Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: During this period, he was sheltered by the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, who suffered considerably for his support of Solzhenitsyn and was eventually forced into exile himself.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In a discussion of its options in dealing with Solzhenitsyn the members of the Politburo considered his arrest and imprisonment and his expulsion to a capitalist country willing to take him. Guided by KGB chief Yury Andropov, and following a statement from West German Chancellor Willy Brandt that Solzhenitsyn could live and work freely in West Germany, it was decided to deport the writer directly to that country.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Over the next 17 years, Solzhenitsyn worked on his dramatized history of the Russian Revolution of 1917, "The Red Wheel". By 1992, four sections had been completed and he had also written several shorter works.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Once back in Russia Solzhenitsyn hosted a television talk show program. Its eventual format was Solzhenitsyn delivering a 15-minute monologue twice a month; it was discontinued in 1995. Solzhenitsyn became a supporter of Vladimir Putin, who said he shared Solzhenitsyn's critical view towards the Russian Revolution.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: All of Solzhenitsyn's sons became U.S. citizens. One, Ignat, is a pianist and conductor. Another Solzhenitsyn son, Yermolai, works for the Moscow office of McKinsey & Company, a management consultancy firm, where he is a senior partner.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In his writings and speeches, Solzhenitsyn, however, has sharply criticized the policies of every Tsar from the House of Romanov. A persistent theme in his criticism has been that the Romanovs preferred, like Nicholas I during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, to intervene in the internal affairs of foreign countries while governing badly at home.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Solzhenitsyn has also repeatedly denounced Tsar Alexis of Russia and Patriarch Nikon of Moscow for causing the Great Schism of 1666, which Solzhenitsyn says both divided and weakened the Russian Orthodox Church at a time when unity was desperately needed. Solzhenitsyn also attacked both the Tsar and the Patriarch for using excommunication, Siberian exile, imprisonment, torture, and even burning at the stake against the Old Believers, who rejected the liturgical changes which caused the Schism.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Solzhenitsyn has also argued that the Dechristianization of Russian culture, which he considers most responsible for the Bolshevik Revolution, began in 1666, became much worse during the Reign of Tsar Peter the Great, and accelerated into an epidemic during The Enlightenment, the Romantic era, and the Silver Age.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Surprised to hear Solzhenitsyn, "so often perceived as an arch-traditionalist, apparently coming down on the side of the reformers", Pearce then asked Solzhenitsyn what he thought of the division caused within the Anglican Communion by the decision to ordain female priests.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Solzhenitsyn replied, "Certainly there are many firm boundaries that should not be changed. When I speak of some sort of correlation between the cultural norms of the present, it is really only a small part of the whole thing." Solzhenitsyn then added, "Certainly, I do not believe that women priests is the way to go!"

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: OGPU officer Naftaly Frenkel, whom Solzhenitsyn identified as "a Turkish Jew born in Constantinople", is represented as having played a major role in the organisation of work in the Gulag. Solzhenitsyn claimed that Frenkel was the "nerve of the Archipelago". This claim is discredited.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In "Rebuilding Russia", an essay first published in 1990 in "Komsomolskaya Pravda", Solzhenitsyn urged the Soviet Union to grant independence to all the non-Slav republics, which he claimed were sapping the Russian nation and he called for the creation of a new Slavic state bringing together Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of Kazakhstan that he considered to be Russified.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In an interview with Joseph Pearce, Solzhenitsyn was asked whether he felt that the socioeconomic theories of E.F. Schumacher were, "the key to society rediscovering its sanity". He replied, "I do believe that it would be the key, but I don't think this will happen, because people succumb to fashion, and they suffer from inertia and it is hard to them to come round to a different point of view."

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In 2008, Solzhenitsyn praised Putin, saying Russia was rediscovering what it meant to be Russian. Solzhenitsyn also praised the Russian president Dmitry Medvedev as a "nice young man" who was capable of taking on the challenges Russia was facing.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Solzhenitsyn criticized the Allies for not opening a new front against Nazi Germany in the west earlier in World War II. This resulted in Soviet domination and control of the nations of Eastern Europe. Solzhenitsyn claimed the Western democracies apparently cared little about how many died in the East, as long as they could end the war quickly and painlessly for themselves in the West.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Delivering the commencement address at Harvard University in 1978, he called the United States "Dechristianized" and mired in boorish consumerism. The American people, he said, speaking in Russian through a translator, were also suffering from a "decline in courage" and a "lack of manliness." Few were willing to die for their ideals, he said. He also condemned the 1960s counterculture for forcing the United States federal government to accept a "hasty" capitulation in the Vietnam War.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In a reference to the Communist governments in Southeast Asia's use of re-education camps, politicide, human rights abuses, and genocide following the Fall of Saigon, Solzhenitsyn said: "But members of the U.S. antiwar movement wound up being involved in the betrayal of Far Eastern nations, in a genocide and in the suffering today imposed on 30 million people there. Do those convinced pacifists hear the moans coming from there?"

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Solzhenitsyn criticized the 2003 invasion of Iraq and accused the United States of the "occupation" of Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: The Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Center in Worcester, Massachusetts promotes the author and hosts the official English-language website dedicated to him.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Solzhenitsyn is the subject of the song "Mother Russia" by British progressive rock group Renaissance.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: Solzhenitsyn's philosophy plays a key role in the 2012 film "Cloud Atlas", where a character previously kept ignorant and subservient is illegally educated, and is shown reading and quoting his works.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In a 2001 episode of the NBC drama The West Wing titled "Somebody's Going to Emergency, Somebody's Going to Jail, Toby Ziegler sarcastically refers to the leader of a WTO protest as Solzhenitsyn.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In 1998, Russian filmmaker Alexander Sokurov made a four-part television documentary, "Besedy s Solzhenitsynym" ("The Dialogues with Solzhenitsyn"). The documentary was shot in Solzhenitsyn's home depicting his everyday life and his reflections on Russian history and literature.

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Context: In December 2009, the Russian channel "Rossiya K" broadcast the French television documentary "L'Histoire Secrète de l'Archipel du Goulag" ("The Secret History of the Gulag Archipelago") made by Jean Crépu and Nicolas Miletitch and translated into Russian under the title "Taynaya Istoriya "Arkhipelaga Gulag"" (Тайная история "Архипелага ГУЛАГ"). The documentary covers events related to creation and publication of "The Gulag Archipelago".

Question: Mihin Aleksandr Isajevitš Solženitsyn kuoli?


Germ theory of disease

Context: Pathogens are diseases that can pass from one individual to another, both in humans and animals. Infectious diseases are caused by biological agents such as pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) as well as parasites.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: In the Sushruta Samhita, the ancient Indian physician Sushruta theorized: "Leprosy, fever, consumption, diseases of the eye, and other infectious diseases spread from one person to another by sexual union, physical contact, eating together, sleeping together, sitting together, and the use of same clothes, garlands and pastes." The book has been dated to about the sixth century BC.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: The Mosaic Law, within the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, contains the earliest recorded thoughts of contagion in the spread of disease, standing in contrast with classical medical tradition and the Hippocratic writings. Specifically, it presents instructions on quarantine and washing in relation to leprosy and venereal disease.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: In Antiquity, the Greek historian Thucydides ( – ) was the first person to write, in his account of the plague of Athens, that diseases could spread from an infected person to others.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: One theory of the spread of contagious diseases that were not spread by direct contact was that they were spread by spore-like "seeds" (Latin: "semina") that were present in and dispersible through the air. In his poem, "De rerum natura" (On the Nature of Things, c. 56 BC), the Roman poet Lucretius ( – ) stated that the world contained various "seeds", some of which could sicken a person if they were inhaled or ingested.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: The Roman statesman Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC) wrote, in his "Rerum rusticarum libri III" (Three Books on Agriculture, 36 BC): "Precautions must also be taken in the neighborhood of swamps ... because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases."

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: The concept of invisible contagion was later discussed by several Islamic scholars in the Ayyubid Sultanate who referred to them as "najasat" ("impure substances"). The fiqh scholar Ibn al-Haj al-Abdari (–1336), while discussing Islamic diet and hygiene, gave warnings about how contagion can contaminate water, food, and garments, and could spread through the water supply, and may have implied contagion to be unseen particles.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: During the early Middle Ages, Isidore of Seville (–636) mentioned "plague-bearing seeds" ("pestifera semina") in his "On the Nature of Things" (c. AD 613). Later in 1345, Tommaso del Garbo (–1370) of Bologna, Italy mentioned Galen's "seeds of plague" in his work "Commentaria non-parum utilia in libros Galeni" (Helpful commentaries on the books of Galen).

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: In 1700, physician Nicolas Andry argued that microorganisms he called "worms" were responsible for smallpox and other diseases.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: In 1720, Richard Bradley theorised that the plague and "all pestilential distempers" were caused by "poisonous insects", living creatures viewable only with the help of microscopes.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: The Italian Agostino Bassi was the first person to prove that a disease was caused by a microorganism when he conducted a series of experiments between 1808 and 1813, demonstrating that a "vegetable parasite" caused a disease in silkworms known as "calcinaccio" which was devastating the French silk industry at the time. The "vegetable parasite" is now known to be a fungus pathogenic to insects called "Beauveria bassiana" (named after Bassi).

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: Gideon Mantell, the Sussex doctor more famous for discovering dinosaur fossils, spent time with his microscope, and speculated in his "Thoughts on Animalcules" (1850) that perhaps "many of the most serious maladies which afflict humanity, are produced by peculiar states of invisible animalcular life".

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: Snow's 1849 recommendation that water be "filtered and boiled before it is used" is one of the first practical applications of germ theory in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil-water advisory. In 1855 he published a second edition of his article, documenting his more elaborate investigation of the effect of the water supply in the Soho, London epidemic of 1854.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: After the cholera epidemic had subsided, government officials replaced the handle on the Broad Street pump. They had responded only to the urgent threat posed to the population, and afterward, they rejected Snow's theory. To accept his proposal would have meant accepting the fecal–oral method transmission of disease, which they dismissed.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: The more formal experiments on the relationship between germ and disease were conducted by Louis Pasteur between the years 1860 and 1864. He discovered the pathology of the puerperal fever and the pyogenic vibrio in the blood, and suggested using boric acid to kill these microorganisms before and after confinement.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: Pasteur discovered that another serious disease of silkworms, "pébrine", was caused by a microscopic organism now known as "Nosema bombycis" (1870). Pasteur saved France's silk industry by developing a method to screen silkworms eggs for those that were not infected, a method that is still used today to control this and other silkworm diseases.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: Robert Koch is known for developing four basic criteria (known as Koch's postulates) for demonstrating, in a scientifically sound manner, that a disease is caused by a particular organism. These postulates grew out of his seminal work with anthrax using purified cultures of the pathogen that had been isolated from diseased animals.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: Koch's postulates have also influenced scientists who examine microbial pathogenesis from a molecular point of view. In the 1980s, a molecular version of Koch's postulates was developed to guide the identification of microbial genes encoding virulence factors.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: The third postulate specifies "should", not "must", because as Koch himself proved in regard to both tuberculosis and cholera, not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection. Noninfection may be due to such factors as general health and proper immune functioning; acquired immunity from previous exposure or vaccination; or genetic immunity, as with the resistance to malaria conferred by possessing at least one sickle cell allele.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: The second postulate may also be suspended for certain microorganisms or entities that cannot (at the present time) be grown in pure culture, such as prions responsible for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: In summary, a body of evidence that satisfies Koch's postulates is sufficient but not necessary to establish causation.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Germ theory of disease

Context: In the 1870s, Joseph Lister was instrumental in developing practical applications of the germ theory of disease with respect to sanitation in medical settings and aseptic surgical techniques—partly through the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic.

Question: Kuka keksi mikrobiteorian?


Name day

Context: In Christianity, a name day is a tradition in many countries of Europe and the Americas, among other parts of Christendom. It consists of celebrating a day of the year that is associated with one's baptismal name, which is normatively that of a biblical character or other saint. Where they are popular, individuals celebrate both their name day and their birthday in a given year.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: The custom originated with the Christian calendar of saints: believers named after a saint would celebrate that saint's feast day. Within Christianity, name days have greater resonance in areas where the Christian denominations of Catholicism, Lutheranism and Orthodoxy predominate.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In some countries, however, name-day celebrations do not have a connection to explicitly Christian traditions.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Where name days occur, official lists contain the current assignations of names to days. There are different lists for Finnish, Swedish, Sámi, and other countries that celebrate name days, though some names are celebrated on the same day in many countries. From the 18th century and onwards the list of name days has been modified in Sweden and Finland.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Name days (имени дни) in Bulgaria have almost always been associated with Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox celebrations. Some names can be celebrated on more than one day and some have even started following foreign traditions (like Valentina being celebrated on the Catholic St. Valentine's Day).

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Two of the most popular name days in Bulgaria are St. George's day (Гергьовден, celebrated on May 6) and St. John's day (Ивановден, celebrated on January 7).

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Another example of a name day connected with Christianity is "Tsvetnitsa" (Цветница, Palm Sunday). On this day people with names derived from flowers, trees, herbs, etc., celebrate. Name days are frequently connected with some year or season features like "Dimitrovden" (Dimitar's day, Oct. 26) being the beginning of winter and "Gergyovden" (George's day, May 6) being the end of it according to traditional folklore.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Name days in Bulgaria are important and widely celebrated. Children celebrate their name days by bringing sweets and chocolates to school. By an ancient Bulgarian tradition, everybody is welcome on name days; there is no need to invite guests. Presents are given.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Common well-wishes include "May you hear your name from grandchildren and great-grandchildren!" (Да чуеш името си от внуци и правнуци!), "May you hear your name only with good!" (Да ти се чува името само за добро!) and "May your name be healthy and well!" (Да ти е живо и здраво името!).

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In Croatia, name day (Croatian: imendan) is a day corresponding to a date in the Catholic calendar when the respective saint's day is celebrated. Even though the celebration of the name day is less usual than celebrating a birthday, the name day is more often congratulated by a broader number of acquaintances. This is due to the fact that the date of birth is seldom known and the person's name is known to many.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: The names that are celebrated on the certain saint's day are all the names that correspond to the respective name and all the derivative names. For example, if there are different versions of the same name in different languages (e.g. John), i.e. different versions in Slavic, Romance, Germanic or other language groups, all the respective names are celebrated.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In the Czech Republic, each day of the year corresponds to a personal name (or several names). People celebrate their name day ( or dated ) on the date corresponding to their own given name.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Name days are commonly of less importance than birthdays to Czech people. However, name day celebrations can be, and often are, held together with friends or co-workers of the same name and in this way it can grow in size and importance.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In the past, by law, parents were not allowed to choose just any name for a child. This has changed, although it is still common to choose the name from the name day "calendar".

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: The original list was the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, but changes have been made to reflect the present-day usage of names.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Name days corresponding to some of the most frequent names in the Czech Republic gained slightly more important than the others.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: For example, the dates associated with names Josef (Joseph) and Karel (Charles) are commonly known even by people with different names.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: However, the popularity of these names has decreased in the last years (6836 Josefs were born in 1947, but only 638 in 2014).

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Danes have their own calendar for name days (Danish 'navnedag'), see . However, the custom of celebrating one's name day is practically unknown in Denmark, and few Danes know when their name day is.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Finns celebrate their name days (Finnish "nimipäivä", Swedish "namnsdag") according to their given name on the date given by the calendar published by the University of Helsinki Almanac Office ("Almanakkatoimisto"). Every day except New Year's Day, Christmas Day and 29 February is a name day. For each day there are names in both Finnish and Swedish; the names are frequently, but not always, cognates.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Women are slightly underrepresented in the calendar: approximately 45 per cent of name days celebrate only women while some 49 per cent are name days of men. The rest are those of names that may be given to either sex, such as Rauni (July 15), or have both a man's and a woman's name, such as Oliver and Olivia (29 May).

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: The Almanac Office reviews the lists at intervals of 5–10 years, adding new names as they gain popularity and striking others that have faded into disuse. The university owns the copyright to the lists of names and their corresponding dates.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: The Finnish Orthodox Church has its own calendar of name days, corresponding to the feasts of Orthodox saints.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In France name days (in French: fête du prénom) have long been very important in everyday culture and it was traditional to give a small gift to a friend or family member on their name day.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Some days of the year are commonly referred to by their saint's day: "la ["sc." fête de] Saint Sylvestre" is New Year's Eve; "la Saint Jean" is Midsummer (June 24); and so on.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In Germany name days (in German: Namenstag) used to be widely popular in traditionally Catholic southern and western regions, where historically they were more important than birthdays. Since the 1950s, the tradition has mostly disappeared even in Catholic families.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In Greece and Cyprus, a name day (Greek: ονομαστική εορτή, " onomastikē eortē", or γιορτή, "yiortí", "celebration") is celebrated in a similar way to a birthday, except for expected differences (e.g. no birthday cake). It has been a strong Greek tradition since antiquity for newborn children to be named after one of their grandparents. This results in a continuation of names in the family line.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In Ireland, name days were occasionally observed in the past. Among Roman Catholics, it was traditional to begin the celebration on the night before, with a decade of the Rosary to ask the Virgin Mary and the child's patron for his or her needs.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In Italy, one's name day is referred to as his or her " ( Greek: όνομα, spelled: "onoma" /" the word "name" in Greek). People often receive small gifts on their "Onomastico"; cakes are also baked.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Name days are determined according to the "Sanctorale", a cycle found in the General Roman Calendar giving almost each day a few saints, so different names may celebrated on the same day. Traditionally, parents fix the name day of their child at christening, according to the favourite saint in case of different ones (on different days) with the same name, and the child will carry it all along with its life. In the case of multiple given names, the child will celebrate only one, usually the first.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: In South Italy, the onomastico is given a much higher relevance, and sometimes it is considered more important than the birthday itself.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Many parishes used to celebrate the name-day of their patron saint with Mass celebrations, religious processions and also charity festivals.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: A festival like that, can include a community canteen, food stands or a temporary amusement park, it could last few days and is called sagra, even if the term is broadly used also for non Catholic related town festivals.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Some families may even celebrate their name days more that their birthdays if the name day falls on a date during a much nicer season. For example: they are more likely to organise a big party for a name day that falls in the summer months- than a birthday during the months with bad weather (late autumn or winter). Name days in Latvia are a precious tradition. There is a lot of joy associated with it and remembering it is a nice gesture.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Traditionally, name day celebrations () have enjoyed a celebratory emphasis greater than that of birthday celebrations in parts of Poland. However, birthday celebrations are increasingly popular and important, particularly among the younger generations. involve the gathering and socializing of friends and family at the celebrant's home, as well as the giving of gifts and flowers at home and elsewhere, such as at the workplace. Local calendars often contain the names celebrated on a given day.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: A special mention for persons (especially women) who have no saint name or with flower name, who celebrate their name day on Palm Sunday ("Floriile" in Romanian, which roughly translates as the Flowers Day). This Name day is unfixed and gets celebrated each year on the last Sunday before Orthodox Easter.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: The Russian Imperial family followed a tradition of giving name-day gifts, such as a diamond or a pearl.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: References to name days in Russian literature and theatre include the entire first act of Anton Chekhov's "Three Sisters", where Irina celebrates her name day, Alexander Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" with the celebration of Tatiana's name day, and Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace", Book I, where both the mother and the youngest daughter of the Rostov family (referred to as Natalya and Natasha, respectively) celebrate their name day.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Note: although the name day (именины/"imeniny") celebration is not as popular as a birthday celebration, the Russian word for a person having a birthday (день рождения/"den rozhdeniya") is still именинник/"imeninnik" (literally: a person whose name day is being celebrated).

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Name days (called "god", n., m., sing.) were widely celebrated and preferred over birthday celebrations, until after World War II and the advent of Communism. In rural areas as well as among certain strata of town people the custom of celebrating name days lasted longer. Nowadays, while the tradition has not been obliterated, name days are celebrated mostly among older people.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Name day

Context: Name days in Ukraine () are usually associated with Ukrainian Orthodox, Ukrainian Orthodox (Moscow Patriarchate), and Ukrainian Catholic churches celebrations of a day when a saint was born.

Question: Kuka keksi nimipäivän?


Proventus

Context: Proventus currently holds shares in companies such as BRIO AB, o2 Produktion AB, J. Lindeberg AB, Nordic Broadcasting Oy, Artek Oy and Tom Dixon. It has previously held shares in companies such as Aritmos, Götabanken, MTV3, Orrefors Kosta Boda, Puma, TV4 and Upsala-Ekeby.

Question: Minkä maalainen yhtiö Proventus AB on?


Proventus

Context: Apart from the investment operations, Proventus is also engaged in the arts through the cultural institutions Magasin 3 Stockholm Konsthall and the Jewish Theatre in Stockholm.

Question: Minkä maalainen yhtiö Proventus AB on?


Jeep

Context: Jeep is an American automobile marque, now owned by multi-national corporation Stellantis. Jeep has been part of Chrysler since 1987, when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand, along with remaining assets, from its previous owner American Motors Corporation (AMC).

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: "The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky, can-do determination." It is the precursor of subsequent generations of military light utility vehicles such as the Humvee, and inspired the creation of civilian analogs such as the original Series I Land Rover. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: The Jeep marque has been headquartered in Toledo, Ohio, ever since Willys–Overland launched production of the first CJ or Civilian Jeep branded models there in 1945. Its replacement, the conceptually consistent Jeep Wrangler series, remains in production since 1986. With its solid axles and open top, the Wrangler has been called the Jeep model that is as central to the brand's identity as the 911 is to Porsche.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: At least two Jeep models (the CJ-5 and the SJ Wagoneer) enjoyed extraordinary three-decade production runs of a single body generation.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: In lowercase, the term "jeep" continues to be used as a generic term for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: In Iceland, the word Jeppi (derived from Jeep) has been used since WWII and is still used for any type of SUV.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: The Army thought that the Bantam company lacked the production capacity to manufacture and deliver the required number of vehicles, so it supplied the Bantam design to Willys and Ford, and encouraged them to enhance the design. The resulting Ford "Pygmy" and Willys "Quad" prototypes looked very similar to the Bantam BRC prototype, and Spicer supplied very similar four-wheel drivetrain components to all three manufacturers.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: The cost per vehicle trended upwards as the war continued from the price under the first contract from Willys at US$648.74 (Ford's was $782.59 per unit). Willys-Overland and Ford, under the direction of Charles E. Sorensen (vice-president of Ford during World War II), produced about 640,000 Jeeps towards the war effort, which accounted for approximately 18% of all the wheeled military vehicles built in the U.S. during the war.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Aside from Jeepneys, backyard assemblers in the Philippines construct replica Jeeps with stainless steel bodies and surplus parts, and are called "owner-type jeeps" (as jeepneys are also called "passenger-type jeeps").

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: In the United States military, the Jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles (e.g. Ford's M151) of which the latest is the Humvee.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: After World War II, Jeep began to experiment with new designs, including a model that could drive underwater. On February 1, 1950, contract N8ss-2660 was approved for 1,000 units "especially adapted for general reconnaissance or command communications" and "constructed for short period underwater operation such as encountered in landing and fording operations." The engine was modified with a snorkel system so that the engine could properly breathe underwater.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: In 1965, Jeep developed the M715 army truck, a militarized version of the civilian J-series Jeep truck, which served extensively in the Vietnam War. It had heavier full-floating axles and a foldable, vertical, flat windshield. Today, it serves other countries and is still being produced by Kia under license.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: The word "jeep" however, was used as early as World War I, as U.S. Army slang for new uninitiated recruits, or by mechanics to refer to new unproven vehicles. In 1937, tractors which were supplied by Minneapolis Moline to the US Army were called jeeps. A precursor of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress was also referred to as the jeep.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: "Words of the Fighting Forces" by Clinton A. Sanders, a dictionary of military slang, published in 1942, in the library at The Pentagon gives this definition:

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Jeep: A four-wheel drive vehicle of one-half- [] to one-and-one-half-ton [] capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty. A term applied to the bantam-cars, and occasionally to other motor vehicles (U.S.A.) in the Air Corps, the Link Trainer; in the armored forces, the -ton [] command vehicle. Also referred to as "any small plane, helicopter, or gadget."

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: This definition is supported by the use of the term "jeep carrier" to refer to the Navy's small escort carriers.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Early in 1941, Willys-Overland demonstrated the vehicle's off-road capability by having it drive up the steps of the United States Capitol, driven by Willys test driver Irving "Red" Hausmann, who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a "jeep." When asked by syndicated columnist Katharine Hillyer for the "Washington Daily News" (or by a bystander, according to another account) what it was called, Hausmann answered, "It's a jeep."

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Katharine Hillyer's article was published nationally on February 19, 1941, and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption:

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: LAWMAKERS TAKE A RIDE- With Senator Meade, of New York, at the wheel, and Representative Thomas, of New Jersey, sitting beside him, one of the Army's new scout cars, known as "jeeps" or "quads", climbs up the Capitol steps in a demonstration yesterday. Soldiers in the rear seat for gunners were unperturbed.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested, this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade, leaving the 4x4 with the name.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Willys however proceeded to produce the first Civilian Jeep (CJ) branded vehicles in 1945, and simply copyrighted the "Jeep" name in 1946. Being the only company that continually produced "Jeep" vehicles after the war, Willys-Overland was eventually granted the name "Jeep" as a registered trademark in June 1950. Aside from Willys, King Features Syndicate has held a trademark on the name "Jeep" for their comics since August 1936.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Willys had also seriously considered the brand name "AJ", and was granted the trademark for it in December 1944, but instead the civilian production models as of 1945 were marketed as the "Universal Jeep," which reflected a wider range of uses outside of farming.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: FCA US LLC, the most recent successor company to the Jeep brand, now holds trademark status on the name "Jeep" and the distinctive 7-slot front grille design. The original 9-slot grille associated with all World War II jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW, and because it weighed less than the original "Slat Grille" of Willys (an arrangement of flat bars), was incorporated into the "standardized jeep" design.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Useful features of the smaller Jeeps are their short wheelbases, narrow frames, ample approach, breakover, and departure angles, thus enabling them to traverse through places where full-size four-wheel drives have difficulty.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Jeeps have been built under licence by various manufacturers around the world, including Mahindra in India, EBRO in Spain, and several in South America. Mitsubishi built more than 30 models in Japan between 1953 and 1998; Most were based on the CJ-3B model of the original Willys-Kaiser design.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Toledo, Ohio has been the headquarters of the Jeep brand since its inception, and the city has always been proud of this heritage. Although no longer produced in the same Toledo Complex as the World War II originals, two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway. The Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Cherokee are built in the city currently, in separate facilities, not far from the site of the original Willys-Overland plant.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: While Jeeps have been built in India under license by Mahindra & Mahindra since the 1960s, Jeep has entered the Indian market directly in 2016, starting with the release of the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in the country.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: The CJ (for "Civilian Jeep") series were literally the first "Jeep" branded vehicles sold commercially to the civilian public, beginning in 1945 with the CJ-2A, followed by the CJ-3A in 1949 and the CJ-3B in 1953. These early Jeeps are frequently referred to as "flat-fenders" because their front fenders were completely flat and straight, just as on the original WW II model (the Willys MB and identical Ford GPW).

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: The CJ-4 exists only as a single 1951 prototype and constitutes the "missing link" between the flat-fendered CJ-2A and CJ-3A/B, and the subsequent Jeeps with new bodies, featuring rounded fenders and hoods, beginning with the 1955 CJ-5, first introduced as the military Willys MD (or M38A1). The restyled body was mostly prompted to clear the taller new overhead-valve Hurricane engine.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: With over 300,000 wagons and variants built in the U.S., it was one of Willys' most successful post-World War II models. Its production coincided with consumers moving to the suburbs.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: The Jeepster introduced in 1948 was directly based on the rear-wheel-drive Jeep Station Wagon chassis, and shared many of the same parts.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: From 1955 onwards Willys offered two-wheel drive versions of their CJ Jeeps for commercial use, called DJ models (for 'Dispatcher Jeep'), in both open and closed body styles. A well-known version was the right-hand drive model with sliding side-doors, used by the US Postal service.<br>

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: The Jeep brand currently produces five models, but 8 vehicles are under the brand name or use the Jeep logo:

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Jeep is also a brand of apparel of outdoor lifestyle sold under license. It is reported that there are between 600 and 1,500 such outlets in China, vastly outnumbering the number of Jeep auto dealers in the country.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: In April 2012 Jeep signed a shirt sponsorship deal worth €35m ($45m) with Italian football club Juventus.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Jeep

Context: Jeep has been the title sponsor of France's top men's professional basketball league, LNB Pro A, since 2018. Under the deal, the league markets itself as Jeep Élite.

Question: Kuka suunnitteli Willys MB -maastoajoneuvon?


Ottawa Senators

Context: Martin would impose a "strong defence first" philosophy that led to the team qualifying for the playoffs every season that he coached, but he was criticized for the team's lack of success in the playoffs, notably losing four straight series against the provincial rival Toronto Maple Leafs.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: The 2001–02 Senators regular-season points total dropped, but in the playoffs, they upset the Philadelphia Flyers for the franchise's second playoff series win. The Sens would go on to push their second-round series to seven games, but they were ultimately once again defeated by the Maple Leafs. Despite speculation that Martin would be fired, it was GM Marshall Johnston who left, retiring from the team. He was replaced by John Muckler, the Senators' first with previous management experience.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: The Senators would miss the playoffs again for the 2020–21 season, a season overshadowed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The young team played an all-Canadian shortened season, during which they had a poor record to start the season but finished the season with a strong stretch of play, inspiring some optimism for the future. The Senators again traded away veterans at the trade deadline for draft picks.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: Owner Eugene Melnyk passed away in March 2022 due to an unspecified illness. In statements in recent years, Melnyk had said that he planned to leave the team to his two daughters Olivia and Anna, when he had been asked if he intended to sell the team, although there has been speculation about ownership changes. The team added an 'EM' patch on the jersey for the rest of the season.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: The Palladium opened on January 15, 1996, with a concert by Canadian rocker Bryan Adams. The Senators played their first game in their new arena two days later, falling 3–0 to the Montreal Canadiens. On February 17, 1996, the name 'Palladium' was changed to 'Corel Centre' when Corel Corporation, an Ottawa software company, signed a twenty-year deal for the naming rights.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: When mortgage holder Covanta Energy (the former Ogden Entertainment) went into receivership in 2001, Terrace was expected to pay off its debt to Covanta in full. The ownership was not able to refinance the arena, eventually leading Terrace itself to declare bankruptcy in 2002. On August 26, 2003, billionaire businessman Eugene Melnyk finalized the purchase of the Senators and the arena. The arena and club became solely owned by Melnyk through a new company, Capital Sports & Entertainment.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: In 2004, the ownership applied to expand its seating and the City of Ottawa amended its by-laws for the venue, increasing its seating capacity in 2005 to 19,153 and total attendance capacity to 20,500 including standing room.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: On January 19, 2006, the arena became known as 'Scotiabank Place' after Melnyk reached a new 15-year naming agreement with Canadian bank Scotiabank on January 11, 2006, ending the 20-year contract with Corel. Scotiabank had been an advertising partner with the club for several years and a financial partner with owner Melnyk, and signed a million over 15-years deal; a slight increase over Corel's contract. While Corel was no longer the arena name sponsor, it continued as an advertising sponsor.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: In 2011, in time for the Senators hosting the NHL All-Star Game, the team installed a new video scoreboard, known as the 'Bell HD' screen, made by Panasonic. The new scoreboard increased the video display from to and added LED rings.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: The Senators practice facility is known as the Bell Sensplex, a  million joint venture with the City of Ottawa. Located south-east of the Canadian Tire Centre, the facility has three NHL-sized rinks, an Olympics-size rink and a fieldhouse and opened in 2004. It is used for Senators' practices, minor hockey and it is also the home of the annual minor hockey league Bell Capital Cup tournament.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: The team colours are black, red, gold and white. The team's home jersey is black with red trim, while the away jersey is white with black and red trim. The club's logo is the head of a Roman general, a member of the Senate of the Roman Republic in a gold semi-circle. The original logo, unveiled on May 23, 1991, described the general as a "centurion figure, strong and prominent" according to its designer, Tony Milchard.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: A new jersey design was unveiled on August 22, 2007, in conjunction with the league-wide adoption of the "Rbk EDGE" jerseys by Reebok for the 2007–08 season. The jersey incorporates the original Senators' 'O' logo as a shoulder patch. At the same time, the team updated its logos, and switched their usage. The primary logo, which according to team owner Eugene Melnyk, "represents strength and determination" is an update of the old secondary logo.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: Prior to the 2008–09 season, the Senators unveiled a new black third jersey, featuring the shortened "SENS" moniker in front. The centurion logo adorn the shoulders and the striping was inspired by the team's original black jerseys.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: In 2017, the Senators' jerseys received a slight makeover when Adidas replaced Reebok as the NHL's uniform provider. The number font was changed to match those of their recent third jerseys, which were retired after the 2016–17 season. Prior to the 2018–19 season, the Senators brought back the red jerseys worn during the NHL 100 Classic as a third jersey. The design featured a silver "O" in front with black trim amid horizontal black, silver and white stripes.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: A December 2021 report by "Forbes" magazine valued the Senators at  million, or 28th in the league. "Forbes" estimated the debt/value ratio at 38% and that the team lost million in 2020–21 on revenue of  million. Owned by the Estate of Eugene Melynk, Melnyk bought the team and arena for  million in 2003 out of bankruptcy. It was previously owned by Terrace Investments, majority owned by Rod Bryden, until it declared bankruptcy in 2002. Terrace Investments won the bid for an NHL franchise in 1990.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: The fans of the Senators are known as the "Sens Army". Like most hockey fanatics, they are known to dress up for games; some in Roman legionary clothing. For the 2006–2007 playoff run, more fans than ever before would wear red, and fan activities included 'Red Rallies' of decorated cars, fan rallies at Ottawa City Hall Plaza and the 'Sens Mile' along Elgin Street where fans would congregate.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: "Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: These are the top-ten regular season point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Ottawa Senators

Context: "Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game average;"

Question: Minkä niminen on Ottawassa pelaava NHL:n joukkue?


Interpreter (computing)

Context: In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without requiring them previously to have been compiled into a machine language program. An interpreter generally uses one of the following strategies for program execution:

Question: Minä vuonna aloitettiin käyttämään tulkkeja?


Interpreter (computing)

Context: While interpretation and compilation are the two main means by which programming languages are implemented, they are not mutually exclusive, as most interpreting systems also perform some translation work, just like compilers. The terms "interpreted language" or "compiled language" signify that the canonical implementation of that language is an interpreter or a compiler, respectively. A high-level language is ideally an abstraction independent of particular implementations.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: An interpreter usually consists of a set of known commands it can execute, and a list of these commands in the order a programmer wishes to execute them. Each command (also known as an Instruction) contains the data the programmer wants to mutate, and information on how to mutate the data. For example, an interpreter might read codice_1 and "interpret" it as a request to add five to the codice_2 variable.

Question: Minä vuonna aloitettiin käyttämään tulkkeja?


Interpreter (computing)

Context: Interpreters have a wide variety of instructions which are specialized to perform different tasks, but you will commonly find interpreter instructions for basic mathematical operations, branching, and memory management, making most interpreters Turing complete. Many interpreters are also closely integrated with a garbage collector and debugger.

Question: Minä vuonna aloitettiin käyttämään tulkkeja?


Interpreter (computing)

Context: Programs written in a high-level language are either directly executed by some kind of interpreter or converted into machine code by a compiler (and assembler and linker) for the CPU to execute.

Question: Minä vuonna aloitettiin käyttämään tulkkeja?


Interpreter (computing)

Context: A simple interpreter written in a low-level language (e.g. assembly) may have similar machine code blocks implementing functions of the high-level language stored, and executed when a function's entry in a look up table points to that code. However, an interpreter written in a high-level language typically uses another approach, such as generating and then walking a parse tree, or by generating and executing intermediate software-defined instructions, or both.

Question: Minä vuonna aloitettiin käyttämään tulkkeja?


Interpreter (computing)

Context: Thus, both compilers and interpreters generally turn source code (text files) into tokens, both may (or may not) generate a parse tree, and both may generate immediate instructions (for a stack machine, quadruple code, or by other means). The basic difference is that a compiler system, including a (built in or separate) linker, generates a stand-alone "machine code" program, while an interpreter system instead "performs" the actions described by the high-level program.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: Historically, most interpreter systems have had a self-contained editor built in. This is becoming more common also for compilers (then often called an IDE), although some programmers prefer to use an editor of their choice and run the compiler, linker and other tools manually. Historically, compilers predate interpreters because hardware at that time could not support both the interpreter and interpreted code and the typical batch environment of the time limited the advantages of interpretation.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: A compiler converts source code into binary instruction for a specific processor's architecture, thus making it less portable. This conversion is made just once, on the developer's environment, and after that the same binary can be distributed to the user's machines where it can be executed without further translation. A cross compiler can generate binary code for the user machine even if it has a different processor than the machine where the code is compiled.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: The fact that interpreted code can easily be read and copied by humans can be of concern from the point of view of copyright. However, various systems of encryption and obfuscation exist. Delivery of intermediate code, such as bytecode, has a similar effect to obfuscation, but bytecode could be decoded with a decompiler or disassembler.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: An interpreter might well use the same lexical analyzer and parser as the compiler and then interpret the resulting abstract syntax tree. Example data type definitions for the latter, and a toy interpreter for syntax trees obtained from C expressions are shown in the box.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: Interpretation cannot be used as the sole method of execution: even though an interpreter can itself be interpreted and so on, a directly executed program is needed somewhere at the bottom of the stack because the code being interpreted is not, by definition, the same as the machine code that the CPU can execute.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: Control tables - that do not necessarily ever need to pass through a compiling phase - dictate appropriate algorithmic control flow via customized interpreters in similar fashion to bytecode interpreters.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: However, for interpreters, an AST causes more overhead than a bytecode interpreter, because of nodes related to syntax performing no useful work, of a less sequential representation (requiring traversal of more pointers) and of overhead visiting the tree.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: Just-in-time compilation has gained mainstream attention amongst language implementers in recent years, with Java, the .NET Framework, most modern JavaScript implementations, and Matlab now including JIT compilers.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: A self-interpreter is a programming language interpreter written in a programming language which can interpret itself; an example is a BASIC interpreter written in BASIC. Self-interpreters are related to self-hosting compilers.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: If no compiler exists for the language to be interpreted, creating a self-interpreter requires the implementation of the language in a host language (which may be another programming language or assembler). By having a first interpreter such as this, the system is bootstrapped and new versions of the interpreter can be developed in the language itself. It was in this way that Donald Knuth developed the TANGLE interpreter for the language WEB of the industrial standard TeX typesetting system.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: Clive Gifford introduced a measure quality of self-interpreter (the eigenratio), the limit of the ratio between computer time spent running a stack of "N" self-interpreters and time spent to run a stack of self-interpreters as "N" goes to infinity. This value does not depend on the program being run.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: The book "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs" presents examples of meta-circular interpretation for Scheme and its dialects. Other examples of languages with a self-interpreter are Forth and Pascal.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: More extensive microcoding allows small and simple microarchitectures to emulate more powerful architectures with wider word length, more execution units and so on, which is a relatively simple way to achieve software compatibility between different products in a processor family.

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Interpreter (computing)

Context: Even a non microcoding computer processor itself can be considered to be a parsing immediate execution interpreter that is written in a general purpose hardware description language such as VHDL to create a system that parses the machine code instructions and immediately executes them.

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Trainer aircraft

Context: Civilian pilots are normally trained in a light aircraft, with two or more seats to allow for a student and instructor.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: It is now the norm for pilots to begin their flight training in an aircraft with side-by-side seating and to progress to aircraft with tandem seating. This, however, has not always been the case. For example, it was usual to find tandem seating in biplane basic trainers such as the Tiger Moth and the Jungmann, and the British used side-by-side seating in the operational conversion of some of its fast jets such as the English Electric Lightning.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: Given the expense of military pilot training, air forces typically conduct training in phases to eliminate unsuitable candidates. The cost to those air forces that do not follow a graduated training regimen is not just monetary but also in lives. For example, for many years the Indian Air Force operated without a suitable advanced training aircraft, leading to a high casualty rate as pilots moved to high performance MiG-21 aircraft without suitable assessment of their aptitude for supersonic flight.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: There are two main areas for instruction, flight training and operational training. In flight training a candidate seeks to develop their flying skills. In operational training the candidate learns to use his or her flying skills through simulated combat, attack and fighter techniques.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: Those that progress to training for fast jet flying will then progress to an advanced trainer, typically capable of high subsonic speeds, high-energy manoeuvers, and equipped with systems that simulate modern weapons and surveillance. Examples of such jet trainer aircraft include the supersonic Northrop T-38 Talon, the BAE Hawk, the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet, the Aero L-39 and the Yakovlev Yak-130.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: The two-seat aircraft may itself become the basis of an operational aircraft, the second seat being used to create a weapons officer or navigators station in aircraft with originally only a pilot, for example the F-15E Strike Eagle is a development of the F-15D which is a two-seat training version of the F-15 Eagle.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: In smaller air forces basic trainers, in addition to being used for training, are used to provide air support in the counter-insurgency and airborne forward air control role.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: Most advanced trainers are capable of carrying and delivering war loads. However, most of these aircraft do not have the counter measures and sensors required to survive alone in a modern high intensity war fighting scenario, for example being vulnerable to MANPADS. However, they may still have a war fighting role in low intensity theatres if operated in conjunction with more capable aircraft.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: Despite their vulnerability, even small numbers of weapons-carrying trainer aircraft may achieve a disproportionate effect due to the element of surprise, especially when the attacked side believes to hold air supremacy. Forces that have used light trainer aircraft to great effect include the Biafran use of MFI-9s and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam use of covertly acquired light aircraft.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: Early trainers were often sport aircraft or obsolete combat aircraft. The French used a graduated system in which a pilot learned in progressively more capable aircraft, starting with aircraft that had been modified to prevent them from flying – called "rouleurs" or penguins.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: Pilots who had mastered ground handling would then graduate to lower powered two seaters, before finishing on obsolete fighters. The supply of obsolete aircraft proved inadequate and production of Caudron G.III, Nieuport 83 and other types specifically for training was undertaken.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Trainer aircraft

Context: The United States armed forces standardized on three types – a Primary trainer, of which the Stearman PT-13/PT-17 is the best known, a Basic trainer such as the Vultee BT-13, and an advanced trainer such as the well known North American AT-6 Texan, which would also be widely exported to the Commonwealth countries as the Harvard. In addition, production of various combat types was diverted to training although considerable effort was made to cover all possible types of training with purpose built types.

Question: Mitä alkeiskoulukone tarkoittaa?


Marxism

Context: Some Marxist schools of thought place greater emphasis on certain aspects of classical Marxism while rejecting or modifying other aspects. Some schools have sought to combine Marxian concepts and non-Marxian concepts which has then led to widely varying conclusions.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Marxism has had a profound impact on global academia, having influenced many fields, including anthropology, archaeology, art theory, criminology, cultural studies, economics, education, ethics, film theory, geography, historiography, literary criticism, media studies, philosophy, political science, psychology, science studies, sociology, urban planning, and theater.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Marxian economics and its proponents view capitalism as economically unsustainable and incapable of improving the living standards of the population due to its need to compensate for falling rate of profit by cutting employees' wages and social benefits while pursuing military aggression. The socialist mode of production would succeed capitalism as humanity's mode of production through revolution by workers. According to Marxian crisis theory, socialism is not an inevitability but an economic necessity.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: The term "Marxism" was popularized by Karl Kautsky, who considered himself an "orthodox Marxist" during the dispute between the orthodox and "revisionist" followers of Marx. Kautsky's revisionist rival Eduard Bernstein also later adopted use of the term.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Marx considered recurring class conflicts as the driving force of human history as such conflicts have manifested themselves as distinct transitional stages of development in Western Europe. Accordingly, Marx designated human history as encompassing four stages of development in relations of production:

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: While historical materialism has been referred to as a materialist theory of history, Marx did not claim to have produced a master-key to history and that the materialist conception of history is not "an historico-philosophic theory of the , imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself." In a letter to editor of the Russian newspaper paper (1877), he explained that his ideas are based upon a concrete study of the actual conditions in Europe.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Alienation (German: "Entfremdung") is the estrangement of people from their humanity, and a systematic result of capitalism. Under capitalism, the fruits of production belong to employers, who expropriate the surplus created by others and so generate alienated labourers. In Marx's view, alienation is an objective characterization of the worker's situation in capitalism—his or her self-awareness of this condition is not prerequisite.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Marx distinguishes social classes on the basis of two criteria, i.e. ownership of means of production and control over the labour power of others. Following this criterion of class based on property relations, Marx identified the social stratification of the capitalist mode of production with the following social groups:

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Class consciousness denotes the awareness—of itself and the social world—that a social class possesses as well as its capacity to rationally act in their best interests. Class consciousness is required before a social class can effect a successful revolution and thus the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Without defining "ideology", Marx used the term to describe the production of images of social reality. According to Engels, "ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false or seeming motive forces."

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Through common ownership of the means of production, the profit motive is eliminated and the motive of furthering human flourishing is introduced. Because the surplus produced by the workers is the property of the society as a whole, there are no classes of producers and appropriators. Additionally, as the state has its origins in the bands of retainers hired by the first ruling classes to protect their economic privilege, it will wither away as its conditions of existence have disappeared.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: According to "The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx", "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society—positive humanism, socialism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers, etc. He used these terms completely interchangeably. The notion that 'socialism' and 'Communism' are distinct historical stages is alien to his work and only entered the lexicon of Marxism after his death."

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: American Marxist scholar Hal Draper responded to this comment by saying: "There are few thinkers in modern history whose thought has been so badly misrepresented, by Marxists and anti-Marxists alike."

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Libertarian Marxism emphasizes the anti-authoritarian and libertarian aspects of Marxism. Early currents of libertarian Marxism such as left communism emerged in opposition to Marxism–Leninism.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: According to a 2007 survey of American professors by Neil Gross and Solon Simmons, 17.6% of social science professors and 5.0% of humanities professors identify as Marxists, while between 0 and 2% of professors in all other disciplines identify as Marxists.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: These theoretical developments were subsequently adopted by archaeologists working in capitalist states outside of the Leninist bloc, most notably by the Australian academic V. Gordon Childe, who used Marxist theory in his understandings of the development of human society.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories. Marxist criticism views literary works as reflections of the social institutions from which they originate. According to Marxists, even literature itself is a social institution and has a specific ideological function, based on the background and ideology of the author. Notable Marxist literary critics include Mikhail Bakhtin, Walter Benjamin, Terry Eagleton, and Fredric Jameson.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Marx addressed the matters of alienation and exploitation of the working class, the capitalist mode of production and historical materialism. He is famous for analysing history in terms of class struggle, summarised in the initial line introducing "The Communist Manifesto" (1848): "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: In 1847, they began writing "The Communist Manifesto" (1848), based on Engels' "The Principles of Communism". Six weeks later, they published the 12,000-word pamphlet in February 1848. In March, Belgium expelled them and they moved to Cologne, where they published the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung", a politically radical newspaper. By 1849, they had to leave Cologne for London. The Prussian authorities pressured the British government to expel Marx and Engels, but Prime Minister Lord John Russell refused.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: After Marx's death in 1883, Engels became the editor and translator of Marx's writings. With his "Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State" (1884)—analysing monogamous marriage as guaranteeing male social domination of women, a concept analogous, in communist theory, to the capitalist class's economic domination of the working class—Engels made intellectually significant contributions to feminist theory and Marxist feminism.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: From Stalin's death until the late 1960s, there was increasing conflict between China and the Soviet Union. De-Stalinization, which first began under Nikita Khrushchev and the policy of detente, were seen as revisionist and insufficiently Marxist. This ideological confrontation spilled into a wider global crisis centered around which nation was to lead the international socialist movement.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: In the People's Republic of China, the Maoist government undertook the Cultural Revolution from 1966 through to 1976 to purge Chinese society of capitalist elements and achieve socialism. Upon Mao Zedong's death, his rivals seized political power and under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, many of Mao's Cultural Revolution era policies were revised or abandoned and much of the state sector privatised.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: At the turn of the 21st century, China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam remained the only officially Marxist–Leninist states remaining, although a Maoist government led by Prachanda was elected into power in Nepal in 2008 following a long guerrilla struggle.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: The fidelity of those varied revolutionaries, leaders and parties to the work of Karl Marx is highly contested and has been rejected by many Marxists and other socialists alike. Socialists in general and socialist writers, including Dimitri Volkogonov, acknowledge that the actions of authoritarian socialist leaders have damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution."

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Okishio's theorem shows that if capitalists use cost-cutting techniques and real wages do not increase, the rate of profit must rise, which casts doubt on Marx's view that the rate of profit would tend to fall.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: The allegations of inconsistency have been a large part of Marxian economics and the debates around it since the 1970s. Andrew Kliman argues that this undermines Marx's critiques and the correction of the alleged inconsistencies, because internally inconsistent theories cannot be right by definition.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Democratic socialists and social democrats reject the idea that socialism can be accomplished only through extra-legal class conflict and a proletarian revolution. The relationship between Marx and other socialist thinkers and organizations—rooted in Marxism's "scientific" and anti-utopian socialism, among other factors—has divided Marxists from other socialists since Marx's life.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: After Marx's death and with the emergence of Marxism, there have also been dissensions within Marxism itself—a notable example is the splitting of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Orthodox Marxists became opposed to a less dogmatic, more innovative, or even revisionist Marxism.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


Marxism

Context: Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson argue that Marx's economic theory was fundamentally flawed because it attempted to simplify the economy into a few general laws that ignored the impact of institutions on the economy.

Question: Mistä marxismi syntyi?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Although estimates vary because precise records were not kept, numbers exaggerated and auxiliary troops not always counted, Napoleon's army entered Russia with more than 450,000 men, more than 150,000 horses, around 25,000 wagons and more than 1,250 pieces of artillery. Only 120,000 men survived (excluding early deserters); as many as 380,000 died in the campaign. Perhaps most importantly, Napoleon's reputation of invincibility was shattered.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: From 1792, France had been at a near constant state of war with the major European powers, a consequence of the French Revolution. Napoleon seized power in 1799 and ruled France as a dictator, and he carried on the wars. Starting in 1803, the Napoleonic Wars had proven Napoleon's abilities. He emerged victorious in the War of the Third Coalition (18031806, which dissolved the thousand year old Holy Roman Empire), the War of the Fourth Coalition (18061807), and the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809).

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: The Treaty of Schönbrunn, which ended the 1809 war between Austria and France had a clause removing Western Galicia from Austria and annexing it to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Russia viewed this against its interests as they considered the territory to be a potential launching point for a French invasion.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon had tried to get better Russian cooperation through an alliance by seeking to marry Anna Pavlovna, the youngest sister of Alexander. But finally, he married Marie Louise, the daughter of the Austrian emperor instead. France and Austria signed an alliance treaty on 14 March 1812.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon himself was not in the same physical and mental state as in years past. He had become overweight and increasingly prone to various maladies.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Committed to the expansion policy of Catherine the Great, Alexander I had issued an ultimatum demanding that France evacuate its troops from Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in April 1812. Napoleon chose war over retreat.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: However, nothing was to go as planned, because Napoleon had failed to take into account conditions that were totally different from what he had known so far.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: The most advanced magazine in the operations area during the attack phase was Vilna, beyond that point, the army was on its own.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: The heavy losses to disease, hunger and desertion in the early months of the campaign were in large part due to the inability to transport provisions quickly enough to the troops. The "Intendance" administration failed to distribute with sufficient rigor the supplies that were built up or captured. By that, despite all these preparations, the Grande Armée was not self-sufficient logistically and still depended on foraging to a significant extent.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Though starvation caused horrendous casualties in Napoleon's army, losses arose from other sources as well. The main body of Napoleon's diminished by a third in just the first eight weeks of the campaign, before the major battle was fought. This loss in strength was in part due to diseases such as diphtheria, dysentery and typhus and the need for garrison supply centres.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Nine pontoon companies, three pontoon trains with 100 pontoons each, two companies of marines, nine sapper companies, six miner companies and an engineer park were deployed for the invasion force. Large-scale military hospitals were created at Warsaw, Thorn, Breslau, Marienburg, Elbing and Danzig, while hospitals in East Prussia had beds for 28,000.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: After a whole day of preparation, the invasion commenced on Wednesday, with Napoleon's army crossing the border. The army was split up into five columns:

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: 2. In the evening of 23 June Morand accompanied by sappers occupied the other side of the Niemen. The next morning Napoleon followed by the Imperial Guard (47,000) crossed the river on one of the three pontoon bridges nearby Napoleon's Hill. Afterwards, Murat's cavalry and three corps crossed the river destined for Vilnius. Then they followed Barclay de Toll's First Army of the West to Drissa and Polotsk.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: With French forces moving through different routes in the direction of Polotsk and Vitebsk, the first major engagement took place on 25 July at the Battle of Ostrowno.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: 4. The right or southern wing under Schwarzenberg (34,000) crossed the Western Bug on a pontoon bridge at Drohiczyn on 2 July. Tormasow's third army prevented him from joining up with Davout. When Tormassov occupied Brest (Belarus) at the end of July, Schwarzenberg and Reynier were cut off from supplies. On 18 September the Austrians withdrew when Pavel Chichagov arrived from the south and seized Minsk on 18 November. On 14 December 1812 Schwarzenberg crossed the border.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: 5. During the campaign reinforcements of 80,000 and the baggage trains with 30,000 men were sent on different dates. In November, the division of Durutte assisted Reynier. In December Loison was sent to help extricate the remnants of the Grand Army in its retreat. Within a few days many of Loison's unexperienced soldiers died of the extreme cold.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon initially met little resistance and moved quickly into the enemy's territory in spite of the transport of more than 1,100 cannons, being opposed by the Russian armies with more than 900 cannons. But the roads in this area of Lithuania were actually small dirt tracks through areas of birched woodland and marshes. At the beginning of the war supply lines already simply could not keep up with the forced marches of the corps and rear formations always suffered the worst privations.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Since the end of April, the Russian headquarters was centred in Vilna but on June 24 couriers rushed news about the crossing of the Niemen to Barclay de Tolley. Before the night had passed, orders were sent out to Bagration and Platov, who commanded the Cossacks, to take the offensive. Alexander left Vilna on June 26 and Barclay assumed overall command.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Several days after crossing the Niemen, a number of soldiers began to develop high fevers and a red rash on their bodies. Typhus had made its appearance. On 29/30 June, a violent thunderstorm struck Lithuania during the night and continued for several hours or a day.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Although Barclay wanted to give battle, he assessed it as a hopeless situation and ordered Vilna's magazines burned and its bridge dismantled. Wittgenstein moved his command to Klaipeda, passing beyond Macdonald and Oudinot's operations with Wittgenstein's rear guard clashing with Oudinout's forward elements. Barclay continued his retreat and, with the exception of the occasional rearguard clash, remained unhindered in his movements ever further east.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: The operation intended to split Bagration's forces from Barclay's forces by driving to Vilna had cost the French forces 25,000 losses from all causes in a few days. Strong probing operations were advanced from Vilna towards Nemenčinė, Molėtai in the north and Ashmyany in the east, the location of Bagration on his way to Minsk. Bagration ordered Platov and Dokhturov to distract the enemy.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Murat advanced to Nemenčinė on July 1, running into elements of Dmitry Dokhturov's III Russian Cavalry Corps. Napoleon assumed this was Bagration's 2nd Army and rushed out, before being told it was not. Napoleon then attempted to use Davout, Jerome, and Eugene out on his right in a hammer and anvil to catch Bagration and to destroy the 2nd Army in an operation before reaching Minsk. This operation had failed to produce results on his left.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Conflicting orders and lack of information had almost placed Bagration in a bind marching into Davout; however, Jerome could not arrive in time over the same mud tracks, supply problems, and weather, that had so badly affected the rest of the Grande Armée. Command disputes between Jerome, General Vandamme and Davout would not help the situation.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: After five weeks, the loss of troops from disease and desertion had reduced Napoleon's effective fighting strength to about half. Ney and his corps were given ten days to recover and search for food.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: The Battle of Borodino on September 7 was the bloodiest day of battle in the Napoleonic Wars. The Russian Army could only muster half of its strength on September 8. Kutuzov chose to act in accordance with his scorched earth tactics and retreat, leaving the road to Moscow open. Kutuzov also ordered the evacuation of the city.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: By this point the Russians had managed to draft large numbers of reinforcements into the army, bringing total Russian land forces to their peak strength in 1812 of 904,000, with perhaps 100,000 in the vicinity of Moscow—the remnants of Kutuzov's army from Borodino partially reinforced.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Both armies began to move and rebuild. The Russian retreat was significant for two reasons: firstly, the move was to the south and not the east; secondly, the Russians immediately began operations that would continue to deplete the French forces. Platov, commanding the rear guard on September 8, offered such strong resistance that Napoleon remained on the Borodino field. On the following day, Miloradovich assumed command of the rear guard, adding his forces to the formation.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: On 3 December he published the 29th Bulletin in which he informed the outside world for the first time of the catastrophic state of his army. He abandoned the army on 5 December and returned home on a sleigh, leaving Marshal Joachim Murat in command. In the following weeks, the shrank further, and on 14 December 1812, it left Russian territory.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Following the campaign a saying arose that General Winter defeated Napoleon, alluding to the Russian Winter. Minard's map shows that the opposite is true as the French losses were highest in the summer and autumn, due to inadequate preparation of logistics resulting in insufficient supplies, while many troops were also killed by disease. Thus the outcome of the campaign was decided long before the weather became a factor.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Barclay de Tolly the Minister of War and field commander of the First Western Army and General of Infantry served as the Commander in Chief of the Russian Armies. According to Tolstoy in "War and Peace" (Book X) he was unpopular and regarded as a foreigner by Bagration who was higher in rank but had to follow his orders. Kutuzov replaced Barclay and acted as Commander-in-chief during the retreat following the Battle of Smolensk.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: These forces, however, could count on reinforcements from the second line, which totalled 129,000 men and 8,000 Cossacks with 434 guns and 433 rounds of ammunition.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Of these, about 105,000 men were actually available for the defence against the invasion. In the third line were the 36 recruit depots and militias, which came to a total of approximately 161,000 men of various and highly disparate military values, of which about 133,000 actually took part in the defence.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Sweden, Russia's only ally, did not send supporting troops, but the alliance made it possible to withdraw the 45,000-man Russian corps Steinheil from Finland and use it in the later battles (20,000 men were sent to Riga and Polotsk).

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon lost more than 500,000 men in Russia. Out of an original force of 615,000, only 110,000 frostbitten and half-starved survivors stumbled back.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Hay has argued that the destruction of the Dutch contingent (15,000) of the was not a result of the death of most of its members. Rather, its various units disintegrated and the troops scattered. Later, some of its personnel were collected and reorganised into the new Dutch army.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Most of the Prussian contingent survived thanks to the Convention of Tauroggen and almost the whole Austrian contingent under Schwarzenberg withdrew successfully. The Russians formed the Russian-German Legion from other German prisoners and deserters.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: In January 1813 the French army gathered behind the Vistula some 23,000 strong. The Austrian and Prussian troops mustered some 35,000 men in addition. The number of deserters and stragglers having left Russia alive is unknown by definition. The number of new inhabitants of Russia is unknown. The number of prisoners is estimated at around 100,000, of whom more than 50,000 died in captivity.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: The British historian Dominic Lieven wrote that much of the historiography about the campaign for various reasons distorts the story of the Russian war against France in 1812–14. The number of Western historians who are fluent in French and/or German vastly outnumbers those who are fluent in Russian, which has the effect that many Western historians simply ignore Russian language sources when writing about the campaign because they cannot read them.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon did not touch serfdom in Russia. What the reaction of the Russian peasantry would have been if he had lived up to the traditions of the French Revolution, bringing liberty to the serfs, is an intriguing question.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Napoleon's invasion was prefigured by the Swedish invasion of Russia a century before. In 1707 Charles XII had led Swedish forces in an invasion of Russia from his base in Poland. After initial success, the Swedish Army was decisively defeated in Ukraine at the Battle of Poltava. Peter I's efforts to deprive the invading forces of supplies by adopting a scorched-earth policy is thought to have played a role in the defeat of the Swedes.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: Academicians have drawn parallels between the French invasion of Russia and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of 1941. David Stahel writes:

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: The invasion by Germany was called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet people, to evoke comparisons with the victory by Tsar Alexander I over Napoleon's invading army. In addition, the Germans, like the French, took solace from the notion they had been defeated by the Russian winter, rather than the Russians themselves or their own mistakes.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


French invasion of Russia

Context: An event of epic proportions and momentous importance for European history, the French invasion of Russia has been the subject of much discussion among historians. The campaign's sustained role in Russian popular culture may be seen in Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace", Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture", and the identification of it with the German invasion during World War II, which became known as the "Great Patriotic War" in the Soviet Union.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä kuoli Borodinon taistelun aikana?


Jihadism

Context: Jihadism with an international, Pan-Islamist scope is also known as global jihadism. Studies show that with the rise of ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, many Muslims from Western countries like Albania, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, the Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States traveled to join the global jihad in Syria and Iraq.

Question: Kuinka Jihadismiä harjoitetaan nyky päivänä?


Jihadism

Context: The term "jihadism" has been in use since the 1990s, more widely in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. It was first used by the Indian and Pakistani mass media, and by French academics who used the more exact term "jihadist-Salafist".

Question: Kuinka Jihadismiä harjoitetaan nyky päivänä?


Jihadism

Context: Most Muslims do not use the term, disliking the association of illegitimate violence with a noble religious concept, and instead prefer the use of delegitimising terms like "deviants".

Question: Kuinka Jihadismiä harjoitetaan nyky päivänä?


Jihadism

Context: The term "jihadist globalism" is also often used in relation to jihadism. Academic Manfred Steger proposes an extension of the term "jihadist globalism" to apply to all extremely violent strains of religiously influenced ideologies that articulate the global imaginary into concrete political agendas and terrorist strategies (these include al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah, Hamas, and Hezbollah, which he finds "today's most spectacular manifestation of religious globalism").

Question: Kuinka Jihadismiä harjoitetaan nyky päivänä?


Jihadism

Context: Maajid Nawaz, founder and chairman of the anti-extremism think tank Quilliam, defines jihadism as a violent subset of Islamism: "Islamism [is] the desire to impose any version of Islam over any society. Jihadism is the attempt to do so by force."

Question: Kuinka Jihadismiä harjoitetaan nyky päivänä?


Jihadism

Context: According to Rudolph Peters, scholar of Islamic studies and history of Islam, contemporary traditionalist Muslims "copy phrases of the classical works on fiqh" in their writings on jihad; Islamic modernists "emphasize the defensive aspect of jihad, regarding it as tantamount to "bellum justum" in modern international law; and the contemporary fundamentalists (Abul A'la Maududi, Sayyid Qutb, Abdullah Azzam, etc.) view it as a struggle for the expansion of Islam and the realization of Islamic ideals."

Question: Kuinka Jihadismiä harjoitetaan nyky päivänä?


Jihadism

Context: Clinical psychologist Chris E. Stout also discusses the al Muhajir-inspired text in his essay, "Terrorism, Political Violence, and Extremism" (2017). He assesses that jihadists regard their actions as being "for the greater good"; that they are in a "weakened in the earth" situation that renders Islamic terrorism a valid means of solution.

Question: Kuinka Jihadismiä harjoitetaan nyky päivänä?