announced to Mary as detailed in the Gospel.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The miracle story of creating birds from clay and breathing life into them when a child is mentioned in al-Imran (3) 43, 49 and al-Maida (5) 109–110. Although this miracle is also not mentioned in the canonical Gospel, the same narrative is found in at least two pre-Islamic sources: the Infancy Gospel of Thomas and the Jewish Toledot Yeshu, with few variant details between the Quran and these two sources.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Similar to the New Testament, the Quran mentions Jesus healing the blind and the lepers in al-Imran (3) 49. Muslim scholar and judge al-Baydawi (d. 1286) wrote how it was recorded that many thousands of people came to Jesus to be healed and that Jesus healed these diseases through prayer only. Medieval scholar al-Tha'labi wrote about how these two particular diseases were beyond medical help, and Jesus' miracles were meant to be witnessed by others as clear signs of his message.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Jesus is believed to have raised people from the dead, as mentioned in al-Imran (3) 49. Although no detail is given as to who was raised or the circumstance, at least three people are mentioned in detail in the Gospel (a daughter of Jairus, a widow's son at Nain, and Lazarus).

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Jesus was able to predict, or had foreknowledge, of what was hidden or unknown to others. One example is Jesus would answer correctly any and every question anyone asked him. Another example is Jesus knew what people had just eaten, as well as what they had stored in their homes.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Many stories and narratives have been developed over the years about Jesus, containing certain inherent lessons or providing meaning due to the lack of detail in the Quran regarding Jesus. Some of these narratives are similar in nature to the New Testament, while some portray Jesus in a very human manner.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Al-Tabari (d. 923) reports a story of an adult Jesus' encounter with a certain king in the region and the healing of his son. The identity of the king is not mentioned while legend suggests Philip the Tetrarch. The corresponding Bible reference is "the royal official's son".

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: A legendary story of a miracle by a young Jesus, used as a hard-learned lesson popularly found in Middle Eastern lore according to professor Ayoub, has to do with a Jewish man and loaves of bread. Although carrying a polemic tone, the lesson centers on greed with truth-telling woven into the narration. It is a story found often in children's books.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Another legendary miracle story is one regarding Jesus' childhood wisdom. This legend, reported through al-Tabari from ibn Ishaq, talks about Mary sending Jesus to a religious school and the teacher being astonished to find Jesus already knowing the information being taught / discussed.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Another story from al-Tabari tells of a young Jesus playing with the youths of his village and telling them what food their parents were preparing for them at home.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Over the centuries, Muslim writers have also referenced other miracles like casting out demons, having borrowed from some heretical pre-Islamic sources, and from canonical sources as legends about Jesus were expanded.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Muslims have long believed that Paul purposefully corrupted the original teachings of Jesus. The 9th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar asserted that certain rabbis persuaded Paul to deliberately misguide early Christians by introducing what Ibn Hazm viewed as objectionable doctrines into Christianity.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: According to Yusuf al-Qaradawi in his book "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam", the legal restrictions Jesus abrogated for Jews where those initially legislated by God as a punishment. Classical commentaries such as "Tafsir al-Jalalayn" specify they pertained to the consumption of fish and bird meat without spikes, or in general.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The Quran states that Jesus was aided by a group of disciples () who believed in his message. While not naming the disciples, the Quran does give a few instances of Jesus preaching the message to them. Muslims view the disciples of Jesus as identical to the companions () of Muhammad. According to Christianity, the names of the twelve disciples were Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James, Jude, Simon, and Judas.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The longest narrative involving Jesus' disciples is when Jesus performs the miracle of bringing a table of food from heaven at their request, for further proof that his preaching is the true message.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: According to the Quran, he was not crucified, but was rather saved by God. (Although the earliest Islamic traditions and exegesis quote somewhat conflicting reports regarding a death and its length, Muslims believe that Jesus did not die on the cross, but believe that he was saved by being raised alive to heaven).

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: It is unclear exactly where the substitutionist interpretation originated, but some scholars consider the theory originating among certain Gnostic groups of the second century. Leirvik finds the Quran and Hadith to have been clearly influenced by the non-canonical ('heretical') Christianity that prevailed in the Arab peninsula and further in Abyssinia.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: While most Western scholars, Jews, and Christians believe Jesus died, orthodox Muslim theology teaches he ascended to Heaven without being put on the cross and God transformed another person, Simon of Cyrene, to appear exactly like Jesus who was crucified instead of Jesus (cf. Irenaeus' description of the heresy of Basilides, Book I, ch. XXIV, 4.).

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Some disagreement and discord can be seen beginning with Ibn Ishaq's (d. 761) report of a brief accounting of events leading up to the crucifixion, firstly stating that Jesus was replaced by someone named Sergius, while secondly reporting an account of Jesus' tomb being located at Medina and thirdly citing the places in the Quran (3:55; 4:158) that God took Jesus up to himself.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman (d. 958), Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi (d. 935), Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani (d. 971), Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1078) and the group Ikhwan al-Safa also affirm the historicity of the Crucifixion, reporting Jesus was crucified and not substituted by another man as maintained by many other popular Quranic commentators and Tafsir. More recently, Mahmoud M. Ayoub, a professor and scholar, provided a more symbolic interpretation for Surah 4 Verse 157:

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Ayoub, instead of interpreting the passage as a denial of the death of Jesus, instead believes the passage is about God denying men the power to vanquish and destroy God's message. The words, "but they killed him not, nor crucified him." is meant to show that any power humans believe that they have against God is illusory.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Some Islamic reformers, such as Muhammad Rashid Rida, agree with contemporary commentators interpretation of the denial of Jesus' death as metaphorical.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Another report from Ibn Kathir quotes Ishaq Ibn Bishr, on authority of Idris, on authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih, that "God caused him to die for three days, then resurrected him, then raised him."

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Islamic reformer Muhammad Rashid Rida agrees with contemporary commentators interpreting the physical killing of Christ's apostleship as a metaphorical interpretation.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Modern Islamic scholars like Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i interpret the ascension of Jesus as spiritual, not physical. This interpretation is in accord with Muʿtazila and Shia metaphorical explanations regarding anthropomorphic references to God in the Quran. Although not popular with traditional Sunni interpretations of the depiction of crucifixion, there has been much speculation and discussion in the effort of logically reconciling this topic.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: In ascetic Shia writings, Jesus is depicted having "ascended to heaven wearing a woolen shirt, spun and sewed by Mary, his mother. As he reached the heavenly regions, he was addressed, 'O Jesus, cast away from you the adornment of the world. After his ascension, his word is believed to have been altered.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Afterwards, he will "break the cross, kill the pigs, and abolish the Jizya tax", according to a well-known Sahih al-Bukhari hadith.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Islamic texts also allude to the reappearance of the ancient menace Gog and Magog (), which will break out of its underground confinement and cause havoc aroung the world. God, in response to Jesus' prayers, will kill them by sending a type of worm in the napes of their necks, and send large birds to carry and clear their corpses from the land. After the death of the Mahdi, Jesus will assume world leadership and peace and justice will be universal.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Also according to tradition, Jesus will then marry, have children, and rule the world for forty years (traditions give many different time periods) after which he will die. Muslims will then perform the funeral prayer for him and then bury him at the Green Dome in the city of Medina in a grave left vacant beside Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Umar respectively. According to Ibn Khaldun's legend, the two caliphs will rise from the dead between the two prophets.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: While the Quran does not describe any of the above narrative of Jesus' return, many Muslims believe that two Quranic verses refer to his second coming during the end times. (1) The verse mentioned above stating he is never died on earth:

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Jesus is described by various means in the Quran. The most common reference to Jesus occurs in the form of "Ibn Maryam" (son of Mary), sometimes preceded with another title. Jesus is also recognized as a "nabī" (prophet) and "rasūl" (messenger) of God. The terms "`abd-Allāh" (servant of God), "wadjih" ("worthy of esteem in this world and the next") and "mubārak" ("blessed", or "a source of benefit for others") are all used in reference to him. According to Islam, Jesus never claimed to be divine.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Islam sees Jesus as human, sent as the last prophet of Israel to Jews with the Gospel scripture, affirming but modifying the Mosaic Law. Mainstream Islamic traditions have rejected any divine notions of Jesus being God, or begotten Son of God, or the Trinity. Popular theology teaches such beliefs constitute "shirk" (the "association" of partners with God) and thereby a rejection of his divine oneness ("tawhid") as the sole unpardonable sin.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: A widespread polemic directed to these doctrinal origins are ascribed to Paul the Apostle, regarded by some Muslims as a heretic, as well as an evolution across the Greco-Roman world causing pagan influences to corrupt God's revelation. The theological absence of Original Sin in Islam renders the Christian concepts of Atonement and Redemption as redundant. Jesus simply conforms to the prophetic mission of his predecessors.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Jesus is understood to have preached salvation through submission to God's will and worshipping God alone. Islam teaches Jesus will ultimately deny claiming divinity. Thus, he is considered to have been a "Muslim" by the religious definition of the term (i.e., one who submits to God's will), as understood in Islam regarding all other prophets that preceded him.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: A frequent title of Jesus mentioned is "", which translates to "the Messiah", as well as Christ. Although the Quran is silent on its significance, scholars disagree with the Christian concepts of the term, and lean towards a Jewish understanding. Muslim exegetes explain the use of the word "masīh" in the Quran as referring to Jesus' status as the one anointed by means of blessings and honors; or as the one who helped cure the sick, by anointing the eyes of the blind, for example.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Jesus also holds a description as both a word from God and a soul. The interpretation behind Jesus as a spirit from God, is seen as his human soul. Some Muslim scholars occasionally see the spirit as the archangel Gabriel, but majority consider the spirit to be Jesus himself.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Jesus is mentioned about 187 times in the Quran, directly and indirectly, and also referred to by many titles, the most common being al-Masih ('the Messiah'). Jesus is referred to 25 times by the name Isa, third-person 48 times, first-person 35 times and the rest as titles in the Quran.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The Quran emphasizes the creationism of Jesus, through his similitude with Adam in regards to the absence of human origin. Muhammad often used to compare the births of Adam and Jesus.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Islamic exegesis extrapolates a logical inconsistency behind the Christian argument of divine intervention, as such implications would have ascribed divinity to Adam who is understood only as creation.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Muslim commentators claim that the original Greek word used was "periklutos", meaning famed, illustrious, or praiseworthy—rendered in Arabic as Ahmad; and that this was replaced by Christians with "parakletos". This idea is debated, asking if the traditional understanding is supported by the text of the Quran.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Islamic theology claims Jesus had foretold another prophet succeeding him according to Sura 61:6, with the mention of the name "Ahmad". (Ahmad is an Arabic name from the same triconsonantal root Ḥ-M-D = [ح – م – د].) In responding to Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad, the Sirat Rasul Allah, Islamic scholar Alfred Guillaume wrote:

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: In "Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal", al-Shahrastani (d. 1153), an influential Persian historian, historiographer, scholar, philosopher and theologian, records a portrayal of Jesus very close to the orthodox tenets while continuing the Islamic narrative:

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Early Sufis adopted the sayings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount and an ascetic dimension. The submission and sacrifice Jesus exemplified shows the Muslim is to be set apart from worldly compromises. In poetry and mysticism, Jesus was celebrated as a prophet close to the heart of God achieving an uncommon degree of self-denial.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Although the writings developed over the centuries embellished Jesus’ miracles, the lessons of Jesus can be seen as metaphors of the inner life. These rich and diverse presentations of Jesus in Sufi traditions are the largest body of Jesus-texts in any non-Christian tradition.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The miraculous birth and life of Jesus becomes a metaphor for Rumi of the spiritual rebirth that is possible within each human soul. This rebirth is not achieved without effort; one needs to practice silence, poverty, and fasting—themes that were prominent in Jesus’ life according to Islamic traditions.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Ibn Arabi stated Jesus was Al-Insān al-Kāmil, the spirit and simultaneously a servant of God. Jesus is held to be "one with God" in whole coincidence of will, not as a being. Due to the spirit of God dwelling in Jesus, God spoke and acted through him. Yet Jesus is not considered to be God, but a person within God's word and spirit and a manifestation of God's attributes, like a mirror.

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: The conception of Jesus as described by Ibn Arabi (d. 1240), an Andalusian scholar, Sufi mystic, poet and philosopher, in the "Bezels of Wisdom":

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Jesus in Islam

Context: Based upon several Hadith narrations of Muhammad, Jesus can be physically described thus (with any differences in Jesus’ physical description being due to Muhammad describing him when seeing him at different occasions, such as during his ascension to Heaven, or when describing Jesus during Jesus' second coming):

Question: متي ولد المسيح أبن مريم؟


Calakmul

Context: Calakmul (; also Kalakmul and other less frequent variants) is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche, deep in the jungles of the greater Petén Basin region. It is from the Guatemalan border. Calakmul was one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities ever uncovered in the Maya lowlands.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Throughout the , Calakmul maintained an intense rivalry with the major city of Tikal to the south, and the political maneuverings of these two cities have been likened to a struggle between two Maya superpowers.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Rediscovered from the air by biologist Cyrus L. Lundell of the Mexican Exploitation Chicle Company on December 29, 1931, the find was reported to Sylvanus G. Morley of the Carnegie Institute at Chichen Itza in March 1932.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: At the beginning of the 21st century the area around Calakmul remained covered by dense forest. During the 1st millennium AD the area received moderate and regular rainfall, although there is less surface water available than further south in Guatemala. Calakumul is now located within the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. The area conserved within the Reserve was conceptualized by the Centro de Investigaciones Historicas y Sociales de Universidad Autónomous de Campeche (CIHS/UAC).

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: At its height in the Late Classic period the city is estimated to have had a population of 50,000 inhabitants and to have covered an area of over . The city was the capital of a large regional state with an area of about . During the Terminal Classic the city's population declined dramatically and the rural population plummeted to 10% of its former level.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: The Late Classic population density of Calakmul has been calculated at 1000/km² (2564 per square mile) in the site core and 420/km² (1076 per square mile) in the periphery (an area of . Calakmul was a true urban city and not just an elite centre surrounded by commoner residences. The site core of Calakmul was known in ancient times as Ox Te' Tuun ("Three Stones") which may have been because of the triadic pyramid Structure 2.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: The Emblem Glyph of Calakmul has a greater distribution than the Emblem Glyph of any other Maya city. The Glyph is also found in more hieroglyphic texts than any other Emblem Glyph, including that of Tikal. Calakmul administered a large domain marked by the extensive distribution of their emblem glyph of the snake head sign, to be read "Kaan". Calakmul was the seat of what has been dubbed the Snake Kingdom. At times the city had governance over places as far away as 150 kilometers.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: The kings of Calakmul were known as "k'uhul kan ajawob" () ("Divine Lords of the Snake Kingdom"). This list is not continuous, as the archaeological record is incomplete. All dates AD.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: By the middle of the 6th century AD Calakmul was assembling a far-reaching political alliance, activity that brought the city into conflict with the great city of Tikal. The influence of Calakmul extended deep into the Petén; king Tuun K'ab' Hix of Calakmul oversaw the enthronement of Aj Wosal to the rulership of Naranjo in 546. Another vassal of Tuun K'ab' Hix was taken captive by Yaxchilan on the banks of the Usumacinta River in 537.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: The next ruler of Calakmul, Split Earth, is mentioned on a pair of carved bones in the tomb of Tikal king Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. He was ruling by November 695 but it is not known if he was a legitimate member of the Calakmul dynasty or whether he was a pretender placed on the throne by Tikal.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Five large stelae were raised in 741, although the name of the king responsible is illegible on all of them and he has been labelled as Ruler Y. Calakmul's presence in the wider Maya area continued to wane, with two of the city's major allies suffering defeats at the hands of Tikal. El Peru was defeated in 743 and Naranjo a year later and this resulted in the final collapse of Calakmul's once powerful alliance network, while Tikal underwent a resurgence in its power.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: In 751 Ruler Z erected a stela that was never finished, paired with another with the portrait of a queen. A hieroglyphic stairway mentions someone called B'olon K'awiil at about the same time. B'olon K'awiil was king by 771 when he raised two stelae and he was mentioned at Toniná in 789. Sites to the north of Calakmul showed a reduction in its influence at this time, with new architectural styles influenced by sites further north in the Yucatán Peninsula.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: The site core of Calakmul covers an area of approximately , an area that contains the remains of roughly 1000 structures. The periphery occupied by smaller residential structures beyond the site core covers an area of more than within which archaeologists have mapped approximately 6250 structures. Calakmul matches the great city of Tikal in size and estimated population, although the density of the city appears to have been greater than that city.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Many commoners residences were built along the edge of El Laberinto swamp to the west of the site core, although some high-status residences and public buildings were interspersed among these. The area between the residences was used for horticulture.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: The site is surrounded by an extensive network of canals and reservoirs. There are five major reservoirs, including the largest example in the Maya world, measuring . This reservoir is filled by a small seasonal river during the rainy season and continues to hold enough water for it to be used by archaeologists in modern times.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Thirteen reservoirs have been identified at Calakmul. The combined capacity of all the reservoirs is estimated at over . This quantity of water could have supported 50,000 to 100,000 people; there is no evidence that the reservoirs were used to irrigate crops.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Sacbe 1 is long and is lined and filled with stone. It is located within the mapped urban area of the site core. Sacbe 1 was first mapped in the 1930s by the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Sacbe 2 is long. It has been mapped within the urban area of the site core. Sacbe 2 is built of packed earth and was discovered during the archaeological excavation of a nearby quarry. This causeway may have been built to transport stone from the quarry in order to build Structures 1 and 3.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Sacbe 3 extends northeast from the site core and is visible from the summit of Structure 1. It was first discovered in 1982.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Sacbe 4 runs southeast from the site core, it is also visible from the summit of Structure 1 and was discovered in 1982.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Sacbe 5 runs westwards from the main watering hole, across El Laberinto seasonal swamp and carries on for a total distance of or more towards Sasilhá.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Sacbe 6 runs southwest across El Laberinto "bajo" and links Calakmul with El Mirador ( to the southwest) and, beyond it, El Tintal (an additional .

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Structure 1 (or Structure I) is a pyramid to the east of the site core. A number of stelae were erected at its base by Yuknoom Took' K'awiil in 731. Because it was built on a low hill, Structure 1 appears to be higher than Structure 2, although this is not the case.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Structure 3 (or Structure III, also known as the Lundell Palace) is southeast of Structure 4, on the east side of the Central Plaza. It is a building with multiple rooms.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Structure 4 (or Structure IV) is a group of three temples on the east side of the Central Plaza. It is divided into three sections, labelled Structures 4a, 4b and 4c. The central Structure 4b is built upon a substructure dating to the Preclassic period. Together with Structure 6 on the opposite side of the plaza, these buildings form an E-Group that may have been used to determine the solstices and the equinoxes.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Structure 5 (or Structure V) is a large building located on the plaza to the north of Structure 2. It was surrounded by 10 stelae, many dated to the 7th century AD although the building itself was first erected in the Preclassic period.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Structure 6 (or Structure VI) is on the west side of the Central Plaza and, together with Structures 4a, 4b and 4c, forms an E-Group astronomical complex. In 1989 observations verified that on March 21, the vernal equinox, the sun rose behind Structure 4b as seen from Structure 6.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Structure 7 (or Structure VII) is a temple pyramid on the north side of the Central Plaza. It faces south and stands high. Five plain stelae were erected on the south side of the pyramid. It underwent several construction phases from in the Late to Terminal Classic. The pyramid was topped by a three-room temple that possessed a tall stucco-covered roof comb. A patolli game board was carved into the floor of the outermost room of the temple.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Structure 8 (or Structure VIII) is a small building located on the north side of the Central Plaza, to the east of Structure 7. It is associated with Stela 1 and its altar.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 9 is a thin slate monument dated to 662. Its text describes the birth of king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak' and gives him his full royal title.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 28 and Stela 29 were erected in 623 and are the earliest monuments to survive from Late Classic Calakmul. They depict a royal couple but the texts are too poorly preserved to reveal their names.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 33 was erected by Yuknoom Che'en II in 657 and records an event in the reign of Uneh Chan, who may have been his father. The event was celebrated in 593.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 43 dates to AD 514. It was set in a vaulted chamber near the base of Structure 2. The text is damaged but carries an early spelling of the "k'uhul chatan winik" non-royal noble title used in Calakmul and the Mirador Basin.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 50 is one of the last monuments erected during the final decline of the city. It bears a crude, clumsily executed portrait.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 51 is the best preserved monument at Calakmul. It depicts Yuknoom Took' K'awiil and dates to AD 731.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 57 is a tall stela erected in 771 by B'olon K'awiil. It is paired with Stela 58 and stands to the east of Structure 13.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 58 is the second of a pair erected by B'olon K'awiil in 771, the other being Stela 57. It was erected to the east of Structure 13.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 61 is a late monument bearing the name Aj Took'. It is a stunted stela with a badly eroded portrait and a shortened date form that is equivalent to a date either in 899 or 909, probably the latter.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 62 was unfinished. It was carved to mark the K'atun-ending ceremony of 751 and bears the damaged name of Ruler Z.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 76 and Stela 78 are a pair of monuments dated to AD 633. They are badly eroded but should date to the reign of king Yuknoom Head.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 84 is one of the last monuments erected at Calakmul and bears an inscription that is an illiterate imitation of writing. It probably dates to the early 10th century AD.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 88 may have been paired with Stela 62. The monument has the image of a queen but her name is unknown. B'olon K'awiil also appears to be mentioned on the stela. It dates to around 751 and stands on the stairway of Structure 13. Stela 91 is another very late monument probably dating to the early 10th century. Like Stela 84, it bears an inscription that is a meaningless imitation of hieroglyphic writing.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 114 dates to AD 435, in the Early Classic. It was moved in antiquity to be reset into the base of Structure 2. The stela has a long hieroglyphic text that has resisted translation but probably commemorates a royal enthronement in 411.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Calakmul

Context: Stela 115 and Stela 116 date to the reign of Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak'. They were broken and buried in Structure 2 and may be associated with the royal burial in Tomb 4.

Question: أين تقع مدينة كالاكمول؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In gravitational-wave astronomy, observations of gravitational waves are used to infer data about the sources of gravitational waves. Sources that can be studied this way include binary star systems composed of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes; events such as supernovae; and the formation of the early universe shortly after the Big Bang.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In principle, gravitational waves could exist at any frequency. However, very low frequency waves would be impossible to detect, and there is no credible source for detectable waves of very high frequency as well. Stephen Hawking and Werner Israel list different frequency bands for gravitational waves that could plausibly be detected, ranging from 10−7 Hz up to 1011 Hz.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In October 2017, the LIGO and Virgo detectors received gravitational wave signals within 2 seconds of gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes seeing signals from the same direction. This confirmed that the speed of gravitational waves was the same as the speed of light.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In the same period, the first indirect evidence of gravitational waves was discovered. In 1974, Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. discovered the first binary pulsar, which earned them the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics. Pulsar timing observations over the next decade showed a gradual decay of the orbital period of the Hulse–Taylor pulsar that matched the loss of energy and angular momentum in gravitational radiation predicted by general relativity.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: A year earlier, the BICEP2 claimed that they had detected the imprint of gravitational waves in the cosmic microwave background. However, they were later forced to retract this result.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne and Barry Barish for their role in the detection of gravitational waves.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: The speed, wavelength, and frequency of a gravitational wave are related by the equation "c = λ f", just like the equation for a light wave. For example, the animations shown here oscillate roughly once every two seconds. This would correspond to a frequency of 0.5 Hz, and a wavelength of about 600 000 km, or 47 times the diameter of the Earth.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: More technically, the second time derivative of the quadrupole moment (or the "l"-th time derivative of the "l"-th multipole moment) of an isolated system's stress–energy tensor must be non-zero in order for it to emit gravitational radiation. This is analogous to the changing dipole moment of charge or current that is necessary for the emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: where "r" is the separation between the bodies, "t" time, "G" the gravitational constant, "c" the speed of light, and "m"1 and "m"2 the masses of the bodies. This leads to an expected time to merger of

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: Black hole binaries emit gravitational waves during their in-spiral, merger, and ring-down phases. The largest amplitude of emission occurs during the merger phase, which can be modeled with the techniques of numerical relativity. The first direct detection of gravitational waves, GW150914, came from the merger of two black holes.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: Water waves, sound waves, and electromagnetic waves are able to carry energy, momentum, and angular momentum and by doing so they carry those away from the source. Gravitational waves perform the same function. Thus, for example, a binary system loses angular momentum as the two orbiting objects spiral towards each other—the angular momentum is radiated away by gravitational waves.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: Like electromagnetic waves, gravitational waves should exhibit shifting of wavelength and frequency due to the relative velocities of the source and observer (the Doppler effect), but also due to distortions of spacetime, such as cosmic expansion. This is the case even though gravity itself is a cause of distortions of spacetime. Redshifting "of" gravitational waves is different from redshifting "due to" gravity (gravitational redshift).

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In the framework of quantum field theory, the graviton is the name given to a hypothetical elementary particle speculated to be the force carrier that mediates gravity. However the graviton is not yet proven to exist, and no scientific model yet exists that successfully reconciles general relativity, which describes gravity, and the Standard Model, which describes all other fundamental forces. Attempts, such as quantum gravity, have been made, but are not yet accepted.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: Only in the case of GW170814 were three detectors operating at the time of the event, therefore, the direction is precisely defined. The detection by all three instruments led to a very accurate estimate of the position of the source, with a 90% credible region of just 60 deg2, a factor 20 more accurate than before.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: A supermassive black hole, created from the merger of the black holes at the center of two merging galaxies detected by the Hubble Space Telescope, is theorized to have been ejected from the merger center by gravitational waves.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: Inspirals are very important sources of gravitational waves. Any time two compact objects (white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes) are in close orbits, they send out intense gravitational waves. As they spiral closer to each other, these waves become more intense. At some point they should become so intense that direct detection by their effect on objects on Earth or in space is possible. This direct detection is the goal of several large-scale experiments.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: The only difficulty is that most systems like the Hulse–Taylor binary are so far away. The amplitude of waves given off by the Hulse–Taylor binary at Earth would be roughly "h" ≈ 10−26. There are some sources, however, that astrophysicists expect to find that produce much greater amplitudes of "h" ≈ 10−20. At least eight other binary pulsars have been discovered.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: Gravitational waves are not easily detectable. When they reach the Earth, they have a small amplitude with strain approximately 10−21, meaning that an extremely sensitive detector is needed, and that other sources of noise can overwhelm the signal. Gravitational waves are expected to have frequencies 10−16 Hz < "f" < 104 Hz.<ref name="arXiv:gr-qc/9506086"></ref>

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: The Einstein@Home project is a distributed computing project similar to SETI@home intended to detect this type of gravitational wave. By taking data from LIGO and GEO, and sending it out in little pieces to thousands of volunteers for parallel analysis on their home computers, Einstein@Home can sift through the data far more quickly than would be possible otherwise.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: The principal source of GWs to which pulsar timing arrays are sensitive are super-massive black hole binaries, that form from the collision of galaxies. In addition to individual binary systems, pulsar timing arrays are sensitive to a stochastic background of GWs made from the sum of GWs from many galaxy mergers. Other potential signal sources include cosmic strings and the primordial background of GWs from cosmic inflation.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: Primordial gravitational waves are gravitational waves observed in the cosmic microwave background. They were allegedly detected by the BICEP2 instrument, an announcement made on 17 March 2014, which was withdrawn on 30 January 2015 ("the signal can be entirely attributed to dust in the Milky Way").

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: Since then LIGO and Virgo have reported more gravitational wave observations from merging black hole binaries.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In 2021, the detection of the first two neutron star-black hole binaries by the LIGO and VIRGO detectors was published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, allowing to first set bounds on the quantity of such systems. No neutron star-black hole binary had ever been observed using conventional means before the gravitational observation.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: An episode of the 1962 Russian science-fiction novel "Space Apprentice" by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky shows the experiment monitoring the propagation of gravitational waves at the expense of annihilating a chunk of asteroid 15 Eunomia the size of Mount Everest.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In Stanislaw Lem's 1986 novel "Fiasco", a "gravity gun" or "gracer" (gravity amplification by collimated emission of resonance) is used to reshape a collapsar, so that the protagonists can exploit the extreme relativistic effects and make an interstellar journey.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In Greg Egan's 1997 novel "Diaspora", the analysis of a gravitational wave signal from the inspiral of a nearby binary neutron star reveals that its collision and merger is imminent, implying a large gamma-ray burst is going to impact the Earth.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Gravitational wave

Context: In Liu Cixin's 2006 "Remembrance of Earth's Past" series, gravitational waves are used as an interstellar broadcast signal, which serves as a central plot point in the conflict between civilizations within the galaxy.

Question: من هو أول من إكتشف موجات الجاذبية على الأرض؟


Tashkent

Context: In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the province were known as "Chach". The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi also refers to the city as Chach.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: The Turkic rulers of Chach minted their coins with the inscription on the obverse side of the "lord of the Khakan money" (mid-8th century); with an inscription in the ruler Turk (VII century), in Nudjket in the middle of the VIII century, coins were issued with the obverse inscription “Nanchu (Banchu) Ertegin sovereign".

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: According to the descriptions of the authors of the 10th century, Shash was structurally divided into a citadel, an inner city (madina) and two suburbs - an inner (rabad-dahil) and an outer (rabad-harij). The citadel, surrounded by a special wall with two gates, contained the ruler's palace and the prison.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: Under the Samanid Empire, whose founder Ismail Samani was a descendant of Persian Zoroastrian convert to Islam, the city came to be known as Binkath. However, the Arabs retained the old name of "Chach" for the surrounding region, pronouncing it "ash-Shāsh" () instead. Kand, qand, kent, kad, kath, kud—all meaning a city—are derived from the Persian/Sogdian کنده (kanda), meaning a town or a city. They are found in city names such as Samarkand, Yarkand, Panjakent, Khujand etc.).

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: The city was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219 and lost much of its population as a result of the Mongols' destruction of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1220.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: Under the Timurid and subsequent Shaybanid dynasties, the city's population and culture gradually revived as a prominent strategic center of scholarship, commerce and trade along the Silk Road.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: Later the city was subordinated to Shaybanid Abdullah Khan II (the ruler actually from 1557, officially in 1583–1598), who issued his coins here

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: Yesim-Khan ruled the Kazakh Khanate from 1598 to 1628, his main merit was that he managed to unite the Kazakh khanate.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: Closest geographic cities with populations of over 1 million are: Shymkent (Kazakhstan), Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), Kashgar (China), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Kabul (Afghanistan) and Peshawar (Pakistan).

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: Uzbek is the main spoken language as well as Russian for inter-ethnic communication. As with most of Uzbekistan, street signs and other things are often a mix of Latin and Cyrillic scripts.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: The Russian Orthodox church in Amir Temur Square, built in 1898, was demolished in 2009. The building had not been allowed to be used for religious purposes since the 1920s due to the anti-religious campaign conducted across the former Soviet Union by the Bolshevik (communist) government in Moscow. During the Soviet period the building was used for different non-religious purposes; after independence it was a bank.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Tashkent

Context: Cyclist Djamolidine Abdoujaparov was born in the city, while tennis player Denis Istomin was raised there.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن أوزبكستان؟


Nicene Creed

Context: The original Nicene Creed (; ; ) was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. In 381, it was amended at the First Council of Constantinople. The amended form is also referred to as the Nicene Creed, or the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed for disambiguation.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: The Nicene Creed is the defining statement of belief of Nicene or mainstream Christianity and in those Christian denominations that adhere to it. The Nicene Creed is part of the profession of faith required of those undertaking important functions within the Catholic Church.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: Nicene Christianity regards Jesus as divine and co-eternal with God the Father. Various non-Nicene doctrines, beliefs, and creeds have been formed since the fourth century, all of which are considered heresies by adherents of Nicene Christianity.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: In Western Christianity, the Nicene Creed is in use alongside the less widespread Apostles' Creed. In musical settings, particularly when sung in Latin, this creed is usually referred to by its first word, "Credo". On Sundays and solemnities, one of these two creeds is recited in the Roman Rite Mass after the homily. In the Byzantine Rite, the Nicene Creed is sung or recited at the Divine Liturgy, immediately preceding the Anaphora (eucharistic prayer), and is also recited daily at compline.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: The original Nicene Creed was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea, which opened on 19 June 325. The text ends with anathemas against Arian propositions, preceded by the words: "We believe in the Holy Spirit" which terminates the statements of belief.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: The 1911 "Catholic Encyclopedia" says that, soon after the Council of Nicaea, the church composed new formulae of faith, most of them variations of the Nicene Symbol, to meet new phases of Arianism, of which there were at least four before the Council of Sardica (341), at which a new form was presented and inserted in its acts, although the council did not accept it.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: It differs in a number of respects, both by addition and omission, from the creed adopted at the First Council of Nicaea. The most notable difference is the additional section:"And [we believe] in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver-of-Life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spake by the prophets.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: The following table, which indicates by [square brackets] the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, and uses "italics" to indicate what phrases, absent in the 325 text, were added in 381, juxtaposes the earlier (AD 325) and later (AD 381) forms of this creed in the English translation given in Philip Schaff's compilation "The Creeds of Christendom" (1877).

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: The view that the Nicene Creed can serve as a touchstone of true Christian faith is reflected in the name "symbol of faith", which was given to it in Greek and Latin, when in those languages the word "symbol" meant a "token for identification (by comparison with a counterpart)".

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: In the Roman Rite mass, the Latin text of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, with "Deum de Deo" (God from God) and "Filioque" (and from the Son), phrases absent in the original text, was previously the only form used for the "profession of faith". The Roman Missal now refers to it jointly with the Apostles' Creed as "the Symbol or Profession of Faith or Creed", describing the second as "the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed".

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: Some evangelical and other Christians consider the Nicene Creed helpful and to a certain extent authoritative, but not infallibly so in view of their belief that only Scripture is truly authoritative. Non-Trinitarian groups, such as the Church of the New Jerusalem, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Jehovah's Witnesses, explicitly reject some of the statements in the Nicene Creed.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: There are several designations for the two forms of the Nicene creed, some with overlapping meanings:

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: This section is not meant to collect the texts of all liturgical versions of the Nicene Creed, and provides only three, the Greek, the Latin, and the Armenian, of special interest. Others are mentioned separately, but without the texts. All ancient liturgical versions, even the Greek, differ at least to some small extent from the text adopted by the First Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople. The Creed was originally written in Greek, owing among other things to the location of the two councils.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: An English translation of the Armenian text is added; English translations of the Greek and Latin liturgical texts are given at English versions of the Nicene Creed in current use.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: Again, the terms "" and "consubstantialem", translated as "of one being" or "consubstantial", have different overtones, being based respectively on Greek (stable being, immutable reality, substance, essence, true nature), and Latin "substantia" (that of which a thing consists, the being, essence, contents, material, substance).

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: "Credo", which in classical Latin is used with the accusative case of the thing held to be true (and with the dative of the person to whom credence is given), is here used three times with the preposition "in", a literal translation of the Greek "" (in unum Deum ..., in unum Dominum ..., in Spiritum Sanctum ...), and once in the classical preposition-less construction (unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam).

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: The version in the Church Slavonic language, used by several Eastern Orthodox churches is practically identical with the Greek liturgical version.

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Nicene Creed

Context: The versions used by Oriental Orthodoxy and the Church of the East may differ from the Greek liturgical version in having "We believe", as in the original text, instead of "I believe".

Question: ما هو دستور الايمان النيقاوي؟


Colored gold

Context: All the AuX2 intermetallics have the fluorite (CaF2) crystal structure, and, therefore, are brittle. Deviation from the stoichiometry results in loss of color. Slightly nonstoichiometric compositions are used, however, to achieve a fine-grained two- or three-phase microstructure with reduced brittleness. Another way of reducing brittleness is to add a small amount of palladium, copper, or silver.

Question: من أين يستخرج الذهب الأبيض؟


Colored gold

Context: A range of colors from brown to black can be achieved on copper-rich alloys by treatment with potassium sulfide.

Question: من أين يستخرج الذهب الأبيض؟


Puppetry

Context: China has a history of puppetry dating back 3000 years, originally in "pi-yung xi", the "theatre of the lantern shadows", or as it is more commonly known today, Chinese shadow theatre. By the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD), puppets played to all social classes including the courts, yet puppeteers, as in Europe, were considered to be from a lower social stratum.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In Taiwan, budaixi puppet shows, somewhat similar to the Japanese bunraku, occur with puppeteers working in the background or underground. Some very experienced puppeteers can manipulate their puppets to perform various stunts, for example, somersaults in the air.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Korea's tradition of puppetry is thought to have come from China. The oldest historical evidence of puppetry in Korea comes from a letter written in 982 A.D. from Choe Seung-roe to the King. In Korean, the word for puppet is "Kkoktugakshi". "Gagsi" means a "bride" or a "young woman", which was the most common form the dolls took. A kkoktugakshi puppet play has eight scenes.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: India has a long tradition of puppetry. In the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata" there are references to puppets. Kathputli, a form of string puppet performance native to Rajasthan, is notable and there are many Indian ventriloquists and puppeteers. The first Indian ventriloquist, Professor Y. K. Padhye, introduced this form of puppetry to India in the 1920s and his son, Ramdas Padhye, subsequently popularised ventriloquism and puppetry. Almost all types of puppets are found in India.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Rod puppets are an extension of glove-puppets, but are often much larger and supported and manipulated by rods from below. This form of puppetry now is found mostly in West Bengal and Orissa. The traditional rod puppet form of West Bengal is known as "Putul Nautch". They are carved from wood and follow the various artistic styles of a particular region. The traditional rod puppet of Bihar is known as "Yampuri".

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Afghanistan has produced a form of puppetry known as buz-baz. During a performance a puppeteer will simultaneously operate a marionette of a markhor while playing a dambura (long-necked lute).

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In other areas, the style of shadow puppetry known as "khayal al-zill", a metaphor translated as "shadows of the imagination" or "shadow of fancy", still survives. This is a shadow play with live music, "the accompaniment of drums, tambourines and flutes...also..."special effects" – smoke, fire, thunder, rattles, squeaks, thumps, and whatever else might elicit a laugh or a shudder from his audience"

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In ancient Greece and ancient Rome clay dolls, and a few of ivory, dated from around 500 BC, were found in children's tombs. These dolls had articulated arms and legs, and in some cases an iron rod extending up from the tops of their heads. This rod was used to manipulate the doll from above, as it is done today in Sicilian puppetry. A few of these dolls had strings in place of rods. Some researchers believe these ancient figures were simply toys and not puppets, due to their small size.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: From 1957 to 1969, Gerry Anderson produced many television series starring marionettes, starting with Roberta Leigh's "The Adventures of Twizzle" and ending with "The Secret Service". Many of these series (the most famous of which was "Thunderbirds") employed a technique called Supermarionation, which automatically synchronized the pre-recorded character dialogue to the puppets' mouth movements. Anderson returned to puppetry in 1983 with "Terrahawks" and the unaired pilot "Space Police" in 1987.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Many regional variants of Pulcinella were developed as the character spread across Europe. In the Netherlands it is "Jan Klaassen" (and Judy is "Katrijn"); in Denmark "Mester Jackel"; in Russia "Petrushka"; and in Romania "Vasilache". In Russia, the Central Puppet Theatre in Moscow and its branches in every part of the country enhanced the reputation of the puppeteer and puppetry in general.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: There is a long tradition of puppetry in Germany and Austria. Much of it derives from the 16th-century tradition of the Italian commedia dell'arte. The German version of the British character of 'Punch' is called Kasperle of Kaspar while Judy is called Grete. In the 18th century, operas were specifically composed for marionette puppets. Gluck, Haydn, de Falla and Respighi all composed adult operas for marionettes.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In 1855, Count Franz Pocci founded the Munich Marionette Theatre. A German dramatist, poet, painter and composer, Pocci wrote 40 puppet plays for his theatre. Albrecht Roser has made a considerable impact with his marionettes in Stuttgart. His characters "Clown Gustaf" and "Grandmother" are well-known. "Grandmother", while outwardly charming, is savagely humorous in her observations about all aspects of society and the absurdities of life.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In Lindau, the Lindau Marionette Opera was founded in 2000 by Bernard Leismueller and Ralf Hechelmann. The company performs a large number of operas as well as a marionette ballet, "Swan Lake".

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In Augsburg, the historic Augsburg Marionette Theatre was founded in 1943 by Walter Oehmichen. It continues to this day along with an adjoining puppet museum under the grandsons of the founder, Klaus Marschall and Juergen Marschall.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: There is also a marionette theatre at Schoenbrunn Palace in Vienna founded by Christine Hierzer-Riedler and Werner Hierzer over 40 years ago. The marionette theatre performs world famous operas, musicals and fairy tales.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In 1911, Jindřich Veselý co-founded the Czech Association of Friends of Puppet Theatre and in 1912 advocated the publication of the oldest specialist puppet-theatre magazine still published today, "Loutkář". Veselý played a key role in founding UNIMA (International Puppetry Association) in 1929, and was elected its first president.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: The Teotihuacan culture (Central Mexico) of 600 AD made figurines with moveable arms and legs as part of their funerary rites. Native Americans also used ceremonial puppets.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In 1519, two puppeteers accompanied Hernando Cortez on his first journey to Mexico. Europeans brought their own puppet traditions with them, but gradually distinctive styles, forms and puppet characters developed in North America.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: During the Depression, folk puppeteers traveled with carnivals, working with their own scripts and with dioramas and marionettes of their own manufacture.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Sid and Marty Krofft are two of Americas most well known puppeteers and were mainly known for their live action children's TV series in the 60s and 70s namely HR Puffinstuff and Lidsville.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Puppets also have been used in the "Star Wars" films, notably with the character of Yoda. His voice and manipulation was provided by Frank Oz.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: The Aboriginal peoples of Australia have a long tradition of oral storytelling which goes back many thousands of years. They used masks and other objects to convey deep and meaningful themes about morality and nature. Masks were carved from wood and heavily decorated with paint and feathers.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In Australia in the 1960s, Peter Scriven founded the Marionette Theatre of Australia and staged beautiful marionette productions such as "The Tintookies", "Little Fella Bindi", "The Explorers" and "The Water Babies".

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: David Hamilton, one of the last remaining marionette puppeteers in Australia, tours independently and formerly toured under the auspices of the Queensland Arts Council. Some of his puppets were displayed in a special puppet exhibition mounted at the Queensland Performing Arts Complex in 2018.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Comedian and radio broadcaster Jamie Dunn was famous for his Muppet-style character, Agro, who featured on several Seven Network television programs throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Formally trained in the United States by puppeteers from the Jim Henson Company, Brett Hansen and his Brisbane-based Larrikin Puppets company is one of only a few Muppet-style puppeteers actively performing in Australia. Cabaret Puppet Theatre, based in Brisbane's Redlands area, also tours with productions for children and adults.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In Melbourne, Handspan Theatre (1977–2002) evolved from humble collective beginnings to a large, design-rich theatre format dubbed 'Visual Theatre', and became a hothouse for innovative projects and multimedia collaborations within Australia and around the world.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: A post-graduate course existed at the Victorian College of the Arts, University of Melbourne in the late 1990s, but has since been discontinued.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Australian puppeteer Norman Hetherington was famous for his marionette, Mr. Squiggle, who featured on an Australian Broadcasting Commission television program from 1 July 1959 until 9 July 1999. In every episode he would create several pictures from "squiggles" sent in by children from around the country.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Richard Bradshaw OAM is another famous Australian puppeteer. He is a past president of UNIMA Australia, former artistic director of the Marionette Theatre Company of Australia, and does shadow puppetry and writing in the field.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Rod Hull also made a contribution with his puppet Emu. In the 1960s, Hull presented a children's breakfast television programme in Australia.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Snuff Puppets is one of Australia's modern puppet theatre troupes. Based in Melbourne, their work is full of wild black humour, political and sexual satire, and a handmade aesthetic. Snuff Puppets has performed in over 15 countries, including tours to major festivals in Asia, South America and Europe.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: There is an annual winter festival of puppets at the City of Melbourne's ArtPlay and at Federation Square in Melbourne.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: In Sydney, Jeral Puppets, founded by John and Jackie Lewis in 1966, regularly performs at Puppeteria Puppet Theatre and on tour.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: Spare Parts Puppet Theatre of Fremantle, Western Australia was founded by Peter Wilson, Cathryn Robinson, and Beverley Campbell-Jackson in 1981, as part of an artist-in-residency program initiated by the WA Institute of Technology (now Curtin University of Technology). The company's first project was a puppet adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus" for the 1981 Festival of Perth.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: The Jim Henson Foundation, founded by puppeteer and Muppet creator Jim Henson, is a philanthropic, charitable organization created to promote and develop puppetry in the United States. It has bestowed 440 grants to innovative puppet theatre artists. Puppetry troupes in the early 21st-century such as HomeGrown Theatre in Boise, Idaho continue the avant garde satirical tradition for millennials.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Puppetry

Context: The International Puppet Festival (PIF) has taken place annually in mid-September Zagreb, Croatia. since 1968.

Question: ماذا يسمى مسرح العرائس في مصر؟


Languages of India

Context: The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages, which have been referred to as "scheduled" languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of "classical language" to Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. Classical language status is given to languages which have a rich heritage and independent nature.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The Southern Indian languages are from the Dravidian family. The Dravidian languages are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. Proto-Dravidian languages were spoken in India in the 4th millennium BCE and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE. The Dravidian languages are classified in four groups: North, Central (Kolami–Parji), South-Central (Telugu–Kui), and South Dravidian (Tamil-Kannada).

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Bangla on the other hand has retained its Sanskritic roots while heavily expanding its vocabulary with words from Persian, English, French and other foreign languages.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped. "Ethnologue", produced by the Christian evangelist organisation SIL International, lists 461 tongues for India (out of 6,912 worldwide), 447 of which are living, while 14 are extinct. The 447 living languages are further subclassified in "Ethnologue" as follows:

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The People's Linguistic Survey of India, a privately owned research institution in India, has recorded over 66 different scripts and more than 780 languages in India during its nationwide survey, which the organisation claims to be the biggest linguistic survey in India.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The People of India (POI) project of Anthropological Survey of India reported 325 languages which are used for in-group communication by 5,633 Indian communities.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The 1991 census recognises 1,576 classified mother tongues. According to the 1991 census, 22 languages had more than a million native speakers, 50 had more than 100,000 and 114 had more than 10,000 native speakers. The remaining accounted for a total of 566,000 native speakers (out of a total of 838 million Indians in 1991).

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: As per the census of 2001, there are 1635 rationalised mother tongues, 234 identifiable mother tongues and 22 major languages. Of these, 29 languages have more than a million native speakers, 60 have more than 100,000 and 122 have more than 10,000 native speakers. There are a few languages like Kodava that do not have a script but have a group of native speakers in Coorg (Kodagu).

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The following list consist of Indian subcontinent languages' total speakers worldwide in the 2019 edition of "Ethnologue", a language reference published by SIL International, which is based in the United States.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Ethnolinguistically, the languages of South Asia, echoing the complex history and geography of the region, form a complex patchwork of language families, language phyla and isolates. Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians. The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are:

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The largest of the language families represented in India, in terms of speakers, is the Indo-Aryan language family, a branch of the Indo-Iranian family, itself the easternmost, extant subfamily of the Indo-European language family.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: This language family predominates, accounting for some 1035 million speakers, or over 76.5 of the population, as per a 2018 estimate.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Families with smaller numbers of speakers are Austroasiatic and numerous small Sino-Tibetan languages, with some 10 and 6 million speakers, respectively, together 3% of the population.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The Austroasiatic language family ("austro" meaning South) is the autochthonous language in Southeast Asia, arrived by migration. Austroasiatic languages of mainland India are the Khasi and Munda languages, including Bhumij and Santali. The languages of the Nicobar islands also form part of this language family. With the exceptions of Khasi and Santali, all Austroasiatic languages on Indian territory are endangered.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The Tibeto-Burman language family are well represented in India. However, their interrelationships are not discernible, and the family has been described as "a patch of leaves on the forest floor" rather than with the conventional metaphor of a "family tree".

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The only language found in the Indian mainland that is considered a language isolate is Nihali. The status of Nihali is ambiguous, having been considered as a distinct Austroasiatic language, as a dialect of Korku and also as being a "thieves' argot" rather than a legitimate language.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The other language isolates found in the rest of South Asia include Burushaski, a language spoken in Gilgit–Baltistan (administered by Pakistan), Kusunda (in western Nepal), and Vedda (in Sri Lanka). The validity of the Great Andamanese language group as a language family has been questioned and it has been considered a language isolate by some authorities.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Prior to Independence, in British India, English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Hindustani, evolved from "khari boli" (खड़ी बोली), a prominent tongue of Mughal times, which itself evolved from Apabhraṃśa, an intermediary transition stage from Prakrit, from which the major North Indian Indo-Aryan languages have evolved.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Until the Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi, Konkani, Meitei and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as of 1 December 2007, lists 22 languages, which are given in the table below together with the regions where they are used.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages. Jammu and Kashmir used to have Urdu, which is spoken by fewer than 1% of the population, as the sole official language until 2020. Meghalaya uses English spoken by 0.01% of the population. This phenomenon has turned majority languages into "minority languages" in a functional sense.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to select their own official language – a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has declared the Bodo language as official for the region, in addition to Assamese and English already in use. and Bengali in the Barak Valley, as its official languages.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: In British India, English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes. When India became independent in 1947, the Indian legislators had the challenge of choosing a language for official communication as well as for communication between different linguistic regions across India. The choices available were:

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Marathi Language Day (मराठी दिन/मराठी दिवस (transl. Marathi Dina/Marathi Diwasa) is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa. This day is regulated by the State Government. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet Vi. Va. Shirwadkar, popularly known as Kusumagraj.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for all official purposes.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Over a period of many centuries the Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. Marathi has also influenced by the Austroasiatic, Dravidian and foreign languages such as Persian, Arabic. Marathi contains loanwords from Persian, Arabic, English and a little from French & Portuguese.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Tamil is an official language of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and Singapore. It is also recognized as a minority language in Canada, Malaysia, Mauritius and South Africa.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script in India, is one of the prominent languages of India with about 32 million speakers. In Pakistan it is spoken by over 80 million people and is written in the Shahmukhi alphabet. It is mainly spoken in Punjab but also in neighboring areas. It is an official language of Delhi and Punjab.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: Maithili (; "Maithilī") is an Indo-Aryan language native to India and Nepal. In India, it is widely spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states. Native speakers are also found in other states and union territories of India, most notably in Uttar Pradesh and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. In the 2011 census of India, It was reported by 1,35,83,464 people as their mother tongue comprising about 1.12% of the total population of India.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai, and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal. Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi. Today it is written in the Devanagari script.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised regional language of India, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: In 2004, the Government of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a "Classical Language" of India. Over the next few years, several languages were granted the Classical status, and demands have been made for other languages, including Bengali and Marathi.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: In a 2006 press release, Minister of Tourism and Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a "Classical Language",

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: As per Government of India's Resolution No. 2-16/2004-US (Akademies) dated 1 November 2004, the benefits that will accrue to a language declared as a "Classical Language" are:

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟


Languages of India

Context: The Government of India attempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns, coordinated by the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a branch of the Department of Higher Education, Language Bureau, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.

Question: ما هي اللغة الأصلية لسكان الهند ؟