Wetsuit

Context: Zippers are often used for closure or for providing a close fit at the wrists and ankles while remaining relatively easy to put on and remove, but they also provide leakage points for water A backing flap reduces leakage but can get caught in the zipper while closing.

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Wetsuit

Context: Jackets may have a full or partial front zipper, or none at all. Full body suits may have a vertical back zipper, a cross-shoulder zipper or a vertical front zipper. Each of these arrangements has some advantages and some disadvantages:

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Wetsuit

Context: Wetsuits are made in several standard adult sizes and for children. Custom fitted suits are produced by many manufacturers to provide a better fit for people for whom a well fitting off-the shelf suit is not available.

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Wetsuit

Context: Electrically heated wetsuits are also available on the market. These suits have special heating panels integrated in the back of the wetsuit. The power for heating comes from batteries also integrated into the wetsuit. More versatile is the heated neoprene vest that works in the same way as the heated wetsuit but can be worn under any type of wetsuit.

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Wetsuit

Context: Wetsuits heated by a flow of hot water piped from the surface are standard equipment for commercial diving in cold water, particularly where the heat loss from the diver is increased by use of helium based breathing gases. Hot water suits are a loose fit as there is a constant supply of heated water piped into the suit which must escape to allow even flow distribution. Flushing with cold water is prevented by the constant outflow of heating water.

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Wetsuit

Context: Usually a wetsuit has no covering for the feet, hands or head, and the diver must wear separate neoprene boots, gloves and hood for additional insulation and environmental protection. Other accessories to the basic suit include pockets for holding small items and equipment, and knee-pads, to protect the knee area from abrasion and tearing, usually used by working divers. Suits may have abrasion protection pads in other areas depending on the application.

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Wetsuit

Context: A bootee usually has a reinforced sole for walking. Typically, this is a solid rubber compound that is thicker and tougher than the neoprene used for the upper part of the bootee but is still flexible. The reinforced sole provides the wearer with some protection and grip when walking across shingle, coral and other rough surfaces.

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Wetsuit

Context: Several styles of wetsuit boots are commonly used for kayaking. Short-cut boots are frequently used in warmer conditions where the boots help give grip and foot protection while launching and portaging. In cold conditions longer wetsuit boots may be used with a drysuit where they are worn over the rubber drysuit socks.

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Wetsuit

Context: For cold water use, thicker mittens with a single space for the middle, ring and fifth fingers are available and can provide more warmth at the cost of reducing dexterity.

Question: Miten märkäpuku eroaa kuivapuvusta?


Chimney

Context: In the United States, the term smokestack industry refers to the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels by industrial society, including the electric industry during its earliest history. The term smokestack (colloquially, stack) is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys, and the term funnel can also be used.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the external environment via stack effect. Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings. The dispersion of pollutants over a greater area can reduce their concentrations and facilitate compliance with regulatory limits.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud. Since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts, venting caps (often called "chimney pots") with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: In the 18th and 19th centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: As a result of the limited ability to handle transverse loads with brick, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: In fact, most modern high-efficiency heating appliances do not require a chimney. Such appliances are generally installed near an external wall, and a noncombustible wall thimble allows a vent pipe to run directly through the external wall.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: On a pitched roof where a chimney penetrates a roof, flashing is used to seal up the joints. The down-slope piece is called an apron, the sides receive step flashing and a cricket is used to divert water around the upper side of the chimney underneath the flashing.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: The high steam plant chimney at the 'Secunda CTL' synthetic fuel plant in Secunda, South Africa consists of a 26 m (85 ft) diameter windshield with four 4.6 metre diameter concrete flues which are lined with refractory bricks built on rings of corbels spaced at 10 metre intervals. The reinforced concrete can be cast by conventional formwork or sliding formwork. The height is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to meet legal or other safety requirements.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Clay tile flue liners are very common in the United States, although it is the only liner that does not meet Underwriters Laboratories 1777 approval and frequently they have problems such as cracked tiles and improper installation. Clay tiles are usually about long, available in various sizes and shapes, and are installed in new construction as the chimney is built. A refractory cement is used between each tile.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Concrete flue liners are like clay liners but are made of a refractory cement and are more durable than the clay liners.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Poured in place concrete liners are made by pouring special concrete into the existing chimney with a form. These liners are highly durable, work with any heating appliance, and can reinforce a weak chimney, but they are irreversible.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: A chimney pot is placed on top of the chimney to expand the length of the chimney inexpensively, and to improve the chimney's draft. A chimney with more than one pot on it indicates that multiple fireplaces on different floors share the chimney.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: A chimney cowl or wind directional cap is a helmet-shaped chimney cap that rotates to align with the wind and prevent a backdraft of smoke and wind down the chimney.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: In the late Middle Ages in Western Europe the design of crow-stepped gables arose to allow maintenance access to the chimney top, especially for tall structures such as castles and great manor houses.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: When coal, oil, natural gas, wood, or any other fuel is combusted in a stove, oven, fireplace, hot water boiler, or industrial furnace, the hot combustion product gases that are formed are called flue gases. Those gases are generally exhausted to the ambient outside air through chimneys or industrial flue gas stacks (sometimes referred to as smokestacks).

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Designing chimneys and stacks to provide the correct amount of natural draft involves a number of design factors, many of which require iterative trial-and-error methods.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: As a "first guess" approximation, the following equation can be used to estimate the natural draught/draft flow rate by assuming that the molecular mass (i.e., molecular weight) of the flue gas and the external air are equal and that the frictional pressure and heat losses are negligible:

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Combining two flows into chimney: "A"t+"A"f<"A", where "A"t=7.1 inch2 is the minimum required flow area from water heater tank and "A"f=19.6 inch2 is the minimum flow area from a furnace of a central heating system.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Gas fired appliances must have a draft hood to cool combustion products entering the chimney and prevent updrafts or downdrafts.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: A characteristic problem of chimneys is they develop deposits of creosote on the walls of the structure when used with wood as a fuel. Deposits of this substance can interfere with the airflow and more importantly, they are combustible and can cause dangerous chimney fires if the deposits ignite in the chimney.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Masonry (brick) chimneys have also proven to be particularly prone to crumbling during an earthquake. Government housing authorities in cities prone to earthquakes such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego now recommend building new homes with stud-framed chimneys around a metal flue. Bracing or strapping old masonry chimneys has not proven to be very effective in preventing damage or injury from earthquakes. It is now possible to buy "faux-brick" facades to cover these modern chimney structures.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: Some very high chimneys are used for carrying antennas of mobile phone services and low power FM/TV-transmitters. Special attention must be paid to possible corrosion problems if these antennas are near the exhaust of the chimney.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: In some cases the chimneys of power stations are used also as pylons. However this type of construction, which is used at several power stations in the former Soviet Union, is not very common, because of corrosion problems of conductor cables.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Chimney

Context: At some power stations, which are equipped with plants for the removal of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, it is possible to use the cooling tower as a chimney. Such cooling towers can be seen in Germany at the Power Station Staudinger Grosskrotzenburg and at the Power Station Rostock. At power stations that are not equipped for removing sulfur dioxide, such usage of cooling towers could result in serious corrosion problems which are not easy to prevent.

Question: Miten vanha on vanhin tunnettu piippu?


Friedrich Nietzsche

Context: Hence the ways of men part: if you wish to strive for peace of soul and pleasure, then believe; if you wish to be a devotee of truth, then inquire...

Question: Kuka filosofi lanseerasi käsitteen 'yli-ihminen'?


Friedrich Nietzsche

Context: In 1883, he tried and failed to obtain a lecturing post at the University of Leipzig. According to a letter he wrote to Peter Gast, this was due to his "attitude towards Christianity and the concept of God".

Question: Kuka filosofi lanseerasi käsitteen 'yli-ihminen'?


Friedrich Nietzsche

Context: The "Apollonian and Dionysian" is a two-fold philosophical concept, based on features of ancient Greek mythology: Apollo and Dionysus. This relationship takes the form of a dialectic. Even though the concept is related to "The Birth of Tragedy," the poet Hölderlin had already spoken of it, and Winckelmann had talked of Bacchus.

Question: Kuka filosofi lanseerasi käsitteen 'yli-ihminen'?


Friedrich Nietzsche

Context: In this state one enriches everything out of one's own fullness: whatever one sees, whatever wills is seen swelled, taut, strong, overloaded with strength. A man in this state transforms things until they mirror his power—until they are reflections of his perfection. This having to transform into perfection is—art.

Question: Kuka filosofi lanseerasi käsitteen 'yli-ihminen'?


Friedrich Nietzsche

Context: speaks frankly, the opinions he expresses about Jews go, in their severity, beyond any anti-Semitism. The foundation of his anti-Christianity is essentially anti-Semitic."

Question: Kuka filosofi lanseerasi käsitteen 'yli-ihminen'?


Rømer's determination of the speed of light

Context: By timing the eclipses of the Jupiter moon Io, Rømer estimated that light would take about 22 minutes to travel a distance equal to the diameter of Earth's orbit around the Sun. This would give light a velocity of about 220,000 kilometres per second, about 26% lower than the true value of 299,792 km/s.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Rømer's theory was controversial at the time he announced it, and he never convinced the director of the Paris Observatory, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, to fully accept it. However, it quickly gained support among other natural philosophers of the period, such as Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton. It was finally confirmed nearly two decades after Rømer's death, with the explanation in 1729 of stellar aberration by the English astronomer James Bradley.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: The Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini had pioneered the use of the eclipses of the Galilean moons for longitude measurements, and published tables predicting when eclipses would be visible from a given location. He was invited to France by Louis XIV to set up the Royal Observatory, which opened in 1671 with Cassini as director, a post he would hold for the rest of his life.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Io is the innermost of the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo in January 1610. Rømer and Cassini refer to it as the "first satellite of Jupiter". It orbits Jupiter once every 42½ hours, and the plane of its orbit is very close to the plane of Jupiter's orbit around the sun. This means that it passes some of each orbit in the shadow of Jupiter – an eclipse.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: From the Earth, it is not possible to view both the immersion and the emergence for the same eclipse of Io, because one or the other will be hidden (occulted) by Jupiter itself. At the point of opposition (point "H" in the diagram below), both the immersion and the emergence would be hidden by Jupiter.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Most of Rømer's papers were destroyed in the Copenhagen Fire of 1728, but one manuscript that survived contains a listing of about sixty observations of eclipses of Io from 1668 to 1678. In particular, it details two series of observations on either side of the oppositions of 2 March 1672 and 2 April 1673. Rømer comments in a letter to Christiaan Huygens dated 30 September 1677 that these observations from 1671–73 form the basis for his calculations.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: On 22 August 1676, Cassini made an announcement to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris that he would be changing the basis of calculation for his tables of eclipses of Io. He may also have stated the reason:

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: "This second inequality appears to be due to light taking some time to reach us from the satellite; light seems to take about ten to eleven minutes [to cross] a distance equal to the half-diameter of the terrestrial orbit".

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Most importantly, Rømer announced the prediction that the emergence of Io on 16 November 1676 would be observed about ten minutes later than would have been calculated by the previous method. There is no record of any observation of an emergence of Io on 16 November, but an emergence was observed on 9 November. With this experimental evidence in hand, Rømer explained his new method of calculation to the Royal Academy of Sciences on 22 November.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: The original record of the meeting of the Royal Academy of Sciences has been lost, but Rømer's presentation was recorded as a news report in the "Journal des sçavans" on 7 December. This anonymous report was translated into English and published in "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" in London on 25 July 1677.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Rømer starts with an order of magnitude demonstration that the speed of light must be so great that it takes much less than one second to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: However Rømer also realised that any effect of the finite speed of light would add up over a long series of observations, and it is this cumulative effect that he announced to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris. The effect can be illustrated with Rømer's observations from spring 1672.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Jupiter was in opposition on 2 March 1672: the first observations of emergences were on 7 March (at 07:58:25) and 14 March (at 09:52:30). Between the two observations, Io had completed four orbits of Jupiter, giving an orbital period of 42 hours 28 minutes 31¼ seconds.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: The last emergence observed in the series was on 29 April (at 10:30:06). By this time, Io had completed thirty orbits around Jupiter since 7 March: the apparent orbital period is 42 hours 29 minutes 3 seconds. The difference seems tiny – 32 seconds – but it meant that the emergence on 29 April was occurring a quarter-hour after it would have been predicted. The only alternative explanation was that the observations on 7 and 14 March were wrong by two minutes.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Rømer never published the formal description of his method, possibly because of the opposition of Cassini and Picard to his ideas (see below). However, the general nature of his calculation can be inferred from the news report in the "Journal des sçavans" and from Cassini's announcement on 22 August 1676.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: contain the inequality of the days or the true motion of the Sun [i.e. the inequality due to the eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit], the eccentric motion of Jupiter [i.e. the inequality due to the eccentricity of the orbit of Jupiter] and this new, not previously detected, inequality [i.e. due to the finite speed of light].

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Hence Cassini and Rømer appear to have been calculating the times of each eclipse based on the approximation of circular orbits, and then applying three successive corrections to estimate the time that the eclipse would be observed in Paris.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: The opposition of Jupiter to the Sun occurred on or around 8 July 1676. Rømer's "aide-mémoire" lists two observation of emergences of Io after this opposition but before Cassini's announcement: on 7 August at 09:44:50 and on 14 August at 11:45:55. With these data, and knowing the orbital period of Io, Cassini could calculate the times of each of the eclipses over the next four to five months.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: The next step in applying Rømer's correction would be to calculate the position of Earth and Jupiter in their orbits for each of the eclipses. This sort of coordinate transformation was commonplace in preparing tables of positions of the planets for both astronomy and astrology: it is equivalent to finding each of the positions L (or K) for the various eclipses which might be observable.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Finally, the distance between Earth and Jupiter can be calculated using standard trigonometry, in particular the law of cosines, knowing two sides (distance between the Sun and Earth; distance between the Sun and Jupiter) and one angle (the angle between Jupiter and Earth as formed at the Sun) of a triangle. The distance from the Sun to Earth was not well known at the time, but taking it as a fixed value "a", the distance from the Sun to Jupiter can be calculated as some multiple of "a".

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: This model left just one adjustable parameter – the time taken for light to travel a distance equal to "a", the radius of Earth's orbit. Rømer had about thirty observations of eclipses of Io from 1671–73 that he used to find the value which fitted best: eleven minutes. With that value, he could calculate the extra time it would take light to reach Earth from Jupiter in November 1676 compared to August 1676: about ten minutes.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Swedish astronomer Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin (1717–83) used Rømer's method in the preparation of his ephemerides of Jupiter's moons (1746), as did Giovanni Domenico Maraldi working in Paris. The remaining irregularities in the orbits of the Galilean moons would not be satisfactorily explained until the work of Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) and Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827) on orbital resonance.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: In 1809, again making use of observations of Io, but this time with the benefit of more than a century of increasingly precise observations, the astronomer Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (1749–1822) reported the time for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth as 8 minutes 12 seconds. Depending on the value assumed for the astronomical unit, this yields the speed of light as just a little more than 300,000 kilometres per second.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Several discussions have suggested that Rømer should not be credited with the measurement of the speed of light, as he never gave a value in Earth-based units. These authors credit Huygens with the first calculation of the speed of light.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Huygens's estimate was a value of 110,000,000 "toises" per second: as the "toise" was later determined to be just under two metres, this gives the value in SI units.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: However, Huygens's estimate was not a precise calculation but rather an illustration at an order of magnitude level. The relevant passage from "Treatise sur la lumière" reads:

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: "If one considers the vast size of the diameter KL, which according to me is some 24 thousand diameters of the Earth, one will acknowledge the extreme velocity of Light. For, supposing that KL is no more than 22 thousand of these diameters, it appears that being traversed in 22 minutes this makes the speed a thousand diameters in one minute, that is 16-2/3 diameters in one second or in one beat of the pulse, which makes more than 11 hundred times a hundred thousand toises;"

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Huygens was obviously not concerned about the 9% difference between his preferred value for the distance from the Sun to Earth and the one he uses in his calculation. Nor was there any doubt in Huygens's mind as to Rømer's achievement, as he wrote to Colbert (emphasis added):

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: "I have seen recently, with much pleasure, the beautiful discovery of Mr. Romer, to demonstrate that light takes time in propagating, and even to measure this time";

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Neither Newton nor Bradley bothered to calculate the speed of light in Earth-based units. The next recorded calculation was probably made by Fontenelle: claiming to work from Rømer's results, the historical account of Rømer's work written some time after 1707 gives a value of 48203 leagues per second. This is 16.826 Earth-diameters (214,636 km) per second.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: There is no evidence that Rømer thought that he was measuring : he gives his result as the time of 22 minutes for light to travel a distance equal to the diameter of Earth's orbit or, equivalently, 11 minutes for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. It can be readily shown that the two measurements are equivalent: if we give "τ" as the time taken for light to cross the radius of an orbit (e.g. from the Sun to Earth) and "P" as the orbital period (the time for one complete rotation), then

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Context: Bradley, who "was" measuring in his studies of aberration in 1729, was well aware of this relation as he converts his results for into a value for "τ" without any comment.

Question: Kuka keksi valonnopeuden?


Yield (finance)

Context: In finance, the yield on a security is a measure of the ex-ante return to a holder of the security. It is one component of return on an investment, the other component being the change in the market price of the security. It is a measure applied to fixed income securities, common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible stocks and bonds, annuities and real estate investments.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: There are various types of yield, and the method of calculation depends on the particular type of yield and the type of security. Because of these differences, yield comparisons between different types of financial products should be treated with caution.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: The coupon rate (or nominal rate) on a fixed income security is the interest that the issuer agrees to pay to the security holder each year, expressed as a percentage of the security's principal amount (par value).

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: The yield to maturity is an estimate of the total rate of return anticipated to be earned by an investor who buys a bond at a given market price, holds it to maturity, and receives all interest payments and the payment of par value on schedule. Unlike current yield, it takes into account the payment of principal to the bondholder when the bond matures.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: Par yield assumes that the security's market price is equal to par value (also known as face value or nominal value). It is the metric used in the U.S. Treasury's daily official "Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates".

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: The dividend rate is the total amount of dividends paid in a year, divided by the principal value of the preferred share. The current yield is those same payments divided by the preferred share's market price. If the preferred share has a maturity or call provision (which is not always the case), yield to maturity and yield to call can be calculated.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: The current dividend yield is the annualized cash dividend (in dollars, RMB, Yen, etc.) divided by the current market price of one share. Most web sites and reports are updated with the expected future year's payments, not the past year's.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: Distribution yields from REITs, royalty trusts, income trusts and annuities often include return of capital, cash that exceeds the income earned.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: Several different yields are used as measures of a real estate investment, including initial, equivalent and reversionary yields.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: Reversionary yield is the anticipated yield to which the initial yield will rise (or fall) once the rent reaches the ERV.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: Equivalent yield lies somewhere in between the initial yield and reversionary yield, it encapsulates the DCF of the property with rents rising (or falling) from the current annualised rent to the underlying estimated rental value (ERV) less costs that are incurred along the way. The discount rate used to calculate the net present value (NPV) of the DCF to equal zero is the equivalent yield, or the IRR.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: The calculation not only takes into account all costs, but other assumptions including rent reviews and void periods. A trial and error method can be used to identify the equivalent yield of a DCF, or if using Excel, the goal seek function can be used.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: Yield levels vary with expectations of inflation and the general outlook for the economy (the business cycle). Fears of high inflation in the future mean that investors ask for a higher yield today to protect their purchasing power.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: The yield on a fixed income security is inversely related to financial market interest rates. If market rates rise, for example due to inflation or a change in the economy, the price of a bond or note falls, driving its yield higher to maintain parity with market rates. Conversely, if market rates decline, then the price of the bond should increase, driving its yield lower, all else being equal.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: Under normal market conditions, long-term fixed income securities (for example, a 10-year bond) have higher yields than short-term securities (e.g., a 2-year bond). This reflects the fact that long-term securities are more exposed to the uncertainties of what could happen in the future—especially changes in market rates of interest. Therefore, longer maturity securities have more potential price volatility. The relationship between yield and maturity is described by the yield curve.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Yield (finance)

Context: Coupon payments from floating rate bonds and notes and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities are reset periodically based on a specified benchmark. It is not possible to accurately calculate the future stream of coupon payments from these securities, so yield to maturity and internal rates of return cannot be calculated. Other metrics must be used.

Question: Mikä on rajatuotos?


Picture book

Context: A picture book combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format, most often aimed at young children. With the narrative told primarily through text, they are distinct from comics, which do so primarily through sequential images. The images in picture books can be produced in a range of media, such as oil paints, acrylics, watercolor, and pencil. Picture books often serve as pedagogical resources, aiding with children's language development or understanding of the world.

Question: Milloin kuvakirjan määritelmä on keksitty?


Picture book

Context: Picture books are aimed at young children. Many are written with vocabulary a child can understand but not necessarily read. For this reason, picture books tend to have two functions in the lives of children: they are first read to young children by adults, and then children read them themselves once they begin learning to read.

Question: Milloin kuvakirjan määritelmä on keksitty?


Picture book

Context: The majority of picture books are constructed in the same way as books for older children and adults, but there are a number of special types.

Question: Milloin kuvakirjan määritelmä on keksitty?


Picture book

Context: In the US, illustrated stories for children appeared in magazines like "Ladies Home Journal", "Good Housekeeping", "Cosmopolitan", and "Woman's Home Companion", intended for mothers to read to their children. Some cheap periodicals appealing to the juvenile reader started to appear in the early twentieth century, often with uncredited illustrations.

Question: Milloin kuvakirjan määritelmä on keksitty?


Picture book

Context: Helen Bannerman's "Little Black Sambo" was published in 1899, and went through numerous printings and versions during the first decade of the twentieth century. It was part of a series of small-format books called The Dumpy Books for Children, published by British publisher Grant Richards between 1897 and 1904.

Question: Milloin kuvakirjan määritelmä on keksitty?


Picture book

Context: Between 1957 and 1960 Harper & Brothers published a series of sixteen "I Can Read" books. "Little Bear" was the first of the series. Written by Else Holmelund Minarik and illustrated by a then relatively unknown Maurice Sendak, the two collaborated on three other "I Can Read" books over the next three years. From 1958 to 1960, Syd Hoff wrote and illustrated four "I Can Read" books: "Danny and the Dinosaur", "Sammy the Seal", "Julius", and "Oliver".

Question: Milloin kuvakirjan määritelmä on keksitty?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: Roberts' infamy and success saw him become known as "The Great Pyrate" and eventually as Black Bart (), and made him a popular subject for writers of both fiction and non-fiction. To this day, Roberts continues to feature in novels, films and video games (such as "") as well as inspire fictional characters (such as the Dread Pirate Roberts).

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: He was born John Roberts in 1682 in Casnewydd Bach, between Fishguard and Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire, Wales. His father was most likely George Roberts. It is unclear why Roberts changed his name from John to Bartholomew, but pirates often adopted aliases. He may have chosen his first name after the well-known buccaneer Bartholomew Sharp. He was thought to have gone to sea when he was 13 in 1695, but there is no further record of him until 1718, when he was mate of a Barbados sloop.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: Davis quickly discovered Roberts' abilities as a navigator and took to consulting him. He was also able to confide information to Roberts in the Welsh language, thereby keeping it hidden from the English and international crewmen. Roberts is said to have been reluctant to become a pirate at first, but quickly came to see the advantages of this new lifestyle and saw it as a great opportunity for him. Captain Charles Johnson reports him as saying:

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: In the merchant navy, Roberts' wage was less than £4 per month and he had no chance of promotion to captaincy.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: A new captain had to be elected. Davis' crew was divided into "Lords" and "Commons", and it was the "Lords" who had the right to propose a name to the remainder of the crew. Within six weeks of his capture, Roberts was elected captain. This was unusual, especially as he had objected to serving on the vessel. Historians believe he was elected for his navigational abilities and his personality, which history reflects was outspoken and opinionated.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: The combination of bravery and success that marked this adventure cemented most of the crew's loyalty to Roberts. They concluded that he was "pistol proof" and that they had much to gain by staying with him.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: During this time, Roberts reportedly caught Florimond Hurault de Montigny, the Governor of Martinique, who was sailing aboard a 52-gun French warship. The Governor was caught and promptly hanged on the yardarm of his own ship, which the pirates converted into the new "Royal Fortune". According to Konstam and Rickman, this reported capture was an embellishment by Captain Charles Johnson in his "A General History of the Pyrates".

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: By the spring of 1721, Roberts' depredations had almost brought seaborne trade to a standstill in the West Indies. "Royal Fortune" and "Good Fortune" therefore set sail for West Africa. On 18 April, Thomas Anstis, the commander of "Good Fortune", left Roberts in the night and continued to raid shipping in the Caribbean, with future captains John Fenn and Brigstock Weaver aboard. "Royal Fortune" continued towards Africa.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: Roberts's death shocked the pirate world, as well as the Royal Navy. The local merchants and civilians had thought him invincible, and some considered him a hero.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: Of the captured pirates who told their place of birth, 42% were from Cornwall, Devon, and Somerset, and another 19% from London. There were smaller numbers from northern England and from Wales, and another quarter from a variety of countries including Ireland, Scotland, the West Indies, the Netherlands, and Greece.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: Captain Chaloner Ogle was rewarded with a knighthood, the only British naval officer to be honoured specifically for his actions against pirates. He also profited financially, taking gold dust from Roberts' cabin, and he eventually became an admiral.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: This battle proved a turning point in the war against the pirates, and many consider the death of Roberts to mark the end of the Golden Age of Piracy.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: Roberts is commonly described as wearing a red waistcoat with scarlet breeches and a scarlet flamingo plume. The red costume may have been to disguise any blood in battle or as a demonstration of his disregard for anonymity. Roberts also wore a large diamond cross which was reputedly the property of the King of Portugal.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: After his exploits in Newfoundland, a state Governor from New England commented that "one cannot with-hold admiration for his bravery and courage". He hated cowardice, and when the crews of 22 ships in Trepassey harbour fled without firing a shot he was angry at their failure to defend their ships.

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


Bartholomew Roberts

Context: Black Bart was not as cruel to prisoners as some pirates such as Edward Low and Francis Spriggs, but did not treat them as well as did Samuel Bellamy, Howell Davis, or Edward England. Roberts sometimes gave gifts to cooperative captains and crews of captured ships, such as pieces of jewelry or items of captured cargo. He would sometimes ill-use prisoners if he felt that the crew demanded it, but:

Question: Minä vuonna Bartholomew Roberts kuoli?


The L Word

Context: "The L Word" featured television's first ensemble cast of lesbian and bisexual female characters, and its portrayal of lesbianism was groundbreaking at the time. One of the series' pioneering hallmarks was its explicit depiction of lesbian sex from the female gaze, at a time when lesbian sex was "virtually invisible elsewhere on television." It was also the first television series written and directed by predominantly queer women.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: "The L Word" franchise led to the spin-off reality show "The Real L Word" (2010–2012) as well as the documentary film ' (2014), both of which aired on Showtime. A sequel television series, ', debuted in December 2019.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: The series premiered on Showtime on January 18, 2004 and ran for a total of six seasons, airing its finale on March 8, 2009. "The L Word" was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia at Coast Mountain Films Studio, as well as on location in Los Angeles, California. MGM Worldwide Television distributes the series internationally, and it is syndicated by Logo TV and Netflix.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: Contemporary use of the phrase "the L word" as an alias for "lesbian" dates to at least the 1981 play "My Blue Heaven" by Jane Chambers, in which a character stammers out: "You're really...? The L-word? Lord God, I never met one before."

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: "The Chart", an undirected labeled graph in which nodes represent individuals and lines represent affairs or hookups, is a recurring plot element throughout the series. Originally, "The L Word" was to be based around a gay woman, Kit Porter, and "The Chart" was tattooed on her back.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: The idea for the chart was formed in the L word's writers room. The creators of the show were discussing their own mutual friends and who had had romantic entanglements with whom. This led to them creating a beta version of what the chart comes to be on a piece of paper. The writers eventually decide to incorporate this chart into the show.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: In season 4, Alice launches The Chart as a social networking service. Concurrently, a real-world parallel project OurChart.com was created. The website, which allowed registered members to create their own profiles and hosted several blogs on the show, operated from the beginning of season four until the end of season six, after which the site was discontinued and redirected to Showtime's official website.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: The second season of "The L Word" premiered on February 20, 2005 and ended on May 15, 2005. The season introduces Carmen de la Pica Morales, a DJ who becomes part of a love triangle with Shane and Jenny; Helena Peabody, a wealthy art patron who becomes a rival to Bette and love interest to Tina (while she and Bette are separated).

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: The third season of "The L Word" premiered on January 8, 2006 and ended on March 26, 2006. The season introduces Max Sweeney, a working-class trans man initially introduced presenting as a butch; and Angus Partridge, a male nanny who becomes Kit's lover.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: In the lead-up to the third season, the fan fiction website FanLib.com launched a contest where individuals could submit a piece of "L Word" fanfiction, with the winner's story incorporated into a scene in third-season episode.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: Major storylines in the season include the adaptation of "Lez Girls", an article written by Jenny for "The New Yorker", into a film; Bette taking a job as a dean at California Art College; and Tasha's struggle to reconcile her military service with her sexuality under don't ask, don't tell.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: "The L Word" was renewed for a fifth season on March 8, 2007, and began filming in summer 2007. The season aired from January 6, 2008 to March 23, 2008 and introduces Nikki Stevens, a closeted gay actress who portrays the lead role in "Lez Girls." Adele Channing is also introduced, potentially by chance meeting Jenny at the Planet, and soon becoming her personal assistant. Papi and Angus were written out of the series.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: Major storylines in the season include Bette and Tina reconciling their relationship, Jenny being ousted from the production of "Lez Girls", and Tasha's dishonorable discharge from the military.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: The sixth and final season of "The L Word" aired from January 18, 2009 to March 8, 2009. The season introduces Kelly Wentworth, Bette's college roommate, who attempts to open a gallery with her; Jamie Chen, a social worker who becomes involved in a love triangle with Alice and Tasha; and Marybeth Duffy and Sean Holden, detectives with the LAPD.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: The season is a whodunit storyline focused on the murder of Jenny. The events of the season are depicted as a flashback leading up to the night of the crime, with each episode focused around what could have potentially motivated each character to have killed Jenny. The series concludes without revealing the identity of her murderer.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: "The Real L Word", a reality television series produced by Chaiken, aired on Showtime from June 20, 2010 to September 6, 2012. The series, initially set in Los Angeles and later in Brooklyn, New York City, followed a group of real-life gay women.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: "L Word Mississippi: Hate the Sin", a documentary directed by Lauren Lazin and produced by Chaiken, premiered on Showtime on August 8, 2014. The documentary, which follows a group of LGBT women in rural Mississippi, won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary in 2015.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: EZgirl served as "The L Word"'s music composer, while Natasha Duprey served as music supervisor. A total of five soundtracks were produced.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: All three of Leisha Hailey's bands were referenced in the series: a song by The Murmurs was used in the first season, Shane wears a shirt for Gush in the second season. Songs by Uh Huh Her were featured in the show's fifth and sixth seasons; Tasha is seen wearing an Uh Huh Her t-shirt during the sixth season.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: The band Betty wrote and performed the theme song, which is first introduced in season two. Betty makes numerous appearances in the show, and their music is featured throughout the series from season two

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: The show's first season was "broadcast to critical acclaim and instant popularity"; as an article from "The New York Times" pointed out:

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: In 2006, "The L Word" won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Drama Series. It was consequently honored with a Special Recognition Award in 2009 from the same organization.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


The L Word

Context: In 2008, "The L Word"'s companion website was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for Best Use of Commercial Advertising on Personal Computers.

Question: Ketkä ovat luoneet televisiosarja L-koodin?


Church tax

Context: A church tax is a tax collected by the state from members of some religious to provide financial support of churches, such as the salaries of its clergy and to pay the operating cost of the church. A church tax is collected in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Sweden, some parts of Switzerland and several other countries.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: Every recognized religious group in Austria can collect church tax at a rate of 1.1%, though currently only the Catholic and Protestant Church make use of that opportunity. Church tax is compulsory for Catholics in Austria. This tax was introduced by Adolf Hitler in 1939. After World War II, the tax was retained in order to keep the Church independent of political powers.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: The members of the national Church of Denmark pay a church tax, called "kirkeskat". The rate varies among municipalities with a minimum of 0.4% and a maximum of 1.3% of taxable income in 2019. The tax is generally around 0.7% of taxable income. The collection of the church tax is administered by the Danish tax authorities, but the church tax is not considered as a genuine tax by, for example, Statistics Denmark, but as a "voluntary transfer from households to the state".

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: The church tax does not cover the entire budget of the Church of Denmark. An additional 9% is paid by the government through block grants (""), which means that people who are not members of the Church of Denmark also finance its activities through taxes.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: About 70% of church revenues come from "church tax" (Kirchensteuer), also called "worship tax" (Kultussteuer) when referring to non-Christian religious bodies such as Jewish synagogues. This is about €9.2 billion (in 2010).

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: Article 137 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and article 140 of the German Basic Law of 1949 form the legal bases for this practice.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: In Germany, on the basis of tax regulations passed by the religious communities and within the limits set by state laws, communities may either

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: If, however, religious communities choose to collect church tax themselves, they may demand that the tax authorities reveal taxation data of their members to calculate the contributions and prepayments owed. In particular, some smaller communities (e.g., the Jewish Community of Berlin) choose to collect taxes themselves to save collection fees the government would charge otherwise.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: Collection of church tax may be used to cover any church-related expenses such as funding institutions and foundations or paying ministers.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: The money flow of state and churches is distinct at all levels of the procedures. The church tax is not meant to be a way for the state to directly support churches, but since expenses for church tax are fully deductible (as are voluntary expenses for the Church, for charity or a bundle of other privileged aims) in fact such support occurs on a somewhat large scale. The effort of collecting itself, done by the State, is entirely paid for by the Churches with a part of the tax income.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: The church tax was reaffirmed in Article 13 of the Reichskonkordat between Nazi Germany and the Vatican, where it is understood that the right of the Church to levy taxes is guaranteed. Taxpayers, whether Roman Catholic, Protestant or members of other tax-collecting communities, pay an amount equal to between 8% (in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg) and 9% (in the rest of the country) of their income tax to the church or other community to which they belong.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: For example, a single person earning €50,000 may pay an average income-tax of 20%, thus €10,000. The church tax is then an additional 8% (or 9%) of that €10,000 (€800 or €900) for a total of €10,800 or €10,900 in taxes.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: The Church of Iceland receives governmental support beyond the congregation taxes paid by its members.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: Taxpayers in Italy pay a mandatory eight per thousand tax, and have the option to choose to whom they will assign the funds. This tax amounts to 0.8% of the total income tax (IRPEF) and every taxpayer can choose the recipient of the contribution on their tax form. Regardless of whether the taxpayer expresses a preference or not, the 0.8% is already included in their tax levy.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: If the choice is not expressly declared on the tax form, the tax is distributed according to the percentages of the taxpayers who have declared their choice of beneficiary. While it was intended that the state should use its own share of the 0.8% tax for social or cultural purposes, in practice it has employed it for general purposes including its military mission in Iraq in 2004 and the upgrading of prison infrastructure in 2011.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: The members of Church of Sweden pay church fee, which varies between municipalities, but can be as much as 2%. Church and state are separated as of 2000; however, the burial tax ("begravningsavgift") is paid by everyone regardless of membership.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: In a recent development, the Swedish government has agreed to continue collecting from individual taxpayers the annual payment that has always gone to the church. But now the fee will be an optional checkoff box on the tax return. The government will allocate the money collected to Catholic, Muslim, Jewish and other faiths as well as the Lutherans, with each taxpayer directing where his or her taxes should go.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: There is no official state church in Switzerland. However, except Geneva and Neuchâtel, each canton (state) financially supports at least one of the three traditional denominations – Roman Catholic, Old Catholic (in Switzerland Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland), or Evangelical Reformed – with funds collected through taxation. Each canton church tax may formally have to leave the church. In some cantons private companies are unable to avoid payment of the church tax.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Church tax

Context: In Geneva and Neuchâtel there is no church tax : each taxpayer is free to make a voluntary tax deductible contribution or gift to his church, either directly to the beneficiary or using the canton (state) tax system.

Question: Miten paljon Suomessa maksetaan kirkollisveroa?


Crystallography

Context: Crystallographic methods now depend on analysis of the diffraction patterns of a sample targeted by a beam of some type. X-rays are most commonly used; other beams used include electrons or neutrons. Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of beam used, as in the terms "X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction" and "electron diffraction". These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: Unfortunately, focusing X-rays with conventional optical lens can be a challenge. Scientists have had some success focusing X-rays with microscopic Fresnel zone plates made from gold, and by critical-angle reflection inside long tapered capillaries. Diffracted X-ray or neutron beams cannot be focused to produce images, so the sample structure must be reconstructed from the diffraction pattern.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: Diffraction patterns arise from the constructive interference of incident radiation (x-rays, electrons, neutrons), scattered by the periodic, repeating features of the sample. Because of their highly ordered and repetitive atomic structure (Bravais lattice), crystals diffract x-rays in a coherent manner, also referred to as Bragg's reflection.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: Other physical properties are also linked to crystallography. For example, the minerals in clay form small, flat, platelike structures. Clay can be easily deformed because the platelike particles can slip along each other in the plane of the plates, yet remain strongly connected in the direction perpendicular to the plates. Such mechanisms can be studied by crystallographic texture measurements.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: In another example, iron transforms from a body-centered cubic (bcc) structure called ferrite to a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure called austenite when it is heated. The fcc structure is a close-packed structure unlike the bcc structure; thus the volume of the iron decreases when this transformation occurs.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: Neutron crystallography is often used to help refine structures obtained by X-ray methods or to solve a specific bond; the methods are often viewed as complementary, as X-rays are sensitive to electron positions and scatter most strongly off heavy atoms, while neutrons are sensitive to nucleus positions and scatter strongly even off many light isotopes, including hydrogen and deuterium.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: Electron crystallography has been used to determine some protein structures, most notably membrane proteins and viral capsids.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: A number of women were pioneers in X-ray crystallography at a time when they were excluded from most other branches of physical science.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: In 1932 Dorothy Hodgkin joined the laboratory of the physicist John Desmond Bernal, who was a former student of Bragg, in Cambridge, UK. She and Bernal took the first X-ray photographs of crystalline proteins. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her work using X-ray techniques to study the structures of penicillin, insulin and vitamin B12. She is the only British woman ever to have won a Nobel Prize in a science subject.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Crystallography

Context: Isabella Karle of the United States Naval Research Laboratory developed an experimental approach to the mathematical theory of crystallography. Her work improved the speed and accuracy of chemical and biomedical analysis. Yet only her husband Jerome shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Herbert Hauptman, "for outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures". Other prize-giving bodies have showered Isabella with awards in her own right.

Question: Mitä kristallografia tarkoittaa?


Basshunter

Context: Jonas Erik Altberg (; born 22 December 1984), known professionally as Basshunter (sometimes stylized as BassHunter), is a Swedish singer, record producer, and DJ.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: Basshunter has recorded five studio albums: "The Bassmachine" (2004), "LOL" (2006), "Now You're Gone – The Album" (2008), "Bass Generation" (2009), and "Calling Time" (2013). In addition to his own music, he has written for El Capon, Mange Makers, and Lana Scolaro. He has taken part in the seventh series of the British reality television show "Celebrity Big Brother", episodes of the Swedish game show "Fångarna på fortet", and an episode of the British television quiz show "Weakest Link".

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: Basshunter has won awards such as a European Border Breakers Award (2008), a Musikförläggarnas pris in category Newcomer of the Year (2006), and a Telia award for Best Ringtone of the Year (2007). He was also nominated for a BT Digital Music Award, an MTV Europe Music Award, and a Rockbjörnen among others. According to "Svenska Dagbladet" figures published in 2009, more than 3 million Basshunter records have been sold.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: Altberg began producing music under the stage name "Basshunter", a reference to his musical style, at the age of 17, after six months of using the software program FruityLoops (currently FL Studio). He described the name as commercial and powerful.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: Basshunter published his music mainly through the Internet for free download on platforms such as chat channels and gaming websites. He was registered on online communities like Efterfest, LunarStorm, Nattstad, Porrigt, Playahead, Skunk and Trance.nu. For several years he was a disc jockey (DJ) in Swedish clubs. His music was played on several of the online radio channels. He also enjoyed making songs for others; his track "Counterstrike the Mp3" is dedicated to his "Counter Strike" clan.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: The next single "Please Don't Go", a cover of the KC and the Sunshine Band 1979 song, was released on 19 May 2008 and reached number six on the Swedish singles chart. The third single "All I Ever Wanted" was released on 29 June 2008 and peaked at number 2 in the UK, where it sold about 400,000 copies and was certified gold. It reached number one on the Irish singles chart. The single "All I Ever Wanted" was certified gold in New Zealand and charted at number 10 on the European Hot 100 Singles chart.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: The album's fifth single "I Miss You" is a dance cover of a Westlife song and was released on 14 December 2008. The single appeared on the UK, Swedish, and German charts. On 5 April 2009, the single "Walk on Water" was released, as was a deluxe edition of the album that includes all of the original album together with remixes of singles; "I Can Walk on Water" was replaced with the single version and renamed "Walk on Water".

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: The track "Every Morning" was released as a single on 18 September 2009; it reached number 13 on Swedish singles chart and number 14 in New Zealand. It peaked at number 17 in the UK and Ireland. "I Promised Myself", a cover of a Nick Kamen hit, was released on 29 November 2009.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: Basshunter's compilation album "The Early Bedroom Sessions", which consists of tracks from albums "The Bassmachine" and "The Old Shit", other early releases and unrealeased tracks, was released on 3 December 2012. In 2012, Basshunter moved to Dubai and he also lived in Mallorca for six months. Extensive Music also moved to Dubai.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: Basshunter considers his fan base to be very important for his career and knows many of his non-Scandinavian fans actually prefer his songs to be in Swedish. Writing in English may be an advantage for reaching international audiences but he has also said he likes the challenge of writing songs in English.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: Music videos for "Now You're Gone", "All I Ever Wanted", "Angel in the Night", "I Miss You", "Every Morning", "I Promised Myself", "Saturday" and "Northern Light" were directed by Alex Herron. His series of music videos with Aylar Lie received media attention. "Now You're Gone" became the most-viewed YouTube video in the UK in 2008 and the third-most-viewed YouTube video of 2009 with 65 million views. The music video for "Saturday" charted at number one in Poland.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: Basshunter is a fan of video games and has played games such as ', ', "Counter Strike", "Dune II", "Fallout 3", and "Mass Effect". He is fan of the English football team Tottenham Hotspur FC. He has Tourette syndrome and has described himself as a spontaneous person, though he has also said he has a sensitive side.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Basshunter

Context: During his career, Basshunter has won several awards including Musikförläggarnas pris (2006) and NRJ Radio Award (2007). His debut album "LOL" was nominated for Emma, Grammis and won the European Border Breakers Award. Single "Boten Anna" was nominated for Rockbjörnen and won Eurodanceweb Award and Telia awards. Basshunter's song "Now You're Gone" won an Eska Music Award and was nominated for an MTV Europe Music Award. "Every Morning" was nominated for International Dance Music Award.

Question: Minä vuonna Heikoin lenkki -ohjelma on julkaistu Suomessa ensimmäisen kerran?


Maze

Context: Maze generation is the act of designing the layout of passages and walls within a maze. There are many different approaches to generating mazes, with various maze generation algorithms for building them, either by hand or automatically by computer.

Question: Mistä löytyy maailman suurin labyrintti?


Maze

Context: There are two main mechanisms used to generate mazes. In "carving passages", one marks out the network of available routes. In building a maze by "adding walls", one lays out a set of obstructions within an open area. Most mazes drawn on paper are done by drawing the walls, with the spaces in between the markings composing the passages.

Question: Mistä löytyy maailman suurin labyrintti?


Maze

Context: Maze solving is the act of finding a route through the maze from the start to finish. Some maze solving methods are designed to be used inside the maze by a traveler with no prior knowledge of the maze, whereas others are designed to be used by a person or computer program that can see the whole maze at once.

Question: Mistä löytyy maailman suurin labyrintti?


Maze

Context: The mathematician Leonhard Euler was one of the first to analyze plane mazes mathematically, and in doing so made the first significant contributions to the branch of mathematics known as topology.

Question: Mistä löytyy maailman suurin labyrintti?


Maze

Context: Mazes containing no loops are known as "standard", or "perfect" mazes, and are equivalent to a "tree" in graph theory. Thus many maze solving algorithms are closely related to graph theory. Intuitively, if one pulled and stretched out the paths in the maze in the proper way, the result could be made to resemble a tree.

Question: Mistä löytyy maailman suurin labyrintti?


Maze

Context: Mazes are often used in psychology experiments to study spatial navigation and learning. Such experiments typically use rats or mice. Examples are:

Question: Mistä löytyy maailman suurin labyrintti?


Maze

Context: Numerous mazes of different kinds have been drawn, painted, published in books and periodicals, used in advertising, in software, and sold as art. In the 1970s there occurred a publishing "maze craze" in which numerous books, and some magazines, were commercially available in nationwide outlets and devoted exclusively to mazes of a complexity that was able to challenge adults as well as children (for whom simple maze puzzles have long been provided both before, during, and since the 1970s "craze").

Question: Mistä löytyy maailman suurin labyrintti?


Maze

Context: Adrian Fisher is both the most prolific contemporary author on mazes, and also one of the leading maze designers. His book "The Amazing Book of Mazes" (2006) contains examples and photographs of numerous methods of maze construction, several of which have been pioneered by Fisher; "The Art of the Maze" (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990) contains a substantial history of the subject, whilst "Mazes and Labyrinths" (Shire Publications, 2004) is a useful introduction to the subject.

Question: Mistä löytyy maailman suurin labyrintti?


Audi RS 6

Context: The Audi RS 6 is a high-performance variant of the Audi A6 range, produced by the high-performance subsidiary company Audi Sport GmbH, for its parent company Audi AG, a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, from 2002 onwards.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The first and second versions of the RS 6 were offered in both Avant and saloon forms. The third and fourth generations are only offered as an Avant.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: Based on the A6 platform, the RS 6's engines are front-mounted and longitudinally oriented, while the transmission is mounted immediately at the rear of the engine in a longitudinal orientation, in the form of a transaxle. Like all S and RS models, the RS 6 is only available with Audi's 'trademark' Torsen-based quattro permanent four-wheel drive system.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The C5 RS 6 was the fourth model to come out of Audi's private subsidiary company, "quattro GmbH". The first was the Audi RS 2 Avant, from a joint venture between Porsche and Quattro GmbH for the Audi marque. The second was the Audi C4 S6 Plus, produced from April 1996 to July 1997. The third was the 2000 Audi B5 RS 4; the fifth was the 2005 Audi B7 A4 DTM Edition saloon, and the sixth was the 2006 Audi B7 RS 4. The seventh and current () Quattro GmbH model is the latest Audi C6 RS 6.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: Luggage capacity, measured according to the VDA block method in the Avant ranges from , to with the rear seats folded down. For the saloon, the boot holds .

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The RS 6 was only available with Audi's Torsen-based Quattro permanent four-wheel drive, utilising the Torsen T-2 dynamic 'automatic torque biasing' (ATB) centre differential (diff), a modified unit which was being used in the 6.0-litre W12-powered Audi D3 A8. The torque from the engine is first routed from the gearbox output shaft to the Torsen centre diff, and then automatically divided and apportioned between the front and rear axles.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme, with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), and Brake Assist (BA) was standard fitment.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: There were a total of three original equipment manufacturer (OEM) wheel and tyre types available with the RS 6. In Europe and elsewhere, 19-inch wheels were standard, with an optional 18-inch package. In the U.S. market, the 18-inch package was the only available offering. An 18-inch winter package, with Dunlop SP Winter Sport M3 tyres () was universally available.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The RS 6 Plus came with Dynamic Ride Control (DRC) as standard, and also included a no-cost option of "Sports Suspension Plus", which lowered the standard sports suspension by a further over the standard RS 6. A revised steering rack, with a reduced ratio of 14.3 for firmer steering feel was included, and resulted in a turning circle of . The brakes now included cross-drilled discs. The wheels were only available in the 9Jx19-inch '5-arm design' alloys, finished in "anthracite" (dark grey), with tyres.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The car was available only as an Avant and was sold only in European markets. Visual differences for the RS 6 Plus included the "black optic pack", which consisted of black finish to the framing of the radiator grille, exterior window trims, tailgate lower trim, roof rails, and exhaust tailpipes. It quickly sold out once it was released (999 units total). The last three digits of the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) are reproduced on a plaque inside the car, displayed on the centre console.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: Official performance figures for the Avant: 4.6 seconds for the 0- sprint, 12.7 seconds 0-, and top speed is electronically limited to , with a factory option to de-restrict the top speed to . In standard form, CO2 emissions are rated at 333 g/km. The saloon reaches 0- in 4.5 seconds.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The C6 RS 6 Avant was launched in April 2008, and the four-door saloon/sedan was available from August 2008. Constructed from steel in a monocoque (unibody) design, the RS 6 uses lightweight aluminium for its front wings (fenders) and bonnet (hood).

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The engine (parts code: 07L, identification code: BUH) of the RS6 was what Audi claimed to be the first all-aluminium alloy even firing 5.0-litre () 90° V10 twin-turbocharged ("biturbo"), Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), with a dry sump lubrication system. This engine is related to the naturally-aspirated V10 found in the Audi R8, S6 and S8, but the RS 6's engine has around 400 unique parts.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: A total of seven radiators and four electric cooling fans are needed to cool the engine and related components under the aluminium bonnet of the RS6.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The steering system includes rack and pinion speed-dependent "servotronic" power steering, with a ratio of 12.5, and a turning circle of 12.2 metres.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: Optional "Audi ceramic" Carbon fibre-reinforced Silicon Carbide (C/SiC) composite front brakes are available, only with 20-inch wheels, which use diameter by thick drilled, vented, and floating SGL Carbon composite discs, with grey painted eight-piston fixed Alcon monobloc alloy calipers with the "Audi ceramic" logo.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: Irrespective of the type of disc construction, all brake discs are mounted via high strength steel mounting pins which connect the 'working' surface of the disc to lightweight alloy disc hubs.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: A specifically 'tuned' "sport-biased" Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme is standard, and includes Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), and Brake Assist (BA). This ESP system has three user-selectable settings: "ESP-on" - the standard default full protection mode, "ESP-sportmode" (which turns off the ASR and EDL traction functions), and "ESP-off" (which fully disables all 'stability' and 'traction' related functions).

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: Standard wheels (in the UK) are 9.5Jx20-inch '5-segment-spoke' design alloy wheels running on (eXtra Load) tyres (rated at per tyre), with official supplies being either Pirelli P-Zero Rosso or Dunlop SP SportMaxx GT. No-cost options are 9.5Jx20 '7-arm double spoke' design (identical style to B7 RS 4), or 9Jx19-inch '10-spoke' design alloys with Michelin Pilot Sport PS2 tyres.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The C7 RS 6 was not offered in North America, however that market received RS 7 Sportback which shares the same powertrain and platform.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The RS6 Avant Performance is powered by the same 4.0-litre TFSI twin-turbo V8 engine as the standard RS6, but with the help of a retuned ECU mapping, it increased power output to at 6100-6800 rpm and increased torque to at 2500-5500 rpm. While the top speed remains limited to , or with Dynamic Plus package, the 0 to time has been reduced to just 3.7 seconds at from 0 to in 12.1 seconds. Despite the improved performance, the fuel economy and CO2 are unchanged from the standard RS6 Avant.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: As with the previous generation, the new RS6 is powered by a 4.0-litre twin-turbo TFSI petrol engine, now boosted by a 48V belt alternator/starter mild-hybrid system, which can recover up to . The engine also utilises a cylinder-on-demand system that can shut off half of its cylinders to boost fuel economy.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The C8 RS 6 Avant will also be sold in North America, the first time than an RS 6 was offered there since the C5-based RS 6. It will be sold alongside the RS 7 Sportback and RS Q8 whom share the same powertrain.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: The RS2 Avant kicked off the success story of the Audi high-performance models that continues to this day. The 2021 RS 6 Avant "RS Tribute edition" honors and pays tribute to the foundation the RS2 Avant established. These 25 year anniversary tributes were only available in North America and limited to 25 examples. They are different from the European tributes in how they were all optioned.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


Audi RS 6

Context: In addition, the vehicles were equipped with a Bang & Olufsen 3D Advanced Sound System package, the Executive package, and the Driver Assistance package.

Question: Milloin Rs6 mallia on aloitettu valmistamaan?


The Pirate Bay raid

Context: The Swedish public broadcast network, Sveriges Television, cited unnamed sources claiming that the raid was prompted by political pressure from the United States, which the Swedish government denied. Sveriges Television claimed that the Swedish government was threatened by the World Trade Organization with trade sanctions unless action was taken against The Pirate Bay.

Question: Milloin The Pirate Bay serverit takavarikoitiin?


The Pirate Bay raid

Context: On 1 June 2006, it was reported on The Pirate Bay website that it would be up and fully functional within a day or two. As promised, The Pirate Bay was back up and operational by the end of the next day, their logo now depicting the pirate ship firing cannonballs at the Hollywood sign. The header displayed the name "The Police Bay". The next logo featured the pirate ship as a stylized phoenix, in reference to the servers rising up again after the raid.

Question: Milloin The Pirate Bay serverit takavarikoitiin?


The Pirate Bay raid

Context: Demonstrations against the police action took place on 3 June 2006 in Gothenburg and Stockholm, organized by Piratbyrån and the Pirate Party in collaboration with the Liberal Youth, Young Greens and Young Left parties. There were no reports of violence. Approximately 500–600 people showed up at the Stockholm protest and about 300 at the Gothenburg protest.

Question: Milloin The Pirate Bay serverit takavarikoitiin?


The Pirate Bay raid

Context: The Pirate Bay is considered part of an international anti-copyright movement. The documentary "Steal This Film" was produced and distributed (via BitTorrent) in the months following the raid. In the words of its speakers, it aimed to present the other side of the debate, until that time dominated by the media industry. The film was made available free, as donationware.

Question: Milloin The Pirate Bay serverit takavarikoitiin?


The Pirate Bay raid

Context: In May 2007, prosecutor Håkan Roswall made it clear that he intended to press charges against the administrators of The Pirate Bay. In mid-January 2008 Peter Sunde told Ars Technica: "I'm quite sure we won't be convicted anyhow" and "[If we are], we'll just appeal all the way to the European Union court. So in five years time this might be settled."

Question: Milloin The Pirate Bay serverit takavarikoitiin?


The Pirate Bay raid

Context: Soon after the police investigation of The Pirate Bay finished in 2008, lead investigator Jim Keyzer left the police force briefly to work for MPAA member studio Warner Brothers, according to his since-deleted Facebook profile. Sydsvenskan reported that Keyzer had already been working for the studio while the investigation into The Pirate Bay was still open. An April 2008 Pirate Party press release called the potential conflict of interest a "bribing scandal". Piratbyrån wrote about the allegations:

Question: Milloin The Pirate Bay serverit takavarikoitiin?


The Pirate Bay raid

Context: These matters have not been resolved in court and even though Keyzer was scheduled to be a witness in the Pirate Bay trial, he was not called.

Question: Milloin The Pirate Bay serverit takavarikoitiin?


The Pirate Bay raid

Context: On 9 December 2014, a second 'Pirate Bay raid' occurred when police in Stockholm, Sweden raided The Pirate Bay and seized servers and other computers and equipment. The Pirate Bay and several other torrent-related websites went down, and have since come back online.

Question: Milloin The Pirate Bay serverit takavarikoitiin?


Fipronil

Context: Because of its effectiveness on various pests, fipronil is used as the active ingredient in flea control products for pets and home roach traps as well as field pest control for corn, golf courses, and commercial turf. Its widespread use makes its specific effects the subject of considerable attention. This includes ongoing observations on possible off-target harm to humans or ecosystems as well as the monitoring of resistance development.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: Fipronil is classed as a WHO Class II moderately hazardous pesticide, and has a rat acute oral of 97 mg/kg.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: It has moderate acute toxicity by the oral and inhalation routes in rats. Dermal absorption in rats is less than 1% after 24 hours exposure and toxicity is considered to be low. It has been found to be very toxic to rabbits.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: The photodegradate MB46513 or desulfinylfipronil, appears to have a higher acute toxicity to mammals than fipronil itself by a factor of about 10.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: In contrast to neonicotinoids such as acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, which are absorbed through the skin to some extent, fipronil is not absorbed substantially through the skin.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: In 2021, the US EPA put fipronil on the Draft Fifth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 5) which can lead to future regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: Fipronil may be quantitated in plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalised patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: Fipronil is highly toxic for crustaceans, insects (including bees and termites) and zooplankton, as well as rabbits, the fringe-toed lizard, and certain groups of gallinaceous birds. It appears to reduce the longevity and fecundity of female braconid parasitoids. It is also highly toxic to many fish, though its toxicity varies with species. Conversely, the substance is relatively innocuous to passerines, wildfowl, and earthworms.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: Its half-life in soil is four months to one year, but much less on soil surface because it is more sensitive to light (photolysis) than water (hydrolysis).

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: Few studies of effects on wildlife have been conducted, but studies of the nontarget impact from emergency applications of fipronil as barrier sprays for locust control in Madagascar showed adverse impacts of fipronil on termites, which appear to be very severe and long-lived. Also, adverse effects were indicated in the short term on several other invertebrate groups, one species of lizard ("Trachylepis elegans"), and several species of birds (including the Madagascar bee-eater).

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: In May 2003, the French Directorate-General of Food at the Ministry of Agriculture determined that a case of mass bee mortality observed in southern France was related to acute fipronil toxicity. Toxicity was linked to defective seed treatment, which generated dust. In February 2003, the ministry decided to temporarily suspend the sale of BASF crop protection products containing fipronil in France. The seed treatment involved has since been banned.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: A 2013 report by the European Food Safety Authority identified fipronil as "a high acute risk to honeybees when used as a seed treatment for maize" and on July 16, 2013 the EU voted to ban the use of fipronil on maize and sunflowers within the EU. The ban took effect at the end of 2013.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: Fipronil acts by binding to allosteric sites of GABAA receptors and GluCl receptors (of insects) as an antagonist (a form of noncompetitive inhibition). This prevents the opening of chloride ion channels normally encouraged by GABA, reducing the chloride ions' ability to lower a neuron's membrane potential. This results in an overabundance of neurons reaching action potential and likewise CNS toxicity via overstimulation.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: In mammals (including humans) fipronil overdose is characterized by vomiting, agitation, and seizures. Intravenous or intramuscular benzodiazepines are a useful antidote.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: Fipronil was discovered and developed by Rhône-Poulenc between 1985 and 1987, and placed on the market in 1993 under the . Between 1987 and 1996, fipronil was evaluated on more than 250 insect pests on 60 crops worldwide, and crop protection accounted for about 39% of total fipronil production in 1997. Since 2003, BASF holds the patent rights for producing and selling fipronil-based products in many countries.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Fipronil

Context: The 2017 fipronil eggs contamination is an incident in Europe and South Korea involving the spread of insecticide contaminated eggs and egg products. Chicken eggs were found to contain fipronil and distributed to 15 European Union countries, Switzerland, and Hong Kong. Approximately 700,000 eggs are thought to have reached shelves in the UK alone.

Question: Mitä fiproniili on?


Faraday Institute for Science and Religion

Context: It was established in 2006 by a $2,000,000 grant from the John Templeton Foundation to carry out academic research, to foster understanding of the interaction between science and religion, and to engage public understanding in both these subject areas. The Institute also leads debate on wider issues such as sustainability and education.

Question: Missä sijaitsee Faraday Institute?


Context: The Institute's Director is Paul Ewart, and its Course Director is Sarah Perrett. The Emeritus Directors are Denis Alexander and Robert (Bob) White.

Question: Missä sijaitsee Faraday Institute?


Context: In his former capacity as Director and now as Emeritus Director of the Institute, Denis Alexander has commented on science and religion in UK national media and international media.

Question: Missä sijaitsee Faraday Institute?


Context: The Institute has published 20 Faraday Papers discussing various science and faith issues, which are available online in 12 different languages. Its website hosts recordings of more than 350 lectures. Most of these lectures can also be found on the University of Cambridge Video & Audio Archive. Its work, along with that of other similar organizations, has led to a "complete reassessment of historical literature on the relationship between science and religion."

Question: Missä sijaitsee Faraday Institute?


Erich Hoepner

Context: Erich Kurt Richard Hoepner (14 September 1886 – 8 August 1944) was a German general during World War II. An early proponent of mechanisation and armoured warfare, he was a Wehrmacht army corps commander at the beginning of the war, leading his troops during the invasion of Poland and the Battle of France.

Question: Missä roolissa Erich Hoepner oli vuoden 1944 salaliitossa?


Erich Hoepner

Context: Hoepner commanded the 4th Panzer Group on the Eastern Front during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Units under his command closely cooperated with the "Einsatzgruppen" and implemented the Commissar Order that directed Wehrmacht troops to summarily execute Red Army political commissars immediately upon capture. Hoepner's Panzer group, along with the 3rd Panzer Group, spearheaded the advance on Moscow in Operation Typhoon, the failed attempt to seize the Soviet capital.

Question: Missä roolissa Erich Hoepner oli vuoden 1944 salaliitossa?


Erich Hoepner

Context: Dismissed from the Wehrmacht after the failure of the 1941 campaign, Hoepner restored his pension rights through a lawsuit. He was implicated in the failed 20 July plot against Adolf Hitler and executed in 1944.

Question: Missä roolissa Erich Hoepner oli vuoden 1944 salaliitossa?


Erich Hoepner

Context: The 4th Panzer Group consisted of the LVI Panzer Corps (Erich von Manstein) and the XLI Panzer Corps (Georg-Hans Reinhardt). The Army Group was to advance through the Baltic States to Leningrad. Barbarossa commenced on 22 June 1941 with a massive German attack along the whole front line. The 4th Panzer Group headed for the Dvina River to secure the bridges near the town of Daugavpils. The Red Army mounted a number of counterattacks against the XLI Panzer Corps, leading to the Battle of Raseiniai.

Question: Missä roolissa Erich Hoepner oli vuoden 1944 salaliitossa?


Erich Hoepner

Context: Under the Nazi practice of "Sippenhaft" (collective punishment) Hoepner's wife, daughter, son (a major in the army), brother and sister were arrested. The women were sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp. His sister was soon released but Frau Hoepner and her daughter were placed in the notorious "Strafblock" for four weeks' additional punishment. Hoepner's son was first held at a specially created camp at Küstrin (now Kostrzyn nad Odrą) and then sent to Buchenwald concentration camp.

Question: Missä roolissa Erich Hoepner oli vuoden 1944 salaliitossa?


Erich Hoepner

Context: In 1956, a school in Berlin was named after Hoepner because he had joined the 20 July plot and was executed by the Nazi regime. The school voted to drop the name in 2008. In 2009, the school director attested to the fact that "the name had been controversial from the start and was repeatedly debated".

Question: Missä roolissa Erich Hoepner oli vuoden 1944 salaliitossa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: The coat of arms of the WUPR was azure, a golden lion rampant. The colours of the flag were blue and yellow.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: The oil reserves near Lviv at Drohobych and Boryslav in the upper Dniester River were among the largest in Europe. Rail connections to Russian-ruled Ukraine or Romania were few: Brody on a line from Lviv to the upper Styr River, Pidvolochysk (Podwoloczyska) on a line from Ternopil to Proskurov (now Khmelnytskyi) in Podolia, and a line along the Prut from Kolomyia (Kolomca) to Chernivtsi (Czernowitz) in Bukovina.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: Meanwhile, two smaller states immediately west of the West Ukrainian People's Republic also declared independence as result of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: An agreement to unite western Ukraine with the rest of Ukraine was made as early as 1 December 1918. The government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic officially united with the Ukrainian People's Republic on 22 January 1919, after which the former was known as the Western Oblast of the Ukrainian People's Republic. This was mostly a symbolic act, however.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: Since western Ukraine had a different tradition in its legal, social and political norms, it was to be autonomous within a united Ukraine. Furthermore, western Ukrainians retained their own Ukrainian Galician Army and government structure. Despite the formal union, the Western Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic fought in separate wars. The former was preoccupied with a conflict with Poland, while the latter struggled with Soviet and Russian forces.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: Part of the defeated army found refuge in Czechoslovakia and became known there under the name "Ukrajinská brigáda" (Czech). On 16 July 1919, the remaining army consisting of about 50,000 soldiers, crossed into the territory of the Ukrainian People's Republic and continued the struggle for Ukrainian independence there.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: Neither the Polish government in Warsaw nor the exiled Western Ukrainian government agreed to this treaty.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: After a long series of further negotiations, on 14 March 1923 it was decided that eastern Galicia would be incorporated into Poland "taking into consideration that Poland has recognized that in regard to the eastern part of Galicia ethnographic conditions fully deserve its autonomous status." The following day, the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic disbanded. The Polish government reneged on its promise of autonomy for eastern Galicia.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: The territory of the West Ukrainian People's Republic comprised 12 military districts, whose commanders were responsible for conscripting soldiers. The government was able to mobilize 100,000 soldiers in the spring of 1919, but due to a lack of military supplies, only 40,000 were battle-ready.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: In general, the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic was orderly and well-organized. This contrasted with the chaotic state of the Ukrainian governments that arose on the territory of the former Russian Empire.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: In Zloczow 17 Poles were executed by Ukrainian authorities In Brzuchowice Polish railwaymen who refused to comply with Ukrainian orders to work were executed

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: On 29 May 1919 the archbishop Jozef Bilczewski sent a message to Ignacy Paderewski attending the Peace Conference in Paris, asking for help and alleging the brutal murders of Polish priests and civilians by Ukrainians.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: The liberal attitude taken towards Jews by the Western Ukrainian government could be attributed to the Habsburg tradition of inter-ethnic tolerance and cooperation leaving its mark on the intelligentsia and military officers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


West Ukrainian People's Republic

Context: The republic issued about one hundred types of postage stamps during its brief existence, all but two of which were overprints of existing stamps of Austria, Austria-Hungary or Bosnia.

Question: Milloin Länsi-Ukrainan kansantasavalta oli olemassa?


Fire triangle

Context: The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires.

Question: Mitkä asiat tuli vaatii palaakseen?


Fire triangle

Context: In the same way, as soon as one of the four elements of the tetrahedron is removed, combustion stops.

Question: Mitkä asiat tuli vaatii palaakseen?


Fire triangle

Context: The oxidizer is the other reactant of the chemical reaction. In most cases, it is the ambient air, and in particular one of its components, oxygen (O2). By depriving a fire of air the fire can be extinguished, such as when covering the flame of a small candle with an empty glass. To the contrary, if air is blown over a wood fire (as with bellows), the fire is activated by the introduction of more air.

Question: Mitkä asiat tuli vaatii palaakseen?


Fire triangle

Context: Some chemicals, such as fluorine gas, perchlorate salts such as ammonium perchlorate, or chlorine trifluoride, act as oxidizers, sometimes more powerful ones than oxygen itself. A fire based on a reaction with these oxidizers can be very difficult to put out until the oxidizer is exhausted; that leg of the fire triangle cannot be broken by normal means (i.e., depriving it of air will not smother it).

Question: Mitkä asiat tuli vaatii palaakseen?


Fire triangle

Context: In certain cases such as some explosives, the oxidizer and combustible are the same (e.g., nitroglycerin, an unstable molecule that has oxidizing parts in the same molecule as the oxidizeable parts).

Question: Mitkä asiat tuli vaatii palaakseen?