Human skeleton

Context: The human skeleton performs six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The human skeleton is not as sexually dimorphic as that of many other primate species, but subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, dentition, long bones, and pelvis exist. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population. The human female pelvis is also different from that of males in order to facilitate childbirth. Unlike most primates, human males do not have penile bones.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The axial skeleton (80 bones) is formed by the vertebral column (32–34 bones; the number of the vertebrae differs from human to human as the lower 2 parts, sacral and coccygeal bone may vary in length), a part of the rib cage (12 pairs of ribs and the sternum), and the skull (22 bones and 7 associated bones).

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The upright posture of humans is maintained by the axial skeleton, which transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints. The bones of the spine are supported by many ligaments. The erector spinae muscles are also supporting and are useful for balance.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) is formed by the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle or pelvis, and the lower limbs. Their functions are to make locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles, the lungs would collapse.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at the neck. Movement is powered by skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones. Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: It is believed that the reduction of human bone density in prehistoric times reduced the agility and dexterity of human movement. Shifting from hunting to agriculture has caused human bone density to reduce significantly.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis, the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow. In children, haematopoiesis occurs primarily in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur and tibia. In adults, it occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, and sternum.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism, and bone marrow can store iron in ferritin and is involved in iron metabolism. However, bones are not entirely made of calcium, but a mixture of chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite, the latter making up 70% of a bone. Hydroxyapatite is in turn composed of 39.8% of calcium, 41.4% of oxygen, 18.5% of phosphorus, and 0.2% of hydrogen by mass. Chondroitin sulfate is a sugar made up primarily of oxygen and carbon.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: A variety of gross morphological traits of the human skull demonstrate sexual dimorphism, such as the median nuchal line, mastoid processes, supraorbital margin, supraorbital ridge, and the chin.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: Human inter-sex dental dimorphism centers on the canine teeth, but it is not nearly as pronounced as in the other great apes.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: Long bones are generally larger in males than in females within a given population. Muscle attachment sites on long bones are often more robust in males than in females, reflecting a difference in overall muscle mass and development between sexes. Sexual dimorphism in the long bones is commonly characterized by morphometric or gross morphological analyses.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: The human pelvis exhibits greater sexual dimorphism than other bones, specifically in the size and shape of the pelvic cavity, ilia, greater sciatic notches, and the sub-pubic angle. The Phenice method is commonly used to determine the sex of an unidentified human skeleton by anthropologists with 96% to 100% accuracy in some populations.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: Women's pelvises are wider in the pelvic inlet and are wider throughout the pelvis to allow for child birth. The sacrum in the women's pelvis is curved inwards to allow the child to have a "funnel" to assist in the child's pathway from the uterus to the birth canal.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: There are many classified skeletal disorders. One of the most common is osteoporosis. Also common is scoliosis, a side-to-side curve in the back or spine, often creating a pronounced "C" or "S" shape when viewed on an x-ray of the spine. This condition is most apparent during adolescence, and is most common with females.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: Osteoporosis treatment includes advice to stop smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have a healthy diet. Calcium supplements may also be advised, as may Vitamin D. When medication is used, it may include bisphosphonates, Strontium ranelate, and osteoporosis may be one factor considered when commencing Hormone replacement therapy.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


Human skeleton

Context: As early as 1797, the death goddess or folk saint known as Santa Muerte has been represented as a skeleton.

Question: మానవ శరీరంలో ఎన్ని ఎముకలు ఉంటాయి?


History of printing

Context: Hand stencils, made by blowing pigment over a hand held against a wall, have been found in Asia and Europe dating from over 35,000 years ago, and later prehistoric dates in other continents. After that stencilling has been used as a historic painting technique on all kinds of materials.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In China seals were used since at least the Shang dynasty. In the Western Zhou, sets of seal stamps were encased in blocks of type and used on clay moulds for casting bronzes. By the end of the 3rd century BC seals were also used for printing on pottery. In the Northern dynasties textual sources contain references to wooden seals with up to 120 characters.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The seals had a religious element to them. Daoists used seals as healing devices by impressing therapeutic characters onto the flesh of sick people. They were also used to stamp food, creating a talismanic character to ward off disease. The first evidence of these practices appeared under a Buddhist context in the mid 5th century. Centuries later seals were used to create hundreds of Buddha images.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In the West the practice of sealing documents, with an impressed personal, or official insignia, typically from a worn signet ring, became established under the Roman Empire, and continued through the Byzantine, and Holy Roman empires, into the 19th century, when a wet signature became customary.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Stone and bronze blocks have been used to print fabric. Archaeological evidence of them have been unearthed at Mawangdui and in the tomb of the King of Nanyue, while block printed fabrics have been discovered at Mashan Zhuanchang in Jiangling, Hubei.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Pliny the Elder described clay block printing of textiles in 1st century Egypt, with extant Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine, Ukrainian, and Russian examples known, dating from the 4th century CE.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In the 4th century the practice of creating paper rubbings of stone carvings such as calligraphic models and texts took hold in East Asia. Among the earliest evidence of this is a stone inscription cut in mirror image from the early 6th century.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In 1076, the 39 year old Su Shi remarked upon the unforeseen effect an abundance of books had on examination candidates:

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Woodblock printing also changed the shape and structure of books. Scrolls were gradually replaced by concertina binding (經摺裝) from the Tang period onward. The advantage was that it was now possible to flip to a reference without unfolding the entire document. The next development known as whirlwind binding ("xuanfeng zhuang" 旋風裝) was to secure the first and last leaves to a single large sheet, so that the book could be opened like an accordion.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Printing with a press was practiced in Christian Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate, and when paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper. These prints were produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onwards.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The ceramic type did not hold the watery Chinese ink well, and had the additional disadvantage of the size of the type sometimes changing during the baking process, resulting in uneven matching of the type, and preventing it from becoming popular.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Bi Sheng also developed wooden movable type, but it was abandoned in favor of ceramic types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink. However wooden movable type had evidently reached the Tangut Western Xia to the west by the 12th century. There, the Tanguts printed the Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union, a 449-page text considered to be the earliest extant example of a text printed using the wooden movable type.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Wang Zhen, who lived in the Yuan dynasty, also described the wooden movable type in his "Book of Agriculture" ("Nongshu" 農書) of 1313.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Wang Zhen used two rotating circular tables as trays for laying out his type. The first table was separated into 24 trays in which each movable type was categorized based on a number corresponding with a rhyming pattern. The second table contained miscellaneous characters.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Using more than 30,000 wooden movable types, Wang Zhen printed a hundred copies of his county gazetteer, "Records of Jingde County" ("Jingde xianzhi" 旌德縣志), a text containing more than 60,000 characters.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Wooden movable type printing became relatively common during the Ming dynasty and became widespread during the Qing era.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Metal movable type appeared in the late Song and Yuan dynasties. Bronze movable types were used to print banknotes and official documents by both the Song and Jin.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Tin movable type is mentioned in Wang Zhen's "Zao Huozi Yinshufa" (造活字印書法) of 1298, but it was considered unsatisfactory due to incompatibility with the inking process. Only in the late 15th century did bronze movable type begin to be widely used in China.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Only during the Ming and Qing dynasties did wooden and metal movable types see any considerable use, but the preferred method remained woodblock. Usage of movable type in China never exceeded 10 percent of all printed materials while 90 percent of printed books used the older woodblock technology. In one case an entire set of wooden type numbering 250,000 pieces was used for firewood. Woodblocks remained the dominant printing method in China until the introduction of lithography in the late 19th century.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Other modern scholars such as Endymion Wilkinson hold a more conservative and skeptical view. While Wilkinson does not deny "China's dominance in book production from the fourth to the fifteenth century," he also insists that arguments for the Chinese advantage "should not be extended either forwards or backwards in time."

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Others in Europe were developing movable type at this time, including goldsmith Procopius Waldfoghel of France and Laurens Janszoon Coster of the Netherlands. They are not known to have contributed specific advances to the printing press. While the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition had attributed the invention of the printing press to Coster, the company now states that is incorrect.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Early printing houses (near the time of Gutenberg) were run by "master printers." These printers owned shops, selected and edited manuscripts, determined the sizes of print runs, sold the works they produced, raised capital and organized distribution. Some master printing houses, like that of Aldus Manutius, became the cultural center for literati such as Erasmus.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The earliest-known image of a European, Gutenberg-style print shop is the "Dance of Death" by Matthias Huss, at Lyon, 1499. This image depicts a compositor standing at a compositor's case being grabbed by a skeleton. The case is raised to facilitate his work. At the right of the printing house a bookshop is shown.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Bookseller publishers negotiated at trade fairs and at print shops. Jobbing work appeared: some printers performed menial tasks at the beginning of their careers to support themselves.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The "Mechanick Exercises", by Joseph Moxon, in London, 1683, was said to be the first publication in installments.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In most cases, publishers bought the copyright in a work from the author, and made some arrangement about the possible profits. This required a substantial amount of capital in addition to that needed for the physical equipment and staff. Alternatively, an author with some capital available would sometimes keep the copyright himself, and simply pay the printer to print the book.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In a rotary printing press, the impressions are carved around a cylinder so that the printing can be done on long continuous rolls of paper, cardboard, plastic, or a large number of other substrates. Rotary drum printing was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1843 and patented in 1847, and then significantly improved by William Bullock in 1863.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: High-volume lithography is used today to produce posters, maps, books, newspapers, and packaging — just about any smooth, mass-produced item with print and graphics on it. Most books, indeed all types of high-volume text, are now printed using offset lithography.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: According to Michael Sullivan, the earliest known example of color printing "is a two-color frontispiece to a Buddhist sutra scroll, dated 1346". Color printing continued to be used in China throughout the Ming and Qing Dynasty.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Offset printing is a widely used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Flexography (also called "surface printing"), often abbreviated to "flexo", is a method of printing most commonly used for packaging (labels, tape, bags, boxes, banners, and so on).

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: A flexo print is achieved by creating a mirrored master of the required image as a 3D relief in a rubber or polymer material. A measured amount of ink is deposited upon the surface of the printing plate (or printing cylinder) using an anilox roll. The print surface then rotates, contacting the print material which transfers the ink.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Originally flexo printing was basic in quality. Labels requiring high quality have generally been printed by offset printing until recently. Great advances have been made to the quality of flexo printing presses.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The greatest advances though have been in the area of photopolymer printing plates, including improvements to the plate material and the method of plate creation. Usually, photographic exposure followed by chemical etch or water washout. Direct laser engraving of an ablative surface allows direct-to-plate exposure of photopolymer plates.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer is a type of computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter. Unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Because the printing involves mechanical pressure, these printers can create carbon copies and carbonless copies.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The first dot-matrix printers were invented in Japan. In 1968, Japanese manufacturer Epson released the EP-101, the world's first dot-matrix printer. The same year, Japanese manufacturer OKI introduced the first serial impact dot matrix printer (SIDM), the OKI Wiredot.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The laser printer, based on a modified xerographic copier, was invented at Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary Starkweather, who had a fully functional networked printer system working by 1971. Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business for Xerox.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The first commercial implementation of a laser printer was the IBM model 3800 in 1976, used for high-volume printing of documents such as invoices and mailing labels. It is often cited as "taking up a whole room," implying that it was a primitive version of the later familiar device used with a personal computer. While large, it was designed for an entirely different purpose. Many 3800s are still in use.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Most noteworthy was the role the laser printer played in popularizing desktop publishing with the introduction of the Apple LaserWriter for the Apple Macintosh, along with Aldus PageMaker software, in 1985. With these products, users could create documents that would previously have required professional typesetting.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Inkjet printers are a type of computer printer that operates by propelling tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper. There are two types of inkjet technologies: Continuous and Drop-On-Demand.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Continuous inkjet flows a continuous pressurized stream of ink toward a paper. Electrically charged droplets are deflected by an electrical field to print on paper or go into a basin and reused.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Digital printing is the reproduction of digital images on a physical surface, such as common or photographic paper or paperboard-cover stock, film, cloth, plastic, vinyl, magnets, labels etc.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: It can be differentiated from litho, flexography, gravure or letterpress printing in many ways, some of which are;

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Three-dimensional printing is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object. 3D printing is a category of rapid prototyping technology. 3D printers typically work by 'printing' successive layers on top of the previous to build up a three dimensional object. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive fabrication technologies.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Woodcut first appeared in ancient China. From 6th century onward, woodcut icons became popular and especially flourished in Chinese Buddhism. Since the 10th century, woodcut pictures appeared as illustrations in Chinese books, on banknotes such as Jiaozi (currency), and as single sheet images. Woodcut New Year pictures are also very popular with the Chinese.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In China and Tibet printed images mostly remained tied as illustrations to accompanying text until the modern period. The earliest woodblock printed book, the Diamond Sutra contains a large image as frontispiece, and many Buddhist texts contain some images. Later some notable Chinese artists designed woodcuts for books, the individual print develop in China in the form of New Year picture as an art-form in the way it did in Europe and Japan.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In antiquity, the only engraving that could be carried out is evident in the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after the beginning of the 1st Millennium B.C. The majority of so-called engraved designs on ancient gold rings or other items were produced by chasing or sometimes a combination of lost-wax casting and chasing.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Etching is the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal (the original process—in modern manufacturing other chemicals may be used on other types of material). As an intaglio method of printmaking it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains widely used today.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Halftone is the reprographic technique that simulates ones it is continuous tone imagery through the use of equally spaced dots of varying size. 'Halftone' can also be used to refer specifically to the image that is produced by this process.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: The idea of halftone printing originates from William Fox Talbot. In the early 1850s he suggested using "photographic screens or veils" in connection with a photographic intaglio process.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: Xerography (or electrophotography) is a photocopying technique developed by Chester Carlson in 1938 and patented on October 6, 1942. He received for his invention. The name xerography came from the Greek radicals (dry) and (writing), because there are no liquid chemicals involved in the process, unlike earlier reproduction techniques like cyanotype.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of printing

Context: In 1938 Bulgarian physicist Georgi Nadjakov found that when placed into electric field and exposed to light, some dielectrics acquire permanent electric polarization in the exposed areas. That polarization persists in the dark and is destroyed in light.

Question: ముద్రణ యంత్రాన్ని మొదట ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: In his recordings, Rao pioneered the use of light music in Telugu cinema; "Thummeda Oka saari", "Kopamela Radha", "Podarintilona", "Rave Rave Koyila", "Challa Gaalilo" and "Paata Paduma Krishna" were all written by his father. Rao's most rewarding assignments came from Gemini Studios, which he joined in 1940 and with which he remained for a decade.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: After leaving Gemini, he received an offer to provide music for B. N. Reddy's "Malleeswari" in 1950; the song was a hit. "Vipranarayana", "Missamma" and a host of other musical hits – more than a hundred in Telugu most of which won the National Film Awards for best film(s), and Tamil and a few in Kannada – followed. When Vijaya's "Missamma" (originally a Telugu film) was remade as "Miss Mary" in Bollywood, the film's soundtrack retained one of Rao's compositions.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: Rao went to Calcutta (now Kolkata) to act in "Keechaka Vadha", and met such stalwarts as Kundan Lal Saigal and Pankaj Mullick. He became a disciple of Saigal and studied Hindustani music for a year, learning to play the sitar and surbahar. Rao had already mastered playing the tabla, dholak, and miridangam; later instruments were piano, harmonium, mandolin and electric guitar. He learned orchestration, and how to mix the sounds of different instruments.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: Returning to Madras in 1938, Rao formed his own music troupe. He worked as assistant to Jayaramayyar for a Tamil film, "Vishnuleela", in which he also played the role of Balarama and sang his own songs. He became a full-fledged music director on the film "Jayaprada". He continued acting in "Bala Nagamma" and "Illalu" (in which he played opposite his singing partner, Raavu Balasaraswathi).

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: When Rao entered the industry, there was no playback system. The actors sang and acted at the same time as the orchestra played in the background, unseen by the camera. While he was making "Illalu", the playback system became popular.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: Among the classical ragas, Rao liked "Mohanam" "Bhimplas (Abheri)", "Sindhu Bhairavi", "Kafi", "Kalyani", "Pahad" and "Malkauns (Hindolam)", which he used most frequently in his songs.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: He not only integrated Indian Classical Music but also experimented with foreign music styles(Persian,Arabic,Spanish) in his Malliswari (1951 film) .

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: People with love called him 'RA"SALURU"'(Juicy) Rajeshwara Rao, as it was his compositions, which seemed to have made people to feel like eating/drinking sweet juices while listening to them.In other words he is capable of illustrating NAVARASA's(Nine Moods/Emotional states) with his compositions.His songs "Narayana Nee Leela NAVARASA Bharitam" and "Manavude Mahaneeyudu" from 1972 film Bala Bharatam stands testimony for this.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: Whether it was "Mrogindi Kalyana Veena" from Kurukshetram (1977 film) or "Abhinandana Mandara Maala" from Tandra Paparayudu (film) he always has shown authenticity in his mark compositions.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: His two assistants (for over four decades), Rajagopal and Krishnan – both well-versed in classical music – were an asset to him.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: Never compromised with self respect,known for his sensitive nature, he walked away from many projects,similar to Daana Veera Soora Karna film.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: At times,He only whispered saying " Vaari ki Vaare Kaavali, Memu Avasaramu Ledu". So much of depth in those words from this Bengali Ras Malai.It is Sour Curry time!.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: Rao was born in the village of Sivaramapuram, near Salur in Vizianagaram district (formerly Srikakulam district), Andhra Pradesh, India. His father, Sanyasi Raju, was a famous mridangam player at concerts performed by Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu and also a lyricist.

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


S. Rajeswara Rao

Context: Rao visited the United States of America in 1981, performing at the Telugu Association of North America conference and the Telugu Literary and Cultural Association (TLCA).

Question: సాలూరు రాజేశ్వరరావు ఎప్పుడు చనిపోయాడు?


Longest word in English

Context: The identity of the longest word in the English language depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: Words may be derived naturally from the language's roots or formed by coinage and construction. Additionally, comparisons are complicated because place names may be considered words, technical terms may be arbitrarily long, and the addition of suffixes and prefixes may extend the length of words to create grammatically correct but unused or novel words.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: The "length" of a word may also be understood in multiple ways. Most commonly, length is based on orthography (conventional spelling rules) and counting the number of written letters. Alternate, but less common, approaches include phonology (the spoken language) and the number of phonemes (sounds).

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: "Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary" does not contain "antidisestablishmentarianism" (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is "electroencephalographically" (27 letters).

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is "floccinaucinihilipilification" at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are "deinstitutionalization" and "counterrevolutionaries", with 22 letters each.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is "uncharacteristically", at 20 letters.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: The word "internationalization" is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: In his play "Assemblywomen" ("Ecclesiazousae"), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients:

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: Henry Carey's farce "Chrononhotonthologos" (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?"

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 book "Headlong Hall": "osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous" (44 characters) and "osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary" (51 characters).

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie "Mary Poppins", does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: "Antidisestablishmentarianism" is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one ", coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: " is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: "", at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737). The word is composed of the following elements:

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: The longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is (85 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Maori language. A widely recognized version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Maori, the digraphs "ng" and "wh" are each treated as single letters.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: In Canada, the longest place name is "Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde", a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters).

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: The longest official geographical name in Australia is . It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Longest word in English

Context: Liechtenstein is the longest country name with single name in English. The second longest country name with single name in English is Turkmenistan. There are also long country names with spaces on their name.

Question: ఆంగ్లంలో ఎక్కువ అక్షరాలు ఉన్న పదం ఏమిటి?


Coconut timber

Context: Coconut timber is a hardwood-substitute from coconut palm trees. It is referred to in the Philippines as coconut lumber, or coco lumber, and elsewhere additionally as cocowood or red palm It is a new timber resource that comes from plantation crops and offers an alternative to rainforest timber.

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Coconut timber

Context: Only in very recent years have people begun to explore the potential commercial uses for this vast, alternative supply of timber. This led to the commercial launch of coconut timber in a range of different products, from flooring to posts to furniture. With these products performing at equal to or even better than conventional hardwoods, coconut timber represents a viable substitute for endangered hardwoods from an ecologically-sound source.

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Coconut timber

Context: Its wood is reminiscent in appearance to mahogany; however, coconut timber has a much more fibrous grain than mahogany and lacks mahogany's iridescence. Colour tones and hues range from golden to near ebony, with dark brown flecks. There are three basic colour divisions relating to the timber's density: dark brown tones (high density); medium brown tones (medium density); and light golden tones (low density).

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Coconut timber

Context: Coconut trees have no annual growth rings, rays, heartwood or branches, meaning that coconut timber is free from knots and other such imperfections.

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Coconut timber

Context: Coconut timber has many applications as both a structural and interior design material. The harder, high-density timber is suitable for general structural purposes such as pillars, trusses, rafting, furniture, window and door frames, floors, decking and floor joists. Medium density coconut timber can be used for walls, ceiling joists and horizontal studs. Low density coconut timber is used in non-load bearing applications like wood panelling, internal trim and ceilings, as well as homewares.

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Coconut timber

Context: Coconut timber supplied by Pacific Green is to be used in exterior applications throughout Abu Dhabi's Masdar City development, including the entrance gates, screens and doors.

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Coconut timber

Context: Activated carbon can also be made from coconut trunk charcoal. The product can be used to manufacture various chemicals such as carbon disulphide, calcium carbide, silicon carbide, carbon monoxide, paint pigments, pharmaceuticals, molding resins, black powder, electrodes,

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Coconut timber

Context: catalyst reactors, brake linings, and gas cylinder absorbent. Ethanol can also be producedfrom coconut waste products.

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Coconut timber

Context: Coconut timber is a source of income for less developed South Pacific island communities. The previously low value older coconut trunks have been promoted as a source of veneer and other wood products.

Question: కొబ్బరి చెట్టు ఎన్ని సంవత్సరాలు జీవించగలదు ?


Global Metal

Context: As in "Metal: A Headbanger's Journey", most of the information in the film comes in the form of interviews:

Question: గ్లోబల్ మెటల్ చిత్ర దర్శకుడు ఎవరు?


Global Metal

Context: There was a soundtrack released on 24 July featuring music from various metal bands all around the world, including bands from Israel, China, India, Indonesia, Iran and Japan

Question: గ్లోబల్ మెటల్ చిత్ర దర్శకుడు ఎవరు?


Laptop

Context: As of 2021, in American English, the terms "laptop computer" and "notebook computer" are used interchangeably; in other dialects of English, one or the other may be preferred. Although the terms "notebook computers" or "notebooks" originally referred to a specific size of laptop (originally smaller and lighter than mainstream laptops of the time), the terms have come to mean the same thing and "notebook" no longer refers to any specific size.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the touch pad (Gavilan SC, 1983), the pointing stick (IBM ThinkPad 700, 1992), and handwriting recognition (Linus Write-Top, 1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel i386SL, were designed to use minimum power to increase battery life of portable computers and were supported by dynamic power management features such as Intel SpeedStep and AMD PowerNow! in some designs.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Common resolutions of laptop webcams are 720p (HD), and in lower-end laptops 480p. The earliest known laptops with 1080p (Full HD) webcams like the Samsung 700G7C were released in the early 2010s.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Optical disc drives became common in full-size laptops around 1997; this initially consisted of CD-ROM drives, which were supplanted by CD-R, DVD, and Blu-ray drives with writing capability over time. Starting around 2011, the trend shifted against internal optical drives, and as of 2021, they have largely disappeared; they are still readily available as external peripherals.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: The latest trend of technological convergence in the portable computer industry spawned a broad range of devices, which combined features of several previously separate device types. The "hybrids", "convertibles", and "2-in-1s" emerged as crossover devices, which share traits of both tablets and laptops. All such devices have a touchscreen display designed to allow users to work in a "tablet" mode, using either multi-touch gestures or a stylus/digital pen.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: 2-in-1s are often very thin, around , and light devices with a long battery life. 2-in-1s are distinguished from mainstream tablets as they feature an x86-architecture CPU (typically a low- or ultra-low-voltage model), such as the Intel Core i5, run a full-featured desktop OS like Windows 10, and have a number of typical laptop I/O ports, such as USB 3 and Mini DisplayPort.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: 2-in-1s are designed to be used not only as a media consumption device but also as valid desktop or laptop replacements, due to their ability to run "desktop" applications, such as Adobe Photoshop. It is possible to connect multiple peripheral devices, such as a mouse, keyboard, and several external displays to a modern 2-in-1.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: A rugged laptop is designed to reliably operate in harsh usage conditions such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty environments. Rugged laptops are bulkier, heavier, and much more expensive than regular laptops, and thus are seldom seen in regular consumer use.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: The basic components of laptops function identically to their desktop counterparts. Traditionally they were miniaturized and adapted to mobile use, although desktop systems increasingly use the same smaller, lower-power parts which were originally developed for mobile use. The design restrictions on power, size, and cooling of laptops limit the maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components, although that difference has increasingly narrowed.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Intel, Asus, Compal, Quanta, and some other laptop manufacturers have created the Common Building Block standard for laptop parts to address some of the inefficiencies caused by the lack of standards and inability to upgrade components.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: The following sections summarizes the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: In the past, there was a broader range of marketing terms (both formal and informal) to distinguish between different sizes of laptops. These included Netbooks, subnotebooks, Ultra-mobile PC, and Desktop replacement computers; these are sometimes still used informally, although they are essentially dead in terms of manufacturer marketing.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: External displays can be connected to most laptops, and models with a Mini DisplayPort can handle up to three.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: The earliest laptops known to feature a display with doubled 120 Hz of refresh rate and active shutter 3D system were released in 2011 by Dell (M17x) and Samsung (700G7A).

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: A laptop's central processing unit (CPU) has advanced power-saving features and produces less heat than one intended purely for desktop use. Mainstream laptop CPUs made after 2018 have four processor cores, although some inexpensive models still have 2-core CPUs, and 6-core and 8-core models are also available.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: For the low price and mainstream performance, there is no longer a significant performance difference between laptop and desktop CPUs, but at the high end, the fastest desktop CPUs still substantially outperform the fastest laptop processors, at the expense of massively higher power consumption and heat generation; the fastest laptop processors top out at 56 watts of heat, while the fastest desktop processors top out at 150 watts.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: On most laptops, a graphical processing unit (GPU) is integrated into the CPU to conserve power and space. This was introduced by Intel with the Core i-series of mobile processors in 2010, and similar accelerated processing unit (APU) processors by AMD later that year.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Before that, lower-end machines tended to use graphics processors integrated into the system chipset, while higher-end machines had a separate graphics processor. In the past, laptops lacking a separate graphics processor were limited in their utility for gaming and professional applications involving 3D graphics, but the capabilities of CPU-integrated graphics have converged with the low-end of dedicated graphics processors since the mid-2010s.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Higher-end laptops intended for gaming or professional 3D work still come with dedicated and in some cases even dual, graphics processors on the motherboard or as an internal expansion card. Since 2011, these almost always involve switchable graphics so that when there is no demand for the higher performance dedicated graphics processor, the more power-efficient integrated graphics processor will be used. Nvidia Optimus and AMD Hybrid Graphics are examples of this sort of system of switchable graphics.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Since around the year 2000, most laptops have used SO-DIMM RAM, although, as of 2021, an increasing number of models use memory soldered to the motherboard. Before 2000, most laptops used proprietary memory modules if their memory was upgradable.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: In the early 2010s, high end laptops such as the 2011 Samsung "700G7A" have passed the 10 GB RAM barrier, featuring 16 GB of RAM.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: When upgradeable, memory slots are sometimes accessible from the bottom of the laptop for ease of upgrading; in other cases, accessing them requires significant disassembly. Most laptops have two memory slots, although some will have only one, either for cost savings or because some amount of memory is soldered. Some high-end models have four slots; these are usually mobile engineering workstations, although a few high-end models intended for gaming do as well.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: As of 2021, 8 GB RAM is most common, with lower-end models occasionally having 4GB. Higher-end laptops may come with 16 GB of RAM or more.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: The earliest laptops most often used floppy disk for storage, although a few used either RAM disk or tape, by the late 1980s hard disk drives had become the standard form of storage.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Since around 1990, where a hard drive is present it will typically be a 2.5-inch drive; some very compact laptops support even smaller 1.8-inch HDDs, and a very small number used 1" Microdrives. Some SSDs are built to match the size/shape of a laptop hard drive, but increasingly they have been replaced with smaller mSATA or M.2 cards. SSDs using the newer and much faster NVM Express standard for connecting are only available as cards.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: As of 2021, many laptops no longer contain space for a 2.5" drive, accepting only M.2 cards; a few of the smallest have storage soldered to the motherboard. For those that can, they can typically contain a single 2.5-inch drive, but a small number of laptops with a screen wider than 15 inches can house two drives.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Optical disc drives capable of playing CD-ROMs, compact discs (CD), DVDs, and in some cases, Blu-ray discs (BD), were nearly universal on full-sized models between the mid-1990s and the early 2010s. As of 2021, drives are uncommon in compact or premium laptops; they remain available in some bulkier models, but the trend towards thinner and lighter machines is gradually eliminating these drives and players – when needed they can be connected via USB instead.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: An alphanumeric keyboard is used to enter text, data, and other commands (e.g., function keys). A touchpad (also called a trackpad), a pointing stick, or both, are used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, and an integrated keyboard is used for typing. Some touchpads have buttons separate from the touch surface, while others share the surface. A quick double-tap is typically registered as a click, and operating systems may recognize multi-finger touch gestures.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: An external keyboard and mouse may be connected using a USB port or wirelessly, via Bluetooth or similar technology. Some laptops have multitouch touchscreen displays, either available as an option or standard. Most laptops have webcams and microphones, which can be used to communicate with other people with both moving images and sound, via web conferencing or video-calling software.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Laptops typically have USB ports and a combined headphone/microphone jack, for use with headphones, a combined headset, or an external mic. Many laptops have a card reader for reading digital camera SD cards.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: On a typical laptop there are several USB ports; if they use only the older USB connectors instead of USB-C, they will typically have an external monitor port (VGA, DVI, HDMI or Mini DisplayPort or occasionally more than one), an audio in/out port (often in form of a single socket) is common. It is possible to connect up to three external displays to a 2014-era laptop via a single Mini DisplayPort, using multi-stream transport technology.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Since the late 1990s, laptops have typically used lithium ion or lithium polymer batteries, These replaced the older nickel metal-hydride typically used in the 1990s, and nickel–cadmium batteries used in most of the earliest laptops. A few of the oldest laptops used non-rechargeable batteries, or lead–acid batteries.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Historically, DC connectors, typically cylindrical/barrel-shaped coaxial power connectors have been used in laptops. Some vendors such as Lenovo made intermittent use of a rectangular connector.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Some connector heads feature a center pin to allow the end device to determine the power supply type by measuring the resistance between it and the connector's negative pole (outer surface). Vendors may block charging if a power supply is not recognized as original part, which could deny the legitimate use of universal third-party chargers.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Some of the components of earlier models of laptops can easily be replaced without opening completely its bottom part, such as keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Some of the components of recent models of laptops reside inside. Replacing most of its components, such as keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc., requires removal of its either top or bottom part, removal of the motherboard, and returning them.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: In some types, solder and glue are used to mount components such as RAM, storage, and batteries, making repairs additionally difficult.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Features that certain early models of laptops used to have that are not available in most current laptops include:

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Portability is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops versus desktop PCs. Physical portability allows a laptop to be used in many places—not only at home and the office but also during commuting and flights, in coffee shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' locations or a meeting room, etc. Within a home, portability enables laptop users to move their devices from the living room to the dining room to the family room. Portability offers several distinct advantages:

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Prolonged use of laptops can cause repetitive strain injury because of their small, flat keyboard and trackpad pointing devices. Usage of separate, external ergonomic keyboards and pointing devices is recommended to prevent injury when working for long periods of time; they can be connected to a laptop easily by USB, Bluetooth or via a docking station. Some health standards require ergonomic keyboards at workplaces.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: A laptop's integrated screen often requires users to lean over for a better view, which can cause neck or spinal injuries. A larger and higher-quality external screen can be connected to almost any laptop to alleviate this and to provide additional screen space for more productive work. Another solution is to use a computer stand.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: A common practical solution to this problem is to place the laptop on a table or desk or to use a book or pillow between the body and the laptop. Another solution is to obtain a cooling unit for the laptop. These are usually USB powered and consist of a hard thin plastic case housing one, two, or three cooling fans – with the entire assembly designed to sit under the laptop in question – which results in the laptop remaining cool to the touch, and greatly reduces laptop heat buildup.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Heat generated from using a laptop on the lap can also cause skin discoloration on the thighs known as "toasted skin syndrome".

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Laptops are less durable than desktops/PCs. However, the durability of the laptop depends on the user if proper maintenance is done then the laptop can work longer.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: There are many laptop brands and manufacturers. Several major brands that offer notebooks in various classes are listed in the adjacent box.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Many brands, including the major ones, do not design and do not manufacture their laptops. Instead, a small number of Original Design Manufacturers (ODMs) design new models of laptops, and the brands choose the models to be included in their lineup. In 2006, 7 major ODMs manufactured 7 of every 10 laptops in the world, with the largest one (Quanta Computer) having 30% of the world market share. Therefore, identical models are available both from a major label and from a low-profile ODM in-house brand.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Most laptop computers begin the recycling process with a method known as Demanufacturing, this involves the physical separation of the components of the laptop. These components are then either grouped into materials (e.g. plastic, metal and glass) for recycling or more complex items that require more advanced materials separation (e.g.) circuit boards, hard drives and batteries.

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Laptop

Context: Corporate laptop recycling can require an additional process known as data destruction. The data destruction process ensures that all information or data that has been stored on a laptop hard drive can never be retrieved again. Below is an overview of some of the data protection and environmental laws and regulations applicable for laptop recycling data destruction:

Question: ల్యాప్‌టాప్ ను ఎవరు కనిపెట్టారు?


Andhra State

Context: The government did not make a clear statement about the formation of a new state, despite several strikes and demonstrations by Telugu people. On the midnight of 15 December (i.e. early 16 December 1952), Sreeramulu died trying to achieve his objective at House No. 126, Royapethah High Road, Mylapore, Madras State; the house has been preserved as a monument by the state government.

Question: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర అవతరణ దినోత్సవం ఎప్పుడు?


Andhra State

Context: On 1 October 1953, 11 districts in the Telugu-speaking portion of Madras State became the new Andhra State with Kurnool as the capital. Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu (also known as Andhra Kesari – "The Lion of Andhra") became the first Chief Minister of the new state.

Question: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర అవతరణ దినోత్సవం ఎప్పుడు?


Andhra State

Context: Formation of this first "linguistic state" paved the way to creation of more and provided an opportunity for these states to develop independently, linguistically and economically, each of them having a state to support.

Question: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర అవతరణ దినోత్సవం ఎప్పుడు?


Andhra State

Context: Paragraph 382 of the SRC report dated 30 September 1955 said, "opinion in Andhra is overwhelmingly in favour of the larger unit, public opinion in Telangana has still to crystallize itself. Important leaders of public opinion in Andhra themselves seem to appreciate that the unification of Telangana with Andhra, though desirable, should be based on a voluntary and willing association of the people and that it is primarily for the people of Telangana to make a decision about their future".

Question: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర అవతరణ దినోత్సవం ఎప్పుడు?


Andhra State

Context: The Telangana movement was started in 1969, demanding proper implementation of the Gentlemen's agreement, particularly the "mulki" rules. When the Supreme Court upheld the discriminatory "mulki" rules applicable among the people of a state, it spawned the 1972 Jai Andhra movement. This was a public agitation demanding a separate Andhra State. The movement dissipated after the central government repealed the "mulki" rules and introduced a new six-point formula.

Question: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర అవతరణ దినోత్సవం ఎప్పుడు?


Andhra State

Context: As a result of the Telangana movement, on 2 June 2014, Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh and became a state. Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao is the 1st and the current Chief Minister of Telangana.

Question: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర అవతరణ దినోత్సవం ఎప్పుడు?


Thermometer

Context: Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water. The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: If it is used for its relation between pressure and volume and temperature, a thermometric material must have three properties:

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: (2) Its heating and cooling must be reversible. That is to say, the material must be able to be heated and cooled indefinitely often by the same increment and decrement of heat, and still return to its original pressure, volume and temperature every time. Some plastics do not have this property;

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: (3) Its heating and cooling must be monotonic. That is to say, throughout the range of temperatures for which it is intended to work,

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: either (i) the volume increases when the temperature increases, or else (ii) the volume decreases when the temperature increases;

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: either (i) the pressure increases when the temperature increases, or else (ii) the pressure decreases when the temperature increases;

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: At temperatures around about 4 °C, water does not have the property (3), and is said to behave anomalously in this respect; thus water cannot be used as a material for this kind of thermometry for temperature ranges near 4 °C.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Gases, on the other hand, all have the properties (1), (2), and (3)(a)(α) and (3)(b)(α). Consequently, they are suitable thermometric materials, and that is why they were important in the development of thermometry.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Other fixed points used in the past are the body temperature (of a healthy adult male) which was originally used by Fahrenheit as his upper fixed point ( to be a number divisible by 12) and the lowest temperature given by a mixture of salt and ice, which was originally the definition of . (This is an example of a Frigorific mixture.) As body temperature varies, the Fahrenheit scale was later changed to use an upper fixed point of boiling water at .

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Band edge thermometry (BET) takes advantage of the temperature-dependence of the band gap of semiconductor materials to provide very precise optical ("i.e." non-contact) temperature measurements. BET systems require a specialized optical system, as well as custom data analysis software.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Thermocouples are useful over a wide temperature ranges from cryogenic temperatures to over 1000°C, but typically have an error of ±0.5-1.5°C.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Silicon bandgap temperature sensors are commonly found packaged in integrated circuits with accompanying ADC and interface such as I2C. Typically they are specified to work within about —50 to 150°C with accuracies in the ±0.25 to 1°C range but can be improved by binning.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Chemical shift is temperature dependent. This property is used to calibrate the thermostat of NMR probes, usually using methanol or ethylene glycol. This can potentially be problematic for internal standards which are usually assumed to have a defined chemical shift (e.g 0 ppm for TMS) but in fact exhibit a temperature dependence.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Above the Curie temperature, the magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic material exhibits an inverse temperature dependence. This phenomenon is the basis of a magnetic cryometer.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors are used in nuclear power facilities to monitor reactor core temperatures and avoid the possibility of nuclear meltdowns.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Thermometer

Context: Thermometers are important in food safety, where food at temperatures within can be prone to potentially harmful levels of bacterial growth after several hours which could lead to foodborne illness. This includes monitoring refrigeration temperatures and maintaining temperatures in foods being served under heat lamps or hot water baths.

Question: ఉష్ణోగ్రత ఏ పరికరంతో కొలుస్తారు?


Koyyuru

Context: Koyyuru is a village and a Mandal in Alluri Sitharama Raju district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

Question: కొయ్యూరు మండలానికి దక్షిణాన ఉన్న మండలం ఏది?


History of the Internet

Context: The history of the Internet has its origin in information theory and the efforts to build and interconnect computer networks that arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that began to consider time-sharing between computer users, and later, the possibility of achieving this over wide area networks. Independently, Paul Baran proposed a distributed network based on data in message blocks in the early 1960s, and Donald Davies conceived of packet switching in 1965 at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), proposing a national commercial data network in the UK.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts in 1969 for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET adopted the packet switching technology proposed by Davies and Baran, underpinned by mathematical work in the early 1970s by Leonard Kleinrock at UCLA. The network was built by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: In August 1962, Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper "On-Line Man-Computer Communication" which was one of the first descriptions of a networked future.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Although he left the IPTO in 1964, five years before the ARPANET went live, it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus for one of his successors, Robert Taylor, to initiate the ARPANET development. Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Packet switching is a rapid store and forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets, with routing decisions made per-packet. It provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit-switching technology used for telephony, particularly on resource-limited interconnection links.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: ARPA awarded the contract to build the network to Bolt Beranek & Newman, and the first ARPANET link was established between the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the Stanford Research Institute at 22:30 hours on October 29, 1969.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: By December 1969, a four-node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California, Santa Barbara. In the same year, Taylor helped fund ALOHAnet, a system designed by professor Norman Abramson and others at the University of Hawaii at Manoa that transmitted data by radio between seven computers on four islands on Hawaii. The software for establishing links between network sites in the ARPANET was the Network Control Program (NCP), completed in c. 1970.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments (RFC) process, still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems. RFC 1, entitled "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California, Los Angeles, and published on April 7, 1969. These early years were documented in the 1972 film .

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Early international collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. Connections were made in 1973 to the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR), via a satellite link at the Tanum Earth Station in Sweden, and to Peter Kirstein's research group at University College London which provided a gateway to British academic networks. By 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213. ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and a primary tool in developing the technologies used.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The British Post Office, Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network, referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong, and Australia by 1981. By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Unlike ARPANET, X.25 was commonly available for business use. Telenet offered its Telemail electronic mail service, which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Sublink Network, operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989, based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes (about 100 at the time) owned both by private individuals and small companies. Sublink Network represented possibly one of the first examples of the Internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Kahn and Cerf published their ideas in May 1974, which incorporated concepts implemented by Louis Pouzin and Hubert Zimmermann in the CYCLADES network. The specification of the resulting protocol, the Transmission Control Program, was published as by the Network Working Group in December 1974. It contains the first attested use of the term "internet", as a shorthand for internetwork. This software was monolithic in design using two simplex communication channels for each user session.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Nonetheless, for a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, engineers, organizations and nations were polarized over the issue of which standard, the OSI model or the Internet protocol suite would result in the best and most robust computer networks.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Several other branches of the U.S. government, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Department of Energy (DOE) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET. In the mid-1980s, all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP/IP. NASA developed the NASA Science Network, NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: In 1981 NSF supported the development of the Computer Science Network (CSNET). CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP/IP, and ran TCP/IP over X.25, but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections, using automated dial-up mail exchange.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The research and academic community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as Internet2 in the United States and JANET in the United Kingdom.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: As interest in networking grew by needs of collaboration, exchange of data, and access of remote computing resources, the Internet technologies spread throughout the rest of the world. The hardware-agnostic approach in TCP/IP supported the use of existing network infrastructure, such as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS) X.25 network, to carry Internet traffic.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet created simple gateways for the transfer of electronic mail, the most important application of the time. Sites with only intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these networks and the Internet. Some gateway services went beyond simple mail peering, such as allowing access to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) sites via UUCP or mail.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: To address the need for transmission capacity beyond that provided by radio, satellite and analog copper telephone lines, engineers developed optical communications systems based on fiber optic cables powered by lasers and optical amplifier techniques.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Forty years later, on November 13, 1957, Columbia University physics student Gordon Gould first realized how to make light by stimulated emission through a process of optical amplification. He coined the term LASER for this technology—Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Using Gould's light amplification method (patented as “Optically Pumped Laser Amplifier”) , Theodore Maiman made the first working laser on May 16, 1960.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: In early 1982, NORSAR and Peter Kirstein's group at University College London (UCL) left the ARPANET and began to use TCP/IP over SATNET. UCL provided access between the Internet and academic networks in the UK.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: In 1991 JANET, the UK national research and education network adopted Internet Protocol on the existing network. The same year, Dai Davies introduced Internet technology into the pan-European NREN, EuropaNet, which was built on the X.25 protocol. The European Academic and Research Network (EARN) and RARE adopted IP around the same time, and the European Internet backbone EBONE became operational in 1992.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: In May 1982 South Korea set up a two-node domestic TCP/IP network, adding a third node the following year. Japan, which had built the UUCP-based network JUNET in 1984, connected to NSFNET in 1989 marking the spread of the Internet to Asia. It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society, INET'92, in Kobe. Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990, and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet, developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating them from the Internet. On an essentially continental basis, they are building organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational experience, as more and more transmission facilities go into place.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: At the beginning of the 1990s, African countries relied upon X.25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: In 1996, a USAID funded project, the Leland Initiative, started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent. Guinea, Mozambique, Madagascar and Rwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997, followed by Ivory Coast and Benin in 1998.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Africa is building an Internet infrastructure. AFRINIC, headquartered in Mauritius, manages IP address allocation for the continent. As do the other Internet regions, there is an operational forum, the Internet Community of Operational Networking Specialists.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: There are many programs to provide high-performance transmission plant, and the western and southern coasts have undersea optical cable. High-speed cables join North Africa and the Horn of Africa to intercontinental cable systems. Undersea cable development is slower for East Africa; the original joint effort between New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and the East Africa Submarine System (Eassy) has broken off and may become two efforts.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), headquartered in Australia, manages IP address allocation for the continent. APNIC sponsors an operational forum, the Asia-Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT).

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: South Korea's first Internet system, the System Development Network (SDN) began operation on 15 May 1982. SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP (Unixto-Unix-Copy); connected to CSNET in December 1984; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990. VDSL, a last mile technology developed in the 1990s by NextLevel Communications, connected corporate and consumer copper-based telephone lines to the Internet in South Korea.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: In 1991, the People's Republic of China saw its first TCP/IP college network, Tsinghua University's TUNET. The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994, between the Beijing Electro-Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University's Linear Accelerator Center. However, China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country-wide content filter.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: As with the other regions, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) manages the IP address space and other resources for its area. LACNIC, headquartered in Uruguay, operates DNS root, reverse DNS, and other key services.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: As a result, during the late 1980s, the first Internet service provider (ISP) companies were formed. Companies like PSINet, UUNET, Netcom, and Portal Software were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access, UUCP-based email and Usenet News to the public. The first commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World, which opened in 1989.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The Internet was widely used for mailing lists, emails, e-commerce and early popular online shopping (Amazon and eBay for example), online forums and bulletin boards, and personal websites and blogs, and use was growing rapidly, but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement. It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from a communications technology to gradually develop into a key part of global society's infrastructure.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: During the period 1997 to 2001, the first speculative investment bubble related to the Internet took place, in which "dot-com" companies (referring to the ".com" top level domain used by businesses) were propelled to exceedingly high valuations as investors rapidly stoked stock values, followed by a market crash; the first dot-com bubble. However this only temporarily slowed enthusiasm and growth, which quickly recovered and continued to grow.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: With the call to Web 2.0 following soon afterward, the period of the Internet up to around 2004–2005 was retrospectively named and described by some as Web 1.0.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the address space to 232 addresses, i.e. addresses. The last available IPv4 address was assigned in January 2011. IPv4 is being replaced by its successor, called "IPv6", which uses 128 bit addresses, providing 2128 addresses, i.e. . This is a vastly increased address space. The shift to IPv6 is expected to take many years, decades, or perhaps longer, to complete, since there were four billion machines with IPv4 when the shift began.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The changes that would propel the Internet into its place as a social system took place during a relatively short period of no more than five years, from around 2005 to 2010. They included:

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: * Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of, and familiarity with, the necessary hardware (such as computers).

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: * Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds – hard drives emerged, took over from far smaller, slower floppy discs, and grew from megabytes to gigabytes (and by around 2010, terabytes), RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system, and Ethernet, the enabling technology for TCP/IP, moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second, to gigabits per second.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: * High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections, at lower prices, allowing larger traffic rates, more reliable simpler traffic, and traffic from more locations,

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: * The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication, the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence, and global collaborations such as Wikipedia (which existed before but gained prominence as a result),

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: * The mobile revolution, which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages, in their daily lives, and allowed them to share, discuss, and continually update, inquire, and respond.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: * Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability, and decreased in price, becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid-state drives (SSD).

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: * An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design, rather than purely high processing power; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM, a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors. ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The term "Web 2.0" describes websites that emphasize user-generated content (including user-to-user interaction), usability, and interoperability. It first appeared in a January 1999 article called "Fragmented Future" written by Darcy DiNucci, a consultant on electronic information design, where she wrote:

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: "[The] move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation, from publishing to participation, from web content as the outcome of large up-front investment to an ongoing and interactive process, and from content management systems to links based on tagging (folksonomy)".

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: This era saw several household names gain prominence through their community-oriented operation – YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Reddit and Wikipedia being some examples.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The process of change that generally coincided with "Web 2.0" was itself greatly accelerated and transformed only a short time later by the increasing growth in mobile devices. This mobile revolution meant that computers in the form of smartphones became something many people used, took with them everywhere, communicated with, used for photographs and videos they instantly shared or to shop or seek information "on the move" – and used socially, as opposed to items on a desk at home or just used for work.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: This "mobile revolution" has allowed for people to have a nearly unlimited amount of information at their fingertips. With the ability to access the internet from cell phones came a change in the way we consume media. In fact, looking at media consumption statistics, over half of media consumption between those aged 18 and 34 were using a smartphone.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: This network technology is supposed to ultimately enable missions that involve multiple spacecraft where reliable inter-vessel communication might take precedence over vessel-to-Earth downlinks. According to a February 2011 statement by Google's Vint Cerf, the so-called "Bundle protocols" have been uploaded to NASA's EPOXI mission spacecraft (which is in orbit around the Sun) and communication with Earth has been tested at a distance of approximately 80 light seconds.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The IANA function was originally performed by USC Information Sciences Institute (ISI), and it delegated portions of this responsibility with respect to numeric network and autonomous system identifiers to the Network Information Center (NIC) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI International) in Menlo Park, California. ISI's Jonathan Postel managed the IANA, served as RFC Editor and performed other key roles until his premature death in 1998.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) was established as the first RIR in May 1992. The second RIR, the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), was established in Tokyo in 1993, as a pilot project of the Asia Pacific Networking Group.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is the largest and most visible of several loosely related ad-hoc groups that provide technical direction for the Internet, including the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The IETF is a loosely self-organized group of international volunteers who contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies. It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications. Much of the work of the IETF is organized into "Working Groups". Standardization efforts of the Working Groups are often adopted by the Internet community, but the IETF does not control or patrol the Internet.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Request for Comments (RFCs) are the main documentation for the work of the IAB, IESG, IETF, and IRTF. RFC 1, "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker at UCLA in April 1969, well before the IETF was created. Originally they were technical memos documenting aspects of ARPANET development and were edited by Jon Postel, the first RFC Editor.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: ISOC provides financial and organizational support to and promotes the work of the standards settings bodies for which it is the organizational home: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). ISOC also promotes understanding and appreciation of the Internet model of open, transparent processes and consensus-based decision-making.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The IETF, with financial and organizational support from the Internet Society, continues to serve as the Internet's ad-hoc standards body and issues Request for Comments.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Due to its prominence and immediacy as an effective means of mass communication, the Internet has also become more politicized as it has grown. This has led in turn, to discourses and activities that would once have taken place in other ways, migrating to being mediated by internet.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Examples include political activities such as public protest and canvassing of support and votes, but also:

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: On March 12, 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: On December 14, 2017, the FCC repealed their March 12, 2015 decision by a 3–2 vote regarding net neutrality rules.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: E-mail has often been called the killer application of the Internet. It predates the Internet, and was a crucial tool in creating it. Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharing mainframe computer to communicate. Although the history is undocumented, among the first systems to have such a facility were the System Development Corporation (SDC) Q32 and the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) at MIT.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of electronic mail. An experimental inter-system transferred mail on the ARPANET shortly after its creation. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet electronic mail addressing format, using the @ sign to separate mailbox names from host names.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: A number of protocols were developed to deliver messages among groups of time-sharing computers over alternative transmission systems, such as UUCP and IBM's VNET email system. Email could be passed this way between a number of networks, including ARPANET, BITNET and NSFNET, as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP. See the history of SMTP protocol.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: In 1999, Napster became the first peer-to-peer file sharing system. Napster used a central server for indexing and peer discovery, but the storage and transfer of files was decentralized. A variety of peer-to-peer file sharing programs and services with different levels of decentralization and anonymity followed, including: Gnutella, eDonkey2000, and Freenet in 2000, FastTrack, Kazaa, Limewire, and BitTorrent in 2001, and Poisoned in 2003.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: File hosting allowed for people to expand their computer's hard drives and "host" their files on a server. Most file hosting services offer free storage, as well as larger storage amount for a fee. These services have greatly expanded the internet for business and personal use.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Google Drive, launched on April 24, 2012, has become the most popular file hosting service. Google Drive allows users to store, edit, and share files with themselves and other users. Not only does this application allow for file editing, hosting, and sharing. It also acts as Google's own free-to-access office programs, such as Google Docs, Google Slides, and Google Sheets. This application served as a useful tool for University professors and students, as well as those who are in need of Cloud storage.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?


History of the Internet

Context: Dropbox, released in June 2007 is a similar file hosting service that allows users to keep all of their files in a folder on their computer, which is synced with Dropbox's servers. This differs from Google Drive as it is not web-browser based. Now, Dropbox works to keep workers and files in sync and efficient.

Question: ఇంటర్నెట్ అడ్రెసింగ్ వ్యవస్థను ఎవరు కనుగొన్నారు?