The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: In 1949, fifty-four years earlier, Clément Mathieu (Gérard Jugnot), a failed musician, arrives at Fond de l'Étang ("Bottom of the Pond"), a French boarding school for troubled boys, to work as a supervisor and teacher. At the gate, he sees a very young boy, Pépinot (Maxence Perrin), waiting for Saturday, when he says his father will pick him up. The viewers later learn that his parents were killed in the Second World War during the Nazi occupation of France, but Pépinot does not know this.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: Mathieu discovers the boys being ruthlessly punished by the very strict headmaster, Rachin (François Berléand) and attempts to use humour and kindness to win them over. When a booby trap set by one of the boys, LeQuerrec, injures the school's elderly caretaker, Maxence (Jean-Paul Bonnaire), Mathieu keeps the culprit's identity from the headmaster, while encouraging LeQuerrec to nurse Maxence during his recovery.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: On discovering the boys singing rude songs about him, Mathieu forms a plan: he will teach them to sing and form a choir as a form of discipline. He groups the boys according to their voice types, but one student, Pierre Morhange (Jean-Baptiste Maunier), refuses to sing. Mathieu catches Morhange singing to himself, discovers he has a wonderful singing voice and awards him solo parts on the condition that he behaves.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: Mathieu continues to meet Morhange's mother, who is unaware of his attraction to her. He plans to help her son win a scholarship to the music conservatory in Lyon. One day she blithely informs him that she has met someone: an engineer. Mathieu is dejected but expresses his feigned happiness and watches her leave in the engineer's car.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: The Countess, a sponsor of the school, finds out about the choir; they perform before her and others, and Morhange enchants the audience with his solo. Mathieu discovers that another boy, Corbin, stole the money that Mondain was accused of taking. Despite this, Rachin refuses to accept Mondain back at the school.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: Back in the present, the adult Morhange finishes reading the diary and recounts what happened afterwards: he won his scholarship to the conservatory, and Rachin was fired after his fellow teachers exposed his abuse towards the students. Mathieu, Pépinot relates, continued to give music lessons quietly for the rest of his life.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: The final scene (in the past again) shows Mathieu waiting for his bus after being fired. As he boards it, he looks back and finds Pépinot running after him, insisting that he come too. Initially, Mathieu refuses because it is not allowed, and he leaves Pépinot behind. Suddenly, the bus stops and Mathieu gives in: the two board the bus together. Pépinot finally got his wish, for he and Mathieu left on a Saturday, and Mathieu raised him.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: In the United States, the film was shown at multiple film festivals—including the Chicago International Film Festival, the Austin Film Festival, and the Heartland Film Festival—before opening in New York City and Los Angeles on 14 January 2005.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: The film had a worldwide gross of $83,580,890 including $3,635,164 in the United States and Canada, $2,062,908 in the United Kingdom and $48,765,590 in its native France. It ranked 72 on the list of the highest-grossing films of 2005 worldwide, and 195 in the US and Canada.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


Sahara

Context: The name "Sahara" is derived from the Arabic word for "desert" in the feminine irregular form, the singular ( ), plural ( ), (), (), ().

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: For several hundred thousand years, the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 20,000-year cycle caused by the precession of Earth's axis as it rotates around the Sun, which changes the location of the North African monsoon.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Sahara is mainly rocky hamada (stone plateaus); ergs (sand seas – large areas covered with sand dunes) form only a minor part, but many of the sand dunes are over high. Wind or rare rainfall shape the desert features: sand dunes, dune fields, sand seas, stone plateaus, gravel plains ("reg"), dry valleys ("wadi"), dry lakes ("oued"), and salt flats ("shatt" or "chott"). Unusual landforms include the Richat Structure in Mauritania.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Several deeply dissected mountains, many volcanic, rise from the desert, including the Aïr Mountains, Ahaggar Mountains, Saharan Atlas, Tibesti Mountains, Adrar des Iforas, and the Red Sea Hills. The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The central Sahara is hyperarid, with sparse vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis, where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid region, there are many subdivisions of the great desert: Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These extremely arid areas often receive no rain for years.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Important cities located in the Sahara include Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania; Tamanrasset, Ouargla, Béchar, Hassi Messaoud, Ghardaïa, and El Oued in Algeria; Timbuktu in Mali; Agadez in Niger; Ghat in Libya; and Faya-Largeau in Chad.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert. It is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from the upper troposphere usually descends, warming and drying the lower troposphere and preventing cloud formation.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high: it can easily reach or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: One theory for the formation of the Sahara is that the monsoon in Northern Africa was weakened because of glaciation during the Quaternary period, starting two or three million years ago. Another theory is that the monsoon was weakened when the ancient Tethys Sea dried up during the Tortonian period around 7 million years.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Lake Chad is the remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad, which existed during the African humid period. At its largest extent, sometime before 5000 BCE, Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes, and is estimated to have covered an area of 350,000 km2.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: It is also proposed that humans accelerated the drying-out period from 6000 to 2500 BCE by pastoralists overgrazing available grassland.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The sudden subsequent movement of the ITCZ southwards with a Heinrich event (a sudden cooling followed by a slower warming), linked to changes with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle, led to a rapid drying out of the Saharan and Arabian regions, which quickly became desert. This is linked to a marked decline in the scale of the Nile floods between 2700 and 2100 BCE.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Sahara comprises several distinct ecoregions. With their variations in temperature, rainfall, elevation, and soil, these regions harbor distinct communities of plants and animals.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Atlantic coastal desert is a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast where fog generated offshore by the cool Canary Current provides sufficient moisture to sustain a variety of lichens, succulents, and shrubs. It covers an area of in the south of Morocco and Mauritania.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The North Saharan steppe and woodlands is along the northern desert, next to the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregions of the northern Maghreb and Cyrenaica. Winter rains sustain shrublands and dry woodlands that form a transition between the Mediterranean climate regions to the north and the hyper-arid Sahara proper to the south. It covers in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers the hyper-arid central portion of the Sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic. Vegetation is rare, and this ecoregion consists mostly of sand dunes ("erg, chech, raoui"), stone plateaus ("hamadas"), gravel plains ("reg"), dry valleys ("wadis"), and salt flats. It covers of: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Sudan.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: In the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands, several volcanic highlands provide a cooler, moister environment that supports Saharo-Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands. The ecoregion covers , mostly in the Tassili n'Ajjer of Algeria, with smaller enclaves in the Aïr of Niger, the Adrar Plateau of Mauritania, and the Adrar des Iforas of Mali and Algeria.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands ecoregion consists of the Tibesti and Jebel Uweinat highlands. Higher and more regular rainfall and cooler temperatures support woodlands and shrublands of date palm, acacias, myrtle, oleander, tamarix, and several rare and endemic plants. The ecoregion covers in the Tibesti of Chad and Libya, and Jebel Uweinat on the border of Egypt, Libya, and Sudan.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Saharan halophytics is an area of seasonally flooded saline depressions which is home to halophytic (salt-adapted) plant communities. The Saharan halophytics cover including: the Qattara and Siwa depressions in northern Egypt, the Tunisian salt lakes of central Tunisia, Chott Melghir in Algeria, and smaller areas of Algeria, Mauritania, and the southern part of Morocco.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Tanezrouft is one of the Sahara's most arid regions, with no vegetation and very little life. A barren, flat gravel plain, it extends south of Reggane in Algeria towards the Adrar des Ifoghas highlands in northern Mali.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The flora of the Sahara is highly diversified based on the bio-geographical characteristics of this vast desert. Floristically, the Sahara has three zones based on the amount of rainfall received – the Northern (Mediterranean), Central and Southern Zones. There are two transitional zones – the Mediterranean-Sahara transition and the Sahel transition zone.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Saharan flora comprises around 2800 species of vascular plants. Approximately a quarter of these are endemic. About half of these species are common to the flora of the Arabian deserts.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Several species of fox live in the Sahara including: the fennec fox, pale fox and Rüppell's fox. The addax, a large white antelope, can go nearly a year in the desert without drinking. The dorcas gazelle is a north African gazelle that can also go for a long time without water. Other notable gazelles include the rhim gazelle and dama gazelle.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Other animals include the monitor lizards, hyrax, sand vipers, and small populations of African wild dog, in perhaps only 14 countries and red-necked ostrich. Other animals exist in the Sahara (birds in particular) such as African silverbill and black-faced firefinch, among others. There are also small desert crocodiles in Mauritania and the Ennedi Plateau of Chad.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The deathstalker scorpion can be long. Its venom contains large amounts of agitoxin and scyllatoxin and is very dangerous; however, a sting from this scorpion rarely kills a healthy adult. The Saharan silver ant is unique in that due to the extreme high temperatures of their habitat, and the threat of predators, the ants are active outside their nest for only about ten minutes per day.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Dromedary camels and goats are the domesticated animals most commonly found in the Sahara. Because of its qualities of endurance and speed, the dromedary is the favourite animal used by nomads.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Researchers from Hacettepe University have reported that Saharan soil may have bio-available iron and also some essential macro and micro nutrient elements suitable for use as fertilizer for growing wheat.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late Pleistocene era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: As areas where the Tichitt cultural tradition were present, Dhar Tichitt and Dhar Walata were occupied more frequently than Dhar Néma. Farming of crops (e.g., millet) may have been a feature of the Tichitt cultural tradition as early as 3rd millennium BCE in Dhar Tichitt.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: After its decline in Mauritania, the Tichitt Tradition spread to the Middle Niger region (e.g., Méma, Macina, Dia Shoma, Jenne Jeno) of Mali where it developed into and persisted as Faïta Facies ceramics between 1300 BCE and 400 BCE among rammed earth architecture and iron metallurgy (which had developed after 900 BCE). Thereafter, the Ghana Empire developed in the 1st millennium CE.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The people of Phoenicia, who flourished from 1200 to 800 BCE, created a chain of settlements along the coast of North Africa and traded extensively with its inhabitants. This put them in contact with the people of ancient Libya, who were the ancestors of people who speak Berber languages in North Africa and the Sahara today.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Libyco-Berber alphabet of the ancient Libyans of north Africa seems to have been based on Phoenician, and its descendant Tifinagh is still used today by the (Berber) Tuareg of the central Sahara.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Periplus of the Phoenician navigator Hanno, who lived sometime in the 5th century BC, claims that he founded settlements along the Atlantic coast of Africa, possibly including the Western Sahara. The identification of the places discussed is controversial, and archeological confirmation is lacking.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Between the first century BCE and the fourth century CE, several Roman expeditions into the Sahara were conducted by groups of military and commercial units of Romans.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Berber people occupied (and still occupy with Arabs) much of the Sahara. The Garamantes Berbers built a prosperous empire in the heart of the desert. The Tuareg nomads continue to inhabit and move across wide Sahara surfaces to the present day.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The Beni Ḥassān and other nomadic Arab tribes dominated the Sanhaja Berber tribes of the western Sahara after the Char Bouba war of the 17th century. As a result, Arabian culture and language came to dominate, and the Berber tribes underwent some Arabization.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The French took advantage of long-standing animosity between the Chaamba Arabs and the Tuareg. The newly raised "Méhariste" camel corps were originally recruited mainly from the Chaamba nomadic tribe. In 1902, the French penetrated Hoggar Mountains and defeated Ahaggar Tuareg in the battle of Tit.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The French Colonial Empire was the dominant presence in the Sahara. It established regular air links from Toulouse (HQ of famed Aéropostale), to Oran and over the Hoggar to Timbuktu and West to Bamako and Dakar, as well as trans-Sahara bus services run by La Compagnie Transsaharienne (est. 1927). A remarkable film shot by famous aviator Captain René Wauthier documents the first crossing by a large truck convoy from Algiers to Tchad, across the Sahara.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Egypt, under Muhammad Ali and his successors, conquered Nubia in 1820–22, founded Khartoum in 1823, and conquered Darfur in 1874. Egypt, including the Sudan, became a British protectorate in 1882. Egypt and Britain lost control of the Sudan from 1882 to 1898 as a result of the Mahdist War. After its capture by British troops in 1898, the Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Spain captured present-day Western Sahara after 1874, although Rio del Oro remained largely under Sahrawi influence. In 1912, Italy captured parts of what was to be named Libya from the Ottomans. To promote the Roman Catholic religion in the desert, Pope Pius IX appointed a delegate Apostolic of the Sahara and the Sudan in 1868; later in the 19th century his jurisdiction was reorganized into the Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Egypt became independent of Britain in 1936, although the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 allowed Britain to keep troops in Egypt and to maintain the British-Egyptian condominium in the Sudan. British military forces were withdrawn in 1954.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Most of the Saharan states achieved independence after World War II: Libya in 1951; Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia in 1956; Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger in 1960; and Algeria in 1962. Spain withdrew from Western Sahara in 1975, and it was partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco. Mauritania withdrew in 1979; Morocco continues to hold the territory (see Western Sahara conflict).

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: Tuareg people in Mali rebelled several times during the 20th century before finally forcing the Malian armed forces to withdraw below the line demarcating Azawad from southern Mali during the 2012 rebellion. Islamist rebels in the Sahara calling themselves al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb have stepped up their violence in recent years.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: A number of Trans-African highways have been proposed across the Sahara, including the Cairo–Dakar Highway along the Atlantic coast, the Trans-Sahara Highway from Algiers on the Mediterranean to Kano in Nigeria, the Tripoli – Cape Town Highway from Tripoli in Libya to N'Djamena in Chad, and the Cairo – Cape Town Highway which follows the Nile. Each of these highways is partially complete, with significant gaps and unpaved sections.

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Sahara

Context: The people of the Sahara are of various origins. Among them the Amazigh including the Tuareg, various Arabized Amaziɣ groups such as the Hassaniya-speaking Sahrawis, whose populations include the Znaga, a tribe whose name is a remnant of the pre-historic Zenaga language. Other major groups of people include the: Toubou, Nubians, Zaghawa, Kanuri, Hausa, Songhai, Beja, and Fula/Fulani (; ).

Question: ما هي أكبر صحراء في العالم؟


Historical GDP of China

Context: This article includes a list of China's historical gross domestic product (GDP) values, the market value of all final goods and services produced by a nation in a given year. The GDP dollar estimates presented here are either calculated at market or government official exchange rates (nominal), or derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations. This article also includes historical GDP growth.

Question: كم يبلغ إجمالي الناتج المحلي للصين حسب آخر احصائية؟


Historical GDP of China

Context: China's nominal GDP surpassed that of Italy in 2000, France in 2005, the United Kingdom in 2006, Germany in 2007, Japan in 2010 and that of the Eurozone in 2018 making China the world's third largest economy after the European Union and United States. But adjusting for purchasing power parity (PPP), China became the world's second largest economy as early as 1999 surpassing Japan, and has toppled America to become the biggest economy since 2014.

Question: كم يبلغ إجمالي الناتج المحلي للصين حسب آخر احصائية؟


Historical GDP of China

Context: From 1979 until 2010, China's average annual GDP growth was 9.91%, reaching a historical high of 15.2% in 1984 and a record low of 3.8% in 1990. Based on the current price, the country's average annual GDP growth in these 32 years was 15.8%, reaching an historical high of 36.41% in 1994 and a record low of 6.25% in 1999.

Question: كم يبلغ إجمالي الناتج المحلي للصين حسب آخر احصائية؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: The big building that takes its name after the French Egyptologist, Gaston Maspero, is deemed a distinguished site with its circular shape that receives over 30 thousand individuals daily. Egypt is the first country in the Middle East and Africa to provide TV broadcasting.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: On August 13, 1970 a new decree established the Egyptian Radio and Television Union (ERTU) and created four distinct sectors: Radio, Television, Engineering and Finance, each of which had a chairman who reported directly to the Minister of Information.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: After the 1973 war, both television production and transmission facilities were upgraded to color transmission under the SECAM system. The Egyptian broadcasting changed from SECAM to PAL in 1992.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: The Egyptian television began with a six-hour-broadcasting channel; however the broadcasting hours changed to 13 hours/day. Later, in 1961, a second channel was launched, and a third channel was launched in 1962. Thus, the total broadcasting hours of the three channels was 25–30 hours/day. The contents of the shows reflected people's interests at the time.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: In the early 1980s, the Egyptian TV witnessed development in all domains and the orientation was to activate the media sovereignty principle through engineering and geographic expansion for a state-wide-coverage.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: The first private Egyptian channel "Dream TV" was established on November 2, 2001. The channel is owned by the Egyptian businessman Ahmed Bahgat. In 2002, another channel "el-Mehwer TV" was established which is now owned by Dr. Hassan Rateb and the Egyptian radio and television union.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: Since its establishment, Egyptian television has always been regarded as the voice of Egyptian government and the ruling political party. Both the ERTU and the Television sector chairmen are appointed by the Minister of Information. Terrestrial channels, Egyptian satellite channel and specialized Nile channels are under direct government supervision, operation and ownership.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: Private channels have a considerable freedom but with some limits. According to a study by the Cairo Institute for Human Rights (CIRS), during presidential elections both state-owned television channels and independent channels devoted more time to cover Mubarak's campaign than for the other nine candidates.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: Another example for government intervention in private channels was banning the Egyptian famous journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal from appearing in Dream TV. Dream aired a lecture Heikal gave at the American University in Cairo in which he commented on speculation surrounding the bequeathing of the presidency in Egypt. This was the last time he appeared on Egyptian TV.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


Egyptian Television Network

Context: According to Reporters without borders 2005 report ; Egyptian media ranks 143rd out of 167 countries in freedom of the press.

Question: متى بدأ بث التلفزيون المصري  الفضائي؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: In 1990, Clarice Starling is pulled from her FBI training at the Quantico, Virginia FBI Academy by Jack Crawford of the Bureau's Behavioral Science Unit. He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter, a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer. Crawford believes Lecter's insight could prove useful in the pursuit of a psychopath serial killer nicknamed "Buffalo Bill", who kills young women and removes their skin from their bodies.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: At the FBI Academy graduation party, Starling receives a phone call from Lecter, who is at a Bimini airport. He assures her that he has no intention of pursuing her and requests that she return the favor, which she says she cannot. Lecter subsequently hangs up the phone because he is "having an old friend for dinner". He trails a newly arrived Chilton into the crowd.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: In the years following its release, "The Silence of the Lambs" was subject to much film criticism regarding its themes of human sexuality and sexual politics. Throughout the film, Clarice Starling's gender is emphasized as a distinguishing feature as she is a minority amongst her numerous male peers, though film scholar Barry Forshaw notes that "any feminist agenda is never bluntly formulated verbally."

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: Some gay male critics and feminists felt that the film's portrayal of Buffalo Bill negatively associated the LGBT community with deviance, psychopathy, and violence. Despite this, Bill's sexual orientation is never explicitly stated in the film, and Lecter expressly states Bill is "not really transsexual".

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: Demme responded that Buffalo Bill "wasn't a gay character. He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be." Demme added that he "came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies".

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: In a 1992 interview with "Playboy" magazine, the feminist and women's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated: "I thought it was absolutely outrageous that "The Silence of the Lambs" won four Oscars. [...] I'm not saying that the movie shouldn't have been shown. I'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph, but it was about the evisceration, the skinning alive of women. That is what I find offensive. Not the "Playboy" centerfold."

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: For the role of Lecter, Demme originally approached Sean Connery. After Connery turned it down, Anthony Hopkins was offered the role based on his performance in "The Elephant Man" (1980). When Hopkins's agent told him a script was en route titled "The Silence of the Lambs", Hopkins responded, "Is it a children's story?" Hopkins called his agent back after reading the first 10 pages saying, "This is the best part I've ever read." He accepted the role after he had dinner with Demme.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: Other actors considered for the role included Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, Dustin Hoffman, Derek Jacobi and Daniel Day-Lewis. Forest Whitaker has stated that he also auditioned for the role. The mask Hopkins wore became an iconic symbol of the film. It was created by Ed Cubberly, of Frenchtown, New Jersey, who had made masks for NHL goalkeepers.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: Hopkins created his interpretation of Lecter based upon the voice of the HAL 9000 as voiced by Douglas Rain in "" as well as the vocal cadence of writer Truman Capote; contrary to belief, in a "GQ" interview in 2021, Hopkins stated that he had not based his character's vocal cadence on that of Katharine Hepburn, and that the decision to play Lecter as still and unblinking had not been taken after Charles Manson. Hopkins was initially scared to talk to Foster, knowing that she had just won an Oscar.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: The design for the basement and pit used by Buffalo Bill was inspired by the real-life kidnappings and murders performed by Gary M. Heidnik.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: In addition to Shore's score, recordings of popular music are used prominently in the film. This includes British post-punk music, such as the song "Hip Priest" by The Fall which can be heard playing during the climactic scene in which Starling enters Buffalo Bill's house.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: The film won the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director (Demme), Best Actor (Hopkins), Best Actress (Foster), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Ted Tally), making it only the third film in history to accomplish that feat. It was also nominated for Best Sound (Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman) and Best Film Editing, but lost to "" and "JFK", respectively.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: In 2015, "Entertainment Weekly"s 25th anniversary year, it included "The Silence of the Lambs" in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine's beginning.

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


The Silence of the Lambs (film)

Context: According to "The Guardian", before "The Silence of the Lambs", serial killers in film had been "claw-handed bogeymen with melty faces and rubber masks. By contrast, Lecter was highly intelligent with impeccable manners," and played by an actor with "impeccable credentials".

Question: متى أصدر فيلم صمت الحملان؟


Politics of Vietnam

Context: Vietnam has a judicial system governed by the Constitution of Vietnam and national legislation enacted by National Assembly. The Supreme People's Court () is the highest court of appeal in Vietnam. There are other specialised courts in Vietnam, including the Central Military Court, the Criminal Court, the Civil Court and the Appeal Court. The Supreme People's Procuracy observes the implementation of state organs and makes sure that Vietnamese citizens follow the law.

Question: ما هو نظام الحكم في فيتنام؟


Politics of Vietnam

Context: The following is the official order of precedence of the Politburo according to the 13th National Party Congress.

Question: ما هو نظام الحكم في فيتنام؟


Politics of Vietnam

Context: The Secretariat (term 13) includes some Politburo members assigned to join the Secretariat and 5 comrades elected at the first PCC meeting (term 13).

Question: ما هو نظام الحكم في فيتنام؟


Politics of Vietnam

Context: Nguyễn Sinh Hùng, the Chairman of the National Assembly, nominated Trương Tấn Sang for the Presidency. 487 deputies of the National Assembly, meaning 97.4 percent, voted in favour of Trương Tấn Sang. In his victory speech, Trương Tấn Sang said, "I pledge to improve my moral quality and study the example of the late President Hồ Chí Minh to cooperate with the government to bring Vietnam to become a fully industrialized country by 2015."

Question: ما هو نظام الحكم في فيتنام؟


Electricity

Context: Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative, produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: The most common electronic device is the MOSFET, which has become the most widely manufactured device in history. Common solid-state MOS devices include microprocessor chips and semiconductor memory. A special type of semiconductor memory is flash memory, which is used in USB flash drives and mobile devices, as well as solid-state drive (SSD) technology to replace mechanically rotating magnetic disc hard disk drive (HDD) technology.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Charge can be measured by a number of means, an early instrument being the gold-leaf electroscope, which although still in use for classroom demonstrations, has been superseded by the electronic electrometer.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current, the intensity of which is usually measured in amperes. Current can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current. Electric current can flow through some things, electrical conductors, but will not flow through an electrical insulator.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: A hollow conducting body carries all its charge on its outer surface. The field is therefore zero at all places inside the body. This is the operating principal of the Faraday cage, a conducting metal shell which isolates its interior from outside electrical effects.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: The field strength is greatly affected by nearby conducting objects, and it is particularly intense when it is forced to curve around sharply pointed objects. This principle is exploited in the lightning conductor, the sharp spike of which acts to encourage the lightning stroke to develop there, rather than to the building it serves to protect

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: For practical purposes, it is useful to define a common reference point to which potentials may be expressed and compared. While this could be at infinity, a much more useful reference is the Earth itself, which is assumed to be at the same potential everywhere. This reference point naturally takes the name earth or ground. Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge, and is therefore electrically uncharged—and unchargeable.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: The electric field was formally defined as the force exerted per unit charge, but the concept of potential allows for a more useful and equivalent definition: the electric field is the local gradient of the electric potential. Usually expressed in volts per metre, the vector direction of the field is the line of greatest slope of potential, and where the equipotentials lie closest together.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: This relationship between magnetic fields and currents is extremely important, for it led to Michael Faraday's invention of the electric motor in 1821. Faraday's homopolar motor consisted of a permanent magnet sitting in a pool of mercury. A current was allowed through a wire suspended from a pivot above the magnet and dipped into the mercury. The magnet exerted a tangential force on the wire, making it circle around the magnet for as long as the current was maintained.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: The ability of chemical reactions to produce electricity, and conversely the ability of electricity to drive chemical reactions has a wide array of uses.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Electrochemistry has always been an important part of electricity. From the initial invention of the Voltaic pile, electrochemical cells have evolved into the many different types of batteries, electroplating and electrolysis cells. Aluminium is produced in vast quantities this way, and many portable devices are electrically powered using rechargeable cells.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful task.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: The components in an electric circuit can take many forms, which can include elements such as resistors, capacitors, switches, transformers and electronics. Electronic circuits contain active components, usually semiconductors, and typically exhibit non-linear behaviour, requiring complex analysis. The simplest electric components are those that are termed passive and linear: while they may temporarily store energy, they contain no sources of it, and exhibit linear responses to stimuli.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Electric power, like mechanical power, is the rate of doing work, measured in watts, and represented by the letter "P". The term "wattage" is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in watts produced by an electric current "I" consisting of a charge of "Q" coulombs every "t" seconds passing through an electric potential (voltage) difference of "V" is

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Thus, the work of many researchers enabled the use of electronics to convert signals into high frequency oscillating currents, and via suitably shaped conductors, electricity permits the transmission and reception of these signals via radio waves over very long distances.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Since electrical energy cannot easily be stored in quantities large enough to meet demands on a national scale, at all times exactly as much must be produced as is required. This requires electricity utilities to make careful predictions of their electrical loads, and maintain constant co-ordination with their power stations. A certain amount of generation must always be held in reserve to cushion an electrical grid against inevitable disturbances and losses.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Demand for electricity grows with great rapidity as a nation modernises and its economy develops. The United States showed a 12% increase in demand during each year of the first three decades of the twentieth century, a rate of growth that is now being experienced by emerging economies such as those of India or China. Historically, the growth rate for electricity demand has outstripped that for other forms of energy.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Environmental concerns with electricity generation have led to an increased focus on generation from renewable sources, in particular from wind and solar. While debate can be expected to continue over the environmental impact of different means of electricity production, its final form is relatively clean.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: Electronic devices make use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry. A modern integrated circuit may contain many billions of miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: §Bioelectrogenesis in microbial life is a prominent phenomenon in soils and sediment ecology resulting from anaerobic respiration. The microbial fuel cell mimics this ubiquitous natural phenomenon.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: In 1850, William Gladstone asked the scientist Michael Faraday why electricity was valuable. Faraday answered, “One day sir, you may tax it.”

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Electricity

Context: With electricity ceasing to be a novelty and becoming a necessity of everyday life in the later half of the 20th century, it required particular attention by popular culture only when it "stops" flowing, an event that usually signals disaster. The people who "keep" it flowing, such as the nameless hero of Jimmy Webb’s song "Wichita Lineman" (1968), are still often cast as heroic, wizard-like figures.

Question: من اكتشف الكهرباء؟


Suleyman Shah

Context: In early 2015, during the Syrian Civil War, on the night of 21–22 February, 2015, a Turkish military convoy including tanks and other armored vehicles numbering about 100 entered Syria to evacuate the tomb's 40 guards and to relocate the tomb of Suleyman Shah.

Question: من هو والد عثمان منشئ الدولة العثمانية ؟


Suleyman Shah

Context: The tomb is now temporarily located in Turkey-controlled territory 200 meters inside Syria, 22 km (14 mi) west of Ayn al-Arab and 5 km (3.1 mi) east of the Euphrates, less than 2 km (1.2 mi) southeast of the Turkish village of Esmesi that is in southernmost Birecik District.

Question: من هو والد عثمان منشئ الدولة العثمانية ؟


Suleyman Shah

Context: The Turkish government has highlighted that the relocation is temporary, and that it does not constitute any change to the status of the tomb site.

Question: من هو والد عثمان منشئ الدولة العثمانية ؟


Suleyman Shah

Context: Serdar Gökhan appeared as Suleyman Shah in the Turkish TV series ', where he starred as a main character in the first season, and its sequel, ', where he made a cameo appearance in the thirteenth episode.

Question: من هو والد عثمان منشئ الدولة العثمانية ؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Closely related to the militia tradition is the frontier tradition, with the need for self-protection pursuant to westward expansion and the extension of the American frontier. Though it has not been a necessary part of daily survival for over a century, "generations of Americans continued to embrace and glorify it as a living inheritanceas a permanent ingredient of this nation's style and culture".

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In the years prior to the American Revolution, the British, in response to the colonists' unhappiness over increasingly direct control and taxation of the colonies, imposed a gunpowder embargo on the colonies in an attempt to lessen the ability of the colonists to resist British encroachments into what the colonies regarded as local matters. Two direct attempts to disarm the colonial militias fanned what had been a smoldering resentment of British interference into the fires of war.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The first state court decision relevant to the "right to bear arms" issue was "Bliss v. Commonwealth". The Kentucky court held that "the right of citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State must be preserved entire..."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The two early state court cases, "Bliss" and "Buzzard", set the fundamental dichotomy in interpreting the Second Amendment, i.e., whether it secured an individual right versus a collective right.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In the years immediately following the Civil War, the question of the rights of freed slaves to carry arms and to belong to the militia came to the attention of the federal courts. In response to the problems freed slaves faced in the Southern states, the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: When the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted, Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio used the Court's own phrase "privileges and immunities of citizens" to include the first Eight Amendments of the Bill of Rights under its protection and guard these rights against state legislation.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The debate in Congress on the Fourteenth Amendment after the Civil War also concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves. One particular concern was the disarming of former slaves.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The Second Amendment attracted serious judicial attention with the Reconstruction era case of "United States v. Cruikshank" which ruled that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not cause the Bill of Rights, including the Second Amendment, to limit the powers of the State governments, stating that the Second Amendment "has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Akhil Reed Amar notes in the "Yale Law Journal", the basis of Common Law for the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, which would include the Second Amendment, "following John Randolph Tucker's famous oral argument in the 1887 Chicago anarchist Haymarket Riot case, "Spies v. Illinois"":

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Since the late 19th century, with three key cases from the pre-incorporation era, the U.S. Supreme Court consistently ruled that the Second Amendment (and the Bill of Rights) restricted only Congress, and not the States, in the regulation of guns. Scholars predicted that the Court's incorporation of other rights suggested that they may incorporate the Second, should a suitable case come before them.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA) was passed after the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert Kennedy, and African-American activists Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. in the 1960s. The GCA focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers, and importers. It also prohibits selling firearms to certain categories of individuals defined as "prohibited persons."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In 1986, Congress passed the Firearm Owners Protection Act. It was supported by the National Rifle Association because it reversed many of the provisions of the GCA. It also banned ownership of unregistered fully automatic rifles and civilian purchase or sale of any such firearm made from that date forward.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan in 1981 led to enactment of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Brady Law) in 1993 which established the national background check system to prevent certain restricted individuals from owning, purchasing, or transporting firearms. In an article supporting passage of such a law, retired chief justice Warren E. Burger wrote:

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: A Stockton, California, schoolyard shooting in 1989 led to passage of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 (AWB or AWB 1994), which defined and banned the manufacture and transfer of "semiautomatic assault weapons" and "large capacity ammunition feeding devices."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: According to journalist Chip Berlet, concerns about gun control laws along with outrage over two high-profile incidents involving the ATF (Ruby Ridge in 1992 and the Waco siege in 1993) mobilized the militia movement of citizens who feared that the federal government would begin to confiscate firearms.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Though gun control is not strictly a partisan issue, there is generally more support for gun control legislation in the Democratic Party than in the Republican Party. The Libertarian Party, whose campaign platforms favor limited government regulation, is outspokenly against gun control.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The NRA opposed bans on handguns in Chicago, Washington D.C., and San Francisco while supporting the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 (also known as the School Safety And Law Enforcement Improvement Act), which strengthened requirements for background checks for firearm purchases. The GOA took issue with a portion of the bill, which they termed the "Veterans' Disarmament Act."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Besides the GOA, other national gun rights groups continue to take a stronger stance than the NRA. These groups include the Second Amendment Sisters, Second Amendment Foundation, Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, and the Pink Pistols. New groups have also arisen, such as the Students for Concealed Carry, which grew largely out of safety-issues resulting from the creation of gun-free zones that were legislatively mandated amidst a response to widely publicized school shootings.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In 2001, in "United States v. Emerson", the Fifth Circuit became the first federal appeals court to recognize an individual's right to own guns. In 2007, in "Parker v. District of Columbia", the D.C. Circuit became the first federal appeals court to strike down a gun control law on Second Amendment grounds.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Smart guns only fire when in the hands of the owner, a feature gun control advocates say eliminates accidental firings by children, and the risk of hostile persons (such as prisoners, criminal suspects, an opponent in a fight, or an enemy soldier) grabbing the gun and using it against the owner. Gun rights advocates fear mandatory smart gun technology will make it more difficult to fire a gun when needed.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Smith & Wesson reached a settlement in 2000 with the administration of President Bill Clinton, which included a provision for the company to develop a smart gun. A consumer boycott organized by the NRA and NSSF nearly drove the company out of business and forced it to drop its smart gun plans.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law of 2002 requires that 30 months after "personalized handguns are available" anywhere in the United States, only smart guns may be sold in the state. Some gun safety advocates worry that by raising the stakes of introducing the technology, this law contributes to the opposition that has prevented smart guns from being sold anywhere in the United States despite availability in other countries.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In 2014, a Maryland gun dealer dropped plans to sell the first smart gun in the United States after receiving complaints.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The four dissenting justices said that the majority had broken established precedent on the Second Amendment, and took the position that the Amendment refers to an individual right, but in the context of militia service.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In June 2010, a Chicago law that banned handguns was struck down. The 5–4 ruling incorporated the Second Amendment, stating that "The Fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms fully applicable to the States."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In August 2012, an open source group called Defense Distributed launched a project to design and release a blueprint for a handgun that could be downloaded from the Internet and manufactured using a 3D printer. In May 2013, the group made public the STL files for the world's first fully 3D printable gun, the Liberator .380 single shot pistol.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In April 2022, President Joe Biden announced plans to crack down on "ghost guns", claiming that they have become "weapons of choice for many criminals." Biden also urged Congress to pass a ban on assault rifles and other measures.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Rights-based arguments involve the most fundamental question about gun control: to what degree the government has the authority to regulate guns.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The primary author of the United States Bill of Rights, James Madison, considered them – including a right to keep and bear arms – to be fundamental. In 1788, he wrote: "The political truths declared in that solemn manner acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free Government, and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment, counteract the impulses of interest and passion."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The view that gun ownership is a fundamental right was affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in "District of Columbia v. Heller" (2008). The Court stated: "By the time of the founding, the right to have arms had become fundamental for English subjects." The Court observed that the English Bill of Rights of 1689 had listed a right to arms as one of the fundamental rights of Englishmen.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: When the Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment in "McDonald v. City of Chicago" (2010), it looked to the year 1868, when the amendment was ratified and said that most states had provisions in their constitutions explicitly protecting this right. The Court concluded: "It is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Prior to "District of Columbia v. Heller", in the absence of a clear court ruling, there was a debate about whether or not the Second Amendment included an individual right. In "Heller", the Court concluded that there is indeed such a right, but not an unlimited one. Although the decision was not unanimous, all justices endorsed an individual right viewpoint but differed on the scope of that right.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: After the "Heller" decision there was an increased amount of attention on whether or not the Second Amendment applies to the states. In 2010 in the case of "McDonald v. City Chicago", the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment's provisions do apply to the states as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The eighteenth-century English jurist William Blackstone (b. 1723), whose writings influenced the drafters of the U.S. Constitution, called self-defense "the primary law of nature" which (he said) man-made law cannot take away. Following Blackstone, the American jurist St. George Tucker (b. 1752) wrote that "the right of self-defense is the first law of nature; in most governments, it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In both "Heller" (2008) and "McDonald" (2010) the Supreme Court deemed that the right of self-defense is at least partly protected by the United States Constitution. The court left details of that protection to be worked out in future court cases.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The two primary interest groups regarding this issue are the Brady Campaign and the National Rifle Association. They have clashed, for example, regarding stand-your-ground laws which give individuals a legal right to use guns for defending themselves without any duty to retreat from a dangerous situation. After the Supreme Court's 2008 decision in "Heller", the Brady Campaign indicated that it would seek gun laws "without infringing on the right of law-abiding persons to possess guns for self-defense."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Left-wing and far-left advocates for gun rights argue that gun ownership is necessary for protecting marginalized communities, such as African Americans and the working class, from state repression. Far-left advocates also argue that gun control laws mostly benefit white people and harm people of color.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In 1957, the legal scholar Roscoe Pound expressed a different view: He stated, "A legal right of the citizen to wage war on the government is something that cannot be admitted. ... In the urban industrial society of today, a general right to bear efficient arms so as to be enabled to resist oppression by the government would mean that gangs could exercise an extra-legal rule which would defeat the whole Bill of Rights."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Public policy arguments are based on the idea that the central purpose of government is to establish and maintain order. This is done through public policy, which Blackstone defined as "the due regulation and domestic order of the kingdom, whereby the inhabitants of the State, like members of a well-governed family, are bound to conform their general behavior to the rules of propriety, good neighborhood, and good manners, and to be decent, industrious, and inoffensive in their respective stations."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: There is an open debate regarding a causal connection (or the lack of one) between gun control and its effect on gun violence and other crimes. The numbers of lives saved or lost by gun ownership are debated by criminologists. Research difficulties include the difficulty of accounting accurately for confrontations in which no shots are fired and jurisdictional differences in the definition of "crime." Furthermore,

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: A study published in "The American Journal of Economics and Sociology" in 1997 concluded that the amount of gun-related crime and deaths is affected more by the state of the area in terms of unemployment, alcohol problems and drug problems instead of the laws and regulations. This study analyzed statistics gathered on the amount of gun crime in states with strict and lenient gun policies and determined that the amount of gun crime is related to how to run down economically an area is.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: A 2003 CDC study determined "The Task Force found insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of any of the firearms laws or combinations of laws reviewed on violent outcomes." They go on to state "a finding of insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness should not be interpreted as evidence of ineffectiveness but rather as an indicator that additional research is needed before an intervention can be evaluated for its effectiveness."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In 2009, the Public Health Law Research program, an independent organization, published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health, that concern the effectiveness of various laws related to gun safety. Among their findings:

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: With 5% of the world's population, U.S. residents own roughly 50% of the world's civilian-owned firearms. In addition, up to 48% of households within America have guns. According to the UNODC, 60% of U.S. homicides in 2009 were perpetrated using a firearm. U.S. homicide rates vary widely from state to state. In 2014, the lowest homicide rates were in New Hampshire, North Dakota, and Vermont (each 0.0 per 100,000 people), and the highest were in Louisiana (11.7) and Mississippi (11.4).

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Firearms accounted for 51.5% of U.S. suicides in 2013, and suicides account for 63% of all firearm-related deaths. A 2012 review by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health found that in the United States, the percent of suicide attempts that prove fatal is "strongly related to the availability of household firearms." Prior to this, one book written by criminologist Gary Kleck in the 1990s stated that they found no relationship between gun availability and suicide rates.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: The number of federal and state gun laws is unknown. A 2005 "American Journal of Preventive Medicine" study says 300, and the NRA says 20,000, though the "Washington Post" fact checker says of that decades-old figure: "This 20,000 figure appears to be an ancient guesstimate that has hardened over the decades into a constantly repeated, never-questioned talking point. It could be lower, or higher, depending on who's counting what."

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: Federal gun laws are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Most federal gun laws were enacted through:

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Gun politics in the United States

Context: In addition to federal gun laws, all U.S. states and some local jurisdictions have imposed their own firearms restrictions. Each of the fifty states has its own laws regarding guns.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد قطع السلاح للمدنين في امريكا؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence in turn involves the use of cryptanalysis to decipher the messages. Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information again.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Electronic interceptions appeared as early as 1900, during the Boer War of 1899–1902. The British Royal Navy had installed wireless sets produced by Marconi on board their ships in the late 1890s and the British Army used some limited wireless signalling. The Boers captured some wireless sets and used them to make vital transmissions. Since the British were the only people transmitting at the time, no special interpretation of the signals that were intercepted by the British was necessary.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: The birth of signals intelligence in a modern sense dates from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. As the Russian fleet prepared for conflict with Japan in 1904, the British ship HMS "Diana" stationed in the Suez Canal intercepted Russian naval wireless signals being sent out for the mobilization of the fleet, for the first time in history.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: The use of radio receiving equipment to pinpoint the location of the transmitter was also developed during the war.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Captain H.J. Round working for Marconi, began carrying out experiments with direction finding radio equipment for the army in France in 1915. By May 1915, the Admiralty was able to track German submarines crossing the North Sea. Some of these stations also acted as 'Y' stations to collect German messages, but a new section was created within Room 40 to plot the positions of ships from the directional reports.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: The US Cipher Bureau was established in 1919 and achieved some success at the Washington Naval Conference in 1921, through cryptanalysis by Herbert Yardley. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson closed the US Cipher Bureau in 1929 with the words "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Being a broad field, SIGINT has many sub-disciplines. The two main ones are communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT).

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: A collection system has to know to look for a particular signal. "System", in this context, has several nuances. Targeting is the process of developing "collection requirements":

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: "1. An intelligence need considered in the allocation of intelligence resources. Within the Department of Defense, these collection requirements fulfill the essential elements of information and other intelligence needs of a commander, or an agency.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: "2. An established intelligence need, validated against the appropriate allocation of intelligence resources (as a requirement) to fulfill the essential elements of information and other intelligence needs of an intelligence consumer."

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Second, locating the transmitter's position is usually part of SIGINT. Triangulation and more sophisticated radio location techniques, such as time of arrival methods, require multiple receiving points at different locations. These receivers send location-relevant information to a central point, or perhaps to a distributed system in which all participate, such that the information can be correlated and a location computed.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Once the decision to target is made, the various interception points need to cooperate, since resources are limited.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Knowing what interception equipment to use becomes easier when a target country buys its radars and radios from known manufacturers, or is given them as military aid. National intelligence services keep libraries of devices manufactured by their own country and others, and then use a variety of techniques to learn what equipment is acquired by a given country.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Knowledge of physics and electronic engineering further narrows the problem of what types of equipment might be in use. An intelligence aircraft flying well outside the borders of another country will listen for long-range search radars, not short-range fire control radars that would be used by a mobile air defense. Soldiers scouting the front lines of another army know that the other side will be using radios that must be portable and not have huge antennas.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Even if a signal is human communications (e.g., a radio), the intelligence collection specialists have to know it exists. If the targeting function described above learns that a country has a radar that operates in a certain frequency range, the first step is to use a sensitive receiver, with one or more antennas that listen in every direction, to find an area where such a radar is operating. Once the radar is known to be in the area, the next step is to find its location.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Real-world transmitters and receivers usually are directional. In the figure to the left, assume that each display is connected to a spectrum analyzer connected to a directional antenna aimed in the indicated direction.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Spread-spectrum communications is an electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) technique to defeat looking for particular frequencies. Spectrum analysis can be used in a different ECCM way to identify frequencies not being jammed or not in use.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Individual directional antennas have to be manually or automatically turned to find the signal direction, which may be too slow when the signal is of short duration. One alternative is the Wullenweber array technique. In this method, several concentric rings of antenna elements simultaneously receive the signal, so that the best bearing will ideally be clearly on a single antenna or a small set. Wullenweber arrays for high-frequency signals are enormous, referred to as "elephant cages" by their users.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: An alternative to tunable directional antennas, or large omnidirectional arrays such as the Wullenweber, is to measure the time of arrival of the signal at multiple points, using GPS or a similar method to have precise time synchronization. Receivers can be on ground stations, ships, aircraft, or satellites, giving great flexibility.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Modern anti-radiation missiles can home in on and attack transmitters; military antennas are rarely a safe distance from the user of the transmitter.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Traffic analysis need not focus on human communications. For example, if the sequence of a radar signal, followed by an exchange of targeting data and a confirmation, followed by observation of artillery fire, this may identify an automated counterbattery system. A radio signal that triggers navigational beacons could be a landing aid system for an airstrip or helicopter pad that is intended to be low-profile.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Patterns do emerge. Knowing a radio signal, with certain characteristics, originating from a fixed headquarters may be strongly suggestive that a particular unit will soon move out of its regular base. The contents of the message need not be known to infer the movement.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: There is an art as well as science of traffic analysis. Expert analysts develop a sense for what is real and what is deceptive. Harry Kidder, for example, was one of the star cryptanalysts of World War II, a star hidden behind the secret curtain of SIGINT.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: # TACDB: platform lists, sorted by nomenclature, which contain links to the C-E equipment complement of each platform, with links to the parametric data for each piece of equipment, military unit lists and their subordinate units with equipment used by each unit.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: For example, several voice transmitters might be identified as the command net (i.e., top commander and direct reports) in a tank battalion or tank-heavy task force. Another set of transmitters might identify the logistic net for that same unit. An inventory of ELINT sources might identify the medium- and long-range counter-artillery radars in a given area.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Signals intelligence units will identify changes in the EOB, which might indicate enemy unit movement, changes in command relationships, and increases or decreases in capability.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Using the COMINT gathering method enables the intelligence officer to produce an electronic order of battle by traffic analysis and content analysis among several enemy units. For example, if the following messages were intercepted:

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: This sequence shows that there are two units in the battlefield, unit 1 is mobile, while unit 2 is in a higher hierarchical level, perhaps a command post. One can also understand that unit 1 moved from one point to another which are distant from each 20 minutes with a vehicle. If these are regular reports over a period of time, they might reveal a patrol pattern. Direction-finding and radio frequency MASINT could help confirm that the traffic is not deception.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Separation of the intercepted spectrum and the signals intercepted from each sensor must take place in an extremely small period of time, in order to separate the different signals to different transmitters in the battlefield. The complexity of the separation process depends on the complexity of the transmission methods (e.g., hopping or time-division multiple access (TDMA)).

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: By gathering and clustering data from each sensor, the measurements of the direction of signals can be optimized and get much more accurate than the basic measurements of a standard direction finding sensor. By calculating larger samples of the sensor's output data in near real-time, together with historical information of signals, better results are achieved.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Data fusion correlates data samples from different frequencies from the same sensor, "same" being confirmed by direction finding or radiofrequency MASINT. If an emitter is mobile, direction finding, other than discovering a repetitive pattern of movement, is of limited value in determining if a sensor is unique. MASINT then becomes more informative, as individual transmitters and antennas may have unique side lobes, unintentional radiation, pulse timing, etc.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Network build-up, or analysis of emitters (communication transmitters) in a target region over a sufficient period of time, enables creation of the communications flows of a battlefield.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: COMINT (communications intelligence) is a sub-category of signals intelligence that engages in dealing with messages or voice information derived from the interception of foreign communications. COMINT is commonly referred to as SIGINT, which can cause confusion when talking about the broader intelligence disciplines. The US Joint Chiefs of Staff defines it as "Technical information and intelligence derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients".

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: COMINT, which is defined to be communications among people, will reveal some or all of the following:

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: A basic COMINT technique is to listen for voice communications, usually over radio but possibly "leaking" from telephones or from wiretaps. If the voice communications are encrypted, traffic analysis may still give information.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: In the Second World War, for security the United States used Native American volunteer communicators known as code talkers, who used languages such as Navajo, Comanche and Choctaw, which would be understood by few people, even in the U.S. Even within these uncommon languages, the code talkers used specialized codes, so a "butterfly" might be a specific Japanese aircraft. British forces made limited use of Welsh speakers for the same reason.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: While modern electronic encryption does away with the need for armies to use obscure languages, it is likely that some groups might use rare dialects that few outside their ethnic group would understand.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Morse code interception was once very important, but Morse code telegraphy is now obsolete in the western world, although possibly used by special operations forces. Such forces, however, now have portable cryptographic equipment.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: A given digital communications link can carry thousands or millions of voice communications, especially in developed countries. Without addressing the legality of such actions, the problem of identifying which channel contains which conversation becomes much simpler when the first thing intercepted is the "signaling channel" that carries information to set up telephone calls. In civilian and many military use, this channel will carry messages in Signaling System 7 protocols.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Retrospective analysis of telephone calls can be made from Call detail record (CDR) used for billing the calls.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: In WWII, for example, the Japanese Navy, by poor practice, identified a key person's movement over a low-security cryptosystem. This made possible Operation Vengeance, the interception and death of the Combined Fleet commander, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Signal identification is performed by analyzing the collected parameters of a specific signal, and either matching it to known criteria, or recording it as a possible new emitter. ELINT data are usually highly classified, and are protected as such.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Other ELINT disciplines include intercepting and analyzing enemy weapons control signals, or the identification, friend or foe responses from transponders in aircraft used to distinguish enemy craft from friendly ones.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Meaconing is the combined intelligence and electronic warfare of learning the characteristics of enemy navigation aids, such as radio beacons, and retransmitting them with incorrect information.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: FISINT (Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence) is a sub-category of SIGINT, monitoring primarily non-human communication. Foreign instrumentation signals include (but not limited to) telemetry (TELINT), tracking systems, and video data links. TELINT is an important part of national means of technical verification for arms control.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Still at the research level are techniques that can only be described as , which would be part of a SEAD campaign. It may be informative to compare and contrast counter-ELINT with ECCM.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) are closely, and sometimes confusingly, related.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: The signals intelligence disciplines of communications and electronic intelligence focus on the information in those signals themselves, as with COMINT detecting the speech in a voice communication or ELINT measuring the frequency, pulse repetition rate, and other characteristics of a radar.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: MASINT also works with collected signals, but is more of an analysis discipline. There are, however, unique MASINT sensors, typically working in different regions or domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared or magnetic fields. While NSA and other agencies have MASINT groups, the Central MASINT Office is in the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: MASINT associated with COMINT might involve the detection of common background sounds expected with human voice communications. For example, if a given radio signal comes from a radio used in a tank, if the interceptor does not hear engine noise or higher voice frequency than the voice modulation usually uses, even though the voice conversation is meaningful, MASINT might suggest it is a deception, not coming from a real tank.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: See HF/DF for a discussion of SIGINT-captured information with a MASINT flavor, such as determining the frequency to which a "receiver" is tuned, from detecting the frequency of the beat frequency oscillator of the superheterodyne receiver.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Since the invention of the radio, the international consensus has been that the radio-waves are no one's property, and thus the interception itself is not illegal. There can however be national laws on who is allowed to collect, store and process radio traffic, and for what purposes.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


Signals intelligence

Context: Monitoring traffic in cables (i.e. telephone and Internet) is far more controversial, since it most of the time requires physical access to the cable and thereby violating ownership and expected privacy.

Question: ماهى المخابارات الإلكترونية ؟


1846–1860 cholera pandemic

Context: It had high fatalities among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. In 1854, which was considered the worst year, 23,000 people died in Great Britain.

Question: ما أكبر عدد ضحايا وباء الكوليرا؟


1846–1860 cholera pandemic

Context: The second cholera pandemic spread from India, surging outward to all of Europe and northern Africa, then crossing the Atlantic to Canada and the United States, spreading to Mexico and the Caribbean. Many sources differ regarding when the second pandemic ended, and the third pandemic began. There are sources that maintain that the third cholera pandemic started with a surge from Bengal in 1839.

Question: ما أكبر عدد ضحايا وباء الكوليرا؟


1846–1860 cholera pandemic

Context: In 1852, cholera spread east to Indonesia, and later was carried to China and Japan in 1854. The Philippines were infected in 1858 and Korea in 1859. In 1859, an outbreak in Bengal contributed to transmission of the disease by travelers and troops to Iran, Iraq, Arabia and Russia. Japan suffered at least seven major outbreaks of cholera between 1858 and 1902. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people died of cholera in Tokyo in an outbreak in 1858–60.

Question: ما أكبر عدد ضحايا وباء الكوليرا؟


1846–1860 cholera pandemic

Context: The 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of London, England, and occurred during the third cholera pandemic. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air (referred to as "miasma").

Question: ما أكبر عدد ضحايا وباء الكوليرا؟


1846–1860 cholera pandemic

Context: This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. John Snow's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment.

Question: ما أكبر عدد ضحايا وباء الكوليرا؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Islamic astronomy played a significant role in the revival of Byzantine and European astronomy following the loss of knowledge during the early medieval period, notably with the production of Latin translations of Arabic works during the 12th century.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: A significant number of stars in the sky, such as Aldebaran, Altair and Deneb, and astronomical terms such as alidade, azimuth, and nadir, are still referred to by their Arabic names. A large corpus of literature from Islamic astronomy remains today, numbering approximately 10,000 manuscripts scattered throughout the world, many of which have not been read or catalogued. Even so, a reasonably accurate picture of Islamic activity in the field of astronomy can be reconstructed.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Fragments of texts during this period indicate that Arabs adopted the sine function (inherited from India) in place of the chords of arc used in Greek trigonometry.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The House of Wisdom was an academy established in Baghdad under Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun in the early 9th century. Astronomical research was greatly supported by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun through the House of Wisdom. Baghdad and Damascus became the centers of such activity.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In 850, al-Farghani wrote "Kitab fi Jawami" (meaning "A compendium of the science of stars"). The book primarily gave a summary of Ptolemic cosmography. However, it also corrected Ptolemy based on the findings of earlier Arab astronomers. Al-Farghani gave revised values for the obliquity of the ecliptic, the precessional movement of the apogees of the Sun and the Moon, and the circumference of the Earth. The book was widely circulated through the Muslim world, and translated into Latin.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus found fault in Ptolemy's calculations about the planet's movements and their peculiarity in the late 10th century. Ptolemy calculated that Earth's wobble, otherwise known as precession, varied 1 degree every 100 years. Ibn Yunus contradicted this finding by calculating that it was instead 1 degree every 70 years.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Abu Rayhan Biruni (b. 973) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his "Masudic Canon", he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own. He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis, this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters, but he considered this a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: His contemporary, Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi, accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis. Al-Biruni described an astrolabe invented by Sijzi based on the idea that the earth rotates:

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The fact that some people did believe that the earth is moving on its own axis is further confirmed by an Arabic reference work from the 13th century which states:According to the geometers [or engineers] ("muhandisīn"), the earth is in a constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories, the Earth's rotation was discussed by al-Kātibī (d. 1277), Tusi (b. 1201) and Qushji (b. 1403). The arguments and evidence used by Tusi and Qushji resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth's motion. However, it remains a fact that the Maragha school never made the big leap to heliocentrism.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In the 12th century, non-heliocentric alternatives to the Ptolemaic system were developed by some Islamic astronomers in al-Andalus, following a tradition established by Ibn Bajjah, Ibn Tufail, and Ibn Rushd.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In the late thirteenth century, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi created the Tusi couple, as pictured above. Other notable astronomers from the later medieval period include Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (c. 1266), Qutb al-Din al Shirazi (c. 1311), Sadr al-Sharia al-Bukhari (c. 1347), Ibn al-Shatir (c. 1375), and Ali al-Qushji (c. 1474).

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In the fifteenth century, the Timurid ruler Ulugh Beg of Samarkand established his court as a center of patronage for astronomy. He studied it in his youth, and in 1420 ordered the construction of Ulugh Beg Observatory, which produced a new set of astronomical tables, as well as contributing to other scientific and mathematical advances.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Several major astronomical works were produced in the early 16th century, including ones by 'Abd al-Ali al-Birjandi (d. 1525 or 1526) and Shams al-Din al-Khafri (fl. 1525). However, the vast majority of works written in this and later periods in the history of Islamic sciences are yet to be studied.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory, in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple, influenced Renaissance-era European astronomy and thus Copernicus.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Furthermore, the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the "Commentariolus" was found in an earlier work by Ibn al-Shatir (d. c. 1375) of Damascus. Copernicus' lunar and Mercury models are also identical to Ibn al-Shatir's.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took the idea from Proclus's "Commentary on the First Book of Euclid", which Copernicus cited.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Another possible source for Copernicus's knowledge of this mathematical device is the "Questiones de Spera" of Nicole Oresme, who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al-Tusi.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Islamic influence on Chinese astronomy was first recorded during the Song dynasty when a Hui Muslim astronomer named Ma Yize introduced the concept of seven days in a week and made other contributions.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Islamic astronomers were brought to China in order to work on calendar making and astronomy during the Mongol Empire and the succeeding Yuan Dynasty. The Chinese scholar Yeh-lu Chu'tsai accompanied Genghis Khan to Persia in 1210 and studied their calendar for use in the Mongol Empire. Kublai Khan brought Iranians to Beijing to construct an observatory and an institution for astronomical studies.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398) of the Ming Dynasty (1328–1398), in the first year of his reign (1368), conscripted Han and non-Han astrology specialists from the astronomical institutions in Beijing of the former Mongolian Yuan to Nanjing to become officials of the newly established national observatory.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The translation of two important works into Chinese was completed in 1383: Zij (1366) and al-Madkhal fi Sina'at Ahkam al-Nujum, "Introduction to Astrology" (1004).

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In 1384, a Chinese astrolabe was made for observing stars based on the instructions for making multi-purposed Islamic equipment. In 1385, the apparatus was installed on a hill in northern Nanjing.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In the early Joseon period, the Islamic calendar served as a basis for calendar reform being more accurate than the existing Chinese-based calendars. A Korean translation of the "Huihui Lifa", a text combining Chinese astronomy with Islamic astronomy works of Jamal ad-Din, was studied in Korea under the Joseon Dynasty during the time of Sejong in the fifteenth century. The tradition of Chinese-Islamic astronomy survived

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The first systematic observations in Islam are reported to have taken place under the patronage of al-Mamun. Here, and in many other private observatories from Damascus to Baghdad, meridian degree measurement were performed (al-Ma'mun's arc measurement), solar parameters were established, and detailed observations of the Sun, Moon, and planets were undertaken.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: It was Malik Shah I who established the first large observatory, probably in Isfahan. It was here where Omar Khayyám with many other collaborators constructed a zij and formulated the Persian Solar Calendar a.k.a. the "jalali calendar". A modern version of this calendar is still in official use in Iran today.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟


Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The most influential observatory was however founded by Hulegu Khan during the thirteenth century. Here, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi supervised its technical construction at Maragha. The facility contained resting quarters for Hulagu Khan, as well as a library and mosque. Some of the top astronomers of the day gathered there, and from their collaboration resulted important modifications to the Ptolemaic system over a period of 50 years.

Question: من هو أول عالم فلك عربي ؟