DNA profiling

Context: The U.S. Patriot Act of the United States provides a means for the U.S. government to get DNA samples from suspected terrorists. DNA information from crimes is collected and deposited into the CODIS database, which is maintained by the FBI. CODIS enables law enforcement officials to test DNA samples from crimes for matches within the database, providing a means of finding specific biological profiles associated with collected DNA evidence.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: When a match is made from a national DNA databank to link a crime scene to an offender having provided a DNA sample to a database, that link is often referred to as a "cold hit". A cold hit is of value in referring the police agency to a specific suspect but is of less evidential value than a DNA match made from outside the DNA Databank.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: The DNA of the perpetrator, collected from victims of rape, can be stored for years until a match is found. In 2014, to address this problem, Congress extended a bill that helps states deal with "a backlog" of evidence.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: It is possible to use DNA profiling as evidence of genetic relationship, although such evidence varies in strength from weak to positive. Testing that shows no relationship is absolutely certain. Further, while almost all individuals have a single and distinct set of genes, ultra-rare individuals, known as "chimeras", have at least two different sets of genes. There have been two cases of DNA profiling that falsely suggested that a mother was unrelated to her children.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: At a press conference in Virginia on 7 March 2011, regarding the East Coast Rapist, Prince William County prosecutor Paul Ebert and Fairfax County Police Detective John Kelly said the case would have been solved years ago if Virginia had used familial DNA searching. Aaron Thomas, the suspected East Coast Rapist, was arrested in connection with the rape of 17 women from Virginia to Rhode Island, but familial DNA was not used in the case.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: For instance, investigators with Denver District Attorney's Office successfully identified a suspect in a property theft case using a familial DNA search. In this example, the suspect's blood left at the scene of the crime strongly resembled that of a current Colorado Department of Corrections prisoner.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: Police forces may collect DNA samples without a suspect's knowledge, and use it as evidence. The legality of the practice has been questioned in Australia.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: The United States Supreme Court ruled in "Maryland v. King" (2013) that DNA sampling of prisoners arrested for serious crimes is constitutional.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: In the UK, the "Human Tissue Act 2004" prohibits private individuals from covertly collecting biological samples (hair, fingernails, etc.) for DNA analysis, but exempts medical and criminal investigations from the prohibition.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: Juries should weigh up conflicting and corroborative evidence, using their own common sense and not by using mathematical formulae, such as Bayes' theorem, so as to avoid "confusion, misunderstanding and misjudgment".

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: There are state laws on DNA profiling in all 50 states of the United States. Detailed information on database laws in each state can be found at the National Conference of State Legislatures website.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: In August 2009, scientists in Israel raised serious doubts concerning the use of DNA by law enforcement as the ultimate method of identification. In a paper published in the journal "Forensic Science International: Genetics", the Israeli researchers demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture DNA in a laboratory, thus falsifying DNA evidence. The scientists fabricated saliva and blood samples, which originally contained DNA from a person other than the supposed donor of the blood and saliva.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: The researchers also showed that, using a DNA database, it is possible to take information from a profile and manufacture DNA to match it, and that this can be done without access to any actual DNA from the person whose DNA they are duplicating. The synthetic DNA oligos required for the procedure are common in molecular laboratories.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


DNA profiling

Context: It is unknown how many police departments, if any, currently use the test. No police lab has publicly announced that it is using the new test to verify DNA results.

Question: ما هو تحليل الحمض النووي؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: Stereotypes of Jews are generalized representations of Jews, often caricatured and of a prejudiced and antisemitic nature. Those stereotypes include: Jews always acting with unforgiving hostility towards Christians, Jews' religious rituals that have specifically undermined the Christian Church and state, and Jews' habitual assassinations of Christians as their most extreme deeds.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: Common objects, phrases and traditions which are used to emphasize or ridicule Jewishness include bagels, the complaining and guilt-inflicting Jewish mother, often along with a meek and nerdy nice Jewish boy, and the spoiled and materialistic Jewish-American princess.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: In caricatures and cartoons, Ashkenazi Jews are usually depicted as having large hook-noses, and dark beady eyes with drooping eyelids. Exaggerated or grotesque Jewish facial features were a staple theme in Nazi propaganda and, less frequently, in Soviet propaganda. The "Star Wars" character Watto, introduced in "The Phantom Menace" (1999), has been likened to traditional antisemitic caricatures.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: In part due to their Middle Eastern ethnic origins, Jews tend to be portrayed as swarthy and hairy, sometimes associated with a curly hair texture known as a "Jewfro".

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: A common stereotype is that the Jews answer a question with a question. It is used in Jewish humor and in ordinary literature when it is required to paint a character as a "typical Jew".

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: Jews have often been stereotyped as greedy and miserly. This originates in the Middle Ages, when the Church forbade Christians to lend money while charging interest (a practice called usury, although the word later took on the meaning of charging excessive interest). Jews were legally restricted to occupations usually barred to Christians and thus many went into money-lending. This led to, through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the association of Jews with greedy practices.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: Some, such as Paul Volcker, suggest that the stereotype has decreased in prevalence in the United States. A telephone poll of 1,747 American adults conducted by the Anti-Defamation League in 2009 found that 18% believed that "Jews have too much power in the business world", 13% that "Jews are more willing than others to use shady practices to get what they want", and 12% that "Jews are not just as honest as other businesspeople".

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: According to Machacek and Wilcox, the stereotype of the Jewish-American Princess did not emerge until after World War II and it is "peculiar to the U.S. scene". In 1987, the American Jewish Committee held a conference on "Current Stereotypes of Jewish Women" which argued that such jokes "represent a resurgence of sexist and anti-Semitic invective masking a "scrim of misogyny.'"

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: The stereotype was partly a construct of, and popularized by, some post-war Jewish male writers, notably Herman Wouk in his 1955 novel "Marjorie Morningstar" and Philip Roth in his 1959 novel "Goodbye, Columbus", featuring protagonists who fit the stereotype.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: The American television show "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend", created by Rachel Bloom, features a parody song that can be seen as both satirizing and embracing this trope. "JAP Battle" is featured in Season 1's "Josh and I Go to Los Angeles!". Rachel Bloom, and her character Rebecca Bunch, are both Jewish.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: The stock character of the Jewish lawyer frequently appears in popular culture. Jay Michaelson writes in "The Jewish Daily Forward" that the character of Maurice Levy, in the drama series "The Wire", played by Michael Kostroff, is stereotypical, with a "New York accent and the quintessential pale skin, brown hair and Ashkenazic nose of the typical American Jew".

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: This stereotyping is parodied in "Breaking Bad" and its spinoff series "Better Call Saul", where the character Saul Goodman is an Irish-American lawyer who pretends to be a Jewish-American for his clients, believing that it makes him appear more competent as a lawyer. In "Curb Your Enthusiasm", Larry David (playing a fictionalised version of himself) fires his divorce lawyer Berg, who likewise pretends to be Jewish, and hires a Jewish lawyer instead.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: The qualities which are ascribed to the nice Jewish boy are derived from the Ashkenazic ideal of אײדלקײַט ("eydlkayt", either "nobility" or "delicateness" in Yiddish). According to Daniel Boyarin's "Unheroic Conduct" (University of California Press, 1997), "eydlkayt" embraces the studiousness, gentleness and sensitivity that is said to distinguish the Talmudic scholar and make him an attractive marriage partner.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: Although Jews had not been particularly associated with moneylending in antiquity, a stereotype of them acting in this capacity was first developed in the 11th century. Jonathan Frankel notes that even though this stereotype was an obvious exaggeration, it had a solid basis in reality. While not all Jews were moneylenders, the Catholic Church's prohibition of usury meant that Jews were the main representatives of the trade.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: David Schneider writes "Three large clusters of traits are part of the Jewish stereotype (Wuthnow, 1982). First, Jews are seen as being powerful and manipulative. Second, they are accused of dividing their loyalties between the United States and Israel. The third set of traits concerns Jewish materialistic values, aggressiveness, clannishness."

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Stereotypes of Jews

Context: The exhibit "Jewface: "Yiddish" Dialect Songs of Tin Pan Alley" at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research (November 2015 to June 2016, curated by Eddy Portnoy) was focused on the sheet music of this type of comedy and used Jody Rosen's sheet music collection.

Question: كيف يتعامل اليهود مع المال ؟


Partnership

Context: A partnership is an arrangement where parties, known as business partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations may partner to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission and to amplify their reach. A partnership may result in issuing and holding equity or may be only governed by a contract.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Partnerships have a long history; they were already in use in medieval times in Europe and in the Middle East. According to a 2006 article, the first partnership was implemented in 1383 by Francesco di Marco Datini, a merchant of Prato and Florence. The Covoni company (1336-40) and the Del Buono-Bencivenni company (1336-40) have also been referred to as early partnerships, but they were not formal partnerships.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Although not required by law, partners may benefit from a partnership agreement that defines the important terms of the relationship between them. Partnership agreements can be formed in the following areas:

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: While industrial partnerships stand to amplify mutual interests and accelerate success, some forms of collaboration may be considered ethically problematic. When a politician, for example, partners with a corporation to advance the latter's interest in exchange for some benefit, a conflict of interest results; consequentially, the public good may suffer. While technically lawful in some jurisdictions, such practice is broadly viewed negatively or as corruption.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Partner compensation will often be defined by the terms of a partnership agreement. Partners who work for the partnership may receive compensation for their labor before any division of profits between partners.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: In certain partnerships of individuals, particularly law firms and accountancy firms, equity partners are distinguished from salaried partners (or contract or income partners). The degree of control which each type of partner exerts over the partnership depends on the relevant partnership agreement.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Although individuals in both categories are described as partners, equity partners and salaried partners have little in common other than joint and several liability. In many legal systems, salaried partners are not technically "partners" at all in the eyes of the law. However, if their firm holds them out as partners, they are nonetheless subject to joint and several liabilities.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: The source of origination compensation is rarely seen outside of law firms. The principle is simply that each partner receives a share of the partnership profits up to a certain amount, with any additional profits being distributed to the partner who was responsible for the "origination" of the work that generated the profits.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: British law firms tend to use the lockstep principle, whereas American firms are more accustomed to source of origination. When British firm Clifford Chance merged with American firm Rogers & Wells, many of the difficulties associated with that merger were blamed on the difficulties of merging a lockstep culture with a source of origination culture.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: At common law, members of a business partnership are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the partnership. Forms of partnership have evolved that may limit a partner's liability.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: The general partnership, in which all partners manage the business and are personally liable for its debts, developed under common law. General partners have an obligation of strict liability to third parties injured by the Partnership. General partners may have joint liability or joint and several liability depending upon circumstances.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: The limited partnership (LP), is a partnership in which general partners manage the partnership's operations, and limited partners forego the right to manage the business in exchange for limited liability for the partnership debts. The liability of limited partners is limited to their investment in the partnership. This form of partnership was developed in the 19th Century, the U.K. where it was imparted by charter, and in the U.S. where it was created by statute.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: A silent partner or sleeping partner is one who still shares in the profits and losses of the business, but who is not involved in its management. Sometimes the silent partner's interest in the business will not be publicly known. A silent partner is often an investor in the partnership, who is entitled to a share of the partnership's profits. Silent partners may prefer to invest in limited partnerships in order to insulate their personal assets from the debts or liabilities of the partnership.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Summarising s. 5 of the "Partnership Act 1958" (Vic), for a partnership in Australia to exist, four main criteria must be satisfied. They are:

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Partners share profits and losses. A partnership is basically a settlement between two or more groups or firms in which profit and loss are equally divided

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: 1) A partnership firm is not a legal entity apart from the partners constituting it. It has limited identity for the purpose of tax law as per section 4 of the Partnership Act of 1932.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: 2) Partnership is a concurrent subject. Contracts of partnerships are included in the Entry no.7 of List III of The Constitution of India (the list constitutes the subjects on which both the State government and Central (National) Government can legislate i.e. pass laws on).

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: 3) Unlimited Liability. The major disadvantage of partnership is the unlimited liability of partners for the debts and liabilities of the firm. Any partner can bind the firm and the firm is liable for all liabilities incurred by any firm on behalf of the firm. If property of partnership firm is insufficient to meet liabilities, personal property of any partner can be attached to pay the debts of the firm.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: 4) Partners are Mutual Agents.The business of firm can be carried on by all or any of them acting for all. Any partner has authority to bind the firm. Act of any one partner is binding on all the partners. Thus, each partner is ‘agent’ of all the remaining partners. Hence, partners are ‘mutual agents’. Section 18 of the Partnership Act, 1932 says "Subject to the provisions of this Act, a partner is the agent of the firm for the purpose of the business of the firm"

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: 7) Mutual agency is the real test. The real test of ‘partnership firm’ is ‘mutual agency’ set by the Courts of India, i.e. whether a partner can bind the firm by his act, i.e. whether he can act as agent of all other partners.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Statutory regulation of partnerships in Canada fall under provincial jurisdiction. A partnership is not a separate legal entity and partnership income is taxed at the rate of the partner receiving the income. It can be deemed to exist regardless of the intention of the partners. Common elements considered by courts in determining the existence of a partnership are that two or more legal persons:

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Under U.S. law a partnership is a business association of two or more individuals, through which partners share the profits and responsibility for the liabilities of their venture. U.S. states recognize forms of limited partnership that may allow a partner who does not participate in the business venture to avoid liability for the partnership's debts and obligations. Partnerships typically pay less taxes than corporations in fields like fund management.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: Although the federal government does not have specific statutory law for establishing partnerships, it has an extensive statutory and regulatory scheme for the taxation of partnerships, set forth in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and Code of Federal Regulations. The IRC defines federal tax obligations for partnership operations that effectively serve as federal regulation of some aspects of partnerships.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


Partnership

Context: If they do, they become liable for all the debts and obligations of the firm up to the amount drawn out or received back or incurred while taking part in the management, as the case may be.

Question: ماهى الشركة التضامنية ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The National Geographic Society was founded in 1888 "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge". It is governed by a board of trustees whose 21 members include distinguished educators, business executives, former government officials and conservationists. The organization sponsors and funds scientific research and exploration. National Geographic maintains a museum for the public in its Washington, D.C., headquarters.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: It has helped to sponsor popular traveling exhibits, such as the early 2010s "King Tut" exhibit featuring artifacts from the tomb of the young Egyptian Pharaoh. Its Education Foundation gives grants to education organizations and individuals to improve geography education. Its Committee for Research and Exploration has awarded more than 11,000 grants for scientific research and exploration.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: National Geographic has retail stores in Washington, D.C., London, Sydney, and Panama. The locations outside of the United States are operated by Worldwide Retail Store S.L., a Spanish holding company.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: In 1899, Bell's son-in-law Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor was named the first full-time editor of National Geographic magazine and served the organization for fifty-five years (until 1954), and members of the Grosvenor family have played important roles in the organization since. Bell and Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor devised the successful marketing notion of Society membership and the first major use of photographs to tell stories in magazines.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The chairman of the National Geographic Society currently is Jean Case. Michael Ulica is president. Jill Tiefenthaler is the chief executive officer. The editor-in-chief of National Geographic magazine is Susan Goldberg. Gilbert Melville Grosvenor, a former chairman, received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 for his leadership in geography education.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: In 2004, the National Geographic Society headquarters in Washington, D.C., was one of the first buildings to receive a "Green" certification from Global Green USA. The National Geographic received the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities in October 2006 in Oviedo, Spain.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: National Geographic Expeditions was launched in 1999 to fulfill one of its mission and for the proceeds to go towards its mission.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: In 2006, the society purchased "Hampton-Brown", an English-as-a-second-language educational material publisher, using a good part of its endowments. However, the publisher did not generate much profits. By 2009, the society's endowments were about $200 million.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: National Geographic Ventures, its commercial arm, launched a music division, National Geographic Music and Radio, in 2007. The society formed in October 2007 National Geographic Entertainment division to include its entertainment units.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: In 2013 the society was investigated for possible violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to their close association with an Egyptian government official responsible for antiquities.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: Although Alexander Graham Bell is sometimes discussed as a founder, he was actually the second president, elected on January 7, 1898, and serving until 1903.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The Hubbard Medal is awarded by the National Geographic Society for distinction in exploration, discovery, and research. The medal is named for Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the first National Geographic Society president. The Hubbard Medal has been presented 44 times , the most recent award going to Peter H. Raven.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The National Geographic Society also awards, rarely, the Alexander Graham Bell Medal, for exceptional contributions to geographic research. The award is named after Alexander Graham Bell, scientist, inventor of the telephone and the second president of the NGS. Up to mid-2011, the medal has been twice presented:

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The Society operates the National Geographic Museum, located at 1145 17th Street, NW (17th and M), in Washington, D.C. The museum features changing exhibitions featuring the work of National Geographic explorers, photographers, and scientists. There are also changing exhibits related to natural history, culture, history or society. Permanent exhibits include artifacts like the camera Robert Peary used at the North Pole and pottery that Jacques Cousteau recovered from a shipwreck.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: National Geographic Partners, a for-profit joint venture between The Walt Disney Company (which owns a 73% stake) and the Society (which owns 27%), was established in 2015 to handle commercial activities of the Society, including television channels worldwide (which were already co-owned by the Society and Fox) and magazine publications. The Walt Disney Company assumed 21CF's share of National Geographic Partners in March 2019.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: Most of National Geographic Partners' businesses predate the establishment in 2015, and even the launch of National Geographic Channel in Asia and Europe by the original News Corporation (of which 21st Century Fox is one of the successors) in the late 1990s.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The society formed in October 2007 National Geographic Entertainment division to include Cinema Ventures, Feature Films, Kids Entertainment, Home Entertainment and Music & Radio divisions. Music and Radio division president David Beal was appointed head of Nat Geo Entertainment.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: "The National Geographic Magazine", later shortened to "National Geographic", published its first issue in October 1888, nine months after the Society was founded, as the Society's official journal, a benefit for joining the tax-exempt National Geographic Society. Starting with the February 1910 (Vol XXI, No. 2) issue, the magazine began using its now famous trademarked yellow border around the edge of its covers.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: There are 12 monthly issues of "National Geographic" per year. The magazine contains articles about geography, popular science, world history, culture, current events and photography of places and things all over the world and universe. "National Geographic" magazine is currently published in 40 local-language editions in many countries around the world. Combined English and other language circulation is around 6.8 million monthly, with some 60 million readers.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: Additionally, the Society publishes atlases, books, and maps. It previously published and co-published other magazines, including "National Geographic Adventure", "National Geographic Research" (a scientific journal), and others, and continues to publish special issues of various magazines.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: National Geographic Films appointed Adam Leipzig as president in 2004. The society formed in October 2007 National Geographic Entertainment division to include Cinema Ventures and Feature Films. In 2008, the film division and Imagenation formed a $100 million fund to develop, produce, finance and acquire over five years 10-15 films. The first film the fund invested in was "The Way Back".

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: Leipzig left the company in January 2010. On March 15, 2010, former Miramax president Daniel Battsek started as National Geographic Films president. Basttsek ended up also over seeing Nat Geo Cinema Ventures distribution and big screen production before he left in 2012 becoming president of Cohen Media Group.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: In 2005, the National Geographic Society acquired the film distribution arm of Destination Cinema and entered the film distribution business.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: During the COVID-19 pandemic, National Geographic partnered with pharmaceutical company Pfizer to produce a sponsored documentary chronicling the development of Pfizer and BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: National Geographic Cinema Ventures (NGCV) was a giant-screen, 3D and specialty films production and distribution company operated under National Geographic Entertainment.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: At the late 2011 American Alliance of Museums conference, National Geographic Cinema Ventures launched the Museum Partnership Program as museums want a brand for their giant screen theaters. Starting on February 1, 2018, Cosmic Pictures gained distribution rights to a number of the NGCV library.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The Museum Partnership Program is the branding and content program of National Geographic Cinema Ventures. Partner museums would receive immediate market exclusivity on their 2 new digital 3D films per year and gain access to the National Geographic organization from members to exhibition to television.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: Television programs produced by the National Geographic Society are also broadcast on television. National Geographic television specials and series have been aired on PBS and other networks in the United States and globally for many years. The "Geographic" series in the U.S. started on CBS in 1964, moved to ABC in 1973, shifted to PBS (produced by WQED, Pittsburgh) in 1975, shifted to NBC in 1995, and returned to PBS in 2000. It moved to National Geographic Channel in 2005.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The U.S. domestic version of National Geographic Channel was launched in January 2001 as a joint venture of National Geographic and Fox Cable Networks.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: National Geographic Music and Radio (NGMR) is the music and radio division of National Geographic Ventures. The scope of the division includes National Geographic Live! events, digital music distribution, music publishing, radio content, Nat Geo Music TV channel (available in parts of Asia and Europe) and film and TV music. Clear Channel, Salem Communications and NPR were distribution partners.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: In early August 2007, National Geographic Ventures announced the existence of the then-recently formed division. The division was already creating music for its feature film and kids units. Initially hired to run the division were Mark Bauman, executive vice president of radio and video production, and David Beal, head of music labels, publishing and radio operations. With National Geographic Channels, Music and Radio on October 15, 2007, launched the Nat Geo Music channel in Italy.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


National Geographic Society

Context: The society formed in October 2007 National Geographic Entertainment division to include the Music & Radio division and promoted the division president David Beal was appointed head of Nat Geo Entertainment. In 2009, the division became a full-service record label as Nat Geo Music with Mat Whittington appointed as president.

Question: أين يوجد المقر الرئيسي لقناة الناشونال جيوغرافيك ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: After four years of fighting, the battle represents one of the longest sieges in modern warfare and one of the bloodiest battles of the Syrian Civil War, leaving an estimated 31,000 people dead, almost a tenth of the estimated overall war casualties at that time. Fighting also caused severe destruction to the Old City of Aleppo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. An estimated 33,500 buildings have been either damaged or destroyed.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In 2011, Aleppo was Syria's largest city, with a population of 2.5 million people. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, it has been described by "Time" as Syria's commercial capital. Author Diana Darke has written that "The city has long been multi-cultural, a complex mix of Kurds, Iranians, Turkmen, Armenians and Circassians overlaid on an Arab base in which multi-denominational churches and mosques still share the space."

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: By December, rebel fighters were commonly looting for supplies; they switched their loyalties to groups that had more to share. This new approach led to the killing of at least one rebel commander following a dispute; fighters retreating with their loot caused the loss of a frontline position and the failure of an attack on a Kurdish neighborhood. The looting cost the rebel fighters much popular support.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: Starting in late September 2015, Russian warplanes carried out their very first attacks in Syria. The Russian bombing campaign included strikes against rebel forces in Aleppo.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: Gunfire between rebels and security forces broke out in and around Salaheddine, a district in the city's southwest, on the night of 19 July 2012.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In December 2012, the al-Nusra Front unilaterally declared a no-fly zone and threatened to shoot down commercial aircraft, alleging that the government was using them to transport loyalist troops and military supplies. After multiple attacks on Aleppo International Airport, all flights were suspended on 1 January 2013. The following month, the rebels seized Umayyad Mosque; and during the battle, the mosque's museum caught fire and its ceiling collapsed.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In preparation for a new offensive, the rebels heavily shelled government-held parts of Aleppo, leaving 43 civilians dead and 190 wounded on 15 June. On 17 June, rebel forces captured the western neighborhood of Rashideen from Syrian government forces. Throughout 19 and 20 June, a new round of rebel shelling killed 19 more civilians.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In early July, two rebel coalitions launched an offensive against the government-held western half of the city. During five days of fighting, the rebels seized the Scientific Research Center on Aleppo's western outskirts, which was being used as a military barracks. Two rebel attacks on the Jamiyat al-Zahra area were repelled. Government forces launched an unsuccessful counter-attack against the Scientific Research Center.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In mid-October, ISIL captured four rebel-held villages northeast of Aleppo, while the Army seized the Syria-Turkey Free Trade Zone, the al-Ahdath juvenile prison and cement plant. Meanwhile, the SAA and Hezbollah launched an offensive south of Aleppo, reporting they had captured of territory in one month. By late December, reporting that they were in control of 3/4 of the southern Aleppo countryside.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: By the end of 2015, only 80 doctors were left in eastern, rebel-held part of Aleppo, or only one for 7,000 residents, while only one bakery was left to serve 120,000 people.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: By 2016, it was estimated that the population of rebel-held Eastern Aleppo had been reduced to 300,000, while 1.5 million were living in government-held Western Aleppo.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In early February 2016, Syrian government forces and their allies broke a three-year rebel siege of two Shi'ite towns of Nubl and Zahraa, cutting off a main insurgent route to nearby Turkey. On 4 February, the towns of Mayer and Kafr Naya were recaptured by government forces. On 5 February, the government captured the village of Ratyan, to the northwest of Aleppo.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: On 25 June, the Syrian Army and allied forces began their long-awaited North-west Aleppo offensive. The ultimate goal of the offensive was to cut off the Castello highway, which would cut off the last supply route for rebels inside the city, thus fully encircling remaining opposition forces.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: By 13 December 2016, only 5% of the original territory of the city remained in rebel hands. A ceasefire was announced and the fighting stopped in order to allow the evacuation of civilians and rebels. The buses were prepared for the evacuation. However, the deal fell apart the next day, when the Syrian Government resumed their intense bombing of eastern Aleppo, with both sides blaming the other for the resumed fighting.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The deal was revived on 15 December with first convoy of evacuees leaving. The evacuation was however suspended on the next day. Another deal was reached on 18 December and evacuation resumed later in the day. The evacuation again stalled on 20 December, but resumed on the following day. On 22 December, the evacuation was completed while the Syrian Army declared it had taken complete control of the city. Red Cross later confirmed that the evacuation of all civilians and rebels was complete.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: On 22 February 2018, it was reported that the YPG had agreed to hand over eastern districts of Aleppo city to the Syrian government. According to Syrian state television, this decision was made to reinforce positions around the region of Afrin, and to halt Turkey's offensive. This came days after pro-Syrian government fighters agreed to bolster the Kurdish forces in the northwest.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: SOHR and a witness later said that Syrian government forces had entered the areas controlled by the Kurdish fighters. YPG spokesman Nouri Mahmoud however denied this claim. A YPG commander later stated that Kurdish fighters had shifted to Afrin to help repel a Turkish assault. As a result, he said the pro-Syrian government forces had regained control of the districts previously controlled by them.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: Throughout the start of 2020, the SAA made advances in the Idlib and Aleppo countryside. On the 17th of February, they had regained control of the last rebel-held suburbs in Aleppo city, gaining full control for the first time since 2012.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The attempted encirclement involved the SAA's attacks on Bustan Al-Pasha, Khalidiyyeh, the farms of Mazra'a Halabi, Al-Amariyya and Bustan Al-Qaseer. The rebels' strategic victory at the Siege of Wadi Deif resulted in threats to several main government supply lines. This cast doubt on government forces' ambitions to control the road from Hama to Aleppo and the Damascus-Aleppo international road, and has been seen as a personal defeat for Syrian Arab Army Col. Suheil Al Hassan.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: Turkey had sponsored rebel forces in Aleppo to a degree that eastern Aleppo was called "a Turkish card guarded by jihadis." However, Turkish policy changed in August 2016, moving thousands of rebel fighters away from the area west of Aleppo to counter the secular federalist Syrian Democratic Forces to the north ("see Turkish military intervention in Syria"). This reduced the forces available to try to lift the siege of Aleppo, ensuring its fall.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The pro-opposition monitoring group the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) gave a similar number: it registered that 1,612 days of fighting for Aleppo left 21,452 civilians dead. Among them were 5,261 children under the age of 18 and 2,777 women over the age of 18.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR), a pro-opposition non-governmental organization, reported that the Russian bombardments killed at least 1,640 civilians in the Aleppo area: 1,178 civilians died between 30 September 2015 and 1 August 2016, while additional 462 civilians were killed from 19 September 2016 until 30 November 2016.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has described the fighting as one of the most devastating conflicts in modern times. It appealed: "The human cost of the fighting in Aleppo is simply too high. We urge all parties to stop the destruction and indiscriminate attacks, and stop the killing".

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The ICRC also said that hundreds of civilians perished through the "indiscriminate shelling of residential areas across Aleppo". Several infectious diseases broke out in Aleppo and other areas in Syria during the civil war, including poliomyelitis, measles and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Food prices also grew astronomically during the war. A kilogram (two pounds) of sugar cost $21 at one point.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In May 2014, the UN Security Council voted for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to investigate war crimes in the Syrian Civil War, but the resolution was vetoed by Russia and China.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In 2014, the United Nations adopted Resolution 2139 which ordered the end of using barrel bombs in the battle. The Syrian Observatory of Human Rights stated that the Syrian army dropped 7,000 barrel bombs in the first five months of 2015, claiming the lives of 3,000 people. Amnesty International reported that barrel bombs killed 3,000 people in 2014. "Channel4" reported that videos have emerged online showing the Syrian army using barrel bombs.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The government denied using barrel bombs. In an interview to BBC, President Bashar al-Assad denied using "indiscriminate weapons" like barrel bombs in the rebel held territories. Assad said, "I know about the army. They use bullets, missiles and bombs. I haven't heard of the army using barrels, or maybe cooking pots."

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: Following the re-capture of parts of Aleppo by the Syrian government, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reported that a pro-government Iraqi Shi'ite paramilitary group killed at least 82 civilians, including 11 women and 13 children, in the Bustan al-Qasr, al-Ferdous, al-Kallaseh, and al-Saleheen neighbourhoods on 12 and 13 December 2016.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In January 2017, the Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) and the Violations Documentation Center (VDC) submitted evidence of alleged war crimes committed by militias backed by Russia and Iran to the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Syria. According to the head of the SNHR, "sometimes the Russians exceed the regime in some kinds of violations" and he noted the similarities between the kinds of war crimes and violations committed by Russian forces and those of the Assad regime.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: In February 2017, "Breaking Aleppo", a report by the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab, utilized open source and digital forensic research to reveal both the Syrian government's atrocities and those of its supporters in the final months of the siege of Aleppo. In March 2017, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic documented violations including chemical attacks and civilian executions perpetrated between 21 July and 22 December 2016.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: Denial of water and sanitation is considered a war crime. Water supplies in the city for tens of thousands of people were deliberately cut by the Jabhat al-Nusra group for several days in May 2014. Jaysh al-Islam also reportedly prohibited civilians from receiving food and supplies in one neighbourhood they controlled in December 2016. The rebel groups also hoarded food during the siege, allowing civilians to starve while they remained well-fed.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: During the December 2016 evacuation, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham rebels burnt buses meant to evacuate sick and elderly civilians from two rebel-besieged Shiite villages in Idlib province, concurrently with the Aleppo evacuations.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: Amnesty reported that, according to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, "at least 23 civilians were killed by YPG shelling and sniper attacks" in opposition-held areas in the city between February and April 2016.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: ...the ongoing devastation inflicted on the country's stunning archaeological sites—bullet holes lodged in walls of its ancient Roman cities, the debris of Byzantine churches, early mosques and crusader fortresses—rob Syria of its best chance for a post-conflict economic boom based on tourism, which, until the conflict started 18 months ago, contributed 12% to the national income.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: On 2 October, Irena Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO, expressed her "grave concern about possible damage to precious sites" and requested the combatants to "ensure the protection of the outstanding cultural legacy that Syria hosts on its soil". She cited the Hague Convention for protecting the heritage sites.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The coverage of the siege of Aleppo in the Western media emphasised the suffering of civilians and often contained graphic pictures of injured and dying children. As there were almost no international journalists there, the reporting was outsourced to local activists linked to the rebels who held the city. This was significantly different from the news coverage of the sieges of Raqqa and Mosul carried out by the Coalition forces, where the civilian losses were downplayed.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: The Syrian President, Bashar al-Assad, said on the occasion of the 67th Anniversary of the Syrian Arab Army in August 2012, "the army is engaged in a crucial and heroic battle ... on which the destiny of the nation and its people rests ..." After gaining nearly complete control of eastern Aleppo, Assad referred to this success as an "important point in history of Syria". He also called upon remaining rebel factions to surrender in exchange for amnesty.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: Jan Egeland, Special Advisor to the UN Special Envoy for Syria, stated in November 2016: "I have not seen a place where there has been so much politicization, manipulation of aid, as we have seen in Syria in recent months. It has to stop!". He also called the bombardment and destruction of the city a "dark chapter" in modern history:

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

Context: On 20 December 2016, the United Nations Security Council approved "adequate, neutral UN monitoring and direct observation on evacuations from the eastern districts" in Aleppo.

Question: أين تمركز الجيش السوري خلال عملية نجم سهيل  ؟


Year

Context: In English, the abbreviations "y" and "yr" are commonly used ("a" is also used) for the unit of time, though its exact duration may be inconsistent.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: In astronomy, the Julian year is a unit of time; it is defined as 365.25 days of exactly 86,400 seconds (SI base unit), totalling exactly 31,557,600 seconds in the Julian astronomical year.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The word "year" is also used for periods loosely associated with, but not identical to, the calendar or astronomical year, such as the seasonal year, the fiscal year, the academic year, etc. Similarly, "year" can mean the orbital period of any planet; for example, a Martian year and a Venusian year are examples of the time a planet takes to transit one complete orbit. The term can also be used in reference to any long period or cycle, such as the Great Year.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: English "year" (via West Saxon "ġēar" (), Anglian "ġēr") continues Proto-Germanic "*jǣran" ("*jē₁ran"). Cognates are German "Jahr", Old High German "jār", Old Norse "ár" and Gothic "jer", from the Proto-Indo-European noun "" "year, season". Cognates also descended from the same Proto-Indo-European noun (with variation in suffix ablaut) are Avestan "yārǝ" "year", Greek () "year, season, period of time" (whence "hour"), Old Church Slavonic "jarŭ", and Latin "hornus" "of this year".

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Latin (a 2nd declension masculine noun; is the accusative singular; is genitive singular and nominative plural; the dative and ablative singular) is from a PIE noun "", which also yielded Gothic "aþn" "year" (only the dative plural "aþnam" is attested).

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The Greek word for "year", , is cognate with Latin "vetus" "old", from the PIE word "*wetos-" "year", also preserved in this meaning in Sanskrit ' "year" and ' "yearling (calf)", the latter also reflected in Latin "vitulus" "bull calf", English "wether" "ram" (Old English "weðer", Gothic "wiþrus" "lamb").

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: In some languages, it is common to count years by referencing to one season, as in "summers", or "winters", or "harvests". Examples include Chinese 年 "year", originally 秂, an ideographic compound of a person carrying a bundle of wheat denoting "harvest". Slavic besides "godŭ" "time period; year" uses "lěto" "summer; year".

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Astronomical years do not have an integer number of days or lunar months. Any calendar that follows an astronomical year must have a system of intercalation such as leap years.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: has 218 leap years every 900 years, for the average (mean) year length of days, close to the length of the mean tropical year, days (relative error of 9·10−8).

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: In the year 2800 CE, the Gregorian and Revised Julian calendars will begin to differ by one calendar day.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Historically, lunisolar calendars intercalated entire leap months on an observational basis. Lunisolar calendars have mostly fallen out of use except for liturgical reasons (Hebrew calendar, various Hindu calendars).

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: A modern adaptation of the historical Jalali calendar, known as the Solar Hijri calendar (1925), is a purely solar calendar with an irregular pattern of leap days based on observation (or astronomical computation), aiming to place new year (Nowruz) on the day of vernal equinox (for the time zone of Tehran), as opposed to using an algorithmic system of leap years.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: A calendar era assigns a cardinal number to each sequential year, using a reference event in the past (called the epoch) as the beginning of the era.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Other eras include that of Ancient Rome, ("from the foundation of the city), abbreviated AUC; ("year of the world"), used for the Hebrew calendar and abbreviated AM; and the Japanese emperor eras described above. The Islamic Hijri year, (year of the Hijrah, abbreviated AH), is a lunar calendar of twelve lunar months and thus is shorter than a solar year.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: A fiscal year or financial year is a 12-month period used for calculating annual financial statements in businesses and other organizations. In many jurisdictions, regulations regarding accounting require such reports once per twelve months, but do not require that the twelve months constitute a calendar year.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: For example, in Canada and India the fiscal year runs from April 1; in the United Kingdom it runs from April 1 for purposes of corporation tax and government financial statements, but from April 6 for purposes of personal taxation and payment of state benefits; in Australia it runs from July 1; while in the United States the fiscal year of the federal government runs from October 1.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: An academic year is the annual period during which a student attends an educational institution. The academic year may be divided into academic terms, such as semesters or quarters. The school year in many countries starts in August or September and ends in May, June or July. In Israel the academic year begins around October or November, aligned with the second month of the Hebrew calendar.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Some other schools, including some in the United States, have "four" marking periods. Some schools in the United States, notably Boston Latin School, may divide the year into "five or more" marking periods. Some state in defense of this that there is perhaps a positive correlation between report frequency and academic achievement.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: There are typically 180 days of teaching each year in schools in the US, excluding weekends and breaks, while there are 190 days for pupils in state schools in Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and 200 for pupils in Australia.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: In India the academic year normally starts from June 1 and ends on May 31. Though schools start closing from mid-March, the actual academic closure is on May 31 and in Nepal it starts from July 15.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Schools and universities in Australia typically have academic years that roughly align with the calendar year (i.e., starting in February or March and ending in October to December), as the southern hemisphere experiences summer from December to February.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: In the Unified Code for Units of Measure, the symbol "a" (without subscript) always refers to the Julian year, "aj", of exactly seconds.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The sidereal year is the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution of its orbit, as measured against a fixed frame of reference (such as the fixed stars, Latin , singular ). Its average duration is days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: This term is sometimes erroneously used for the draconic or nodal period of lunar precession, that is the period of a complete revolution of the Moon's ascending node around the ecliptic: Julian years ( days; at the epoch J2000.0).

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The full moon cycle is the time for the Sun (as seen from the Earth) to complete one revolution with respect to the perigee of the Moon's orbit. This period is associated with the apparent size of the full moon, and also with the varying duration of the synodic month. The duration of one full moon cycle is:

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The vague year, from or wandering year, is an integral approximation to the year equaling 365 days, which wanders in relation to more exact years. Typically the vague year is divided into 12 schematic months of 30 days each plus 5 epagomenal days. The vague year was used in the calendars of Ethiopia, Ancient Egypt, Iran, Armenia and in Mesoamerica among the Aztecs and Maya. It is still used by many Zoroastrian communities.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: A heliacal year is the interval between the heliacal risings of a star. It differs from the sidereal year for stars away from the ecliptic due mainly to the precession of the equinoxes.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The Sothic year is the interval between heliacal risings of the star Sirius. It is currently less than the sidereal year and its duration is very close to the Julian year of 365.25 days.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The Gaussian year is the sidereal year for a planet of negligible mass (relative to the Sun) and unperturbed by other planets that is governed by the Gaussian gravitational constant. Such a planet would be slightly closer to the Sun than Earth's mean distance. Its length is:

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The Besselian year is a tropical year that starts when the (fictitious) mean Sun reaches an ecliptic longitude of 280°. This is currently on or close to January 1. It is named after the 19th-century German astronomer and mathematician Friedrich Bessel. The following equation can be used to compute the current Besselian epoch (in years):

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The TT subscript indicates that for this formula, the Julian date should use the Terrestrial Time scale, or its predecessor, ephemeris time.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Mean year lengths in this section are calculated for 2000, and differences in year lengths, compared to 2000, are given for past and future years. In the tables a day is 86,400 SI seconds long.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Some of the year lengths in this table are in average solar days, which are slowly getting longer and are now around 86,400.002 SIseconds.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The Great Year, or equinoctial cycle, corresponds to a complete revolution of the equinoxes around the ecliptic. Its length is about 25,772 years.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The Galactic year is the time it takes Earth's Solar System to revolve once around the galactic center. It comprises roughly 230 million Earth years.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: A seasonal year is the time between successive recurrences of a seasonal event such as the flooding of a river, the migration of a species of bird, the flowering of a species of plant, the first frost, or the first scheduled game of a certain sport. All of these events can have wide variations of more than a month from year to year.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: For example, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)" supports the symbol "a" as the unit of time for a year.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: In English, the abbreviations "y" or "yr" are more commonly used in non-scientific literature. In some Earth sciences branches (geology and paleontology), "kyr, myr, byr" (thousands, millions, and billions of years, respectively) and similar abbreviations are used to denote intervals of time remote from the present.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) disambiguates the varying symbologies of ISO 1000, ISO 2955 and ANSI X3.50 by using:

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Since 1989, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) recognizes the symbol "a" rather than "yr" for a year, notes the different kinds of year, and recommends adopting the Julian year of 365.25 days, unless otherwise specified (IAU "Style Manual").

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Since 1987, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) notes "a" as the general symbol for the time unit year (IUPAP "Red Book").

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Since 1993, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Green Book" also uses the same symbol "a", notes the difference between Gregorian year and Julian year, and adopts the former (a=365.2425 days), also noted in the IUPAC "Gold Book".

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: In 2011, the IUPAC and the International Union of Geological Sciences jointly recommended defining the "annus", with symbol "a", as the length of the tropical year in the year 2000:

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: This differs from the above definition of 365.25 days by about 20 parts per million. The joint document says that definitions such as the Julian year "bear an inherent, pre-programmed obsolescence because of the variability of Earth's orbital movement", but then proposes using the length of the tropical year as of 2000 AD (specified down to the millisecond), which suffers from the same problem. (The tropical year oscillates with time by more than a minute.)

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: The notation has proved controversial as it conflicts with an earlier convention among geoscientists to use "a" specifically for "years ago", and "y" or "yr" for a one-year time period.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: However, this historical practice does not comply with the NIST "Guide", considering the unacceptability of mixing information concerning the physical quantity being measured (in this case, time intervals or points in time) with the units and also the unnaceptability of using abbreviations for units.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Furthermore, according to the UK Metric Association (UKMA), language-independent symbols are more universally understood (UKMA "Style guide").

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: For the following, there are alternative forms that elide the consecutive vowels, such as "kilannum", "megannum", etc. The exponents and exponential notations are typically used for calculating and in displaying calculations, and for conserving space, as in tables of data.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Use of "mya" and "bya" is deprecated in modern geophysics, the recommended usage being "Ma" and "Ga" for dates Before Present, but "m.y." for the duration of epochs. This "ad hoc" distinction between "absolute" time and time intervals is somewhat controversial amongst members of the Geological Society of America.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


Year

Context: Note that on graphs, using "ya" units on the horizontal axis time flows from right to left, which may seem counter-intuitive. If the "ya" units are on the vertical axis, time flows from top to bottom which is probably easier to understand than conventional notation.

Question: كم يوم تتضمن السنة الكبيسة؟


NASA

Context: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA's science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate's Heliophysics Research Program; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft such as "New Horizons"; and researching astrophysics topics, such as the Big Bang, through the Great Observatories and associated programs.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: On January 12, 1958, NACA organized a "Special Committee on Space Technology," headed by Guyford Stever. On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology," stating,

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: While this new federal agency would conduct all non-military space activity, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created in February 1958 to develop space technology for military application.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The NASA seal was approved by Eisenhower in 1959, and slightly modified by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. NASA's first logo was designed by the head of Lewis' Research Reports Division, James Modarelli, as a simplification of the 1959 seal. In 1975, the original logo was first dubbed "the meatball" to distinguish it from the newly designed "worm" logo which replaced it. The "meatball" returned to official use in 1992. The "worm" was brought out of retirement by administrator Jim Bridenstine in 2020.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA inherited NACA's X-15 experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force and Navy. Three planes were built starting in 1955. The X-15 was drop-launched from the wing of one of two NASA Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses, "NB52A" tail number 52-003, and "NB52B", tail number 52-008 (known as the "Balls 8"). Release took place at an altitude of about and a speed of about .

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Mercury's competition from the Soviet Union (USSR) was the single-pilot Vostok spacecraft. They sent the first man in space, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, into a single Earth orbit aboard Vostok 1 in April 1961, one month before Shepard's flight. In August 1962, they achieved an almost four-day record flight with Andriyan Nikolayev aboard Vostok 3, and also conducted a concurrent Vostok 4 mission carrying Pavel Popovich.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Under the direction of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, the USSR competed with Gemini by converting their Vostok spacecraft into a two- or three-man Voskhod. They succeeded in launching two crewed flights before Gemini's first flight, achieving a three-cosmonaut flight in 1964 and the first EVA in 1965. After this, the program was canceled, and Gemini caught up while spacecraft designer Sergei Korolev developed the Soyuz spacecraft, their answer to Apollo.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in the Space Race (by putting the first man into space) motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961, to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: To reduce cost, NASA used one of the Saturn V rockets originally earmarked for a canceled Apollo mission to launch the Skylab. Apollo spacecraft were used for transporting astronauts to and from the station. Three three-man crews stayed aboard the station for periods of 28, 59, and 84 days. Skylab's habitable volume was , which was 30.7 times bigger than that of the Apollo Command Module.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The mission included both joint and separate scientific experiments and provided useful engineering experience for future joint US–Russian space flights, such as the Shuttle–"Mir" program and the International Space Station.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The Space Shuttle became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Originally planned as a frequently launchable, fully reusable vehicle, the design was changed to use an expendable external propellant tank to reduce development cost, and four Space Shuttle orbiters were built by 1985. The first to launch, "Columbia", did so on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first human spaceflight.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: On March 29, 2019, the ISS was scheduled to have its first all-female spacewalk, but it was delayed; Jessica Meir and Christina Koch performed the first all-female spacewalk on October 18, as part of a lengthy series of upgrades to the ISS' power systems and physics observatories. The ISS program is expected to continue to 2030.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: On December 4, 2006, NASA announced it was planning a permanent Moon base. The goal was to start building the Moon base by 2020, and by 2024, have a fully functional base that would allow for crew rotations and in-situ resource utilization. However, in 2009, the Augustine Committee found the program to be on an "unsustainable trajectory." In February 2010, President Barack Obama's administration proposed eliminating public funds for it.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle was held over from the canceled Constellation program for Artemis. Artemis 1 is the uncrewed initial launch of Space Launch System (SLS) that would also send an Orion spacecraft on a Distant Retrograde Orbit.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In support of the Artemis missions, NASA has been funding private companies to land robotic probes on the lunar surface in a program known as the Commercial Lunar Payload Services. As of March 2022, NASA has awarded contracts to four companies for robotic lunar probes including Intuitive Machines, Masten Space Systems, Firefly Space Systems, and Astrobotic.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In September 2020, as a part of the Artemis program, NASA outlined a plan to send astronauts to the Moon by 2024. The astronauts are to travel in the Orion capsule, launched on the SLS rocket.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: On April 16, 2021, NASA announced they had selected the SpaceX Lunar Starship as its Human Landing System. The agency's Space Launch System rocket will launch four astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft for their multi-day journey to lunar orbit where they will transfer to SpaceX's Starship for the final leg of their journey to the surface of the Moon.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In November 2021, it was announced that the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by 2024 had slipped to no earlier than 2025 due to numerous factors. As of June 2022, NASA plans to launch Artemis 1 no earlier than August 2022, Artemis 2 in May 2024 and Artemis 3 sometime in 2025. Additional Artemis missions, Artemis 4 and Artemis 5, are planned to launch after 2025.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The Commercial Low Earth Orbit Destinations program is an initiative by NASA to support work on commercial space stations that the agency hopes to have in place by the end of the current decade to replace the "International Space Station". The three selected companies are: Blue Origin (et al.) with their Orbital Reef station concept, Nanoracks (et al.) with their Starlab Space Station concept, and Northrop Grumman with an unnamed station concept based on the HALO-module for the Gateway station.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The agency's leader, NASA's administrator, is nominated by the President of the United States subject to the approval of the US Senate, and reports to him or her and serves as a senior space science advisor. Though space exploration is ostensibly non-partisan, the appointee usually is associated with the President's political party (Democratic or Republican), and a new administrator is usually chosen when the Presidency changes parties. The only exceptions to this have been:

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The first administrator was Dr. T. Keith Glennan, appointed by Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During his term he brought together the disparate projects in American space development research.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: James Fletcher supervised early planning of the Space Shuttle program during his first term as administrator under President Nixon. He was appointed for a second term as administrator from May 1986 through April 1989 by President Ronald Reagan to help the agency recover from the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Former astronaut Charles Bolden served as NASA's twelfth administrator from July 2009 to January 20, 2017. Bolden is one of three former astronauts who became NASA administrators, along with Richard H. Truly (served 1989–1992) and Frederick D. Gregory (acting, 2005).

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The agency's administration is located at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, and provides overall guidance and direction. Except under exceptional circumstances, NASA civil service employees are required to be citizens of the United States.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC provides overall guidance and political leadership to the agency's ten field centers, through which all other facilities are administered. Four of these were inherited from NACA; two others were transferred from the Army; and NASA commissioned and built the other four itself shortly after its formation.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Langley Research Center (LaRC), located in Hampton, Virginia. LaRC focuses on aeronautical research, though the Apollo lunar lander was flight-tested at the facility and a number of high-profile space missions have been planned and designed on-site. LaRC was the original home of the Space Task Group.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: George W. Lewis Research Center The center's core competencies include air-breathing and in-space propulsion and cryogenics, communications, power energy storage and conversion, microgravity sciences, and advanced materials. Renamed the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in 1999, in honor of John Glenn.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), located in the San Gabriel Valley area of Los Angeles County, CA, is headquartered in the city of La Cañada Flintridge with a Pasadena mailing address. JPL is managed by the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The Laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of robotic planetary spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating NASA's Deep Space Network.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: John C. Stennis Space Center, originally the "Mississippi Test Facility", is located in Hancock County, Mississippi, on the banks of the Pearl River at the Mississippi–Louisiana border. Commissioned on October 25, 1961, it was NASA's largest rocket engine test facility until the end of the Space Shuttle program. It is currently used for rocket testing by over 30 local, state, national, international, private, and public companies and agencies. It contains the NASA Shared Services Center.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Subordinate facilities include the Wallops Flight Facility in Wallops Island, Virginia; the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana; the White Sands Test Facility in Las Cruces, New Mexico; and Deep Space Network stations in Barstow, California; Madrid, Spain; and Canberra, Australia.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA has conducted many uncrewed and robotic spaceflight programs throughout its history. Uncrewed robotic programs launched the first American artificial satellites into Earth orbit for scientific and communications purposes, and sent scientific probes to explore the planets of the Solar System, starting with Venus and Mars, and including "grand tours" of the outer planets. More than 1,000 uncrewed missions have been designed to explore the Earth and the Solar System.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Besides exploration, communication satellites have also been launched by NASA. The spacecraft have been launched directly from Earth or from orbiting space shuttles, which could either deploy the satellite itself, or with a rocket stage to take it farther.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Cygnus and Cargo Dragon are used to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) as part of NASA's Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program as of 2020. Cygnus is manufactured by Northrop Grumman and launched on the Antares rocket. Cargo Dragon is manufactured by SpaceX and launched on the Block 5 variant of Falcon 9. SpaceX Dragon, also launched on Falcon 9, was used to resupply the ISS from 2010 to 2020.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched in December 2021 on an Ariane 5 rocket, was placed in a halo orbit circling the Sun-Earth point.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The first successful landing on Mars was made by "Viking 1" in 1976. Twenty years later a rover was landed on Mars by "Mars Pathfinder". On November 26, 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission was successfully launched for Mars. "Curiosity" successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, and subsequently began its search for evidence of past or present life on Mars. On the horizon of NASA's plans is the "MAVEN" spacecraft as part of the Mars Scout Program to study the atmosphere of Mars.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: "Pioneers 10" and "11" and both Voyager probes carry messages from the Earth to extraterrestrial life. Communication can be difficult with deep space travel. For instance, it took about three hours for a radio signal to reach the "New Horizons" spacecraft when it was more than halfway to Pluto. Contact with "Pioneer 10" was lost in 2003. Both Voyager probes continue to operate as they explore the outer boundary between the Solar System and interstellar space.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In 1994, there was a Congressional directive to find near-Earth objects (NEOs) larger than 1 kilometer, and 90% of 1 kilometer sized asteroids are estimated to have been found by 2010.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In 2005, the US Congress mandated NASA to achieve by 2020 specific levels of search completeness for discovering, cataloging, and characterizing dangerous asteroids larger than (Act of 2005, H.R. 1022; 109th), but no new funds were appropriated for this effort. As of January 2019, it is estimated about 40% of the NEOs of this size have been found, although since by its nature the exact amount of NEOs are unknown the calculations are based on predictions of how many there could be.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA turned the infrared space survey telescope WISE back on in 2013 to look for NEOs, and it found some during the course of its operation. NEOcam competed in the highly competitive Discovery program, which became more so due to a low mission rate in the 2010s.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA has made use of technologies such as the multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), which is a type of radioisotope thermoelectric generator used to power spacecraft. Shortages of the required plutonium-238 have curtailed deep space missions since the turn of the millennium. An example of a spacecraft that was not developed because of a shortage of this material was "New Horizons 2".

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The Earth science research program was created and first funded in the 1980s under the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA started an annual competition in 2014 named "Cubes in Space". It is jointly organized by NASA and the global education company "I Doodle Learning", with the objective of teaching school students aged 11–18 to design and build scientific experiments to be launched into space on a NASA rocket or balloon. On June 21, 2017, the world's smallest satellite, KalamSAT, was launched.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA contracted a third party to study the probability of using Free Space Optics (FSO) to communicate with Optical (laser) Stations on the Ground (OGS) called laser-com RF networks for satellite communications.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: On July 29, 2020, NASA requested American universities to propose new technologies for extracting water from the lunar soil and developing power systems. The idea will help the space agency conduct sustainable exploration of the Moon.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA is launching a study of UFOs as a part of the new push toward high impact science, NASA’s chief of Science, Thomas Zurbuchen said.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: An example of NASA's environmental efforts is the NASA Sustainability Base. Additionally, the Exploration Sciences Building was awarded the LEED Gold rating in 2010. On May 8, 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency recognized NASA as the first federal agency to directly use landfill gas to produce energy at one of its facilities—the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In 2018, NASA along with other companies including Sensor Coating Systems, Pratt & Whitney, Monitor Coating and UTRC launched the project CAUTION (CoAtings for Ultra High Temperature detectION). This project aims to enhance the temperature range of the Thermal History Coating up to and beyond. The final goal of this project is improving the safety of jet engines as well as increasing efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In the 2010s, major shifts in directives include the retirement of the Space Shuttle, and the later development of a new crewed heavy-lift rocket, the Space Launch System. Missions for the new Space Launch System have varied, but overall, NASA's directives are similar to the Space Shuttle program as the primary goal and desire is human spaceflight. Additionally, NASA's Space Exploration Initiative of the 1980s opened new avenues of exploration focused on other galaxies.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: For the coming decades, NASA's focus has gradually shifting towards eventual exploration of Mars. One of the technological options focused on was the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). ARM had largely been defunded in 2017, but the key technologies developed for ARM would be utilized for future exploration, notably on a solar electric propulsion system.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Longer project execution timelines leave future executive administration officials to execute on a directive, which can lead to directional mismanagement.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Previously, in the early 2000s, NASA worked towards a strategic plan called the Constellation Program, but the program was defunded in the early 2010s. In the 1990s, NASA's administration adopted an approach to planning coined "Faster, Better, Cheaper".

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: The NASA Authorization Act of 2017, which included $19.5 billion in funding for that fiscal year, directed NASA to get humans near or on the surface of Mars by the early 2030s.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Though the agency is independent, the survival or discontinuation of projects can depend directly on the will of the President.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In December 2017, on the 45th anniversary of the last crewed mission to the Moon's surface, President Donald Trump approved a directive that includes a lunar mission on the pathway to Mars and beyond.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: New NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine addressed this directive in an August 2018 speech where he focused on the sustainability aspects—going to the Moon to stay—that are explicit in the directive, including taking advantage of US commercial space capability that did not exist even five years earlier, which have driven down costs and increased access to space.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: Despite this, public perception of NASA's budget differs significantly: a 1997 poll indicated that most Americans believed that 20% of the federal budget went to NASA.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: For Fiscal Year 2015, NASA received an appropriation of from Congress—$549 million more than requested and approximately $350 million more than the 2014 NASA budget passed by Congress.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: President Donald Trump signed the NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 in March, which set the 2017 budget at around $19.5 billion. The budget is also reported as $19.3 billion for 2017, with $20.7 billion proposed for FY2018.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASAcast is the official audio and video podcast of the NASA website. Created in late 2005, the podcast service contains the latest audio and video features from the NASA web site, including NASA TV's "This Week at NASA" and educational materials produced by NASA. Additional NASA podcasts, such as Science@NASA, are also featured and give subscribers an in-depth look at content by subject matter.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In its first year of production, the show was downloaded over 450,000 times. , the average download rate is more than 420,000 per month, with over one million downloads in December 2009 and January 2010.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA and the NASA EDGE have developed interactive programs designed to complement the vodcast. The Lunar Electric Rover App allows users to drive a simulated Lunar Electric Rover between objectives, and it provides information about and images of the vehicle. The NASA EDGE Widget provides a graphical user interface for accessing NASA EDGE vodcasts, image galleries, and the program's Twitter feed, as well as a live NASA news feed.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: US law requires the International System of Units to be used in all U.S. Government programs, "except where impractical".

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In 1969, the Apollo 11 landed on the Moon using a mix of United States customary units and metric units. In the 1980s, NASA started the transition towards the metric system, but was still using both systems in the 1990s. On September 23, 1999, a unit mixup between US and SI units resulted in the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: In August 2007, NASA stated that all future missions and explorations of the Moon would be done entirely using the SI system. This was done to improve cooperation with space agencies of other countries that already use the metric system.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: As of 2007, NASA is predominantly working with SI units, but some projects still use English units, and some, including the International Space Station, use a mix of both.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


NASA

Context: NASA has developed oftentimes elaborate plans and technology concepts, some of which become worked into real plans.

Question: أين تم إنشاء وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية الناسا؟


Life imprisonment in France

Context: In France, life imprisonment is a punishment of indeterminate length and may last for the remainder of the convict's life. The sentence is the most severe punishment given under French law and it can be imposed by the courts for aggravated murder, treason, terrorism, drug kingpin and other serious felonies resulting in death or involving torture.

Question: ما عقوبة إغتصاب الأطفال في فرنسا؟


Life imprisonment in France

Context: There is an average of 25 sentences of life imprisonment per year and there are 550 inmates currently jailed for life. Life sentences for crimes other than aggravated murder are rare.

Question: ما عقوبة إغتصاب الأطفال في فرنسا؟


Life imprisonment in France

Context: Inmates jailed for life are required to serve a safety period of 18 to 22 years before they become eligible for parole.

Question: ما عقوبة إغتصاب الأطفال في فرنسا؟


Life imprisonment in France

Context: It is possible to give a reduction of the safety period for serious signs of social re-adaptation (even if the court has ordered that the prisoner is to spend the rest of his or her life in prison), and it is possible to be freed before the safety period for serious health reasons.

Question: ما عقوبة إغتصاب الأطفال في فرنسا؟


Life imprisonment in France

Context: From 2011, the maximum penalty for persons who were under 16 years of age at the time of their crime is 20 years' imprisonment, with eligibility for parole in 10 years; life sentences are very rarely imposed to offenders between 16 and 18, the last being Mathieu Moulinas in June 2013 for raping and burning alive Agnès Marin two years earlier and the last before him was Patrick Dils in 1986 for stoning two children before being exonerated.

Question: ما عقوبة إغتصاب الأطفال في فرنسا؟


Pharaoh

Context: From the Nineteenth dynasty onward "pr-ꜥꜣ" on its own, was used as regularly as ḥm, "Majesty". The term, therefore, evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler presiding in that building, particularly by the Twenty-Second Dynasty and Twenty-third Dynasty.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: In English, the term was at first spelled "Pharao", but the translators of the King James Bible revived "Pharaoh" with "h" from the Hebrew. Meanwhile, in Egypt itself, evolved into Sahidic Coptic "pərro" and then "ərro" by mistaking "p-" as the definite article "the" (from ancient Egyptian "pꜣ").

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: Other notable epithets are "nswt", translated to "king"; ḥm, "Majesty"; "jty" for "monarch or sovereign"; "nb" for "lord"; and "ḥqꜣ" for "ruler".

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: Another scepter associated with the king is the "was"-sceptre. This is a long staff mounted with an animal head. The earliest known depictions of the "was"-scepter date to the First Dynasty. The "was"-scepter is shown in the hands of both kings and deities.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The flail later was closely related to the "heqa"-scepter (the crook and flail), but in early representations the king was also depicted solely with the flail, as shown in a late pre-dynastic knife handle that is now in the Metropolitan museum, and on the Narmer Macehead.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The earliest evidence known of the Uraeus—a rearing cobra—is from the reign of Den from the first dynasty. The cobra supposedly protected the pharaoh by spitting fire at its enemies.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The red crown of Lower Egypt, the Deshret crown, dates back to pre-dynastic times and symbolised chief ruler. A red crown has been found on a pottery shard from Naqada, and later, Narmer is shown wearing the red crown on both the Narmer Macehead and the Narmer Palette.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The white crown of Upper Egypt, the Hedjet, was worn in the Predynastic Period by Scorpion II, and, later, by Narmer.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: This is the combination of the Deshret and Hedjet crowns into a double crown, called the Pschent crown. It is first documented in the middle of the First Dynasty of Egypt. The earliest depiction may date to the reign of Djet, and is otherwise surely attested during the reign of Den.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The "khat" headdress consists of a kind of "kerchief" whose end is tied similarly to a ponytail. The earliest depictions of the "khat" headdress comes from the reign of Den, but is not found again until the reign of Djoser.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The Nemes headdress dates from the time of Djoser. It is the most common type of royal headgear depicted throughout Pharaonic Egypt. Any other type of crown, apart from the Khat headdress, has been commonly depicted on top of the Nemes. The statue from his Serdab in Saqqara shows the king wearing the "nemes" headdress.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: Osiris is shown to wear the Atef crown, which is an elaborate Hedjet with feathers and disks. Depictions of pharaohs wearing the Atef crown originate from the Old Kingdom.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The Hemhem crown is usually depicted on top of Nemes, Pschent, or Deshret crowns. It is an ornate triple Atef with corkscrew sheep horns and usually two uraei. The usage (depiction) of this crown begins during the Early Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: Also called the blue crown, the Khepresh crown has been depicted in art since the New Kingdom. It is often depicted being worn in battle, but it was also frequently worn during ceremonies. It used to be called a war crown by many, but modern historians refrain from defining it thus.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The "Nesu Bity" name, also known as prenomen, was one of the new developments from the reign of Den. The name would follow the glyphs for the "Sedge and the Bee". The title is usually translated as king of Upper and Lower Egypt. The "nsw bity" name may have been the birth name of the king. It was often the name by which kings were recorded in the later annals and king lists.

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟


Pharaoh

Context: The earliest example of a "Nebty" (Two Ladies) name comes from the reign of king Aha from the First Dynasty. The title links the king with the goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt Nekhbet and Wadjet. The title is preceded by the vulture (Nekhbet) and the cobra (Wadjet) standing on a basket (the neb sign).

Question: من هم الفراعنة ؟