Bolesław I the Brave

Context: Bolesław's first coins were issued around 995. One of them bore the inscription Vencievlavus, showing that he regarded his mother's uncle Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia as the patron saint of Poland. Bolesław sent reinforcements to the Holy Roman Empire to fight against the Polabian Slavs in summer 992. Bolesław personally led a Polish army to assist the imperial troops in invading the land of the Abodrites or Veleti in 995. During the campaign, he met the young German monarch, Otto III.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: After the meeting, Bolesław escorted Otto III to Magdeburg in Germany where "they celebrated Palm Sunday with great festivity" on 25 March 1000. A continuator of the chronicle of Adémar de Chabannes recorded, decades after the events, that Bolesław also accompanied Emperor Otto from Magdeburg to Aachen where Otto III had Charlemagne's tomb reopened and gave Charlemagne's golden throne to Bolesław.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: In 1000 Bolesław issued a law prohibiting hunting beavers and created a office called "Bobrowniczy" whose task was to enforce prince's ordinances.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: King Henry allied himself with the pagan Lutici, and broke into Lusatia in February 1004, but heavy snows forced him to withdraw. He invaded Bohemia in August 1004, taking the oldest brother of the blinded Boleslaus III of Bohemia, Jaromír, with him. The Bohemians rose up in open rebellion and murdered the Polish garrisons in the major towns. Bolesław left Prague without resistance, and King Henry made Jaromír duke of Bohemia on 8 September. Bolesław's ally Soběslav died in this campaign.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: During the next part of the offensive King Henry retook Meissen and in 1005, his army advanced as far into Poland as the city of Poznań where a peace treaty was signed. According to the peace treaty Bolesław lost Lusatia and Meissen and likely gave up his claim to the Bohemian throne. Also in 1005, a pagan rebellion in Pomerania overturned Bolesław's rule and resulted in the destruction of the newly established local bishopric.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: Hence it is assumed that Bolesław received permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX, who at that point had a bad relationship with the Holy Roman Empire. Stanisław Zakrzewski put forward the theory that the coronation had the tacit consent of Conrad II and that the pope only confirmed this fact. This is corroborated by Conrad's confirmation of the royal title to Mieszko II, his agreement with the counts of Tusculum, and the papal interactions with Conrad and Bolesław.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: Bolesław I died shortly after his coronation on 17 June, most likely from an illness. The location of Bolesław's burial site is uncertain. According to Jan Długosz (and followed by modern historians and archaeologists), he was buried in the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań. In the 14th century, King Casimir III the Great reportedly ordered the construction of a Gothic sarcophagus, to which he transferred Bolesław's remains.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: Bolesław "took a Hungarian woman" as his second wife. Most historians identify her as a daughter of the Hungarian ruler Géza, but this theory has not been universally accepted. She gave birth to a son, Bezprym, but Bolesław repudiated her.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: Bolesław's fourth marriage, from 1018 until his death, was to Oda ( 995 – 1025), daughter of Margrave Eckard I of Meissen. They had a daughter, Matilda ( 1018 – 1036), betrothed (or married) on 18 May 1035 to Otto of Schweinfurt.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism is an Indian religion founded on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, a Śramaṇa also called Shakyamuni (sage of the Shakya's), or "the Buddha" ("the Awakened One"), who lived c. 5th to 4th century BCE. Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" (Pali: Gotama). The details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent. His social background and life details are difficult to prove, and the precise dates are uncertain.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Finding these teachings to be insufficient to attain his goal, he turned to the practice of severe asceticism, which included a strict fasting regime and various forms of breath control. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the meditative practice of "dhyana". He famously sat in meditation under a "Ficus religiosa" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and attained "Awakening" (Bodhi).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became various Buddhist schools of thought, each with its own basket of texts containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha; these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread in the modern era are Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The term "Buddhism" is an occidental neologism, commonly (and "rather roughly" according to Donald S. Lopez Jr.) used as a translation for the Dharma of the Buddha, "fójiào" in Chinese, "bukkyō" in Japanese, "nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos" in Tibetan, "buddhadharma" in Sanskrit, "buddhaśāsana" in Pali.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Four Truths express the basic orientation of Buddhism: we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, which is "dukkha", "incapable of satisfying" and painful. This keeps us caught in saṃsāra, the endless cycle of repeated rebirth, dukkha and dying again.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: But there is a way to liberation from this endless cycle to the state of nirvana, namely following the Noble Eightfold Path.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In Buddhism, dukkha is one of the three marks of existence, along with impermanence and anattā (non-self). Buddhism, like other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is impermanent (anicca), but, unlike them, also asserts that there is no permanent self or soul in living beings ("anattā"). The ignorance or misperception ("avijjā") that anything is permanent or that there is self in any being is considered a wrong understanding, and the primary source of clinging and dukkha.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Dukkha" arises when we crave (Pali: "taṇhā") and cling to these changing phenomena. The clinging and craving produces karma, which ties us to samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth. Craving includes "kama-tanha", craving for sense-pleasures; "bhava-tanha", craving to continue the cycle of life and death, including rebirth; and "vibhava-tanha", craving to not experience the world and painful feelings.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Dukkha" ceases, or can be confined, when craving and clinging cease or are confined. This also means that no more karma is being produced, and rebirth ends. Cessation is "nirvana", "blowing out," and peace of mind.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: By following the Buddhist path to "moksha", liberation, one starts to disengage from craving and clinging to impermanent states and things. The term "path" is usually taken to mean the Noble Eightfold Path, but other versions of "the path" can also be found in the Nikayas. The Theravada tradition regards insight into the four truths as liberating in itself.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Samsara ends if a person attains nirvana, the "blowing out" of the afflictions through insight into impermanence and non-self.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve a soul or any fixed substance. This is because the Buddhist doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit: "anātman", no-self doctrine) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul found in other religions.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after death. Some Buddhist traditions assert that "no self" doctrine means that there is no enduring self, but there is "avacya" (inexpressible) personality ("pudgala") which migrates from one life to another.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The majority of Buddhist traditions, in contrast, assert that vijñāna (a person's consciousness) though evolving, exists as a continuum and is the mechanistic basis of what undergoes the rebirth process. The quality of one's rebirth depends on the merit or demerit gained by one's karma (i.e. actions), as well as that accrued on one's behalf by a family member. Buddhism also developed a complex cosmology to explain the various realms or planes of rebirth.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Each individual rebirth takes place within one of five realms according to theravadins, or six according to other schools – heavenly, demi-gods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts and hellish.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, rebirth is not instantaneous, and there is an intermediate state (Tibetan "bardo") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the intermediate state, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the "Samyutta Nikaya" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: A notable aspect of the karma theory in Buddhism is merit transfer. A person accumulates merit not only through intentions and ethical living, but also is able to gain merit from others by exchanging goods and services, such as through "dāna" (charity to monks or nuns). Further, a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The nirvana state has been described in Buddhist texts partly in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, enlightenment, highest happiness, bliss, fearlessness, freedom, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, and indescribable. It has also been described in part differently, as a state of spiritual release marked by "emptiness" and realisation of "non-self".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: While Buddhism considers the liberation from saṃsāra as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists has been to seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Pratityasamutpada", also called "dependent arising, or dependent origination", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature and relations of being, becoming, existence and ultimate reality. Buddhism asserts that there is nothing independent, except the state of nirvana. All physical and mental states depend on and arise from other pre-existing states, and in turn from them arise other dependent states while they cease.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Emptiness" or "voidness" (Skt": Śūnyatā", Pali: "Suññatā)", is a related concept with many different interpretations throughout the various Buddhisms. In early Buddhism, it was commonly stated that all five aggregates are void ("rittaka"), hollow ("tucchaka"), coreless ("asāraka"), for example as in the "Pheṇapiṇḍūpama Sutta" (SN 22:95). Similarly, in Theravada Buddhism, it often simply means that the five aggregates are empty of a Self.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Emptiness is a central concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism, especially in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and in the "Prajñāpāramitā sutras". In Madhyamaka philosophy, emptiness is the view which holds that all phenomena ("dharmas") are without any "svabhava" (literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and are thus without any underlying essence, and so are "empty" of being independent. This doctrine sought to refute the heterodox theories of "svabhava" circulating at the time.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: All forms of Buddhism revere and take spiritual refuge in the "three jewels" ("triratna"): Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: While all varieties of Buddhism revere "Buddha" and "buddhahood", they have different views on what these are. Whatever that may be, "Buddha" is still central to all forms of Buddhism.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Theravada generally sees Gautama Buddha (the historical Buddha Sakyamuni) as the only Buddha of the current era. While he is no longer in this world, he has left us the Dharma (Teaching), the Vinaya (Discipline) and the Sangha (Community). There are also said to be two types of Buddhas, a "sammasambuddha "is also said to teach the Dharma to others, while a "paccekabuddha" (solitary buddha) does not teach.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Dharma" (Pali: Dhamma) in Buddhism refers to the Buddha's teaching, which includes all of the main ideas outlined above. While this teaching reflects the true nature of reality, it is not a belief to be clung to, but a pragmatic teaching to be put into practice. It is likened to a raft which is "for crossing over" (to nirvana) not for holding on to.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: It also refers to the universal law and cosmic order which that teaching both reveals and relies upon. It is an everlasting principle which applies to all beings and worlds. In that sense it is also the ultimate truth and reality about the universe, it is thus "the way that things really are."

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Dharma is the second of the three jewels which all Buddhists take refuge in. All Buddhas in all worlds, in the past, present and in the future, are believed by Buddhists to understand and teach the Dharma. Indeed, it is part of what makes them a Buddha that they do so.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The third "jewel" which Buddhists take refuge in is the "Sangha", which refers to the monastic community of monks and nuns who follow Gautama Buddha's monastic discipline which was "designed to shape the Sangha as an ideal community, with the optimum conditions for spiritual growth." The Sangha consists of those who have chosen to follow the Buddha's ideal way of life, which is one of celibate monastic renunciation with minimal material possessions (such as an alms bowl and robes).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Sangha is seen as important because they preserve and pass down Buddha Dharma. As Gethin states "the Sangha lives the teaching, preserves the teaching as Scriptures and teaches the wider community. Without the Sangha there is no Buddhism."

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Sangha also acts as a "field of merit" for laypersons, allowing them to make spiritual merit or goodness by donating to the Sangha and supporting them. In return, they keep their duty to preserve and spread the Dharma everywhere for the good of the world.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Sangha is also supposed to follow the Vinaya (monastic rule) of the Buddha, thereby serving as an spiritual example for the world and future generations. The Vinaya rules also force the Sangha to live in dependence on the rest of the lay community (they must beg for food etc.) and thus draw the Sangha into a relationship with the lay community.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism also differs from Theravada and the other schools of early Buddhism in promoting several unique doctrines which are contained in Mahāyāna sutras and philosophical treatises.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: These Indian Buddhist ideas, in various synthetic ways, form the basis of subsequent Mahāyāna philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: A common presentation style of the path ("mārga") to liberation in the Early Buddhist Texts is the "graduated talk", in which the Buddha lays out a step by step training.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In the early texts, numerous different sequences of the gradual path can be found. One of the most important and widely used presentations among the various Buddhist schools is The Noble Eightfold Path, or "Eightfold Path of the Noble Ones" (Skt. "'āryāṣṭāṅgamārga"'). This can be found in various discourses, most famously in the "Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta" (The discourse on the turning of the Dharma wheel).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Other suttas such as the "Tevijja Sutta", and the "Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta" give a different outline of the path, though with many similar elements such as ethics and meditation.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to Rupert Gethin, the path to awakening is also frequently summarized by another a short formula: "abandoning the hindrances, practice of the four establishings of mindfulness, and development of the awakening factors."

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Eightfold Path consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Theravada Buddhism is a diverse tradition and thus includes different explanations of the path to awakening. However, the teachings of the Buddha are often encapsulated by Theravadins in the basic framework of the Four Noble Truths and the Eighthfold Path.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Some Theravada Buddhists also follow the presentation of the path laid out in Buddhaghosa's Visuddhimagga. This presentation is known as the "Seven Purifications" ("satta-visuddhi"). This schema and its accompanying outline of "insight knowledges" ("vipassanā-ñāṇa") is used by modern influential Theravadin scholars, such Mahasi Sayadaw (in his "The Progress of Insight") and Nyanatiloka Thera (in "The Buddha's Path to Deliverance").

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism is based principally upon the path of a Bodhisattva. A "Bodhisattva" refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. The term "Mahāyāna" was originally a synonym for "Bodhisattvayāna" or "Bodhisattva Vehicle."

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The doctrine of the bodhisattva bhūmis was also eventually merged with the Sarvāstivāda Vaibhāṣika schema of the "five paths" by the Yogacara school"." This Mahāyāna "five paths" presentation can be seen in Asanga's "Mahāyānasaṃgraha".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Mahāyāna texts are inconsistent in their discussion of the "pāramitās", and some texts include lists of two, others four, six, ten and fifty-two. The six paramitas have been most studied, and these are:

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In Mahāyāna Sutras that include ten "pāramitā", the additional four perfections are "skillful means, vow, power and knowledge". The most discussed "pāramitā" and the highest rated perfection in Mahayana texts is the "Prajna-paramita", or the "perfection of insight". This insight in the Mahāyāna tradition, states Shōhei Ichimura, has been the "insight of non-duality or the absence of reality in all things".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: East Asian Buddhism in influenced by both the classic Indian Buddhist presentations of the path such as the eighth-fold path as well as classic Indian Mahāyāna presentations such as that found in the Da zhidu lun.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: There many different presentations of soteriology, including numerous paths and vehicles ("yanas") in the different traditions of East Asian Buddhism. There is no single dominant presentation. In Zen Buddhism for example, one can find outlines of the path such as the Two Entrances and Four Practices"," The Five ranks, The Ten Ox-Herding Pictures and The Three mysterious Gates of Linji.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, the path to liberation is outlined in the genre known as Lamrim ("Stages of the Path"). All the various Tibetan schools have their own Lamrim presentations. This genre can be traced to Atiśa's 11th-century "A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment" ("Bodhipathapradīpa").

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In various suttas which present the graduated path taught by the Buddha, such as the "Samaññaphala Sutta" and the "Cula-Hatthipadopama Sutta," the first step on the path is hearing the Buddha teach the Dharma. This then said to lead to the acquiring of confidence or faith in the Buddha's teachings.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Mahayana Buddhist teachers such as Yin Shun also state that hearing the Dharma and study of the Buddhist discourses is necessary "if one wants to learn and practice the Buddha Dharma." Likewise, in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, the "Stages of the Path" ("Lamrim") texts generally place the activity of listening to the Buddhist teachings as an important early practice.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The ancient formula which is repeated for taking refuge affirms that "I go to the Buddha as refuge, I go to the Dhamma as refuge, I go to the Sangha as refuge." Reciting the three refuges, according to Harvey, is considered not as a place to hide, rather a thought that "purifies, uplifts and strengthens the heart".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Śīla" (Sanskrit) or "sīla" (Pāli) is the concept of "moral virtues", that is the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It generally consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: One of the most basic forms of ethics in Buddhism is the taking of "precepts". This includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma ("Vinaya" or "Patimokkha") adopted by a monastery.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Other important elements of Buddhist ethics include giving or charity ("dāna"), Mettā (Good-Will), Heedfulness (Appamada), ‘self-respect’ (Hri) and 'regard for consequences' (Apatrapya).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts (; ) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the monastic rules.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The monastic life in Buddhism has additional precepts as part of "patimokkha", and unlike lay people, transgressions by monks do invite sanctions. Full expulsion from "sangha" follows any instance of killing, engaging in sexual intercourse, theft or false claims about one's knowledge. Temporary expulsion follows a lesser offence. The sanctions vary per monastic fraternity ("nikaya").

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Lay people and novices in many Buddhist fraternities also uphold eight ("asta shila") or ten ("das shila") from time to time. Four of these are same as for the lay devotee: no killing, no stealing, no lying, and no intoxicants. The other four precepts are:

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: All eight precepts are sometimes observed by lay people on "uposatha" days: full moon, new moon, the first and last quarter following the lunar calendar. The ten precepts also include to abstain from accepting money.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In addition to these precepts, Buddhist monasteries have hundreds of rules of conduct, which are a part of its "patimokkha".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Monastic communities in the Buddhist tradition cut normal social ties to family and community, and live as "islands unto themselves". Within a monastic fraternity, a "sangha" has its own rules. A monk abides by these institutionalised rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself. Transgressions by a monk on "Sangha" vinaya rules invites enforcement, which can include temporary or permanent expulsion.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: One way of cultivating renunciation taught by the Buddha is the contemplation ("anupassana") of the "dangers" (or "negative consequences") of sensual pleasure ("kāmānaṃ ādīnava"). As part of the graduated discourse, this contemplation is taught after the practice of giving and morality.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Another related practice to renunciation and sense restraint taught by the Buddha is "restraint in eating" or moderation with food, which for monks generally means not eating after noon. Devout laypersons also follow this rule during special days of religious observance ("uposatha"). Observing the Uposatha also includes other practices dealing with renunciation, mainly the eight precepts.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: For Buddhist monastics, renunciation can also be trained through several optional ascetic practices called "dhutaṅga".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: There are different practices and exercises for training mindfulness in the early discourses, such as the four "Satipaṭṭhānas" (Sanskrit: "smṛtyupasthāna", "establishments of mindfulness") and "Ānāpānasati" (Sanskrit: "ānāpānasmṛti", "mindfulness of breathing"").

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: A closely related mental faculty, which is often mentioned side by side with mindfulness, is "sampajañña" ("clear comprehension"). This faculty is the ability to comprehend what one is doing and is happening in the mind, and whether it is being influenced by unwholesome states or wholesome ones.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: A wide range of meditation practices has developed in the Buddhist traditions, but "meditation" primarily refers to the attainment of "samādhi" and the practice of "dhyāna" (Pali: "jhāna"). "Samādhi" is a calm, undistracted, unified and concentrated state of consciousness. It is defined by Asanga as "one-pointedness of mind on the object to be investigated. Its function consists of giving a basis to knowledge ("jñāna")."

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Dhyāna" is "state of perfect equanimity and awareness ("upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi")," reached through focused mental training.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The practice of "dhyāna" aids in maintaining a calm mind, and avoiding disturbance of this calm mind by mindfulness of disturbing thoughts and feelings.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The earliest evidence of yogis and their meditative tradition, states Karel Werner, is found in the Keśin hymn 10.136 of the Rigveda. While evidence suggests meditation was practised in the centuries preceding the Buddha, the meditative methodologies described in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era. These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: There is no scholarly agreement on the origin and source of the practice of "dhyāna." Some scholars, like Bronkhorst, see the "four dhyānas" as a Buddhist invention. Alexander Wynne argues that the Buddha learned "dhyāna" from Brahmanical teachers.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: There is a wide variety of scholarly opinions (both from modern scholars and from traditional Buddhists) on the interpretation of these meditative states as well as varying opinions on how to practice them.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In the Pali canon, the Buddha outlines two meditative qualities which are mutually supportive: "samatha" (Pāli; Sanskrit: "śamatha"; "calm") and "vipassanā" (Sanskrit: "vipaśyanā", insight). The Buddha compares these mental qualities to a "swift pair of messengers" who together help deliver the message of "nibbana" (SN 35.245).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The various Buddhist traditions generally see Buddhist meditation as being divided into those two main types. Samatha is also called "calming meditation", and focuses on stilling and concentrating the mind i.e. developing samadhi and the four "dhyānas". According to Damien Keown, "vipassanā" meanwhile, focuses on "the generation of penetrating and critical insight ("paññā")".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Beginning with comments by La Vallee Poussin, a series of scholars have argued that these two meditation types reflect a tension between two different ancient Buddhist traditions regarding the use of "dhyāna," one which focused on insight based practice and the other which focused purely on "dhyāna". However, other scholars such as Analayo and Rupert Gethin have disagreed with this "two paths" thesis, instead seeing both of these practices as complementary.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called "Brahma-viharas", are virtues or directions for meditation in Buddhist traditions, which helps a person be reborn in the heavenly (Brahma) realm. These are traditionally believed to be a characteristic of the deity Brahma and the heavenly abode he resides in.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to Peter Harvey, the Buddhist scriptures acknowledge that the four "Brahmavihara" meditation practices "did not originate within the Buddhist tradition". The Brahmavihara (sometimes as Brahmaloka), along with the tradition of meditation and the above four immeasurables are found in pre-Buddha and post-Buddha Vedic and Sramanic literature. Aspects of the Brahmavihara practice for rebirths into the heavenly realm have been an important part of Buddhist meditation tradition.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to Gombrich, the Buddhist usage of the "brahma-vihāra" originally referred to an awakened state of mind, and a concrete attitude toward other beings which was equal to "living with Brahman" here and now. The later tradition took those descriptions too literally, linking them to cosmology and understanding them as "living with Brahman" by rebirth in the Brahma-world. According to Gombrich, "the Buddha taught that kindness – what Christians tend to call love – was a way to salvation."

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Completion practices are often grouped into different systems, such as the six dharmas of Naropa, and the six yogas of Kalachakra. In Tibetan Buddhism, there are also practices and methods which are sometimes seen as being outside of the two tantric stages, mainly Mahamudra and Dzogchen ("Atiyoga").

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only ordained but also more committed lay people have practised formal meditation. Loud devotional chanting however, adds Harvey, has been the most prevalent Buddhist practice and considered a form of meditation that produces "energy, joy, lovingkindness and calm", purifies mind and benefits the chanter.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Prajñā" (Sanskrit) or "paññā" (Pāli) is wisdom, or knowledge of the true nature of existence. Another term which is associated with "prajñā" and sometimes is equivalent to it is "vipassanā" (Pāli) or "vipaśyanā" (Sanskrit), which is often translated as "insight". In Buddhist texts, the faculty of insight is often said to be cultivated through the four establishments of mindfulness.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In the early texts, "Paññā" is included as one of the "five faculties" ("indriya") which are commonly listed as important spiritual elements to be cultivated (see for example: AN I 16). "Paññā" along with samadhi, is also listed as one of the "trainings in the higher states of mind" ("adhicittasikkha").

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Buddhist tradition regards ignorance ("avidyā"), a fundamental ignorance, misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality, as one of the basic causes of "dukkha" and "samsara". Overcoming this ignorance is part of the path to awakening. This overcoming includes the contemplation of impermanence and the non-self nature of reality, and this develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and liberates a being from "dukkha" and "saṃsāra".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: "Prajñā" is important in all Buddhist traditions. It is variously described as wisdom regarding the impermanent and not-self nature of dharmas (phenomena), the functioning of karma and rebirth, and knowledge of dependent origination. Likewise, "vipaśyanā" is described in a similar way, such as in the "Paṭisambhidāmagga", where it is said to be the contemplation of things as impermanent, unsatisfactory and not-self.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Some scholars such as Bronkhorst and Vetter have argued that the idea that insight leads to liberation was a later development in Buddhism and that there are inconsistencies with the early Buddhist presentation of samadhi and insight. However, others such as Collett Cox and Damien Keown have argued that insight is a key aspect of the early Buddhist process of liberation, which cooperates with samadhi to remove the obstacles to enlightenment (i.e., the āsavas).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Guru devotion is a central practice of Tibetan Buddhism. The guru is considered essential and to the Buddhist devotee, the guru is the "enlightened teacher and ritual master" in Vajrayana spiritual pursuits. For someone seeking Buddhahood, the guru is the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, wrote the 12th-century Buddhist scholar Sadhanamala.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Based on the Indian principle of ahimsa (non-harming), the Buddha's ethics strongly condemn the harming of all sentient beings, including all animals. He thus condemned the animal sacrifice of the Brahmins as well hunting, and killing animals for food. This led to various policies by Buddhist kings such as Asoka meant to protect animals, such as the establishing of 'no slaughter days' and the banning of hunting on certain circumstances.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In contrast to this, various Mahayana sutras and texts like the Mahaparinirvana sutra, Surangama sutra and the Lankavatara sutra state that the Buddha promoted vegetarianism out of compassion. Indian Mahayana thinkers like Shantideva promoted the avoidance of meat. Throughout history, the issue of whether Buddhists should be vegetarian has remained a much debated topic and there is a variety of opinions on this issue among modern Buddhists.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Likewise, most Tibetan Buddhists have historically tended not to be vegetarian, however, there have been some strong debates and pro-vegetarian arguments by some pro-vegetarian Tibetans. Some influential figures have spoken and written in favor of vegetarianism throughout history, including well known figures like Shabkar and the 17th Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje, who has mandated vegetarianism in all his monasteries.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism, like all Indian religions, was initially an oral tradition in ancient times. The Buddha's words, the early doctrines, concepts, and their traditional interpretations were orally transmitted from one generation to the next. The earliest oral texts were transmitted in Middle Indo-Aryan languages called Prakrits, such as Pali, through the use of communal recitation and other mnemonic techniques.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: After the development of the different early Buddhist schools, these schools began to develop their own textual collections, which were termed "Tripiṭakas" (Triple Baskets).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Many early "Tripiṭakas", like the Pāli "Tipitaka", were divided into three sections: "Vinaya Pitaka" (focuses on monastic rule), "Sutta Pitaka" (Buddhist discourses) and "Abhidhamma Pitaka," which contain expositions and commentaries on the doctrine.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Pāli "Tipitaka" (also known as the Pali Canon) of the Theravada School constitutes the only complete collection of Buddhist texts in an Indic language which has survived until today. However, many "Sutras", "Vinayas" and "Abhidharma" works from other schools survive in Chinese translation, as part of the Chinese Buddhist Canon. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven "pitakas".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Much of the material in the Pali Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have "added" texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: A distinctive feature of many Tripitaka collections is the inclusion of a genre called Abhidharma, which dates from the 3rd century BCE and later. According to Collett Cox, the genre began as explanations and elaborations of the teachings in the suttas but over time evolved into an independent system of doctrinal exposition.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Over time, the various Abhidharma traditions developed various disagreements which each other on points of doctrine, which were discussed in the different Abhidharma texts of these schools. The major Abhidharma collections which modern scholars have the most information about are those of the Theravāda and Sarvāstivāda schools.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Sarvāstivāda school was one of the most influential Abhidharma traditions in North India. The magnum opus of this tradition was the massive Abhidharma commentary called the "Mahāvibhaṣa" ('Great Commentary'), compiled at a great synod in Kashmir during the reign of Kanishka II (c. 158–176). The "Abhidharmakosha" of Vasubandhu is another very influential Abhidharma work from the northern tradition, which continues to be studied in East Asian Buddhism and in Tibetan Buddhism.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Mahāyāna sūtras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Modern historians generally hold that the first of these texts were composed probably around the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In Mahāyāna, these texts are generally given greater authority than the early Āgamas and Abhidharma literature, which are called "Śrāvakayāna" or "Hinayana" to distinguish them from Mahāyāna sūtras. Mahāyāna traditions mainly see these different classes of texts as being designed for different types of persons, with different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahāyāna sūtras are mainly seen as being for those of "greater" capacity.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Mahāyāna sūtras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name "Mahāyāna" (lit., "the Great Vehicle"). Besides the teaching of the bodhisattva, Mahāyāna texts also contain expanded cosmologies and mythologies, with many more Buddhas and powerful bodhisattvas, as well as new spiritual practices and ideas.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The modern Theravada school does not treat the Mahāyāna sūtras as authoritative or authentic teachings of the Buddha. Likewise, these texts were not recognized as authoritative by many early Buddhist schools and in some cases, communities such as the Mahāsāṃghika school split up due to this disagreement.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Mahāyāna also has a very large literature of philosophical and exegetical texts. These are often called "śāstra" (treatises) or "vrittis" (commentaries). Some of this literature was also written in verse form ("karikās"), the most famous of which is the "Mūlamadhyamika-karikā" (Root Verses on the Middle Way) by Nagarjuna, the foundational text of the Madhyamika school.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: During the Gupta Empire, a new class of Buddhist sacred literature began to develop, which are called the Tantras. By the 8th century, the tantric tradition was very influential in India and beyond. Besides drawing on a Mahāyāna Buddhist framework, these texts also borrowed deities and material from other Indian religious traditions, such as the Śaiva and Pancharatra traditions, local god/goddess cults, and local spirit worship (such as yaksha or nāga spirits).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Some features of these texts include the widespread use of mantras, meditation on the subtle body, worship of fierce deities, and antinomian and transgressive practices such as ingesting alcohol and performing sexual rituals.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the middle of the first millennium BCE. This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the "Second urbanisation", marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the Śramaṇa traditions.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: New ideas developed both in the Vedic tradition in the form of the Upanishads, and outside of the Vedic tradition through the Śramaṇa movements. The term Śramaṇa refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the historical Vedic religion, including Buddhism, Jainism and others such as Ājīvika.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Śramaṇa religions challenged and broke with the Brahmanic tradition on core assumptions such as Atman (soul, self), Brahman, the nature of afterlife, and they rejected the authority of the Vedas and Upanishads. Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Late Mahayana, and the era of Vajrayana or the "Tantric Age".

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to Lambert Schmithausen Pre-sectarian Buddhism is "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions."

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to Mitchell, certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, Nirvana, the three marks of existence, the five aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to numerous Buddhist scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. Many modern scholars question the historicity of this event. However, Richard Gombrich states that the monastic assembly recitations of the Buddha's teaching likely began during Buddha's lifetime, and they served a similar role of codifying the teachings.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The so called Second Buddhist council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha. Modern scholars believe that this was probably caused when a group of reformists called Sthaviras ("elders") sought to modify the Vinaya (monastic rule), and this caused a split with the conservatives who rejected this change, they were called Mahāsāṃghikas. While most scholars accept that this happened at some point, there is no agreement on the dating, especially if it dates to before or after the reign of Ashoka.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism may have spread only slowly throughout India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka (304–232 BCE), who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (such as at Sanchi and Bharhut), temples (such as the Mahabodhi Temple) and to its spread throughout the Maurya Empire and into neighbouring lands such as Central Asia and to the island of Sri Lanka.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to the edicts of Aśoka, the Mauryan emperor sent emissaries to various countries west of India to spread "Dharma", particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Islamic conquest of the Iranian Plateau in the 7th-century, followed by the Muslim conquests of Afghanistan and the later establishment of the Ghaznavid kingdom with Islam as the state religion in Central Asia between the 10th- and 12th-century led to the decline and disappearance of Buddhism from most of these regions.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The origins of Mahāyāna ("Great Vehicle") Buddhism are not well understood and there are various competing theories about how and where this movement arose. Theories include the idea that it began as various groups venerating certain texts or that it arose as a strict forest ascetic movement.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The first Mahāyāna works were written sometime between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts, mainly those of Lokakṣema. (2nd century CE). Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the first versions of the Prajnaparamita series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, with a separate monastic code (Vinaya), but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahāyāna monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Mahāyāna initially seems to have remained a small minority movement that was in tension with other Buddhist groups, struggling for wider acceptance. However, during the fifth and sixth centuries CE, there seems to have been a rapid growth of Mahāyāna Buddhism, which is shown by a large increase in epigraphic and manuscript evidence in this period. However, it still remained a minority in comparison to other Buddhist schools.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The question of the origins of early Vajrayana has been taken up by various scholars. David Seyfort Ruegg has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a "pan-Indian religious substrate" which is not specifically Buddhist, Shaiva or Vaishnava.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question. The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian An Shigao (148–180 CE). The first known Mahāyāna scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk Lokakṣema in Luoyang, between 178 and 189 CE. From China, Buddhism was introduced into its neighbours Korea (4th century), Japan (6th–7th centuries), and Vietnam (c. 1st–2nd centuries).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: During the Chinese Tang dynasty (618–907), Chinese Esoteric Buddhism was introduced from India and Chan Buddhism (Zen) became a major religion. Chan continued to grow in the Song dynasty (960–1279) and it was during this era that it strongly influenced Korean Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism also became popular during this period and was often practised together with Chan. It was also during the Song that the entire Chinese canon was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Theravada school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to Southeast Asia after the 5th century CE (Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia and coastal Vietnam). Theravada Buddhism was the dominant religion in Burma during the Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1552). It also became dominant in the Khmer Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries and in the Thai Sukhothai Kingdom during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng (1237/1247–1298).

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhists generally classify themselves as either Theravāda or Mahāyāna. This classification is also used by some scholars and is the one ordinarily used in the English language. An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravāda (or "Southern Buddhism", "South Asian Buddhism"), East Asian Buddhism (or just "Eastern Buddhism") and Indo-Tibetan Buddhism (or "Northern Buddhism").

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Some scholars use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser or inferior vehicle") is sometimes used by Mahāyāna followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravāda emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including: Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them:

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Theravāda derives from the Mahāvihāra (Tāmraparṇīya) sect, a Sri Lankan branch of the Vibhajyavāda Sthaviras, which began to establish itself on the island from the 3rd century BCE onwards.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Theravāda flourished in south India and Sri Lanka in ancient times; from there it spread for the first time into mainland Southeast Asia about the 11th century into its elite urban centres. By the 13th century, Theravāda had spread widely into the rural areas of mainland Southeast Asia, displacing Mahayana Buddhism and some traditions of Hinduism.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In the modern era, Buddhist figures such as Anagarika Dhammapala and King Mongkut sought to re-focus the tradition on the Pāli Canon, as well as emphasize the rational and "scientific" nature of Theravāda while also opposing "superstition". This movement, often termed Buddhist modernism, has influenced most forms of modern Theravāda. Another influential modern turn in Theravāda is the Vipassana Movement, which led to the widespread adoption of meditation by laypersons.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Theravāda is primarily practised today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west, especially as part of the Vipassana Movement.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Mahāyāna ("Great Vehicle") refers to all forms of Buddhism which consider the Mahāyāna Sutras as authoritative scriptures and accurate rendering of Buddha's words. These traditions have been the more liberal form of Buddhism allowing different and new interpretations that emerged over time. The focus of Mahāyāna is the path of the bodhisattva ("bodhisattvayāna"), though what this path means is interpreted in many different ways.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Native Mahāyāna Buddhism is practised today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practised in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also a form of Mahāyāna, but is also different in many ways due to its adoption of tantric practices and is discussed below under the heading of "Vajrayāna" (also commonly referred to as "Northern Buddhism").

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The goal and philosophy of the Vajrayāna remains Mahāyānist, but its methods are seen by its followers as far more powerful, so as to lead to Buddhahood in just one lifetime. The practice of using mantras was adopted from Hinduism, where they were first used in the Vedas.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: There are many different forms of Buddhist structures. Classic Indian Buddhist institutions mainly made use of the following structures: monasteries, rock-hewn cave complexes (such as the Ajanta Caves), stupas (funerary mounds which contained relics), and temples such as the Mahabodhi Temple.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The complexity of Buddhist institutions varies, ranging from minimalist and rustic forest monasteries to large monastic centers like Tawang Monastery. The core of traditional Buddhist institutions is the monastic community ("Sangha)" who manage and lead religious services. They are supported by the lay community who visit temples and monasteries for religious services and holidays.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In the modern era, the Buddhist "meditation centre", which is mostly used by laypersons and often also staffed by them, has also become widespread.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism has spread across the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While Buddhism in the West is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognised as the state religion and receives government support.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In certain regions such as Afghanistan and Pakistan, militants have targeted violence and destruction of historic Buddhist monuments.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: A number of modern movements in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century. These new forms of Buddhism are diverse and significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: The Thai King Mongkut (r. 1851–68), and his son King Chulalongkorn (r. 1868–1910), were responsible for modern reforms of Thai Buddhism. Modern Buddhist movements include Secular Buddhism in many countries, Won Buddhism in Korea, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand and several Japanese organisations, such as Shinnyo-en, Risshō Kōsei Kai or Soka Gakkai.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Some of these movements have brought internal disputes and strife within regional Buddhist communities. For example, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand teaches a "true self" doctrine, which traditional Theravada monks consider as heretically denying the fundamental "anatta" (not-self) doctrine of Buddhism.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism has had a profound influence on various cultures, especially in Asia. Buddhist philosophy, Buddhist art, Buddhist architecture, Buddhist cuisine and Buddhist festivals continue to be influential elements of the modern Culture of Asia, especially in East Asia and the Sinosphere as well as in Southeast Asia and the Indosphere. According to Litian Fang, Buddhism has "permeated a wide range of fields, such as politics, ethics, philosophy, literature, art and customs," in these Asian regions.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhist teachings influenced the development of modern Hinduism as well as other Asian religions like Taoism and Confucianism. For example, various scholars have argued that key Hindu thinkers such as Adi Shankara and Patanjali, author of the Yoga sutras, were influenced by Buddhist ideas. Likewise, Buddhist practices were influential in the early development of Indian Yoga.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhist philosophers like Dignaga and Dharmakirti were very influential in the development of Indian logic and epistemology. Buddhist educational institutions like Nalanda and Vikramashila preserved various disciplines of classical Indian knowledge such as grammar, astronomy/astrology and medicine and taught foreign students from Asia.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhist institutions were also at the forefront of the adoption of Chinese technologies related to bookmaking, including papermaking, and block printing which Buddhists often deployed on a large scale. Examples of the early Buddhist adoption of these technologies are a Buddhist charm which is the first surviving printed text, the Chinese Diamond Sutra (c. 868) which is the first full printed book and the first hand colored print, which is an illustration of Guanyin dated to 947.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: In the Western world, Buddhism has had a strong influence on modern New Age spirituality and other alternative spiritualities. This began with its influence on 20th century Theosophists such as Helena Blavatsky, which were some of the first Westerners to take Buddhism seriously as a spiritual tradition.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: More recently, Buddhist meditation practices have influenced the development of modern psychology, particularly the practice of Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and other similar mindfulness based modalities. The influence of Buddhism on psychology can also be seen in certain forms of modern psychoanalysis.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism also influenced the modern avant-garde movements during the 1950s and 60s through people like D. T. Suzuki and his influence on figures like Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism is practised by an estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18% of its total population. They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of "Mahayana", making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practised in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey: "Mahayana" has 360 million adherents; "Theravada" has 150 million adherents; and "Vajrayana" has 18 million adherents.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: According to , Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. Over 98% of all Buddhists live in the Asia-Pacific and South Asia region. North America had about 3.9 million Buddhists, Europe 1.3 million, while South America, Africa and the Middle East had an estimated combined total of about 1 million Buddhists in 2010.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism is the dominant religion in Bhutan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Japan, Tibet, Laos, Macau, Mongolia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Large Buddhist populations live in Mainland China, Taiwan, North Korea, Nepal and South Korea. In Russia, Buddhists form majority in Tuva (52%) and Kalmykia (53%). Buryatia (20%) and Zabaykalsky Krai (15%) also have significant Buddhist populations.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Buddhism

Context: Buddhism is also growing by conversion. In New Zealand, about 25–35% of the total Buddhists are converts to Buddhism. Buddhism has also spread to the Nordic countries; for example, the Burmese Buddhists founded in the city of Kuopio in North Savonia the first Buddhist monastery of Finland, named the Buddha Dhamma Ramsi monastery.

Question: 불교가 발생한 나라의 인구는 세계에서 몇번째로 많나요?


Water-reactive substances

Context: Some water-reactive substances are also pyrophoric, like organometallics and sulfuric acid, and should be kept away from moisture. The use of acid-resistant gloves and face shield are required and should be handled in fume hoods.

Question: 가장 반응성이 높은 금속은 무엇인가?


Water-reactive substances

Context: Such substances are classified as R2 under the UN classification system and as Hazard 4.3 by the United States Department of Transportation. In an NFPA 704 fire diamond's white square, they are denoted as "W̶".

Question: 가장 반응성이 높은 금속은 무엇인가?


Water-reactive substances

Context: All chemicals that react vigorously with water or liberate toxic gas when in contact with water are recognized for their hazardous nature in the 'Approved Supply List,' or the list of substances covered by the international legislation on major hazards many of which are commonly used in manufacturing processes.

Question: 가장 반응성이 높은 금속은 무엇인가?


Water-reactive substances

Context: The Group 1 metal (M) is oxidised to its metal ions, and water is reduced to hydrogen gas (H2) and hydroxide ion (OH−), giving a general equation of:

Question: 가장 반응성이 높은 금속은 무엇인가?


Water-reactive substances

Context: The alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra) are the second most reactive metals in the periodic table, and, like the Group 1 metals, have increasing reactivity in the higher periods. Beryllium (Be) is the only alkaline earth metal that does not react with water or steam, even if the metal is heated red hot. Additionally, beryllium has a resistant outer oxide layer that lowers its reactivity at lower temperatures.

Question: 가장 반응성이 높은 금속은 무엇인가?


Water-reactive substances

Context: Magnesium shows insignificant reaction with water, but burns vigorously with steam or water vapor to produce white magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas:

Question: 가장 반응성이 높은 금속은 무엇인가?


Water-reactive substances

Context: A metal reacting with cold water will produce metal hydroxide. However, if a metal reacts with steam, like magnesium, metal oxide is produced as a result of metal hydroxides splitting upon heating.

Question: 가장 반응성이 높은 금속은 무엇인가?


Water-reactive substances

Context: The hydroxides of calcium, strontium and barium are only slightly water-soluble but produce sufficient hydroxide ions to make the environment basic, giving a general equation of:

Question: 가장 반응성이 높은 금속은 무엇인가?


Thornton Quarry

Context: It is estimated that the reservoir will help protect 500,000 people who live in the surrounding 14 suburbs it serves, and will save the city around $40 million worth of damages each year.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 대리석 채석장은 어디인가?


Thornton Quarry

Context: The quarry contains Silurian reefs which formed when the Michigan Basin was covered in sea water more than 400 million years ago.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 대리석 채석장은 어디인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Cold fusion is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature. It would contrast starkly with the "hot" fusion that is known to take place naturally within stars and artificially in hydrogen bombs and prototype fusion reactors under immense pressure and at temperatures of millions of degrees, and be distinguished from muon-catalyzed fusion. There is currently no accepted theoretical model that would allow cold fusion to occur.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Nevertheless, some interest in cold fusion has continued through the decades—for example, a Google-funded failed replication attempt was published in a 2019 issue of "Nature". A small community of researchers continues to investigate it, often under the alternative designations "low-energy nuclear reactions" ("LENR") or "condensed matter nuclear science" ("CMNS").

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: The ability of palladium to absorb hydrogen was recognized as early as the nineteenth century by Thomas Graham. In the late 1920s, two Austrian-born scientists, Friedrich Paneth and Kurt Peters, originally reported the transformation of hydrogen into helium by nuclear catalysis when hydrogen was absorbed by finely divided palladium at room temperature. However, the authors later retracted that report, saying that the helium they measured was due to background from the air.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: The term "cold fusion" was used as early as 1956 in an article in "The New York Times" about Luis Alvarez's work on muon-catalyzed fusion. Paul Palmer and then Steven Jones of Brigham Young University used the term "cold fusion" in 1986 in an investigation of "geo-fusion", the possible existence of fusion involving hydrogen isotopes in a planetary core. In his original paper on this subject with Clinton Van Siclen, submitted in 1985, Jones had coined the term "piezonuclear fusion".

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: The most famous cold fusion claims were made by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann in 1989. After a brief period of interest by the wider scientific community, their reports were called into question by nuclear physicists. Pons and Fleischmann never retracted their claims, but moved their research program from the USA to France after the controversy erupted.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Nevertheless, Fleischmann and Pons and a number of other researchers who found positive results remained convinced of their findings. The University of Utah asked Congress to provide $25 million to pursue the research, and Pons was scheduled to meet with representatives of President Bush in early May.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: On 30 April 1989 cold fusion was declared dead by "The New York Times". The "Times" called it a circus the same day, and the "Boston Herald" attacked cold fusion the following day.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: On 4 May, due to all this new criticism, the meetings with various representatives from Washington were cancelled.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: In July and November 1989, "Nature" published papers critical of cold fusion claims. Negative results were also published in several other scientific journals including "Science", "Physical Review Letters", and "Physical Review C" (nuclear physics).

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: In August 1989, in spite of this trend, the state of Utah invested $4.5 million to create the National Cold Fusion Institute.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: In March 1990 Michael H. Salamon, a physicist from the University of Utah, and nine co-authors reported negative results. University faculty were then "stunned" when a lawyer representing Pons and Fleischmann demanded the Salamon paper be retracted under threat of a lawsuit. The lawyer later apologized; Fleischmann defended the threat as a legitimate reaction to alleged bias displayed by cold-fusion critics.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: On 30 June 1991 the National Cold Fusion Institute closed after it ran out of funds; it found no excess heat, and its reports of tritium production were met with indifference.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: On 1 January 1991 Pons left the University of Utah and went to Europe. In 1992, Pons and Fleischmann resumed research with Toyota Motor Corporation's IMRA lab in France. Fleischmann left for England in 1995, and the contract with Pons was not renewed in 1998 after spending $40 million with no tangible results. The IMRA laboratory stopped cold fusion research in 1998 after spending £12 million. Pons has made no public declarations since, and only Fleischmann continued giving talks and publishing papers.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Mostly in the 1990s, several books were published that were critical of cold fusion research methods and the conduct of cold fusion researchers. Over the years, several books have appeared that defended them. Around 1998, the University of Utah had already dropped its research after spending over $1 million, and in the summer of 1997, Japan cut off research and closed its own lab after spending $20 million.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: United States Navy researchers at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SPAWAR) in San Diego have been studying cold fusion since 1989. In 2002 they released a two-volume report, "Thermal and nuclear aspects of the Pd/D2O system," with a plea for funding. This and other published papers prompted a 2004 Department of Energy (DOE) review.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: In May 2016, the United States House Committee on Armed Services, in its report on the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act, directed the Secretary of Defense to "provide a briefing on the military utility of recent U.S. industrial base LENR advancements to the House Committee on Armed Services by September 22, 2016."

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: The most basic setup of a cold fusion cell consists of two electrodes submerged in a solution containing palladium and heavy water. The electrodes are then connected to a power source to transmit electricity from one electrode to the other through the solution. Even when anomalous heat is reported, it can take weeks for it to begin to appear—this is known as the "loading time," the time required to saturate the palladium electrode with hydrogen (see "Loading ratio" section).

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: The Fleischmann and Pons early findings regarding helium, neutron radiation and tritium were never replicated satisfactorily, and its levels were too low for the claimed heat production and inconsistent with each other. Neutron radiation has been reported in cold fusion experiments at very low levels using different kinds of detectors, but levels were too low, close to background, and found too infrequently to provide useful information about possible nuclear processes.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Unable to produce excess heat or neutrons, and with positive experiments being plagued by errors and giving disparate results, most researchers declared that heat production was not a real effect and ceased working on the experiments. In 1993, after their original report, Fleischmann reported "heat-after-death" experiments—where excess heat was measured after the electric current supplied to the electrolytic cell was turned off. This type of report has also become part of subsequent cold fusion claims.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Criticism of cold fusion claims generally take one of two forms: either pointing out the theoretical implausibility that fusion reactions have occurred in electrolysis setups or criticizing the excess heat measurements as being spurious, erroneous, or due to poor methodology or controls. There are a couple of reasons why known fusion reactions are an unlikely explanation for the excess heat and associated cold fusion claims.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Conventional deuteron fusion is a two-step process, in which an unstable high-energy intermediary is formed:

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Experiments have observed only three decay pathways for this excited-state nucleus, with the branching ratio showing the probability that any given intermediate follows a particular pathway. The products formed via these decay pathways are:

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: The calculation of excess heat in electrochemical cells involves certain assumptions. Errors in these assumptions have been offered as non-nuclear explanations for excess heat.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Huw Price has argued that attitudes of the scientific community to cold fusion are considerably influenced by what he calls the "reputation trap", whereby anyone seen to take the subject seriously might put their reputation at risk.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: The "Journal of Fusion Technology" (FT) established a permanent feature in 1990 for cold fusion papers, publishing over a dozen papers per year and giving a mainstream outlet for cold fusion researchers. When editor-in-chief George H. Miley retired in 2001, the journal stopped accepting new cold fusion papers. This has been cited as an example of the importance of sympathetic influential individuals to the publication of cold fusion papers in certain journals.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: In the 1990s, the groups that continued to research cold fusion and their supporters established (non-peer-reviewed) periodicals such as "Fusion Facts", "Cold Fusion Magazine", "Infinite Energy Magazine" and "New Energy Times" to cover developments in cold fusion and other fringe claims in energy production that were ignored in other venues. The internet has also become a major means of communication and self-publication for CF researchers.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: Since 2006, the American Physical Society (APS) has included cold fusion sessions at their semiannual meetings, clarifying that this does not imply a softening of skepticism. Since 2007, the American Chemical Society (ACS) meetings also include "invited symposium(s)" on cold fusion. An ACS program chair said that without a proper forum the matter would never be discussed and, "with the world facing an energy crisis, it is worth exploring all possibilities."

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: A patent only legally prevents others from using or benefiting from one's invention. However, the general public perceives a patent as a stamp of approval, and a holder of three cold fusion patents said the patents were very valuable and had helped in getting investments.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: A 1990 Michael Winner film "Bullseye!", starring Michael Caine and Roger Moore, referenced the Fleischmann and Pons experiment. The film – a comedy – concerned conmen trying to steal scientists' purported findings. However, the film had a poor reception, described as "appallingly unfunny".

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: The plot of "The Saint", a 1997 action-adventure film, parallels the story of Fleischmann and Pons, although with a different ending. The film might have affected the public perception of cold fusion, pushing it further into the science fiction realm.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Cold fusion

Context: In the "Legends of Tomorrow" episode "No Country for Old Dads", Ray Palmer theorizes that cold fusion could repair the shattered Fire Totem, if it wasn't only theoretical.

Question: 핵융합을 일으키는 온도점은 몇도인가?


Love of Christ

Context: the work of salvation through Christ, who is not merely a passive instrument in this scenario but takes an active role in the work of salvation. In , Paul calls upon the Ephesians to be imitators of God:

Question: 성경에 가장 많이 나오는 단어는 무엇인가?


Love of Christ

Context: of Christ controls his ministry because of his conviction in the saving power of the sacrifice of Christ. This dovetails into Paul's Second Adam Christology in in which the birth, death and Resurrection of Jesus liberate Christians from the transgressions of Adam.

Question: 성경에 가장 많이 나오는 단어는 무엇인가?


Fastest animals

Context: Due to physical constraints, fish may be incapable of exceeding swim speeds of 36 km/h (22 mph). Larger reported figures are therefore highly questionable.

Question: 세상에서 가장 빠른 해양생물은 무엇인가?


World of Music, Arts and Dance

Context: WOMAD ( ; World of Music, Arts and Dance) is an international arts festival. The central aim of WOMAD is to celebrate the world's many forms of music, arts and dance.

Question: 워마드의 사이트 관리자는 어느 나라에서 운영하고 있는가?


World of Music, Arts and Dance

Context: Since 1982, WOMAD Festivals have travelled all over the world, bringing artists to numerous locations and entertaining over one million people. The main UK event was held at Rivermead in Reading, Berkshire, from 1990 until 2006.

Question: 워마드의 사이트 관리자는 어느 나라에서 운영하고 있는가?


World of Music, Arts and Dance

Context: In 2017 WOMAD UK marked its 35th anniversary. Headliners Emir Kusturica & The No Smoking Orchestra, Toots and The Maytals, and Roy Ayers, Seun Kuti & Egypt 80 along with 30 other artists performed for a record-setting audience for the festival of 10,000 people.

Question: 워마드의 사이트 관리자는 어느 나라에서 운영하고 있는가?


World of Music, Arts and Dance

Context: A triple album was released in 2007 to make the 35th anniversary of WOMAD featuring recordings from many of the festivals in the UK. Various other albums feature recordings from the 1982, 1988, 1996 and 2002 festivals.

Question: 워마드의 사이트 관리자는 어느 나라에서 운영하고 있는가?


World of Music, Arts and Dance

Context: From the outset, the WOMAD name has reflected the festival's idea; to be embracing but non-definitive, inspiring and outward looking; and more than anything, enthusiastic about a world that has no boundaries in its ability to communicate through music and movement.

Question: 워마드의 사이트 관리자는 어느 나라에서 운영하고 있는가?


World of Music, Arts and Dance

Context: WOMAD came to Bristol Zoo in 2011, with a subsequent event in 2012. A boycott of the 2012 event was called for by the Captive Animals Protection Society because of concerns that noise from the festival could affect the animals' welfare.

Question: 워마드의 사이트 관리자는 어느 나라에서 운영하고 있는가?


World of Music, Arts and Dance

Context: WOMAD New Plymouth 2021 was cancelled in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic complications; because of New Zealand's social distancing regulations during the emergence of COVID, its local organizing committee argued that the financial risk was too high if restrictions were to potentially be reinstated in close proximity to the event.

Question: 워마드의 사이트 관리자는 어느 나라에서 운영하고 있는가?


Presidency of Harry S. Truman

Context: There was bad blood with Argentina. Washington detested dictator Juan Peron, who held fascist sympathies, tried to remain neutral in the Cold War and continued to harbor Nazi war criminals. Washington blocked funds from international agencies and restricted trade and investment opportunities.

Question: 1950년 미국 대통령은 누구인가요?


Presidency of Harry S. Truman

Context: Despite his vocal opposition to the Taft–Hartley Act, Truman used its emergency provisions a number of times to halt strikes and lockouts. Repeated union efforts to repeal or modify it always failed, and it remains in effect today. Historian James T. Patterson concludes that:

Question: 1950년 미국 대통령은 누구인가요?


Presidency of Harry S. Truman

Context: By the 1950s most observers agreed that Taft-Hartley was no more disastrous for workers than the Wagner Act had been for employers. What ordinarily mattered most in labor relations was not government laws such as Taft-Hartley, but the relative power of unions and management in the economic marketplace. Where unions were strong they usually managed all right; when they were weak, new laws did them little additional harm.

Question: 1950년 미국 대통령은 누구인가요?


Presidency of Harry S. Truman

Context: Desegregation took years, with the Air Force under Secretary Stuart Symington taking the lead. After several years of planning between Truman, the Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity, and the various branches of the military, Army units started to be racially integrated in the early 1950s and later the Navy. The 1948 Women's Armed Services Integration Act allowed women to serve in the peacetime military in all-female units.

Question: 1950년 미국 대통령은 누구인가요?


Presidency of Harry S. Truman

Context: In Truman's second mid-term election, Republicans ran against Truman's proposed domestic policies and his handling of the Korean War. They picked up seats in both the House and the senate, but failed to gain control of either house of Congress. Truman was particularly upset by the apparent success of those who campaigned on McCarthyism.

Question: 1950년 미국 대통령은 누구인가요?


Presidency of Harry S. Truman

Context: The once good Truman-Eisenhower relationship soured during the campaign. Truman was appalled when Eisenhower appeared on the same platform with Joseph McCarthy in Wisconsin, and failed to defend General George Marshall, who McCarthy had recently denounced as a failure in China. Eisenhower was outraged when Truman, who made a whistle-stop tour in support of Stevenson, accused Ike of disregarding "sinister forces ... Anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-foreignism" within the Republican Party.

Question: 1950년 미국 대통령은 누구인가요?


Presidency of Harry S. Truman

Context: Truman's ranking in polls of historians and political scientists have never fallen lower than ninth, and he has ranked as high as fifth in a C-SPAN poll in 2009. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association’s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Truman as the seventh best president, and a 2017 C-SPAN poll of historians ranked Truman as the sixth best president.

Question: 1950년 미국 대통령은 누구인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Korean dramas (; RR: "Hanguk deurama"), more popularly known as K-dramas, are television series in the Korean language, made in South Korea.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: A single director usually leads Korean dramas, which are often written by a single screenwriter. This often leads to each drama having distinct directing and dialogue styles. This differs from American television series, which can rely on multiple directors and writers working together.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: K-dramas have a multitude of different genres such as action dramas, historical dramas, school dramas, medical dramas, legal dramas, or even horror comedies. While most dramas carry romantic elements and deep emotional themes, there are various styles and tones.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The main themes of Korean television dramas are friendship, family values, and love, blending traditional values of Confucianism with Western materialism and individualism.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: However, it is an emerging trend amongst Korean dramas to showcase ongoing societal issues of Korean society such as stigma of mental illness, gender inequality, suicide, classism, bullying, spy cameras, corruption, homophobia or racism.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The term "sageuk" refers to any Korean television or film drama that is either based on historical figures, incorporates historical events, or uses a historical backdrop. While "sageuk" literally translates to "historical drama", the term is typically reserved for dramas taking place throughout the course of Korean history.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Since the mid-2000s, some sageuks have achieved major success outside of Korea, in places such as Asia-Pacific, Central Asia, Greater Middle East, Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America. Sageuks including "Dae Jang Geum" ("Jewel in the Palace"), "Yi San (Lee San, Wind of the palace)" and "Jumong" enjoyed strong ratings in countries such Vietnam, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Fiji and Iran. "Jumong", which aired on IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) in 2008, had 85% viewership.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Often centered around a love story, series set in contemporary times often focus on family ties and romantic relationships. Characters are mostly idealized with Korean male protagonists described as handsome, intelligent, emotional, and in search of "one true love". This has also been a contributing factor to the popularity of Korean dramas among women.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Radio broadcasting, including the broadcasting of radio dramas in Korea, began in 1927 under Japanese rule, with most programming in Japanese and around 30% in Korean. After the Korean War, radio dramas such as "Cheongsilhongsil" (1954) reflected the country's mood.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The first television series was aired by KBS in 1962. Their commercial competitor, Tongyang Broadcasting (TBC), had a more aggressive program policy and aired controversial dramas as well. The first historical TV series aired was "Gukto manri" (국토만리), directed by Kim Jae-hyeong (김재형), depicting the Goryeo era. In the 1960s, television sets were of limited availability, thus dramas could not reach a larger audience.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The beginning years of the 2000s gave birth to famous Korean dramas and also marked the period of overseas distribution. Some popular ones are Full House, Autumn in my heart and Winter Sonata. It marks the birth of a new genre, called "fusion sageuk", essentially changing the ways to produce historical series, with successful pieces such as "Hur Jun", "Damo" and "Dae Jang Geum".

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: It started to take over the popularity of conventional dramas among 10s and 20s because the shorter runtime, and often feature trendy contents which teenagers are easy to sympathize with.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The late 2010s and 2020s saw newfound attention of K-dramas from international markets. Netflix had begun seeking productions from South Korea and other countries since around 2018 to expand offerings for their service with a growing international audience. These efforts came to fruition when Hwang Dong-hyuk's "Squid Game" drew in more than 111 million viewers within 17 days of its released in September 2021, becoming the service's most-watched program.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Korean series were originally produced in-house by the television channels themselves, but have been outsourced to independent companies since the 2000s. In 2012, as much as 75% of all K-dramas were produced this way. Competition is fierce among these companies; out of 156 registered firms, only 34 of them produced dramas that were actually aired in 2012.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The biggest stars may earn more than ₩200 million per episode, with Kim Soo-hyun, the lead of hit dramas "Moon Embracing the Sun" (2012), "My Love from the Star" (2013) and "It's Okay to Not Be Okay" (2020) reportedly receiving ₩500 million per episode for "One Ordinary Day" in 2021.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: In 2016, dramas such as "Descendants of the Sun", "Uncontrollably Fond", ' and ' were all pre-produced before airing. Nonetheless, some pre-produced episodes are often re-edited or even reshot the day of airing, due to audience feedback.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The larger broadcasting companies have their own dedicated shooting locations for historical dramas, with extensive and elaborate sets. MBC's series are shot at the Yongin Daejanggeum Park in Gyeonggi Province, while KBS dramas utilize the Mungyeongsaejae Studio (문경새재 KBS촬영장) in North Gyeongsang Province and their studio in Suwon.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Scriptwriters and directors of Korean dramas are often as well known as actors are. An overwhelming majority of scriptwriters (90% according to the "Beijing Metro Reader") are women, who not only write love stories but action series as well. Compared to Korean cinema, television is more appealing for scriptwriters as contract conditions are better, acknowledgment is greater, and the salary is higher.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: While scriptwriters are mostly women, directors are usually men. Some female directors have risen to prominence, such as Lee Na-jeong (이나정), who directed "The Innocent Man", and Lee Yun-jeong (이윤정), whose most famous works are "Coffee Prince" and "Heart to Heart". The latter director is also the first female television producer employed by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC).

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: During the 2000s, it became customary for lead actors to participate in original soundtracks, also partially due to the employment of K-pop stars as actors. Actor Lee Min-ho, and leader of boy band SS501, Kim Hyun-joong both recorded songs for "Boys Over Flowers", while the actors of "You're Beautiful" formed a fictional band and held concerts, where they perform the soundtracks live.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The television rating system is regulated by the Korea Communications Commission, and was implemented in 2000. According to the system, programs, including Korean dramas, are rated according to the following principles (ratings irrelevant to dramas are omitted):

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Exports of Korean series yielded 37.5 million in 2003, which was three times higher than the amount reached in 1999. According to data from Korea Creative Content Agency, in 2013 K-dramas constituted 82% of the culture content export of South Korea, with an income of $167 million, which is four times more than a decade before.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: A driving force behind the rising popularity is the intense involvement of fans. Because of the live-shooting production of K-dramas, Korean-speaking fans have the opportunity to participate in their creation—a unique phenomenon in the mass media world. They can influence the content of later shows in the series through complaints and suggestions, which are frequently adopted by the production teams.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: In Mongolia, Korean dramas have become popular and are broadcast at prime time. "Dae Jang Geum" achieved success in the country and was broadcast five times due to this. "Autumn in My Heart", "Winter Sonata" and "Stairway to Heaven" were other popular dramas. Popularity in Korean dramas has resulted in interest in the learning of the Korean language as well as Mongolians travelling to South Korea. It has also led to increased mutually cooperative relations between Mongolia and South Korea.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Watching films or TV dramas from South Korea is a serious offence in North Korea, punishable by execution, but people still manage to acquire them on CDs and DVDs.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: In 2021, there was an article that young people who were watching the popular drama "" were caught in Pyeongseong, Pyeongnam Province, and will have to serve more than 10 years. Later, the residents of Yanggang Province began to imitate the famous lines from the , and the residents were also unable to avoid punishment.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: In Taiwan, interest in Korean dramas began when "Star in My Heart" aired in 1999. Since then Korean dramas have become very popular and according to the South Korean mission 120 K-dramas had been broadcast in Taiwan in the first half of 2011.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: In recent times Korean dramas have experienced growing popularity in Brunei. The growing impact of Korean culture in Brunei led to the hosting of the ninth Korea Forum in the country at Universiti Brunei Darussalam in 2010. Korean television dramas, movies, music, and clothing have had a great impact on the people of Brunei.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The first Korean drama to be broadcast in Cambodia was "Winter Sonata"; it was, however, "Full House" that launched the interest in Korean dramas and entertainment in the country. Following the success of "Full House", more Korean dramas have been dubbed into the Khmer language. Korean dramas have become popular particularly amongst youth in Cambodia.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The popularity of Korean dramas and pop culture in Laos has led to many Laotian tourists travelling to South Korea. Korean pop culture has gained popularity in Laos through the Thai TV channels broadcasting Korean dramas and K-pop bands in the country.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: In Malaysia, "Winter Sonata" began airing on TV3 in 2003, which started an interest in Korean pop culture in the country. "Dae Jang Geum" and "Autumn In My Heart" were also aired in Malaysia. The popularity of Korean dramas have resulted in a positive reception of Korean expatriates in Malaysia.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: In Myanmar, the K-drama "Autumn in My Heart" was broadcast in the country in 2001, which led to interest in Korean entertainment. When "Dae Jang Geum" was on air, the drama sparked an interest in Korean cuisine in the country. The rising popularity of Korean dramas and music in Myanmar has led to the Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange (KOFICE) distributing Korean dramas in the country for free.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: In the Philippines, Korean dramas are politically popular on free-to-air television since 2003. In the past two decades, GMA Network has the highest number of Korean dramas broadcast in the Philippines.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: When "Dae Jang Geum" was on air in Thailand, Korean food started gaining wide popularity. Due to the lop-sided nature of entertainment exports favoring South Korea, the Thai government requested increased introduction of popular Thai films to South Korean media outlets. This led to the signing of an Agreement of Cultural Cooperation between the two countries in August 2004.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: Korean dramas have also gained popularity in Vietnam, particularly among women and young people. The fashion and hairstyles presented in Korean dramas have become very popular among the youth of the country.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?


Korean drama

Context: The first Korean drama in Romania was aired on TVR in August 2009 with "Dae Jang Geum", and in the following month it became the third most popular television program in the country. Since then, Korean dramas have seen high ratings and further success.

Question: 한국의 첫 방송국은 무엇인가요?