European Union

Context: EU development action is based on the European Consensus on Development, which was endorsed on 20 December 2005 by EU Member States, the council, the European Parliament and the commission. It is applied from the principles of Capability approach and Rights-based approach to development.

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European Union

Context: The European Union is the largest exporter in the world and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services. Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members.

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European Union

Context: The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries.

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European Union

Context: The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member state government.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.

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European Union

Context: The European Union's services trade surplus rose from $16 billion in 2000 to more than $250 billion in 2018.

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European Union

Context: In 2020, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic, China became the EU's largest trading partner, displacing the United States.

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European Union

Context: As a political entity the European Union is represented in the World Trade Organization (WTO). EU member states own the estimated second largest after the United States (trillion) net wealth in the world, equal to around 20 per cent (~trillion) of the trillion (~trillion) global wealth.

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European Union

Context: 19 member states have joined a monetary union known as the eurozone, which uses the euro as a single currency. The currency union represents 342million EU citizens. The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.

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European Union

Context: Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue in 2010, 161 had their headquarters in the EU. In 2016, unemployment in the EU stood at 8.9 per cent while inflation was at 2.2 per cent, and the account balance at −0.9 per cent of GDP. The average annual net earnings in the European Union was around () in 2015.

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European Union

Context: There is a significant variation in nominal GDP per capita within individual EU states. The difference between the richest and poorest regions (281 NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) ranged, in 2017, from 31 per cent (Severozapaden, Bulgaria) of the EU28 average () to 253 per cent (Luxembourg), or from to .

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European Union

Context: Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries. Until the drive towards economic and monetary union the development of the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states.

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European Union

Context: The free movement of persons means that EU citizens can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states.

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European Union

Context: The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

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European Union

Context: In 1999, the currency union started, first as an accounting currency with eleven member states joining. In 2002, the currency was fully put into place, when euro notes and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 member states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 19 countries.

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European Union

Context: The European System of Financial Supervision is an institutional architecture of the EU's framework of financial supervision composed by three authorities: the European Banking Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. To complement this framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board under the responsibility of the central bank. The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.

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European Union

Context: To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures, especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level.

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European Union

Context: The European Commission working sectors are: aeronautics, automotive, biotechnology, chemicals, construction, cosmetics, defence, electronics, firearms, food and drink, gambling, healthcare, maritime, mechanics, medical, postal, raw materials, space, textile, tourism, toys and social economy (Societas cooperativa Europaea).

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European Union

Context: In 2006, the EU-27 had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe). Around 46 per cent of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54 per cent was imported. In these statistics, nuclear energy is treated as primary energy produced in the EU, regardless of the source of the uranium, of which less than 3 per cent is produced in the EU.

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European Union

Context: The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy policy for most of its existence; this has its roots in the original European Coal and Steel Community. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005, and the first draft policy was published in January 2007.

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European Union

Context: The European Union is working to improve cross-border infrastructure, for example through the Trans-European Networks (TEN). Projects under TEN include the Channel Tunnel, LGV Est, the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, the Öresund Bridge, the Brenner Base Tunnel and the Strait of Messina Bridge. In 2010 the estimated network covers: of roads; of railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210 internal harbours.

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European Union

Context: Rail transport in Europe is being synchronised with the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), an initiative to greatly enhance safety, increase efficiency of trains and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail transport in Europe by replacing signalling equipment with digitised mostly wireless versions and by creating a single Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems.

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European Union

Context: The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network. In the pre-2004 EU members, the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda. The Polish road network was upgraded such as the A4 autostrada.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Mobile communication roaming charges are abolished throughout the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The Galileo positioning system is an EU infrastructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system, to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EU operates a competition policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market.

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European Union

Context: In 2001 the commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States (General Electric and Honeywell) which had already been approved by their national authority. Another high-profile case, against Microsoft, resulted in the commission fining Microsoft over  million following nine years of legal action.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7 per cent in September 2018. The euro area unemployment rate was 8.1 per cent. Among the member states, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in the Czech Republic (2.3 per cent), Germany and Poland (both 3.4 per cent), and the highest in Spain (14.9 per cent) and Greece (19.0 in July 2018).

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The European Union has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers rights and preventing social and environmental dumping. To this end it has adopted laws establishing minimum employment and environmental standards. These included the Working Time Directive and the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: A European unemployment insurance has been proposed among others by the commissioner of Jobs Nicolas Schmit. A European Directive about Minimum Wage has also been discussed, as well as a European Directive about Minimum Income.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Since 2019 there has been a European commissioner for equality and the European Institute for Gender Equality has existed since 2007.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 2020, the first ever European Union Strategy on LGBTIQ equality was approved under Helena Dalli mandate. In December 2021 the Commission announced the intention of codifying a European LGBT hate crime.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Housing, youth, childhood, Functional diversity or elderly care are supportive competencies of the European Union and can be financed by the European Social Fund.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The European Pillar of Social Rights contains a preamble and 3 chapters with target values for 20 fields:

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EPSR is intended to act as a reference document of sorts, by means of which the labour markets and social standards in the Member States may approach the standards defined in the Pillar in the long term.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such regions are primarily located in the states of central and southern Europe. Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard (Phare, ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS). TACIS has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme.

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European Union

Context: Demographic transition to a society of ageing population, low fertility-rates and depopulation of non-metropolitan regions is tackled within this policies.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. In 2007, member states agreed that, in the future, 20 per cent of the energy used across the EU must be renewable, and carbon dioxide emissions have to be lower in 2020 by at least 20 per cent compared to 1990 levels. The European Union claims that already in 2018, its GHG emissions were 23% lower that in 1990.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy. The European Green Capital is an annual award given to cities that focuses on the environment, energy efficiency, and quality of life in urban areas to create smart city.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In the 2019 elections to the European Parliament, the green parties increased their power, possibly because of the rise of post materialist values.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Proposals to reach a zero carbon economy in the European Union by 2050 were suggested in 2018 – 2019. Almost all member states supported that goal at an EU summit in June 2019. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and Poland disagreed.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In June 2021 the European Union passed a European Climate Law with targets of 55% GHG emissions reduction by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: In 2021 the European Union and the United States pledged to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030. The pledge is considered as a big achievement for climate change mitigation.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a university exchange programme which began in 1987. In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and became a symbol of European student life.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training, and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013. These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training fields across the EU. Through its support of the Bologna Process, the EU is supporting comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The EU has no major competences in the field of health care and Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms that "A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities". The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the safety of food and other products.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: All EU and many other European countries offer their citizens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries. A directive on cross-border healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care between member states and facilitating access to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European patients.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Cultural co-operation between member states has been an interest of the European Union since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty. Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000 seven-year programme, the European Cultural Month event, and orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra. The European Capital of Culture programme selects one or more cities in every year to assist the cultural development of that city.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or other international organisations, rather than of the EU. There are some EU policies that have affected sport, such as the free movement of workers, which was at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The flag of Europe consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background. Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the European Communities, the predecessors of the present European Union, in 1986. The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms, though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the "Western world":

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: "United in Diversity" was adopted as the motto of the union in 2000, having been selected from proposals submitted by school pupils. Since 1985, the flag day of the union has been Europe Day, on 9 May (the date of the 1950 Schuman declaration). The anthem of the EU is an instrumental version of the prelude to the "Ode to Joy", the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's ninth symphony. The anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on official occasions.

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European Union

Context: Besides naming the continent, the Greek mythological figure of Europa has frequently been employed as a personification of Europe. Known from the myth in which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several of the EU's institutions and a portrait of her is seen on the 2013 series of euro banknotes. The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a "key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU".

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


European Union

Context: The MEDIA Programme of the European Union has supported the European popular film and audiovisual industries since 1991. It provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond.

Question: متى انضمت بلجيكا للإتحاد الأوربي؟


Auspicious Incident

Context: As opportunities and power continued to rise within the Janissary corps, it began to undermine the empire. Over time it became clear that for the empire to restore its position as a major power of Europe, it needed to replace the Janissary corps with a modern army.

Question: متى وقعت مذبحة الإنكشارية؟


Auspicious Incident

Context: When Mahmud II began forming a new army and hiring European gunners, the Janissaries mutinied as usual and fought on the streets of the Ottoman capital, but the militarily superior Sipahis charged and forced them back into their barracks. Turkish historians claim that the counter-Janissary force, which was great in numbers, included the local residents who had hated the Janissaries for years.

Question: متى وقعت مذبحة الإنكشارية؟


Auspicious Incident

Context: Immediately after the Janissaries had been disbanded, Mahmud II ordered the court chronicler, Mehmet Esad Efendi, to record the official version of events. This account, "Üss-i Zafer" ("Foundation of Victory"), was printed in Istanbul in 1828 and served as the main source for every other Ottoman account of this period. The incident had a negative impact on the Muslim communities in the Balkans, who lost their privileges, as rebellions broke out across Rumelia, especially in Bosnia and Albania.

Question: متى وقعت مذبحة الإنكشارية؟


List of largest cities of Iran

Context: Mashhad, with a population of 3 million, is the second-largest Iranian city and the centre of the province of Razavi Khorasan. Mashhad is one of the holiest Shi'a cities in the world as it is the site of the Imam Reza shrine. It is the centre of tourism in Iran and between 15 and 20 million pilgrims go to Imam Reza's shrine every year.

Question: ما أكبر مدن إيران؟


List of largest cities of Iran

Context: The third most populous city of Iran is Isfahan with a population 1.9 million (as of 2016). This city is one of the most industrial cities of Iran with large industries and hosts several UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city has a wide variety of historic monuments and is known for its paintings, history and architecture.

Question: ما أكبر مدن إيران؟


List of largest cities of Iran

Context: The fifth most populous Iranian city is Shiraz (population 1.57 million), which is located in the southwest of Iran with a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years. Shiraz is one of the oldest cities of ancient Persia, known as the city of poets, literature, flowers . It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens, and also a major center for Iran's electronic industries.

Question: ما أكبر مدن إيران؟


List of largest cities of Iran

Context: The other major cities are Tabriz (population 1.56 million), Qom (population 1.2 million), and Ahvaz (population 1.18 million).

Question: ما أكبر مدن إيران؟


List of largest cities of Iran

Context: The following sorted table, lists the most populous cities in Iran with a population of more than 100,000 according to 2016 Census results announced by Statistical Center of Iran. A city is displayed in bold if it is the province capital.

Question: ما أكبر مدن إيران؟


List of largest cities of Iran

Context: This is a list of the largest cities of the 31 provinces, based on the city's population as of the 2016 census.

Question: ما أكبر مدن إيران؟


Tishreen

Context: Tishreen () is one of the state-owned Arabic daily newspapers published in Syria. The daily is based in Damascus and has been in circulation since 1975. "Tishreen" was named after the Arab-Israeli war in October 1973.

Question: من مؤسس جريدة تشرين السورية؟


Tishreen

Context: As of 2005 the editor-in-chief was Khalaf Al Jarrad who was appointed by Hafez Assad to the post in July 2001. Samira Al Masalmeh was named as the editor-in-chief of "Tishreen" in January 2012. She is the first female editor-in-chief in the country.

Question: من مؤسس جريدة تشرين السورية؟


Tishreen

Context: In 1997, "Tishreen" launched its website. The paper also has an English news portal, "Syria Millennium", which is accessed through its website. In 1992 the paper sold 75,000 copies. Daily circulation of "Tishreen" was nearly 60,000 in the mid-2000s. The paper's online version was the 48ht most visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.

Question: من مؤسس جريدة تشرين السورية؟


Tishreen

Context: The website of "Tishreen" was hacked by unknown groups in late April 2011. In December 2012, Naji Assaad, a journalist for the daily, was assassinated in Damascus allegedly by opposition forces who have been fighting against the Assad government since 2011.

Question: من مؤسس جريدة تشرين السورية؟


Airliner

Context: Regional airliners typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by turbofans or turboprops. These airliners are the non-mainline counterparts to the larger aircraft operated by the major carriers, legacy carriers, and flag carriers, and are used to feed traffic into the large airline hubs. These regional routes then form the spokes of a hub-and-spoke air transport model.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The lightest (light aircraft, list of light transport aircraft) of short-haul regional feeder airliner type aircraft that carry a small number of passengers are called commuter aircraft, commuterliners, feederliners, and air taxis, depending on their size, engines, how they are marketed, region of the world, and seating configurations. The Beechcraft 1900, for example, has only 19 seats.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: When the Wright brothers made the world's first sustained heavier-than-air flight, they laid the foundation for what would become a major transport industry. Their flight, performed in the Wright Flyer during 1903, was just 11 years before what is often defined as the world's first airliner. By the 1960s, airliners had expanded capabilities, making a significant impact on global society, economics, and politics.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: This large four-engine biplane was further adapted into an early bomber aircraft, preceding subsequent transport and bomber aircraft.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: However, it was never used as a commercial airliner due to the onset of the First World War which led to military applications being prioritised.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Meanwhile, the competing Vickers converted its successful First World War era bomber, the Vickers Vimy, into a civilian version, the Vimy Commercial. It was redesigned with a larger-diameter fuselage (largely of spruce plywood), and first flew from the Joyce Green airfield in Kent on 13 April 1919.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The world's first all-metal transport aircraft was the Junkers F.13, which also made its first flight in 1919. Junkers marketed the aircraft towards business travellers and commercial operators, and European entrepreneurs bought examples for their private use and business trips. Over 300 Junkers F 13s were built between 1919 and 1932.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The Dutch Fokker company produced the Fokker F.II, then the enlarged F.III. These were used by the Dutch airline KLM, including on its Amsterdam-London service in 1921. A relatively reliable aircraft for the era, the Fokkers were flying to destinations across Europe, including Bremen, Brussels, Hamburg, and Paris.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: In France, the Bleriot-SPAD S.33 was introduced during the early 1920s. It was commercially successful, initially serving the Paris-London route, and later on continental routes. The enclosed cabin could carry four passengers with an extra seat in the cockpit. It was further developed into the Blériot-SPAD S.46. Throughout the 1920s, companies in Britain and France were at the forefront of the civil airliner industry.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: By 1921, the capacity of airliners needed to be increased to achieve more favourable economics. The English company de Havilland, built the 10-passenger DH.29 monoplane, while starting work on the design of the DH.32, an eight-seater biplane with a more economical but less powerful Rolls-Royce Eagle engine. For more capacity, DH.32 development was replaced by the DH.34 biplane, accommodating 10 passengers. A commercially successful aircraft, Daimler Airway ordered a batch of nine.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: By the 1930s, the airliner industry had matured and large consolidated national airlines were established with regular international services that spanned the globe, including Imperial Airways in Britain, Lufthansa in Germany, KLM in the Netherlands, and United Airlines in America. Multi-engined aircraft were now capable of transporting dozens of passengers in comfort.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Metal airliners came into service in the 1930s. In the United States, the Boeing 247, and the 14-passenger Douglas DC-2, flew during the first half of the decade, while the more powerful, faster, 21–32 passenger Douglas DC-3 first appeared in 1935. DC-3s were produced in quantity for the Second World War and were sold as surplus afterward, becoming widespread within the commercial sector. It was one of first airliners to be profitable without the support of postal or government subsidies.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The committee final report pushed four designs for the state-owned airlines British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and later British European Airways (BEA): three piston-powered aircraft of varying sizes, and a jet-powered 100-seat design at the request of Geoffrey de Havilland, involved in the first jet fighters development.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: After a brief contest, the Type I design was given to the Bristol Aeroplane Company, building on a "100 ton bomber" submission. This evolved into the Bristol Brabazon but this project folded in 1951 as BOAC lost interest and the first aircraft needed a costly wing re-design to accommodate the Bristol Proteus engine.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: By the 1960s, the UK had lost the airliner market to the US due to the Comet disaster and a smaller domestic market, not regained by later designs like the BAC 1-11, Vickers VC10, and Hawker Siddeley Trident. The STAC committee was formed to consider supersonic designs and worked with Bristol to create the Bristol 223, a 100-passenger transatlantic airliner. The effort was later merged with similar efforts in France to create the Concorde supersonic airliner to share the cost.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The first batch of the Douglas DC-4s went to the U.S. Army and Air Forces, and was named the C-54 Skymaster. Some ex-military DC-6s were later converted into airliners, with both passenger and cargo versions flooding the market shortly after the war's end. Douglas also developed a pressurized version of the DC-4, which it designated the Douglas DC-6. Rival company Lockheed produced the Constellation, a triple-tailed aircraft with a wider fuselage than the DC-4.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The Boeing 377 Stratocruiser was based on the C-97 Stratofreighter military transport, it had a double deck and a pressurized fuselage.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Convair produced the Convair 240, a 40-person pressurized airplane; 566 examples flew. Convair later developed the Convair 340, which was slightly larger and could accommodate between 44 and 52 passengers, of which 311 were produced. The firm also commenced work on the Convair 37, a relatively large double-deck airliner that would have served transcontinental routes; however, the project was abandoned due to a lack of customer demand and its high development costs.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Rival planes include the Martin 2-0-2 and Martin 4-0-4, but the 2-0-2 had safety concerns and was unpressurized, while the 4-0-4 only sold around 100 units.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: During the postwar years, engines became much larger and more powerful, and safety features such as deicing, navigation, and weather information were added to the planes. American planes were allegedly more comfortable and had superior flight decks than those produced in Europe.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The Sud-Aviation Caravelle was developed during the late 1950s as the first short range jet airliner. The nose and cockpit layout were licensed from the de Havilland Comet, along with some fuselage elements. Entering service in mid 1959, 172 Caravelles had been sold within four years and six versions were in production by 1963. Sud Aviation then focused its design team on a Caravelle successor.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The Super-Caravelle was a supersonic transport project of similar size and range to the Caravelle. It was merged with the similar Bristol Aeroplane Company project into the Anglo-French Concorde. The Concorde entered service in January 1967 as the second and last commercial supersonic transport, after large overruns and delays, costing £1.3 billion. All subsequent French airliner efforts were part of the Airbus pan-European initiative.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The earliest jet airliner were narrowbodies: the initial de Havilland Comet, the Boeing 707 and its competitor the Douglas DC-8.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: They were followed by smaller models : the Douglas DC-9 and its MD-80/MD-90/Boeing 717 derivatives; the Boeing 727, 737 and 757 using the 707 cabin cross-section; or the Tupolev Tu-154, Ilyushin IL-18, and the Ilyushin IL-62.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Currently produced narrow-body airliners include the Airbus A220 and A320 family, Boeing 737 and Embraer E-Jet family, generally used for medium-haul flights with 100 to 240 passengers.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The larger wide-body aircraft, or twin-aisle as they have two separate aisles in the cabin, are used for long-haul flights.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The first was the Boeing 747 quadjet, followed by the trijets: the Lockheed L-1011 and the Douglas DC-10, then its MD-11 stretch.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Then other quadjets were introduced: the Ilyushin Il-86 and Il-96, the Airbus A340 and the double-deck A380.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: These smaller aircraft are often used to feed traffic at large airline hubs to larger aircraft operated by the major mainline carriers, legacy carriers, or flag carriers; often sharing the same livery.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Regional jets include the Bombardier CRJ100/200 and Bombardier CRJ700 series, or the Embraer ERJ family.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Twin turboprops carrying up to 19 passengers include the Beechcraft 1900, Fairchild Metro, Jetstream 31, DHC-6 Twin Otter and Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Smaller airliners include the single-engined turboprops like the Cessna Caravan and Pilatus PC-12; or twin piston-powered aircraft made by Cessna, Piper, Britten-Norman, and Beechcraft.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: They often lack lavatories, stand-up cabins, pressurization, galleys, overhead storage bins, reclining seats, or a flight attendant.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Until the beginning of the Jet Age, piston engines were common on propliners such as the Douglas DC-3. Nearly all modern airliners are now powered by turbine engines, either turbofans or turboprops. Gas turbine engines operate efficiently at much higher altitudes, are more reliable than piston engines, and produce less vibration and noise. The use of a common fuel type – kerosene-based jet fuel – is another advantage.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Some variants of airliners have been developed for carrying freight or for luxury corporate use. Many airliners have also been modified for government use as VIP transports and for military functions such as airborne tankers (for example, the Vickers VC10, Lockheed L-1011, Boeing 707), air ambulance (USAF/USN McDonnell Douglas DC-9), reconnaissance (Embraer ERJ 145, Saab 340, and Boeing 737), as well as for troop-carrying roles.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Except for a few experimental or military designs, all aircraft built to date have had all of their weight lifted off the ground by airflow across the wings. In terms of aerodynamics, the fuselage has been a mere burden. NASA and Boeing are currently developing a blended wing body design in which the entire airframe, from wingtip to wingtip, contributes lift. This promises a significant gain in fuel efficiency.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The narrow-body and wide-body airliner market is dominated by Airbus and Boeing, and the regional airliner market is shared between ATR Aircraft and Embraer.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Setting up a reliable customer support network, ensuring uptime, availability and support 24/7 and anywhere, is critical for the success of airliner manufacturers.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Boeing and Airbus are ranked 1 and 2 in customer satisfaction for aftermarket support by a survey by Inside MRO and Air Transport World, and this is a reason why Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation purchased the Bombardier CRJ program.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: It is an entry barrier for new entrants like the Xian MA700 and Comac C919, with no credible previous experience with the MA60, or the Irkut MC-21 after the Sukhoi Superjet 100.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The airliner fleet went from 13,500 in 2000 to 25,700 in 2017: 16% to 30.7% in Asia/Pacific (2,158 to 7,915), 34.7% to 23.6% in USA (4,686 to 6,069) and 24% to 20.5% in Europe (3,234 to 5,272).

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: In 2018, there were 29,398 airliners in service: 26,935 passenger transports and 2,463 freighters, while 2,754 others were stored.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The largest fleet was in Asia-Pacific with 8,808 (5% stored), followed by 8,572 in North America (10% stored), 7,254 in Europe (9% stored), 2,027 in Latin America, 1,510 in Middle East and 1,347 in Africa.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: By the end of 2018, there were 1,826 parked or in storage jetliners out of 29,824 in service (6.1%): 1,434 narrowbodies and 392 widebodies, down from 9.8% of the fleet at the end of 2012 and 11.3% at the end of 2001.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Since it began, the jet airliner market had a recurring pattern of seven years of growth followed by three years of deliveries falling 30–40%, except a steady growth from 2004 due to the economic rise of China going from 3% of world market in 2001 to 22% in 2015, expensive jet fuel till 2014 stimulating old jets replacement allowed by low interest rates since 2008, and strong airline passenger demand since.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: In 2004, 718 Airbus and Boeings were delivered, worth $39.3 billion; 1,466 are expected in 2017, worth $104.4 billion: a growth by 3.5 from 2004 to 2020 is unprecedented and highly unusual for any mature market.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: In 2016, the deliveries went for 38% in Asia-Pacific, 25% in Europe, 22% in North America, 7% in Middle East, 6% in South America and 2% in Africa. 1,020 narrowbodies were delivered and their backlog reach 10891: 4,991 A320neo, 644 A320ceo; 3,593 737 Max, 835 737NG, 348 CSeries, 305 C919 and 175 MC-21; while 398 widebodies were delivered : 137 Dreamliners and 99 B777 for

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Boeing (65%) against 63 A330 and 49 A350 for Airbus, more than 2,400 widebodies were in backlog, led by the A350 with 753 (31%) then the Boeing 787 with 694 (28%).

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The most important driver of orders is airline profitability, itself driven mainly by world GDP growth but also supply and demand balance and oil prices, while new programmes by Airbus and Boeing help to stimulate aircraft demand.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: In 2016, 38% of the 25 years old airliners had been retired, 50% of the 28 years old : there will be 523 aircraft reaching 25 years old in 2017, 1,127 in 2026 and 1,628 in 2041.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Deliveries rose by 80% from 2004 to 2016, they represented 4.9% of the fleet in 2004 and 5.9% in 2016, down from 8% previously.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: In 2020, deliveries were down by more than 50% compared to 2019 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, after 10 years of growth.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Storage can be an adjustment variable for the airliner fleet: as Jan–Apr 2018 RPKs are up by 7% over a year and FTKs up by 5.1%, the IATA reports 81 net aircraft went back from storage (132 recalled and 51 stored) in April.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: It is the second month of storage contraction after eight of expansion and the largest in four years, while new aircraft deliveries fell slightly to 448 from 454 due to supply-chain issues and in-service issues grounding others.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Retirements were down by 8% and utilization up by 2%, according to Canaccord Genuity, driving used aircraft and engines values up while MRO shops have unexpected demand for legacy products like the PW4000 and GE CF6.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: An airliner will usually have several classes of seating: first class, business class, and/or economy class (which may be referred to as coach class or tourist class, and sometimes has a separate "premium" economy section with more legroom and amenities). The seats in more expensive classes are wider, more comfortable, and have more amenities such as "lie flat" seats for more comfortable sleeping on long flights. Generally, the more expensive the class, the better the beverage and meal service.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: The types of seats that are provided and how much legroom is given to each passenger are decisions made by the individual airlines, not the aircraft manufacturers. Seats are mounted in "tracks" on the floor of the cabin and can be moved back and forth by the maintenance staff or removed altogether. Naturally the airline tries to maximize the number of seats available in every aircraft to carry the largest possible (and therefore most profitable) number of passengers.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Pressurization presents design and construction challenges to maintain the structural integrity and sealing of the cabin and hull and to prevent rapid decompression. Some of the consequences include small round windows, doors that open inwards and are larger than the door hole, and an emergency oxygen system.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Airliners must have space on board to store "checked" baggage – that which will not safely fit in the passenger cabin.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Designed to hold baggage as well as freight, these compartments are called "cargo bins", "holds", or occasionally "pits". Occasionally baggage holds may be referred to as cargo decks on the largest of aircraft. These compartments can be accessed through doors on the outside of the aircraft.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Depending on the aircraft, baggage holds are normally inside the hull and are therefore pressurized just like the passenger cabin although they may not be heated. While lighting is normally installed for use by the loading crew, typically the compartment is unlit when the door is closed.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Baggage holds on modern airliners are equipped with fire detection equipment and larger aircraft have automated or remotely activated fire-fighting devices installed.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Most "narrow-body" airliners with more than 100 seats have space below the cabin floor, while smaller aircraft often have a special compartment separate from the passenger area but on the same level.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: Baggage is normally stacked within the bin by hand, sorted by destination category. Netting that fits across the width of the bin is secured to limit movement of the bags. Airliners often carry items of freight and mail. These may be loaded separately from the baggage or mixed in if they are bound for the same destination. For securing bulky items "hold down" rings are provided to tie items into place.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: "Wide-body" airliners frequently have a compartment like the ones described above, typically called a "bulk bin". It is normally used for late arriving luggage or bags which may have been checked at the gate.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: However, most baggage and loose freight items are loaded into containers called Unit Load Devices (ULDs), often referred to as "cans". ULDs come in a variety of sizes and shapes, but the most common model is the LD3. This particular container has approximately the same height as the cargo compartment and fits across half of its width.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: ULDs are loaded with baggage and are transported to the aircraft on dolly carts and loaded into the baggage hold by a loader designed for the task. By means of belts and rollers an operator can maneuver the ULD from the dolly cart, up to the aircraft baggage hold door, and into the aircraft. Inside the hold, the floor is also equipped with drive wheels and rollers that an operator inside can use to move the ULD properly into place. Locks in the floor are used to hold the ULD in place during flight.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Airliner

Context: For consolidated freight loads, like a pallet of boxes or an item too oddly shaped to fit into a container, flat metal pallets that resemble large baking sheets that are compatible with the loading equipment are used.

Question: متى حصلت اول رحلة طيران تجارية ؟


Katarina (Doctor Who)

Context: Her role as companion in "The Daleks' Master Plan" was given to the character of Sara Kingdom, who was also killed off in the same story.

Question: من أول من توفي من الصحابة ؟


Katarina (Doctor Who)

Context: In the novel "" the TARDIS projects her likeness on a screen along with a number of other dead companions to help the Seventh Doctor work out where he needs to go.

Question: من أول من توفي من الصحابة ؟


History of professional wrestling

Context: The history of professional wrestling, as a performing art, started in the early 20th century, with predecessors in funfair and variety strongman and wrestling performances (which often involved match fixing) in the 19th century.

Question: متى بدأت مصارعة المحترفين؟


History of professional wrestling

Context: Its popularity declined during World War II, but it was revived in the late 1940s to 1950s, the First Golden Age of professional wrestling in the United States, during which Gorgeous George gained mainstream popularity. In Mexico and Japan, the 1940s-1950s was also a Golden Age for professional wrestling, with El Santo becoming a Mexican folk hero, and Rikidōzan achieving similar fame in Japan.

Question: متى بدأت مصارعة المحترفين؟


History of professional wrestling

Context: A tradition of combining wrestling and showmanship may originate in the early 1800s in Western Europe, Britain and Ireland, when showmen presented wrestlers under names such as ""Herculean" Flower and “Edward, the steel eater”, “Gustave d’Avignon, the bone wrecker”, or “Bonnet, the ox of the low Alps” and would wrestle one another and challenge members of the public to attempt to knock them down or wrestle them for money.

Question: متى بدأت مصارعة المحترفين؟


History of professional wrestling

Context: The World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship was the first recognized professional wrestling world heavyweight championship created in 1905 to identify the best catch wrestler in the world. It was also the first wrestling championship known to have a physical representation of the belt. Russian-born George Hackenschmidt won the inaugural championship defeating American-born Tom Jenkins in New York City.

Question: متى بدأت مصارعة المحترفين؟


History of professional wrestling

Context: Since its establishment professional wrestling in Japan has depended on foreigners, particularly North Americans, to get its own stars over. As a result of the introduction of lucha libre into Japan, major Mexican stars also compete in Japan. The most popular Mexican wrestler to compete in Japan is Mil Máscaras, who is credited with introducing the high-flying moves of lucha libre to Japanese audiences.

Question: متى بدأت مصارعة المحترفين؟


History of professional wrestling

Context: Wrestling's popularity experienced a dramatic tailspin in 1915 to 1920, becoming distanced from the American public because of widespread doubt of its legitimacy and status as a competitive sport. Wrestlers during the time recount it as largely faked by the 1880s. It also waned due to Gotch's retirement in 1913, and no new wrestling superstar emerging to captivate the public's eye.

Question: متى بدأت مصارعة المحترفين؟


History of professional wrestling

Context: In 1948, wrestling reached new heights after a loose confederation was formed between independent wrestling companies. This was known as the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). In the late 1940s to 1950s, the NWA chose Lou Thesz to unify the various world championships into a single "World Heavyweight" title. Thesz's task was not easy, as some promoters, reluctant to lose face, went so far as to shoot title matches to keep their own champions popular with the fans.

Question: متى بدأت مصارعة المحترفين؟


Gospel of Mark

Context: In the 19th century, Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels, and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke. The hypothesis of Marcan priority continues to be held by the majority of scholars today, and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God.

Question: كم عدد اسفار آنجيل مرقس؟


Gospel of Mark

Context: The Gospel of Mark is anonymous. Its composition is usually dated through the eschatological discourse in Mark 13: most scholars interpret this as pointing to the First Jewish–Roman War (66–74 AD) that would lead to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, with the composition of Mark taking place either immediately after the destruction (the majority position) or during the years immediately prior. Earlier dates in the range 35–45 AD are sometimes proposed, but are usually dismissed.

Question: كم عدد اسفار آنجيل مرقس؟


Gospel of Mark

Context: The consensus among modern scholars is that the gospels are a subset of the ancient genre of "bios", or ancient biography. Ancient biographies were concerned with providing examples for readers to emulate while preserving and promoting the subject's reputation and memory, and also included morals, rhetoric, propaganda and "kerygma" (preaching) in their works.

Question: كم عدد اسفار آنجيل مرقس؟


Gospel of Mark

Context: Mark does not explicitly state what he means by "Son of God", nor when the sonship was conferred. The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings:

Question: كم عدد اسفار آنجيل مرقس؟


History of cancer

Context: The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its role in the history of medicine.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: In the 2nd century AD, the Greek physician Galen used "oncos" (Greek for swelling) to describe all tumours, reserving Hippocrates' term "carcinos" for malignant tumours. Galen also used the suffix "" to indicate cancerous lesions. It is from Galen's usage that we derive the modern word oncology.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: Through the centuries it was discovered that cancer could occur anywhere in the body, but Hippocrates' humor-theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century with the discovery of cells.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: The first cause of cancer was identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott, who discovered in 1775 that cancer of the scrotum was a common disease among chimney sweeps. The work of other individual physicians led to various insights, but when physicians started working together they could draw firmer conclusions.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 by 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City under the name "American Society for the Control of Cancer" ("ASCC"). The current name was adopted in 1945.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: In 1968 Michael A. Epstein, Bert Achong, and Yvonne Barr identified the first human cancer virus, called the Epstein–Barr virus.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: The political 'war' on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971, a United States federal law.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: The act was intended "to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer".

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: In 1973, cancer research led to a cold war incident, where co-operative samples of reported oncoviruses were discovered to be contaminated by HeLa.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: In 1984, Harald zur Hausen discovered first HPV16 and then HPV18 responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers. For discovery that human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause human cancer, zur Hausen won a 2008 Nobel Prize.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research; that total includes money invested by public and private sectors and foundations.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


History of cancer

Context: Despite this substantial investment, the country has seen just a five percent decrease in the cancer death rate (adjusting for size and age of the population) between 1950 and 2005. Longer life expectancy may be a contributing factor to this, as cancer rates and mortality rates increase significantly with age, more than three out of five cancers are diagnosed in people aged 65 and over.

Question: متى تم تشخيص مرض السرطان لي أول مرة ؟


RTS,S

Context: RTS,S/AS01 (trade name Mosquirix) is a recombinant protein-based malaria vaccine. In October 2021, the vaccine was endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for "broad use" in children, making it the first malaria vaccine candidate, and first vaccine to address parasitic infection, to receive this recommendation.

Question: متى تم اول استخدام للقاح الملاريا؟


RTS,S

Context: The RTS,S vaccine was conceived of and created in the late 1980s by scientists working at SmithKline Beecham Biologicals (now GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines) laboratories in Belgium. The vaccine was further developed through a collaboration between GSK and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in the U.S. state of Maryland and has been funded in part by the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Its efficacy ranges from 26 to 50% in infants and young children.

Question: متى تم اول استخدام للقاح الملاريا؟


RTS,S

Context: Potential malaria vaccines have been an intense area of research since the 1960s. SPf66 was tested extensively in endemic areas in the 1990s, but clinical trials showed it to be insufficiently effective. Other vaccine candidates, targeting the blood-stage of the malaria parasite's life cycle, have also been insufficient on their own. Among several potential vaccines under development that target the pre-erythrocytic stage of the disease, RTS,S has shown the most promising results so far.

Question: متى تم اول استخدام للقاح الملاريا؟


RTS,S

Context: Vaccinations by the ministries of health of Malawi, Ghana, and Kenya began in April and September 2019 and target 360,000 children per year in areas where vaccination would have the highest impact. The results are planned to be used by the World Health Organization to advise about a possible future deployment of the vaccine. In 2021 it was reported that the vaccine together with other anti-malaria medication when given at the most vulnerable season could reduce deaths and illness from the disease by 70%.

Question: متى تم اول استخدام للقاح الملاريا؟


RTS,S

Context: RTS,S has been funded, most recently, by the non-profit PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) and GlaxoSmithKline with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The RTS,S-based vaccine formulation had previously been demonstrated to be safe, well tolerated, immunogenic, and to potentially confer partial efficacy in both malaria-naive and malaria-experienced adults as well as children.

Question: متى تم اول استخدام للقاح الملاريا؟


RTS,S

Context: A chemical adjuvant (AS01, specifically AS01E) was added to increase the immune system response. Infection is prevented by inducing humoral and cellular immunity, with high antibody titers, that block the parasite from infecting the liver.

Question: متى تم اول استخدام للقاح الملاريا؟


RTS,S

Context: The T-cell epitope of CSP is O-fucosylated in "Plasmodium falciparum" and "Plasmodium vivax", while the RTS,S vaccine produced in yeast is not.

Question: متى تم اول استخدام للقاح الملاريا؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: The United States Senate confirmed Green as administrator of the USAID on August 3, 2017. He was sworn in the following August 7. On March 16, 2020, Green submitted a resignation letter to President Trump. He left the office on April 10, 2020.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: Green was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Jeremy and Elizabeth Green. His father is from South Africa, and Green spent time there as a child. His family moved often, and as a child he lived in Jersey City, New Jersey; Cincinnati, Ohio; England; South Africa; and Australia. He attended Abbot Pennings High School in De Pere, Wisconsin.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: Green received a bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire in 1983 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1987. In law school, he served as a managing editor of the "Wisconsin Law Review" and won the Justice Robert Jackson Award from the Washington, D.C., Foreign Law Society for "Best Published Student Writing on a Foreign Law Subject".

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: After graduating from law school, he joined the law firm Godfrey & Kahn S.C. at their Green Bay, Wisconsin office.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: Green first ran for Congress in 1998, defeating first-term Representative Jay W. Johnson, with 54% of the vote. Green won each of his next three elections with 70% or more of the vote. He represented Wisconsin's 8th congressional district from the 106th Congress until the 109th Congress.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: Green was a member of the House International Relations Committee in the 107th to 109th sessions of Congress. He helped draft the Millennium Challenge Act, the Global Access to HIV/AIDS Prevention, Awareness and Treatment Act of 2001, and the U.S. Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Act. He co-founded the Victory in Iraq Caucus.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: Green worked to raise awareness about human rights violations by the communist Pathet Lao government in Laos against the ethnic minority Hmong people and others suffering under authoritarian governments, and about religious freedom issues in Laos and Southeast Asia. Many Hmong Americans had resettled in Wisconsin as political refugees following the Vietnam War.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: In January 1999, Green was appointed an Assistant Majority Whip by then-House Majority Whip Tom DeLay, and then re-appointed by House Majority Whip Roy Blunt.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: On June 8, 2007, President George W. Bush announced Green's nomination as United States Ambassador to Tanzania. Senator Russ Feingold, chairman of the African Affairs Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, held hearings on Green's nomination as ambassador on June 19.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: During Green's tenure, President George W. Bush visited Tanzania in February 2008, the first official visit by a sitting U.S. president; Tanzania hosted Sullivan Summit VIII, the first Sullivan Summit in East Africa; President Kikwete visited the White House in August 2008; and the largest Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact in history was signed.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: He served as president and CEO of Initiative for Global Development, a nonprofit organization aimed at reducing world poverty, from 2013 to 2014.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: From 2014-2017, Green served as president of the International Republican Institute (IRI), an NGO chaired by the late Arizona Sen. John McCain.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: In May 2017, Green was nominated by President Donald Trump to lead the United States Agency for International Development. His nomination was backed by aid organizations and politicians, with "The Guardian" writing that Green "is well regarded and known for his bipartisan approach to foreign assistance".

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Mark Andrew Green

Context: Mark and Susan (née Keske) Green wed on August 5, 1985, and have three children. Green and his wife served as volunteer teachers in Kenya with WorldTeach in 1987 and 1988, and while in Kenya, visited rural areas of neighboring countries.

Question: من هو رئيس الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية في تونس ؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: "Ice Age" was originally intended as a 2D animated film developed by Fox Animation Studios, but eventually became the first full-length animated film for the newly-reformed Blue Sky, which had been reshaped from a VFX house to a computer animation studio. Focus shifted from making an action-adventure drama film to a more comedy-oriented one, and several writers, such as Berg and Ackerman, were brought on to bring out a wittier tone.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: Twenty thousand years later, Scrat, frozen in a block of ice, ends up on the shores of a tropical island. As the ice slowly melts, an acorn that was also frozen in the same ice block is washed away. Scrat then finds a coconut and tries to stomp it into the ground, only to accidentally trigger a volcanic eruption.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: The characters are all prehistoric animals. The animals can talk to and understand each other and are voiced by a variety of famous actors. Like many films of prehistoric life, the rules of time periods apply very loosely, as many of the species shown in the film never actually lived in the same time periods or the same geographic regions.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: In a 2012 interview with Jay Leno, Denis Leary revealed that his character, Diego, originally died near the end of the film. However, it was reported that kids in the test audience burst into tears when his death was shown. Leary warned the producers that something like this would happen. When it was proven true, the scene was re-written to ensure Diego survived.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: The voice cast of "Ice Age" was encouraged to make up their own dialogue during recording. Several lines in the film were improvised by the actors.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: For Manny, the studio was initially looking at people with big voices. James Earl Jones and Ving Rhames were considered, but they sounded too obvious and Wedge wanted more comedy. Instead, the role was given to Ray Romano because they thought his voice sounded very elephant-like. Wedge described Romano's voice as deep and slow in delivery, but also with a "sarcastic wit behind it."

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: The official soundtrack to "Ice Age" was released on May 14, 2002 by Varèse Sarabande. The soundtrack consists of the original musical score composed for the film by David Newman and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. The song "Send Me on My Way" by Rusted Root is also featured in the film but is absent from the album.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave "Ice Age" an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: "Ice Age" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in 2003, losing to "Spirited Away".

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Ice Age (2002 film)

Context: A tie-in video game was developed by Artificial Mind and Movement and published by Ubisoft for the Game Boy Advance. A platform game, it has the player controlling Sid and Manny through 10 levels as they carry Roshan. The game holds an aggregate ranking of 46.00% on GameRankings and 47/100 on Metacritic.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة  لفيلم الكرتون العصر الجليدي؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: The ROC was a founding member of the League of Nations and later the United Nations (including its Security Council seat) where it maintained until 1971, when the People's Republic of China took over its membership. It was also a member of the Universal Postal Union and the International Olympic Committee.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: During the mainland period, the country was known in English as "China" or the "Republic of China". Internally, "Zhongguo" (), "Zhonghua" or "Jung-hwa" (), or "Minguo" () were used as short forms of the official country name "Zhonghua Minguo" () in Chinese. Both "Beiyang government" (from 1912 to 1928), and "Nationalist government" (from 1928 to 1949) used the name "Republic of China" as their official name.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: Taiwanese politician Mei Feng criticised the official English name of the state "Republic of China" fails to translate the Chinese character "Min" () according to Sun Yat-sen's original interpretations, while the name should instead be translated as "the People's Republic of China," which confuses with the current official name of mainland China under communist rule. To avoid confusion, the ROC government in Taiwan began to put an aside of "Taiwan" next to its official name since 2005.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: In 1912, after over two thousand years of imperial rule, a republic was established to replace the monarchy. The Qing dynasty that preceded the republic had experienced instability throughout the 19th century and suffered from both internal rebellion and foreign imperialism. A program of institutional reform proved too little and too late. Only the lack of an alternative regime prolonged the monarchy's existence until 1912.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: Reformers and critics pushed for democracy and human rights, but the task seemed difficult if not impossible. The nation was at war and divided between Communists and Nationalists. Corruption and lack of direction hindered reforms. Chiang told the State Council: "Our organization becomes worse and worse... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read newspapers and still others sleep."

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: During the Chinese Civil War both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides. Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the civil war resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949, including deaths from forced conscription and massacres.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: The first Republic of China national government was established on 1 January 1912, in Nanjing, and was founded on the Constitution of the ROC and its Three Principles of the People, which state that "[the ROC] shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people."

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: When Yuan died, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government. However, the real power passed to military leaders, leading to the warlord period. The impotent government still had its use; when World War I began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany, to liquidate German holdings in China.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: Under the new constitution the first elections for the National Assembly occurred in January 1948, and the assembly was summoned to meet in March 1948. It elected the president of the republic on 21 March 1948, formally bringing an end to the KMT party rule started in 1928, although the president was a member of the KMT. These elections, though praised by at least one US observer, were poorly received by the Communist Party, which would soon start an open, armed insurrection.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: Under the Atlantic Charter, the Republic of China was entitled to a permanent seat on the UN Security Council (UNSC).

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: Though multiple objections were raised that the seat belonged to the lawful government of China-which had to many become the PRC even arguably prior to their the official conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the ROC retained the permanent seat reserved for China on the UNSC until 1971 when it was supplanted by the PRC.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: The Republic of China retained hereditary nobility like the Han Chinese nobles Duke Yansheng and Celestial Masters and Tusi chiefdoms like the Chiefdom of Mangshi, Chiefdom of Yongning, who continued possessing their titles in the Republic of China from the previous dynasties.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Republic of China (1912–1949)

Context: One effect of the war with Japan was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to supervise and control firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70% of Chinese industry was owned by the government.

Question: من هو مؤسس الجمهورية الصينية؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract. It is capable of acting independently of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, although it may be influenced by them. The ENS is nicknamed the "second brain". It is derived from neural crest cells.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: The neurons of the ENS are collected into two types of ganglia: myenteric (Auerbach's) and submucosal (Meissner's) plexuses. Myenteric plexuses are located between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa, while submucosal plexuses are located in the submucosa.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: The submucosal plexus (also known as Meissner's plexus) is found in the submucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It was discovered and named by German physiologist Georg Meissner. It functions as a pathway for the innervation in the mucosa layer of the gastrointestinal wall.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: The ENS is capable of autonomous functions like the coordination of reflexes; although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. Its study is the focus of neurogastroenterology.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: The enteric nervous system has been described as a "second brain" for several reasons. The enteric nervous system can operate autonomously. It normally communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the parasympathetic (e.g., via the vagus nerve) and sympathetic (e.g., via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems. However, vertebrate studies show that when the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system continues to function.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: The enteric nervous system has the capacity to alter its response depending on such factors as bulk and nutrient composition. In addition, ENS contains support cells which are similar to astroglia of the brain and a diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding ganglia which is similar to the blood–brain barrier of cerebral blood vessels.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: Segmentation contractions are the contractions in intestines carried out by the smooth muscle walls. Unlike peristalsis, which involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles in one direction, segmentation occurs simultaneously in both directions as the circular muscles alternatively contract. This allows for thorough mixing of intestinal contents, known as chyme, to allow greater absorption.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: The secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, such as gastrin and secretin, is regulated through cholinergic neurons residing in the walls of the digestive tract. Hormone secretion is controlled by the vagovagal reflex, where the neurons in the digestive tract communicate through both afferent and efferent pathways with the vagus nerve.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: Functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are a class of gastrointestinal disorders where there is a malfunction in the normal activities of the gastrointestinal tract, but there are no structural abnormalities that can explain the cause. There are rarely any tests that can detect the presence of these disorders. Clinical research in neurogastroenterology focuses mainly on the study of common functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, the most common functional GI disorder.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Enteric nervous system

Context: ENS function can be damaged by ischemia. Transplantation, previously described as a theoretical possibility, has been a clinical reality in the United States since 2011 and is regularly performed at some hospitals.

Question: ما عدد العصبونات المؤلفة للجهاز العصبي المعوي؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: Farida and King Farouk first met on a royal trip to London in 1937. They were engaged in the summer of 1937.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: She married King Farouk on 20 January 1938 at Qubba Palace in Cairo, Egypt. She was renamed Farida as her reginal name in accordance with the royal naming convention initiated by King Fuad I that members of the royal family should bear the same initials. She wore a wedding gown designed by The House of Worth in Paris.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: After the birth of a third daughter, Farouk divorced her, on 19 November 1948. King Farouk cared for the first two daughters, while Farida cared for the youngest one after the divorce.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: Queen Farida was born in a culture in which motherhood was the only priority of a woman. The birth of an heir to the throne was especially important. However, due to rising influence of the West, the role of the first lady and Queen rose to higher grounds.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: A certain female emancipation at least in terms of visibility, had occurred in the Egyptian elite around the royal family, as it was regarded as a sign of modernity, suitable to use in the representation of the royal house to the Western world. In contrast to her predecessor, Queen Farida was not to live in seclusion, but to be given a public role.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: The marriage in itself was used in official publicity to show the modern image the monarchy wished to give, and the royal couple was officially described as a modern domestic couple in a monogamous companionate marriage, which at that time hade came to be regarded as the ideal of the Egyptian elite.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: The position of first lady and Queen became an honorary position bearing with it public representational duties, such as attending charities, fundraisers, commemorations and receiving foreign dignitaries.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: Queen Farida accepted chair of the Red Crescent Society and was also honorary president of the Egyptian Feminist Union and the New Woman Alliance. She was also patron of the Egyptian Girl Guide Company which had an important role in community affairs.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: During the last years of queenship, Farida progressively retired from public life during a time when her marriage deteriorated. King Farouk reportedly had numerous mistresses, did not show his queen consideration, excluded her from receptions and at one point instead attended a party of Princess Chevikar in the company of a mistress, placing her beside the Prime Minister Nuqrashi Pasha, who took offence. The absence of a male heir also contributed to the divorce.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: The divorce was not popular in Egypt, since Farida was very popular, and king Farouk was publicly hissed at the Cairo Cinema because of it. Doria Shafik viewed the royal divorce, and Farida's choice to leave an unhappy marriage, as a call to the Egyptian woman to find her freedom and liberate herself: "In exchange for her liberty, Farida gave up a throne, one of the supreme gestures in the history of the Egyptian woman".

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Farida of Egypt

Context: Farida was hospitalized in September 1988 due to several health problems, including leukemia, pneumonia and hepatitis. On 2 October, she was put in intensive care and then, she lapsed into coma. She died of leukemia on 16 October 1988, aged 67, in Cairo.

Question: كم عاما ظلت صافيناز ذو الفقار ملكة مصر ؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The politics of Saudi Arabia takes place in the context of an authoritarian absolute monarchy along Islamist lines, where the King is both the head of state and government. Decisions are, to a large extent, made on the basis of consultation among the senior princes of the royal family and the religious establishment. Some critics regard the Saudi government as a totalitarian state, although this is debatable.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The Qur'an is declared to be the constitution of the country, which is governed on the basis of Islamic law (Shari'a). The Allegiance Council is responsible to determine the new King and the new Crown Prince. All citizens of full age have a right to attend, meet, and petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the majlis.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The government is dominated by the vast royal family, the Al Saud, which has often been divided by internal disputes and into factions. The members of the family are the principal political actors allowed by the government. Political participation outside the royal family is limited. Saudi Arabia is one of only two countries (the other being Vatican City) that does not have a separate legislative body.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, although, according to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Sharia (that is, Islamic law) and the Qur'an. The Qur'an and the Sunnah are declared to be the country's constitution. There is no legally binding written constitution and the Qur'an and the Sunna remain subject to interpretation. This is carried out by the ulama, the Saudi religious establishment.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The government of Saudi Arabia is led by the monarch, King Salman, who acceded to the throne on 23 January 2015. No political parties or national elections are permitted, and according to "The Economist"s 2010 Democracy Index, the Saudi government was the seventh-most authoritarian regime among the 167 countries rated. Government is dominated by the royal family.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Although in theory, the country is an absolute monarchy, in practice major policy decisions are made outside these formal governmental structures and not solely by the king. Decisions are made by establishing a consensus within the royal family (comprising the numerous descendants of the kingdom's founder, King Abdulaziz). Also, the views of important members of Saudi society, including the ulama (religious scholars), leading tribal sheiks, and heads of prominent commercial families are considered.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The royal family dominates the political system. The family's vast numbers allow it to hold most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The number of princes is estimated to be anything from 7,000 upwards, with the most power and influence being wielded by the 200 or so male descendants of King Abdulaziz.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The key ministries have historically been reserved for the royal family, as are the thirteen regional governorships. With the large number of family members seeking well-paying jobs, critics complain that even "middle management" jobs in the Kingdom are out of reach for non-royal Saudis, limiting upward mobility and incentive for commoners to excel.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The one exception to this rule was Khaled al-Tuwaijri, Secretary-General of the Court and King Abdullah's "éminence grise". He was a commoner and immensely powerful, which meant he was despised by most royals, especially the Sideris, who sacked him as soon as the old king died.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Long term political and government appointments result in the creation of "power fiefdoms" for senior princes.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Examples include: King Abdullah, who was the Commander of the National Guard from 1963 until 2010, when he then appointed his son to replace him;

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Crown Prince Sultan, was Minister of Defense and Aviation from 1962 to 2011; Prince Nayef was the Minister of Interior from 1975 until his death in 2012; Prince Saud had been Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1975 to just before his death in 2015;

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Not only is royal succession subject to the approval of the ulama, so are all new laws (royal decrees). The ulama have also influenced major executive decisions, for example the imposition of the oil embargo in 1973 and the invitation of foreign troops to Saudi Arabia in 1990. It plays a major role in the judicial and education systems and has a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The Saudi government and the royal family have often, and over many years, been accused of corruption. In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family and is named after it, the lines between state assets and the personal wealth of senior princes are blurred. The corruption has been described as systemic and endemic, and its existence was acknowledged and defended by Prince Bandar bin Sultan (a senior member of the royal family) in an interview in 2001.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: On 6 March 2020, the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman detained three senior royal members, including the King Salman's brother Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz, the former crown prince Mohammed bin Nayef, and his younger brother, to eliminate the risk of potential successors of the throne.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: On 15 March 2020, Saudi Arabia conducted another mass-detention campaign and arrested 298 government employees out of the 674 people investigated on suspicion of corruption. The detainees included current and retired military officers, security officers under the Interior Ministry, health officials and judges. The mass-detention raised human rights concerns, where the Human Rights Watch called for the revelation of the legal and evidentiary basis for each person's detention.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: On 6 August 2020, former top Saudi Intelligence official Saad AlJabri, who self-exiled in Canada, filed a lawsuit against Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince, Mohammed bin Salman, and other high-ranking officials. The lawsuit was filed at the Washington, D.C. court under the Torture Victim Protection Act, accusing the crown prince of sending a hit squad, dubbed “Tiger Squad”, in October 2018 for his extrajudicial killing.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: In March 2021, more than 240 people were arrested in Saudi Arabia for corruption. Employees from the ministries of interior, health, municipal and rural affairs and housing, education, and human resources and social development, customs and the postal story were arrested.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Politics in Saudi Arabia, outside the royal family, can be examined in three contexts: the extent to which the royal family allows political participation by the wider Saudi society, opposition to the regime, and Islamist terrorism.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: In March 2018, the crown prince Mohammed bin Salman faced severe criticism from British opposition figures during his visit to the United Kingdom. Salman was accused of funding extremism in the UK, committing human rights abuses domestically, and breaching international humanitarian law in Yemen with the on-going war, where millions are on the verge of famine. Later that year, he was criticized by many other countries after, Saudi American journalist, Jamal Khashoggi was murdered.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Osama bin Laden and 15 out of the 19 9/11 hijackers (alleged) were Saudi nationals or used to be Saudi nationals and former CIA director James Woolsey described Saudi Arabian Wahhabism as "the soil in which Al-Qaeda and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing."

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The lack of critical thought in the education system has been cited by some as the reason why fewer protests occurred in the Kingdom.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries also sent some Police men to Bahrain to assist police clampdown on protesters within Bahrain.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: In February 2005, the first elections in Saudi Arabian history were held. The elections for "virtually powerless" municipal councils were for half the seats (half of each council's seats were appointed). Women were not allowed to stand for office or to vote.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: In Riyadh, the number of registered voters did not exceed 18% of those eligible to vote, representing only 2% of the city's population. There was evidence of much greater interest in the Shia community of the Eastern Province. Women will be allowed to vote beginning in 2012, as King Abdullah announced in the opening speech of the new term of the Shura Council.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: In 2007, a Saudi commentator noted that the municipal councils were proving to be powerless. Nevertheless, the elections represented an important step in modernizing the regime.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Although male-only municipal elections were held again on 29 September 2011, Abdullah announced that women will be able to vote and be elected in the 2015 municipal elections.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: In March 1992, King Fahd issued several decrees outlining the basic statutes of government and codifying royal succession for the first time. The King's political reform program also provided for the establishment of a national Consultative Council, with appointed members having advisory powers to review and give advice on issues of public interest. It also outlined a framework for councils at the provincial or emirate level.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: In September 1993, King Fahd issued additional reform decrees, appointing the members of the National Consultative Council and spelling out procedures for the new council's operations. He announced reforms to the Council of Ministers, including term limitations of 4 years and regulations to prohibit conflict of interest for ministers and other high-level officials. The members of 13 provincial councils and the councils' operating regulations were also announced.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: The membership of the Consultative Council was expanded from 60 to 90 members in July 1997, to 120 in May 2001, and to 150 members in 2005. Membership has changed significantly during each expansion of the council, as many members have not been reappointed. The role of the council is gradually expanding as it gains experience.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: Saudi Municipal elections took place in 2005 and some journalists saw this as a first tentative step towards the introduction of democratic processes in the Kingdom, including the legalization of political parties. Other analysts of the Saudi political scene were more skeptical. Islamist candidates, often businessmen, did well, but in practice had little real power. In 2009, promised new elections and hopes for female suffrage in them were postponed for at least two years.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: On 15 February 2009, in a reshuffle King Abdullah removed Sheikh Ibrahim Bin Abdullah Al-Ghaith from his position as President of the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice. He also removed Sheikh Saleh al-Luhaidan as head of the Supreme Judicial Council and appointed the first female minister.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Politics of Saudi Arabia

Context: In his first act as King, Salman removed Khaled al-Tuwaijri, Abdullah's "de facto" Prime Minister and "éminence grise", replacing him with Mohammed bin Nayef.

Question: ماهي درجة الفساد في الحكومة السعودية؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: In December 2018, group founder, Majid Al Futtaim was conferred the Royal Commendation Order by the Sultan of Oman, Qaboos bin Said al Said.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: Majid Al Futtaim Properties develops, owns and manages shopping malls and hotels throughout the MENA region. The hotels business unit focuses on the development and asset management of hotels connected to or close to the company's shopping malls and within its master-planned communities. It owned and operated twelve hotels as of 2015. In 2017, Majid Al Futtaim Properties reported a profit of 2.19 billion dirhams ($596.25 million), down 7% on 2016.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: MAF aims at creating fully integrated communities which integrate Majid Al Futtaim’s residential, commercial, retail, leisure and entertainment facilities.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: The firm establishes and manages (hypermarkets and supermarkets, fashion and specialty retail stores.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: The company introduced the world's first sail-through supermarket "Bites and More by the Shore", in December 2018. The supermarket operates off the coast of Dubai in order to cater to customers on yachts, boats and jet skis. In January 2019, Majid Al Futtaim Retail signs a contract with Nshama, a UAE-based developer of master-planned communities, to open a new 8,000 sq ft Carrefour Hypermarket in Town Square Dubai.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: In January 2019, speaking at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Alain Bejjani (CEO) announced the group’s intention to introduce a Saudi-only workforce in the Carrefour supermarkets across the country. The same year, MAF launched its Retail Business School, which focuses on programmes for employees running its Carrefour operations. Majid al Futtaim currently operates 90 hypermarkets and 120 supermarkets in 15 countries.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟