Ubuntu

Context: In June 2019, Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for 32-bit applications and libraries in Ubuntu 19.10.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Because Steam's Linux client depends on these 32-bit libraries, Valve announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu. After uproar from the Linux gaming community, Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select 32-bit libraries. As a result, Valve will support Ubuntu 19.10 again.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Soon after being introduced in 2012, doubts emerged on the conformance of the "shopping lens" (a feature that displays Amazon suggestions in the searching tool Unity Dash) with the European Data Protection Directive. A petition was later signed and delivered to Canonical demanding various modifications to the feature in order to clearly frame it within European law. Canonical did not reply.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities, better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States and Canada, each state or province may establish a team. A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively. Starting in 2013, Alienware began offering its X51 model gaming desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed with Windows.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In early 2015, Intel launched the Intel Compute Stick small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In March 2016, Microsoft announced that it would support the Ubuntu userland on top of the Windows 10 kernel by implementing the Linux system calls as a subsystem. At the time, it was focused on command-line tools like Bash and was aimed at software developers. WSL was made available with Windows 10, version 1709. As of 2019, other Linux distributions are also supported.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In 2019, Microsoft announced the new WSL 2 subsystem that includes a Linux kernel, that Canonical announced will have "full support for Ubuntu". By this time, it was possible to run graphical Linux apps on Windows. In 2021, Microsoft went on to add out-of-the-box support for graphical Linux apps, through the project.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In May 2021, Microsoft extended its Threat and Vulnerability Management solution, which was a Windows-only solution thus far, to support Ubuntu, RHEL, and CentOS. Besides, starting with version 6, PowerShell runs on Ubuntu and can manage both Windows and Ubuntu computers remotely from either platforms.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


African civet

Context: The African civet (; "Civettictis civetta") is a large viverrid native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is considered common and widely distributed in woodlands and secondary forests. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2008. In some countries, it is threatened by hunting, and wild-caught individuals are kept for producing civetone for the perfume industry.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: "Viverra civetta" was the scientific name introduced in 1776 by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber when he described African civets based on previous descriptions and accounts. Schreber is therefore considered the binomial authority.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: In 1915, Reginald Innes Pocock described the structural differences between feet of African and large Indian civet ("Viverra zibetha") specimens in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London. Because of marked differences, he proposed "Civettictis" as a new genus, with "C. civetta" as only species.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: A 1969 study noted that this civet showed enough differences from the rest of the viverrines in terms of dentition to be classified under its own genus.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: A 2006 phylogenetic study showed that the African civet is closely related to the genus "Viverra". It was estimated that the "Civettictis"-"Viverra" clade diverged from "Viverricula" around 16.2 Mya; the African civet split from "Viverra" 12.3 Mya. The authors suggested that the subfamily Viverrinae should be bifurcated into Genettinae ("Poiana" and "Genetta") and Viverrinae ("Civettictis", "Viverra" and "Viverricula"). The following cladogram is based on this study.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: The generic name "Civettictis" is a fusion of the French word "civette" and the Greek word "ictis", meaning "weasel". The specific name "civetta" and the common name "civet" come from the French "civette" or the Arabic "zabād" or "sinnawr al-zabād" ("civet cat").

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: Both male and female have perineal and anal glands, which are bigger in males. The perineal glands are located between the scrotum and the penis in males, and between the anus and the vulva in females.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: African civets typically sleep during the day in the tall grasses near water sources in central and southern Africa. It often inhabits savannahs, forests, and sometimes near rivers as the tall grasses and thickets present provide them with necessary cover during the day. In Guinea's National Park of Upper Niger, it was recorded during surveys conducted in 1996 to 1997.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: In Gabon’s Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, it was photographed close to forested areas during a survey in 2012.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: In Batéké Plateau National Park, it was recorded in gallery forest along the Mpassa River during surveys conducted between June 2014 and May 2015.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: In the Republic of Congo, it was recorded in the Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic of Odzala-Kokoua National Park during surveys in 2007.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: In the transboundary Dinder–Alatash (Sudan and Ethiopia) protected area complex it was recorded during surveys between 2015 and 2018. It is also frequently spotted in Ethiopia's northern Degua Tembien massif.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: African civets deposit their feces in large piles called latrines, or specifically "civetries". The latrines are characterized by fruits, seeds, exoskeletons of insect and millipede rings, and occasionally clumps of grass. The role of civet latrines as a mechanism of seed dispersal and forest regeneration is still being researched.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: African civets are typically solitary creatures. They use their perineal gland secretion to mark their territories around their civetries. These markings typically follow common routes and paths and lie within 100 meters of civetries 96.72% of the time.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: If an African civet feels threatened, it raises its dorsal crest to make itself look larger and thus more formidable and dangerous to attack. This behavior is a predatory defense.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: Stomach content of three African civets in Botswana included foremost husks of fan palm ("Hyphaene petersiana") and jackalberry ("Diospyros mespiliformis"), and some remains of African red toad ("Schismaderma carens"), Acrididae grasshoppers and larvae of Dytiscidae beetles.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: Green grass is also frequently found in feces, and this seems to be linked to the eating of snakes and amphibians.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: In Southern Africa, African civets probably mate from October to November, and females give birth in the rainy season between January and February.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: In 2006, it was estimated that about 9,400 African civets are hunted yearly in the Nigerian part and more than 5,800 in the Cameroon part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: Skins and skulls of African civets were found in 2007 at the Dantokpa Market in southern Benin, where it was among the most expensive small carnivores. Local hunters considered it a rare species, indicating that the population declined due to hunting for trade as bushmeat.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


African civet

Context: The African civet has historically been hunted for the secretion of perineal glands. This secretion is a white or yellow waxy substance called civetone, which has been used as a basic ingredient for many perfumes for hundreds of years. In Ethiopia, African civets are hunted alive, and are kept in small cages. Most die within three weeks after capture, most likely due to stress. Extraction of the civetone is cruel and has been criticised by animal rights activists.

Question: كم يبلغ معدل فترة حياة قط الزباد؟


1963 Atlantic hurricane season

Context: The season's activity was reflected with an above average accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 113. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding , which is the threshold for tropical storm strength.

Question: ما عدد الوفيات من جراء  إعصار إيديث المداري،؟


1963 Atlantic hurricane season

Context: The disturbance dropped heavy rainfall across Cuba, reaching in Santiago de Cuba. The storm produced gusty winds along the eastern United States coast, from North Carolina through Maryland. Winds reached 40 mph (65 km/h) in Ocean City, Maryland and 39 mph (64 km/h) in Norfolk, Virginia. The latter city recorded of rainfall in a 24-hour period, setting a daily rainfall record for the location. Heavy rainfall reached as far north as Washington, D.C.

Question: ما عدد الوفيات من جراء  إعصار إيديث المداري،؟


1963 Atlantic hurricane season

Context: The threat of Helena prompted the San Juan Weather Bureau to issue a hurricane watch and later gale warnings for portions of the Lesser Antilles. On the Guadeloupe, the storm left 500 people homeless, killed 5 people, and seriously injured 14 others. Several boats were heavily damaged or sank. Damage was estimated at $500,000.

Question: ما عدد الوفيات من جراء  إعصار إيديث المداري،؟


1963 Atlantic hurricane season

Context: The following names were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1963. Storms were named Ginny and Helena for the first time in 1963. The name Flora was later retired. Names that were not assigned are marked in .

Question: ما عدد الوفيات من جراء  إعصار إيديث المداري،؟


1963 Atlantic hurricane season

Context: The following table lists all of the storms that have formed in the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s) (in parentheses), damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1963 USD.

Question: ما عدد الوفيات من جراء  إعصار إيديث المداري،؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The city of Florence in Tuscany is renowned as the birthplace of the Renaissance, and in particular of Renaissance painting, although later in the era Rome and Venice assumed increasing importance in painting. A detailed background is given in the companion articles Renaissance art and Renaissance architecture.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Italian Renaissance painting is most often be divided into four periods: the Proto-Renaissance (1300–1425), the Early Renaissance (1425–1495), the High Renaissance (1495–1520), and Mannerism (1520–1600). The dates for these periods represent the overall trend in Italian painting and do not cover all painters as the lives of individual artists and their personal styles overlapped these periods.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The influences upon the development of Renaissance painting in Italy are those that also affected Philosophy, Literature, Architecture, Theology, Science, Government and other aspects of society. The following is a summary of points dealt with more fully in the main articles that are cited above.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Simultaneous with gaining access to the Classical texts, Europe gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in the works of Byzantine and Islamic scholars.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The advent of movable type printing in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily, and an increasing number of books were written for a broad public. The development of oil paint and its introduction to Italy had lasting effects on the art of painting.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family, their influential inlaw Mantegna, Giorgione, Titian and Tintoretto.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Throughout the period, civic commissions were also important. Local government buildings were decorated with frescoes and other works both secular, such as Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "The Allegory of Good and Bad Government", and religious, such as Simone Martini's fresco of the "Maestà", in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Portraiture was uncommon in the 14th and early 15th centuries, mostly limited to civic commemorative pictures such as the equestrian portraits of Guidoriccio da Fogliano by Simone Martini, 1327, in Siena and, of the early 15th century, John Hawkwood by Uccello in Florence Cathedral and its companion portraying Niccolò da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: With the growth of Humanism, artists turned to Classical themes, particularly to fulfill commissions for the decoration of the homes of wealthy patrons, the best known being Botticelli's "Birth of Venus" for the Medici. Increasingly, Classical themes were also seen as providing suitable allegorical material for civic commissions. Humanism also influenced the manner in which religious themes were depicted, notably on Michelangelo's "Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel".

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Other motifs were drawn from contemporary life, sometimes with allegorical meaning, some sometimes purely decorative. Incidents important to a particular family might be recorded like those in the "Camera degli Sposi" that Mantegna painted for the Gonzaga family at Mantua. Increasingly, still lifes and decorative scenes from life were painted, such as "the Concert" by Lorenzo Costa of about 1490.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Important events were often recorded or commemorated in paintings such as Uccello's "Battle of San Romano", as were important local religious festivals. History and historic characters were often depicted in a way that reflected on current events or on the lives of current people. Portraits were often painted of contemporaries in the guise of characters from history or literature. The writings of Dante, Voragine's "Golden Legend" and Boccaccio's "The Decameron" were important sources of themes.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: In all these subjects, increasingly, and in the works of almost all painters, certain underlying painterly practices were being developed: the observation of nature, the study of anatomy, of light, and perspective.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Giotto had a number of contemporaries who were either trained and influenced by him, or whose observation of nature had led them in a similar direction. Although several of Giotto's pupils assimilated the direction that his work had taken, none was to become as successful as he. Taddeo Gaddi achieved the first large painting of a night scene in an "Annunciation to the Shepherds" in the Baroncelli Chapel of the Church of Santa Croce, Florence.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The paintings in the "Upper Church" of the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi, are examples of naturalistic painting of the period, often ascribed to Giotto himself, but more probably the work of artists surrounding Pietro Cavallini. A late painting by Cimabue in the "Lower Church" at Assisi, of the "Madonna and St. Francis", also clearly shows greater naturalism than his panel paintings and the remains of his earlier frescoes in the upper church.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: These include the "Triumph of Death" by Giotto's pupil Orcagna, now in a fragmentary state at the Museum of Santa Croce, and the "Triumph of Death" in the Camposanto Monumentale at Pisa by an unknown painter, perhaps Francesco Traini or Buonamico Buffalmacco who worked on the other three of a series of frescoes on the subject of Salvation. It is unknown exactly when these frescoes were begun but it is generally presumed they post-date 1348.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: In Florence, at the Spanish Chapel of Santa Maria Novella, Andrea di Bonaiuto was commissioned to emphasise the role of the Church in the redemptive process, and that of the Dominican Order in particular. His fresco "Allegory of the Active and Triumphant Church" is remarkable for its depiction of Florence Cathedral, complete with the dome which was not built until the following century.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The earliest truly Renaissance images in Florence date from 1401, although they are not paintings. That year a competition was held amongst seven young artists to select the artist to create a pair of bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery, the oldest remaining church in the city. The competitors were each to design a bronze panel of similar shape and size, representing "the Sacrifice of Isaac".

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Ghiberti won the competition. His first set of Baptistry doors took 27 years to complete, after which he was commissioned to make another. In the total of 50 years that Ghiberti worked on them, the doors provided a training ground for many of the artists of Florence. Being narrative in subject and employing not only skill in arranging figurative compositions but also the burgeoning skill of linear perspective, the doors were to have an enormous influence on the development of Florentine pictorial art.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The first Early Renaissance frescos or paintings were started in 1425 when two artists commenced painting a fresco cycle of "the Life of St. Peter" in the chapel of the Brancacci family, at the Carmelite Church in Florence. They both were called by the name of Tommaso and were nicknamed Masaccio and Masolino, Slovenly Tom and Little Tom.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: According to Vasari, Paolo Uccello was so obsessed with perspective that he thought of little else and experimented with it in many paintings, the best known being the three "The Battle of San Romano" paintings (completed by 1450s) which use broken weapons on the ground, and fields on the distant hills to give an impression of perspective.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: In the 1450s Piero della Francesca, in paintings such as "The Flagellation of Christ", demonstrated his mastery over linear perspective and also over the science of light. Another painting exists, a cityscape, by an unknown artist, perhaps Piero della Francesca, that demonstrates the sort of experiment that Brunelleschi had been making. From this time linear perspective was understood and regularly employed, such as by Perugino in his "Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter" (1481–82) in the Sistine Chapel.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Piero della Francesca carried his study of light further. In the "Flagellation" he demonstrates a knowledge of how light is proportionally disseminated from its point of origin. There are two sources of light in this painting, one internal to a building and the other external. Of the internal source, though the light itself is invisible, its position can be calculated with mathematical certainty. Leonardo da Vinci was to carry forward Piero's work on light.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The Blessed Virgin Mary, revered by the Catholic Church worldwide, was particularly evoked in Florence, where there was a miraculous image of her on a column in the corn market and where both the Cathedral of "Our Lady of the Flowers" and the large Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella were named in her honour.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The miraculous image in the corn market was destroyed by fire, but replaced with a new image in the 1330s by Bernardo Daddi, set in an elaborately designed and lavishly wrought canopy by Orcagna. The open lower storey of the building was enclosed and dedicated as Orsanmichele.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Depictions of the Madonna and Child were a very popular art form in Florence. They took every shape from small mass-produced terracotta plaques to magnificent altarpieces such as those by Cimabue, Giotto and Masaccio.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: In Florence, in the later 15th century, most works of art, even those that were done as decoration for churches, were generally commissioned and paid for by private patrons. Much of the patronage came from the Medici family, or those who were closely associated with or related to them, such as the Sassetti, the Ruccellai, and the Tornabuoni.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: In the 1460s, Cosimo de' Medici had established Marsilio Ficino as his resident Humanist philosopher, and facilitated his translation of Plato and his teaching of Platonic philosophy, which focused on humanity as the centre of the natural universe, on each person's personal relationship with God, and on fraternal or "platonic" love as being the closest that a person could get to emulating or understanding the love of God.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: In 1477 Pope Sixtus IV replaced the derelict old chapel at the Vatican in which many of the papal services were held. The interior of the new chapel, named the Sistine Chapel in his honour, appears to have been planned from the start to have a series of 16 large frescoes between its pilasters on the middle level, with a series of painted portraits of popes above them.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The remaining 12 pictures indicate the virtuosity that these artists had attained, and the obvious cooperation between individuals who normally employed very different styles and skills.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Perugino's scene of "Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter" is remarkable for the clarity and simplicity of its composition, the beauty of the figurative painting, which includes a self-portrait among the onlookers, and especially the perspective cityscape which includes reference to Peter's ministry to Rome by the presence of two triumphal arches, and centrally placed an octagonal building that might be a Christian baptistry or a Roman Mausoleum.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: In particular, the individual parts of the painting had a complex but balanced and well-knit relationship to a dynamic whole. Painting of the High Renaissance is considered to be the absolute zenith of western painting and achieved the balancing and reconciliation, in harmony, of contradictory and seemingly mutually exclusive artistic positions, such as real versus ideal, movement versus rest, freedom versus law, space versus plane, and line versus colour.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Leonardo was a scientific observer. He learned by looking at things. He studied and drew the flowers of the fields, the eddies of the river, the form of the rocks and mountains, the way light reflected from foliage and sparkled in a jewel. In particular, he studied the human form, dissecting thirty or more unclaimed cadavers from a hospital in order to understand muscles and sinews.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Vasari praised Michelangelo's seemingly infinite powers of invention in creating postures for the figures. Raphael, who was given a preview by Bramante after Michelangelo had downed his brush and stormed off to Bologna in a temper, painted at least two figures in imitation of Michelangelo's prophets, one at the church of Sant' Agostino and the other in the Vatican, his portrait of Michelangelo himself in "The School of Athens".

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Michelangelo's later work, "The Last Judgement", painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel between 1534 and 1541, shows a Mannerist style, with generally elongated bodies, which took over from the High Renaissance style between 1520 and 1530.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, Raphael's (1483–1520) name is synonymous with the High Renaissance, although he was younger than Michelangelo by 18 years and Leonardo by almost 30 and died at the age of 37 just one year after Leonardo. It cannot be said that he greatly advanced the state of painting as his two famous contemporaries did. Rather, his work was the culmination of all the developments of the High Renaissance.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Raphael was born the son of a painter, so his career path, unlike that of Michelangelo who was the son of minor nobility, was decided without a quarrel. Some years after his father's death he worked in the Umbrian workshop of Perugino, an excellent painter and a superb technician. His first signed and dated painting, executed at the age of 21, is the "Betrothal of the Virgin", which immediately reveals its origins in Perugino's "Christ giving the Keys to St. Peter".

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Bellini became the only great 15th-century painter to cross the threshold from the Early Renaissance to the High Renaissance style with works such as "Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan" (1501), wherein the Doge shows a calmness Bellini likely learned from Messina, and "Baptism of Christ" (1500–1502). Bellini, like Raphael, also produced numerous small Madonnas in rich glowing colour, usually of more intense tonality than his Florentine counterpart.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Traditionally, in the painting of altarpieces of the "Madonna and Child", the enthroned figure of the Virgin is accompanied by saints, who stand in defined spaces, separated physically in the form of a polytych or defined by painted architectural boundaries. Piero della Francesca used the Classical niche as a setting for his enthroned Madonnas (with saints grouped around the throne), as Masaccio had used it as the setting for his "Holy Trinity" at Santa Maria Novella.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Despite the brevity of his career (he died in 1510 at about 35) and the low number of works universally agreed to be totally by his hand (as low as four or five), Giorgione is often credited as being the founder of the Venetian High Renaissance style, although different scholars cite different reasons for asserting this.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Until recent years, it had appeared certain that Giorgione painted the very first female nude that stands, or rather, lies, as a subject to be portrayed and admired for beauty alone with the "Sleeping Venus", 1510. While it had been long accepted that Titian finished the landscape of the painting after Giorgione's death, many art scholars are increasingly questioning if Giorgione painted the entire female body.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Another strength of Titian was the composition of his paintings. In the "Pesaro Madonna", 1519–1526, he moves the Madonna from the centre instead placing her at the upper vertex of a powerful diagonal line (as opposed to the usual vertical or horizontal) which still focuses the attention on the Madonna. This was one of the first works to group figures in an circular, ascending structure.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Titian was also the most sought after portraitist of his time and brought portraiture to the same level of esteem as narrative painting. Highly notable are the "Equestrian Portrait of Charles V", 1548, an equestrian picture in a symphony of purples, and the portrait of Doge Andrea Gritti, ruler of Venice, perhaps Titian's most powerful portrait.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: As Titian aged, he maintained a generally High Renaissance style until his last years, when figure was almost completed dissolved in the movement of colour, so he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of Italian painting, which had moved almost completely towards Mannerism by 1530. In many ways, Titian can be considered the founder of modern painting.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: In those domes and other works, his bold use of perspective, usually by setting a dark colour against light colours to enhance the illusion of depth, is described as astonishing. His chief interest was painting light and he anticipates the effects to be achieved by Caravaggio at the start of the next century. His mastery of foreshortening (causing objects to look shorter because they are angled to the viewer) to create perspective is described as perhaps the most skillful ever.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: The lives of both Michelangelo and Titian extended well into the second half of the 16th century. Both saw their styles and those of Leonardo, Mantegna, Giovanni Bellini, Antonello da Messina and Raphael adapted by later painters to form a disparate style known as Mannerism, and move steadily towards the great outpouring of imagination and painterly virtuosity of the Baroque period.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Italian Renaissance painting

Context: Under the influence of the Italian Renaissance painting, many modern academies of art, such as the Royal Academy, were founded, and it was specifically to collect the works of the Italian Renaissance that some of the world's best known art collections, such as the National Gallery, London, were formed.

Question: من هو أشهر رسامي عصر النهضة ؟


Gibraltar

Context: The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations, as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians overwhelmingly rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum, and for shared sovereignty in a 2002 referendum. Nevertheless, Gibraltar maintains close economic and cultural links with Spain, with many Gibraltarians speaking Spanish as well as a local dialect known as Llanito.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: On 31 January 2020, the UK and Gibraltar left the European Union. In December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle to a basis on which the UK and the EU might negotiate terms for Gibraltar to participate in aspects of the Schengen Agreement.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: The name is derived from (named after the 8th-century Moorish military leader Tariq ibn Ziyad). That continues to be its name in Arabic. It has also been suggested that the name is a contraction of the "jabal alā aṭ-ṭarīq" ('mountain on the way').

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Evidence of Neanderthal habitation in Gibraltar from around 50,000 years ago has been discovered at Gorham's Cave. The caves of Gibraltar continued to be used by "Homo sapiens" after the final extinction of the Neanderthals. Stone tools, ancient hearths and animal bones dating from around 40,000 years ago to about 5,000 years ago have been found in deposits left in Gorham's Cave.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Numerous potsherds dating from the Neolithic period have been found in Gibraltar's caves, mostly of types typical of the Almerian culture found elsewhere in Andalusia, especially around the town of Almería, from which it takes its name. There is little evidence of habitation in the Bronze Age when people had largely stopped living in caves.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Gibraltar came briefly under the control of the Vandals, who crossed into Africa at the invitation of Boniface, the Count (or commander) of the territory.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: The area later formed part of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania for almost 300 years, from 414 until 711 AD.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Following a raid in 710, a predominantly Berber army under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed from North Africa in April 711 and landed somewhere in the vicinity of Gibraltar (though most likely not in the bay or at the Rock itself). Tariq's expedition led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula. "Mons Calpe" was renamed "Jabal Ṭāriq" (), "the Mount of Tariq", subsequently corrupted into "Gibraltar".

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: In 1160 the Almohad Sultan Abd al-Mu'min ordered that a permanent settlement, including a castle, be built. It received the name of Medinat al-Fath (City of the Victory). The Tower of Homage of the Moorish Castle remains standing today.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: From 1274 onwards, the town was fought over and captured by the Nasrids of Granada (in 1237 and 1374), the Marinids of Morocco (in 1274 and 1333) and the kings of Castile (in 1309).

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: In 1462, Gibraltar was captured by Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia, from the Emirate of Granada.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Gibraltar is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right and is represented by the United Kingdom but was granted Associate Membership of the Commonwealth Foundation in 2004. Gibraltar has competed in the Commonwealth Games since 1958.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Having negligible natural resources and few natural freshwater resources, limited to natural wells in the north, until recently Gibraltar used large concrete or natural rock water catchments to collect rainwater. Fresh water from the boreholes is nowadays supplemented by two desalination plants: a reverse osmosis plant, constructed in a tunnel within the rock, and a multi-stage flash distillation plant at North Mole.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Gibraltar's terrain consists of the Rock of Gibraltar made of Jurassic limestone, and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it. It contains many tunnelled roads, most of which are still operated by the military and closed to the general public.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Over 500 different species of flowering plants grow on the Rock. Gibraltar is the only place in Europe where the "Gibraltar candytuft" ("Iberis gibraltarica") is found growing in the wild; the plant is otherwise native to North Africa. It is the symbol of the Upper Rock nature reserve. Olive and pine trees are among the most common of those growing around the Rock.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Other mammals found in Gibraltar include rabbits, foxes and bats. Dolphins and whales are frequently seen in the Bay of Gibraltar. Migrating birds are very common and Gibraltar is home to the only Barbary partridges found on the European continent.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: In 1991, Graham Watson, Gibraltar's MEP, highlighted conservationists' fears that urban development, tourism and invasive plant species were threatening Gibraltar's own plants as well as birds and bat species.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Gibraltar's labour market shows an extremely low unemployment rate of around 1 per cent. Nearly half (46%) of the total employment is covered by frontier workers (employees who are normally resident in Spain but are employed in Gibraltar), the large majority of them (59%) of Spanish nationality.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: In the early 2000s, many bookmakers and online gaming operators moved to Gibraltar to benefit from operating in a regulated jurisdiction with a favourable corporate tax regime. This corporate tax regime for non-resident controlled companies was phased out by January 2011 and replaced by a still favourable fixed corporate tax rate of 10 per cent.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Gibraltar is one of the most densely populated territories in the world, with a usually-resident population in 2012 of 32,194 equivalent to approximately . The growing demand for space is being increasingly met by land reclamation; reclaimed land makes up approximately one-tenth of the territory's total area.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: The demographics of Gibraltar reflect the many European and other economic migrants who came to the Rock over 300 years ago, after almost all of the Spanish population left in 1704.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: The official language of Gibraltar is English and is used by the government and in schools. Most locals are bilingual, also speaking Spanish. However, because of the varied mix of ethnic groups which reside there, other languages are also spoken on the Rock. Berber and Arabic are spoken by the Moroccan community, as are Hindi and Sindhi by the Indian community. Maltese is spoken by some families of Maltese descent.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: The third religion in size is Islam (3.6% of the population). There is also an established Hindu population (2%), members of the Baháʼí Faith and a long-established Jewish community, which, at 763 persons, accounts for 2.4% of the population. As a share of the total population, this is the second-largest Jewish population in the world, trailing only Israel. There are four functioning Orthodox synagogues in Gibraltar and several kosher establishments.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Education in Gibraltar generally follows the English model, operating within a three tier system. Schools in Gibraltar use the Key Stage modular approach to teach the National Curriculum. Gibraltar has 15 state schools, two private schools and a college of further education, Gibraltar College. Government secondary schools are Bayside Comprehensive School for boys and Westside School for girls, and Prior Park School Gibraltar is an independent coeducational secondary school.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: A Community Mental Health Team was established in 2017, and in 2018 the Gibraltar Health Authority School of Health Studies introduced a Mental Health Nursing degree to tackle difficulties in recruiting mental health nurses.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Subsequently, Gibraltar applied for FIFA membership but this bid was also turned down. On 2 May 2016, the CAS upheld the appeal filed by the Gibraltar Football Association regarding its request to become a full-time member of FIFA. CAS ordered FIFA to stop blocking Gibraltar's application for membership and allow it "without delay".

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Rugby union is fairly popular and one of the fastest-growing team sports. Gibraltar Rugby Football Union applied for membership of Europe's governing body for rugby. Gibraltar is believed to be the birthplace of the rugby variant Tag Rugby.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Gibraltar has a digital telephone exchange supported by a fibre optic and copper infrastructure; the telephone operator Gibtelecom also operates a GSM network. Internet connectivity is available across the fixed network. Gibraltar's top-level domain code is .gi.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: International Direct Dialling (IDD) is provided, and Gibraltar was allocated the access code +350 by the International Telecommunication Union. This has been finally accepted by Spain since 10 February 2007, when the telecom dispute was resolved.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Motorists and pedestrians crossing the border with Spain are occasionally subjected to very long delays. Spain has occasionally closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the "Aurora" cruise ship incident and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel "Piraña" were arrested for illegal fishing in Gibraltar waters.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: , Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections with London (Heathrow, Gatwick & Luton), Manchester and Bristol in the UK, and with Casablanca and Tangier in Morocco.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: This is via the Royal Air Force's military aerodrome in Gibraltar, which also serves as the territory's civilian airport.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: The most popular alternative airport for Gibraltar is Málaga Airport in Spain, some to the east, which offers a wide range of destinations, second to Jerez Airport which is closer to Gibraltar. In addition, the Algeciras Heliport across the bay offers scheduled services to Ceuta.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Gibraltar Cruise Terminal receives a large number of visits from cruise ships. The Strait of Gibraltar is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Passenger and cargo ships anchor in the Gibraltar Harbour. Also, a ferry links Gibraltar with Tangier in Morocco. The ferry between Gibraltar and Algeciras, which had been halted in 1969 when Franco severed communications with Gibraltar, was reopened on 16 December 2009, served by the Spanish company Transcoma. A vehicle ramp at the western end of the North Mole allows vehicles to be unloaded from a RORO ferry.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Ferries by FRS running twice a week from Gibraltar to Tanger-Med port provide access to the Moroccan railway system.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: While railway track extends to the outskirts of La Línea from an aborted rail expansion project in the 1970s, the closest railway station in Spain is San Roque station, accessible via buses from La Línea.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: The force, whose name received the prefix "Royal" in 1992, numbers over 220 officers divided into a number of units. These include the CID, drug squad, special branch, firearms, scene of crime examiners, traffic, marine and operations units, sections or departments.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: On 24 September 2015, the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar was conferred upon the RGP by the Mayor, Adolfo Canepa.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: In January 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced that the private company Serco would provide services to the base. The announcement resulted in the affected trade unions striking.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Gibraltar has an important role in UKSIGINT and provides a vital strategic part of the United Kingdom communications gathering and monitoring network in the Mediterranean and North Africa.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Gibraltar

Context: Gibraltar was one of four Imperial fortress colonies, along with Bermuda, Halifax, Nova Scotia (until the Confederation of Canada), and Malta.

Question: إلى من تعود ملكية إقليم جبل طارق؟


Theresa May

Context: Following the actions of some members of Black Bloc in vandalising allegedly tax-avoiding shops and businesses on the day of the March 2011 TUC march, the Home Secretary unveiled reforms curbing the right to protest, including giving police extra powers to remove masked individuals and to police social networking sites to prevent illegal protest without police consent or notification.

Question: ما اسم رئيس الوزراء البريطاني لعام 2017 ؟


Theresa May

Context: The general election in June resulted in a hung parliament, prompting her to broker a deal with Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), involving £1 billion of additional public funding for Northern Ireland.

Question: ما اسم رئيس الوزراء البريطاني لعام 2017 ؟


Theresa May

Context: In late October 2018, the National Audit Office claimed that it was already too late to prepare the necessary Irish border security checks in the event of a No-deal scenario—a weakness that could be exploited by criminals.

Question: ما اسم رئيس الوزراء البريطاني لعام 2017 ؟


Theresa May

Context: In September 2017, she was listed by "Forbes" as the second most powerful woman in the world, behind Angela Merkel.

Question: ما اسم رئيس الوزراء البريطاني لعام 2017 ؟


Cassette tape

Context: In 1935, AEG released the first reel-to-reel tape recorder with the commercial name "Magnetophon". It was based on the invention of the magnetic tape by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928. These machines were very expensive and relatively difficult to use and were therefore used mostly by professionals in radio stations and recording studios.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: After the Second World War, the magnetic tape recording technology proliferated across the world. In the US, Ampex, using equipment obtained in Germany as a starting point, began commercial production of tape recorders. First used in studios to record radio programs, tape recorders quickly found their way into schools and homes. By 1953, 1 million US homes had tape machines.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In 1958, following four years of development, RCA Victor introduced the stereo, quarter-inch, reversible, reel-to-reel RCA tape cartridge. The cartridge was large at 5 x 7 1/8 x 1/2 inches (127 x 197 x 13 mm), and few pre-recorded tapes were offered. Despite the multiple versions, it failed.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Consumer use of magnetic tape machines took off in the early 1960s, after playback machines reached a comfortable, user-friendly design. This was aided by the introduction of transistors which replaced the bulky, fragile, and costly vacuum tubes of earlier designs. Reel-to-reel tape then became more suitable for household use, but still remained an esoteric product.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of 8-track tape and kept improving. The Compact Cassette went on to become a popular (and re-recordable) alternative to the 12-inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Compact cassettes served as catalysts for social change. Their small size, durability and ease of copying helped bring underground rock and punk music behind the Iron Curtain, creating a foothold for Western culture among the younger generations. For similar reasons, cassettes became popular in developing nations.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In 1970s India, cassettes were blamed for bringing unwanted Christian and Islamic influences into traditionally Sikh and Hindu areas. Cassette technology was a booming market for pop music in India, drawing criticism from conservatives while at the same time creating a huge market for legitimate recording companies, as well as pirated tapes. Some sales channels were associated with cassettes: in Spain filling stations often featured a display selling cassettes.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: While offering also mainstream music these cassettes became associated with genres such as Gipsy rhumba, light music and joke tapes that were very popular in the 1970s and 1980s.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: By 1993, annual shipments of CD players had reached 5 million, up 21% from the year before; while cassette player shipments had dropped 7% to approximately 3.4 million. By the early 2000s, the CD player rapidly replaced the cassette player as the default audio component in the majority of new vehicles in Europe and America.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Sales of pre-recorded music cassettes in the US dropped from 442 million in 1990 to 274,000 by 2007. Most of the major US music companies had discontinued production of pre-recorded cassettes by 2003.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: For audiobooks, the final year that cassettes represented greater than 50% of total market sales was 2002 when they were replaced by CDs as the dominant media. Many out-of-print titles, such as those published during the cassette's heyday of the 1970s to early 2000s, are only available on the original cassettes.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: The last new car with an available cassette player was a 2014 TagAZ AQUiLA. Four years prior, Sony had stopped the production of personal cassette players. In 2011, the Oxford English Dictionary removed the phrase "cassette player" from its 12th edition Concise version. Some media sources mistakenly claimed that the term "cassette tape" was being removed.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In 2010, Botswana-based Diamond Studios announced plans for establishing a plant to mass-produce cassettes in a bid to combat piracy. It opened in 2011.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In South Korea, the early English education boom for toddlers encourages a continuous demand for English language cassettes, , due to the affordable cost.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In Japan and South Korea, the pop acts Matsuda Seiko, SHINee, and NCT 127 have released their recent material on limited-run cassettes.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In 2016, retail chain Urban Outfitters, which had long sold LPs, started selling new pre-recorded cassettes (both new and old albums), blank cassettes, and players.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Since 2016, cassette sales have seen a modest resurgence, with 2016, 2017, and 2018 all showing increases.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Notches on top of the cassette shell indicate the type of tape. Type I cassettes have only write-protect notches, Type II have an additional pair next to the write protection ones, and Type IV (metal) have a third set near the middle of the top of the cassette shell. These allow later cassette decks to detect the tape type automatically and select the proper bias and equalization.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: An exception to this standard were mechanical storytelling dolls from the 1980s (e.g. Teddy Ruxpin) which used the Type IV metal configuration cassette shell but had normal Type I voice grade tape inside. These toys used the Type IV notches to detect that a specially coded tape had been inserted, where the audio of the story is stored on the left channel and various cue tones to tell the doll's servos how and when to move along with the story on the right channel.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Most pre-recorded chrome cassettes require 120 µs equalization and are treated as Type I (with notches as Type I ferric cassettes), to ensure compatibility with budget equipment.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: 150 minute length cassettes were available from Maxell (UR 150), Sony (CDixI 150) and TDK (TDK AE 150, CDing1 150 and CDing2 150), only in Japan. All of these were discontinued - Maxell simplified its cassette offer to 10, 20, 60 and 90-minute lengths, Sony exited the audio cassette market globally, and Imation, licensee of the TDK trademark, exited the consumer products market.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Other lengths are (or were) also available from some vendors, including C10, C12 and C15 (useful for saving data from early home computers and in telephone answering machines), C30, C40, C50, C54, C64, C70, C74, C80, C84, C94, C100, C105, and C110. As late as 2010, Thomann still offered C10, C20, C30 and C40 IEC Type II tape cassettes for use with 4- and 8-track portastudios.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Most manufacturers load more tape that a label indicates, for example rather than of tape for a C60 cassette, and rather than of tape for a C90 cassette, providing an extra minute or two of playback time per side.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: The full tape width is 3.8 mm. For mono recording the track width is 1.5 mm. In stereo mode each channel has width of 0.6 mm with a 0.3 mm separation to avoid crosstalk.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: The head gap of a tape recorder is the space, along the tape path, between the ends of the pole pieces of the head. Without a gap the head would produce a "closed" magnetic field and would not interact enough with the magnetic domains on the tape.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Separate record and playback heads were already a standard feature of more expensive reel-to-reel tape machines when cassettes were introduced, but their application to cassette recorders had to wait until demand developed for higher quality reproduction, and for sufficiently small heads to be produced.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: If later required, the cassette can be made recordable again by either covering the indentation with a piece of adhesive tape or by putting some filler material into the indentation. On some decks, the write-protect sensing lever can be manually depressed to allow recording on a protected tape. Extra care is required to avoid covering the additional indents on high bias or metal bias tape cassettes adjacent to the write-protect tabs.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In most cassettes, the magnetic tape is attached to each spool with a leader, usually made of strong plastic. This leader protects the weaker magnetic tape from the shock occurring when the tape reaches the end. Some leaders are designed to clean the magnetic heads each time the tape is played. Leader also enables to record over an existing recording cleanly, without a blip of sound that otherwise would be left from the previous recording.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Cassette tape adapters allow external audio sources to be played back from any tape player, but were typically used for car audio systems. An attached audio cable with a phone connector converts the electrical signals to be read by the tape head, while mechanical gears simulate reel to reel movement without actual tapes when driven by the player mechanism.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: In order to wind up the tape more reliably, the former BASF (from 1998 EMTEC) patented the Special Mechanism or Security Mechanism advertised with the abbreviation SM in the early 1970s, which was temporarily taken over by Agfa under license. This feature each includes a rail to guide the tape to the spool and prevent an unclean roll from forming.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: The competition responded by inserting additional deflector pins closer to the coils in the lower plastic case half. Some low-priced and pre-recorded compact cassettes were made without pulleys; the tape is pulled directly over the capstan drive. For the pressure of the tape to the head there is a thinner felt on a glued foam block instead of the usual felt on a leaf spring.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: A common portable recorder format is a long box, the width of a cassette, with a speaker at the top, a cassette bay in the middle, and "piano key" controls at the bottom edge. Another format is only slightly larger than the cassette, known popularly as the "Walkman" (a Sony trademark).

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: A last step taken by Revox produced even more-advanced cassette mechanisms with electronic fine tuning of bias and equalization during recording. Revox also produced amplifiers, a very expensive FM tuner, and a pickup with a special parallel-arm mechanism of their own design. After releasing that product, Studer encountered financial difficulties. It had to save itself by closing its Revox division, thus discontinuing all its consumer products other than their final reel-to-reel recorder, the B77.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: A third company, Bang & Olufsen of Denmark, created the Dolby HX "head room extension" system for reliably reducing tape saturation effects at high frequencies while maintaining higher bias levels. This advanced method is called Dolby HX Pro in full and is patented. HX Pro was adopted by many other high-end manufacturers.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: As they became aimed at more casual users, fewer decks had microphone inputs. Dual decks became popular and incorporated into home entertainment systems of all sizes for tape dubbing. Although the quality would suffer each time a source was copied, there are no mechanical restrictions on copying from a record, radio, or another cassette source. Even as CD recorders are becoming more popular, some incorporate cassette decks for professional applications.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Beginning in 1979, Tascam introduced the Portastudio line of four- and eight-track cassette recorders for home-studio use.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Although professional musicians typically used multitrack cassette machines only as "sketchpads" to create demo recordings, Bruce Springsteen's "Nebraska" was recorded entirely on a four-track cassette tape.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: As an alternative to home dubbing, in the late 1980s, the Personics company installed booths in record stores across America that allowed customers to make personalized mixtapes from a digitally encoded back-catalogue with customised printed covers.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Educational, religious, corporate, military, and broadcasting institutions benefited from messaging proliferation through accessibly priced duplicators, offered by Telex Communications, Wollensak, Sony, and others. The duplicators would operate at double (or greater) tape speed. Systems were scalable, enabling the user to purchase initially one "master" unit (typically with 3 "copy" bays) and add "slave" units for expanded duplication abilities.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: The typical encoding method for computer data was simple FSK, typically at data rates of 500 to 2000 bit/s, although some games used special, faster-loading routines, up to around 4000 bit/s. A rate of 2000 bit/s equates to a capacity of around 660 kilobytes per side of a 90-minute tape.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Among home computers that used primarily data cassettes for storage in the late 1970s were Commodore PET (early models of which had a cassette drive built-in), TRS-80 and Apple II, until the introduction of floppy disk drives and hard drives in the early 1980s made cassettes virtually obsolete for day-to-day use in the US. However, they remained in use on some portable systems such as the TRS-80 Model 100 line—often in microcassette form—until the early 1990s.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: The use of better modulation techniques, such as QPSK or those used in modern modems, combined with the improved bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio of newer cassette tapes, allowed much greater capacities (up to 60 MB) and data transfer speeds of 10 to 17 kbit/s on each cassette. They found use during the 1980s in data loggers for scientific and industrial equipment.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: Elcaset is a short-lived audio format that was created by Sony in 1976 that is about twice the size, using larger tape and a higher recording speed. Unlike the original cassette, the Elcaset was designed for sound quality. It was never widely accepted, as the quality of standard cassette decks rapidly approached high fidelity.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Cassette tape

Context: The microcassette largely supplanted the full-sized cassette in situations where voice-level fidelity is all that is required, such as in dictation machines and answering machines. Microcassettes have in turn given way to digital recorders of various descriptions. Since the rise of cheap CD-R discs, and flash memory-based digital audio players, the phenomenon of "home taping" has effectively switched to recording to a Compact Disc or downloading from commercial or music-sharing websites.

Question: من هو مخترع شريط الكاسيت؟


Prague

Context: It was an important city to the Habsburg monarchy and Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city played major roles in the Bohemian and the Protestant Reformations, the Thirty Years' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: The Czech name Praha is derived from an old Slavic word, "práh", which means "ford" or "rapid", referring to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava river. The same etymology is associated with the Praga district of Warsaw.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: Another derivation of the name "Praha" is suggested from "na prazě", the original term for the shale hillside rock upon which the original castle was built. At that time, the castle was surrounded by forests, covering the nine hills of the future city – the Old Town on the opposite side of the river, as well as the Lesser Town beneath the existing castle, appeared only later.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: The region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c. 1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: In the late 5th century AD, during the great Migration Period following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes living in Bohemia moved westwards and, probably in the 6th century, the Slavic tribes (Venedi) settled the Central Bohemian Region. In the following three centuries, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in the Šárka valley, Butovice and Levý Hradec.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: At the site of the ford in the Vltava river, King Vladislaus I had the first bridge built in 1170, the Judith Bridge (Juditin most), named in honor of his wife Judith of Thuringia. This bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1342, but some of the original foundation stones of that bridge remain in the river. It was rebuilt and named the Charles Bridge.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: The city had a mint and was a center of trade for German and Italian bankers and merchants. The social order, however, became more turbulent due to the rising power of the craftsmen's guilds (themselves often torn by internal fights), and the increasing number of poor.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: The Hunger Wall, a substantial fortification wall south of Malá Strana and the Castle area, was built during a famine in the 1360s. The work is reputed to have been ordered by Charles IV as a means of providing employment and food to the workers and their families.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: Jan Palach and Jan Zajíc committed suicide by self-immolation in January and February 1969 to protest against the "normalization" of the country.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: There are 3 reservoirs, 37 ponds, and 34 retention reservoirs and dry polders in the city. The largest pond is Velký Počernický with . The largest body of water is Hostivař Reservoir with 42 hectares.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: The city has many buildings by renowned architects, including Adolf Loos (Villa Müller), Frank O. Gehry (Dancing House) and Jean Nouvel (Golden Angel).

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: From the late 1990s to late 2000s, the city was a common filming location for international productions such as Hollywood and Bollywood motion pictures. A combination of architecture, low costs and the existing motion picture infrastructure have proven attractive to international film production companies.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: Na příkopě is the most expensive street among all the states of the V4. In 2017, with the amount of rent €2,640 (CZK 67,480) per square meter per year, ranked on 22nd place among the most expensive streets in the world. The second most expensive is Pařížská street.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: All services (metro, tramways, city buses, funiculars and ferries) have a common ticketing system that operates on a proof-of-payment system. Basic transfer ticket can be bought for a 30/90-minute ride, short-term tourist passes are available for periods of 24 hours or 3 days, longer-term tickets can be bought on the smart ticketing system Lítačka card, for periods of one month, three months or one year.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: In operation there are two kinds of units: "81-71M" which is modernized variant of the Soviet Metrovagonmash 81-71 (completely modernized between 1995 and 2003) and new "Metro M1" trains (since 2000), manufactured by consortium consisting of Siemens, ČKD Praha and ADtranz. The minimum interval between two trains is 90 seconds.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Prague

Context: The main flow of traffic leads through the centre of the city and through inner and outer ring roads (partially in operation).

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن  جمهورية الشيك؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie has won three Golden Globe Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and has been nominated for 10 Primetime Emmy Awards. Outside of acting, Laurie released the blues albums "Let Them Talk" (2011) and "Didn't It Rain" (2013), both to favourable reviews, and authored the novel "The Gun Seller" (1996). He was appointed OBE in the 2007 New Year Honours and CBE in the 2018 New Year Honours, both for services to drama.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie starred in the Thames Television film "Letters from a Bomber Pilot" (1985) directed by David Hodgson. This was a serious acting role, the film being dramatised from the letters home of Pilot Officer J.R.A. "Bob" Hodgson, a pilot in RAF Bomber Command, who was killed in action in 1943.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie appeared in the music videos for the 1986 single "Experiment IV" by Kate Bush, and the 1992 Annie Lennox single "Walking on Broken Glass" in British Regency period costume alongside John Malkovich. Laurie appeared in the Spice Girls' film "Spice World" (1997) and had a brief guest-starring role on "Friends" in "The One with Ross's Wedding" (1998).

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie's later film appearances include "Sense and Sensibility" (1995), adapted by and starring Emma Thompson; the Disney live-action film "101 Dalmatians" (1996), where he played Jasper, one of the bumbling criminals hired to kidnap the puppies; Elton's adaptation of his novel "Inconceivable", "Maybe Baby" (2000); "Girl from Rio"; the 2004 adaptation of "The Flight of the Phoenix", and "Stuart Little".

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: In 2015 he returned to TV work with a recurring role on "Veep" as Tom James, a role written specifically for him after showrunner Armando Iannucci heard he was a fan of the show. Laurie continued to recur on the show until the final season in 2019. The same year he played the villain David Nix in Brad Bird's 2015 film "Tomorrowland".

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie played Richard Onslow Roper in the BBC 1 mini-series "The Night Manager". The series started filming in spring 2015 and aired first on the BBC. He was nominated for two Emmys for his work on the miniseries and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie starred as Dr. Eldon Chance, a San Francisco-based forensic neuropsychiatrist in the Hulu thriller series "Chance" which lasted for two seasons from 2016 to 2017. In 2018 Laurie had a small role in the critically panned film "Holmes & Watson".

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: In 2019 Laurie appeared in "Veep" creator Armando Iannucci's film "The Personal History of David Copperfield", an adaptation of the novel "David Copperfield" by Charles Dickens. That same year it was announced he would also work with Iannucci on the upcoming space comedy "Avenue 5" for HBO.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie took piano lessons from the age of six. He sings and plays the piano, guitar, drums, harmonica, and saxophone. He has displayed his musical talents throughout his acting career, such as on "A Bit of Fry & Laurie", "Jeeves and Wooster", "House" and when he hosted "Saturday Night Live" in October 2006. He is a vocalist and keyboard player for the Los Angeles charity rock group Band From TV.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Additionally, following Meat Loaf's appearance in the "House" episode "Simple Explanation", Laurie played piano as a special guest on the song "If I Can't Have You" from Meat Loaf's 2010 album "Hang Cool Teddy Bear". Laurie co-wrote and performed the humorous blues song, "Sperm Test in the Morning", in the film "Maybe Baby".

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: On "House", Laurie played several classic rock 'n roll instruments including Gibson Flying V and Les Paul guitars. His character has a Hammond B-3 organ in his home and on one episode performed the introduction to Procol Harum's classic "Whiter Shade of Pale".

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: On 26 July 2010, it was announced that Laurie would be releasing a blues album after signing a contract with Warner Bros. Records. The album, called "Let Them Talk", was released in France on 18 April 2011 and in Germany on 29 April. The album features collaborations from well-known artists such as Tom Jones, Irma Thomas and Dr. John.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: On 1 May 2011, Laurie and a jazz quintet closed the 2011 Cheltenham Jazz Festival to great acclaim. He followed that up as the subject of the 15 May 2011 episode of ITV's series "Perspectives", explaining his love for the music of New Orleans and playing music, from his album "Let Them Talk", at studios and live venues in the city itself. He was the subject of PBS Great Performances "Let them Talk", also about New Orleans jazz, first broadcast on 30 September 2011.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: His second album, "Didn't It Rain", was released in the UK on 6 May 2013. In the same year he played at the together with his band. This concert was filmed and later released as "Live on the Queen Mary" on DVD and Blu-ray.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: In 1996, Laurie's first novel, "The Gun Seller", an intricate thriller laced with Wodehouseian humour, was published and became a best-seller. He has since been working on the screenplay for a film version. His second novel, "The Paper Soldier", was scheduled for September 2009 but has yet to appear.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie married theatre administrator Jo Green on 16 June 1989 in the Camden area of London. They have three children, Charlie, Bill, and Rebecca.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie's elder son Charlie played a small role as baby William in "A Bit of Fry & Laurie", during a sketch entitled "Special Squad". His daughter Rebecca had a role in the film "Wit" as five-year-old Vivian Bearing. Stephen Fry, Laurie's best friend and long-time comedy partner, was the best man at his wedding and is the godfather of his children.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: While appearing on "Inside the Actors Studio" in 2006, he discussed his struggles with severe clinical depression. He told host James Lipton that he first concluded he had a problem whilst driving in a charity demolition derby, during which he realised that seeing two cars collide and explode made him feel bored rather than excited or frightened; he quipped that "boredom is not an appropriate response to exploding cars". As of 2006 he was having regular sessions with a psychotherapist.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie admires the writings of P. G. Wodehouse, explaining in a 27 May 1999 article in "The Daily Telegraph" how reading Wodehouse novels had saved his life. In an interview also in "The Daily Telegraph", he confirmed that he is an atheist. He is an avid motorcycle enthusiast and has two motorbikes, one at his London home and one at his Los Angeles home. His bike in the U.S. is a Triumph Bonneville, his self-proclaimed "feeble attempt to fly the British flag".

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: Laurie has won three Golden Globe Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and has been nominated for 10 Primetime Emmy Awards.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Hugh Laurie

Context: On 23 May 2007, Laurie was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to drama in the 2007 New Year Honours. He was promoted to Commander of the same Order (CBE) for his services to drama in the 2018 New Year Honours.

Question: اين ولد الممثل هيو لوري؟


Trabzonspor B.K.

Context: Trabzonspor Basketbol Kulübü (), also known as Trabzonspor Basket or Trabzonspor, was a professional basketball club that is based in the city of Trabzon, Turkey.

Question: ماهي تتويجات نادي طرابزون سبو؟


Trabzonspor B.K.

Context: It was a department of the multi-sport club of Trabzonspor. Their home arena was the Hayri Gür Arena, which has a capacity of 7,500 seats, and was opened in 2011.

Question: ماهي تتويجات نادي طرابزون سبو؟


Trabzonspor B.K.

Context: Trabzonspor played seven seasons in the Basketbol Süper Ligi, the highest tier in Turkey. The club withdrew in 2018 due to financial problems.

Question: ماهي تتويجات نادي طرابزون سبو؟


Trabzonspor B.K.

Context: Trabzonspor's football club was founded in 1967, and it opened its basketball section in 2008. After Alpella's relegation in the 2007–08 season, Trabzonspor's board purchased all of the rights related to the team from the Ülker Group, and took their place in the Turkish Second Division for the 2008–09 season.

Question: ماهي تتويجات نادي طرابزون سبو؟


Trabzonspor B.K.

Context: In the 2014–15 season, Trabzonspor made its European debut in the EuroChallenge. The club managed to reach the Final Four which was played in its home arena Hayri Gür Arena. In the semi-final, Trabzonspor beat Romanian side Energia by a wide margin, 63–83. In the final, the team narrowly lost to JSF Nanterre from France with a score of 63–64. Nanterre scored a buzzer-beater which costed Trabzon its first European title.

Question: ماهي تتويجات نادي طرابزون سبو؟


Trabzonspor B.K.

Context: In 2015, Trabzonspor played in the EuroCup Basketball competition, Europe's second tier. Here, it was eliminated in the Round of 32.

Question: ماهي تتويجات نادي طرابزون سبو؟


Trabzonspor B.K.

Context: On 2 October 2018, Trabzonspor announced its withdrawal from the BSL due to financial problems. Eventually, the club ceased its basketball activities.

Question: ماهي تتويجات نادي طرابزون سبو؟


Battle of Bloody Marsh

Context: The trustees also recruited a large group of colonists to settle St. Simons Island. The ships bearing the settlers and supplies arrived at Tybee Island early in 1736. From there, some went to the mainland while others traveled via "periaguas" (also known as "pirogues") to St. Simons Island to found Frederica. The town and its fort were built on the elbow of the Frederica River to control approaches from both directions.

Question: متى نشبت معركة مرعش؟


Battle of Bloody Marsh

Context: Spanish governor Don Manuel de Montiano commanded the invasion force, which by some estimates totaled between 4,500 and 5,000 men. Of that number, roughly 1,900 to 2,000 were ground assault troops. Oglethorpe's forces, consisting of regulars, militia, and native Indians, numbered fewer than 1,000. The garrison at Fort St. Simons resisted the invasion with cannonade but could not prevent the landing.

Question: متى نشبت معركة مرعش؟


Battle of Bloody Marsh

Context: On the 5 July 1742, Montiano landed nearly 1,900 men from 36 ships near Gascoigne Bluff, close to the Frederica River. Faced with a superior force, Oglethorpe decided to withdraw from Fort St. Simons before the Spanish could mount an assault. He ordered the small garrison to spike the guns and slight the fort (doing what damage they could), to deny the Spanish full use of the military asset. The Spanish took over the remains of the fort the following day, establishing it as their base on the island.

Question: متى نشبت معركة مرعش؟


Mosaic authorship

Context: Martin Luther similarly concluded that the description of Moses' death was written by Joshua – but believed that the question itself was of no great importance.

Question: كم  عدد أسفار موسى؟


Mosaic authorship

Context: Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Origen, Macarius Magnes and John Chrysostom held (following a tradition already found in 4 Ezra) that the books of the Pentateuch were destroyed during the Babylonian conquest but were subsequently restored by Ezra, so that he was involved in their drafting, albeit in different ways.

Question: كم  عدد أسفار موسى؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: The Israeli–Lebanese conflict, or the South Lebanon conflict, was a series of military clashes involving Israel, Lebanon and Syria, the Palestine Liberation Organization, as well as various militias acting from within Lebanon. The conflict peaked in the 1980s, during the Lebanese Civil War, and has abated since.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Hostilities were suspended on 8 September 2006. As of 2015, the situation has generally remained calm, despite both sides violating the ceasefire agreements; Israel by making near-daily flights over Lebanese territory, and Hezbollah by not disarming.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: The largely Christian enclave of the French Mandate became the French-controlled Lebanese Republic in 1926. Lebanon became independent in 1943 as France was under German occupation, though French troops did not completely withdraw until 1946.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In 1948, the Lebanese army had by far the smallest regional army, consisting of only 3,500 soldiers. At the prompting of Arab leaders in the region, Lebanon agreed to join the other armies that were being assembled around the perimeter of the British Mandate territory of Palestine for the purpose of invading Palestine. Lebanon committed 1,000 of these soldiers to the cause. The Arab armies waited for the end of the Mandate and the withdrawal of British forces, which was set for 15 May 1948.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: After the war, the United Nations estimated 711,000 Palestinian Arabs, out an estimated 1.8 million dwelling in the Mandate of Palestine, fled, emigrated or were forced out of Israel and entered neighboring countries. By 1949, there were 110,000 Palestinian Arabs in Lebanon, moved into camps established by and administered by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) recruited militants in Lebanon from among the families of Palestinian refugees who had left Israel in 1948.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Despite sharing in the ongoing border tensions over water, Lebanon rejected calls by other Arab governments to participate in the 1967 Six-Day War. Militarily weak in the south, Lebanon could not afford conflict with Israel.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Nevertheless, the loss of additional territory radicalized the Palestinians languishing in refugee camps hoping to return home. The additional influx of refugees turned Palestinian camps throughout the Middle East into centers of guerrilla activity.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: The PLO, from its inception in 1964 by Ahmed Shukeri, began executing numerous terror attacks on Israeli civilians in attempt to fulfill its mission charter's vow to pursue in "the path of holy war (al-jihad)" until the establishment of a Palestinian State in place of the State of Israel. The series of attacks (such as the 1966 bombings in Romema, Jerusalem) drove the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) to strike in return, instigating the long and still unresolved struggle between the PLO and the IDF.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: From 1968 onwards, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) began conducting raids from Lebanon into Israel, and Israel began making retaliatory raids against Lebanese villages to encourage the Lebanese people to themselves deal with the fedayeen. After an Israeli airline was machine-gunned at Athens Airport, Israel raided the Beirut International Airport in retaliation, destroying 13 civilian aircraft.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On 8 May 1970, a PLO faction, called the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, (DFLP) crossed into Israel and carried out the Avivim school bus massacre.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In 1970, the PLO attempted to overthrow a reigning monarch, King Hussein of Jordan, and following his quashing of the rebellion in what Arab historians call Black September, the PLO leadership and their troops fled from Jordan to Syria and finally Lebanon, where cross-border violence increased.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: With headquarters now in Beirut, PLO factions recruited new members from the Palestinian refugee camps. South Lebanon was nicknamed "Fatahland" due to the predominance there of Yasser Arafat's Fatah organization. With its own army operating freely in Lebanon, the PLO had created a state within a state. By 1975, more than 300,000 Palestinian displaced persons lived in Lebanon.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In reaction to the 1972 Munich massacre, Israel carried out Operation Spring of Youth. Members of Israel's elite Special Forces landed by boat in Lebanon on 9 April 1973, and with the aid of Israeli intelligence agents, infiltrated the PLO headquarters in Beirut and assassinated several members of its leadership.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In 1974 the PLO altered its focus to include political elements, necessary for a dialogue with Israel. Those who insisted on a military solution left to form the Rejectionist Front, and Yassir Arafat took over the PLO leadership role.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, which split from the PLO in 1974, carried out the Kiryat Shmona massacre in April of that year. In May 1974, the DFLP crossed again into Israel and carried out the Ma'alot massacre.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Beginning in May 1976, Israel supplied the Maronite militias, including the Lebanese Forces, led by Bachir Gemayel, with arms, tanks, and military advisers. The border between Israel and Lebanon was at this time was nicknamed the Good Fence.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Fearing loss of commercial access to the port of Beirut, in June 1976 Syria intervened in the civil war to support the Maronite dominated government, and by October had 40,000 troops stationed within Lebanon.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On 11 March 1978, eleven PLO militants made a beach landing 30 km. south of Haifa, Israel, where they seized a bus, full of people, killing those on board in what is known as the Coastal Road massacre. By the end of the incident, nine hijackers and 38 Israeli civilians (including 13 children) were dead.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On 19 March 1978, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 425, which called for Israel's immediate withdrawal and the establishment of a United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. When Israel forces withdrew later in 1978, they turned over its positions in Lebanon to the South Lebanon Army which would continue fighting as a proxy for Israel against the PLO until Israel drove the PLO out of Lebanon in 1982.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In April 1981, the United States brokered a cease-fire in southern Lebanon among Israel, Syria and the PLO.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: The National Assembly of Lebanon narrowly chose Bachir Gemayel as president-elect, but when he was assassinated on 14 September 1982, Israel reoccupied West Beirut. In parallel, Maronite militia Kataeb Party carried out the Sabra and Shatila massacre.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In 1983, the United States brokered the May 17 Agreement, a peace treaty between Israel and Lebanon in all but name. The agreement called for a staged Israeli withdrawal over the next eight to twelve weeks and the establishment of a "security zone" to be patrolled by the Lebanese army in southern Lebanon, but was conditional on Syrian withdrawal as well. In August 1983, as Israel withdrew from the areas southeast of Beirut to the Awali River, Lebanese factions clashed for control of the freed territory.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In February 1984, the Lebanese Army collapsed, with many units forming their own militias. Shia and Druze militias took over much of Beirut in early 1984 and consolidated power. The National Assembly of Lebanon, under pressure from Syria and Muslim militias, cancelled the 17 May Agreement on 5 March 1984.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On 15 January 1985, Israel adopted a phased withdrawal plan, finally retreating to the Litani River to form the deep Israeli Security Zone (map at) while using the native South Lebanese Army militia to help control it.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: By the end of 1990 the Lebanese Civil War was effectively over. In March 1991, the National Assembly of Lebanon passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment, and in May 1991, the militias—with the important exceptions of Hezbollah and the SLA—were dissolved, and the Lebanese Armed Forces began to slowly rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In May 2004, Hezbollah militiamen killed an Israeli soldier along the border within the Israeli held Shebaa Farms.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Between July and August 2004 there was a period of more intense border conflict. Hezbollah said the clash began when Israeli forces shelled its positions, while Israel said that Hezbollah had started the fighting with a sniper attack on a border outpost.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On 2 September 2004 Resolution 1559 was approved by the United Nations Security council, calling for the disbanding of all Lebanese militia. An armed Hezbollah was seen by the Israeli government as a contravention of the resolution. The Lebanese government differed from this interpretation.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On 26 May 2006, a car bomb killed Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Mahmoud Majzoub and his brother in Sidon. The Prime Minister of Lebanon Fuad Saniora called Israel the prime suspect, but Israel denied involvement. On 28 May 2006, rockets were fired from Lebanon into Israel.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On 12 July 2006, in an incident known as Zar'it-Shtula incident, the Hezbollah initiated diversionary rocket attacks on Israeli military positions near the coast and near the Israeli border village of Zar'it, while another Hezbollah group crossed from Lebanon into Israel and ambushed two Israeli Army vehicles, killing three Israeli soldiers and seizing two.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Hezbollah promptly demanded the release of Lebanese prisoners held by Israel, including Samir Kuntar and an alleged surviving perpetrator of the Coastal Road massacre, in exchange for the release of the captured soldiers.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Heavy fire between the sides was exchanged across the length of the Blue Line, with Hezbollah targeting IDF positions near Israeli towns.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: A United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on 14 August 2006. The blockade was lifted on 8 September.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Since the civil war, Israel has routinely breached Lebanese airspace, waters, and borders, which is illegal since it violates Lebanon's territory and United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 and 1701.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: The most frequent breaches are overflights by Israeli war planes and drones; such violations have occurred since the inception of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, and have happened continuously and almost daily since the 2006 Lebanon war, being the source of much conflict between Lebanon and Israel. Israeli warplanes sometimes stage mock attacks on Lebanese cities, and emit sonic booms that frighten civilians.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In 2007 the Lebanese government complained that Israeli planes had flown into Lebanese airspace 290 times within four months, and that Israeli troops had crossed the border 52 times.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: In 2006 French Defense Minister Michele Alliot-Marie stated: "I remind that the violations of the airspace are extremely dangerous, they are dangerous first because they may be felt as hostile by forces of the coalition that could be brought to retaliate in cases of self defense and it would be a very serious incident." US officials on visit in Israel also demanded that Israel stop the overflights since they undermined the standing of Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On 19 August 2010, the Lebanese military reported that 12 aircraft belonging to the IDF entered into Lebanese territory, which they claim is a violation of Resolution 1701. In the three incidents, the IDF planes made circle maneuvers, fired no shots and left Lebanese airspace soon after.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: The UN has continuously protested the repeated Israeli overflights. Lebanese officials fear the escalation in overflights heighten tensions and could lead to war.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Israel rejects such criticism, and claim the overflights are necessary. In spite of this, a leaked US cable shows that Israel offered to stop such violations.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: On land, the Blue Line is often crossed, as well as incursions into the Shebaa Farms (which Israel considers Israeli territory as part of Golan Heights, which it captured from Syria in 1967, but which Lebanon claims is Lebanese territory). The 2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash was also performed on the basis of claims of such violations.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: At sea, Israeli gunboats have shot into Lebanese territorial waters, and there have been Lebanese claims that Israel is breaching the law of the sea and might lay claim on Lebanese natural resources through the Tamar gas field.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟


Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Context: Hezbollah uses such violations as justification for the legitimacy of their continued armed resistance against Israel.

Question: في أي عام كان الانسحاب الكامل لاسرائيل من جنوب لبنان؟