French Third Republic

Context: De MacMahon, his popularity bolstered by his victory over the Commune, was later elected President of the Republic in May 1873 and would hold the office until January 1879. A staunch Catholic conservative with Legitimist sympathies and a noted mistrust of secularists, de MacMahon grew to be increasingly at odds with the French parliament as liberal and secular republicans gained a legislative majority during his presidency.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The elections of 1876 demonstrated strong public support for the increasingly anti-monarchist republican movement. A decisive Republican majority was elected to the Chamber of Deputies while the monarchist majority in the Senate was maintained by only one seat. President de MacMahon responded in May 1877, attempting to quell the Republicans' rising popularity and limit their political influence through a series of actions known as "le seize Mai".

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The October elections again brought a Republican majority to the Chamber of Deputies, reiterating public opinion. The Republicans would go on to gain a majority in the Senate by January 1879, establishing dominance in both houses and effectively ending the potential for a monarchist restoration. De MacMahon himself resigned on 30 January 1879 to be succeeded by the moderate Republican Jules Grévy.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: To discourage the monarchists, the French Crown Jewels were broken up and sold in 1885. Only a few crowns were kept, their precious gems replaced by coloured glass.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Revisionist scholars have argued that the Boulangist movement more often represented elements of the radical left rather than the extreme right. Their work is part of an emerging consensus that France's radical right was formed in part during the Dreyfus era by men who had been Boulangist partisans of the radical left a decade earlier.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The Panama scandals of 1892, regarded as the largest financial fraud of the 19th century, involved a failed attempt to build the Panama Canal. Plagued by disease, death, inefficiency, and widespread corruption, and its troubles covered up by bribed French officials, the Panama Canal Company went bankrupt. Its stock became worthless, with ordinary investors losing close to a billion francs.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The affair began in November 1894 with the conviction for treason of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Alsatian Jewish descent. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris and sent to the penal colony at Devil's Island in French Guiana (nicknamed "la guillotine sèche", the dry guillotine), where he spent almost five years.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: From 1894 to 1906, the scandal divided France deeply and lastingly into two opposing camps: the pro-Army "anti-Dreyfusards" composed of conservatives, Catholic traditionalists and monarchists who generally lost the initiative to the anti-clerical, pro-republican "Dreyfusards", with strong support from intellectuals and teachers. It embittered French politics and facilitated the increasing influence of radical politicians on both sides of the political spectrum.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: War News. A half-zeppelin threw half its bombs on half-time combatants, resulting in one-quarter damaged. The zeppelin, halfways-attacked by a portion of half-anti aircraft guns, was half destroyed."

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Aristide Boucicaut founded Le Bon Marché in Paris in 1838, and by 1852 it offered a wide variety of goods in "departments inside one building." Goods were sold at fixed prices, with guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds. By the end of the 19th century, Georges Dufayel, a French credit merchant, had served up to three million customers and was affiliated with La Samaritaine, a large French department store established in 1870 by a former Bon Marché executive.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The French gloried in the national prestige brought by the great Parisian stores. The great writer Émile Zola (1840–1902) set his novel "Au Bonheur des Dames" (1882–83) in the typical department store. Zola represented it as a symbol of the new technology that was both improving society and devouring it. The novel describes merchandising, management techniques, marketing, and consumerism.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Increasingly after 1870, the stores' work force became feminized, opening up prestigious job opportunities for young women. Despite the low pay and long hours, they enjoyed the exciting complex interactions with the newest and most fashionable merchandise and upscale customers.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Followers of Léon Gambetta, such as Raymond Poincaré, who would become President of the Council in the 1920s, created the Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD), which became the main center-right party after World War I.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Republicans feared that religious orders in control of schools—especially the Jesuits and Assumptionists—indoctrinated anti-republicanism into children. Determined to root this out, republicans insisted they needed control of the schools for France to achieve economic and militaristic progress. (Republicans felt one of the primary reasons for the German victory in 1870 was their superior education system.)

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The early anti-Catholic laws were largely the work of republican Jules Ferry in 1882. Religious instruction in all schools was forbidden, and religious orders were forbidden to teach in them. Funds were appropriated from religious schools to build more state schools. Later in the century, other laws passed by Ferry's successors further weakened the Church's position in French society. Civil marriage became compulsory, divorce was introduced, and chaplains were removed from the army.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: When Leo XIII became pope in 1878, he tried to calm Church-State relations. In 1884, he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner toward the State ('Nobilissima Gallorum Gens').

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: In 1892, he issued an encyclical advising French Catholics to rally to the Republic and defend the Church by participating in republican politics ('Au milieu des sollicitudes'). The Liberal Action was founded in 1901 by Jacques Piou and Albert de Mun, former monarchists who switched to republicanism at the request of Pope Leo XIII. From the Church's perspective, its mission was to express the political ideals and new social doctrines embodied in Leo's 1891 encyclical "Rerum Novarum".

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Combes was vigorously opposed by all the Conservative parties, who saw the mass closure of church schools as a persecution of religion. Combs led the anti-clerical coalition on the left, facing opposition primarily organized by the pro-Catholic ALP. The ALP had a stronger popular base, with better financing and a stronger network of newspapers, but had far fewer seats in parliament.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The Combes government worked with Masonic lodges to create a secret surveillance of all army officers to make sure that devout Catholics would not be promoted. Exposed as the Affaire Des Fiches, the scandal undermined support for the Combes government, and he resigned. It also undermined morale in the army, as officers realized that hostile spies examining their private lives were more important to their careers than their own professional accomplishments.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The Suez Canal, initially built by the French, became a joint British-French project in 1875, as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. The government allowed Britain to take effective control of Egypt.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: France had colonies in Asia and looked for alliances and found in Japan a possible ally. At Japan's request, Paris sent military missions in 1872–1880, in 1884–1889 and in 1918–1919 to help modernize the Japanese army. Conflicts with China over Indochina climaxed during the Sino-French War (1884–1885). Admiral Courbet destroyed the Chinese fleet anchored at Foochow. The treaty ending the war put France in a protectorate over northern and central Vietnam, which it divided into Tonkin and Annam.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Under the leadership of expansionist Jules Ferry, the Third Republic greatly expanded the French colonial empire. France acquired Indochina, Madagascar, vast territories in West Africa and Central Africa, and much of Polynesia.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: In an effort to isolate Germany, France went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain, first by means of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894, then the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Great Britain, and finally the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 which became the Triple Entente. This alliance with Britain and Russia against Germany and Austria eventually led Russia, Britain, and France to enter World War I as Allies.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Preoccupied with internal problems, France paid little attention to foreign policy in the period between late 1912 and mid-1914, although it did extend military service to three years from two over strong Socialist objections in 1913. The rapidly escalating Balkan crisis of July 1914 surprised France, and not much attention was given to conditions that led to the outbreak of World War I.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Opposition to colonial rule led to rebellions in Morocco in 1925, Syria in 1926, and Indochina in 1930, all of which the colonial army quickly suppressed.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: France entered World War I because Russia and Germany were going to war, and France honoured its treaty obligations to Russia. Decisions were all made by senior officials, especially president Raymond Poincaré, Premier and Foreign Minister René Viviani, and the ambassador to Russia Maurice Paléologue. Not involved in the decision-making were military leaders, arms manufacturers, the newspapers, pressure groups, party leaders, or spokesmen for French nationalism.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Britain wanted to remain neutral but entered the war when the German army invaded Belgium on its way to Paris. The French victory at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914 ensured the failure of Germany's strategy to win quickly. It became a long and very bloody war of attrition, but France emerged on the winning side.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: A state of emergency was proclaimed and censorship imposed, leading to the creation in 1915 of the satirical newspaper to bypass the censorship. The economy was hurt by the German invasion of major industrial areas in the northeast. Although the occupied area in 1914 contained only 14% of France's industrial workers, it produced 58% of the steel and 40% of the coal.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: In 1914, the government implemented a war economy with controls and rationing. By 1915, the war economy went into high gear, as millions of French women and colonial men replaced the civilian roles of many of the 3 million soldiers. Considerable assistance came with the influx of American food, money and raw materials in 1917. This war economy would have important reverberations after the war, as it would be a first breach of liberal theories of non-interventionism.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: In the end the damages caused by the war amounted to about 113% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 1913, chiefly the destruction of productive capital and housing. The national debt rose from 66% of GDP in 1913 to 170% in 1919, reflecting the heavy use of bond issues to pay for the war. Inflation was severe, with the franc losing over half its value against the British pound.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Foreign observers in the 1920s noted the excesses of the French upper classes, but emphasized the rapid re-building of the regions of northeastern France that had seen warfare and occupation. They reported the improvement of financial markets, the brilliance of the post-war literature and the revival of public morale.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The world economic crisis known as the Great Depression affected France a bit later than other countries, hitting around 1931. While the GDP in the 1920s grew at the very strong rate of 4.43% per year, the 1930s rate fell to only 0.63%. In comparison to countries such as the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, the depression was relatively mild: unemployment peaked under 5%, and the fall in production was at most 20% below the 1929 output. In addition, there was no banking crisis.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The main goal of foreign policy was the diplomatic response to the demands of the French army in the 1920s and 1930s to form alliances against the German threat, especially with Britain and with smaller countries in central Europe.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: In 1920, the socialist movement split, with the majority forming the French Communist Party. The minority, led by Léon Blum, kept the name Socialist, and by 1932 greatly outnumbered the disorganized Communists. When Stalin told French Communists to collaborate with others on the left in 1934, a popular front was made possible with an emphasis on unity against fascism. In 1936, the Socialists and the Radicals formed a coalition, with Communist support, to complete it.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Most historians judge the Popular Front a failure, although some call it a partial success. There is general agreement that it failed to live up to the expectations of the left.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Summer camps and youth groups were organized to promote conservative values in working-class families, and help them design a career path. The Croix de feu/Parti social français (CF/PSF) was especially active.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The looming threat to France of Nazi Germany was delayed at the Munich Conference of 1938. France and Great Britain abandoned Czechoslovakia and appeased the Germans by giving in to their demands concerning the acquisition of the Sudetenland (the portions of Czechoslovakia with German-speaking majorities). Intensive rearmament programs began in 1936 and were re-doubled in 1938, but they would only bear fruit in 1939 and 1940.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: The Third Republic officially ended on 10 July 1940, when the French parliament gave full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, who proclaimed in the following days the "État Français" (the "French State"), commonly known as the "Vichy Regime" or "Vichy France" following its re-location to the town of Vichy in central France. Charles de Gaulle had made the Appeal of 18 June earlier, exhorting all French not to accept defeat and to rally to Free France and continue the fight with the Allies.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: After 1945, the concept of was widely embraced by different French political fractions as a way of discrediting their rivals. The French Communist Party blamed the defeat on the "corrupt" and "decadent" capitalist Third Republic (conveniently hiding its own sabotaging of the French war effort during the Nazi-Soviet Pact and its opposition to the "imperialist war" against Germany in 1939–40).

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: In 1979, Duroselle published a well-known book entitled that offered a total condemnation of the entire Third Republic as weak, cowardly and degenerate. Even more so then in France, the concept of was accepted in the English-speaking world, where British historians such A. J. P. Taylor often described the Third Republic as a tottering regime on the verge of collapse.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


French Third Republic

Context: Young has been followed by other historians such as Robert Frankenstein, Jean-Pierre Azema, Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac, Martin Alexander, Eugenia C. Kiesling, and Martin Thomas, who argued that French weakness on the international stage was due to structural factors as the impact of the Great Depression had on French rearmament and had nothing to do with French leaders being too "decadent" and cowardly to stand up to Nazi Germany.

Question: 제3공화국 당시 지도자는 누구였는가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: The largest town in the peninsula is Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, a major cross-channel port on the north coast, with a population of approximately 120,000. The population of the peninsula is about 250,000.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: The western coast of the peninsula, known as the "Côte des Îles" ("Islands Coast"), faces the Channel Islands. Ferry links serve Carteret and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney from Dielette. Off the east coast of the peninsula lies the island of Tatihou and the Îles Saint-Marcouf.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: Cotentin was almost an island at one time. Only a small strip of land in the heath of Lessay connected the peninsula with the mainland. Thanks to the so-called "portes à flot" (), which close at flood and open at ebb and which were built in the west coast and in the Baie des Veys, on the east coast, the Cotentin has become a peninsula.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: The Côte des Havres lies between the Cape of Carteret and the Cape of Granville. To the northwest, there are two sand dune systems: one stretching between Siouville-Hague and Vauville, the other one stretching between Cap of Carteret and Baubigny.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: King Alan the Great of Brittany (d. 907) waged war successfully on the Norsemen. As the result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included theoretically in the territory of the Duchy of Brittany, after the Treaty of Compiègne (867) with the king of the Franks. The Dukes of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids, and Brittany lost the Cotentin Peninsula (and Avranchin nearby) after only 70 years of political domination.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: In 1088 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, enfeoffed the Cotentin to his brother Henry, who later became king of England. Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin, which lay to the south, beyond the River Thar.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: During the Hundred Years War, King Edward III of England landed in the bay of La Hougue, and then went to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire. It was there that Edward III knighted his son Edward, the Black Prince. A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: The town of Valognes was, until the French Revolution, a provincial social resort for the aristocracy, nicknamed the "Versailles of Normandy". The social scene was described in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly (himself from the Cotentin). Little now remains of the grand houses and châteaus; they were destroyed by combat there during the Battle of Normandy in World War II.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: During World War II, part of the 1944 Battle of Normandy was fought in the Cotentin. The westernmost part of the D-Day landings was at Utah Beach, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula, and was followed by a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: The genetic history of the modern inhabitants of Cotentin Peninsula is being studied by the University of Leicester to determine the extent of Scandinavian ancestry in Normandy.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: The peninsula's main economic resource is agriculture. Dairy and vegetable farming are prominent activities, as well as aquaculture of oysters and mussels along the coast. Cider and calvados are produced from locally grown apples and pears.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: There are two major naval shipyards in Cherbourg. The state-owned shipyard Naval Group has built French nuclear submarines since the 1960s. Privately owned CMN builds frigates and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region. Many tourists visit the D-Day invasion beaches, including Utah Beach in the Cotentin. At Sainte-Mère-Église a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum commemorating the action of the 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division. The "Cité de la Mer" in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects. The main attraction is "Redoutable", the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: After quitting political life, the political thinker Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) retreated to the family estate of Tocqueville where he wrote much of his work.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: Due to its comparative isolation, the peninsula is one of the remaining strongholds of the Norman language, and the local dialect is known as Cotentinais. The Norman language poet Côtis-Capel (1915-1986) described the environment of the peninsula, while French language poet Jacques Prévert made his home at Omonville-la-Petite. The painter Jean-François Millet (1814-1875) was also born on the peninsula.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Cotentin Peninsula

Context: The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song "Sus la mé" ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song.

Question: 코탕탱반도는 현재의 어디인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: The Coal strike of 1902 (also known as the anthracite coal strike) was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners striked for higher wages, shorter workdays, and the recognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to major American cities. At that time, residences were typically heated with anthracite or "hard" coal, which produces higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: The strike never resumed, as the miners received a 10 percent wage increase and reduced workdays from ten to nine hours; the owners got a higher price for coal and did not recognize the trade union as a bargaining agent. It was the first labor dispute in which the U.S. federal government and President Theodore Roosevelt intervened as a neutral arbitrator.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: It hoped to make similar gains in 1900, but found the operators, who had established an oligopoly through concentration of ownership after drastic fluctuations in the market for anthracite, to be far more determined opponents than it had anticipated. The owners refused to meet or to arbitrate with the union; the union struck on September 17, 1900, with results that surprised even the union, as miners of all different nationalities and ethnicities walked out in support of the union.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: The issues that led to the strike of 1900 were just as pressing in 1902: the union wanted recognition and a degree of control over the industry. The industry, still smarting from its concessions in 1900, opposed any federal role. The 150,000 miners wanted their weekly pay envelope. Tens of millions of city dwellers needed coal to heat their homes.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: John Mitchell, President of the UMWA, proposed mediation through the National Civic Federation, then a body of relatively progressive employers committed to collective bargaining as a means of resolving labor disputes. In the alternative, Mitchell proposed that a committee of eminent clergymen report on conditions in the coalfields. George Baer, President of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, one of the leading employers in the industry, brushed aside both proposals dismissively:

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: Anthracite mining is a business, and not a religious, sentimental, or academic proposition... I could not if I would delegate this business management to even so highly a respectable body as the Civic Federation, nor can I call to my aid . . . the eminent prelates you have named.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: On June 8, President Theodore Roosevelt asked his Commissioner of Labor, Carroll D. Wright, to investigate the strike. Wright investigated and proposed reforms that acknowledged each side's position, recommending a nine-hour day on an experimental basis and limited collective bargaining. Roosevelt chose not to release the report, for fear of appearing to side with the union.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: The owners, for their part, refused to negotiate with the union. As George Baer wrote when urged to make concessions to the strikers and their union, the "rights and interests of the laboring man will be protected and cared for—not by the labor agitators, but by the Christian men to whom God in His infinite wisdom has given the control of the property interests of the country." The union used this letter to sway public opinion in favor of the strike.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: Roosevelt wanted to intervene, but he was told by his Attorney General, Philander Knox, that he had no authority to do so. Hanna and many others in the Republican Party were likewise concerned about the political implications if the strike dragged on into winter, when the need for anthracite was greatest. As Roosevelt told Hanna, "A coal famine in the winter is an ugly thing and I fear we shall see terrible suffering and grave disaster."

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: Roosevelt continued to try to build support for a mediated solution, persuading former president Grover Cleveland to join the commission he was creating. He also considered nationalizing the mines under the leadership of John M. Schofield. This would put the U.S. Army in control of the coalfields to "run the mines as a receiver", Roosevelt wrote.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: J.P. Morgan, the dominant figure in American finance, had played a role in resolving the 1900 strike. He was deeply involved in this strike as well: his interests included the Reading Railroad, one of the largest employers of miners. He had installed George Baer, who spoke for the industry throughout the strike, as the head of the railroad.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: The anthracite strike ended, after 163 days, on October 23, 1902. The commissioners began work the next day, then spent a week touring the coal regions. Wright used the staff of the Department of Labor to collect data about the cost of living in the coalfields.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: The commissioners held hearings in Scranton over the next three months, taking testimony from 558 witnesses, including 240 for the striking miners, 153 for nonunion mineworkers, 154 for the operators, and eleven called by the Commission itself. Baer made the closing arguments for the coal operators, while lawyer Clarence Darrow closed for the workers.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: Although the commissioners heard some evidence of terrible conditions, they concluded that the "moving spectacle of horrors" represented only a small number of cases. By and large, social conditions in mine communities were found to be good, and miners were judged as only partly justified in their claim that annual earnings were not sufficient "to maintain an American standard of living."

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: Baer said in his closing arguments, "These men don't suffer. Why, hell, half of them don't even speak English". Darrow, for his part, summed up the pages of testimony of mistreatment he had obtained in the soaring rhetoric for which he was famous: "We are working for democracy, for humanity, for the future, for the day will come too late for us to see it or know it or receive its benefits, but which will come, and will remember our struggles, our triumphs, our defeats, and the words which we spake."

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: John Mitchell wrote that eight men died during the five months, "three or four" of them strikers or sympathizers.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: During the extensive arbitration testimony, after company owners made claims that the strikers had killed 21 men, Mitchell disagreed strongly and offered to resign his position if they could name the men and show proof.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Coal strike of 1902

Context: The behavior and private role of the Coal and Iron Police during the strike led to the formation of the Pennsylvania State Police, on May 2, 1905 as Senate Bill 278 was signed into law by Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker. The two forces operated in parallel until 1931.

Question: 탄광 노동자들이 파업을 한 이유는 무엇인가?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: without the consent of the former Korean Emperor Gojong, the regent of the Emperor Sunjong. Upon its annexation, Japan declared that Korea would henceforth be officially named Chōsen. This name was recognized internationally until the end of Japanese occupation. The territory was administered by the Governor-General of Chōsen based in Keijō (Seoul).

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Interpretations of Japanese rule over Korea remains controversial in Japan and both North and South Korea.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: During the period of Japanese colonial rule, Korea was officially known as , although the former name continued to be used internationally.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In South Korea, the period is usually described as the "Imperial Japanese occupation" (). According to the "Chosun Ilbo", the term was derived from a North Korean one referring to South Korea as under "American imperial occupation" (). Other terms, although often considered obsolete, include "Japanese Imperial Period" (), "The dark Japanese Imperial Period" (), "period of the Japanese imperial colonial administration" (), and "Wae (Japanese) administration" ().

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In August 1882, the Treaty of Jemulpo (Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882) indemnified the families of the Japanese victims, paid reparations to the Japanese government in the amount of 500,000 yen, and allowed a company of Japanese guards to be stationed at the Japanese legation in Seoul.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: When he heard the news, Heungseon Daewongun returned to the royal palace the same day. On 11 February 1896, King Gojong and the crown prince moved from Gyeongbokgung to the Russian legation in Jeong-dong, Seoul, from where they governed for about one year, an event known as the Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In October 1897, Gojong decided to return to his other palace, Deoksugung, and proclaimed the founding of the Korean Empire. During this period, the Korean government conducted a westernization policy. It was not an enduring reform, however, and the Independence Club was dissolved on 25 December 1898 as the new Emperor Gojong officially announced a prohibition on unofficial congresses.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Both the protectorate and the annexation treaties were declared already void in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea .

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In 1907, the Righteous Army under the command of Yi In-yeong massed 10,000 troops to liberate Seoul and defeat the Japanese. The Army came within 12 km of Seoul but could not withstand the Japanese counter-offensive. The Righteous Army was no match for two infantry divisions of 20,000 Japanese soldiers backed by warships moored near Incheon.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: By the 1930s the growth of the urban economy and the exodus of farmers to the cities had gradually weakened the hold of the landlords. With the growth of the wartime economy throughout the Second World War, the government recognized landlordism as an impediment to increased agricultural productivity, and took steps to increase control over the rural sector through the formation in Japan in 1943 of the , a compulsory organization under the wartime command economy.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In 1925, the Japanese government established the Korean History Compilation Committee, and it was administered by the Governor-General of Korea and engaged in collecting Korean historical materials and compiling Korean history. According to the "Doosan Encyclopedia", some mythology was incorporated. The committee said that Korea had once hosted a Japanese colony called Mimana, which has since been debated by academic scholarship.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: The Japanese government conducted excavations of archeological sites and preserved artifacts found there. The Japanese administration also relocated some artifacts; for instance, a stone monument (), which was originally located in the Liaodong Peninsula, was taken out of its context and moved to Pyongyang.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: The National Palace Museum of Korea, originally built as the "Korean Imperial Museum" in 1908 to preserve the treasures in the Gyeongbokgung, was retained under the Japanese administration but renamed "Museum of the Yi Dynasty" in 1938.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Gyeongbokgung, now named Keifukukyū, the Korean royal palace, was demolished during the Japanese colonial period. In 1911, shortly after the annexation of Korea by Japan, ownership of land at the palace was transferred to the Japanese Governor-General of Korea. In 1915, to hold an exhibition, more than 90% of the buildings were torn down.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Restoration of Gyeongbokgung has been undertaken since 1990. The Government-General Building was removed in 1996 and Heungnyemun (2001) and Gwanghwamun (2006–10) were reconstructed in their original locations and forms.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Most Korean atomic-bomb victims in Japan had been drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the name of humanitarian assistance, Japan paid South Korea four billion yen (approx. thirty five million dollars) and built a welfare center for those suffering from the effects of the atomic bomb.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Japan did not draft ethnic Koreans into its military until 1944 when the tide of World War II turned against it. Until 1944, enlistment in the Imperial Japanese Army by ethnic Koreans was voluntary, and highly competitive. From a 14% acceptance rate in 1938, it dropped to a 2% acceptance rate in 1943 while the raw number of applicants increased from 3000 per annum to 300,000 in just five years during World War II.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Korea produced seven generals and numerous field grade officers (Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels and Majors) during 35 years of colonial governance by Japan, despite institutionalized discrimination.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: During World War II, American soldiers frequently encountered Korean soldiers within the ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army. Most notably was in the Battle of Tarawa, which was considered during that time to be one of the bloodiest battles in U.S. military history. A fifth of the Japanese garrison during this battle consisted of Korean laborers who were trained in combat roles. Like their Japanese counterparts, many of them were killed.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: The Japanese, however, did not always believe they could rely on Korean laborers to fight alongside them. In "Prisoners of the Japanese", author Gaven Daws wrote, "[O]n Tinian there were five thousand Korean laborers and so as not to have hostiles "at their back" when the Americans invaded, the Japanese killed them."

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: During World War II, many ethnic Korean girls and women were forced by the Japanese military to become prostitutes on the pretext of being hired for a job such as a seamstress, and were forced to provide sexual service for Japanese soldiers by agencies or their families against their wishes. These women were euphemistically called "comfort women". The Governor-General of Korea cracked down on taking in ethnic Korean foster-daughters by Chinese.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: The work of these prewar nationalist historians has shaped postwar historiography in both North and South Korea.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Protestant Christian missionary efforts in Asia were quite successful in Korea. American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received. They served as medical and educational missionaries, establishing schools and hospitals in numerous cities. In the years when Korea was under Japanese control, some Koreans adopted Christianity as an expression of nationalism in opposition to the Japan's efforts to promote the Japanese language and the Shinto religion.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In 1914 of 16 million Koreans, there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics. By 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000, respectively. Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful. Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue. The Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian-based and Christian death and funerary rituals.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Soviet invasion of Manchuria, and the impending overrun of the Korean Peninsula by U.S. and Soviet forces, Japan surrendered to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese colonial rule.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: After the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule, the "Name Restoration Order" was issued on 23 October 1946 by the United States Army Military Government in Korea south of the 38th parallel, enabling Koreans to restore their names if they wished. Many Koreans in Japan chose to retain their Japanese names, either to avoid discrimination, or later, to meet the requirements for naturalization as Japanese citizens.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: After suppression of the uprising, some aspects of Japanese rule considered most objectionable to Koreans were removed. The military police were replaced by a civilian force, and freedom of the press was permitted to a limited extent. Two of the three major Korean daily newspapers, the "Tōa Nippō" and the "Chōsen Nippō," were established in 1920.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Objection to Japanese rule over Korea continued, and the 1 March Movement was a catalyst for the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea by Korean émigrés in Shanghai on 13 April 1919. The modern South Korean government considers this Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea the "de jure" representation of the Korean people throughout the period of Japanese rule.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: There were 13 provinces in Korea during Japanese rule: Keiki-dō, Kōgen-dō, Chūseihoku-dō, Chūseinan-dō, Zenrahoku-dō, Zenranan-dō, Keishōhoku-dō, Keishōnan-dō, Heian'nan-dō, Heianhoku-dō, Kōkai-dō, Kankyōnan-dō, and Kankyōhoku-dō. The administrative capital Keijō was in Keiki-dō.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: A 2017 study found that the gradual removal of trade barriers (almost fully completed by 1923) after Japan's annexation of Korea "increased population growth rates more in the regions close to the former border between Japan and Korea than in the other regions. Furthermore, after integration, the regions close to Korea that specialized in the fabric industry, whose products were the primary goods exported from Japan to Korea, experienced more population growth than other regions close to Korea did."

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: According to scholar Donald S. Macdonald, "for centuries most Koreans lived as subsistence farmers of rice and other grains and satisfied most of their basic needs through their own labor or through barter. The manufactures of traditional Korea – principally cloth, cooking and eating utensils, furniture, jewelry, and paper – were produced by artisans in a few population centers."

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: From the late 1920s and into the 1930s, particularly during the tenure of Japanese Governor-General Kazushige Ugaki, concentrated efforts were made to build up the industrial base in Korea. This was especially true in the areas of heavy industry, such as chemical plants and steel mills, and munitions production. The Japanese military felt it would be beneficial to have production closer to the source of raw materials and closer to potential front lines for a future war with China.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Lee Young-hoon, a professor at Seoul National University states that less than 10% of arable land actually came under Japanese control and rice was normally traded, not robbed. He also insists that Koreans' knowledge about the era under Japanese rule is mostly made up by later educators. Many of Lee's arguments, however, have been contested.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: During colonial times, elementary schools were known as "Citizen Schools" (; ; "kokumin gakkō") as in Japan, as a means of forming proper "Imperial Citizens" (황국민; 皇国民; "kōkokumin") from early childhood. Elementary schools in South Korea today are known by the name "chodeung hakgyo" (; ) ("elementary school") as the term "gungmin hakgyo/kokumin gakkō" has recently become a politically incorrect term.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Besides, the Korean modern educational institutions were excluded from the colonial system. 1911, Japanese government set The Regulations for Private Schools ("Shiritsu gakko kisoku") and destroy these facilities which showed patriotic awakening.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: The public curriculum for most of the period was taught by Korean educators under a hybrid system focused on assimilating Koreans into the Japanese empire while emphasizing Korean cultural education. This focused on the history of the Japanese Empire as well as inculcating reverence for the Imperial House of Japan and instruction in the "Imperial Rescript on Education".

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Another point of view is that it was only after the end of Japanese rule with World War II that Korea saw true, democratic rise in public education as evidenced by the rise of adult literacy rate from 22 percent in 1945 to 87.6 percent by 1970 and 93% by the late 1980s. Though free public education was made available for elementary schools during Japanese rule, Korea as a country did not experience secondary-school enrollment rates comparable to those of Japan prior to the end of World War II.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In 1921, government efforts were strengthened to promote Korean media and literature throughout Korea and also in Japan. The Japanese government also created incentives to educate ethnic Japanese students in the Korean language. In 1928, the Korean Language Society inaugurated Hangul Day (9 October), which was meant to celebrate the Korean alphabet in the face of accelerating Japanization of Korean culture.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: The Japanese administrative policy shifted more aggressively towards cultural assimilation in 1938 ("Naisen ittai") with a new government report advising reform to strengthen the war effort. This left less room for Korean language studies and by 1943 all Korean language courses had been phased out. Teaching and speaking of Korean was prohibited. Although the government report advised further, more radical reform, the 10-year plan would never fully go into effect.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Japan sent anthropologists to Korea who took photos of the traditional state of Korean villages, serving as evidence that Korea was "backwards" and needed to be modernized.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: As Japan established the puppet state of Manchukuo, Korea became more vital to the internal communications and defense of the Japanese empire against the Soviet Union. Japan decided in the 1930s to make the Koreans become more loyal to the Emperor by requiring Korean participation in the State Shinto devotions, and by weakening the influences of both Christianity and traditional religion.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: The primary building of Gyeongbokgung Palace was demolished and the Japanese General Government Building was built in its exact location. The Japanese colonial authorities destroyed 85 percent of all the buildings in Gyeongbokgung. Sungnyemun, the gate in Gyeongsong that was a symbol of Korea, was altered by the addition of large, Shinto-style golden horns near the roofs, later removed by the South Korean government after independence.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Although officially voluntary, and initially resisted by the Japanese Colonial Government, 80% of Koreans voluntarily changed their name to Japanese in 1940. Many community leaders urged the adoption of Japanese names to make it easy for their children to succeed in society and overcome discrimination.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In 2002, South Korea started an investigation of Japanese collaborators. Part of the investigation was completed in 2006 and a list of names of individuals who profited from exploitation of fellow Koreans were posted. The collaborators not only benefited from exploiting their countrymen, but the children of these collaborators benefited further by acquiring higher education with the exploitation money they had amassed.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Colonial Korea was subject to the same "Leprosy Prevention Laws" of 1907 and 1931 as the Japanese home islands. These laws directly and indirectly permitted the quarantine of patients in sanitariums, where forced abortions and sterilization were common. The laws authorized punishment of patients "disturbing the peace", as most Japanese leprologists believed that vulnerability to the disease was inheritable. In Korea, many leprosy patients were also subjected to hard labor.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Many Koreans were drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. According to the secretary-general of a group named Peace Project Network, "there were a total of 70,000 Korean victims in both cities". Japan paid South Korea 4 billion yen and built a welfare center in the name of humanitarian assistance, not as compensation to the victims.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: Collaborators of the Imperial Japanese Army were prosecuted in the postwar period as Chinilpa, or "friendly to Japanese". In 2006 South Korean president Roh Moo-hyun appointed an investigation commission into the issue of locating descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators from the times of the 1890s until the collapse of Japanese rule in 1945.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Korea under Japanese rule

Context: In 2010, the commission concluded its five-volume report. As a result, the land property of 168 South Korean citizens has been confiscated by the government, these citizens being descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators.

Question: 대한민국은 언제 일본으로부터 식민지화 되었나요?


Yima, Henan

Context: As of 2018, the city population was 147,800, whilst the metropolitan area (extending into Mianchi county) had a population of 498,500.

Question: 중국에서 가장 작은 도시는 어디인가?


Yima, Henan

Context: In recent years, archaeologists discovered the site, which contains the world's oldest Gingko fossils. One of those fossils has been dated to 1.8 million years ago, this date was confirmed in the International Organization of Palaeobotany's sixth and seventh conferences.

Question: 중국에서 가장 작은 도시는 어디인가?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The prime minister of Pakistan (, , ) is the constitutional head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, designated as the "Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic".

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: As the comprehensive Constitution reinstated in 1973, the post was reestablished with more central powers as the constitution provided a parliamentary system with President of Pakistan as figurehead. Amid agitation instigated by the right-wing alliance invited the military intervention in 1977 which suspended the post.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The general elections held in 1985 restored the post, with Muhammad Junejo becoming the prime minister. Later that year, the National Assembly passed the controversial eighth amendment to the Constitution, giving the president the power to dismiss the prime minister and the National Assembly without prior consultation. The general elections in 1988 resulted in the Pakistan Peoples Party's Benazir Bhutto becoming the first woman prime minister elected in a Muslim country.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: With no party gaining a majority, a coalition was formed with the PML(Q) – a breakaway of the PML(N) and a pro-Musharraf party – leading with MQM. After some political wrangling, Zafarullah Jamali became the prime minister, and passed the XVII amendment which partially restored the power of the president to dissolve the National Assembly, but made the dissolution subject to the Supreme Court of Pakistan's approval.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: On 18 August 2018, Imran Khan was sworn in as the country's 22nd prime minister. On 10 April 2022, a constitutional crisis culminated in Khan losing a motion of no confidence with 174 votes cast against him, ending his premiership and making him the first Prime Minister of Pakistan to be removed from office through a motion of no confidence.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: On 11th April 2022, Shehbaz Sharif was elected as the country's 23rd Prime Minister. He won by majority 174 votes in the National Assembly of Pakistan. Sharif will serve a term, at most of almost one year to fulfill Imran Khan's term until the 2023 Pakistani General Election, though the election may be called earlier.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The Constitution envisages a scheme of affairs in which the president of Pakistan is the head of state who represents the "unity of the Republic." The system of government in Pakistan is based on codified constitution which sees the prime minister as "chief executive of the Republic."

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The prime minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Parliament and is required to answer questions from members of parliament to the ministers.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The prime minister is vested with command authority over the Pakistani nuclear arsenals and represents the country in various delegations, high-level meetings, and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office and also addresses the nation on various issues of national importance.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The Constitution of Pakistan requires that the prime minister be a member of the National Assembly. As well as this, one must:

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The candidates for the prime minister are members of the National Assembly who were chosen through direct elections by popular vote following campaigning on the party platforms. Usually, the leader of the majority party in the parliament retains the office of prime minister, and forms the government either by coalition or by simple majority. The candidate must retain the vote of confidence of the members of the parliament before being invited by the president to form the government.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: In 2012, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has ceased at least one prime minister from retaining the office due to contempt of court after retroactively disqualifying the membership of the parliament permanently.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: On 28 July 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified the prime minister Nawaz Sharif from retaining the office due to his failure in fulfilling the eligibility requirements as enshrined in Articles 62 of the Constitution. This was in the aftermath of the Supreme Court hearing regarding the Panama Papers Case. This also resulted in him being permanently disqualified from membership of the parliament.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The prime minister is elected by the National Assembly. The National Assembly meets on the twenty-first day after a general election (at least every five years) unless the president calls for a vote of no confidence. Whichever member of the National assembly is chosen serves as the prime minister until the next election or until he fails to maintain the confidence of the National Assembly.

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


Prime Minister of Pakistan

Context: The prime minister is required to make and subscribe to, in the presence of the president, an oath or affirmation that they shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows:

Question: 파키스탄 제 1대 총리는 누구인가요?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: "The Lord of the Rings" is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential film series ever made. It was a major financial success and is among the highest-grossing film series of all time with $2.991 billion in worldwide receipts. Each film was critically acclaimed, with high praise for their innovative special effects, acting, set design, musical score and emotional depth, and heavily awarded, the series winning 17 out of its 30 Academy Award nominations.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: In 2021, "The Fellowship of the Ring" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Miramax wanted a recognisable name for Gandalf, and suggested Max von Sydow or Paul Scofield and, wanting an American star, even mentioned Morgan Freeman. When New Line took over, they suggested Christopher Plummer or Sean Connery for the part (both declined), and put a veto against Richard Harris when his name came up. When von Sydow inquired for the part later, his agent told him they were looking for an English actor.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Miramax and Jackson discussed Sir Daniel Day-Lewis for Aragorn, starting "fanciful internet speculation" that Day-Lewis was approached for the part numerous times, although Jackson eventually inquired about him. Jackson cast Stuart Townsend, whom the studio deemed too young. After shooting began, Jackson agreed and decided to recast the role. They approached Viggo Mortensen, but also spoke to Russell Crowe (who auditioned for Boromir previously), as a backup choice.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Patrick McGoohan, their first choice for Denethor, proved "quite grumpy" when they met, and they instead looked into Donald Sutherland and John Rhys-Davies, and ultimately cast John Noble. Davies was recast as Gimli, instead of Billy Connolly (later cast as Dain), Robert Trebor and Timothy Spall. In conversations with Miramax, Liam Neeson's name came up for Boromir, but he declined. Daniel Craig auditioned. New Line suggested Nicolas Cage, but the filmmakers declined and cast Sean Bean.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: The following are the cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of the films.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Earlier versions of the script included additional characters like Fatty Bolger, Glorfindel, Elladan, Elrohir, Erkenbrand, Imrahil and Forlong. At one point, Jackson even considered reintroducing Tom Bombadil in a cameo. Gimli was going to swear throughout the films, and Arwen would join the Fellowship in Rohan and share a nude scene with Aragorn in the pools of the Glittering Caves.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: "It might be clearer if I described it as an historical film. Something very different to "Dark Crystal" or "Labyrinth". Imagine something like "Braveheart", but with a little of the visual magic of "Legend". [...] It should have the historical authority of "Braveheart", rather than the meaningless fantasy mumbo-jumbo of "Willow".

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe's designs into architecture, creating models of the sets, while Dan Hennah worked as art director, scouting locations and organizing the building of sets. Ngila Dickson collaborated with Richard Taylor on producing costumes, while Peter King and Peter Owen designed makeup and hair. Most of these crew members (and others) returned to work on "The Hobbit".

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Jackson and cinematographer Andrew Lesnie considered shooting in large format like 65 mm film and/or to master the films at 4K, but both were cost-prohibitive and couldn't be done on New Zealand soil. They decided to shoot on fine-grain Super 35 mm film and subject the films to rigorous digital grading.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: "The Independent" ranked the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy at No. 2 on its list of "10 greatest movie trilogies of all time".

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Additionally, members of the production crew won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement for the rendering of skin textures on creatures on "The Return of the King", and Stephen Regelous won the Academy Award for Scientific and Engineering Award for the design and development of MASSIVE, "the autonomous agent animation system used for the battle sequences in "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy."

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year, and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film. The New York Film Critics Circle awarded "The Return of the King" its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony, hosted by Andrew Johnston, chair of the organization at that time, who called it "a masterful piece of filmmaking."

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: The release of the films saw a surge of interest in "The Lord of the Rings" and Tolkien's other works, vastly increasing his impact on popular culture. The success of the films spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: In 2002 the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington created a travelling exhibition of the film trilogy, . It visited cities around the world including Boston, London, Sydney, Singapore and Houston.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


The Lord of the Rings (film series)

Context: Numerous video games were released to supplement the film series. They include: ', ', ', , ', ', ', ', "The Lord of the Rings Online", ', ', ', "Lego The Lord of the Rings", "Guardians of Middle-earth", ', ' and pinball.

Question: 반지원정대의 감독은 누구인가?


History of Paris

Context: The oldest traces of human occupation in Paris, discovered in 2008 near the Rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement, are human bones and evidence of an encampment of hunter-gatherers dating from about 8000 BC, during the Mesolithic period.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Between 250 and 225 BC, the Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, settled on the banks of the Seine, built bridges and a fort, minted coins, and began to trade with other river settlements in Europe.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: In 52 BC, a Roman army led by Titus Labienus defeated the Parisii and established a Gallo-Roman garrison town called Lutetia. The town was Christianised in the 3rd century AD, and after the collapse of the Roman Empire, it was occupied by Clovis I, the King of the Franks, who made it his capital in 508.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: In the 20th century, Paris suffered bombardment in World War I and German occupation from 1940 until 1944 in World War II. Between the two wars, Paris was the capital of modern art and a magnet for intellectuals, writers and artists from around the world. The population reached its historic high of 2.1 million in 1921, but declined for the rest of the century. New museums (The Centre Pompidou, Musée Marmottan Monet and Musée d'Orsay) were opened, and the Louvre given its glass pyramid.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: In 2008, archaeologists of the "Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives" (INRAP) (administered by France's Ministry of Higher Education and Research) digging at n° 62 Rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement, not far from the Left Bank of the Seine, discovered the oldest human remains and traces of a hunter-gatherer settlement in Paris, dating to about 8000 BC, during the Mesolithic period.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Besides the Roman architecture and city design, the newcomers imported Roman cuisine: modern excavations have found amphorae of Italian wine and olive oil, shellfish, and a popular Roman sauce called garum. Despite its commercial importance, Lutetia was only a medium-sized Roman city, considerably smaller than Lugdunum (Lyon) or Agedincum (Sens), which was the capital of the Roman province of Lugdunensis Quarta, in which Lutetia was located.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The kings of the Carolingian dynasty, who came to power in 751, moved the Frankish capital to Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) and paid little attention to Paris, though King Pepin the Short did build an impressive new sanctuary at Saint-Denis, which was consecrated in the presence of Charlemagne on 24 February 775.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the royal residence was on the Île de la Cité. Between 1190 and 1202, King Philip II built the massive fortress of the Louvre, which was designed to protect the Right Bank against an English attack from Normandy. The fortified castle was a great rectangle of 72 by 78 metres, with four towers, and surrounded by a moat. In the centre was a circular tower thirty meters high. The foundations can be seen today in the basement of the Louvre Museum.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: In the 13th century, King Louis IX (r. 1226–1270), known to history as "Saint Louis", built the Sainte-Chapelle, a masterpiece of Gothic architecture, especially to house relics from the crucifixion of Christ. Built between 1241 and 1248, it has the oldest stained glass windows preserved in Paris. At the same time that the Saint-Chapelle was built, the great stained glass rose windows, eighteen meters high, were added to the transept of the cathedral.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: In the middle of the 14th century, Paris was struck by two great catastrophes: the Bubonic plague and the Hundred Years' War. In the first epidemic of the plague in 1348–1349, forty to fifty thousand Parisians died, a quarter of the population. The plague returned in 1360–61, 1363, and 1366–1368. During the 16th and 17th centuries, plague visited the city almost one year out of three.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The war was even more catastrophic. Beginning in 1346, the English army of King Edward III pillaged the countryside outside the walls of Paris. Ten years later, when King John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers, disbanded groups of mercenary soldiers looted and ravaged the surroundings of Paris.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: On 16 December 1431, Henry VI of England, at the age of 10 years, was crowned King of France at Notre Dame cathedral. The English did not leave Paris until 1436, when Charles VII was finally able to return. Many areas of the capital of his kingdom were in ruins, and a hundred thousand of its inhabitants, half the population, had left the city.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: When Paris was again the capital of France, the succeeding monarchs chose to live in the Loire Valley and visited Paris only on special occasions. King Francis I finally returned the royal residence to Paris in 1528.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: By 1500, Paris had regained its former prosperity, and the population reached 250,000. Each new king of France added buildings, bridges and fountains to embellish his capital, most of them in the new Renaissance style imported from Italy.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Henry II died 10 July 1559 from wounds suffered while jousting at his residence at the Hôtel des Tournelles. His widow, Catherine de' Medici, had the old residence demolished in 1563, and between 1564 and 1572 constructed a new royal residence, the Tuileries Palace perpendicular to the Seine, just outside the Charles V wall of the city. To the west of the palace, she created a large Italian-style garden, the Jardin des Tuileries.

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History of Paris

Context: King Henry III attempted to find a peaceful solution to the religious conflicts, but the Duke of Guise and his followers in the capital forced him to flee on 12 May 1588, the so-called Day of the Barricades. On 1 August 1589, Henry III was assassinated in the Château de Saint-Cloud by a Dominican friar, Jacques Clément. With the death of Henry III, the Valois line came to an end. Paris, along with the other towns of the Catholic League, held out until 1594 against Henry IV, who had succeeded Henry III.

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History of Paris

Context: After a victory over the Holy Union at the Battle of Ivry on 14 March 1590, Henry IV proceeded to lay siege to Paris. The siege was long and unsuccessful. Henry IV agreed to convert to Catholicism. On 14 March 1594, Henry IV entered Paris, after having been crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Chartres on 27 February 1594.

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History of Paris

Context: The largest project in the new style was Val-de-Grâce, built by Anne of Austria, the widow of Louis XIII. Modeled after the Escorial in Spain, it combined a convent, a church, and royal apartments for the widowed queen. One of the architects of Val-de-Grâce and several of the other new churches was François Mansart, most famous for the sloping roof that became the signature feature of the buildings of the 17th century.

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History of Paris

Context: The cultural life of the city also flourished; the city's future most famous theater, the Comédie Française, was created in 1681 on a former tennis court on the Rue Fossés Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The city's first café-restaurant, the Café Procope, was opened in 1686 by the Italian Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: One of the major building projects in Paris of Louis XV and his successor, Louis XVI, was the new church of Sainte Geneviève on top of the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève on the Left Bank, the future Panthéon. The plans were approved by the king in 1757 and work continued until the French Revolution. Louis XV also built an elegant new military school, the École Militaire (1773), a new medical school, the École de Chirurgie (1775), and a new mint, the Hôtel des Monnaies (1768), all on the Left Bank.

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History of Paris

Context: The first café in Paris had been opened in 1672, and by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. They became meeting places for the city's writers and scholars. The Café Procope was frequented by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Diderot and d’Alembert. They became important centres for exchanging news, rumors and ideas, often more reliable than the newspapers of the day.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Historian Daniel Roche estimated that in 1700 there were between 150,000 and 200,000 indigent persons in Paris, or about a third of the population. The number grew in times of economic hardship. This included only those who were officially recognized and assisted by the churches and the city.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Paris in the first half of the 18th century had many beautiful buildings, but many observers did not consider it a beautiful city. The philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau described his disappointment when he first arrived in Paris from Lyon in 1742:

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History of Paris

Context: "I expected a city as beautiful as it was grand, of an imposing appearance, where you saw only superb streets, and palaces of marble and gold. Instead, when I entered by the Faubourg Saint-Marceau, I saw only narrow, dirty and foul-smelling streets, and villainous black houses, with an air of unhealthiness; beggars, poverty; wagons-drivers, menders of old garments; and vendors of tea and old hats."

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History of Paris

Context: In 1749, in his "Embellissements de Paris", Voltaire observed this: "We blush with shame to see the public markets, set up in narrow streets, displaying their filth, spreading infection, and causing continual disorders...Immense neighbourhoods need public places. The centre of the city is dark, cramped, hideous, something from the time of the most shameful barbarism."

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History of Paris

Context: The main working-class neighbourhood was the old Faubourg Saint-Antoine on the eastern side of the city, a centre for woodwork and furniture-making since the Middle Ages. Many of the artisans' workshops were located there, and it was the home of about ten percent of the population of Paris. The city continued to spread outwards, especially toward the semi-rural west and northwest, where one- and two-story stone and wooden houses were mingled with vegetable gardens, shacks, and workshops.

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History of Paris

Context: On 11 July 1789, soldiers of the Royal-Allemand regiment attacked a large but peaceful demonstration on the Place Louis XV organized to protest the dismissal by the king of his reformist finance minister Jacques Necker. The reform movement turned quickly into a revolution.

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History of Paris

Context: The first independent Paris Commune, or city council, met in the Hôtel de Ville on 15 July and chose as the first mayor of Paris the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly. Louis XVI came to Paris on 17 July, where he was welcomed by the new mayor and wore a tricolor cockade on his hat: red and blue, the colors of Paris, and white, the royal color.

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History of Paris

Context: On 5 October 1789, a large crowd of Parisians marched to Versailles and, the following day, brought the royal family and government back to Paris, virtually as prisoners. The new government of France, the National Assembly, began to meet in the Salle du Manège near the Tuileries Palace on the outskirts of the Tuileries garden.

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History of Paris

Context: On 21 May 1790, the Charter of the City of Paris was adopted, declaring the city independent of royal authority: it was divided into twelve municipalities, (later known as arrondissements), and forty-eight sections. It was governed by a mayor, sixteen administrators and thirty-two city council members. Bailly was formally elected mayor by the Parisians on 2 August 1790.

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History of Paris

Context: A solemn ceremony, the Fête de la Fédération, was held on the Champ de Mars on 14 July 1790. The units of the National Guard, led by Lafayette, took an oath to defend "The Nation, the Law and the King" and swore to uphold the Constitution approved by the king.

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History of Paris

Context: A small group of scholars and historians collected statues and paintings from the demolished churches, and made a storeroom of the old Couvent des Petits-Augustins, in order to preserve them. The paintings went to the Louvre, where the Central Museum of the Arts was opened at the end of 1793. In October 1795, the collection at the Petits-Augustins became officially the Museum of French Monuments.

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History of Paris

Context: After he crowned himself Emperor on 2 December 1804, Napoleon began a series of projects to make Paris into an imperial capital to rival ancient Rome. He began construction of the Rue de Rivoli, from the Place de la Concorde to the Place des Pyramides. The old convent of the Capucines was demolished, and he built a new street that connected Place Vendôme to the Grands Boulevards. The street was called the "Rue Napoléon", later renamed the Rue de la Paix.

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History of Paris

Context: In 1802, Napoleon built a revolutionary iron bridge, the Pont des Arts, across the Seine. It was decorated with two greenhouses of exotic plants and rows of orange trees. Passage across the bridge cost one "sou". He gave the names of his victories to two new bridges, the Pont d'Austerlitz (1802) and the Pont d'Iéna (1807)

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History of Paris

Context: The aristocrats who had emigrated returned to their town houses in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, and the cultural life of the city quickly resumed, though on a less extravagant scale. A new opera house was constructed on Rue Le Peletier. The Louvre was expanded in 1827 with nine new galleries that put on display the antiquities collected during Napoleon's conquest of Egypt.

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History of Paris

Context: The Paris of King Louis-Philippe was the city described in the novels of Honoré de Balzac and Victor Hugo. The population of Paris increased from 785,000 in 1831 to 1,053,000 in 1848, as the city grew to the north and west, but the poorest neighborhoods in the center became even more densely crowded.

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History of Paris

Context: The first railway stations in Paris were built under Louis-Philippe. Each belonged to a different company. They were not connected to each other and were outside the center of the city. The first, called the Embarcadère de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, was opened on 24 August 1837 on the Place de l'Europe. An early version of the Gare Saint-Lazare was begun in 1842, and the first lines Paris-Orléans and Paris-Rouen were inaugurated on 1 and 2 May 1843.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: As the population of Paris grew, so did discontent in the working-class neighborhoods. There were riots in 1830, 1831, 1832, 1835, 1839 and 1840. The 1832 uprising, following the funeral of a fierce critic of Louis-Philippe, General Jean Maximilien Lamarque, was immortalized in Victor Hugo's novel "Les Misérables".

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The growing unrest finally exploded on 23 February 1848, when a large demonstration was broken up by the army. Barricades went up in the eastern working-class neighborhoods. The king reviewed his soldiers in front of the Tuileries Palace, but, instead of cheering him, many shouted "Long Live Reform!" Discouraged, he abdicated and went into exile in England.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: At the beginning of Napoleon's reign, Paris had a population of about one million people, most of whom lived in crowded and unhealthy conditions. A cholera epidemic in the overcrowded center in 1848 killed twenty thousand people. In 1853, Napoleon launched a gigantic public works program under the direction of his new Prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, whose purpose was to put unemployed Parisians to work and bring clean water, light and open space to the centre of the city.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Several noted composers, including Erik Satie, also lived in this neighborhood. Most of the artists left after the outbreak of World War I, the majority of them to take up residence in the Montparnasse quarter.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: On 25 December 1895, the Grand Café on the Boulevard des Capucines was the location of the first public projection of a motion picture, this one produced by the Lumière Brothers. Thirty-three spectators paid one franc each to see a series of short films, beginning with a film of workers leaving the Lumière brothers' factory in Lyon.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: At the outset of the 20th century, Henri Matisse and several other artists, including the pre-cubists Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck, revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-coloured, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that critics referred to as Fauvism. Henri Matisse's two versions of "The Dance" signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Goods were sold at fixed prices with guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds. It became the model for other Paris department stores, including La Samaritaine, Printemps and Galeries Lafayette.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The French gloried in the national prestige brought by the great Parisian stores. Émile Zola set his novel "Au Bonheur des Dames" (1882–83) in a typical department store, based on research he did at Le Bon Marché in 1880. Zola represented it as a symbol of the new technology that was both improving society and devouring it. The novel describes merchandising, management techniques, marketing, and consumerism.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: In the second half of the 19th century, Paris hosted five international expositions that attracted millions of visitors and made Paris an increasingly important center of technology, trade, and tourism. The Expositions celebrated the cult of technology and industrial production, both through the impressive iron architecture in which the exhibits were displayed and the almost demonic energy of machines and installations in place.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The first was the Universal Exposition of 1855, hosted by Napoleon III, held in the gardens next to the Champs Élysées. It was inspired by the London's Great Exhibition in 1851 and was designed to showcase the achievements of French industry and culture. The classification system of Bordeaux wines was developed especially for the Exposition. The Théâtre du Rond-Point next to the Champs Élysées is a vestige of that exposition.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The Paris International Exposition in 1867, also hosted by Napoleon III, was held in an enormous oval exhibit hall 490 metres long and 380 metres wide in the Champ de Mars. Famous visitors included Czar Alexander II of Russia, Otto Von Bismarck, Kaiser William I of Germany, King Louis II of Bavaria and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, the first foreign trip ever made by an Ottoman ruler. The Bateaux Mouches excursion riverboats made their first journeys on the Seine during the 1867 Exposition.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 saw patriotic demonstrations on the Place de la Concorde and at the Gare de l'Est and Gare du Nord as the mobilized soldiers departed for the front. Within a few weeks, however, the German Army had reached the Marne River, east of Paris. The French government moved to Bordeaux on 2 September, and the great masterpieces of the Louvre were transported to Toulouse.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The city was bombed by German heavy Gotha bombers and by Zeppelins. The Parisians suffered epidemics of typhoid and measles; a deadly outbreak of Spanish influenza during the winter of 1918-19 killed thousands of Parisians.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: For the Parisians, the occupation was a series of frustrations, shortages and humiliations. A curfew was in effect from nine in the evening until five in the morning; at night, the city went dark. Rationing of food, tobacco, coal and clothing was imposed from September 1940. Every year, the supplies grew scantier and the prices higher. A million Parisians left the city for the provinces, where there was more food and fewer Germans. French press and radio contained only German propaganda.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The first demonstration against the Occupation took place by Paris students on 11 November 1940. As the war continued, clandestine groups and networks were created, some loyal to the Communist Party, others to General de Gaulle in London. They wrote slogans on walls, organized an underground press, and sometimes attacked German officers and soldiers. Reprisals by the Germans were swift and harsh.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Paris was not bombed as often or as heavily as London or Berlin, but the factories and railway yards in the outer parts of the city and suburbs were frequent targets. A night raid on the La Chapelle railway station in the 18th arrondissement on 20–21 April 1944 killed between 640 and 670 persons and destroyed hundreds of buildings.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The wear and tear of decades of neglect were painfully obvious in smoke-blackened stone facades, cracked and untended stucco, and peeling paintwork in post-World War II Paris. However, by the mid-1970s, Paris had been repaired and refurbished on a scale that echoed the age of Haussmann.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The population of Paris did not return to its 1936 level until 1946 and grew to 2,850,000 by 1954, including 135,000 immigrants, mostly from Algeria, Morocco, Italy and Spain. The exodus of middle-class Parisians to the suburbs continued. The population of the city declined during the 1960s and 1970s (2,753,000 in 1962, 2.3 million in 1972) before finally stabilizing in the 1980s (2,168.000 in 1982, 2,152,000 in 1992).

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: With France badly hurt by the war, the question was whether Paris could recover its world stature. By the 1970s, Parisians on all sides feared that the city was "losing its star-quality attractiveness and prestige." They felt that the modernizing operations of the 1960s and 1970s had failed to reverse the declining quality of life, and that the capital had a diminished "lustre" and influence abroad.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Tourism was an important part of the Paris economy. In 2013, the city of Paris welcomed 29.3 million tourists, the largest number of whom came from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany and Spain. There were 550,000 visitors from Japan, a decrease from previous years, while there was a growth of 20 percent in the number of visitors from China (186,000) and the Middle East (326,000).

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The Paris region received 32.3 million visitors in 2013. As a destination for upscale European shopping, Paris was especially important. In 2014, visitors to Paris spent $17 billion (€13.58 billion), the third-highest sum globally after London and New York.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: Fashion and luxury goods also made an important contribution to the Paris economy. In 2014 Paris was the home of the world's largest cosmetics company, L'Oréal, and three of the five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories; Louis Vuitton, Hermès and Cartier.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: In 2013 the Louvre was the most-visited art museum in the world, and the Centre Georges Pompidou was the most-visited museum of modern art.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: A new national museum, The Musée du quai Branly, opened in 2006. It was the presidential grand project of Jacques Chirac, designed by architect Jean Nouvel to showcase the indigenous art of Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: A new private museum, the Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: On 15 April 2019, the roof of the Notre-Dame de Paris caught fire, severely damaging the bell towers and resulting in the total collapse of the central spire and roof.

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: The attacks intensified the decades-old debate in the Paris press about immigration, integration and freedom of speech. "The New York Times" summarised the ongoing debate:

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


History of Paris

Context: So as France grieves, it is also faced with profound questions about its future: How large is the radicalized part of the country's Muslim population, the largest in Europe? How deep is the rift between France's values of secularism, of individual, sexual and religious freedom, of freedom of the press and the freedom to shock, and a growing Muslim conservatism that rejects many of these values in the name of religion?

Question: 파리는 언제 유럽 문화 수도로 선정되었나요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: The , also known as the , was the feudal military government of Japan during the Muromachi period from 1336 to 1573.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: The Ashikaga shogunate's alternative name "Muromachi" and the Muromachi period are derived from the Muromachi district of Kyoto, where the third "Shōgun", Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, established his residence nicknamed the on Muromachi Street in 1379.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: After Yoshimitsu however, the structural weakness of the Ashikaga shogunate were exposed by numerous succession troubles and early deaths. This became dramatically more acute after the Ōnin War, after which the shogunate itself became reduced to little more than a local political force in Kyoto.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: The Ashikaga shogunate's foreign relations policy choices were played out in evolving contacts with Joseon on the Korean Peninsula and with imperial China.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: As the "daimyō" increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power in the Ōnin War, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare in the late Muromachi period, also known as the Sengoku period.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: When the "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshiteru was assassinated in 1565, an ambitious "daimyō", Oda Nobunaga, seized the opportunity and installed Yoshiteru's brother Yoshiaki as the 15th Ashikaga "shōgun". However, Yoshiaki was only a puppet of Nobunaga.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: The Ashikaga shogunate was finally destroyed in 1573 when Nobunaga drove Ashikaga Yoshiaki out of Kyoto. Initially, Yoshiaki fled to Shikoku. Afterwards, he sought and received protection from the Mōri clan in western Japan. Later, Toyotomi Hideyoshi requested that Yoshiaki accept him as an adopted son and the 16th Ashikaga "shōgun", but Yoshiaki refused.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: The Ashikaga family survived the 16th century, and a branch of it became the "daimyō" family of the Kitsuregawa domain.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Ashikaga shogunate

Context: The shogunal residence, also known as the "Flower Palace", was in Kyoto on the block now bounded by Karasuma Street (to the east), Imadegawa Street (to the south), Muromachi Street (to the west, giving the name), and Kamidachiuri Street (to the north). The location is commemorated by a stone marker at the southwest corner, and the of Dōshisha University contains relics and excavations of the area.

Question: 무로마치 막부 제 1대는 누구인가요?


Mizuno Tadakuni

Context: was a "daimyō" during late-Edo period Japan, who later served as chief senior councilor ("Rōjū") in service to the Tokugawa shogunate. He is remembered for having instituted the Tenpō Reforms.

Question: 덴포의 개혁은 언제 시작되었나요?


Mizuno Tadakuni

Context: In 1825, Tadakuni received the post of "Osaka jōdai" (Castellan of Osaka), with a promotion to Lower 4th Court Rank. The following year (1826), he became Kyoto Shoshidai, the shogunate’s official representative to the Court in Kyoto. His courtesy title was changed from "Izumi-no-kami" to "Echizen-no-kami". In 1828, Tadakuni became a "Rōju". He steadily rose through the ranks of the "Rōjū" to become Senior "Rōjū" in 1839.

Question: 덴포의 개혁은 언제 시작되었나요?


Mizuno Tadakuni

Context: Mizuno Tadakuni was married to a daughter of Sakai Tadayuki, a "wakadoshiyori" and daimyō of Obama Domain.

Question: 덴포의 개혁은 언제 시작되었나요?


Mizuno Tadakuni

Context: Mizuno is a recurring, sometimes major, character in the "Nemuri Kyōshirō" films, TV series and TV specials, where he is Chief Elder of the "Rōjū".

Question: 덴포의 개혁은 언제 시작되었나요?


Japanese archipelago

Context: Japan is the largest island country in East Asia and the fourth-largest island country in the world with . It has an exclusive economic zone of .

Question: 일본은 몇 개의 섬으로 이루어져있는가?


Japanese archipelago

Context: The term “mainland Japan” is used to distinguish the large islands of the Japanese archipelago from the remote, smaller islands; it refers to the main islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku. From 1943 until the end of the Pacific War, Karafuto Prefecture was designated part of the mainland.

Question: 일본은 몇 개의 섬으로 이루어져있는가?


Japanese archipelago

Context: The term “home islands” was used at the end of World War II to define the area where Japanese sovereignty and constitutional rule of its emperor would be restricted. The term is also commonly used today to distinguish the archipelago from Japan's colonies and other territories.

Question: 일본은 몇 개의 섬으로 이루어져있는가?


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham. He contributed to the investigation of scientific methodology, though his knowledge of the topic was based on the writings of others, notably William Whewell, John Herschel, and Auguste Comte, and research carried out for Mill by Alexander Bain. He engaged in written debate with Whewell.

Question: 존 스튜어트 밀의 생일은 언제인가요?


John Stuart Mill

Context: A member of the Liberal Party and author of the early feminist work "The Subjection of Women", Mill was also the second Member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage after Henry Hunt in 1832.

Question: 존 스튜어트 밀의 생일은 언제인가요?


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill was a notably precocious child. He describes his education in his autobiography. At the age of three he was taught Greek. By the age of eight, he had read "Aesop's Fables", Xenophon's "Anabasis", and the whole of Herodotus, and was acquainted with Lucian, Diogenes Laërtius, Isocrates and six dialogues of Plato. He had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught arithmetic, physics and astronomy.

Question: 존 스튜어트 밀의 생일은 언제인가요?


John Stuart Mill

Context: As a nonconformist who refused to subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, Mill was not eligible to study at the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge. Instead he followed his father to work for the East India Company, and attended University College, London, to hear the lectures of John Austin, the first Professor of Jurisprudence. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1856.

Question: 존 스튜어트 밀의 생일은 언제인가요?


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill died in 1873, thirteen days before his 67th birthday, of erysipelas in Avignon, France, where his body was buried alongside his wife's.

Question: 존 스튜어트 밀의 생일은 언제인가요?


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill's "On Liberty" (1859) addresses the nature and limits of the power that can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual. Mill's idea is that only if a democratic society follows the Principle of Liberty can its political and social institutions fulfill their role of shaping national character so that its citizens can realise the permanent interests of people as progressive beings (Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy; p 289).

Question: 존 스튜어트 밀의 생일은 언제인가요?


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill states the Principle of Liberty as: "the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection". "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant."

Question: 존 스튜어트 밀의 생일은 언제인가요?


John Stuart Mill

Context: One way to read Mill's Principle of Liberty as a principle of public reason is to see it excluding certain kinds of reasons from being taken into account in legislation, or in guiding the moral coercion of public opinion. (Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy; p. 291). These reasons include those founded in other persons good; reasons of excellence and ideals of human perfection; reasons of dislike or disgust, or of preference.

Question: 존 스튜어트 밀의 생일은 언제인가요?