Finland under Swedish rule

Context: After the king returned to Poland, conflicts arose among the nobility about Karl's position as a regent. In this conflict, Finland's leader Klaus Fleming sided with the king. At the Arboga diet in 1597, Karl was still named as regent. At this time, he declared his opponents, especially Klaus Fleming, to be rebels.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In the 18th century, there was discussion about bringing Swedish population as immigrants to Finland in a different context. The idea was to kill two birds with one stone. On one hand, areas suffering from overpopulation, such as Dalarna County, would be addressed. On the other hand, farming could be extended to sparsely-populated areas in Finland. The Swedish official and economist specified in 1738 that this kind of migration would help develop bilingualism in the eastern parts of the realm.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Diet of 1746–1747 saw the increase of the use of the Swedish language in Finland as favourable. It was seen as "strengthening the trust between two peoples". However, even the proponents of this matter saw its practical fulfilment as impossible.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In the Swedish realm after Charles XII, the estates took power away from the king in the 1719 and 1720 governments and the age of autocracy changed into the age of estate rule (the "Age of Liberty"). Economy and science progressed during this age, but on the other side, power politics among parties caused problems. France and Russia gained power in Sweden by financing competing parties, which were called the Caps and the Hats.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In 1772, after Gustav III of Sweden had seized power, a new constitution was made, giving power back to the king. The age tried to get rid of mercantilism. Freedom of speech and freedom of religion expanded. Finnish officers trusted the king less, because the nobility lost their power to the king, who was supported by the people. Some high-ranking soldiers moved to serve in Russia.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Finnish War was fought from 1808 to 1809 between Russia and Sweden. The reason for the war were the Treaties of Tilsit made between Russia and France on 7 July 1807. In the treaties, France and Russia had become allies and Russia had promised to pressure, with armed force if necessary, Sweden and other countries to join the Continental System against the United Kingdom, an embargo that France would have used to strengthen its position against the maritime power of the United Kingdom.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The first king of Scandinavia was allegedly (according to Messenius) the first monarch of the Fornjót dynasty. This first king was of Finnish descent. Finland was the first kingdom in Scandinavia according to Sven Lagerbring and Johan Ihre.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Swedish historians and politicians during the Great power era sought to make Sweden appear more prestigious. Considered being connected with a great and glorious past was deemed of great importance. Swedes and Finns being related to ancient peoples with a proud history was invented for Sweden to appear more prestigious among foreign nobles.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Swedish historians believed Finns were still speaking Hebrew and were considered a lost tribe of Israel. Olof von Dalin in the 18th century was one of the advocates for Finns being a lost Scythian, Greek Hebrew tribe. Von Dalin stated in 1732: "they are a mix of Scythians, Greeks and

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Hebrews". Finns were to have been the creators of the first advanced civilization according to some Swedish historians. He describes Finns as simple people that live simple lives but are as close to God as they can be: very happy and satisfied with their easy life and closeness to nature and God. Von Dalin also claims Finns are as fast as trolls on their skis moving incredibly fast, but that their clothing style looks somewhat wild in comparison with Swedes making them look like trolls.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: started to develop among the Nordic language-speaking populations in Scandinavia in the 19th century.

Question: Miten linnalääni määritellään?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: But many problems persisted between the two sides, making implementation of the treaty increasingly difficult. The British government resented having to return the Cape Colony and most of the Dutch West Indian islands to the Batavian Republic. Napoleon was angry that British troops had not evacuated the island of Malta. The tense situation only worsened when Napoleon sent an expeditionary force to crush the Haitian Revolution. In May 1803, Britain declared war on France.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: In December 1804, an Anglo-Swedish agreement led to the creation of the Third Coalition. British Prime Minister William Pitt spent 1804 and 1805 in a flurry of diplomatic activity geared towards forming a new coalition against France, and by April 1805, Britain and Russia had signed an alliance. Having been defeated twice in recent memory by France, and being keen on revenge, Austria joined the coalition a few months later.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The Russian army in 1805 had many characteristics of Ancien Régime organization. There was no permanent formation above the regimental level, and senior officers were mostly recruited from aristocratic circles; commissions were generally given to the highest bidder, regardless of competence. Nonetheless, the Russian infantry was considered one of the hardiest in Europe, with fine artillery manned by experienced professional soldiers.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: In August 1805, Napoleon, Emperor of the French since December of the previous year, turned his sights from the English Channel to the Rhine to deal with the new Austrian and Russian threats. On 25 September after a feverish march in great secrecy, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of . Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The French followed after Kutuzov, but soon found themselves in a difficult position. Prussian intentions were unknown and could be hostile, the Russian and Austrian armies had converged, and French lines of communication were extremely long, requiring strong garrisons to keep them open. Napoleon realized that to capitalize on the success at Ulm, he had to force the Allies to battle and defeat them.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: Murat initially refrained from an attack, believing the entire Russian army stood before him. Napoleon soon realized Murat's mistakes and ordered him to pursue quickly; but the allied army had already retreated to Olmütz. According to Kutuzov's plan, the Allies would retreat further to the Carpathian region and "at Galicia, I will bury the French."

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The next day (28 November), the French Emperor requested a personal interview with Alexander I and received a visit from the Tsar's most impetuous aide, Prince Peter Dolgorukov. The meeting was another part of the trap, as Napoleon intentionally expressed anxiety and hesitation to his opponents. Dolgorukov reported to the Tsar an additional indication of French weakness.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The plan was successful. Many of the Allied officers, including the Tsar's aides and the Austrian Chief of Staff Franz von Weyrother, strongly supported an immediate attack and appeared to sway Tsar Alexander. Kutuzov's plan to retreat further to the Carpathian region was rejected, and the Allied forces soon fell into Napoleon's trap.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The battle began with the French army outnumbered. Napoleon had some 72,000 men and 157 guns for the impending battle, with about 7,000 troops under Davout still far to the south in the direction of Vienna. The Allies had about 85,000 soldiers, seventy percent of them Russian, and 318 guns.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: At first, Napoleon was not totally confident of victory. In a letter written to Minister of Foreign Affairs Talleyrand, Napoleon requested Talleyrand not tell anyone about the upcoming battle because he did not want to disturb Empress Joséphine. According to Frederick C. Schneid, the French Emperor's chief worry was how he could explain to Joséphine a French defeat.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The centrepiece of the entire area was the Pratzen (Prace) Heights, a gently sloping hill about 35 to 40 feet (10 to 12 meters) in height. An aide noted that Napoleon repeatedly told his marshals, "Gentlemen, examine this ground carefully, it is going to be a battlefield; you will have a part to play upon it."

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: Napoleon was hoping that the Allied forces would attack, and to encourage them, he deliberately weakened his right flank. On 28 November Napoleon met with his marshals at Imperial Headquarters, who informed him of their qualms about the forthcoming battle. He shrugged off their suggestion of retreat.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The massive thrust through the Allied centre was conducted by 16,000 troops of Soult's IV Corps. IV Corps' position was cloaked by dense mist during the early stage of the battle; in fact, how long the mist lasted was vital to Napoleon's plan: Soult's troops would become uncovered if the mist dissipated too soon, but if it lingered too long, Napoleon would be unable to determine when the Allied troops had evacuated Pratzen Heights, preventing him from timing his attack properly.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: By 1 December 1805, the French troops had been shifted in accordance with the Allied movement southward, as Napoleon expected.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: While the Allied troops attacked the French right flank, Kutuzov's IV Corps stopped at the Pratzen Heights and stayed still. Just like Napoleon, Kutuzov realized the importance of Pratzen and decided to protect the position. But the young Tsar did not, so he expelled the IV Corps from the Heights. This act quickly pushed the Allied army into its grave.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: At about 8:45 a.m., satisfied at the weakness in the enemy centre, Napoleon asked Soult how long it would take for his men to reach the Pratzen Heights, to which the Marshal replied, "Less than twenty minutes, sire." About 15 minutes later, Napoleon ordered the attack, adding, "One sharp blow and the war is over."

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: Napoleon's words to his troops after the battle were full of praise: "Soldats! Je suis content de vous" (). The Emperor provided two million golden francs to the higher officers and 200 francs to each soldier, with large pensions for the widows of the fallen. Orphaned children were adopted by Napoleon personally and were allowed to add "Napoleon" to their baptismal and family names. This battle is one of four for which Napoleon never awarded a victory title, the others being Marengo, Jena, and Friedland.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: Artists and musicians on the side of France and her conquests expressed their sentiment in populist and elite art of the time. Prussian music critic E. T. A. Hoffmann, in his famous review of Beethoven's 5th Symphony,

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: singles out for special abuse a certain "Bataille des trois Empereurs", a French battle symphony by Louis Jadin celebrating Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: Leo Tolstoy memorably dramatized the battle as the conclusion of Book 3 and Volume 1 of "War and Peace", making it a crucial moment in the lives of both Andrei Bolkonsky, who is badly wounded, and of Nikolai Rostov.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: Archibald Alison in his "History of Europe" (1836) offers the first recorded telling of the apocryphal story that when the Allies descended the Pratzen Heights to attack Napoleon's supposedly weak flank,

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The marshals who surrounded Napoleon saw the advantage, and eagerly besought him to give the signal for action; but he restrained their ardour ... "when the enemy is making a false movement we must take good care not to interrupt him."

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: In subsequent accounts, this Napoleonic quote would go through various changes until it became: "Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake."

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: In his poem "Grass", Carl Sandburg refers to the battle in the line, "Pile the bodies high at Austerlitz and Waterloo".

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: In the HBO series "Succession" Connor Roy's character, a Napoleon enthusiast, names his New Mexico ranch "Austerlitz."

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The area where the Battle of Austerlitz took place is protected by law as a landscape monument zone. Its value lies in the historical peculiarities of the place, in the historical connections of settlements, landscapes and terrain formations, and in the overall landscape image. The area extends to 19 today's municipalities:

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: Near Prace is the Peace Memorial. It was designed and built in the Art Nouveau style by Josef Fanta in 1910–1912. The World War I postponed the monument's dedication until 1923. It is high, square, with four female statues symbolizing France, Austria, Russia and Moravia. Within is a chapel with an ossuary. A small museum commemorates the battle. Every year, the events of the Battle of Austerlitz are commemorated in a ceremony.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: The Staré vinohrady height near Zbýšov saw the bloody collision of the French and Russian guards. In 2005, the Monument to the Three Emperors has been erected here.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: "Stará Pošta" ("Old Post") in Kovalovice is an original building from 1785, which now serves as a hotel and restaurant. On 28 November 1805, the French cavalry general Murat set up his headquarters here. On the day of the battle, the Russian general Bagration had his headquarters here. After the battle, Napoleon slept in this house and held preliminary negotiations about an armistice. A small museum commemorates these events.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: On Santon Hill in Tvarožná is a small white chapel. The hill was a mainstay of the French position and allowed the French artillery to dominate the northern portion of the battlefield. Below the hill, the yearly historical reenactments take place.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Battle of Austerlitz

Context: On Žuráň Hill where Napoleon had his headquarters, a granite monument depicts the battlefield positions.

Question: Minkä nykyisen valtion alueella Austerlitzin taistelu käytiin?


Wolf

Context: The English "wolf" stems from the Old English , which is itself thought to be derived from the Proto-Germanic . The Proto-Indo-European root *' may also be the source of the Latin word for the animal "lupus" (*'). The name "gray wolf" refers to the grayish colour of the species.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: Since pre-Christian times, Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons took on "wulf" as a prefix or suffix in their names. Examples include Wulfhere ("Wolf Army"), Cynewulf ("Royal Wolf"), Cēnwulf ("Bold Wolf"), Wulfheard ("Wolf-hard"), Earnwulf ("Eagle Wolf"), Wulfstān ("Wolf Stone") Æðelwulf ("Noble Wolf"), Wolfhroc ("Wolf-Frock"), Wolfhetan ("Wolf Hide"), Scrutolf ("Garb Wolf"), Wolfgang ("Wolf Gait") and Wolfdregil ("Wolf Runner").

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his "Systema Naturae" the binomial nomenclature. "Canis" is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as "Canis familiaris", and the wolf as "Canis lupus". Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its "cauda recurvata" (upturning tail) which is not found in any other canid.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: In more recent times, some male Italian wolves originated from dog ancestry, which indicates female wolves will breed with male dogs in the wild. In the Caucasus Mountains, ten percent of dogs including livestock guardian dogs, are first generation hybrids. Although mating between golden jackals and wolves has never been observed, evidence of jackal-wolf hybridization was discovered through mitochondrial DNA analysis of jackals living in the Caucasus Mountains and in Bulgaria.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: In 2021, a genetic study found that the dog's similarity to the extant gray wolf was the result of substantial dog-into-wolf gene flow, with almost negligible wolf-into-dog gene flow since the dog's domestication. Some gray wolves were related to all ancient and modern dogs.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: In Europe, wolves eat apples, pears, figs, melons, berries and cherries. In North America, wolves eat blueberries and raspberries. Wolves also eat grass, which may provide some vitamins, but is most likely used mainly to induce vomiting to rid themselves of intestinal parasites or long guard hairs. They are known to eat the berries of mountain-ash, lily of the valley, bilberries, cowberries, European black nightshade, grain crops, and the shoots of reeds.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: In times of scarcity, wolves will readily eat carrion. In Eurasian areas with dense human activity, many wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage. Prey in North America continue to occupy suitable habitats with low human density, the wolves eating livestock and garbage only in dire circumstances. Cannibalism is not uncommon in wolves during harsh winters, when packs often attack weak or injured wolves and may eat the bodies of dead pack members.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: Wolves carry ectoparasites and endoparasites; those in the former Soviet Union have been recorded to carry at least 50 species. Most of these parasites infect wolves without adverse effects, though the effects may become more serious in sick or malnourished specimens. Parasitic infection in wolves is of particular concern to people. Wolves can spread them to dogs, which in turn can carry the parasites to humans. In areas where wolves inhabit pastoral areas, the parasites can be spread to livestock.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: Europe, excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has 17,000 wolves in more than 28 countries. In many countries of the European Union, the wolf is strictly protected under the 1979 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (AppendixII) and the 1992 Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (AnnexII andIV). There is extensive legal protection in many European countries, although there are national exceptions.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: The wolf is a common motif in the mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout its historical range. The Ancient Greeks associated wolves with Apollo, the god of light and order. The Ancient Romans connected the wolf with their god of war and agriculture Mars, and believed their city's founders, Romulus and Remus, were suckled by a she-wolf. Norse mythology includes the feared giant wolf Fenrir, and Geri and Freki, Odin's faithful pets.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: In the Pawnee creation myth, the wolf was the first animal brought to Earth. When humans killed it, they were punished with death, destruction and the loss of immortality. For the Pawnee, Sirius is the "wolf star" and its disappearance and reappearance signified the wolf moving to and from the spirit world. Both Pawnee and Blackfoot call the Milky Way the "wolf trail". The wolf is also an important crest symbol for clans of the Pacific Northwest like the Kwakwakaʼwakw.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: Human presence appears to stress wolves, as seen by increased cortisol levels in instances such as snowmobiling near their territory.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: A review of the studies on the competitive effects of dogs on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Competition would favour the wolf, which is known to kill dogs; however, wolves usually live in pairs or in small packs in areas with high human persecution, giving them a disadvantage when facing large groups of dogs.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: Although the number of dogs killed each year by wolves is relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to prey on them. In many cultures, dogs are seen as family members, or at least working team members, and losing one can lead to strong emotional responses such as demanding more liberal hunting regulations.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: The fear of wolves has been pervasive in many societies, though humans are not part of the wolf's natural prey. How wolves react to humans depends largely on their prior experience with people: wolves lacking any negative experience of humans, or which are food-conditioned, may show little fear of people. Although wolves may react aggressively when provoked, such attacks are mostly limited to quick bites on extremities, and the attacks are not pressed.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: Theodore Roosevelt said wolves are difficult to hunt because of their elusiveness, sharp senses, high endurance, and ability to quickly incapacitate and kill a dog. Historic methods included killing of spring-born litters in their dens, coursing with dogs (usually combinations of sighthounds, Bloodhounds and Fox Terriers), poisoning with strychnine, and trapping.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Wolf

Context: Wolves and wolf-dog hybrids are sometimes kept as exotic pets. Although closely related to domestic dogs, wolves do not show the same tractability as dogs in living alongside humans, being generally less responsive to human commands and more likely to act aggressively. A person is more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog.

Question: Minkä ikäiseksi susi voi elää?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles () is a commune in the department of the Yvelines, Île-de-France, renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the western suburbs of the French capital, from the centre of Paris, Versailles is a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and is a major tourist destination. According to the 2017 census, the population of the city is 85,862 inhabitants, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: A new town founded at the will of King Louis XIV, Versailles was the "de facto" capital of the Kingdom of France for over a century, from 1682 to 1789, before becoming the cradle of the French Revolution. After having lost its status of royal city, it became the "préfecture" (regional capital) of the Seine-et-Oise département in 1790, then of Yvelines in 1968. It is also a Roman Catholic diocese.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles is historically known for numerous treaties such as the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution, and the Treaty of Versailles, after World War I. Today, the Congress of France – the name given to the body created when both houses of the French Parliament, the National Assembly and the Senate, meet – gathers in the Château de Versailles to vote on revisions to the Constitution.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: The argument over the etymology of "Versailles" tends to privilege the Latin word "versare", meaning "to keep turning, turn over and over", an expression used in medieval times for plowed lands, cleared lands (lands that had been repeatedly "turned over"). This word formation is similar to Latin "seminare" ("to sow") which gave French "semailles" ("sowings", "sown seeds").

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: During the Revolution of 1789, city officials had proposed to the convention to rename Versailles "Berceau-de-la-Liberté" ("Cradle of Liberty"), but they had to retract their proposal when confronted with the objections of the majority of the population.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles is the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese (bishopric) which was created in 1790. The diocese of Versailles is subordinate to the archdiocese of Paris.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: In 1975, Versailles was made the seat of a Court of Appeal whose jurisdiction covers the western suburbs of Paris.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Since 1972, Versailles has been the seat of one of France's 30 nationwide "académies" (districts) of the Ministry of National Education. The "académie de Versailles", the largest of France's thirty "académies" by its number of pupils and students, is in charge of supervising all the elementary schools and high schools of the western suburbs of Paris.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles is also an important node for the French army, a tradition going back to the monarchy with, for instance, the military camp of Satory and other institutions.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles is located west-southwest from the centre of Paris. The city sits on an elevated plateau, 130 to 140 metres (425 to 460 ft) above sea-level (whereas the elevation of the centre of Paris is only 33 m (108 ft) above sea level), surrounded by wooded hills: in the north the forests of "Marly" and Fausses-Reposes, and in the south the forests of Satory and Meudon.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: The city (commune) of Versailles has an area of 26.18 km2 (10.11 sq mi, or 6,469 acres), which is a quarter of the area of the city of Paris. In 1989, Versailles had a population density of 3,344/km2 (8,660/sq mi), whereas Paris had a density of 20,696/km2 (53,602/sq mi).

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Born out of the will of a king, the city has a rational and symmetrical grid of streets. By the standards of the 18th century, Versailles was a very modern European city. Versailles was used as a model for the building of Washington, D.C. by Pierre Charles L'Enfant.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: In 1561, Martial de Loménie, secretary of state for finances under King Charles IX, became lord of Versailles. He obtained permission to establish four annual fairs and a weekly market on Thursdays. The population of Versailles was 500 inhabitants. Martial de Loménie was murdered during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (24 August 1572). In 1575, Albert de Gondi, a man from Florence who had come to France with Catherine de' Medici, bought the seigneury of Versailles.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: This small château was the site of one of the historical events that took place during the reign of Louis XIII, on 10 November 1630, when, on the Day of the Dupes, the party of the queen mother was defeated and Richelieu was confirmed as Prime minister.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles' primary cultural attraction is the Palace, with its ornately decorated rooms and historic significance. The Potager du roi is a kitchen garden created under Louis XIV to supply fruits and vegetables to the Court. It is officially recognized as a Remarkable Garden of France.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: The town also has other points of cultural notability; in recent times, its position as an affluent suburb of Paris has meant that it forms a part of the Paris artistic scene, and musical groups such as Phoenix, Air, Fuzati, and Daft Punk have some link to the city, as does the director Michel Gondry.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Football Club de Versailles 78 is a semi-professional association football club founded in 1989. Their home stadium is the Stade de Montbauron, which has a capacity of 6,208 people.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: The headquarters of the Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University are located in the city, as well as the ISIPCA, a post graduate school in perfume, cosmetics products and food flavor formulation.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles is served by Versailles-Chantiers station, which is an interchange station on Paris RER line C, on the Transilien La Défense suburban rail line, on the Transilien Paris-Montparnasse suburban rail line, and on several national rail lines, including low-frequency TGV service.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles is also served by two other stations on Paris RER line C: Versailles-Château–Rive Gauche (the closest station to the Palace of Versailles and consequently the station most frequently used by tourists) and Porchefontaine.

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Versailles, Yvelines

Context: Versailles is also served by two stations on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line: and .

Question: Mikä on Versaillesin asukasluku?


Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Context: The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lithuanian SSR; ; ), also known as Soviet Lithuania or Lithuania, was one of the constituent republics of the USSR between 1940–1941 and 1944–1990. After 1946, its territory and borders mirrored those of today's Republic of Lithuania, with the exception of minor adjustments of the border with Belarus.

Question: Miksi Liettuan sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta toimi vain vuoden?


Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Context: On 18 May 1989, the Lithuanian SSR declared itself to be a sovereign state, though still part of the USSR. On 11 March 1990, the Republic of Lithuania was re-established as an independent state, the first Soviet Republic to leave Moscow and leading other states to do so. Considered illegal by the Soviet authorities, the country was recognized by western powers immediately prior to the breakup of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union itself recognized Lithuanian independence on 6 September 1991.

Question: Miksi Liettuan sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta toimi vain vuoden?


Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Context: Upon recapturing Lithuania from the retreating Germans in 1944, the Red Army immediately began committing war crimes. The situation was so extreme that even Sniečkus complained to Lavrentiy Beria on 23 July that "If such robbery and violence continues in Kaunas, this will burst our last sympathy for the Red Army". Beria passed this complaint on to Joseph Stalin.

Question: Miksi Liettuan sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta toimi vain vuoden?


Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Context: The Catholic Church took an active part in opposing the Soviets. The clergy published chronicles of the Catholic Church of Lithuania that were secretly distributed in Lithuania and abroad. The faithful would gather in small groups to teach children religion, celebrate religious holidays, and use national and religious symbols. The most active repressed figures of the movement were Vincentas Sladkevičius, Sigitas Tamkevičius, and Nijolė Sadūnaitė.

Question: Miksi Liettuan sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta toimi vain vuoden?


Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Context: Iceland immediately recognised Lithuania's independence. Other countries followed suit after the failed coup in August, with the State Council of the Soviet Union recognising Lithuania's independence on 6 September 1991. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991.

Question: Miksi Liettuan sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta toimi vain vuoden?


Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Context: It was agreed that the Soviet Army (later the Russian Army) must leave Lithuania because it was stationed without any legal reason. Its troops withdrew in 1993.

Question: Miksi Liettuan sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta toimi vain vuoden?


Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Context: A minor planet, 2577 Litva, discovered in 1975 by a Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh is named after the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Question: Miksi Liettuan sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta toimi vain vuoden?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Abbasid caliphs were Arabs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids claimed to be the true successors of Muhammad in replacing the Umayyad descendants of Banu Umayya by virtue of their closer bloodline to Muhammad.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: During the reign of Marwan II, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of , the fourth in descent from Abbas. Supported by the province of Khorasan (Eastern Persia), even though the governor opposed them, and the Shia Arabs, he achieved considerable success, but was captured in the year 747 and died, possibly assassinated, in prison.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: On 9 June 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), Abu Muslim, rising from Khorasan, successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the Black Standard. Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in Merv. General Qahtaba followed the fleeing governor Nasr ibn Sayyar west defeating the Umayyads at the Battle of Gorgan, the Battle of Nahāvand and finally in the Battle of Karbala, all in the year 748.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The quarrel was taken up by Ibrahim's brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, who defeated the Umayyads in 750 in the battle near the Great Zab and was subsequently proclaimed caliph. After this loss, Marwan fled to Egypt, where he was subsequently killed. The remainder of his family, barring one male, were also eliminated.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Immediately after their victory, As-Saffah sent his forces to Central Asia, where his forces fought against Tang expansion during the Battle of Talas. The noble Iranian family Barmakids, who were instrumental in building Baghdad, introduced the world's first recorded paper mill in the city, thus beginning a new era of intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and Mesopotamia. The Byzantines conducted raids during these early distractions.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: This resulted in a more ceremonial role for many Abbasid caliphs relative to their time under the Umayyads; the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the old Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy. During Al-Mansur's time, control of Al-Andalus was lost, and the Shia revolted and were defeated a year later at the Battle of Bakhamra.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Umayyad empire was mostly Arab; however, the Abbasids progressively became made up of more and more converted Muslims in which the Arabs were only one of many ethnicities.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the 8th century (750–800) under several competent caliphs and their viziers to usher in the administrative changes needed to keep order of the political challenges created by the far-flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it. It was also during this early period of the dynasty, in particular during the governance of Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and al-Ma'mun, that its reputation and power were created.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Al-Mahdi restarted the fighting with the Byzantines, and his sons continued the conflict until Empress Irene pushed for peace. After several years of peace, Nikephoros I broke the treaty, then fended off multiple incursions during the first decade of the 9th century. These attacks pushed into the Taurus Mountains, culminating with a victory at the Battle of Krasos and the massive invasion of 806, led by Rashid himself.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Rashid's navy also proved successful, taking Cyprus. Rashid decided to focus on the rebellion of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khorasan and died while there. Military operations by the caliphate were minimal while the Byzantine Empire was fighting Abbasid rule in Syria and Anatolia, with focus shifting primarily to internal matters; Abbasid governors exerted greater autonomy and, using this increasing power, began to make their positions hereditary.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer to home. Harun al-Rashid turned on and killed most of the Barmakids, a Persian family that had grown significantly in administrative power. During the same period, several factions began either to leave the empire for other lands or to take control of distant parts of the empire. Still, the reigns of al-Rashid and his sons were considered to be the apex of the Abbasids.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: After Rashid's death, the empire was split by a civil war between the caliph al-Amin and his brother al-Ma'mun, who had the support of Khorasan. This war ended with a two-year siege of Baghdad and the eventual death of Al-Amin in 813. Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years of relative calm interspersed with a rebellion in Azerbaijan by the Khurramites, which was supported by the Byzantines. Al-Ma'mun was also responsible for the creation of an autonomous Khorasan, and the continued repulsing of Byzantine forays.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, and the succeeding

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Tahirid and Saffarid dynasties of Iran. The Saffarids, from Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, and the Tulunids took control of most of Syria. The trend of weakening of the central power and strengthening of the minor caliphates on the periphery continued.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Al-Mustakfi had a short reign from 944 to 946, and it was during this period that the Persian faction known as the Buyids from Daylam swept into power and assumed control over the bureaucracy in Baghdad. According to the history of Miskawayh, they began distributing iqtas (fiefs in the form of tax farms) to their supporters. This period of localized secular control was to last nearly 100 years. The loss of Abbasid power to the Buyids would shift as the Seljuks would take over from the Persians.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: By the 870s, Egypt became autonomous under Ahmad ibn Tulun. In the East, governors decreased their ties to the center as well. The Saffarids of Herat and the Samanids of Bukhara began breaking away around this time, cultivating a much more Persianate culture and statecraft. Only the central lands of Mesopotamia were under direct Abbasid control, with Palestine and the Hijaz often managed by the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, had begun to push Arab Muslims farther east in Anatolia.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Isma'ili Fatimid dynasty of Cairo contested the Abbasids for the titular authority of the Islamic ummah. They commanded some support in the Shia sections of Baghdad (such as Karkh), although Baghdad was the city most closely connected to the caliphate, even in the Buyid and Seljuq eras. The challenge of the Fatimids only ended with their downfall in the 12th century.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: With the Buyid dynasty on the wane, a vacuum was created that was eventually filled by the dynasty of Oghuz Turks known as the Seljuqs. By 1055, the Seljuqs had wrested control from the Buyids and Abbasids, and took any remaining temporal power. When the amir and former slave Basasiri took up the Shia Fatimid banner in Baghdad in 1056–57, the caliph al-Qa'im was unable to defeat him without outside help. Toghril Beg, the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad to Sunni rule and took Iraq for his dynasty.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Once again, the Abbasids were forced to deal with a military power that they could not match, though the Abbasid caliph remained the titular head of the Islamic community. The succeeding sultans Alp Arslan and Malikshah, as well as their vizier Nizam al-Mulk, took up residence in Persia, but held power over the Abbasids in Baghdad. When the dynasty began to weaken in the 12th century, the Abbasids gained greater independence once again.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed by other Islamic scholars, notably by Persian scientists Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Astronomy in medieval Islam was advanced by Al-Battani, who improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was developed further by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and subsequently brought to medieval Europe.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Muslim alchemists influenced medieval European alchemists, particularly the writings attributed to Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber).

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: A famous example of Islamic poetry on romance was "Layla and Majnun", an originally Arabic story which was further developed by Iranian, Azerbaijani and other poets in the Persian, Azerbaijani, and Turkish languages. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later "Romeo and Juliet".

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Arabic poetry reached its greatest height in the Abbasid era, especially before the loss of central authority and the rise of the Persianate dynasties. Writers like Abu Tammam and Abu Nuwas were closely connected to the caliphal court in Baghdad during the early 9th century, while others such as al-Mutanabbi received their patronage from regional courts.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Three speculative thinkers, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna, combined Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism with other ideas introduced through Islam, and Avicennism was later established as a result. Other influential Abbasid philosophers include al-Jahiz, and Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen).

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: A number of industries were generated during the Arab Agricultural Revolution, including early industries for textiles, sugar, rope-making, matting, silk, and paper. Latin translations of the 12th century passed on knowledge of chemistry and instrument making in particular. The agricultural and handicraft industries also experienced high levels of growth during this period.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Nabia Abbott, preeminent historian of elite women of the Abbasid Caliphate, describes the lives of harem women as follows.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The choicest women were imprisoned behind heavy curtains and locked doors, the strings and keys of which were entrusted into the hands of that pitiable creature – the eunuch. As the size of the harem grew, men indulged to satiety. Satiety within the individual harem meant boredom for the one man and neglect for the many women. Under these conditions ... satisfaction by perverse and unnatural means crept into society, particularly in its upper classes.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The marketing of human beings, particularly women, as objects for sexual use meant that elite men owned the vast majority of women they interacted with, and related to them as would masters to slaves. Being a slave meant relative lack of autonomy, and belonging to a harem caused a wife and her children to have little insurance of stability and continued support due to the volatile politics of harem life.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: "There is no man whose two daughters reach the age of puberty and he treats them kindly for the time they are together, but they will gain him admittance to Paradise."

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: "Whoever has three daughters and is patient towards them, and feeds them, gives them to drink, and clothes them from his wealth; they will be a shield for him from the Fire on the Day of Resurrection.'"

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Even so, slave courtesans (qiyans and jawaris) and princesses produced prestigious and important poetry. Enough survives to give us access to women's historical experiences, and reveals some vivacious and powerful figures, such as the Sufi mystic Raabi'a al-Adwiyya (714–801 CE), the princess and poet 'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi (777–825 CE), and the singing-girls Shāriyah (–870 CE), Fadl Ashsha'ira (d. 871 CE) and Arib al-Ma'muniyya (797–890 CE).

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Each wife in the Abbasid harem had an additional home or flat, with her own enslaved personals staff of eunuchs and maidservants. When a concubine gave birth to a son, she was elevated in rank to umm walad and also received apartments and (slave) servants as a gift.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: In addition to these two holidays, Shias celebrated the birthdays of Fatimah and Ali ibn Abi Talib. Matrimonies and births in the royal family were observed by all in the empire. The announcement that one of the caliph's sons could recite the Koran smoothly was greeted by communal jubilation. When Harun developed this holy talent, the people lit torches and decorated the streets with wreaths of flowers, and his father, Al-Mahdi, freed 500 slaves.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: In Baghdad there were many Abbasid military leaders who were or said they were of Arab descent. However, it is clear that most of the ranks were of Iranian origin, the vast majority being from Khorasan and Transoxiana, not from western Iran or Azerbaijan. Most of the Khorasani soldiers who brought the Abbasids to power were Arabs.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Although the Abbasids never retained a substantial regular army, the caliph could recruit a considerable number of soldiers in a short time when needed from levies. There were also cohorts of regular troops who received steady pay and a special forces unit. At any moment, 125,000 Muslim soldiers could be assembled along the Byzantine frontier, Baghdad, Medina, Damascus, Rayy, and other geostrategic locations in order to quell any unrest.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The cavalry was entirely covered in iron, with helmets. Similar to medieval knights, their only exposed spots were the end of their noses and small openings in front of their eyes. Their foot soldiers were issued spears, swords, and pikes, and (in line with Persian fashion) trained to stand so solidly that, one contemporary wrote "you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze."

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Early in the days of the caliphate, the Barmakids took the responsibility of shaping the civil service. The family had roots in a Buddhist monastery in northern Afghanistan. In the early 8th century, the family converted to Islam and began to take on a sizable part of the civil administration for the Abbasids.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Capital poured into the caliphate's treasury from a variety of taxes, including a real estate tax; a levy on cattle, gold and silver, and commercial wares; a special tax on non-Muslims; and customs dues.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Muslim merchants employed ports in Bandar Siraf, Basra, and Aden and some Red Sea ports to travel and trade with India and South East Asia. Land routes were also utilized through Central Asia. Arab businessmen were present in China as early as the eighth century. Arab merchants sailed the Caspian Sea to reach and trade with Bukhara and Samarkand.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Many caravans and goods never made it to their intended destinations. Some Chinese exports perished in fires, while other ships sank. It was said that anybody who made it to China and back unharmed was blessed by God. Common sea routes were also plagued by pirates who built and crewed vessels that were faster than most merchant ships. It is said that many of the adventures at sea in the Sinbad tales were based on historical fiction of mariners of the day.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Arabs also established overland trade with Africa, largely for gold and slaves. When trade with Europe ceased due to hostilities, Jews served as a link between the two hostile worlds.

Question: Missä Abbasidikalifaatti perustettiin?


Demographics of Greece

Context: The Demographics of Greece refer to the demography of the population that inhabits the Greek peninsula. The population of Greece was estimated by the United Nations to be in (including displaced refugees).

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: Greece is divided into nine geographic regions. The population of each region according to the 2001 census:

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: Greece has received a large number of immigrants since the early 1990s. The majority of them come from the neighbouring countries. As of 2011, the number of foreigners in an enumerated total of 10,815,197 people was 911,299.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: Greece has received many illegal immigrants beginning in the 1990s and continuing during the 2000s and 2010s. Migrants make use of the many islands in the Aegean Sea, directly west of Turkey. A spokesman for the European Union's border control agency said that the Greek-Albanian border is "one of Europe's worst-affected external land borders." Migrants across the Evros region bordering Turkey face land-mines. Principal illegal immigrants include Albanians, Indians, Kurds, Afghans, Iraqis and Somalis.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: Being part of the phenomenon of the aging of Europe, the Greek population shows a rapid increase of the percentage of the elderly people. Greece's population census of 1961 found that 10.9% of the total population was above the age of 65, while the percentage of this group age increased to 19.0% in 2011. In contrast, the percentage of the population of the ages 0–14 had a total decrease of 10.2% between 1961 and 2011.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: The population of northern Greece has primarily been ethnically, religiously and linguistically diverse.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: The Muslim minority of Greece is the only explicitly recognized minority in Greece by the government. The officials define it as a group of Greek Muslims numbering 98,000 people, consisting of Turks (50%), Pomaks (35%) and Romani (15%). No other minorities are officially acknowledged by the government. There is no official information for the size of the ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities because asking the population questions pertaining to the topic have been abolished since 1951.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by almost all as a second language at least. Additionally, there are a number of linguistic minority groups that are bilingual in a variety of non-Greek languages, and parts of these groups identify ethnically as Greeks.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Demographics of Greece

Context: The number of Greek students studying at European institutions is increasing along with EU support for educational exchange. In addition, nearly 5,000 Greeks are studying in the United States, about half of whom are in graduate school. Greek per capita student representation in the US (one every 2,200) is among the highest in Europe.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan väkiluku miljoonan tarkkuudella?


Laser

Context: The first device using amplification by stimulated emission operated at microwave frequencies, and was named "maser", an acronym for "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". When similar optical devices were developed they were first known as "optical masers", until "microwave" was replaced by "light" in the acronym.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: All such devices operating at frequencies higher than microwaves are called lasers (including "infrared laser", "ultraviolet laser", "X-ray laser" and "gamma-ray laser"). All devices operating at microwave or lower radio frequencies are called masers.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: A laser that produces light by itself is technically an optical oscillator rather than an optical amplifier as suggested by the acronym. It has been humorously noted that the acronym LOSER, for "light oscillation by stimulated emission of radiation", would have been more correct. With the widespread use of the original acronym as a common noun, optical amplifiers have come to be referred to as "laser amplifiers".

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The back-formed verb "to lase" is frequently used in the field, meaning "to give off coherent light," especially in reference to the gain medium of a laser; when a laser is operating it is said to be "lasing". The words "laser" and "maser" are also used in cases where there is a coherent state unconnected with any manufactured device, as in "astrophysical maser" and "atom laser".

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: For the gain medium to amplify light, it needs to be supplied with energy in a process called pumping. The energy is typically supplied as an electric current or as light at a different wavelength. Pump light may be provided by a flash lamp or by another laser.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Most practical lasers contain additional elements that affect properties of the emitted light, such as the polarization, wavelength, and shape of the beam.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Electrons and how they interact with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In the classical view, the energy of an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is larger for orbits further from the nucleus of an atom. However, quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on discrete positions in orbitals. Thus, electrons are found in specific energy levels of an atom, two of which are shown below:

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: An electron in an atom can absorb energy from light (photons) or heat (phonons) only if there is a transition between energy levels that matches the energy carried by the photon or phonon. For light, this means that any given transition will only absorb one particular wavelength of light. Photons with the correct wavelength can cause an electron to jump from the lower to the higher energy level. The photon is consumed in this process.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: A photon with the correct wavelength to be absorbed by a transition can also cause an electron to drop from the higher to the lower level, emitting a new photon. The emitted photon exactly matches the original photon in wavelength, phase, and direction. This process is called stimulated emission.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The gain medium is put into an excited state by an external source of energy. In most lasers this medium consists of a population of atoms which have been excited into such a state by means of an outside light source, or an electrical field which supplies energy for atoms to absorb and be transformed into their excited states.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The optical resonator is sometimes referred to as an "optical cavity", but this is a misnomer: lasers use open resonators as opposed to the literal cavity that would be employed at microwave frequencies in a maser.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The resonator typically consists of two mirrors between which a coherent beam of light travels in both directions, reflecting back on itself so that an average photon will pass through the gain medium repeatedly before it is emitted from the output aperture or lost to diffraction or absorption.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In 1963, Roy J. Glauber showed that coherent states are formed from combinations of photon number states, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics. A coherent beam of light is formed by single-frequency quantum photon states distributed according to a Poisson distribution. As a result, the arrival rate of photons in a laser beam is described by Poisson statistics.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: A laser beam profiler is used to measure the intensity profile, width, and divergence of laser beams.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Diffuse reflection of a laser beam from a matte surface produces a speckle pattern with interesting properties.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: For continuous-wave operation, it is required for the population inversion of the gain medium to be continually replenished by a steady pump source. In some lasing media, this is impossible. In some other lasers, it would require pumping the laser at a very high continuous power level, which would be impractical or destroy the laser by producing excessive heat. Such lasers cannot be run in CW mode.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Pulsed operation of lasers refers to any laser not classified as continuous wave, so that the optical power appears in pulses of some duration at some repetition rate. This encompasses a wide range of technologies addressing a number of different motivations. Some lasers are pulsed simply because they cannot be run in continuous mode.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Other applications rely on the peak pulse power (rather than the energy in the pulse), especially in order to obtain nonlinear optical effects. For a given pulse energy, this requires creating pulses of the shortest possible duration utilizing techniques such as Q-switching.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The optical bandwidth of a pulse cannot be narrower than the reciprocal of the pulse width. In the case of extremely short pulses, that implies lasing over a considerable bandwidth, quite contrary to the very narrow bandwidths typical of CW lasers. The lasing medium in some "dye lasers" and "vibronic solid-state lasers" produces optical gain over a wide bandwidth, making a laser possible which can thus generate pulses of light as short as a few femtoseconds (10−15 s).

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In 1951, Joseph Weber submitted a paper on using stimulated emissions to make a microwave amplifier to the June 1952 Institute of Radio Engineers Vacuum Tube Research Conference at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. After this presentation, RCA asked Weber to give a seminar on this idea, and Charles Hard Townes asked him for a copy of the paper.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In April 1957, Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa proposed the concept of a "semiconductor optical maser" in a patent application.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: That same year, Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, then at Bell Labs, began a serious study of infrared "optical masers". As ideas developed, they abandoned infrared radiation to instead concentrate on visible light. In 1958, Bell Labs filed a patent application for their proposed optical maser; and Schawlow and Townes submitted a manuscript of their theoretical calculations to the "Physical Review", which was published in 1958.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: At a conference in 1959, Gordon Gould first published the acronym "LASER" in the paper "The LASER, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". Gould's intention was that different "-ASER" acronyms should be used for different parts of the spectrum: "XASER" for x-rays, "UVASER" for ultraviolet, etc. "LASER" ended up becoming the generic term for non-microwave devices, although "RASER" was briefly popular for denoting radio-frequency-emitting devices.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Since the early period of laser history, laser research has produced a variety of improved and specialized laser types, optimized for different performance goals, including:

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In 2015, researchers made a white laser, whose light is modulated by a synthetic nanosheet made out of zinc, cadmium, sulfur, and selenium that can emit red, green, and blue light in varying proportions, with each wavelength spanning 191 nm.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In 2017, researchers at TU Delft demonstrated an AC Josephson junction microwave laser. Since the laser operates in the superconducting regime, it is more stable than other semiconductor-based lasers. The device has potential for applications in quantum computing. In 2017, researchers at TU Munich demonstrated the smallest mode locking laser capable of emitting pairs of phase-locked picosecond laser pulses with a repetition frequency up to 200 GHz.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In 2017, researchers from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), together with US researchers from JILA, a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder, established a new world record by developing an erbium-doped fiber laser with a linewidth of only 10 millihertz.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Following the invention of the HeNe gas laser, many other gas discharges have been found to amplify light coherently.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Lasing without maintaining the medium excited into a population inversion was demonstrated in 1992 in sodium gas and again in 1995 in rubidium gas by various international teams. This was accomplished by using an external maser to induce "optical transparency" in the medium by introducing and destructively interfering the ground electron transitions between two paths, so that the likelihood for the ground electrons to absorb any energy has been cancelled.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The molecular fluorine laser, emitting at 157 nm in the vacuum ultraviolet is sometimes referred to as an excimer laser, however this appears to be a misnomer inasmuch as F2 is a stable compound.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Titanium-doped sapphire (Ti:sapphire) produces a highly tunable infrared laser, commonly used for spectroscopy. It is also notable for use as a mode-locked laser producing ultrashort pulses of extremely high peak power.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Thermal limitations in solid-state lasers arise from unconverted pump power that heats the medium. This heat, when coupled with a high thermo-optic coefficient (d"n"/d"T") can cause thermal lensing and reduce the quantum efficiency. Diode-pumped thin disk lasers overcome these issues by having a gain medium that is much thinner than the diameter of the pump beam. This allows for a more uniform temperature in the material. Thin disk lasers have been shown to produce beams of up to one kilowatt.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Solid-state lasers or laser amplifiers where the light is guided due to the total internal reflection in a single mode optical fiber are instead called fiber lasers. Guiding of light allows extremely long gain regions providing good cooling conditions; fibers have high surface area to volume ratio which allows efficient cooling. In addition, the fiber's waveguiding properties tend to reduce thermal distortion of the beam. Erbium and ytterbium ions are common active species in such lasers.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Photonic crystal lasers are lasers based on nano-structures that provide the mode confinement and the density of optical states (DOS) structure required for the feedback to take place. They are typical micrometer-sized and tunable on the bands of the photonic crystals.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Semiconductor lasers are diodes which are electrically pumped. Recombination of electrons and holes created by the applied current introduces optical gain. Reflection from the ends of the crystal form an optical resonator, although the resonator can be external to the semiconductor in some designs.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In 2012, Nichia and OSRAM developed and manufactured commercial high-power green laser diodes (515/520 nm), which compete with traditional diode-pumped solid-state lasers.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The pursuit of a high-quantum-energy laser using transitions between isomeric states of an atomic nucleus has been the subject of wide-ranging academic research since the early 1970s. Much of this is summarized in three review articles. This research has been international in scope, but mainly based in the former Soviet Union and the United States. While many scientists remain optimistic that a breakthrough is near, an operational gamma-ray laser is yet to be realized.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In September 2007, the BBC News reported that there was speculation about the possibility of using positronium annihilation to drive a very powerful gamma ray laser. Dr. David Cassidy of the University of California, Riverside proposed that a single such laser could be used to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction, replacing the banks of hundreds of lasers currently employed in inertial confinement fusion experiments.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Space-based X-ray lasers pumped by a nuclear explosion have also been proposed as antimissile weapons. Such devices would be one-shot weapons.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Living cells have been used to produce laser light. The cells were genetically engineered to produce green fluorescent protein, which served as the laser's gain medium. The cells were then placed between two 20 micrometer wide mirrors, which acted as the laser cavity. When the cell was illuminated with blue light, it emitted intense, directed green laser light.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Like astrophysical masers, irradiated planetary or stellar gases may amplify light producing a natural laser. Mars, Venus and MWC 349 exhibit this phenomenon.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: When lasers were invented in 1960, they were called "a solution looking for a problem". Since then, they have become ubiquitous, finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications in every section of modern society, including consumer electronics, information technology, science, medicine, industry, law enforcement, entertainment, and the military. Fiber-optic communication using lasers is a key technology in modern communications, allowing services such as the Internet.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The first widely noticeable use of lasers was the supermarket barcode scanner, introduced in 1974. The laserdisc player, introduced in 1978, was the first successful consumer product to include a laser but the compact disc player was the first laser-equipped device to become common, beginning in 1982 followed shortly by laser printers.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: In 2004, excluding diode lasers, approximately 131,000 lasers were sold with a value of US$2.19 billion. In the same year, approximately 733 million diode lasers, valued at $3.20 billion, were sold.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Lasers have many uses in medicine, including laser surgery (particularly eye surgery), laser healing (photobiomodulation therapy), kidney stone treatment, ophthalmoscopy, and cosmetic skin treatments such as acne treatment, cellulite and striae reduction, and hair removal.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Hobbyists have also used surplus lasers taken from retired military applications and modified them for holography. Pulsed ruby and YAG lasers work well for this application.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Different applications need lasers with different output powers. Lasers that produce a continuous beam or a series of short pulses can be compared on the basis of their average power. Lasers that produce pulses can also be characterized based on the "peak" power of each pulse. The peak power of a pulsed laser is many orders of magnitude greater than its average power. The average output power is always less than the power consumed.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: The indicated powers are for visible-light, continuous-wave lasers. For pulsed lasers and invisible wavelengths, other power limits apply. People working with class 3B and class 4 lasers can protect their eyes with safety goggles which are designed to absorb light of a particular wavelength.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Infrared lasers with wavelengths longer than about 1.4 micrometers are often referred to as "eye-safe", because the cornea tends to absorb light at these wavelengths, protecting the retina from damage. The label "eye-safe" can be misleading, however, as it applies only to relatively low power continuous wave beams; a high power or Q-switched laser at these wavelengths can burn the cornea, causing severe eye damage, and even moderate power lasers can injure the eye.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Lasers can be a hazard to both civil and military aviation, due to the potential to temporarily distract or blind pilots. See Lasers and aviation safety for more on this topic.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Laser

Context: Cameras based on charge-coupled devices may actually be more sensitive to laser damage than biological eyes.

Question: Kuka kehitti ensimmäisen lasersäteen?


Law of Finland

Context: As a member of the European Union, European Union law is in force in Finland, and Finland implements EU directives in its national legislation. The Court of Justice of the European Union is the ultimate authority in matters in the competence of the European Union.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen lakipykälä on kirjattu Suomessa?


Law of Finland

Context: As in Sweden, administrative law is interpreted by a separate administrative court system. Besides law proper, i.e. acts of parliament ("laki"), permanent government decrees ("asetus") form an important body of law. Issued if permitted by an act of parliament, the decrees may clarify acts and guide implementation thereof, but not contradict them.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen lakipykälä on kirjattu Suomessa?


Law of Finland

Context: Acts of Parliament form the main body of the law. In the typical procedure, the Finnish Government proposes a bill to the Parliament of Finland. When the act is amended and approved by the Parliament, the act is submitted to the President of Finland for presidential assent. Once the President signs the act, it becomes law. The President can exercise a right of veto, but the veto can be overridden by the Parliament with a simple majority.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen lakipykälä on kirjattu Suomessa?


Law of Finland

Context: Decrees are based on an authorization for delegation stipulated in an act of parliament. Decrees can be issued by the Finnish Government, President of Finland and individual ministries. They are enacted by the President in session with the Government ("presidentin esittely").

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen lakipykälä on kirjattu Suomessa?


Law of Finland

Context: The European Union can issue both Regulations, which immediately become law in the member states, and Directives, which are implemented as Acts of Parliament by the Parliament of Finland.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen lakipykälä on kirjattu Suomessa?


Law of Finland

Context: Finland does not have a single unified civil code, unlike e.g. France or Germany. All laws are published in the official journal "Suomen säädöskokoelma" (the Statutes of Finland) when promulgated. Most law is available from the online Finlex database, published by Edita Publishing Oy, and in a two-volume book set "Suomen laki", published by Talentum Media. These collections are however not exhaustive.

Question: Milloin ensimmäinen lakipykälä on kirjattu Suomessa?


Firearms of Japan

Context: were introduced to Japan in the 13th century by the Chinese, but saw little use. Portuguese firearms were introduced in 1543, and intense development followed, with strong local manufacture during the period of conflicts of the late 16th century. Hōjutsu, the art of gunnery, is the Japanese martial art dedicated to firearms usage.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: These weapons were very basic, as they had no trigger or sights, and could not bear comparison with the more advanced European weapons which were introduced in Japan more than 250 years later.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: The Japanese soon worked on various techniques to improve the effectiveness of their guns. They developed serial firing technique to create a continuous rain of bullets on the enemy. They also developed bigger calibers to increase lethal power. Protective boxes in lacquerware were invented to be able to fire matchlocks in the rain, as well as systems to accurately fire weapons at night by

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: As a result, in the year 1567, Takeda Shingen announced that "Hereafter, the guns will be the most important arms. Therefore, decrease the number of spears per unit, and have your most capable men carry guns". At the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, 3,000 arquebusiers helped win the battle, firing by volleys of 1,000 at a time, and secured across a river and breastwork to effectively stop enemy infantry and cavalry charges while being protected.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: In the year 1584 Ikeda Sen led a troop of 200 women armed with firearms at the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute and in 1600 at the Battle of Sekigahara, a rare example of a Teppō unit, or musketeer unit consisting only of women.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: Japan became so enthusiastic about the new weapons that it possibly overtook every European country in absolute numbers produced. Japan also used the guns in the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, in which about a quarter of the invasion force of 160,000 were gunners. They were extremely successful at first and managed to capture Seoul just 18 days after their landing at Busan.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: Isolation did not decrease the production of guns in Japan—on the contrary, there is evidence of around 200 gunsmiths in Japan by the end of the Edo Period. But the social life of firearms had changed: as the historian David L. Howell has argued, for many in Japanese society, the gun had become less a weapon than a farm implement for scaring off animals.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: A few Japanese started to study and experiment with recent Western firearms from the beginning of the 19th century especially as a means to ward off visits from foreign ships, such as the incursion by the Royal Navy frigate HMS "Phaeton" in 1808. Through the process of "rangaku" (the studying of Western science through the Dutch), airguns were developed by Kunitomo Ikkansai c. 1820–1830. From 1828, experiments were made with flintlock mechanisms.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: The Nagasaki samurai Takashima Shūhan (高島秋帆) started to import flintlock guns from the Netherlands known as "geweer" from the 1840s. He made the first modern Western military demonstration for the Tokugawa shogunate, in Tokumarugahara (north of Edo) on 27 June 1841.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: With the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1854 and the inescapable opening of the country to trade, rapid efforts were made at reequipping Japan with modern fireams. Old matchlock weapons were recovered and converted to flintlock mechanisms.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: For some time after the Meiji Restoration, Japan continued to use imported weapons. The newly created Imperial Japanese Army used firearms intensively against more traditional samurai rebellious forces during the Satsuma rebellion in 1877, with an average of 320,000 rounds of ammunition fired daily during the conflict. After the Satsuma rebellion, Japan relied extensively on the French Chassepot.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: Japan finally developed its own model, the Murata rifle, derived from the French Fusil Gras mle 1874. This was Japan's first locally made service rifle, and was used from 1880 to 1898. An industrial infrastructure, such as the Koishikawa arsenal had to be established to produce such new weapons.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


Firearms of Japan

Context: After the end of the war, the dissolution of the Imperial Japanese Army, and the establishment of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in 1947, Japan relied on M1 Garand rifles provided by the United States. In the mid-1950s however, Japan's Defense Agency started to develop battle rifles of its own, such as the Howa Type 64 and assault rifles like the Howa Type 89 which has been gradually replacing the former.

Question: Minä vuonna Japanissa on kehitetty ensimmäine ase?


List of James Bond vehicles

Context: This is a list of noteworthy vehicles seen in James Bond, used by either Bond himself, his allies, or his enemies.

Question: Mitä merkkiä on James Bondin erikoisauto?


List of James Bond vehicles

Context: This list includes all types of vehicles that are either playable and driven by the player in the video games or not playable and act as enemy vehicles or only appear in cutscenes. Some vehicles that are not playable are sometimes ridden by the player required to shoot down enemy vehicles in a few games.

Question: Mitä merkkiä on James Bondin erikoisauto?


List of James Bond vehicles

Context: In 2012 the National Motor Museum hosted "Bond in Motion", an exhibition of 50 Bond cars to celebrate fifty years of Bond on film. In 2014, the exhibition moved to the London Film Museum, cars from "Spectre" were added in 2015.

Question: Mitä merkkiä on James Bondin erikoisauto?


List of punishments for murder in the United States

Context: In 2005, the United States Supreme Court held that offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the murder was exempt from the death penalty under "Roper v. Simmons".

Question: Kuinka monta vuotta vankeutta taposta voi saada?


Context: In 2012, the United States Supreme Court held in "Miller v. Alabama" that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders.

Question: Kuinka monta vuotta vankeutta taposta voi saada?


Context: Excluding murder, all offense below are eligible for probation terms. If probation is given, the maximum confinement sentence is up to a year in jail with up to five years of probation. If probation is denied, the following prison terms are used:

Question: Kuinka monta vuotta vankeutta taposta voi saada?


Context: Under Assembly Bill 267, juveniles must have parole eligibility begin after 20 years if only one death occurred. Nevada does not have guidelines on when to offer parole if more than one person was killed.

Question: Kuinka monta vuotta vankeutta taposta voi saada?


South Africa

Context: The name "South Africa" is derived from the country's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation, the country was named the Union of South Africa in English and in Dutch, reflecting its origin from the unification of four formerly separate British colonies. Since 1961, the long formal name in English has been the "Republic of South Africa" and in Afrikaans. Since 1994, the country has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun meaning "south", is a colloquial name for South Africa, while some Pan-Africanist political parties prefer the term "Azania".

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: These finds suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa from about three million years ago, starting with "Australopithecus africanus". There followed species including "Australopithecus sediba", "Homo ergaster", "Homo erectus", "Homo rhodesiensis", "Homo helmei", "Homo naledi" and modern humans ("Homo sapiens"). Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for at least 170,000 years.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: In Mpumalanga Province, several stone circles have been found along with the stone arrangement that has been named Adam's Calendar, and the ruins are thought to be created by the Bakone, a Northern Sotho people.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: At the time of European contact, the dominant ethnic group was Bantu-speaking peoples who migrated from other parts of Africa about one thousand years before. The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and Zulu peoples.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: In the first two decades of the 19th century, the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader, Shaka. Shaka's warfare indirectly led to the ('crushing'), in which 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 people were killed and the inland plateau was devastated and depopulated in the early 1820s. An offshoot of the Zulu, the Matabele people created a larger empire that included large parts of the highveld under their king Mzilikazi.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: During the early 1800s, many Dutch settlers departed from the Cape Colony, where they had been subjected to British control, in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as , meaning "pathfinders" or "pioneers". They migrated to the future Natal, Free State, and Transvaal regions. The Boers founded the Boer Republics: the South African Republic (now Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West provinces), the Natalia Republic (KwaZulu-Natal), and the Orange Free State (Free State).

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior started the Mineral Revolution and increased economic growth and immigration. This intensified British efforts to gain control over the indigenous peoples. The struggle to control these important economic resources was a factor in relations between Europeans and the indigenous population and also between the Boers and the British.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The Boer Republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War (1880–1881) using guerrilla warfare tactics, which were well-suited to local conditions. The British returned with greater numbers, more experience, and new strategy in the Second Boer War (1899–1902) and, although they suffered heavy casualties through attrition, they were ultimately successful. Over 27,000 Boer women and children died in the British concentration camps.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa's urban population grew rapidly from the end of the nineteenth century onward. After the devastation of the Second Anglo-Boer War, Dutch-descendant Boer farmers fled into cities from the devastated Transvaal and Orange Free State territories to become the class of the white urban poor.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Within the country, anti-British policies among white South Africans focused on independence. During the Dutch and British colonial years, racial segregation was mostly informal, though some legislation was enacted to control the settlement and movement of indigenous people, including the Native Location Act of 1879 and the system of pass laws.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Eight years after the end of the Second Boer War and after four years of negotiation, an act of the British Parliament (South Africa Act 1909) granted nominal independence, while creating the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910. The Union was a dominion that included the former territories of the Cape, Transvaal and Natal colonies, as well as the Orange Free State republic.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks; at that stage they controlled only seven percent of the country. The amount of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: In the late 1970s, South Africa initiated a programme of nuclear weapons development. In the following decade, it produced six deliverable nuclear weapons.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all, the first of such agreements by black and white political leaders in South Africa. Ultimately, FW de Klerk opened bilateral discussions with Nelson Mandela in 1993 for a transition of policies and government.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Mafadi in the Drakensberg at is the highest peak in South Africa. Excluding the Prince Edward Islands, the country lies between latitudes 22° and 35°S, and longitudes 16° and 33°E.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The interior of South Africa consists of a large, in most places almost flat, plateau with an altitude of between and , highest in the east and sloping gently downwards towards the west and north, and slightly lso to the south and south-west. This plateau is surrounded by the Great Escarpment whose eastern, and highest, stretch is known as the Drakensberg.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa also has one possession, the small sub-Antarctic archipelago of the Prince Edward Islands, consisting of Marion Island () and Prince Edward Island () (not to be confused with the Canadian province of the same name).

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau. North of the Vaal River, the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat. Johannesburg, in the centre of the Highveld, is at above sea level and receives an annual rainfall of . Winters in this region are cold, although snow is rare.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 4 June 1994, and became a party to the convention on 2 November 1995. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 7 June 2006. The country is ranked sixth out of the world's seventeen megadiverse countries. Ecotourism in South Africa has become more prevalent in recent years, as a possible method of maintaining and improving biodiversity.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants, only one percent of South Africa is forest, almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal, where there are also areas of Southern Africa mangroves in river mouths. Even smaller reserves of forests are out of the reach of fire, known as montane forests. Plantations of imported tree species are predominant, particularly the non-native eucalyptus and pine.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Given the fact that South Africa is home to a third of all succulent species, many endemic to the Karoo, it makes it a hotspot for plant poaching, leading to many species to be threatened with extinction.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: South Africa is a parliamentary republic, although, unlike most such republics, the President is both head of state and head of government, and depends for his tenure on the confidence of Parliament. The executive, legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the Constitution, and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation. The National Council of Provinces, the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine provincial legislatures electing ten members.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: After each parliamentary election, the National Assembly elects one of its members as president; hence the President serves a term of office the same as that of the Assembly, normally five years. No President may serve more than two terms in office. The President appoints a Deputy President and ministers (each representing a department) who form the Cabinet. The National Assembly may remove the President and the Cabinet by a motion of no confidence.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: In the most recent election, held on 8 May 2019, the ANC won 57.5% of the vote and 230 seats, while the main opposition, the Democratic Alliance (DA), won 20.77% of the vote and 84 seats. The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), founded by Julius Malema, former President of the ANC's Youth Wing (ANC Youth League) who was later expelled from the ANC, won 10.79% of the vote and 44 seats. The ANC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: Since 2004, South Africa has had many thousands of popular protests, some violent, making it, according to one academic, the "most protest-rich country in the world". There have been a number of incidents of political repression as well as threats of future repression in violation of the constitution, leading some analysts and civil society organisations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression, or a decline in political tolerance.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: In 2008, South Africa placed fifth out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. South Africa scored well in the categories of Rule of Law, Transparency and Corruption, and Participation and Human Rights, but was let down by its relatively poor performance in Safety and Security. In November 2006, South Africa became the first and only African country to legalise same-sex marriage.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?


South Africa

Context: The judicial system consists of the magistrates' courts, which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases; the High Court, which has divisions that serve as the courts of general jurisdiction for specific areas; the Supreme Court of Appeal; and the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court.

Question: Mikä on Etleä-Afrikan pinta-ala?