Russian Air Force

Context: The Russian Air Force (, VVS) is a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, the latter being formed on 1 August 2015 with the merging of the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. The modern Russian Air Force was originally established on 7 May 1992 following Boris Yeltsin's creation of the Ministry of Defence. However, the Russian Federation's air force can trace its lineage and traditions back to the Imperial Russian Air Service (1912–1917) and the Soviet Air Forces (1918–1991).

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: The Russian Navy has its own independent air arm, the Russian Naval Aviation, which is the former Soviet "Aviatsiya Voyenno-morskogo Flota" (lit. "Aviation of the military-sea fleet"), or AVMF.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: However, many regiments, aircraft, and personnel were claimed by the republics they were based in, forming the core of the new republics' air forces. Some aircraft in Belarus and Ukraine (such as Tupolev Tu-160s) were returned to Russia, sometimes in return for debt reductions, as well as a long-range aviation division based at Dolon in Kazakhstan.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: The "VVS" participated in the First Chechen War (1994–1996) and the Second Chechen War (1999–2002). These campaigns also presented significant difficulties for the "VVS" including the terrain, lack of significant fixed targets and insurgents armed with Stinger and Strela-2M surface-to-air missiles.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: The short-lived operational commands were abolished. Two air armies, the 37th Air Army (long-range aviation) and the 61st Air Army (former Military Transport Aviation), were established directly under the Supreme Command. The former frontal aviation and anti-aircraft forces were organised as Air Force Armies and Anti-Aircraft Defense Armies under the military district commanders.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: There were initially four such armies with headquarters in St.Petersburg (Leningrad Military District), Rostov-on-Don (North Caucasus Military District), Khabarovsk (Far East Military District), and Chita (Siberian Military District). Two military districts had separate Air and Air Defence Corps. When the Transbaikal Military District and Siberian Military District were merged, the 14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army was formed to serve as the air force formation in the area.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: In 1999 Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister of Russia and then President in 2000; he continued to hold one or the other of these offices through every year since.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: During the 2000s, the Air Forces continued to suffer from a lack of resources for pilot training. In the 1990s Russian pilots achieved approximately 10% of the flight hours of the United States Air Force. The 2007 edition of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Military Balance listed pilots of tactical aviation flying 20–25 hours a year, 61st Air Army pilots (former Military Transport Aviation), 60 hours a year, and Army Aviation under VVS control 55 hours a year.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: In 2007 the Russian Air Force resumed the Soviet-era practice of deploying its strategic bomber aircraft on long-range patrols. This ended a 15-year unilateral suspension due to fuel costs and other economic difficulties after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Patrols towards the North Pole, the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean were reinstated, bringing the planes often close to NATO territory, including in one instance flying over the Irish Sea between the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: According to the instructions of the General Staff of the Armed Forces on 1 September 2011, the unmanned aircraft of the Russian Air Force and the personnel operating them moved under the command structure of the Russian Ground Forces.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: As of 2012, the Russian Air Force operated a total of 61 air bases, including 26 air bases with tactical aircraft, of which 14 are equipped with fighter aircraft. In terms of flight hours, pilots in the Western Military District averaged 125 hours over the 2012 training year. Pilots from the Kursk air base achieved an average of 150 hours, with transport aviation averaging 170 hours.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: In February 2014, during the early periods of Russia's annexation of Crimea, the Russian Air Force's assets of the Southern Military District were activated and flown to the peninsula for supporting the rest of the operations.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: On 1 August 2015, the Russian Air Force, along with the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and the Air Defense Troops, were merged into a new branch of the armed forces, now officially called the Russian Aerospace Forces.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: On 30 September 2015, the Russian Air Force launched a military intervention in Syria, in Syria's Homs region. On 24 November 2015, during a bombing mission, a Turkish Air Force F-16 shot down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24 that Turkey claimed had violated its airspace.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: In March 2020, the indiscriminate bombing of civilian targets by the Russian Air Force in Syria has been described as "amounting to war crime" by a United Nations Human Rights Council report.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: On 9 November 2020, a Russian Mil Mi-24 attack helicopter was shot down mistakenly by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war killing 2 crew members and injuring 1 more. Days later, after the signing of the ceasefire agreement, Russian peacekeepers were deployed to Nagorno-Karabakh with aviation for patrolling its borders.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: Modernization plans and programs carried out since the 2010s are being continued into 2021 as a part of Russia's State Armament Program for 2018–2027.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: On 24 February 2022, the Russian Air Force was deployed in support of the invasion of Ukraine. The Russian Air Force had reportedly deployed about 300 combat aircraft within range of Ukraine. Aircraft have also been deployed in Belarus for sorties over Ukraine.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: On 25 February 2022, Ukrainian forces reportedly destroyed several aircraft and set a Russian airbase on fire in the Millerovo air base attack.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: On 13 March 2022, Russian forces launched cruise missile attacks on Yavoriv military base near the Polish border.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: Russia's air war was largely a failure. An American intelligence analyst said that less than 40% of the 2,154 missiles fired by Russia hit their targets, such as the Zatoka bridge which sustained over eight air attacks before being disabled. The Russian air force reportedly flew over 20,000 sorties in the war, fewer than 3,000 of which entered Ukrainian airspace, possibly due to fear of Ukraine's sustained air defense.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: The Russian Air Force has struck civilian targets during the invasion prompting an International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine. Notably, it has struck a hospital in Mariupol as well as a theatre.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: Since the merger between the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces on 1 August 2015, the commander of the Russian Air Force as part of the new Russian Aerospace Forces is titled Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces and Commander of the Russian Air Force. Lieutenant General Andrey Yudin became the first holder of the position until he was succeeded by Lieutenant General Sergey Dronov in August 2019.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: With the Air Force now fusing into one joint service branch the personnel from the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and their respective facilities, the following now report to the Aerospace Forces HQ:

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: RT-70 in Yevpatoria (since the 2014 Crimean crisis, the status of Crimea, and thus of the city of Yevpatoria which is located on Crimea, is under dispute between Russia and Ukraine; Ukraine and the majority of the international community considers Crimea and Yevpatoria an integral part of Ukraine, while Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea and Yevpatoria an integral part of Russia) and Galenki (together with Roscosmos)

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: Liana space reconnaissance and target designation system (3 electronic reconnaissance satellites 14F145 "Lotus-C1")

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: The precise quantitative and qualitative composition of the Russian Air Force is unknown and figures include both serviceable and unserviceable aircraft as well as those placed into storage or sitting in reserve. "FlightGlobal" estimated that there were about 3,947 aircraft in inventory in 2015. According to the Russian Defense Ministry, the share of modern armament in the Air Force had reached about 35% during 2014. The figure was raised to 66% by late 2016 and to 72% by late 2017.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: Estimates provided by the IISS show that Russian Air Force combat pilots average 60 to 100 flight hours per year and pilots flying transport aircraft average 120 flight hours per year.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: The Russian Air Force operates several Nebo-M radars, that combine meter, decimeter and centimeter range. First two Nebo-M regiments were deployed in 2017 to Saint Petersburg and Kareliya. In 2018, further two regiments were deployed to Crimea and Penza. In 2019, a regiment was delivered to Volga region. In 2020, two regiments were deployed to the Far East and Naryan Mar, while another one was announced to be planned to be delivered to Volga region.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: Additionally, the air force operates radars that work in meter range only. Such systems are Nebo-UM (first units were delivered in 2018 to Voronezh and Novosibirsk, and in 2020 to Rostov-on-Don) as well as Rezonans-NE radars that have been constructed in the Arctic in Zapolyarniy, Indiga, Shoyna and Nova Zemlya, with another in Gremikha under construction.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: The air force also uses centimeter-range radar Podlet that was first delivered in 2020 to the Far East.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: The Russian Air Force inherited the ranks of the Soviet Union, although the insignia and uniform were slightly altered and the old Tsarist crown and double-headed eagle were re-introduced. The Russian Air Force uses the same rank structure as the Russian Ground Forces.

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Russian Air Force

Context: Production of the Russian aerospace industry for the Russian Armed Forces, by year of manufacture (first flight):

Question: Где находится главная база военно-воздушных сил России?


Derfflinger-class battlecruiser

Context: A new construction technique was employed to save weight. Previous battlecruisers were built with a combination of transverse and longitudinal steel frames; the "Derfflinger"-class ships dispensed with the transverse frames and used only the longitudinal ones. This enabled the ship to retain structural strength and a lower weight. As with all preceding capital ships, the outer hull spaces between the hull wall and the torpedo bulkhead were used for coal storage.

Question: Когда первый крейсер типа «Дерфлингер» был спущен на воду?


Derfflinger-class battlecruiser

Context: Of the three ships in its class, only "Derfflinger" was ordered as an addition to the fleet, under the provisional name "K". The other two ships were to intended to replace obsolete vessels; "Lützow" was ordered as "Ersatz Kaiserin Augusta" for the elderly protected cruiser and the contract for "Hindenburg" was issued under the provisional name "Ersatz Hertha", to replace the protected cruiser .

Question: Когда первый крейсер типа «Дерфлингер» был спущен на воду?


Derfflinger-class battlecruiser

Context: "Hindenburg" was interned at Scapa Flow, along with her sister "Derfflinger" and the rest of the German battlecruisers. She was scuttled on 21 June 1919, and sank at 17:00. Several unsuccessful attempts to raise her were made; on 23 July 1930 the ship was finally raised. From 1930 to 1932 she was scrapped at Rosyth. Her bell was presented to the German Federal Navy on 28 May 1959.

Question: Когда первый крейсер типа «Дерфлингер» был спущен на воду?


Girl Genius

Context: Girl Genius is an ongoing comic book series turned webcomic, written and drawn by Phil and Kaja Foglio and published by their company Studio Foglio LLC under the imprint Airship Entertainment. The comic won the Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story three times, has been nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist and twice for Eisner Awards, and won multiple WCCA awards.

Question: Когда был выпущен первый комикс Girl Genius?


Girl Genius

Context: "Girl Genius" has the tagline of "Adventure, Romance, Mad Science!". It follows the main character Agatha Heterodyne (introduced in 1995) through an alternate-history Victorian-style "steampunk" setting, although elements veer from what is usually thought of as steampunk. Kaja Foglio describes it as "gaslamp fantasy" instead to suggest its more fantastic style.

Question: Когда был выпущен первый комикс Girl Genius?


Girl Genius

Context: As well as the comics, the Foglios have also written four Girl Genius novels, all published by Night Shade Books, and two games based on the world have been made.

Question: Когда был выпущен первый комикс Girl Genius?


Girl Genius

Context: "Girl Genius" is set in an alternate-universe Europe with Industrial Revolution-like surroundings, airships, and mad scientists called Sparks. These Sparks, who have incredible powers of invention, turned the Age of Enlightenment into a full-scale war that ravaged the continent, until Baron Wulfenbach brought an uneasy peace through force.

Question: Когда был выпущен первый комикс Girl Genius?


Girl Genius

Context: The first three printed issues (which make up Volume 1) were in black and white. Subsequent printed and web comics were in color. Volume 1 was inked by Brian Snoddy, Volumes 2 and 3 by Mark McNabb. Volume 4 by Laurie E. Smith, and all subsequent volumes by Cheyenne Wright. Wright also colored the comics of Volume 1; these colored versions were used for a new print edition of Volume 1 and have replaced the original comics on the website.

Question: Когда был выпущен первый комикс Girl Genius?


Girl Genius

Context: The webcomic, as well as the initial printed issues, have been collected into printed volumes, and in some cases those volumes have been collected into printed omnibuses. Unless stated in the notes below, the books reprint works first published as the webcomic.

Question: Когда был выпущен первый комикс Girl Genius?


Girl Genius

Context: In 2010 it was reported that Felicia D. Henderson had optioned the rights to "Girl Genius" and was adapting it into a movie. However, no movie had been produced.

Question: Когда был выпущен первый комикс Girl Genius?


Girl Genius

Context: "Girl Genius" and its creators have won multiple Hugo Awards and Web Cartoonists' Choice Awards (WCCAs). They have also been nominated for further Hugo awards, WCCA awards, and Eisner Awards.

Question: Когда был выпущен первый комикс Girl Genius?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: The "South Dakota" class was a group of four fast battleships built by the United States Navy. They were the second class of battleships to be named after the 40th state; the first were designed in the 1920s and canceled under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: The "North Carolina"s also did not have sufficient space to act as fleet flagships, so the lead ship of the new class was designed with an extra deck on the conning tower specifically for this purpose, although the increase in space and weight from this necessitated removal of two twin 5-inch dual-purpose (DP) gun mounts.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: This ultimate insistence on speed presaged the development of the next generation of battleships, the largest, fastest, and final built by the U.S. Navy, the "Iowa" class:

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: The hull featured a bulbous bow, triple bottom under the armored citadel, and skegs, characteristics shared by all American fast battleships. Unlike the preceding "North Carolina"-class and the subsequent "Iowa"-class, the "South Dakota"s mounted the outboard propulsion shafts in skegs rather than the inboard ones. Compared to the "North Carolina"s, the slightly shorter hull form resulted in improved maneuverability, and the vibration problems had been considerably reduced.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: In February 1943, the 1.1-inch guns and 1 Oerlikon gun were replaced with an additional 52 Bofors guns, for a total of 68. In December 1944, the battery was again upgraded, with 72 Oerlikon and 72 Bofors guns. In March 1945, the battery was modified for the last time: 5 Oerlikon were added and 4 Bofors were removed. This provided the maximum number of anti-aircraft guns, at 145 guns. The other three ships followed a similar pattern of upgrades to the anti-aircraft armament.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: Each ship had seven 1,000 kW ship service turbogenerators (SSTG) as well as two 200 kW emergency diesel generators. Total electrical power output was 7,000 kW at 450 volts alternating current.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: The Mark 37 directors for the secondary batteries were fitted with the Mark 4 radar. With this system and the VT fused shells, the secondary batteries became formidable anti-air weapons, as well as being capable of using against surface targets. The Mark 4 was eventually replaced by the Mark 12/22.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: Unlike the preceding "North Carolina"-class battleships, the "South Dakota"s were designed to be resistant against 16-inch shellfire. The protection zone against the 2,240 lb projectile fired by the 16-inch/45 cal. guns of the was . To remain within treaty displacement limits, the belt armor was only slightly thicker while being considerably more inclined; this necessitating an internal belt arrangement in order to retain adequate waterline beam for stability.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: The "South Dakota"s had considerable main battery turret protection; the turret face plates are Class B, the sides are Class A, the rear is Class A, and the roof is Class B. The barbettes are protected by Class A armor thick along the centerline and on the sides. Secondary battery turrets and handling spaces are protected by STS. The conning tower is protected by thick armor.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: The ship is memorialized at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, where memorabilia and parts of the battleship are displayed within an outline of the main deck. A screw from "South Dakota" is on display outside the U.S. Navy Museum in Washington, D.C.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: In 1947, "Indiana" was put into the reserve fleet at Puget Sound. She was finally struck from the Navy List on 1 June 1962, and sold for scrapping on 6 September 1963 for $418,387. The ship breaking was finished in 1964. The battleship's mast was given to Indiana University at Bloomington, and her anchor is on display in Fort Wayne.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


South Dakota-class battleship (1939)

Context: On 9 January 1947, "Alabama" was placed into the reserve fleet in Bremerton, Washington, where she remained until 1 June 1962, when she was removed from the Navy List. "Alabama" was transferred to the USS "Alabama" Battleship Commission, which had acquired the ship in order to turn her into a memorial. She was towed out of Bremerton on 2 July 1964, to Mobile, Alabama, where she currently resides as a museum ship, the main attraction of Battleship Memorial Park.

Question: Сколько всего кораблей Типа «Саут Дакота» сохранено на март 2019?


Vehicle audio

Context: Initially implemented for listening to music and radio, vehicle audio is now part of car telematics, telecommunication, in-vehicle security, handsfree calling, navigation, and remote diagnostics systems. The same loudspeakers may also be used to minimize road and engine noise with active noise control, or they may be used to augment engine sounds, for instance making a smaller engine sound bigger.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: Around 1920, vacuum tube technology had matured to the point where the availability of radio receivers made radio broadcasting viable. A technical challenge was that the vacuum tubes in the radio receivers required 50 to 250 volt direct current, but car batteries ran at 6V. Voltage was stepped up with a vibrator that provided a pulsating DC which could be converted to a higher voltage with a transformer, rectified, and filtered to create higher-voltage DC.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: An FM receiver was offered by Blaupunkt in 1952. In 1953, Becker introduced the AM/FM Becker Mexico with a Variometer tuner, basically a station-search or scan function.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: From 1974 to 2005, the Autofahrer-Rundfunk-Informationssystem was used by the German ARD network. Developed jointly by the Institut für Rundfunktechnik and Blaupunkt, it indicated the presence of traffic announcements through manipulation of the 57kHz subcarrier of the station's FM signal. ARI was replaced by the Radio Data System.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: The AM/FM radio combined with a CD player has remained a mainstay of car audio, despite being obsolescent in non-car applications.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: Mobile players for physical media have been provided for vinyl records, 8-track tapes, cassette tapes, and compact discs.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: In 1962, Muntz introduced the Wayfarer 4-track cartridge tape player. Celebrities, including Frank Sinatra, had these units installed in their cars.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: In 1965, Ford and Motorola jointly introduced the in-car 8-track tape player as optional equipment for 1966 Ford car models. In 1968, a dashboard car radio with a built-in cassette tape player was introduced by Philips. In subsequent years, cassettes supplanted the 8-track and improved the technology, with longer play times, better tape quality, auto-reverse, and Dolby noise reduction. They were popular throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: In the early 21st century, compact digital storage media – Bluetooth-enabled devices, thumb drives, memory cards, and dedicated hard drives – came to be accommodated by vehicle audio systems.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: The stock system is the OEM application that the vehicle's manufacturer specified to be installed when the car was built.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: Amplifiers increase the power level of audio signals. Some head units have built-in stereo amplifiers. Other car audio systems use a separate stand-alone amplifier. Every amplifier has a rated power level sometimes noted on the head unit with the built-in amplifier, or on the label of a stand-alone unit.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


Vehicle audio

Context: Excessively loud sound systems in automobiles violate the noise ordinance of municipalities, some of which have outlawed them. In 2002, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a guide to police officers on how to deal with problems associated with loud audio systems in cars.

Question: Кто выпустил первый автомобильный приёмник?


HMS Bellerophon (1907)

Context: The design of the "Bellerophon" class was derived from that of the revolutionary battleship , with a slight increase in size, armour and a more powerful secondary armament. "Bellerophon" had an overall length of , a beam of , and a normal draught of . She displaced at normal load and at deep load. In 1909 her crew numbered 680 officers and ratings and 720 in 1910.

Question: В скольких войнах принимал участие HMS Bellerophon?


HMS Bellerophon (1907)

Context: The "Bellerophon"s were powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each driving two shafts, using steam from eighteen Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines were rated at and intended to give the ship a maximum speed of . During "Bellerophon"s sea trials on 2 November 1908, she reached a top speed of from . The ship carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of at a cruising speed of .

Question: В скольких войнах принимал участие HMS Bellerophon?


HMS Bellerophon (1907)

Context: The "Bellerophon"-class ships had a waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour that was thick between the fore and aftmost barbettes. The three armoured decks ranged in thicknesses from . The main battery turret faces were thick, and the turrets were supported by thick barbettes.

Question: В скольких войнах принимал участие HMS Bellerophon?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: Every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Each federal subject has its own constitution and legislation. Subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies. The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: An official government translation of the Constitution of Russia in Article 5 states: "1. The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: Another translation of the Constitution of Russia gives for article 65: "The Russian Federation includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:".

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: b. According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of St. Petersburg. However, St. Petersburg is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: c. According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: e. In February 2000, the former code of 20 for the Chechen Republic was cancelled and replaced with code 95. License plate production was suspended due to the Chechen Wars, causing numerous issues, which in turn forced the region to use a new code.

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: In addition to those six territories that entirely ceased to be subjects of the Russian Federation and were downgraded to territories with special status, another three subjects have a status of subject but are simultaneously part of a more populated subject:

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: With an estimated population of 49348 as of 2018, Chukotka is currently the least populated subject of Russia that is not part of a more populated subject. It was separated from Magadan Oblast in 1993. Chukotka is one of the richest subjects of Russia (with a GRP per capita equivalent to that of Australia) and therefore does not fit in the pattern of merging a subject to benefit from the economic dynamism of the neighbour.

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Federal subjects of Russia

Context: On 13 May 2020, the governors of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug announced their plan to merge following the collapse of oil prices stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. The process was scrapped on 2 July due to its unpopularity among the population.

Question: Сколько субъектов Российской Федерации всего на март 2019?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: The Visigoths and their early kings were Arians and came into conflict with the Catholic Church, but after they converted to Nicene Christianity, the Church exerted an enormous influence on secular affairs through the Councils of Toledo. The Visigoths also developed the highly influential law code known in Western Europe as the Visigothic Code ("Liber Iudiciorum"), which would become the basis for Spanish law throughout the Middle Ages.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: From 407 to 409 AD, an alliance of Germanic Vandals, Iranian Alans and Germanic Suebi crossed the frozen Rhine and swept across modern France and into the Iberian peninsula. For their part, the Visigoths under Alaric famously sacked Rome in 410, capturing Galla Placidia, the sister of Western Roman emperor Honorius.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: Athaulf (King of the Visigoths from 410 to 415) spent the next few years operating in the Gallic and Hispanic countrysides, diplomatically playing competing factions of Germanic and Roman commanders against one another to skillful effect, and taking over cities such as Narbonne and Toulouse (in 413). After he married Placidia, the Emperor Honorius enlisted him to provide Visigothic assistance in regaining nominal Roman control of Hispania from the Vandals, Alans and Suebi.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom, centered at Toulouse, controlled Gallia Aquitania and Gallia Narbonensis and most of Hispania with the exception of the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia in the northwest and small areas controlled by independent Iberian peoples, such as the Basques and the Cantabrians. Euric's son Alaric II (484–507) issued a new body of laws, the "Breviarium Alarici" and held a church council at Agde.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: Resistance also continued in the regions around the Pyrenees with the establishment of the Marca Hispanica from 760 to 785. The Berbers settled in the south and the Meseta Central in Castile. Initially, the Muslims generally left the Christians alone to practise their religion, although non-Muslims were subject to Islamic law and treated as second-class citizens.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: Visigothic settlements were concentrated along the Garonne River between Bordeaux and Toulouse in Aquitaine during the 5th century, according to contemporary sources under the terms of the late Roman Empire as "foederatii", or allies, and assigned billeting obligations to provide lodging for Roman soldiers, more or less as the imperial military had previously done in other provinces.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: The Visigoths founded the only new cities in Western Europe between the fifth and eighth centuries. It is certain (through contemporary Spanish accounts) that they founded four, and a possible fifth city is ascribed to them by a later Arabic source. All of these cities were founded for military purposes and three of them in celebration of victory.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: The first, Reccopolis, was founded by Liuvigild in 578 after his victory over the Franks, near what is today the tiny village of Zorita de los Canes. He named it after his son Reccared and built it with Byzantine imitations, containing a palace complex and mint, but it lay in ruins by the 9th century (after the Arab conquest).

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: At a slightly later date, Liuvigild founded a city he named "Victoriacum" after his victory over the Basques. Though it is often supposed to survive as the city of Vitoria, contemporary 12th-century sources refer to the latter city's foundation by Sancho VI of Navarre.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: Liuvigild's son and namesake of the first Visigothic city founded his own sometime around 600. It is referred to by Isidore of Seville as "Lugo id est Luceo" in the Asturias, built after a victory over the Asturians or Cantabri.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: The fourth and possibly final city of the Goths was "Ologicus" (perhaps "Ologitis"), founded using Basque labour in 621 by Swinthila as a fortification against the recently subjected Basques. It is to be identified with modern Olite.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: The possible fifth Visigothic foundation is "Baiyara" (perhaps modern Montoro), mentioned as founded by Reccared in the "Geography" of Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: The Visigothic rule has often been attributed to be a part of the so-called Dark Ages, a time of cultural and scientific decay reversed only by Muslim Andalusia. Through the course of their existence the Visigoths supposedly remained "men of the woods never strayed too far from there," as Thomas F. Glick puts it.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: These kings were Arians (followers of the theological teaching of Arius). They tended to succeed their fathers or close relatives on the throne and thus constitute a dynasty, the Balti.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Visigothic Kingdom

Context: The Visigothic monarchy took on a completely elective character with the fall of the Balti, but the monarchy remained Arian until Reccared I converted in 587 (Hermenegild had also converted earlier). Only a few sons succeeded their fathers to the throne in this period.

Question: Какая площадь была у короле́вства вестго́тов?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: No official census has been taken since 1932, reflecting the political sensitivity in Lebanon over confessional (i.e. religious) balance.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: As a result, the religious affiliation of the Lebanese population is very difficult to establish with certainty and various sources are used to get the possible estimate of the population by religious affiliation.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: The following are different sources that do not pretend to be fully representative of the religious affiliation of the people of Lebanon.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: A 2012 study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, estimated Lebanon's population to be 54% Muslim (27% Shia; 27% Sunni), 5% Druze, 35.5% Christian (21% Maronite, 8% Greek Orthodox, 6.5% other Christian groups), and a small number of other religious groups.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: The CIA World Factbook estimates (2020) the following , though this data does not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations: Muslim 67.8% (Sunni, Shia and smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 32.4% (mainly Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group), Druze 4.5%, and very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: The International Foundation for Electoral Systems provides a source for the registered voters in Lebanon for 2018 (it has to be noted that voter registration does not include people under 18 and unregistered voters) that puts the numbers as following:

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Maronite Catholic 25.52%, Greek Orthodox 8.15%, Druze 5.72%, Melkite Catholic 5.62%, Armenian Apostolic 2.64%, other Christian Minorities 1.28%, Alawite Shia Islam 0.88%, Armenian Catholic 0.62%, Evangelical Protestant 0.53%, and other 0.18% of the population.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Lebanon has a community of around 13,000 Hindus. There is a very small and ancient community of Zoroastrians numbering between 100-500 individuals. Lebanon also has a Jewish population estimated at less than 100.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Lebanese Sunnis are mainly residents of the major cities: west Beirut, Tripoli, and Sidon. Sunnis are also present in rural areas including Akkar, Ikleem al Kharoub, and the western Beqaa Valley.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Lebanese Shias are concentrated in Southern Lebanon, Baalbek District, Hermel District and the south Beirut (southern parts of Greater Beirut).

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Under the Lebanese political division (Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation) the Druze community is combined with Lebanon's Muslim community to form 50% of the parliament, despite the Druze and Muslims having very different beliefs. Most Druze do not identify as Muslims, and they do not accept the five pillars of Islam.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: The Druze are located in the areas known as the Metn, Gharb, Chouf, Wadi-al Taym, Beirut and its suburbs, which are the modern day districts of Metn, Baabda, Aley, Chouf, Rashaya, Hasbaya and Beirut. The Druze make the majority in cities like Aley, Choueifat, Rashaya, Ras el-Matn and Baakline.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Lebanese Christians are divided into many groups, several types of Catholics for instance the Maronites and Greek Catholics (Melkites), Greek Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox (among which are Syriacs, Armenians and Copts), Church of the East (Assyrians) and Protestants.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Lebanese Maronites are concentrated in the northern parts of Greater Beirut, the northern part of Mount Lebanon Governorate, the southern part of North Governorate, parts of Beqaa Governorate and South Governorate.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Greek Catholics are found across the country but in particular in districts on the eastern slopes of the Lebanese mountain range and in Zahle where they are a majority.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Lebanese Greek Orthodox are concentrated in north Beirut, as well as Lebanese North areas including Zgharta, Bsharre, Koura, and Batroun.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: The other Lebanese Christians are concentrated also in similar areas like in east Beirut (northern parts of Greater Beirut), Mount Lebanon, Zahlé, and Jezzine.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: As of 2018, the Jews in Lebanon make up the smallest recognized religious group, with merely 29 persons or 0.08% of the population.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through a governing and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Most parties have a sectarian identity as well, and represent the interests of their religion. A lot of clergies are involved in politics, and some are members and leaders of those parties.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Under the terms of an agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the president of the country must be a Maronite, the Prime Minister must be a Sunni, and the Speaker of Parliament must be a Shia.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: Non-religion is not recognized by the state. However, in 2009, the Minister of the Interior Ziad Baroud made it possible to have a citizen's religious sect removed from his identity card.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: On April 26, 2010, in response to Hizb ut-Tahrir's growing appeal in Beirut and demands to re-establish an Islamic caliphate, a Laïque Pride march was held in Beirut. Three days later, 70,000 gathered in Martyrs' Square, Beirut for a march organized by Laïque Pride.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: In 2011, hundreds of protesters rallied in Beirut on 27 February in a Laïque Pride march, calling for reform of the country's confessional political system. At the same time, a peaceful sit-in took place in Saida.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: At a march in May 2012 in which 600 participated, Laïque Pride issued six demands, four concerning women's rights and two concerning media freedom. Secular student clubs from Saint Joseph University (USJ), the Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts (ALBA), as the American University of Beirut (AUB) also participated in the march.

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Religion in Lebanon

Context: In October 2019, and until August 2020, a series of civil protests ensued in Lebanon, now known as the October Revolution condemning sectarian rule amongst a myriad of other issues plaguing their country. Lina Khatib, a journalist for Al-Jazeera, has labelled these protests as "cross-sectarian". She notes: "They are taking place across Lebanon, rather than only in Beirut. And they are demanding the fall of the government from the outset, while criticising political leaders from every sect."

Question: Какая официальная религия в Ливане на апрель 2019?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The Great Sphinx of Giza is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a human, and the body of a lion. Facing directly from west to east, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx appears to represent the pharaoh Khafre.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The original shape of the Sphinx was cut from the bedrock, and has since been restored with layers of limestone blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. Its nose was broken off for unknown reasons between the 3rd and 10th centuries AD.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The Sphinx is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and one of the most recognisable statues in the world. The archaeological evidence suggests that it was created by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of Khafre ().

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The original name the Old Kingdom creators gave the Sphinx is unknown, as the Sphinx temple, enclosure and possibly the Sphinx itself was not completed at the time, thus cultural material was limited. In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was revered as the solar deity "Hor-em-akhet" (; Hellenized: "Harmachis"), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) specifically referred to it as such in his Dream Stele.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Medieval Arab writers, including al-Maqrīzī, call the Sphinx by an Arabized Coptic name "Belhib" () and "Belhawiyya ("), which in turn comes from , a name of the Canaanite god Hauron with whom the Sphinx was identified. The modern Egyptian Arabic name is أبو الهول ("ʼabu alhōl / ʼabu alhawl" , "The Terrifying One"; literally "Father of Dread") which is a phono-semantic matching of the Coptic name.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The archaeological evidence suggests that the Great Sphinx was created around 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafre, the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The stones cut from around the Sphinx' body were used to construct a temple in front of it, however neither the enclosure nor the temple were ever completed, and the relative scarcity of Old Kingdom cultural material suggests that a Sphinx cult was not established at the time.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Selim Hassan, writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure, made note of this circumstance:

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: In order to construct the temple, the northern perimeter-wall of the Khafre Valley Temple had to be deconstructed, hence it follows that the Khafre funerary complex preceded the creation of the Sphinx and its temple. Furthermore, the angle and location of the south wall of the enclosure suggests the causeway connecting Khafre's Pyramid and Valley Temple already existed before the Sphinx was planned. The lower base level of the Sphinx temple also indicates that it doesn't pre-date the Valley Temple.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The Dream Stele associates the Sphinx with Khafre, however this part of the text is not entirely intact:

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Egyptologist Thomas Young, finding the "Khaf" hieroglyphs in a damaged cartouche used to surround a royal name, inserted the glyph "ra" to complete Khafre's name. When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to "Khaf" flaked off and were destroyed.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the sun god "Hor-em-akhet" (Hellenized: "Harmachis") or "Horus-at-the-Horizon". Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1427–1401 or 1397 BC) built a temple to the northeast of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction and dedicated it to the cult of "Hor-em-akhet".

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: In Graeco-Roman times, Giza had become a tourist destination—the monuments were regarded as antiquities—and some Roman Emperors visited the Sphinx out of curiosity, and for political reasons.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The Sphinx was cleared of sand again in the first century AD in honor of Emperor Nero and the Governor of Egypt Tiberius Claudius Balbilus. A monumental stairway—more than wide—was erected, leading to a pavement in front of the paws of the Sphinx. At the top of the stairs, a podium was positioned that allowed view into the Sphinx sanctuary. Further back, another podium neighbored several more steps. The stairway was dismantled during the 1931–32 excavations by Émile Baraize.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Pliny the Elder describes the face of the Sphinx being colored red and gives measurements for the statue:

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: A stela dated to 166 AD commemorates the restoration of the retaining walls surrounding the Sphinx. The last Emperor connected with the monument is Septimius Severus, around 200 AD. With the downfall of Roman power, the Sphinx was once more engulfed by the sands.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Over the centuries, writers and scholars have recorded their impressions and reactions upon seeing the Sphinx. The vast majority were concerned with a general description, often including a mixture of science, romance and mystique. A typical description of the Sphinx by tourists and leisure travelers throughout the 19th and 20th century was made by John Lawson Stoddard:

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: From the 16th-19th centuries, European observers described the Sphinx having the face, neck and breast of a woman. Examples included Johannes Helferich (1579), George Sandys (1615), Johann Michael Vansleb (1677), Benoît de Maillet (1735) and Elliot Warburton (1844).

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Richard Pococke's Sphinx was an adoption of Cornelis de Bruijn's drawing of 1698, featuring only minor changes, but is closer to the actual appearance of the Sphinx than anything previous. The print versions of Norden's drawings for his "Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie", 1755 clearly show that the nose was missing.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: In 1817, the first modern archaeological dig, supervised by the Italian Giovanni Battista Caviglia, uncovered the Sphinx's chest completely.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: One of the people working on clearing the sands from around the Great Sphinx was Eugène Grébaut, a French Director of the Antiquities Service.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Early Egyptologists and excavators were of divided opinion regarding the age of the Sphinx and the associated temples.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Flinders Petrie wrote in 1883 regarding the state of opinion of the age of the Khafre Valley Temple, and by extension the Sphinx: "The date of the Granite Temple has been so positively asserted to be earlier than the fourth dynasty, that it may seem rash to dispute the point. Recent discoveries, however, strongly show that it was really not built before the reign of Khafre, in the fourth dynasty."

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Gaston Maspero, the French Egyptologist and second director of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, conducted a survey of the Sphinx in 1886. He concluded that because the Dream Stela showed the cartouche of Khafre in line 13, it was he who was responsible for the excavation and therefore the Sphinx must predate Khafre and his predecessors—possibly Fourth Dynasty, . Maspero believed the Sphinx to be "the most ancient monument in Egypt".

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Ludwig Borchardt attributed the Sphinx to the Middle Kingdom, arguing that the particular features seen on the Sphinx are unique to the 12th dynasty and that the Sphinx resembles Amenemhat III.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: E. A. Wallis Budge agreed that the Sphinx predated Khafre's reign, writing in "The Gods of the Egyptians" (1904): "This marvelous object [the Great Sphinx] was in existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren, and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period []."

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Selim Hassan reasoned that the Sphinx was erected after the completion of the Khafre pyramid complex.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: In 1931, engineers of the Egyptian government repaired the head of the Sphinx. Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion, which had also cut deeply into its neck. This questionable repair was by the addition of a concrete collar between the headdress and the neck, creating an altered profile. Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980s, and then redone in the 1990s.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion (mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the animal up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: A number of "dead-end" shafts are known to exist within and below the body of the Great Sphinx, most likely dug by treasure hunters and tomb robbers.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Drawings of the Sphinx by Frederic Louis Norden in 1737 show the nose missing. Many folk tales exist regarding the destruction of its nose, aiming to provide an answer as to where it went or what happened to it. One tale erroneously attributes it to cannonballs fired by the army of Napoleon Bonaparte. Other tales ascribe it to being the work of Mamluks. Since the 10th century, some Arab authors have claimed it to be a result of iconoclastic attacks.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: In addition to the lost nose, a ceremonial pharaonic beard is thought to have been attached, although this may have been added in later periods after the original construction. Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev has suggested that had the beard been an original part of the Sphinx, it would have damaged the chin of the statue upon falling. The lack of visible damage supports his theory that the beard was a later addition.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Residues of red pigment are visible on areas of the Sphinx's face and traces of yellow and blue pigment have also been found elsewhere on the Sphinx, leading Mark Lehner to suggest that the monument "was once decked out in gaudy comic book colours". However, as with the case of many ancient monuments, the pigments and colours have since deteriorated, resulting in the yellow/beige appearance it has today.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Johann Helffrich visited the Sphinx during his travels in 1565–1566. He describes that a priest went into the head of the Sphinx, and when he spoke it was as if the Sphinx itself was speaking.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Many New Kingdom stelae depict the Sphinx wearing a crown. If it in fact existed, the hole could have been the anchoring point for it.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Howard Vyse directed Perring in 1837 to drill a tunnel in the back of the Sphinx, just behind the head. The boring rods became stuck at a depth of , Attempts to blast the rods free caused further damage. The hole was cleared in 1978. Among the rubble was a fragment of the Sphinx's nemes headdress.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: A major natural fissure in the bedrock cuts through the waist of the Sphinx, first excavated by Auguste Mariette in 1853.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: At the top of the back it measures up to in width. Baraize, in 1926, sealed the sides and roofed it with iron bars, limestone and cement, and installed an iron trap door at the top. The sides of the fissure might have been artificially squared; however, the bottom is irregular bedrock, about above the outside floor. A very narrow crack continues deeper.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: In 1926 the Sphinx was cleared of sand under direction of Baraize, which revealed an opening to a tunnel at floor-level at the north side of the rump. It was subsequently closed by masonry veneer and nearly forgotten.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: More than fifty years later, the existence of the passage was recalled by three elderly men who had worked during the clearing as basket carriers. This led to the rediscovery and excavation of the rump passage, in 1980.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The passage consists of an upper and a lower section, which are angled roughly 90 degrees to each other:

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: It is possible that the entire passage was cut top down, beginning high up on the rump, and that the current access point at floor-level was made at a later date.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Vyse noted in his diary (February 27 and 28, 1837) that he was "boring" near the tail, which indicates him as the creator of the passage, as no other tunnel has been identified at this location. Another interpretation is that the shaft is of ancient origin, perhaps an exploratory tunnel or an unfinished tomb shaft.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: A 1925 photograph shows a man standing below floor level in a niche in the Sphinx's core body. It was closed during the 1925-6 restorations.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Another hole might have been at floor level in the large masonry box on the south side of the Sphinx.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: The space behind the Dream Stele, between the paws of the Sphinx, was covered by an iron beam and cement roof, which was fitted with an iron trap door.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: At the ledge of the Sphinx enclosure, a square shaft is located opposite the northern hind paw. It was cleared during excavation in 1978 by Hawass and measures and about deep. Lehner interprets the shaft to be an unfinished tomb and named it "Keyhole Shaft", because a cuttings in the ledge above the shaft is shaped like the lower part of a keyhole, upside down.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Numerous ideas have been suggested to explain or reinterpret the origin and identity of the Sphinx, that lack sufficient evidential support and/or are contradicted by such, and are therefore considered part of pseudohistory and pseudoarchaeology.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


Great Sphinx of Giza

Context: Until the early 20th century, it was suggested that the face of the Sphinx had "Negroid" characteristics, as part of now outdated historical race concepts.

Question: Что случилось с носом Сфинкса?


King of Italy

Context: After the deposition of the last Western Emperor in 476, Heruli leader Odoacer was appointed "Dux Italiae" ("Duke of Italy") by the reigning Byzantine Emperor Zeno. Later, the Germanic "foederati," the Scirians and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, proclaimed Odoacer ('King of Italy). In 493, the Ostrogothic king Theoderic the Great killed Odoacer, and set up a new dynasty of kings of Italy. Ostrogothic rule ended when Italy was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in 552.

Question: Какой представитель династии Бонапарт был королем Италии?


King of Italy

Context: Initially named "Dux Italiae" (Duke of Italy) by Zeno, the Roman Emperor in Constantinople, he later was recognized as King of Italy by the "Foederati" in control of the Italian peninsula. He was deposed by the Ostrogoths, who established their own kingdom.

Question: Какой представитель династии Бонапарт был королем Италии?


King of Italy

Context: Roman authority in Italy was briefly re-established under Justinian, though his gains were lost under his successor Justin II, after a new Germanic tribe, the Lombards, invaded from the north and established their kingdom in 568.

Question: Какой представитель династии Бонапарт был королем Италии?


King of Italy

Context: The Lombards under Albion established their kingdom in the extreme north of Italy in 568, gradually pushing the Byzantine Romans back from the peninsula until only the Exarchate of Ravenna remained under Roman control. This finally fell in the 750s, with the Lombards gaining control of the whole of the peninsula. The last Lombard King of Italy, Desiderius, was deposed by his father-in-law Charlemagne, who folded it into the larger Carolingian Empire, which evolved over time into the Holy Roman Empire.

Question: Какой представитель династии Бонапарт был королем Италии?


King of Italy

Context: Charlemagne's personal rule over Italy lasted until 781, when he named his son Pepin as King of Italy, though the Frankish Emperor still maintained suzerainty over the land. Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor in 800, while the Kingdom of Italy became one of the constituent kingdoms of the Empire. Beginning with Louis the Pious in 818, the Kingdom was ruled directly by the Carolingian Emperor himself.

Question: Какой представитель династии Бонапарт был королем Италии?


King of Italy

Context: In 951 Otto I invaded Italy and was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. In 952, Berengar and Adalbert became his vassals but remained kings until being deposed by Otto.

Question: Какой представитель династии Бонапарт был королем Италии?


King of Italy

Context: Charles V was the last emperor to be crowned king of Italy or to officially use the title. The Habsburg emperors claimed the Italian crown until 1801. The empire continued to include Italian territories until its dissolution in 1806.

Question: Какой представитель династии Бонапарт был королем Италии?


King of Italy

Context: Up until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1946, the full titles of the Kings of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) were:

Question: Какой представитель династии Бонапарт был королем Италии?


Hourglass

Context: Depictions of an hourglass as a symbol of the passage of time are found in art, especially on tombstones or other monuments, from antiquity to the present day. The form of a winged hourglass has been used as a literal depiction of the well-known idiom "time flies".

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the Early Middle Ages; the first documented example dates from the 8th century CE, crafted by a Frankish monk named Liutprand who served at the cathedral in Chartres, France. But it was not until the 14th century that the hourglass was seen commonly, the earliest firm evidence being a depiction in the 1338 fresco "Allegory of Good Government" by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: Use of the marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a marine sandglass dates from c. 1345, in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship "La George", in the reign of Edward III of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345:

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: "The same Thomas accounts to have paid at Lescluse, in Flanders, for twelve glass horologes (" pro xii. orlogiis vitreis "), price of each 4½ gross', in sterling 9"s." Item, For four horologes of the same sort (" de eadem secta "), bought there, price of each five gross', making in sterling 3"s." 4"d.""

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: The hourglass also found popularity on land. As the use of mechanical clocks to indicate the times of events like church services became more common, creating a "need to keep track of time", the demand for time-measuring devices increased. Hourglasses were essentially inexpensive, as they required no rare technology to make and their contents were not hard to come by, and as the manufacturing of these instruments became more common, their uses became more practical.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: After 1500, the hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in the British Museum in London.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: Not until the 18th century did John Harrison come up with a marine chronometer that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, he made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: Hourglasses were an early dependable and accurate measure of time. The rate of flow of the sand is independent of the depth in the upper reservoir, and the instrument will not freeze in cold weather. From the 15th century onwards, hourglasses were being used in a range of applications at sea, in the church, in industry, and in cookery.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: While they are no longer widely used for keeping time, some institutions do maintain them. Both houses of the Australian Parliament use three hourglasses to time certain procedures, such as divisions.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: The sandglass is still widely used as the kitchen egg timer; for cooking eggs, a three-minute timer is typical, hence the name "egg timer" for three-minute hourglasses. Egg timers are sold widely as souvenirs.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: Sand timers are also sometimes used in games such as Pictionary and Boggle to implement a time constraint on rounds of play.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: Unlike most other methods of measuring time, the hourglass concretely represents the present as being between the past and the future, and this has made it an enduring symbol of time itself.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: The hourglass, sometimes with the addition of metaphorical wings, is often depicted as a symbol that human existence is fleeting, and that the "sands of time" will run out for every human life. It was used thus on pirate flags, to strike fear into the hearts of the pirates' victims. In England, hourglasses were sometimes placed in coffins, and they have graced gravestones for centuries. The hourglass was also used in alchemy as a symbol for hour.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: The former Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich in London used an hourglass on its coat of arms, symbolising Greenwich's role as the origin of GMT. The district's successor, the Royal Borough of Greenwich, uses two hourglasses on its coat of arms.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: Recognition of the hourglass as a symbol of time has survived its obsolescence as a timekeeper. For example, the American television soap opera "Days of Our Lives", since its first broadcast in 1965, has displayed an hourglass in its opening credits, with the narration, "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives," spoken by Macdonald Carey.

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Hourglass

Context: Various computer graphical user interfaces may change the pointer to an hourglass during a period when the program is in the middle of a task, and may not accept user input. During that period other programs, for example in different windows, may work normally. When such an hourglass does not disappear, it suggests a program is in an infinite loop and needs to be terminated, or is waiting for some external event (such as the user inserting a CD). Unicode has an symbol at codice_1 (⌛).

Question: Где были изобретены песочные часы?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Marx and Engels each began their adulthood as Young Hegelians, one of several groups of intellectuals inspired by the philosopher Hegel. Marx's doctoral thesis, "The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature", was concerned with the atomism of Epicurus and Democritus, which is considered the foundation of materialist philosophy. Marx was also familiar with Lucretius's theory of "clinamen".

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Marx and Engels both concluded that Hegelian philosophy, at least as interpreted by their former colleagues, was too abstract and was being misapplied in attempts to explain the social injustice in recently industrializing countries such as Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, which was a growing concern in the early 1840s, as exemplified by Dickensian inequity.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In contrast to the conventional Hegelian dialectic of the day, which emphasized the idealist observation that human experience is dependent on the mind's perceptions, Marx developed Marxist dialectics, which emphasized the materialist view that the world of the concrete shapes socioeconomic interactions and that those in turn determine sociopolitical reality.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Whereas some Hegelians blamed religious alienation (estrangement from the traditional comforts of religion) for societal ills, Marx and Engels concluded that alienation from economic and political autonomy, coupled with exploitation and poverty, was the real culprit.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Engels postulated three laws of dialectics from his reading of Hegel's "Science of Logic". Engels elucidated these laws as the materialist dialectic in his work "Dialectics of Nature":

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: The first law, which originates with the ancient Ionian philosopher Heraclitus, can be clarified through the following examples:

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: The first law was seen by both Hegel and Vladimir Lenin as the central feature of a dialectical understanding of things:

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Z. A. Jordan notes, "Engels made constant use of the metaphysical insight that the higher level of existence emerges from and has its roots in the lower; that the higher level constitutes a new order of being with its irreducible laws; and that this process of evolutionary advance is governed by laws of development which reflect basic properties of 'matter in motion as a whole'."

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: After reading Hegel's "Science of Logic" in 1914, Lenin made some brief notes outlining three "elements" of logic. They are:

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Lenin develops these in a further series of notes, and appears to argue that "the transition of quantity into quality and vice versa" is an example of the unity and opposition of opposites expressed tentatively as "not only the unity of opposites but the transitions of every determination, quality, feature, side, property into every other [into its opposite?]."

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In his essay "On the Question of Dialectics", Lenin stated, "Development is the 'struggle' of opposites."

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: He stated, "The unity (coincidence, identity, equal action) of opposites is conditional, temporary, transitory, relative. The struggle of mutually exclusive opposites is absolute, just as development and motion are absolute."

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Lenin reassessed Feuerbach's philosophy and concluded that it was in line with dialectical materialism.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: György Lukács, Minister of Culture in the brief Béla Kun government of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919), published "History and Class Consciousness" (1923), in which he defined "dialectical materialism" as the knowledge of society as a whole, knowledge which, in itself, was the class consciousness of the proletariat. In the first chapter "What is Orthodox Marxism?", Lukács defined "orthodoxy" as fidelity to the "Marxist method", not fidelity to "dogmas":

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Orthodox Marxism, therefore, does not imply the uncritical acceptance of the results of Marx's investigations. It is not the "belief" in this or that thesis, nor the exegesis of a "sacred" book. On the contrary, orthodoxy refers exclusively to method. It is the scientific conviction that dialectical materialism is the road to truth and that its methods can be developed, expanded, and deepened, only along the lines laid down by its founders. (§1)

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In his later works and actions, Lukács became a leader of Democratic Marxism. He modified many of his formulations of his 1923 works and went on to develop a Marxist ontology and played an active role in democratic movements in Hungary in 1956 and the 1960s. He and his associates became sharply critical of the formulation of dialectical materialism in the Soviet Union that was exported to those countries under its control. In the 1960s, his associates became known as the Budapest School.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Lukács, in his philosophical criticism of Marxist revisionism, proposed an intellectual return to the Marxist method. So did Louis Althusser, who later defined Marxism and psychoanalysis as "conflictual sciences", stating that political factions and revisionism are inherent to Marxist theory and political praxis, because dialectical materialism is the philosophic product of class struggle:

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: For this reason, the task of orthodox Marxism, its victory over Revisionism and utopianism can never mean the defeat, once and for all, of false tendencies. It is an ever-renewed struggle against the insidious effects of bourgeois ideology on the thought of the proletariat. Marxist orthodoxy is no guardian of traditions, it is the eternally vigilant prophet proclaiming the relation between the tasks of the immediate present and the totality of the historical process. (§5)

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: ...the premise of dialectical materialism is, we recall: 'It is not men's consciousness that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness'... Only when the core of existence stands revealed as a social process can existence be seen as the product, albeit the hitherto unconscious product, of human activity. (§5)

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Philosophically aligned with Marx is the criticism of the individualist, bourgeois philosophy of the subject, which is founded upon the voluntary and conscious subject. Against said ideology is the primacy of social relations. Existence—and thus the world—is the product of human activity, but this can be seen only by accepting the primacy of social process on individual consciousness. This type of consciousness is an effect of ideological mystification.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: At the 5th Congress of the Communist International (July 1924), Grigory Zinoviev formally denounced Lukács's heterodox definition of Orthodox Marxism as exclusively derived from fidelity to the "Marxist method", and not to Communist party dogmas; and denounced the philosophical developments of the German Marxist theorist Karl Korsch.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: In "On Contradiction" (1937), Mao Zedong outlined a version of dialectical materialism that subsumed two of Engels's three principal laws of dialectics, "the transformation of quantity into quality" and "the negation of the negation" as sub-laws (and not principal laws of their own) of the first law, "the unity and interpenetration of opposites".

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Historian of science Loren Graham has detailed at length the role played by dialectical materialism in the Soviet Union in disciplines throughout the natural and social sciences. He has concluded that, despite the Lysenko period in genetics and constraints on free inquiry imposed by political authorities, dialectical materialism had a positive influence on the work of many Soviet scientists.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, have tried to employ dialectical materialism in their approach. They view dialectics as playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work. From Lewontin's perspective, we get this idea:

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: ... dialectical thinking should be taken more seriously by Western scholars, not discarded because some nations of the second world have constructed a cardboard version as an official political doctrine.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Lewontin, Gould, and Eldredge were thus more interested in dialectical materialism as a heuristic than a dogmatic form of 'truth' or a statement of their politics. Nevertheless, they found a readiness for critics to "seize upon" key statements and portray punctuated equilibrium, and exercises associated with it, such as public exhibitions, as a "Marxist plot".

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: The Communist Party's official interpretation of Marxism, dialectical materialism, fit Alexander Oparin's studies on the origins of life as 'a flow, an exchange, a dialectical unity'. This notion was re-enforced by Oparin's association with Lysenko.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Dialectical materialism

Context: Economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises wrote a critique of Marxist materialism which he published as a part of his 1957 work "Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution". H. B. Acton described the creed as "a philosophical farrago". Max Eastman argued that dialectical materialism lacks a psychological basis.

Question: Когда начали изучать диалекти́ческий материали́зм в России?


Russian architecture

Context: The Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior was a memorial to Ilya Muromets. During the Mongol invasion, Ilya was reputed to have saved the city; the church was built in his honor on Elijah Street in 1824. During this time the city-state of Novgorod established a separate district for the princes, subdividing the city into a series of streets where the church still stands. The church windows are more detailed, the niches deeper and the dome (seen in larger cathedrals) is augmented by a pitched roof.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: Russian architecture is a mix of Eastern Roman and Pagan architecture. Some characteristics taken from the Slavic pagan temples are the exterior galleries and the plurality of towers.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: Between the 6th and the 8th century, the Slavs built fortresses, named "grod"s, which were tightly constructed wooden mechanisms of separation.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: Tented churches were popular during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Two prime examples dating from his reign employ several tents of exotic shapes and colors, arranged in an intricate design: the Church of St John the Baptist in Kolomenskoye (1547) and Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square (1561). The latter church unites nine tented roofs in a striking circular composition.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: In 1712, Peter I of Russia moved the capital from Moscow to St Petersburg, which he planned to design in the style usually called Petrine Baroque. Its major monuments include the Peter and Paul Cathedral and Menshikov Palace.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: During the reign of Empress Anna and Elizaveta Petrovna, Russian architecture was dominated by the luxurious Baroque style of Bartolomeo Rastrelli; Rastrelli's signature buildings include the Winter Palace, the Catherine Palace and the Smolny Cathedral. Other distinctive monuments of the Elizabethan Baroque are the bell tower of the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra and the Red Gate.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: Between 1895 and 1905 architecture was briefly dominated by Russian Art Nouveau, most active in Moscow (Lev Kekushev, Fyodor Schechtel and William Walcot). While it remained a popular choice until the outbreak of World War I, in 1905–1914 it gave way to the Russian neoclassical revival – merging the Empire style and Palladian tradition with contemporary construction technology.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: An important priority during the post-revolutionary period was the mass reconstruction of cities. In 1918 Alexey Shchusev (1873–1949) and Ivan Zholtovsky founded the Mossovet Architectural Workshop, where the complex planning of Moscow's reconstruction as a new Soviet capital took place. The workshop employed young architects who later emerged as avant-garde leaders. At the same time architectural education, concentrated in the Vkhutemas, was divided between revivalists and modernists.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: In Petrograd from 1917 to 1919 the first example of the new style was built on the Field of Mars – a monument, "Strugglers of the Revolution", designed by Lev Rudnev (1886–1956). This complex consisted of a series of simple, expressive granite monoliths and became the focal point for further development in Soviet sculptural and memorial architecture.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: The most famous construction of this time, however, was Lenin's Mausoleum by Alexey Shchusev. Originally it was a temporary wooden structure, topped by a pyramid, with two wings (for entry and exit). In 1930 it was replaced with the present building, built of stone. The combination of dark red and black labradorite enhanced its slender, precise construction.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: Creative unions played a large role in the architectural life of 1920s Russia. One of these was the Association of New Architects (ASNOVA), formed in 1923, which promoted the idea of synthesising architecture and other creative arts to give buildings an almost sculptural feeling. These buildings were to serve as visual points for the orientation of a human in space. Members of ASNOVA also designed Moscow's first skyscrapers, none of which were realised at the time (1923–1926).

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: Another innovation from post-revolutionary Russia was a new type of public building: the Workers' Club and the Palace of Culture. These became a new focus for architects, who used the visual expression of large elements combined with industrial motifs. The most famous of these was the Zuev Workers' Club (1927–29) in Moscow by Ilya Golosov (1883–1945), whose composition relied on the dynamic contrast of simple shapes, planes, complete walls and glazed surfaces.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: Stalinist architecture put a premium on conservative monumentalism. During the 1930s there was rapid urbanisation as a result of Stalin's policies, and there was an international competition to build the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow at that time.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: Nevertheless, as the buildings became more square and simple they brought with them a new style fueled by the Space Age: functionality. The State Kremlin Palace is an hommage to an earlier attempt to bridge rapidly changing styles dictated by the state. The Ostankino Tower, by Nikolai Nikitin, symbolizes technological advances and the future.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Russian architecture

Context: In addition to simpler buildings, the 1960s are remembered for massive housing plans. A typical project was developed using concrete panels to make a simple, five-story house. These "Pyatietazhki" became the dominant housing construction. Although rapidly built, their quality was poor compared with earlier housing; their monotonous appearance contributed to the grey and dull stereotype characteristic of socialist cities.

Question: Когда готическая культура появилась в России?


Stanley Cup

Context: I have for some time been thinking that it would be a good thing if there were a challenge cup which should be held from year to year by the champion hockey team in the Dominion [of Canada].

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: There does not appear to be any such outward sign of a championship at present, and considering the general interest which matches now elicit, and the importance of having the game played fairly and under rules generally recognized, I am willing to give a cup which shall be held from year to year by the winning team.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: I am not quite certain that the present regulations governing the arrangement of matches give entire satisfaction, and it would be worth considering whether they could not be arranged so that each team would play once at home and once at the place where their opponents hail from.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: Originally, Stanley intended that the Cup should be awarded to the top amateur hockey team in Canada, to be decided by the acceptance of a challenge from another team. He made five preliminary regulations:

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: As a result, the Cup trustees issued more specific rules on how the trophy should be defended and awarded:

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: Lord Stanley never saw a Stanley Cup championship game, nor did he ever present the Cup. Although his term as Governor General ended in September 1893, he was forced to return to England on July 15. In April of that year, his older brother Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby died, and Stanley succeeded him as the 16th Earl of Derby.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: Prior to 1912, challenges could take place at any time or place, given the appropriate rink conditions, and it was common for teams to defend the Cup numerous times during the year. In 1912, Cup trustees declared that it was to be defended only at the end of the champion team's regular season.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: The Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals after game five, marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded. The series was tied at 2–2–1, but the final game was never played because Montreal Manager George Kennedy and players Joe Hall, Billy Coutu, Jack McDonald, and Newsy Lalonde were hospitalized with influenza. Hall died four days after the cancelled game, and the series was abandoned.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: The format for the Stanley Cup Finals changed in 1922, with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). Three leagues competed for the Cup: two league champions faced each other for the right to challenge the third champion in the final series. This lasted three seasons as the PCHA and the WCHL later merged to form the Western Hockey League (WHL) in 1925. In 1924–25 the Victoria Cougars won the Cup, the last team outside the NHL to do so.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: Finally in 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trustee J. Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL, allowing the league to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup:

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: In 2007, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) formalized the "Triple Gold Club", the group of players and coaches who have won an Olympic Games gold medal, a World Championship gold medal, and the Stanley Cup. The term had first entered popular use following the 2002 Winter Olympics, which saw the addition of the first Canadian members.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: In October 2017, the Lord Stanley's Gift Monument, commemorating the donation of the Stanley Cup was erected in Ottawa at Sparks Street and Elgin Street, near the location of the dinner party announcing the Cup at the Russell House, which has since been demolished.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: In 1908, for reasons unknown, the Wanderers, despite having turned aside four challengers, did not record their names on the Cup. The next year, the Ottawa Senators added a second band onto the Cup. Despite the new room, the 1910 Wanderers and the 1911 Senators did not put their names on the Cup. The 1915 Vancouver Millionaires became the second team to engrave players' names, this time inside the bowl along its sides.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: The 1918 Millionaires eventually filled the band added by the 1909 Senators. The 1915 Ottawa Senators, the 1916 Portland Rosebuds and the 1918 Vancouver Millionaires all engraved their names on the trophy even though they did not officially win it under the new PCHA-NHA system. They had won the title of only the previous champion's league and would have been crowned as Cup champions under the old challenge rules. The winners in 1918 and 1920 to 1923 did not put their winning team name on it.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: Another new band was scheduled to be added to the bottom of the cup following the 2004–05 season, but was not added because of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. After the 2005–06 champion Carolina Hurricanes were crowned and the new bottom ring was finally added (along with the retiring of the band listing the 1940–41 to 1952–53 champions), the cancelled season was acknowledged with the words "2004–05 Season Not Played".

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: There have only been four official Stanley Cup engravers. The fourth and current one, Montreal silversmith Louise St. Jacques, has held the position since 1988.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: Currently, the Cup stands at 89.5 centimetres ( inches) tall and weighs  kilograms ( lb). By its 125th anniversary in 2017, the Stanley Cup had had 3,177 names engraved on it; of those, 1,331 belong to players.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: However, since 1994 teams have been permitted to petition the NHL Commissioner, to be considered on a case-by-case basis, to engrave a player's name on the cup if the player was unavailable to play due to "extenuating circumstances". For example, the Detroit Red Wings received special permission from the NHL to inscribe the name of Vladimir Konstantinov, whose career ended after a car accident on June 13, 1997, on the Stanley Cup after Detroit defended their title in 1998.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: Fifteen women have had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup. The first woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup is Marguerite Norris, who won the Cup as the President of the Detroit Red Wings in 1954 and 1955. The only Canadian woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup is Sonia Scurfield who won the Cup as a co-owner of the Calgary Flames in 1989.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: In 2001, Charlotte Grahame, the Colorado Avalanche's Senior Director of Hockey Administration, had her name engraved on the trophy. Her son John later had his name engraved as a member of the Tampa Bay Lightning in 2004.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?


Stanley Cup

Context: On August 22, 2001, Colorado Avalanche Director of Finance Mark Waggoner carried the Stanley Cup to the summit of Mount Elbert, highest point of Colorado.

Question: В честь кого был назван Кубок Стэнли?