Economy of Luxembourg

Context: Tourism is an important component of the national economy, representing about 8.3% of GDP in 2009 and employing some 25,000 people or 11.7% of the working population. Despite the current crisis, the Grand Duchy still welcomes over 900,000 visitors a year who spend an average of 2.5 nights in hotels, hostels or on camping sites. Business travel is flourishing representing 44% of overnight stays in the country and 60% in the capital, up 11% and 25% between 2009 and 2010.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: Luxembourg's small but productive agricultural sector is highly subsidized, mainly by the EU and the government. It employs about 1–3% of the work force. Most farmers are engaged in dairy and meat production. Vineyards in the Moselle Valley annually produce about 15 million litres of dry white wine, most of which is consumed within Luxembourg and also in Germany, France, and Belgium on a lesser scale.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: Establishing accounts depends on the size of companies, and referring to three criteria: total of the balance sheet (total of assets without losses of the accounting year), the net amount of the turnover (net, such as it appears on the profit and loss account) and the average number of the workforce.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: The control of medium and big companies must be made by one or several independent auditors of companies, appointed by the general assembly among the members of the Institute of Independent Auditors of Companies.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: The control of small companies must be made by an accountant appointed by the general assembly for definite duration.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: The accountants" associations have difficulties getting organized because of the importance of the State in the accounting system.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: Labour relations have been peaceful since the 1930s. Most industrial workers are organized by unions linked to one of the major political parties. Representatives of business, unions, and government participate in the conduct of major labour negotiations.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: Foreign investors often cite Luxembourg's labour relations as a primary reason for locating in the Grand Duchy. Unemployment in 1999 averaged less than 2.8% of the workforce, but reached 4.4% by 2007.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: In 1978, Luxembourg tried to build a 1,200 MW nuclear reactor but dropped the plans after threats of major protests.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: The world's biggest satellite operator (SES Global) has its origin and headquarters in Betzdorf, Luxembourg.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: In February 2016, the Government of Luxembourg announced that it would attempt to "jump-start an industrial sector to mine asteroid resources in space" by, among other things, creating a "legal framework" and regulatory incentives for companies involved in the industry.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: By June 2016, announced that it would "invest more than in research, technology demonstration, and in the direct purchase of equity in companies relocating to Luxembourg." By April 2017, three space mining corporations had established headquarters established in Luxembourg.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: Luxembourg's new law took effect in August 2017, ensuring that private operators can be confident about their rights on resources they extract in space. The law provides that space resources can be owned by anyone, not just by Luxembourg citizens or companies."

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: Trams have been reintroduced to the capital (first core line operative in end 2017) and further lines are planned, including a tram/light-rail to Esch-sur-Alzette. In 2019, almost all public transport was made free to use for both residents and visitors.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Economy of Luxembourg

Context: According to a note from the Luxembourg statistical agency, the Luxembourg economy was set to grow 4.0% in 2011. The economic situation was particularly dynamic in late 2010 and early 2011 but there were signs of a slowdown, both in the international economic environment and in terms of national indicators. GDP growth was set to enter a recession in 2012.

Question: ルクセンブルクの主要産業は何


Brunhild

Context: Richard Wagner made Brunhild (as ) an important character in his opera cycle . The majority of modern conceptions of the figure have been inspired or influenced by Wagner's depiction.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: The name "Brunhild" in its various forms is derived from the equivalents of Old High German (armor) and (conflict). The name is first attested in the sixth century, for the historical Brunhilda of Austrasia, as .

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In the context of the heroic tradition, the first element of her name may be connected to Brunhild's role as a shieldmaiden. In the Eddic poem , the valkyrie from is identified with Brunhild. This name consists of the elements and and can be translated as "driver to victory". It could simply be a synonym for valkyrie.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: A less widely accepted theory locates the origins of the Brunhild figure in the story of the Ostrogothic general Uraias. Uraias's wife insulted the wife of the Ostrogothic king Witiges, and the king's wife then had Witiges murder Uraias.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Brunhild was a popular figure in Scandinavia, with traditions about her firmly attested around 1220 with the composition of the "Prose Edda". The Scandinavian tradition about Brunhild shows knowledge of the continental Germanic traditions as well.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson is the earliest attestation of the Scandinavian version of Brunhild's life, dating to around 1220. Snorri tells the story of Brunhild in several chapters of the section of the poem called "Skáldskaparsmál". His presentation of the story is very similar to that found in the "Völsunga saga" (see below), but is considerably shorter.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: After Sigurd kills the dragon Fafnir, he rides up to a house on a mountain, inside of which he finds a woman sleeping wearing armor. He cuts the armor from her, and she wakes up, and says that she was a valkyrie named Hild, but called Brunhild. Sigurd then rides away.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: The "Poetic Edda", a collection of heroic and mythological Nordic poems, appears to have been compiled around 1270 in Iceland, and assembles mythological and heroic songs of various ages. A large number of poems deal with the relationship between Sigurd and Brunhild, which seems to have been of special interest to the compiler.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Generally, none of the poems in the collection is thought to be older than 900AD and some appear to have been written in the thirteenth century. It is also possible that apparently old poems have been written in an archaicizing style and that apparently recent poems are reworkings of older material, so that reliable dating is impossible. Much of the Brunhild material is taken to have a relatively recent origin.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In "Grípisspá", Sigurd receives a prophecy of his life from his uncle Grípir. Among the prophesied actions are that he will awaken a valkyrie who will teach him the runes. Later, he will betroth himself to Brunhild at the court of Heimir. He will marry Gudrun but then aid Gunnar in wooing Brunhild, marrying but not sleeping with her. She, however, will later accuse Sigurd of taking her virginity and have him killed.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: The poem appears to distinguish between Sigrdrífa in the following "Sigrdrífumál" and Brunhild as two different women. It also seems to identify Sigrdrífa with the valkyrie Sigrún from the preceding poems in the "Edda" about Helgi Hundingsbane.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: It is generally taken to be a late poem that was written on the basis of the other poems about Sigurd's life.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In "Fáfnismál", once Sigurd has tasted the blood of the dragon Fafnir, Sigurd understands the birds who tell him to go to a palace where the valkyrie Sigrdrífa sleeps surrounded by flames.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In "Sigrdrífumál", Sigurd rides to the mountain Hindarfjall, where he sees a wall of shields that surround a sleeping woman. The woman is wearing armor that seems to have grown into her skin, and Sigurd uses his sword to cut it open. This awakens the maiden, who explains that she is the valkyrie Sigrdrífa and, in a prose interlude, tells how she had disobeyed Odin who then demanded she marry. She refused and said she would only marry a man without fear. She proceeds to teach Sigurd wisdom and the runes.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: The condition that Sigrdrífa will only marry a man without fear is the same as Brunhild will later make, perhaps pointing to the two figures originally being identical.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: "Brot af Sigurðarkviðu" is only preserved fragmentarily: the surviving part of the poem tells the story of Sigurd's murder. Brunhild has evidently accused Sigurd of having slept with her, and this has caused Gunnar and Högni to have their half-brother Guthorm kill Sigurd. Once Sigurd has been murdered, Brunhild rejoices before admitting to Gunnar that Sigurd never slept with her.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In "Guðrúnarkviða I", Brunhild briefly appears while Gudrun mourns the death of Sigurd. Brunhild defends herself against the accusation that she is responsible for Sigurd's death and accuses her brother Atli of responsibility. In a prose section at the close of the poem, Brunhild commits suicide with several slaves.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: The dialogue between Brunhild and Gudrun is characterized by immense hostility, and Brunhild is portrayed as evil.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Although the title indicates the poem is about Sigurd, the majority of the poem is actually concerned with Brunhild, who justifies her actions. The song is generally thought to be a recent composition.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: At the beginning of "Helreið Brynhildar", Brunhild's corpse is burned and she begins her journey to the Hel, the Scandinavian underworld. On her way, she encounters a giant who accuses her of having blood on her hands. In response, Brunhild tells the story of her life, defending herself and justifying her actions. She accuses the Burgundians of having deceived her. Brunhild hopes to spend the afterlife together with Sigurd.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: As Brunhild narrates her life, she is clearly identified with the valkyrie Sigrdrífa and combines the story of Sigrdrífa's awakening with Sigurd's wooing for Gunnar as a single event. Odin himself is portrayed as requiring that only a man who knows no fear could awaken her. The song portrays Brunhild as a victim and she achieves a sort of apotheosis at the end.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Brunhild lived on as a character in several late medieval and early modern Scandinavian ballads. These often have sources both from the Scandinavian tradition and from the continental tradition, either via the "Thidrekssaga" or directly from German sources.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In the Danish ballad "Sivard og Brynild" (DgF 3, TSB E 101), Sigurd wins Brunhild on the "glass mountain" and then gives her to his friend Hagen. One day, Brunhild fights with Sigurd's wife Signild, and Signild shows Brunhild a ring that Brunhild had given Sigurd as a love gift. Brynhild then tells Hagen to kill Sigurd, and Hagen does this by first borrowing Sigurd's sword then killing him with it. He then shows Brunhild Sigurd's head and kills her too when she offers him her love.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: The "Nibelungenlied" (c. 1200) represents the first attestation of Brunhild in either the continental or Scandinavian traditions. The German Brunhild was nevertheless still associated with Scandinavia, as shown by her kingdom being located on "Island" (Iceland). It has been suggested that this may show knowledge of Norse traditions about Brunhild. In general, the literature that attests the continental tradition shows far less interest in Brunhild than the surviving Scandinavian material.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In the "Nibelungenlied", Brunhild is first presented as the ruling queen of "Îsland" (Iceland) from her castle of "Îsenstein" (iron-stone). Some manuscripts spell the name of her kingdom "Îsenlant" (iron-land), and it is possible that this is the original form, with the association with Iceland being secondary. Her kingdom is twelve days journey by boat from the Burgundian capital of Worms, marking her as living outside the bounds of courtly society.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: After this point, Brunhild plays no further role in the story. She is shown to be glad at Kriemhild's suffering, and to continue to hold a grudge against her much later in the text. Her disappearance in the second half of the epic may reflect the sources of the "Nibelungenlied", but it also suggests a lack of interest in the character when she is no longer directly relevant to the story.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In the "Rosengarten zu Worms" version D (after 1250), Brunhild is mentioned as among the spectators watching the tournament in Kriemhild's rose garden.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Although the "Þiðrekssaga" (c. 1250) is written in Old Norse, the majority of the material is translated from German (particularly Low German) oral tales, as well as possibly some from German written sources such as the "Nibelungenlied". Therefore, it is included here. The saga-author can nonetheless be shown to have changed some details to accord with Scandinavian traditions, of which he was aware.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: According to the "Thidrekssaga", Brunhild is the daughter of king Heimir and lives in the castle of Saegard in Swabia. There she runs a stud farm that produces excellent horses. Sigurd encounters Brunhild shortly after he has killed the dragon Regin; he breaks into her castle and kills several of her warriors, but Brunhild recognizes Sigurd, tells him the names of his parents, and gives him the horse Grani before he leaves.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Brunhild's role in "Biterolf" is usually taken to parodic, and includes the detail that she says that she is afraid of Gunther's strength, whereupon Rüdiger reminds her of her own violent past. That Brunhild has given Etzel's most important hero, Rüdiger, a lance to fight against the Burgundians, without however, any of them dying, likely had a strong parodic effect on the poem's audience. "Biterolf" also makes no mention of the hostility between Kriemhild and Brunhild.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: If the origin of Brunhild in Brunhilda of Austrasia and Fredegund is correct, then Brunhild's role in Sigurd/Siegfried's murder would be the oldest part of her legend and an original part of the Sigurd legend. Theodore Andersson has argued that Brunhild was originally the more important figure of the two, as she is the main character in the surviving Eddic poems. He argues that only later did Sigurd come to be regarded as the more significant figure, as he acquired more stories beyond his murder.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Brunhild is nevertheless first attested as a legendary figure in the "Nibelungenlied" (c. 1200), with earlier attested placenames derived from the name "Brunhild" most likely referring to the historical queen.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: There is no consensus as to whether Brunhild's identification as a valkyrie in the Norse legends represents an old common Germanic tradition or a late development, unique to the Scandinavian tradition. It is possible that the German Brunhild's immense strength alludes to a mythological past in which she was a valkyrie.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Common to all versions of the wooing is that Sigurd takes Gunther's place in the marriage bed in one way or another using deception and strength, which later provides part of Brunhild's motivation to have him killed.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: In the Scandinavian tradition, Brunhild is the sister of Atli (Attila); scholars generally see this as recent development of the saga. The familial connection to Atli provides an additional motivation for Atli's enmity for the Burgundians.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Brunhild's sister in the Scandinavian tradition, Oddrun, also does not seem to be a figure of the traditional legend. The continental tradition makes no reference to Brunhild having any kin at all, whereas the Scandinavian material mentions both a father (Budli, father of Atli) and a fosterfather, Heimir. Theodore Andersson writes that "the family [that appears in Norse tradition] looks like a late speculative attempt to domesticate [Brunhild] in the style of other heroic stories."

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Theodore M. Andersson and Hans Kuhn have both argued that Brunhild's suicide is a later development in the tradition, possibly modeled after the presumed original death of Gudrun/Kriemhild in the burning of Atli/Etzel's hall.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Modern reception of Brunhild in Germany begins with the 1755 rediscovery of the "Nibelungenlied"; early reception of the poem, however, largely focused on the figure of Kriemhild rather than Brunhild. In Scandinavia, the so-called "Scandinavian Renaissance" meant that traditions of Brunhild from the "Edda" remained somewhat more current and even influenced the Scandinavian ballad tradition to some degree, in which Brunhild also played a role.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Brunhild

Context: Brunhild became a more important character in Germany with the introduction of the Norse material to a German audience. The Norse versions of the material were seen as more "original" and "Germanic", and were thus often preferred to the courtly "Nibelungenlied". In Friedrich Hebbel's three-part tragedy "Die Nibelungen", Brunhild comes to symbolize a heathen past that must be overcome by Christianity, represented by Dietrich von Bern.

Question: ブルンヒルドの出身はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: The Japanese term , from Portuguese "cristão" (cf. Kristang), meaning "Christian", referred to Catholic Christians in Japanese and is used in Japanese texts as a historiographic term for Catholics in Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Modern Japanese has several words for "Christian", of which the most common are the noun form キリスト教徒, and also クリスチャン. The Japanese word キリシタン is used primarily in Japanese texts for the early history of Roman Catholicism in Japan, or in relation to "Kakure Kirishitan", hidden Christians. However, English sources on histories of Japan generally use the term "Christian" without distinction.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Christian missionaries were known as (from the Portuguese word "padre", "father" or "priest") or (from the Portuguese "irmão", "brother"). Both the transcriptions 切支丹 and 鬼利死丹 came into use during the Edo Period when Christianity was a forbidden religion.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Portugal's and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Roman Catholic Church itself. The Vatican founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in 1622 and attempted to separate the churches from the influence of the Iberian kingdoms. However, it was too late for Japan. The organization failed to establish staging points in Japan.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: When Xavier disembarked in Kagoshima, the principal chiefs of the two branches of the Shimazu family, Sanehisa and Katsuhisa, were warring for the sovereignty of their lands. Katsuhisa adopted Shimazu Takahisa who in 1542 was accepted as head of the clan having previously received the Portuguese merchants on Tanegashima Island, learning about the use of firearms. Later, he met Xavier himself at the castle of Uchiujijo and permitted the conversion of his vassals.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: They took Catholicism for some sort of new sect of Buddhism and were curious to know of the priest's doctrine. Tolerant but shrewd, their eyes less on baptism than the Portuguese cargoes from Macao, they granted the Jesuit permission to preach. The uncompromising Xavier took to the streets of the city denouncing, among other things, infanticide, idolatry and homosexuality. Misunderstandings were inevitable.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Different groups of laymen supported Christian life in the Japanese mission, e.g., dōjuku, kanbō and jihiyakusha helped the clergymen in activities like the celebration of Sunday liturgy in the absence of ordained clergy, religious education, preparation of confessions, and

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: spiritual support of the sick. By the end of the 16th century kanbō and jihiyakusha had similar responsibilities and also organized funerals and baptized children with permission to baptize from Rome. The kanbō were those who had left secular life but not taken formal vows, while the jihiyakusha were married and had a profession.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: These groups were fundamental to the mission, and themselves depended on both the ecclesiastical hierarchy as well as the warlords who controlled the lands where they lived. Therefore, the success of the Japanese mission cannot be explained only as the result of the action of a brilliant group of missionaries, or of the commercial and political interests of a few "daimyōs" and traders.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: At the same time the missionaries faced the hostility of many other "daimyōs". Christianity challenged Japanese civilization. A militant lay community, the main reason for missionary success in Japan, was also the main reason for the anti-Christian policy of the Tokugawa's bakufu.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Such commercial activities were contrary to the idea of honorable poverty that the priests held. But some Jesuits at this time placed the expansion of the society's influence before this ideal. Mendicant orders fiercely accused the Jesuits of being corrupt and even considered their activity as the primary reason for Japan's ban on Catholicism. Mendicant orders themselves were not necessarily uninvolved in commercial activities.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: The Jesuits attempted to expand their activity to Kyoto and the surrounding regions. In 1559, Gaspar Vilela obtained permission from Ashikaga Yoshiteru to teach Christianity. This license was the same as those given to Buddhist temples, so special treatment cannot be confirmed regarding the Jesuits. On the other hand, Emperor Ōgimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568. The orders of the Emperor and the Shogun made little difference.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Christians refer positively to Oda Nobunaga, who died in the middle of the unification of Japan. He favored the Jesuit missionary Luís Fróis and generally tolerated Christianity. But overall, he undertook no remarkable policies toward Catholicism. Actually, Catholic power in his domain was trivial because he did not conquer western Japan, where the Jesuits were based. By 1579, at the height of missionary activity, there were about 130,000 converts.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Most Japanese Christians lived in Kyushu, but Christianization was not a regional phenomenon and had a national impact. By the end of the 16th century it was possible to find baptized people in virtually every province of Japan, many of them organized in communities. On the eve of the Sekigahara battle, fifteen "daimyōs" were baptized, and their domains stretched from Hyūga in Southeast Kyushu to Dewa in North Honshū. Hundreds of churches had been built throughout Japan.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Accepted on a national scale, Christianity was also successful among different social groups from the poor to the rich, peasants, traders, sailors, warriors, or courtesans. Most of the daily activities of the Church were done by Japanese from the beginning, giving the Japanese Church a native face, and this was one of the reasons for its success. By 1590, there were seventy native brothers in Japan, fully one half of Jesuits in Japan, and fifteen percent of all Jesuits who were working in Asia.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: In June 1592, Hideyoshi invaded Korea; among his leading generals was Christian "daimyō" Konishi Yukinaga. The actions of his forces in the massacre and enslavement of many of the Korean people were indistinguishable from the non-Christian Japanese forces that participated in the invasion. After Konishi's loss in the battle of Sekigahara, Konishi would base his refusal to commit seppuku on his Christian beliefs; instead of taking his own life, he chose capture and execution.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: The immediate cause of the prohibition was the Okamoto Daihachi incident, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic vavasor, but there were also other reasons behind it. The shogunate was concerned about a possible invasion by the Iberian colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New World and the Philippines. Domestically, the ban was closely related to measures against the Toyotomi clan.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: The Buddhist ecclesiastical establishment was made responsible for verifying that a person was not a Christian through what became known as the "temple guarantee system" (terauke seido). By the 1630s, people were being required to produce a certificate of affiliation with a Buddhist temple as proof of religious orthodoxy, social acceptability and loyalty to the regime.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: In the mid-17th century, the shogunate demanded the expulsion of all European missionaries and the execution of all converts. This marked the end of open Christianity in Japan. The bakufu erected bulletin boards nationwide at crossroads and bridges; among the many proscriptions listed on these boards were strict warnings against Christianity.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: The number of active Christians is estimated to have been around 200,000 in 1582. There were likely around 1,000 known martyrs during the missionary period. In contrast, Christians attach a great importance to martyrdom and persecution, noting that countless more people were dispossessed of their land and property leading to their subsequent death in poverty.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Those who participated in the Shimabara Revolt are not considered to be martyrs by the Catholic Church since they took up arms for materialistic reasons.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Kirishitan

Context: Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Catholic communities, Shūsaku Endō's novel "Silence" provides detailed accounts of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church.

Question: 日本最大の隠れキリシタンの里はどこ


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: is a Japanese Buddhist philosopher, educator, author, and nuclear disarmament advocate. He served as the third president and then honorary president of the Soka Gakkai, the largest of Japan's new religious movements. Ikeda is the founding president of the Soka Gakkai International (SGI), the world's largest Buddhist lay organization, which claims to have approximately 12 million practitioners in 192 countries and territories, more than 1.5 million of whom reside outside of Japan as of 2012.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: By 2015, Ikeda had published more than 50 dialogues with scholars, peace activists and leading world figures. In his role as SGI president, Ikeda has visited 55 nations and spoken on subjects including peace, environmentalism, economics, women's rights, interfaith dialogue and Buddhism and science.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: In May 1945, Ikeda's home was destroyed by fire during an Allied air raid, and his family was forced to move to the Ōmori area of Tokyo. In May 1947, after having received no word from his eldest brother, Kiichi, for several years, the Ikeda family, particularly his mother, was informed by the Japanese government that he had been killed in action in Burma (now Myanmar).

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: In 1953, at the age of 25, Ikeda was appointed as one of the Soka Gakkai's youth leaders. The following year, he was appointed as director of the Soka Gakkai's public relations bureau, and later became its chief of staff.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: In 1979, Ikeda resigned as president of the Soka Gakkai (in Japan), accepting responsibility for the organization's purported deviation from Nichiren Shōshū priesthood doctrine and the accompanying conflict. Hiroshi Hōjō succeeded Ikeda as Soka Gakkai president, and Ikeda was made honorary president.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: Ikeda refers in several writings to the Nine Consciousness as an important conception for self-transformation, identifying the ninth one, "amala-vijñāna", with the Buddha-nature. According to him, the "transformation of the karma of one individual" can lead to the transformation of the entire society and humankind.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: Central to Ikeda's activities, whether they be on an institutional level or as a private citizen, is his belief in "Buddhist principles ... rooted in our shared humanity, ... where faith and human dignity intersect to promote positive change in society." His view of a "Buddhist-based humanism," the fostering of mutual respect and dignity, emphasizes human agency in the engagement of dialogue.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: Academic researchers have suggested the body of literature chronicling Ikeda's diplomatic efforts and his more than 7,000 international dialogues provide readers with a personalized global education and model of citizen diplomacy and, from a scholarly view, represent "a new current in interculturalism and educational philosophy."

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: Ikeda's meetings with Nelson Mandela in the 1990s led to a series of SGI-sponsored anti-apartheid lectures, a traveling exhibit, and multiple student exchange programs at the university level. Their October 1990 meeting in Tokyo led to collaboration with the African National Congress and the United Nations Apartheid Center on an anti-apartheid exhibit inaugurated in Yokohama, Japan "on the 15th anniversary of the Soweto uprisings (16 June 1976)."

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: Dialogues between Ikeda and Gorbachev, published in 2005 as "Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century," have been described as "perhaps the best starting point from which to examine the search for a new historicity" of the twentieth century and inform the basis of a new humanism in the twenty-first century.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: Ikeda's message to Ravenna on the occasion of celebrating the poet Dante Alighieri was described as an expression of spiritual resonance with the poet's life and world view, and as a contribution to intercultural dialogue that affirms the value of peaceful coexistence.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: During a Turin Book Fair-hosted event concluding the 2018 five-day FIRMA-Faiths in Tune festival of religion, music and art, held in 2018 for the first time in Italy, an international jury presented a FIRMA award to Daisaku Ikeda "for his lifelong commitment to interreligious dialogue." Other international awards received by Ikeda include:

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: In 2000, the city of Londrina, Brazil honored Ikeda by naming a 300-acre nature reserve in his name. The Dr. Daisaku Ikeda Ecological Park is open to the public and its land, waterways, fauna and wildlife are protected by Brazil's Federal Conservation Law.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: In 2014, the City of Chicago named a section of Wabash Avenue in downtown Chicago "Daisaku Ikeda Way," with the Chicago City Council measure passing unanimously, 49 to 0.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: The Club of Rome named Ikeda an honorary member, and, as of 2020, Ikeda has received more than 760 honorary citizenships from cities and municipalities around the world.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: Ikeda lives in Tokyo with his wife, Kaneko Ikeda (née Kaneko Shiraki), whom he married on 3 May 1952. The couple had three sons, Hiromasa (vice president of Soka Gakkai), Shirohisa (died 1984), and Takahiro.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: In "Life—An Enigma, a Precious Jewel" (1982), "Unlocking the Mysteries of Birth and Death" (1984) and the environmental education proposal "The Challenge of Global Empowerment" (2002), Ikeda's discussions of a Buddhist ontology offer an alternative to anthropocentric and biocentric approaches to wildlife conservation.

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Daisaku Ikeda

Context: In 2003, Japan's largest English-language newspaper, "The Japan Times", began carrying Ikeda's contributed commentaries on global issues including peacebuilding, nuclear disarmament, and compassion. By 2015, "The Japan Times" had published 26 of them, 15 of which the newspaper also published in a bilingual Japanese-English book titled "Embracing the Future."

Question: 池田大作の幼少期の宗教は何


Rafael Nadal

Context: At age 8, Nadal won an under-12 regional tennis championship at a time when he was also a promising football player. This made Toni Nadal intensify training, and it was at that time that his uncle encouraged Nadal to play left-handed for a natural advantage on the tennis court, after studying Nadal's then two-handed forehand stroke.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At age 12, Nadal won the Spanish and European tennis titles in his age group, while he was also playing football. Nadal's father made him choose between football and tennis so that his schoolwork would not deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: "I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away."

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal turned professional at age 15, and participated in two events on the ITF junior circuit. He finished 2001 with a Challenger series record of 1–1 in singles with no titles or finals appearances. He did not participate in any doubles Challengers events. At ITF Futures, Nadal's record was 7–5 in singles and 1–2 in doubles, with no titles or finals appearances.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: On 29 April 2002, in his hometown of Mallorca and at 15 years and 10 months of age, Nadal won his first ATP match by defeating Ramón Delgado, and became the ninth player in the Open Era to do so before the age of 16. In doubles, Nadal and his partner, Bartolomé Salvá Vidal, were defeated in the first round by David Adams and Simon Aspelin.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal, at 18 years and six months of age, became the youngest player to register a singles victory in a Davis Cup final for a winning nation. By beating world No. 2 Andy Roddick on clay in Spain, he helped Spain clinch the 2004 title over the United States. He finished the year ranked as the world No. 51.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In September, he defeated Coria in the final of the China Open in Beijing and won both of his Davis Cup matches against Italy. In October, he won his fourth Masters title of the year, defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the final of the 2005 Madrid Masters. He then suffered a foot injury that prevented him from competing in the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Both Nadal and Federer won eleven singles titles and four Masters titles in 2005. Nadal broke Mats Wilander's previous teenage record of nine in 1983. Eight of Nadal's titles were on clay, and the remainder were on hard courts. Nadal won 79 matches, second only to Federer's 81. Also, he earned the highest year-end ranking ever by a Spaniard and the ATP Most Improved Player of the Year award.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: During the lead up to the US Open, Nadal played the two Masters tournaments in North America. He was upset in the third round of the Rogers Cup in Toronto and the quarterfinals of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati. Nadal was seeded second at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfinals to No. 54 Mikhail Youzhny of Russia in four sets.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal went on to become the first player since Andre Agassi in 1994–95 to finish the year ranked No. 2 in consecutive years.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal started the year by playing in six hard-court tournaments. He lost in the semifinals and first round of his first two tournaments and then lost in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open to eventual runner-up Fernando González. After another quarterfinal loss at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he won the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, before Novak Djokovic defeated him in the quarterfinals of the 2007 Miami Masters.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: After a month-long break from tournament tennis, Nadal played Madrid Masters and Paris Masters. David Nalbandian upset him in the quarterfinals and final of those tournaments. To end the year, Nadal won two of his three-round robin matches to advance to the semifinals of the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, where Federer defeated him in straight sets.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: During the second half of the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon final. In addition, there were rumors at the end of the year that the foot injury he suffered during 2005, caused long-term damage, which were given credence by coach Toni Nadal's claim that the problem was "serious". Nadal and his spokesman strongly denied this, however, with Nadal himself calling the story "totally false".

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal began the year in India, where he was comprehensively beaten by Mikhail Youzhny in the final of the Chennai Open. Nadal then reached the semifinals of the Australian Open for the first time; Jo-Wilfried Tsonga defeated him in the semifinals in straight sets. Nadal also reached the final of the Miami Masters for the second time.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: By winning his first Wimbledon title, Nadal became the third man in the open era to win both the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year, after Rod Laver in 1969, and Borg in 1978–1980, (Federer later accomplished this the following year) as well as the second Spaniard to win Wimbledon. He also ended Federer's record streak of five consecutive Wimbledon titles and 65 straight wins on grass courts. This was also the first time that Nadal won two Grand Slam tournaments back-to-back.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal began his European clay court season at the Monte Carlo Masters, where he defeated Novak Djokovic to win a record fifth consecutive singles title there. He then won back to back titles in Barcelona and Rome Masters, defeating Ferrer and Djokovic respectively. He then surprisingly lost the final of the Madrid Open to Roger Federer. This was the first time that Nadal had lost to Federer since the semifinals of the 2007 Tennis Masters Cup.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: On 4 August, Toni Nadal confirmed that Nadal would return to play at the Rogers Cup in Montreal. There, he lost in the quarterfinals to Juan Martín del Potro. With this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot to Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking outside the top two for the first time since 25 July 2005.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal has called 2010 his best year as a professional tennis player. The 2010 tennis season Nadal became the first male player in tennis history to win Grand Slam tournaments on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard court) in the same calendar year.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Entering the French Open, many were expecting another Nadal-Federer final. However, Robin Söderling defeated Federer in the quarterfinals. Nadal advanced to the final and defeated Söderling in straight sets. The victory marked the second time that Nadal had won the French Open without dropping a set.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In his first tournament since Wimbledon, Nadal advanced to the semifinals of the Rogers Cup, where he was defeated by Andy Murray. Nadal also competed in the doubles with Djokovic in a high-profile partnership between the world Nos. 1 and 2. The pair lost in the first round to Milos Raonic and Vasek Pospisil. The next week, Nadal was the top seed at the Cincinnati Masters, losing in the quarterfinals to Marcos Baghdatis.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At the 2010 ATP Finals in London, Nadal won all of his round-robin matches. In the semifinal, he defeated Murray in three sets, before losing to Roger Federer in the final.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal started 2011 by participating in the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. In the final, he won over Roger Federer. At the Qatar ExxonMobil Open, he fell in straight sets Nikolay Davydenko in the semifinals. He and countryman López won the doubles title by defeating Daniele Bracciali and Andreas Seppi.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, Nadal suffered a hamstring injury against David Ferrer early in the pair's quarterfinal match and ultimately lost in straight sets, thus ending his effort to win four major tournaments in a row.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In March, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a 2011 Davis Cup World Group first-round tie in the Spiroudome in Charleroi, Belgium. Nadal defeated Ruben Bemelmans and Olivier Rochus. At both the 2011 BNP Paribas Open and the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, Nadal reached the final and lost to Novak Djokovic in three sets. This was the first time Nadal reached the finals of Indian Wells and Miami in the same year.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal began his ATP Tour season at the Qatar Open. In the semifinal, he lost to Gaël Monfils in two sets. In the Australian Open Nadal won his first four matches without dropping a set. He then won in his quarterfinal and semifinal matches against Tomáš Berdych and Roger Federer respectively. In the final, on 29 January, he was beaten by Novak Djokovic in a five-set match that lasted 5 hours and 53 minutes, the longest Grand Slam final of all time.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal made it to the semifinals in Indian Wells, where he was beaten in straight sets by eventual champion Roger Federer. He also made the semifinals in Miami, but withdrew because of knee problems.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: As a warm-up ahead of Wimbledon Nadal played in Halle, losing to Philipp Kohlschreiber in the quarterfinals. At Wimbledon, Nadal was upset in the second round by Lukáš Rosol in a close five-set match. This was the first time since the Wimbledon 2005 championships that Nadal had failed to progress past the 2nd round of a Grand Slam tournament.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In July 2012, Nadal withdrew from the 2012 Olympics owing to tendinitis in his knee, which subsequently led to him pulling out of both the Rogers Cup and the Cincinnati Masters. He later withdrew from the rest of the 2012 season, as he felt he still was not healthy enough to compete. Nadal ended 2012 ranked No. 4 in the world, the first time in eight years that he has not been ranked 1st or 2nd at the end of the year.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Rafael Nadal began his 2014 season at the Qatar Open in Doha, defeating Lukáš Rosol in the first round and he won the title after defeating Gaël Monfils in the final.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal began the year as the defending Champion at the Qatar Open, but suffered a shocking three set defeat to Michael Berrer in the first round. He won the doubles title with Juan Mónaco. At the Australian Open, Nadal lost in straight sets to Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinal, thus ending a 17-match winning streak against the seventh-seeded Czech.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In the third round of the 2015 US Open, Nadal once again lost to Fognini, despite having won the first two sets. This early exit ended Nadal's record 10-year streak of winning at least one major.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal started the year winning the Mubadala Title defeating Milos Raonic in straight sets. After that, he entered the Doha, Qatar, where he reached the finals, losing to Djokovic in straight sets. This was their 47th match, after which Djokovic led their head-to-head rivalry with 24 matches won. At the Australian Open, Nadal was defeated in five sets by compatriot Fernando Verdasco in the first round. The defeat marked his first opening round exit at the Australian Open.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: He went on to win his 17th ATP 500 in Barcelona, winning the trophy for the ninth time in his career.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: The following week, Nadal played in Rome Masters where he reached the quarterfinal. Nadal was again defeated by Djokovic in straight sets, although he had a break advantage in both sets and served to win the second.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At the US Open Nadal was seeded #4 and advanced to the fourth round but was defeated by 24th seed Lucas Pouille in 5 sets. The defeat meant that 2016 was the first year since 2004 in which Nadal had failed to reach a Grand Slam quarter-final. He played the Shanghai Masters and was upset in the second round by Viktor Troicki. He subsequently ended his 2016 season to let his wrist recover.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal won his 18th ATP 500 title in Barcelona without dropping a set, also marking his tenth victory in Barcelona. Nadal next played in the Madrid Open, where he defeated Dominic Thiem to tie Novak Djokovic's all-time Masters record of 30 titles.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal lost in the round of 16 at Wimbledon, 13–15 in the fifth set, to Gilles Müller. He returned to competition in Montreal. He won his first match against Coric in straight sets but fell in the Round of 16 to Canadian teenager Denis Shapovalov.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal began his 2018 season at the Kooyong Classic, where he lost to Richard Gasquet in the first round. He then played at the exhibition tournament in Melbourne, losing in the final to Tomáš Berdych. At the Australian Open, Nadal recorded straight-sets wins in the first three rounds, before notching a tougher four-set win against Diego Schwartzman in the fourth round. He faced Marin Čilić in the quarterfinal, but retired in the fifth set due to a hip injury.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal won in Monte Carlo without dropping a set, beating Kei Nishikori in the final. Nadal went on to win his 11th title in Barcelona, defeating Stefanos Tsitsipas in straight sets, becoming the first player in the open era to win 400 matches on both clay and hard. The win marked his 20th ATP 500 series title, which put him back atop the list of most ATP 500 titles, tied with Roger Federer. It also marked his 14th consecutive season with at least one ATP 500 title.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Then at the French Open, Nadal won his 17th Grand Slam title. This tied Margaret Court's record for singles titles at a Grand Slam event (Court won 11 Australian Opens, but seven came when it was the Australian Championships, an amateur event). En route to the title, Nadal dropped only one set, beating Dominic Thiem in the final in three sets. Nadal became just the fourth man in the Open Era to win three or more major titles after turning 30.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal began the clay season at the Monte Carlo Masters, reaching the semifinals, where he was upset by Fabio Fognini in straight sets. He then competed in Barcelona, reaching the semifinals where he lost to Dominic Thiem in straight sets. In Madrid, he reached his third clay-court semifinal of the year, but lost to Stefanos Tsitsipas in three sets. He won his first tournament of the year in Rome, with a three-set win over Djokovic in the final.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At the 2019 French Open, Nadal defeated Kei Nishikori and Roger Federer (their first meeting at the tournament since 2011) en route to the final, dropping only one set en route. In a rematch of the previous year's final, Nadal prevailed in four sets against Thiem to claim his record-extending twelfth French Open title. In doing so, he broke Margaret Court's all-time record of singles titles won at the same major.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At the 2019 Davis Cup Finals, Nadal helped Spain win its sixth Davis Cup title, defeating Canada in the final. Nadal won all eight of his matches in singles and doubles, extending his winning streak in Davis Cup singles matches to 29 (29–1 record overall), without dropping a set or having his serve broken; he also won the tournament's Most Valuable Player award.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal lost in the quarter-final of the Italian Open after Diego Schwartzman beat him in straight sets.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal won his 13th French Open title, beating Novak Djokovic in straight sets in the tournament's final, only losing seven games. In doing so, he won his 20th Grand Slam title, equalling Roger Federer's record as the man with the most Grand Slam titles. It also marked his 100th win at the tournament, losing only twice in 16 years. His straight-sets victory over Djokovic marked also the 4th time that he won a Grand Slam without losing a set, all at the French Open, doing it also in 2008, 2010 and 2017.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At the Paris Masters, Nadal defeated compatriot Feliciano López in the second round to get his 1,000 victory in the ATP Tour, becoming the fourth man in the Open Era to achieve that milestone. He then reached the semifinals where he lost to Alexander Zverev in straight sets.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: On 9 November 2020, Nadal reached his 790th back to back week as one of the ten highest placed players on the ATP rankings and surpassed the record held by Jimmy Connors.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At the 2020 ATP Finals, Nadal played in the London 2020 group. He defeated Rublev and defending champion Tsitsipas progressing to the semifinals and securing ending the year as no. 2. It was the first time since 2015 that Nadal reached the semifinals. Nadal then lost his semifinal match to eventual champion Daniil Medvedev in three sets. This was the seventh time that Nadal had finished Year-end No. 2 and now leads the "Big Three" with 12 Top 2 finishes.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At the 2021 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the quarterfinals to world No. 5 Stefanos Tsitsipas, despite being two sets to love up. This marked only the second time Nadal had lost a Grand Slam match after being two sets up. Nadal next played at the Monte Carlo Masters and defeated Federico Delbonis and Grigor Dimitrov in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals, where he lost to Andrey Rublev in three sets.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: At the French Open, Nadal entered as the heavy favorite seeking to become the first man to win 21 majors. He reached the semifinals after wins over Jannik Sinner and Diego Schwartzman, where he encountered Novak Djokovic in a rematch of the previous year's final. There, Nadal was upset by eventual champion Djokovic in four sets, in only his third-ever loss at the French Open. Following his loss, Nadal withdrew from both Wimbledon and the Olympics, citing schedule reasons.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal returned to action at the 2021 Citi Open, revealing that his recent withdrawals were actually due to a recurring left foot injury that returned at the 2021 French Open. He defeated home favorite Jack Sock in a tight 3 set match before being upset by 50th ranked Lloyd Harris in the 3rd round. He was then set to defend his title at the National Bank Open, but withdrew from the tournament before his first match, citing the same foot injury. He also withdrew from the Cincinnati Masters.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: On 20 August 2021, just 10 days out from the US Open, Nadal announced that would be ending his 2021 season due to the left foot issue that had been troubling him for most of the year. Therefore, his ranking fell to No.6, due to his injury.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal returned to the court on 17 December 2021, in an exhibition match at the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. Receiving a bye in the quarterfinals, Nadal lost to Andy Murray in the semifinals in straight sets. In the third place play-off, he lost to Denis Shapovalov in three sets.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Roger Federer and Nadal have been playing each other since 2004, and their rivalry is a significant part of both men's careers. They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 to 14 August 2009, and again from 11 September 2017 to 15 October 2018. They are the only pair of men to have ever finished four consecutive calendar years at the top. Nadal ascended to No. 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks before surpassing Federer in August 2008.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: They have played 40 times. Nadal leads 24–16 overall and 10–4 in Grand Slam tournaments. Nadal has a winning record on clay (14–2) and outdoor hard courts (8–6), while Federer leads the indoor hard courts 5–1 and grass 3–1.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Their biggest meeting, came in the 2013 French Open final. Ferrer was in his first major final, whereas Nadal was aiming for his 8th title at the French Open, and 13th overall. It was a straightforward victory for Nadal, 6–3, 6–2, 6–3. Between that meeting and 2015, Ferrer and Nadal would go on to play 6 more matches, with Nadal winning 4 of the 6.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: After a gap of 4 years, Nadal and Berdych's last encounter was in the round of 16 at the 2019 Australian Open. After both players had prematurely ended their 2018 seasons with injuries, both had been playing very well in the 2019 season up to that point, with Berdych reaching the final in Doha. However, like many of their meetings, Nadal dominated the Czech and beat him in straight sets. Berdych retired at the end of the 2019 season.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Former tennis player and eight-time Grand Slam champion Andre Agassi picked Nadal as the greatest of all time because of the way the Spaniard "had to deal with Federer, Djokovic, Murray in the golden age of tennis". Nadal leads the head-to-head record in Grand Slams against the other members of the Big Three and holds the record for the most Slams won beating a Big Three member en route (13).

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal is one of two male tennis players, along with Agassi, to win the Olympic gold medal as well as the four Majors in singles in his career, a feat known as a Career Golden Slam. He is the only male player in history to complete the Career Grand Slam and win an Olympic gold medal in both singles and doubles. He is one of four men in history, along with Roy Emerson, Rod Laver and Djokovic, to complete the Double Career Grand Slam in singles.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Among his numerous career accolades, Nadal was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2011 and 2021. He is an honorary recipient of the Grand Cross of the Order of Dos De Mayo, the Princess of Asturias Award, and the Medal of the City of Paris. He was also included in "Time" magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in 2022.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal's playing style and personality has been described by Jimmy Connors: "He's built out of a mold that I think I came from also, that you walk out there, you give everything you have from the first point to the end no matter what the score. And you're willing to lay it all out on the line and you're not afraid to let the people see that."

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal employs a semi-western grip forehand, often with a "lasso-whip" follow-through, where his left arm hits through the ball and finishes above his left shoulder – as opposed to a more traditional finish across the body or around his opposite shoulder. Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him to hit shots with heavy topspin – more so than many of his contemporaries.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell used a high-speed video camera and special software to count the average number of revolutions of a tennis ball hit full force by Nadal. Yandell concluded:

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: While Nadal's shots tend to land short of the baseline, the characteristically high bounces his forehands achieve tend to mitigate the advantage an opponent would normally gain from capitalizing on a short ball. Although his forehand is based on heavy topspin, he can hit the ball deep and flat with a more orthodox follow through for clean winners.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: After signing his new coach Carlos Moyá in December 2016, Nadal's game style acquired a more offensive approach. Under the direction of Moyá, Nadal improved his serve, and incorporated serve-and-volley as a surprise tactic in some of his matches.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal is a clay court specialist, in the sense that he has been extremely successful on that surface. He has won 14 times at the French Open, 12 times at Barcelona, 11 at Monte Carlo, and 10 at Rome. However, Nadal has shed that label owing to his success on other surfaces, including holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament titles on grass, hard courts, and clay on two separate occasions, winning ten Masters titles on hard court, and winning an Olympic gold medal on hardcourt.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Despite praise for Nadal's talent and skill, in the past, some had questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his build and playing style as conducive to injury. Nadal himself has admitted to the physical toll hard courts place on ATP Tour players, calling for a reevaluated tour schedule featuring fewer hard court tournaments. This "longevity" narrative has proven inaccurate, and pundits today admire his resilience.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal has had three coaches during his career. Toni Nadal, his uncle, coached him from 1990 to 2017. He is currently coached by Francisco Roig (2005–) and Carlos Moyá (2016–).

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In an interview in CBS's "60 Minutes" in May 2021, Nadal said he has never broken a racket with anger in a match. He added that his family does not approve of it and breaking a racket means he is not in control of his emotions.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal is known for a host of on court rituals including specific bodily movements and the positioning of items courtside. Nadal himself has rejected that such rituals stem from an obsessive–compulsive disorder complex or are based on superstition. Nadal's extensive time taken between points has received criticism from other players including Roger Federer and Denis Shapovalov.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal has been sponsored by Kia Motors since 2006. He has appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In May 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featuring Nadal in a tennis match with an alien. In May 2015, Nadal extended his partnership with Kia for another five years.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: , Nadal is the international ambassador for Quely, a company from his native Mallorca that manufactures biscuits, bakery and chocolate-coated products; he has consumed their products ever since he was a young child.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille announced that he had developed an ultra-light wristwatch in collaboration with Nadal called the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch. The watch is made of titanium and lithium and is valued at US$525,000; Nadal was involved in the design and testing of the watch on the tennis court. During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reported that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as part of a sponsorship deal with the Swiss watchmaker.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal replaced Cristiano Ronaldo as the new face of Emporio Armani Underwear and Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection. This was the first time that the label has chosen a tennis player for the job; association football has ruled lately prior to Ronaldo, David Beckham graced the ads since 2008. Armani said that he selected Nadal as his latest male underwear model because "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters".

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In June 2012, Nadal joined the group of sports endorsers of the PokerStars online poker cardroom. Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player Ronaldo in 2014.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: In April 2017, the centre court of the Barcelona Open was named Pista Rafa Nadal. In 2021, prior to the start of tournament, the French Open paid tribute to Nadal with the installation of a 3-meters tall steel statue at Stade Roland Garros. It was created by Jordi Díez Fernández, one of Spain's most renowned sculptors.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: 128036 Rafaelnadal is a main belt asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca and named after Nadal. The decision to name the asteroid after Nadal was made by the International Astronomical Union in response to a request by the observatory. The asteroid is four kilometers in diameter and travels through space at a speed of 20 km per second.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal owns and trains at the Rafa Nadal Sports Centre () in his hometown of Manacor, Mallorca. The centre houses the Rafa Nadal Tennis Academy, where the American International School of Mallorca is located. Also located in the centre is a sports residence, a Rafael Nadal museum, a health clinic, a fitness centre with spa and a café. The facility has 26 tennis courts among its sporting areas.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal also owns and operates three other similar Rafa Nadal Academy/Centre facilities in Al Zahra, Kuwait (called the Rafa Nadal Academy Kuwait), Cancún, Mexico (called the Rafa Nadal Tennis Centre Mexico), and Chalkidiki, Greece (called the Rafa Nadal Tennis Centre Greece). The Mexico and Greece Centres started operations in 2019 while the Kuwait Academy opened in 2020.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal took part in Thailand's "A Million Trees for the King" project, planting a tree in honour of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on a visit to Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. "For me it's an honour to be part of this project", said Nadal. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal's mother, Ana María Parera, chairs the charitable organization and father Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach and uncle Toni Nadal and his agent, former tennis player Carlos Costa, are also involved. Roger Federer has given Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in India struck him particularly hard, Nadal wants to start by helping "people close by, in the Balearic Islands, in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad".

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled to India for the first time to visit his tennis academy for underprivileged children at Anantapur Sports Village, in the Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh. His foundation has also worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration with the Vicente Ferrer Foundation.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Rafael Nadal opened his tennis academy centre to Majorca flood victims in October 2018. By that time he was recovering at home in Majorca, shortly after having to leave the US Open due to injury and one day after the flood he worked personally with some friends to help the victims.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Later, Nadal donated €1 million for rebuilding Sant Llorenç des Cardassar, the most affected town by the floods in the island. Nadal also organized other charitable activities to help repair the damage of the disaster, such as the Olazábal & Nadal charity golf tournament and a charity tennis match in which he was going to participate and that had to be suspended because he had to have an operation on an ankle injury, later identified as Mueller-Weiss Syndrome.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Nadal supports or has supported other charities, such as City Harvest, Elton John AIDS Foundation, Laureus Sport for Good Foundation and Small Steps Project.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Shortly after acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal called out UEFA for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club from the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts, saying through a club spokesperson, "Well, if those are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: He is a fervent supporter of the Spanish national team, and he was one of six people not affiliated with the team or the national federation allowed to enter the team's locker room following Spain's victory in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: As a young boy, he would run home from school to watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, "Dragon Ball". CNN released an article about Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" owing to his unorthodox style "from another planet".

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


Rafael Nadal

Context: Despite being left-handed while playing tennis, Nadal is known for being right-handed while doing things in everyday life such as writing and playing golf.

Question: ラファエル・ナダル・パレラの最高世界ランクは何位


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: After establishment of AJKF, other gyms joined AJKF before holding the 1st AJKF event. The gyms which joined AJKF were AKI gym, Nishikawa gym, Hikari gym, Oguni gym, Fudokan, Fuji gym, Iwamoto gym, and Yamato gym.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: Makoto Fujita was chosen for the chairman, Kenji Kurosaki was chosen for the counselor, Ichiro Ozawa the member of the House of Representatives of Japan was chosen for the commissioner. At that time,

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: In the end of the 1980s, Nissho left Nisho Enterprize. Nisho Enterprize changed its name to "All japan Enterprize" and started inviting more other famous foreign kickboxers. In the beginning of the 1990s, the popularity of AJKF started decreasing, and AJKF were hard up for money.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: In 1996, AJKF was broken up to two organizations. The New Japan Kickboxing Federation (NJKF) was established by Makoto Fujita who was the chairman of AJKF. The NJKF side enticed many kickboxing gyms, kickboxers and 3 current champions from AJKF. The Featherweight champion Hideaki Suzuki, the Lightweight champion Yasuhiro Uchida and the Welterweight champion Shinji Matsuura.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: In May 1997, AJKF cooperated with K-1, and moved its headquarters to Kinshicho in Sumida, Tokyo. Moreover, AJKF opened a new kickboxing gym "K Public gym" there. In addition, AJKF asked Hiroyuki Yoshino who was the former Japanese national champion of professional boxing to join AJKF. AJKF sent some top kickboxers to K-1 event twice (July 20, November 9), but Atsushi Tateshima who was one of the most famous kickboxer in Japan refused to take part in K-1.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: In October 1997, All Japan Enterprize was bankrupted and AJKF lost its true body. All of the members of the staff left AJKF. After the bankruptcy, some high-powered gyms established the board of directors and started managing AJKF. And then, AJKF moved its office to Higashi-Azabu in Minato, Tokyo. For this event, AJKF changed its system. All kickboxing events are held by each kickboxing gym individually instead of the headquarters of AJKF or event company.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: Hachoji FSG and other kickboxing gyms which were members of AJKF set a press conference on June 14, 1998, and announced that they are going to establish a new kickboxing organization "Kick Boxing-Union" (K-U). 14 kickboxing gyms and the 3 current AJKF champions moved to K-U. The Featherweight champion Shinya Sakuma, the Lightweight champion Nobumitsu Sudo and the Welterweight champion Tatsuya Suzuki.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: In 1999, AJKF got a new sponsor, and they removed their office to kitashinjuku in Shinjuku, Tokyo on May 28. They established their 2 official kickboxing gyms(AJ Public gym and Sakushin-kaikan) there as an annex to the office. After removal, Kensaku Maeda who was one of the top kickboxer left AJKF, but Satoshi Kobayashi and his gym "Fujiwara gym" rejoined AJKF . On November 30, Taniyama gym left AJKF.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: In 2008, AJKF started new series event "Krush" with K-1, and the Krush implementation committee was established. The bout in Krush was under K-1 rules.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


All Japan Kickboxing Federation

Context: On June 21, 2009, Kobayashi, the general manager, produced the event "The stray dog Blitz tactics 2009", but it became the last event of AJKF.

Question: 全日本キックボクシング連盟が設立したのはいつ


Apple I

Context: Production was discontinued on September 30, 1977, after the June 10, 1977 introduction of its successor, the Apple II, which "Byte" magazine referred to as part of the "1977 Trinity" of personal computing (along with the PET 2001 from Commodore Business Machines and the TRS-80 Model I from Tandy Corporation).

Question: アップルが最初に発売した製品は何


Apple I

Context: The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 at a price of , because Wozniak "liked repeating digits" and because of a one-third markup on the wholesale price.

Question: アップルが最初に発売した製品は何


Apple I

Context: The first unit produced was used in a high school math class, and donated to Liza Loop's public-access computer center. About 200 units were produced, and all but 25 were sold within nine or ten months.

Question: アップルが最初に発売した製品は何


Apple I

Context: The computer used a Signetics 2513 64×8×5 Character Generator, capable of displaying uppercase characters, numbers and basic punctuation and math symbols with a 5x8 pixel font:

Question: アップルが最初に発売した製品は何


Apple I

Context: As of February 2022, 62 Apple-1 computers have been confirmed to exist and according to not verified information 20 more likely exist. 41 1st batch, 39 2nd batch and 2 unknown versions. Most are now in working condition.

Question: アップルが最初に発売した製品は何


Apple I

Context: Several Apple I clones and replicas have been released in recent years. These are all created by hobbyists and marketed to the hobbyist/collector community. Availability is usually limited to small runs in response to demand.

Question: アップルが最初に発売した製品は何


Puertollano

Context: Puertollano () is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha. The city has a population of 47,035 (2019). Contrasting to the largely rural character of the region, Puertollano stands out for the importance of industry, with a past linked to industrial and mining activities. It lies on the AVE high speed train line linking Madrid and Seville (opened 1992).

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: Puertollano is located in the Iberian Peninsula, in the transitional region between the southern half of the Inner Plateau and the northern reaches of Sierra Morena.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: It lies at the natural pass linking the plains of Argamasilla to the North and the valley of the river to the south, on which a modest East–West chain of mountains interrupts, at about 710 metres above sea level.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: The Ojailén, a tributary of the (in turn a right-bank tributary of the Guadalquivir), originally belonged to the Guadiana basin, yet it was later captured by the Guadalquivir basin.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: It is sided by the "Cerro de Santa Ana" (900 m) and the "Cerro de San Sebastián" (880 m), hills located, respectively, to the North-East and West of the urban nucleus.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: It is located in the southern limits of the Campo de Calatrava volcanic region, featuring the famous "Fuente Agria", an instance of the many ferruginous water springs with high CO2 content common in the volcanic area.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: Archaeological investigations have shown that the area was inhabited in prehistoric times (Homo heidelbergensis and Homo antecessor). Bronze Age weapons have been found and also a Visigoth necropolis from the post-Roman period.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: Later the region formed part of the depopulated nomansland between Christian (Northern) Spain and the Moorish Caliphate to the south.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: With the Spanish victory at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) the region was reconquered. The authorities encouraged people from northern Spain to settle in the newly conquered empty lands. Puertollano (then "Puertoplano") was founded as a hamlet shortly after. In 1348 however, the Black Death devastated the village, killing all but 13 inhabitants.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: Philip II granted Puertollano the title of town ("villa") in 1576 as well as the arms of the House of Austria.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: As coal was discovered in 1873, the village became a mining town from then on, leading to a sudden growth in the population. The apex of the economic importance of coal mining took place during World War I as the imports of British coal were not available, and the local economy based on the extraction of bituminous coal thrived in the national market. In 1920 the population had reached 20,083.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: Puertollano was granted the title of city ("ciudad") via Royal Decree in June 1925, during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. Following the end of the Spanish Civil War and up until the 1973 oil crisis the economic activity of Puertollano readjusted towards the extraction of oil shale.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: Puertollano is the largest industrial center in the Castilla-La Mancha region. It was formerly a coal mining town but today only one open-cast mine remains.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


Puertollano

Context: Nowadays the main industries are petrochemicals (Repsol), fertilisers (Fertiberia), power generation and, most recently, the manufacture of solar panels. The city has received national and EU aid to diversify its economy after the decline of the coal industry.

Question: ラ・マンチャ地方の主要産業は何


DeLorean time machine

Context: In the "Back to the Future" franchise, the DeLorean time machine is a time travel device made by retrofitting a DMC DeLorean vehicle with a flux capacitor. The car requires 1.21 gigawatts ("jigawatts/jigowatts") of power and needs to travel 88 miles per hour (142 km/h) to initiate time travel.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The "flux capacitor", which consists of a rectangular-shaped compartment with three flashing Geissler-style tubes arranged in a "Y" configuration, is described by Doc as "what makes time travel possible." The device is the core component of the time machine.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: As the time machine nears 88 mph, light coming from the flux capacitor begins pulsing more rapidly until it becomes a steady stream. Doc originally conceived the idea for the flux capacitor on , 1955, when he slipped on the edge of his toilet while hanging a clock in his bathroom and hit his head on the sink. A similar, but possibly steam-powered, flux capacitor is also seen in the chimney headlamp of Doc's second time machine, the Time Train, at the end of "Back to the Future Part III."

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: Although the films do not describe exactly how the flux capacitor works, Doc mentions at one point that the stainless steel body of the DeLorean has a direct and influential effect on the "flux dispersal", but he is interrupted before he can finish the explanation. The flux capacitor requires 1.21 gigawatts of electrical power to operate, which is roughly equivalent to the power produced by 15 typical commercial airplane jet engines.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The instruction manual for the AMT/ERTL DeLorean model kit says: "Because the car's stainless steel body improves the flux dispersal generated by the flux capacitor, and this in turn allows the vehicle smooth passage through the space-time continuum."

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: a silver mine. He then wrote Marty a letter explaining the situation and handed it over to Western Union, with instructions to deliver it to Marty in 1955.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The Mr. Fusion Home Energy Reactor is the name of a power source used by the DeLorean time machine in the "Back to the Future" trilogy. It can be seen for the first time at the end of "Back to the Future" when Doc pulls into the McFly's driveway after a trip to the year 2015. It is a parody of Mr. Coffee machines, which were very popular at the time of filming. The appliance from which the prop was made was actually a Krups "Coffina" model coffee grinder.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The plutonium chamber is what originally powers the flux capacitor and the time circuits. At the end of the first film, it was replaced by the Mr. Fusion Reactor during Doc's trip to 2015. It is possible that the plutonium chamber is still installed under Mr. Fusion as a backup source.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The digital speedometer in the DeLorean was used in synchronization with its analog counterpart to determine the speed of the car as it accelerated to reach temporal displacement. It played a more significant role in the third film. While attempting to return to 1985, Marty McFly referred to the digital speedometer as the locomotive pushing the DeLorean accelerated, calling out the speed over one of the walkie talkies as Doc attempted to board the DeLorean.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The wormhole emitter was a part of the DeLorean that was positioned on the car's roof. Its purpose is to create wormholes that allow the car to travel through time.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: This is located near the gear lever. Its purpose is to activate the time circuits, but on some occasions, it was pushed accidentally. In the first film, Marty unwillingly pushed the lever while using the DeLorean to flee from Libyan terrorists. This happened again in the second film; Doc unknowingly bumped into the lever while on his way to find Marty.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: This is one of the essential parts of the DeLorean. The operator uses it to type in a target date that they want the DeLorean to go to. After typing in a date, it will appear on the destination time display.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: 1955 Doc placed this brass alarm clock on the dashboard of the DeLorean which he set to go off when it was time for Marty to drive toward the lightning bolt at the clock tower. Following Marty's return to 1985, the alarm clock stays on the DeLorean's dashboard for the remainder of the series, but plays no further roles.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The flying circuits were added to the DeLorean at the end of the first film, enabling it to fly, in addition to the tires that can rotate horizontally to provide upward thrust. At the end of the second film, they were destroyed by a gigawatt overload as a result of the DeLorean being struck by lightning with its time circuits still on — which in turn activated the flux capacitor, sending the time machine and Doc back to 1885. Doc mentioned this, as well as the car never being able to fly again.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: After Doc traveled to 2015, he outfitted an orange 2015 license plate with a barcode display on the back of the DeLorean while giving it an upgrade with 2015 technology. It can be seen at the end of the first film. Unlike the DeLorean's other equipment, it does not play a major role in the films. The DeLorean originally had a normal license plate that said "OUTATIME", which came off during the DeLorean's first test run.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: After 1955 Doc and Marty recovered the DeLorean from the mine, 1955 Doc installed a vacuum tube circuit board on the car's front hood in order to restore the car's time travel ability.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: In the first film, 1955 Doc installs a long pole with a hook on the top of the DeLorean to channel a lighting strike into the flux capacitor once it makes contact with a cable connected to the top of the Hill Valley Courthouse (which is where the lighting will strike) while accelerating at 88 mph in order to send Marty back to 1985. While the DeLorean disappears to 1985, the pole itself is left behind in 1955.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: Due to the events in all three films, a total of four DeLoreans existed at the same time in 1955: the first in 1955 Doc's lab (taking place during the events of the first film), the second hidden somewhere by 2015 Biff after stealing the DeLorean in 2015, the third used by Doc and Marty to travel to 1955 and undo the changes caused by 2015 Biff, and the fourth hidden in the mine after Doc is transported to 1885.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: When the DeLorean makes its final trip to 1985, it lands on the now-completed bridge and coasts to a stop. Marty bails out seconds before it is struck and destroyed by an oncoming freight train. Later, Doc, Clara, and their children: Jules and Verne, appear in the same location where the DeLorean was destroyed, piloting a new time machine in the form of a steam-powered train. After picking up Einstein, the couple and their children depart for an unknown time period.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: In the films, the DeLorean time machine is a licensed, registered vehicle in the state of California, where the films take place. The vanity license plate used in the film reads "OUTATIME", a deliberate anomaly, as the maximum number of symbols on California plates is seven characters. When Doc returns from 2015, it is a barcode license plate, which implies that by that year license plates have moved to other more sophisticated means of tracking and registering.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: It is implied that the Time Train stays with Clara, Jules, and Verne, passingly mentioned as enjoying the same nomadic life around the time-stream of Doc, but it is never seen in the game.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: In "Doc Brown Saves the World", there was a repaired DeLorean time machine which included new replacement parts from 2015. The DeLorean is also seen in a video promoting "Doc Brown Saves the World", and it is unknown as to whether or not a flux capacitor was inside.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The Time Train was a second time machine that appears at the end of Part III, which is powered by steam instead of gasoline. Doc built it out of a steam locomotive (most likely a different one that Doc either purchased or stole since the one that Marty and Doc used to push the DeLorean up to 88 mph was destroyed).

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: Universal Studios special effects department built three main DeLorean time machines for the movie "Back to the Future". The film's producers characterized the DeLoreans with three names: the A car, B car, and C car.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The "A" car, also known as the Hero car, was the most detailed and utilized vehicle during production. After filming was over, the "A" car was delivered to Universal Studios Hollywood as an attraction piece. As time passed, visitors started taking parts off the vehicle and wandering off with them. Bob Gale selected a team to repair the car so it could be in a perfect condition. The vehicle is currently being displayed at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The "C" car was used for interior footage and was torn apart so the camera could fit inside the car. The vehicle was left at Universal Studios Hollywood, many of its parts were put together on a replica remodeled by Tom Talmon Studios for Universal Japan. Universal Japan sold the car to a private company and the vehicle is currently being displayed on the company's entryway.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: The flying DeLorean used a combination of live-action footage, animation, and a 1:5 scale (approximately long) model built by Steve Gawley and the model shop crew and filmed against a blue screen. Months were spent building the model from epoxy, steel, and aluminum. Halogen lamps were fitted to the tires to simulate thrusters; the tires were made from aluminum to withstand the heat. Blue chalk was rubbed on the windscreen to conceal the lack of riders— the last effect produced by ILM.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: While the original PRV V6 engines were retained in the physical cars for filming, the film's sound effects artists used the sound of a Porsche 928 V8 and the "Star Wars"'s landspeeder for the engine sounds in the movie.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


DeLorean time machine

Context: As of November 2021, approximately 122 DeLoreans are known to be converted to "Back to the Future" Time Machines.

Question: デロリアンの燃料はなんですか？


Djuna Barnes

Context: In 1921, a lucrative commission with "McCall's" took Barnes to Paris, where she lived for the next 10 years. In this period she published "A Book" (1923), a collection of poetry, plays, and short stories, which was later reissued, with the addition of three stories, as "A Night Among the Horses" (1929), "Ladies Almanack" (1928), and "Ryder" (1928).

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: During the 1930s, Barnes spent time in England, Paris, New York, and North Africa. It was during this restless time that she wrote and published "Nightwood". In October 1939, after nearly two decades living mostly in Europe, Barnes returned to New York. She published her last major work, the verse play "The Antiphon", in 1958, and she died in her apartment at Patchin Place, Greenwich Village in June 1982.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: As the second oldest child, Barnes spent much of her childhood helping care for siblings and half-siblings. She received her early education at home, mostly from her father and grandmother, who taught her writing, art, and music but neglected subjects such as math and spelling. She claimed to have had no formal schooling at all; some evidence suggests that she was enrolled in public school for a time after age ten, though her attendance was inconsistent.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: For another article in "New York World" in 1914, she submitted to force-feeding, a technique then being used on hunger-striking suffragists. Barnes wrote "If I, play acting, felt my being burning with revolt at this brutal usurpation of my own functions, how they who actually suffered the ordeal in its acutest horror must have flamed at the violation of the sanctuaries of their spirits." She concluded "I had shared the greatest experience of the bravest of my sex."

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: In 1946, she worked for Henry Holt as a manuscript reader, but her reports were invariably caustic, and she was fired.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: After "The Antiphon", Barnes returned to writing poetry, which she worked and reworked, producing as many as 500 drafts. She wrote eight hours per day despite a growing list of health problems, including arthritis so severe that she had difficulty even sitting at her typewriter or turning on her desk lamp. Many of these poems never were finalized, and only a few were published in her lifetime.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Although Barnes had other female lovers, in her later years she was known to claim "I am not a lesbian; I just loved Thelma."

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Barnes was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1961 and was awarded a senior fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts in 1981.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Barnes was the last surviving member of the first generation of English-language modernists when she died in her home in New York on June 18, 1982, six days after her 90th birthday.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Barnes came to regard "The Book of Repulsive Women" as an embarrassment; she called the title "idiotic," left it out of her curriculum vitae, and even burned copies. But because the copyright had never been registered, she was unable to prevent it from being republished, and it became one of her most reprinted works.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: "Ladies Almanack" (1928) is a roman à clef about a predominantly lesbian social circle centering on Natalie Clifford Barney's salon in Paris. It is written in an archaic, Rabelaisian style, with Barnes's own illustrations in the style of Elizabethan woodcuts.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: The obscure language, inside jokes, and ambiguity of "Ladies Almanack" have kept critics arguing about whether it is an affectionate satire or a bitter attack, but Barnes loved the book and reread it throughout her life.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Barnes's reputation as a writer was made when "Nightwood" was published in England in 1936 in an expensive edition by Faber and Faber, and in America in 1937 by Harcourt, Brace and Company, with an added introduction by T.S. Eliot, Barnes's editor. The avant-garde novel, written under the patronage of Peggy Guggenheim, made Barnes famous in feminist circles.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: The novel, set in Paris in the 1920s, revolves around the lives of five characters, two of whom are based on Barnes and Wood, and it reflects the circumstances surrounding the ending of their relationship. In his introduction, Eliot praises Barnes's style, which, while having "prose rhythm ... and the musical pattern which is not that of verse, is so good a novel that only sensibilities trained on poetry can wholly appreciate it."

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Due to concerns about censorship, Eliot edited "Nightwood" to soften some language relating to sexuality and religion. An edition restoring these changes, edited by Cheryl J. Plumb, was published by Dalkey Archive Press in 1995.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Dylan Thomas described "Nightwood" as "one of the three great prose books ever written by a woman," and William Burroughs called it "one of the great books of the twentieth century." It was number 12 on a list of the top 100 gay books compiled by The Publishing Triangle in 1999.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: The play premiered in 1961 in Stockholm in a Swedish translation by Karl Ragnar Gierow and U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: The play was translated in French and set at the Odeon Theater in Paris by the “Comedie Française” in March 1990.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Barnes has been cited as an influence by writers as diverse as Truman Capote, William Goyen, Karen Blixen, John Hawkes, Bertha Harris, Dylan Thomas, David Foster Wallace, and Anaïs Nin. Writer Bertha Harris described her work as "practically the only available expression of lesbian culture we have in the modern western world" since Sappho.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Barnes's biographical notes and collection of manuscripts have been a major source for scholars who have brought the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven forth from the margins of Dada history. They were key in producing "" (2011), the first major English collection of the baroness's poems, and a biography titled "Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity" (2002).

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Cynthia Grant and Svetlana Zylin co-wrote the play "Djuna: What of the Night" based on Barnes's life and works. The play premiered in 1991.

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Djuna Barnes

Context: Emmanuelle Uzan played Barnes in a brief cameo role with no dialogue in Woody Allen's 2011 film "Midnight in Paris".

Question: 小説『夜の森』のジャンルは何


Sally Hemings

Context: During the 26 months Sally Hemings lived with Jefferson in Paris, she was a free woman and a paid servant, slavery not being legal in France. During this time, under circumstances that are not well understood, she and Jefferson began having intimate relations.

Question: サリー・ヘミングスは何年に死去しましたか？


Sally Hemings

Context: Following Martha's death, Wayles remarried and was widowed twice more. Several sources assert that, Wayles took Betty Hemings as his concubine, and had six children by her during the last 12 years of his life, the youngest of these being Sally Hemings. These children were younger half-siblings to his daughters by his wives. His first child, Martha Wayles (named after her mother, John Wayles' first wife), married the young planter and future president Thomas Jefferson.

Question: サリー・ヘミングスは何年に死去しましたか？


Sally Hemings

Context: The children of Betty Hemings and John Wayles were three-quarters European in ancestry and fair-skinned. According to the 1662 Virginia Slave Law, children born to enslaved mothers were considered enslaved people under the principle of : the enslaved status of a child followed that of the mother. Betty and her children, including Sally Hemings and all Sally's children, were legally slaves, even though the fathers were their white slave owners and the children were of majority-white ancestry.

Question: サリー・ヘミングスは何年に死去しましたか？


Sally Hemings

Context: According to her son Madison's memoir, Hemings became pregnant by Jefferson in Paris. She was about 16 at the time. Under French law, Sally and James could have petitioned for their freedom, but if she returned to Virginia with Jefferson, it would be as an enslaved person. She agreed to return with him to the United States, based on his promise to free her children when they came of age (at 21). Hemings' strong ties to her mother, siblings, and extended family likely drew her back to Monticello.

Question: サリー・ヘミングスは何年に死去しましたか？