Age of Enlightenment

Context: Reading underwent serious changes in the 18th century. In particular, Rolf Engelsing has argued for the existence of a "Reading Revolution". Until 1750, reading was done intensively: people tended to own a small number of books and read them repeatedly, often to small audience. After 1750, people began to read "extensively", finding as many books as they could, increasingly reading them alone. This is supported by increasing literacy rates, particularly among women.

Question: متى عاشو فلاسفة الأنوار؟


Age of Enlightenment

Context: It is extremely difficult to determine what people actually read during the Enlightenment. For example, examining the catalogs of private libraries gives an image skewed in favor of the classes wealthy enough to afford libraries and also ignores censored works unlikely to be publicly acknowledged. For this reason, a study of publishing would be much more fruitful for discerning reading habits.

Question: متى عاشو فلاسفة الأنوار؟


Age of Enlightenment

Context: Most work on the Enlightenment emphasizes the ideals discussed by intellectuals, rather than the actual state of education at the time. Leading educational theorists like England's John Locke and Switzerland's Jean Jacques Rousseau both emphasized the importance of shaping young minds early. By the late Enlightenment, there was a rising demand for a more universal approach to education, particularly after the American and French Revolutions.

Question: متى عاشو فلاسفة الأنوار؟


Age of Enlightenment

Context: Salons were places where philosophes were reunited and discussed old, actual or new ideas. This led to salons being the birthplace of intellectual and enlightened ideas.

Question: متى عاشو فلاسفة الأنوار؟


Age of Enlightenment

Context: The debating societies are an example of the public sphere during the Enlightenment. Their origins include:

Question: متى عاشو فلاسفة الأنوار؟


Age of Enlightenment

Context: In the late 1770s, popular debating societies began to move into more "genteel" rooms, a change which helped establish a new standard of sociability. The backdrop to these developments was "an explosion of interest in the theory and practice of public elocution". The debating societies were commercial enterprises that responded to this demand, sometimes very successfully. Some societies welcomed from 800 to 1,200 spectators a night.

Question: متى عاشو فلاسفة الأنوار؟


Age of Enlightenment

Context: The art produced during the Enlightenment focused on a search for morality that was absent from the art in previous eras. At the same time, the Classical art of Greece and Rome became interesting to people again, since archaeological teams discovered Pompeii and Herculaneum. People took inspiration from it and revived classical art into neo-classical art. This can especially be seen in early American art and architecture, which featured arches, goddesses, and other classical architectural designs.

Question: متى عاشو فلاسفة الأنوار؟


Shopping mall

Context: Many malls have declined considerably in Northern America, and some have closed and become so-called "dead malls". Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as power centers, lifestyle centers, factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces. In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use highrise communities.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: A regional mall is as per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall with to gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: A super-regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the US, a shopping mall with over of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region () in which it is located.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers, and specialized format such as power centers, festival marketplaces, and outlet centers.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: On the other hand, in some countries, many shopping centres less than half or a quarter of the size of the U.S. minimum to be considered a mall, , have "mall" in their names – see List of shopping centres in Namibia or List of shopping centres in Zambia for examples.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: The world's largest malls with over of gross leasable area are in China, Thailand, and the Philippines – more than half again as large as previous contenders such as the Dubai Mall.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: Shopping centers in general, may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered bazaars. In 1798 the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States in 1828.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924).

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after World War II (see table above) with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall. The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year. But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the Great Recession, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years. City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as Times Square, Apm, Langham Place, ISQUARE and The One.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor store or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: "Shopping mall" is a term used predominantly in North America and some other countries that follow U.S. usage (India, U.A.E., etc.) and others (Australia, etc.) follow U.K. usage.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: In the United States, Persian Gulf countries, and India, the term "shopping mall" is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply "mall"), while "shopping center/centre" usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighbourhoods. Outside of North America, "shopping precinct" and "shopping arcade" are also used.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: In Canada, "shopping centre" is often used officially (as in Square One Shopping Centre), but conversationally, "mall" is mostly used.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47 billion. This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as "shopping centres". "Mall" primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: In Russia, on the other hand, a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards, over CBDs or downtowns, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: This is an incomplete list of the world's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least .

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Shopping mall

Context: Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.

Question: ما هو أكبر مركز للتسوق؟


Performance appraisal

Context: A performance appraisal, also referred to as a performance review, performance evaluation, (career) development discussion, or employee appraisal, sometimes shortened to "PA", is a periodic and systematic process whereby the job performance of an employee is documented and evaluated. Performance appraisals are a part of career development and consist of regular reviews of employee performance within organizations.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: A performance appraisal is a systematic, general and periodic process that assesses an individual employee's job performance and productivity in relation to certain pre-established criteria and organizational objectives. Other aspects of individual employees are considered as well, such as organizational citizenship behavior, accomplishments, potential for future improvement, strengths and weaknesses, etc.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Performance management systems are employed "to manage and align" all of an organization's resources in order to achieve highest possible performance and to eliminate distractions procured from individual agents that neglect the companies goals. "How performance is managed in an organization determines to a large extent the success or failure of the organization. Therefore, improving PA for everyone should be among the highest priorities of contemporary organizations".

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: There are a number of potential benefits of organizational performance management conducting formal performance appraisals (PAs). There has been a general consensus in the belief that PAs lead to positive implications of organizations. Furthermore, PAs can benefit an organization's effectiveness. One way is PAs can often lead to giving individual workers feedback about their job performance. From this may spawn several potential benefits such as the individual workers becoming more productive.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Although performance appraisals can be biased, there are certain steps that can be taken to improve the evaluations and reduce the margin of errors through the following:

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: * "Training" - Bringing awareness to the potential for bias by training the Evaluators to be aware of the difference of skills and abilities between employees and how to subjectively consider these traits.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: * "Providing Feedback to Raters" - Trained raters provide managers who evaluated their subordinates with feedback, including information on ratings from other managers. This has the potential to reduce leniency errors.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: * "Subordinate Participation" - By allowing employee participation in the evaluation process, there is employee-supervisor reciprocity in the discussion for any discrepancies between self ratings and supervisor ratings, thus, increasing job satisfaction and motivation.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Leadership development coach Jack Zenger urges companies to find alternatives to annual performance reviews, and says that research supports the following:

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Managers who have had unsatisfactory experiences with inadequate or poorly designed appraisal programs may be skeptical about their usefulness.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Research has shown that the source of the feedback (either manager or peer) does not matter in influencing employees' subsequent innovative or extra-role behaviors after the feedback is received. As long as the feedback is provided, the source does not matter.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Incentive pay leads to the increase of agents awareness of their own actions and seek to maximize their pay by considering the best possible actions that can be taken for the success of the firm and actively explore several options to minimize opportunity costs. The issue with this form of resolution is the firm must compensate the agents for bearing a risk premium and inequitable pay.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Fixed payment ensures a safer, standardized mode of contract that delivers reassurance in spite of performance fluctuations and external environment volatility. However, lack of motivation occurs more readily and incurs shirking and adverse selections.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Researchers suggest that the study of employees' reactions to PA is important because of two main reasons: employee reactions symbolizes a criterion of interest to practitioners of PAs and employee reactions have been associated through theory to determinants of appraisal acceptance and success. Researchers translate these reasons into the context of the scientist-practitioner gap or the "lack of alignment between research and practice."

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Schultz & Schultz notes that opposition to performance appraisals generally don't receive positive ratings from anyone involved. "So employees that will be directly affected by the Performance Appraisals are less than enthusiastic about participating in them". When an employee knows that their work performance has been less than perfect it's nerve-racking to be evaluated. Employees tend to be hostile knowing they could be given bad news on their performance.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Most managers prefer to begin with positive information and then add bad news or suggestions for improvement at the end. However, employees are most satisfied when bad news is addressed early in the interview and positive information is saved until the end, so that the meeting ends with a positive feeling.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: Mistakes made by raters is a major source of problems in performance appraisal. There is no simple way to eliminate these errors, but making raters aware of them through training is helpful. Rater errors are based on the feelings and it has consequences at the time of appraisal.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: When a manager appraises (evaluates) his or her employees and the manager uses different standards and expectations for employees who are performing similar jobs.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: A professor does not grade the exams of all students in the same standards, sometimes it depends on the affection that the professor has towards others. This affection will make professor give students higher or lower grades.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: The rater must use the same standards and weights for every employee. The manager should be able to show coherent arguments in order to explain the difference. Therefore, it would be easier to know if it is done, because the employee has provided a good performance, or if it because the manager perception is distorted.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: When the manager rates an individual above what the performance actually merits due to only considering the very latest performance and not taking into consideration a sufficient enough period for quality assessment.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: When a professor gives the course grade based just in the performance of the student only in the last week.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: In order to avoid that, the manager can employ methods that track dominant traits as well as minor traits to understand adaptation over time. Total strength can be understood as the sum of the relative strengths.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: When the person who evaluates gives more weight according to information the manager has received first.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: During an evaluation the manager gives a higher score due to the initial impressions the employee made during their first few weeks, and is overlooking recent performance issues.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: When the manager has to make a decision, it is better not to do it according to what he or she remembers, but should be based on all the relevant and documented data of the employees performance.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: When the manager evaluates every employee within a narrow range, as the average because he or she is dismissing the differences in the performance that employees have done.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: When a professor because the average of the class tends to grade harder. Therefore, if the performance of the class average is quite high, the professor will evaluate them more highly. On the contrary, if the average of the class is lower, he or she would appraise lower.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: try to focus more on the individual performance of every employee regardless the average results.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: Rater's when the manager rates according to his or her values and prejudices which at the same time distort (distorsionar) the rating. Those differentiations can be made due to the ethnic group, gender, age, religion, sexuality or appearance of the employee.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: Sometimes happen that a manager treats someone different, because he or she thinks that the employee is homosexual.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: If then, the examination is done by higher-level managers, this kind of appraising can be corrected, because they are supposed to be more partial.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: When a manager rates an employee high on all items because of one characteristic that he or she likes.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: If a worker has few absences but the supervisor has a good relationship with that employee, the supervisor might give to the employee a high rating in all other areas of work, in order to balance the rating. Sometimes it happens due to the emotional dependability based on the good relationship they have.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: Training raters to recognize the problem and differentiating the person with the performance they do.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: This is the opposite to the halo effect and horns effect occurs when a manager rates an employee low on all items because of one characteristic that he or she dislikes.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: If a worker performs well but at certain times, he or she loves telling jokes, but his or her supervisor dislikes jokes, the supervisor might give the employee a lower rating in all other areas of work. Sometimes it happens when they do not have a close relationship and manager does not like the employee.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: Is the same as in the halo effect. Training raters to recognize the problem and differentiating the person with the performance they provide.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: The tendency to rate people relative to other people rather than to the individual performance he or her is doing.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: The rating should reflect the task requirement performance, not according to other people attitude.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: Sometimes, raters are influenced by some of the characteristics that people show. Depending if those characteristics are similar or different to the evaluators, they would be evaluated differently.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: A manager with higher education degree might give subordinates with higher education degree a higher appraisal than those with only bachelor’s degrees.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Solution: Try to focus on the performance the employee is doing regardless the common characteristic that you have

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Problem: When the rater evaluates the performance of an employee relying only on a small percentage of the amount of work done.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Performance appraisal

Context: *Example: An employee has to do 100 reports. Then, the manager takes five of them to check how has the work been done, and the manager finds mistakes in those five reports. Therefore the manager will appraise the work of the employee as a "poor" one, without having into account the other 95 reports that the manager has not seen, that have been made correctly.

Question: ما هي اهم وسائل تقييم الاداء ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: Users are able to access and manage their mailboxes using webmail interface, accessible using a standard web browser. Some accounts also supported the use of standard mail protocols (POP3 and SMTP). Since 2015, users can also connect non-Yahoo e-mail accounts to the webmail client.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: The transition to Yahoo! Mail was not easy for many Rocketmail users. On March 21, 2002, Yahoo! eliminated free software client access and introduced the $29.99 per year Mail Forwarding Service. Mary Osako, a Yahoo! Spokeswoman, told CNET, "For-pay services on Yahoo!, originally launched in February 1999, have experienced great acceptance from our base of active registered users, and we expect this adoption to continue to grow."

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: During 2002, the Yahoo! network was gradually redesigned. On July 2, the company website was changed, and it was announced that Yahoo! Mail and other services would also be redesigned. Along with this new design, new features were to be implemented, including drop-down menus in DHTML, different category tabs, and a new user-customizable color scheme. Yahoo! Network Services senior vice president Geoff Ralston stated that

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: On July 9, 2004, Yahoo! acquired Oddpost, a webmail service which simulated a desktop email client. Oddpost had features such as drag-and-drop support, right-click menus, RSS feeds, a preview pane, and increased speed using email caching to shorten response time. Many of the features were incorporated into an updated Yahoo! Mail service.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In December 2013, Yahoo! Mail suffered a major outage where approximately one million users, one percent of the site's total users, could not access their emails for several days. Then Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer publicly apologized to the site's users.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: China Yahoo! Mail officially announced its shutdown on April 18, 2013. Users were warned that all emails, contacts, and account settings would be inaccessible, unless users migrated to the American version of Yahoo! Mail. Individuals who made China Yahoo! Mail accounts during the Alibaba takeover were required to create new accounts under new usernames.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In January 2014, an undisclosed number of usernames and passwords were released to hackers, following a security breach that Yahoo! believed had occurred through a third-party website. Yahoo! contacted affected users and requested that passwords be changed.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In October 2015, Yahoo! updated the mail service with a "more subtle" redesign, as well as improved mobile features. The same release introduced the Yahoo! Account Key, a smartphone-based replacement for password logins.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In 2017, Yahoo! again redesigned the web interface with a "more minimal" look, and introduced the option to customize it with different color themes and layouts.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: Yahoo! Mail is often used by spammers to provide a "remove me" email address. Often, these addresses are used to verify the recipient's address, thus opening the door for more spam.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: Yahoo! does not tolerate this practice and terminates accounts connected with spam-related activities without warning, causing spammers to lose access to any other Yahoo! services connected with their ID under the Terms of Service. Additionally, Yahoo! stresses that its servers are based in California and any spam-related activity which uses its servers could potentially violate that state's anti-spam laws.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In February 2006, Yahoo! announced its decision (along with AOL) to give some organizations the option to "certify" mail by paying up to one cent for each outgoing message, allowing the mail in question to bypass inbound spam filters.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In order to prevent abuse, in 2002 Yahoo! Mail activated filters which changed certain words (that could trigger unwanted JavaScript events) and word fragments into other words. "mocha" was changed to "espresso", "expression" became "statement", and "eval" (short for "evaluation") became "review". This resulted in many unintended corrections, such as "prreviewent" (prevalent), "reviewuation" (evaluation) and "medireview" (medieval).

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: When asked about these changes, Yahoo! explained that the changed words were common terms used in web scripting, and were blacklisted to prevent hackers from sending damaging commands via the program's HTML function. Starting before February 7, 2006, Yahoo! Mail ended the practice, and began to add an underscore as a prefix to certain suspicious words and word fragments.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: Incoming mail to Yahoo! addresses can be subjected to deferred delivery as part of Yahoo's incoming spam controls. This can delay delivery of mail sent to Yahoo! addresses without the sender or recipients being aware of it. The deferral is typically of short duration, but may extend up to several hours. Yahoo! does not specifically document this policy in detail, although some information is available.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In a February 2006 hearing, Yahoo! executives swore that they had received no information about the investigation. Several months later, it was discovered that the document provided to Yahoo! China on April 22, 2004, by the Beijing State Security Bureau stated that "Your office is in possession of the following items relating to a case of suspected illegal provision of state secrets to foreign entities."

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: On November 13, 2007, Yahoo! settled with Shi for an undisclosed sum. Shi was released from prison in September 2013.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: On February 20, 2006, it was revealed that Yahoo! Mail was banning the word "Allah" in email usernames, both separately and as part of a user name such as codice_9. Shortly after the news of the ban, it was lifted on February 23, 2006. Along with this action, Yahoo! also made the following statement:

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In November 2012, an exploit for Yahoo! Mail was sold for $700 by an Egyptian hacker, allowing hijackers to hack Yahoo! Mail user accounts and redirect users to a malicious website. The attack used cross-site scripting which let hackers steal cookies. In January 2013, hacker and security researcher Shahin Ramezany pointed out another DOM-based XSS loophole that placed 400 million users at risk.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In 2013, Yahoo! deleted accounts that hadn't been logged into for more than 12 months and gave those names to other users. This included accounts that had set up email forwarding to other accounts, who didn't notice and act upon the message to preserve their account. Spillover from this action resulted in some users losing access to accounts on other services as their email resets were no longer forwarded to them, but to the new owner of their former account.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: From 2007, Yahoo! was the email service used by New Zealand Telecom, which came under criticism in early 2013 following a spam and phishing attack that was described as the biggest to have ever hit the country. Telecom and Yahoo! automatically reset "about 60,000" users' passwords. In April, Telecom announced that despite the issue, it would retain Yahoo! as an email provider.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: The contents of Yahoo! Mail messages are scanned for the purposes of targeted advertising, in contrast to its main competitors Gmail (which ended the practice in late 2017) and Outlook.com (which did not employ the practice).

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: In 2015, Reuters reported that Yahoo! has implemented a functionality to scan all incoming emails for specific keywords and share email content in real time with the US National Security Agency.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


Yahoo! Mail

Context: The mobile app for Yahoo! Mail can be downloaded from the App Store for iOS, and the Google Play Store for Android. Both versions of the app perform the same function, but are tailored to the mobile device's operating system. Some characteristics include replying to a message by opening a notification and separately archiving, deleting and starring notifications. It is available in several languages.

Question: متى تأسس بريد ياهو! ؟


An-Naba

Context: An-Naba or The News (, "an-nabaʼ", also known as "The Tidings", "The Announcement") is the seventy-eighth chapter (surah) of the Quran, with forty "ayat" or verses.

Question: ما هو عدد آيات سورة النبأ؟


An-Naba

Context: The first twenty verses discuss the wonders of the worldly creation (the earth, plants, the peace of night, the mountains and rain); the final twenty verses are about the eternal wonders and horrors of the next world, with the raging sinner (the Arabic triliteral root TGY "tageena" is used) being punished starkly opposed with the rewarding of dutiful believers in paradise. The Arabic triliteral root WQY "mutaqeena" is employed as a poetic parataxis to TGY).

Question: ما هو عدد آيات سورة النبأ؟


Coffeehouse

Context: The most common English spelling "café", is the French, Portuguese, and Spanish spelling, and was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century. The Italian spelling, "caffè", is also sometimes used in English. In Southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to and spelt "caff".

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: The English word "café" to describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the French "café." The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660. The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened in Belgrade, Serbia in 1522 as a Kafana (Serbian coffee house).

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: The translingual word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including Portuguese, Spanish, and French ("café"); German ("Kaffee"); Polish ("kawa"); Serbian ("кафа / kafa"); Ukrainian ("кава", 'kava'); and others.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of imams who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524. However, these bans could not be maintained, due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture across the Islamic world. The Ottoman chronicler İbrahim Peçevi reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse in Istanbul:

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a "Kiva Han" in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, but with no documentation.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: The 17th century French traveler and writer Jean Chardin gave a lively description of the Persian coffeehouse scene:

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouses is said to have appeared in 1632 in Livorno by a Jewish merchant, or later in 1640, in Venice. In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford in 1650-1651 by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" (Queen's Lane Coffee House).

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: Anthony Wood observed of the coffee houses of Oxford in his "Life and Times" (1674) "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffee houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news". The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in goods from the Ottoman Empire named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: Jonathan's Coffee House in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the London Stock Exchange. Lloyd's Coffee House provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals, leading to the establishment of Lloyd's of London insurance market, the Lloyd's Register classification society, and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of Sotheby's and Christie's.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In Victorian England, the temperance movement set up coffeehouses (also known as coffee taverns) for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of alcohol, an alternative to the public house (pub).

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: Pasqua Rosée, an Armenian by the name Harutiun Vartian, also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until Procopio Cutò, his apprentice, opened the Café Procope in 1686. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the "Encyclopédie", the first modern encyclopedia.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (Asdvadzadur). Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat) opened a registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685. Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses. The culture of drinking coffee was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established: Caffè Florian in Venice, Antico Caffè Greco in Rome, Caffè Pedrocchi in Padua, Caffè dell'Ussero in Pisa and Caffè Fiorio in Turin.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: The first known cafes in Pest date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs cafe and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against the Italian-originated cafe of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In Ireland and the United Kingdom, a "café" (with an acute accent) may be similar to those in other European countries, while a "cafe" (without an acute accent and often pronounced "caff") is more likely to be a British cafe-style eating place, typically serving home-cooked or fried food, and sometimes colloquially known as a "greasy spoon".

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: The exclusion of women from coffeehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned. Émilie du Châtelet purportedly cross-dressed to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In a well-known engraving of a Parisian café c. 1700, the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, separated in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: Coffeehouses are part of the culture of Buenos Aires and the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for 'porteños' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses include Confitería del Molino, Café Tortoni, , Café La Biela.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In 1966, Alfred Peet began applying the dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop in Berkeley, California to educate customers on the virtues of good coffee. Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic Last Exit on Brooklyn coffeehouse, Seattle became known for its thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene; the Starbucks chain later standardized and mainstreamed this espresso bar model.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: They are popular to this day with coffeehouses such as Starbucks seeming to be on every corner of streets in several major American cities including Los Angeles and Seattle.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or sidewalk café) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet café or Hotspot. The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned diners that they replaced.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In the Middle East, the coffeehouse ( "maqha"; "qahveh-khaneh"; or "kırâthane") serves as an important social gathering place for men. Men assemble in coffeehouses to drink coffee (usually Arabic coffee) and tea. In addition, men go there to listen to music, read books, play chess and backgammon, watch TV and enjoy other social activities around the Arab world and in Turkey. Hookah (shisha) is traditionally served as well.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like Indian Coffee House, Café Coffee Day, Barista Lavazza have become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for conspicuous consumption, with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called "kopi tiam". The word is a portmanteau of the Malay word for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and the Hokkien dialect word for shop (; POJ: tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based on egg, toast, and coconut jam, plus coffee, tea, and Milo, a malted chocolate drink that is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In the Philippines, coffee shop chains like Starbucks became prevalent in upper and middle class professionals especially in Makati. However, Carinderias also serve coffee alongside viands. Events such as "Kapihan" often officiated at bakeshops and restaurants that also served coffee for breakfast and merienda.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In Thailand, the term "café" is not only a coffeehouse in the international definition, as in other countries, but in the past was considered a night restaurant that serves alcoholic drinks during a comedy show on stage. The era in which this type of business flourished was the 1990s, before the 1997 financial crisis.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: In the 19th Century, coffee houses such as the Collingwood Coffee Palace or the Federal Coffee Palace in the centre of Melbourne were established and were part of the temperance movement to reduce the consumption of alcohol in society.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: The espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from espresso. Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known are Starbucks Coffee, based in Seattle, U.S., and Costa Coffee, based in Dunstable, U.K. (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Coffeehouse

Context: A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a barista. The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills.

Question: ما هو أول مقهى في العالم؟


Ian Fleming

Context: While working for Britain's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War, Fleming was involved in planning Operation Goldeneye and in the planning and oversight of two intelligence units, 30 Assault Unit and T-Force. He drew from his wartime service and his career as a journalist for much of the background, detail, and depth of his James Bond novels.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Ian Lancaster Fleming was born on 28 May 1908, at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair. His mother was Evelyn "Eve" Fleming, "" Rose, and his father was Valentine Fleming, the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 to 1917. As an infant he briefly lived with his family at Braziers Park in Oxfordshire. Fleming was a grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who co-founded the Scottish American Investment Company and the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: In 1914, with the start of the First World War, Valentine Fleming joined "C" Squadron, Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, and rose to the rank of major. He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917; Winston Churchill wrote an obituary that appeared in "The Times". Because Valentine had owned an estate at Arnisdale, his death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Fleming's elder brother Peter (1907–1971) became a travel writer and married actress Celia Johnson. Peter served with the Grenadier Guards during the Second World War, was later commissioned under Colin Gubbins to help establish the Auxiliary Units, and became involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: In 1914 Fleming attended Durnford School, a preparatory school on the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset. He did not enjoy his time at Durnford; he suffered unpalatable food, physical hardship and bullying.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Fleming bowed to family pressure again in October 1933, and went into banking with a position at the financiers Cull & Co. In 1935 he moved to Rowe and Pitman on Bishopsgate as a stockbroker. Fleming was unsuccessful in both roles. Early in 1939 Fleming began an affair with Ann O'Neill, "" Charteris, who was married to the 3rd Baron O'Neill; she was also having an affair with Esmond Harmsworth, the heir to Lord Rothermere, owner of the "Daily Mail".

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Fleming proved invaluable as Godfrey's personal assistant and excelled in administration. Godfrey was known as an abrasive character who made enemies within government circles. He frequently used Fleming as a liaison with other sections of the government's wartime administration, such as the Secret Intelligence Service, the Political Warfare Executive, the Special Operations Executive (SOE), the Joint Intelligence Committee and the Prime Minister's staff.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: In 1940 Fleming and Godfrey contacted Kenneth Mason, Professor of Geography at Oxford University, about the preparation of reports on the geography of countries involved in military operations. These reports were the precursors of the "Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series" produced between 1941 and 1946.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Fleming also worked with Colonel "Wild Bill" Donovan, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's special representative on intelligence co-operation between London and Washington. In May 1941 Fleming accompanied Godfrey to the United States, where he assisted in writing a blueprint for the Office of the Coordinator of Information, the department that turned into the Office of Strategic Services and eventually became the CIA.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Admiral Godfrey put Fleming in charge of Operation Goldeneye between 1941 and 1942; Goldeneye was a plan to maintain an intelligence framework in Spain in the event of a German takeover of the territory. Fleming's plan involved maintaining communication with Gibraltar and launching sabotage operations against the Nazis. In 1941 he liaised with Donovan over American involvement in a measure intended to ensure the Germans did not dominate the seaways.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Before the 1944 Normandy landings, most of 30AU's operations were in the Mediterranean, although it is possible that it secretly participated in the Dieppe Raid in a failed pinch raid for an Enigma machine and related materials. Fleming observed the raid from HMS "Fernie", 700 yards offshore. Because of its successes in Sicily and Italy, 30AU became greatly trusted by naval intelligence.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: In December 1944 Fleming was posted on an intelligence fact-finding trip to the Far East on behalf of the Director of Naval Intelligence. Much of the trip was spent identifying opportunities for 30AU in the Pacific; the unit saw little action because of the Japanese surrender.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: The success of 30AU led to the August 1944 decision to establish a "Target Force", which became known as T-Force. The official memorandum, held at The National Archives in London, describes the unit's primary role: "T-Force = Target Force, to guard and secure documents, persons, equipment, with combat and Intelligence personnel, after capture of large towns, ports etc. in liberated and enemy territory."

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Fleming was demobilised in May 1945, but remained in the RNVR for several years, receiving a promotion to substantive lieutenant-commander (Special Branch) on 26 July 1947. In October 1947, he was awarded the King Christian X's Liberty Medal for his contribution in assisting Danish officers escaping from Denmark to Britain during the occupation of Denmark. He ended his service on 16 August 1952, when he was removed from the active list of the RNVR with the rank of lieutenant-commander.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Upon Fleming's demobilisation in May 1945, he became the foreign manager in the Kemsley newspaper group, which at the time owned "The Sunday Times". In this role he oversaw the paper's worldwide network of correspondents. His contract allowed him to take three months' holiday every winter, which he took in Jamaica. Fleming worked full-time for the paper until December 1959, but continued to write articles and attend the Tuesday weekly meetings until at least 1961.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Fleming was also friends with British Prime Minister Anthony Eden whom he allowed to stay at Goldeneye in late November 1953 due to Eden's deteriorating health.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Fleming's first work of non-fiction, "The Diamond Smugglers", was published in 1957 and was partly based on background research for his fourth Bond novel, "Diamonds Are Forever". Much of the material had appeared in "The Sunday Times" and was based on Fleming's interviews with John Collard, a member of the International Diamond Security Organisation who had previously worked in MI5. The book received mixed reviews in the UK and US.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: In October 1975 Fleming's son Caspar, aged 23, committed suicide by drug overdose and was buried with his father. Fleming's widow, Ann, died in 1981 and was buried with her husband and their son.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: The author Raymond Benson, who later wrote a series of Bond novels, noted that Fleming's books fall into two stylistic periods. Those books written between 1953 and 1960 tend to concentrate on "mood, character development, and plot advancement", while those released between 1961 and 1966 incorporate more detail and imagery. Benson argues that Fleming had become "a master storyteller" by the time he wrote "Thunderball" in 1961.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Umberto Eco analysed Fleming's works from a Structuralist point of view, and identified a series of oppositions within the storylines that provide structure and narrative, including:

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Fleming used well-known brand names and everyday details to support a sense of realism. Kingsley Amis called this "the Fleming effect", describing it as "the imaginative use of information, whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond's world ... [is] bolted down to some sort of reality, or at least counter-balanced."

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: From the opening novel in the series, the theme of treachery was strong. Bond's target in "Casino Royale", Le Chiffre, was the paymaster of a French communist trade union, and the overtones of a fifth column struck a chord with the largely British readership, as Communist influence in the trade unions had been an issue in the press and parliament, especially after the defections of Burgess and Maclean in 1951. The "traitor within" theme continued in "Live and Let Die" and "Moonraker".

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: Raymond Benson considered the most obvious theme of the series to be good versus evil. This crystallised in "Goldfinger" with the Saint George motif, which is stated explicitly in the book: "Bond sighed wearily. Once more into the breach, dear friend! This time, it really was St George and the dragon. And St George had better get a move on and do something"; Black notes that the image of St. George is an English, rather than British personification.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: During his lifetime Fleming sold thirty million books; double that number were sold in the two years following his death. In 2008 "The Times" ranked Fleming fourteenth on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". In 2002 Ian Fleming Publications announced the launch of the CWA Ian Fleming Steel Dagger award, presented by the Crime Writers' Association to the best thriller, adventure or spy novel originally published in the UK.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


Ian Fleming

Context: The Eon Productions series of Bond films, which started in 1962 with "Dr. No", continued after Fleming's death. Along with two non-Eon produced films, there have been twenty-five Eon films, with the most recent, "No Time to Die", released in September 2021. The Eon Productions series has grossed over $6.2 billion worldwide, making it one of the highest-grossing film series.

Question: متى توفي إيان فليمنغ ؟


History of China

Context: A bronze tomahawk with a blade of meteoric iron excavated near the city of Gaocheng in Shijiazhuang (now Hebei province) has been dated to the 14th century BC.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: An Iron Age culture of the Tibetan Plateau has tentatively been associated with the Zhang Zhung culture described in early Tibetan writings.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The Zhou established two capitals Zongzhou (near modern Xi'an) and Chengzhou (Luoyang), moving between them regularly. The Zhou alliance gradually expanded eastward into Shandong, southeastward into the Huai River valley, and southward into the Yangtze River valley.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Conflict in this period occurred both between and within states. Warfare between states forced the surviving states to develop better administrations to mobilize more soldiers and resources. Within states there was constant jockeying between elite families. For example, the three most powerful families in the Jin state—Zhao, Wei and Han—eventually overthrew the ruling family and partitioned the state between them.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The Hundred Schools of Thought of classical Chinese philosophy began blossoming during this period and the subsequent Warring States period. Such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded, partly in response to the changing political world. The first two philosophical thoughts would have an enormous influence on Chinese culture.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: After further political consolidation, seven prominent states remained by the end of the 5th century BC, and the years in which these few states battled each other are known as the Warring States period. Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC, he was largely a figurehead and held little real power.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: As neighboring territories of these warring states, including areas of modern Sichuan and Liaoning, were annexed, they were governed under the new local administrative system of commandery and prefecture. This system had been in use since the Spring and Autumn period, and parts can still be seen in the modern system of Sheng and Xian (province and county).

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The state of Qin became dominant in the last century of this period. Qin conquered the state of Shu in the Chengdu Plain, and eventually drove Chu from its home in the Han River valley. Qin copied the administrative reforms of the other states to become a powerhouse. The final expansion in this period began during the reign of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. His unification of the other six powers enabled him to proclaim himself the First Emperor (Qin Shi Huang).

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Qin's conquest and colonization of the Yangzi Valley played an important role in bringing this area under the control of Chinese empires.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: After Qin Shi Huang's death the Qin government drastically deteriorated and eventually capitulated in 207 BC after the Qin capital was captured and sacked by rebels, which would ultimately lead to the establishment of the Han Empire. Despite the short duration of the Qin dynasty, it was immensely influential on China and the structure of future Chinese dynasties.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Major military campaigns were launched to weaken the nomadic Xiongnu Empire, limiting their influence north of the Great Wall. Along with the diplomatic efforts led by Zhang Qian, the sphere of influence of the Han Empire extended to the states in the Tarim Basin, opened up the Silk Road that connected China to the west, stimulating bilateral trade and cultural exchange. To the south, various small kingdoms far beyond the Yangtze River Valley were formally incorporated into the empire.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Emperor Wu also dispatched a series of military campaigns against the Baiyue tribes. The Han annexed Minyue in 135 BC and 111 BC, Nanyue in 111 BC, and Dian in 109 BC. Migration and military expeditions led to the cultural assimilation of the south. It also brought the Han into contact with kingdoms in Southeast Asia, introducing diplomacy and trade.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: After Emperor Wu, the empire slipped into gradual stagnation and decline. Economically, the state treasury was strained by excessive campaigns and projects, while land acquisitions by elite families gradually drained the tax base. Various consort clans exerted increasing control over strings of incompetent emperors and eventually the dynasty was briefly interrupted by the usurpation of Wang Mang.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The Eastern Han dynasty was one of the most prolific era of science and technology in ancient China, notably the historic invention of papermaking by Cai Lun, and the numerous scientific and mathematical contributions by the famous polymath Zhang Heng.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: By the 2nd century, the empire declined amidst land acquisitions, invasions, and feuding between consort clans and eunuchs. The Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in AD 184, ushering in an era of warlords. In the ensuing turmoil, three states tried to gain predominance in the period of the Three Kingdoms, since greatly romanticized in works such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: After Cao Cao reunified the north in 208, his son proclaimed the Wei dynasty in 220. Soon, Wei's rivals Shu and Wu proclaimed their independence, leading China into the Three Kingdoms period. This period was characterized by a gradual decentralization of the state that had existed during the Qin and Han dynasties, and an increase in the power of great families.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: In 266, the Jin dynasty overthrew the Wei and later unified the country in 280, but this union was short-lived.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The Jin dynasty was severely weakened by internecine fighting among imperial princes and lost control of northern China after non-Han Chinese settlers rebelled and captured Luoyang and Chang'an. In 317, a Jin prince in modern-day Nanjing became emperor and continued the dynasty, now known as the Eastern Jin, which held southern China for another century. Prior to this move, historians refer to the Jin dynasty as the Western Jin.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: In the north, the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms was extinguished in 439 by the Northern Wei, a kingdom founded by the Xianbei, a nomadic people who unified northern China. The Northern Wei eventually split into the Eastern and Western Wei, which then became the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou. These regimes were dominated by Xianbei or Han Chinese who had married into Xianbei families. During this period most Xianbei people adopted Han surnames, eventually leading to complete assimilation into the Han.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Despite the division of the country, Buddhism spread throughout the land. In southern China, fierce debates about whether Buddhism should be allowed were held frequently by the royal court and nobles. By the end of the era, Buddhists and Taoists had become much more tolerant of each other.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The Tang dynasty was a golden age of Chinese civilization, a prosperous, stable, and creative period with significant developments in culture, art, literature, particularly poetry, and technology. Buddhism became the predominant religion for the common people. Chang'an (modern Xi'an), the national capital, was the largest city in the world during its time.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The prosperity of the early Tang dynasty was abetted by a centralized bureaucracy. The government was organized as "Three Departments and Six Ministries" to separately draft, review, and implement policies. These departments were run by royal family members and landed aristocrats, but as the dynasty wore on, were joined or replaced by scholar officials selected by imperial examinations, setting patterns for later dynasties.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The dynasty continued to flourish under the rule of Empress Wu Zetian, the only empress regnant in Chinese history, and reached its zenith during the long reign of Emperor Xuanzong, who oversaw an empire that stretched from the Pacific to the Aral Sea with at least 50 million people. There were vibrant artistic and cultural creations, including works of the greatest Chinese poets, Li Bai and Du Fu.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The Song dynasty was considered to be the golden age of great advancements in science and technology of China, thanks to innovative scholar-officials such as Su Song (1020–1101) and Shen Kuo (1031–1095). Inventions such as the hydro-mechanical astronomical clock, the first continuous and endless power-transmitting chain, woodblock printing and paper money were all invented during the Song dynasty.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The advances in civilization during the Song dynasty came to an abrupt end following the devastating Mongol conquest, during which the population sharply dwindled, with a marked contraction in economy. Despite viciously halting Mongol advance for more than three decades, the Southern Song capital Hangzhou fell in 1276, followed by the final annihilation of the Song standing navy at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368, who proclaimed himself as the Hongwu Emperor. The capital was initially set at Nanjing, and was later moved to Beijing from Yongle Emperor's reign onward.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the voyages of Zheng He.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: In 1449 Esen Tayisi led an Oirat Mongol invasion of northern China which culminated in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Tumu. Since then, the Ming became on the defensive on the northern frontier, which led to the Ming Great Wall being built. Most of what remains of the Great Wall of China today was either built or repaired by the Ming. The brick and granite work was enlarged, the watchtowers were redesigned, and cannons were placed along its length.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: In 1556, during the rule of the Jiajing Emperor, the Shaanxi earthquake killed about 830,000 people, the deadliest earthquake of all time.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: By the end of Qianlong Emperor's long reign in 1796, the Qing Empire was at its zenith. The Qing ruled more than one-third of the world's population, and had the largest economy in the world. By area it was one of the largest empires ever.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Yuan's death in 1916 left a power vacuum; the republican government was all but shattered. This opened the way for the Warlord Era, during which much of China was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial military leaders and the Beiyang government. Intellectuals, disappointed in the failure of the Republic, launched the New Culture Movement.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: In 1919, the May Fourth Movement began as a response to the pro-Japanese terms imposed on China by the Treaty of Versailles following World War I. It quickly became a nationwide protest movement. The protests were a moral success as the cabinet fell and China refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which had awarded German holdings of Shandong to Japan. Memory of the mistreatment at Versailles fuels resentment into the 21st century.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Political and intellectual ferment waxed strong throughout the 1920s and 1930s. According to Patricia Ebrey:

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: "Nationalism, patriotism, progress, science, democracy, and freedom were the goals; imperialism, feudalism, warlordism, autocracy, patriarchy, and blind adherence to tradition were the enemies. Intellectuals struggled with how to be strong and modern and yet Chinese, how to preserve China as a political entity in the world of competing nations."

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Due to the controversial nature of the Taiwan's political status, the ROC is currently recognized by 14 UN member states and Holy See as of 2022 as the legitimate government of "China".

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with Kuomintang (KMT) pulling out of the mainland, with the government relocating to Taipei and maintaining control only over a few islands. The CCP was left in control of mainland China. On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China. "Communist China" and "Red China" were two common names for the PRC.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: In 1972, at the peak of the Sino-Soviet split, Mao and Zhou Enlai met US president Richard Nixon in Beijing to establish relations with the United States. In the same year, the PRC was admitted to the United Nations in place of the Republic of China, with permanent membership of the Security Council.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: A power struggle followed Mao's death in 1976. The Gang of Four were arrested and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, marking the end of a turbulent political era in China. Deng Xiaoping outmaneuvered Mao's anointed successor chairman Hua Guofeng, and gradually emerged as the "de facto" leader over the next few years.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: According to the United States Department of Defense as many as 3 million Uyghurs and members of other Muslim minority groups are being held in China's internment camps which are located in the Xinjiang region and which American news reports often label as "concentration camps". The camps were established in late 2010s under Xi Jinping's administration.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: Human Rights Watch says that they have been used to indoctrinate Uyghurs and other Muslims since 2017 as part of a "people's war on terror", a policy announced in 2014. The camps have been criticized by the governments of many countries and human rights organizations for alleged human rights abuses, including mistreatment, rape, and torture, with some of them alleging genocide.

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


History of China

Context: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS coronavirus 2, which causes COVID-19 disease, originally detected in Wuhan became the global COVID-19 pandemic. The virus' origin in China has led to misinformation, including conspiracy theories that suggest the virus originated in a Chinese laboratory and was genetically engineered. The World Health Organization concluded that artificial origin of the coronavirus is "extremely unlikely".

Question: ما أول حضارة كانت في  الصين القديمة؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of disease, forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and missionization. This has been argued to be the first large-scale act of genocide in the modern era.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession and subsequent division of most Spanish territories in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were lost to the United States in 1898, following the Spanish–American War. The loss of these territories ended Spanish rule in the Americas.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas. In 1542 Las Casas wrote a damning account of this genocide, "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies". It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. In the following years, Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Cañaris. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Peru was the last territory in the continent under Spanish rule, which ended on 9 December 1824 at the Battle of Ayacucho (Spanish rule continued until 1898 in Cuba and Puerto Rico).

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Chile was explored by Spaniards based in Peru, where Spaniards found the fertile soil and mild climate attractive. The Mapuche people of Chile, whom the Spaniards called Araucanians, resisted fiercely. The Spanish did establish the settlement of Chile in 1541, founded by Pedro de Valdivia.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Two major factors affected the density of Spanish settlement in the long term. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. The other was the presence or absence of an exploitable resource for the enrichment of settlers. Best was gold, but silver was found in abundance.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. The loss of indigenous population had a direct impact on Spaniards as well, since increasingly they saw those populations as a source of their own wealth, disappearing before their eyes.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. The introduction of sheep production was an ecological disaster in places where they were raised in great numbers, since they ate vegetation to the ground, preventing the regeneration of plants.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. In the face of the impossibility of the Castilian institutions to take care of the New World affairs, other new institutions were created.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Then the first such in 1542; the legal thought behind them was the basis of modern International law.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: The exploitation and demographic catastrophe that indigenous peoples experienced from Spanish rule in the Caribbean also occurred

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya. For the Andean area, there are an increasing number of publications as well. The history of the Guaraní has also been the subject of a recent study.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. Viceroys were of high social standing, almost without exception born in Spain, and served fixed terms.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born ("crillo") elites. During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: In 1574, Philip II promulgated the Order of Patronage ("Ordenaza del Patronato") ordering the religious orders to turn over their parishes to the secular clergy, a policy that secular clerics had long sought for the central areas of empire, with their large indigenous populations. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Religious orders along with the Jesuits then embarked on further evangelization in frontier regions of the empire.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. Another important export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried insects living on cacti. It became the second-most valuable export from Spanish America after silver.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called "juntas" were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. They were predominantly "criollos" (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the Spanish–American War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: The epic journey of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca has been portrayed in a 1991 feature-length Mexican film, "Cabeza de Vaca". The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, "Aguirre, the Wrath of God" (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: "The Mission" was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaraní in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, "I, the Worst of All" and in a TV miniseries Juana Inés. Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster, Martín Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film and a 1986 telenovela, "Martín Garatuza".

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Spanish colonization of the Americas

Context: For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia.

Question: متى انتهى الاحتلال الاسباني لامريكا الجنوبية ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and many other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Several forms (vitamers) of vitamin D exist. The two major forms are vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol. Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3, or both, and is known collectively as calciferol.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Vitamin D2 was chemically characterized in 1931. In 1935, the chemical structure of vitamin D3 was defined and shown to result from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. A chemical nomenclature for vitamin D forms was recommended in 1981, but alternative names remain in common use.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Chemically, the various forms of vitamin D are secosteroids, that is, steroids in which one of the bonds in the steroid rings is broken. The structural difference between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 is in the side chain, which contains a double bond, between carbons 22 and 23, and a methyl group on carbon 24 in vitamin D2.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: VDR activation in the intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland cells leads to the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood (with the assistance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) and to the maintenance of bone content.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: The VDR regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Vitamin D also affects the immune system, and VDRs are expressed in several white blood cells, including monocytes and activated T and B cells. In vitro, vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells, and affects the synthesis of neurotrophic factors, nitric oxide synthase, and glutathione.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Vitamin D receptor expression decreases with age and findings suggest that vitamin D is directly related to muscle strength, mass and function.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: An estimated one billion people worldwide are either vitamin D insufficient or deficient. Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in the European population. A diet with insufficient vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes vitamin D deficiency. Severe vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, a softening and weakening of bones, which is a rare disease in the developed world.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Vitamin D deficiency is found worldwide in the elderly and remains common in children and adults. Deficiency results in impaired bone mineralization and bone damage which leads to bone-softening diseases, including rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Low blood calcifediol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D) can result from avoiding the sun. Being deficient in vitamin D can cause intestinal absorption of dietary calcium to fall to 15%. When not deficient, an individual usually absorbs between 60 and 80%.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Maternal vitamin D deficiency may cause overt bone disease from before birth and impairment of bone quality after birth. Nutritional rickets exists in countries with intense year-round sunlight such as Nigeria and can occur without vitamin D deficiency.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Although rickets and osteomalacia are now rare in the UK, outbreaks have happened in some immigrant communities in which osteomalacia patients included women with seemingly adequate daylight outdoor exposure wearing Western clothing. Having darker skin and reduced exposure to sunshine did not produce rickets unless the diet deviated from a Western omnivore pattern characterized by high intakes of meat, fish, and eggs. The dietary risk factors for rickets include abstaining from animal foods.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Vitamin D deficiency remains the main cause of rickets among young infants in most countries because breast milk is low in vitamin D and social customs and climatic conditions can prevent adequate sun exposure. In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, where rickets occurs among older toddlers and children, it has been attributed to low dietary calcium intakes, which are characteristic of cereal-based diets with limited access to dairy products.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone mineral density with increased bone fragility and risk of bone fractures. Osteoporosis can be a long-term effect of calcium and/or vitamin D insufficiency, at least in part. This may result from inadequate calcium intake, with insufficient vitamin D contributing by reducing calcium absorption.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Dark-skinned people living in temperate climates have been shown to have low vitamin D levels but the significance of this is not certain. Dark-skinned people are less efficient at making vitamin D because melanin in the skin hinders vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin D deficiency is common in Hispanic and African-Americans in the United States, with levels dropping significantly in the winter. This is due to the levels of melanin in the skin, as it acts as a natural protectant from sun exposure.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Athletes who are vitamin D deficient are at an increased risk of stress fractures and/or major breaks, particularly those engaging in contact sports. The greatest benefit with supplementation is seen in athletes who are deficient (25(OH)D serum levels <30ng/mL), or severely deficient (25(OH)D serum levels <25ng/mL). Incremental decreases in risks are observed with rising serum 25(OH)D concentrations plateauing at 50ng/mL with no additional benefits seen in levels beyond this point.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required manufacturers to declare the amount of vitamin D on nutrition facts labels, as "nutrients of public health significance", since May 2016. By a proposed deadline extension, some manufacturers had until July 1, 2021, to comply.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Taking vitamin D supplements does not meaningfully reduce the risk of stroke, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, or ischemic heart disease. Supplementation may have no effect on blood pressure.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: In general, vitamin D functions to activate the innate and dampen the adaptive immune systems with antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Deficiency has been linked to increased risk or severity of viral infections, including HIV and COVID-19. Low levels of vitamin D appear to be a risk factor for tuberculosis, and historically it was used as a treatment.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Vitamin D supplementation in low doses (400 to 1000 IU/day) may slightly decrease the overall risk of acute respiratory tract infections. The benefits were found in young children and adolescents (ages 1 up to 16 years) and were not confirmed with higher doses (>1000 IU per day or more). Vitamin D supplementation substantially reduces the rate of moderate or severe exacerbations of COPD in people with baseline 25(OH)D levels under 25nmol/L but not in those with less severe deficiency.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Although tentative data link low levels of vitamin D to asthma, evidence to support a beneficial effect on asthmatics from supplementation is inconclusive. One review found that vitamin D supplementation could reduce the need for steroids used to inhibit episode frequency in people with mild to moderate asthma, and that supplementation had no effect on day-to-day asthma symptoms. In general practice, supplementation with vitamin D is not recommended for treatment or prevention of asthma.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟


Vitamin D

Context: Low levels of vitamin D are associated with two major forms of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A meta-analysis of vitamin D therapy in IBD patients with vitamin D deficiency has shown that supplementation is effective at correcting vitamin D levels and is associated with improvements in scores for clinical disease activity and biochemical markers.

Question: من هو مكتشف فيتامين د ؟