History of Iran

Context: The Parthian Empire, ruled by the Parthians, a group of northwestern Iranian people, was the realm of the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited and governed the Iranian plateau after the Parni conquest of Parthia and defeating the Seleucid Empire in the later third century BC, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 150 BC and 224 AD. The Parthian Empire quickly included Eastern Arabia.

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History of Iran

Context: Parthia was the eastern arch-enemy of the Roman Empire and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia). The Parthian armies included two types of cavalry: the heavily armed and armored cataphracts and the lightly-armed but highly-mobile mounted archers.

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History of Iran

Context: The Parthian empire subsisted for five centuries, longer than most Eastern Empires. The end of this empire came at last in 224 AD, when the empire's organization had loosened and the last king was defeated by one of the empire's vassal peoples, the Persians under the Sasanians. However, the Arsacid dynasty continued to exist for centuries onwards in Armenia, the Iberia, and the Caucasian Albania, which were all eponymous branches of the dynasty.

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History of Iran

Context: Eastern Arabia was conquered early on. During Khosrow II's rule in 590–628, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine and Lebanon were also annexed to the Empire. The Sassanians called their empire "Erânshahr" ("Dominion of the Aryans", i.e., of Iranians).

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History of Iran

Context: A chapter of Iran's history followed after roughly six hundred years of conflict with the Roman Empire. During this time, the Sassanian and Romano-Byzantine armies clashed for influence in Anatolia, the western Caucasus (mainly Lazica and the Kingdom of Iberia; modern-day Georgia and Abkhazia), Mesopotamia, Armenia and the Levant. Under Justinian I, the war came to an uneasy peace with payment of tribute to the Sassanians.

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History of Iran

Context: This influence carried forward to the Muslim world. The dynasty's unique and aristocratic culture transformed the Islamic conquest and destruction of Iran into a Persian Renaissance. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture, architecture, writing, and other contributions to civilization, were taken from the Sassanian Persians into the broader Muslim world.

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History of Iran

Context: Yazdegerd III, fled from one district to another until a local miller killed him for his purse at Merv in 651. By 674, Muslims had conquered Greater Khorasan (which included modern Iranian Khorasan province and modern Afghanistan and parts of Transoxiana).

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History of Iran

Context: The Muslim conquest of Persia ended the Sasanian Empire and led to the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. Over time, the majority of Iranians converted to Islam. Most of the aspects of the previous Persian civilizations were not discarded but were absorbed by the new Islamic polity. As Bernard Lewis has commented:

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History of Iran

Context: During the Umayyad Caliphate, the Arab conquerors imposed Arabic as the primary language of the subject peoples throughout their empire. Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who was not happy with the prevalence of the Persian language in the divan, ordered the official language of the conquered lands to be replaced by Arabic, sometimes by force. In al-Biruni's "From The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries" for example it is written:

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History of Iran

Context: There are a number of historians who see the rule of the Umayyads as setting up the "dhimmah" to increase taxes from the "dhimmis" to benefit the Muslim Arab community financially and by discouraging conversion. Governors lodged complaints with the caliph when he enacted laws that made conversion easier, depriving the provinces of revenues.

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History of Iran

Context: The Abbasid army consisted primarily of Khorasanians and was led by an Iranian general, Abu Muslim Khorasani. It contained both Iranian and Arab elements, and the Abbasids enjoyed both Iranian and Arab support. The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750. According to Amir Arjomand, the Abbasid Revolution essentially marked the end of the Arab empire and the beginning of a more inclusive, multi-ethnic state in the Middle East.

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History of Iran

Context: One of the first changes the Abbasids made after taking power from the Umayyads was to move the empire's capital from Damascus, in the Levant, to Iraq. The latter region was influenced by Persian history and culture, and moving the capital was part of the Persian mawali demand for Arab influence in the empire. The city of Baghdad was constructed on the Tigris River, in 762, to serve as the new Abbasid capital.

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History of Iran

Context: By the 9th century, Abbasid control began to wane as regional leaders sprang up in the far corners of the empire to challenge the central authority of the Abbasid caliphate. The Abbasid caliphs began enlisting "mamluks", Turkic-speaking warriors, who had been moving out of Central Asia into Transoxiana as slave warriors as early as the 9th century. Shortly thereafter the real power of the Abbasid caliphs began to wane; eventually, they became religious figureheads while the warrior slaves ruled.

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History of Iran

Context: As the power of the Abbasid caliphs diminished, a series of dynasties rose in various parts of Iran, some with considerable influence and power. Among the most important of these overlapping dynasties were the Tahirids in Khorasan (821–873); the Saffarids in Sistan (861–1003, their rule lasted as maliks of Sistan until 1537); and the Samanids (819–1005), originally at Bukhara. The Samanids eventually ruled an area from central Iran to Pakistan.

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History of Iran

Context: During the Abbassid period an enfranchisement was experienced by the "mawali" and a shift was made in political conception from that of a primarily Arab empire to one of a Muslim empire and c. 930 a requirement was enacted that required all bureaucrats of the empire be Muslim.

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History of Iran

Context: Although Persians adopted the religion of their conquerors, over the centuries they worked to protect and revive their distinctive language and culture, a process known as Persianization. Arabs and Turks participated in this attempt.

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History of Iran

Context: In the 9th and 10th centuries, non-Arab subjects of the Ummah created a movement called Shu'ubiyyah in response to the privileged status of Arabs. Most of those behind the movement were Persian, but references to Egyptians, Berbers and Aramaeans are attested. Citing as its basis Islamic notions of equality of races and nations, the movement was primarily concerned with preserving Persian culture and protecting Persian identity, though within a Muslim context.

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History of Iran

Context: The Samanid dynasty led the revival of Persian culture and the first important Persian poet after the arrival of Islam, Rudaki, was born during this era and was praised by Samanid kings. The Samanids also revived many ancient Persian festivals. Their successor, the Ghaznawids, who were of non-Iranian Turkic origin, also became instrumental in the revival of Persian culture.

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History of Iran

Context: The culmination of the Persianization movement was the "Shahnameh", the national epic of Iran, written almost entirely in Persian. This voluminous work, reflects Iran's ancient history, its unique cultural values, its pre-Islamic Zoroastrian religion, and its sense of nationhood. According to Bernard Lewis:

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History of Iran

Context: In 977, a Turkic governor of the Samanids, Sabuktigin, conquered Ghazna (in present-day Afghanistan) and established a dynasty, the Ghaznavids, that lasted to 1186. The Ghaznavid empire grew by taking all of the Samanid territories south of the Amu Darya in the last decade of the 10th century, and eventually occupied parts of Eastern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-west India.

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History of Iran

Context: The Ghaznavids are generally credited with launching Islam into a mainly Hindu India. The invasion of India was undertaken in 1000 by the Ghaznavid ruler, Mahmud, and continued for several years. They were unable to hold power for long, however, particularly after the death of Mahmud in 1030. By 1040 the Seljuqs had taken over the Ghaznavid lands in Iran.

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History of Iran

Context: A serious internal threat to the Seljuqs during their reign came from the Nizari Ismailis, a secret sect with headquarters at Alamut Castle between Rasht and Tehran. They controlled the immediate area for more than 150 years and sporadically sent out adherents to strengthen their rule by murdering important officials. Several of the various theories on the etymology of the word "assassin" derive from these killers.

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History of Iran

Context: Parts of northwestern Iran were conquered in the early 13th century AD by the Kingdom of Georgia, led by Tamar the Great.

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History of Iran

Context: The Mongol invasion of Iran began in 1219, after two diplomatic missions to Khwarezm sent by Genghis Khan had been massacred. During 1220–21 Bukhara, Samarkand, Herat, Tus and Nishapur were razed, and the whole populations were slaughtered. The Khwarezm-Shah fled, to die on an island off the Caspian coast.

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History of Iran

Context: During the invasion of Transoxiana in 1219, along with the main Mongol force, Genghis Khan used a Chinese specialist catapult unit in battle, they were used again in 1220 in Transoxania. The Chinese may have used the catapults to hurl gunpowder bombs, since they already had them by this time.

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History of Iran

Context: Before his death in 1227, Genghis had reached western Azerbaijan, pillaging and burning many cities along the way after entering into Iran from its north east.

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History of Iran

Context: The Mongols killed many Iranian civilians. Destruction of qanat irrigation systems in the north east of Iran destroyed the pattern of relatively continuous settlements, producing many abandoned towns which were relatively quite good with irrigation and agriculture.

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History of Iran

Context: After Genghis's death, Iran was ruled by several Mongol commanders. Genghis' grandson, Hulagu Khan, was tasked with the westward expansion of Mongol dominion. However, by time he ascended to power, the Mongol Empire had already dissolved, dividing into different factions. Arriving with an army, he established himself in the region and founded the Ilkhanate, a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire, which would rule Iran for the next eighty years and become Persian in the process.

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History of Iran

Context: Hulagu Khan seized Baghdad in 1258 and put the last Abbasid caliph to death. The westward advance of his forces was stopped by the Mamelukes, however, at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine in 1260. Hulagu's campaigns against the Muslims also enraged Berke, khan of the Golden Horde and a convert to Islam. Hulagu and Berke fought against each other, demonstrating the weakening unity of the Mongol empire.

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History of Iran

Context: The rule of Hulagu's great-grandson, Ghazan (1295–1304) saw the establishment of Islam as the state religion of the Ilkhanate. Ghazan and his famous Iranian vizier, Rashid al-Din, brought Iran a partial and brief economic revival. The Mongols lowered taxes for artisans, encouraged agriculture, rebuilt and extended irrigation works, and improved the safety of the trade routes. As a result, commerce increased dramatically.

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History of Iran

Context: Prior to the rise of the Safavid Empire, Sunni Islam was the dominant religion, accounting for around 90% of the population at the time. According to Mortaza Motahhari the majority of Iranian scholars and masses remained Sunni until the time of the Safavids. The domination of Sunnis did not mean Shia were rootless in Iran. The writers of The Four Books of Shia were Iranian, as well as many other great Shia scholars.

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History of Iran

Context: The domination of the Sunni creed during the first nine Islamic centuries characterized the religious history of Iran during this period. There were however some exceptions to this general domination which emerged in the form of the Zaydīs of Tabaristan (see Alid dynasties of northern Iran), the Buyids, the Kakuyids, the rule of Sultan Muhammad Khudabandah (r. Shawwal 703-Shawwal 716/1304-1316) and the Sarbedaran.

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History of Iran

Context: Apart from this domination there existed, firstly, throughout these nine centuries, Shia inclinations among many Sunnis of this land and, secondly, original Imami Shiism as well as Zaydī Shiism had prevalence in some parts of Iran. During this period, Shia in Iran were nourished from Kufah, Baghdad and later from Najaf and Hillah. Shiism was the dominant sect in Tabaristan, Qom, Kashan, Avaj and Sabzevar. In many other areas merged population of Shia and Sunni lived together.

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History of Iran

Context: During the 10th and 11th centuries, Fatimids sent Ismailis Da'i (missioners) to Iran as well as other Muslim lands. When Ismailis divided into two sects, Nizaris established their base in Iran. Hassan-i Sabbah conquered fortresses and captured Alamut in 1090 AD. Nizaris used this fortress until a Mongol raid in 1256.

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History of Iran

Context: After the Mongol raid and fall of the Abbasids, Sunni hierarchies faltered. Not only did they lose the caliphate but also the status of official madhhab. Their loss was the gain of Shia, whose centre wasn't in Iran at that time. Several local Shia dynasties like Sarbadars were established during this time.

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History of Iran

Context: The main change occurred in the beginning of the 16th century, when Ismail I founded the Safavid dynasty and initiated a religious policy to recognize Shi'a Islam as the official religion of the Safavid Empire, and the fact that modern Iran remains an officially Shi'ite state is a direct result of Ismail's actions.

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History of Iran

Context: Iran remained divided until the arrival of Timur, an Turco-Mongol belonging to the Timurid dynasty. Like its predecessors, the Timurid Empire was also part of the Persianate world. After establishing a power base in Transoxiana, Timur invaded Iran in 1381 and eventually conquered most of it. Timur's campaigns were known for their brutality; many people were slaughtered and several cities were destroyed.

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History of Iran

Context: His regime was characterized by tyranny and bloodshed, but also by its inclusion of Iranians in administrative roles and its promotion of architecture and poetry. His successors, the Timurids, maintained a hold on most of Iran until 1452, when they lost the bulk of it to Black Sheep Turkmen. The Black Sheep Turkmen were conquered by the White Sheep Turkmen under Uzun Hasan in 1468; Uzun Hasan and his successors were the masters of Iran until the rise of the Safavids.

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History of Iran

Context: The Kara Koyunlu were Turkmen tribal federation that ruled over northwestern Iran and surrounding areas from 1374 to 1468 CE. The Kara Koyunlu expanded their conquest to Baghdad, however, internal fighting, defeats by the Timurids, rebellions by the Armenians in response to their persecution, and failed struggles with the Ag Qoyunlu led to their eventual demise.

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History of Iran

Context: Aq Qoyunlu were Turkmen under the leadership of the Bayandur tribe, tribal federation of Sunni Muslims who ruled over most of Iran and large parts of surrounding areas from 1378 to 1501 CE. Aq Qoyunlu emerged when Timur granted them all of Diyar Bakr in present-day Turkey. Afterward, they struggled with their rival Oghuz Turks, the Kara Koyunlu. While the Aq Qoyunlu were successful in defeating Kara Koyunlu, their struggle with the emerging Safavid dynasty led to their downfall.

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History of Iran

Context: Persia underwent a revival under the Safavid dynasty (1502–1736), the most prominent figure of which was Shah Abbas I. Some historians credit the Safavid dynasty for founding the modern nation-state of Iran. Iran's contemporary Shia character, and significant segments of Iran's current borders take their origin from this era ("e.g. Treaty of Zuhab").

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History of Iran

Context: The Safavid ruling dynasty was founded by Ismāil, who styled himself Shāh Ismāil I. Practically worshipped by his Qizilbāsh followers, Ismāil invaded Shirvan to avenge the death of his father, Shaykh Haydar, who had been killed during his siege of Derbent, in Dagestan. Afterwards he went on a campaign of conquest, and following the capture of Tabriz in July 1501, he enthroned himself as the Shāh of Iran, minted coins in this name, and proclaimed Shi'ism the official religion of his domain.

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History of Iran

Context: He expanded commercial links with the Dutch East India Company and established firm links with the European royal houses, which had been initiated by Ismail I earlier on by the Habsburg–Persian alliance. Thus Abbas I was able to break the dependence on the Qizilbash for military might and therefore was able to centralize control.

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History of Iran

Context: The Safavid dynasty had already established itself during Shah Ismail I, but under Abbas I it really became a major power in the world along with its archrival the Ottoman Empire, against whom it became able to compete with on equal foot. It also started the promotion of tourism in Iran. Under their rule Persian Architecture flourished again and saw many new monuments in various Iranian cities, of which Isfahan is the most notable example.

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History of Iran

Context: Except for Shah Abbas the Great, Shah Ismail I, Shah Tahmasp I, and Shah Abbas II, many of the Safavid rulers were ineffectual, often being more interested in their women, alcohol and other leisure activities. The end of Abbas II's reign in 1666, marked the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. Despite falling revenues and military threats, many of the later shahs had lavish lifestyles. Shah Soltan Hosain (1694–1722) in particular was known for his love of wine and disinterest in governance.

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History of Iran

Context: The area to the north of the river [[Aras River|Aras]], among which the territory of the contemporary republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.

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History of Iran

Context: Following the official loss of vast territories in the Caucasus, major demographic shifts were bound to take place. Following the 1804-1814 War, but also per the 1826-1828 war which ceded the last territories, large migrations, so-called [[Ethnic Cleansing of Circassians|Caucasian Muhajirs]], set off to migrate to mainland Iran. Some of these groups included the [[Ayrums]], [[Qarapapaqs]], [[Circassians]], Shia [[Lezgins]], and other [[Transcaucasus|Transcaucasian]] Muslims.

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History of Iran

Context: Many of these migrants would prove to play a pivotal role in further Iranian history, as they formed most of the ranks of the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]], which was established in the late 19th century. The initial ranks of the brigade would be entirely composed of [[Circassians]] and other Caucasian Muhajirs. This brigade would prove decisive in the following decades in Qajar history.

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History of Iran

Context: Furthermore, the 1828 [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] included the official rights for the Russian Empire to encourage settling of [[Armenians]] from Iran in the newly conquered Russian territories. Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in [[Eastern Armenia]].

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History of Iran

Context: At the close of the fourteenth century, after [[Timur]]'s campaigns, the [[Timurid Renaissance]] flourished, and Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia. After centuries of constant warfare on the [[Armenian Plateau]], many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. Following [[Shah Abbas I]]'s massive relocation of Armenians and Muslims in 1604–05, their numbers dwindled even further.

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History of Iran

Context: The [[Persian famine of 1870–1872|Great Persian Famine of 1870–1871]] is believed to have caused the death of two million people.

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History of Iran

Context: A new era in the history of Persia dawned with the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] against the Shah in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Shah managed to remain in power, granting a limited constitution in 1906 (making the country a [[constitutional monarchy]]). The first [[Majlis]] (parliament) was convened on October 7, 1906.

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History of Iran

Context: The discovery of [[petroleum]] in 1908 by the British in [[Khūzestān Province|Khuzestan]] spawned intense renewed interest in Persia by the [[British Empire]] (see [[William Knox D'Arcy]] and [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]], now [[BP]]). Control of Persia remained contested between the United Kingdom and Russia, in what became known as [[The Great Game]], and codified in the [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]], which divided Persia into spheres of influence, regardless of her national sovereignty.

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History of Iran

Context: During [[World War I]], the country was occupied by British, Ottoman and Russian forces but was essentially neutral (see [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian Campaign]]). In 1919, after the [[Russian revolution]] and their withdrawal, Britain attempted to establish a [[protectorate]] in Persia, which was unsuccessful.

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History of Iran

Context: To his supporters, his reign brought "law and order, discipline, central authority, and modern amenities – schools, trains, buses, radios, cinemas, and telephones". However, his attempts of modernisation have been criticised for being "too fast" and "superficial", and his reign a time of "oppression, corruption, taxation, lack of authenticity" with "security typical of [[police state]]s."

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History of Iran

Context: [[File:Newsreel - Echo News Reel Number 88 about the Rule of Shah in 1971.ogv|thumb|1971 film about Iran under the Shah]]

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History of Iran

Context: Two years later, premier [[Hassan Ali Mansur]] was assassinated and the internal security service, [[SAVAK]], became more violently active. In the 1970s, leftist [[Guerrilla groups of Iran|guerilla groups]] such as [[Mujaheddin-e-Khalq]] (MEK), emerged and attacked regime and foreign targets.

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History of Iran

Context: Nearly a hundred Iran political prisoners were killed by the SAVAK during the decade before the revolution and many more were arrested and tortured. The Islamic clergy, headed by the Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] (who had been exiled in 1964), were becoming increasingly vociferous.

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History of Iran

Context: Iran greatly increased its defense budget and by the early 1970s was the region's strongest military power. Bilateral relations with its neighbor [[Iraq]] were not good, mainly due to a dispute over the [[Shatt al-Arab]] waterway. In November 1971, Iranian forces seized control of three islands at the mouth of the Persian Gulf; in response, Iraq expelled thousands of Iranian nationals. Following a number of clashes in April 1969, Iran abrogated the 1937 accord and demanded a renegotiation.

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History of Iran

Context: In mid-1973, the Shah returned the oil industry to national control. Following the [[Yom Kippur War|Arab-Israeli War of October 1973]], Iran did not join the Arab oil embargo against the West and [[Israel]]. Instead, it used the situation to raise oil prices, using the money gained for modernization and to increase defense spending.

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History of Iran

Context: A border dispute between Iraq and Iran was resolved with the signing of the [[Algiers Agreement (1975)|Algiers Accord]] on March 6, 1975.

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History of Iran

Context: [[File:Imam Khomeini in Mehrabad.jpg|thumb|Ayatollah [[Khomeini]] returns to Iran after 14 years exile in France on 1 February 1979.]]

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History of Iran

Context: Iran's rapidly modernising, capitalist economy was replaced by populist and Islamic economic and cultural policies. Much industry was [[nationalized]], laws and schools Islamicized, and Western influences banned.

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History of Iran

Context: The Islamic revolution also created great impact around the world. In the non-Muslim world it has changed the image of Islam, generating much interest in the politics and spirituality of Islam, along with "fear and distrust towards Islam" and particularly the Islamic Republic and its founder.

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History of Iran

Context: Khomeini served as leader of the revolution or as [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] from 1979 to his death on June 3, 1989. This era was dominated by the consolidation of the revolution into a [[theocracy|theocratic]] republic under Khomeini, and by the costly and bloody [[Iran–Iraq War|war with Iraq]].

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History of Iran

Context: In the summer of 1979 a new constitution giving Khomeini a powerful post as guardian jurist [[Supreme Leader]] and a clerical [[Council of Guardians]] power over legislation and elections, was drawn up by an [[Assembly of Experts for Constitution]]. The new constitution was approved by referendum in December 1979.

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History of Iran

Context: An early event in the history of the Islamic republic that had a long-term impact was the [[Iran hostage crisis]]. Following the admitting of the former Shah of Iran into the United States for cancer treatment, on November 4, 1979, Iranian students [[Iran hostage crisis|seized US embassy personnel]], labeling the embassy a "den of spies." Fifty-two hostages were held for 444 days until January 1981. An American [[Operation Eagle Claw|military attempt to rescue the hostages]] failed.

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History of Iran

Context: Although Saddam Hussein's forces made several early advances, Iranian forces had pushed the Iraqi army back into Iraq by 1982. Khomeini sought to [[export of revolution|export his Islamic revolution]] westward into Iraq, especially on the majority Shi'a Arabs living in the country. The war then continued for six more years until 1988, when Khomeini, in his words, "drank the cup of poison" and accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations.

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History of Iran

Context: Tens of thousands of Iranian [[civilians]] and [[military]] personnel were killed when Iraq used [[chemical weapons]] in its warfare. [[International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War|Iraq was financially backed]] by [[Egypt]], the Arab countries of the [[Persian Gulf]], the Soviet Union and the [[Warsaw Pact]] states, the United States (beginning in 1983), France, the United Kingdom, Germany, [[Brazil]], and the [[People's Republic of China]] (which also sold weapons to Iran).

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History of Iran

Context: There were more than 182,000 Kurdish victims of Iraq's chemical weapons during the eight-year war. The total Iranian casualties of the war were estimated to be between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Almost all relevant international agencies have confirmed that Saddam engaged in chemical warfare to blunt Iranian [[human wave attack]]s; these agencies unanimously confirmed that Iran never used chemical weapons during the war.

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


History of Iran

Context: [[File:Mohammad Khatami.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mohammad Khatami]], [[Mohammad Khatami's reforms|reformist]] President of Iran from 1997 to 2005]]

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


History of Iran

Context: Khatami was re-elected in June 2001 but his efforts were repeatedly blocked by the conservatives in the parliament. Conservative elements within Iran's government moved to undermine the reformist movement, banning liberal newspapers and disqualifying candidates for parliamentary elections. This clampdown on dissent, combined with the failure of Khatami to reform the government, led to growing political apathy among Iran's youth.

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


History of Iran

Context: In June 2003, anti-government protests by several thousand students took place in Tehran. Several [[human right]]s protests also occurred in 2006.

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


History of Iran

Context: In the [[2005 Iranian presidential election]], [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], mayor of Tehran, became the sixth president of Iran, after winning 62 percent of the vote in the [[runoff election|run-off poll]], against former president Ali-[[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]]. During the authorization ceremony he kissed Khamenei's hand in demonstration of his loyalty to him.

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


History of Iran

Context: On 15 June 2013, [[Hassan Rouhani]] won the presidential election in Iran, with a total number of 36,704,156 ballots cast; Rouhani won 18,613,329 votes. In his press conference one day after election day, Rouhani reiterated his promise to recalibrate Iran's relations with the world.

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


History of Iran

Context: When [[Donald Trump]] was campaigning to become [[President of the US]], he repeatedly said he would abandon the [[Iran nuclear deal]]. After he was elected president, the USA announced its withdrawal from the agreement on 8 May 2018.

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


History of Iran

Context: The Iranian-backed group known as Kataib Hezbollah attacked the United States embassy in Baghdad on December 31, 2019.

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


History of Iran

Context: On January 3, 2020, the United States military executed a drone strike at [[Baghdad Airport]], killing [[Qasem Soleimani]], the leader of the [[Quds Force]], an elite branch of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]].

Question: 이란은 언제 건국했는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Ancient Greece () was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories—unified only once, for 13 years, under Alexander the Great's empire (336-323 BC). In Western history, the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine period.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on ancient Rome, which carried a version of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe. For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the cradle of Western civilization, the seminal culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Classical antiquity in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC (around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative historiography, while earlier ancient history or protohistory is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic epigraphy.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Herodotus is widely known as the "father of history": his "Histories" are eponymous of the entire field. Written between the 450s and 420s BC, Herodotus' work reaches about a century into the past, discussing 6th century BC historical figures such as Darius I of Persia, Cambyses II and Psamtik III, and alluding to some 8th century BC persons such as Candaules. The accuracy of Herodotus' works is debated.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato and Aristotle. Most were either Athenian or pro-Athenian, which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than of many other cities.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Their scope is further limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, ignoring economic and social history.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The Lelantine War (c. 710 – c. 650 BC) is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period. It was fought between the important "poleis" (city-states) of Chalcis and Eretria over the fertile Lelantine plain of Euboea. Both cities seem to have declined as a result of the long war, though Chalcis was the nominal victor.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century BC, again resulting in civil strife. The Archon (chief magistrate) Draco made severe reforms to the law code in 621 BC (hence "draconian"), but these failed to quell the conflict. Eventually, the moderate reforms of Solon (594 BC), improving the lot of the poor but firmly entrenching the aristocracy in power, gave Athens some stability.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: By the 6th century BC, several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. Each of them had brought the surrounding rural areas and smaller towns under their control, and Athens and Corinth had become major maritime and mercantile powers as well.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The Greek colonies of Sicily, especially Syracuse, were soon drawn into prolonged conflicts with the Carthaginians. These conflicts lasted from 600 BC to 265 BC, when the Roman Republic allied with the Mamertines to fend off the new tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II, and then the Carthaginians. As a result, Rome became the new dominant power against the fading strength of the Sicilian Greek cities and the fading Carthaginian hegemony. One year later, the First Punic War erupted.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: In this period, Greece and its overseas colonies enjoyed huge economic development in commerce and manufacturing, with rising general prosperity. Some studies estimate that the average Greek household grew fivefold between 800 and 300 BC, indicating a large increase in average income.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: During the Hellenistic period, the importance of "Greece proper" (the territory of modern Greece) within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great capitals of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Antioch in the Seleucid Empire.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city-states. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration of the young and ambitious to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the first century BC.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The city-states within Greece formed themselves into two leagues; the Achaean League (including Thebes, Corinth and Argos) and the Aetolian League (including Sparta and Athens). For much of the period until the Roman conquest, these leagues were at war, often participating in the conflicts between the Diadochi (the successor states to Alexander's empire).

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the Roman culture had long been in fact Greco-Roman. The Greek language served as a "lingua franca" in the East and in Italy, and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The territory of Greece is mountainous, and as a result, ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions, each with its own dialect, cultural peculiarities, and identity. Regionalism and regional conflicts were prominent features of ancient Greece. Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains, or on coastal plains, and dominated a certain area around them.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: During the Archaic period, the Greek population grew beyond the capacity of the limited arable land of Greece proper, resulting in the large-scale establishment of colonies elsewhere: according to one estimate, the population of the widening area of Greek settlement increased roughly tenfold from 800 BC to 400 BC, from 800,000 to as many as 7½-10 million.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. To the east, the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was colonized first, followed by Cyprus and the coasts of Thrace, the Sea of Marmara and south coast of the Black Sea.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Eventually, Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present-day Ukraine and Russia (Taganrog). To the west the coasts of Illyria, Sicily and Southern Italy were settled, followed by Southern France, Corsica, and even eastern Spain. Greek colonies were also founded in Egypt and Libya.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Modern Syracuse, Naples, Marseille and Istanbul had their beginnings as the Greek colonies Syracusae (Συράκουσαι), Neapolis (Νεάπολις), Massalia (Μασσαλία) and Byzantion "(Βυζάντιον)". These colonies played an important role in the spread of Greek influence throughout Europe and also aided in the establishment of long-distance trading networks between the Greek city-states, boosting the economy of ancient Greece.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Inevitably, the domination of politics and concomitant aggregation of wealth by small groups of families was apt to cause social unrest in many "poleis". In many cities a tyrant (not in the modern sense of repressive autocracies), would at some point seize control and govern according to their own will; often a populist agenda would help sustain them in power. In a system wracked with class conflict, government by a 'strongman' was often the best solution.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers, and even poor families might have owned a few slaves. Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves. Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard. Unlike in Rome, freedmen did not become citizens. Instead, they were mixed into the population of "metics", which included people from foreign countries or other city-states who were officially allowed to live in the state.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: City-states legally owned slaves. These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families, living on their own and performing specialized tasks. In Athens, public slaves were trained to look out for counterfeit coinage, while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple's deity and Scythian slaves were employed in Athens as a police force corralling citizens to political functions.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Sparta had a special type of slaves called "helots". Helots were Messenians enslaved en masse during the Messenian Wars by the state and assigned to families where they were forced to stay. Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as hoplites. Their masters treated them harshly, and helots revolted against their masters several times before in 370/69 BC they won their freedom.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Boys went to school at the age of seven, or went to the barracks, if they lived in Sparta. The three types of teachings were: grammatistes for arithmetic, kitharistes for music and dancing, and Paedotribae for sports.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: While slave conditions varied widely, the institution served to sustain the incomes of the free citizenry: an estimate of economic development drawn from the latter (or derived from urban incomes alone) is therefore likely to overstate the true overall level despite widespread evidence for high living standards.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Athens owned one of the largest war fleets in ancient Greece. It had over 200 triremes each powered by 170 oarsmen who were seated in 3 rows on each side of the ship. The city could afford such a large fleet—it had over 34,000 oarsmen—because it owned a lot of silver mines that were worked by slaves.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: According to Josiah Ober, Greek city-states faced approximately a one-in-three chance of destruction during the archaic and classical period.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry. In many ways, it had an important influence on modern philosophy, as well as modern science. Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and Islamic scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Neither reason nor inquiry began with the ancient Greeks. Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations, such as the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians, has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: With Octavian's victory at Actium in 31 BC, Rome began to become a major centre of Greek literature, as important Greek authors such as Strabo and Dionysius of Halicarnassus came to Rome. The period of greatest innovation in Greek literature under Rome was the "long second century" from approximately AD 80 to around AD 230. This innovation was especially marked in prose, with the development of the novel and a revival of prominence for display oratory both dating to this period.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Music was present almost universally in Greek society, from marriages and funerals to religious ceremonies, theatre, folk music and the ballad-like reciting of epic poetry. There are significant fragments of actual Greek musical notation as well as many literary references to ancient Greek music. Greek art depicts musical instruments and dance. The word "music" derives from the name of the Muses, the daughters of Zeus who were patron goddesses of the arts.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important developments to the field of mathematics, including the basic rules of geometry, the idea of formal mathematical proof, and discoveries in number theory, mathematical analysis, applied mathematics, and approached close to establishing integral calculus. The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians, including Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes, are still used in mathematical teaching today.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The most important religious act in ancient Greece was animal sacrifice, most commonly of sheep and goats. Sacrifice was accompanied by public prayer, and prayer and hymns were themselves a major part of ancient Greek religious life.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The civilization of ancient Greece has been immensely influential on language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts. It became the "Leitkultur" of the Roman Empire to the point of marginalizing native Italic traditions. As Horace put it,

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Ancient Greece

Context: The Byzantine Empire inherited Classical Greek-Hellenistic culture directly, without Latin intermediation, and the preservation of classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted a strong influence on the Slavs and later on the Islamic Golden Age and the Western European Renaissance. A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the Neoclassicism movement in 18th- and 19th-century Europe and the Americas.

Question: 고대 그리스는 언제 무너졌는가?


Yeast

Context: Yeasts do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term "yeast" is often taken as a synonym for "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla: the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts or "true yeasts" are classified in the order Saccharomycetales, within the phylum Ascomycota.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: In 1857, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, but fermentation was inhibited – an observation later called the "Pasteur effect". In the paper "Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique," Pasteur proved that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: The mechanical refrigerator (first patented in the 1850s in Europe) liberated brewers and winemakers from seasonal constraints for the first time and allowed them to exit cellars and other earthen environments. For John Molson, who made his livelihood in Montreal prior to the development of the fridge, the brewing season lasted from September through to May. The same seasonal restrictions formerly governed the distiller's art.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Yeasts vary in regard to the temperature range in which they grow best. For example, "Leucosporidium frigidum" grows at , "Saccharomyces telluris" at , and "Candida slooffi" at . The cells can survive freezing under certain conditions, with viability decreasing over time.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: The appearance of a white, thready yeast, commonly known as kahm yeast, is often a byproduct of the lactofermentation (or pickling) of certain vegetables. It is usually the result of exposure to air. Although harmless, it can give pickled vegetables a bad flavor and must be removed regularly during fermentation.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Certain strains of some species of yeasts produce proteins called yeast killer toxins that allow them to eliminate competing strains. (See main article on killer yeast.) This can cause problems for winemaking but could potentially also be used to advantage by using killer toxin-producing strains to make the wine. Yeast killer toxins may also have medical applications in treating yeast infections (see "Pathogenic yeasts" section below).

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: In general, under high-stress conditions such as nutrient starvation, haploid cells will die; under the same conditions, however, diploid cells can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and producing a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate), reforming the diploid.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Some pucciniomycete yeasts, in particular species of "Sporidiobolus" and "Sporobolomyces", produce aerially dispersed, asexual ballistoconidia.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Decades ago, taxonomists reclassified "S. carlsbergensis" (uvarum) as a member of "S. cerevisiae", noting that the only distinct difference between the two is metabolic. Lager strains of "S. cerevisiae" secrete an enzyme called melibiase, allowing them to hydrolyse melibiose, a disaccharide, into more fermentable monosaccharides. Top- and bottom-cropping and cold- and warm-fermenting distinctions are largely generalizations used by laypersons to communicate to the general public.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Most added wine yeasts are strains of "S. cerevisiae", though not all strains of the species are suitable. Different "S. cerevisiae" yeast strains have differing physiological and fermentative properties, therefore the actual strain of yeast selected can have a direct impact on the finished wine. Significant research has been undertaken into the development of novel wine yeast strains that produce atypical flavour profiles or increased complexity in wines.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: The growth of some yeasts, such as "Zygosaccharomyces" and "Brettanomyces", in wine can result in wine faults and subsequent spoilage. "Brettanomyces" produces an array of metabolites when growing in wine, some of which are volatile phenolic compounds. Together, these compounds are often referred to as ""Brettanomyces" character", and are often described as "antiseptic" or "barnyard" type aromas. "Brettanomyces" is a significant contributor to wine faults within the wine industry.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Researchers from the University of British Columbia, Canada, have found a new strain of yeast that has reduced amines. The amines in red wine and Chardonnay produce off-flavors and cause headaches and hypertension in some people. About 30% of people are sensitive to biogenic amines, such as histamines.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread. The first records that show this use came from Ancient Egypt. Researchers speculate a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the normal flat, hard cake.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: When yeast is used for making bread, it is mixed with flour, salt, and warm water or milk. The dough is kneaded until it is smooth, and then left to rise, sometimes until it has doubled in size. The dough is then shaped into loaves. Some bread doughs are knocked back after one rising and left to rise again (this is called dough proofing) and then baked. A longer rising time gives a better flavor, but the yeast can fail to raise the bread in the final stages if it is left for too long initially.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: "Saccharomyces" yeasts have been genetically engineered to ferment xylose, one of the major fermentable sugars present in cellulosic biomasses, such as agriculture residues, paper wastes, and wood chips. Such a development means ethanol can be efficiently produced from more inexpensive feedstocks, making cellulosic ethanol fuel a more competitively priced alternative to gasoline fuels.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: A number of sweet carbonated beverages can be produced by the same methods as beer, except the fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, leaving a significant amount of residual sugar in the drink.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Yeast is used as an ingredient in foods for its umami flavor, in much of the same way that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used and, like MSG, often contain free glutamic acid. Examples include:

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: In 1920, the Fleischmann Yeast Company began to promote yeast cakes in a "Yeast for Health" campaign. They initially emphasized yeast as a source of vitamins, good for skin and digestion. Their later advertising claimed a much broader range of health benefits, and was censured as misleading by the Federal Trade Commission. The fad for yeast cakes lasted until the late 1930s.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Some probiotic supplements use the yeast "S. boulardii" to maintain and restore the natural flora in the gastrointestinal tract. "S. boulardii" has been shown to reduce the symptoms of acute diarrhea, reduce the chance of infection by "Clostridium difficile" (often identified simply as C. difficile or C. diff), reduce bowel movements in diarrhea-predominant IBS patients, and reduce the incidence of antibiotic-, traveler's-, and HIV/AIDS-associated diarrheas.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) to nourish plants in planted aquaria. CO2 levels from yeast are more difficult to regulate than those from pressurized CO2 systems. However, the low cost of yeast makes it a widely used alternative.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: Genomic and functional gene annotation of the two major yeast models can be accessed via their respective model organism databases: SGD and PomBase.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: An Indian study of seven bee species and nine plant species found 45 yeast species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees. Most were members of the genus "Candida"; the most common species in honey bee stomachs was "Dekkera intermedia", while the most common species colonising flower nectaries was "Candida blankii". Although the mechanics are not fully understood, it was found that "A. indica" flowers more if "Candida blankii" is present.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Yeast

Context: In another example, "Spathaspora passalidarum", found in the digestive tract of scarab beetles, aids the digestion of plant cells by fermenting xylose.

Question: 이스트는 균계에 속하나요?


Sociology

Context: Social research has influence throughout various industries and sectors of life, such as among politicians, policy makers, and legislators; educators; planners; administrators; developers; business magnates and managers; social workers; non-governmental organizations; and non-profit organizations, as well as individuals interested in resolving social issues in general. As such, there is often a great deal of crossover between social research, market research, and other statistical fields.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: There is evidence of early sociology in medieval Arabic writings as well. Some sources consider Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century Arab-Islamic scholar from Tunisia, to have been the father of sociology although, not surprisingly, there is no reference to his work in the writings of European, white male contributors to modern sociology. Khaldun's "Muqaddimah" was perhaps the first work to advance social-scientific reasoning on social cohesion and social conflict.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The word "sociology" (or "sociologie") derives part of its name from the Latin word socius ("companion" or "fellowship"). The suffix "-logy" ("the study of'") comes from that of the Greek -λογία, derived from λόγος ("lógos", "word" or "knowledge").

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The term "sociology" was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in an unpublished manuscript.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) was one of the most popular and influential 19th-century sociologists. It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The overarching methodological principle of positivism is to conduct sociology in broadly the same manner as natural science. An emphasis on empiricism and the scientific method is sought to provide a tested foundation for sociological research based on the assumption that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only arrive by positive affirmation through scientific methodology.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: In the Italian context of development of social sciences and of sociology in particular, there are oppositions to the first foundation of the discipline, sustained by speculative philosophy in accordance with the antiscientific tendencies matured by critique of positivism and evolutionism, so a tradition Progressist struggles to establish itself.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The first formal Department of Sociology in the world was established in 1892 by Albion Small—from the invitation of William Rainey Harper—at the University of Chicago. The American Journal of Sociology was founded shortly thereafter in 1895 by Small as well.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The sociological "canon of classics" with Durkheim and Max Weber at the top owes in part to Talcott Parsons, who is largely credited with introducing both to American audiences. Parsons consolidated the sociological tradition and set the agenda for American sociology at the point of its fastest disciplinary growth. Sociology in the United States was less historically influenced by Marxism than its European counterpart, and to this day broadly remains more statistical in its approach.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The contemporary discipline of sociology is theoretically multi-paradigmatic in line with the contentions of classical social theory. Randall Collins' well-cited survey of sociological theory retroactively labels various theorists as belonging to four theoretical traditions: Functionalism, Conflict, Symbolic Interactionism, and Utilitarianism.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Accordingly, modern sociological theory predominantly descends from functionalist (Durkheim) and conflict (Marx and Weber) approaches to social structure, as well as from symbolic-interactionist approaches to social interaction, such as micro-level structural (Simmel) and pragmatist (Mead, Cooley) perspectives. Utilitarianism (aka rational choice or social exchange), although often associated with economics, is an established tradition within sociological theory.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Contemporary sociological theory retains traces of each of these traditions and they are by no means mutually exclusive.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Functionalist theories emphasize "cohesive systems" and are often contrasted with "conflict theories", which critique the overarching socio-political system or emphasize the inequality between particular groups. The following quotes from Durkheim and Marx epitomize the political, as well as theoretical, disparities, between functionalist and conflict thought respectively:

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Utilitarianism is often referred to as exchange theory or rational choice theory in the context of sociology. This tradition tends to privilege the agency of individual rational actors and assumes that within interactions individuals always seek to maximize their own self-interest. As argued by Josh Whitford, rational actors are assumed to have four basic elements:

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Exchange theory is specifically attributed to the work of George C. Homans, Peter Blau and Richard Emerson. Organizational sociologists James G. March and Herbert A. Simon noted that an individual's rationality is bounded by the context or organizational setting. The utilitarian perspective in sociology was, most notably, revitalized in the late 20th century by the work of former ASA president James Coleman.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The structuralist movement originated primarily from the work of Durkheim as interpreted by two European scholars: Anthony Giddens, a sociologist, whose theory of structuration draws on the linguistic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure; and Claude Lévi-Strauss, an anthropologist. In this context, 'structure' does not refer to 'social structure', but to the semiotic understanding of human culture as a system of signs. One may delineate four central tenets of structuralism:

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Overall, there is a strong consensus regarding the central problems of sociological theory, which are largely inherited from the classical theoretical traditions. This consensus is: how to link, transcend or cope with the following "big three" dichotomies:

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Lastly, sociological theory often grapples with the problem of integrating or transcending the divide between micro, meso, and macro-scale social phenomena, which is a subset of all three central problems.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The latter concern with scientific knowledge results from the fact that a sociologist is part of the very object they seek to explain, as Bourdieu explains:

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: In terms of sociology, historical sociology is often better positioned to analyse social life as diachronic, while survey research takes a snapshot of social life and is thus better equipped to understand social life as synchronized. Some argue that the synchrony of social structure is a methodological perspective rather than an ontological claim. Nonetheless, the problem for theory is how to integrate the two manners of recording and thinking about social data.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Many people divide sociological research methods into two broad categories, although many others see research methods as a continuum:

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Sociologists increasingly draw upon computationally intensive methods to analyse and model social phenomena. Using computer simulations, artificial intelligence, text mining, complex statistical methods, and new analytic approaches like social network analysis and social sequence analysis, computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modelling of social interactions.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The sociology of communications and information technologies includes "the social aspects of computing, the Internet, new media, computer networks, and other communication and information technologies."

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Human ecology deals with interdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. In addition to Environmental sociology, this field overlaps with architectural sociology, urban sociology, and to some extent visual sociology. In turn, visual sociology—which is concerned with all visual dimensions of social life—overlaps with media studies in that it uses photography, film and other technologies of media.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Social pre-wiring deals with the study of fetal social behavior and social interactions in a multi-fetal environment. Specifically, social pre-wiring refers to the ontogeny of social interaction. Also informally referred to as, "wired to be social". The theory questions whether there is a propensity to socially oriented action already present "before" birth. Research in the theory concludes that newborns are born into the world with a unique genetic wiring to be social.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Circumstantial evidence supporting the social pre-wiring hypothesis can be revealed when examining newborns' behavior. Newborns, not even hours after birth, have been found to display a preparedness for social interaction. This preparedness is expressed in ways such as their imitation of facial gestures. This observed behavior cannot be attributed to any current form of socialization or social construction. Rather, newborns most likely inherit to some extent social behavior and identity through genetics.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The sociology of health and illness focuses on the social effects of, and public attitudes toward, illnesses, diseases, mental health and disabilities. This sub-field also overlaps with gerontology and the study of the ageing process. Medical sociology, by contrast, focuses on the inner-workings of medical organizations and clinical institutions. In Britain, sociology was introduced into the medical curriculum following the "Goodenough Report" (1944).

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The Sociology of the body and embodiment takes a broad perspective on the idea of "the body" and includes "a wide range of embodied dynamics including human and non-human bodies, morphology, human reproduction, anatomy, body fluids, biotechnology, genetics. This often intersects with health and illness, but also theories of bodies as political, social, cultural, economic and ideological productions. The ISA maintains a Research Committee devoted to "the Body in the Social Sciences".

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: A subfield of the sociology of health and illness that overlaps with cultural sociology is the study of death, dying and bereavement, sometimes referred to broadly as the sociology of death. This topic is exemplified by the work of Douglas Davies and Michael C. Kearl.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Political sociology has also moved beyond methodological nationalism and analysed the role of non-governmental organizations, the diffusion of the nation-state throughout the Earth as a social construct, and the role of stateless entities in the modern world society. Contemporary political sociologists also study inter-state interactions and human rights.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: There are many organizations studying social change, including the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations, and the Global Social Change Research Project.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: Pierre Bourdieu provides a modern example in the concepts of cultural and symbolic capital. Theorists such as Ralf Dahrendorf have noted the tendency towards an enlarged middle-class in modern Western societies, particularly in relation to the necessity of an educated work force in technological or service-based economies. Perspectives concerning globalization, such as dependency theory, suggest this effect owes to the shift of workers to the developing countries.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: In 2007, "The Times Higher Education Guide" published a list of 'The most cited authors of books in the Humanities' (including philosophy and psychology). Seven of the top ten are listed as sociologists: Michel Foucault (1), Pierre Bourdieu (2), Anthony Giddens (5), Erving Goffman (6), Jürgen Habermas (7), Max Weber (8), and Bruno Latour (10).

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Sociology

Context: The most highly ranked general journals which publish original research in the field of sociology are the "American Journal of Sociology" and the "American Sociological Review". The "Annual Review of Sociology", which publishes original review essays, is also highly ranked. Many other generalist and specialized journals exist.

Question: 세계에서 제일먼저 사회학을 다룬 사람은 누구인가?


Galilean moons

Context: The Galilean moons (), or Galilean satellites, are the four largest moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They were first seen by Galileo Galilei in December 1609 or January 1610, and recognized by him as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610. They were the first objects found to orbit a planet other than the Earth.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Galileo initially named his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars"), but the names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius. Marius discovered the moons independently at nearly the same time as Galileo, 8 January 1610, and gave them their present names, derived from the lovers of Zeus, which were suggested by Johannes Kepler, in his "Mundus Jovialis", published in 1614.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: The four Galilean moons were the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of Amalthea in 1892.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: As a result of improvements Galileo Galilei made to the telescope, with a magnifying capability of 20×, he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was previously possible. This allowed Galilei to observe in either December 1609 or January 1610 what came to be known as the Galilean moons.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: On January 7, 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter's moons. At the time, he saw only three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. He continued to observe these celestial orbs from January 8 to March 2, 1610. In these observations, he discovered a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: A Chinese historian of astronomy, Xi Zezong, has claimed that a "small reddish star" observed near Jupiter in 364 BCE by Chinese astronomer Gan De may have been Ganymede. If true, this might predate Galileo's discovery by around two millennia.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: The observations of Simon Marius are another noted example of observation, and he later reported observing the moons in 1609. However, because he did not publish these findings until after Galileo, there is a degree of uncertainty around his records.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: In 1605, Galileo had been employed as a mathematics tutor for Cosimo de' Medici. In 1609, Cosimo became Grand Duke Cosimo II of Tuscany. Galileo, seeking patronage from his now-wealthy former student and his powerful family, used the discovery of Jupiter's moons to gain it. On February 13, 1610, Galileo wrote to the Grand Duke's secretary:

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: "God graced me with being able, through such a singular sign, to reveal to my Lord my devotion and the desire I have that his glorious name live as equal among the stars, and since it is up to me, the first discoverer, to name these new planets, I wish, in imitation of the great sages who placed the most excellent heroes of that age among the stars, to inscribe these with the name of the Most Serene Grand Duke."

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Galileo asked whether he should name the moons the "Cosmian Stars", after Cosimo alone, or the "Medician Stars", which would honor all four brothers in the Medici clan. The secretary replied that the latter name would be best.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: On March 12, 1610, Galileo wrote his dedicatory letter to the Duke of Tuscany, and the next day sent a copy to the Grand Duke, hoping to obtain the Grand Duke's support as quickly as possible. On March 19, he sent the telescope he had used to first view Jupiter's moons to the Grand Duke, along with an official copy of "Sidereus Nuncius" ("The Starry Messenger") that, following the secretary's advice, named the four moons the Medician Stars. In his dedicatory introduction, Galileo wrote:

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Galileo initially called his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars"), in honour of Cosimo II de' Medici (1590–1621). At Cosimo's suggestion, Galileo changed the name to Medicea Sidera ("the Medician stars"), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco, Carlo, and Lorenzo). The discovery was announced in the "Sidereus Nuncius" ("Starry Messenger"), published in Venice in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius, who discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo: he named them at the suggestion of Johannes Kepler after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter): "Io", "Europa", "Ganymede" and "Callisto", in his "Mundus Jovialis", published in 1614.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius' names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays, in parallel with proper moon names. The numbers run from Jupiter outward, thus I, II, III and IV for Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto respectively. Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it. The numbered names (Jupiter "x") were used until the mid-20th century when other inner moons were discovered, and Marius' names became widely used.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed, due to tidal interactions with Jupiter's proto-satellite disk, with new moons forming from the remaining debris. By the time the present generation formed, the gas in the proto-satellite disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Other models suggest that Galilean satellites formed in a proto-satellite disk, in which formation timescales were comparable to or shorter than orbital migration timescales. Io is anhydrous and likely has an interior of rock and metal. Europa is thought to contain 8% ice and water by mass with the remainder rock. These moons are, in increasing order of distance from Jupiter:

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter; with a diameter of 3642 kilometers, it is the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System, and is only marginally larger than Earth's moon. It was named after Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of the lovers of Zeus. It was referred to as "Jupiter I", or "The first satellite of Jupiter" until the mid-20th century.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: With over 400 active volcanos, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. Its surface is dotted with more than 100 mountains, some of which are taller than Earth's Mount Everest. Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System (which have a thick coating of ice), Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Although not proven, data from the Galileo orbiter indicate that Io might have its own magnetic field. Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of sulfur dioxide (SO2). If a surface data or collection vessel were to land on Io in the future, it would have to be extremely tough (similar to the tank-like bodies of the Soviet Venera landers) to survive the radiation and magnetic fields that originate from Jupiter.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Europa (Jupiter II), the second of the four Galilean moons, is the second closest to Jupiter and the smallest at 3121.6 kilometers in diameter, which is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon. The name comes from a mythical Phoenician noblewoman, Europa, who was courted by Zeus and became the queen of Crete, though the name did not become widely used until the mid-20th century.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Ganymede (Jupiter III), the third Galilean moon, is named after the mythological Ganymede, cupbearer of the Greek gods and Zeus's beloved. Ganymede is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System at 5262.4 kilometers in diameter, which makes it larger than the planet Mercury – although only at about half of its mass since Ganymede is an icy world. It is the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a magnetosphere, likely created through convection within the liquid iron core.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


Galilean moons

Context: Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk. They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.

Question: 갈릴레이 위성(Galilean moons) 또는 갈릴레오 위성은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이가 목성 주변에서 발견한 4개의 위성을 뜻하나요?


History of the Big Bang theory

Context: The history of the Big Bang theory began with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. Much of the theoretical work in cosmology now involves extensions and refinements to the basic Big Bang model. The theory itself was originally formalised by Belgian Catholic priest, theoretical physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and professor of physics Georges Lemaître. Hubble's Law of the expansion of the universe provided foundational support for the theory.

Question: 빅뱅이론을 처음 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of the Big Bang theory

Context: In his 1225 treatise "De Luce" ("On Light"), English theologian Robert Grosseteste explored the nature of matter and the cosmos. He described the birth of the universe in an explosion and the crystallization of matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. "De Luce" is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws.

Question: 빅뱅이론을 처음 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of the Big Bang theory

Context: In 1610, Johannes Kepler used the dark night sky to argue for a finite universe. Seventy-seven years later, Isaac Newton described large-scale motion throughout the universe.

Question: 빅뱅이론을 처음 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of the Big Bang theory

Context: Through the 1970s and 1980s, most cosmologists accepted the Big Bang, but several puzzles remained, including the non-discovery of anisotropies in the CMB, and occasional observations hinting at deviations from a black-body spectrum; thus the theory was not very strongly confirmed.

Question: 빅뱅이론을 처음 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of the Big Bang theory

Context: Huge advances in Big Bang cosmology were made in the 1990s and the early 21st century, as a result of major advances in telescope technology in combination with large amounts of satellite data, such as COBE, the Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP.

Question: 빅뱅이론을 처음 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of the Big Bang theory

Context: In 1998, measurements of distant supernovae indicated that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, and this was supported by other observations including ground-based CMB observations and large galaxy red-shift surveys. In 1999–2000, the Boomerang and Maxima balloon-borne

Question: 빅뱅이론을 처음 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of the Big Bang theory

Context: 2dFGRS galaxy red-shift survey estimated the mean matter density around 25–30 percent of critical density.

Question: 빅뱅이론을 처음 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


History of the Big Bang theory

Context: In 2013 and 2015, ESA's Planck spacecraft released even more detailed images of the cosmic microwave background, showing consistency with the Lambda-CDM model to still higher precision.

Question: 빅뱅이론을 처음 주장한 사람은 누구인가?


List of world records held by plants

Context: The current world record holder for heaviest fruit is a pumpkin that weighed , which was grown by Mathias Willemijns. It broke Beni Meier's record of in 2016.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 과일은 무엇인가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: The Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA or GCA68) is a U.S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms ownership. Due to constitutional limitations, the Act is primarily based on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except by manufacturers, dealers and importers licensed under a scheme set up under the Act.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1968, and is Title I of the U.S. federal firearms laws. The National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA) is Title II. Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: GCA repealed the Federal Firearms Act of 1938, though many of its provisions were reenacted as part of the GCA, which revised the FFA and its predecessor, the National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA).

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: Precursors of the passage of the Gun Control Act were Senate Bill 1975 in 1963, "A Bill to Regulate the Interstate Shipment of Firearms", and Senate Bill 1592 in 1965, "A Bill to Amend the Federal Firearms Act of 1938". Both were introduced by Senator Thomas J. Dodd and met with fierce opposition on the floor but the bills also paved the way for the creation of the Gun Control Act of 1968.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: The Gun Control Act of 1968 was amended in 1993 by the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act which introduced a background check requirement of prospective gun purchasers by licensed sellers, and created a list of categories of individuals to whom the sale of firearms is prohibited:

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: (ii) A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of such an offense for purposes of this chapter if the conviction has been expunged or set aside, or is an offense for which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored (if the law of the applicable jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an offense) unless the pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: According to a 21 Sep 2011 "Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees" from ATF, holders of state-issued medical marijuana cards are automatically "prohibited people" under 18 U.S.C 922 (g)(3) and "shipping, transporting, receiving or possessing firearms or ammunition" by a medical marijuana card holder is a violation.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: Additionally, 18 U.S.C 922 (x) generally prohibits people under 18 years of age from possessing handguns or handgun ammunition with certain exceptions for employment, target practice, education, and a handgun possessed while defending the home of the juvenile or a home in which they are an invited guest.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 created the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) to prevent firearms sales to such prohibited people.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: Private sales between residents of two different states are also prohibited without going through a licensed dealer, except for the case of a buyer holding a Curio & Relic license purchasing a firearm that qualifies as a curio or relic.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: Private sales between unlicensed individuals who are residents of the same state are allowed under federal law so long as such transfers do not violate the other existing federal and state laws. While current law mandates that a background check be performed if the seller has a federal firearms license, private parties living in the same state are not required to perform such checks under federal law.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: A person who does not have a Federal Firearms License may not be "in the business" of buying or selling firearms. Individuals buying and selling firearms without a federal license must be doing so from their own personal collection.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: Under the Gun Control Act, a federally licensed importer, manufacturer, dealer or collector shall not sell or deliver any rifle or shotgun or ammunition for rifle or shotgun to any individual less than 18 years of age, nor any handgun or ammunition for a handgun to any individual less than 21 years of age.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: While the Gun Control Act prohibits the direct mail-ordering of firearms, a person may ship a gun via contract carrier (such as United Parcel Service (UPS), United States Postal Service or FedEx) to a gunsmith (who has an FFL) or the gunmaker's factory for repairs or modification. After the repair work is done, the gunsmith or the factory can ship the gun directly back to the customer.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: The law also required that all newly manufactured firearms produced by licensed manufacturers in the United States and imported into the United States bear a gun serial number. Firearms manufactured prior to the Gun Control Act and firearms manufactured by non-FFLs remain exempt from the serial number requirement. Defacement or removal of the serial number (if present) is a felony offense.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: At the time of its passage in 1968, NRA executive vice president Franklin Orth wrote in "American Rifleman" that "the measure as a whole appears to be one that the sportsmen of America can live with".

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: In the May 1993 issue of "Guns & Ammo" magazine, Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership (JPFO) compared the GCA to Nazi gun laws.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Gun Control Act of 1968

Context: In a 2011 article noting the death of former U.S. Senator James A. McClure, the NRA called provisions of the GCA "draconian". McClure was cosponsor of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) of 1986, also called the McClure-Volkmer Act.

Question: 왜 미국에서 총기법이 만들어졌는가?


Greek drachma

Context: The drachma ( , ; pl. "drachmae" or "drachmas") was the currency used in Greece during several periods in its history:

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: It was the standard unit of silver coinage at most ancient Greek mints, and the name "obol" was used to describe a coin that was one-sixth of a drachma. The notion that "drachma" derived from the word for fistful was recorded by Herakleides of Pontos (387–312 BC) who was informed by the priests of Heraion that Pheidon, king of Argos, dedicated rod-shaped obeloi to Heraion. Similar information about Pheidon's obeloi was also recorded at the Parian Chronicle.

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Greek drachma

Context: Among the Greek cities that used the drachma were: Abdera, Abydos, Alexandria, Aetna, Antioch, Athens, Chios, Cyzicus, Corinth, Ephesus, Eretria, Gela, Catana, Kos, Maronia, Naxos, Pella, Pergamum, Rhegion, Salamis, Smyrni, Sparta, Syracuse, Tarsus, Thasos, Tenedos, Troy and more.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: Drachmae were minted on different weight standards at different Greek mints. The standard that came to be most commonly used was the Athenian or Attic one, which weighed a little over 4.3 grams.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: Modern commentators derived from Xenophon that half a drachma per day (360 days per year) would provide "a comfortable subsistence" for "the poor citizens" (for the head of a household in 355 BC). Earlier in 422 BC, we also see in Aristophanes ("Wasps", line 300–302) that the daily half-drachma of a juror is just enough for the daily subsistence of a family of three.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: A modern person might think of one drachma as the rough equivalent of a skilled worker's daily pay in the place where they live, which could be as low as US$1, or as high as $100, depending on the country.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: Fractions and multiples of the drachma were minted by many states, most notably in Ptolemaic Egypt, which minted large coins in gold, silver and bronze.

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Greek drachma

Context: Notable Ptolemaic coins included the gold "pentadrachm" and "octadrachm", and silver "tetradrachm", "decadrachm" and "pentakaidecadrachm". This was especially noteworthy as it would not be until the introduction of the Guldengroschen in 1486 that coins of substantial size (particularly in silver) would be minted in significant quantities.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: The weight of the silver drachma was approximately 4.3 grams or 0.15 ounces, although weights varied significantly from one city-state to another. It was divided into six obols of 0.72 grams, which were subdivided into four tetartemoria of 0.18 grams, one of the smallest coins ever struck, approximately 5–7 mm in diameter.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: Minae and talents were never actually minted: they represented weight measures used for commodities (e.g. grain) as well as metals like silver or gold. The New Testament mentions both didrachma and, by implication, tetradrachma in context of the Temple tax. Luke's Gospel includes a parable told by Jesus of a woman with 10 drachmae, who lost one and searched her home until she found it.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: The drachma was reintroduced in May 1832, shortly before the establishment of the modern state of Greece (with the exception of the subdivision Taurus). It replaced the "phoenix" at par. The drachma was subdivided into 100 lepta.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: The first coinage consisted of copper denominations of 1λ, 2λ, 5λ and 10λ, silver denominations of ₯, ₯, ₯1 and ₯5 and a gold coin of ₯20. The drachma coin weighed 4.5 g and contained 90% silver, with the ₯20 coin containing 5.8 g of gold.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: In 1868, Greece joined the Latin Monetary Union and the drachma became equal in weight and value to the French franc. The new coinage issued consisted of copper coins of 1λ, 2λ, 5λ and 10λ, with the 5λ and 10λ coins bearing the names "obolos" () and "diobolon" (), respectively; silver coins of 20λ and 50λ, ₯1, ₯2 and ₯5 and gold coins of ₯5, ₯10 and ₯20. (Very small numbers of ₯50 and ₯100 coins in gold were also issued.)

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: In 1894, cupro-nickel 5λ, 10λ and 20λ coins were introduced. No 1λ or 2λ coin had been issued since the late 1870s. Silver coins of ₯1 and ₯2 were last issued in 1911, and no coins were issued between 1912 and 1922, during which time the Latin Monetary Union collapsed due to World War I.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: Between 1926 and 1930, a new coinage was introduced for the new Hellenic Republic, consisting of cupro-nickel coins in denominations of 20λ, 50λ, ₯1, and ₯2; nickel coins of ₯5; and silver coins of ₯10 and ₯20. These were the last coins issued for the first modern drachma, none were issued for the second.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: Notes were issued by the National Bank of Greece from 1841 until 1928. The Bank of Greece issued notes from 1928 until 2001, when Greece joined the Euro. Early denominations ranged from ₯10 to ₯500. Smaller denominations (₯1, ₯2, ₯3 and ₯5) were issued from 1885, with the first ₯5 notes being made by cutting ₯10 notes in half.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: During the German–Italian occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, catastrophic hyperinflation caused much higher denominations to be issued, culminating in ₯100,000,000,000 notes in 1944. The Italian occupation authorities in the Ionian Islands printed their own currency, the Ionian drachma.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: Cupro-nickel ₯50 coins were introduced in 1980. In 1986, aluminium-bronze ₯50 coins were introduced, followed by copper ₯1 and ₯2 pieces in 1988 and aluminium-bronze coins of ₯20 and ₯100 in 1990. In 2000, a set of 6 themed ₯500 coins were issued to commemorate the 2004 Athens Olympic Games.

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Greek drachma

Context: The first issues of banknotes were in denominations of ₯10, ₯20 and ₯50, soon followed by ₯100, ₯500 and ₯1,000 by 1956. ₯5,000 notes were introduced in 1984, followed by ₯10,000 notes in 1995 and ₯200 notes in 1997.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: In Unicode, the currency symbol is . There is a special Attic numeral, , for the value of one drachma but it fails to render in most browsers.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Greek drachma

Context: The Drachmi Greek Democratic Movement Five Stars, which was founded in 2013, aims to restore the Drachma as Greece's currency.

Question: 그리스의 통화는 무엇인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: Throughout the history of Korea, various kingdoms and royal dynasties have developed a unique style of architecture with influences from Buddhism and Korean Confucianism.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: Just like in the case of other Korean arts, Korean architecture is distinguished by its naturalistic tendencies, simplicity, economy of shape, and avoidance of extremes.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: In the mid-Joseon period, the winglike bracket form appeared (an example is the Yongnyongjon Hall of Jongmyo, Seoul), which, according to some authors, better suited the peninsula's poor economic situation that resulted from repetitive invasions. Only in buildings of importance like palaces or sometimes temples (Tongdosa, for instance) were the multicluster brackets still used. Korean Confucianism also led to more sober and simple solutions.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: In the Paleolithic the first inhabitants of the Korean peninsula used caves, rockshelters, and portable shelters. The remains of a portable shelter dating to c. 30,000 BC were excavated at the Seokjang-ri site in South Chungcheong Province. The earliest examples of pit-house architecture are from the Jeulmun Pottery Period. Early pit-houses contained basic features such as hearths, storage pits, and space for working and sleeping.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: Log houses were built by laying logs horizontally one on top of one another. The interstices between the logs were filled with clay to keep the wind out. Similar houses are still found in mountainous areas as like Gangwon-do province.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: Elevated houses, which probably originated in the southern regions, are believed to have first been built as storage houses to store grains out of the reach of animals and to keep them cool. This style still survives in the two-story pavilions and lookout stands erected in melon patches and orchards around the countryside.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: In the Mumun period buildings were pit dwellings with walls of wattle-and-daub and thatched roofs. Raised-floor architecture first appeared in the Korean peninsula in the Middle Mumun, c. 850–550 BC.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: It is a subdivision of what is traditionally called Korea's Three Kingdoms Period and covers the first three centuries of the Common Era. Archaeological evidence of ondol (Hangul: 온돌), the Korean floor panel heating system, was found in the architectural remains of early Protohistoric period.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: In 108 BC, the Chinese commanderies was established after the destruction of Gojoseon. Official buildings of this period were built of wood and brick and roofed with tiles having the features of Chinese construction.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: Many palaces are recorded as having been built in Baekje. Some traces of them can be found at both Busosanseong, the third palace of this kingdom, and at the site of Gungnamji pond, which is mentioned in the Samguk sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms). Gungnamji means "pond in the south of the palace."

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?


Korean architecture

Context: Murals in tombs dating from Goguryeo also reveal a great deal about the architecture of that period as many of them depict buildings which have pillars with entasis called baeheulimgidoong(배흘림기둥) in korean. Many have capitals on top of them. The murals reveal that the wooden bracket structures and coloring on the timbers, all characteristic of later Korean structures, were already in use at that time.

Question: 화엄사가 생긴 시대는 언제인가요?