Opera

Context: The Metropolitan Opera in the US (often known as the Met) reported in 2011 that the average age of its audience was 60. Many opera companies attempted to attract a younger audience to halt the larger trend of greying audiences for classical music since the last decades of the 20th century. Efforts resulted in lowering the average age of the Met's audience to 58 in 2018, the average age at Berlin State Opera was reported as 54, and Paris Opera reported an average age of 48.

Question: Millä vuosikymmenellä ooppera on kehitetty?


Opera

Context: Smaller companies in the US have a more fragile existence, and they usually depend on a "patchwork quilt" of support from state and local governments, local businesses, and fundraisers. Nevertheless, some smaller companies have found ways of drawing new audiences. In addition to radio and television broadcasts of opera performances, which have had some success in gaining new audiences, broadcasts of live performances to movie theatres have shown the potential to reach new audiences.

Question: Millä vuosikymmenellä ooppera on kehitetty?


Opera

Context: Operatic vocal technique evolved, in a time before electronic amplification, to allow singers to produce enough volume to be heard over an orchestra, without the instrumentalists having to substantially compromise their volume.

Question: Millä vuosikymmenellä ooppera on kehitetty?


Opera

Context: Yet another sub-classification can be made according to acting skills or requirements, for example the "basso buffo" who often must be a specialist in patter as well as a comic actor. This is carried out in detail in the "Fach" system of German speaking countries, where historically opera and spoken drama were often put on by the same repertory company.

Question: Millä vuosikymmenellä ooppera on kehitetty?


Opera

Context: A particular singer's voice may change drastically over his or her lifetime, rarely reaching vocal maturity until the third decade, and sometimes not until middle age. Two French voice types, "premiere dugazon" and "deuxieme dugazon", were named after successive stages in the career of Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre (Mme. Dugazon). Other terms originating in the star casting system of the Parisian theatres are "baryton-martin" and soprano "falcon".

Question: Millä vuosikymmenellä ooppera on kehitetty?


Opera

Context: "The following is only intended as a brief overview. For the main articles, see soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, bass, countertenor and castrato".

Question: Millä vuosikymmenellä ooppera on kehitetty?


Opera

Context: Since the days of Handel and Mozart, many composers have favored Italian as the language for the libretto of their operas. From the Bel Canto era to Verdi, composers would sometimes supervise versions of their operas in both Italian and French. Because of this, operas such as "Lucia di Lammermoor" or "Don Carlos" are today deemed canonical in both their French and Italian versions.

Question: Millä vuosikymmenellä ooppera on kehitetty?


Opera

Context: Today, operas are only rarely performed in translation. Exceptions include the English National Opera, the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, Opera Theater of Pittsburgh, and Opera South East, which favor English translations. Another exception are opera productions intended for a young audience, such as Humperdinck's "Hansel and Gretel" and some productions of Mozart's "The Magic Flute".

Question: Millä vuosikymmenellä ooppera on kehitetty?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The series is very loosely based on the life and novels of Kathy Reichs, a forensic anthropologist, who also produced the show. Its title character, Temperance Brennan, is named after the protagonist of Reichs' crime novel series. In the "Bones" universe, Dr. Brennan writes successful mystery novels featuring a fictional forensic anthropologist named Kathy Reichs.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: "Bones" is a joint production by Josephson Entertainment and Far Field Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television. The series is the longest-running one-hour drama series produced by 20th Century Fox Television.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The series also features the interpersonal relationships of the Jeffersonian staff – including pathologist and coroner Dr. Camille Saroyan; forensic artist Angela Montenegro and entomologist Dr. Jack Hodgins; and a rotating set of interns who assist Dr. Brennan – and how their cases and victims impact their views and lives.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The soundtrack album titled "", produced by Maria Alonte McCoy and Billy Gottlieb, was released in 2008. It contains 13 songs recorded by popular artists for the show.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: Almost every episode title alliteratively alludes to how the victim is discovered in said episode, like "The Prisoner in the Pipe" and "The Recluse in the Recliner", or to the main plot device of the episode, like "The Blackout in the Blizzard" and "The Verdict in the Story".

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: In 2016, a "New York Times" study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "Bones" was "most popular in areas scattered around the West Coast, and tends to be less popular in places with large nonwhite populations".

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: Note: "Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps."

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The ninth-season premiere attracted 7.8 million viewers and a 2.3 rating in the key 18–49 demographic during its Monday 8:00pm timeslot. Its final Monday airing resulted in a 2.0 rating and 7.36 million viewers. "Bones" was subsequently moved to Fridays at 8:00pm November 15, 2013, where ratings dropped 40 percent to a 1.2 and 5.85 million viewers in its initial airing in that timeslot.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: "Bones" premiered September 13, 2005, on the Fox network and was broadcast weekly in the Tuesday 8:00pm ET timeslot before it moved to the Wednesday 8:00pm ET timeslot in 2006. The first season finished May 17, 2006, with a total of 22 episodes.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The third season premiered September 25, 2007, in its original premiere timeslot, Tuesday 8:00pm ET. The show went on hiatus on November 27, 2007, because of the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike and returned on April 14, 2008, in the Monday 8:00pm ET timeslot. The shortened third season finished May 19, 2008, with a total of 15 episodes.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The fifth season premiered September 17, 2009, on the Fox network and retained its Thursday 8:00pm ET timeslot. It consisted of 22 episodes and ended May 20, 2010.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: March 29, 2012, announcing the renewal for an eighth season, Kevin Reilly, Fox's Chairman of Entertainment, said, "Over the past seven seasons, Hart Hanson, Stephen Nathan and the incredible "Bones" cast and crew have redefined the traditional crime procedural with an irreverent and adventurous sensibility, and I'm really happy to have this distinctive fan-favorite on our schedule for another season."

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: Creator Hart Hanson posted on Twitter (humorously) regarding the notes he got from the network, "I received studio notes on the "Bones" spin-off idea. They want it to be better. Unreasonable taskmasters. Impossible dreamers. Neo-platonists." During Fox's TCA press tour, executive producer Stephen Nathan revealed production on the episode featuring The Finder began in February 2011, with the episode airing in April.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: "The Finder" was picked up for the 2011–12 season May 10, 2011, with an order of 13 episodes. The series was canceled May 9, 2012, and aired its final episode two days later.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: Reviews for the pilot episode were mixed, and it holds a Metacritic score of 55 out of 100, based on 29 critical reviews. Subsequent episodes have received generally positive reviews.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: "Bones" has received two Emmy nominations, for Outstanding Art Direction for a Single Camera Series for "The Hero in the Hold" at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role for "The Twist in the Twister" at the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The series has also won two Genesis Awards for the episodes "The Woman in Limbo" and "The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken" for raising awareness on the issues of pig slaughtering and industrial chicken farms, while the episode "The Finger in the Nest" received a nomination.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: "Bones" was nominated for two awards at the 37th People's Choice Awards, for Favorite TV Crime Drama and Emily Deschanel for Favorite TV Crime Fighter. The series received three nominations at the 38th People's Choice Awards, for Favorite TV Crime Drama, David Boreanaz for Favorite TV Drama Actor and Emily Deschanel for Favorite TV Drama Actress. The series received two nominations at the 42nd People's Choice Awards, for Favorite TV Crime Drama and Emily Deschanel for Favorite TV Crime Drama Actress.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: "Bones" was nominated for a 2014 Prism Award for Best Drama Episode – Substance Abuse for the episode "The Friend in Need" and John Francis Daley for Best Performance in a Drama Series Episode.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: A spin-off series consisting of 26 two-minute episodes, called "Bones: Skeleton Crew", was produced by Fox and launched through a partnership with Sprint Nextel in conjunction with MasterCard's sponsorship. It was released to Sprint TV subscribers in November 2006 and released on the official website of "Bones" on December 4, 2006. The episodes do not feature the show's main cast; its plot revolves around three Jeffersonian Institute lab technicians who use their skills to solve a mystery.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: Aside from the television broadcast of "Bones", its characters and concepts have also been produced in print, on the Internet and in short videos for mobile phones. Currently, there are two print books related to the series, one a novel and the other an official guide.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: Fox initially made extensive use of the internet to promote "Bones". Prior to the broadcast of the second-season episode "The Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House", profiles of the characters involved in the episode were put up on their own MySpace web page. The blog entries of the characters were created to give insight into the potential suspects to be featured in the episode. In the episode, Brennan and her team uses clues from these web pages, which the viewers can also access.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: Bonus content was posted by Fox on "Bones" official site during the third season, which include short videos featuring Booth and Brennan waiting to see Dr. Sweets for couple's therapy.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The eleventh season episode "The Resurrection in the Remains" contains a crossover with fellow Fox TV series "Sleepy Hollow" which concludes in "Sleepy Hollow"s third season episode "Dead Men Tell No Tales".

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: In the final season of "Lucifer", the titular character's future daughter Rory Morningstar tells her father about a show called "More Bones", a spin-off of the series from her time.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: The first three seasons, the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth season were released on DVD format only, while seasons four through eight were also released on Blu-ray Disc format.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Bones (TV series)

Context: In a ruling made public in 2019, 21st Century Fox was found guilty of using Hollywood accounting practice to defraud the producers and stars of the series and was ordered to pay $179 million in missing profits.

Question: Kuinka paljon katsojia televisiosarja Bones kolmas tuotantokausi keräsi jaksoa kohti?


Female Red Guards of the Finnish Civil War

Context: The fiercely fought Finnish Civil War lasted 15 weeks. Both sides frequently shot prisoners out of hand and both sides executed civilians in campaigns of terror. Over 10,000 Reds were murdered in the subsequent White terror. Captured women who were considered to be armed fighters would usually be shot and were sometimes raped before their execution.

Question: Minkä ikäisiä naisia keskimäärin kuului Suomen sisällissodan naiskaarteihin?


Context: The extrajudicial killings and the executions of those sentenced by temporary courts-martial were finally halted in late May. Prisoners were then brought to the newly-established Political Offense Court, which commuted the death sentences.

Question: Minkä ikäisiä naisia keskimäärin kuului Suomen sisällissodan naiskaarteihin?


Context: The Helsinki Women's Guard was the largest unit, with 466 members. They fought the German Baltic Sea Division in the Battle of Helsinki on 12–13 April, defending the Linnanmäki hill. However, research has indicated that their role has been exaggerated.

Question: Minkä ikäisiä naisia keskimäärin kuului Suomen sisällissodan naiskaarteihin?


Context: The Turku Women's Guard (also known as the Maaria Women's Guard) was composed of women from the Turku suburb of Raunistula (part of Maaria at the time). The 113-member guard first fought in the Battle of Tampere. After the town collapsed, the Turku women fought on the Satakunta front and in the Battle of Lempäälä. Dozens of its members were executed at the Hennala camp in Lahti after they were captured on their way east.

Question: Minkä ikäisiä naisia keskimäärin kuului Suomen sisällissodan naiskaarteihin?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: Castro's body was cremated and his ashes were interred in Santiago de Cuba on 4 December 2016, and hundreds of thousands of Cubans commemorated the event.

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: In April 2016, Castro told the Communist Party: "I'll be 90 years old soon. Soon, I'll be like all the others. The time will come for all of us, but the ideas of the Cuban communists will remain as proof on this planet that if they are worked at with fervour and dignity, they can produce the material and cultural goods that human beings need, and we need to fight without truce to obtain them." In February 2016, his older brother Ramón died at the age of 91.

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: Following Castro's death, it was announced by his brother Raúl Castro, who also announced that Castro's body would be cremated. The cremation was a private affair, with only state and party officials attending together with Fidel's family and friends.

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: Most states sent delegations led by high or mid-ranking officials to the funeral; many African and Latin American states sent delegations led by presidents or prime ministers. The funeral was attended by 30 heads of state and government, 2 multilateral leaders and 8 former leaders.

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: U.K. Opposition Leader Jeremy Corbyn was scheduled to attend as part of his country's delegation. However, his attendance was later denied. U.S. preacher and civil rights leader Reverend Jesse Jackson spoke at a memorial for Castro in Havana. Others in attendance included Hollywood's Danny Glover and Argentine football player Diego Maradona, who said: "I feel Cuban."

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: About 500 people also gathered at the Cuban embassy in Mexico City. Vietnamese President Tran Dai Quang, who was the last head of state to meet Castro in Cuba, and Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc paid their respects at the Cuban embassy in Hanoi on 28 November in commemoration of Castro. Hundreds of other Vietnamese people attended the ceremony and brought flowers to the embassy too. In Cape Town, mourners reflected of Castro's anti-apartheid solidarity with Nelson Mandela.

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: President Raúl Castro somberly announced on national television: "The commander in chief of the Cuban revolution died at 22:29 (CST) this evening." He recalled at the end of his speech: "¡Hasta la victoria siempre!" ("Towards victory, always!")

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: The Cuban Embassy in the United States made an announcement in writing: "Until forever, Commander! This No. 25, at 10:29 p.m. the Commander in Chief of the Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro Ruz passed away." It also posted an image that read: "Hasta Siempre, Comandante."

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: Members of the Fine Gael-led government distanced themselves from Higgins' views while defending his right to express them. Foreign Minister Charles Flanagan said: "While his legacy is a complex one, Fidel Castro was a major figure in twentieth century history and his death marks the end of an era."

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: *However, Higgins' statement was criticised by Fianna Fáil, Amnesty International, Mattie McGrath, Ciarán Cannon, Rónán Mullen, and Renua. A spokesman for the President denied any lack of balance, pointing to a sentence in the statement: "The economic and social reforms introduced were at the price of a restriction of civil society, which brought its critics."

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: * The Dáil Éireann did not allow time for statements on Castro's death: Sinn Féin, AAA–PBP and Thomas Pringle were in favour of time, whereas the government, Fianna Fáil and Mattie McGrath were opposed.

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: * Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams wrote: "Fuair Fidel bas RIP" ("Fidel died RIP"). He also posted a picture of himself alongside Castro. Upon arriving at Castro's funeral, he said: "I'm here because Fidel was a good friend to Ireland."

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: * The Communist Party of Ireland said "Fidel Castro, "commander in chief of the Cuban Revolution," was an outstanding revolutionary leader who not alone led his people to victory but became a symbol of resistance for colonised nations and millions of oppressed people. The Cuban Revolution inspired national liberation movements around the world."

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

Context: Nobel Peace Prize laureate Adolfo Pérez Esquivel said: "From the roots of Our America Fidel left for eternity. Liberator, apostle, humanist, friend…" His fellow Nobel laureate Rigoberta Menchú said: "Our revolution is humanist because it humanises man." Former Argentine footballer Diego Maradona stated that Castro was a "great" man and that, while he was away for the 2016 Davis Cup in Croatia: "[t]hey called me from Buenos Aires and it was a shock. I'm terribly sad as he was like a second father."

Question: Mihin Fidel Castro kuoli?


Church of England

Context: The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the 3rd century and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used the English language in the liturgy. The church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three being known as Anglo-Catholic, evangelical and liberal. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The British monarch (currently Elizabeth II) is the supreme governor and the archbishop of Canterbury (currently Justin Welby) is the most senior cleric. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop. Within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy and laity. Its measures must be approved by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: There is evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain as early as the 3rd century. After the fall of the Roman Empire, England was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons, who were pagans, and the Celtic Church was confined to Cornwall and Wales. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England to Christianize the Anglo-Saxons. This mission was led by Augustine, who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The Church of England considers 597 the start of its formal history.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: In Northumbria, Celtic missionaries competed with their Roman counterparts. The Celtic and Roman churches disagreed over the date of Easter, baptismal customs, and the style of tonsure worn by monks. King Oswiu of Northumbria summoned the Synod of Whitby in 664. The king decided Northumbria would follow the Roman tradition because Saint Peter and his successors, the bishops of Rome, hold the keys of the kingdom of heaven.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Between 1536 and 1540, Henry engaged in the dissolution of the monasteries, which controlled much of the richest land. He disbanded religious houses, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided pensions for the former residents. The properties were sold to pay for the wars. Historian George W. Bernard argues:

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The Church of England was the established church (constitutionally established by the state with the head of state as its supreme governor). The exact nature of the relationship between church and state would be a source of continued friction into the next century.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: By the Fifth Article of the Union with Ireland 1800, the Church of England and Church of Ireland were united into "one Protestant Episcopal church, to be called, the United Church of England and Ireland". Although "the continuance and preservation of the said united church ... [was] deemed and taken to be an essential and fundamental part of the union", the Irish Church Act 1869 separated the Irish part of the church again and disestablished it, the Act coming into effect on 1 January 1871.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The Church of England in Bermuda was renamed in 1978 as the Anglican Church of Bermuda, which is an extra-provincial diocese, with both metropolitan and primatial authority coming directly from the Archbishop of Canterbury. Among its parish churches is St Peter's Church in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of St George's Town, which is the oldest Anglican church outside of the British Isles, and the oldest Protestant church in the New World.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The Church established its presence in Hong Kong and Macau in 1843. In 1951, the Diocese of Hong Kong and Macao became an extra-provincial diocese, and in 1998 it became a province of the Anglican Communion, under the name Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Under the guidance of Rowan Williams and with significant pressure from clergy union representatives, the ecclesiastical penalty for convicted felons to be defrocked was set aside from the Clergy Discipline Measure 2003. The clergy union argued that the penalty was unfair to victims of hypothetical miscarriages of criminal justice, because the ecclesiastical penalty is considered irreversible. Although clerics can still be banned for life from ministry, they remain ordained as priests.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: In 2015 the Church of England admitted that it was embarrassed to be paying staff under the living wage. The Church of England had previously campaigned for all employers to pay this minimum amount. The archbishop of Canterbury acknowledged it was not the only area where the church "fell short of its standards".

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The use of hymns and music in the Church of England has changed dramatically over the centuries. Traditional Choral evensong is a staple of most cathedrals. The style of psalm chanting harks back to the Church of England's pre-reformation roots. During the 18th century, clergy such as Charles Wesley introduced their own styles of worship with poetic hymns.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: In the latter half of the 20th century, the influence of the Charismatic Movement significantly altered the worship traditions of numerous Church of England parishes, primarily affecting those of evangelical persuasion. These churches now adopt a contemporary worship form of service, with minimal liturgical or ritual elements, and incorporating contemporary worship music.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Women were appointed as deaconesses from 1861, but they could not function fully as deacons and were not considered ordained clergy. Women have historically been able to serve as lay readers. During the First World War, some women were appointed as lay readers, known as "bishop's messengers", who also led missions and ran churches in the absence of men. After the war, no women were appointed as lay readers until 1969.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Legislation authorising the ordination of women as deacons was passed in 1986 and they were first ordained in 1987. The ordination of women as priests was approved by the General Synod in 1992 and began in 1994. In 2010, for the first time in the history of the Church of England, more women than men were ordained as priests (290 women and 273 men), but in the next two years, ordinations of men again exceeded those of women.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: In the 19th century, English law required the burial of people who had died by suicide to occur only between the hours of 9 p.m. and midnight and without religious rites. The Church of England permitted the use of alternative burial services for people who had died by suicide. In 2017, the Church of England changed its rules to permit the full, standard Christian burial service regardless of whether a person had died by suicide.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The Church of England set up the Church Urban Fund in the 1980s to tackle poverty and deprivation. It sees poverty as trapping individuals and communities with some people in urgent need, leading to dependency, homelessness, hunger, isolation, low income, mental health problems, social exclusion and violence. They feel that poverty reduces confidence and life expectancy and that people born in poor conditions have difficulty escaping their disadvantaged circumstances.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: In parts of Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle two-thirds of babies are born to poverty and have poorer life chances, also a life expectancy 15 years lower than babies born in the best-off fortunate communities.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Many prominent people in the Church of England have spoken out against poverty and welfare cuts in the United Kingdom. Twenty-seven bishops are among 43 Christian leaders who signed a letter which urged David Cameron to make sure people have enough to eat.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Thousands of UK citizens use food banks. The church's campaign to end hunger considers this "truly shocking" and called for a national day of fasting on 4 April 2014.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Between 1890 and 2001, churchgoing in the United Kingdom declined steadily. In the years 1968 to 1999, Anglican Sunday church attendances almost halved, from 3.5 percent of the population to 1.9 per cent. By 2014, Sunday church attendances had declined further to 1.4 per cent of the population. One study published in 2008 suggested that if current trends continued, Sunday attendances could fall to 350,000 in 2030 and 87,800 in 2050.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The British monarch has the constitutional title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The canon law of the Church of England states, "We acknowledge that the Queen's most excellent Majesty, acting according to the laws of the realm, is the highest power under God in this kingdom, and has supreme authority over all persons in all causes, as well ecclesiastical as civil." In practice this power is often exercised through Parliament and on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The Church of Ireland and the Church in Wales separated from the Church of England in 1869 and 1920 respectively and are autonomous churches in the Anglican Communion; Scotland's national church, the Church of Scotland, is Presbyterian, but the Scottish Episcopal Church is part of the Anglican Communion.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: In addition to England, the jurisdiction of the Church of England extends to the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and a few parishes in Flintshire, Monmouthshire and Powys in Wales which voted to remain with the Church of England rather than joining the Church in Wales. Expatriate congregations on the continent of Europe have become the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The most senior bishop of the Church of England is the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is the metropolitan of the southern province of England, the Province of Canterbury. He has the status of Primate of All England. He is the focus of unity for the worldwide Anglican Communion of independent national or regional churches. Justin Welby has been Archbishop of Canterbury since the confirmation of his election on 4 February 2013.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The process of appointing diocesan bishops is complex, due to historical reasons balancing hierarchy against democracy, and is handled by the Crown Nominations Committee which submits names to the Prime Minister (acting on behalf of the Crown) for consideration.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Another assembly is the Convocation of the English Clergy, which is older than the General Synod and its predecessor the Church Assembly. By the 1969 Synodical Government Measure almost all of the Convocations' functions were transferred to the General Synod. Additionally, there are Diocesan Synods and deanery synods, which are the governing bodies of the divisions of the Church.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The 2020 report from the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse concluded that the Church of England did not protect children from sexual abuse, and allowed abusers to hide. The Church spent more effort defending alleged abusers rather than supporting victims or protecting children and young people. Allegations were not taken seriously, and in some cases clergymen were ordained even with a history of child sex abuse.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Despite assurances from senior church leadership there is concern that not enough may be done and historic abuse may still sometimes be covered up. Keith Porteous Wood of the National Secular Society stated:

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: Although an established church, the Church of England does not receive any direct government support, except some funding for building work. Donations comprise its largest source of income, and it also relies heavily on the income from its various historic endowments. In 2005, the Church of England had estimated total outgoings of around £900 million.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The Church of England runs "A Church Near You", an online directory of churches. A user-edited resource, it currently lists more than 16,000 churches and has 20,000 editors in 42 dioceses. The directory enables parishes to maintain accurate location, contact and event information, which is shared with other websites and mobile apps. The site allows the public to find their local worshipping community, and offers churches free resources, such as hymns, videos and social media graphics.

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Church of England

Context: The "Church Heritage Record" includes information on over 16,000 church buildings, including architectural history, archaeology, art history, and the surrounding natural environment. It can be searched by elements including church name, diocese, date of construction, footprint size, listing grade, and church type. The types of church identified include:

Question: Milloin Anglikaaninen kirkko perustettiin?


Plate tectonics

Context: Plate tectonics (from the , from the ) is the generally accepted scientific theory that considers the Earth's lithosphere to comprise a number of large tectonic plates which have been slowly moving since about 3.4 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of "continental drift", an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. Plate tectonics came to be generally accepted by geoscientists after seafloor spreading was validated in the mid to late 1960s.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct "tectonic plates", which ride on the fluid-like (visco-elastic solid) asthenosphere. Plate motions range up to a typical 10–40 mm/year (Mid-Atlantic Ridge; about as fast as fingernails grow), to about 160 mm/year (Nazca Plate; about as fast as hair grows). The driving mechanism behind this movement is described below.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Three types of plate boundaries exist, with a fourth, mixed type, characterized by the way the plates move relative to each other. They are associated with different types of surface phenomena. The different types of plate boundaries are:

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Two- and three-dimensional imaging of Earth's interior (seismic tomography) shows a varying lateral density distribution throughout the mantle. Such density variations can be material (from rock chemistry), mineral (from variations in mineral structures), or thermal (through thermal expansion and contraction from heat energy). The manifestation of this varying lateral density is mantle convection from buoyancy forces.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: How mantle convection directly and indirectly relates to plate motion is a matter of ongoing study and discussion in geodynamics. Somehow, this energy must be transferred to the lithosphere for tectonic plates to move. There are essentially two main types of forces that are thought to influence plate motion: friction and gravity.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Lately, the convection theory has been much debated, as modern techniques based on 3D seismic tomography still fail to recognize these predicted large scale convection cells. Alternative views have been proposed.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The theories find resonance in the modern theories which envisage hot spots or mantle plumes which remain fixed and are overridden by oceanic and continental lithosphere plates over time and leave their traces in the geological record (though these phenomena are not invoked as real driving mechanisms, but rather as modulators).

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The mechanism is still advocated to explain the break-up of supercontinents during specific geological epochs. It has followers amongst the scientists involved in the theory of Earth expansion.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Another theory is that the mantle flows neither in cells nor large plumes but rather as a series of channels just below Earth's crust, which then provide basal friction to the lithosphere. This theory, called "surge tectonics", was popularized during the 1980s and 1990s. Recent research, based on three-dimensional computer modeling, suggests that plate geometry is governed by a feedback between mantle convection patterns and the strength of the lithosphere.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Forces related to gravity are invoked as secondary phenomena within the framework of a more general driving mechanism such as the various forms of mantle dynamics described above. In modern views, gravity is invoked as the major driving force, through slab pull along subduction zones.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Alfred Wegener, being a meteorologist, had proposed tidal forces and centrifugal forces as the main driving mechanisms behind continental drift; however, these forces were considered far too small to cause continental motion as the concept was of continents plowing through oceanic crust. Therefore, Wegener later changed his position and asserted that convection currents are the main driving force of plate tectonics in the last edition of his book in 1929.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: However, in the plate tectonics context (accepted since the seafloor spreading proposals of Heezen, Hess, Dietz, Morley, Vine, and Matthews (see below) during the early 1960s), the oceanic crust is suggested to be in motion "with" the continents which caused the proposals related to Earth rotation to be reconsidered. In more recent literature, these driving forces are:

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Of the many forces discussed above, tidal force is still highly debated and defended as a possible principal driving force of plate tectonics. The other forces are only used in global geodynamic models not using plate tectonics concepts (therefore beyond the discussions treated in this section) or proposed as minor modulations within the overall plate tectonics model.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The vector of a plate's motion is a function of all the forces acting on the plate; however, therein lies the problem regarding the degree to which each process contributes to the overall motion of each tectonic plate.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The diversity of geodynamic settings and the properties of each plate result from the impact of the various processes actively driving each individual plate. One method of dealing with this problem is to consider the relative rate at which each plate is moving as well as the evidence related to the significance of each process to the overall driving force on the plate.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci was the first to theorize that mountains gradually rise from the oceans, explaining why they have fossils of marine life.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Around the start of the twentieth century, various theorists unsuccessfully attempted to explain the many geographical, geological, and biological continuities between continents. In 1912 the meteorologist Alfred Wegener described what he called continental drift, an idea that culminated fifty years later in the modern theory of plate tectonics.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Wegener's work was initially not widely accepted, in part due to a lack of detailed evidence. Earth might have a solid crust and mantle and a liquid core, but there seemed to be no way that portions of the crust could move around. Distinguished scientists, such as Harold Jeffreys and Charles Schuchert, were outspoken critics of continental drift.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The second piece of evidence in support of continental drift came during the late 1950s and early 60s from data on the bathymetry of the deep ocean floors and the nature of the oceanic crust such as magnetic properties and, more generally, with the development of marine geology which gave evidence for the association of seafloor spreading along the mid-oceanic ridges and magnetic field reversals, published between 1959 and 1963 by Heezen, Dietz, Hess, Mason, Vine & Matthews, and Morley.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Simultaneous advances in early seismic imaging techniques in and around Wadati–Benioff zones along the trenches bounding many continental margins, together with many other geophysical (e.g. gravimetric) and geological observations, showed how the oceanic crust could disappear into the mantle, providing the mechanism to balance the extension of the ocean basins with shortening along its margins.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: All this evidence, both from the ocean floor and from the continental margins, made it clear around 1965 that continental drift was feasible. The theory of plate tectonics was defined in a series of papers between 1965 and 1967. The theory revolutionized the Earth sciences, explaining a diverse range of geological phenomena and their implications in other studies such as paleogeography and paleobiology.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, geologists assumed that Earth's major features were fixed, and that most geologic features such as basin development and mountain ranges could be explained by vertical crustal movement, described in what is called the geosynclinal theory. Generally, this was placed in the context of a contracting planet Earth due to heat loss in the course of a relatively short geological time.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: It was observed as early as 1596 that the opposite coasts of the Atlantic Ocean—or, more precisely, the edges of the continental shelves—have similar shapes and seem to have once fitted together.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Since that time many theories were proposed to explain this apparent complementarity, but the assumption of a solid Earth made these various proposals difficult to accept.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: However, his ideas were not taken seriously by many geologists, who pointed out that there was no apparent mechanism for continental drift. Specifically, they did not see how continental rock could plow through the much denser rock that makes up oceanic crust. Wegener could not explain the force that drove continental drift, and his vindication did not come until after his death in 1930.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: As it was observed early that although granite existed on continents, seafloor seemed to be composed of denser basalt, the prevailing concept during the first half of the twentieth century was that there were two types of crust, named "sial" (continental type crust) and "sima" (oceanic type crust). Furthermore, it was supposed that a static shell of strata was present under the continents. It therefore looked apparent that a layer of basalt (sial) underlies the continental rocks.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: During the thirties up to the late fifties, works by Vening-Meinesz, Holmes, Umbgrove, and numerous others outlined concepts that were close or nearly identical to modern plate tectonics theory. In particular, the English geologist Arthur Holmes proposed in 1920 that plate junctions might lie beneath the sea, and in 1928 that convection currents within the mantle might be the driving force. Often, these contributions are forgotten because:

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: In the same year, Robert R. Coats of the U.S. Geological Survey described the main features of island arc subduction in the Aleutian Islands. His paper, though little noted (and even ridiculed) at the time, has since been called "seminal" and "prescient". In reality, it actually shows that the work by the European scientists on island arcs and mountain belts performed and published during the 1930s up until the 1950s was applied and appreciated also in the United States.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Only four years after the maps with the "zebra pattern" of magnetic stripes were published, the link between sea floor spreading and these patterns was correctly placed, independently by Lawrence Morley, and by Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews, in 1963, now called the Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis. This hypothesis linked these patterns to geomagnetic reversals and was supported by several lines of evidence:

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: After all these considerations, Plate Tectonics (or, as it was initially called "New Global Tectonics") became quickly accepted in the scientific world, and numerous papers followed that defined the concepts:

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The Plate Tectonics Revolution was the scientific and cultural change which developed from the acceptance of the plate tectonics theory. The event was a paradigm shift and scientific revolution.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Continental drift theory helps biogeographers to explain the disjunct biogeographic distribution of present-day life found on different continents but having similar ancestors. In particular, it explains the Gondwanan distribution of ratites and the Antarctic flora.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Reconstruction is used to establish past (and future) plate configurations, helping determine the shape and make-up of ancient supercontinents and providing a basis for paleogeography.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Current plate boundaries are defined by their seismicity. Past plate boundaries within existing plates are identified from a variety of evidence, such as the presence of ophiolites that are indicative of vanished oceans.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The Himalayas, the world's tallest mountain range, are assumed to have been formed by the collision of two major plates. Before uplift, they were covered by the Tethys Ocean.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Depending on how they are defined, there are usually seven or eight "major" plates: African, Antarctic, Eurasian, North American, South American, Pacific, and Indo-Australian. The latter is sometimes subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: There are dozens of smaller plates, the seven largest of which are the Arabian, Caribbean, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Philippine Sea, and Scotia.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The current motion of the tectonic plates is today determined by remote sensing satellite data sets, calibrated with ground station measurements.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: The appearance of plate tectonics on terrestrial planets is related to planetary mass, with more massive planets than Earth expected to exhibit plate tectonics. Earth may be a borderline case, owing its tectonic activity to abundant water (silica and water form a deep eutectic).

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Mars is considerably smaller than Earth and Venus, and there is evidence for ice on its surface and in its crust.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: In the 1990s, it was proposed that Martian Crustal Dichotomy was created by plate tectonic processes. Scientists today disagree, and think that it was created either by upwelling within the Martian mantle that thickened the crust of the Southern Highlands and formed Tharsis or by a giant impact that excavated the Northern Lowlands.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Observations made of the magnetic field of Mars by the "Mars Global Surveyor" spacecraft in 1999 showed patterns of magnetic striping discovered on this planet. Some scientists interpreted these as requiring plate tectonic processes, such as seafloor spreading. However, their data fail a "magnetic reversal test", which is used to see if they were formed by flipping polarities of a global magnetic field.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Some of the satellites of Jupiter have features that may be related to plate-tectonic style deformation, although the materials and specific mechanisms may be different from plate-tectonic activity on Earth. On 8 September 2014, NASA reported finding evidence of plate tectonics on Europa, a satellite of Jupiter—the first sign of subduction activity on another world other than Earth.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, was reported to show tectonic activity in images taken by the "Huygens" probe, which landed on Titan on January 14, 2005.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: On Earth-sized planets, plate tectonics is more likely if there are oceans of water. However, in 2007, two independent teams of researchers came to opposing conclusions about the likelihood of plate tectonics on larger super-Earths with one team saying that plate tectonics would be episodic or stagnant and the other team saying that plate tectonics is very likely on super-earths even if the planet is dry.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Plate tectonics

Context: Consideration of plate tectonics is a part of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and extraterrestrial life.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti kivikehälaatta voi liikkua?


Austin 7

Context: Many Austin 7s were rebuilt as "specials" after the Second World War, including the first race car built by Bruce McLaren, and the first Lotus, the Mark I. Companies such as Speedex in Luton thrived in the late 1950s by producing race-proven bodies and engine parts for the Seven chassis.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: Such was the power of the Austin 7 name that the company re-used it for early versions of the A30 in 1951 and Mini in 1959.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: Until the First World War, Austin built mainly large cars, but in 1909 they sold a single-cylinder small car built by Swift of Coventry called the Austin 7 hp. After this they returned to bigger cars.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The design was completed in 1922 and three prototypes were constructed in a special area of the Longbridge factory, and announced to the public in July 1922. Austin had put a large amount of his own money into the design and patented many of its innovations in his own name. In return for his investment he was paid a royalty of two guineas (£2, 2s), (£2.10) on every car sold.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: Nearly 2,500 cars were made in the first year of production (1923), not as many as hoped, but within a few years the "big car in miniature" had wiped out the cyclecar industry and transformed the fortunes of the Austin Motor Co. By 1939 when production finally ended, 290,000 cars and vans had been made.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The Austin 7 was considerably smaller than the Ford Model T. The wheelbase was only 6 ft 3 inches (1.905 m), and the track only 40 inches (1.016 m). Equally it was lighter – less than half the Ford's weight at 794 pounds (360 kg). The engine required for adequate performance was therefore equally reduced and the 747 cc sidevalve was quite capable with a modest actual 10 hp output.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The chassis took the form of an "A" with the engine mounted between the channel sections at the narrow front end. The rear suspension was by quarter elliptic springs cantilevered from the rear of the chassis while at the front the beam axle had a centrally mounted half elliptic transverse spring. Brakes were on all wheels but at first the front brakes were operated by the handbrake and the rear by the footbrake, becoming fully coupled in 1930.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: In late 1931 the chassis was lengthened by 6" with a corresponding increase in the rear track. Steering is by worm and wheel mechanism.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The original 1922 four-cylinder Austin Seven engine had a bore of 2.125" (54mm) and stroke of 3" (76mm), giving a capacity of 696 cc and RAC rating of 7.2 hp. From March 1923 the bore was increased to 2.2" (56mm) giving 747 cc and 10.5 hp. The side-valve engine was composed of an aluminium crankcase, cast iron cylinder block and cast iron cylinder head. Cooling was by thermosiphon, without a water pump, and the dynamo was driven from the timing gears.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The big end bearings were lubricated by jets from an oil gallery in the crankcase, the oil striking the crankshaft webs which were drilled accordingly. Originally the journal diameter was 1.125"; this was later increased to 1.3125". The three bearing engine (from 1936) used a white metal centre bearing.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The splash-lubricated crankshaft (pressure fed on some sports models) at first ran in two bearings (two ball bearings at the front, roller at the back) changing to three in 1936. An electric starter was fitted from November 1923. The early cars used magneto ignition, but this was changed to coil in 1928.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The 3-speed and reverse gearbox was bolted to the back of the engine and had a variety of ratios depending on the application: touring, sports, racing and trials. A four-speed gearbox was introduced in 1932 and in 1933 synchromesh was added to third and top ratios extending to second gear in 1934.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The back axle was of spiral bevel type with ratios between 4.4:1 and 5.6:1 with 4.9:1 being the most common until the 1930s. A short torque tube ran forward from the differential housing to a bearing and bracket on the rear axle cross member.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: Reliant used a derivative of the Austin Seven engine for their early three-wheelers, before developing an aluminium alloy engine (used as the replacement for the Austin Seven engine by the 750 Motor Club in their Formula 750 motor sport).

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: As a result two new sports models were offered by Austin in January 1924, the Sports and the Brooklands Super-sports. The Brooklands Super-sports was a replica of England's record-breaker. Each car was sold with a Brooklands certificate proving a speed of per hour. By 1925 Gordon England held nineteen 750 cc class records.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: Until fabric bodies fell from fashion in the early 1930s the Gordon England Fabric "de luxe" Saloon remained in Austin's catalogue at a £20 (14%) premium over Austin's standard steel saloon. It was accompanied by their 2-seater Gordon England Cup Model.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: With its bright two-tone colour scheme and a style befitting more expensive cars of the time, together with its low cost (£175), the Swallow proved popular and was followed in 1928 by a saloon version: the Austin Seven Swallow Saloon.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: Approximately 3,500 bodies of various styles were produced up until 1932, when Lyons started making complete cars under the SS brand.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: Such was the demand for the Austin Seven Swallows that Lyons was forced to move in 1928 from Blackpool to new premises in Coventry. It was, in part, the success of the Swallows that laid the foundations of what was to become, by 1945, Jaguar Cars.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: Versions of the Austin 7 were made under licence by American Austin from 1930, Dixi (later bought by BMW) in Germany from 1927 and Rosengart in France from 1928. Austin 7s were also manufactured by Nissan (Datsun) but reports differ as to whether these were built under licence or were unlicensed copies. In addition, rolling chassis were exported to Australia to have locally made bodies attached.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The American Austin Car Company was founded in 1929, in Butler, Pennsylvania, in premises that had belonged to the Standard Steel Car Company. Their intention was to assemble and sell in the United States a version of the Austin 7 car, called American Austin. After some initial success the Great Depression set in, and sales fell off to the point that production was suspended. In 1934 the company filed for bankruptcy.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The automobile was designed in the hopes of creating a market for small-car enthusiasts in the United States. The cars had inline-four engines, enabling the car to return , and travel per fill of oil.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: In the aftermath of World War I the Australian Government imposed a tariff on imported vehicles, with tax concessions applying to rolling chassis, as a stimulus to develop a sovereign motor vehicle industry. The chassis concession acted as a financial incentive for local coach-builders to import factory built rolling chassis, and fit uniquely Australian designed and built bodies, leading to the establishment of an Australian motor vehicle bodybuilding industry in the early 1920s.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The largest and best known of these Australian coach-builders was Holden's Motor Body Builders. Holden built Australian-bodied Austin Seven tourer and roadster models from the mid 1920s.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: In 2007, during an episode of "Top Gear", Jeremy Clarkson and James May studied a number of early car designs (including the Ford Model T and the De Dion-Bouton Model Q) and concluded that the Austin Seven was the first mass-market car to be fitted with a "conventional" control layout, as found on modern cars (although the earliest car they found to use this layout was a Cadillac Type 53 in 1916).

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Austin 7

Context: The Ulster gained its name from a strong performance in the 1929 RAC Tourist Trophy held at the Ards circuit in County Down, where Archie Frazer-Nash finished third and S. V. Holbrook finished fourth.

Question: Minkä hintainen Austin 7 oli?


Red Army

Context: The Red Army provided the largest land force in the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II, and its invasion of Manchuria assisted the unconditional surrender of Imperial Japan. During operations on the Eastern Front, it accounted for 75–80% of casualties the "Wehrmacht" and "Waffen-SS" suffered during the war and ultimately captured the Nazi German capital, Berlin.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The Red Army also fought against national independence movements in the territory of the former Russian Empire, including three military campaigns against the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, in January–February 1918, January–February 1919, and May–October 1920.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The Red Army used special regiments for ethnic minorities, such as the Dungan Cavalry Regiment commanded by the Dungan Magaza Masanchi.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The Red Army also co-operated with armed Bolshevik Party-oriented volunteer units, the Части особого назначения – ЧОН (special task units – "chasti osobogo naznacheniya" – or ChON) from 1919 to 1925.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The Red Army controlled by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic invaded and annexed non-Russian lands helping to create the Soviet Union.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: After four years of warfare, the Red Army's defeat of Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel in the south in 1920

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: allowed the foundation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in December 1922. Historian John Erickson sees 1 February 1924, when Mikhail Frunze became head of the Red Army staff, as marking the ascent of the general staff, which came to dominate Soviet military planning and operations. By 1 October 1924 the Red Army's strength had diminished to 530,000. The list of Soviet Union divisions 1917–1945 details the formations of the Red Army in that time.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The Red Army was involved in armed conflicts in the Republic of China during the Sino-Soviet conflict (1929), the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang (1934), when it was assisted by White Russian forces, and the Xinjiang rebellion (1937) in Northwest China. The Red Army achieved its objectives; it maintained effective control over the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway, and successfully installed a pro-Soviet regime in Xinjiang.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The Winter War (, , ) was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939—three months after the start of World War II and the Soviet invasion of Poland. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: While the Soviets considered the surrender of Germany to be the end of the “Great Patriotic War", at the earlier Yalta Conference the Soviet Union agreed to enter the Pacific Theater portion of World War II within three months of the end of the war in Europe. This promise was reaffirmed at the Potsdam Conference held in July 1945.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: In November 1923, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, the Russian Narkom of War Affairs was transformed into the Soviet Narkom of War and Marine Affairs.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The Soviet military received ample funding and was innovative in its technology. An American journalist wrote in 1941:

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The early Red Army abandoned the institution of a professional officer corps as a "heritage of tsarism" in the course of the Revolution. In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word "officer" and used the word "commander" instead. The Red Army abandoned epaulettes and ranks, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander" and similar titles. Insignia for these functional titles existed, consisting of triangles, squares and rhombuses (so-called "diamonds").

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: In 1924 (2 October) "personal" or "service" categories were introduced, from K1 (section leader, assistant squad leader, senior rifleman, etc.) to K14 (field commander, army commander, military district commander, army commissar and equivalent). Service category insignia again consisted of triangles, squares and rhombuses, but also rectangles (1 – 3, for categories from K7 to K9).

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the use of epaulettes, which superseded the previous rank insignia. The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR; the contemporary Russian Army uses largely the same system.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: Recently declassified data indicate that in 1937, at the height of the Purges, the Red Army had 114,300 officers, of whom 11,034 were dismissed. In 1938, the Red Army had 179,000 officers, 56% more than in 1937, of whom a further 6,742 were dismissed. In the highest echelons of the Red Army the Purges removed 3 of 5 marshals, 13 of 15 army generals, 8 of 9 admirals, 50 of 57 army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, all 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The result was that the Red Army officer corps in 1941 had many inexperienced senior officers. While 60% of regimental commanders had two years or more of command experience in June 1941, and almost 80% of rifle division commanders, only 20% of corps commanders, and 5% or fewer army and military district commanders, had the same level of experience.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: By 1940, Stalin began to relent, restoring approximately one-third of previously dismissed officers to duty. However, the effect of the purges would soon manifest itself in the Winter War of 1940, where Red Army forces generally performed poorly against the much smaller Finnish Army, and later during the German invasion of 1941, in which the Germans were able to rout the Soviet defenders partially due to inexperience amongst the Soviet officers.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: In Lithuania, Red Army personnel robbed local shops. Following the fall of East Prussia, Soviet soldiers also carried out rapes in Germany, especially noted in Berlin until the beginning of May 1945. They were often committed by rear echelon units.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Red Army

Context: The Soviet Union expanded its indigenous arms industry as part of Stalin's industrialisation program in the 1920s and 1930s.

Question: Kuka johti punaisten joukkoja Savitaipaleen taistelussa?


Sedum spathulifolium

Context: Sedum spathulifolium is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae known by the common names broadleaf stonecrop, yellow stonecrop, and spoon-leaved stonecrop. An evergreen perennial, it is native to western North America from British Columbia to southern California, where it can be found often in shade in many types of rocky habitat in coastal and inland hills and mountains.

Question: Mitä maksaruohot ovat?


Sedum spathulifolium

Context: It is quite variable and usually divided into at least two subtaxa. In general, it is a succulent plant producing mats of basal rosettes from a system of rhizomes. The basal leaves are 1 or 2 centimeters long. They are sometimes coated in a waxy, powdery looking exudate. The inflorescence is a short, erect array of many small flowers with yellow petals.

Question: Mitä maksaruohot ovat?


Sedum spathulifolium

Context: This plant is useful as ornamental groundcover in well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade. It dislikes winter wet. Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use, of which 'Cape Blanco' and 'Purpureum' have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Question: Mitä maksaruohot ovat?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Nelson Angelo Tamsma Piquet Souto Maior (born July 25, 1985), also known as Nelson Piquet Junior or Nelsinho Piquet, is a Brazilian stock car racing driver and former Formula One and Formula E driver where he was champion in the 2014–15 season. He currently competes full-time in the Brazilian Stock Car Pro Series, driving the No. 33 Toyota Corolla E210 for Motul TMG Racing.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Piquet also finished runner-up in the 2006 GP2 Series, fourth in the 2014 Global RallyCross Championship, and seventh in the 2012 NASCAR Truck Series.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Piquet's racing career started in 1993 in Brazilian karting, where he would stay until 2001 when he moved to Formula Three Sudamericana. His father's wealth enabled him to race for his own team, a practice he continued until he left GP2 Series. He raced in part of the 2001 season there, staying for 2002 winning the championship with four races to go. In 2002 he also raced one race of Brazilian Formula Renault.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: In 2003, Piquet moved to the United Kingdom where he joined the British Formula 3 Championship and formed the Piquet Sports team. He went on to finish the championship in 3rd place with six wins, five podiums and eight pole positions. A test with the Williams Formula One team followed.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: In 2004, Piquet won the British Formula 3 Championship. He became the youngest driver to have ever won the championship at 19 years and 2 months. He also did further running for Williams.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: In 2005, Piquet took part in the A1 Grand Prix for A1 Team Brazil, winning both the Sprint and Main races at the first event of the season at Brands Hatch, as well as scoring a point for the fastest lap. He also drove for the HiTech/Piquet Sports in the GP2 Series, winning his first race at Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium, and tested for the BAR-Honda Formula One team.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: In 2006, Piquet took second place in the championship behind British driver Lewis Hamilton in his second year of GP2.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: The 2008 season saw Piquet promoted to the Renault Formula One race team to drive alongside returning double World Champion Fernando Alonso. It was reported that he gained preference for the seat over Heikki Kovalainen because Kovalainen was seen as a potential rival to Alonso, and such a challenge to Alonso could damage the team.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Despite rumours that he was on his way out, Renault decided to keep Piquet by signing him to a one-year contract. Alonso continued as his teammate, hoping to elevate Renault into title contention once again.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: On 11 September, Renault and Briatore stated they would initiate a criminal case against Piquet for making false allegations and blackmail. However, on 16 September, Renault announced they would not contest the charges, and that both Briatore and Symonds had left the team.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: On 15 October 2009, Felipe Massa was reported as saying he was "certain" Alonso was involved in the scandal, adding, "Without a doubt he knew it." Six weeks later, it was reported that Alonso turned down Massa's charity kart race invitation.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: A few hours after the new Campos Meta team had confirmed Bruno Senna as one of its drivers for 2010, F1 chief executive Bernie Ecclestone said in the paddock of the new Yas Marina Circuit that he would like to see the sacked Piquet get another chance in F1 as Senna's teammate. Ecclestone said "It'd be good, wouldn't it, another good name. That's what's being talked about, actually."

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Piquet told Brazilian Rede Globo that he would test a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series truck for Red Horse Racing from Rockingham Speedway in North Carolina on October 12, 2009. When asked whether the test could lead to a NASCAR drive next season, Piquet said it was not the plan.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: On December 13, 2010, Kevin Harvick, Inc. announced that Piquet would drive a third truck for the team for the full 2011 Truck series season, the #8 Chevrolet with Chris Carrier as crew chief. Piquet finished 10th in points and was a finalist for Most Popular Driver and runner-up to Joey Coulter for Rookie of the Year.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Piquet signed with Turner Motorsports for 2012 after KHI folded. That year he drove the No. 30 Chevrolet for the full season in the Camping World Truck Series, and drove part-time in the Nationwide Series.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Piquet scored his first win in a NASCAR-sanctioned series in March at Bristol Motor Speedway, winning his first-ever K&N Pro Series East start.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: On June 23, 2012, Piquet scored his first win in NASCAR competition, winning the Nationwide Series Sargento 200 at Road America; he was the first Brazilian driver to win a NASCAR national touring series event.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: On August 18, 2012, Piquet won his first race in the Camping World Truck Series at Michigan. On lap 56 of the race he spun out racing Kurt Busch after a restart. The team pitted under the caution and it allowed them to use fuel strategy later in the race to obtain their first win of the season. On September 29, 2012, Piquet won his second career Camping World Truck Series race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: In 2013, Piquet moved to full-time competition in the Nationwide Series, driving the No. 30 for Turner Scott Motorsports in a bid for Rookie of the Year. He also drove in selected Truck Series races for the team, and in the Truck Series finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway for NTS Motorsports.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Late in the 2013 season, Piquet was fined $10,000 by NASCAR and placed on probation until the end of the season for remarks described as "homophobic" made over social media.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: In 2014, Piquet was hired by Randy Humphrey Racing to race the No. 77 Ford in the Sprint Cup Series' Cheez-It 355 at The Glen at Watkins Glen International, which would be his debut in the series.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Two years later, Piquet returned to the Nationwide Series, now known as the Xfinity Series, driving the No. 98 Ford for Biagi-DenBeste Racing at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Released by Turner Scott Motorsports due to a lack of sponsorship following the 2013 season, in April 2014 it was announced that Piquet would contest the 2014 Global RallyCross Championship with SH Racing, driving the No. 07 Ford Fiesta ST. He collected four podiums in nine races, and finished the season in fourth place in the championship standings.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: In August 2014, Piquet tested at Donington Park with Formula E team China Racing, and was hired by the team on August 21. In the first five races of the 2014–15 season, Piquet achieved podium finishes in Punta del Este, and Buenos Aires. Piquet achieved his first Formula E victory in Long Beach, and his second in Moscow which, coupled with his consistent results across the season, meant Piquet won the inaugural Formula E Championship by a solitary point from Sébastien Buemi.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: Piquet was outmatched by his teammate Mitch Evans every ePrix in 2018-19 season, he only scored 1 point in that season. He left the Jaguar team after Sanya ePrix. He was replaced by Alex Lynn, for the remainder of the season.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Nelson Piquet Jr.

Context: † Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.

Question: Missä tallissa Nelson Piquet ajoi viimeisen F1 osakilpailunsa?


Melanesia

Context: The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea. It also includes the French oversea collectivity of New Caledonia and parts of Indonesia – notably the provinces of Papua and West Papua. Almost all of the region is in the Southern Hemisphere; only a few small islands that aren't politically considered part of Oceania—specifically the northwestern islands of Western New Guinea—lie in the Northern Hemisphere.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: The name "Melanesia" (in French, "Mélanésie") was first used in 1832 by French navigator Jules Dumont d'Urville: he coined the terms "Melanesia" and "Micronesia" along the preexisting "Polynesia" to designate what he viewed as the three main ethnic and geographical regions forming the Pacific.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: The name "Melanesia", from Greek , "black", and , "island", etymologically means "islands of black [people]", in reference to the dark skin of the inhabitants.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: Another wave of Austronesian migrants, originating ultimately from Taiwan, arrived in Melanesia much later, probably between 4000 and 3000 BC. They settled mostly along the north coast of New Guinea and on the islands to its north and east. When they arrived, they came into contact with the much more ancient indigenous Papuan-speaking peoples.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: The genetic evidence suggests that they left few descendants in Melanesia, and therefore probably "only intermixed to a very modest degree with the indigenous populations there". The study did find a small Austronesian genetic signature (below 20%) in some of the Melanesian groups who speak Austronesian languages, but found no such signature at all in Papuan-speaking groups.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: In addition to the islands mentioned above, there are many smaller islands and atolls in Melanesia. These include:

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: Norfolk Island, listed above, has archaeological evidence of East Polynesian rather than Melanesian settlement. Rotuma in Fiji has strong affinities culturally and ethnologically to Polynesia.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: Several Melanesian states are members of intergovernmental and regional organizations. Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and are also members of the Melanesian Spearhead Group.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: Melanesians were found to have a mysterious third archaic "Homo" species along with their Denisovan (3–4%) and Neanderthal (2%) ancestors in a genetic admixture with their otherwise modern "Homo sapiens sapiens" genomes. Their most common Y-chromosome haplogroup is M-P256.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Melanesia

Context: The frequent occurrence of blond hair among these peoples is due to a specific random mutation, different from the mutation that led to blond hair in peoples indigenous to northern regions of the globe. This is evidence that the genotype and phenotype for blond hair arose at least twice in human history.

Question: Mikä on Melanesian pinta-ala?


Digimon

Context: The original Digital Monster model that was released in 1997 sold units worldwide, including million units in Japan and million overseas, up until March 2004. By 2005, more than Digital Monster units had been sold worldwide.

Question: Kuka on Digimonin luoja?


Digimon

Context: "Digimon" first appeared in narrative form in the one-shot manga "C'mon Digimon", released in the summer of 1997. "C'mon Digimon" spawned the popular "Digimon Adventure V-Tamer 01" manga, written by Hiroshi Izawa, which began serialization on November 21, 1998.

Question: Kuka on Digimonin luoja?


Digimon

Context: The Digimon Collectible Card Game is a card game based on Digimon, first introduced in Japan in 1997 and published by Bandai. The third season ("Digimon Tamers") utilized this aspect of the franchise by making the card game an integral part of the season. Versions of the card game are also included in some of the Digimon video games including "Digital Card Battle" and "Digimon World 3".

Question: Kuka on Digimonin luoja?


Nanotechnology

Context: The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard Feynman in his talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", in which he described the possibility of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: In the early 2000s, the field garnered increased scientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the Royal Society's report on nanotechnology. Challenges were raised regarding the feasibility of applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in a public debate between Drexler and Smalley in 2001 and 2003.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Meanwhile, commercialization of products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies began emerging. These products are limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials and do not involve atomic control of matter. Some examples include the Silver Nano platform for using silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent, nanoparticle-based transparent sunscreens, carbon fiber strengthening using silica nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Governments moved to promote and fund research into nanotechnology, such as in the U.S. with the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which formalized a size-based definition of nanotechnology and established funding for research on the nanoscale, and in Europe via the European Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: By the mid-2000s new and serious scientific attention began to flourish. Projects emerged to produce nanotechnology roadmaps which center on atomically precise manipulation of matter and discuss existing and projected capabilities, goals, and applications.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: In 2006, a team of Korean researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the National Nano Fab Center developed a 3 nm MOSFET, the world's smallest nanoelectronic device. It was based on gate-all-around (GAA) FinFET technology.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high-performance products.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth. Or another way of putting it: a nanometer is the amount an average man's beard grows in the time it takes him to raise the razor to his face.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics, nanophotonics and nanoionics have evolved during the last few decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Modern synthetic chemistry has reached the point where it is possible to prepare small molecules to almost any structure. These methods are used today to manufacture a wide variety of useful chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or commercial polymers. This ability raises the question of extending this kind of control to the next-larger level, seeking methods to assemble these single molecules into supramolecular assemblies consisting of many molecules arranged in a well defined manner.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as one has to position atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno, is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Richard Smalley argued that mechanosynthesis are impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: An experiment indicating that positional molecular assembly is possible was performed by Ho and Lee at Cornell University in 1999. They used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal, and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: The nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: These seek to develop components of a desired functionality without regard to how they might be assembled.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry might progress. These often take a big-picture view of nanotechnology, with more emphasis on its societal implications than the details of how such inventions could actually be created.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (a process called positional assembly). Feature-oriented scanning methodology may be a promising way to implement these nanomanipulations in automatic mode. However, this is still a slow process because of low scanning velocity of the microscope.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Various techniques of nanolithography such as optical lithography, X-ray lithography, dip pen nanolithography, electron beam lithography or nanoimprint lithography were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: However, new therapeutic products, based on responsive nanomaterials, such as the ultradeformable, stress-sensitive Transfersome vesicles, are under development and already approved for human use in some countries.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the general practitioner's office and at home. Cars are being manufactured with nanomaterials so they may need fewer metals and less fuel to operate in the future.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Nanotechnology also has a prominent role in the fast developing field of Tissue Engineering. When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to mimic the nanoscale features of a cell's microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage. For example, when creating scaffolds to support the growth of bone, researchers may mimic osteoclast resorption pits.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Researchers have successfully used DNA origami-based nanobots capable of carrying out logic functions to achieve targeted drug delivery in cockroaches. It is said that the computational power of these nanobots can be scaled up to that of a Commodore 64.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Commercial nanoelectronic semiconductor device fabrication began in the 2010s. In 2013, SK Hynix began commercial mass-production of a 16nm process, TSMC began production of a 16nm FinFET process, and Samsung Electronics began production of a 10nm process. TSMC began production of a 7 nm process in 2017, and Samsung began production of a 5 nm process in 2018. In 2019, Samsung announced plans for the commercial production of a 3nm GAAFET process by 2021.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Commercial production of nanoelectronic semiconductor memory also began in the 2010s. In 2013, SK Hynix began mass-production of 16nm NAND flash memory, and Samsung began production of 10nm multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash memory. In 2017, TSMC began production of SRAM memory using a 7 nm process.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Some nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences. Researchers have discovered that bacteriostatic silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash. These particles are then flushed into the waste water stream and may destroy bacteria which are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste treatment processes.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Public deliberations on risk perception in the US and UK carried out by the Center for Nanotechnology in Society found that participants were more positive about nanotechnologies for energy applications than for health applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas such as cost and availability.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Experts, including director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, have testified that successful commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy, and public engagement. Berkeley, California is currently the only city in the United States to regulate nanotechnology; Cambridge, Massachusetts in 2008 considered enacting a similar law, but ultimately rejected it.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: Nanofibers are used in several areas and in different products, in everything from aircraft wings to tennis rackets. Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may lead to a number of pulmonary diseases, e.g. fibrosis. Researchers have found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress response and that nanoparticles induce skin aging through oxidative stress in hairless mice.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: A two-year study at UCLA's School of Public Health found lab mice consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage to a degree "linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart disease, neurological disease and aging".

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: The Royal Society report identified a risk of nanoparticles or nanotubes being released during disposal, destruction and recycling, and recommended that "manufacturers of products that fall under extended producer responsibility regimes such as end-of-life regulations publish procedures outlining how these materials will be managed to minimize possible human and environmental exposure" (p. xiii).

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?


Nanotechnology

Context: The Center for Nanotechnology in Society has found that people respond to nanotechnologies differently, depending on application – with participants in public deliberations more positive about nanotechnologies for energy than health applications – suggesting that any public calls for nano regulations may differ by technology sector.

Question: Mikä on nanoteknologian määritelmä?