Federal Reserve

Context: The board of governors in the Federal Reserve System has a number of supervisory and regulatory responsibilities in the U.S. banking system, but not complete responsibility. A general description of the types of regulation and supervision involved in the U.S. banking system is given by the Federal Reserve:

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The board of directors of each Federal Reserve Bank District also has regulatory and supervisory responsibilities. If the board of directors of a district bank has judged that a member bank is performing or behaving poorly, it will report this to the board of governors. This policy is described in United States Code:

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: In the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980, Congress reaffirmed that the Federal Reserve should promote an efficient nationwide payments system. The act subjects all depository institutions, not just member commercial banks, to reserve requirements and grants them equal access to Reserve Bank payment services.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The seven-member board of governors is a large federal agency that functions in business oversight by examining national banks. It is charged with the overseeing of the 12 District Reserve Banks and setting national monetary policy. It also supervises and regulates the U.S. banking system in general.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The chair and vice chair of the board of governors are appointed by the president from among the sitting governors. They both serve a four-year term and they can be renominated as many times as the president chooses, until their terms on the board of governors expire.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: In late December 2011, President Barack Obama nominated Jeremy C. Stein, a Harvard University finance professor and a Democrat, and Jerome Powell, formerly of Dillon Read, Bankers Trust and The Carlyle Group and a Republican. Both candidates also have Treasury Department experience in the Obama and George H. W. Bush administrations respectively.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: In April 2014, Stein announced he was leaving to return to Harvard May 28 with four years remaining on his term. At the time of the announcement, the FOMC "already is down three members as it awaits the Senate confirmation of ... Fischer and Lael Brainard, and as [President] Obama has yet to name a replacement for ... Duke. ... Powell is still serving as he awaits his confirmation for a second term."

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Allan R. Landon, former president and CEO of the Bank of Hawaii, was nominated in early 2015 by President Obama to the board.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: In July 2015, President Obama nominated University of Michigan economist Kathryn M. Dominguez to fill the second vacancy on the board. The Senate had not yet acted on Landon's confirmation by the time of the second nomination.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Daniel Tarullo submitted his resignation from the board on February 10, 2017, effective on or around April 5, 2017.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The Federal Advisory Council, composed of twelve representatives of the banking industry, advises the board on all matters within its jurisdiction.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: There are 12 Federal Reserve Banks, each of which is responsible for member banks located in its district. They are located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco. The size of each district was set based upon the population distribution of the United States when the Federal Reserve Act was passed.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The charter and organization of each Federal Reserve Bank is established by law and cannot be altered by the member banks. Member banks do, however, elect six of the nine members of the Federal Reserve Banks' boards of directors.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Each regional Bank has a president, who is the chief executive officer of their Bank. Each regional Reserve Bank's president is nominated by their Bank's board of directors, but the nomination is contingent upon approval by the board of governors. Presidents serve five-year terms and may be reappointed.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the various commercial (member) banks, political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written:

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: A member bank is a private institution and owns stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank. All nationally chartered banks hold stock in one of the Federal Reserve Banks. State chartered banks may choose to be members (and hold stock in their regional Federal Reserve bank) upon meeting certain standards.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: November 7, 2008, Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Bloomberg, L.P. won at the trial court and the Fed's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court. The data was released on March 31, 2011.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Effects on the quantity of reserves that banks used to make loans influence the economy. Policy actions that add reserves to the banking system encourage lending at lower interest rates thus stimulating growth in money, credit, and the economy. Policy actions that absorb reserves work in the opposite direction. The Fed's task is to supply enough reserves to support an adequate amount of money and credit, avoiding the excesses that result in inflation and the shortages that stifle economic growth.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: There are three main tools of monetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to influence the amount of reserves in private banks:

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Both the discount rate and the federal funds rate influence the prime rate, which is usually about 3 percentage points higher than the federal funds rate.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: As a response to the financial crisis of 2008, the Federal Reserve now makes interest payments on depository institutions' required and excess reserve balances. The payment of interest on excess reserves gives the central bank greater opportunity to address credit market conditions while maintaining the federal funds rate close to the target rate set by the FOMC.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: As of March 2020, the reserve ratio is zero for all banks, which means that no bank is required to hold any reserves, and hence the reserve requirement effectively does not exist. The reserve requirement did not play a significant role in the post-2008 interest-on-excess-reserves regime.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Some measures taken by the Federal Reserve to address this mortgage crisis have not been used since the Great Depression. The Federal Reserve gives a brief summary of these new facilities:

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally. This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: , the Federal Reserve banks will pay interest on reserve balances (required and excess) held by depository institutions. The rate is set at the lowest federal funds rate during the reserve maintenance period of an institution, less 75bp. , the Fed has lowered the spread to a mere 35 bp.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (ABCPMMMFLF) was also called the AMLF. The Facility began operations on September 22, 2008, and was closed on February 1, 2010.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: All U.S. depository institutions, bank holding companies (parent companies or U.S. broker-dealer affiliates), or U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks were eligible to borrow under this facility pursuant to the discretion of the FRBB.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: A little-used tool of the Federal Reserve is the quantitative easing policy. Under that policy, the Federal Reserve buys back corporate bonds and mortgage backed securities held by banks or other financial institutions. This in effect puts money back into the financial institutions and allows them to make loans and conduct normal business.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The bursting of the United States housing bubble prompted the Fed to buy mortgage-backed securities for the first time in November 2008. Over six weeks, a total of $1.25 trillion were purchased in order to stabilize the housing market, about one-fifth of all U.S. government-backed mortgages.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The first U.S. institution with central banking responsibilities was the First Bank of the United States, chartered by Congress and signed into law by President George Washington on February 25, 1791, at the urging of Alexander Hamilton. This was done despite strong opposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, among numerous others. The charter was for twenty years and expired in 1811 under President Madison, when Congress refused to renew it.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: In 1816, however, Madison revived it in the form of the Second Bank of the United States. Years later, early renewal of the bank's charter became the primary issue in the reelection of President Andrew Jackson. After Jackson, who was opposed to the central bank, was reelected, he pulled the government's funds out of the bank. Jackson was the only President to completely pay off the national debt. The bank's charter was not renewed in 1836.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The head of the bipartisan National Monetary Commission was financial expert and Senate Republican leader Nelson Aldrich. Aldrich set up two commissions – one to study the American monetary system in depth and the other, headed by Aldrich himself, to study the European central banking systems and report on them.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The Federal Reserve records and publishes large amounts of data. A few websites where data is published are at the board of governors' Economic Data and Research page, the board of governors' statistical releases and historical data page, and at the St. Louis Fed's FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data) page. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) examines many economic indicators prior to determining monetary policy.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Some criticism involves economic data compiled by the Fed. The Fed sponsors much of the monetary economics research in the U.S., and Lawrence H. White objects that this makes it less likely for researchers to publish findings challenging the status quo.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The net worth of households and nonprofit organizations in the United States is published by the Federal Reserve in a report titled "Flow of Funds". At the end of the third quarter of fiscal year 2012, this value was $64.8 trillion. At the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2014, this value was $95.5 trillion.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The most common measures are named M0 (narrowest), M1, M2, and M3. In the United States they are defined by the Federal Reserve as follows:

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The Federal Reserve stopped publishing M3 statistics in March 2006, saying that the data cost a lot to collect but did not provide significantly useful information. The other three money supply measures continue to be provided in detail.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: One of the Fed's main roles is to maintain price stability, which means that the Fed's ability to keep a low inflation rate is a long-term measure of their success. Although the Fed is not required to maintain inflation within a specific range, their long run target for the growth of the PCE price index is between 1.5 and 2 percent. There has been debate among policy makers as to whether the Federal Reserve should have a specific inflation targeting policy.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: Most mainstream economists favor a low, steady rate of inflation. Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: One of the stated goals of monetary policy is maximum employment. The unemployment rate statistics are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and like the PCE price index are used as a barometer of the nation's economic health.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: The Federal Reserve releases its balance sheet every Thursday. Below is the balance sheet (in billions of dollars):

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Federal Reserve

Context: In addition, the balance sheet also indicates which assets are held as collateral against Federal Reserve Notes.

Question: متى تاسس البنك الفيدرالي الامريكي؟


Divorce

Context: Divorce is different from annulment, which declares the marriage null and void, with legal separation or "de jure" separation (a legal process by which a married couple may formalize a "de facto" separation while remaining legally married) or with "de facto separation" (a process where the spouses informally stop cohabiting). Reasons for divorce vary, from sexual incompatibility or lack of independence for one or both spouses to a personality clash to infidelity.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Though divorce laws vary between jurisdictions, there are two basic approaches to divorce: fault based and no-fault based. However, even in some jurisdictions that do not require a party to claim fault of their partner, a court may still take into account the behavior of the parties when dividing property, debts, evaluating custody, shared care arrangements and support. In some jurisdictions, one spouse may be forced to pay the attorney's fees of another spouse.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Laws vary as to the waiting period before a divorce is effective. Also, residency requirements vary. However, issues of division of property are typically determined by the law of the jurisdiction in which the property is located.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: The liberalization of divorce laws is not without opposition, particularly in the United States. Indeed, in the US, certain conservative and religious organizations are lobbying for laws which restrict divorce. In 2011, in the US, the Coalition for Divorce Reform was established, describing itself as an organization "dedicated to supporting efforts to reduce unnecessary divorce and promote healthy marriages."

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: The magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church founds the concept of marriage on natural moral law, elaborated by St. Thomas Aquinas, supplemented by the revealed Divine law. The doctrine of the Doctor Angelicus has been partially shared by the Eastern Orthodox Church in the course of history.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In some jurisdictions, the courts will seldom apply principles of fault, but might willingly hold a party liable for a breach of a fiduciary duty to his or her spouse (for example, see Family Code Sections 720 and 1100 of the California Family Code). Grounds for divorce differs from state to state in the U.S. Some states have no-fault divorce; some states require a declaration of fault on the part of one partner or both; some states allow either method.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In some other countries, when the spouses agree to divorce and to the terms of the divorce, it can be certified by a non-judiciary administrative entity. The effect of a divorce is that both parties are free to marry again if a filing in an appellate court does not overturn the decision.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Before the late 1960s, nearly all countries that permitted divorce required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible with the marriage. This was termed "grounds" for divorce (popularly called "fault") and was the only way to terminate a marriage. In the United States, no-fault divorce is available in all 50 states, as is the case with Australia, New Zealand, Canada and other Western countries.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: A summary (or simple) divorce, available in some jurisdictions, is used when spouses meet certain eligibility requirements or can agree on key issues beforehand.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Where the issues are not complex and the parties are cooperative, a settlement often can be directly negotiated between them. In the majority of cases, forms are acquired from their respective state websites and a filing fee is paid to the state. Most U.S. states charge between $175 and $350 for a simple divorce filing. Collaborative divorce and mediated divorce are considered uncontested divorces.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In the United States, many state court systems are experiencing an increasing proportion of "pro se" ("i.e.," litigants represent themselves without a lawyer) in divorce cases. In San Diego, for example, the number of divorce filings involving at least one self-representing litigant rose from 46% in 1992 to 77% in 2000, and in Florida from 66% in 1999 to 73% in 2001. Urban courts in California report that approximately 80% of the new divorce filings are filed "pro se."

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Once the collaborative divorce starts, the lawyers are disqualified from representing the parties in a contested legal proceeding, should the collaborative law process end prematurely. Most attorneys who practise collaborative divorce claim that it can be more cost-effective than other divorce methods, "e.g.," going to court.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Portugal, for example, allows two persons to file an electronic request for no-fault collaborative divorce in a non judiciary administrative entity. In specific cases, with no children, real property, alimony, or common address, can be completed within one hour.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: An annual study in the UK by management consultants Grant Thornton, estimates the main proximal causes of divorce based on surveys of matrimonial lawyers.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Social scientists study the causes of divorce in terms of underlying factors that may possibly motivate divorce. One of these factors is the age at which a person gets married; delaying marriage may provide more opportunity or experience in choosing a compatible partner. Wage, income, and sex ratios are other such underlying factors that have been included in analyses by sociologists and economists.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Recent studies show that the cohabitation effect on divorce varies across different cultures and periods. Another article published in "Journal of Marriage and Family" found that when cohabitation was uncommon in pre-reform China, premarital cohabitation increased the likelihood of subsequent divorce, but this association disappeared when cohabitation became prevalent.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Some of the effects associated with divorce include academic, behavioral, and psychological problems. Although this may not always be true, studies suggest that children from divorced families are more likely to exhibit such behavioral issues than non-divorced families.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Studies have also shown that parental skills decrease after a divorce occurs; however, this effect is only a temporary change. "Many researchers have shown that a disequilibrium, including diminished parenting skills, occurs in the year following the divorce but that by two years after the divorce re-stabilization has occurred and parenting skills have improved."

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Some couples choose divorce even when one spouse's desire to remain married is greater than the other spouse's desire to obtain a divorce. In economics, this is known as the Zelder Paradox and is more familiar with marriages that have produced children and less common with childless couples.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Research has also found that recent divorcees report significantly higher hostility levels after the divorce than before, and that this effect applies equally to both male and female divorcees.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Divorce is associated with diminished psychological well-being in children and adult offspring of divorced parents, including greater unhappiness, less satisfaction with life, weaker sense of personal control, anxiety, depression, and greater use of mental health services. A preponderance of evidence indicates that there is a causal effect between divorce and these outcomes.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: A study in Sweden led by the Centre for Health Equity Studies (Chess) at Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, is published in the "Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health" found that children living with just one parent after divorce suffer from more problems such as headaches, stomach aches, feelings of tension and sadness than those whose parents share custody.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Children involved in high-conflict divorce or custody cases can experience varying forms of psychological distress due to conflict between their parents. Legal professionals recognize that alienating behaviors are common in child custody cases, but are cautious about accepting the concept of parental alienation.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Research shows that children can be affected 2–4 years before the separation or divorce even occurs. This can be due to parental conflict and anticipation of a divorce, and decreased parental contact. Many couples believe that by separating, or becoming legally divorced that they are helping their children, and in situations of extreme parental conflict or abuse it most likely will be beneficial.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Girls and boys deal with divorce differently. For instance, girls who initially show signs of adapting well, later suffer from anxiety in romantic relationships with men. Studies also showed that girls who were separated from their fathers at a younger age tended to be angrier toward the situation as they aged. Anger and sadness were also observed as common feelings in adolescents who had experienced parental divorce.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Frequently, children who have experienced a divorce have lower academic achievement than children from non-divorced families

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In a review of family and school factors related to adolescents' academic performance, it noted that a child from a divorced family is two times more likely to drop out of high school than a child from a non-divorced family. These children from divorced families may also be less likely to attend college, resulting in the discontinuation of their academic career.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Many times academic problems are associated with those children from single-parent families. Studies have shown that this issue may be directly related to the economical influence of divorce. A divorce may result in the parent and children moving to an area with a higher poverty rate and a poor education system all due to the financial struggles of a single parent.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Children of divorced parents also achieve lower levels of socioeconomic status, income, and wealth accumulation than children of continuously married parents. These outcomes are associated with lower educational achievement.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Young men or women between the ages of 7 and 16 who had experienced the divorce of their parents were more likely than youths who had not experienced the divorce of their parents to leave home because of friction, to cohabit before marriage, and to parent a child before marriage.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Divorce often leads to worsened academic achievement in children ages 7–12, the most heightened negative effect being reading test scores. These negative effects tend to persist, and even escalate after the divorce or separation occurs.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Children of divorced or separated parents exhibit increased behavioral problems and the marital conflict that accompanies parents' divorce places the child's social competence at risk.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In the United States of America, since the mid-1990s, the divorce rate has increased to over 50% among baby boomers. More and more seniors are staying single; an analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University predicted that divorce numbers would continue to rise. Baby boomers who remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty than those who are married. They are also three times as likely to receive food stamps, public assistance or disability payments.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Americans who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, especially, are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone, in addition to changing perceptions of being divorced or single. This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In Japan, divorces were on an upward trend from the 1960s until 2002 when they hit a peak of 290,000 divorces. While divorce rates have increased since the 1900s, they have also slightly declined since 2002. In fact, in 2020 there were approximately 193,300 divorces. This is a significant decrease from the prior year, 2019, which recorded 208,489 divorces.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: India has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world with around 1% of marriages ending in divorces. That being said, a lot of individuals split without choosing to go through the process of divorce. In fact, a large number of marriages are not registered and thus, a dissolution in such partnership would not be shown in the divorce statistics. Additionally, divorce is still stigmatized and seen as taboo amongst many families in India.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Due to the existence of diverse religious faiths in India, the Indian Judiciary has implemented laws separately for couples belonging to different religious beliefs. Mutual consent divorce procedure is relatively easier and fast while contested divorce procedure takes longer and depends on the religions of the couples.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Taiwan's divorce rate in 2020 stood at 2.19 divorces per 1,000 residents. This is the lowest recorded divorce rate in the past 10 years. Many divorces in Taiwan are not done in court if there is a mutual agreement. If one of the parties does not consent to the divorce, then the other spouse may file for divorce under a valid reason of bigamy, infidelity, ill treatment or desertion. Before 2020, adultery in Taiwan was considered a crime and punishable by law.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: China currently holds one of the highest divorce rates in the Asia Pacific region. Compared to 2000, China's divorce rates have gone up substantially from a 0.96 crude divorce rate to 3.09 rate in 2020. While China's divorce rate has been increasing since 2000, the highest recorded crude divorce rate in the past 20 years was in 2019 with 3.36 divorces. However, since 2019, China's recorded divorce rate has gone down.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: China has no-fault divorce which was implemented through the New Marriage Law in 1950. This allows individuals to divorce without showing any evidence of wrongdoing. China is one of the only Asian countries which permits no-fault divorce.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: The crude divorce rate in South Korea in 2020 was 2.1. Compared to prior years, the number of divorces recorded depicts that there are less filed divorces each year. Both the number of marriages and divorces decreased from 2019 by 10.7% and 3.9% respectively.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: The highest proportion of divorces in 2020 was amongst those who have been married for 20 years or more followed by those who have been married for four years or less. Such findings may suggest that divorce has become more socially accepted in South Korea and the stigma behind separating has lessened.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Singapore has a crude divorce rate of 1.7 divorce per 1,000 residents. Singapore has seen a decrease in divorce rates compared to previous years. In fact, 2020 marks the lowest number of divorces recorded. In 2020, there were 6,700 divorces compared to 2015 - 2019 which recorded an average number of 7,536 marital dissolutions. Additionally, most divorces were initiated by women.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Singapore requires you to be married for three years before filing for divorce. That being said, if one has suffered exceptional hardship, they are eligible to file for divorce before the three years. Additionally, to get a divorce, there must be proof of an “irretrievable breakdown” of one of the four factors which include adultery, unreasonable behaviour, desertion and separation.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In 2020 there were around 291,000 divorces recorded in Indonesia. These numbers are lower than the previous year - reportedly due to the pandemic and a longer process of the dissolution process. Divorces are settled in religious courts, if they are Muslim, or through ‘talaq’ where a married man can pronounce divorce to his wife. There are six grounds of divorce, with an additional two for Moslem marriages, which include:

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Divorce has increased across Europe in the past decade - the rate varies between European countries. One study estimated that legal reforms accounted for about 20% increase of the divorce rates in Europe between 1960 and 2002. In 2019, Luxembourg had the highest divorce rate per 100 marriages followed by Portugal, Finland, and Spain. Countries in Europe with some of the lowest number of divorces per 100 marriages are Ireland and Malta.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: On average, for every three new marriages in Serbia, one divorce occurs. In 2019, 35,570 marriages were concluded in Serbia, 10,899 marriages were divorced, and the number of divorces per 1,000 inhabitants was 1.6%.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In 2015, the highest divorces rates in the UK were recorded all beside the sea, with Blackpool in the top position. The UK divorce rate is estimated at 42% and in 2019, around 107,599 divorces were reported. The highest number of divorce applications are reportedly made on Divorce Day, which is always the first Monday of the new year.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: The crude divorce rate in 2022 in the United States is 2.3 divorces. This is significantly lower than prior years, such as those in 2001 where 4.1 divorces were recorded.  These recent findings suggest a downward trend of the number of people dissolving their marriage. However, divorce rates range from state to state. It's important to look back on why prior years had such a high divorce rate amongst Americans.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In 2000, the divorce rate reached its peak at 40% but has since slowly declined. In 2001, marriages between people of different faiths were three times more likely to get divorced than those of the same faith. In fact, in a 1993 study, members of two mainline Protestant religions had a 20% chance of being divorced in 5 years; a 33% for a Catholic and Evangelical, and a 40% chance for a Jew and a Christian.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Another study looking at population differences found that a 1% increase in the unemployment rate correlated with a 1% decrease in the divorce rate. This was found to be presumably true for individuals who were financially challenged when trying to afford the legal proceedings. Nevertheless, another study from 1900 to 2008 found that there was a significant increase in the risk of divorce following a layoff and being unemployed.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: The crude divorce rate in Australia in 2020 was 1.9 divorces. This rate has remained somewhat consistent throughout the past few years and is the same as the previous year. However, as divorces are granted after 12 months of separation, splits during COVID may not be reflected in the current divorce rate. The divorce rate has decreased substantially over the past 20 years with 2.6 divorces recorded in 2000. In order to apply for divorce, one must be separated for at least 12 months.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: All U.S. states permit same-sex marriage. For same-sex couples in the United States, divorce law is in its infancy.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Upon dissolution of a same-sex marriage, legal questions remain as to the rights of spouses to custody of the biological children of their spouses. Unresolved legal questions abound in this area.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Child custody policies include several guidelines that determine with whom the child lives following divorce, how time is divided in joint custody situations, and visitation rights. The most frequently applied custody guideline is the "best interests of the child" standard, which takes into account the parents' preferences, the child's preferences, the interactions between parents and children, children's adjustment, and all family members' mental and physical health.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Islam allows, yet generally advises against divorce, and it can be initiated by either the husband or the wife.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Christian views on divorce vary: Catholic teaching allows only annulment, while most other denominations discourage it except in the event of adultery. For example, the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection, in its 2014 Discipline, teaches:

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Jewish views of divorce differ, with Reform Judaism considering civil divorces adequate; Conservative and Orthodox Judaism, on the other hand, require that the husband grant his wife a divorce in the form of a "get".

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: According to a study published in the American Law and Economics Review, women have filed slightly more than two-thirds of divorce cases in the United States. This trend is mirrored in the UK where a recent study into web search behavior found that 70% of divorce inquiries were from women. These findings also correlate with the Office for National Statistics publication "Divorces in England and Wales 2012 which reported that divorce petitions from women outnumber those from men by 2 to 1.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Regarding divorce settlements, according to the 2004 Grant Thornton survey in the UK, women obtained a better or considerably better settlement than men in 60% of cases. In 30% of cases the assets were split 50–50, and in only 10% of cases did men achieve better settlements (down from 24% the previous year). The report concluded that the percentage of shared residence orders would need to increase in order for more equitable financial divisions to become the norm.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: The ancient Athenians liberally allowed divorce, but the person requesting divorce had to submit the request to a magistrate, and the magistrate could determine whether the reasons given were sufficient.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Divorce was rare in early Roman culture but as their empire grew in power and authority Roman civil law embraced the maxim, "" ("marriages ought to be free"), and either husband or wife could renounce the marriage at will. The Christian emperors Constantine and Theodosius restricted the grounds for divorce to grave cause, but this was relaxed by Justinian in the 6th century.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: After the fall of the Roman Empire, familial life was regulated more by ecclesiastical authority than civil authority. The Catholic and Orthodox Church had, among others, a differing view of divorce.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: The Orthodox Church recognized that there are rare occasions when it is better that couples do separate. For the Orthodox, to say that marriage is indissoluble means that it should not be broken, the violation of such a union, perceived as holy, being an offense resulting from either adultery or the prolonged absence of one of the partners. Thus, permitting remarriage is an act of compassion of the Church towards sinful man.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Under the influence of the Catholic Church, the divorce rate had been greatly reduced by the 9th or 10th century, which considered marriage a sacrament instituted by Jesus Christ and indissoluble by mere human action.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: After the Reformation, marriage came to be considered a contract in the newly Protestant regions of Europe, and on that basis, civil authorities gradually asserted their power to decree a "divortium a vinculo matrimonii", or "divorce from all the bonds of marriage".

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Divorce rates increased markedly during the 20th century in developed countries, as social attitudes towards family and sex changed dramatically. Divorce has become commonplace in some countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, New Zealand, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In the Edo Period (1603–1868), husbands could divorce their wives by writing letters of divorce. Frequently, their relatives or marriage arrangers kept these letters and tried to restore the marriages. Wives could not divorce their husbands. Some wives were able to gain sanctuary in certain Shinto "divorce temples". After a wife had spent three years in a temple, her husband was required to divorce her. In 19th century Japan, at least one in eight marriages ended in divorce.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: There are four types of divorce in Japan: divorce by agreement in which the divorce is mutual; divorce by mediation, which happens in family court; divorce by decision of family court that takes place when a couple cannot complete a divorce through mediation; and divorce by judgment of a district court.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: In the first major family law reform in the last decade, the Supreme Court of India banned the Islamic practice of "Triple Talaq" (divorce by uttering of the "Talaq" word thrice by the husband). The landmark Supreme Court of India judgment was welcomed by women activists across India.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Official figures of divorce rates are not available, but it has been estimated that 1 in 100 or another figure of 11 in 1,000 marriages in India end up in divorce.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Various communities are governed by specific marital legislation, distinct to Hindu Marriage Act, and consequently have their own divorce laws:

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Divorce as a means of terminating marriage is illegal for all Filipinos except Filipino Muslims. There is only civil annulment after a lengthy legal separation. The process is costly and long, and there are many legally married couples in extramarital relations, even without a divorce law.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines, known as Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1083, Title II- Marriage and Divorce, Chapter 3-Divorce allows for divorce recognized by the state. There are two sharia courts in the Philippine judicial system that hear these cases.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: On July 27, 2010, Gabriela Women's Party filed in Congress House Bill No 1799, or the Divorce Bill of the Philippines, as one of many attempts to introduce pro-divorce legislation. Senator Pia Cayetano has filed a separate divorce bill in the Senate. During that time, the Philippines, along with Malta and the Vatican, are the three most conservative countries on the issue of divorce. The bill did not pass any level of legislation because of this.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


Divorce

Context: Divorce rates increase during times of hardship, war, and major events. Divorce rates increased after World War II because people were quick to marry each other before they went to war. When soldiers returned, they found out that they did not have much in common with their spouses, so they divorced.

Question: في حال الطلاق هل تحصل الزوجة على ممتلكات الزوج ؟


History of Greenland

Context: The history of Greenland is a history of life under extreme Arctic conditions: currently, an ice sheet covers about eighty percent of the island, restricting human activity largely to the coasts.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: After the Early Dorset culture disappeared by around AD 1, Greenland was apparently uninhabited until Late Dorset people settled on the Greenlandic side of the Nares strait around 700. The late Dorset culture in the north of Greenland lasted until about 1300. Meanwhile, the Norse arrived and settled in the southern part of the island in 980.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: In 1126 the Roman Catholic Church founded a diocese at Garðar (now Igaliku). It was subject to the Norwegian archdiocese of Nidaros (now Trondheim); at least five churches in Norse Greenland are known from archeological remains. In 1261 the population accepted the overlordship of the King of Norway, although it continued to have its own law. In 1380 the Norwegian kingdom entered into a personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: There are many theories as to why the Norse settlements in Greenland collapsed after surviving for some 450–500 years (985 to 1450–1500). Among the factors that have been suggested as contributing to the demise of the Greenland colony are:

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: The Norse never learned the Inuit techniques of kayak navigation or ring seal hunting. Archaeological evidence plainly establishes that by 1300 or so the Inuit had successfully expanded their winter settlements as close to the Europeans as the outer fjords of the Western Settlement. By 1350, the Norse had completely deserted their Western Settlement. The Inuit, being a hunting society, may have hunted the Norse livestock, forcing the Norse into conflict or abandonment of their settlements.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: In mild weather conditions, a ship could make the 900-mile (1400 kilometers) trip from Iceland to Eastern Settlement within a couple of weeks. Greenlanders had to keep in contact with Iceland and Norway in order to trade. Little is known about any distinctive shipbuilding techniques among the Greenlanders. Greenland lacks a supply of lumber, so was completely dependent on Icelandic merchants or, possibly, logging expeditions to the Canadian coast.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: One Inuit story recorded in the 18th century tells that raiding expeditions by European ships over the course of three years destroyed the settlement, after which many of the Norse sailed away south and the Inuit took in some of the remaining women and children before the final attack.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: The Late Dorset culture inhabited Greenland until the early fourteenth century. This culture was primarily located in the northwest of Greenland, far from the Norse who lived around the southern coasts. Archaeological evidence points to this culture predating the Norse or Thule settlements. In the region of this culture, there is archaeological evidence of gathering sites for around four to thirty families, living together for a short time during their movement cycle.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: The nature of the contacts between the Dorset and Norse cultures is not clear, but may have included trade elements. The level of contact is currently the subject of widespread debate, possibly including Norse trade with Thule or Dorsets in Canada.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: By 1911, the population was about 14,000, scattered along the southern shores. They were nearly all Christian, thanks to the missionary efforts of Moravians and especially Hans Egede (1686–1758), a Lutheran missionary called "the Apostle of Greenland." He founded Greenland's capital Godthåb, now known as Nuuk. His grandson Hans Egede Saabye (1746–1817) continued the missionary activities.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: After Norway regained full independence in 1905, it argued that Danish claims to Greenland were invalid since the island had been a Norwegian possession prior to 1815. In 1931, Norwegian meteorologist Hallvard Devold occupied uninhabited eastern Greenland, on his own initiative. After the fact, the occupation was supported by the Norwegian government, who claimed the area as Erik the Red's Land. Two years later, the Permanent Court of International Justice ruled in favor of Denmark.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


History of Greenland

Context: The United States upgraded the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System to a phased array radar. Opponents argue that the system presents a threat to the local population, as it would be targeted in the event of nuclear war.

Question: متى تم إكتشاف جرينلاند ؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: Clinical phases of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever's presentation are described below. Note that phases overlap due to variability between cases.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: Contrary to Ebola virus disease (EVD), which has been associated with heavy rains after long periods of dry weather, triggering factors for spillover of marburgviruses into the human population have not yet been described.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: Like all mononegaviruses, marburgvirions contain non-infectious, linear nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA genomes of negative polarity that possesses inverse-complementary 3' and 5' termini, do not possess a 5' cap, are not polyadenylated, and are not covalently linked to a protein. Marburgvirus genomes are approximately 19 kb long and contain seven genes in the order 3'-UTR-"NP"-"VP35"-"VP40"-"GP"-"VP30"-"VP24"-"L"-5'-UTR.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: The natural maintenance hosts of marburg viruses remain to be identified unequivocally. However, the isolation of both MARV and RAVV from bats and the association of several MVD outbreaks with bat-infested mines or caves strongly suggests that bats are involved in marburg virus transmission to humans. Avoidance of contact with bats and abstaining from visits to caves is highly recommended, but may not be possible for those working in mines or people dependent on bats as a food source.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: Marburgviruses are World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogens, requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment, laboratory researchers have to be properly trained in BSL-4 practices and wear proper personal protective equipment.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: Prognosis is generally poor. If a patient survives, recovery may be prompt and complete, or protracted with sequelae, such as orchitis, hepatitis, uveitis, parotitis, desquamation or alopecia. Importantly, MARV is known to be able to persist in some survivors and to either reactivate and cause a secondary bout of MVD or to be transmitted via sperm, causing secondary cases of infection and disease.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: Of the 252 people who contracted Marburg during the 2004–2005 outbreak of a particularly virulent serotype in Angola, 227 died, for a case fatality rate of 90%.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: Although all age groups are susceptible to infection, children are rarely infected. In the 1998–2000 Congo epidemic, only 8% of the cases were children less than 5 years old.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: In 1975, an Australian tourist became infected with MARV in Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe). He died in a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. His girlfriend and an attending nurse were subsequently infected with MVD, but survived.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: In 1987, a single lethal case of RAVV infection occurred in a 15-year-old Danish boy, who spent his vacation in Kisumu, Kenya. He had visited Kitum Cave on Mount Elgon prior to travelling to Mombasa, where he developed clinical signs of infection. The boy died after transfer to Nairobi Hospital. A popular science account of this case can be found in Richard Preston’s book "The Hot Zone" (the boy is referred to under the pseudonym “Peter Cardinal”).

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: Another laboratory accident occurred at the Scientific-Production Association "Vektor" (today the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vektor") in Koltsovo, USSR, when a scientist contracted MARV by unknown means.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


Marburg virus disease

Context: A major MVD outbreak occurred among illegal gold miners around Goroumbwa mine in Durba and Watsa, Democratic Republic of Congo from 1998 to 2000, when co-circulating MARV and RAVV caused 154 cases of MVD and 128 deaths. The outbreak ended with the flooding of the mine.

Question: ما ذا يصيب مرض فيروس ماربورغ في الجسم الإنسان؟


History of human rights

Context: The history of human rights has been complex. Many established rights for instance would be replaced by other systems which deviate from their original western design. Stable institutions may be uprooted such as in cases of conflict such as war and terrorism or a change in culture.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The Northeast African civilization of Ancient Egypt supported basic human rights. For example, Pharaoh Bocchoris (725–720 BC) promoted individual rights, suppressed imprisonment for debt, and reformed laws relating to the transferral of property.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: Many thinkers point to the concept of citizenship beginning in the early poleis of ancient Greece, where all free citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The Twelve Tables Law established the principle "Privilegia ne irroganto", which literally means "privileges shall not be imposed".

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: In ancient Rome an "ius gentium" or "jus gentium" was a right which a citizen was due simply by dint of his citizenship. The concept of a Roman "ius" is a precursor to a right as conceived in the Western European tradition. The word "justice" is derived from "ius". Human rights legislation in the Roman Empire included the introduction of the presumption of innocence by Emperor Antoninus Pius and the Edict of Milan by Emperor Constantine the Great establishing complete freedom of religion.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The coining of the phrase 'Human rights' can be attributed to Tertullian in his letter To Scapula wherein he wrote about the religious freedom in Roman Empire. He equated "fundamental human rights" as a "privilege of nature" in this letter.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: "Magna Carta" is an English charter originally issued in 1215 which influenced the development of the common law and many later constitutional documents related to human rights, such as the 1689 English Bill of Rights, the 1789 United States Constitution, and the 1791 United States Bill of Rights.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: "Magna Carta" was originally written because of disagreements between Pope Innocent III, King John and the English barons about the rights of the King. "Magna Carta" required the King to renounce certain rights, respect certain legal procedures and accept that his will could be bound by the law. It explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or fettered—most notably the writ of habeas corpus, allowing appeal against unlawful imprisonment.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: For modern times, the most enduring legacy of "Magna Carta" is considered the right of habeas corpus. This right arises from what are now known as clauses 36, 38, 39, and 40 of the 1215 "Magna Carta". "Magna Carta" also included the right to due process:

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The statute of Kalisz (1264), bestowed privileges to the Jewish minority in the Kingdom of Poland such as protection from discrimination and hate speech.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: At the Council of Constance (1414–1418), scholar and jurist Pawel Wlodkowic delivered an address from his "Tractatus de potestate papae et imperatoris respectu infidelium" ("Treatise on the Power of the Pope and the Emperor Respecting Infidels") in which he advocated the peaceful coexistence of Christians and pagans, making him a precursor of religious tolerance in Europe.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: In the 1700s, the novel became a popular form of entertainment. Popular novels, such as "Julie, or the New Heloise" by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and "Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded" by Samuel Richardson, laid a foundation for popular acceptance of human rights by making readers empathize with characters unlike themselves.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: Philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and Hegel expanded on the theme of universality during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the 1864 Lieber Code and the first of the Geneva Conventions in 1864 laid the foundations of international humanitarian law, to be further developed following the two World Wars.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: Auguries of United Nations human rights law have been located in the late-19th century movement to suppress and abolish slavery across the world as well as in the conventional protection of minorities from religious, racial, and national discrimination within states under the auspices of unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral treaty law, first found in the 1878 Treaty of Berlin.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: Pope Leo XIII's Apostolic Exhortation Rerum Novarum in 1891 marked the official beginning of Catholic Social Teaching. The document was principally concerned with discussing workers' rights, property rights, and citizens' rights against State intrusion. From that time forward, popes (and Vatican II) would release apostolic exhortations and encyclicals on topics that touched on human rights more and more frequently.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The proposition that a state's agents could be held criminally responsible for atrocities perpetrated against the state's own nationals was advanced by the British, French, and Russian governments in May 1915 in response to Turkey's genocide of Armenians.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The League of Nations was established in 1919 at the negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles following the end of World War I. The League's goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global welfare. Enshrined in its Charter was a mandate to promote many of the rights which were later included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The League of Nations had mandates to support many of the former colonies of the Western European colonial powers during their transition from colony to independent state.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: Established as an agency of the League of Nations, and now part of United Nations, the International Labour Organization also had a mandate to promote and safeguard certain of the rights later included in the UDHR:

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: Also of particular note is the ILO's 1919 convention protecting women from pregnancy discrimination in employment, the 1921 Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, and the 1930 Forced Labour Convention.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: All four conventions were last revised and ratified in 1949, based on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions. Later, conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations, in that they have ratified these conventions. The International Committee of the Red Cross is the controlling body of the Geneva conventions.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The UN declaration was succeeded by the European Convention on Human Rights, a binding convention drafted by the Council of Europe in 1950 and signed by 47 countries. The Convention has 18 articles, 13 of which are rights guaranteed under it:

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: The other five articles address enforcement of the rights enumerated in the convention and special circumstances in which these rights can be restricted. The United Kingdom, one of the signatories of the ECHR, later passed the Human Rights Act 1998 enshrining these rights in UK law and giving the judiciary the ability to enforce them under UK law.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: According to historian Samuel Moyn the next major landmark in human rights happened in the 1970s. Human rights were included in point VII of the Helsinki Accords, which was signed in 1975 by thirty-five states, including the United States, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


History of human rights

Context: Human rights advocacy has continued into the early 21st century, centred around achieving greater economic and political freedom.

Question: متى بدأة دراسة فلسفة حقوق الإنسان في بريطانيا ؟


Albanian lek

Context: The name "qindarkë" (English: "qintar") comes from the Albanian "qind", meaning one hundred. The word is thus comparable to "centime", cent, etc.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في البانيا؟


Albanian lek

Context: Between 1926 and 1939 the main unit of Albanian currency was the "franga ari" (English: "gold franc") (Fr.A.), worth 5 Lek and divided into 100 "qindar ar" ("gold cent"), used in international transactions. This unit was similar in concept to the "Belga", a unit worth five Belgian francs.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في البانيا؟


Albanian lek

Context: In 1947, shortly after the Communist Party took power, older coins were withdrawn from circulation and a new coinage was introduced, consisting of zinc  Lek, 1 Lek, 2 Lek and 5 Lek. These all depicted the socialist national crest. This coinage was again minted in 1957 and used until the currency reform of 1965.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في البانيا؟


Albanian lek

Context: Aluminium coins (dated 1964) were introduced in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 qintars and 1 Lek. All coins show the socialist state emblem.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في البانيا؟


Albanian lek

Context: In 1988, a third redesign of aluminium 5, 10, 20, 50 qintars and 1 Lek coins was released. The 50 qindarka and 1 Lek coins were problematically identical in size, weight, and appearance, so aluminium-bronze 1 Lek coins with the inscription "Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë" were released later that year for better identification. In 1989, a cupro-nickel 2 Lek coin was introduced.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في البانيا؟


Albanian lek

Context: In 1995 and 1996, new coins were introduced in denominations of 1 Lek, 5 Lek, 10 Lek, 20 Lek and 50 Lek, with a bimetallic 100 Lek added in 2000.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في البانيا؟


Albanian lek

Context: In 1926, the National Bank of Albania ("Banka Kombëtare e Shqipnis") introduced notes in denominations of Fr.A. 1, Fr.A. 5, Fr.A. 20 and Fr.A. 100. In 1939, notes were issued in denominations of Fr.A. 5 and Fr.A. 20. These were followed in 1944 with notes for 2 Lek, 5 Lek, 10 Lek, and Fr.A. 100.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في البانيا؟


Albanian lek

Context: In 1965, notes (dated 1964) were introduced by the Banka e Shtetit Shqiptar in denominations of 1 Lek, 3 Lek, 5 Lek, 10 Lek, 25 Lek, 50 Lek and 100 Lek. A second series of notes was issued in 1976 when the country changed its name to the People's Socialist Republic.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في البانيا؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein (; born 30 January 1962) is King of Jordan, having ascended the throne on 7 February 1999. He is a member of the Hashemite dynasty, who have been the reigning royal family of Jordan since 1921, and is considered a 41st-generation direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: As Hussein's eldest son, Abdullah became heir apparent to the Jordanian throne under the 1952 constitution. Political instability caused King Hussein to appoint an adult heir in his place, choosing Abdullah's uncle Prince Hassan in 1965. Abdullah began his schooling in 1966 at the Islamic Educational College in Amman, and continued at St Edmund's School in England. He attended high school at Eaglebrook School and Deerfield Academy in the United States.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: He began his military career at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1980, while he was a training officer in the Jordanian Armed Forces. After Sandhurst, Abdullah was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the British Army and served a year in Britain and West Germany as a troop commander in the 13th/18th Royal Hussars.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Abdullah met Rania Al-Yassin, a marketing employee at Apple Inc. in Amman, at a dinner organized by his sister Princess Aisha in January 1993. They became engaged two months later, and their marriage took place in June.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In 1994 Abdullah assumed command of Jordan's Special Forces and of other elite units as a brigadier general, restructuring them into the Joint Special Operations Command two years later. He became a major general, attended a course in defence-resources management at the American Naval Postgraduate School and commanded an elite special-forces manhunt in the pursuit of outlaws in 1998. The operation reportedly ended successfully, with his name chanted on the streets of Amman.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: On 23 June 2000, while vacationing in the Greek Islands, Abdullah received a phone call from the director of mukhabarat (the country's Intelligence Directorate) warning of an assassination attempt against him by Al-Qaeda. The plot was to target Abdullah and his family's rented yacht with explosives.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: The September 11 attacks in 2001 on American targets were fiercely condemned by Abdullah. Jordan responded quickly to American requests for assistance, enacting counterterrorism legislation and maintaining a high level of vigilance. The country's mukhabarat foiled similar plots the following year against Western targets, including the American and British embassies in Lebanon.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In 2004, Abdullah coined the term "Shia Crescent" to describe a Shia-dominated region from Damascus to Tehran (bypassing Baghdad) which promoted sectarian politics. His warning received international attention, leading Abdullah to clarify that he meant a shift in political (not sectarian) alignment. The king's observation was validated after the rise of Shia Nouri Al-Maliki to the Iraqi government in 2006 and subsequent events.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Russian president Vladimir Putin visited Jordan for the first time in February 2007 and was welcomed by Abdullah. The leaders discussed prospects for the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, Iran's nuclear program and violence in Iraq.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Abdullah established King's Academy near Madaba, the Middle East's first boarding school, in 2007 in appreciation of the education he received at Deerfield Academy. He hired Deerfield headmaster Eric Widmer to oversee the school, which has students from throughout the region.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In 2007, it was reported that Jordan hosted 800,000 Iraqi refugees who fled the insurgency following the American invasion; most have returned to Iraq. The 2007 Jordanian general election was held in November, with secular opposition groups accusing the government of using rising Islamism as an excuse for "autocratic rule". In 2008, Abdullah became the first Arab head of state to visit Iraq after the 2003 American invasion. The visit was amid Sunni Arab concerns of growing Iranian influence in Iraq.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Another 2013 article in "The Atlantic" advised him to address governmental corruption, saying that there "is a growing perception that the degeneracy reaches the palace". According to the article, Abdullah was accused of "illegally appropriating 'tribal' lands" shortly after his accession and members of 36 Jordanian tribes issued a statement denouncing Queen Rania's "publicized and extravagant" 40th birthday party in 2013.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Abdullah established a close cooperation between Jordan and the International Labour Organization (ILO). Between 2013 and 2015, the ILO started programs in Jordan to support working opportunities for refugees in Jordan. In 2016, Jordan signed the Jordan Compact, which improved legal employments opportunities for refugees.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: On 4 June 2018, Prime Minister Hani Al-Mulki resigned from office. Large protests against corruption, the economic policies and austerity plans as well as the tax increases, occurred before Hani Al-Mulki resigned. Abdullah moved former education minister Omar Razzaz to the position of the new Prime Minister and ordered him to conduct a review of the controversial tax system.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: On 25 June 2018, Abdullah made another official visit to Washington, DC. He was hosted by President Trump at the White House and they discussed "terrorism, the threat from Iran and the crisis in Syria, and working towards a lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians". In August 2018, after the Trump administration had announced to end all US funding for UNRWA, Abdullah sought to replace the US funds. Jordan convened meetings of the Arab League and Western countries.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In an interview with "Der Spiegel" in May 2020, Abdullah criticized Donald Trump's plans for peace in the Middle East including Israel annexing parts of the West Bank. He stated, "The two-state solution is the only way for us to be able to move forward", and noted a possible Israeli annexation of the West Bank causes conflicts.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In October 2020, Omar Razzaz resigned from his position due to the criticism of his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, Abdullah dissolved the parliament and instructed his chief policy adviser, Bishr Al-Khasawneh, to form a new government as the new Prime Minister. After Joe Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election, Abdullah was the first Arab leader to congratulate Biden for his victory.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: On 19 July 2021, during a two-week visit to the US, Abdullah was received at the White House by President Joe Biden. They discussed the Middle East conflict, the battle against COVID-19, and the relationship between Jordan and the US. Abdullah was the first leader from the Middle East to visit the White House since Biden's inauguration on 20 January 2021.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: On 23 August 2021, during a visit to Russia, Abdullah met with Russian president Putin in Moscow. They discussed the latest developments in Afghanistan and a "normalization" of Syria. Abdullah thanked Putin for Russia's support for Jordan and its provision of anti-COVID vaccines.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In early September 2021, Abdullah and Israeli president Isaac Herzog discussed sustainability, climate crisis and energy in an unannounced meeting. On 27 September 2021, after Crown Prince Hussein was tested positive for COVID-19 Abdullah and his wife Rania Al-Yassin went into quarantine despite negative tests. On 10 October 2021, Crown Prince Hussein resumed his duties.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: On 3 October 2021, Abdullah held a telephone conversation with Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, the first contact since the start of the Syrian civil war. They discussed bilateral relations after Amman fully opened borders with Syria.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In 2014 and 2016, several constitutional amendments sparked controversy despite their overwhelming approval by senators and representatives. The amendments gave the king sole authority to appoint his crown prince, deputy, the chief and members of the constitutional court, the heads of the military and paramilitary forces and the country's General Intelligence Director. Proponents said that the amendments solidified the separation of powers, while critics claimed they were unconstitutional.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Reforms introduced in the 2016 general election led Freedom House, a US-funded non-governmental organization, to upgrade Jordan to "partly free" from "not free" in its Freedom in the World 2017 report. According to the report, Jordan became the third most free Arab country, and that the change was "due to electoral law changes that led to somewhat fairer parliamentary elections."

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In September 2016, Abdullah formed a royal committee to make recommendations which would improve the country's judiciary. The committee finalized its report, which revolved around strengthening judicial independence and improving criminal justice, in February 2017. The Parliament approved the recommendations which included increased protection for women against violence and better trial procedures. A new law for people with disabilities was also enacted. Human Rights Watch praised the reforms.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: On 15 August 2017, local elections were held for municipal councils, local councils, and governorate councils, which were added by a new decentralization law. The law intends to cede some central-government power to elected councils, increasing citizen participation in municipal decision-making. In a 15 August 2016 interview, Abdullah described the new decentralization law as "a very important link in the chain of reforms".

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Vandalism of the Egyptian pipeline supplying Jordan strained the country's electrical company, whose debt increased substantially; this prompted Abdullah to urge the government to formulate a 10-year plan (2015–2025) to diversify the kingdom's energy sources.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: In 2014, Abdullah received Pope Francis in Jordan, the third papal visit of his reign. The king, Queen Rania and Prince Ghazi accompanied the pope to Al-Maghtas, the site of Jesus' baptism, on the east bank of the Jordan River.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Abdullah led "The 500 Most Influential Muslims" 2016 list, published by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, and is third on its 2018 list. Queen Rania was 35th on the 2016 list.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Leaders of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre sent out a letter of support to Abdullah on 1 March 2018 after Israel shelved a proposed bill that aimed to propose new tax measures to churches in the West Bank. "Your defence of religious freedom and Your leadership, in ensuring that the Status Quo is respected and maintained, has been crucial in our ongoing attempts to guard and protect the Christian presence especially in the Holy City of Jerusalem", the letter read.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Abdullah published an autobiography, "Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril", in 2010. He documents the first decade of his rule in a manner similar to his father's 1962 book, "Uneasy Lies the Head". Abdullah's book contains insights into his childhood and behind-the-scenes accounts of encounters with political figures.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Abdullah has listed skydiving, motorcycling, water sports and collecting ancient weapons as his interests and hobbies, and is a fan of the science-fiction series "Star Trek". In 1996, he appeared briefly in the "" episode "Investigations", in a non-speaking role.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: The king promotes tourism in Jordan, and was a tour guide for Discovery Channel travel host Peter Greenberg on "Jordan: The Royal Tour". In the program, Abdullah said that he is no longer permitted to skydive since he became king. He reportedly motorcycled through northern California on a Harley-Davidson.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Abdullah II of Jordan

Context: Abdullah also enjoys stand-up comedy. When Gabriel Iglesias, Russell Peters and a number of other stand-up comedians visited Jordan for a 2009 comedy festival, the king invited them over for dinner. In 2013, a video of Abdullah helping push a car stuck in snow in Amman during the 2013 Middle East cold snap went viral. In 2017, another amateur video that went viral showed Abdullah wearing pyjamas helping in extinguishing a fire in a wood near the royal palace.

Question: كم عدد اولاد الملك عبد الله الثاني ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: The relationship between religion and homosexuality has varied greatly across time and place, within and between different religions and denominations, with regard to different forms of homosexuality and bisexuality. The present-day doctrines of the world's major religions and their denominations vary vastly in their attitudes toward these sexual orientations.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: However, some adherents of many religions view homosexuality and bisexuality positively, and some denominations routinely bless same-sex marriages and support LGBT rights, a growing trend as much of the developed world enacts laws supporting LGBT rights.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Regardless of their position on homosexuality, many people of faith look to both sacred texts and tradition for guidance on this issue. However, the authority of various traditions or scriptural passages and the correctness of translations and interpretations are continually disputed.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: The Torah (first five books of the Hebrew Bible) is the primary source for Jewish views on homosexuality. It states that: "[A man] shall not lie with another man as [he would] with a woman, it is a (, "abomination")" (Leviticus 18:22). (Like many similar commandments, the stated punishment for willful violation is the death penalty, although in practice rabbinic Judaism no longer believes it has the authority to implement death penalties.)

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: All of the major Islamic schools disapprove of homosexuality. Islam views same-sex desires as an unnatural temptation, and sexual relations are seen as a transgression of the natural role and aim of sexual activity. Islamic teachings (in the "hadith" tradition) presume same-sex attraction, extol abstention and (in the Qur'an) condemn consummation.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadiths that mention homosexual behavior among women. Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, al-Tabari records an example of the casual execution of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the harem of al-Hadi in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that Caliph's actions as ruler.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Hindu groups are historically not unified regarding the issue of homosexuality, each one having a distinct doctrinal view.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: The Indian Kama Sutra, written around 150 BC, contains passages describing eunuchs or "third-sex" males performing oral sex on men. The text describes Kama as one of the three objectives to be achieved in life. Though it forbids the educated Brahmins, bureaucrats and wisemen from practicing Auparishtaka (oral sex).

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Similarly, some medieval Hindu temples and artifacts openly depict both male homosexuality and lesbianism within their carvings, such as the temple walls at Khajuraho. Some infer from these images that at least part of the Hindu society and religion were previously more open to variations in human sexuality than they are at present.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Ayoni sex, which includes oral and anal sex, never came to be viewed as much of a sin like in Christianity nor a serious crime and could be practiced in some cases. Close friendship between people of same genders has also been seen as permissible in Hindu texts.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Several Hindu priests have performed same-sex marriages, arguing that love is the result of attachments from previous births and that marriage, as a union of spirit, is transcendental to gender.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the Five Precepts and the Eightfold Path, one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. The third of the Five Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct." However, "sexual misconduct" is a broad term, and is subjected to interpretation relative to the social norms of the followers.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: The determination of whether or not same-gender relations is appropriate for a layperson is not considered a religious matter by many Buddhists.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: According to the Pāli Canon and Āgama (the Early Buddhist scriptures), there is not any saying that same or opposite gender relations have anything to do with sexual misconduct, and some Theravada monks express that same-gender relations do not violate the rule to avoid sexual misconduct, which means not having sex with someone under age (thus protected by their parents or guardians), someone betrothed or married or who has taken vows of religious celibacy.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Some later traditions gradually began to add new restrictions on sexual misconduct, like non-vagina sex, though some academics argue it usually involves situations seem as coerced sex. This non-vagina sex as sexual misconduct view is not based on what Buddha's said, but from some later Abhidharma texts.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Some later classic Buddhist masters and texts disallow contact between monks/Bodhisattva and "pandakas"/women and classify non-vagina sex as sexual misconduct, including for lay followers.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Although Mahayana Buddhism has some texts against homosexuality (from later Abhidharma texts and Buddhist apocrypha), the majority of its teachings assert that all beings who correctly practice the dharma may reach enlightenment, since all possess an innate Buddha nature. Enlightenment being achievable even in a single life. Some Mahayana Buddhist leaders were active in the movement for same-sex marriage rights in Taiwan which legalized same-sex marriages in 2019.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Well known Zen Buddhist, Thich Nhat Hanh, notes the spirit of Buddhism is inclusiveness and states "when you look at the ocean, you see different kinds of waves, many sizes and shapes, but all the waves have water as their foundation and substance. If you are born gay or lesbian, your ground of being in the same as mine. We are different, but we share the same ground of being."

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Sikhism has no written view on the matter, but in 2005, a Sikh religious authority described homosexuality as "against the Sikh religion and the Sikh code of conduct and totally against the laws of nature," and called on Sikhs to support laws against gay marriage. Many Sikhs are against this view, however, and state that the Sikh Scriptures promote equality and do not condemn homosexuality.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Marriage in Sikhism is seen as a union of souls. In Sikhism, the soul is seen as genderless, and the outward appearance of human beings (man, woman) is a temporary state. Same-sex marriage advocates refer to this fact.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: There are five vices (habitual desires) outlined in the Guru Granth Sahib that one should try to control. One of these vices is lust, and some Sikhs believe that homosexual thoughts and behaviour are just manifestations of lust. However, Sikhs that are more accepting of homosexuality claim that this is equally applicable to heterosexuals. These same Sikhs believe that Guru Nanak's emphasis on universal equality and brotherhood is fundamentally in support of the human rights of homosexuals.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Views on homosexuality tend not to be a primary concern in Sikh teachings, as the universal goal of a Sikh is to have no hate or animosity to any person, regardless of race, caste, color, creed, gender, or sex.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: The Vendidad, one of the later Zoroastrian texts composed in the Artificial Young Avestan language, has not been dated precisely. It is thought that some concepts of law, uncleanliness, dualism, and salvation were shared between the religions, and subsequent interactions between the religions are documented by events such as the release of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity by Zoroastrian Cyrus the Great in 537 BC, and the Biblical account of the Magi visiting the infant Jesus.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Among the Taoic religions of East Asia, such as Taoism, passionate homosexual expression is usually discouraged because it is believed to not lead to human fulfillment.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Confucianism, being primarily a social and political philosophy, focused little on sexuality; whether homosexual or heterosexual. However, the ideology did emphasize male friendships, and Louis Crompton has argued that the "closeness of the master-disciple bond it fostered may have subtly facilitated homosexuality". Homosexuality is not mentioned in the Analects of Confucius.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: There is no single official position on homosexuality in Taoism, as the term Taoism is used to describe a number of disparate religious traditions encompassing a variety of views. Although Taoist alchemy generally emphasized that ejaculation in heterosexual relationships represented a draining of the male's "life essence," this concept was not generally extended to non-heterosexual sex.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Satanism, in both the theistic and the LaVey tradition, is open to all forms of sexual expression, and does not preclude homosexuality.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: In Candomblé, homosexuality is usually accepted and explained by the sex of one's orisha. Homosexuality would be more probable in a man with a female orisha, a woman with a male orisha, or any of them with an androgynous orisha (such as Olokun).

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Unification Church views heterosexual marriage which becomes "fruitful" by raising their children as God's ideal. Any other sexual relationship, than between husband and wife, is considered a sin.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon opposed homosexuality and free sex and in some of his speeches compared such relationships to "dirty dung filled water" and that "Satan and dirty dung-eating dogs go after that". He prophesied that "gays will be eliminated" in a "purge on God's orders".

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


Homosexuality and religion

Context: Opposition to same-sex marriage and LGBT rights is often associated with conservative religious views. The American Family Association and other religious groups have promoted boycotts of corporations whose policies support the LGBT community.

Question: ماهى نظرة الديانات الموحدة عن المثلية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume argued that inductive reasoning and belief in causality cannot be justified rationally; instead, they result from custom and mental habit. We never actually perceive that one event causes another but only experience the "constant conjunction" of events. This problem of induction means that to draw any causal inferences from past experience, it is necessary to presuppose that the future will resemble the past, a presupposition which cannot itself be grounded in prior experience.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume also denied that humans have an actual conception of the self, positing that we experience only a bundle of sensations, and that the self is nothing more than this bundle of causally-connected perceptions. Hume's compatibilist theory of free will takes causal determinism as fully compatible with human freedom. His views on philosophy of religion, including his rejection of miracles and the argument from design for God's existence, were especially controversial for their time.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume influenced utilitarianism, logical positivism, the philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive science, theology, and many other fields and thinkers. Immanuel Kant credited Hume as the inspiration who had awakened him from his "dogmatic slumbers."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume was born on 26 April 1711 (Old Style), as David Home, in a tenement on the north side of Edinburgh's Lawnmarket. He was the second of two sons born to Catherine Home (née Falconer), daughter of Sir David Falconer of Newton and wife Mary Falconer (née Norvell), and Joseph Home of Chirnside in the County of Berwick, an advocate of Ninewells. Joseph died just after David's second birthday. Catherine, who never remarried, raised the two brothers and their sister on her own.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume changed his family name's spelling in 1734, as the surname 'Home' (pronounced as 'Hume') was not well-known in England. Hume never married and lived partly at his Chirnside family home in Berwickshire, which had belonged to the family since the 16th century. His finances as a young man were very "slender", as his family was not rich and, as a younger son, he had little patrimony to live on.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: From this inspiration, Hume set out to spend a minimum of 10 years reading and writing. He soon came to the verge of a mental breakdown, first starting with a coldnesswhich he attributed to a "Laziness of Temper"that lasted about nine months. Later, some scurvy spots broke out on his fingers, persuading Hume's physician to diagnose Hume as suffering from the "Disease of the Learned".

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Although having noble ancestry, at 25 years of age, Hume had no source of income and no learned profession. As was common at his time, he became a merchant's assistant, despite having to leave his native Scotland. He travelled via Bristol to La Flèche in Anjou, France. There he had frequent discourse with the Jesuits of the College of La Flèche.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: After the publication of "Essays Moral and Political" in 1741included in the later edition as "Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary"Hume applied for the Chair of Pneumatics and Moral Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. However, the position was given to William Cleghorn after Edinburgh ministers petitioned the town council not to appoint Hume because he was seen as an atheist.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: In 1745, during the Jacobite risings, Hume tutored the Marquess of Annandale (1720–92), an engagement that ended in disarray after about a year. Hume then started his great historical work, "The History of England", taking fifteen years and running to over a million words. During this time he was also involved with the Canongate Theatre through his friend John Home, a preacher.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟