Abraham Lincoln

Context: In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of "habeas corpus", military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: In the spring of 1863 Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade. Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Privately, Lincoln concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification; Republican editor Horace Greeley of the "New York Tribune" agreed. In a letter of August 22, 1862, Lincoln said that while he personally wished all men could be free, regardless of that, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union:

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Defying his prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson. Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him. At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House; Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows:

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will. Historian Mark Noll places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial. Lincoln said:

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived. Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that:

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: In the selection and use of his cabinet, Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. Lincoln commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet. We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services." Goodwin described the group in her biography as a "Team of Rivals".

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms). The Revenue Act of 1862 adopted rates that increased with income.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: The Lincoln Administration presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The National Banking Act created the system of national banks. The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as greenbacks—printed in green on the reverse side. In 1862, Congress created the Department of Agriculture.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the "New York World" and the "Journal of Commerce" published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Lincoln is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday. Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested to be court martialed. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: In the 1840s, Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God. He never joined a church, although he frequently attended First Presbyterian Church with his wife beginning in 1852.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Lincoln is believed to have had depression, smallpox, and malaria. He took blue mass pills, which contained mercury, to treat constipation. It is unknown to what extent that might have resulted in mercury poisoning.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination. These are often based on photographs of Lincoln appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting. It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state. Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: As a Whig activist, Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. Lincoln shared the sympathies that the Jacksonians professed for the common man, but he disagreed with the Jacksonian view that the government should be divorced from economic enterprise. Nevertheless, Lincoln admired Andrew Jackson's steeliness as well as his patriotism. According to historian Sean Wilentz:

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people."

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are Lincoln, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies. Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan have been the top-ranked presidents in eight public opinion surveys, according to Gallup. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Union nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, "helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt." In the New Deal era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: By the 1970s, Lincoln had become a hero to political conservatives—apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford, who denounced his treatment of the white South—for his intense nationalism, his support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of slavery, his acting on Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers. Lincoln became a favorite of liberal intellectuals across the world.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century. On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason".

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill. His likeness also appears on many postage stamps. While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell. He was the first of five presidents to do so.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Abraham Lincoln

Context: He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska. The United States Navy is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 16. presidentti?


Salamanca

Context: The city originates as a Celtiberian fort of the pre-Roman period, built by the Vaccaei or the Vettones as one of a pair of forts to defend their territory near the Duero river.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: In 220 BC Hannibal laid siege to the fort and captured it. With the fall of the Carthaginians to the Romans, the city of "Helmantica", as it was known, began to take more importance as a commercial hub in the Roman Hispania Lusitania due to its favorable location on a Roman road, known as the Vía de la Plata, which connected it with Emerita Augusta (present day Mérida) to the south and Asturica Augusta (present-day Astorga) to the north.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: Titus Livius and Plutarchus have "Hermandica" and "Salmatike", respectively. Polyaenus has "Salmantida" or "Salmatis".

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Alans established in Lusitania. Later the city was conquered by the Visigoths and included in their territory. The city was already an episcopal see, and signatures of bishops of Salamanca are found in the Councils of Toledo.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: One of the most important moments in Salamanca's history was the year 1218, when Alfonso IX of León granted a royal charter to the University of Salamanca, although formal teaching had existed at least since 1130. Soon it became one of the most significant and prestigious academic centres in Europe.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: The 15th century was plagued by social conflict and tensions among the urban elites (a complex development, often oversimplified as an infighting between "bandos"), with occasional outbursts of grave episodes of violence, conveying a chronic feeling of insecurity.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: The late 15th century population has been tentatively estimated at 15,000–25,000. By the turn of the 16th century most of the population dwelled at the right (north) bank of the Tormes, with a small "arrabal" in the south bank inhabited by roughly 300 people.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: In 1551, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ordered an inquiry to find out if the science of Andreas Vesalius, physician and anatomist, was in line with Catholic doctrine. Vesalius came to Salamanca that same year to appear before the board and was acquitted.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: Salamanca suffered the general downturns of the Kingdom of Castile during the 17th century, but in the 18th century it experienced a rebirth. In this period, the new baroque cathedral and main square (Plaza Mayor) were finished.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: In the Peninsular War theatre of the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of Salamanca took place on 22 July 1812 in the nearby fields of Arapiles, in which an Anglo-Portuguese Army led by Wellington decisively defeated the French army of Marmont. The western quarter of Salamanca was seriously damaged by cannon fire. The battle which raged that day is famous as a defining moment in military history and thirteen thousand men were killed or wounded in the space of only a few short hours.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: In 1988, the old city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1998, it was declared a European Capital of Culture for year 2002 (shared with Bruges). During 14 and 15 October 2005, it hosted the XV Ibero-American Summits of Heads of State and Governments.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: The city's economy is dominated by the university and tourism, but other sectors including agriculture and livestock rearing along with construction and manufacturing are also significant. Not surprisingly, in December 2007 83% of the working population, equivalent to 55,838, were employed in the service sector.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: Industrial activity accounted for 5% of the working population, or 3,340 workers employed over 360 businesses.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: Two of the largest businesses, both of them numbered among the largest 100 enterprises in the region, are the veterinary vaccine manufacturer "Laboratorios Intervet", and the fertilizer specialist manufacturers S.A. Mirat, which is the city's oldest industrial company, having been established originally as a starch factory in 1812.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: The Old City of Salamanca was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. In 2002, Salamanca shared the title of European Capital of Culture with Bruges. In 2005, Salamanca celebrated the 250th anniversary of the construction of the Plaza Mayor with a number of European events ("Plaza Mayor de Europa").

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: The Holy Week in Salamanca ("Semana Santa") is the most well-known feast in the city. Salamanca is renowned for the solemn and sober processions celebrated during Holy Week. 18, 10,000 brothers or "cofrades", 50 floats or "pasos" celebrate the Passion of Christ with 24 processions and thousands of followers, tourist and visitors.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: Some of the celebrations have been performed for centuries. The confraternities carry artistic pasos created by important Spanish artists such as Luis Salvador Carmona, Alejandro Carnicero or Mariano Benlliure. In 2003 the Semana Santa of Salamanca obtained the official declaration of International Touristic Interest.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: From 1923 onward, "Los Charros,” formally the Union Deportiva Salamanca, were the Salamanca football team. In 2013, the club went bankrupt and its activities were abandoned. After its dissolution, some managers of the entity decided to refound the farm team to continue competing, maintaining the legacy of the historic club. Thus they created the Club de Fútbol Salmantino.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: The first high jump over 8 feet (2.44 m) was made in Salamanca, by Javier Sotomayor in 1993. His jump, of 2.45 m (8 feet 0.46 inch), is still the world record in the event.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: The picturesque setting provided by the city has been featured in several films, including Ridley Scott's "" and Miloš Forman's "Goya's Ghosts". Alejandro Amenábar's 2019 historical film "While at War" is set in Salamanca and features scenes shot there. Salamanca was also the setting for the 2008 political thriller "Vantage Point", although the movie was almost exclusively filmed in Mexico.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Salamanca

Context: Among many local dishes, "" (steamed rice with pork) is very popular. Another distinctive dish is the "cocido", a slow-cooked chickpea-based casserole. However, "hornazo", a meat pie, is the most popular dish.

Question: Missä maassa Salamanca on?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: The action figures were promoted with an animated series, which premiered in 1987 and ran for almost a decade. In some European regions, the word "ninja" in the name was replaced with "hero" for its violent connotations. Three live-action films were released; the first film became the highest-grossing independent film up to that point. In 2009, the franchise was purchased by Viacom, now Paramount Global. Viacom commissioned a new comic series, two new live-action films, and new animated series.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: Developing the concept into a comic book, Eastman and Laird considered giving the turtles Japanese names, but instead named them after the Italian Renaissance artists Leonardo, Raphael, Donatello and Michelangelo. Laird said the names "felt just quirky enough to fit the concept". They developed a backstory referencing further elements of "Daredevil": like Daredevil, the Turtles are altered by radioactive material, and their sensei, Splinter, is a play on Daredevil's sensei, Stick.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: In 1987, Eastman and Laird licensed "Turtles" to Playmates Toys. Between 1988 and 1997, Playmates produced "Turtles" toys including around 400 figures and dozens of vehicles and playsets. About US$1.1 billion of "Turtles" toys were sold in four years, making them the third-bestselling toy figures ever at the time, behind "GI Joe" and "Star Wars".""

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: Eastman sold his share of the "Turtles" franchise to Laird in 2000. In 2003, 4Kids Entertainment launched a new animated "Turtles" series, which ran for seven seasons and a film sequel until 2009. Laird had a role in the production, creating a closer adaptation of the original comic."" A computer-animated "Turtles" film, simply titled "TMNT", was released in 2007 and earned $95 million at the box office.""

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: On October 21, 2009, it was announced that Laird had sold the franchise to Viacom. He said he had tired of working on "Turtles", writing: "I am no longer that guy who carries his sketchbook around with him and draws in it every chance he gets." In August 2011, IDW Publishing launched a new "Turtles" comic series, with Eastman as co-writer and illustrator. A third animated series "" premiered in September 2012 on Nickelodeon, and ran for five seasons before ending in 2017.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: A fourth live-action "Turtles" film, produced by Platinum Dunes, Nickelodeon Movies, and Paramount Pictures, directed by Jonathan Liebesman and produced by Michael Bay, was released on August 8, 2014. It received negative reviews, but was a box-office success. A sequel, "", directed by Dave Green, was released in June 2016.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: Leonardo, the leader, is the most disciplined and skilled turtle; an expert swordsman, he wields two katana and wears a blue bandana. Raphael, the strongest and most reckless turtle, wears a red bandana and uses a pair of sai. Donatello uses his intellect to invent gadgets and vehicles; he wears a purple mask and uses a bo staff. Michelangelo is the least disciplined and most fun-loving turtle, and is usually portrayed as the most agile. He wears an orange bandana and uses nunchucks.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: Splinter is a mutant rat who is the wise adoptive father of the Turtles and teaches them ninjitsu. In some iterations, he was once the pet rat of ninja master Hamato Yoshi; in others, he is a mutated Yoshi. The Turtles are assisted by April O'Neil, who is variously depicted as a news reporter, lab assistant or genius computer programmer. In most versions, she is pursued romantically by Casey Jones, a hockey mask-wearing vigilante who usually becomes an ally of the Turtles.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: As the TMNT phenomenon proliferated to other media, Eastman and Laird found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut. However, this prevented the two creators from participating in the day-to-day work of writing and illustrating a monthly comic book. So, many guest artists were invited to showcase their unique talents in the TMNT universe. The series lasted for 129 issues, spanning four separate volumes (having 62, 13, 23, and 32 issues in the four distinct volumes).

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: Between 1984 and 1995, Mirage Studios published 75 regular issues, plus dozens of miniseries and other comics. After the Image Comics series ended, Laird returned the "Turtles" comic to Mirage in 2001 and disregarded the Image storylines. By 2010, 31 new issues had been produced.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: A monthly comic inspired by the 2003 TV series was published by Dreamwave Productions from June to December 2003. It was written by Peter David and illustrated by LeSean Thomas. In the first four issues, which were the only ones directly adapted from the TV series, the story was told from the perspectives of April, Baxter, Casey, and a pair of New York City police officers.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Berger began in 1990. It featured an adventure story Monday through Friday and activity puzzles on weekends (with fan art appearing later). The comic strip was published in syndication until its cancellation in December 1996. At its highest point in popularity, it was published in more than 250 newspapers.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: When little-known Playmates Toys was approached about producing a TMNT action figure line, they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first. On December 28, 1987, the TMNT's first cartoon series began, starting as a five-part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday-morning syndicated series on October 1, 1988, with 13 more episodes. The series was produced by Murakami-Wolf-Swenson.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: In 1997–1998, a live-action series, "Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation," aired on Fox. It introduced a female turtle, Venus de Milo, skilled in the mystical arts of the "shinobi". "The Next Mutation" Turtles made a guest appearance on "Power Rangers in Space". "The Next Mutation" was canceled after one season of 26 episodes.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: Nickelodeon made a new 2D animated series based on the franchise, which appeared in September 2018. This version is characterized by lighter humor, and also had some anime iconography.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: The franchise generated merchandise sales of in 1988 and in 1989. By May 1990, it had generated in domestic retail revenues. By 1994, it was the most merchandisable franchise, having generated a total revenue of in merchandise sales up until then.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: There was also a trilogy of TMNT video games for the original Game Boy system made by Konami, consisting of: ', ', and '. As the video game series progressed, and the Ninja Turtles' popularity began to decline in the mid-1990s, the video games changed direction. ' was released as a set of one-on-one fighting game similar to the "Street Fighter" series; versions were released for the NES, SNES, and Genesis, each a distinct game.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: In 2016, Activision and PlatinumGames developed " for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox One, Xbox 360, and PC. The game is described as a third-person, team-based brawler. The campaign is playable either single-player or co-op and has an original story written by Tom Waltz, IDW comic writer and editor. The art style is based on long time TMNT comic artist Mateus Santolouco.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Context: Two pinball machines have been themed around the TMNT franchise. The first was produced by Data East in 1991, around the time of the franchise's peak; the second was produced by Stern Pinball in 2020, in Pro, Premium and Limited Edition versions.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen Turtles elokuva?


Drafting machine

Context: A drafting machine is a tool used in technical drawing, consisting of a pair of scales mounted to form a right angle on an articulated protractor head that allows an angular rotation.

Question: Milloin kehitettiin piirustuskoje?


Drafting machine

Context: The protractor head (two scales and protractor mechanism) is able to move freely across the surface of the drawing board, sliding on two guides directly or indirectly anchored to the drawing board. These guides, which act separately, ensure the movement of the set in the horizontal or vertical direction of the drawing board, and can be locked independently of each other.

Question: Milloin kehitettiin piirustuskoje?


Drafting machine

Context: The Encyclopædia Britannica explicitly specifies 1930 as the year this tool was introduced, but an advertisement of "Memorie di architettura pratica" from 1913 places it twenty years before this date—at least in Italy.

Question: Milloin kehitettiin piirustuskoje?


Drafting machine

Context: In the older design sets, the movement of the protractor head was assured by a pantograph system that could keep the head in the same angular position throughout its range of motion. The arms were balanced by a system of counterweights or springs.

Question: Milloin kehitettiin piirustuskoje?


Drafting machine

Context: Typically, the machine is mounted on a drawing board with a hard and smooth surface, anchored to a base that allows its and lifting. Thus, the realization of a drawing can be achieved in the most convenient way on a working surface that can be tilted at any angle from horizontal to vertical.

Question: Milloin kehitettiin piirustuskoje?


Drafting machine

Context: There are special versions for A0 double-sized boards, to make large drawings, or copying-boards with background illumination, which have all that is necessary to provide specific support.

Question: Milloin kehitettiin piirustuskoje?


Drafting machine

Context: With the drafting machine one can perform a series of drawing operations that otherwise could only be achieved with a much more complex use of the classic ruler square and protractor, as, for example, drawing parallel lines, orthogonal lines, inclined lines according to a preset angle, measurement of angles, etc.

Question: Milloin kehitettiin piirustuskoje?


Drafting machine

Context: With the development of computer-aided design (CAD), the use of drafting machines, especially in the professional sector, has drastically declined, supplanted first by pen plotters, and then by large-format inkjet printers.

Question: Milloin kehitettiin piirustuskoje?


Meridian circle

Context: The similar transit instrument, transit circle, or transit telescope is likewise mounted on a horizontal axis, but the axis need not be fixed in the east–west direction. For instance, a surveyor's theodolite can function as a transit instrument if its telescope is capable of a full revolution about the horizontal axis. Meridian circles are often called by these names, although they are less specific.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: For many years, transit timings were the most accurate method of measuring the positions of heavenly bodies, and meridian instruments were relied upon to perform this painstaking work. Before spectroscopy, photography, and the perfection of reflecting telescopes, the measuring of positions (and the deriving of orbits and astronomical constants) was the major work of observatories.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: Fixing a telescope to move only in the meridian has advantages in the high-precision work for which these instruments are employed:

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The state of the art of meridian instruments of the late 19th and early 20th century is described here, giving some idea of the precise methods of construction, operation and adjustment employed.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: Parts of the apparatus, including the circles, pivots and bearings, were sometimes enclosed in glass cases to protect them from dust. These cases had openings for access. The reading microscopes then extended into the glass cases, while their eyepiece ends and micrometers were protected from dust by removable silk covers.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: Certain instrumental errors could be averaged out by reversing the telescope on its mounting. A carriage was provided, which ran on rails between the piers, and on which the axis, circles and telescope could be raised by a screw-jack, wheeled out from between the piers, turned 180°, wheeled back, and lowered again.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: At the focal plane, the eye end of the telescope had a number of vertical and one or two horizontal wires (crosshairs). In observing stars, the telescope was first directed downward at a basin of mercury forming a perfectly horizontal mirror and reflecting an image of the crosshairs back up the telescope tube. The crosshairs were adjusted until coincident with their reflection, and the line of sight was then perfectly vertical; in this position the circles were read for the "nadir point".

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: Another method of observing the apparent altitude of a star was to take half of the angular distance between the star observed directly and its reflection observed in a basin of mercury. The average of these two readings was the reading when the line of sight was horizontal, the "horizontal point" of the circle. The small difference in latitude between the telescope and the basin of mercury was accounted for.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The vertical wires were used for observing transits of stars, each wire furnishing a separate result. The time of transit over the middle wire was estimated, during subsequent analysis of the data, for each wire by adding or subtracting the known interval between the middle wire and the wire in question. These known intervals were predetermined by timing a star of known declination passing from one wire to the other, the pole star being best on account of its slow motion.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The field of the wires could be illuminated; the lamps were placed at some distance from the piers in order not to heat the instrument, and the light passed through holes in the piers and through the hollow axis to the center, whence it was directed to the eye-end by a system of prisms.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The rotation axis of the main telescope needed to be exactly horizontal. A sensitive spirit level, designed to rest on the pivots of the axis, performed this function. By adjusting one of the V-shaped bearings, the bubble was centered.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: In practice, none of these adjustments were perfect. The small errors introduced by the imperfections were mathematically corrected during the analysis of the data.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: Some telescopes designed to measure star transits are zenith telescopes designed to point straight up at or near the zenith for extreme precision measurement of star positions. They use an altazimuth mount, instead of a meridian circle, fitted with leveling screws. Extremely sensitive levels are attached to the telescope mount to make angle measurements and the telescope has an eyepiece fitted with a micrometer.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The idea of having an instrument (quadrant) fixed in the plane of the meridian occurred even to the ancient astronomers and is mentioned by Ptolemy, but it was not carried into practice until Tycho Brahe constructed a large meridian quadrant.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: Meridian circles have been used since the 18th century to accurately measure positions of stars in order to catalog them. This is done by measuring the instant when the star passes through the local meridian. Its altitude above the horizon is noted as well. Knowing one's geographic latitude and longitude these measurements can be used to derive the star's right ascension and declination.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: Once good star catalogs were available a transit telescope could be used anywhere in the world to accurately measure local longitude and time by observing local meridian transit times of catalogue stars. Prior to the invention of the atomic clock this was the most reliable source of accurate time.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: In the "Almagest", Ptolemy describes a meridian circle which consisted of a fixed graduated outer ring and a movable inner ring with tabs that used a shadow to set the Sun's position. It was mounted vertically and aligned with the meridian. The instrument was used to measure the altitude of the Sun at noon in order to determine the path of the ecliptic.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The transit instrument consists of a horizontal axis in the direction east and west resting on firmly fixed supports, and having a telescope fixed at right angles to it, revolving freely in the plane of the meridian. At the same time Rømer invented the altitude and azimuth instrument for measuring vertical and horizontal angles, and in 1704, he combined a vertical circle with his transit instrument, so as to determine both co-ordinates at the same time.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The making of circles was shortly afterwards taken up by Edward Troughton, who constructed the first modern transit circle in 1806 for Groombridge's observatory at Blackheath, the Groombridge Transit Circle (a meridian transit circle). Troughton afterwards abandoned the idea and designed the mural circle to take the place of the mural quadrant.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The Airy Transit Circles at the Royal Greenwich Observatory (1851) and that at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope (1855) were made by Ransomes and May of Ipswich. The Greenwich instrument had optical and instrumental work by Troughton and Simms to the design of George Biddell Airy.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: A modern-day example of this type of telescope is the 8 inch (~0.2m) Flagstaff Astrometric Scanning Transit Telescope (FASTT) at the USNO Flagstaff Station Observatory. Modern meridian circles are usually automated. The observer is replaced with a CCD camera. As the sky drifts across the field of view, the image built up in the CCD is clocked across (and out of) the chip at the same rate. This allows some improvements:

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Meridian circle

Context: The first automated instrument was the Carlsberg Automatic Meridian Circle, which came online in 1984.

Question: Missä meridiaaniympyrä keksittiin?


Alp Arslan

Context: Alp Arslan was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty. He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and consolidated his power, defeating rivals to south and northwest and his victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, in 1071, ushered in the Turkoman settlement of Anatolia. For his military prowess and fighting skills, he obtained the name "Alp Arslan", which means "Heroic Lion" in Turkish.

Question: Milloin Alp Arslan kuoli?


Alp Arslan

Context: Alp Arslan accompanied his uncle Tughril on campaigns in the south against the Fatimids while his father Chaghri remained in Khorasan. Upon Alp Arslan's return to Khorasan, he began his work in administration at his father's suggestion. While there, his father introduced him to Nizam al-Mulk, one of the most eminent statesmen in early Muslim history and Alp Arslan's future vizier.

Question: Milloin Alp Arslan kuoli?


Alp Arslan

Context: Emperor Romanos IV was himself taken prisoner and conducted into the presence of Alp Arslan. After a ritual humiliation, Arslan treated him with generosity. After peace terms were agreed to, Arslan dismissed the Emperor, loaded with presents and respectfully attended by a military guard. The following conversation is said to have taken place after Romanos was brought as a prisoner before the Sultan:

Question: Milloin Alp Arslan kuoli?


Alp Arslan

Context: Alp Arslan's victories changed the balance in near Asia completely in favour of the Seljuq Turks and Sunni Muslims. While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly four more centuries, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkmen ascendancy in Anatolia. The victory at Manzikert became so popular among the Turks that later every noble family in Anatolia claimed to have had an ancestor who had fought on that day.

Question: Milloin Alp Arslan kuoli?


Alp Arslan

Context: Most historians, including Edward Gibbon, date the defeat at Manzikert as the beginning of the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Question: Milloin Alp Arslan kuoli?


Alp Arslan

Context: Suleiman ibn Qutalmish was the son of the contender for Arslan's throne; he was appointed governor of the north-western provinces and assigned to completing the invasion of Anatolia. An explanation for this choice can only be conjectured from Ibn al-Athir's account of the battle between Alp-Arslan and Kutalmish, in which he writes that Alp-Arslan wept for the latter's death and greatly mourned the loss of his kinsman.

Question: Milloin Alp Arslan kuoli?


Alp Arslan

Context: Alp Arslan's conquest of Anatolia from the Byzantines is also seen as one of the pivotal precursors to the launch of the Crusades.

Question: Milloin Alp Arslan kuoli?


Alp Arslan

Context: From 2002 to July 2008 under Turkmen calendar reform, the month of August was named after Alp Arslan.

Question: Milloin Alp Arslan kuoli?


Puberty

Context: Two of the most significant differences between puberty in girls and puberty in boys are the age at which it begins, and the major sex steroids involved, the androgens and the estrogens.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The hormone that dominates female development is an estrogen called estradiol. While estradiol promotes growth of the breasts and uterus, it is also the principal hormone driving the pubertal growth spurt and epiphyseal maturation and closure. Estradiol levels rise earlier and reach higher levels in women than in men.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The hormonal maturation of females is considerably more complicated than in boys. The main steroid hormones, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone as well as prolactin play important physiological functions in puberty.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Puberty is preceded by adrenarche, marking an increase of adrenal androgen production between ages 6–10. Adrenarche is sometimes accompanied by the early appearance of axillary and pubic hair. The first androgenic hair resulting from adrenarche can be also transient and disappear before the onset of true puberty.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The onset of puberty is associated with high GnRH pulsing, which precedes the rise in sex hormones, LH and FSH. Exogenous GnRH pulses cause the onset of puberty. Brain tumors which increase GnRH output may also lead to premature puberty.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Several studies about puberty have examined the effects of an early or a late onset of puberty in males and females. In general, girls who enter puberty late experience positive outcomes in adolescence and adulthood, while girls who enter puberty early experience negative outcomes. Boys who have earlier pubertal timing generally have more positive outcomes in adulthood but more negative outcomes in adolescence, while the reverse is true for later pubertal timing.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Furthermore, as physical and emotional differences set them apart from people in their same age group, early-maturing girls develop relationships with older people. For instance, some early-maturing girls have older boyfriends, "attracted to the girls' womanly physique and girlish innocence." While having an older boyfriend might improve popularity among peers, it also increases the risk of alcohol and drug use, increased sexual relations (often unprotected), eating disorders and bullying.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Generally, later onset of puberty in girls produces positive outcomes. They exhibit positive behaviors in adolescence that continue to adulthood.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: In the past, early onset of puberty in boys has been associated with positive outcomes, such as leadership in high school and success in adulthood. However, recent studies have revealed that the risks and problems of early maturation in males might outweigh the benefits.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: On the other hand, late-maturing boys develop lower self-esteem and confidence and generally have lower popularity among peers, due to their less-developed physiques. Also, they experience problems with anxiety and depression and are more likely to be afraid of sex than other boys.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: By the end of puberty, adult men have heavier bones and nearly twice as much skeletal muscle. Some of the bone growth (e.g. shoulder width and jaw) is disproportionately greater, resulting in noticeably different male and female skeletal shapes. The average adult male has about 150% of the lean body mass of an average female, and about 50% of the body fat.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: This muscle develops mainly during the later stages of puberty, and muscle growth can continue even after boys are biologically adult. The peak of the so-called "strength spurt", the rate of muscle growth, is attained about one year after a male experiences his peak growth rate.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Often, the fat pads of the male breast tissue and the male nipples will develop during puberty; sometimes, especially in one breast, this becomes more apparent and is termed gynecomastia. It is usually not a permanent phenomenon.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: During puberty, if not before, the tip and opening of a boy's foreskin becomes wider, progressively allowing for retraction down the shaft of the penis and behind the glans, which ultimately should be possible without pain or difficulty. The membrane that bonds the inner surface of the foreskin with the glans disintegrates and releases the foreskin to separate from the glans. The foreskin then gradually becomes retractable.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Pubic hair often appears on a boy shortly after the genitalia begin to grow. The pubic hairs are usually first visible at the dorsal (abdominal) base of the penis. The first few hairs are described as stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too many to count. By stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle." Stage 5 refers to the spread of pubic hair to the thighs and upward towards the navel as part of the developing abdominal hair.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Rising levels of androgens can change the fatty acid composition of perspiration, resulting in a more "adult" body odor. This often precedes thelarche and pubarche by one or more years. Another androgen effect is increased secretion of oil (sebum) from the skin. This change increases the susceptibility to acne, a skin condition that is characteristic of puberty. Acne varies greatly in its severity.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: In girls, estradiol (the primary female sex hormone) causes thickening of lips and oral mucosa as well as further development of the vulva. In the vulva and vagina, estradiol causes thickening (stratification) of the skin and the growth of both the myoepithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the vagina. Typically estradiol will also cause pronounced growth of the labia minora and to a lesser degree of the labia majora.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Estradiol is also responsible for the increased production of pheomelanin, resulting in the characteristic red color of the lips, labia minora and sometimes labia majora. Estradiol together with other ovarian steroids also cause the darker coloration of the areola.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Testosterone will cause an enlargement of the clitoris and possibly has important effects on the growth and maturation of the vestibular bulbs, corpus cavernosum of the clitoris and urethral sponge.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Changes of the vulva initiated by estradiol as well as its direct effects also appear to influence the functioning of the lower urinary tract.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The definition of the onset of puberty may depend on perspective (e.g., hormonal versus physical) and purpose (establishing population normal standards, clinical care of early or late pubescent individuals, etc.). A common definition for the onset of puberty is physical changes to a person's body. These physical changes are the first visible signs of neural, hormonal, and gonadal function changes.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The age at which puberty begins varies between individuals; usually, puberty begins between 10 and 13 years of age. The age at which puberty begins is affected by both genetic factors and by environmental factors such as nutritional state and social circumstances. An example of social circumstances is the Vandenbergh effect; a juvenile female who has significant interaction with adult males will enter puberty earlier than juvenile females who are not socially overexposed to adult males.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Researchers have identified an earlier age of the onset of puberty. However, they have based their conclusions on a comparison of data from 1999 with data from 1969. In the earlier example, the sample population was based on a small sample of white girls (200, from Britain). The later study identified as puberty as occurring in 48% of African-American girls by age nine, and 12% of white girls by that age.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: A 2006 study in Denmark found that puberty, as evidenced by breast development, started at an average age of 9 years and 10 months, a year earlier than when a similar study was done in 1991. Scientists believe the phenomenon could be linked to obesity or exposure to chemicals in the food chain, and is putting girls at greater long-term risk of breast cancer.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Various studies have found direct genetic effects to account for at least 46% of the variation of timing of puberty in well-nourished populations. The genetic association of timing is strongest between mothers and daughters. The specific genes affecting timing are not yet known. Among the candidates is an androgen receptor gene.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Researchers have hypothesized that early puberty onset may be caused by certain hair care products containing estrogen or placenta, and by certain chemicals, namely phthalates, which are used in many cosmetics, toys, and plastic food containers.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: If genetic factors account for half of the variation of pubertal timing, environment factors are clearly important as well. One of the first observed environmental effects is that puberty occurs later in children raised at higher altitudes. The most important of the environmental influences is clearly nutrition, but a number of others have been identified, all which affect timing of female puberty and menarche more clearly than male puberty.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Harder to detect as an influence on puberty are the more diffusely distributed environmental chemicals like PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl), which can bind and trigger estrogen receptors.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: More obvious degrees of partial puberty from direct exposure of young children to small but significant amounts of pharmaceutical sex steroids from exposure at home may be detected during medical evaluation for precocious puberty, but mild effects and the other potential exposures outlined above would not.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Nutritional factors are the strongest and most obvious environmental factors affecting timing of puberty. Girls are especially sensitive to nutritional regulation because they must contribute all of the nutritional support to a growing fetus. Surplus calories (beyond growth and activity requirements) are reflected in the amount of body fat, which signals to the brain the availability of resources for initiation of puberty and fertility.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Although available dietary energy (simple calories) is the most important dietary influence on timing of puberty, quality of the diet plays a role as well. Lower protein intakes and higher dietary fiber intakes, as occur with typical vegetarian diets, are associated with later onset and slower progression of female puberty.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Scientific researchers have linked early obesity with an earlier onset of puberty in girls. They have cited obesity as a cause of breast development before nine years and menarche before twelve years. Early puberty in girls can be a harbinger of later health problems.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The average level of daily physical activity has also been shown to affect timing of puberty, especially in females. A high level of exercise, whether for athletic or body image purposes, or for daily subsistence, reduces energy calories available for reproduction and slows puberty. The exercise effect is often amplified by a lower body fat mass and cholesterol.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Chronic diseases can delay puberty in both boys and girls. Those that involve chronic inflammation or interfere with nutrition have the strongest effect. In the western world, inflammatory bowel disease and tuberculosis have been notorious for such an effect in the last century, while in areas of the underdeveloped world, chronic parasite infections are widespread.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Mental illnesses occur in puberty. The brain undergoes significant development by hormones which can contribute to mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia and schizophrenia. Girls aged between 15 and 19 make up 40% of anorexia nervosa cases.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Some of the least understood environmental influences on timing of puberty are social and psychological. In comparison with the effects of genetics, nutrition, and general health, social influences are small, shifting timing by a few months rather than years. Mechanisms of these social effects are unknown, though a variety of physiological processes, including pheromones, have been suggested based on animal research.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: More extreme degrees of environmental stress, such as wartime refugee status with threat to physical survival, have been found to be associated with delay of maturation, an effect that may be compounded by dietary inadequacy.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Another limitation of the social research is that nearly all of it has concerned girls, partly because female puberty requires greater physiologic resources and partly because it involves a unique event (menarche) that makes survey research into female puberty much simpler than male. More detail is provided in the menarche article.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The sequence of events of pubertal development can occasionally vary. For example, in about 15% of boys and girls, pubarche (the first pubic hairs) can precede, respectively, gonadarche and thelarche by a few months. Rarely, menarche can occur before other signs of puberty in a few girls. These variations deserve medical evaluation because they can occasionally signal a disease.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The endocrine reproductive system consists of the hypothalamus, the pituitary, the gonads, and the adrenal glands, with input and regulation from many other body systems. True puberty is often termed "central puberty" because it begins as a process of the central nervous system. A simple description of hormonal puberty is as follows:

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is the driver of the reproductive system. It has neurons which generate and release pulses of GnRH into the portal venous system of the pituitary gland. The arcuate nucleus is affected and controlled by neuronal input from other areas of the brain and hormonal input from the gonads, adipose tissue and a variety of other systems.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The pituitary gland responds to the pulsed GnRH signals by releasing LH and FSH into the blood of the general circulation, also in a pulsatile pattern.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The gonads (testes and ovaries) respond to rising levels of LH and FSH by producing the steroid sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: The adrenal glands are a second source for steroid hormones. Adrenal maturation, termed adrenarche, typically precedes gonadarche in mid-childhood.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Gonadotropin and sex steroid levels fall to low levels (nearly undetectable by current clinical assays) for approximately another 8 to 10 years of childhood. Evidence is accumulating that the reproductive system is not totally inactive during the childhood years. Subtle increases in gonadotropin pulses occur, and ovarian follicles surrounding germ cells (future eggs) double in number.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Some investigators have attributed the onset of puberty to a resonance of oscillators in the brain. By this mechanism, the gonadotropin pulses that occur primarily at night just before puberty represent beats.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: An array of "autoamplification processes" increases the production of all of the pubertal hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Early stages of male hypothalamic maturation seem to be very similar to the early stages of female puberty, though occurring about 1–2 years later.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: LH stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to make testosterone and blood levels begin to rise. For much of puberty, nighttime levels of testosterone are higher than daytime. Regularity of frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin pulses seems to be less necessary for progression of male than female puberty.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: However, a significant portion of testosterone in adolescent boys is converted to estradiol. Estradiol mediates the growth spurt, bone maturation, and epiphyseal closure in boys just as in girls. Estradiol also induces at least modest development of breast tissue (gynecomastia) in a large proportion of boys. Boys who develop mild gynecomastia, a swellings under nipples, during puberty are told the effects are temporary in some male teenagers due to high levels of estradiol.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Another hormonal change in males takes place during the teenage years for most young men. At this point in a male's life the testosterone levels slowly rise, and most of the effects are mediated through the androgen receptors by way of conversion dihydrotestosterone in target organs (especially that of the bowels).

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Rising levels of estradiol produce the characteristic estrogenic body changes of female puberty: growth spurt, acceleration of bone maturation and closure, breast growth, increased fat composition, growth of the uterus, increased thickness of the endometrium and the vaginal mucosa, and widening of the lower pelvis.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: As the estradiol levels gradually rise and the other autoamplification processes occur, a point of maturation is reached when the feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamic "gonadostat" becomes positive. This attainment of positive feedback is the hallmark of female sexual maturity, as it allows the mid cycle LH surge necessary for ovulation.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Puberty

Context: Growth hormone levels rise steadily throughout puberty. IGF1 levels rise and then decline as puberty ends. Growth finishes and adult height is attained as the estradiol levels complete closure of the epiphyses.

Question: Kuinka kauan puberteetti keskimäärin kestää?


Hymn to Liberty

Context: Inspired by the Greek War of Independence, Solomos wrote the hymn to honour the struggle of Greeks for independence after centuries of Ottoman rule.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan kansallislaulu nimi?


Hymn to Liberty

Context: The following are the first eight verses of the poem. Only the first two constitute the national anthem of Greece.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan kansallislaulu nimi?


Hymn to Liberty

Context: The version commonly played by military bands is an arrangement composed by Lieutenant Colonel Margaritis Kastellis (1907–1979), former director of the Greek Music Corps.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan kansallislaulu nimi?


History of Verona

Context: The relationship between Verona and Ancient Rome was usually one of friendship or alliance. In the 1st century BC the citizens fought alongside the Romans against the Teutones and Cimbri invaders. The city derived importance from possessing the main ford in the area, situated on the Adige river.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: In the 1st centuries CE, Verona slowly converted to Christianity; sometimes the beliefs of its citizenry aligned closely with unorthodox theories such as those of Arius or Fotinus. Under Bishop St. Zeno, the orthodox doctrine was definitively imposed. ("see Ecclesiastical history of Verona")

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: In 403 the king of the Visigoths, Alaric I, invaded northern Italy from Dalmatia. After setting himself up in Verona, he was defeated by the Roman general Stilicho. In 452 the Hun confederation leader Attila was stopped, after a series of ravages, not far from Verona by an imperial embassy led by Pope Leo I.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: After the definitive fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Verona was one of the strongholds of Odoacer, whose government was well entrenched in the city. At Verona, Odoacer implemented his last stand against the Ostrogoth army sent against him by the Eastern emperor, which was led by Theodoric the Great.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: In 569 it was taken by Alboin, King of the Lombards. Verona became, for all intents and purposes, the second-most important city of his kingdom. Alboin was killed by his own wife at Verona in 572.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: The dukes of Treviso often resided there. At Verona in 774, Adalgisus, son of Desiderius, made his last desperate stand against Charlemagne, who had destroyed the Lombard kingdom.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: The reign of the son of Mastino, Alberto, as capitano (1277–1302) was one incessant war against the counts of San Bonifacio, who were aided by the House of Este. Of his sons, Bartolomeo, Alboino and Can Grande I, only the last shared the government (1308); he was great as warrior, prince, and patron of the arts; he protected Dante, Petrarch, and Giotto. By war or treaty he brought under his control the cities of Padua (1328), Treviso (1308), and Vicenza.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: Verona was ruled by the Carraresi of Padua from 1402. Guglielmo (1404), natural son of Can Grande II, drove out them with the support of the people, but died ten days after. Verona therefore submitted to Venice (1405). The last representatives of the Scaligeri lived at the imperial court and repeatedly attempted to recover Verona by the aid of popular risings.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: The peace led to a period of economic, cultural and artistic splendour for Verona. The city was embellished by a great number of palaces, churches and convents, many designed by the architect Michele Sanmicheli. The population rose to 55,000 by 1626, but another plague in 1630 reduced it again to some 20,000.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: Verona was occupied by Napoleon in 1797, but on Easter Monday – in the Veronese Easters – the populace rose and drove out the French. It was then that Napoleon put an end to the Venetian Republic. Verona became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on October 12, 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on January 18, 1798.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: In 1866, on the anniversary of the defeat of Königgrätz, the Austrians evacuated Verona, their strongest fortress in Venetia, which thus became Italian. In 1882 the city was struck by a large flood, which led to the construction of banks that changed the face of the ancient city, sweeping away the mills and the landing places on the river.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


History of Verona

Context: In April 1945 the fleeing Germans destroyed all the bridges. Verona was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor for its support to the partisan war during the conflict.

Question: Kuinka tärkeä Verona oli Rooman valtakunnassa?


Czar (political term)

Context: Czar, sometimes spelled tsar, is an informal title used for certain high-level officials in the United States and United Kingdom, typically granted broad power to address a particular issue.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: In the United States, czars are generally executive branch officials appointed by the head of the executive branch (such as the president for the federal government, or the governor of a state). Some czars may require confirmation with Senate approval or not. Some appointees outside the executive branch are called czars as well. Specific instances of the term are often a media creation.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: In the United Kingdom, the term is more loosely used to refer to high-profile appointments who devote their skills to one particular area.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: The word "czar" is of Slavic origin, etymologically originating from the name "Caesar", as with the word "tsar", a title of sovereignty, first created and used by the First Bulgarian Empire. The title was later adopted and used by the Serbian Empire and Tsardom of Russia.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: During the tenure of Joseph Gurney Cannon, he was sometimes referred to as Czar Cannon. This was a result of the power of the Speaker of the House during this time. However, there was a "revolt" in the House which saw Cannon give up power, as well an overall decentralization of power within the House.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: During the latter stages of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson appointed financier Bernard Baruch to run the War Industries Board. This position was sometimes dubbed the "industry czar".

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: One of the earliest known metaphorical usages of the term in the U.S. was in reference to Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who was named commissioner of baseball, with broad powers to clean up the sport after it had been dirtied by the Black Sox scandal of 1919.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: In 1926, a New York City chamber of commerce named what "The New York Times" termed a "czar" to clean up the milk delivery industry.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: Other examples of this usage include "drug czar" for the head of the Office of National Drug Control Policy – probably the best-known of all the "czars", "terrorism czar" for a Presidential advisor on terrorism policy, "cybersecurity czar" for the highest-ranking Department of Homeland Security official on computer security and information security policy, and "war czar" to oversee the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: In 2005, the U.S. Government Accountability Office issued an opinion regarding the use of the term "drug czar" in prepackaged news stories that had been released by the Office of National Drug Control Policy during fiscal years 2002, 2003, and 2004. The GAO found that while "the law does not bestow that title on the ONDCP Director", "ONDCP's use of the term "Drug Czar" to describe the Director of ONDCP does not constitute unlawful self-aggrandizement".

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: The term "czar" has also been applied to officials who are not members of the Executive Branch, such as Elizabeth Warren, named to a Congressional commission to oversee the Troubled Asset Relief Program in 2009 and described as an "oversight czar", and Senate-confirmed positions, such as the Director of National Intelligence, described as the "intelligence czar" in 2004.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: Advantages cited for the creation of czar type posts include the ability to go outside of formal channels and find creative solutions for "ad hoc" problems, and an ability to involve a lot of government players in big issue decision-making, ultimately enabling a huge bureaucracy to begin moving in a new direction. Problems can occur with getting all the parties to work together and with managing competing power centers.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: The increase in czar positions over time may be because as the size and role of the executive branch governments has grown, so too has the difficulty of coordinating policy across multiple jurisdictions. Indeed, czar positions sometimes become important enough that they become permanent executive offices, such as the Office of National Drug Control Policy or the United States Trade Representative.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: Absent reorganization authority, what was a president to do? The president cannot personally coordinate all disparate functions and agencies in the massive federal government. Yet, if a policy fails because of poor coordination, the president is held to account. So it is no coincidence that as the complexity of government machinery has grown, presidents have responded by increasing the number of assistants or "czars" to help with the management and coordination of the executive branch.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: The appointment of "czars" serving the executive branch has been a source of controversy through the years. As early as 1942, an editorial cartoon depicted "czar of prices" Leon Henderson, "czar of production" Donald Nelson, and "czar of ships" Emory S. Land sharing a throne. In 2009, the non-profit government watchdog organization Taxpayers for Common Sense reported "by our count there are at least 31 active Czars, giving the current administration more Czars than Imperial Russia had in its history."

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: Meanwhile, following the September 2009 resignation of "green jobs czar" Van Jones, for statements made prior to assuming his position, radio and television commentator Glenn Beck targeted several additional "czars" for increased scrutiny by his audience.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: The Jones case illustrated that czars for non-confirmation positions may not get as much vetting before being named as one whom an administration knows will have to face the Senate. However, the position itself may not have been that important; Brookings Institution fellow Stephen Hess described Jones as a third-tier adviser reporting to a powerless committee.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: The position continued to be a subject of criticism, and in April 2011, as part of the 2011 federal spending agreement that averted a government shutdown, four czar positions were indeed eliminated.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: Scholars have said that it is not possible to make a universal judgment on the effectiveness of czars.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: It is important for czars to have staff they have confidence in. When originally naming an "energy czar", President Nixon suggested that William E. Simon get staff assigned to him from all of the agencies involved in energy policy. Simon rejected this approach, knowing that those agencies would unload their civil service deadwood onto him; instead, Simon insisted that he also retain his existing position of Deputy Secretary of the Treasury and the staff there that he had trust in.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: In general, the kind of strong authority that the czar position conveys is usually difficult to actually assemble in American political life; instead, the number of bureaucratic organizations engaged in factional disputes and battling for limited resources is just increased by adding the czar position. If a czar actually is strong and effective, then opposition to him or her rises from the governmental bodies which are losing power, and civil libertarians will often publicly object as well.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: The term was widely used in the British media to refer to Gordon Brown’s 2009 appointment of Alan Sugar to the newly created post of Enterprise Champion, which was dubbed "Enterprise Tsar" by many news agencies. When David Cameron appointed Sugar - who had been ennobled as a Lord in 2009 - in 2016, the term "Enterprise Tsar" was officially used by the government.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: The nature of the 2009 appointment, and the usage of the term "tsar" did receive criticism however, with columnist Tracy Corrigan in "The Daily Telegraph" suggesting it set as a precedent for the English model Jordan to be made the "women’s issues tsarina", with Conservative life peer Lord Hunt suggesting he could already be a "fallen tsar".

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Czar (political term)

Context: In 2013, the number and nature of some appointments was criticised, as both the Guardian and Independent cited nearly 300 "tsar" appointments made between 1997 and 2013.

Question: Mitä ovat tsaarin työtehtävät?


Westwood Studios

Context: Westwood is best known for developing video games in the real-time strategy, adventure and role-playing genres. It was listed in "Guinness World Records" for selling more than 10 million copies of "Command & Conquer" worldwide.

Question: Mikä oli Westwood Studiosin ensimmäinen peli?


Westwood Studios

Context: Brett Sperry and Louis Castle met in late 1983 in Las Vegas. Sperry had a background in architecture and psychology and was already working in the gaming industry. Both Sperry and Castle worked as contract programmers. The two eventually became friends and decided to form a company together and named it Brelous Software.

Question: Mikä oli Westwood Studiosin ensimmäinen peli?


Westwood Studios

Context: According to Louis Castle, the company was named after the "entertainment meets professional" character of the Westwood neighborhood in Los Angeles.

Question: Mikä oli Westwood Studiosin ensimmäinen peli?


Westwood Studios

Context: One of the company's first great successes was "Eye of the Beholder" (1991), a real-time role-playing video game based on the Dungeons & Dragons license, developed for SSI. Other publishers of early Westwood games included Infocom and Disney. Their company was eventually acquired by Virgin Games in 1992.

Question: Mikä oli Westwood Studiosin ensimmäinen peli?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The Christian Sabbath is just one day each week, but the preceding day (the Jewish Sabbath) came to be taken as a holiday as well in the 20th century. This shift has been accompanied by a reduction in the total number of hours worked per week. The present-day concept of the "weekend" first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early 19th century. The Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America union was the first to successfully demand a five-day work week in 1929.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Some countries have adopted a one-day weekend, i.e. either Sunday only (in seven countries), Friday only (in Djibouti, Iran and Somalia), or Saturday only (in Nepal). However, most countries have adopted a two-day weekend, whose days differ according to religious tradition, i.e. either Friday and Saturday, or Saturday and Sunday, or Friday and Sunday (in Brunei Darussalam, Aceh province (Indonesia) and state of Sarawak (Malaysia)), with the previous evening post-work

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: A continuous seven day cycle that runs throughout history, paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon and having a fixed day of rest, was most likely first practised in Judaism, dated to the 6th century BC at the latest.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Ancient Rome, every eight days there was a nundinae. It was a market day, during which children were exempted from school and agricultural workers stopped work in the field and came to the city to sell the produce of their labor or to practice religious rites.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In cultures with a four-day workweek, the three Sabbaths derive from the culture's main religious tradition: Friday (Muslim), Saturday (Jewish, Adventist), and Sunday (Christian).

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The present-day concept of the relatively longer 'week-end' first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early 19th century and was originally a voluntary arrangement between factory owners and workers allowing Saturday afternoon off starting at 2 pm on the basis that staff would be available for work sober and refreshed on Monday morning. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term "weekend" to the British magazine "Notes and Queries" in 1879.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard workweek to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time. The Center for Economic and Policy Research states that reducing the length of the work week would slow climate change and have other environmental benefits.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In South Africa the working week traditionally was Monday to Friday with a half-day on Saturday and Sunday a public holiday. However, since 2013 there have been changes to the working week concept based on more than one variation. The week can be 5 days of work, or more. The maximum number of hours someone can work in a week remains 45.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The working week in Chile averages 45 hours, most often worked on a Monday–Friday schedule, but is not uncommon to work on Saturdays. Retail businesses mostly operate Monday through Saturday, with larger establishments being open seven days a week.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In general, Colombia has a 48-hour working week. Depending on the business, people work five days for a maximum of 8 hours per day, typically Monday to Friday, or six days for eight hours a day, Monday to Saturday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Mexico has a 48-hour work week (8 hours × 6 days), it is a custom in most industries and trades to work half day on Saturday. Most public employees work Monday to Friday as well in some office companies. Shops and retailers open on Saturday and Sunday in most large cities.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In China, there is a five-day Monday–Friday working week, prior to which work on Saturday was standard. China began the two-day Saturday–Sunday weekend on May 1, 1995. Most government employees work 5 days a week (including officials and industrial management). Most manufacturing facilities operate on Saturdays as well. However, most shops, museums, cinemas, and commercial establishments open on Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. Banks are also open throughout the weekend and on most public holidays.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: During the period of public holidays, swapped holidays are common between the actual holiday and weekend, so three-day or seven-day holiday periods are created. The nearby Saturday or Sunday may be changed to a normal working day. For example, on a three-day holiday period, if the actual holiday falls on a Tuesday, Monday will be swapped as a holiday, and citizens are required to work on the previous Saturday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: A number of provinces and municipalities across China, including Hebei, Jiangxi and Chongqing, have issued new policies, calling on companies to create 2.5-day weekends. Under the plan, government institutions, state-owned companies, joint-ventures and privately held companies are to be given incentives to allow their workers to take off at noon on Friday before coming back to the office on Monday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Most commercial establishments in the retail sector such as restaurants, shops and cinemas, as well as public venues such as museums and libraries are open on Saturdays, Sundays and most public holidays. For schools, lessons are not normally held on Saturdays, but students may be required to go school on Saturdays for extra-curricular activities or make-up classes.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The standard working week for most office jobs begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. The work schedule is 48 hours per week, Sunday being a rest day. However, most government offices and the software industry follow a five-day workweek. All major industries along with services like transport, hospitality, healthcare etc. work in shifts.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Central government offices follow a five-day week. State governments follow half-day working on the first and third Saturdays of each month and rest on the second and fourth Saturdays, except West Bengal, Rajasthan, Bihar, Punjab, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra government which follows a Monday–Friday workweek. There is usually no half working day in the private sector, and people work in two or three shifts of 8 hours each.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Schools are usually closed on Saturdays for students until grade 5. For middle school students and higher, Saturdays are usually half working days. However, some schools may keep them holidays or full working days.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The standard working week in Iran begins on Saturday and ends on Thursday. Thursdays are usually half-day working days. Many private enterprises which operate on an 8 to 5 basis take Thursdays off for a two-day Thursday-Friday weekend. These variations allow employers flexibility in choosing working hours so that the legal requirement of working for 45 hours per week is met. However, shopping places are usually open for business on Friday as well.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Israel, the standard workweek is 42 hours as prescribed by law. The typical workweek is five days, Sunday to Thursday, with 8.4 hours a day as the standard, with anything beyond that considered overtime. A minority of jobs operate on a partial six-day Sunday–Friday workweek.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Nepal follows Bikram Sambat (BS) calendar, which has the resting day on Saturday and the first day of the working week on Sunday. Workweek starts on Sunday and ends on Friday. Schools in Nepal are off on Saturdays, so it is common for pupils to go to school from Sunday to Friday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In New Zealand the working week is typically Monday to Friday 8:30 to 17:00, but it is not uncommon for many industries (especially construction) to work a half day on Saturday, normally from 8:00 or 9:00 to about 13:00. Supermarkets, malls, independent retailers, and increasingly, banks, remain open seven days a week.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In the Philippines, Article 91 of the Labor Code requires at least one rest day for workers in a week; the choice of selecting the rest day is left to the employer, subject to collective bargaining. Most workers avail of Sunday as their mandated rest day. However, government offices, banks, and many non-service industry establishments maintain a five-day (Monday to Friday) work week.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Singapore the common working week is 5-day work week, which runs from Monday to Friday beginning 8:30 a.m. and end at 5 p.m. – 6 p.m. Some companies work a half day on Saturdays. Shops, supermarkets and shopping centres are open seven days a week and on most public holidays. 'Foreign workers', for example domestic helpers and construction workers (typically from the Philippines and India, respectively), usually work 6 days per week, having Sunday as their only day off.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Thailand the working week is Monday to Friday for a maximum of 44 to 48 hours per week (Saturday can be a half or full day).

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: However, government offices and some private companies have modernised through enacting the American and European standard of working Monday through Friday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Currently, 50% of the luxury beach resorts in Phuket have a five-day working week. Of the remaining 50%, 23% have taken steps to reform their 6-day workweek through such measures as reducing the working week from 6 days to 5.5 days.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Vietnam has a standard 48-hour six-day workweek. Monday to Friday are full workdays and Saturday is a partial day. Work typically begins at 8:00 am and lasts until 5:00 pm from Monday to Friday and until 12 noon on Saturdays. This includes a one-hour lunch break. Government offices and banks follow a five-day workweek from Monday to Friday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Europe, the standard full-time working week begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. Most retail shops are open for business on Saturday. In Ireland, Italy, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and the former socialist states of Europe, large shopping centres open on Sunday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In European countries such as Germany, there are laws regulating shop hours. With exceptions, shops must be closed on Sundays and from midnight until the early morning hours of every day.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The working week is Monday to Friday 8 hours per day. Shops are open on Saturday. By law, almost no shop is open on Sunday. However, exceptions have been made, for example for bakeries, petrol stations and shops at railway stations, especially in the largest cities (Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, Linz).

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 38 hours per week (on average, annualised). Very few shops are open on Sunday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The working week is Monday to Friday, eight hours per day, forty hours per week. Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafés, and restaurants will operate on Saturdays and Sundays.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Full-time employment is usually Monday to Friday, eight hours per day and forty hours per week. Many shops and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday, but employees still usually work forty hours per week.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: Denmark has an official 37-hour working week, with primary work hours between 6:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday. In public institutions, a 30-minute lunch break every day is included as per collective agreements, so that the actual required working time is 34.5 hours. In private companies, the 30-minute lunch break is normally not included. The workday is usually 7.5 hours Monday to Thursday and 7 hours on Friday. Some small shops are closed Monday.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Estonia, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Usually a working week is forty hours. Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafés, and restaurants will operate on Saturdays and Sundays.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Finland, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. A full-time job is defined by law as being at least 32 and at most forty hours per week. In retail and restaurant occupations, among others, the weekly hours may be calculated as an average over three to ten weeks, depending on the employment contract. Banks and bureaus are closed on weekends. Most shops are open on Saturdays, while some are closed on Sundays.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The working week is Monday to Friday 8 hours per day; many people leave work at 3:00 on Fridays however. Shops are open on Saturday, and generally closed on Sunday - especially in Catholic-majority Bavaria. There are some exceptions: for bakeries, florists, restaurants, petrol stations and shops at railway stations, for example.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The standard working week is Monday to Friday. State jobs are from 07:00 until 15:00. Shops are open generally Mondays to Fridays from 09:00–21:00 and then from Saturdays generally 09:00-20:00. It is very rare for a shop to open on Sunday but from May to October shops at tourist attractions can open from 11:00 to 20:00.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: In Hungary the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Full-time employment is usually considered forty hours per week. For office workers, the work day usually begins between 8 and 9 o'clock and ends between 16:00 and 18:00, depending on the contract and lunch time agreements.

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?


Workweek and weekend

Context: The forty-hour workweek of public servants includes lunch time. Their work schedule typically consists of 8.5 hours between Monday and Thursday (from 8:00 to 16:30) and 6 hours on Fridays (8:00–14:00).

Question: Kuinka monta tuntia venäläinen tekee keskimäärin töitä viikossa?