FIFA World Cup

Context: FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football (FIFA U-20 World Cup, FIFA U-17 World Cup, FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup), club football (FIFA Club World Cup), and football variants such as futsal (FIFA Futsal World Cup) and beach soccer (FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup). The latter three do not have a women's version, although a FIFA Women's Club World Cup has been proposed.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup is held the year before each Women's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process. The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: From 1930 to 1970, the "Jules Rimet Trophy" was awarded to the World Cup winning team. It was originally simply known as the "World Cup" or "Coupe du Monde", but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament. In 1970, Brazil's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently. However, the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered, apparently melted down by the thieves.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently. World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished. They are awarded a gold-plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Since 2006, winners of the competition are also awarded the right to wear the FIFA Champions Badge, up until the time at which the winner of the next competition is decided.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Since the second World Cup in 1934, qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament. They are held within the six FIFA continental zones (Africa, Asia, North and Central America and Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and Europe), overseen by their respective confederations. For each tournament, FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand, generally based on the relative strength of the confederations' teams.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nations. There are two stages: the group stage followed by the knockout stage.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: If one considers all possible outcomes (win, draw, loss) for all six matches in a group, there are 729 (= 36) outcome combinations possible. However, 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places. In such case, the ranking among these teams is determined as follows:

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The knockout stage is a single-elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one-off matches, with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary. It begins with the round of 16 (or the second round) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner-up of another group. This is followed by the quarter-finals, the semi-finals, the third-place match (contested by the losing semi-finalists), and the final.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: On 10 January 2017, FIFA approved a new format, the 48-team World Cup (to accommodate more teams), which consists of 16 groups of three teams each, with two teams qualifying from each group, to form a round of 32 knockout stage, to be implemented by 2026.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States, Canada and Mexico, marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations. The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held, with 48 teams playing 80 matches. Sixty matches will take place in the US, including all matches from the quarter-finals onward, while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland, the exceptions being Brazil, who finished as runners-up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014, and Spain, which reached the second round on home soil in 1982. England (1966) won its only title while playing as a host nation. Uruguay (1930), Italy (1934), Argentina (1978), and

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: France (1998) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again, while Germany (1974) won their second title on home soil.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The best-attended single match, shown in the last three columns, has been the final in 11 of the 21 World Cups . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930, 1938, 1958, 1962, 1970–1982, 1990, and 2006.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The governing body of the sport, FIFA, generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament, and $6.1 billion from the 2018 tournament.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Forming a partnership with FIFA in 1970, Panini published its first sticker album for the 1970 World Cup. Since then, collecting and trading stickers and cards has become part of the World Cup experience, especially for the younger generation. FIFA has also licensed World Cup video games since 1986, with Electronic Arts the current license holder.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: In all, 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup. Of these, eight national teams have won the World Cup, and they have added stars to their badges, with each star representing a World Cup victory. (Uruguay, however, choose to display four stars on their badge, representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics, which are recognised by FIFA as World Championships, and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950).

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: At the end of each World Cup, awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament. There are currently six awards:

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: An "All-Star Team" consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups; Mexico's Antonio Carbajal (1950–1966) and Rafael Márquez (2002–2018); and Germany's Lothar Matthäus (1982–1998) all played in five tournaments. Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall, with 25 appearances. Brazil's Djalma Santos (1954–1962), West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer (1966–1974), and Germany's Philipp Lahm (2006–2014) are the only players to be named to three World Cup All-Star Teams.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) is the all-time top scorer at the World Cup with 16 goals. He broke Ronaldo of Brazil's record of 15 goals (1998–2006) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil. West Germany's Gerd Müller (1970–1974) is third, with 14 goals. The fourth-placed goalscorer, France's Just Fontaine, holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Among the national teams, Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches (109), Germany appeared in the most finals (8), semi-finals (13), and quarter-finals (16), while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups (21), has the most wins (73) and has scored the most goals (229). The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup, in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The system used in the World Cup up to 1990 was 2 points for a win. In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss. As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Teams are ranked by total points, then by goal difference, then by goals scored.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with "Philae", its lander module, "Rosetta" performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft performed flybys of Earth, Mars, and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins. It was launched as the third cornerstone mission of the ESA's Horizon 2000 programme, after "SOHO""Cluster" and "XMM-Newton".

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: The probe was named after the Rosetta Stone, a stele of Egyptian origin featuring a decree in three scripts. The lander was named after the Philae obelisk, which bears a bilingual Greek and Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: In 2007, "Rosetta" made a Mars gravity assist (flyby) on its way to Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The spacecraft also performed two asteroid flybys. The craft completed its flyby of asteroid 2867 Šteins in September 2008 and of 21 Lutetia in July 2010. Later, on 20 January 2014, "Rosetta" was taken out of a 31-month hibernation mode as it approached Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: "Rosetta" "Philae" lander successfully made the first soft landing on a comet nucleus when it touched down on Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014. On 5 September 2016, ESA announced that the lander was discovered by the narrow-angle camera aboard "Rosetta" as the orbiter made a low, pass over the comet. The lander sits on its side wedged into a dark crevice of the comet, explaining the lack of electrical power to establish proper communication with the orbiter.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: During the 1986 approach of Halley's Comet, international space probes were sent to explore the comet, most prominent among them being ESA's "Giotto". After the probes returned valuable scientific information, it became obvious that follow-ons were needed that would shed more light on cometary composition and answer new questions.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: The "Rosetta" mission included generational team management; this allowed mission continuity over the long period of the mission and for special knowledge to be maintained and passed on to future team members. In particular, several younger scientists were brought on as principal science investigators, and regular training sessions were conducted.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: On its way to comet 67P, "Rosetta" passed through the main asteroid belt, and made the first European close encounter with several of these primitive objects. "Rosetta" was the first spacecraft to fly close to Jupiter's orbit using solar cells as its main power source.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: Main propulsion comprised 24 paired bipropellant 10 N thrusters, with four pairs of thrusters being used for delta-"v" burns. The spacecraft carried of propellant at launch: of monomethylhydrazine fuel and of dinitrogen tetroxide oxidiser, contained in two grade 5 titanium alloy tanks and providing delta-"v" of at least over the course of the mission. Propellant pressurisation was provided by two high-pressure helium tanks.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: "Rosetta" was built in a clean room according to COSPAR rules, but "sterilisation generally not crucial since comets are usually regarded as objects where you can find prebiotic molecules, that is, molecules that are precursors of life, but not living microorganisms", according to Gerhard Schwehm, "Rosetta" project scientist. The total cost of the mission was about €1.3 billion (US$1.8 billion).

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: After two scrubbed launch attempts, "Rosetta" was launched on 2 March 2004 at 07:17 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana, using Ariane 5 G+ carrier rocket. Aside from the changes made to launch time and target, the mission profile remained almost identical. Both co-discoverers of the comet, Klim Churyumov and Svetlana Gerasimenko, were present at the spaceport during the launch.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: To achieve the required velocity to rendezvous with 67P, "Rosetta" used gravity assist manoeuvres to accelerate throughout the inner Solar System. The comet's orbit was known before "Rosetta" launch, from ground-based measurements, to an accuracy of approximately . Information gathered by the onboard cameras beginning at a distance of were processed at ESA's Operation Centre to refine the position of the comet in its orbit to a few kilometres.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: The spacecraft performed a close flyby of asteroid 2867 Šteins on 5 September 2008. Its onboard cameras were used to fine-tune the trajectory, achieving a minimum separation of less than . Onboard instruments measured the asteroid from 4 August to 10 September. Maximum relative speed between the two objects during the flyby was .

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: After leaving its hibernation mode in January 2014 and getting closer to the comet, "Rosetta" began a series of eight burns in May 2014. These reduced the relative velocity between the spacecraft and 67P from to .

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: In August 2014, "Rosetta" rendezvoused with the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) and commenced a series of manoeuvres that took it on two successive triangular paths, averaging from the nucleus, whose segments are hyperbolic escape trajectories alternating with thruster burns. After closing to within about from the comet on 10 September, the spacecraft entered actual orbit about it.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: The surface layout of 67P was unknown before "Rosetta" arrival. The orbiter mapped the comet in anticipation of detaching its lander. By 25 August 2014, five potential landing sites had been determined. On 15 September 2014, ESA announced Site J, named "Agilkia" in honour of Agilkia Island by an ESA public contest and located on the "head" of the comet, as the lander's destination.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: "Philae" detached from "Rosetta" on 12 November 2014 at 08:35 UTC, and approached 67P at a relative speed of about . It initially landed on 67P at 15:33 UTC, but bounced twice, coming to rest at 17:33 UTC. Confirmation of contact with 67P reached Earth at 16:03 UTC.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: On contact with the surface, two harpoons were to be fired into the comet to prevent the lander from bouncing off, as the comet's escape velocity is only around . Analysis of telemetry indicated that the surface at the initial touchdown site is relatively soft, covered with a layer of granular material about 0.82 feet (0.25 meters) deep, and that the harpoons had not fired upon landing. After landing on the comet, "Philae" had been scheduled to commence its science mission, which included:

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: On 2 June 2015, NASA reported that the Alice spectrograph on "Rosetta" determined that electrons within above the comet nucleus — produced from photoionization of water molecules, and not direct photons from the Sun as thought earlier — are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: "Rosetta" began a descent with a 208-second thruster burn executed on 29 September 2016 at approximately 20:50 UTC. Its trajectory targeted a site in the Ma'at region near an area of dust- and gas-producing active pits.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: On 28 September 2017, a previously unrecovered image taken by the spacecraft was reported. This image was recovered from three data packets discovered on a server after completion of the mission. While blurry due to data loss, it shows an area of the comet's surface approximately one square meter in size taken from an altitude of , and represents "Rosetta" closest image of the surface.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: The investigation of the nucleus was done by three optical spectrometers, one microwave radio antenna and one radar:

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: The mission has yielded a significant science return, collecting a wealth of data from the nucleus and its environment at various levels of cometary activity. The VIRTIS spectrometer on board the "Rosetta" spacecraft has provided evidence of nonvolatile organic macromolecular compounds everywhere on the surface of comet 67P with little to no water ice visible. Preliminary analyses strongly suggest the carbon is present as polyaromatic organic solids mixed with sulfides and iron-nickel alloys.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: Solid organic compounds were also found in the dust particles emitted by the comet; the carbon in this organic material is bound in "very large macromolecular compounds", analogous to those found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. However, no hydrated minerals were detected, suggesting no link with carbonaceous chondrites.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: In turn, the "Philae" lander's COSAC instrument detected organic molecules in the comet's atmosphere as it descended to its surface. Measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments on the "Philae" lander revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde. The only amino acid detected thus far on the comet is glycine, along with the precursor molecules methylamine and ethylamine.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Rosetta (spacecraft)

Context: One of the most outstanding discoveries of the mission was the detection of large amounts of free molecular oxygen () gas surrounding the comet. A local abundance of oxygen was reported to be in range from 1% to 10% relative to H2O.

Question: متى هبط مسبار الفضاء روزيتا على سطح مذنب شوري ؟


Hasan al-Rammah

Context: Al-Rammah devised several new types of gunpowder, and he invented a new type of fuse and two types of lighters.

Question: من هو حسن الرماح؟


Memory improvement

Context: Neuroplasticity is the mechanism by which the brain encodes experience, learns new behaviours and relearns lost behaviour if the brain has been damaged.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Research has found that chronic and acute stress have adverse effects on memory processing systems. Therefore, it is important to find mechanisms in which one can reduce the amount of stress in their lives when seeking to improve memory.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Animal and human studies provide evidence as they report that acute stress impairs the maintenance of short-term memory and working memory and aggravates neuropsychiatric disorders involved in short-term and working memory such as depression and schizophrenia. Animal studies with rats have also shown that exposure to acute stress reduces the survival of hippocampal neurons.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Discovering that the brain can change as a result of experience has resulted in the development of cognitive training. Cognitive training improves cognitive functioning, which can increase working memory capacity and improve cognitive skills and functions in clinical populations with working memory deficiencies. Cognitive training may focus on attention, speed of processing, neurofeedback, dual-tasking and perceptual training.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Cognitive training in areas other than memory has actually been seen to generalize and transfer to memory systems. For example, the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) study by the American Geriatrics Society in 2009 demonstrated that cognitive training designed to improve accuracy and speed of the auditory system presented improvements in memory and attention system functioning as well as auditory functioning.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on mood, sensation, thought, and behavior.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Evidence that aspects of memory can be improved by action on selective neurotransmitter systems, such as the cholinergic system which releases acetylcholine, has possible therapeutic benefits for patients with cognitive disorders.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Findings from studies have indicated that acute administration of nicotine can improve cognitive performance (particularly tasks that require attention), short-term episodic memory and prospective memory task performance. Chronic usage of low-dose nicotine in animals has been found to increase the number of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and improve performance on learning and memory tasks.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Short-term nicotine treatment, utilising nicotine skin patches, have shown that it may be possible to improve cognitive performance in a variety of groups such as normal non-smoking adults, Alzheimer's disease patients, schizophrenics, and adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Similarly, evidence suggests that smoking improves visuospatial working memory impairments in schizophrenic patients, possibly explaining the high rate of tobacco smoking found in people with schizophrenia.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Food and memory may be connected. While no link has been isolated to prove a direct connection between diet and memory, there are several correlational studies to support the theory that food may affect memory.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: In support of fruits and vegetables and their possible connection to aiding memory, a study found that men who ate more fruits and vegetables over the course of four years performed better on memory tests than the men who did not eat as many servings of fruit and vegetables daily.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Flavonoids may also help with preserving memory by protecting neurons in the brain and promoting regeneration. Some examples of foods with flavonoids are dark colored berries and dark chocolate.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: While not a true element of diet, chewing on a piece of gum may also help to improve certain elements of episodic and working memory.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: There is some evidence glucose consumption may have a positive impact on memory performance, though not in young adults.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Meditation, a form of mental training to focus attention, has been shown to increase the control over brain resource distribution, improving both attention and self-regulation. The changes are potentially long-lasting as meditation may have the ability to strengthen neuronal circuits as selective attentional processes improve. Meditation may also enhance cognitive limited capacity, affecting the way in which stimuli are processed.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Meditation practice has also been associated with physical changes in brain structure. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of Buddhist insight meditation practitioners who practiced mindfulness meditation were found to have an increase in cortical thickness and hippocampus volume compared to the control group. This research provides structural evidence that meditation practice promotes neural plasticity and experience-dependent cortical plasticity.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Hence, brain exercises are found being practiced and adopted early by children to enhance brain sensory responses and improve performance of the brain by maintaining its health.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: A meta-analysis concluded that specifically resistance training, as compared to cardiovascular exercise, had no measurable effect on working memory.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: There is some evidence that also shows that the amount of effort put into exercising is positively correlated with the level of cognitive performance after working out both in the short term and long term.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Aristotle wrote a treatise about memory: "De memoria et reminiscentia". To improve recollection, he advised that a systematic search should be made and that practice was helpful. He suggested grouping the items to be remembered in threes and then concentrating upon the central member of each triad (group of three).

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Memory improvement

Context: Other memory methods include writing on one's own hand, sending a text message to oneself, or using sticky notes. Wrist-worn, finger-worn and ankle-worn memory aids have apparently been used for hundreds of years.

Question: ما هي تمارين تقوية الذاكرة ؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. Anthony Albanese of the Labor Party became prime minister on 23 May 2022.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: Thirty-one people have served as prime minister, the first of whom was Edmund Barton taking office on 1 January 1901 following federation. The longest-serving prime minister was Robert Menzies, who served over 18 years, and the shortest-serving was Frank Forde, who served one week. There is no legislated line of succession, however convention determines that the governor-general shall commission the deputy prime minister on a caretaker basis in the event of a vacancy.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: Despite the importance of the office of prime minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be sufficiently entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail these. Indeed, prior to Federation in 1901 the terms "premier" and "prime minister" were used interchangeably for the head of government in a colony.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: If a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the House of Representatives, or the House passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the prime minister is bound by convention to either resign or immediately advise the governor-general to dissolve the House of Representatives and hold a fresh election.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: Excluding the brief transition periods during changes of government or leadership elections, there have only been a handful of cases where someone other than the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives was prime minister:

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: Most of the prime minister's power derives from being the head of government. In practice, the Federal Executive Council acts to ratify all executive decisions made by the government and requires the support of the prime minister. The powers of the prime minister are to direct the governor-general through advice to grant royal assent to legislation, to dissolve and prorogue parliament, to call elections and to make government appointments, which the governor-general follows according to convention.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: The Constitution divides power between the federal government and the states, and the prime minister is constrained by this.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: As of 1 July 2019, Australia's prime minister is paid a total salary of $549,250. This is made up of the 'base salary' received by all Members of Parliament ($211,250) plus a 160 percent 'additional salary' for the role of prime minister. Increases in the base salary of MPs and senators are determined annually by the independent Remuneration Tribunal.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: During his first term, Rudd had a staff at The Lodge consisting of a senior chef and an assistant chef, a child carer, one senior house attendant, and two junior house attendants. At Kirribilli House in Sydney, there are a full-time chef and a full-time house attendant.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: The official residences are fully staffed and catered for both the prime minister and their family. In addition, both have extensive security facilities. These residences are regularly used for official entertaining, such as receptions for Australian of the Year finalists.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: The prime minister receives a number of transport amenities for official business. The Royal Australian Air Force's Airbus A330 MRTT, or KC30-A, transports the prime minister within Australia and overseas. The call-sign for the aircraft is "Envoy". For ground travel, the prime minister is transported in an armoured BMW 7 Series model. It is referred to as "C-1", or Commonwealth One, because of its number plate. It is escorted by police vehicles from state and federal authorities.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: Politicians, including prime ministers, are usually granted certain privileges after leaving office, such as office accommodation, staff assistance, and a Life Gold Pass which entitles the holder to travel within Australia for "non-commercial" purposes at government expense. In 2017, then prime minister Malcolm Turnbull said the pass should be available only to former prime ministers, though he would not use it when he was no longer PM.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: The deputy prime minister becomes acting prime minister if the prime minister is unable to undertake the role for a short time, for example if they are ill, overseas or on leave (and if both are unavailable, then another senior minister takes on this role). The "Acts Interpretation Act 1901" confers upon acting ministers "the same power and authority with respect to the absent Minister's statutory responsibilities".

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: If the prime minister were to die, then the deputy prime minister would be appointed prime minister by the governor-general until the government votes for another member to be its leader. This happened when Harold Holt disappeared in 1967, when John McEwen was appointed prime minister. On the other two occasions that the prime minister has died in office, in 1939 and 1945, Earle Page and Frank Forde, respectively, were appointed prime minister.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: Prime ministers have been granted numerous honours, typically after their period as prime minister has concluded, with a few exceptions.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: Non-titular honours were also bestowed on former prime ministers, usually the Order of the Companions of Honour. This honour was awarded to Bruce (1927), Lyons (1936), Hughes (1941), Page (1942), Menzies (1951), Holt (1967), McEwen (1969), Gorton (1971), McMahon (1972), and Fraser (1977), mostly during office as prime minister.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: In almost all occasions these honours were only accepted by non-Labor/conservative prime ministers. However, appointment to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom was accepted by all prime ministers until 1983 (with the exception of Alfred Deakin, Chris Watson and Gough Whitlam), with Malcolm Fraser being the last prime ministerial appointee.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: John Howard was also appointed to the Order of Merit, whose appointments are within the personal gift of the Queen, in 2012.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: In addition to these honours, all deceased former prime ministers of Australia currently have federal electorates named after them, with the exception of Joseph Cook (a Division of Cook does exist, but it is named after explorer James Cook). The most recently created of these electorates is the Division of Hawke, named in honour of the recently deceased Bob Hawke in 2021.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: The most recent death of a former prime minister was Bob Hawke (served from 1983 to 1991) on 16 May 2019, aged 89.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: The longest-serving prime minister was Robert Menzies, who served in office twice: from 26 April 1939 to 28 August 1941, and again from 19 December 1949 to 26 January 1966. In total Robert Menzies spent 18 years, 5 months and 12 days in office. He served under the United Australia Party and the Liberal Party respectively.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Prime Minister of Australia

Context: The shortest-serving prime minister was Frank Forde, who was appointed to the position on 6 July 1945 after the death of John Curtin, and served until 13 July 1945 when Ben Chifley was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party.

Question: من هو رئيس وزراء  أستراليا الحالي؟


Torah in Islam

Context: The Tawrat (), also romanized as Tawrah or Taurat, is the Arabic-language name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to have been given by God to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel. When referring to traditions from the "Tawrat", Muslims have not only identified it with the "Pentateuch", but also with the other books of the Hebrew Bible as well as with Talmudic and Midrashim writings.

Question: كم عدد أسفار النبي موسى التوراتية؟


Torah in Islam

Context: The word Tawrat occurs eighteen times in the Quran and the name of Musa is mentioned 136 times in the Quran, nowhere in the Quran is written that Moses alone has been given Tawrat, but on the contrary it is written in Quran that the prophets governed with Tawrat.

Question: كم عدد أسفار النبي موسى التوراتية؟


Torah in Islam

Context: According to 7:157, Muhammad is written about in both the Injil (Gospel), revelations to Jesus (Isa) and the Tawrat,

Question: كم عدد أسفار النبي موسى التوراتية؟


Torah in Islam

Context: Muhammad referenced the Torah heavily. He did say that Moses was one of the few prophets to receive a revelation directly from God, that is, without an intervening angel. On one occasion, it is recorded that some Jews wanted Muhammad to decide how to deal with their brethren who had committed adultery. Abu Dawood recorded:

Question: كم عدد أسفار النبي موسى التوراتية؟


Torah in Islam

Context: The word Torah occurs eighteen times and the name of Moses is mentioned 136 times in the Quran. Nowhere in the Quran is it written that Moses alone taught by the Torah as all succeeding Hebrew prophets and seers, including Harun, used the Law for preaching. The Quran states that the Torah did have words of wisdom in it, and all subsequent prophets, priest, rabbis and sages in Israel used its Law for guidance for prophets in plural and not only for Moses alone.

Question: كم عدد أسفار النبي موسى التوراتية؟


Torah in Islam

Context: The Quran mentions that the basic aspects of Islamic law are evident in the earliest scriptures, including that of Moses. He mentions that it contains the information about the Last Day and about the concepts of Paradise (Jannah) and Hell (Jahannam). The Torah is also mentioned as being known by Jesus.

Question: كم عدد أسفار النبي موسى التوراتية؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Harun established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a world center of knowledge, culture and trade. During his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Harun's raids against the Byzantines elevated his political image and once he returned, he was given the alias "al-Rashid", meaning "the Rightly-Guided One". He was promoted to crown prince and given the responsibility of governing the empire's western territories, from Syria to Azerbaijan.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's rule, Baghdad flourished into the most splendid city of its period. Tribute paid by many rulers to the caliph funded architecture, the arts and court luxuries.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: For the administration of the whole empire, he fell back on his mentor and longtime associate Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak. Rashid appointed him as his vizier with full executive powers, and, for seventeen years, Yahya and his sons served Rashid faithfully in whatever assignment he entrusted to them.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Harun made pilgrimages to Mecca by camel ( from Baghdad) several times, e.g., 793, 795, 797, 802 and last in 803. Tabari concludes his account of Harun's reign with these words: "It has been said that when Harun ar-Rashid died, there were nine hundred million odd (dirhams) in the state treasury."

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Under al-Rashid, each city had its own law enforcement, which besides keeping order was supposed to examine the public markets in order to ensure, for instance, that proper scales and measures were used; enforce the payment of debts; and clamp down on illegal activities such as gambling, usury, and sales of alcohol.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Harun was a great patron of art and learning, and is best known for the unsurpassed splendor of his court and lifestyle. Some of the stories, perhaps the earliest, of "The Thousand and One Nights" were inspired by the glittering Baghdad court. The character King Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells the tales) may have been based on Harun himself.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Hārūn was influenced by the full will of his powerful and influential mother in the governance of the empire until her death in 789. His vizier (chief minister) Yahya the Barmakid, Yahya's sons (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), and other Barmakids generally controlled the administration. The position of Persians in the Abbasid caliphal court reached its peak during al-Rashid's reign.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: The fall of the Barmakids is far more likely due to their behaving in a manner that Harun found disrespectful (such as entering his court unannounced) and making decisions in matters of state without first consulting him. Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid as Harun's chief minister.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: An alliance was established with the Chinese Tang dynasty by Ar-Rashid after he sent embassies to China. He was called "A-lun" in the Chinese Tang Annals. The alliance was aimed against the Tibetans.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: When diplomats and messengers visited Harun in his palace, he was screened behind a curtain. No visitor or petitioner could speak first, interrupt, or oppose the caliph. They were expected to give their undivided attention to the caliph and calculate their responses with great care.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Al-Rashid appointed Ali bin Isa bin Mahan as the governor of Khorasan, who tried to bring to heel the princes and chieftains of the region, and to reimpose the full authority of the central government on them. This new policy met with fierce resistance and provoked numerous uprisings in the region.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: There is also the tale of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim to keep singing. The musician did until the caliph fell asleep. Then, strangely, a handsome young man appeared, snatched the musician's lute, sang a very moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it), and left. On awakening and being informed of this, Harun said Ishaq ibn Ibrahim had received a supernatural visitation.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Shortly before he died, Harun is said to have been reading some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature of the power and pleasures of this world, an anecdote related to other caliphs as well.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Every morning Harun gave one thousand dirhams to charity and made one hundred prostrations a day. Harun famously used to look up at rain clouds in the sky and said: "rain where you like, but I will get the land tax!"

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Harun was terrified for his soul in the afterlife. It was reported that he quickly cried when he thought of God and read poems about the briefness of life.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: An official, Maan ibn Zaidah, had fallen out of favor with Harun. When Harun saw him in court, he said "you have grown old." The elderly man responded, "Yes, O Commander of the Faithful in your service." Harun replied, "But you have still some energy left." The old man replied, “what I have, is yours to dispose of as you wish... and I am bold in opposing your foes." Harun was satisfied with the encounter and made the man governor of Basra for his final years.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: On hajj, he distributed large amounts of money to the people of Mecca and Medina, and to poor pilgrims en route. He always took a number of ascetics with him and whenever he was unable to go on pilgrimage, he sent dignitaries and three hundred clerics at his own expense.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: One day Harun was visiting a dignitary when he was struck by his beautiful slave. Harun asked the man to give her to him, the man obliged but was visibly disturbed by the loss. After, Harun felt sorry for what he had done and gave her back.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Harun was an excellent horseman, enjoyed hunting (with Salukis, falcons, and hawks), and was fond of military exercises such as charging dummies with his sword. Harun was also the first Abbasid caliph to have played and promoted chess.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Harun had an anxious soul and supposedly was prone to walk the streets of Baghdad at night. At times Ja'far ibn Yahya accompanied him. These nighttime tours likely arose from a genuine and sympathetic concern in the well-being of his people, for, it is said, he was assiduous to relieve any of their trials and tend to their needs.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Al-Rashid become a prominent figure in the Islamic and Arab culture, he has been described as one of the most famous Arabs in history. All the caliphs after him were his descendants.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Harun al-Rashid

Context: Among his sons, al-Amin became caliph after his death in 809. Al-Amin ruled from 809 to 813, until a civil war broke between him and his brother Abdallah al-Ma'mun (Governor of Khorasan). The reason of war were that caliph al-Amin tried to remove al-Ma'mun as his heir. Al-Ma'mun became caliph in 813 and ruled the caliphate for two decades until 833. He was succeeded by another of Harun's son Abu Ishaq Muhammad (better known as Al-Mu'tasim), his mother was Marida, a concubine.

Question: من هو خامس خلافاء بني العباس؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Northup's memoir was adapted and produced as the 1984 television film "Solomon Northup's Odyssey" and the 2013 feature film "12 Years a Slave". The latter won three Academy Awards, including Best Picture, at the 86th Academy Awards.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Solomon Northup was born in the town of Minerva in Essex County, New York on July 10, 1807 or July 10, 1808. His mother was a free woman of color, which meant that their sons, Solomon and his older brother Joseph, were born free according to the principle of "partus sequitur ventrem". Solomon described his mother as a quadroon, meaning that she was one-quarter African, and three-quarters European.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: His father Mintus was a freedman who had been a slave in his early life in service to the Northup family. Born in Rhode Island, he was taken with the Northups when they moved to Hoosick, New York, in Rensselaer County. His master, Henry Northrop, manumitted Mintus in his will, after which Mintus adopted the surname Northup. His surname was sometimes spelled Northrup in records. Upon attaining his freedom, Mintus married and he moved to Minerva with his wife.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: According to Northup, his father was "a man respected for his industry and integrity". A farmer, Mintus was successful enough to own land and thus meet the state's property requirements for the right to vote. His sons received what was considered to be a good education for free black people at that time. As boys, Northup and his brother worked on the family farm. He spent his leisure time playing the violin and reading books.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: At the start of their marriage, the couple lived at Fort House, "the old yellow house", in the southern end of Fort Edward. In 1830, they moved to Kingsbury, both of which were small communities in Washington County, New York. After selling their farm in 1834, the Northups moved 20 miles to Saratoga Springs, New York, for its employment opportunities.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Anne was known for her culinary expertise. She worked for local taverns that served food and drink, and at the United States Hotel. When court was in session at the county seat of Fort Edward, she worked at Sherrill's Coffee House in Sandy Hill.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: After Northrup was kidnapped, Anne and her oldest daughter Elizabeth went to work as domestic servants in New York City at Madame Jumel's Mansion on the East River in the summer of 1841. Alonzo was with them. Margaret, their youngest daughter went to Hoboken, New Jersey to live with a friend of Madame Jumel, who also had a young daughter.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Northup returned to Sandy Hill on January 21, 1853, and reunited with his wife and children. By 1855, he was living with his daughter Margaret Stanton and her family in Queensbury, Warren County, New York. He purchased land in Glens Falls near his daughter. In his memoir, Northup described his love for his wife as "sincere and unabated", since the time of their marriage, and his children as "beloved".

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: While Northup gave talks about his book around the country, Anne worked in Bolton Landing on Lake George at the hotel Mohican House. Author David Fiske states that Northup seems to have had a difficult time overcoming the years in which he was enslaved. He was said to have drunk a lot and did not seem to spend a lot of time with his wife. By the late 1850s, it was not known what had become of Northup, and he was not listed with his family in the 1860 census.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: In the winter of the year that he married, Northup worked as a laborer repairing the Champlain Canal. He then bought two horses and contracted to tow lumber on rafts to Troy from Lake Champlain beginning the following spring. He employed two workers. He worked on other waterways in upstate New York and he traveled to northern New York and Montreal, Canada. When the canal was closed down, he cut lumber during the winter of 1831–1832. He worked as a farm laborer in the Sandy Hill area.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: He arranged to farm corn and oats on part of the Alden farm where his father lived in Kingsbury. He built a fine reputation as a fiddler and was in high demand to play for dances in surrounding villages. The couple had become prosperous due to the income Anne received as a cook and that Northup made farming and playing the violin.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: In March 1841, Anne went 20 miles to Sandy Hill where she ran the kitchen at Sherrill's Coffee House during the session of the court. She may have taken their oldest daughter Elizabeth with her. Their two youngest children went to stay with their aunt. Northup stayed in Saratoga Springs to look for employment until the tourist season.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: The city had one of the nation's largest slave markets, and slave catchers were not above kidnapping free black people. At this time, 20 years before the Civil War, the expansion of cotton cultivation in the Deep South had led to a continuing high demand for healthy slaves. Kidnappers used a variety of means, from forced abduction to deceit, and frequently abducted children, who were easier to control.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Northup persuaded John Manning, an English sailor, to send to Henry B. Northup, upon reaching New Orleans, a letter that told of his kidnapping and illegal enslavement. Henry was a lawyer, was related to Henry Northrop who had held and freed Solomon's father, and a childhood friend of Solomon's. The letter was delivered to Governor Seward by Henry, but it was not actionable because Northup's location was unknown.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: The New York State Legislature had passed a law in 1840 that made it illegal to entice or kidnap an African-American out of New York and sell them into slavery. It provided legal and financial assistance to aid the recovery of any who were kidnapped and taken out of state and illegally enslaved.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: At Ford's place in Pine Woods, Northup assessed the problem of getting timber off Ford's farm to market. He proposed and then made a log raft to move lumber down the narrow Indian Creek, in order to transport the logs more easily. Northup built weaving looms, so that fabric could be woven for clothing.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Tibaut hired Northup out to a planter named Eldret, who lived about 38 miles south on the Red River. At what he called "The Big Cane Brake", Eldret had Northup and other slaves clear cane, trees, and undergrowth in the bottomlands in order to develop cotton fields for cultivation. With the work unfinished, after about five weeks, Tibaut sold Northup to Edwin Epps.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Epps held Northup for almost 10 years, until 1853, in Avoyelles Parish. He was a cruel master who frequently and indiscriminately punished slaves and drove them hard. His policy was to whip slaves if they did not meet daily work quotas he set for pounds of cotton to be picked, among other goals.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: In 1852, itinerant Canadian carpenter Samuel Bass came to do some work for Epps. Hearing Bass express his abolitionist views, Northup eventually decided to confide his secret to him. Bass was the first person he told of his true name and origins as a free man since he was first enslaved. Along with mailing a letter written by Northup, Bass wrote several letters at his request to Northup's friends, providing general details of his location at Bayou Boeuf, in hopes of gaining his rescue.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Bass did this at great personal risk as the local people would not take kindly to a person helping a slave and depriving a man of his property. In addition, Bass's help came after passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which increased federal penalties against people assisting slaves to escape.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Northup later wrote, "He [Epps] thought of nothing but his loss, and cursed me for having been born free." Attorney Henry B. Northup convinced Epps that it would be futile to contest the free papers in a court of law, so the planter conceded the case. He signed papers giving up all claim to Northup. Finally on January 4, 1853, four months after meeting Bass, Northup regained his freedom.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: After he made it back to New York, Solomon Northup wrote and published his memoir, "Twelve Years a Slave" (1853). The book was written in three months with the help of David Wilson, a local lawyer and writer.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Northup was one of the few kidnapped free black people to regain freedom after being sold into slavery. Represented by attorneys Senator Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, General Orville Clark, and Henry B. Northup, Solomon Northup sued Birch and other men involved in selling him into slavery in Washington, DC. The historian Carol Wilson documented 300 kidnapping cases in her 1994 book, and believes that it is likely that thousands more were kidnapped who were never documented.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: He worked again as a carpenter after he moved back to New York. He became active in the abolitionist movement and lectured on slavery in the years before the American Civil War. During the summer of 1857, Northup was in Canada for a series of lectures. In Streetsville, Ontario, a hostile Canadian crowd prevented him from speaking.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: After 1857, he was not living with family and there was speculation by family, friends, and others that he was enslaved again. The 21st-century historians Clifford Brown and Carol Wilson believe it is likely that he died of natural causes, because he was too old to be of interest to slave catchers.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: According to John R. Smith, in letters written in the 1930s, his father Rev. John L. Smith, a Methodist minister in Vermont, had worked with Northup and former slave Tabbs Gross in the early 1860s, during the Civil War, aiding fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad. Northup was said to have visited Rev. Smith after Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which was made in January 1863.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: There is no contemporaneous documentation of his death. It is believed by historians that he died in 1863 or 1864.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Although the memoir is often classified among the genre of slave narratives, the scholar Sam Worley says that it does not fit the standard format of the genre. Northup was assisted in the writing by David Wilson, a white man, and, according to Worley, some believed he would have biased the material. Worley discounted concerns that Wilson was pursuing his own interests in the book. He writes of the memoir:

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: "Twelve Years" is convincingly Northup's tale and no one else's because of its amazing attention to empirical detail and unwillingness to reduce the complexity of Northup's experience to a stark moral allegory.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Solomon Northup

Context: Northup's biographer, David Fiske, has investigated Northup's role in the book's writing and asserts authenticity of authorship. Northup's full and descriptive account has been used by numerous historians researching slavery. His description of the "Yellow House" (also known as "The Williams Slave Pen"), in view of the Capitol, has helped researchers document the history of slavery in the District of Columbia.

Question: متى ولد سولومون نورثوب ؟


Water heating

Context: Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as "water heaters", "kettles", "cauldrons", "pots", or "coppers". These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature. Rarely, hot water occurs naturally, usually from natural hot springs. The temperature varies with the consumption rate, becoming cooler as flow increases.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Appliances that provide a continual supply of hot water are called "water heaters", "hot water heaters", "hot water tanks", "boilers", "heat exchangers", "geysers" (Southern Africa only), or "calorifiers". These names depend on region, and whether they heat potable or non-potable water, are in domestic or industrial use, and their energy source. In domestic installations, potable water heated for uses other than space heating is also called "domestic hot water" ("DHW").

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Today in the United States, domestic hot water used in homes is most commonly heated with natural gas, electric resistance, or a heat pump. Electric heat pump water heaters are significantly more efficient than electric resistance water heaters, but also more expensive to purchase. Some energy utilities offer their customers funding to help offset the higher first cost of energy efficient water heaters.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Hot water used for space heating may be heated by fossil fuels in a boiler, while potable water may be heated in a separate appliance. This is common practice in the US, especially when warm-air space heating is usually employed.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: This is a popular arrangement where higher flow rates are required for limited periods. Water is heated in a pressure vessel that can withstand a hydrostatic pressure close to that of the incoming mains supply. A pressure reducing valve is sometimes employed to limit the pressure to a safe level for the vessel. In North America, these vessels are called "hot water tanks", and may incorporate an electrical resistance heater, a heat pump, or a gas or oil burner that heats water directly.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: In tropical countries like Singapore and India, a storage water heater may vary from 10 L to 35 L. Smaller water heaters are sufficient, as ambient weather temperatures and incoming water temperature are moderate.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Tankless water heaters—also called instantaneous, continuous flow, inline, flash, on-demand, or instant-on water heaters—are gaining in popularity. These high-power water heaters instantly heat water as it flows through the device, and do not retain any water internally except for what is in the heat exchanger coil. Copper heat exchangers are preferred in these units because of their high thermal conductivity and ease of fabrication.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: A common arrangement where hot-water space heating is employed is for a boiler also to heat potable water, providing a continuous supply of hot water without extra equipment. Appliances that can supply both space-heating and domestic hot water are called "combination" (or "combi") boilers. Though on-demand heaters provide a continuous supply of domestic hot water, the rate at which they can produce it is limited by the thermodynamics of heating water from the available fuel supplies.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: An electric shower head has an electric heating element which heats water as it passes through. These self-heating shower heads are specialized point-of-use (POU) tankless water heaters, and are widely used in some countries.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Increasingly, solar powered water heaters are being used. Their solar collectors are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or walls or nearby, and the potable hot water storage tank is typically a pre-existing or new conventional water heater, or a water heater specifically designed for solar thermal. In Cyprus and Israel 90 percent of homes have solar water heating systems.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: "Flat panel collectors" are typically used in closed-loop systems. Flat panels, which often resemble skylights, are the most durable type of collector, and they also have the best performance for systems designed for temperatures within of ambient temperature. Flat panels are regularly used in both pure water and antifreeze systems.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal heating, rather than combustion.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Water typically enters residences in the US at about , depending on latitude and season. Hot water temperatures of are usual for dish-washing, laundry and showering, which requires that the heater raise the water temperature about if the hot water is mixed with cold water at the point of use. The Uniform Plumbing Code reference shower flow rate is per minute. Sink and dishwasher usages range from per minute.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Unfortunately, it takes a great deal of energy to heat water, as one may experience when waiting to boil a gallon of water on a stove. For this reason, tankless on-demand water heaters require a powerful energy source. A standard 120-V, 15-ampere rated wall electric outlet, by comparison, only sources enough power to warm a disappointingly small amount of water: about per minute at temperature elevation.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: The energy used by an electric water heater can be reduced by as much as 18% through optimal schedule and temperature control that is based on knowledge of the usage pattern.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: delivered to the consumer. (In neither case is the energy expended exploring, developing and extracting coal or natural gas resources included in the quoted efficiency numbers.) Gas tankless water heaters shall have an energy factor of 82% or greater under the 2015 standards, which corresponds to the pre-2015 Energy Star standard.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: In 2022 the Department of Energy proposed rules that would take effect in 2026 and would effectively eliminate inefficient non-condensing gas water heaters in commercial buildings. Non-condensing models waste heat, while condensing models capture and used otherwise lost energy. The change will reduce emissions by 38 million tons of carbon dioxide over 30 years and reduce buildings' energy costs.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: If a gas or propane fired water heater is installed in a garage or basement, many plumbing codes require that it be elevated at least above the floor to reduce the potential for fire or explosion due to spillage or leakage of combustible liquids in the garage. Furthermore, certain local codes mandate that tank-type heaters in new and retrofit installations must be secured to an adjacent wall by a strap or anchor to prevent tipping over and breaking the water and gas pipes in the event of an earthquake.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: For older houses where the water heater is part of the space heating boiler, and plumbing codes allow, some plumbers install an automatic gas shutoff (such as the "Watts 210") in addition to a TPR valve. When the device senses that the temperature reaches , it shuts off the gas supply and prevents further heating. In addition, an expansion tank or exterior pressure relief valve must be installed to prevent pressure buildup in the plumbing from rupturing pipes, valves, or the water heater.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: A tempering valve mixes enough cold water with the hot water from the heater to keep the outgoing water temperature fixed at a more moderate temperature, often set to . Without a tempering valve, reduction of the water heater's setpoint temperature is the most direct way to reduce scalding. However, for sanitation, hot water is needed at a temperature that can cause scalding. This may be accomplished by using a supplemental heater in an appliance that requires hotter water.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Most residential dishwashing machines, for example, include an internal electric heating element for increasing the water temperature above that provided by a domestic water heater.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: If there is a dishwasher without a booster heater, it may require a water temperature within a range of for optimum cleaning, but tempering valves set to no more than can be applied to faucets to avoid scalding. Tank temperatures above may produce limescale deposits, which could later harbor bacteria, in the water tank. Higher temperatures may also increase etching of glassware in the dishwasher.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Tank thermostats are not a reliable guide to the internal temperature of the tank. Gas-fired water tanks may have no temperature calibration shown. An electric thermostat shows the temperature at the elevation of the thermostat, but water lower in the tank can be considerably cooler. An outlet thermometer is a better indication of water temperature.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: Legionella pneumophila has been detected at the point of use downstream from horizontally-mounted electric water heaters with volumes of 150 Liters.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: However, legionella can be safely and easily controlled with good design and engineering protocols. For instance raising the temperature of water heaters once a day or even once every few days to at the coldest part of the water heater for 30 minutes effectively controls legionella. In all cases and in particular energy efficient applications, Legionnaires' disease is more often than not the result of engineering design issues that do not take into consideration the impact of stratification or low flow.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


Water heating

Context: It is also possible to control Legionella risks by chemical treatment of the water. This technique allows lower water temperatures to be maintained in the pipework without the associated Legionella risk. The benefit of lower pipe temperatures is that the heat loss rate is reduced and thus the energy consumption is reduced.

Question: متى تم اختراع سخانة المياه الكهربائية؟


History of Baghdad

Context: The city was rebuilt and flourished under Ilkhanid rule but never rose to its former glory again. It was again sacked by Timur in 1401 and fell under Turkic rule. It was briefly taken by Safavid Persia in 1508, before falling to the Ottoman Empire in 1534. With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Baghdad fell under the British Mandate in 1920 and became the capital of the independent Kingdom of Iraq in 1932 (converted to a Republic in 1958).

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


History of Baghdad

Context: As the capital of the modern Republic of Iraq, Baghdad has a metropolitan area estimated at a population of 7,000,000 divided into numerous neighbourhoods in nine districts. It is the largest city in Iraq. It is the second-largest city in the Arab-speaking regions (after Cairo) and the second-largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran).

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


History of Baghdad

Context: Baghdad was founded on 30 July 762 CE. It was designed by caliph Al-Mansur. According to 11th-century scholar Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi in his "History of Baghdad," each course consisted of 162,000 bricks for the first third of the wall's heigh wall was 80 ft high, crowned with battlements and flanked by bastions. A deep moat ringed the outer wall perimeter.

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


History of Baghdad

Context: The four straight roads that ran towards the centre of the city from the outer gates were lined with vaulted arcades containing merchants' shops and bazaars. Smaller streets ran off these four main arteries, giving access to a series of squares and houses; the limited space between the main wall and the inner wall was due to Mansur's desire to maintain the heart of the city as a royal preserve.

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


History of Baghdad

Context: The city had an impressive array of basic services and employed a large staff of civil servants. These included night watchmen, lamplighters, health inspectors, market inspectors (who examined the weights and measures as well as the quality of goods), and debt collectors. It also had a police force with a police chief who lived in the caliph's palace.

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


History of Baghdad

Context: The Round City was partially ruined during the siege of 812–813, when caliph Al-Amin was killed by his brother, who then became the new caliph. It never recovered; its walls were destroyed by 912, nothing of them remain, there is no agreement as to where it was located.

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


History of Baghdad

Context: At this point Baghdad was ruled by the Il-Khanids, part of the Mongolian Empire centred in Iran. The city was reconstructed and flourished under the Mongols. In 1401, Baghdad was again conquered, by Timur ("Tamerlane"). It became a provincial capital controlled by the Jalayirid (1400–1411), Qara Qoyunlu (1411–1469), Aq Quyunlu (1469–1508), and Safavid Persian (1508–1534) - (1604–1638) empires.

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


History of Baghdad

Context: On 10 April 2007, the United States military began construction of a three-mile (5 km) long 3.5 metre tall wall around the Sunni district of Baghdad. On 23 April, the Iraqi Prime Minister, Nouri Maliki, called for construction to be halted on the wall.

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


History of Baghdad

Context: In 2021, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant suicide bombers killed 32 people in January and 35 people in July. In April, 82 people died due to a hospital fire.

Question: متى أعتبرت بغداد كعاصمة عباسيّة ؟


Malbork Castle

Context: The castle is a classic example of a medieval fortress and, on its completion in 1406, was the world's largest brick castle. UNESCO designated the "Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork" and the Malbork Castle Museum a World Heritage Site in December 1997. It is one of two World Heritage Sites in the region (north-central Poland), together with the "Medieval Town of Toruń", which was founded in 1231.

Question: اين توجد قلعة مالبورك؟


Malbork Castle

Context: Malbork Castle is also one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments ("Pomnik historii"), as designated on 16 September 1994. Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland.

Question: اين توجد قلعة مالبورك؟


Malbork Castle

Context: The favourable position of the castle on the river Nogat allowed easy access by barges and trading ships arriving from the Vistula and the Baltic Sea. During their governance, the Teutonic Knights collected river tolls from passing ships, as did other castles along the rivers. They controlled a monopoly on the trade of amber. When the city became a member of the Hanseatic League, many Hanseatic meetings were held there.

Question: اين توجد قلعة مالبورك؟


Malbork Castle

Context: In 1361, the future Grand Duke of Lithuania Kęstutis was briefly imprisoned in the castle. In 1365, Polish King Casimir III the Great visited the castle.

Question: اين توجد قلعة مالبورك؟


Malbork Castle

Context: In the summer of 1410, the castle was besieged following the Order's defeat by the armies of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas the Great (Witold) at the Battle of Grunwald. Heinrich von Plauen successfully led the defence in the Siege of Marienburg (1410), during which the city outside was razed.

Question: اين توجد قلعة مالبورك؟


Malbork Castle

Context: The mayor of the town around the castle, Bartholomäus Blume, resisted the Polish forces for three more years, but the Poles captured and sentenced him to death in 1460. A monument to Blume was erected in 1864.

Question: اين توجد قلعة مالبورك؟


Malbork Castle

Context: During the Thirty Years' War, in 1626 and 1629 Swedish forces occupied the castle. They invaded and occupied it again from 1656 to 1660 during the Deluge. Then the castle was visited by Swedish kings Gustav Adolf (in 1626) and Charles X Gustav (in 1656).

Question: اين توجد قلعة مالبورك؟


Malbork Castle

Context: With the rise of Adolf Hitler to power in the early 1930s, the Nazis used the castle as a destination for annual pilgrimages of both the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls. The Teutonic Castle at Marienburg served as a blueprint for the Order Castles of the Third Reich built under Hitler's reign. In 1945 during World War II combat in the area, more than half the castle was destroyed.

Question: اين توجد قلعة مالبورك؟


History of the Internet

Context: The history of the Internet has its origin in information theory and the efforts to build and interconnect computer networks that arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts in 1969 for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET adopted the packet switching technology proposed by Davies and Baran, underpinned by mathematical work in the early 1970s by Leonard Kleinrock at UCLA. The network was built by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: In August 1962, Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper "On-Line Man-Computer Communication" which was one of the first descriptions of a networked future.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Although he left the IPTO in 1964, five years before the ARPANET went live, it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus for one of his successors, Robert Taylor, to initiate the ARPANET development. Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Packet switching is a rapid store and forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets, with routing decisions made per-packet. It provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit-switching technology used for telephony, particularly on resource-limited interconnection links.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: ARPA awarded the contract to build the network to Bolt Beranek & Newman, and the first ARPANET link was established between the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the Stanford Research Institute at 22:30 hours on October 29, 1969.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: By December 1969, a four-node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California, Santa Barbara. In the same year, Taylor helped fund ALOHAnet, a system designed by professor Norman Abramson and others at the University of Hawaii at Manoa that transmitted data by radio between seven computers on four islands on Hawaii. The software for establishing links between network sites in the ARPANET was the Network Control Program (NCP), completed in c. 1970.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments (RFC) process, still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems. RFC 1, entitled "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California, Los Angeles, and published on April 7, 1969. These early years were documented in the 1972 film .

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Early international collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. Connections were made in 1973 to the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR), via a satellite link at the Tanum Earth Station in Sweden, and to Peter Kirstein's research group at University College London which provided a gateway to British academic networks. By 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213. ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and a primary tool in developing the technologies used.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: The British Post Office, Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network, referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong, and Australia by 1981. By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Unlike ARPANET, X.25 was commonly available for business use. Telenet offered its Telemail electronic mail service, which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Sublink Network, operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989, based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes (about 100 at the time) owned both by private individuals and small companies. Sublink Network represented possibly one of the first examples of the Internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Kahn and Cerf published their ideas in May 1974, which incorporated concepts implemented by Louis Pouzin and Hubert Zimmermann in the CYCLADES network. The specification of the resulting protocol, the Transmission Control Program, was published as by the Network Working Group in December 1974. It contains the first attested use of the term "internet", as a shorthand for internetwork. This software was monolithic in design using two simplex communication channels for each user session.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Nonetheless, for a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, engineers, organizations and nations were polarized over the issue of which standard, the OSI model or the Internet protocol suite would result in the best and most robust computer networks.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Several other branches of the U.S. government, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Department of Energy (DOE) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET. In the mid-1980s, all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP/IP. NASA developed the NASA Science Network, NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: In 1981 NSF supported the development of the Computer Science Network (CSNET). CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP/IP, and ran TCP/IP over X.25, but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections, using automated dial-up mail exchange.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: The research and academic community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as Internet2 in the United States and JANET in the United Kingdom.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: As interest in networking grew by needs of collaboration, exchange of data, and access of remote computing resources, the Internet technologies spread throughout the rest of the world. The hardware-agnostic approach in TCP/IP supported the use of existing network infrastructure, such as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS) X.25 network, to carry Internet traffic.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet created simple gateways for the transfer of electronic mail, the most important application of the time. Sites with only intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these networks and the Internet. Some gateway services went beyond simple mail peering, such as allowing access to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) sites via UUCP or mail.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: To address the need for transmission capacity beyond that provided by radio, satellite and analog copper telephone lines, engineers developed optical communications systems based on fiber optic cables powered by lasers and optical amplifier techniques.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Forty years later, on November 13, 1957, Columbia University physics student Gordon Gould first realized how to make light by stimulated emission through a process of optical amplification. He coined the term LASER for this technology—Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Using Gould's light amplification method (patented as “Optically Pumped Laser Amplifier”) , Theodore Maiman made the first working laser on May 16, 1960.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: In early 1982, NORSAR and Peter Kirstein's group at University College London (UCL) left the ARPANET and began to use TCP/IP over SATNET. UCL provided access between the Internet and academic networks in the UK.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: In 1991 JANET, the UK national research and education network adopted Internet Protocol on the existing network. The same year, Dai Davies introduced Internet technology into the pan-European NREN, EuropaNet, which was built on the X.25 protocol. The European Academic and Research Network (EARN) and RARE adopted IP around the same time, and the European Internet backbone EBONE became operational in 1992.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: In May 1982 South Korea set up a two-node domestic TCP/IP network, adding a third node the following year. Japan, which had built the UUCP-based network JUNET in 1984, connected to NSFNET in 1989 marking the spread of the Internet to Asia. It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society, INET'92, in Kobe. Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990, and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet, developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating them from the Internet. On an essentially continental basis, they are building organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational experience, as more and more transmission facilities go into place.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: At the beginning of the 1990s, African countries relied upon X.25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: In 1996, a USAID funded project, the Leland Initiative, started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent. Guinea, Mozambique, Madagascar and Rwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997, followed by Ivory Coast and Benin in 1998.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: Africa is building an Internet infrastructure. AFRINIC, headquartered in Mauritius, manages IP address allocation for the continent. As do the other Internet regions, there is an operational forum, the Internet Community of Operational Networking Specialists.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: There are many programs to provide high-performance transmission plant, and the western and southern coasts have undersea optical cable. High-speed cables join North Africa and the Horn of Africa to intercontinental cable systems. Undersea cable development is slower for East Africa; the original joint effort between New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and the East Africa Submarine System (Eassy) has broken off and may become two efforts.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), headquartered in Australia, manages IP address allocation for the continent. APNIC sponsors an operational forum, the Asia-Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT).

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: South Korea's first Internet system, the System Development Network (SDN) began operation on 15 May 1982. SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP (Unixto-Unix-Copy); connected to CSNET in December 1984; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990. VDSL, a last mile technology developed in the 1990s by NextLevel Communications, connected corporate and consumer copper-based telephone lines to the Internet in South Korea.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: In 1991, the People's Republic of China saw its first TCP/IP college network, Tsinghua University's TUNET. The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994, between the Beijing Electro-Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University's Linear Accelerator Center. However, China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country-wide content filter.

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History of the Internet

Context: As with the other regions, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) manages the IP address space and other resources for its area. LACNIC, headquartered in Uruguay, operates DNS root, reverse DNS, and other key services.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: As a result, during the late 1980s, the first Internet service provider (ISP) companies were formed. Companies like PSINet, UUNET, Netcom, and Portal Software were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access, UUCP-based email and Usenet News to the public. The first commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World, which opened in 1989.

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History of the Internet

Context: The Internet was widely used for mailing lists, emails, e-commerce and early popular online shopping (Amazon and eBay for example), online forums and bulletin boards, and personal websites and blogs, and use was growing rapidly, but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement. It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from a communications technology to gradually develop into a key part of global society's infrastructure.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: During the period 1997 to 2001, the first speculative investment bubble related to the Internet took place, in which "dot-com" companies (referring to the ".com" top level domain used by businesses) were propelled to exceedingly high valuations as investors rapidly stoked stock values, followed by a market crash; the first dot-com bubble. However this only temporarily slowed enthusiasm and growth, which quickly recovered and continued to grow.

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History of the Internet

Context: With the call to Web 2.0 following soon afterward, the period of the Internet up to around 2004–2005 was retrospectively named and described by some as Web 1.0.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the address space to 232 addresses, i.e. addresses. The last available IPv4 address was assigned in January 2011. IPv4 is being replaced by its successor, called "IPv6", which uses 128 bit addresses, providing 2128 addresses, i.e. . This is a vastly increased address space. The shift to IPv6 is expected to take many years, decades, or perhaps longer, to complete, since there were four billion machines with IPv4 when the shift began.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: The changes that would propel the Internet into its place as a social system took place during a relatively short period of no more than five years, from around 2005 to 2010. They included:

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History of the Internet

Context: * Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of, and familiarity with, the necessary hardware (such as computers).

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: * Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds – hard drives emerged, took over from far smaller, slower floppy discs, and grew from megabytes to gigabytes (and by around 2010, terabytes), RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system, and Ethernet, the enabling technology for TCP/IP, moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second, to gigabits per second.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: * High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections, at lower prices, allowing larger traffic rates, more reliable simpler traffic, and traffic from more locations,

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: * The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication, the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence, and global collaborations such as Wikipedia (which existed before but gained prominence as a result),

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: * The mobile revolution, which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages, in their daily lives, and allowed them to share, discuss, and continually update, inquire, and respond.

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History of the Internet

Context: * Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability, and decreased in price, becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid-state drives (SSD).

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History of the Internet

Context: * An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design, rather than purely high processing power; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM, a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors. ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices.

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History of the Internet

Context: The term "Web 2.0" describes websites that emphasize user-generated content (including user-to-user interaction), usability, and interoperability. It first appeared in a January 1999 article called "Fragmented Future" written by Darcy DiNucci, a consultant on electronic information design, where she wrote:

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: "[The] move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation, from publishing to participation, from web content as the outcome of large up-front investment to an ongoing and interactive process, and from content management systems to links based on tagging (folksonomy)".

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History of the Internet

Context: This era saw several household names gain prominence through their community-oriented operation – YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Reddit and Wikipedia being some examples.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟


History of the Internet

Context: The process of change that generally coincided with "Web 2.0" was itself greatly accelerated and transformed only a short time later by the increasing growth in mobile devices. This mobile revolution meant that computers in the form of smartphones became something many people used, took with them everywhere, communicated with, used for photographs and videos they instantly shared or to shop or seek information "on the move" – and used socially, as opposed to items on a desk at home or just used for work.

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History of the Internet

Context: This "mobile revolution" has allowed for people to have a nearly unlimited amount of information at their fingertips. With the ability to access the internet from cell phones came a change in the way we consume media. In fact, looking at media consumption statistics, over half of media consumption between those aged 18 and 34 were using a smartphone.

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History of the Internet

Context: This network technology is supposed to ultimately enable missions that involve multiple spacecraft where reliable inter-vessel communication might take precedence over vessel-to-Earth downlinks. According to a February 2011 statement by Google's Vint Cerf, the so-called "Bundle protocols" have been uploaded to NASA's EPOXI mission spacecraft (which is in orbit around the Sun) and communication with Earth has been tested at a distance of approximately 80 light seconds.

Question: متى اخترعت الإنترنت؟