Geography of Israel

Context: There are no navigable, artificial waterways in Israel, although the National Water Carrier, a conduit for drinking water, might be classified as such. The idea of a channel connecting the Mediterranean and Dead Seas or the Red and Dead Seas has been discussed.

Question: Как называется самая длинная река Израиля?


Geography of Israel

Context: Israel has a Mediterranean climate with long, hot, rainless summers and relatively short, cool, rainy winters (Köppen climate classification "Csa"). The climate is as such due to Israel's location between the subtropical aridity of the Sahara and the Arabian deserts, and the subtropical humidity of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean. The climate conditions are highly variable within the state and modified locally by altitude, latitude, and the proximity to the Mediterranean.

Question: Как называется самая длинная река Израиля?


Geography of Israel

Context: Thunderstorms and hail are common throughout the rainy season and waterspouts occasionally hit the Mediterranean coast, capable of causing only minor damage. However, supercell thunderstorms and a true F2 tornado hit the Western Galilee in April 2006, causing significant damage and 75 injuries.

Question: Как называется самая длинная река Израиля?


Geography of Israel

Context: Heat waves are frequent. 2010 was the hottest year in the history of Israel with absolute record high in several places in August. The heat became stronger from August when temperatures were considerably above the average. October and November were also dry, and November was almost rainless when it was supposed to be rainy.

Question: Как называется самая длинная река Израиля?


Geography of Israel

Context: Unlike much of the Middle East which is rich in lucrative crude oil, Israel has limited natural resources. These include copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, and manganese. Small amounts of natural gas and crude oil are present, often too little to merit commercial extraction. In 2009, significant reserves of natural gas were discovered at the Tamar 1 offshore drilling site, 90 kilometers west of Haifa. It is the largest natural gas reserve ever discovered in Israel.

Question: Как называется самая длинная река Израиля?


Geography of Israel

Context: There are 242 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the West Bank, 42 in the Golan Heights, and 29 in East Jerusalem.

Question: Как называется самая длинная река Израиля?


Geography of Israel

Context: Israel has no offshore islands within its territorial waters. However, the Israeli government plans to build artificial islands off the coast to house an airport, a seaport, a desalination plant, a power plant, and a military testing base, as an answer to Israel's lack of space.

Question: Как называется самая длинная река Израиля?


Geography of Israel

Context: Israel is ranked 34th in the world in terms of population density with, as noted, a climate of long, hot, rainless summers and relatively short, cool, rainy winters. The Population Matters 2011 overshoot index ranked Israel as the third most dependent region in the World after Singapore and Kuwait.

Question: Как называется самая длинная река Израиля?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics". Based on the article, the philosophical issue of the debate was whether Bohr's Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics, which centered on his belief of complementarity, was valid in explaining nature. Despite their differences of opinion and the succeeding discoveries that helped solidify quantum mechanics, Bohr and Einstein maintained a mutual admiration that was to last the rest of their lives.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: The debates represent one of the highest points of scientific research in the first half of the twentieth century because it called attention to an element of quantum theory, quantum non-locality, which is central to our modern understanding of the physical world. The consensus view of professional physicists has been that Bohr proved victorious in his defense of quantum theory, and definitively established the fundamental probabilistic character of quantum measurement.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: Although Bohr and Einstein disagreed, they were great friends all their lives and enjoyed using each other as a foil.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: Schrödinger Equation. And Bohr was at first opposed to the Uncertainty Principle. But by the Fifth Solvay Conference held in October 1927 Heisenberg and Born concluded that the revolution was over and nothing further was needed. It was at that last stage that Einstein's skepticism turned to dismay. He believed that much had been accomplished, but the reasons for the mechanics still needed to be understood.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: The first serious attack by Einstein on the "orthodox" conception took place during the "Fifth Solvay International Conference" on Electrons and Photons in 1927. Einstein pointed out how it was possible to take advantage of the (universally accepted) laws of conservation of energy and of impulse (momentum) in order to obtain information on the state of a particle in a process of interference which, according to the principle of indeterminacy or that of complementarity, should not be accessible.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: "In particular, it must be very clear that...the unambiguous use of spatiotemporal concepts in the description of atomic phenomena must be limited to the registration of observations which refer to images on a photographic lens or to analogous practically irreversible effects of amplification such as the formation of a drop of water around an ion in a dark room."

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: However, Bohr in his article refuting the EPR paper, states “there is no question of a mechanical disturbance of the system under investigation.” Heisenberg quotes Bohr as saying, “I find all such assertions as ‘observation introduces uncertainty into the phenomenon’ inaccurate and misleading.” Manjit Kumar’s book on the Bohr-Einstein debates finds these assertions by Bohr contrary to his arguments.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: In many textbook examples and popular discussions of quantum mechanics, the principle of indeterminacy is explained by reference to the pair of variables position and velocity (or momentum). It is important to note that the wave nature of physical processes implies that there must exist another relation of indeterminacy: that between time and energy. In order to comprehend this relation, it is convenient to refer to the experiment illustrated in

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: Figure D, which results in the propagation of a wave which is limited in spatial extension. Assume that, as illustrated in the figure, a ray which is extremely extended longitudinally is propagated toward a screen with a slit furnished with a shutter which remains open only for a very brief interval of time formula_1. Beyond the slit, there will be a wave of limited spatial extension which continues to propagate toward the right.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: A perfectly monochromatic wave (such as a musical note which cannot be divided into harmonics) has infinite spatial extent. In order to have a wave which is limited in spatial extension (which is technically called a wave packet), several waves of different frequencies must be superimposed and distributed continuously within a certain interval of frequencies around an average value, such as formula_2.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: it follows immediately from the preceding inequality that the particle associated with the wave should possess an energy which is not perfectly defined (since different frequencies are involved in the superposition) and consequently there is indeterminacy in energy:

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: At the sixth Congress of Solvay in 1930, the indeterminacy relation just discussed was Einstein's target of criticism. His idea contemplates the existence of an experimental apparatus which was subsequently designed by Bohr in such a way as to emphasize the essential elements and the key points which he would use in his response.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: Moreover, the clock will indicate the precise time at which the event of the particle's emission took place. Since, in principle, the mass of the box can be determined to an arbitrary degree of accuracy, the energy emitted can be determined with a precision formula_13 as accurate as one desires. Therefore, the product formula_14 can be rendered less than what is implied by the principle of indeterminacy.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: The idea is particularly acute and the argument seemed unassailable. It's important to consider the impact of all of these exchanges on the people involved at the time. Leon Rosenfeld, a scientist who had participated in the Congress, described the event several years later:

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: More recent analyses of the photon box debate questions Bohr’s understanding of Einstein’s thought experiment, referring instead to a prelude to the EPR paper, focusing on inseparability rather than indeterminism being at issue.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: David Bohm picked up the EPR argument in 1951. In his textbook "Quantum Theory," he reformulated it in terms of an entangled state of two particles, which can be summarized as follows:

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: 1) Consider a system of two photons which at time "t" are located, respectively, in the spatially distant regions "A" and "B" and which are also in the entangled state of polarization formula_36 described below:

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: 2) At time "t" the photon in region A is tested for vertical polarization. Suppose that the result of the measurement is that the photon passes through the filter. According to the reduction of the wave packet, the result is that, at time "t" + "dt", the system becomes

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: 3) At this point, the observer in A who carried out the first measurement on photon "1", without doing anything else that could disturb the system or the other photon ("assumption (R)", below), can predict with certainty that photon "2" will pass a test of vertical polarization. It follows that photon "2" possesses an element of physical reality: that of having a vertical polarization.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: 4) According to the assumption of locality, it cannot have been the action carried out in A which created this element of reality for photon "2". Therefore, we must conclude that the photon possessed the property of being able to pass the vertical polarization test "before" and "independently of" the measurement of photon "1".

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: 6) Since natural and obvious requirements have forced the conclusion that photon "2" simultaneously possesses incompatible properties, this means that, even if it is not possible to determine these properties simultaneously and with arbitrary precision, they are nevertheless possessed objectively by the system. But quantum mechanics denies this possibility and it is therefore an incomplete theory.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: Bohr's response to this argument was published, five months later than the original publication of EPR, in the same magazine "Physical Review" and with exactly the same title as the original. The crucial point of Bohr's answer is distilled in a passage which he later had republished in Paul Arthur Schilpp's book "Albert Einstein, scientist-philosopher" in honor of the seventieth birthday of Einstein. Bohr attacks assumption (R) of EPR by stating:

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Bohr–Einstein debates

Context: Years after the exposition of Einstein via his EPR experiment, many physicists started performing experiments to show that Einstein's view of a spooky action in a distance is indeed consistent with the laws of physics. The first experiment to definitively prove that this was the case was in 1949, when physicists Chien-Shiung Wu and her colleague Irving Shaknov showcased this theory in real time using photons. Their work was published in the new year of the succeeding decade.

Question: Кто создал квантовую физику?


Leshy

Context: There is also a deity, named "Svyatibor" ("Svyatobor", "Svyatibog"), who is mentioned in the beliefs of the Eastern and Western Slavs as the god of forests and the lord of the leshies. His functions were identical to those of the god Veles.

Question: Как звали бога леса  в Белорусской мифологии?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental Airlines was a major United States airline founded in 1934 and eventually headquartered in Houston, Texas. It had ownership interests and brand partnerships with several carriers.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: In 1981, Texas International Airlines acquired a controlling interest in Continental. The companies were merged in 1982, moved to Houston, and grew into one of the country's largest carriers despite facing financial and labor issues, eventually becoming one of the more successful airlines in the United States.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Six petitioned the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) for longer routes to larger cities, hoping to transform the regional into a trunkline like United Airlines, TWA, and American Airlines. He was discussing with Boeing for Continental to become one of the first to operate the soon-to-be-launched 707. The timing was crucial, since new routes would justify the 707s, and vice versa.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: From 1961 to 1982, Continental was headquartered at the west end of the Los Angeles International Airport on World Way West. The facility included the general offices, system operations control, the central maintenance facility, flight kitchen, and Los Angeles crew bases.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: On August 3, 1990, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and Texas Air announced that Jet Capital Corporation, which owned controlling interest in Texas Air, was selling its interest to SAS. Under the agreements, Lorenzo would be leaving the active management of the airline as CEO for the first time in 18 years and would remain on the board of directors for two further years. At the same time, Hollis Harris, formerly President of Delta Air Lines, was named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: In March 1993 the airline cancelled its services to nine U.S. destinations and six non-U.S. destinations, including all 24 weekly services between the United States and Australia and New Zealand in addition to its flights between Guam and Australia, effective October 31 of that year. In 1994, Continental substantially reduced its jet services in Denver and terminated all turboprop operations, which had been unprofitable, reducing Denver from being a hub to a spoke city.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: United Airlines was reported to be in serious merger discussion with US Airways in early April 2010. A "New York Times" report indicated that a deal was close. Union consent was cited as a major hurdle for negotiators to clear. On April 22, 2010, United announced that it would not pursue a merger with US Airways.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: In August 2010, Continental and United Airlines revealed a new logo that was used after the merger was complete. Both carriers planned to begin merging operations in 2011 and was expected to receive a single operating certificate by 2012. Continental's air operator's certificate (AOC) was retained, while those of United and Continental Micronesia were surrendered. On the other hand, United's maintenance certificate remained while Continental's did not.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: The new United is the third largest airline in terms of fleet size, while American Airlines is the largest. The combined airline houses a fleet of over 1,280 aircraft that features a mixture of Airbus and Boeing aircraft: Airbus A319s, Airbus A320s, Boeing 737s, Boeing 757s, Boeing 767s, Boeing 777s, and Boeing 787 Dreamliners with orders of Airbus A350s.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: On March 3, 2012, Continental's passenger reservation system and frequent flyer program was merged into United. The last Continental Airlines flight taking off was "Continental Flight 1267", flying from Phoenix to Cleveland, and arriving into Cleveland as "United Flight 1267".

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: The designer Saul Bass designed the Continental "Jet Stream" logo in the late 1960s. In the 1990s, the design agency Lippincott introduced the globe logo. Before it merged, Continental's livery consisted of a white fuselage, with the globe in blue and gold, and a gray underside. The combined United Airlines adopted the pre-merger Continental Airlines livery and logo following the merger.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: On October 31, 1937, Continental moved its headquarters to Stapleton Airport in Denver, Colorado. Robert F. Six arranged to have the headquarters moved to Denver from El Paso, Texas because Six believed that the airline should have its headquarters in a large city with a potential base of customers.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: At a 1962 press conference in the office of Mayor of Los Angeles Sam Yorty, Continental Airlines announced that it planned to move its headquarters to Los Angeles in July 1963. In 1963 Continental's headquarters moved to a two-story, $2.3 million building on the grounds of Los Angeles International Airport in Westchester, Los Angeles. The July 2009 "Continental Magazine" issue stated that the move "underlined Continental's western and Pacific orientation."

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: On July 1, 1983 the airline's headquarters were relocated to the America Tower in the Neartown area of Houston, and would remain there until they ended up relocating in 1998. Stephen M. Wolf, the president of Continental said that the company moved its headquarters because Houston became the largest hub for Continental.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: After the September 11 attacks and by September 2004 Continental laid off 24% of its clerical and management workers. Despite the reduction of the workforce, Continental did not announce any plans to sublease any of its space in Continental Center I and Continental Center II.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: In 2008 Continental renewed its lease for around in Continental Center I. Before the lease renewal, rumors spread stating that the airline would relocate its headquarters to office space around George Bush Intercontinental Airport due to high fuel costs affecting the airline industry; the rumors stated that the airline was studying possibilities of less expensive alternatives to Continental Center I. The parties did not reveal the terms of the lease agreement.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental Airlines made efforts to minimize the negative environmental effects of commercial aviation. For example, the carrier invested over $12 billion for the purchase of 270 fuel-efficient aircraft and related equipment that made up part of the airline's fleet. These efforts contributed to significant reductions of greenhouse gas and noise emissions. Continental Airlines was also one of the first carriers in the world to fit winglets to as much of its fleet as it could, reducing fuel burn by 3–5%.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental Airlines was recognized by NASA and "Fortune" magazine for positive environmental contributions.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental, together with Continental Express and Continental Connection, offered more than 2,400 daily departures throughout the Americas, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. The summer 2008 schedule saw Continental serving 130 domestic and 132 international destinations.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: For the first forty years of its existence, Continental was a domestic airline; however, especially after the incorporation of Texas International routes, it served more Mexican destinations than any other U.S. carrier since the mid-1980s.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental offered the most destinations of any of the U.S. carrier to India, Japan, Mexico, Ireland and the United Kingdom, and was the only U.S. airline that flew to the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Norway. Continental began service from Newark to Mumbai, India on October 1, 2007 making that city Continental's second Indian destination.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental was a minority owner of ExpressJet Airlines, which operated under the "Continental Express" trade name but was a separately managed and public company. Chautauqua Airlines also flew under the Continental Express identity, and Cape Air, Colgan Air, CommutAir, and Silver Airways fed Continental's flights under the Continental Connection identity. Continental did not have any ownership interests in these companies.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: In addition to Continental Express and Continental Connection, Continental had codeshare agreements with the following airlines (as of February 2012):

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental's all-Boeing fleet consisted of four types (737, 757, 767, and 777) in ten variants, with two variants of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner scheduled to enter service in 2011. The company's daily aircraft utilization was usually at the top of the industry.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: As of October 1, 2010, at the time of the merger, the Continental Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft with an average age of 9.5 years:

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: By 2013, all of the former Continental fleet, excluding the Boeing 737-500 and Boeing 767-200ER (which were sold, primarily to Russian operators) were repainted in the new United livery, except for the one Boeing 737-900ER in the Continental Blue Skyway retro livery (N75436). United repainted this aircraft to the standard Globe livery in May 2016, and then painted a different airframe in the Blue Skyway, sister ship N75435. The reason for the change is currently unknown to the public.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: First Class was offered on Domestic Flights, and BusinessFirst was offered on Transatlantic/Transpacific Flights.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental Airlines was one of three carriers (with American Airlines and Delta Air Lines) to sign an exclusivity agreement with Boeing in the late 1990s. When Boeing acquired McDonnell Douglas, the European Union forced Boeing to void the contracts. Both parties had been adhering to the terms under a gentlemen's agreement.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Continental Airlines had two classes of service, First/Business and Economy, for aircraft in the mainline fleet.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: The new BusinessFirst seats were featured on all of Continental's 777-200ERs and 757-200s. Installation on the Boeing 767 fleet was to follow in 2011. The anticipated completion of the roll-out across Continental's entire international fleet was planned for August 2012. In addition, all 787 deliveries were to have the seats installed.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: On international flights to Russia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and select cities in South America, Continental's Domestic First Class service was re-branded as Regional Business Class. These customers received access to Continental's Presidents Club and affiliated Star Alliance lounges on day-of-departure. Also, meal choices were frequently substituted to reflect the local cuisine of destinations served, especially on flights to Latin America.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Economy Class was offered on all internationally configured aircraft. Seats range from 17.2 to wide, and have between 31 and of pitch. Passengers aboard this class received free meals, snacks, and non-alcoholic beverages; alcoholic beverages could be purchased for US$6 per drink or one Continental Currency coupon per drink. All seats on 757 and 777 equipment were fitted with AVOD touch screen with a wide-ranging selection of films, games, television shows and music.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: The airline offered soft drinks that are free on all flights. Beer, liqueurs, spirits, and wine were free of charge in BusinessFirst and Business Class on all flights, and for a charge in economy class on all flights. On flights within North America and to or from the Caribbean and Latin America, the airline offered "Specialty Beverages" for purchase in economy class.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: Boeing 757-200 and 777-200ER aircraft included Audio-Video On-Demand (AVOD) in every seat back. Boeing 767 family aircraft were equipped with a personal television located in every seat back, using a tape system. On all Boeing 757-200 and Boeing 777-200ER aircraft, all rows were equipped with power-ports (two power ports per group of 3 seats) that do not require special power adapters or cables.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: At airport kiosks Continental Airlines allowed customers to buy "Continental Currency", a prepaid credit for audio headsets and alcoholic beverages on flights.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: In addition to its Continental Express, Continental Connection and Star Alliance partnerships, Continental had frequent flyer partnerships with the following airlines (as of February 2012):

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: As a result of United Airlines and Continental Airlines merger, on March 3, 2012 OnePass program was phased out and merged into United MileagePlus program. OnePass stopped accepting new membership applications effective February 29, 2012.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Continental Airlines

Context: The following were major accidents and incidents that have occurred on Continental Airlines mainline aircraft.

Question: Кто владеет Continental Airlines, Inc. на апрель 2019?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Roger Yonchien Tsien (pronounced , """;" February 1, 1952 – August 24, 2016) was an American biochemist. He was a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, in collaboration with organic chemist Osamu Shimomura and neurobiologist Martin Chalfie. Tsien was also a pioneer of calcium imaging.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Tsien was born to a Chinese American family in New York, in 1952. He grew up in Livingston, New Jersey and attended Livingston High School. Tsien traces his family ancestry to Hangzhou, China. His father Hsue-Chu Tsien, an MIT and Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumnus, was a mechanical engineer and had excelled academically, graduating at the top of his university class.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Tsien suffered from asthma as a child, and as a result, he was often indoors. He spent hours conducting chemistry experiments in his basement laboratory. When he was 16, he won first prize in the nationwide Westinghouse Talent Search with a project investigating how metals bind to thiocyanate.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Tsien attended Harvard College on a National Merit Scholarship, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa as a junior. He graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in chemistry and physics in 1972. According to his freshman-year roommate, economist and Iowa politician Herman Quirmbach, "It's probably not an exaggeration to say he's the smartest person I ever met ... [a]nd I have met a lot of brilliant people."

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Tsien contributed to the fields of cell biology and neurobiology by discovering genetically programmable fluorescent tags, thereby allowing scientists to watch the behavior of molecules in living cells in real time. He also developed fluorescent indicators of calcium ions and other ions important in biological processes.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: In 2004, Tsien was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine "for his seminal contribution to the design and biological application of novel fluorescent and photolabile molecules to analyze and perturb cell signal transduction."

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: In 2008, Tsien shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Osamu Shimomura and Martin Chalfie for "the green fluorescent protein: discovery, expression and development."

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Roger Tsien had built the foundation of next generation sequencing technology that is widely used today. On 26 October 1990, Roger Tsien "et al." filed a patent of stepwise ("base-by-base") sequencing with removable 3' blockers on DNA arrays. Illumina integrated this concept with DNA cloning for their next generation sequencer.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Aequorin is also a useful tool to indicate calcium level inside cells; however, it has some limitations, primarily is that its prosthetic group coelenterazine is consumed irreversibly when emits light, thus requires continuous addition of coelenterazine into the media. To overcome such issues, Tsien's group also developed the calmodulin-based sensor, named Cameleon.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: FlAsH-EDT2 is a biochemical method for specific covalent labeling inside live cells. It's a method based on recombinant protein molecules, and was developed by Tsien and his colleagues in 1998.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Mouse experiments by Tsien's group suggest that cancer surgery can be guided and assisted by fluorescent peptides. The peptides are used as probes, and are harmless to living tissues and organs. Their lifetime in the body is only 4 or 5 days. Clinical trials are awaited.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Tsien was also a notable biochemical inventor and holds or co-holds about 100 patents till 2010. In 1996, Tsien co-founded the Aurora Biosciences Corporation, which went public in 1997. In 2001, Aurora was acquired by the Vertex Pharmaceuticals. Similarly, Tsien was also a scientific co-founder of Senomyx in 1999.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Tsien also promoted science education to promising young scientists through the first-ever San Diego Science Festival Lunch with a Laureate Program.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: According to the Qian (Tsien) clan genealogy book, Tsien is a 34th-generational descendant of King Qian Liu of the Wuyue Kingdom of ancient China. His family belongs to the line of King Qian Hongzong. Tsien's parents Hsue-Chu Tsien and Yi-Ying Li (李懿颖) came from Hangzhou and Beijing, respectively.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Tsien was the younger brother of Richard Tsien, a renowned neurobiologist currently at New York University, and Louis Tsien, a software engineer. Tsien, who called his own work molecular engineering, once said, "I'm doomed by heredity to do this kind of work."

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: Tsien died on August 24, 2016. Although the specific cause of death was not disclosed, it was reported that he died while on a bike trail in Eugene, Oregon. Prior to his death, Tsien had survived cancer and suffered a stroke in 2013.

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Roger Y. Tsien

Context: "He was ahead of us all," said Tsien's wife, Wendy. "He was ever the adventurer, the pathfinder, the free and soaring spirit. Courage, determination, creativity and resourcefulness were hallmarks of his character. He accomplished much. He will not be forgotten."

Question: Когда Роджер Тсиен стал профессором?


Royal Navy

Context: The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: As the seaborne branch of HM Armed Forces, the RN has various roles. As it stands today, the RN has stated its 6 major roles as detailed below in umbrella terms.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Royal Navy was formally founded in 1546 by Henry VIII though the Kingdom of England and its predecessor states had possessed less-organised naval forces for centuries prior to this.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: In the late 18th century, during a four year voyage Captain George Vancouver made detailed maps of the Western Coastline of North America. In the 19th century Charles Darwin made further contributions to science during the Second voyage of HMS Beagle. The Ross expedition to the Antarctic made several important discoveries in biology and zoology. Several of the Royal Navy's voyages ended in disaster such as those of Franklin and Scott.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: In August 2019, the Ministry of Defence published figures showing that the Royal Navy and Royal Marines had 29,090 full-time trained personnel compared with a target of 30,600.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: In December 2019 the First Sea Lord, Admiral Tony Radakin outlined a proposal to reduce the number of Rear-Admirals at Navy Command by five. The fighting arms (excluding Commandant General Royal Marines) would be reduced to Commodore (1-star) rank and the surface flotillas would be combined. Training would be concentrated under the Fleet Commander.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: Amphibious warfare ships in current service include two landing platform docks ( and ). While their primary role is to conduct amphibious warfare, they have also been deployed for humanitarian aid missions.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The escort fleet comprises guided missile destroyers and frigates and is the traditional workhorse of the Navy. there are six Type 45 destroyers and 12 Type 23 frigates in active service. Among their primary roles is to provide escort for the larger capital ships—protecting them from air, surface and subsurface threats. Other duties include undertaking the Royal Navy's standing deployments across the globe, which often consists of: counter-narcotics, anti-piracy missions and providing humanitarian aid.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Type 45 is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and the Royal Navy describe the destroyer's mission as "to shield the Fleet from air attack". They are equipped with the PAAMS (also known as Sea Viper) integrated anti-aircraft warfare system which incorporates the sophisticated SAMPSON and S1850M long range radars and the Aster 15 and 30 missiles.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: There are two classes of MCMVs in the Royal Navy: five s and six s. The Hunt-class vessels combine the separate roles of the traditional minesweeper and the active minehunter in one hull. If required, the "Sandown" and Hunt-class vessels can take on the role of offshore patrol vessels.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: Five Batch 2 River-class offshore patrol vessels entered service between 2018 and 2021, with eight in total in the fleet. These have Merlin-capable flight decks.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: In December 2019, the modified Batch 1 River-class vessel, , was decommissioned, with the Batch 2 taking over duties as the Falkland Islands patrol ship.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Navy's large fleet units are supported by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary which possesses three amphibious transport docks within its operational craft. These are known as the landing ships, of which four were introduced in 2006–2007, but one was sold to the Royal Australian Navy in 2011. In November 2006, the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir Jonathon Band described the Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessels as "a major uplift in the Royal Navy's war fighting capability".

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Submarine Service is the submarine based element of the Royal Navy. It is sometimes referred to as the "Silent Service", as the submarines are generally required to operate undetected. Founded in 1901, the service made history in 1982 when, during the Falklands War, became the first nuclear-powered submarine to sink a surface ship, . Today, all of the Royal Navy's submarines are nuclear-powered.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: As of May 2022, five fleet submarines are in commission, one and four . Three more "Astute"-class fleet submarines are scheduled to enter service by the mid-2020s while the remaining "Trafalgar"-class boat will be withdrawn.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The "Trafalgar" class displace approximately 5,300 tonnes when submerged and are armed with Tomahawk land-attack missiles and Spearfish torpedoes. The "Astute" class at 7,400 tonnes are much larger and carry a larger number of Tomahawk missiles and Spearfish torpedoes. was the latest "Astute"-class boat to be commissioned.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for the operation of naval aircraft, it can trace its roots back to 1912 and the formation of the Royal Flying Corps. The Fleet Air Arm currently operates the AW-101 Merlin HC4 (in support of 3 Commando Brigade) as the Commando Helicopter Force; the AW-159 Wildcat HM2; the AW101 Merlin HM2 in the anti-submarine role; and the F-35B Lightning II in the carrier strike role.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: Pilots designated for rotary wing service train under No. 1 Flying Training School (1 FTS) at RAF Shawbury.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Royal Navy currently uses three major naval port bases in the UK, each housing its own flotilla of ships and boats ready for service, along with two naval air stations and a support facility base in Bahrain:

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The current role of the Royal Navy is to protect British interests at home and abroad, executing the foreign and defence policies of Her Majesty's Government through the exercise of military effect, diplomatic activities and other activities in support of these objectives. The Royal Navy is also a key element of the British contribution to NATO, with a number of assets allocated to NATO tasks at any time. These objectives are delivered via a number of core capabilities:

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Royal Navy is currently deployed in different areas of the world, including some standing Royal Navy deployments. These include several home tasks as well as overseas deployments. The Navy is deployed in the Mediterranean as part of standing NATO deployments including mine countermeasures and NATO Maritime Group 2. In both the North and South Atlantic, RN vessels are patrolling. There is always a Falkland Islands patrol vessel on deployment, currently .

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: From 2015, the Royal Navy also re-formed its UK Carrier Strike Group (UKCSG) after it was disbanded in 2011 due to the retirement of HMS "Ark Royal" and Harrier GR9s. The "Queen Elizabeth"-class aircraft carriers form the central part of this formation, supported by various escorts and support ships, with the aim to facilitate carrier-enabled power projection. The UKCSG first assembled at sea in October 2020 as part of a rehearsal for its first operational deployment in 2021.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Fleet Commander has responsibility for the provision of ships, submarines and aircraft ready for any operations that the Government requires. Fleet Commander exercises his authority through the Navy Command Headquarters, based at in Portsmouth. An operational headquarters, the Northwood Headquarters, at Northwood, London, is co-located with the Permanent Joint Headquarters of the United Kingdom's armed forces, and a NATO Regional Command, Allied Maritime Command.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: Intelligence support to fleet operations is provided by intelligence sections at the various headquarters and from MOD Defence Intelligence, renamed from the Defence Intelligence Staff in early 2010.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: Historically, the Royal Navy maintained Royal Navy Dockyards around the world. Dockyards of the Royal Navy are harbours where ships are overhauled and refitted. Only four are operating today; at Devonport, Faslane, Rosyth and at Portsmouth. A Naval Base Review was undertaken in 2006 and early 2007, the outcome being announced by Secretary of State for Defence, Des Browne, confirming that all would remain however some reductions in manpower were anticipated.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The academy where initial training for future Royal Navy officers takes place is Britannia Royal Naval College, located on a hill overlooking Dartmouth, Devon. Basic training for future ratings takes place at at Torpoint, Cornwall, close to HMNB Devonport.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: On 6 December 2014, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office announced it would expand the UK's naval facilities in Bahrain to support larger Royal Navy ships deployed to the Persian Gulf. Once completed, it became the UK's first permanent military base located East of Suez since it withdrew from the region in 1971. The base is reportedly large enough to accommodate Type 45 destroyers and "Queen Elizabeth"-class aircraft carriers.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The navy was referred to as the "Navy Royal" at the time of its founding in 1546, and this title remained in use into the Stuart period. During the interregnum, the commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell replaced many historical names and titles, with the fleet then referred to as the "Commonwealth Navy". The navy was renamed once again after the restoration in 1660 to the present title.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Royal Navy ranks, rates and insignia form part of the uniform of the Royal Navy. The Royal Navy uniform is the pattern on which many of the uniforms of the other national navies of the world are based (e.g. Ranks and insignia of NATO navies officers, Uniforms of the United States Navy, Uniforms of the Royal Canadian Navy, French Naval Uniforms).

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: 1 Rank in abeyance – routine appointments no longer made to this rank, though honorary awards of this rank are occasionally made to senior members of the Royal family and prominent former First Sea Lords.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Fleet Review is an irregular tradition of assembling the fleet before the monarch. The first review on record was held in 1400, and the most recent review was held on 28 June 2005 to mark the bi-centenary of the Battle of Trafalgar; 167 ships from many different nations attended with the Royal Navy supplying 67.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The above organisations are the responsibility of the CUY branch of Commander Core Training and Recruiting (COMCORE) who reports to Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST).

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The Royal Navy of the 18th century is depicted in many novels and several films dramatising the voyage and mutiny on the "Bounty". The Royal Navy's Napoleonic campaigns of the early 19th century are also a popular subject of historical novels. Some of the best-known are Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series and C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower chronicles.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: C. S. Forester's Hornblower novels have been adapted for television. The Royal Navy was the subject of the 1970s BBC television drama series, "Warship", and of a five-part documentary, "Shipmates", that followed the workings of the Royal Navy day to day.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: Television documentaries about the Royal Navy include: "Empire of the Seas: How the Navy Forged the Modern World", a four-part documentary depicting Britain's rise as a naval superpower, up until the First World War; "Sailor", about life on the aircraft carrier ; and "Submarine", about the submarine captains' training course, 'The Perisher'. There have also been Channel 5 documentaries such as "Royal Navy Submarine Mission", following a nuclear-powered fleet submarine.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Royal Navy

Context: The BBC Light Programme radio comedy series "The Navy Lark" featured a fictitious warship ("HMS "Troutbridge"") and ran from 1959 to 1977.

Question: Кто является главнокомандующим ВМФ Великобритании в военное время?


Horned deity

Context: Hathor is commonly depicted as a cow goddess with head horns in which is set a sun disk with Uraeus. Twin feathers are also sometimes shown in later periods as well as a necklace. Hathor may be the cow goddess who is depicted from an early date on the Narmer Palette and on a stone urn dating from the 1st dynasty that suggests a role as sky-goddess and a relationship to Horus who, as a sun god, is "housed" in her.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Hathor had a complex relationship with Ra, in one myth she is his eye and considered his daughter but later, when Ra assumes the role of Horus with respect to Kingship, she is considered Ra's mother. She absorbed this role from another cow goddess 'Mht wrt' ("Great flood") who was the mother of Ra in a creation myth and carried him between her horns. As a mother she gave birth to Ra each morning on the eastern horizon and as wife she conceives through union with him each day.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Bat was a cow goddess in Egyptian mythology depicted as a human face with cow ears and horns. By the time of the Middle Kingdom her identity and attributes were subsumed within the goddess Hathor. The worship of Bat dates to earliest times and may have its origins in Late Paleolithic cattle herding. Bat was the chief goddess of Seshesh, otherwise known as Hu or Diospolis Parva, the 7th nome of Upper Egypt.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The imagery of Bat as a divine cow was remarkably similar to that of Hathor the parallel goddess from Lower Egypt. The significant difference in their depiction is that Bat's horns curve inward and Hathor's curve outward slightly. It is possible that this could be based in the different breeds of cattle herded at different times.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Mnevis was identified as being a living bull. This may be a vestige of the sacrifice of kings after a period of reign, who were seen as the sons of Bat or Hathor (see:horned goddess Hathor), the ancient cow deity of the early solar cults. Thus, seen as a symbol of the later sun god, Ra, the Mnevis was often depicted, in art, with the solar disc of their mother, Hathor between its horns.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Exodus 32:4 "He took this from their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool and made it into a molten calf; and they said, 'This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt'."

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Nehemiah 9:18 "even when they made an idol shaped like a calf and said, 'This is your god who brought you out of Egypt!' They committed terrible blasphemies."

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Calf-idols are referred to later in the Tanakh, such as in the Book of Hosea, which would seem accurate as they were a fixture of near-eastern cultures.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Young bulls were set as frontier markers at Tel Dan and at Bethel the frontiers of the Kingdom of Israel.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The Cyrenaican Greeks built temples for the Libyan god Amon instead of their original god Zeus. They later identified their supreme god Zeus with the Libyan Amon. Some of them continued worshipping Amon himself.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Amon's cult was so widespread among the Greeks that even Alexander the Great decided to be declared as the son of Zeus in the Siwan temple by the Libyan priests of Amon.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Although the most modern sources ignored the existence of Amun in the Berber mythology, he was maybe the greatest ancient Berber god. He was honored by the Ancient Greeks in Cyrenaica, and was united with the Phoenician/Carthaginian god Baal-hamon due to Libyan influence. Some depictions of the ram across North Africa belong to the lithic period which is situated between 9600 BC and 7500 BC.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The name of the ancient Berber tribes: "Garamantes" and "Nasamonians" are believed by some scholars to be related to the name "Amon".

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: In Awelimmiden Tuareg, the name "Amanai" is believed to have the meaning of "God". The Ancient Libyans may have worshipped the setting sun, which was personified by Amon, who was represented by the ram's horns.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: In Carthage and North Africa Baal-hamon was especially associated with the ram and was worshiped also as Baʿal Qarnaim ("Lord of Two Horns") in an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Bu Kornein ("the two-horned hill") across the bay from Carthage.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: He seems to have become convinced of the reality of his own divinity and to have required its acceptance by others ... The cities perforce complied, but often ironically: the Spartan decree read, " 'Since Alexander wishes to be a god, let him be a god.' "

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Pan was a Greek god of shepherds and flocks, of mountain wilds and rustic music. The moon goddess, Selene, was also commonly described as "horned", that is the crescent moon upon her head or shoulders.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Depictions in Celtic cultures of figures with antlers are often identified as Cernunnos ("horned one" in Latin). The prime evidence for this comes from a pillar in Paris which also features the Roman god Jupiter.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Cocidius was the name of a Romano-British war-god and local deity from the region around Hadrian's Wall, who is sometimes represented as being horned. He is associated with warfare and woodland and was worshipped mostly by military personnel and the lower classes.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Eliphas Levi, the 18th century French occultist, believed that the pseudohistorical god "Baphomet" (that the Roman Catholic Church had claimed was worshipped by the heretical Knights Templar), was actually the horned Libyan oracle god (Ammon), or, the Goat of Mendes.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: For many years scholars have interpreted the Gundestrup Cauldron's images in terms of the Celtic pantheon. The antlered figure in plate A has been commonly identified as Cernunnos.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: A ram-shaped oracle god whose name is unknown (Baal Hamon – Phoenician / Carthaginian ) was worshiped by Libyan tribes at Siwa. The figure was incorporated by the Egyptians into depictions of their god Amun that's considered an "Interpretatio graeca" of the Greek Zeus-Ammon.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Adherents of Odinani (the traditional folk religion of the Igbo people of south-eastern Nigeria) worship the Ikenga, a horned god of honest achievement, whose two horns symbolise self-will. Small wooden statues of him are made and praised as personal altars.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The Pashupati seal, a seal discovered during the excavation of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan has drawn attention as a possible representation of a "proto-Shiva" figure. This "Pashupati" (Lord of animal-like beings – Sanskrit ') seal shows a seated figure with horns, possibly ithyphallic, surrounded by animals.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Several Indus Valley seals show a fighting scene between a tiger-like beast and a man with horns, hooves and a tail, who has been compared to the Mesopotamian bull-man Enkidu, also a partner of Gilgamesh, and suggests a transmission of Mesopotamian mythology (see Indus-Mesopotamia relations).

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The Horned Serpent appears in the mythologies of many Native Americans. Details vary among tribes, with many of the stories associating the mystical figure with water, rain, lightning and thunder. Horned Serpents were major components of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex of North American prehistory.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: In majesty he (Jacob) is like a firstborn bull; his horns are the horns of a wild ox. With them he will gore the nations, even those at the ends of the earth.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Then I saw a second beast, coming out of the earth. It had two horns like a lamb, but it spoke like a dragon.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The priest shall then put some of the blood on the horns of the (Yahweh's) altar of fragrant incense that is before the LORD in the tent of meeting. The rest of the bull's blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering at the entrance to the tent of meeting.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The depiction of a horned Moses stems from the description of Moses' face as "cornuta" ("horned") in the Latin Vulgate translation of the passage from Exodus in which Moses returns to the people after receiving the Ten Commandments for the second time. The Douay–Rheims Bible translates the Vulgate as, "And when Moses came down from the mount Sinai, he held the two tables of the testimony, and he knew not that his face was horned from the conversation of the Lord."

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The idea that demons have horns seems to have been taken from the Book of Revelation chapter 13. The book of Revelation seems to have inspired many depictions of demons. This idea has also been associated with the depiction of certain ancient gods like Moloch and the shedu, etc., which were portrayed as bulls, as men with the head of a bull, or wearing bull horns as a crown.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Occultist Eliphas Levi in his "Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie" (1855), combined the images of the Tarot of Marseilles' Devil card and refigured the ram Banebdjed as a he-goat, calling it the "Baphomet of Mendes," (or, "Goat of Mendes"). The inaccurate description can be traced back to "Herodotus' Histories Book II", where Herodotus describes the deity of Mendes as having a goat's head and fleece, when Banebdjedet was really represented by a ram, not a goat.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: The Baphomet of Lévi was to become an important figure within the cosmology of Thelema, the mystical system established by Aleister Crowley in the early twentieth century. Baphomet features in the Creed of the Gnostic Catholic Church recited by the congregation in "The Gnostic Mass", in the sentence: "And I believe in the Serpent and the Lion, Mystery of Mystery, in His name BAPHOMET" (see: Aleister Crowley: Occult).

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Beelzebub was also imagined to be sowing his influence in Salem, Massachusetts: his name came up repeatedly during the Salem witch trials, the last large-scale public expression of witch hysteria in North America or Europe, and afterwards Rev. Cotton Mather wrote a pamphlet entitled "Of Beelzebub and his Plot."

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: In 1933, the Egyptologist Margaret Murray published the book, "The God of the Witches", in which she theorised that Pan was merely one form of a horned god who was worshipped across many European cultures. This theory influenced the Neopagan notion of the Horned God, as an archetype of male virility and sexuality. In Wicca, the archetype of the Horned God is highly important, and is thought by believers to be represented by such deities as the Celtic Cernunnos, Indian Pashupati and Greek Pan.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Horned deity

Context: Many modern neo-Pagans focus their worship on a horned god, or often "the" Horned God and one or more goddesses. Deities such as Pan and Dionysus have had attributes of their worship imported into the Neopagan concept as have the Celtic Cernunnos and Gwynn ap Nudd, one of the mythological leaders of the Wild Hunt.

Question: С каким древнеегипетским богом отождествляли Александра Македонского?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Several attempts have been made over the years since the sinking to dive to the wreck seeking information about how the ship sank, and military ammunition has been discovered in the wreck. The argument continues to the present day.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: When "Lusitania" was built, her construction and operating expenses were subsidized by the British government, with the provision that she could be converted to an Armed Merchant Cruiser if need be. At the outbreak of the First World War, the British Admiralty considered her for requisition as an armed merchant cruiser, and she was put on the official list of AMCs.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: With apparent dangers evaporating, the ship's disguised paint scheme was also dropped and she was returned to civilian colors. Her name was picked out in gilt, her funnels were repainted in their usual Cunard livery, and her superstructure was painted white again. One alteration was the addition of a bronze/gold colored band around the base of the superstructure just above the black paint.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The British established a naval blockade of Germany on the outbreak of war in August 1914, issuing a comprehensive list of contraband that included even foodstuffs, and in early November 1914 Britain declared the North Sea to be a war zone, with any ships entering the North Sea doing so at their own risk.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Captain Dow, apparently suffering from stress from operating his ship in the war zone, and after a significant "false flag" controversy left the ship; Cunard later explained that he was "tired and really ill." He was replaced with a new commander, Captain William Thomas Turner, who had commanded "Lusitania", "Mauretania", and "Aquitania" in the years before the war.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: On 17 April 1915, "Lusitania" left Liverpool on her 201st transatlantic voyage, arriving in New York on 24 April. A group of German–Americans, hoping to avoid controversy if "Lusitania" were attacked by a U-boat, discussed their concerns with a representative of the German Embassy. The embassy decided to warn passengers before her next crossing not to sail aboard "Lusitania", and on 22 April placed a warning advertisement in 50 American newspapers, including those in New York:

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: This warning was printed adjacent to an advertisement for "Lusitania"s return voyage. The warning led to some agitation in the press and worried the ship's passengers and crew.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Captain Turner of "Lusitania" was given a warning message twice on the evening of 6 May, and took what he felt were prudent precautions. That evening a Seamen's Charities fund concert took place throughout the ship and the captain was obliged to attend the event in the first-class lounge.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: "U-20"s torpedo officer, Raimund Weisbach, viewed the destruction through the vessel's periscope and felt the explosion was unusually severe. Within six minutes, "Lusitania"s forecastle began to submerge. Though Schwieger states the torpedo hit beneath the bridge, survivor testimony, including that of Captain Turner, gave a number of different locations: some stated it was between the first and second funnels, others between the third and fourth, and one claimed it struck below the capstan.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: About one minute after the electrical power failed, Captain Turner gave the order to abandon ship. Water had flooded the ship's starboard longitudinal compartments, causing a 15-degree list to starboard.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: There was panic and disorder on the decks. Schwieger had been observing this through "U-20" periscope, and by 14:25, he dropped the periscope and headed out to sea. Later in the war, Schwieger was killed in action when, as he commanded the vessel struck a British mine and sank on 5 September 1917, north of Terschelling. There were no survivors from "U-88" sinking.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: According to Bailey and Ryan, "Lusitania" was travelling without any flag and her name painted over with darkish dye.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: One story—an urban legend—states that when Lieutenant Schwieger of "U-20" gave the order to fire, his quartermaster, Charles Voegele, would not take part in an attack on women and children, and refused to pass on the order to the torpedo room – a decision for which he was court-martialed and imprisoned at Kiel until the end of the war. This rumour persisted from 1972, when the French daily paper "Le Monde" published a letter to the editor.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Captain Turner, the Cunard Company, and the Royal Navy were absolved of any negligence, and all blame was placed on the German government. Lord Mersey found that Turner "exercised his judgment for the best" and that the blame for the disaster "must rest solely with those who plotted and with those who committed the crime".

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Two days after he closed the inquiry, Lord Mersey waived his fees for the case and formally resigned. His last words on the subject were: "The "Lusitania" case was a damned, dirty business!" The full report has never been made available to the public. A copy was thought to exist amongst Lord Mersey's private papers after his death, but has since proved untraceable.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The decision was rendered on 23 August 1918. Mayer's judgement was that "the cause of the sinking was the illegal act of the Imperial German Government", that two torpedoes had been involved, that the captain had acted properly and emergency procedures had been up to the standard then expected. He ruled that further claims for compensation should be addressed to the German government (which eventually paid $2.5 million in 1925).

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The following day the German government issued an official communication regarding the sinking in which it said that the Cunard liner "Lusitania" "was yesterday torpedoed by a German submarine and sank", that "Lusitania" "was naturally armed with guns, as were recently most of the English mercantile steamers" and that "as is well known here, she had large quantities of war material in her cargo".

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The sinking was severely criticised by and met with disapproval in Turkey and Austria-Hungary, while in the German press, the sinking was deplored by "Vorwärts", the daily newspaper of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, and also by Captain Persius, an outspoken naval critic who wrote for the "Berliner Tageblatt".

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: One Catholic Centre Party newspaper, the "", stated: "The sinking of the giant English steamship is a success of moral significance which is still greater than material success. With joyful pride we contemplate this latest deed of our Navy. It will not be the last. The English wish to abandon the German people to death by starvation. We are more humane. We simply sank an English ship with passengers who, at their own risk and responsibility, entered the zone of operations."

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Of the 139 US citizens aboard "Lusitania", 128 lost their lives, and there was massive outrage in Britain and America, "The Nation" calling it "a deed for which a Hun would blush, a Turk be ashamed, and a Barbary pirate apologize" and the British felt that the Americans had to declare war on Germany. However, US President Woodrow Wilson refused to over-react. He said at Philadelphia on 10 May 1915:

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: When Germany began its submarine campaign against Britain, Wilson had warned that the US would hold the German government strictly accountable for any violations of American rights. On 1 May he stated that "no warning that an unlawful and inhumane act will be committed" could be accepted as a legitimate excuse for that act.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Backed by State Department second-in-command Robert Lansing, Wilson made his position clear in three notes to the German government issued on 13 May, 9 June, and 21 July.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The first note affirmed the right of Americans to travel as passengers on merchant ships and called for the Germans to abandon submarine warfare against commercial vessels, whatever flag they sailed under (including 3 other ships: the "Falaba", the "Cushing", and the "Gulflight").

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The third note, of 21 July, issued an ultimatum, to the effect that the US would regard any subsequent sinkings as "deliberately unfriendly".

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The British public, press, and government in general were upset at Wilson's actions – not realising it reflected general US opinion at the time. They sneered "too proud or too scared?". Shells that did not explode at the front were called "Wilsons".

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Germany, however, continued to sink merchant vessels bound for Britain, particularly after the Battle of Jutland in late May 1916.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg persuaded the Kaiser to forbid action against ships flying neutral flags and the U-boat war was postponed once again on 27 August, as it was realised that British ships could easily fly neutral flags.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: In January 1917 the German Government announced it would now conduct full unrestricted submarine warfare. Once again, Woodrow Wilson was furious and on 6 April 1917 the United States Congress followed Wilson's request to declare war on Germany. US buildup of participation was at first slow, but during the German spring offensive in March 1918, which at first went well for the Germans with the Allies barely holding the lines, was reversed with the arrival by April 1918 of two million American troops.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: One side of the popular medal showed "Lusitania" sinking laden with guns (incorrectly depicted sinking stern first) with the motto "KEINE BANNWARE!" ("NO CONTRABAND!"), while the reverse showed a skeleton selling Cunard tickets with the motto "Geschäft Über Alles" ("Business Above All").

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Goetz had put an incorrect date for the sinking on the medal, an error he later blamed on a mistake in a newspaper story about the sinking: instead of 7 May, he had put "5. Mai", two days before the actual sinking. Not realising his error, Goetz made copies of the medal and sold them in Munich and also to some numismatic dealers with whom he conducted business.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The British Foreign Office obtained a copy of the medal, photographed it, and sent copies to the United States where it was published in the "New York Times" on 5 May 1916. Many popular magazines ran photographs of the medal, and it was falsely claimed that it had been awarded to the crew of the U-boat.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Emile Henry Lacombe wrote a letter to the "New York Times" advancing a conspiracy theory about the German sinking of the Lusitania in 1915. His letter was published Monday 22 October 1917 on page 14 titled "A NEW THEORY OF THE LUSITANIA SINKING. The Evidence of the German Medal Dated May 5 and the Report of the Explosive "Cigars" on Board."

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The cause of the second explosion aboard the "Lusitania" has been the subject of debate since the disaster. At the time, most attributed it to a second torpedo attack from the U-boat. However, evidence from the U-boat itself corroborates that only one torpedo was fired towards the "Lusitania", Schwieger even commenting in his war diary that firing a second torpedo was impossible due to the crowd of frenzied passengers who dived into the ocean in panic.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: The original torpedo damage alone, striking the ship on the starboard coal bunker of boiler room no. 1, would probably have sunk the ship without a second explosion. This first blast was enough to cause, on its own, serious off-centre flooding, although the sinking would possibly have been slower. The deficiencies of the ship's original watertight bulkhead design exacerbated the situation, as did the many portholes which had been left open for ventilation.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

Context: Some of the prominent features on "Lusitania" include her still-legible name, some bollards with the ropes still intact, pieces of the ruined promenade deck, some portholes, the prow and the remaining propeller. Recent expeditions to the wreck have revealed that "Lusitania" is in surprisingly poor condition compared to "Titanic", as her hull has already started to collapse.

Question: Сколько человек выжило при Потоплении «Лузитании»?


Stanley Milgram

Context: Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiments on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: Milgram was influenced by the events of the Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment. After earning a PhD in social psychology from Harvard University, he taught at Yale, Harvard, and then for most of his career as a professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, until his death in 1984.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: His small-world experiment, while at Harvard, led researchers to analyze the degree of connectedness, including the six degrees of separation concept. Later in his career, Milgram developed a technique for creating interactive hybrid social agents (called cyranoids), which has since been used to explore aspects of social- and self-perception.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of social psychology. A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in 2002, ranked Milgram as the 46th-most-cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: Milgram married his wife, Alexandra, in a ceremony at the Brotherhood Synagogue in Greenwich Village in Manhattan on December 10, 1961, and they had two children, Michele and Marc. At the time of his death, Milgram lived in New Rochelle, New York.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 1961, Milgram received a PhD in social psychology from Harvard. He became an assistant professor at Yale in the fall of 1960. He served as an assistant professor in the Department of Social Relations at Harvard from 1963 to 1966 on a three-year contract. The contract was then extended for one additional year, but with the lower rank of a lecturer. Most likely because of his controversial obedience experiment, Milgram was denied tenure at Harvard.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 1967 he accepted an offer to become a tenured full professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, and he taught at City University until he died in 1984. Milgram had a number of significant influences, including psychologists Solomon Asch and Gordon Allport.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: Inspired by the horrific events of Nazi Germany, Milgram's obedience experiments have been used to explain a range of social influences on the individual—including how police interrogators can get innocent people to confess to crimes they did not commit. At the same time, these experiments have come under attack. Some critics questioned whether subjects sensed the unreality of the situation. Others questioned the relevance of the laboratory setting to the real world.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: The most devastating criticisms involved the ethics of the basic experimental design. Professor Milgram, for his part, felt that such misgivings were traceable to the unsavory nature of his results: "Underlying the criticism of the experiment," Milgram wrote, "is an alternative model of human nature, one holding that when confronted with a choice between hurting others and complying with authority, normal people reject authority."

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: Daniel Raver looks back:Even though Milgram's personal interests were diverse, his greatest contribution to psychology came through one set of experiments, but in that set he contributed monumentally. He helped justify a science some dismiss as unimportant, contributed to the understanding of humanity, and, even if by way of attacks against him, contributed to the consideration of the treatment of research participants.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: Milgram's "six degrees" theory has been severely criticized. He did not follow up on many of the sent packages, and as a result, scientists are unconvinced that there are merely "six degrees" of separation. Elizabeth DeVita–Raebu has discussed potential problems with Milgram's experiment.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 2008, a study by Microsoft showed that the average chain of contacts between users of its '.NET Messenger Service' (later called Microsoft Messenger service) was 6.6 people.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 1970–71, Milgram conducted experiments which attempted to find a correlation between media consumption (in this case, watching television) and anti-social behavior. The experiment presented the opportunity to steal money, donate to charity, or neither, and tested whether the rate of each choice was influenced by watching similar actions in the ending of a specially crafted episode of the popular series "Medical Center".

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 1977 Milgram began piloting an experimental procedure that aimed to operationalize the mind-body fusion fantasy explored in the Edmond Rostand play "Cyrano de Bergerac". In the story, Cyrano supplies Christian with amorous prose so that they may jointly woo Roxane (each being incapable, given their respective physical and linguistic limitations, of doing so on their own).

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: Milgram hoped that the cyranoid method could evolve into a useful means of interactively exploring phenomena related to social behavior and self-perception (e.g., racial, gender, and age-based stereotyping and behavioral confirmation). Though he continued to develop the methodology through 1984 (the year of his death), he never prepared a formal publication detailing his cyranoid experiments.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 2014, social psychologists at the London School of Economics published the first replications of Milgram's original pilots. Robb Mitchell has explored cyranoids as an experiential learning tool within the classroom (having children shadow for teachers during teaching exercises). Cyranoids have also been used in installation art to explore social experiences whereby people encounter those familiar to them through the bodies of strangers.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 1975, CBS presented a made-for-television movie about obedience experiments, "The Tenth Level", with William Shatner as Stephen Hunter, a Milgram-like scientist. Milgram was a consultant for the film, though the accuracy of the film has been contested by Milgram himself.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 1986, musician Peter Gabriel wrote a song called "We Do What We're Told (Milgram's 37)", referring (mistakenly) to the percentage of test subjects who refused to continue administering shocks. The actual percentage was 35.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: Milgram 18 was reproduced to test the participants in a 2008 television special "The Heist". Created by Derren Brown and Andy Nyman for British station Channel 4, the Milgram experiment helped determine which would be given the opportunity to rob a (fake) armoured bank van.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In March 2010, French television channel France 2 broadcast "Jusqu'où va la télé", describing the results of a fake game show that they had run 80 times (each time independently, and with a new contestant and audience). The contestants received instructions to administer what they thought would be near fatal electric shocks to another "contestant" (really an actor) when they erred on memorized word-associations. The vast majority followed instructions even as the "victim" screamed.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Stanley Milgram

Context: In 2015, an experimental biopic about Milgram called "Experimenter" was released, directed by Michael Almereyda. Peter Sarsgaard stars as Stanley Milgram.

Question: Как звали жену Стэ́нли Ми́лгрэма?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: The United States created the Tenth Army, a cross-branch force consisting of the U.S. Army 7th, 27th, 77th and 96th Infantry Divisions with the USMC 1st, 2nd, and 6th Marine Divisions, to fight on the island. The Tenth was unique in that it had its own Tactical Air Force (joint Army-Marine command), and was also supported by combined naval and amphibious forces. Opposing the Allied forces on the ground was the Japanese Thirty-Second Army.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: In the naval operations surrounding the battle, both sides lost considerable numbers of ships and aircraft, including the Japanese battleship . After the battle, Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan for US forces, in preparation for a planned invasion of the Japanese home islands.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: The British naval contingent accompanied 251 British naval aircraft, and included a British Commonwealth fleet with Australian, New Zealand and Canadian ships and personnel.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: The 32nd Army initially consisted of the 9th, 24th and 62nd Divisions and the 44th Independent Mixed Brigade. The 9th Division was moved to Taiwan before the invasion, resulting in shuffling of Japanese defensive plans. Primary resistance was to be led in the south by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima, his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Isamu Chō and his chief of operations, Colonel Hiromichi Yahara. Yahara advocated a defensive strategy, whilst Chō advocated an offensive one.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: In the north, Colonel Takehido Udo was in command. The IJN troops were led by Rear Admiral Minoru Ōta. They expected the Americans to land 6–10 divisions against the Japanese garrison of two and a half divisions. The staff calculated that superior quality and numbers of weapons gave each US division five or six times the firepower of a Japanese division. To this, would be added the Americans' abundant naval and air firepower.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Among the 21 male and female secondary schools that made up these student corps, 2,000 students would die on the battlefield. Even with the female students acting mainly as nurses to Japanese soldiers they would still be exposed to the harsh conditions of war.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: The United States Navy's Task Force 58, deployed to the east of Okinawa with a picket group of 6 to 8 destroyers, kept 13 carriers (7 CVs and 6 CVLs) on duty from 23 March to 27 April and a smaller number thereafter. Until 27 April, a minimum of 14 and up to 18 escort carriers (CVEs) were in the area at all times. Until 20 April, British Task Force 57, with 4 large and 6 escort carriers, remained off the Sakishima Islands to protect the southern flank.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: The protracted length of the campaign under stressful conditions forced Admiral Chester W. Nimitz to take the unprecedented step of relieving the principal naval commanders to rest and recuperate. Following the practice of changing the fleet designation with the change of commanders, US naval forces began the campaign as the US 5th Fleet under Admiral Raymond Spruance, but ended it as the 3rd Fleet under Admiral William Halsey.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Japanese air opposition had been relatively light during the first few days after the landings. However, on 6 April, the expected air reaction began with an attack by 400 planes from Kyushu. Periodic heavy air attacks continued through April. During the period 26 March – 30 April, twenty American ships were sunk and 157 damaged by enemy action. For their part, by 30 April, the Japanese had lost more than 1,100 planes to Allied naval forces alone.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Between 6 April and 22 June, the Japanese flew 1,465 "kamikaze" aircraft in large-scale attacks from Kyushu, 185 individual "kamikaze" sorties from Kyushu, and 250 individual "kamikaze" sorties from Formosa. While US intelligence estimated there were 89 planes on Formosa, the Japanese actually had about 700, dismantled or well camouflaged and dispersed into scattered villages and towns; the US Fifth Air Force disputed Navy claims of "kamikaze" coming from Formosa.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Operation Ten-Go ("Ten-gō sakusen") was the attempted attack by a strike force of 10 Japanese surface vessels, led by "Yamato" and commanded by Admiral Seiichi Itō. This small task force had been ordered to fight through enemy naval forces, then beach "Yamato" and fight from shore, using her guns as coastal artillery and her crew as naval infantry. The "Ten-Go" force was spotted by submarines shortly after it left the Japanese home waters, and was intercepted by US carrier aircraft.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: The British Pacific Fleet, taking part as Task Force 57, was assigned the task of neutralizing the Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands, which it did successfully from 26 March to 10 April.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: On 10 April, its attention was shifted to airfields in northern Formosa. The force withdrew to San Pedro Bay on 23 April.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: On 1 May, the British Pacific Fleet returned to action, subduing the airfields as before, this time with naval bombardment as well as aircraft. Several "kamikaze" attacks caused significant damage, but as the Royal Navy carriers had armoured flight decks, they experienced only a brief interruption to their force's operations.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: On 31 March, Marines of the Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion landed without opposition on Keise Shima, four islets just west of the Okinawan capital of Naha. A group of "Long Tom" artillery pieces went ashore on the islets to cover operations on Okinawa.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: The main landing was made by the XXIV Corps and the III Amphibious Corps on the Hagushi beaches on the western coast of Okinawa on L-Day, 1 April. The 2nd Marine Division conducted a demonstration off the Minatoga beaches on the southeastern coast to deceive the Japanese about American intentions and delay movement of reserves from there.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Tenth Army swept across the south-central part of the island with relative ease, capturing the Kadena and the Yomitan airbases within hours of the landing. In light of the weak opposition, General Buckner decided to proceed immediately with Phase II of his plan, the seizure of northern Okinawa. The 6th Marine Division headed up the Ishikawa Isthmus and by 7 April, had sealed off the Motobu Peninsula.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Meanwhile, the 77th Infantry Division assaulted Ie Island (Ie Shima), a small island off the western end of the peninsula, on 16 April. In addition to conventional hazards, the 77th Infantry Division encountered "kamikaze" attacks and even local women armed with spears. There was heavy fighting before the area was declared secured on 21 April, and became another airbase for operations against Japan.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: At the end of April, after Army forces had pushed through the Machinato defensive line, the 1st Marine Division relieved the 27th Infantry Division and the 77th Infantry Division relieved the 96th. When the 6th Marine Division arrived, the III Amphibious Corps took over the right flank and Tenth Army assumed control of the battle.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: On 4 May, the 32nd Army launched another counteroffensive. This time, Ushijima attempted to make amphibious assaults on the coasts behind American lines. To support his offensive, the Japanese artillery moved into the open. By doing so, they were able to fire 13,000 rounds in support, but effective American counter-battery fire destroyed dozens of Japanese artillery pieces. The attack failed.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: From 24 to 27 May the 6th Marine Division cautiously occupied the ruins of Naha, the largest city on the island, finding it largely deserted.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: On 26 May aerial observers saw large troop movements just below Shuri. On 28 May Marine patrols found recently abandoned positions west of Shuri. By 30 May the consensus among Army and Marine intelligence was that the majority of Japanese forces had withdrawn from the Shuri Line. On 29 May the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines occupied high ground east of Shuri Castle and reported that the Castle appeared undefended. At 10:15 Company A, 1/5 Marines occupied the Castle

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: Shuri Castle had been shelled by the battleship for three days before this advance. Due to this, the 32nd Army withdrew to the south and thus the Marines had an easy task of securing Shuri Castle. The castle, however, was outside the 1st Marine Division's assigned zone and only frantic efforts by the commander and staff of the 77th Infantry Division prevented an American airstrike and artillery bombardment which would have resulted in many casualties due to friendly fire.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: On 4 June, elements of the 6th Marine Division launched an amphibious assault on the peninsula. The 4,000 Japanese sailors, including Admiral Ōta, all committed suicide within the hand-built tunnels of the underground naval headquarters on 13 June.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: By 17 June, the remnants of Ushijima's shattered 32nd Army were pushed into a small pocket in the far south of the island to the southeast of Itoman.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?


Battle of Okinawa

Context: On 15 August 1945, Admiral Matome Ugaki was killed while part of a kamikaze raid on Iheyajima island. The official surrender ceremony was held on 7 September, near the Kadena airfield.

Question: Какое сражение стало последним во Второй мировой войне?