Taliban

Context: Qatar in 2013, with the approval of the US and the Afghan government, allowed the Afghan Taliban to set up a diplomatic and political office inside the country. This was done in order to facilitate peace negotiations and with the support of other countries.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: Russia has been accused of arming the Taliban by multiple politicians including Rex Tillerson and the Afghan government. There is no public evidence to substantiate such allegations, and several independent experts are sceptical that Russia materially supported the Taliban in any way. According to the BBC, Russia "is deeply concerned about the rise of Islamist fundamentalism in the region spreading in its direction, and it sees the Taliban as one potential bulwark against this."

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: In February and again in May 2019, a delegation of Taliban officials and senior Afghan politicians met in Moscow to hold a new round of Afghan peace talks. Reuters reported that "Russian officials as well as religious leaders and elders had asked for a ceasefire."

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: After the 9/11 attacks, the United Kingdom froze the Taliban's assets in the UK, nearly $200 million by early October 2001. The UK also supported the US decision to remove the Taliban, both politically and militarily.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: During 2008 the British government announced plans to pay Taliban fighters to switch sides or lay down their arms; the proceeding year they signalled their support of opening negotiations with the Taliban.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: Adjusting its counterinsurgency strategy, in October 2009, the US announced plans to pay Taliban fighters to switch sides.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: On 26 November 2009, in an interview with CNN's Christiane Amanpour, President Hamid Karzai said there is an "urgent need" for negotiations with the Taliban, and made it clear that the Obama administration had opposed such talks. There was no formal American response.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: On 6 December, US officials indicated that they have not ruled out talks with the Taliban. Several days later it was reported that Gates saw potential for reconciliation with the Taliban, but not with Al-Qaeda. Furthermore, he said that reconciliation would politically end the insurgency and the war. But he said reconciliation must be on the Afghan government's terms, and that the Taliban must be subject to the sovereignty of the government.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: In an interview with Palgrave Macmillan about relations between the US and the Taliban, American academic Dr. Jonathan Cristol argued that Taliban leaders "have been willing to negotiate, but from a position of relative strength and their goal is no longer a warm relationship with the US—that ship sailed long ago."

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: On 29 February 2020, the Trump administration signed a conditional peace agreement with the Taliban, which calls for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months if the Taliban uphold the terms of the agreement. In March 2020, the US began a gradual withdrawal of its troops, to which they have agreed in a peace accord with the Taliban.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: In July 1998, the Taliban closed "all NGO offices" by force after those organisations refused to move to a bombed-out former Polytechnic College as ordered. One month later the UN offices were also shut down.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: Around 2000, the UN drew up sanctions against officials and leaders of Taliban, because of their harbouring Osama bin Laden. Several of the Taliban leaders have subsequently been killed.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: In 2010, the UN lifted sanctions on the Taliban, and requested that Taliban leaders and others be removed from terrorism watch lists. In 2010 the US and Europe announced support for President Karzai's latest attempt to negotiate peace with the Taliban.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: After the 1998 US embassy bombings in Africa, bin Laden and several al-Qaeda members were indicted in US criminal court. The Taliban rejected extradition requests by the US, variously claiming that bin Laden had "gone missing", or that Washington "cannot provide any evidence or any proof" that bin Laden is involved in terrorist activities and that "without any evidence, bin Laden is a man without sin... he is a free man."

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: Evidence against bin Laden included courtroom testimony and satellite phone records. Bin Laden, in turn, praised the Taliban as the "only Islamic government" in existence, and lauded Mullah Omar for his destruction of idols such as the Buddhas of Bamyan.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: According to bin Laden, the Taliban were not involved in the 11 September attacks, stating in a tape sent to Al Jazeera: "I am the one responsible... The Afghan people and government knew nothing whatsoever about these events".

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: In 2011, Alex Strick van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn at New York University's Center on International Cooperation claimed that the two groups did not get along at times before the 11 September attacks, and they have continued to fight since on account of their differences.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: In July 2012, an anonymous senior-ranking Taliban commander stated that "Our people consider al-Qaeda to be a plague that was sent down to us by the heavens. Some even concluded that al-Qaeda are actually the spies of America. Originally, the Taliban were naive and ignorant of politics and welcomed al-Qaeda into their homes. But al-Qaeda abused our hospitality." He went on to further claim that about 70% of the Taliban are angry with al-Qaeda, revealing the icy relationship between the two groups.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: In April 2016, the Taliban reported that in Nangarhar Province, a number of senior and mid-level leaders of Wilayah Khorasan had defected from ISIL and pledged allegiance to Taliban leader Akhtar Mansour. The defectors included members of the group's central council, judicial council and prisoners council as well as certain field commanders and fighters.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: After the creation of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan in 2007, headed by Baitullah Mehsud, its members have officially defined goals to establish their rule over Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. They engage the Pakistani army in heavy combat operations. Some intelligence analysts believe that the TTP's attacks on the Pakistani government, police and army strained the TTP's relations with the Afghan Taliban.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: The Afghan Taliban and the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan differ greatly in their history, leadership and goals although they share a common interpretation of Islam and are both predominantly Pashtun. The Afghan Taliban have no affiliation with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan and routinely deny any connection to the TTP. "The New York Times" quoted a spokesman for the Afghan Taliban stating that:

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: Gilles Dorronsoro, a scholar of South Asia currently at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington says:

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: As the Pakistani Army began offensives against the Pakistani Taliban, many unfamiliar with the region thought incorrectly that the assault was against the Afghan Taliban of Mullah Omar which was not the case.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Taliban

Context: The Pakistani Taliban were put under sanctions by UN Security Council for terrorist attacks in Pakistan and the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt.

Question: Mikä valtio oli merkittävin Talibanin tukija?


Yunjin Kim

Context: Kim attended high school at the prestigious Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, a public high school located in Manhattan. From there, she went on to study drama at the London Academy of Performing Arts and later earned her BFA degree in drama at Boston University. Kim has remarked that in her zeal to become Americanized quickly, she studied acting, academics and pronunciation with equal intensity. She is also a trained dancer and martial arts fighter.

Question: Missä maassa Yoon-jin Kim on syntynyt?


Yunjin Kim

Context: After acting in a Japanese film and a feature set in Los Angeles, Kim appeared in the sci-fi feature "Yesterday". Then in 2002, Kim took the lead role in "Ardor", the feature film debut of documentarist Byun Young-ju. The film was invited to screen in a non-competitive section at the 2003 Berlin film festival.

Question: Missä maassa Yoon-jin Kim on syntynyt?


Yunjin Kim

Context: In May 2006, "Maxim" named Kim number 98 on its annual Hot 100 List. In October 2006 she was featured on the cover of "Stuff", as well as an inside spread.

Question: Missä maassa Yoon-jin Kim on syntynyt?


Yunjin Kim

Context: Kim married her former manager Park Jeong-hyeok in March 2010 on the island of Oahu, after shooting her final scenes for "Lost".

Question: Missä maassa Yoon-jin Kim on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: In 1964, he made his film debut in "Ensign Pulver", which featured a young Jack Nicholson. That same year, he also appeared in "Fail-Safe", with Henry Fonda.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: Hagman and Eden reunited in March 2006 for a publicity tour in New York City to promote the first-season DVD of "I Dream of Jeannie". He reunited once again with Eden on stage in the play "Love Letters" at the College of Staten Island in New York and the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. The appearance marked the first time the two performers had acted together since Eden appeared with Hagman in a five-episode arc on "Dallas" in 1990.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: In 1978, Hagman was offered two roles on two television series that were debuting. One was for "The Waverly Wonders" and the other for "Dallas", in the role of conniving elder son and businessman J.R. Ewing. When Hagman read the "Dallas" script at his wife's suggestion, they both concluded it was perfect for him. Hagman based his portrayal in part on memories of the eldest son who had won the Antelope Tool Company succession battle.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: Hagman reprised his role as J.R. Ewing in TNT's continuation of "Dallas", which began in 2012. In 2011, while filming the new series, Hagman said, "Of course it's fun to play the villain." As a result of Hagman's death in 2012, his character J.R. was killed off in season two of "Dallas". Unused footage of Hagman was used in season three as part of the season's story arc, which aired in 2014.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: Hagman starred in two short-lived series in the 1970s, "The Good Life" (1971–1972) and "Here We Go Again" (1973). In 1993, Hagman starred in "Staying Afloat" as a down-on-his-luck former millionaire who agrees to work undercover with the FBI to maintain his playboy lifestyle. Originally ordered for two TV movies and a weekly series by NBC, the pilot movie aired in November 1993 to critical drubbing and low ratings, ending production.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: He also directed episodes of "I Dream of Jeannie" and "The Good Life", as well as several episodes of "Dallas" and "In the Heat of the Night", which was the only series he directed, but in which he did not act.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: Hagman appeared in such feature films as "The Group", "Fail-Safe", "Harry and Tonto", "Mother, Jugs & Speed", "In Harm's Way", "The Eagle Has Landed", "Superman", "S.O.B.", "Nixon" and "Primary Colors". His television work included "Getting Away from It All", "Sidekicks", "The Return of the World's Greatest Detective", "Intimate Strangers", "Checkered Flag or Crash" and "A Howling in the Woods"

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: Hagman also directed (and appeared briefly in) a low-budget comedy and horror film in 1972 called "Beware! The Blob", also called "Son of Blob", a sequel to the classic 1958 horror film "The Blob". This was the only feature film he directed.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: The release of a Columbia single performed with his mother Mary Martin, "Get Out Those Old Records", in 1950, was credited to Mary Martin and her Son Larry, with orchestration by Mitch Miller. It was released in Australia as a-78 rpm single, catalogue number DO-3409.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: During the 1980s, Hagman was featured in a national televised Schlitz beer campaign, playing on, but not explicitly featuring, the J.R. character. He wore the same kind of Western business outfit – complete with cowboy hat – that he wore in his role. The end of each 30-second spot featured a male voice-over saying, "Refreshing Schlitz beer...the gusto's back..." Hagman, grinning into the camera, added: "...and I'm gonna get it!" He also made commercials for BVD brand underwear.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: In 1973, his stepfather Richard Halliday died and Hagman reconciled with his mother, Mary Martin, soon after. The two were close until her death from colon cancer in 1990.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: In 1954, Hagman married Swedish-born Maj Axelsson (born May 13, 1928, in Eskilstuna, Södermanlands län, Sweden – died May 31, 2016, in Los Angeles, California); they had two children, Heidi Kristina (born 1958) and Preston (born 1962). Longtime residents of Malibu, California, they then moved to Ojai. Hagman was a member of the Peace and Freedom Party from the 1960s. Hagman derided U.S. President George W. Bush prior to the Iraq War.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: In 1995, Hagman underwent a life-saving liver transplant after he was diagnosed with liver cancer, which was most likely brought on by roughly 40 years of heavy drinking. His clinical picture was further complicated by cirrhosis of the liver, which had been diagnosed three years earlier in 1992. Hagman did not receive preferential treatment as a celebrity, with a 1995 UPI article stating that the donor liver "matched Hagman's anonymous physical profile listed with the United Network for Organ Sharing."

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: He was also a heavy smoker as a young man before quitting at age 34. He was the chairman of the American Cancer Society's annual Great American Smokeout for many years and also worked on behalf of the National Kidney Foundation.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: After attending a soccer game in Bucharest between FC Steaua București and West Ham United, he became a well-known fan of the Romanian team.

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: Actress Linda Gray, who played Sue Ellen Ewing on "Dallas", called Hagman her "best friend for 35 years" and was at his bedside when he died, her agent told the BBC. In a statement, she said: "He was the Pied Piper of life and brought joy to everyone he knew. He was creative, generous, funny, loving and talented and I will miss him enormously. He was an original and lived life to the fullest."

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


Larry Hagman

Context: Actor Patrick Duffy, who played Bobby Ewing on "Dallas", was also at his bedside when he died. In a statement, he said: "Friday, I lost one of the greatest friends ever to grace my life. The loneliness is only what is difficult, as Larry’s peace and comfort is always what is important to me, now as when he was here. He was a fighter in the gentlest way, against his obstacles and for his friends. I wear his friendship with honor."

Question: Milloin Larry Haman on syntynyt?


System Shock

Context: "System Shock" 3D engine, physics simulation and complex gameplay have been cited as both innovative and influential. The developers sought to build on the emergent gameplay and immersive environments of their previous games, ' and ', by streamlining their mechanics into a more "integrated whole".

Question: Milloin System Shock on julkaistu?


System Shock

Context: In 1998, "PC Gamer" declared it the 6th-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it "one of the finest games ever due to its seductive game design that blended a fantastic storyline with meaningful, suspenseful action in a way that has rarely been equaled".

Question: Milloin System Shock on julkaistu?


System Shock

Context: A sequel to "System Shock", titled "System Shock 2", was released by Looking Glass and Irrational Games in 1999 to further acclaim and awards.

Question: Milloin System Shock on julkaistu?


System Shock

Context: Separately, OtherSide Entertainment, founded by Looking Glass's founder Paul Neurath, had been able to acquire a license to the "System Shock" franchise from Night Dive Studios to develop "System Shock 3".

Question: Milloin System Shock on julkaistu?


System Shock

Context: In April 2018 the Mac version's source code was released by Night Dive Studios on GitHub under the GNU GPL-3.0-or-later license, fulfilling a 2016 given promise. After one month of development, a cross-platform source port, called "Shockolate", for modern compilers and platforms was released by community developers.

Question: Milloin System Shock on julkaistu?


System Shock

Context: A planned live-action television series based on "System Shock" was announced in October 2021. The show will be made for Binge, a video-game-centric streaming service, to be directed by Allan Ungar and with Night Dive's Stephen Kick and Larry Kuperman serving as executive producers. In January 2022, it was announced that Greg Russo, screenwriter of "Mortal Kombat", had been tapped to direct, write, and executive produce the series.

Question: Milloin System Shock on julkaistu?


Cartesian doubt

Context: Methodological skepticism is distinguished from philosophical skepticism in that methodological skepticism is an approach that subjects all knowledge claims to scrutiny with the goal of sorting out true from false claims, whereas philosophical skepticism is an approach that questions the possibility of certain knowledge.

Question: Kuka filosofi totesi ensimmäisenä, että kaikkea annettua tietoa täytyy voida epäillä?


Cartesian doubt

Context: Cartesian doubt is methodological. It uses doubt as a route to certain knowledge by identifying what can't be doubted. The fallibility of sense data in particular is a subject of Cartesian doubt.

Question: Kuka filosofi totesi ensimmäisenä, että kaikkea annettua tietoa täytyy voida epäillä?


Cartesian doubt

Context: There are several interpretations as to the objective of Descartes' skepticism. Prominent among these is a account, which claims that Descartes' skepticism aims to eliminate all belief that it is possible to doubt, thus leaving only basic beliefs (also known as foundational beliefs). From these indubitable basic beliefs, Descartes then attempts to derive further knowledge. It's an archetypal and significant example that epitomizes the Continental Rational schools of philosophy.

Question: Kuka filosofi totesi ensimmäisenä, että kaikkea annettua tietoa täytyy voida epäillä?


Cartesian doubt

Context: Mario Bunge argues that methodological skepticism presupposes that scientific theories and methods satisfy certain philosophical requirements: Idealism, materialism, realism, rationalism, empiricism, and systemism, that the data and hypotheses of science constitute a system.

Question: Kuka filosofi totesi ensimmäisenä, että kaikkea annettua tietoa täytyy voida epäillä?


Cartesian doubt

Context: Descartes reasoned that our very own experience may very well be controlled by an "evil demon" of sorts. This demon is as clever and deceitful as he is powerful. He could have created a superficial world that we may think we live in. As a result of this doubt, sometimes termed the Malicious Demon Hypothesis, Descartes found that he was unable to trust even the simplest of his perceptions.

Question: Kuka filosofi totesi ensimmäisenä, että kaikkea annettua tietoa täytyy voida epäillä?


Cartesian doubt

Context: In "", Descartes stated that if one were mad, even briefly, the insanity might have driven man into believing that what we thought was true could be merely our minds deceiving us. He also stated that there could be 'some malicious, powerful, cunning demon' that had deceived us, preventing us from judging correctly.

Question: Kuka filosofi totesi ensimmäisenä, että kaikkea annettua tietoa täytyy voida epäillä?


Cartesian doubt

Context: Descartes argued that all his senses were lying, and since your senses can easily fool you, his idea of an infinitely powerful being must be true—since that idea could have only been put there by an infinitely powerful being who would have no reason for deceit.

Question: Kuka filosofi totesi ensimmäisenä, että kaikkea annettua tietoa täytyy voida epäillä?


Cartesian doubt

Context: While methodic doubt has a nature, one need not hold that knowledge is impossible to apply the method of doubt. Indeed, Descartes' attempt to apply the method of doubt to the existence of himself spawned the proof of his famous saying, "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). That is, Descartes tried to doubt his own existence, but found that even his doubting showed that he existed, since he could not doubt if he did not exist.

Question: Kuka filosofi totesi ensimmäisenä, että kaikkea annettua tietoa täytyy voida epäillä?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: Taxation in the Netherlands is defined by the income tax (Wet op de inkomstenbelasting 2001), the wage withholding tax (), the value added tax () and the corporate tax ().

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: In the Netherlands, residents pay income tax on their worldwide income. Non-residents are taxed on income sourced in the Netherlands only. Income tax is collected by Tax and Customs Administration. For purposes of determining income tax, income is divided into the following three categories, so called boxes:

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: A flat tax rate of 25% applies to income from substantial interest in a company. A substantial interest in a company is defined as owning at least 5% of its shares, options or profit-sharing certificates; either by the taxpayer themselves or together with their tax partner.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: Box 3 concerns income from wealth. Wealth is calculated as value of assets (such as savings or shares) minus any debts. Income from wealth is taxed at a 30% rate. For tax purposes, a fixed return on savings and investments is presumed, based on the average distribution of Box 3 assets (capital mix). Presumed gains are calculated each year based on market returns realized in the past. A tax allowance on capital yields is provided.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: For income taxes, tax year is equivalent to calendar year. Tax return shall be submitted before May 1 of the subsequent year. Married couples shall submit a joint assessment, except for the case when a divorce petition has been filed.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: The value added tax system follows EU regulation. For value added tax there are three categories: foods and essentials, non-foods and luxuries, and special goods. These three categories have rates of 9%, 21%, and 0%, respectively. The non-foods and luxuries percentage was increased from 19% to 21% on 1 October 2012, while the foods and essentials percentage was increased from 6% to 9% percent on 1 January 2019.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: Unlike some states in member countries that make up the EU, the Dutch tax regime allows deferral of import VAT payment. Instead of conducting payment at the time when goods are imported to the EU, the VAT payment may be deferred to periodic VAT returns. The import VAT needs to be reported; however, as the amount may be deducted from the corresponding period VAT return, the deferral can prevent cash flow disadvantage arising from paying import VAT immediately at the time of import to the EU.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: To foster innovation research, an innovation box provides tax relief for innovative activities. Profits derived from self-developed intellectual property (including royalties) that qualify for the innovation box are subject to a reduced tax rate. Since January 1, 2018, the effective tax rate applicable to corporate income in the innovation box is 7%. This feature of the tax framework provides a notable tax incentive for research and development activities in the Netherlands.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: The inheritance tax ("successierecht") charges beneficiaries of an inheritance received from Dutch residents. In case of emigration, Dutch nationals are considered Dutch residents for further 10 years. Inheritance tax rate ranges from 10% to 40%. A part of inheritance is exempt from taxation; the amount exempted depends on the relationship of beneficiary to the deceased person.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: Possessions like savings, shares, houses that are not the primary living etc. are taxed when a tax payer (filing single) has more than € 30,360 (this is the amount for 2019). For couples, this tax-free amount is double. Consumer goods like cars and furniture, that are not held as an investment, are excluded.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


Taxation in the Netherlands

Context: The tax rate comes in tiers, and the following numbers are for 2019 and will be updated in future years: it is a 0.58% tax for € 30,361 to € 102,010 of assets, 1.34% for € 102,010 to € 1,020,096 and 1.68% on any euros of assets above € 1,020,096.

Question: Kuinka korkea veroprosentti Hollannissa on vuonna 2018?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: is a 1988 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten. The film—which stars the voice actors Noriko Hidaka, Chika Sakamoto, and Hitoshi Takagi—tells the story of a professor's two young daughters (Satsuki and Mei) and their interactions with friendly wood spirits in postwar rural Japan.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: Exploring themes such as animism, Shinto symbology, environmentalism and the joys of rural living, "My Neighbor Totoro" received worldwide critical acclaim and has amassed a worldwide cult following in the years after its release. The film has grossed over at the worldwide box office as of September 2019, in addition to generating an estimated from home video sales and from licensed merchandise sales, adding up to approximately in total lifetime revenue.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: The name "Totoro" comes from a misprononciation of the word troll (totoru) by Mei. She has seen one in a book and decides that it must be the same creature.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: The cat-bus comes from a Japanese belief attributing to an old cat the power of shape-shifting: he then becomes a “bakeneko”. The cat-bus is a “bakeneko” who has seen a bus and decided to become one.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: Oga's conscientious approach to "My Neighbor Totoro" was a style that the "International Herald Tribune" recognized as "[updating] the traditional Japanese animist sense of a natural world that is fully, spiritually alive". The newspaper described the final product:

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: Oga's work on "My Neighbor Totoro" led to his continued involvement with Studio Ghibli. The studio assigned jobs to Oga that would play to his strengths, and Oga's style became a trademark style of Studio Ghibli.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: The storyboard depicts the town of Matsuko as the setting, with the year being 1955; Miyazaki stated that it was not exact and the team worked on a setting "in the recent past". The film was originally set to be an hour long, but throughout the process it grew to respond to the social context including the reason for the move and the father's occupation. Eight animators worked on the film, which was completed in eight months.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: Tetsuya Endo noted numerous animation techniques that were utilised in the film. For example, the ripples were designed with "two colors of high-lighting and shading" and the rain for "My Neighbor Totoro" was "scratched in the cels" and superimposed for it to convey a softer feel. The animators stated that one month was taken to create the tadpoles, which included four colours, the water for it was also blurred.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: The music for the film was composed by Joe Hisaishi. Previously collaborating with Miyazaki for the movies "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" and "Castle in the Sky," Hisaishi was inspired by the contemporary composers of Terry Riley, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, Stockhausen and John Cage, and also described Miyazaki's films as "rich and personally compeling". He hired an orchestra during the film, and primarily utilised the Fairlight instrument.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: In Japan, "My Neighbor Totoro" initially sold 801,680 tickets and earned a distribution rental income of in 1988. According to image researcher Seiji Kano, by 2005 the film's total box office gross receipts in Japan amounted to (). In France, the film sold 429,822 tickets since 1999. The film received further international releases since 2002. The film went on to gross $30,476,708 overseas since 2002, for a total of at the worldwide box office.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: The Disney-produced dub has also been released onto DVD and Blu-ray by distributors like Madman Entertainment in Australia and Optimum Releasing/StudioCanal UK in the United Kingdom.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: In the United Kingdom, the film's Studio Ghibli anniversary release appeared on the annual lists of top ten best-selling foreign language films on home video for five consecutive years, ranking number seven in 2015, number six in 2016 and 2017, number one in 2018, and number two in 2019 (below "Spirited Away").

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: Matthew Leyland of "Sight & Sound" reviewed the DVD released in 2006, "Miyazaki's family fable is remarkably light on tension, conflict and plot twists, yet it beguiles from beginning to end... what sticks with the viewer is the every-kid credibility of the girls' actions as they work, play and settle into their new surroundings." Leyland praised the DVD transfer of the film, but noted that the disc lacked a look at the film's production, instead being overabundant with storyboards.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: Totoro has made cameo appearances in multiple Studio Ghibli films, including "Pom Poko", "Kiki's Delivery Service", and "Whisper of the Heart". Various other anime series and films have featured cameos, including one episode of the Gainax TV series "His and Her Circumstances". Miyazaki uses Totoro as a part of his Studio Ghibli company logo.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: A main-belt asteroid, discovered on December 31, 1994, was named 10160 Totoro after the film's central character. Totoro makes a cameo appearance in the Pixar film "Toy Story 3" (2010) but did not make a appearance in Toy Story 4 due to licensing; the film’s art director Daisuke Tsutsumi is married to Miyazaki's niece, who was the original inspiration for the character Mei in "My Neighbour Totoro".

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: In 2013, a velvet worm species "Eoperipatus totoro" discovered in Vietnam was named after Totoro: "Following the request of Pavel V. Kvartalnov, Eduard A. Galoyan and Igor V. Palko, the species is named after the main character of the cartoon movie "My Neighbour Totoro" by Hayao Miyazaki (1988, Studio Ghibli), who uses a many-legged animal as a vehicle, which according to the collectors resembles a velvet worm."

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: Originally released in Japan in 2003, the short is regularly shown at the Ghibli Museum, but has not been released to home video. It was shown briefly in the United States in 2006 to honor the North American release of fellow Miyazaki film "Spirited Away" and at a Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation fundraiser a few days later.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: Numerous licensed merchandise of Totoro have been sold in Japan for decades after the film's release. Totoro licensed merchandise sales in Japan grossed in 1999, during 20032007, at least in 2008, and during 20102012. Combined, the Totoro licensed merchandise sales have grossed at least () in Japan between 1999 and 2012.

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


My Neighbor Totoro

Context: In May 2022, the Royal Shakespeare Company and composer Joe Hisaishi announced a stage adaptation of "My Neighbour Totoro" set to run from 8 October 2022 to 21 January 2023 at the Barbican Centre in London. It will be adapted by British playwright Tom Morton-Smith and directed by Improbable's Phelim McDermott. Tickets went on sale on 19 May 2022 breaking the theatre's box office record for sales in one day (previously held by the 2015 production of "Hamlet" starring Benedict Cumberbatch).

Question: Kuka on Naapurini Totoro -elokuvan päähenkilö?


Geography of Austria

Context: Austria is a predominantly mountainous country in Central Europe, approximately between Germany, Italy and Hungary. It has a total area of , about 2.031706 times the size of Switzerland.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Austria may be divided into three unequal geographical areas. The largest part of Austria (62%) is occupied by the relatively young mountains of the Alps, but in the east, these give way to a part of the Pannonian plain, and north of the river Danube lies the Bohemian Forest, an older, but lower, granite mountain range.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: The Danube has its source near Donaueschingen in southwestern Germany and flows through Austria before emptying into the Black Sea. It is the only major European river that flows eastwards, and its importance as an inland waterway has been enhanced by the completion in 1992 of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal in Bavaria, which connects the rivers Rhine and Main with the Danube and makes barge traffic from the North Sea to the Black Sea possible.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: The granite massif of the Bohemian Forest (known in German as the "Böhmerwald"), a low mountain range with bare and windswept plateaus and a harsh climate, is located north of the Danube Valley and covers the remaining 10% of Austria's area. Notable is the Manhartsberg a granite ridge which separates Waldviertel from Weinviertel.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Historically, high Alpine pastures have been used during the summer for grazing dairy cattle, thus making space available at lower altitudes for cultivating and harvesting fodder for winter. Many of the high pastures are at altitudes of more than 1,000 m.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Although agriculture in mountainous areas was at one time economically viable, in recent decades it has survived only with the help of extensive subsidies.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: In the country's predominantly Alpine provinces, most of the population live in river valleys: Bregenz on the shores of Lake Constance in Vorarlberg; Innsbruck on the Inn River in Tyrol; Salzburg on the Salzach River in Salzburg; and Klagenfurt on the Wörthersee lake in Carinthia. The higher the Alps are, the less inhabitable they become in terms of soil, microclimate, and vegetation. Conversely, the lower and broader the Alpine valleys are, the more densely populated they become.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Tyrol illustrates most clearly the relationship between Alpine geography and habitation. As the most mountainous province (less than 3% of the land is arable), it is the most sparsely inhabited, with an area of permanent settlement of only 15%.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Because of the Alps, the country as a whole is one of the least densely populated states of Western and Central Europe. With ninety-three inhabitants per square kilometre, Austria has a population density similar to that of the former Yugoslavia.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Austria's national borders and geography have corresponded very little. Since the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Alps and the Danube have not served to mark political boundaries. Even within Austria, provincial borders were only occasionally set by the ranges and ridges of the Alps.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Within the Alps, four passes and the roads that run through them are of particular importance for north–south transit. The Semmering Pass on the provincial border of Lower Austria and Styria connects the Vienna Basin with the Mürz and Mur valleys, thus providing northeast–southwest access to Styria and Slovenia, and, via Carinthia, to Italy.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: The most important pass in the Austrian Alps is the Brenner Pass, located on the Austrian-Italian border in Tyrol. At 1,370 m, it is one of the lowest Alpine passes. The route up the Inn valley and over the Brenner Pass has been historically an important and convenient route of north–south transit between Germany and Italy, and provides the most direct route between Europe's two most highly industrialized regions: Germany and northern Italy.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: oil, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: One peculiarity of the Mediterranean weather systems is the föhn wind, a warm air mass that originates in the African Sahara and moves north rapidly, periodically raising temperatures up to in a short period of time. Many people respond to this rapid weather change with headaches, irritability, and circulatory problems. During the winter, the rapid warming that accompanies a föhn can thaw the snow cover in the Alps to such an extent that avalanches occur.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Given the importance of Alpine skiing for the Austrian tourist industry, December is the month during which the weather is watched with the greatest anticipation. As a rule, Atlantic maritime weather systems bring snow, and continental weather systems help keep it. However, a predominance of cold, dry continental systems or warm Mediterranean ones inevitably postpone the beginning of the ski season. In the summer, Mediterranean high-pressure systems bring warm, sunny weather.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: The Alpine valleys through which much of this traffic passes are unusually vulnerable to ecological damage. Narrow valleys are not conducive to dissipation of noise or pollutants caused by motor vehicles. Inversions – cold layers of air that trap warm layers of air or warm layers of air that trap cold layers in the valleys and lowlands – also seasonally contribute to the magnitude of the pollution problem.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Austria has negotiated with the EU to set limits on the amount of commercial transit traffic, especially through Tyrol. Work is also under way to develop a "piggy-back" system of loading semitrailers on to flatbed railroad cars in southern Germany and northern Italy, transporting them through Tyrol by rail. Environmentalists have pushed for measures that are more far-reaching. They advocate, for example, digging a tunnel from Garmisch-Partenkirchen in southern Germany to Bolzano in northern Italy.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Pollution is also brought by the weather systems that determine the country's climate. Atlantic maritime weather systems carry pollution into Austria from northwestern Europe. Austria's proximity to industrialized regions of former Communist states, with negligible or no pollution control policies or equipment, combined with the influence of continental weather systems also have proved to be extremely harmful. Mediterranean weather systems transmit industrial pollutants from northern Italy.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: As a result of domestic and foreign pollution, 37% of Austria's forests had been damaged by acid rain and/or pollutant emissions by 1991. The damage to forests has had dire consequences, including the decimation of forests that for centuries had protected many Alpine communities from avalanches, erosion, mudslides, or flooding caused by runoff.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: The seriousness of the ecological problems confronting the country gave rise in the 1970s to an environmentalist movement. Political parties were formed, and representatives were elected to parliament. A referendum in 1978 closed down a newly completed nuclear power station and turned the country away from the exploitation of nuclear energy. Public opposition in 1984 stopped the planned construction of a hydroelectric power station in a wetlands region.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Part of the solution to Austria's ecological problems is being sought in stricter environmental legislation at the domestic level. Ultimately, however, pan-European and global cooperation in the realm of pollution and emission control will be necessary to protect the country's environment.

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Geography of Austria

Context: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Question: Mikä on Itävallan pinta-ala?


Tapiola

Context: Tapiola (; ) is a district of the municipality of Espoo on the south coast of Finland, and is one of the major urban centres of Espoo. It is located in the western part of Greater Helsinki. The name "Tapiola" is derived from "Tapio", who is the forest god of Finnish mythology, especially as expressed in the "Kalevala".

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: Tapiola was one of the first post-war "new town" projects in Continental Europe. It was created by a private non-profit enterprise called Asuntosäätiö (the Housing Foundation), which was established in 1951 by six social trade organisations including the Confederation of Finnish Trade Unions, the Central Organisation of Tenants, the Mannerheim Child Welfare Federation, the Finnish Federation of Civilian and Military Invalids and the Civil Servants' Federation.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: The original city plans for Tapiola were made by Otto-Iivari Meurman. Later, the Housing Foundation made significant changes to the plans, and handed planning of Tapiola over to a group of prominent Finnish architects, including Aarne Ervi, Alvar Aalto, and Kaija Siren. Each member of the group designed their own part of the area and its buildings, including social housing blocks (80% of all dwellings) and individual houses.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: The planners of Tapiola were convinced that no one professional group could solve the manifold problems of modern community planning; planning has to be highly skilled and strictly directed teamwork at all levels. Tapiola is a result of close teamwork in the fields of architecture, sociology, civil engineering, landscape gardening, domestic science, and youth welfare.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: Tapiola is also the cultural centre of Espoo, as it houses the Espoo cultural centre (home of the Tapiola Sinfonietta), the city museum (in the WeeGee house), and the Espoo City Theatre. The Tapiola library is located in the cultural centre.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: The main planning features on which Tapiola was built, as synthesised from Von Hertzen's writings, are summarised below:

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: The development of Tapiola occurred in several stages: the eastern neighbourhood 1952 – 1956, the western neighbourhood, 1957-1960, the town centre 1958-1961-1970, the northern neighbourhood 1958-1967, the southern neighbourhood 1961-1965. Planning in Tapiola commenced with architect, Otto-Iivari Meurman's site plan and building schedule which were reviewed from 1951 onwards. His original plan detailed four neighbourhoods split by two crossing roads and set apart by green belts.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: Architects Aarne Ervi, Viljo Revell, Aulis Blomstedt and Markus Tavio were charged with designing the eastern neighbourhood based on Meurman's plan. They were required to design buildings suited to the surrounding environment and the topography of the area.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: Public transport in Tapiola consists of buses and the metro maintained by the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority. The Tapiola metro station, a station of the Helsinki Metro, opened as a part of Länsimetro (the Western Metro Extension) in November 2017.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: In the centre of Tapiola, next to the central pool, there is the Tapiola Garden hotel, designed by Aarne Ervi. In autumn 2005, the highest wooden office building in Europe, called the Modular-office, was built in southern Tapiola by next to the Länsiväylä highway. The building is operated by Finnforest.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: Tapiola is also the name of a Finnish insurance company, presumably from the location of its headquarters. Among other major companies headquartered in Tapiola are Huhtamäki and M-real.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: To the north of Tapiola centre is a central park, Silkkiniitty, a large grass field reaching to Pohjois-Tapiola. It is popular among sportspeople and sunbathers.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: According to the Finnish museum bureau, Tapiola is a unique phenomenon in the world. According to the bureau, new proposed changes to the city planning threaten the existence of this cultural heritage.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: The WeeGee house, designed by architect Aarno Ruusuvuori and completed in 1964, is the former printing house of the Weilin+Göös publishing house. It currently hosts the Espoo Museum of Modern Art (EMMA), the Espoo City Museum, the Helinä Rautavaara Museum, the Finnish Museum of Horology, the Finnish Toy Museum, Galleria AARNI, and other cultural institutions.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: Tapiola has its own metro station, the Tapiola metro station. The station was opened in November 2017.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Tapiola

Context: The founder of the Garden City Tapiola, Heikki von Hertzen, considered suing the insurance company Tapiola in 1981 for stealing the trade name of Tapiola. The Garden City had used substantial resources in advertisement. Herzen was afraid the insurance company might shorten its name by dropping the word, "insurance", and this became also a fact for years in all advertisements in the buildings and newspapers.

Question: Milloin Tapiola valmistui?


Civil war era in Norway

Context: The civil war era in Norway ( or "borgerkrigstiden") began in 1130 and ended in 1240. During this time in Norwegian history, some two dozen rival kings and pretenders waged wars to claim the throne.

Question: Onko Norjassa käyty sisällissotaa?


Civil war era in Norway

Context: Civil wars and internal strife in royal families were common in the Middle Ages, in Norway as in other European countries. However, some contemporary accounts show people viewed the civil war era as notably different from what had gone before. Theodoricus the Monk, who wrote a history of Norway in Latin c. 1180, decided to end with the death of King Sigurd the Crusader in 1130 as he considered it

Question: Onko Norjassa käyty sisällissotaa?


Civil war era in Norway

Context: ... utterly unfitting to record for posterity the crimes, killings, perjuries, parricides, desecration of holy places, the contempt for God, the plundering no less of the clergy than of the whole people, the abductions of women and other abominations which it would take long to enumerate

Question: Onko Norjassa käyty sisällissotaa?


Civil war era in Norway

Context: which had occurred since then. The English historian William of Newburgh, writing c. 1200, writes of Norway that

Question: Onko Norjassa käyty sisällissotaa?


Civil war era in Norway

Context: ... for more than a century back, although the succession of kings there had been rapid, yet none of them had ended his days by age or sickness, but all had perished by the sword, leaving the dignity of empire to their assassins as their lawful successors; so that, indeed, the expression, "Hast thou killed, and also taken possession?" [cf. 1 Kings 21:19] may seem to apply to all who reigned there for so long a space of time.

Question: Onko Norjassa käyty sisällissotaa?


Civil war era in Norway

Context: Pretenders who had themselves named king, but are not counted in the official line of kings are written in "italics".

Question: Onko Norjassa käyty sisällissotaa?


Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu

Context: Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu () or the Saga of Gunnlaugur Serpent-Tongue is one of the Icelanders' sagas. Composed at the end of the 13th century, it is preserved complete in a slightly younger manuscript. It contains 25 verses of skaldic poetry attributed to the main characters.

Question: Minä vuonna ensimmäinen islantilainen saaga on julkaistu?


Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu

Context: It is an important work in both Norwegian and Icelandic literary history. "Gunnlaugur" is sometimes Anglicized as "Gunnlaug". The cognomen can also be translated as "Worm-Tongue" or "Snake-Tongue".

Question: Minä vuonna ensimmäinen islantilainen saaga on julkaistu?


Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu

Context: The saga, said to have taken place around the introduction of Christianity in Iceland, tells the story of two Icelandic poets, Gunnlaugr Ormstunga and Hrafn Önundarson, and their love of Helga the Fair, granddaughter of Egill Skallagrímsson, which results in a competition leading to a deadly duel of honor.

Question: Minä vuonna ensimmäinen islantilainen saaga on julkaistu?


Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu

Context: The story opens with a prophetic dream of two eagles who fight over a swan before killing each other. A hawk then arrives to comfort the swan, foreshadowing the rest of the saga and the love triangle element of the story.

Question: Minä vuonna ensimmäinen islantilainen saaga on julkaistu?


Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu

Context: A detailed family tree connecting major and minor characters through blood and marriage can be found here.

Question: Minä vuonna ensimmäinen islantilainen saaga on julkaistu?


Maracaibo

Context: This isolation was both a challenge and an advantage. The very nature of the city's location made for a population known for their independent thought and character. The history of this region is rife with stories about the creation of an independent and sovereign nation apart from Venezuela, a nation called , 'the Independent Republic of Zulia', but this has never come to be.

Question: Mikä on Venezuelan toiseksi suurin kaupunki?


Maracaibo

Context: Proposals for a bridge design that included rail transport and tourist facilities were seriously considered. The fall of the Pérez Jiménez government on 23 January 1958, quickly led to a less elaborate design project that was approved and funded by a democratic and more conservative government.

Question: Mikä on Venezuelan toiseksi suurin kaupunki?


Maracaibo

Context: Zulia's main income comes from oil extraction and refining, agriculture (coffee, rice, maize, cassava, cocoa, sugar cane),

Question: Mikä on Venezuelan toiseksi suurin kaupunki?


Maracaibo

Context: Rivalry with inhabitants of other regions is common, specially with "Gochos" (people of the Trujillo, Mérida and Táchira state) and "Caraqueños" (people of the city of Caracas).

Question: Mikä on Venezuelan toiseksi suurin kaupunki?


Missionaries of God's Love

Context: It was founded by Fr Ken Barker who is the moderator of the congregation and is also the founder of the Young Men of God Movement.

Question: Milloin MGL perustettiin?


Missionaries of God's Love

Context: Today in addition to missions in Canberra, Sydney and Melbourne, the MGL operates missions in Darwin where chaplaincies minister to the Aboriginal community, and in Manila where the brothers live amongst the poor in the squatter settlements of North Quezon City.

Question: Milloin MGL perustettiin?


Missionaries of God's Love

Context: Inspired by St Francis of Assisi during a visit to Umbria, Italy in 2000, Fr Ken founded the Young Men of God Movement (YMGM) to reach out and empower young men with the love of God and to encourage them to become leaders within their own communities, maximise the talents God has given them, and realise their full potential.

Question: Milloin MGL perustettiin?


Missionaries of God's Love

Context: The MGL is becoming a multicultural brotherhood, drawing vocations not only from Australia and New Zealand, but also from Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, East Timor, India and Nigeria. This cultural mix is symbolic of the Church in Australia today and the challenges facing our society.

Question: Milloin MGL perustettiin?


Missionaries of God's Love

Context: The congregation is an Australian foundation with an international membership. Its first mission is to the Church in Australia which the congregation believes is suffering from the emptiness of secularism and relativism with a particular concern to reach the young and the alienated who do not yet know the love of God.

Question: Milloin MGL perustettiin?


Missionaries of God's Love

Context: There are also 15 Sisters living in Canberra, Sydney and Melbourne involved with the young people in evangelisation and mission work in many of the same areas as the Priests and Brothers. "Sr Patti Jo Crockett" MGL is one of the co-founders of the missionary of God's Love sisters. The Sisters have their own website where you can read blogs from different Sisters to nourish your faith.

Question: Milloin MGL perustettiin?


Missionaries of God's Love

Context: In 2014 the order of Priests and Brothers was formally recognised by the Vatican as a religious institute of diocesan rite.

Question: Milloin MGL perustettiin?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican (), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica (), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal enclave that is within the city of Rome, Italy. It was initially planned by Pope Nicholas V and then Pope Julius II to replace the aging Old St. Peter's Basilica, which was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: Catholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome (Pope). Saint Peter's tomb is supposedly directly below the high altar of the basilica, also known as the "Altar of the Confession". For this reason, many popes have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: The basilica is cruciform in shape, with an elongated nave in the Latin cross form but the early designs were for a centrally planned structure and this is still in evidence in the architecture. The central space is dominated both externally and internally by one of the largest domes in the world. The entrance is through a narthex, or entrance hall, which stretches across the building. One of the decorated bronze doors leading from the narthex is the Holy Door, only opened during jubilees.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: The interior dimensions are vast when compared to other churches. One author wrote: "Only gradually does it dawn upon us – as we watch people draw near to this or that monument, strangely they appear to shrink; they are, of course, dwarfed by the scale of everything in the building. This in its turn overwhelms us."

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: At the heart of the basilica, beneath the high altar, is the "Confessio" or "Chapel of the Confession", in reference to the confession of faith by St. Peter, which led to his martyrdom. Two curving marble staircases lead to this underground chapel at the level of the Constantinian church and immediately above the purported burial place of Saint Peter.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: One observer wrote: "St Peter's Basilica is the reason why Rome is still the centre of the civilized world. For religious, historical, and architectural reasons it by itself justifies a journey to Rome, and its interior offers a palimpsest of artistic styles at their best ..."

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: The American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson described St. Peter's as "an ornament of the earth ... the sublime of the beautiful."

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: According to tradition, Peter's remains were buried just outside the Circus, on the Mons Vaticanus across the Via Cornelia from the Circus, less than from his place of death. The Via Cornelia was a road which ran east-to-west along the north wall of the Circus on land now covered by the southern portions of the Basilica and St. Peter's Square. A shrine was built on this site some years later. Almost three hundred years later, Old St. Peter's Basilica was constructed over this site.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: The area now covered by the Vatican City had been a cemetery for some years before the Circus of Nero was built. It was a burial ground for the numerous executions in the Circus and contained many Christian burials because for many years after the burial of Saint Peter many Christians chose to be buried near Peter.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: One method employed to finance the building of St. Peter's Basilica was the granting of indulgences in return for contributions. A major promoter of this method of fund-raising was Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, who had to clear debts owed to the Roman Curia by contributing to the rebuilding program. To facilitate this, he appointed the German Dominican preacher Johann Tetzel, whose salesmanship provoked a scandal.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: A German Augustinian priest, Martin Luther, wrote to Archbishop Albrecht arguing against this "selling of indulgences". He also included his "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences", which came to be known as "The 95 Theses". This became a factor in starting the Reformation, the birth of Protestantism.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: Bramante had envisioned that the central dome would be surrounded by four lower domes at the diagonal axes. The equal chancel, nave and transept arms were each to be of two bays ending in an apse. At each corner of the building was to stand a tower, so that the overall plan was square, with the apses projecting at the cardinal points. Each apse had two large radial buttresses, which squared off its semi-circular shape.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: In 1520 Raphael also died, aged 37, and his successor Baldassare Peruzzi maintained changes that Raphael had proposed to the internal arrangement of the three main apses, but otherwise reverted to the Greek Cross plan and other features of Bramante. This plan did not go ahead because of various difficulties of both Church and state. In 1527 Rome was sacked and plundered by Emperor Charles V. Peruzzi died in 1536 without his plan being realized.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: Helen Gardner suggests that Michelangelo made the change to the hemispherical dome of lower profile in order to establish a balance between the dynamic vertical elements of the encircling giant order of pilasters and a more static and reposeful dome. Gardner also comments, "The sculpturing of architecture [by Michelangelo] ... here extends itself up from the ground through the attic stories and moves on into the drum and dome, the whole building being pulled together into a unity from base to summit."

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: In the mid-18th century, cracks appeared in the dome, so four iron chains were installed between the two shells to bind it, like the rings that keep a barrel from bursting. As many as ten chains have been installed at various times, the earliest possibly planned by Michelangelo himself as a precaution, as Brunelleschi did at Florence Cathedral.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: The facade designed by Maderno, is wide and high and is built of travertine stone, with a giant order of Corinthian columns and a central pediment rising in front of a tall attic surmounted by thirteen statues: Christ flanked by eleven of the Apostles (except Saint Peter, whose statue is left of the stairs) and John the Baptist. The inscription below the cornice on the tall frieze reads:

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: Five portals, of which three are framed by huge salvaged antique columns, lead into the basilica. The central portal has a bronze door created by Antonio Averulino c. 1440 for the old basilica and somewhat enlarged to fit the new space.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: Maderno's last work at St. Peter's was to design a crypt-like space or "Confessio" under the dome, where the cardinals and other privileged persons could descend in order to be nearer to the burial place of the apostle. Its marble steps are remnants of the old basilica and around its balustrade are 95 bronze lamps.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: In 1642 all work on both towers came to a halt. Bernini had to pay the cost for the demolition; eventually the idea of completing the bell towers was abandoned.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: Bernini's final work for St. Peter's, undertaken in 1676, was the decoration of the Chapel of the Sacrament. To hold the sacramental Host, he designed a miniature version in gilt bronze of Bramante's Tempietto, the little chapel that marks the place of the death of St. Peter. On either side is an angel, one gazing in rapt adoration and the other looking towards the viewer in welcome. Bernini died in 1680 in his 82nd year.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: Bernini's transformation of the site is entirely Baroque in concept. Where Bramante and Michelangelo conceived a building that stood in "self-sufficient isolation", Bernini made the whole complex "expansively relate to its environment". Banister Fletcher says "No other city has afforded such a wide-swept approach to its cathedral church, no other architect could have conceived a design of greater nobility ... (it is) the greatest of all atriums before the greatest of all churches of Christendom."

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


St. Peter's Basilica

Context: Older commemorative plaques are removed to make way for the new plaque when the holy door is opened and sealed.

Question: Minä vuonna Pietarinkirkko on rakennettu?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Currently under construction is the Extremely Large Telescope. It will use a 39.3-metre-diameter segmented mirror, and become the world's largest optical reflecting telescope when operational in 2024. Its light-gathering power will allow detailed studies of planets around other stars, the first objects in the universe, supermassive black holes, and the nature and distribution of the dark matter and dark energy which dominate the universe.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: At the time, all reflector telescopes with an aperture of 2 metres or more were located in the northern hemisphere. The decision to build the observatory in the southern hemisphere resulted from the necessity of observing the southern sky; some research subjects (such as the central parts of the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds) were accessible only from the southern hemisphere.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The convention and government involvement became pressing due to rapidly rising costs of site-testing expeditions. The final 1962 version was largely adopted from the CERN convention, due to similarities between the organisations and the dual membership of some members.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Although ESO is headquartered in Germany, its telescopes and observatories are in northern Chile, where the organisation operates advanced ground-based astronomical facilities:

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Each year about 2,000 requests are made for the use of ESO telescopes, for four to six times more nights than are available. Observations made with these instruments appear in a number of peer-reviewed publications annually; in 2017, more than 1,000 reviewed papers based on ESO data were published.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: ESO telescopes generate large amounts of data at a high rate, which are stored in a permanent archive facility at ESO headquarters. The archive contains more than 1.5 million images (or spectra) with a total volume of about 65 terabytes (65,000,000,000,000 bytes) of data.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: La Silla, located in the southern Atacama Desert north of Santiago de Chile at an altitude of , is the home of ESO's original observation site. Like other observatories in the area, La Silla is far from sources of light pollution and has one of the darkest night skies on Earth. In La Silla, ESO operates three telescopes: a 3.6-metre telescope, the New Technology Telescope (NTT) and the 2.2-metre Max-Planck-ESO Telescope.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The observatory hosts visitor instruments, attached to a telescope for the duration of an observational run and then removed. La Silla also hosts national telescopes, such as the 1.2-metre Swiss and the 1.5-metre Danish telescopes.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The ESO 3.6-metre telescope began operations in 1977. It has been upgraded, including the installation of a new secondary mirror. The conventionally designed horseshoe-mount telescope was primarily used for infrared spectroscopy; it now hosts the HARPS spectrograph, used in search of extra-solar planets and for asteroseismology. The telescope was designed for very high long-term radial velocity accuracy (on the order of 1 m/s).

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The New Technology Telescope (NTT) is an altazimuth, 3.58-metre Ritchey–Chrétien telescope, inaugurated in 1989 and the first in the world with a computer-controlled main mirror. The flexible mirror's shape is adjusted during observation to preserve optimal image quality. The secondary mirror position is also adjustable in three directions. This technology (developed by ESO and known as active optics) is now applied to all major telescopes, including the VLT and the future ELT.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The design of the octagonal enclosure housing the NTT is innovative. The telescope dome is relatively small and ventilated by a system of flaps directing airflow smoothly across the mirror, reducing turbulence and resulting in sharper images.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The 2.2-metre telescope has been in operation at La Silla since early 1984, and is on indefinite loan to ESO from the Max Planck Society ("Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften", or MPG, in German). Telescope time is shared between MPG and ESO observing programmes, while operation and maintenance of the telescope are ESO's responsibility.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Its instrumentation includes a 67-million-pixel wide-field imager (WFI) with a field of view as large as the full moon, which has taken many images of celestial objects. Other instruments used are GROND (Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Near-Infrared Detector), which seeks the afterglow of gamma-ray bursts—the most powerful explosions in the universe, and the high-resolution spectrograph FEROS (Fiber-fed Extended Range Optical Spectrograph), used to make detailed studies of stars.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: La Silla also hosts several national and project telescopes not operated by ESO. Among them are the Swiss Euler Telescope, the Danish National Telescope and the REM, TRAPPIST and TAROT telescopes.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The Paranal Observatory is located atop Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Cerro Paranal is a mountain about south of Antofagasta and from the Pacific coast.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The observatory has seven major telescopes operating in visible and infrared light: the four telescopes of the Very Large Telescope, the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) and the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy. In addition, there are four auxiliary telescopes forming an array used for interferometric observations. In March 2008, Paranal was the location for several scenes of the 22nd James Bond film, "Quantum of Solace".

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The first of the UTs had its first light in May 1998, and was offered to the astronomical community on 1 April 1999. The other telescopes followed suit in 1999 and 2000, making the VLT fully operational. Four 1.8-metre auxiliary telescopes (ATs), installed between 2004 and 2007, have been added to the VLTI for accessibility when the UTs are used for other projects.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Data from the VLT have led to the publication of an average of more than one peer-reviewed scientific paper per day; in 2017, over 600 reviewed scientific papers were published based on VLT data. The VLT's scientific discoveries include imaging an extrasolar planet, tracking individual stars moving around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way and observing the afterglow of the furthest known gamma-ray burst.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) is housed on the peak adjacent to the one hosting the VLT, sharing observational conditions. VISTA's main mirror is across, a highly curved mirror for its size and quality. Its deviations from a perfect surface are less than a few thousandths the thickness of a human hair, and its construction and polishing presented a challenge.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The VLT Survey Telescope (VST) is a state-of-the-art, telescope equipped with OmegaCAM, a 268-megapixel CCD camera with a field of view four times the area of the full moon. It complements VISTA by surveying the sky in visible light. The VST (which became operational in 2011) is the result of a joint venture between ESO and the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte (Naples), a research centre at the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics INAF.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The Llano de Chajnantor is a plateau in the Atacama Desert, about east of San Pedro de Atacama. The site is higher than the Mauna Kea Observatory and higher than the Very Large Telescope on Cerro Paranal. It is dry and inhospitable to humans, but a good site for submillimetre astronomy; because water vapour molecules in Earth's atmosphere absorb and attenuate submillimetre radiation, a dry site is required for this type of radio astronomy. The telescopes are:

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The scientific goals of ALMA include studying the origin and formation of stars, galaxies, and planets with observations of molecular gas and dust, studying distant galaxies towards the edge of the observable universe and studying relic radiation from the Big Bang. A call for ALMA science proposals was issued on 31 March 2011, and early observations began on 3 October.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The Danish 1.54-metre telescope at La Silla participated in the discovery of one of the most Earth-like planets found to date. The planet, detected using the microlensing technique and about five times as massive as Earth, circles its parent star in about 10 years and most certainly has a rocky and icy surface.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Breakthrough Starshot is a proof of concept mission to send a fleet of ultra-fast light-driven nanocraft to explore the Alpha Centauri star system, which could pave the way for a first launch within the next generation. An objective of the mission would be to make a fly-by of and possibly photograph any Earth-like worlds that might exist in the system.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: In March 2019, ESO astronomers, employing the GRAVITY instrument on their Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI), announced the first direct detection of an exoplanet, HR 8799 e, using optical interferometry.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: With the Very Large Telescope, astronomers have made an independent determination of the age of the universe and shed new light on the earliest stages of the Milky Way. For the first time, they measured the amount of the radioactive isotope uranium-238 in a star born when the Milky Way was still forming.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Like carbon dating over longer timescales, the uranium clock measures the age of a star. It shows that this star is 12.5 billion years old. Because the star cannot be older than the universe itself, the universe must be older than this. This agrees with known cosmology, which gives an age of the universe of 13.8 billion years. The star (and the Milky Way) must have formed soon after the Big Bang.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Another result is the first measurement of the beryllium content of two stars in a Milky Way globular cluster. With this measurement, astronomers found that the first generation of stars in our galaxy must have formed soon after the end of the 200-million-year "Dark Age" following the Big Bang.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Astronomers long suspected that a black hole exists at the center of the Milky Way, but their theory was unproven. Conclusive evidence was obtained after 16 years of monitoring the Galactic Center with ESO telescopes at the La Silla and Paranal observatories.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The VLT has also peered into the centre of galaxies beyond our own, where clear signs of activity produced by supermassive black holes are found. In the active galaxy NGC 1097, a complex network of filaments spiraling from the main part of the galaxy to its centre was seen in great detail.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are bursts of highly energetic gamma rays lasting from less than one second to several minutes. They are known to occur at great distances from earth, near the limits of the observable universe.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The VLT has observed the afterglow of the farthest known gamma-ray burst. With a measured redshift of 8.2, the light from this very remote astronomical source has taken more than 13 billion years to reach the earth. It occurred when the universe was less than 600 million years old (less than five percent of its present age), and released 300 times as much energy in a few seconds as the sun will in its entire lifetime (more than 10 billion years).

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Observations of gamma-ray-burst afterglows were coordinated between the VLT and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) to identify the possible counterpart (and its decay) at submillimeter wavelengths.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The Science Archive Operation Group receives and redistributes ESO data and provides archival support. About 200 Terabytes (TB) of public data are distributed per year through the ESO archive. The archive is about 1.01 Petabytes (PB), with an input rate of about 131 TB per year; this is being increased by a factor of 10 or so due to the survey telescopes' data-production rate.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: VOs have proven their effectiveness in a number of ways, including discovering 31 optically faint, obscured quasar candidates in existing Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields (quadrupling the number previously found). The discovery means that surveys of supermassive black holes have underestimated their numbers by a factor of two to five.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: An ESO team led by Guillem Anglada-Escudé found Proxima Centauri b. The discovery was reported in "Nature" on 24 August 2016.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Several of ESO telescopes were used in a 16-year study to obtain the most detailed view to date of the surroundings of the supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Two independent research teams have shown that the universe's expansion is accelerating, based on exploding-star observations with astronomical telescopes at La Silla. The research teams were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Using ESO's VLT, astronomers have measured the age of the oldest known star in the Milky Way. At 13.2 billion years, the star was born in the universe's earliest era of star formation. However, the oldest star seems to be 13.6 billion years old, and the Methuselah star might be even older.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The atmosphere around an exoplanet has been analysed for the first time with the VLT. The planet, GJ 1214b, was studied as it passed in front of its parent star and starlight passed through the planet's atmosphere.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The VLT has obtained the first image of a planet outside the Solar System. The 5-Jupiter-mass planet orbits a failed star—a brown dwarf—at a distance of 55 times the mean Earth-Sun distance.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Astronomers using HARPS have discovered a planetary system (with at least five planets) orbiting a sunlike star, HD 10180. Two other planets may be present, one of which would have the lowest mass ever found.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The VLT and APEX collaborated to study violent flares from the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, revealing material stretched as it orbits in the intense gravitational field near the central black hole.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: ESO telescopes have provided proof that long gamma-ray bursts are linked with the explosion of massive stars; short gamma-ray bursts seem to be produced by merging neutron stars.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: After more than 1,000 nights of observation at La Silla over a 15-year period, astronomers have determined the motion of more than 14,000 sunlike stars in the vicinity of the sun (demonstrating that the Milky Way is more turbulent and chaotic than previously thought).

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The VLT has detected, for the first time, carbon-monoxide molecules in a galaxy located almost 11 billion light-years away. This has allowed astronomers to obtain a precise measurement of cosmic temperature at such a remote location.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Outreach activities are carried out by the ESO education and Public Outreach Department (ePOD). These include a range of programs and products that aim to meet the requirements of media, science communicators and the public, such as press releases, images, videos and printed material.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: Events such as the 2009 International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) (with IAU and UNESCO), VLT First Light, Astronomy Online and the Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 impact, have been reported by the Department. ePOD organises exhibitions and educational campaigns, such as Venus Transit, Science on Stage and Science in School.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: ePOD also manages the ESO Supernova Planetarium & Visitor Centre, an astronomy centre located at the site of the ESO Headquarters in Garching bei München, which was inaugurated 26 April 2018.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: A collection of photos and videos can be found in the ESO Public Image Gallery and Video Library. Products from educational material to press kits may be downloaded from the ePOD website or ordered in physical form.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


European Southern Observatory

Context: The ESO Annual Report details activities across the organisation and outlines scientific, technical and organisational highlights. All issues dating back to the first report in 1964 are available for download.

Question: Kuuluuko Suomi ESO:n?


AIBO

Context: On 26 January 2006 Sony announced that it would discontinue AIBO and several other products in an effort to make the company more profitable. Sony's AIBO customer support was withdrawn gradually, with support for the final ERS-7M3 ending in March 2013.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: In July 2014, Sony stopped providing repairs for AIBO products and did not provide customer support or repair for the older AIBO robots.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: In November 2017, Sony announced a new generation of AIBO after 11 years. The fourth generation model, ERS-1000, was launched in Japan on 11 January 2018. The second lottery sale was set on 6 February 2018.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: AIBO grew out of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory (CSL). Founded in 1990, CSL was set up to emulate the innovation center at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). CSL's first product was the Aperios operating system, later to form the base software some AIBO models used. When Nobuyuki Idei became president of Sony in 1995, he sought to adopt a digital agenda, reflected in the new motto he gave the company, “Digital Dream Kids,” and the prominence he gave to CSL.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: A friend of Doi's, the artist Hajime Sorayama, was enlisted to create the initial designs for the AIBO's body. Those designs are now part of the permanent collections of Museum of Modern Art and the Smithsonian Institution. The first generation AIBO design won Japan's prestigious "Good Design Award, Grand Prize" and a special Intelligent Design award in the 2000 German Red Dot awards.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Almost ten years later, Idei's successor, Howard Stringer closed down AIBO and other robotic projects. Doi then staged a mock funeral, attended by more than 100 colleagues from Sony. At the funeral, Doi said that the Aibo was a symbol of a risk-taking spirit at Sony that was now dead.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: In November 2017, Sony Corporation announced that AIBO would return with a new model that would be capable of forming an emotional bond with users.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The first commercially available AIBO. It has a beagle-like appearance. Sales began on 1 June 1999. There was a limited production of 3,000 for Japan and 2,000 for the USA (5,000 total units that were manufactured).

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: They are often considered the rarest model. They were available to buy via the internet and sold out in 20 minutes after launch. It was silver with a golden-brown hue and grey claws.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The ERS-111 was an improved version of the original AIBO, initially released in November 1999. 40,000 units in total. Same price as ERS-110.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: It looks similar to ERS-110, but with different ear/tail shapes and different capabilities. It was available in shiny silver with black claws or metallic black color.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The ERS-210 was designed to look like a lion cub but is really a dog with a flat bull terrier face and jack-Russel appearance. It has speech recognition capabilities. The colors were black, silver, gold, red, blue, green, white.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: It is the most common and most popular AIBO model and sold well over 65,000 units. It cost around $1,500 at launch and eventually went down to less than $1,000.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Silver. Headlights and LED near future-oriented design based on the concept of space exploration robot by Shoji Kawamori.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Remote operation is possible by using the optional Wireless LAN card as well as the ERS-210 "AIBO Navigator 2". Height 29.6 cm, 1.5 kg weight, 1.5 hours (default) continuous operation time, 2.5 hours or more operation with a re-celled battery. 16 degrees of freedom (drive unit), price 180 000 yen (excluding tax)

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Variants of ERS-210/220. Difficult to distinguish the appearance but with an improved CPU and head clutch. Displays affixed logo sticker "Super Core" at the bottom of the body. US$1299 at launch.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The ERS-31x models had an "AIBO's heart" slogan. The original production design illustrator was Katsura Moschino. The price was 98,000 YEN, OR US$950.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The "Latte" (ERS-311) is an off-white/cream color and is considered the "friendly" model. The "Macaron" (ERS-312) is mostly black with cream accents and is considered the "naughty" model.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The "Pug" (ERS-31L) is the least common of the three and was $200 cheaper. The 31x series dogs are considered to look like a Bichon puppy or a bear cub.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: These models are aesthetically identical to their 31x predecessors but have an added Bluetooth capability chip installed to enable communication with the "Handy viewer." The Handy Viewer was an exclusive Japanese device that would translate Aibos thoughts and feelings into text, and enable the handler to play games with them. While the ERS-311 and ERS-312 received these new releases, the ERS-31L never received the Bluetooth update to their hardware.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The ERS-7 and its successive iterations were the third and final generation of AIBO robots to be released before the brand's discontinuation.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Sold from 2003 to 2006. Priced at between $1500 to $2000. It was once a common misconception that ERS-7 only sold 15,000 units, but the serial numbers of the dogs prove this to be false, plus, ERS-7s are pretty common to find so would also prove this theory to be wrong. Instead, it is estimated that ERS-7 sold 15,000 units of each variant, so that would mean there are in total: 15,000 M1s, 15,000 M2s and 15,000 M3s (which means in every unit of all variants, 45,000 units were manufactured).

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The first model to be released since the AIBO project was discontinued in 2006. Requires an always-on internet connection to function fully and comes with an LTE SIM card and monthly subscription service to support interaction and learning in the cloud. This model of Aibo has a much cuter appearance than most of the other models. The ERS-1000 can recognize up to 100 faces, and can memorize a customizable trick, and responds to over 50 voice commands.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The humanoid QRIO robot was designed as the successor to AIBO and runs the same base R-CODE and Aperios operating system. Its development was halted before it saw a commercial release.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: All AIBOs were bundled with accessories including a charging station and pink ball toy. Late-model ERS7's were bundled with a pink AIBone bone-shaped toy (and so does the AIBO ERS-1000 models), playing cards, and a charging station with a pole and marker mat for autonomous docking. (210 and later models only)

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: All AIBOs are bundled with AIBOLife software giving the robot a personality, the ability to walk, "see" its environment via camera and recognize spoken commands (English and Spanish, or Japanese). AIBO's sounds were programmed by Japanese DJ/avant-garde composer Nobukazu Takemura, fusing mechanic and organic concepts. The sounds in ERS-7 Mind and custom data were composed by Masaya Matsuura, a Japanese musician and game designer.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Aperios is Sony's Proprietary Real-Time Operating system, used in all AIBOs, QRIO and some other consumer devices. Aperios OS was intended to be widely deployed using revolutionary real-time capabilities to handle multiple audio and visual data streams concurrently The operating system was not widely adopted, and by 2003 Sony had stopped active development with COO Kunitake Ando commenting "Aperios was an operating system of a pre-Internet age and we decided that it isn't adequate for the future".

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Third generation ERS-7 models have a sole "Mind" software that includes capabilities of AIBOLife and other AIBOware packages. Mind software also includes a docking process, allowing ERS-7's to recharge autonomously. Upgrades in Mind2 included the AIBO Entertainment Player, a Wi-Fi based connection to a PC. Upgrades in Mind3 included speech, blogging and autonomous room mapping.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: AIBO's complete vision system uses the SIFT algorithm, to recognise its charging station. The vision system is an implementation of Evolution Robotics ERVision.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Initially, access to programming capabilities was limited to Sony and organizations participating in Robocup. By reverse-engineering AIBO, users developed their own software that operated together with AIBOware such as "DiscoAibo" which made the robotic canine dance to music.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: In a significant copyright milestone, Sony invoked the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in October 2001, and sent a cease-and-desist notice demanding that "Aibopet" stop distributing code that was retrieved by bypassing the copy protection mechanisms. In the face of complaints by many outraged AIBO owners, Sony backed down and subsequently released a programmer's kit for "non-commercial" use.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The kit was eventually expanded into three distinct tools: R-CODE, the OPEN-R SDK and the AIBO Remote Framework (ERS-7 only). These three tools are combined under the name AIBO Software Development Environment. All of these tools were free to download and could be used for commercial or non-commercial use (Except for the OPEN-R SDK, which is specifically for non-commercial use).

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: R-Code is a high-level scripting language for AIBO. R-Code allows you to very easily create simple programs for AIBO to execute. While it does not allow the low-level control that the OPEN-R SDK has, what it lacks in power it makes up for in simplicity. Remoting is possible via a simple terminal socket connection via WiFi. Commercial usage is allowed, and the license fee is free.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Simplified drag-and-drop customizing of behavior is available via the user-created YART ("Yet Another RCode Tool ")

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Remotely access capabilities of AIBO MIND including behaviors and pattern recognition from a Windows PC. Same functionality used in the Aibo Entertainment Player. The AIBO Remote Framework is a Windows PC API based on Visual C++. The Framework can be used to write code that can remotely control an AIBO running MIND2 or MIND3 Aiboware via a wireless LAN. Commercial usage is allowed, and the license fee is free.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Several robot software development frameworks have been developed that support AIBOs, including URBI, Tekkotsu, and Pyro.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?