History of Hungary

Context: The new Hungarian military hastily staged public, pre-arranged trials to purge "Nazi remnants and imperialist saboteurs". Several officers were sentenced to death and executed in 1951, including Lajos Toth, a distinguished fighter ace of the World War II Royal Hungarian Air Force, who had voluntarily returned from US captivity to help revive Hungarian aviation. The victims were cleared posthumously following the overthrow of communism.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: The fall of Rákosi was followed by a flurry of reform agitation both inside and outside the party. László Rajk and his fellow victims of the showcase trial of 1949 were cleared of all charges, and on 6 October 1956, the Party authorized a reburial, which was attended by tens of thousands of people and became a silent demonstration against the crimes of the regime. On 13 October, it was announced that Imre Nagy had been re-instated as a member of the party.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: On 23 October 1956, a peaceful student demonstration in Budapest produced a list of 16 Demands of Hungarians Revolutionaries for reform and greater political freedom. As the students attempted to broadcast these demands, the State Protection Authority made some arrests and tried to disperse the crowd with tear gas. When the students attempted to free those arrested, the police opened fire on the crowd, setting off a chain of events which led to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: That night, commissioned officers and soldiers joined the students on the streets of Budapest. Stalin's statue was brought down and the protesters chanted "Russians go home", "Away with Gerő" and "Long Live Nagy". The Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party responded to these developments by requesting Soviet military intervention and deciding that Imre Nagy should become head of a new government. Soviet tanks entered Budapest at 2 a.m. on 24 October.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: On 25 October, Soviet tanks opened fire on protesters in Parliament Square. One journalist at the scene saw 12 dead bodies and estimated that 170 had been wounded. Shocked by these events, the Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party forced Ernő Gerő to resign from office and replaced him with János Kádár.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Imre Nagy now went on Radio Kossuth and announced he had taken over the leadership of the government as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He also promised "the far-reaching democratization of Hungarian public life, the realization of a Hungarian road to socialism in accord with our own national characteristics, and the realization of our lofty national aim: the radical improvement of the workers' living conditions."

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: On 28 October, Nagy and a group of his supporters, including János Kádár, Géza Losonczy, Antal Apró, Károly Kiss, Ferenc Münnich and Zoltán Szabó, managed to take control of the Hungarian Working People's Party. At the same time, revolutionary workers' councils and local national committees were formed all over Hungary.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: The change of leadership in the party was reflected in the articles of the government newspaper "Szabad Nép" ("Free People"). On 29 October the newspaper welcomed the new government and openly criticized Soviet attempts to influence the political situation in Hungary. This view was supported by Radio Miskolc, which called for the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: On 30 October, Imre Nagy announced that he was freeing Cardinal József Mindszenty and other political prisoners. He also informed the people that his government intended to abolish the one-party state. This was followed by statements of Zoltán Tildy, Anna Kéthly and Ferenc Farkas concerning the restitution of the Smallholders Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Petőfi (former Peasants) Party.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Nagy's most controversial decision took place on 1 November, when he announced that Hungary intended to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and proclaimed Hungarian neutrality. He asked the United Nations to become involved in the country's dispute with the Soviet Union.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: On 3 November, Nagy announced details of his coalition government. It included Communists (János Kádár, Georg Lukács, Géza Losonczy), three members of the Smallholders' Party (Zoltán Tildy, Béla Kovács and István Szabó), three Social Democrats (Anna Kéthly, Gyula Keleman, Joseph Fischer), and two Petőfi Peasants (István Bibó and Ferenc Farkas). Pál Maléter was appointed minister of defence.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union, became increasingly concerned about these developments and on 4 November 1956 sent the Red Army into Hungary. Soviet tanks immediately captured Hungary's airfields, highway junctions and bridges. Fighting took place all over the country, but the Hungarian forces were quickly defeated.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: During the Hungarian Uprising, an estimated 20,000 people were killed, nearly all during the Soviet intervention. Imre Nagy was arrested and replaced by the Soviet loyalist János Kádár. Nagy was imprisoned until his execution in 1958. Other government ministers or supporters who were either executed or died in captivity included Pál Maléter, Géza Losonczy, Attila Szigethy and Miklós Gimes.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Between 12 March 1990 and 19 June 1991 the Soviet troops ("Southern Army Group") left Hungary. The total number of Soviet military and civilian personnel stationed in Hungary was around 100,000, having at their disposal approximately 27,000 military equipment. The withdrawal was performed with 35,000 railway cars. The last units commanded by general Viktor Silov crossed the Hungarian-Ukrainian border at Záhony-Chop.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Péter Boross succeeded as Prime Minister after Antall died in December 1993. The Antall/Boross coalition governments struggled to create a reasonably well-functioning parliamentary democracy in a market-economy, and to manage the related political, social and economic crises resulting from the collapse of the former Communist system. The massive decline in living standards led to a massive loss of political support.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: The Bokros package and efforts at privatizations were unpopular with voters, as were rising crime rates, allegations of government corruption, and an attempt to restart the unpopular program of building a dam on the Danube. This dissatisfaction among voters resulted in a change of government following the 1998 parliamentary elections.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: After a disappointing result in the 1994 elections, Fidesz under the presidency of Viktor Orbán had changed its political position from liberal to national conservative, adding "Hungarian Civic Party" ("Magyar Polgári Párt") to its shortened name. The conservative turn caused a severe split in the membership. Péter Molnár left the party, as well as Gábor Fodor and Klára Ungár, who joined the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Orbán's Fidesz gained the plurality of parliamentary seats in the 1998 election and forged a coalition with the Smallholders and the Democratic Forum.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Fidesz was criticized by its adversaries for the party's presentation of history, particularly the 1989 fall of communism. While Fidesz had suggested that the Socialist party is the moral and legal successor to the hated state party of the Communist past, the Socialists would assert that they had been those who had pushed for change from within, derided Fidesz members for crediting themselves as the sole creators and heirs of the fall of communism.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: In the 2002 election the MSZP/SZDSZ left-wing coalition narrowly beat the Fidesz/MDF right-wing coalition in a fierce political fight, with record-high 73% voter turnout. Péter Medgyessy became the new prime minister.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: The 2008 financial crisis caused further budgetary constraints. After Gyurcsány's resignation, the Socialists put forward a "government of experts" under Gordon Bajnai in March 2009, which would only make essential macroeconomic decisions.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Fidesz regained power in the 2010 general elections in a landslide, winning two-thirds of the seats in Parliament. In the autumn municipal elections, Fidesz achieved a majority in almost all local and mayoral elections, winning the traditional strongholds of the liberal parties.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: The Second Orbán Government promulgated the new Constitution of Hungary, adopted in 2011 and in force since 1 January 2012.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: The main goal of the government was to restart economic growth. It introduced a flat tax system for income tax, 16% for everyone.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: After the new constitution came into effect, Prime Minister Orbán, according to his critics, gradually consolidated power and began the process of making Hungary less democratic. He himself referred to Hungary as an "illiberal state".

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: In the parliamentary elections of Spring 2014, Fidesz again won a supermajority, but only by a one-MP margin. In February 2015, a by-election was held in the city of Veszprém, where an opposition-nominated MP was elected, thus Fidesz lost its supermajority.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: Under the Third Orbán Government, the European migrant crisis of 2015 affected Hungary as one of the countries with a southern external border of the European Union. The government erected a border barrier along Hungary's border with Serbia and Croatia in summer 2015. Attempts by migrants to cross the barrier using force were met with riot police in September 2015. and the barrier was reinforced in 2016.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: The EU's Justice and Home Affairs Council approved a migrant quota plan. Following the decision, Hungary and Slovakia took legal action over EU's mandatory migrant quotas at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: While an overwhelming majority (98%) of those voting rejected the EU's migrant quotas, voter turnout at 44% was below the 50% which would have been required for the referendum to be considered valid.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: In the 2018 elections, Fidesz–KDNP again won a supermajority, with no change in the numbers of seats held from the previous election. The Fourth Orbán Government was formed on 18 May 2018.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: In October 2019, the opposition won mayoral election in capital Budapest, meaning prime minister Orbán and the Fidesz-KDNP governing coalition got first major electoral blow since 2006.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: In April 2022 election, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán won a fourth consecutive term in office. His party, Fidesz, secured another two-thirds majority in parliament.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: In the 1920s historians with a sense of national mission urgently rewrote the history of Hungary to emphasize nationalism and deemphasize Austrian influences. By the 1930s, political history was in decline and an effort was made to introduce social history in the style of the French Annales School. After the war only Marxist interpretations were allowed.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


History of Hungary

Context: With the end of Communism in Hungary in 1989, Marxist historiography collapsed and social history came into its own, especially the study of the demographic patterns of the early modern period. Research priorities have shifted toward urban history and the conditions of everyday life.

Question: متى حصلت هنغاريا على استقلالها من النمسا ؟


Scandinavia

Context: Scandinavia ( ) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. In English usage, "Scandinavia" most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It can sometimes also refer more narrowly to the Scandinavian Peninsula (which excludes Denmark but includes part of Finland), or more broadly to include Finland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The geography of the region is varied, from the Norwegian fjords in the west and Scandinavians mountains covering parts of Norway and Sweden, to the low and flat areas of Denmark in the south, as well as archipelagos and lakes in the east. Most of the population in the region live in the more temperate southern regions, with the northern parts having cold and long winters.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: In modern times the region has prospered, with the economies of the countries being amongst the strongest in Europe. Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland all maintain a generous welfare system, with the policies of the countries being dubbed the ″Nordic Model″.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The geography of Scandinavia is extremely varied. Notable are the Norwegian fjords, the Scandinavian Mountains covering much of Norway and parts of Sweden, the flat, low areas in Denmark and the archipelagos of Finland, Norway and Sweden. Finland and Sweden have many lakes and moraines, legacies of the ice age, which ended about ten millennia ago.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The southern regions of Scandinavia, which are also the most populous regions, have a temperate climate. Scandinavia extends north of the Arctic Circle, but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream. Many of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The warmest temperature ever recorded in Scandinavia is 38.0 °C in Målilla (Sweden). The coldest temperature ever recorded is −52.6 °C in Vuoggatjålme, Arjeplog (Sweden). The coldest month was February 1985 in Vittangi (Sweden) with a mean of −27.2 °C.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Southwesterly winds further warmed by foehn wind can give warm temperatures in narrow Norwegian fjords in winter. Tafjord has recorded 17.9 °C in January and Sunndal 18.9 °C in February.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The term "Scandinavia" in local usage covers the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The majority national languages of these three belong to the Scandinavian dialect continuum, and are mutually intelligible North Germanic languages.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The words "Scandinavia" and "Scania" ("Skåne", the southernmost province of Sweden) are both thought to go back to the Proto-Germanic compound *"Skaðin-awjō" (the "ð" represented in Latin by "t" or "d"), which appears later in Old English as "Scedenig" and in Old Norse as "Skáney". The earliest identified source for the name "Scandinavia" is Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", dated to the first century AD.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Alternatively, "Sca(n)dinavia" and "Skáney", along with the Old Norse goddess name "Skaði", may be related to Proto-Germanic "*skaðwa-" (meaning "shadow"). John McKinnell comments that this etymology suggests that the goddess Skaði may have once been a personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with the underworld.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Another possibility is that all or part of the segments of the name came from the pre-Germanic Mesolithic people inhabiting the region. In modernity, Scandinavia is a peninsula, but between approximately 10,300 and 9,500 years ago the southern part of Scandinavia was an island separated from the northern peninsula, with water exiting the Baltic Sea through the area where Stockholm is now located.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: In recent substrate studies, Sami linguists have examined the initial cluster "sk"- in words used in Sami and concluded that "sk"- is a phonotactic structure of alien origin.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Although the term "Scandinavia" used by Pliny the Elder probably originated in the ancient Germanic languages, the modern form "Scandinavia" does not descend directly from the ancient Germanic term. Rather the word was brought into use in Europe by scholars borrowing the term from ancient sources like Pliny, and was used vaguely for Scania and the southern region of the peninsula.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The influence of Scandinavism as a Scandinavist political movement peaked in the middle of the nineteenth century, between the First Schleswig War (1848–1850) and the Second Schleswig War (1864).

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: However, in English usage, the term "Scandinavia" is sometimes used as a synonym or near-synonym for what are known locally as "Nordic countries".

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Usage in English is different from usage in the Scandinavian languages themselves (which use "Scandinavia" in the narrow meaning), and by the fact that the question of whether a country belongs to Scandinavia is politicised, people from the Nordic world beyond Norway, Denmark and Sweden may be offended at being either included in or excluded from the category of "Scandinavia".

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: "Nordic countries" is used unambiguously for Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, including their associated territories Greenland, the Faroe Islands and the Åland Islands).

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: A large part of modern-day Finland was part of Sweden for more than four centuries (see: Finland under Swedish rule), thus to much of the world associating Finland with Scandinavia. But the creation of a Finnish identity is unique in the region in that it was formed in relation to two different imperial models, the Swedish and the Russian.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: There is also the geological term "Fennoscandia" (sometimes "Fennoscandinavia"), which in technical use refers to the Fennoscandian Shield (or "Baltic Shield"), that is the Scandinavian peninsula (Norway and Sweden), Finland and Karelia (excluding Denmark and other parts of the wider Nordic world). The terms "Fennoscandia" and "Fennoscandinavia" are sometimes used in a broader, political sense to refer to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The term "Scandinavian" may be used with two principal meanings, in an ethnic or cultural sense and as a modern and more inclusive demonym.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Two language groups have coexisted on the Scandinavian peninsula since prehistory—the North Germanic languages (Scandinavian languages) and the Sami languages.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Finland is mainly populated by speakers of Finnish, with a minority of approximately 5% of Swedish speakers. However, Finnish is also spoken as a recognized minority language in Sweden, including in distinctive varieties sometimes known as Meänkieli. Finnish is distantly related to the Sami languages, but these are entirely different in origin to the Scandinavian languages.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: German (in Denmark), Yiddish and Romani are recognized minority languages in parts of Scandinavia. More recent migrations has added even more languages. Apart from Sami and the languages of minority groups speaking a variant of the majority language of a neighboring state, the following minority languages in Scandinavia are protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Yiddish, Romani Chib/Romanes and Romani.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The North Germanic languages of Scandinavia are traditionally divided into an East Scandinavian branch (Danish and Swedish) and a West Scandinavian branch (Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese), but because of changes appearing in the languages since 1600 the East Scandinavian and West Scandinavian branches are now usually reconfigured into Insular Scandinavian ("ö-nordisk"/"øy-nordisk") featuring Icelandic and Faroese and Continental Scandinavian ("Skandinavisk"), comprising Danish, Norwegian and Swedish.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The modern division is based on the degree of mutual comprehensibility between the languages in the two branches. The populations of the Scandinavian countries, with common Scandinavian roots in language, can—at least with some training—understand each other's standard languages as they appear in print and are heard on radio and television.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The reason Danish, Swedish and the two official written versions of Norwegian ("Nynorsk" and "Bokmål") are traditionally viewed as different languages, rather than dialects of one common language, is that each is a well-established standard language in its respective country.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Danish, Swedish and Norwegian have since medieval times been influenced to varying degrees by Middle Low German and standard German. That influence was due not only to proximity, but also to the rule of Denmark—and later Denmark-Norway—over the German-speaking region of Holstein, and to Sweden's close trade with the Hanseatic League.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Although Iceland was under the political control of Denmark until a much later date (1918), very little influence and borrowing from Danish has occurred in the Icelandic language. Icelandic remained the preferred language among the ruling classes in Iceland. Danish was not used for official communications, most of the royal officials were of Icelandic descent and the language of the church and law courts remained Icelandic.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Finnish speakers constitute a language minority in Sweden and Norway. Meänkieli and Kven are Finnish dialects spoken in Swedish Lapland and Norwegian Lapland.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Pliny begins his description of the route to "Scatinavia" by referring to the mountain of Saevo ("mons Saevo ibi"), the Codanus Bay ("Codanus sinus") and the Cimbrian promontory. The geographical features have been identified in various ways. By some scholars, "Saevo" is thought to be the mountainous Norwegian coast at the entrance to Skagerrak and the Cimbrian peninsula is thought to be Skagen, the north tip of Jutland, Denmark. As described, Saevo and Scatinavia can also be the same place.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: Pliny mentions Scandinavia one more time: in Book VIII he says that the animal called "achlis" (given in the accusative, "achlin", which is not Latin) was born on the island of Scandinavia. The animal grazes, has a big upper lip and some mythical attributes.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: This expansion and conquest led to the formation of several kingdoms, earldoms and settlements throughout Europe such as the Kingdom of the Isles, Earldom of Orkney, Scandinavian York, Danelaw, Kingdom of Dublin, the Duchy of Normandy and the Kievan Rus'. The Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland were also settled by the Scandinavians during this time. The Normans, Rus' people, Faroe Islanders, Icelanders and Norse-Gaels all emerged from these Scandinavian expansions.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: During a period of Christianization and state formation in the 10th–13th centuries, numerous Germanic petty kingdoms and chiefdoms were unified into three kingdoms:

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: According to Historian Sverre Bagge, the divisions into three Scandinavian kingdoms (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) makes sense geographically, as forests, mountains, and uninhabited land divided them from one another. Control of Norway was enabled through seapower, whereas control of the great lakes in Sweden enabled control of the kingdom, and control of Jutland was sufficient to control Denmark. The most contested area was the coastline from Oslo to Öresund, where the three kingdoms met.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: In the east, Finland was a fully incorporated part of Sweden from medieval times until the Napoleonic wars, when it was ceded to Russia. Despite many wars over the years since the formation of the three kingdoms, Scandinavia has been politically and culturally close.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The Storting dissolved the union between Sweden and Norway in 1905, after which the Norwegians elected Prince Charles of Denmark as king of Norway: he reigned as Haakon VII.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


Scandinavia

Context: The economies of the countries of Scandinavia are amongst the strongest in Europe. There is a generous welfare system in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland.

Question: كم عدد دول شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Patriot uses an advanced aerial interceptor missile and high-performance radar systems. Patriot was developed at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, which had previously developed the Safeguard ABM system and its component Spartan and hypersonic speed Sprint missiles. The symbol for Patriot is a drawing of a Revolutionary War–era Minuteman.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Patriot systems have been sold to the Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Japan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Taiwan, Greece, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Romania and Sweden. South Korea purchased several second-hand Patriot systems from Germany after North Korea test-launched ballistic missiles to the Sea of Japan and proceeded with underground nuclear testing in 2006. Jordan also purchased several second-hand Patriot systems from Germany.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Poland hosts training rotations of a battery of U.S. Patriot launchers. This started in the town of Morąg in May 2010, but was later moved further from the Russian border to Toruń and Ustka due to Russian objections.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On December 4, 2012, NATO authorized the deployment of Patriot missile launchers in Turkey to protect the country from missiles fired in the civil war in neighboring Syria. Patriot was one of the first tactical systems in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to employ lethal autonomy in combat.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The Patriot system has four major operational functions: communications, command and control, radar surveillance, and missile guidance. The four functions combine to provide a coordinated, secure, integrated, mobile air defense system.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The Patriot system is modular and highly mobile. A battery-sized element can be installed in less than an hour. All components, consisting of the fire control section (radar set, engagement control station, antenna mast group, electric power plant) and launchers, are truck- or trailer-mounted. The radar set and launchers (with missiles) are mounted on M860 semi-trailers, which are towed by Oshkosh M983 HEMTTs.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The AN/MPQ-53/65 Radar Set is a passive electronically scanned array radar equipped with IFF, electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM), and track-via-missile (TVM) guidance subsystems.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The DLT connects the ECS to Patriot's Launching Stations. It uses either a SINCGARS radio or fiber optic cables to transmit encrypted data between the ECS and the launchers. Through the DLT, the system operators can remotely emplace, slew or stow launchers, perform diagnostics on launchers or missiles, and fire missiles.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The UHF communications array consists of three UHF radio "stacks" and their associated patching and encrypting equipment. These radios are connected to the antennas of the OE-349 Antenna Mast Group, which are used to create UHF "shots" between sister Patriot batteries and their associated ICC. This creates a secure, real-time data network (known as PADIL, Patriot Data Information Link) that allows the ICC to centralize control of its subordinate firing batteries.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The RLRIU functions as the primary router for all data coming into the ECS. The RLRIU gives a firing battery an address on the battalion data network, and sends/receives data from across the battalion. It also "translates" data coming from the WCC to the DLT, facilitating communication with the launchers.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The M90x Launching Stations are remotely operated, self-contained units. The ECS controls operation of the launchers through each launcher's DLT, via fiber optic or VHF (SINCGARS) data link.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Integral levelling equipment permits emplacement on slopes of up to 10 degrees. Each launcher is trainable in azimuth and elevates to a fixed, elevated launch position. Precise aiming of the launcher before launch is not necessary; thus, no extra lags are introduced into system reaction time. Each launcher is also capable of providing detailed diagnostics to the ECS via the data link.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The first fielded variant was the MIM-104A "Standard". It was optimized solely for engagements against aircraft and had very limited capability against ballistic missiles. It had a range of , and a speed in excess of Mach 2. The MIM-104B "anti-standoff jammer" (ASOJ) is a missile designed to seek out and destroy ECM emitters.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The first seven of these are in the larger PAC-2 configuration of a single missile per canister, of which four can be placed on a launcher. PAC-3 missile canisters contain four missiles, so that sixteen rounds can be placed on a launcher. The missile canister serves as both the shipping and storage container and the launch tube. Patriot missiles are referred to as "certified rounds" as they leave the factory, and additional maintenance is not necessary on the missile prior to it being launched.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The PAC-2 family of missiles all have a fairly standard design, the only differences between the variants being certain internal components. They consist of (from front to rear) the radome, guidance section, warhead section, propulsion section, and control actuator section.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The radome is made of slip-cast fused silica approximately thick, with nickel alloy tip, and a composite base attachment ring bonded to the slip cast fused silica and protected by a molded silicone rubber ring. The radome provides an aerodynamic shape for the missile and microwave window and thermal protection for the RF seeker and electronic components.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The Patriot guidance section consists primarily of the modular digital airborne guidance system (MDAGS). The MDAGS consists of a modular midcourse package that performs all of the required guidance functions from launch through midcourse and a terminal guidance section. The TVM seeker is mounted on the guidance section, extending into the radome.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The seeker consists of an antenna mounted on an inertial platform, antenna control electronics, a receiver, and a transmitter. The Modular Midcourse Package (MMP), which is located in the forward portion of the warhead section, consists of the navigational electronics and a missile-borne computer that computes the guidance and autopilot algorithms and provides steering commands according to a resident computer program.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The warhead section, just aft of the guidance section, contains the proximity fused warhead, safety-and-arming device, fuzing circuits and antennas, link antenna switching circuits, auxiliary electronics, inertial sensor assembly, and signal data converter.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The propulsion section consists of the rocket motor, external heat shield, and two external conduits. The rocket motor includes the case, nozzle assembly, propellant, liner and insulation, pyrogen igniter, and propulsion arming and firing unit. The casing of the motor is an integral structural element of the missile airframe. It contains a conventional, casebonded solid rocket propellant.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The Control Actuator Section (CAS) is at the aft end of the missile. It receives commands from the missile autopilot and positions the fins. The missile fins steer and stabilize the missile in flight. A fin servo system positions the fins. The fin servo system consists of hydraulic actuators and valves and an electrohydraulic power supply. The electrohydraulic power consists of a battery, motor pump, oil reservoir, gas pressure bottle, and accumulator.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Patriot was first introduced with a single missile type: the MIM-104A. This was the initial "Standard" missile (still known as "Standard" today). In Patriot's early days, the system was used exclusively as an anti-aircraft weapon, with no capability against ballistic missiles. This was remedied during the late 1980s when Patriot received its first major system overhaul with the introduction of the Patriot Advanced Capability missile and concurrent system upgrades.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: During the late 1980s, tests began to indicate that, although Patriot was certainly capable of intercepting inbound ballistic missiles, it was questionable whether or not the MIM-104A/B missile was capable of destroying them reliably. This necessitated the introduction of the PAC-2 missile and system upgrade.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: PAC-2 was first tested in 1987 and reached Army units in 1990, just in time for deployment to the Middle East for the Persian Gulf War. It was there that Patriot was first regarded as a successful ABM system and proof that ballistic missile defense was indeed possible. The complete study on its effectiveness remains classified.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: In April 2013, Raytheon received U.S. Army approval for a second recertification, extending the operational life of the worldwide inventory of Patriot missiles from 30 to 45 years.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: There were many more upgrades to PAC-2 systems throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century, again mostly centering on software. However, the PAC-2 missiles were modified significantly—four separate variants became known collectively as guidance enhanced missiles (GEM).

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: In 2018, Raytheon upgraded GEM-T guidance system with solid-state gallium nitride (GAN) transmitters.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The PAC-3 upgrade is a significant upgrade to nearly every aspect of the system. It took place in three stages deployed in 1995, 1996 and 2000, and units were designated Configuration 1, 2, or 3.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Lockheed Martin proposed an air-launched variant of the PAC-3 missile for use on the F-15C Eagle, the F-22 Raptor and the P-8A Poseidon.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The new M903 Launching System has a modular design capable of holding a total of 4 PAC-3 launching canisters (16 missiles), 12 PAC-3 MSE canisters, or 4 PAC-2 GEM canisters. It can also mix different missiles, with 6 PAC-3 MSE canisters and either two PAC-3 canisters (8 missiles) or two PAC-2 canisters on the same launcher.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: In 2016 Raytheon announced that it had been authorised to bid SkyCeptor, a Stunner derivative, as part of its Polish Patriot bid. In March 2017 it was announced that Poland will acquire 8 Patriot batteries, with the majority of missiles deployed being SkyCeptors and only a small number of Patriot PAC-3 MSE missiles.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: PAC-3 system upgrades continue under the International Engineering Services Program (IESP) which includes all nations that rely on Patriot for integrated air and missile defense (as of 2022, United States of America, The Netherlands, Germany, Japan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Taiwan, Greece, Spain, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Romania, Sweden, Poland, and Bahrain).

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: PDB 6 software update was released in 2004. This update allowed Configuration-3 to discriminate targets of all types, including anti-radiation missile carriers, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and cruise missiles.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: PDB 7 system upgrade was released in 2013; it improves radar search capabilities with a transition to digital signal processing, resulting in much better reliability and 30% longer range comparing to analog circuits. Processing power of the new command and control computer is higher by several orders of magnitude. Operator's monochrome CRT displays with hard-wired buttons were replaced by two 30" color touch-screen LCD monitors.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement (MSE) upgrade was fielded in 2015; it includes a new fin design and a more powerful rocket engine.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: In 2017, the AN/MPQ-65 radar was upgraded with active electronically scanned array (AESA) solid-state gallium nitride (GaN) transmitters in place of conventional traveling-wave tubes with a passive array of transmitters; the new radar has been redesignated AN/MPQ-65A. It includes a bolt-on replacement antenna array and two smaller rear panel arrays which provide 360-degree coverage.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: During 2018-2023, Raytheon Company will further enhance the system under a modernization task order from the United States Army, resulting in Configuration-3+. The order includes five annual, indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity task order awards with a total contract ceiling of more than $2.3 billion, funded by Patriot partner nations; the initial $235 million award was allocated in January 2018.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Patriot battalions prefer to operate in a centralized fashion, with the ICC controlling the launches of all of its subordinate launching batteries through the secure UHF PADIL communications network.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The dismounted Patriot ICC (D-PICC) is a set of equipment which is composed of the same hardware as that at battalion level, but which distributes command and control over the launching batteries, which allows the batteries to disperse over a wider geographic area, with no loss of command and control. D-PICC is deploying to Pacific Command first.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Following is the process a PAC-2 firing battery uses to engage a single target (an aircraft) with a single missile:

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Following is the process a PAC-3 firing battery uses to engage a single tactical ballistic missile with two PAC-3 missiles:

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On February 25, 1991, an Iraqi Scud hit the barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 28 soldiers from the U.S. Army's 14th Quartermaster Detachment.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: A government investigation revealed that the failed intercept at Dhahran had been caused by a software error in the system's handling of timestamps. The Patriot missile battery at Dhahran had been in operation for 100 hours, by which time the system's internal clock had drifted by one-third of a second. Due to the missile's speed this was equivalent to a miss distance of 600 meters.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Two weeks earlier, on February 11, 1991, the Israelis had identified the problem and informed the U.S. Army and the PATRIOT Project Office, the software manufacturer. As a stopgap measure, the Israelis had recommended rebooting the system's computers regularly. The manufacturer supplied updated software to the Army on February 26.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: There had previously been failures in the MIM-104 system at the Joint Defense Facility Nurrungar in Australia, which was charged with processing signals from satellite-based early launch detection systems.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On February 15, 1991, President George H. W. Bush traveled to Raytheon's Patriot manufacturing plant in Andover, Massachusetts, during the Gulf War, he declared, the "Patriot is 41 for 42: 42 Scuds engaged, 41 intercepted!" The President's claimed success rate was thus over 97% to that point in the war.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On April 7, 1992 Theodore Postol of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Reuven Pedatzur of Tel Aviv University testified before a House Committee stating that, according to their independent analysis of video tapes, the Patriot system had a success rate of below 10%, and perhaps even a zero success rate.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Also on April 7, 1992, Charles A. Zraket of Harvard Kennedy School and Peter D. Zimmerman of the Center for Strategic and International Studies testified about the calculation of success rates and accuracy in Israel and Saudi Arabia and discounted many of the statements and methodologies in Postol's report.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: According to Zimmerman, it is important to note the difference in terms when analyzing the performance of the system during the war:

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The Iraqi redesign of the Scuds also played a role. Iraq had redesigned its Scuds by removing weight from the warhead to increase speed and range, but the changes weakened the missile and made it unstable during flight, creating a tendency for the Scud to break up during its descent from near space. This presented a larger number of targets as it was unclear which piece contained the warhead.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: A "Fifth Estate" documentary quotes the former Israeli Defense Minister as saying the Israeli government was so dissatisfied with the performance of the missile defense, they were preparing their own military retaliation on Iraq regardless of U.S. objections. That response was canceled only with the ceasefire with Iraq.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The Israeli Air Defense Command operates MIM-104D Patriot (PAC-2/GEM+) batteries with Israeli upgrades. The Israel Defense Forces' designation for the Patriot weapon system is "Yahalom" (, "diamond").

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: During Operation Protective Edge, Patriot batteries of the Israeli Air Defense Command intercepted and destroyed two unmanned aerial vehicles launched by Hamas. The interception of a Hamas drone on July 14, 2014, was the first time in the history of the Patriot system's use that it successfully intercepted an enemy aircraft.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On August 31, 2014, a Syrian unmanned aerial vehicle was shot down by an Israeli Air Defense Command MIM-104D Patriot missile near Quneitra, after it had penetrated Israeli-controlled airspace over the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. Nearly a month later, on September 23, a Syrian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 was shot down in similar circumstances.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On July 17, 2016, two Israeli Patriot missiles missed an incoming drone launched from Syria, according to Russian media. Israeli Air Defence Command fired two Patriot missiles, but did not manage to destroy the target. Russia Today stated that the drone penetrated four kilometers into Israeli airspace, and flew back into Syria.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On April 27, 2017, another Syrian UAV was shot down by an Israeli Patriot battery which fired two missiles against the target. On September 19, 2017, a Hezbollah intelligence drone was shot down as it tried infiltrating Israel through the Golan border.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On June 24, 2018, a single Israeli Patriot missile was fired toward a drone which was approaching Israel from Syria. The missile missed its target. The drone turned back to Syria.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: In a similar incident, in the afternoon of July 11, 2018, an Israeli Patriot missile shot down a drone which was approaching Israel from Syria.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: With a third engagement in a few days, in the afternoon of July 13, 2018, an Israeli Patriot missile shot down a drone which was approaching Israel from Syria.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On July 24, 2018, an Israeli Patriot missile shot down a Syrian Sukhoi Su-22 fighter which had crossed into Israeli airspace.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On June 6, 2015, a Patriot battery was used to shoot down a Scud missile, fired at Saudi Arabia by Houthi rebels in response to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. Another Scud was fired at an electricity station in Jizan province and intercepted by a Saudi Patriot on August26, 2015.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Saudi Arabia claims that another long-range ballistic missile was fired toward Mecca and intercepted by a Saudi Patriot on October28, 2016. However; Houthi sources say that the missile's intended target was the air force base in King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, 65 km (40miles) north-west of Mecca.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On March 25, 2018, another missile apparently fired from Yemen was intercepted by a Patriot missile over Riyadh. However missile experts via news agencies cast doubt of the effectiveness of the Saudi Arabian Patriot defense, according to the videos; one interceptor explodes just after launch and another does a "U turn" midair toward Riyadh.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On September 14, 2019, the six battalions of Patriot missile defense systems owned by Saudi Arabia failed to protect its oil facilities from multiple drones and suspected cruise missiles during the Abqaiq–Khurais attack.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On May 7, 2020, the United States removed two of its four Patriot antimissile batteries from Saudi Arabia, which were securing its oil fields following easing of tensions with Iran. The batteries are said to be replaced by Saudi's own Patriot batteries instead.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On 27 February 2021, a Patriot battery intercepted a ballistic missile fired by Houthis over Riyadh, as a Formula E race was being held on the outskirts of the city in Diriyah. The race was being attended by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On 16 July 2021, the US Army used a battery of Patriot missiles in the Talisman Sabre exercise in the Shoalwater Bay Training Area in Queensland, Australia. The US Army test fired Patriot PAC2 interceptor missiles and successfully intercepted target drones.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: On 9 March 2022, it was announced that the United States would be sending two Patriot air defence systems to Poland to "proactively counter any potential threat to U.S. and Allied forces and NATO territory", according to the U.S. European Command. These actions were taken as a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: In August 2010, the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency announced that Kuwait had formally requested to buy 209 MIM-104E PAC-2 missiles. In August 2012, Kuwait purchased 60 MIM-104F PAC-3 missiles, along with four radars and 20 launchers.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: JAF operates three or four Patriot missile batteries, acquired from Germany. Batteries are in operational deployment.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: In November 2012, it was announced the export from the United States of 246 MIM-104E GEM-T and 786 PAC-3 missiles and related equipment. Declared operational in November 2018.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: The Romanian Air Force received its first system of Patriot surface-to-air missiles on Thursday, September 17, 2020.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


MIM-104 Patriot

Context: Sweden decided to request an offer for the Patriot system in November 2017 and in August 2018 an agreement was signed for 4 units and 12 launchers to form 2 battalions. No follow-up orders are to be made.

Question: متى قامت الولايات المتحدة بإنشاء بطاريات إم آي إم-104 باتريوت؟


Rapid transit

Context: Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are railways (usually electric) that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles, and which is often grade-separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives, and now forms part of the London Underground. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: In most of Britain, a "subway" is a pedestrian underpass; the terms "Underground" and "Tube" are used for the London Underground, and the North East England Tyne and Wear Metro, mostly overground, is known as the "Metro". In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the "Subway".

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America. The term "metro" is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, the Miami Metrorail, and the Montreal Metro are generally called the "Metro".

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Chicago's commuter rail system that serves the entire metropolitan area is called "Metra" (short for "Metropolitan Rail"), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L". However the Boston subway system is known locally as "The T".

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: In Philadelphia, the term “El” is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term “subway” applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: The New York City Subway is referred to simply as “the subway”, despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term “L” or “El” is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The “L” train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam and the natural choice for trains running in tunnels and proved superior for elevated services.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing the term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe, the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset. Budapest, Chicago, Glasgow and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Since the 1960s, many new systems were introduced in Europe, Asia and Latin America. In the 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Rapid transit is used in cities, agglomerations, and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency. The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses, regular buses, trams, or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands, often focused on easy recognition—to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities—combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: High platforms (usually over 1 meter / 3 feet) are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since the Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground, which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on the deep tube lines.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub networks are not often connected by track, in cases when it is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track. Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain, snow, or other forms of precipitation, they are often fixed directly to the floor rather than resting on ballast, such as normal railway tracks.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of the lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway, while the Carmelit, in Haifa, is an underground funicular.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail, which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail. While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit's monorail lines which are widely used in a rapid transit setting.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Underground tunnels move traffic away from street level, avoiding delays caused by traffic congestion and leaving more land available for buildings and other uses. In areas of high land prices and dense land use, tunnels may be the only economic route for mass transportation. Cut-and-cover tunnels are constructed by digging up city streets, which are then rebuilt over the tunnel; alternatively, tunnel-boring machines can be used to dig deep-bore tunnels that lie further down in bedrock.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: The construction of an underground metro is an expensive project and is often carried out over a number of years. There are several different methods of building underground lines.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: One advantage of deep tunnels is that they can dip in a basin-like profile between stations, without incurring the significant extra costs associated with digging near ground level. This technique, also referred to as putting stations "on humps", allows gravity to assist the trains as they accelerate from one station and brake at the next. It was used as early as 1890 on parts of the City and South London Railway and has been used many times since, particularly in Montreal.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: The West Island line, an extension of the MTR Island line serving western Hong Kong Island, opened in 2015, has two stations (Sai Ying Pun and HKU) situated over below ground level, to serve passengers on the Mid-levels. They have several entrances/exits equipped with high-speed lifts, instead of escalators. These kinds of exits have existed in many London Underground stations and other stations in former Soviet Union nations.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: To allow easy access to the trains, the platform height allows step-free access between platform and train. If the station complies with accessibility standards, it allows both disabled people and those with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains, though if the track is curved there can be a gap between the train and platform. Some stations use platform screen doors to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as well as reducing ventilation costs.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: As for larger trains, the Paris Métro has human drivers on most lines but runs automated trains on its newest line, Line 14, which opened in 1998. The older Line 1 was subsequently converted to unattended operation by 2012, and it is expected that Line 4 will follow by 2023. The North East MRT line in Singapore, which opened in 2003, is the world's first fully automated underground urban heavy-rail line. The MTR Disneyland Resort line is also automated, along with trains on the South Island line.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Since the 1980s, trams have incorporated several features of rapid transit: light rail systems (trams) run on their own rights-of-way, thus avoiding congestion; they remain on the same level as buses and cars. Some light rail systems have elevated or underground sections. Both new and upgraded tram systems allow faster speed and higher capacity, and are a cheap alternative to construction of rapid transit, especially in smaller cities.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: , 212 cities have built rapid transit systems. The capital cost is high, as is the risk of cost overrun and benefit shortfall; public financing is normally required. Rapid transit is sometimes seen as an alternative to an extensive road transport system with many motorways; the rapid transit system allows higher capacity with less land use, less environmental impact, and a lower cost.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Rapid transit

Context: Urban land-use planning policies are essential for the success of rapid transit systems, particularly as mass transit is not feasible in low-density communities. Transportation planners estimate that to support rapid rail services, there must be a residential housing density of twelve dwelling units per acre.

Question: كم يبلغ عمق أكبر مترو في العالم ؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever plc is a British multinational consumer goods company with headquarters in London. Unilever products include food, condiments, ice cream, cleaning agents, beauty products, and personal care. Unilever is the largest producer of soap in the world and its products are available in around 190 countries.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever's largest brands include Axe/Lynx, Ben & Jerry's, Dove, Omo/Persil, Heartbrand (Wall's) ice creams, Hellmann's, Knorr, Lux, Magnum, Rexona/Degree, Lifebuoy, Sunsilk and Sunlight.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever is organised into three main divisions: Foods and Refreshments, Home Care, and Beauty & Personal Care. It has research and development facilities in China, India, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Unilever has a secondary listing on Euronext Amsterdam and is a constituent of the AEX index. The company was also a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. Unilever also has a listing in the New York Stock Exchange. The completion of the unification of Unilever's Dutch and UK arms under a single London-based entity was announced on 30 November 2020.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In September 1929, Unilever was formed by a merger of the operations of Dutch Margarine Unie and British soapmaker Lever Brothers, with the name of the resulting company a portmanteau of the name of both companies.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In the 1930s, business grew and new ventures were launched in Africa and Latin America. During this time, Unilever acquired the United Africa Company, created from a merger of the African & Eastern Trade Corporation and the Royal Niger Company, which oversaw British trade interests in present-day Nigeria during the colonial era.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: The Nazi occupation of Europe during the Second World War meant that Unilever was unable to reinvest its capital into Europe, so it instead acquired new businesses in the United Kingdom and the United States. In 1943, it acquired T. J. Lipton, a majority stake in Frosted Foods (owner of the Birds Eye brand) and Batchelors Peas, one of the largest vegetables canners in the United Kingdom. In 1944, Pepsodent was acquired.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 1933, Unilever Indonesia was established in December as Lever Zeepfabrieken N.V. and has operations in Cikarang, West Java at Rungkut, East Java and North Sumatra.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: After 1945, Unilever's once successful American businesses (Lever Brothers and T.J. Lipton) began to decline. As a result, Unilever began to operate a "hands-off" policy towards the subsidiaries and left American management to its own devices.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Sunsilk was first launched in the United Kingdom in 1954. Dove was first launched in the US in 1957. Unilever took full ownership of Frosted Foods in 1957, which it renamed Birds Eye. The US-based Good Humor ice cream business was acquired in 1961.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: By the end of the 1970s through acquisitions, Unilever had gained 30 percent of the Western European ice cream market. In 1982, Unilever management decided to reposition itself from an unwieldy conglomerate to a more concentrated Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) company.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 1992, Unilever Ghana was established in July following a merger of UAC Ghana Limited and Lever Brothers Ghana Limited.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 1993, Unilever acquired Breyers from Kraft, which made the company the largest ice cream manufacturer in the United States.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 1996, Unilever merged Elida Gibbs and Lever Brothers in its UK operations. It also purchased Helene Curtis, significantly expanding its presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market. The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 1997, Unilever sold its speciality chemicals division, including National Starch & Chemical, Quest, Unichema and Crosfield to Imperial Chemical Industries for £4.9 billion.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2000, Unilever acquired the boutique mustard retailer Maille, Ben & Jerry's and Slim Fast for £1.63 billion, Bestfoods for £13.4 billion. The Bestfoods acquisition increased Unilever's scale in foods in America, and added brands including Knorr, Marmite, Bovril, and Hellmann's to its portfolio. In exchange for European regulatory approval of the deal, Unilever divested itself of Oxo, Lesieur, McDonnells, Bla Band, Royco, and Batchelors.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2001, Unilever split into two divisions: one for foods and one for home and personal care. In the UK, it merged its Lever Brothers and Elida Faberge businesses as Lever Faberge in January 2001.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2003, Unilever announced the strategic decision to sell of the Dalda brand in both India and Pakistan. In 2003, Bunge Limited acquired the Dalda brand from Hindustan Unilever Limited for reportedly under Rs 100 crore. On 30 March 2004, Unilever Pakistan accepted an offer of Rs. 1.33 billion for the sale of its Dalda brand and related business of edible oils and fats to the newly incorporated company Dalda Foods (Pvt.) Limited.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2002, the company sold its specialty oils and fats division, known as Loders Croklaan, for RM814 million (€218.5 million) to IOI Corporation, a Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia-based oil palm company. As part of the deal, the Loders Croklaan name was maintained. Unilever sold the brands Mazola, Argo & Kingsfords, Karo, Golden Griddle, and Henri's, along with several of its Canadian brands, to ACH Food Companies, an American subsidiary of Associated British Foods.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2004, Unilever Bangladesh, which was established in 1964 changed its former name Lever Brothers Bangladesh Ltd to its present name in December 2004, is owned 60.4% by Unilever and 39.6% by the Government of Bangladesh.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2009, Unilever agreed to acquire the personal care business of Sara Lee Corporation, including brands such as Radox, Badedas and Duschdas. The Sara Lee acquisition was completed on 6 December 2010.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2010, Unilever acquired the Diplom-Is in Denmark, Unilever announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell its consumer tomato products business in Brazil to Cargill, purchased Alberto-Culver, a maker of personal care and household products including Simple, VO5, Nexxus, TRESemmé, and Mrs. Dash, for US$3.7 billion. acquired EVGA's ice cream brands, which included Scandal, Variete and Karabola, and its distribution network in Greece, for an undisclosed amount.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2012, Unilever announced it would phase out the use of microplastics in the form of microbeads in their personal care products by 2015.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2014, Unilever agreed to acquire a majority stake in the China-based water purification company Qinyuan for an undisclosed price, acquired Talenti Gelato & Sorbetto, acquired Camay brand globally and the Zest brand outside of North America and the Caribbean from Procter & Gamble.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever bought the United States-based startup company Dollar Shave Club for a reported $1b (£764m) in order to compete in the male grooming market. On 16 August 2016, Unilever acquired Blueair, a supplier of mobile indoor air purification technologies. In September 2016, Unilever acquired Seventh Generation Inc. for $700 million. On 16 December 2016, Unilever acquired Living Proof Inc, a hair care products business.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever announced that in order to help tackle the global COVID-19 pandemic, it would contribute over 100m through donations of soap, hand sanitiser, bleach and food.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In August 2021, Florida governor Ron DeSantis placed Unilever on a list of "Scrutinized Companies that Boycott Israel" because it had "no current plan to prevent Ben & Jerry’s from terminating business activities in Israeli-controlled territories." The ice-cream brand has 90 days to stop engaging in "the BDS movement", or the state will no longer contract with the parent company Unilever or any of its subsidiaries.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In November 2021, Unilever agreed to sell most of its tea business under the Ekaterra division to investment firm CVC Capital Partners for €4.5 billion. This deal excluded the Unilever tea business in India, Indonesia and Nepal, and the Lipton Ice Tea joint-venture with PepsiCo.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever has a holding company Unilever PLC and N.V. with Anglo-Dutch structure, which has its registered office at Port Sunlight in Merseyside, United Kingdom and its head office at Unilever House in London, United Kingdom. The company has been restructured several times, for example in 2018 and 2020 (see "history").

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In January 2019, Alan Jope succeeded Paul Polman as the chief executive officer. The chief financial officer, Graeme Pitkethly, is executive director. Jope will be proposed as joint executive director at Unilever's 2019 AGM.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In November 2019, Unilever announced that Nils Andersen would be replacing Chairman Marijn Dekkers, who stepped down after three years in the role.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 1930, the logo of Unilever was in a sans-serif typeface and all-caps. The current Unilever corporate logo was introduced in 2004 and was designed by Wolff Olins, a brand consultancy agency. The 'U' shape is now made up of 25 distinct symbols, each icon representing one of the company's sub-brands or its corporate values. The brand identity was developed around the idea of "adding vitality to life."

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Both advertising campaigns make stark comparisons between how women and their sexuality are portrayed in advertising and sales efficiency. Lynx commonly portrays women as hypersexual, flawless and stereotypically attractive who are aroused by men, of all ages and stature, because of their use of the Lynx product.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: On 6 September 2018, Unilever Bangladesh Limited, the Bangladeshi subsidiary of Unilever, became the official shirt sponsor of Bangladesh national cricket team for the period of 2018 to 2020.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever has declared the goal of decoupling its environmental impact from its growth, by halving the environmental footprint of its products by 2030; helping 1 billion people improve their health and well-being; and sourcing all of its agricultural raw materials sustainably. In September 2019, Unilever announced that its sites across five continents are now powered by 100% renewable grid electricity, ahead of its 2020 target. In 2020, Unilever promised to become carbon neutral by 2039.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In March 2016, Unilever reached an out of court settlement (for an undisclosed amount) with 591 ex-workers of the unit who had sued the company for knowingly exposing them to the toxic element.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2014, Unilever was criticised by Greenpeace for causing deforestation. In 2008, Greenpeace UK criticised the company for buying palm oil from suppliers that were damaging Indonesia's rainforests. By 2008, Indonesia was losing 2% of its remaining rainforest each year, having the fastest deforestation rate of any country. The United Nations Environmental Programme stated that palm oil plantations are the leading cause of deforestation in Indonesia.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever, as a founding member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), responded by publicising its plan to obtain all of its palm oil from sources that are certified as sustainable by 2015. It claims to have met this goal in 2012 and is encouraging the rest of the industry to become 100% sustainable by 2020.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In Côte d'Ivoire, one of Unilever's palm oil suppliers was accused of clearing forest for plantations, an activity that threatened a primate species, Miss Waldron's red colobus. Unilever intervened to halt the clearances pending the results of an environmental assessment.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: According to an Amnesty International report published in 2016, Unilever's palm oil supplier Wilmar International profited from child labour and forced labour. Some workers were extorted, threatened or not paid for work. Some workers suffered severe injuries from banned chemicals. In 2016 Singapore-based Wilmar International was the world's biggest palm oil grower.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2019, Unilever was cited by BreakFreeFromPlastic as one of the top ten global plastic polluters. Graham Forbes, Global Plastics Project Leader at Greenpeace, said Unilever's plans to tackle this were the most ambitious he'd seen from a massive conglomerate. He also said that Unilever should commit to more.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Nevertheless, in 2019, Unilever announced that it plans to halve its non-recycled plastic packaging by 2025. In 2020, Unilever joined 13 EU member states and more than 60 companies to sign a pact to use recycled plastic for all plastic packaging and single-use plastic products by 2025.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Unilever certifies its tea products by the Rainforest Alliance scheme. The company has stated that at least 50% of the tea in its products originates from certified farms, compared to the Alliance's 30% minimum entry point. Unilever decided on the scheme over Fairtrade, because according to the company's analysis, Fairtrade might "lack the scale and the organizational flexibility to certify industrial tea estates".

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: The Rainforest Alliance certification scheme has been criticised for not offering producers minimum or guaranteed price, therefore, leaving them vulnerable to market price variations. The alternative certificate, Fairtrade, has received similar criticism. The Rainforest Alliance certification has furthermore been criticised for allowing the use of the seal on products that contain only a minimum of 30% of certified content, which according to some endangers the integrity of the certification.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Two class actions were filed in Israel, one for a sum of 1.2 million NIS (~$329K USD) against Unilever for hiding the contamination and misleading the public, and another for a sum of 76 million NIS (~$23m USD) against Unilever after a 15-year-old teen had been hospitalised for Salmonellosis after allegedly contracting it from Unilever products.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: On 31 August 2016, Unilever stated that the Tehina products produced by RJM had been contaminated by salmonella.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In April 2011, Unilever was fined €104 million by the European Commission for establishing a price-fixing cartel for washing powder in Europe, along with Procter & Gamble and Henkel.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2016, Unilever and Procter & Gamble were both fined by Autorité de la concurrence in France in 2016 for price-fixing on personal hygiene products.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: Kinita Shenoy, an editor of the Sri Lanka edition of "Cosmopolitan", refused to promote skin whiteners for a brand of Unilever. Unilever put pressure on Shenoy and asked "Cosmopolitan" to fire her.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Unilever

Context: In 2019, security forces hired by Unilever attacked workers that were peacefully picketing at a Unilever facility in Durban in South Africa. Workers were shot at with rubber bullets, pepper spray and paint balls while attempting to walk to their cars parked on the premises. 4 workers were seriously injured.

Question: اين يقع مقر شركة يونيليفر؟


Al-Buraq Mosque

Context: Temple Mount traditionalists identify Barclay's Gate with the Kiponus Gate, mentioned as the western gate of the outer court in the Mishnah (Middot 3:1). They also suppose that the Kiponus Gate was named after Coponius (AD 6-9), a Roman procurator, thus one of the four gates described by Josephus.

Question: ما هو البراق ؟


America's Got Talent

Context: The show itself has been a rating success for NBC, drawing in on average around 10 million viewers per season. In 2013, a book titled "Inside AGT: The Untold Stories of America's Got Talent" was released, providing a description of the seasons, contestants, judges and production techniques of the show. It includes detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons, up to the date of the book's publication.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: Since July 2021, the program has run for a total of sixteen seasons, and has spawned two spin-off competitions: ', which premiered in January 2019, and ', which premiered in February 2022. The seventeenth season of the main series premiered in May 2022.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: Each year's competition begins with a set of audition stages, the first being the "Producers' Auditions", is conducted across various cities in the United States. This stage is open to all forms of acts and judged by an independent group, and thus determines who will take part in the next stage of auditions titled "Judges' Auditions". These are held in a public venue, within select cities across the country, and are attended by the judges handling that year's contest.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: From the fifth to seventh seasons, acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows" part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 (2008–2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: In 2015, guest judges were introduced into the program as part of the revamp of the format's boot camp stage. The following lists the guest judges who appeared within the program for the "Judge Cuts", per season and in order of their appearance by week:

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: The sixth season aired between May 31 and September 14, 2011, with no major changes to the format for this year. Auditions were held between January to April within Los Angeles, New York, Atlanta, Houston, Minneapolis, Seattle, Denver and Chicago. Online auditions made via YouTube were conducted on May 4. This season was won by singer Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., with dance group Silhouettes coming in second, and dance group Team iLuminate placing third.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: The seventh season aired between May 14 and September 13, 2012, with auditions held between October 2011 and February 2012. These were conducted within the cities of New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis and San Francisco. Prior to filming taking place, Morgan departed from "America's Got Talent" after the conclusion of the sixth season (despite signing a three-year contract with the program in July 2010), due to other commitments he had at that time.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: Several changes were made to the program for this season. The most significant was the introduction of the "Golden Buzzer" format, first introduced on "Germany's Got Talent" in 2012, which had also been introduced into "Britain's Got Talent" earlier that year. However, it was used mainly to save an act from elimination in the auditions, and wouldn't match the format used across the "Got Talent" franchise until the following year.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: This season was won by ventriloquist Paul Zerdin, with comedian Drew Lynch coming in second, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman placing third.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: The guest judges who featured in the Judge Cuts for the eleventh season consisted of Ne-Yo, Reba McEntire, George Lopez and Louis Tomlinson. This season was won by singer-songwriter and musician Grace VanderWaal, with magician mentalist duo The Clairvoyants coming in second, and magician Jon Dorenbos placing third.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: The guest judges who featured in the Judge Cuts for the twelfth season consisted of Chris Hardwick, DJ Khaled, Laverne Cox and Seal. This season was won by singer ventriloquist Darci Lynne, with singer Angelica Hale coming in second, and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance placing third.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: Along with the guest judges for the fourteenth season's Judge Cuts were Brad Paisley, Dwyane Wade, Ellie Kemper and Jay Leno. This season is notable for two additional guest judges being added for the live semi-finals: Sean Hayes and Queen Latifah. This season was won by singer and pianist Kodi Lee, with choir group Detroit Youth Choir coming in second, and stand-up comedian Ryan Niemiller placing third.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: Prior to the first quarter-final, Cowell was seriously injured in an accident and absent from the remainder of the season. Guest judges appeared for two of the quarter-finals, before opting to maintain the use of three judges for the remainder of the episodes. The season was won by spoken word poet Brandon Leake, with country duo Broken Roots coming in second, and singer Cristina Rae placing third.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: A sixteenth season was announced in late February 2021 by NBC, confirming both the host and its judges, including the return of Cowell. Production began after auditions were opened up with participants asked to provide these for judgment, either virtually or via recorded video. On March 9, 2021, it was announced that the season would premiere on June 1. This season was won by magician Dustin Tavella, with aerialist Aidan Bryant coming in second, and stand-up comedian Josh Blue placing third.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: The seventeenth season was announced on March 31, 2022, with the same judging panel and host from the previous two seasons set to return. The season premiered on May 31, 2022.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: The spin-off premiered in January 2019, and as of February 2020, has aired two seasons. "AGT" season 13 winner Shin Lim, and "AGT" season 14 finalists V.Unbeatable, won their respective season's contest.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: On May 14, 2021, NBC announced its second spin-off of the main "AGT" show, with a focus on daredevil acts. "Got Talent" creator Cowell serves as an executive producer and judge for the series. Originally planned for a mid-season summer 2021 debut, filming for the series occurred at the Atlanta Motor Speedway between September 27 and October 20, 2021, and wrapped in early January 2022.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: On October 1, 2021, main series host Terry Crews was announced to continue the role in the spin-off, with former WWE wrestler Nikki Bella and motorsports competitor Travis Pastrana to join Cowell as judges. The series premiered on February 21, 2022.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers (generally averaging around 12 million viewers). The show has also ranked high in the 18–49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: Although the show's ratings have been high, the network typically keeps the show's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September, with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years. Finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most-watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18–49, both having a 4.6 rating.

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


America's Got Talent

Context: Broadcasts of the program were made available for distribution to other networks on the international television market, and include the following:

Question: متى تم اطلاق برنامج المواهب الأمريكي American got talent لأول مرة؟


History of Shia Islam

Context: Shia Islam and Sunnism split in the aftermath of the death of Muhammad based on the politics of the early caliphs. Due to the Shi'a belief that Ali should have been the first caliph, the three caliphs that preceded him, Abu Bakr, Umar, and Usman, were considered illegitimate usurpers. Because of this, any hadith that were narrated by these three caliphs (or any of their supporters) were not accepted by Shi'a hadith collectors.

Question: متى تأسس المذهب الشيعي ؟


Football in Chile

Context: Football is the most popular sport in Chile. The country's history of association football began with English sailors and their boat trips due to various commercial links between Chile and Great Britain in the 19th century.

Question: كم عدد مرات فوز التشيلي ببطولة كوبا أميركا لكرة القدم؟


Football in Chile

Context: Football was first brought to Chile by the English that exhibited the sport during visits to the commercial ports such as in Valparaiso. Chileans living in the area would watch how the sport was being played. In 1880 Chilean aristocratic families incorporated the sport into their regular rituals which brought the first games in Chilean football. This occurred within the confines of the British school called "Mackay y Sutherland de Cerro Alegre" in Valparaiso.

Question: كم عدد مرات فوز التشيلي ببطولة كوبا أميركا لكرة القدم؟


Football in Chile

Context: Chile's oldest club was founded in the port of Valparaiso, and it was named Valparaiso Football Club. The governing body of Chilean football Federación de Fútbol de Chile was established in 1895. Chile was one of the founding members of CONMEBOL which launched the first South American international championship now known as the Copa America.

Question: كم عدد مرات فوز التشيلي ببطولة كوبا أميركا لكرة القدم؟


Football in Chile

Context: Chile is also one of the only one of two national teams in South America to have reached the final of any major FIFA men's senior competitions other than Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, having finished runners-up in 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, the other being Venezuela after reaching the final of 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup held earlier.

Question: كم عدد مرات فوز التشيلي ببطولة كوبا أميركا لكرة القدم؟


Football in Chile

Context: Currently, Chilean football remains a strong force in Latin America. Colo-Colo has been the only Chilean club to win a Copa Libertadores championship: the 1991 Copa Libertadores. Also won the Copa Interamericana 1991 and the 1992 Recopa Sudamericana. Other clubs such as Cobreloa, Unión Española and Universidad Católica have played finals finishing in 2nd place. And Universidad de Chile has been the only Chilean club to win a Copa Sudamericana championship.

Question: كم عدد مرات فوز التشيلي ببطولة كوبا أميركا لكرة القدم؟


Football in Chile

Context: On women's football, Chile even earns a greater reputation. Colo-Colo was the first non-Brazilian champion in Copa Libertadores Femenina, having done so in 2012 edition, and has since remained a strong force of women's football in South America.

Question: كم عدد مرات فوز التشيلي ببطولة كوبا أميركا لكرة القدم؟