Tram

Context: The history of trams, streetcars or trolley systems, began in the early nineteenth century. It can be divided into several distinct periods defined by the principal means of power used.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The first permanent tram line in continental Europe was opened in Paris in 1855 by Alphonse Loubat who had previously worked on American streetcar lines. The tram was developed in numerous cities of Europe (some of the most extensive systems were found in Berlin, Budapest, Birmingham, Saint Petersburg, Lisbon, London, Manchester, Paris, Kyiv).

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The first tram in South America opened in 1858 in Santiago, Chile. The first trams in Australia opened in 1860 in Sydney. Africa's first tram service started in Alexandria on 8 January 1863. The first trams in Asia opened in 1869 in Batavia (now Jakarta), Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia).

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Horse-drawn trams still operate on the 1876-built Douglas Bay Horse Tramway in the Isle of Man, and at the 1894-built horse tram at Victor Harbor in South Australia. New horse-drawn systems have been established at the Hokkaidō Museum in Japan and also in Disneyland. A horse tram route in Polish gmina Mrozy, first built in 1902, was reopened in 2012.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The other style of steam tram had the steam engine in the body of the tram, referred to as a tram engine (UK) or steam dummy (US). The most notable system to adopt such trams was in Paris. French-designed steam trams also operated in Rockhampton, in the Australian state of Queensland between 1909 and 1939. Stockholm, Sweden, had a steam tram line at the island of Södermalm between 1887 and 1901.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Another motive system for trams was the cable car, which was pulled along a fixed track by a moving steel cable. The power to move the cable was normally provided at a "powerhouse" site a distance away from the actual vehicle. The London and Blackwall Railway, which opened for passengers in east London, England, in 1840 used such a system.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The first practical cable car line was tested in San Francisco, in 1873. Part of its success is attributed to the development of an effective and reliable cable grip mechanism, to grab and release the moving cable without damage. The second city to operate cable trams was Dunedin in New Zealand, from 1881 to 1957.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The most extensive cable system in the US was built in Chicago, having been built in stages between 1859 and 1892. New York City developed multiple cable car lines, that operated from 1883 to 1909. Los Angeles also had several cable car lines, including the Second Street Cable Railroad, which operated from 1885 to 1889, and the Temple Street Cable Railway, which operated from 1886 to 1898.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: From 1885 to 1940, the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia operated one of the largest cable systems in the world, at its peak running 592 trams on of track. There were also two isolated cable lines in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; the North Sydney line from 1886 to 1900, and the King Street line from 1892 to 1905.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In Dresden, Germany, in 1901 an elevated suspended cable car following the "Eugen Langen one-railed floating tram system" started operating. Cable cars operated on Highgate Hill in North London and Kennington to Brixton Hill in South London. They also worked around "Upper Douglas" in the Isle of Man from 1897 to 1929 (cable car 72/73 is the sole survivor of the fleet).

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In Italy, in Trieste, the Trieste–Opicina tramway was opened in 1902, with the steepest section of the route being negotiated with the help of a funicular and its cables.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Cable cars remained especially effective in hilly cities, since their nondriven wheels would not lose traction as they climbed or descended a steep hill. The moving cable would physically pull the car up the hill at a steady pace, unlike a low-powered steam or horse-drawn car. Cable cars do have wheel brakes and track brakes, but the cable also helps restrain the car to going downhill at a constant speed. Performance in steep terrain partially explains the survival of cable cars in San Francisco.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The San Francisco cable cars, though significantly reduced in number, continue to perform a regular transportation function, in addition to being a well-known tourist attraction. A single cable line also survives in Wellington, New Zealand (rebuilt in 1979 as a funicular but still called the "Wellington Cable Car"). Another system, actually two separate cable lines with a shared power station in the middle, operates from the Welsh town of Llandudno up to the top of the Great Orme hill in North Wales, UK.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Comparatively little has been published about gas trams. However, research on the subject was carried out for an article in the October 2011 edition of "The Times", the historical journal of the Australian Association of Timetable Collectors, now the Australian Timetable Association.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: A tram system powered by compressed natural gas was due to open in Malaysia in 2012, but the news about the project appears to have dried up.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The world's first electric tram line operated in Sestroretsk near Saint Petersburg invented and tested by Ukrainian inventor Fyodor Pirotsky in 1875. Later, using a similar technology, Pirotsky put into service the first public electric tramway in St. Petersburg, which operated only during September 1880.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The second demonstrative tramway was presented by Siemens & Halske at the 1879 Berlin Industrial Exposition.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The first public electric tramway used for permanent service was the Gross-Lichterfelde tramway in Lichterfelde near Berlin in Germany, which opened in 1881. It was built by Werner von Siemens who contacted Pirotsky. This was world's first commercially successful electric tram. It initially drew current from the rails, with overhead wire being installed in 1883.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The first electric tramway in Australia was a Sprague system demonstrated at the 1888 Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in Melbourne; afterwards, this was installed as a commercial venture operating between the outer Melbourne suburb of Box Hill and the then tourist-oriented country town Doncaster from 1889 to 1896. As well, electric systems were built in Adelaide, Ballarat, Bendigo, Brisbane, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, Kalgoorlie, Launceston, Leonora, Newcastle, Perth, and Sydney.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In Japan, the Kyoto Electric railroad was the first tram system, starting operation in 1895. By 1932, the network had grown to 82 railway companies in 65 cities, with a total network length of . By the 1960s the tram had generally died out in Japan.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Two rare but significant alternatives were conduit current collection, which was widely used in London, Washington, D.C. and New York City, and the surface contact collection method, used in Wolverhampton (the Lorain system), Torquay and Hastings in the UK (the Dolter stud system), and currently in Bordeaux, France (the ground-level power supply system).

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The convenience and economy of electricity resulted in its rapid adoption once the technical problems of production and transmission of electricity were solved. Electric trams largely replaced animal power and other forms of motive power including cable and steam, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In the 2000s, several companies introduced catenary-free designs. Alstom's Citadis line uses a third rail, Bombardier's PRIMOVE LRV is charged by contactless induction plates embedded in the trackway and CAF URBOS tram using ultracaps technology

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Paris and Berne (Switzerland) operated trams that were powered by compressed air using the Mekarski system.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Trials on street tramways in Britain, including by the North Metropolitan Tramway Company between Kings Cross and Holloway, London (1883), achieved acceptable results but were found not to be economic because of the combined coal consumption of the stationary compressor and the onboard steam boiler.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The Convict Tramway was hauled by human power in the form of convicts from the Port Arthur convict settlement. and was created to replace the hazardous sea voyage from Hobart to Port Arthur, Tasmania. Charles O'Hara Booth oversaw the construction of the tramway.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: It opened in 1836 and ran for 8 km (5 miles) from Oakwood to Taranna. By most definitions, the tramway was the first passenger-carrying railway/tramway in Australia. An unconfirmed report says that it continued to Eaglehawk Neck and, if this was so, the length of the tramway would have been more than doubled. The tramway carried passengers and freight, and ran on wooden rails. The gauge is unknown. The date of closure is unknown, but it was certainly prior to 1877.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In March 2015, China South Rail Corporation (CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao. The chief engineer of the CSR subsidiary CSR Sifang Co Ltd., Liang Jianying, said that the company is studying how to reduce the running costs of the tram.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The Trieste–Opicina tramway in Trieste operates a hybrid funicular tramway system. Conventional electric trams are operated in street running and on reserved track for most of their route. However, on one steep segment of track, they are assisted by cable tractors, which push the trams uphill and act as brakes for the downhill run. For safety, the cable tractors are always deployed on the downhill side of the tram vehicle.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Similar systems were used elsewhere in the past, notably on the Queen Anne Counterbalance in Seattle and the Darling Street wharf line in Sydney.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Hastings and some other tramways, for example Stockholms Spårvägar in Sweden and some lines in Karachi, used petrol trams. Galveston Island Trolley in Texas operated diesel trams due to the city's hurricane-prone location, which would result in frequent damage to an electrical supply system.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Although Portland, Victoria promotes its tourist tram as being a cable car it actually operates using a hidden diesel motor. The tram, which runs on a circular route around the town of Portland, uses dummies and salons formerly used on the extensive Melbourne cable tramway system and now beautifully restored.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Trams have been used for two main purposes: for carrying passengers and for carrying cargo. There are several types of passenger tram:

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: There are two main types of tramways, the classic tramway built in the early 20th century with the tram system operating in mixed traffic, and the later type which is most often associated with the tram system having its own right of way. Tram systems that have their own right of way are often called light rail but this does not always hold true. Though these two systems differ in their operation, their equipment is much the same.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Trams were traditionally operated with separate levers for applying power and brakes. More modern vehicles use a locomotive-style controller which incorporate a dead man's switch. The success of the PCC streetcar had also seen trams use automobile-style foot controls allowing hands-free operation, particularly when the driver was responsible for fare collection.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: A ground-level power supply system also known as Surface current collection or Alimentation par le sol (APS) is an updated version of the original stud type system. APS uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into eight-metre powered segments with three-metre neutral sections between. Each tram has two power collection skates, next to which are antennas that send radio signals to energize the power rail segments as the tram passes over them.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Older systems required mechanical switching systems which were susceptible to environmental problems. At any one time no more than two consecutive segments under the tram should actually be live. Wireless and solid state switching remove the mechanical problem.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Alstom developed the system primarily to avoid intrusive power supply cables in the sensitive area of the old city of old Bordeaux.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Route patterns vary greatly among the world's tram systems, leading to different network topologies.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In some places, the opportunity is taken when roads are being repaved to lay tramlines (though without erecting overhead cables) even though no service is immediately planned: such is the case in Leipzigerstraße in Berlin, the Haarlemmer Houttuinen in Amsterdam, and Botermarkt in Ghent.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Tram systems operate across national borders in Basel (from Switzerland into France and Germany) and Strasbourg (From France into Germany). A planned line linking Hasselt (Belgium) with Maastricht (Netherlands) is now in doubt.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Tramway track can have different rail profiles to accommodate the various operating environments of the vehicle. They may be embedded into concrete for street-running operation, or use standard ballasted track with railroad ties on high-speed sections. A more ecological solution is to embed tracks into grass turf.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In narrow situations double-track tram lines sometimes reduce to single track, or, to avoid switches, have the tracks interlaced, e.g. in the Leidsestraat in Amsterdam on three short stretches (see map detail); this is known as interlaced or gauntlet track. There is a UK example of interlaced track on the Tramlink, just west of Mitcham Station, where the formation is narrowed by an old landslip causing an obstruction. (See photo in Tramlink entry).

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Historically, the track gauge has had considerable variations, with narrow gauge common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now standard gauge. An important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be delivered and relocated conveniently using freight railways and locomotives.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Another factor favoring standard gauge is that low-floor vehicles are becoming popular, and there is generally insufficient space for wheelchairs to move between the wheels in a narrow gauge layout. Standard gauge also enables – at least in theory – a larger choice of manufacturers and thus lower procurement costs for new vehicles. However, other factors such as electrification or loading gauge for which there is more variation may require costly custom built units regardless.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Tram stops may be similar to bus stops in design and use, particularly in street-running sections, where in some cases other vehicles are legally required to stop clear of the tram doors. Some stops may resemble to railway platforms, particularly in private right-of-way sections and where trams are boarded at standard railway platform height, as opposed to using steps at the doorway or low-floor trams.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Approximately 5,000 new trams are manufactured each year. As of February 2017, 4,478 new trams were on order from their makers, with options being open for a further 1,092.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Trams are in a period of growth, with about 800 tram systems operating around the world, 10 or so new systems being opened each year, and many being gradually extended. Some of these systems date from the late 19th or early 20th centuries. In the past 20 years their numbers have been augmented by modern tramway or light rail systems in cities that had discarded this form of transport. There have also been some new tram systems in cities that never previously had them.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: "Tramways with tramcars" (British English) or "street railways with streetcars" (North American English) were common throughout the industrialised world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries but they had disappeared from most British, Canadian, French and US cities by the mid-20th century.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: By contrast, trams in parts of continental Europe continued to be used by many cities, although there were contractions in some countries, including the Netherlands.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In Milan, Italy, the old "Ventotto" trams are considered by its inhabitants a "symbol" of the city. The same can be said of trams in Melbourne in general, but particularly the iconic W class. The Toronto streetcar system had similarly become an iconic symbol of the city, operating the largest network in the Americas as well as the only large-scale tram system in Canada (not including light rail systems, or heritage lines).

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The largest tram (classic tram, streetcar, "straßenbahn") and fast tram (light rail, stadtbahn) networks in the world by route length (as of 2016) are:

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In many European cities, much tramway infrastructure was lost in the mid-20th century, though not always on the same scale as in other parts of the world such as North America. Most of Central and Eastern Europe retained the majority of its tramway systems and it is here that the largest and busiest tram systems in the world are found.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Whereas most systems and vehicles in the tram sector are found in Central and Eastern Europe, in the 1960s and 1970s, tram systems were shut down in many places in Western Europe, however urban transportation has been experiencing a sustained long running revival since the 1990s. Many European cities are rehabilitating, upgrading, expanding and reconstructing their old tramway lines and building new tramway lines.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Model trams are popular in HO scale (1:87) and O scale (1:48 in the US and generally 1:43,5 and 1:45 in Europe and Asia). They are typically powered and will accept plastic figures inside. Common manufacturers are Roco and Lima, with many custom models being made as well. The German firm Hödl and the Austrian Halling specialise in 1:87 scale.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: O scale trams are also very popular among tram modellers because the increased size allows for more detail and easier crafting of overhead wiring. In the US these models are usually purchased in epoxy or wood kits and some as brass models. The Saint Petersburg Tram Company produces highly detailed polyurethane non-powered O Scale models from around the world which can easily be powered by trucks from vendors like Q-Car.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: In the US, one of the best resources for model tram enthusiasts is the East Penn Traction Club of Philadelphia and Trolleyville a website of the Southern California Traction Club.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: Although the use of the term "trolley" for tram was not adopted in Europe, the term was later associated with the "trolleybus", a rubber-tired vehicle running on hard pavement, which draws its power from pairs of overhead wires. These electric buses, which use twin trolley poles, are also called "trackless trolleys" (particularly in the northeastern US), or sometimes simply "trolleys" (in the UK, as well as the Pacific Northwest, including Seattle, and Vancouver).

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Tram

Context: The New South Wales government in Australia has decided to use the term "light rail" for their trams.

Question: 電気で動くバスを最初に開発した会社は何？


Rotary International

Context: Rotary International is a humanitarian service organization which brings together business and professional leaders in order to provide community service, promote integrity, and advance goodwill, peace, and understanding in the world. It is a non-political and non-religious organization. Membership is by invitation and based on various social factors. There are over 46,000 member clubs worldwide, with a membership of 1.4 million individuals, known as Rotarians.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: In August 1912, the Rotary Club of London received its charter from the Association, marking the first acknowledged Rotary club outside North America. It later became known that the Dublin club in Ireland was organized before the London club, but the Dublin club did not receive its charter until after the London club was chartered.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: During World War I, Rotary in Britain increased from 9 to 22 clubs, and other early clubs in other nations included those in Cuba in 1916, Philippines in 1919 and India in 1920.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Rotary International has worked with the UN since the UN started in 1945. At that time Rotary was involved in 65 countries. The two organizations shared ideals around promoting peace. Rotary received consultative status at the UN in 1946–47.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Rotary clubs in Eastern Europe and communist nations were disbanded by 1945–46, but new Rotary clubs were organized in many other countries, and by the time of the national independence movements in Africa and Asia, the new nations already had Rotary clubs. After the relaxation of government control of community groups in Russia and former Soviet satellite nations, Rotarians were welcomed as club organizers, and clubs were formed in those countries, beginning with the Moscow club in 1990.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: In 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the world's children against polio. As of 2011, Rotary had contributed more than 900 million US dollars to the cause, resulting in the immunization of nearly two billion children worldwide.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: In order to carry out its service programs, Rotary is structured in club, district and international levels. Rotarians are members of their clubs. The clubs are chartered by the global organization Rotary International (RI) headquartered in Evanston, Illinois. For administrative purposes, the more than 46,000 clubs worldwide are grouped into 529 districts, and the districts into 34 zones.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Rotaract: It is an organization of young adults (university age and young professionals) who take action through community and international service, learn leadership skills, and participate in professional development. Rotaract clubs are either community or university based. "Rotaract" stands for "Rotary in Action", and its motto is "Self Development – Fellowship through Service".

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Rotaract began as a program of Rotary International, and its first club was founded in 1968 by Charlotte North Rotary Club, located in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: A district governor, who is an officer of Rotary International and represents the RI board of directors in the field, leads his/her respective Rotary district. Each governor is nominated by the clubs of his/her district, and elected by all the clubs meeting in the annual RI District Convention held each year. The district governor appoints assistant governors from among the Rotarians of the district to assist in the management of Rotary activity and multi-club projects in the district.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Approximately 15 Rotary districts form a zone. A zone director, who serves as a member of the RI board of directors, heads two zones. The zone director is nominated by the clubs in the zone and elected by the convention for the terms of two consecutive years.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Rotary International has a general secretary, who also acts as chief executive officer and leads the Rotary Foundation. The current holder of the post is John Hewko.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: According to its constitutions ("Charters"), Rotary defines itself as a non-partisan, non-sectarian organization. Membership is open to "adult persons who demonstrate good character, integrity, and leadership; possess good reputation within their business, profession, occupation, and/or community."

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: One can contact a Rotary club to inquire about membership and it was a traditional method that a person can join a Rotary club only if invited; there is the ability to join without an invitation but it is recommended to attend a meeting to ensure a suitable fit to the club.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Active membership is by invitation from a current Rotarian, to professionals or businesspersons working in diverse areas of endeavour. Each club may limit up to ten percent of its membership representing each business or profession in the area it serves. The goal of the clubs is to promote service to the community they work in, as well as to the wider world. Many projects are organised for the local community by a single club, but some are organised globally.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: The first female to be President of Rotary International will be Jennifer E. Jones of the Windsor Roseland Rotary Club in Windsor, Ontario Canada.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: The change of the second Rotarian motto in 2004, from "He profits most who serves best" to "They profit most who serve best", 99 years after its foundation, illustrates the move to general acceptance of women members in Rotary.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Rotary Clubs sponsor a number of affiliated clubs that promote the goals of Rotary in their community.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Inner Wheel is an international organization founded in 1924 to unite wives and daughters of Rotarians. Inner Wheel Clubs exist in over 103 countries. Like Rotary, Inner Wheel is divided into local clubs and districts. Female spouses of Rotary members are traditionally called "Partners" or "Spouse".

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Rotary concentrates on seven areas: promoting peace, improving health through disease prevention and treatment, improving the health of mothers and children, water and sanitation, education, economic development, and supporting the environment.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: The most notable current global project, PolioPlus, is contributing to the global eradication of polio.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: (1923–1987), Governor of RI District 204 (1984–1985), founder of the RC of Treviglio and Pianura Bergamasca (Italy), was the man who inspired and promoted the RI PolioPlus vaccination campaign. Mulitsch made it possible shipping the first 500,000 doses of antipolio vaccine to the Philippines at the beginning of 1980. This project later gave rise to the NGO "Nuovi Spazi al Servire" co-ordinated by Luciano Ravaglia (RC Forlì, Italy).

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: In 2008, Rotary received a $100 million challenge grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Rotary committed to raising $100 million. In January 2009, Bill Gates announced a second challenge grant of $255 million. Rotary again committed to raising another $100 million. In total, Rotary will raise $200 million by 30 June 2012. Together, the Gates Foundation and Rotary have committed $555 million toward the eradication of polio. At the time of the second challenge grant, Bill Gates said:

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: In 2014, polio survivor and Rotarian Ramesh Ferris met with the Dalai Lama to discuss the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The meeting went viral via a selfie taken by Ferris with the Dalai Lama.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Interact is Rotary International's service club for young people ages 12 to 18. Interact clubs are sponsored by Rotary clubs (and may be co-sponsored by Rotaract clubs), which provide support and guidance, but they are self-governing and self-supporting.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Club membership varies greatly. Clubs can be single gender or mixed, large or small. They can draw from the student body of a single school or from two or more schools in the same community, and welcome home-schooled students.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Each year, Interact clubs complete at least two community service projects, one of which furthers international understanding and goodwill. Through these efforts, Interactors develop a network of friendships with local and overseas clubs and learn the importance of

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: As one of the most significant and fastest-growing programs of Rotary service, with more than 15,000 clubs in more than 145 countries and geographical areas, Interact has become a worldwide phenomenon. Almost 340,000 young people are involved in Interact.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: RYLA, or Rotary Youth Leadership Awards, is a leadership program for young people aged 14 to 30. The Rotary Youth Leadership Awards program offers Rotarians an opportunity to personally participate in developing qualities of leadership, good citizenship, and personal and professional development in the young people of their communities. RYLA program content and format can be customized to target limited age groups in order to address varying needs and interests within the community.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: The Rotary Community Corps (RCC) is a volunteer organization with an estimated 157,000 non-Rotarian men and women in over 6,800 communities in 78 countries.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Some of Rotary's most visible programs include Rotary Youth Exchange (RYE), a student exchange program for students in secondary education. The Rotary Foundation's oldest program, Ambassadorial Scholarships ended in 2013. In July 2009 the Rotary Foundation ended funding for the Cultural and Multi-Year Ambassadorial Scholarships as well as Rotary Grants for University Teachers.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Rotary Fellowships, paid by the foundation launched in honor of Paul Harris in 1947, specialize in providing graduate fellowships around the world, usually in countries other than their own in order to provide international exposure and experience to the recipient.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Recently, a new program was established known as the Rotary peace and Conflict Resolution program which provides funds for two years of graduate study in one of eight universities around the world. Rotary is naming about 75 of these scholars each year. The applications for these scholarships are found on line but each application must be endorsed by a local Rotary Club. Children and other close relatives of Rotarians are not eligible.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Rotary International

Context: Adults up to the age of 30 may participate in "New Generations Service Exchange" for up to six months and may be organized for individuals or groups. The minimum age of the participants shall be the age of majority in the host country, but not be younger than age 18. New Generations Service Exchanges must have a strong humanitarian or vocational service component.

Question: 国際ロータリークラブの設立者は誰？


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Espousing principles they believed had been vindicated by American independence and by the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Presbyterian merchants who formed the first United society in Belfast in 1791 vowed to make common cause with their Catholic-majority fellow countrymen. Their "cordial union" would upend Ireland's Protestant (Anglican) Ascendancy and hold her government accountable to a representative Parliament.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: The British government seized on the rebellion to argue the greater security of a union with Great Britain. In 1800 the Irish legislature was abolished in favour of a United Kingdom parliament at Westminster. The attempt to restore the movement by organising on strictly military lines failed to elicit a response in what had been the United heartlands in the north, and misfired in 1803 with Robert Emmet's rising in Dublin.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Since the rebellion's centenary in 1898, Irish nationalists and Ulster unionists have contested its legacy.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Faced with the tithes, rack rents and sacramental tests of this Ascendancy, and with the supremacy of the English interest, Presbyterians had been voting by leaving Ireland in ever greater numbers. From 1710 to 1775 over 200,000 sailed for the North American colonies. When the American Revolutionary War commenced in 1775, there were few Presbyterian households that did not have relatives in America, many of whom would take up arms against the Crown.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Assessing security on the eve of the American War, the British Viceroy, Lord Harcourt, described the Presbyterians of Ulster as Americans "in their hearts".

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: For the original members of the Society, the Irish Volunteers were a further source of prior association. Formed to secure the Kingdom as the British garrison was drawn down for American service, Volunteer companies were often little more than local landlords and their retainers armed and drilled. But in Dublin, and above all in Ulster (where they convened provincial conventions) they mobilised a much wider section of Protestant society.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: --that the sole constitutional mode by which this influence can be opposed, is by complete and radical reform of the representation of the people in parliament.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Tone cited the examples of the American Congress and French National Assembly where "Catholic and Protestant sit equally" and of the Polish Constitution of May 1791 (also celebrated in Belfast) with its promise of amity between Catholic, Protestant and Jew. If Irish Protestants remained "illiberal" and "blind" to these precedents, Ireland would continue to be governed in the exclusive interests of England and of the landed Ascendancy.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: The Belfast Catholic Society sought to underscore Tone's argument. Meeting in April 1792 they declared their "highest ambition" was "to participate in the constitution" of the kingdom, and disclaimed even "the most distant thought of [...] unsettling the landed property thereof".

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Mary Ann McCracken took Drennan's test but stood aloof from the "female societies." No women with "rational ideas of liberty and equality for themselves", she objected, could consent to a separate organisation. There could be "no other reason having them separate, but keeping the women in the dark" and making "tools of them".

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: On the role in the movement of peasant and other working women there are fewer sources. But in the 1798 uprising they came forward in many capacities, some, as celebrated in later ballads ("Betsy Gray" and "Brave Mary Doyle, the Heroine of New Ross"), as combatants. Under the command of Henry Luttrell, Earl Carhampton (who, in a celebrated case in 1788, Archibald Hamilton Rowan had accused of child rape), troops treated women, young and old, with great brutality.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Aware that many of those who had lent their names to the original reform project recoiled from the prospect of insurrection, in March 1796 Tone recorded his understanding of the new resolve: "Our independence must be had at all hazards. If the men of property will not support us, they must fall; we can support ourselves by the aid of that numerous and respectable class of the community, the men of no property".

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: What was decisive, however, was not their agreed political programme: final emancipation and a complete reform of representation. From Dungannon, where he had command, General John Knox, reported that local republicans had been "obliged to throw in the bait of the Abolition of Titles, Reduction of Rents etc.". Nothing less would rouse "the lower orders of Roman Catholics" (and nothing less, he suggested, would in time reconcile them to the alternative to separation, a union with Great Britain).

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: The Society that Tone had helped establish with Drennan in Dublin on his return from Belfast in November 1791 held themselves aloof from the Jacobin, Defender and other radical clubs in the capital. The city's United men also shied away from the New System adopted in Ulster. Whereas Belfast had 16 societies in 1795 (and 80 by the spring of 1797), Dublin, with ten times the population, maintained just one general society comprising, at its height in March 1793, 350 to 400 members.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Drennan was nonetheless sceptical of their intentions. Suspecting that their object remained "selfish" (i.e. focused on emancipation rather than on separation and democratic reform) and recognizing their alarm at the anti-clericalism of the French Republic, Drennan, up until his trial for sedition in May 1794, promoted what he called an "inner Society" in Dublin, "Protestant but National".

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: On 15 December 1796, Tone arrived off Bantry Bay with a French fleet carrying about 14,450 men, and a large supply of war material, under the command of Louis Lazare Hoche. A gale prevented a landing. Hoche's unexpected death on his return to France was a blow to what had been Tone's adept handling of the politics of the French Directory. With the forces (and ambition) that might have allowed a second attempt upon Ireland, Hoche's rival, Napoleon, sailed in May 1798 for Egypt.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Bantry Bay nonetheless made real the prospect of French intervention for which it was clear the forces available to the Crown were unprepared. At the same time, the government was shutting down attempts at political conciliation. In the new year it announced that any further discussion in parliament of grievances serving in the country as "pretexts for treasonable practices" would result in adjournment.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: There followed in England the 1794 Treason Trials and, when these collapsed, the 1795 Treason Act and Seditious Meetings Act. The measures were directed at the activities of the London Corresponding Society and other radical groups among whom, as ambassadors for the Irish cause, Roger O'Connor and Jane Greg had been cultivating understanding and support.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: In the face of the repression, sections of the democratic movement in both Scotland and in England began to regard universal suffrage and annual parliaments as a cause for physical force. Political tours by United Irishmen in the winter of 1796–7, and as conditions deteriorated in Ulster a growing tide of migrants, helped to promote such thinking and foster an interest in establishing societies on the new model Irish example.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: With the encouragement of Irish and Scottish visitors, the manufacturing districts of northern England saw the first cells of the United Englishmen formed in late 1796. Their clandestine proceedings, oath taking, and advocacy of physical force "mirrored that of their Irish inspirators", and they followed Ulster system of parish-based cells (societies capped at thirty or thirty-six).

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: The resolution of the "United Britons" was discussed by the Irish leaders in Dublin in July 1797. Although addressed to the prospect of French assistance, in Ulster the suggestion that "England, Scotland and Ireland are all one people acting for one common cause", encouraged militants to believe that liberty could be won even if "the French should never come here".

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: At the end of February 1798, as he was about to embark on a return mission to Paris, Coigly was arrested carrying to the French Directory a further address from the United Britons. While its suggestion of a mass movement primed for insurrection was scarcely credible, it was deemed sufficient proof of the intention to induce a French invasion. The united movement was broken up by internment and Coigly was hanged.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: That the Valentine Joyce in question was Irish and a republican has been disputed, and while that "rebellious paper, the "Northern Star"" may have circulated as reported among the mutineers, no evidence has emerged of a concerted United Irish plot to subvert the fleet. In Ireland there was talk of seizing British warships as part of a general insurrection, but it was only after the Spithead and Nore mutinies that United Irishmen awoke to the effectiveness of formulating sedition within the Royal Navy.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: There were a number of mutinies instigated by Irish sailors in 1798. Aboard "HMS Defiance" a court martial took evidence of oaths of allegiance to the United Irishmen and sentenced eleven men to hang.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: On the appointed day the signal was duly given, but the rising in the city was aborted. The Yeomanry had been forwarned; Fitzgerald had been mortally wounded on the 19th, and on the morning of the 23rd, Neilson, who had been critical to the planning, was seized. Tens of thousands did turn out across the country, but in what proved to be a series of uncoordinated local uprisings.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: The Wexford Rebellion broke not in the securely Catholic south of the county, where there had been greater political organisation, but in the sectarian-divided north and centre which had seen previous agrarian disturbances. The absence of an at least belated United organisation is disputed, but it is agreed that the trigger was the arrival on 26 May 1798 of the notorious North Cork Militia.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Contending with marauding bands of rebel survivors (the Babes in the Wood and the Corcoran gang), Wexford did not see martial law lifted until 1806. In continued expectation of the French, and kept informed by Jemmy Hope of Robert Emmet's plans for a renewed uprising, Michael Dwyer sustained a guerrilla resistance in the Wicklow mountains until the end of 1803.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: When Robert Simms, despairing of French aid, resigned his United Irish command in Antrim on 1 June, McCracken seized the initiative. He proclaimed the First Year of Liberty on 6 June. There were widespread local musters but before they could coordinate, most were burying their arms and returning to their farms and workplaces. The issue had been decided by the following evening. McCracken, commanding a body of four to six thousand, failed, with heavy losses, to seize Antrim Town.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: In Down, Dickson, who had stood in for Russell, was arrested with all his "colonels". Under the command of a young Lisburn draper, Henry Monro, there was a rising on 9 June. Following a successful skirmish at Saintfield several thousand marched on Ballynahinch where they were completely routed.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Confident of a being able exploit tensions between Presbyterians and Catholics, the government not only amnestied the rebel rank-and-file it recruited them for the Yeomanry. On 1 July 1798 in Belfast, the birthplace of the United Irishmen movement, it is said that every man was wearing the Yeomanry's red coat. As he enlisted former United Irishmen into his Portglenone Yeomanry Corps, Anglican clergyman Edward Hudson claimed that "the brotherhood of affection is over".

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: On the eve of following his leader to the gallows, one of McCracken's lieutenants, James Dickey, is reported by Henry Joy (a hostile witness) as saying: "the Presbyterians of the north perceived too late that if they had succeeded in their designs, they would ultimately have had to contend with the Roman Catholics".

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: On 22 August 1798, 1,100 French landed at Killala in County Mayo. After prevailing in a first engagement, the Races of Castlebar, but unable to make timely contact with a new rising in Longford and Meath, General Humbert surrendered his forces on 8 September. The last action of the rebellion was a slaughter of half-armed peasants outside Kilala on the 23rd.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: On 12 October, a second French expedition was intercepted off the coast of Donegal, and Tone taken captive. Regretting nothing done "to raise three million of my countrymen to the ranks of citizen," and lamenting only those "atrocities committed on both sides" during his exile, Tone on the eve of execution took his own life.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Hopes were dashed by the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802. They revived again when war resumed in May 1803. But as in 1798, Napoleon had committed elsewhere the naval and military forces that might have made a descent upon Ireland possible. Instead to returning Ireland, General Humbert had been tasked in 1803 with the re-enslavement of Haiti.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: In February 1803 Edward Despard was convicted of conspiring with the united network in London (disaffected soldiers and labourers, many of them Irish) to assassinate the King and seize the Tower of London and to spark insurrection in the mill towns of the north. Undaunted by the defeat of what he acknowledged as "this similar attempt in England," and with no further consideration of French aid, Emmet planned to seize Dublin Castle.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: In October 1799 Castlereagh received reports from Jamaica that many (of the 3,200) United Irish prisoners, "incautiously drafted" into regiments for service in the West Indies, had taken to the hills to fight alongside the Maroons and with the French: "as soon as they got arms into their hands they deserted". There is no suggestion that this was part of any trans-Atlantic design of the United directory in Dublin or Paris.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: In March 1804, stirred by news of Emmet's rising, several hundred United Irish convicts in New South Wales tried to seize control of the penal colony and to capture ships for a return to Ireland. Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham seized under a flag of truce, the main body of insurgents were routed in an encounter loyalists celebrated as the Second Battle of Vinegar Hill.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: It was not the fulfilment of their hopes, but some United Irishmen sought vindication in the Acts of Union that in 1801 abolished the parliament in Dublin and brought Ireland directly under the Crown in Westminster. Archibald Hamilton Rowan, in Hamburg, hailed "the downfall of one of the most corrupt assembles that ever existed", and predicted that the new United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland would see "the wreck" of the old Ascendancy.

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


Society of United Irishmen

Context: Drennan was at first defiant, urging Irishmen to enter into a "Solemn League and Covenant [to] maintain their country". But later, in the hope that Westminster might in time realise the original aim of his conspiracy--"a full, free and frequent representation of the people"—he seemed reconciled. "What", he reasoned, "is a country justly considered, but a free constitution"?

Question: ユナイテッド・アイリッシュメンの設立者は誰


1936 Spanish general election

Context: As in the 1933 election, Spain was divided into multi-member constituencies; for example, Madrid was a single district electing 17 representatives. However, a voter could vote for fewer than that – in Madrid's case, 13. This favoured coalitions, as in Madrid in 1933 when the Socialists won 13 seats, and the right, with just 5,000 votes fewer, secured only the remaining four.

Question: 第一回スペイン議会総選挙はいつ行われた？


Kievan Rus'

Context: During its existence, Kievan Rus' was known as the "land of the Rus" (, from the ethnonym ; Greek: ; Arabic: ""), in Greek as , in Old French as , in Latin as or (with local German spelling variants "Ruscia" and "Ruzzia"), and from the 12th century also as or . Various etymologies have been proposed, including , the Finnish designation for Sweden or "Ros", a tribe from the middle Dnieper valley region.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: According to the prevalent theory, the name "Rus", like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden ("*rootsi"), is derived from an Old Norse term for 'men who row' ("rods-") because rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen ("Rus-law") or "Roden", as it was known in earlier times. The name "Rus" would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: "Ruotsi" and "Rootsi".

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (c. 963). His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav, like his druzhina, remained a staunch pagan. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Yaroslav, known as "the Wise", struggled for power with his brothers. A son of Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Viking mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia, the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary and Norway.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, "Russkaya Pravda"; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: In the centuries that followed the state's foundation, Rurik's descendants shared power over Kievan Rus'. Princely succession moved from elder to younger brother and from uncle to nephew, as well as from father to son. Junior members of the dynasty usually began their official careers as rulers of a minor district, progressed to more lucrative principalities, and then competed for the coveted throne of Kiev.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: The gradual disintegration of the Kievan Rus' began in the 11th century, after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The position of the Grand Prince of Kiev was weakened by the growing influence of regional clans.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: By 1130, all descendants of Vseslav the Seer had been exiled to the Byzantine Empire by Mstislav the Great. The most fierce resistance to the Monomakhs was posed by the Olegovichi when the izgoi Vsevolod II managed to become the Grand Prince of Kiev. The Rostislavichi who had initially established in Halych lands by 1189 were defeated by the Monomakh-Piast descendant Roman the Great.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: In the north, the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. A local oligarchy ruled Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly, which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In 1136, Novgorod revolted against Kiev, and became independent.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Now an independent city republic, and referred to as "Lord Novgorod the Great" it would spread its "mercantile interest" to the west and the north; to the Baltic Sea and the low-populated forest regions, respectively. In 1169, Novgorod acquired its own archbishop, named Ilya, a sign of further increased importance and political independence. Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: In 1169, Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the grand prince to claim primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: To the southwest, the principality of Halych had developed trade relations with its Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus'. In 1199, Prince Roman Mstislavych united the two previously separate principalities of Halych and Volyn. In 1202 he conquered Kiev, and assumed the title of Knyaz of Kievan Rus', which was held by the rulers of Vladimir-Suzdal since 1169.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: His son, Prince Daniel (r. 1238–1264) looked for support from the West. He accepted a crown as a "Rex Rusiae" ("King of Rus") from the Roman papacy, apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. In 1370, the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Ruthenian subjects.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards. Cyprian, a candidate pushed by the Lithuanian rulers, became Metropolitan of Kiev in 1375 and metropolitan of Moscow in 1382; this way the church in the territory of former Kievan Rus' was reunited for some time. In 1439, Kiev became the seat of a separate "Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych and all Rus'" for all Greek Orthodox Christians under Polish-Lithuanian rule.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: However, a long and unsuccessful struggle against the Mongols combined with internal opposition to the prince and foreign intervention weakened Galicia-Volhynia. With the end of the Mstislavich branch of the Rurikids in the mid-14th century, Galicia-Volhynia ceased to exist; Poland conquered Halych; Lithuania took Volhynia, including Kiev, conquered by Gediminas in 1321 ending the rule of Rurikids in the city. Lithuanian rulers then assumed the title over Ruthenia.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: The state finally disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of Rus', fragmenting it into successor principalities who paid tribute to the Golden Horde (the so-called Tatar Yoke). In the late 15th century, the Muscovite Grand Dukes began taking over former Kievan territories and proclaimed themselves the sole legal successors of the Kievan principality according to the protocols of the medieval theory of translatio imperii.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: On the north-eastern periphery of Kievan Rus', traditions were adapted in the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality that gradually gravitated towards Moscow. To the very north, the Novgorod and Pskov Feudal Republics were less autocratic than Vladimir-Suzdal-Moscow until they were absorbed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Russian historians consider Kievan Rus' the first period of Russian history.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: The peoples of Rus' experienced a period of great economic expansion, opening trade routes with the Vikings to the north and west and with the Byzantine Greeks to the south and west; traders also began to travel south and east, eventually making contact with Persia and the peoples of Central Asia.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: In some cases, the veche either made agreements with their rulers or expelled them and invited others to take their place. At the bottom of society was a stratum of slaves. More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour duty to the princes. The widespread personal serfdom characteristic of Western Europe did not exist in Kievan Rus'.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: The economic development of Kievan Rus may be reflected in its demographics. Around 1200, Kiev had a population of 50,000, followed by Novgorod and Chernigov, which each had around 30,000; Constantinople, then one of the largest cities in the world, had a population of about 400,000 around 1180. Soviet scholar Mikhail Tikhomirov calculated that Kievan Rus' had around 300 urban centres on the eve of the Mongol invasion.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Boniak was a Cuman khan who led a series of invasions on Kievan Rus'. In 1096, Boniak attacked Kiev, plundered the Kiev Monastery of the Caves, and burned down the prince's palace in Berestovo. He was defeated in 1107 by Vladimir Monomakh, Oleg, Sviatopolk and other Rus' princes.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: The Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev. Giovanni de Plano Carpini, the Pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan, traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote:

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Byzantium quickly became the main trading and cultural partner for Kiev, but relations were not always friendly. The most serious conflict between the two powers was the war of 968–971 in Bulgaria, but several Rus' raiding expeditions against the Byzantine cities of the Black Sea coast and Constantinople itself are also recorded. Although most were repulsed, they were concluded by trade treaties that were generally favourable to the Rus'.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: Rus'-Byzantine relations became closer following the marriage of the "porphyrogenita" Anna to Vladimir the Great, and the subsequent Christianization of the Rus': Byzantine priests, architects and artists were invited to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus', expanding Byzantine cultural influence even further. Numerous Rus' served in the Byzantine army as mercenaries, most notably as the famous Varangian Guard.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: In 988, the Christian Church in Rus' territorially fell under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople after it was officially adopted as the state religion. According to several chronicles after that date the predominant cult of Slavic paganism was persecuted.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: After the sacking of Kiev in 1169, part of the Kiev metropolis started to move to Vladimir-upon-Klyazma, concluding the move sometime after 1240 when Kiev was taken by Batu Khan. Metropolitan Maxim was the first metropolitan who chose Vladimir-upon-Klyazma as his official residence in 1299. As a result, in 1303, Lev I of Galicia petitioned Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople for the creation of a new Halych metropolis; however, it only existed until 1347.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: The Church of the Tithes was chosen as the first Cathedral Temple. In 1037, the cathedral was transferred to the newly built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. Upon the transferring of the metropolitan seat in 1299, the Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir was chosen as the new cathedral.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


Kievan Rus'

Context: By the mid-13th century, the dioceses of Kiev Metropolis (988) were as follows: Kiev (988), Pereyaslav, Chernihiv (991), Volodymyr-Volynsky (992), Turov (1005), Polotsk (1104), Novgorod (~990s), Smolensk (1137), Murom (1198), Peremyshl (1120), Halych (1134), Vladimir-upon-Klyazma (1215), Rostov (991), Bilhorod, Yuriy (1032), Chełm (1235) and Tver (1271). There also were dioceses in Zakarpattia and Tmutarakan. In 1261 the Sarai-Batu diocese was established.

Question: キエフ大公国の初代皇帝は誰？


North America

Context: North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as a part of North America geographically.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Owing to Europe's colonization of the Americas, most North Americans speak European languages such as English, Spanish or French, and their cultures commonly reflect Western traditions. However, in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Central America, there are indigenous populations continuing their cultural traditions and speaking their own languages.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: For Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its feminine form "America", following the examples of "Europa", "Asia" and "Africa". Later, other mapmakers extended the name "America" to the northern continent, dropping the usage of "Parias". In 1538, Gerard Mercator used "America" on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Mercator on his map called North America "America or New India" ("America sive India Nova"). The Spanish Empire called its territories in North and South America "Las Indias"; the state body overseeing them was the Council of the Indies.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The United Nations formally recognizes "North America" as comprising three areas: Northern America, Central America, and the Caribbean. This has been formally defined by the UN Statistics Division.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: "Northern America", as a term distinct from "North America", excludes Central America, which itself may or may not include Mexico (see ). In the limited context of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the term covers Canada, the United States, and Mexico, which are the three signatories of that treaty.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Greece, and the countries of Latin America use a six-continent model, with the Americas viewed as a single continent and "North America" designating a subcontinent comprising Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Saint Pierre et Miquelon (politically part of France), and often Greenland, and Bermuda.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: North America has been historically referred to by other names. Spanish North America (New Spain) was often referred to as "Northern America", and this was the first official name given to Mexico.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The southern part of the North American continent is composed of two regions. These are Central America and the Caribbean. The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well. In contrast to the common definition of "North America", which encompasses the whole continent, the term "North America" is sometimes used to refer only to Mexico, Canada, the United States, and Greenland.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The term Northern America refers to the northernmost countries and territories of North America: the United States, Bermuda, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Canada, and Greenland. Although the term does not refer to a unified region, Middle America—not to be confused with the Midwestern United States—groups the regions of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Before the Central American isthmus formed, the region had been underwater. The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge, which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate. Parts of western Mexico, including Baja California, and of California, including the cities of San Diego, Los Angeles, and Santa Cruz, lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate, with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault. The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate, whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, with the Great Basin—a lower area containing smaller ranges and low-lying deserts—in between. The highest peak is Denali in Alaska.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera, while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Volcanic eruptions are common in the region. In 1968 the Arenal Volcano, in Costa Rica, erupted and killed 87 people. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in agriculturally productive highland areas.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Central America has many mountain ranges; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the Cordillera Isabelia, and the Cordillera de Talamanca. Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people; in fact, most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica, and Guatemala live in valleys. Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee, beans, and other crops.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: North America is a very large continent that extends from north of the Arctic Circle to south of the Tropic of Cancer. Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet. This tundra radiates throughout Canada, but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains (but still contains Alaska) and at the end of the Canadian Shield, near the Great Lakes.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Climate west of the Cascade Range is described as being temperate weather with average precipitation .

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean, with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from over the course of the year.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota, and stretching down to Kansas, is the humid continental climate featuring intense seasons, with a large amount of annual precipitation, with places like New York City averaging .

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Starting at the southern border of the humid continental climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico (whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas) is the humid subtropical climate. This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous United States, with annual precipitation reaching in Mobile, Alabama.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Notable North American fauna include the bison, black bear, jaguar, cougar, prairie dog, turkey, pronghorn, raccoon, coyote and monarch butterfly.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco, maize, squash, tomato, sunflower, blueberry, avocado, cotton, chile pepper

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish conquistadors arrived, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire, whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico. The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Demographically, North America is ethnically diverse. Its three main groups are Whites, Mestizos and Blacks. There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: A significant number of Indigenous languages are spoken in North America, with 372,000 people in the United States speaking an indigenous language at home, about 225,000 in Canada and roughly 6 million in Mexico. In the United States and Canada, there are approximately 150 surviving indigenous languages of the 300 spoken prior to European contact.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: According to the same study, the religiously unaffiliated (including agnostics and atheists) make up about 17% of the population of Canada and the United States. Those with no religious affiliation make up about 24% of the United States population, and 24% of Canada's total population.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013, based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: North America's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to be $41,830, making it the richest continent in the world, followed by Oceania.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The Caribbean trade bloc – CARICOM – came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations. As of 2000, CARICOM trade volume was US$96 billion. CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations. In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations (OTN) free trade agreements have been signed into effect.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly in length which travels through the mainland nations. No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway, and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border. However, the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly .

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories: the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda, and 17 Caribbean nations.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The distinctiveness of French language and culture has been codified in Canadian law, so that both English and French are designated official languages. The U.S. has no official language, but its national language is English.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed and participated in the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region, and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America in the Anglophone Caribbean. This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English-speaking Caribbean countries, and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: Greenland has experienced many immigration waves from Northern Canada, e .g. the Thule People. Therefore, Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous peoples of Canada. Greenland is also considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The U.S. and Canada have major sports teams that compete against each other, including baseball, basketball, hockey, and soccer/football.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


North America

Context: The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America, in order of average revenue. Canada has a separate Canadian Football League from the U.S. teams.

Question: 北アメリカ大陸には国はいくつありますか？


Campaigns of the Philippine–American War

Context: During the war, the United States Army conducted nine military campaigns. Two additional campaigns were conducted after the official end to the war on July 4, 1902 in connection with the Moro rebellion, which continued until 1913. Some other significant actions occurred outside of organized campaigns, both during the war itself and in the post-war period.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: The first battle of the Philippine–American War is the Battle of Manila in February, 1899, a few months after the December 1898 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War and in which Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. (The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to the Spanish Empire.) The Philippine–American War continued into 1902.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: On March 17, 1899, General Otis reorganized his 8th Corps, breaking it into a defensive force for Manila and an offensive force to pursue operations against Aguinaldo's forces north of Manila.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: MacArthur sent one brigade up the Manila–Dagupan railway line while another brigade forded the Quingua River and moved up a wagon road to the west. Otis intended for Lawton to advance west to Baliuag as a blocking force, but Lawton believed he was to move north to Norzagaray to draw Filipino forces away from a defense of Luna's stronghold at Calumpit.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: Otis had intended to launch his offensive on April 24, but action began a day early, on April 23, when American scouts examining the approaches to Quingua were pinned down. Battle developed as American forces were committed to support the scouts. American forces overran Quingua in fierce fighting on April 23 and 24, putting them in position to threaten Calumpit. On April 25, American forces assaulted Luna's stronghold, which fell after a day of heavy fighting.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: The American advance northwards stopped at Calumpit while negotiations aimed at ending hostilities were conducted. Colonel Manuel Arguelles, representing Aguinaldo, arrived in Lawton's camp to request a three-week armistice for Aguinaldo to call together his scattered government to discuss terms. Lawton sent him on to Otis, who refused a truce but did wire Lawton and MacArthur to hold their positions.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: American forces resumed military action, capturing San Fernando, Pampanga on May 4. Between February 4 and May 4, MacArthur's troops had pushed American lines over 40 miles north. Their supply lines were in shambles and barely half the troops were still fit for active duty. Exhausted American troops recuperated in San Fernando for the rest of May and MacArthur's forces solidified their control of the railroad corridor linking San Fernando to Manila.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: The first San Isidro campaign was conducted between April 21 and May 30, 1899. MacArthur's forces, Lawton commanding the 1st Brigade and Irving Hale the 2nd Brigade, captured Calumpit on 25 April and soon crossed the Rio Grande despite Luna's formidable defenses manned by 4,000 soldiers. Yet, MacArthur's offensive stalled after capturing San Fernando on 5 May. Lawton's troops captured Norzagaray, Bulacan on April 25 and Angat, Bulacan on 27 April.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: After a pause while negotiations were underway in Manila, Lawton resumed his advance, and captured San Rafael, Baliuag and Bustos on 2 May.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: At Balawag on May 7, Lawton issued General Field Order No. 8, which authorized the creation of the first local government under the Americans as follows:

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: Waiting to advance until 11 May, Lawton's force took San Miguel on 16 May, and San Isidro on May 17. Aguinaldo and fragments of the insurgent Philippine Republic government had fled to Tarlac.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: Admiral John C. Watson on 19 Aug., initiated a blockade of "any vessel flying the Philippine Republic's flag, any vessel trading with closed ports or any vessel laded with contraband of war". The navy used 25 seagoing gunboats, complementary to the army's 10 river steamers, which were armed with cannons and machine guns, and stationed them at Zamboanga, Cebu, Iloilo and Vigan.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: On 20 Aug., Brig. Gen. John C. Bates and the Sultan of Sulu signed a treaty in which the Sultan accepted American sovereignty, allowing the U.S. to garrison Jolo, Zamboanga and Siassi.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: The Cavite campaign was conducted between October 7 and 13, 1899. In October 1899, organized resistance in Cavite and adjacent provinces was destroyed by forces under General Lawton, Col. William Bisbee, and Brig. Gen. Theodore Schwan. In the same month, General Otis launched a three-pronged offensive in North Luzon directed at Aguinaldo's remaining forces.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: The San Fabian campaign was conducted between November 6 and 19, 1899. General Wheaton, with Bisbee's 13th Infantry and Luther Hare's 33 Infantry, sailed from Manila on the 6th, landed at San Fabian (November 7), routed insurgents at San Jacinto (November 11), and linked up with MacArthur's column at Dagupan on November 20.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: Comdr. Bowman H. McCalla accepted the surrender of Daniel Tirona's forces at Aparri, Cagayan, on 11 Dec. McCalla then rendezvoused with Capt. Joseph Batchelor's 24th Infantry, Buffalo Soldiers, on 13 Dec.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: Following the Battle of Tangadan Pass on 4 Dec., Col. Luther Hare's 220 men of the 33rd Infantry headed south, while Lt. Col. Robert Lee Howze's 130 men of the 34th Infantry headed north, and succeeded in freeing several hundred Spanish, and 26 American prisoners, including Lt. James Gillmore's men of the Siege of Baler, from Manuel Tinio's Brigade by 18 Dec.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: On October 31, 2nd Division scouts intercepted a message from Aguinaldo dated October 5, declaring that he was shifting his capital to Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Elements from the Second San Isidro campaign and the San Fabian campaign reacted to this unexpected circumstance in an attempt to capture him.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: Lawton wanted to send Young north to intercept Aguinaldo, but Otis ordered Lawton to advance no further north than San Jose, Nueva Ecija, and to dispatch troops to seal off passes to the east. With permission from Lawton, Young proceeded north from Cabanatuan on 7 November with an 1,100-man cavalry brigade, towards Tayug, Pangasinan, intending to block Aguinaldo's escape route.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: Aquinaldo was then on the move in the mountains until Sept. 1900, when he established his headquarters in Palanan. Maj. Gen. Pantaleon Garcia, revolutionary commander of Central Luzon, was captured in May 1900, while Gen. Servillano Aquino, Francisco Macabulos, and Pio del Pilar surrendered in June.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: Several revolutionary leaders surrendered in 1901. On 10 Jan., Martín Teófilo Delgado surrendered on Panay, and on 29 March, Nicolas Capistrano in northern Mindanao and Mariano Trias in Southern Luzon on 13 May. Manuel Tinio and Jose Alejandrino surrendered on 29 April, Lacuna on 19 May, Juan Cailles on 24 June, Moxica surrendered in Leyte on 18 May, and Belarmino on 4 July.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: On March 23, 1901 General Frederick Funston and his troops captured Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela, with the help of some Filipinos (called the Macabebe Scouts after their home locale) who had joined the Americans' side. The Americans pretended to be captives of the Scouts, who were dressed in Philippine Army uniforms. Once Funston and his "captors" entered Aguinaldo's camp, they immediately fell upon the guards and quickly overwhelmed them and the weary Aguinaldo.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: American President Theodore Roosevelt unilaterally declared the insurrection at an end on July 4, 1902. His official issuance, however, was a proclamation of general amnesty for persons who had participated in or supported Philippine insurrections against the U.S., and explicitly excluded parts of the territory "inhabited by Moro tribes".

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Context: On April 9, 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902 with the surrender of General Malvar.

Question: エミリオ・アギナルドはルソン島の戦いに参加した？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: Proxima Centauri b (or Proxima b), sometimes referred to as Alpha Centauri Cb, is an exoplanet orbiting in the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to the Sun and part of the triple star system Alpha Centauri. It is approximately from Earth in the constellation Centaurus, making it, Proxima c, and Proxima d the closest known exoplanets to the Solar System.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: Announced on 24 August 2016 by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), Proxima Centauri b was confirmed via several years of using the method of studying the radial velocity of its parent star. Furthermore, the discovery of Proxima Centauri b, a planet at habitable distances from the closest star to the Solar System, was a major discovery in planetology and has drawn interest to the Alpha Centauri star system that Proxima is a member of.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: Proxima Centauri had become a target for exoplanet searches already before the discovery of Proxima Centauri b, but initial studies in 2008 and 2009 ruled out the existence of larger-than-Earth exoplanets in the habitable zone. Planets are very common around dwarf stars, with on average 1-2 planets per star, and about 20-40% of all red dwarfs have one in the habitable zone. Additionally, red dwarfs are by far the most common type of stars.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: Proxima Centauri b is likely to be tidally locked to the host star, which for a 1:1 orbit would mean that the same side of the planet would always face Proxima Centauri. It is unclear whether or not habitable conditions can arise under such circumstances as a 1:1 tidal lock would lead to an extreme climate with only part of the planet habitable.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf with a mass equivalent to and a radius of that of the Sun. With an effective temperature of , it has a spectral type of M5.5V and a luminosity of that of the Sun. Proxima Centauri is a flare star and its luminosity varies by a factor of 100 over a timespan of hours. The magnetic field of Proxima Centauri is considerably stronger than that of the Sun, with an intensity of ; it varies in a 7-year long cycle.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: Proxima Centauri b is located within the classical habitable zone of its star and receives about 65% of Earth's irradiation. Its equilibrium temperature is about . Various factors, such as the orbital properties of Proxima Centauri b, the spectrum of radiation emitted by Proxima Centauri and the behaviour of clouds and hazes influence the climate of an atmosphere-bearing Proxima Centauri b.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: Even if Proxima Centauri b lost its original atmosphere, volcanic activity could rebuild it after some time. A second atmosphere would likely contain carbon dioxide, which would form a more stable atmosphere than an Earth-like atmosphere. In the case of Earth, the amount of water contained within the mantle might approach that of one Earth ocean. Additionally, impacts of exocomets could resupply water to Proxima Centauri b, if they are present.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: , Proxima Centauri b has not yet been directly imaged, as its separation from Proxima Centauri is too small for that. It is unlikely to transit Proxima Centauri from Earth's perspective; all surveys have failed to find evidence for any transits of Proxima Centauri b. The star is monitored for the possible emission of technology-related radio signals by the Breakthrough Listen project which in April-May 2019 detected the BLC1 signal; later investigations however indicated it is probably of human origin.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


Proxima Centauri b

Context: From Proxima Centauri b, the binary stars Alpha Centauri would be considerably brighter than Venus is from Earth. and the Sun would appear as a bright star with an apparent magnitude of 0.40 in the constellation of Cassiopeia. The brightness of the Sun would be similar to that of Achernar or Procyon from Earth.

Question: プロキシマ・ケンタウリbの大きさは？


New York City Subway

Context: , the New York City Subway's budgetary burden for expenditures was $8.7 billion, supported by collection of fares, bridge tolls, and earmarked regional taxes and fees, as well as direct funding from state and local governments. As of 2020, its on-time performance rate was 89% during weekdays.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: During the late 1940s, the system recorded high ridership, and on December 23, 1946, the system-wide record of 8,872,249 fares was set.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), a public authority presided by New York City, was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city, and placed under control of the state-level Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: Organized in 1934 by transit workers of the BRT, IRT, and IND, the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 remains the largest and most influential local of the labor unions. Since the union's founding, there have been three union strikes over contract disputes with the MTA: 12 days in 1966, 11 days in 1980, and three days in 2005.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy flooded several underwater tunnels and other facilities near New York Harbor, as well as trackage over Jamaica Bay. The immediate damage was fixed within six months, but long-term resiliency and rehabilitation projects continue. The recovery projects after the hurricane included the restoration of the new South Ferry station from 2012 to 2017; the full closure of the Montague Street Tunnel from 2013 to 2014; and the partial 14th Street Tunnel shutdown from 2019 to 2020.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: When the IRT subway debuted in 1904, the typical tunnel construction method was cut-and-cover. The street was torn up to dig the tunnel below before being rebuilt from above. Traffic on the street above would be interrupted due to the digging up of the street. Temporary steel and wooden bridges carried surface traffic above the construction.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: Contractors in this type of construction faced many obstacles, both natural and man-made. They had to deal with rock formations and groundwater, which required pumps. Twelve miles of sewers, as well as water and gas mains, electric conduits, and steam pipes had to be rerouted. Street railways had to be torn up to allow the work. The foundations of tall buildings often ran near the subway construction, and in some cases needed underpinning to ensure stability.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: This method worked well for digging soft dirt and gravel near the street surface. Tunnelling shields were required for deeper sections, such as the Harlem and East River tunnels, which used cast-iron tubes. Rock or concrete-lined tunnels were used on segments from 33rd to 42nd streets under Park Avenue; 116th to 120th Streets under Broadway; 145th to Dyckman Streets (Fort George) under Broadway and St. Nicholas Avenue; and 96th Street and Broadway to Central Park North and Lenox Avenue.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: More recent projects use tunnel boring machines, which increase the cost. They minimize disruption at street level and avoid already existing utilities. Examples of such projects include the extension of the IRT Flushing Line and the IND Second Avenue Line.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction, discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines, to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding, the most notable being the proposals for the Second Avenue Subway. Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s, and expansion plans have been proposed during many years of the system's existence.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: Many rapid transit systems run relatively static routings, so that a train "line" is more or less synonymous with a train "route". In New York City, routings change often, for various reasons. Within the nomenclature of the subway, the "line" describes the physical railroad track or series of tracks that a train "route" uses on its way from one terminal to another. "Routes" (also called "services") are distinguished by a letter or a number and "lines" have names. Trains display their route designation.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: There are train services in the subway system, including three short shuttles. Each route has a color and a local or express designation representing the Manhattan trunk line of the service. New York City residents seldom refer to services by color (e.g., "blue line" or "green line") but out-of-towners and tourists often do.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: The , , , , , , and trains are fully local and make all stops. The , , , , , , , , , , and trains have portions of express and local service. , , , and trains vary by direction, day, or time of day. The letter is used for three shuttle services: Franklin Avenue Shuttle, Rockaway Park Shuttle, and 42nd Street Shuttle.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: When parts of lines are temporarily shut down for construction purposes, the transit authority can substitute free shuttle buses (using MTA Regional Bus Operations bus fleet) to replace the routes that would normally run on these lines. The Transit Authority announces planned service changes through its website, via placards that are posted on station and interior subway-car walls, and through its Twitter page.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: A late night-only version of the map was introduced on January 30, 2012. On September 16, 2011, the MTA introduced a Vignelli-style interactive subway map, "The Weekender", to its website; as the title suggests, the online map provides information about any planned work, from late Friday night to early Monday morning.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？


New York City Subway

Context: Several privately produced schematics are available online or in printed form, such as those by Hagstrom Map.

Question: ニューヨークで最初に設置された駅の名前は？