Finnish Air Force

Context: From 10 March 1918 the Swedish Lt. John-Allan Hygerth led the Finnish Air Force. He was however replaced on 18 April 1918, due to his unsuitability for the position and numerous accidents. The German Captain Carl Seber took over the role and commanded the air force from 28 April 1918 until 13 December 1918.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: By the end of the Civil War the Finnish Air Force had 40 aircraft, of which 20 had been captured from the Reds (the Reds did not operate this many aircraft, but some had been found abandoned on Åland). Five of the aircraft had been flown by the Allies from Russia, four had been gifts from Sweden and eight had been bought from Germany.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: The Winter War began on 30 November 1939, when the Soviet Air Force bombed 21 Finnish cities and municipalities. The Soviet Union had an estimated 5,000 aircraft in 1939, and of these, some 700 fighters and 800 medium bombers came to the Finnish front to support the Red Army's operations. As with most aerial bombardments in the early stages of World War II, the damage to Finnish industry and railways was quite limited.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: To prevent their aircraft from being destroyed on the ground, the Finns distributed their aircraft to many different airfields and hid them in the nearby forests. The Finns constructed many decoys and built shrapnel-protection walls for the aircraft. Soviet air-raids on Finnish airfields usually caused little or no damage as a result, and often resulted in interception of the attackers by the Finns as the Soviet bombers flew homeward.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: To make up for its weaknesses (few and obsolete fighters) the FAF mainly focused on attacking enemy bombers from directions that were disadvantageous to the enemy. Soviet fighters were usually superior in firepower, speed and agility, and Finnish pilots avoided them unless the enemy was in a disadvantageous position.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: As a result of these tactics, the Finnish Air Force managed to shoot down 218 Soviet aircraft during the Winter War while losing only 47 to enemy fire. Finnish anti-aircraft guns also had 314 confirmed downed enemy planes. 30 Soviet planes were captured – these were "kills" that landed more or less intact within Finland and were quickly repaired.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: The FAF proved capable of holding its own in the upcoming battles with the Red Air Force. Older models, such as the Fokker D.XXI and Gloster Gladiator, had been replaced with new aircraft in front-line combat units.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: Finland was required to expel or intern remaining German forces as part of its peace agreement with the Soviets in September 1944. As a result, the Finns' fought their final air battles against retreating Luftwaffe units.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: The Finnish Air Force did not bomb any civilian targets during either war. Curiously, overflying Soviet towns and bases was also forbidden, as to avoid any unneeded provocations and to spare equipment.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: The Finnish Air Force shot down 1,621 Soviet aircraft while losing 210 of its own aircraft during the Continuation War.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: The end of World War II in 1945 and the Paris peace talks of 1947 brought about some limitations imposed on the FAF. For example, the Finnish Air Force could have:

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: During the Cold War years ( to ), Finland tried to balance its purchases between east, west and domestic producers. This led to a diverse inventory of Soviet, British, Swedish, French and Finnish aircraft. After leading Finnish politicians held unofficial talks with their Swedish counterparts, Sweden began storing surplus Saab 35 Drakens, intended for transfer to Finland in the event of a war against the Soviet Union. This practice continued until the 1980s.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: On 22 September 1990, a week before the unification of Germany, Finland declared that the limiting treaties were no longer active and that all the provisions of the Paris Peace Treaties were nullified.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: In the 1990s, with the Cold War over, the Finnish Air Force ended its policy of purchasing Soviet/Russian aircraft and replaced the Saab Draken and MiG-21s in its fighter wing with US F/A-18C/D Hornets.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: the FAF is organized into three Air Commands, each assigned to one of Finland's three air-defence areas. The main Wing bases are at Rovaniemi, Tampere and Kuopio-Rissala, each with a front-line squadron. Pilot training takes place at the Air Force Academy in Tikkakoski, with advanced conversion performed at squadron level.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: The current Hornet fleet is set to begin being phased out from 2025, and to be completely decommissioned by 2030. The Finnish MoD initiated its Hornet replacement programme in June 2015, and named it the "HX Fighter Program". A working group was created and it identified suitable aircraft.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: The goal is to retain the numerical strength of the FAF fighter fleet, which means that the goal is to obtain some 64 aircraft. The MoD has estimated that the programme will cost somewhere between 7–10 billion Euros. In October 2019, the government of Finland stipulated a budget ceiling of €10 billion for the HX fighter programme.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: On December 10, 2021, it was announced that F-35A was the winner of the HX program. It was also revealed that both Rafale and Typhoon had not gone through to the final round.

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Finnish Air Force

Context: The Air Force is organised into three air commands, each of which operates a fighter squadron. In addition, the Air Force includes a number of other units:

Question: Milloin Suomen ilmavoimat on perustettu?


Michigan

Context: When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, who include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa (Ottawa), and the Boodewaadamii/Bodéwadmi (Potawatomi). The three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: In 1701, French explorer and army officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or "Fort Pontchartrain on-the-Strait" on the strait, known as the Detroit River, between lakes Saint Clair and Erie. Cadillac had convinced King Louis XIV's chief minister, Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain, that a permanent community there would strengthen French control over the upper Great Lakes and discourage British aspirations.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Under terms negotiated in the 1794 Jay Treaty, Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. It retained control of territory east and south of the Detroit River, which are now included in Ontario, Canada. Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and Drummond Island until 1818 and 1847, respectively.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: During the War of 1812, the United States forces at Fort Detroit surrendered Michigan Territory (effectively consisting of Detroit and the surrounding area) after a nearly bloodless siege in 1812. A US attempt to retake Detroit resulted in a severe American defeat in the River Raisin Massacre. This battle, still ranked as the bloodiest ever fought in the state, had the highest number of American casualties of any battle of the war.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan was recaptured by the Americans in 1813 after the Battle of Lake Erie. They used Michigan as a base to launch an invasion of Canada, which culminated in the Battle of the Thames. But the more northern areas of Michigan were held by the British until the peace treaty restored the old boundaries. A number of forts, including Fort Wayne, were built by the United States in Michigan during the 19th century out of fears of renewed fighting with Britain.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan Territory governor and judges established the University of Michigan in 1817, as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The population grew slowly until the opening in 1825 of the Erie Canal through the Mohawk Valley in New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and New York City. The new route attracted a large influx of settlers to the Michigan territory. They worked as farmers, lumbermen, shipbuilders, and merchants, and shipped out grain, lumber, and iron ore. By the 1830s, Michigan had 80,000 residents, more than enough to apply and qualify for statehood.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: A second wave of French-Canadian immigrants settled in Michigan during the late 19th to early 20th century, working in lumbering areas in counties on the Lake Huron side of the Lower Peninsula, such as the Saginaw Valley, Alpena, and Cheboygan counties, as well as throughout the Upper Peninsula, with large concentrations in Escanaba and the Keweenaw Peninsula. This was also a period of development of the gypsum industry in Alabaster, Michigan, which became nationally prominent.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The first statewide meeting of the Republican Party took place July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan, where the party adopted its platform. The state was predominately Republican until the 1930s, reflecting the political continuity of migrants from across the Northern Tier of New England and New York. Michigan made a significant contribution to the Union in the American Civil War and sent more than forty regiments of volunteers to the federal armies.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Grand Rapids, the second-largest city in Michigan, is also an important center of manufacturing. Since 1838, the city has been noted for its furniture industry. In the 21st century, it is home to five of the world's leading office furniture companies. Grand Rapids is home to a number of major companies including Steelcase, Amway, and Meijer. Grand Rapids is also an important center for GE Aviation Systems.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan held its first United States presidential primary election in 1910. With its rapid growth in industry, it was an important center of industry-wide union organizing, such as the rise of the United Auto Workers.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: In 1920 WWJ (AM) in Detroit became the first radio station in the United States to regularly broadcast commercial programs. Throughout that decade, some of the country's largest and most ornate skyscrapers were built in the city. Particularly noteworthy are the Fisher Building, Cadillac Place, and the Guardian Building, each of which has been designated as a National Historic Landmark (NHL).

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: In 1927 a school bombing took place in Clinton County. The Bath School disaster, perpetrated by an adult man, resulted in the deaths of 38 schoolchildren and constitutes the deadliest mass murder in a school in U.S. history.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan converted much of its manufacturing to satisfy defense needs during World War II; it manufactured 10.9 percent of the United States military armaments produced during the war, ranking second (behind New York) among the 48 states.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan is the leading auto-producing state in the US, with the industry primarily located throughout the Midwestern United States; Ontario, Canada; and the Southern United States. With almost ten million residents, Michigan is a large and influential state, ranking tenth in population among the fifty states. Detroit is the centrally located metropolitan area of the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the second-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. (after Chicago) linking the Great Lakes system.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan has had four constitutions, the first of which was ratified on October5 and 6, 1835. There were also constitutions from 1850 and 1908, in addition to the current constitution from 1963. The current document has a preamble, 11 articles, and one section consisting of a schedule and temporary provisions. Michigan, like every U.S. state except Louisiana, has a common law legal system.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan was the home of Gerald Ford, the 38th president of the United States. Born in Nebraska, he moved as an infant to Grand Rapids. The Gerald R. Ford Museum is in Grand Rapids, and the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library is on the campus of his alma mater, the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: State government is decentralized among three tiers—statewide, county and township. Counties are administrative divisions of the state, and townships are administrative divisions of a county. Both of them exercise state government authority, localized to meet the particular needs of their jurisdictions, as provided by state law. There are 83 counties in Michigan.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Cities, state universities, and villages are vested with home rule powers of varying degrees. Home rule cities can generally do anything not prohibited by law. The fifteen state universities have broad power and can do anything within the parameters of their status as educational institutions that is not prohibited by the state constitution. Villages, by contrast, have limited home rule and are not completely autonomous from the county and township in which they are located.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The geographic orientation of Michigan's peninsulas makes for a long distance between the ends of the state. Ironwood, in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies by highway from Lambertville in the Lower Peninsula's southeastern corner. The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan's political and population centers makes the region culturally and economically distinct. Frequent attempts to establish the Upper Peninsula as its own state called "Superior" have failed to gain traction.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb. This peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the Saginaw Bay. The geography of the Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. Other peninsulas of Michigan include the Keweenaw Peninsula, making up the Copper Country region of the state. The Leelanau Peninsula lies in the Northern Lower Michigan region. "See Also Michigan Regions"

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Numerous lakes and marshes mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented. Keweenaw Bay, Whitefish Bay, and the Big and Little Bays De Noc are the principal indentations on the Upper Peninsula. The Grand and Little Traverse, Thunder, and Saginaw bays indent the Lower Peninsula. Michigan has the second longest shoreline of any state—, including of island shoreline.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: With 78 state parks, 19 state recreation areas, and six state forests, Michigan has the largest state park and state forest system of any state.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The United States Census Bureau recorded the population of Michigan at 10,084,442 at the 2020 United States Census, an increase of 2.03% from 9,883,635 recorded at the 2010 United States Census.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The center of population of Michigan is in Shiawassee County, in the southeastern corner of the civil township of Bennington, which is northwest of the village of Morrice.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: As of the 2010 American Community Survey for the U.S. Census, the state had a foreign-born population of 592,212, or 6.0% of the total. Michigan has the largest Dutch, Finnish, and Macedonian populations in the United States.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The large majority of Michigan's population is white. Americans of European descent live throughout Michigan and most of Metro Detroit. Large European American groups include those of German, British, Irish, Polish and Belgian ancestry. People of Scandinavian descent, and those of Finnish ancestry, have a notable presence in the Upper Peninsula. Western Michigan is known for the Dutch heritage of many residents (the highest concentration of any state), especially in Holland and metropolitan Grand Rapids.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: African-Americans, who came to Detroit and other northern cities in the Great Migration of the early 20th century, form a majority of the population of the city of Detroit and of other cities, including Flint and Benton Harbor.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: about 300,000 people in Southeastern Michigan trace their descent from the Middle East. Dearborn has a sizeable Arab community, with many Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac, and Lebanese who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s along with more recent Yemenis and Iraqis.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: , almost 8,000 Hmong people lived in the State of Michigan, about double their 1999 presence in the state. most lived in northeastern Detroit, but they had been increasingly moving to Pontiac and Warren. By 2015 the number of Hmong in the Detroit city limits had significantly declined. Lansing hosts a statewide Hmong New Year Festival. The Hmong community also had a prominent portrayal in the 2008 film "Gran Torino", which was set in Detroit.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: A person from Michigan is called a Michigander or Michiganian; also at times, but rarely, a "Michiganite". Residents of the Upper Peninsula are sometimes referred to as "Yoopers" (a phonetic pronunciation of "U.P.ers"), and they sometimes refer to those from the Lower Peninsula as "trolls" because they live below the bridge (see Three Billy Goats Gruff).

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: , 34.3% of Michigan's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: "Note: Percentages in the table can exceed 100% as Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race."

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: In 2017, 3,859,949 people in Michigan were employed at 222,553 establishments, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated Michigan's Q3 2018 gross state product to be $538 billion, ranking 14th out of the 50 states. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, , the state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 6.3%.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: A 6% use tax is levied on goods purchased outside the state (that are brought in and used in state), at parity with the sales tax. The use tax applies to internet sales/purchases from outside Michigan and is equivalent to the sales tax.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan's tourists spend $17.2 billion per year in the state, supporting 193,000 tourism jobs. Michigan's tourism website ranks among the busiest in the nation. Destinations draw vacationers, hunters, and nature enthusiasts from across the United States and Canada. Michigan is 50% forest land, much of it quite remote. The forests, lakes and thousands of miles of beaches are top attractions. Event tourism draws large numbers to occasions like the Tulip Time Festival and the National Cherry Festival.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: In 2006, the Michigan State Board of Education mandated all public schools in the state hold their first day of school after Labor Day, in accordance with the new Post Labor Day School law. A survey found 70% of all tourism business comes directly from Michigan residents, and the Michigan Hotel, Motel, & Resort Association claimed the shorter summer between school years cut into the annual tourism season.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan's Department of Natural Resources manages the largest dedicated state forest system in the nation. The forest products industry and recreational users contribute $12 billion and 200,000 associated jobs annually to the state's economy. Public hiking and hunting access has also been secured in extensive commercial forests. The state has the highest number of golf courses and registered snowmobiles in the nation.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The state has numerous historical markers, which can themselves become the center of a tour. The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class scuba diving destination. The Michigan Underwater Preserves are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: In 2020, Michigan consumed 113,740-gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electrical energy and produced 116,700-gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electrical energy.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The Gordie Howe International Bridge, a second international bridge between Detroit and Windsor, is under construction. It is expected to be completed in 2024.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan is served by four Class I railroads: the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, CSX Transportation, and the Norfolk Southern Railway. These are augmented by several dozen short line railroads. The vast majority of rail service in Michigan is devoted to freight, with Amtrak and various scenic railroads the exceptions.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Amtrak passenger rail services the state, connecting many southern and western Michigan cities to Chicago, Illinois. There are plans for commuter rail for Detroit and its suburbs (see SEMCOG Commuter Rail).

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Half the wealthiest communities in the state are in Oakland County, just north of Detroit. Another wealthy community is just east of the city, in Grosse Pointe. Only three of these cities are outside of Metro Detroit. The city of Detroit, with a per capita income of $14,717, ranks 517th on the list of Michigan locations by per capita income. Benton Harbor is the poorest city in Michigan, with a per capita income of $8,965, while Barton Hills is the richest with a per capita income of $110,683.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan's education system serves 1.6 million K-12 students in public schools. More than 124,000 students attend private schools and an uncounted number are homeschooled under certain legal requirements. The public school system had a $14.5 billion budget in 2008–09. From 2009 to 2019, over 200 private schools in Michigan closed, partly due to competition from charter schools.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The University of Michigan is the oldest higher-educational institution in the state, and among the oldest research universities in the nation. It was founded in 1817, 20 years before Michigan Territory achieved statehood. Michigan State University has the ninth largest campus population of any U.S. school . With an enrollment of 21,210 students, Baker College is Michigan's largest private post-secondary institution.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The Carnegie Foundation classifies ten of the state's institutions (University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University, Eastern Michigan University, Central Michigan University, Western Michigan University, Michigan Technological University, Oakland University, Andrews University, and Baker College) as research universities.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Major theaters in Michigan include the Fox Theatre, Music Hall, Gem Theatre, Masonic Temple Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, Fisher Theatre, The Fillmore Detroit, Saint Andrew's Hall, Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated in Detroit.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Motown Motion Picture Studios with produces movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Michigan's major-league sports teams include: Detroit Tigers baseball team, Detroit Lions football team, Detroit Red Wings ice hockey team, and the Detroit Pistons men's basketball team. All of Michigan's major league teams play in the Metro Detroit area.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: The Michigan International Speedway is the site of NASCAR races and Detroit was formerly the site of a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix race. From 1959 to 1961, Detroit Dragway hosted the NHRA's U.S. Nationals. Michigan is home to one of the major canoeing marathons: the Au Sable River Canoe Marathon. The Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race is also a favorite.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Twenty-time Grand Slam champion Serena Williams was born in Saginaw. The 2011 World Champion for Women's Artistic Gymnastics, Jordyn Wieber is from DeWitt. Wieber was also a member of the gold medal team at the London Olympics in 2012.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Michigan

Context: Collegiate sports in Michigan are popular in addition to professional sports. The state's two largest athletic programs are the Michigan Wolverines and Michigan State Spartans, which play in the NCAA Big Ten Conference. Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, home to the Michigan Wolverines football team, is the largest stadium in the Western Hemisphere and the third-largest stadium worldwide.

Question: Mikä oli Michiganin asukasluku vuonna 2018?


Mirage Studios

Context: Mirage Studios was started back in 1983, in Dover, New Hampshire. The company was named "Mirage" because there was no actual company. Less than a year before TMNT #1 was published in May 1984. Mirage then moved to Sharon, Connecticut, and stayed there for two years before ending up in Northampton.

Question: Missä maassa Mirage Studios sijaitsee?


Mirage Studios

Context: With the success of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Eastman and Laird hired a core group of artists to help with the increasing workload. The first addition to the studio roster was Eastman's high school friend Steve Lavigne, brought on in 1984 as a letterer.

Question: Missä maassa Mirage Studios sijaitsee?


Mirage Studios

Context: In 1991, Mirage Studios secured an interlocutory injunction against Counter-Feat Clothing for similar designs of drawings.

Question: Missä maassa Mirage Studios sijaitsee?


Mirage Studios

Context: The Mirage artists operated out of a renovated factory space in Florence, Massachusetts. This is where the bulk of the creative output was done, such as the Playmates Toys toy designs and the Archie TMNT comic series, until Tundra Publishing took over the building.

Question: Missä maassa Mirage Studios sijaitsee?


Mirage Studios

Context: On October 21, 2009, it was announced that Viacom had purchased all of Mirage's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property. Mirage retained the rights to publish 18 issues a year, though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles, and the future of Mirage itself, was unclear at the time of the announcement. Mirage Studios went dormant on December 31, 2009.

Question: Missä maassa Mirage Studios sijaitsee?


Mirage Studios

Context: Mirage Studios produced many titles, although most did not remain in publication for more than a few issues. Comics published include:

Question: Missä maassa Mirage Studios sijaitsee?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Scientific definitions have been variously based on experience, frequency, and both physical and psychological considerations. These include:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Assuming the ear performs a frequency analysis on incoming signals, as indicated by Ohm's acoustic law, the above perceptual categories can be related directly to the bandwidth of the hypothetical analysis filters, For example, in the simplest case of amplitude fluctuations resulting from the addition of two sine signals with frequencies "f"1 and "f"2, the fluctuation rate is equal to the frequency difference between the two sines |"f"1-"f"2|, and the following statements represent the general consensus:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: "The beating and roughness sensations associated with certain complex signals are therefore usually understood in terms of sine-component interaction within the same frequency band of the hypothesized auditory filter, called critical band."

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Controlling the sonance of pseudo-harmonic timbres played in pseudo-just tunings in real time is an aspect of dynamic tonality. For example, in William Sethares' piece "C to Shining C]" (discussed at ), the sonance of intervals is affected both by tuning progressions and timbre progressions, introducing tension and release into the playing of a single chord.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: The strongest homophonic (harmonic) cadence, the authentic cadence, dominant to tonic (D-T, V-I or V7-I), is in part created by the dissonant tritone created by the seventh, also dissonant, in the dominant seventh chord, which precedes the tonic.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Musical instruments like bells and xylophones, called Idiophones, are played such that their relatively stiff, non-trivial mass is excited to vibration by means of a blow. This contrasts with violins, flutes, or drums, where the vibrating medium is a light, supple string, column of air, or membrane. The overtones of the inharmonic series produced by such instruments may differ greatly from that of the rest of the orchestra, and the consonance or dissonance of the harmonic intervals as well.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Dissonance has been understood and heard differently in different musical traditions, cultures, styles, and time periods. Relaxation and tension have been used as analogy since the time of Aristotle till the present.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: The terms dissonance and consonance are often considered equivalent to tension and relaxation. A cadence is (among other things) a place where tension is resolved; hence the long tradition of thinking of a musical phrase as consisting of a cadence and a passage of gradually accumulating tension leading up to it.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: The application of consonance and dissonance "is sometimes regarded as a property of isolated sonorities that is independent of what precedes or follows them. In most Western music, however, dissonances are held to "resolve" onto following consonances, and the principle of resolution is tacitly considered integral to consonance and dissonance".

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: One example of imperfect consonances previously considered dissonances in Guillaume de Machaut's "Je ne cuit pas qu'onques":

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: In the common practice period, musical style required preparation for all dissonances, followed by a resolution to a consonance. There was also a distinction between melodic and harmonic dissonance. Dissonant melodic intervals included the tritone and all augmented and diminished intervals. Dissonant harmonic intervals included:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Early in history, only intervals low in the overtone series were considered consonant. As time progressed, intervals ever higher on the overtone series were considered as such. The final result of this was the so-called "emancipation of the dissonance" by some 20th-century composers. Early-20th-century American composer Henry Cowell viewed tone clusters as the use of higher and higher overtones.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Bach uses dissonance to communicate religious ideas in his sacred cantatas and Passion settings. At the end of the "St Matthew Passion", where the agony of Christ's betrayal and crucifixion is portrayed, John Eliot Gardiner hears that "a final reminder of this comes in the unexpected and almost excruciating dissonance Bach inserts over the very last chord: the melody instruments insist on B natural—the jarring leading tone—before eventually melting in a C minor cadence."

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: In the opening aria of Cantata BWV 54, "Widerstehe doch der Sünde" ("upon sin oppose resistance"), nearly every strong beat carries a dissonance:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Albert Schweitzer says that this aria "begins with an alarming chord of the seventh... It is meant to depict the horror of the curse upon sin that is threatened in the text". Gillies Whittaker points out that "The thirty-two continuo quavers of the initial four bars support four consonances only, all the rest are dissonances, twelve of them being chords containing five different notes. It is a remarkable picture of desperate and unflinching resistance to the Christian to the fell powers of evil."

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: According to H. C. Robbins Landon, the opening movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 82, "a brilliant C major work in the best tradition" contains "dissonances of barbaric strength that are succeeded by delicate passages of Mozartean grace":

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Mozart's music contains a number of quite radical experiments in dissonance. The following comes from his Adagio and Fugue in C minor, K. 546:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Mozart's Quartet in C major, K465 opens with an adagio introduction that gave the work its nickname, the "Dissonance Quartet":

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: There are several passing dissonances in this adagio passage, for example on the first beat of bar 3. However the most striking effect here is implied, rather than sounded explicitly. The A flat in the first bar is contradicted by the high A natural in the second bar, but these notes do not sound together as a discord. (See also False relation.)

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: An even more famous example from Mozart comes in a magical passage from the slow movement of his popular "Elvira Madigan" Piano Concerto 21, K467, where the subtle, but quite explicit dissonances on the first beats of each bar are enhanced by exquisite orchestration:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Philip Radcliffe speaks of this as “a remarkably poignant passage with surprisingly sharp dissonances." Radcliffe says that the dissonances here "have a vivid foretaste of Schumann and the way they gently melt into the major key is equally prophetic of Schubert." Eric Blom says that this movement must have "made Mozart's hearers sit up by its daring modernities... There is a suppressed feeling of discomfort about it."

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: The finale of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 opens with a startling discord, consisting of a B flat inserted into a D minor chord:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Roger Scruton alludes to Wagner's description of this chord as introducing "a huge "Schreckensfanfare"—horror fanfare." When this passage returns later in the same movement (just before the voices enter) the sound is further complicated with the addition of a diminished seventh chord, creating, in Scruton's words "the most atrocious dissonance that Beethoven ever wrote, a first inversion D-minor triad containing all the notes of the D minor harmonic scale":

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Wagner made increasing use of dissonance for dramatic effect as his style developed, particularly in his later operas. In the scene known as "Hagen's Watch" from the first act of "Götterdämmerung", according to Scruton the music conveys a sense of "matchless brooding evil", and the excruciating dissonance in bars 9–10 below it constitute "a semitonal wail of desolation".

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Another example of a cumulative build-up of dissonance from the early 20th century (1910) can be found in the Adagio that opens Gustav Mahler's unfinished 10th Symphony:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Richard Taruskin parses this chord (in bars 206 and 208) as a "diminished nineteenth ... a searingly dissonant dominant harmony containing nine different pitches. Who knows what Guido Adler, for whom the second and Third Symphonies already contained 'unprecedented cacophonies', might have called it?"

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: One example of modernist dissonance comes from a work that received its first performance in 1913, three years after the Mahler:

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: George Russell, in his 1953 "Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization", presents a slightly different view from classical practice, one widely taken up in Jazz. He regards the tritone over the tonic as a rather consonant interval due to its derivation from the Lydian dominant thirteenth chord.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: In effect, he returns to a Medieval consideration of "harmonic consonance": that intervals when not subject to octave equivalence (at least not by contraction) and correctly reproducing the mathematical ratios of the harmonic series are truly non-dissonant. Thus the harmonic minor seventh, natural major ninth, half-sharp (quarter tone) eleventh note (untempered tritone), half-flat thirteenth note, and half-flat fifteenth note must necessarily be consonant.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: For context: unstated in these theories is that musicians of the Romantic Era had effectively promoted the major ninth and minor seventh to a legitimacy of harmonic consonance as well, in their fabrics of 4-note chords.

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Consonance and dissonance

Context: Dynamic tonality offers a new perspective on consonance and dissonance by enabling a pseudo-just tuning and a pseudo-harmonic timbre to remain related despite real-time systematic changes to tuning, to timbre, or to both. This enables any musical interval in said tuning to be made more or less consonant in real time by aligning, more or less, the partials of said timbre with the notes of said tuning (or "vice versa").

Question: Mitä dissonanssi tarkoittaa?


Soldering

Context: There is evidence that soldering was employed as early as 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia. Soldering and brazing are thought to have originated very early in the history of metal-working, probably before 4000 BC. Sumerian swords from were assembled using hard soldering.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Soldering was historically used to make jewelry, cookware and cooking tools, assembling stained glass, as well as other uses.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Soldering is used in plumbing, electronics, and metalwork from flashing to jewelry and musical instruments.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Soldering provides reasonably permanent but reversible connections between copper pipes in plumbing systems as well as joints in sheet metal objects such as food cans, roof flashing, rain gutters and automobile radiators.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Jewelry components, machine tools and some refrigeration and plumbing components are often assembled and repaired by the higher temperature silver soldering process. Small mechanical parts are often soldered or brazed as well. Soldering is also used to join lead came and copper foil in stained glass work.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Electronic soldering connects electrical wiring to devices, and electronic components to printed circuit boards. Electronic connections may be hand-soldered with a soldering iron. Automated methods such as wave soldering or use of ovens can make many joints on a complex circuit board in one operation, vastly reducing production cost of electronic devices.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Musical instruments, especially brass and woodwind instruments, use a combination of soldering and brazing in their assembly. Brass bodies are often soldered together, while keywork and braces are most often brazed.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: The solderability of a substrate is a measure of the ease with which a soldered joint can be made to that material.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Some metals are easier to solder than others. Copper, silver, and gold are easy. Iron, mild steel and nickel are next in difficulty. Because of their thin, strong oxide films, stainless steel and some aluminium alloys are even more difficult to solder. Titanium, magnesium, cast irons, some high-carbon steels, ceramics, and graphite can be soldered but it involves a process similar to joining carbides: they are first plated with a suitable metallic element that induces interfacial bonding.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Common solder formulations based on tin and lead are listed below. The fraction represent percentage of tin first, then lead, totaling 100%:

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Flux performance must be carefully evaluated for best results; a very mild 'no-clean' flux might be perfectly acceptable for production equipment, but not give adequate performance for more variable hand-soldering operations.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Different types of soldering tools are made for specific applications. The required heat can be generated from burning fuel or from an electrically operated heating element. Another method for soldering is to place solder at the locations of joints in the object to be soldered, then heat the entire object in an oven to melt the solder.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: The soldering gun heats faster but has a larger and heavier body. Gas-powered irons using a catalytic tip to heat a bit, without flame, are used for portable applications. Hot-air guns and pencils allow rework of component packages which cannot easily be performed with electric irons and guns.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Toaster ovens and hand-held infrared lights have been used by hobbyists to replicate production soldering processes on a much smaller scale.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: "Laser soldering" is a technique where a 30–50 W laser is used to melt and solder an electrical connection joint. Diode laser systems based on semiconductor junctions are used for this purpose. Suzanne Jenniches patented laser soldering in 1980.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Wavelengths are typically 808 nm through 980 nm. The beam is delivered via an optical fiber to the workpiece, with fiber diameters 800 µm and smaller. Since the beam out of the end of the fiber diverges rapidly, lenses are used to create a suitable spot size on the workpiece at a suitable working distance. A wire feeder is used to supply solder.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Both lead-tin and silver-tin material can be soldered. Process recipes will differ depending on the alloy composition. For soldering 44-pin chip carriers to a board using soldering preforms, power levels were on the order of 10 watts and solder times approximately 1 second. Low power levels can lead to incomplete wetting and the formation of voids, both of which can weaken the joint.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Fiber focus infrared soldering is technique where many infrared sources are led through fibers, then focused onto a single spot at which the connection is soldered.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Resistance soldering is soldering in which the heat required to flow the solder is created by passing an electric current through the solder. When current is conducted through a resistive material a certain level of heat is generated. By regulating the amount of current conducted and the level of resistance encountered, the amount of heat produced can be predetermined and controlled.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Electrical resistance (usually described as a material's opposition to the flow of an electric current) is used to convert electric energy into thermal energy as an electric current ("I") conducted through a material with resistance ("R") releases power ("P") equal to "P" = "I""R", where "P" is the power measured in watts, "I" is the current measured in amperes and "R" is the resistance measured in ohms.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: There are three forms of soldering, each requiring progressively higher temperatures and producing an increasingly stronger joint strength:

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: The alloy of the filler metal for each type of soldering can be adjusted to modify the melting temperature of the filler. Soldering differs from gluing significantly in that the filler metals directly bond with the surfaces of the workpieces at the junction to form a bond that is both electrically conductive and gas- and liquid-tight.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Soft soldering is characterized by having a melting point of the filler metal below approximately , whereas silver soldering and brazing use higher temperatures, typically requiring a flame or carbon arc torch to achieve the melting of the filler. Soft solder filler metals are typically alloys (often containing lead) that have liquidus temperatures below .

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Each solder alloy has characteristics that work best for certain applications, notably strength and conductivity, and each type of solder and alloy has different melting temperatures. The term "silver solder" denotes the type of solder that is used. Some soft solders are "silver-bearing" alloys used to solder silver-plated items. Lead-based solders should not be used on precious metals because the lead dissolves the metal and disfigures it.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: The distinction between soldering and brazing is based on the melting temperature of the filler alloy. A temperature of 450 °C is usually used as a practical demarcation between soldering and brazing. Soft soldering can be done with a heated iron whereas the other methods typically require a higher temperature torch or a furnace to melt the filler metal.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Since the joint is produced using a metal with a lower melting temperature than the workpiece, the joint will weaken as the ambient temperature approaches the melting point of the filler metal. For that reason, the higher temperature processes produce joints which are effective at higher temperatures. Brazed connections can be as strong or nearly as strong as the parts they connect, even at elevated temperatures.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Silver solder is somewhat absorbed by the surrounding metal, resulting in a joint that is actually stronger than the metal being joined. The metal being joined must be perfectly flush, as silver solder cannot normally be used as a filler and will not fill gaps.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Another difference between brazing and soldering is how the solder is applied. In brazing, one generally uses rods that are touched to the joint while being heated. With silver soldering, small pieces of solder wire are placed onto the metal prior to heating. A flux, often made of boric acid and denatured alcohol, is used to keep the metal and solder clean and to prevent the solder from moving before it melts.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: When silver solder melts, it tends to flow towards the area of greatest heat. Jewelers can somewhat control the direction the solder moves by leading it with a torch; it will even sometimes run straight up along a seam.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: A number of solder materials, primarily zinc alloys, are used for soldering aluminium metal and alloys and to a lesser extent steel and zinc. This mechanical soldering is similar to a low temperature brazing operation, in that the mechanical characteristics of the joint are reasonably good and it can be used for structural repairs of those materials.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: The American Welding Society defines brazing as using filler metals with melting points over — or, by the traditional definition in the United States, above . Aluminium soldering alloys generally have melting temperatures around . This soldering / brazing operation can use a propane torch heat source.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: These materials are often advertised as "aluminium welding", but the process does not involve melting the base metal, and therefore is not properly a weld.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: United States Military Standard or MIL-SPEC specification MIL-R-4208 defines one standard for these zinc-based brazing/soldering alloys. A number of products meet this specification. or very similar performance standards.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Copper pipe, or 'tube', is commonly joined by soldering. When applied in a plumbing trade context in the United States, soldering is often referred to as "sweating", and a tubing connection so made is referred to as a "sweated joint".

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Outside the United States, "sweating" refers to the joining together of flat metallic surfaces by a two step process by which solder is first applied to one surface, then this first piece is placed in position against the second surface and both are re-heated to achieve the desired joint.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: However, it is possible to use an electrical tool to solder joints in copper pipe sized from . For example, the Antex Pipemaster is recommended for use in tight spaces, when open flames are hazardous, or by do-it-yourself users. The pliers-like tool uses heated fitted jaws that completely encircle the pipe, allowing a joint to be melted in as little as 10 seconds.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Solder fittings, also known as "capillary fittings", are usually used for copper joints. These fittings are short sections of smooth pipe designed to slide over the outside of the mating tube. Commonly used fittings include for straight connectors, reducers, bends, and tees. There are two types of solder fittings: "end feed fittings" which contain no solder, and "solder ring fittings" (also known as Yorkshire fittings), in which there is a ring of solder in a small circular recess inside the fitting.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: As with all solder joints, all parts to be joined must be clean and oxide free. Internal and external wire brushes are available for the common pipe and fitting sizes; emery cloth and wire-wool are frequently used as well, although metal wool products are discouraged, as they can contain oil, which would contaminate the joint.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Many plumbing solder formulations are available, with different characteristics, such as higher or lower melting temperature, depending on the specific requirements of the job. Building codes currently almost universally require the use of lead-free solder for potable water piping, though traditional tin-lead solder is still available. Studies have shown that lead-soldered plumbing pipes can result in elevated levels of lead in drinking water.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Of the three methods of connecting copper tubing, solder connections require the most skill, but soldering copper is a very reliable process, provided some basic conditions are met:

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Copper is only one material that is joined in this manner. Brass fittings are often used for valves or as a connection fitting between copper and other metals. Brass piping is soldered in this manner in the making of brass instruments and some woodwind (saxophone and flute) musical instruments

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Wire brush, wire wool and emery cloth are commonly used to prepare plumbing joints for connection. Bristle brushes are usually used to apply plumbing paste flux. A heavy rag is usually used to remove flux from a plumbing joint before it cools and hardens. A fiberglass brush can also be used.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: When soldering pipes closely connected to valves such as in refrigeration systems it may be necessary to protect the valve from heat that could damage rubber or plastic components within, in this case a wet cloth wrapped around the valve can often sink sufficient heat through the boiling of the water to protect the valve.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Historically, stained glass soldering tips were copper, heated by being placed in a charcoal-burning brazier. Multiple tips were used; when one tip cooled down from use, it was placed back in the brazier of charcoal and the next tip was used.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: More recently, electrically heated soldering irons are used. These are heated by a coil or ceramic heating element inside the tip of the iron. Different power ratings are available, and temperature can be controlled electronically. These characteristics allow longer beads to be run without interrupting the work to change tips. Soldering irons designed for electronic use are often effective though they are sometimes underpowered for the heavy copper and lead came used in stained glass work.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Tiffany-type stained glass is made by gluing copper foil around the edges of the pieces of glass and then soldering them together. This method makes it possible to create three-dimensional stained glass pieces.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: For attachment of electronic components to a PCB, proper selection and use of flux helps prevent oxidation during soldering; it is essential for good wetting and heat transfer. The soldering iron tip must be clean and pre-tinned with solder to ensure rapid heat transfer.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Electronic joints are usually made between surfaces that have been tinned and rarely require mechanical cleaning, though tarnished component leads and copper traces with a dark layer of oxide passivation (due to aging), as on a new prototyping board that has been on the shelf for about a year or more, may need to be mechanically cleaned.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: To simplify soldering, beginners are usually advised to apply the soldering iron and the solder separately to the joint, rather than the solder being applied directly to the iron. When sufficient solder is applied, the solder wire is removed. When the surfaces are adequately heated, the solder will flow around the workpieces. The iron is then removed from the joint.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: If all metal surfaces have not been properly cleaned ("fluxed") or brought entirely above the melting temperature of the solder used, the result will be an unreliable ("cold solder") joint, even though its appearance may suggest otherwise.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Excess solder, unconsumed flux and residue is sometimes wiped from the soldering iron tip between joints. The tip of the bit (commonly iron plated to reduce erosion) is kept wetted with solder ("tinned") when hot to assist soldering, and to minimize oxidation and corrosion of the tip itself.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: After inserting a through-hole mounted component, the excess lead is cut off, leaving a length of about the radius of the pad.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Hand-soldering techniques require a great deal of skill for the fine-pitch soldering of surface-mount chip packages. In particular ball grid array (BGA) devices are notoriously difficult, if not impossible, to rework by hand.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Various problems may arise in the soldering process which lead to joints which are nonfunctional either immediately or after a period of use.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: A cold-soldered joint may not conduct at all, or may conduct only intermittently. Cold-soldered joints also happen in mass production, and are a common cause of equipment which passes testing, but malfunctions after sometimes years of operation.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: A "dry joint" occurs when the cooling solder is moved. Since non-eutectic solder alloys have a small plastic range, the joint must not be moved until the solder has cooled down through both the liquidus and solidus temperatures. Dry joints often occur because the joint moves when the soldering iron is removed from the joint. They are weak mechanically and poor conductors electrically.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: For hand soldering, the heat source tool is selected to provide adequate heat for the size of joint to be completed. A 100-watt soldering iron may provide too much heat for printed circuit boards (PCBs), while a 25-watt iron will not provide enough heat for large electrical connectors.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Using a tool with too high a temperature can damage sensitive components, but protracted heating by a tool that is too cool or under powered can also cause heat damage. Excessive heating of a PCB may result in delamination — the copper traces may actually lift off the substrate, particularly on single sided PCBs without through hole plating.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: While hand-soldering, a heat sink, such as a crocodile clip, may be used on the leads of heat-sensitive components to reduce heat transfer to the components and avoid damaging them. This is especially applicable to germanium parts.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Components which dissipate large amounts of heat during operation are sometimes elevated above the PCB to avoid PCB overheating. Plastic or metal mounting clips or holders may be used with large devices to aid heat dissipation and reduce joint stresses.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: When visually inspected, a good solder joint will appear smooth, bright and shiny, with the outline of the soldered wire clearly visible. In general a good-looking soldered joint is a good joint.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: A matte gray surface is a good indicator of a joint that was moved during soldering. A dry joint has a characteristically dull or grainy appearance immediately after the joint is made. This appearance is caused by crystallization of the liquid solder. Too little solder will result in a dry and unreliable joint.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Cold solder joints are dull and sometimes cracked or pock-marked. If the joint has lumps or balls of otherwise shiny solder, the metal has not wetted properly. Too much solder (the familiar 'solder blob' to beginners) is not necessarily unsound, but tends to mean poor wetting.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: A concave fillet is ideal. The boundary between the solder and the workpiece in a good joint will have a low angle. This indicates good wetting and minimal use of solder, and therefore minimal heating of heat sensitive components. A joint may be good, but if a large amount of unnecessary solder is used, then excess heating was obviously required.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Lead-free solder formulations may cool to a dull surface even if the joint is good. The solder looks shiny while molten, and suddenly hazes over as it solidifies even though it has not been disturbed during cooling.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: An improperly selected or applied flux can cause joint failure. Without flux the joint may not be clean, or may be oxidized, resulting in an unsound joint.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: For electronic work, flux-core solder wire is generally used, but additional flux may be used from a flux pen or dispensed from a small bottle with a syringe-like needle.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Some fluxes are corrosive and flux residue must be removed after soldering. If not properly cleaned, the flux may corrode the joint or the PCB. Water, alcohol, acetone, or other solvents compatible with the flux and the parts involved are commonly used with cotton swabs or bristle brushes.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: In some applications, the PCB might also be coated in some form of protective material such as a lacquer to protect it and exposed solder joints from the environment.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Used solder contains some of the dissolved base metals and is unsuitable for reuse in making new joints. Once the solder's capacity for the base metal has been reached, it will no longer properly bond with the base metal, usually resulting in a brittle cold solder joint with a crystalline appearance.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: It is good practice to remove solder from a joint prior to resoldering — desoldering braids (or wicks) or vacuum desoldering equipment (solder suckers) can be used. Desoldering wicks contain plenty of flux which will remove the oxidation from the copper trace and any device leads that are present. This will leave a bright, shiny, clean junction to be resoldered.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: The lower melting point of solder means it can be melted away from the base metal, leaving it mostly intact, though the outer layer will be "tinned" with solder. Flux will remain which can easily be removed by abrasive or chemical processes. This tinned layer will allow solder to flow onto a new joint, resulting in a new joint, as well as making the new solder flow very quickly and easily.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Currently, mass-production printed circuit boards (PCBs) are mostly wave soldered or reflow soldered, though hand soldering of production electronics is also still widely used.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: In wave soldering, components are prepped (trimmed or modified) and installed on the PCB. Sometimes, to prevent movement they are temporarily kept in place with small dabs of adhesive or secured with a fixture, then the assembly is passed over flowing solder in a bulk container. This solder flow is forced to produce a standing wave so the whole PCB is not submerged in solder, but rather just touched. The end result is that solder stays on pins and pads, but not on the PCB itself.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Reflow soldering is a process in which a solder paste (a mixture of prealloyed solder powder and a flux-vehicle that has a peanut butter-like consistency) is used to stick the components to their attachment pads, after which the assembly is heated by an infrared lamp, a hot air pencil, or, more commonly, by passing it through a carefully controlled oven.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Since different components can be best assembled by different techniques, it is common to use two or more processes for a given PCB. For example, surface mounted parts may be reflow soldered first, with a wave soldering process for the through-hole mounted components coming next, and bulkier parts hand-soldered last.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: "Hot-bar reflow" is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with a heating element (called a thermode) to a temperature sufficient to melt the solder.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Pressure is applied through the entire process (usually 15 seconds) to ensure that components stay in place during cooling. The heating element is heated and cooled for each connection. Up to 4000 W can be used in the heating element, allowing fast soldering, good results with connections requiring high energy.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Environmental legislation in many countries has led to a change in formulation of both solders and fluxes.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: The RoHS directives in the European Community required many new electronic circuit boards to be lead-free by 1 July 2006, mostly in the consumer goods industry, but in some others as well. In Japan, lead was phased out prior to legislation by manufacturers, due to the additional expense in recycling products containing lead.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Water-soluble non-rosin-based fluxes have been increasingly used since the 1980s so that soldered boards can be cleaned with water or water-based cleaners. This eliminates hazardous solvents from the production environment, and from factory effluents.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Even without the presence of lead, soldering can release fumes that are harmful and/or toxic to humans. It is highly recommended to use a device that can remove the fumes from the work area either by ventilating outside or filtering the air.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Lead free soldering requires higher soldering temperatures than lead/tin soldering. SnPb 63/37 eutectic solder melts at . SAC lead-free solder melts at .

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Soldering

Context: Nevertheless, many new technical challenges have arisen with this endeavor. To reduce the melting point of tin-based solder alloys, various new alloys have had to be researched, with additives of copper, silver, bismuth as typical minor additives to reduce the melting point and control other properties. Additionally, tin is a more corrosive metal, and can eventually lead to the failure of solder baths.

Question: Mitä juottaminen käsittää?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: The Kingdom of Belgium is divided into three regions. Two of these regions, Flanders and Wallonia, are each subdivided into five provinces. The third region, Brussels, is not divided into provinces, as it was originally only a small part of a province itself.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: When these territories were annexed by France in 1795, they were reorganised into "départments"; the borders were redrawn and the historical names were replaced by names of geographical features (generally the main river of the area).

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: In 1839, as part of the Treaty of London, half of the province of Limburg became part of the Netherlands, which consequently has its own province of Limburg.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: In 1920, following the First World War, Belgium annexed the Eupen-Malmedy territory, which became part of Liège Province.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: The following table presents a simplified overview of the evolution of the French departments into the present-day Belgian provinces.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: The provincial government consists of three main branches: the "Provincial Council", which is the elected body, the "Deputation" or "Provincial College", which is the executive body, and the "Governor", who is appointed by the regional government (i.e. the Flemish or Walloon Government).

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: In Flemish Brabant, there is also a Deputy Governor (). The Deputy Governor is appointed by the Flemish Government on the unanimous advice of the Federal Council of Ministers and must have a considerable knowledge of both the Dutch and the French language. He is responsible for ensuring that the language legislation is observed in the municipalities in the Brussels Periphery.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: The Brussels Capital Region does not belong to any province, nor does it contain any. The extraprovincial status of Brussels has existed since 1995, when the former province of Brabant, which had Brussels as its capital, was divided into the Dutch-speaking province of Flemish Brabant and the French-speaking province of Walloon Brabant.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: The Governor is appointed by the cabinet of the Brussels Capital Region on the unanimous advice of the Federal Council of Ministers. The regional government also appoints the Vice-Governor, who must have a considerable knowledge of both French and Dutch and who must ensure that the legislation regarding the use of the two languages is observed in Brussels.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: Because the German-speaking Community is located entirely within Liège Province, it has been proposed on multiple occasions to create an eleventh province, the Province of Eupen-Sankt Vith, which would comprise the nine municipalities of the German-speaking Community. Most of the functions carried out by provincial organs would then be exercised by the organs of the German-speaking Community.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Provinces of Belgium

Context: The community is however small in area () and has only about 76,000 inhabitants, which would make it the smallest and by far the least populated province.

Question: Mitkä ovat Belgian hallinnolliset osat?


Psusennes II

Context: The term "mother" in ancient Egypt could also be an allusion to an ancestress, the matriarch of a lineage whereby Nysu-Bastet may have been petitioning for his hereditary water rights that belonged to his grandmother, whose family name was Tewhunet. However, this argument does not account for the use of Pharaoh as a title in the Dakhla stela—a literary device which first occurs late during the reign of Siamun, an Egyptian king who ruled between 45 and 64 years after Year 19 of Psusennes I.

Question: Ketkä olivat Psusennes II vanhemmat?


Psusennes II

Context: Psusennes II's royal name has been found associated with his successor, Shoshenq I in a graffito from tomb TT18, and in an ostracon from Umm el-Qa'ab.

Question: Ketkä olivat Psusennes II vanhemmat?


Cinema of Finland

Context: "The Moonshiners" was directed by Teuvo Puro, who was also in charge of directing the first full-length Finnish feature, "Sylvi", based on a play by Minna Canth. The film was shot in 1911 with two other full-length literature adaptations, but it didn't premiere until 1913. The filmmakers didn't have enough money to send films to the nearest laboratory in Copenhagen at once, so the material remained undeveloped too long, and two out of three films were ruined.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: The years following "Sylvi" saw the formation of the first active feature film company, Hjalmar V. Pohjanheimo's Lyyra-Filmi, which produced both short farces and "art films". There was also an attempt to create larger-scale film production by Erik Estlander, who build a studio with glass walls and roof in Helsinki in 1916. At the end of the same year the Russian officials forbid all filming activity in Finland, so nothing much was made anymore before the country's independence in 1917.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: The Finnish film industry of the first two decades of the 20th century was never even near the creativity or the productiveness of its Scandinavian neighbours, Sweden and Denmark – one might even say that it there was barely no industry or production at all. In addition, most of the footage filmed before independence is lost. Of feature films, only thirteen minutes of "Sylvi" still remains.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Audiences of the agricultural country were affected by Suomi-Filmi's rural subjects. Dealing with deeply national countryside stories remained as company's policy through the silent era. Occasionally there were some attempts to make more urban, or more "European" films like Karu's "Summery Fairytale" (1925), but the public stayed away.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Suomi-Filmi heavily dominated the Finnish film production in the 1920s. The company produced 23 out of 37 full-length feature films made between 1919–1930. Other companies (that appeared occasionally) seemed to vanish from Suomi-Filmi's and Erkki Karu's way after producing one or two films. The most important of these alternative production companies appeared during the latter half of the decade.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: The first experiments with sound were done by Lahyn-Filmi, a provincial company operating in Turku. The first full-length sound film with song and talk was Lahyn's "Say It in Finnish" (1931), directed by company's leader Yrjö Nyberg (later Norta). This lost film was more a collection of musical revue numbers than a feature.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Suomi-Filmi transformed its production from silent to sound films during the same year. The first Finnish film with soundtrack was the company's "Dressed Like Adam and a Bit Like Eve Too" (1931), based on a popular play by Agapetus (pseudonym of Yrjö Soini). There was only music and some sound effects on the soundtrack, so the company's first true sound film was Karu's "The Lumberjack's Bride" (1931), another rural drama.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: In 1933 Karu was kicked out from Suomi-Filmi, his own company. He took his revenge by founding a new one called Suomen Filmiteollisuus, which started to use initials SF in its logo. This company managed far better than previous attempts to compete with Suomi-Filmi, and right after couple successful comedies directed by Karu it had grown as significant as its rival. It seemed at this point to be possible only for Karu to create successful production companies in Finland.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: The competition between the two companies proved to be fruitful. At the end of the decade there were about twenty full-length features made every year. The quality of the productions was high, the field of the subjects expanding and the popularity of domestic films increasing. With its own stars and creative producers, Finnish film industry began to remind a national miniature of Hollywood. Alongside with the two big studios, some minor ones did well also.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Sound had increased the public's eagerness to see domestic films. The great breakthrough for Finnish talkies came with "The Foreman of Siltala Farm" (1934), a well-recorded comedy by Suomi-Filmi, that was seen by over 900 000 viewers.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Erkki Karu was instantly replaced with Risto Orko as the head of company, a place he held until the 1990s (although this was long after the company had stopped movie-making). Orko had directed "The Foreman of Siltala Farm", and he returned to directing a few times since, most notably with two historical and patriotic dramas at the end of the decade: "Soldier's Bride" (1938) and "Activists" (1939). Most of his films as a director remain forgettable.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Vaala's last Fennica-films had been urban comedies, a genre which he greatly developed at his new studio with his next two light-weighted films, "Substitute Wife" and "Substitute Husband" (both 1936). "Hulda of Juurakko" (1937) was far more serious attempt in the same field: a socially conscious story about a country girl who arrives to the big city, and who inevitably faces the problems of inequality between sexes. The film and its subject were greeted with huge enthusiasm by the audiences.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Vaala was also a master within the rural subjects and romantic melodramas. In 1938 he made the first and best film in the series of agrarian family saga of Niskavuori ("Women of Niskavuori").

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Along with Suomi-Filmi and SF, few minor companies were able to produce many films during the golden age. With Valentin Vaala's films, these sort of local "poverty row" productions are the most fascinating films made during the 1930s.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Prolific directors introduced in the 1990s include Markku Pölönen, Auli Mantila, and Jarmo Lampela. A few popular genres can be identified from the last two decades. "Rukajärven tie", "Pikkusisar", and "Hylätyt talot, autiot pihat" take place during World War II. "Kulkuri ja joutsen" (1999), "Badding" (2000), "Rentun Ruusu" (2001), "Sibelius" (2003), and "Aleksis Kiven elämä" (2002) portray the life of popular public figures in Finland.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: "The Man Without a Past" by auteur filmmaker Aki Kaurismäki won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. His next film, the third part in the "Finland" trilogy, "Lights in the Dusk", was also presented at the Cannes Film Festival.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: 2005 saw the release of amateur science fiction parody film "", which was released online as a free download. The film has been downloaded over 9 million times and is internationally the most viewed Finnish film.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: The same year "Frozen Land" was released in movie theaters. It was directed and written by Aku Louhimies. The film's plot is based on Leo Tolstoy's 1911 posthumously published story "The Forged Coupon", part one. It was a box office success and won eight Jussi Awards.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: In 2011, Finland produced 31 films, 24 of which were full-length features and the other seven were documentaries.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: In 2016, the three most watched films in Finland were all Finnish family films: "Ricky Rapper and The Nighthawk" (2016), "The Angry Birds Movie" (2016), and "Kanelia kainaloon, Tatu ja Patu!" (2016).

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: War drama "The Unknown Soldier" (2017) is one of the most expensive Finnish films ever made. It is the third adaptation of the 1954 bestselling Finnish classic novel of the same name.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Experimental film "M" (2018) by Anna Eriksson which detailed the last days of film legend Marilyn Monroe, was screened at the Venice International Film Critics' Week section at the 75th Venice Film Festival.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Produced on a budget of 17 million euros, "" (2019) is the most expensive Finnish live-action picture ever made. However, the sequel to the 2012 film "Iron Sky" failed to live up to expectations and was a box-office bomb.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: "Dogs Don't Wear Pants" starring Krista Kosonen was screened at the Director's Fortnight section at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Finnish-Russian co-production "Compartment No. 6" won the Grand Prix at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival. Another notable Finnish-Russian film, dystopia "Quarantine" by film director and musician Diana Ringo, was released the same year.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Cinema of Finland

Context: Internationally known Finnish actors and actresses include Jasper Pääkkönen, Peter Franzén, Laura Birn, Irina Björklund, Samuli Edelmann, Krista Kosonen, Ville Virtanen and Joonas Suotamo.

Question: Minä vuonna on perustettu Suomen ensimmäinen elokuvateatteri?


Group of Eight

Context: "G7" can refer to the member states in aggregate or to the annual summit meeting of the G7 heads of government. G7 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G7 foreign ministers, or G7 environment ministers.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 was rotated through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia (suspended), Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: A major focus of the G8 since 2009 has been the global supply of food. At the 2009 L'Aquila summit, the G8's members promised to contribute $22 billion to the issue. By 2015, 93% of funds had been disbursed to projects like sustainable agriculture development and adequate emergency food aid assistance.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: On 24 March 2014, the G7 members cancelled the planned G8 summit that was to be held in June of that year in the Russian city of Sochi, and suspended Russia's membership of the group, due to Russia's annexation of Crimea; nevertheless, they stopped short of outright permanent expulsion. Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov downplayed the importance of the decision by the U.S. and its allies, and pointed out that major international decisions were made by the G20 countries.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: By design, the G8 deliberately lacked an administrative structure like those for international organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank. The group does not have a permanent secretariat, or offices for its members.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: In June 2005, justice ministers and interior ministers from the G8 countries agreed to launch an international database on pedophiles. The G8 officials also agreed to pool data on terrorism, subject to restrictions by privacy and security laws in individual countries.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: In July 2005, the G8 Summit endorsed the IPHE in its Plan of Action on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, and identified it as a medium of cooperation and collaboration to develop clean energy technologies.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: One type of criticism is that members of G8 do not do enough to help global problems, due to strict patent policy and other issues related to globalization. In "Unraveling Global Apartheid", political analyst Titus Alexander described the G7, as it was in 1996, as the 'cabinet' of global minority rule, with a coordinating role in world affairs.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: In 2012 The Heritage Foundation criticized the G8 for advocating food security without making room for economic freedom.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: The G8's relevance has been subject to debate from 2008 onward. It represented the major industrialized countries but critics argued that the G8 no longer represented the world's most powerful economies, as China has surpassed every economy but the United States.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: Vladimir Putin did not attend the 2012 G8 summit at Camp David, causing "Foreign Policy" magazine to remark that the summit has generally outlived its usefulness as a viable international gathering of foreign leaders. Two years later, Russia was suspended from the G8, then chose to leave permanently in January 2017.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: The G20 major economies leaders' summit has had an increased level of international prestige and influence. However, British Prime Minister David Cameron said of the G8 in 2012:

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: Some people ask, does the G8 still matter, when we have a Group of 20? My answer is, yes. The G8 is a group of like-minded countries that share a belief in free enterprise as the best route to growth. As eight countries making up about half the world's gross domestic product, the standards we set, the commitments we make, and the steps we take can help solve vital global issues, fire up economies and drive prosperity all over the world.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: The Y8 Summit or simply Y8, formerly known as the G8 Youth Summit is the youth counterpart to the G8 summit. The summits were organized from 2006 to 2013. The first summit to use the name Y8 took place in May 2012 in Puebla, Mexico, alongside the Youth G8 that took place in Washington, D.C. the same year. From 2016 onwards, similar youth conferences were organized under the name Y7 Summit.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: The Y8 Summit was organized annually by a global network of youth-led organizations called The IDEA (The International Diplomatic Engagement Association). The organizations undertake the selection processes for their respective national delegations, while the hosting country is responsible for organizing the summit. An example of such a youth-led organization is the Young European Leadership association, which recruits and sends EU Delegates.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


Group of Eight

Context: The goal of the Y8 Summit is to bring together young people from around the world to allow the voices and opinions of young generations to be heard and to encourage them to take part in global decision-making processes.

Question: Minä vuonna G8 -ryhmä on perustettu?


House of the Estates

Context: The House of the Estates (, ) is a historical building in Helsinki, Finland. It is located opposite of the Bank of Finland building, immediately northeast of Helsinki Cathedral.

Question: Milloin Säätytalo rakentui?


House of the Estates

Context: It housed the three commoner estates of the four estates of the realm of Finland (see "Diet of Finland"); there is a separate House of Nobility. The estates were superseded at the 1906 parliamentary reform by the foundation of the unicameral parliament of Finland. The parliament settled elsewhere, leaving the House of the Estates for secondary usage.

Question: Milloin Säätytalo rakentui?


House of the Estates

Context: Today the House of the Estates houses sporadic governmental meetings. It is also the established location for official coalition talks after general elections and for the sessions of High Court of Impeachment. In addition, the house is used by scientific and scholarly organizations for meetings. The building is owned by the Republic of Finland through Senate Properties.

Question: Milloin Säätytalo rakentui?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: The Egyptian name for Thebes was "wꜣs.t", "City of the "wꜣs"", the sceptre of the pharaohs, a long staff with an animal's head and a forked base. From the end of the New Kingdom, Thebes was known in Egyptian as , the "City of Amun", the chief of the Theban Triad of deities whose other members were Mut and Khonsu. This name of Thebes appears in the Bible as the () in the Book of Nahum and also as "No" () mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel and Jeremiah.

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: In the "interpretatio graeca", Amun was rendered as Zeus Ammon. The name was therefore translated into Greek as Diospolis, "City of Zeus". To distinguish it from the numerous other cities by this name, it was known as the (, "Diospolis Megálē"; ). The Greek names came into wider use after the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great, when the country came to be ruled by the Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty.

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: Nearby towns in the fourth Upper Egyptian nome were Per-Hathor, Madu, Djerty, Iuny, Sumenu and Imiotru.

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: According to George Modelski, Thebes had about 40,000 inhabitants in 2000 BC (compared to 60,000 in Memphis, the largest city in the world at the time). By 1800 BC, the population of Memphis was down to about 30,000, making Thebes the largest city in Egypt at the time. Historian Ian Morris has estimated that by 1500 BC, Thebes may have grown to be the largest city in the world, with a population of about 75,000, a position which it held until about 900 BC, when it was surpassed by Nimrud (among others).

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: The archaeological remains of Thebes offer a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization at its height. The Greek poet Homer extolled the wealth of Thebes in the "Iliad", Book 9 (c. 8th Century BC): "... in Egyptian Thebes the heaps of precious ingots gleam, the hundred-gated Thebes."

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: More than sixty annual festivals were celebrated in Thebes. The major festivals among these, according to the Edfu Geographical Text, were: the Beautiful Feast of Opet, the Khoiak (Festival), Festival of I Shemu, and Festival of II Shemu. Another popular festivity was the halloween-like Beautiful Festival of the Valley.

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: Starting in the later part of the 12th Dynasty, a group of Canaanite people began settling in the eastern Nile Delta. They eventually founded the 14th Dynasty at Avaris in c. 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC. By doing so, the Asiatics established hegemony over the majority of the Delta region, subtracting these territories from the influence of the 13th Dynasty that had meanwhile succeeded the 12th.

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: Ahmose I founded a new age for a unified Egypt with Thebes as its capital. The city remained as capital during most of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom). It also became the center for a newly established professional civil service, where there was a greater demand for scribes and the literate as the royal archives began to fill with accounts and reports. At the city the favored few of

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: For a brief period in the reign of Amenhotep III's son Akhenaten (1351–1334 BC), Thebes fell on hard times; the city was abandoned by the court, and the worship of Amun was proscribed. The capital was moved to the new city of Akhetaten (Amarna in modern Egypt), midway between Thebes and Memphis. After his death, his son Tutankhamun returned the capital to Memphis, but renewed building projects at Thebes produced even more glorious temples and shrines.

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: In 667 BC, attacked by the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal's army, Taharqa abandoned Lower Egypt and fled to Thebes. After his death three years later his nephew (or cousin) Tantamani seized Thebes, invaded Lower Egypt and laid siege to Memphis, but abandoned his attempts to conquer the country in 663 BC and retreated southwards. The Assyrians pursued him and took Thebes, whose name was added to a long list of cities plundered and destroyed by the Assyrians, as Ashurbanipal wrote:

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: This city, the whole of it, I conquered it with the help of Ashur and Ishtar. Silver, gold, precious stones, all the wealth of the palace, rich cloth, precious linen, great horses, supervising men and women, two obelisks of splendid electrum, weighing 2,500 talents, the doors of temples I tore from their bases and carried them off to Assyria. With this weighty booty I left Thebes. Against Egypt and Kush I have lifted my spear and shown my power. With full hands I have returned to Nineveh, in good health.

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?


Thebes, Egypt

Context: Thebes never regained its former political significance, but it remained an important religious centre. Assyrians installed Psamtik I (664–610 BC), who ascended to Thebes in 656 BC and brought about the adoption of his own daughter, Nitocris I, as heiress to God's Wife of Amun there. In 525 BC, Persian Cambyses II invaded Egypt and became pharaoh, subordinating the kingdom as a satrapy to the greater Achaemenid Empire.

Question: Mikä oli Theban kuningattaren nimi?