Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi

Context: "Suhraward" is a village located between the present-day towns of Zanjan and Bijar Garrus in Iran, where Suhrawardi was born in 1154. He learned wisdom and jurisprudence in Maragheh (located today in the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran). His teacher was Majd al-Dīn Jīlī who was also Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s teacher. He then went to Iraq and Syria for several years and developed his knowledge while he was there.

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: His life spanned a period of less than forty years during which he produced a series of works that established him as the founder of a new school of philosophy, called "Illuminism" ("hikmat al-Ishraq"). According to Henry Corbin, Suhrawardi "came later to be called the Master of Illumination ("Shaikh-i-Ishraq") because his great aim was the renaissance of ancient Iranian wisdom". which Corbin specifies in various ways as the "project of reviving the philosophy of ancient Persia".

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: There are several contradictory reports of his death. The most commonly held view is that he was executed sometime between 1191 and 1208 in Aleppo on charges of cultivating Batini teachings and philosophy, by the order of al-Malik al-Zahir, son of Saladin. Other traditions hold that he starved himself to death, others tell that he was suffocated or thrown from the wall of the fortress, then burned by some people.

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: Arising out of peripatetic philosophy as developed by Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Suhrawardi's illuminationist philosophy is critical of several of Ibn Sina's positions and radically departs from him in creating a symbolic language (mainly derived from ancient Iranian culture or "Farhang-e Khosravani") to give expression to his wisdom ("hikma").

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: Suhrawardi elaborated the neoplatonic idea of an independent intermediary world, the imaginal world ("ʿalam-i mithal" عالم مثال). His views have exerted a powerful influence down to this day, particularly through Mulla Sadra’s combined peripatetic and illuminationist description of reality.

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: Suhrawardi thought of himself as a reviver or resuscitator of the ancient Persian wisdom. He states in "Hikmat al-'Ishraq" that:

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: In his work "Alwah Imadi", Suhrawardi offers an esoteric interpretation of Ferdowsi's "Epic of Kings" ("Shah Nama") in which figures such as Fereydun, Zahak, Kay Khusraw and Jamshid are seen as manifestations of the divine light. Seyyed Hossein Nasr states: "Alwah 'Imadi is one of the most brilliant works of Suhrawardi in which the tales of ancient Persia and the wisdom of gnosis of antiquity in the context of the esoteric meaning of the Quran have been synthesized".

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: Among pre-Islamic Iranian symbols and concepts used by Suhrawardi are: "minu" (incorporeal world), "giti" (corporeal world), "Surush" (messenger, Gabriel), "Farvardin" (the lower world), "gawhar" (pure essence), "Bahram", "Hurakhsh" (the Sun), "shahriyar" (archetype of species), "isfahbad" (light in the body), "Amordad" (Zoroastrian angel), "Shahrivar" (Zoroastrian angel), and the "Kiyani Khvarenah".

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: و هر که حکمت بداند و بر سپاس و تقدیس نور الانوار مداومت نماید، او را خرّه کیانی بدهند و فرّ نورانی ببخشند، و بارقی الاهی او را کسوت هیبت و بهاء بپوشاند و رئیس طبیعی شود عالم را، و او را از عالم اعلا نصرت رسد و سخن او در عالم علوی مسموع باشد، و خواب و الهام او به کمال رسد.»

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Context: According to Hossein Nasr since Sheykh Ishraq was not translated into Western languages in the medieval period, Europeans had little knowledge about Suhrawardi and his philosophy. His school is ignored even now by later scholars. Sheykh Ishraq tried to pose a new perspective on questions like the question of Existence. He not only caused peripatetic philosophers to confront new questions but also gave new life to the body of philosophy after Avicenna.

Question: كم بلغ باسم يوسف وهبي من العمر عند وفاته ؟


Adolescence

Context: Puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for boys. Every person's individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences. These factors can also contribute to precocious and delayed puberty.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in individuals' height, weight, body composition, and circulatory and respiratory systems. These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity. Hormones play an organizational role, priming the body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins, and an active role, referring to changes in hormones during adolescence that trigger behavioral and physical changes.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Girls have usually reached full physical development around ages 15–17, while boys usually complete puberty around ages 16–17. Any increase in height beyond the post-pubertal age is uncommon. Girls attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear. In contrast, boys develop more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: The accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times, but for all adolescents, it has a fairly regular sequence. The first places to grow are the extremities—the head, hands and feet—followed by the arms and legs, then the torso and shoulders. This non-uniform growth is one reason why an adolescent body may seem out of proportion.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: During puberty, bones become harder and more brittle. At the conclusion of puberty, the ends of the long bones close during the process called epiphysis. There can be ethnic differences in these skeletal changes. For example, in the United States, bone density increases significantly more among black than white adolescents, which might account for decreased likelihood of black women developing osteoporosis and having fewer bone fractures there.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Despite some genetic sex differences, environmental factors play a large role in biological changes during adolescence. For example, girls tend to reduce their physical activity in preadolescence and may receive inadequate nutrition from diets that often lack important nutrients, such as iron. These environmental influences, in turn, affect female physical development.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche, as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years. Unlike males, therefore, females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. However, this does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination (insulation of axons) and the reduction of unused pathways.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Three neurotransmitters that play important roles in adolescent brain development are glutamate, dopamine and serotonin. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. During the synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence, most of the neural connections that are pruned contain receptors for glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters. Because of this, by early adulthood the synaptic balance in the brain is more inhibitory than excitatory.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Dopamine is associated with pleasure and attuning to the environment during decision-making. During adolescence, dopamine levels in the limbic system increase and input of dopamine to the prefrontal cortex increases. The balance of excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitters and increased dopamine activity in adolescence may have implications for adolescent risk-taking and vulnerability to boredom (see Cognitive development below).

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: By the time individuals have reached age 15 or so, their basic thinking abilities are comparable to those of adults. These improvements occur in five areas during adolescence:

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Related to metacognition and abstract thought, perspective-taking involves a more sophisticated theory of mind. Adolescents reach a stage of social perspective-taking in which they can understand how the thoughts or actions of one person can influence those of another person, even if they personally are not involved.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action. However, research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards, particularly social rewards, than do adults.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Aspects of adolescents' lives that are correlated with risky sexual behavior include higher rates of parental abuse, and lower rates of parental support and monitoring.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: In 1984, the Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA) became the first official organization dedicated to the study of adolescent psychology. Some of the issues first addressed by this group include: the nature versus nurture debate as it pertains to adolescence; understanding the interactions between adolescents and their environment; and considering culture, social groups, and historical context when interpreting adolescent behavior.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Evolutionary biologists like Jeremy Griffith have drawn parallels between adolescent psychology and the developmental evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors as a manifestation of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Sexual orientation has been defined as "an erotic inclination toward people of one or more genders, most often described as sexual or erotic attractions". In recent years, psychologists have sought to understand how sexual orientation develops during adolescence. Some theorists believe that there are many different possible developmental paths one could take, and that the specific path an individual follows may be determined by their sex, orientation, and when they reached the onset of puberty.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Despite changing family roles during adolescence, the home environment and parents are still important for the behaviors and choices of adolescents. Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risk behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, and/or unprotected sexual intercourse.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: In addition, parents influence the education of adolescence. A study conducted by Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal (2009) showed that adolescents at the age of 14 who identify their parents as authoritative figures are more likely to complete secondary education by the age of 22—as support and encouragement from an authoritative parent motivates the adolescence to complete schooling to avoid disappointing that parent.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: While adolescence is a time frequently marked by participation in the workforce, the number of adolescents in the workforce is much lower now than in years past as a result of increased accessibility and perceived importance of formal higher education. For example, half of all 16-year-olds in China were employed in 1980, whereas less than one fourth of this same cohort were employed in 1990.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Time management, financial roles, and social responsibilities of adolescents are therefore closely connected with the education sector and processes of career development for adolescents, as well as to cultural norms and social expectations. In many ways, adolescents' experiences with their assumed social roles and responsibilities determine the length and quality of their initial pathway into adult roles.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: In many societies, those who reach a certain age (often 18, though this varies) are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions. People below this age are considered minors or children. A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: The legal working age in Western countries is usually 14 to 16, depending on the number of hours and type of employment under consideration. Many countries also specify a minimum school leaving age, at which a person is legally allowed to leave compulsory education. This age varies greatly cross-culturally, spanning from 10 to 18, which further reflects the diverse ways formal education is viewed in cultures around the world.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: In most democratic countries, a citizen is eligible to vote at age 18. In a minority of countries, the voting age is as low as 16 (for example, Brazil), and at one time was as high as 25 in Uzbekistan.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: The legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: One significant contribution to the increase in teenage substance abuse is an increase in the availability of prescription medication. With an increase in the diagnosis of behavioral and attentional disorders for students, taking pharmaceutical drugs such as Vicodin and Adderall for pleasure has become a prevalent activity among adolescents: 9.9% of high school seniors report having abused prescription drugs within the past year.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


Adolescence

Context: Different drug habits often relate to one another in a highly significant manner. It has been demonstrated that adolescents who drink at least to some degree may be as much as sixteen times more likely than non-drinkers to experiment with illicit drugs.

Question: هل تشمل فترة المراهقة تحولات فسيولوجية؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: Major educational reforms were instituted during the tenure of the University's fifth president Robert Maynard Hutchins during the Great Depression and World War II, including the creation of the University's Common Core curriculum.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: Unlike many other American universities at the time, the University of Chicago thus came to revolve around a number of graduate research institutions, following Germanic precedent. The College of the University of Chicago remained quite small compared to its East Coast peers until around the middle of the 20th century.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: As a result, the graduate population of the university dwarfs the undergraduate population 2:1 to this day, while the university's undergraduate student body remains the third smallest amongst the top 10 national universities. The student-to-faculty ratio is 4:1, one of the lowest amongst national universities, and nearly all faculty members teach undergraduate courses.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: The school's traditions of rigorous scholarship were established primarily by Presidents William Rainey Harper and Robert Maynard Hutchins. Chicago opened its door to women and minorities from the very beginning, a time when they seldom had access to other leading universities. It was the first major university to enroll women on an equal basis with men, as well as the first major, predominantly white university to offer a black professor a tenured position, in 1947.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: The University of Chicago made contributions to 20th century science. In 1909, Professor Robert Andrews Millikan performed the oil-drop experiment in the Ryerson Physical Laboratory on the university campus. This experiment allowed Millikan to calculate the charge of an electron and paved the way for the theory of quantum mechanics in the 1940s. The American Physical Society now designates Ryerson Laboratory a historic physics site.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: As part of the Manhattan Project, University of Chicago chemists, led by Glenn T. Seaborg, began to study the newly manufactured radioactive element plutonium. The George Herbert Jones Laboratory was the site where, for the first time, a trace quantity of this new element was isolated and measured in September 1942. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. Room 405 of the building was named a National Historic Landmark in May 1967.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: On December 2, 1942, scientists achieved the world's first self-sustained nuclear reaction at a university athletic field known as Stagg Field under the direction of professor Enrico Fermi. A sculpture by Henry Moore marks the spot, now deemed a National Historic Landmark, where the nuclear reaction took place. The original Stagg Field has since been demolished to make way for the Regenstein Library.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: In 1964, Professor Ralph Shapey founded the University of Chicago Contemporary Chamber Players, one of the oldest and most successful professional new music groups in the nation. The Contemporary Chamber Players, also known as "contempo", has given over eighty world premieres of established and emerging composers.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: While teaching on the Committee on Social Thought, Professor Saul Bellow wrote several best-selling novels, including "Herzog" in 1964 and "Humboldt's Gift" in 1975, for which he was awarded the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and Nobel Prize in Literature.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: The University of Chicago also founded the Renaissance Society in 1915, which is devoted to the exhibition of contemporary art. The Society's 1934 exhibition of Alexander Calder's "mobiles" and its 1936 survey of paintings and drawings by Fernand Léger were the first solo exhibitions of these artists in the United States.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: The Smart Museum was established in 1974 in association with the University of Chicago's Art History department. It was endowed by David A. Smart and his brother Alfred Smart. In 1983, the museum became a separate unit of the university devoted to serving the entire community, including educational outreach activities in local public schools. In 2000 it completed a $2 million renovation.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for Hyde Park, which profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan. For details of this urban renewal effort, see Hyde Park.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: In 1978, Hanna Holborn Gray, then the provost of Yale University, became President of the University of Chicago, the first woman ever to serve as the full president of a major research university.

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History of the University of Chicago

Context: In 1999, then-President Hugo Sonnenschein announced plans to relax the university's famed core curriculum, reducing the number of required courses from 21 to 15. When "The New York Times", "The Economist", and other major news outlets picked up this story, the university became the focal point of a national debate on education. The changes were ultimately implemented, but the controversy led to President Sonnenschein's resignation in 2000.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: In 2006, the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute became the center of controversy when U.S. federal courts ruled to seize and auction its valuable collection of ancient Persian artifacts, the proceeds of which would go to compensate the victims of a 1997 bombing in Jerusalem that the United States believes was funded by Iran. The ruling threatens the university's invaluable collection of ancient clay tablets held by the Oriental Institute since the 1930s but officially owned by Iran.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


History of the University of Chicago

Context: Also in 2008, the University of Chicago and particularly its surrounding neighborhood of Hyde Park attracted international media attention because of former Law School lecturer Barack Obama's election as President of the United States.

Question: متى تأسست جامعة شيكاغو؟


Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Context: The line was named after the Ginza commercial district in Chūō, Tokyo, under which it passes. On maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color orange(), and its stations are given numbers using the letter "G".

Question: ما هو أول مترو في اليابان ؟


Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Context: Almost all Ginza Line trains operate on the line's full length from Asakusa to Shibuya. However, two trains depart in the early morning from Toranomon, and some late-night trains from Shibuya are taken out of service at Ueno. Along with the Marunouchi Line, it is self-enclosed and does not have any through services with other railway lines.

Question: ما هو أول مترو في اليابان ؟


Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Context: On weekdays, trains run every two minutes in the morning peak, every 2 minutes and 15 seconds in the evening peak, and every 3 minutes during the daytime. The first trains start from Shibuya and Asakusa at 05:01, and the last ones reach Shibuya at 00:37, and Asakusa at 00:39.

Question: ما هو أول مترو في اليابان ؟


Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Context: The Ginza Line was conceived by a businessman named Noritsugu Hayakawa, who visited London in 1914, saw the London Underground and concluded that Tokyo needed its own underground railway. He founded the with Baron Furuichi Kōi in 1920, and began construction on September 27, 1925, after raising ¥6.2 million of the ¥35 million initially required to fund the project.

Question: ما هو أول مترو في اليابان ؟


Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Context: Originally, the Ginza Line was proposed to open from Shimbashi to Asakusa all at once, but because of a recession following the Great Kanto Earthquake, it became difficult to raise funds for the line. The portion between and was completed on December 30, 1927, and publicized as "the first underground railway in the Orient". Upon its opening, the line was so popular that passengers often had to wait more than two hours to ride a train for a five-minute trip.

Question: ما هو أول مترو في اليابان ؟


Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Context: On January 1, 1930, the subway was extended by 1.7 km to temporary Manseibashi Station, abandoned on November 21, 1931 when the subway reached , 500 meters further south down the line. The Great Depression slowed down construction, but the line finally reached its originally planned terminus of on June 21, 1934.

Question: ما هو أول مترو في اليابان ؟


Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Context: In 1938, the , a company tied to the predecessor of today's Tokyu Corporation, began service between and , later extended to Shimbashi in 1939. The two lines began through-service interoperation in 1939 and were formally merged as the Teito Rapid Transit Authority ("Eidan Subway" or "TRTA") in July 1941 in accordance with the .

Question: ما هو أول مترو في اليابان ؟


Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Context: Automatic train control (ATC) and train automatic stopping controller (TASC) were activated on the Ginza Line on July 31, 1993, replacing the previous mechanical automatic train stop (ATS) system. This allowed for an increase in the maximum operating speed limit from to , which came into effect on August 2, 1993. The newest station on the line, Tameike-Sannō Station, opened in 1997 to provide a connection to the newly built Namboku Line.

Question: ما هو أول مترو في اليابان ؟


Saga of Old City

Context: This was Gygax's first novel, and it was edited by Kim Mohan. It was the first Greyhawk novel released by TSR. It was not the first published novel to take place in this world; the first novel to feature Greyhawk was Quag Keep, published in 1978 by Andre Norton.

Question: من هو مؤلف رواية المدينة القديمة؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: LH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein. Each monomeric unit is a glycoprotein molecule; one alpha and one beta subunit make the full, functional protein.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: Its structure is similar to that of the other glycoprotein hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The protein dimer contains 2 glycopeptidic subunits (labeled alpha- and beta- subunits) that are non-covalently associated:

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: The different composition of these oligosaccharides affects bioactivity and speed of degradation. The biologic half-life of LH is 20 minutes, shorter than that of FSH (3–4 hours) and hCG (24 hours). The biological half-life of LH is 23 hours subcutaneous or terminal half life of 10-12 hours.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: The luteinizing hormone "beta subunit" gene is localized in the LHB/CGB gene cluster on chromosome 19q13.32. In contrast to the alpha gene activity, beta LH subunit gene activity is restricted to the pituitary gonadotropic cells. It is regulated by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Inhibin, activin, and sex hormones do not affect genetic activity for the beta subunit production of LH.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: Changes in LH and testosterone blood levels and pulse secretions are induced by changes in sexual arousal in human males.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: LH levels are normally low during childhood and in women, high after menopause. Since LH is secreted as pulses, it is necessary to follow its concentration over a sufficient period of time to get proper information about its blood level.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: During reproductive years, typical levels are between 1 and 20 IU/L. Physiologic high LH levels are seen during the LH surge (v.s.) and typically last 48 hours.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: LH is measured in international units (IU). When quantifying the amount of LH in a sample in IUs, it is important to know which international standard your lot of LH was calibrated against since they can vary broadly from year to year. For human urinary LH, one IU is most recently defined as 1/189th of an ampule denoted 96/602 and distributed by the NIBSC, corresponding to approximately 0.04656 µg of LH protein for a single IU, but older standard versions are still widely in use.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: The detection of a surge in release of luteinizing hormone indicates impending ovulation. LH can be detected by urinary ovulation predictor kits (OPK, also LH-kit) that are performed, typically daily, around the time ovulation may be expected. A conversion from a negative to a positive reading would suggest that ovulation is about to occur within 24–48 hours, giving women two days to engage in sexual intercourse or artificial insemination with the intention of conceiving.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: Tests for luteinizing hormone may be combined with testing for estradiol in tests such as the Clearblue fertility monitor.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: The sensitivity of LH tests are measured in milli international unit, with tests commonly available in the range 10–40 m.i.u. (the lower the number, the higher the sensitivity).

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: As sperm can stay viable in the woman for several days, LH tests are not recommended for contraceptive practices, as the LH surge typically occurs after the beginning of the fertile window.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: In children with precocious puberty of pituitary or central origin, LH and FSH levels may be in the reproductive range instead of the low levels typical for their age.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: During the reproductive years, relatively elevated LH is frequently seen in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome; however, it would be unusual for them to have LH levels outside of the normal reproductive range.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: Persistently high LH levels are indicative of situations where the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to a pituitary production of both LH and FSH. While this is typical in menopause, it is abnormal in the reproductive years. There it may be a sign of:

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: Diminished secretion of LH can result in failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). This condition is typically manifest in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. In females, amenorrhea is commonly observed. Conditions with very low LH secretions include:

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: LH is available mixed with FSH in the form of menotropin, and other forms of urinary gonadotropins. More purified forms of urinary gonadotropins may reduce the LH portion in relation to FSH. Recombinant LH is available as lutropin alfa (Luveris). All these medications have to be given parenterally. They are commonly used in infertility therapy to stimulate follicular development, the notable one being in IVF therapy.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: Often, HCG medication is used as an LH substitute because it activates the same receptor. Medically used hCG is derived from urine of pregnant women, is less costly, and has a longer half-life than LH.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Luteinizing hormone

Context: Phosphorylation is a biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound. Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Recent study shows that LH via a PKA signaling pathway regulates the phosphorylation and localization of DRP1 within mitochondria of the steroidogenic cells of the ovary.

Question: ما هي الغدة المسؤولة عن إفراز هرمون ملوتن؟


Algiers

Context: The city's name is derived via French and Catalan from the Arabic name "al-Jazāʾir" (), "The Islands". This name refers to the four former islands which lay off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525. "Al-Jazāʾir" is itself a truncated form of the city's older name "Jazaʾir Banī Mazghanna" (), "The Islands of the Banu Mazghanna, Sons of Mazghana", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: In antiquity, the Greeks knew the town as "Ikósion" (), which was Latinized as Icosium under Roman rule. The Greeks explained the name as coming from their word for "twenty" (, "eíkosi"), supposedly because it had been founded by 20 companions of Hercules when he visited the Atlas Mountains during his labors.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: There are many public buildings of interest, including the whole Kasbah quarter, Martyrs Square ("Sahat ech-Chouhada" ساحة الشهداء), the government offices (formerly the British consulate), the "Grand", "New", and Ketchaoua Mosques, the Roman Catholic cathedral of Notre Dame d'Afrique, the Bardo Museum, the old "Bibliothèque Nationale d'Alger"—a moorish palace built in 1799–1800 and the new National Library, built in a style reminiscent of the British Library.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: The main building in the Kasbah was begun in 1516 on the site of an older building, and served as the palace of the deys until the French conquest. A road has been cut through the centre of the building, the mosque turned into barracks, and the hall of audience allowed to fall into ruin. There still remain a minaret and some marble arches and columns. Traces exist of the vaults in which were stored the treasures of the dey.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: The New Mosque ("Jamaa-el-Jedid" الجامع الجديد), dating from the 17th century, is in the form of a Greek cross, surmounted by a large white cupola, with four small cupolas at the corners. The minaret is high. The interior resembles that of the Grand Mosque.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: Notre Dame d'Afrique, a church built (1858–1872) in a mixture of the Roman and Byzantine styles, is conspicuously situated overlooking the sea, on the shoulder of the Bouzareah hills,

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: to the north of the city. Above the altar is a statue of the Virgin depicted as a black woman. The church also contains a solid silver statue of the archangel Michael, belonging to the confraternity of Neapolitan fishermen.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: Villa Abd-el-Tif, former residence of the dey, was used during the French period, to accommodate French artists, chiefly painters, and winners of the Abd-el-Tif prize, among whom Maurice Boitel, for a while of two years. Nowadays, Algerian artists are back in the villa's studios.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: The ethnic distribution is 53% from an Arabic-speaking background, 44% from a Berber-speaking background and 3% foreign-born.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Algiers

Context: There was formerly the École japonaise d'Alger (アルジェ日本人学校 "Aruje Nihonjin Gakkō"), a school for Japanese children.

Question: ماهي أكبر مدينة في الجزائر؟


Mint (facility)

Context: The history of mints correlates closely with the history of coins. In the beginning, hammered coinage or cast coinage were the chief means of coin minting, with resulting production runs numbering as little as the hundreds or thousands. In modern mints, coin dies are manufactured in large numbers and planchets are made into milled coins by the billions.

Question: من هي اول مطبعة نقود في العالم ؟


Mint (facility)

Context: With the mass production of currency, the production cost is weighed when minting coins. For example, it costs the United States Mint much less than 25 cents to make a quarter (a 25 cent coin), and the difference in production cost and face value (called seigniorage) helps fund the minting body. Conversely, a U.S. penny ($0.01) cost $0.015 to make in 2016.

Question: من هي اول مطبعة نقود في العالم ؟


Mint (facility)

Context: At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly influenced later development of coin minting in Europe.

Question: من هي اول مطبعة نقود في العالم ؟


Mint (facility)

Context: Henry II came up against hostility on the part of the coin makers, so the process was largely discarded in 1585 and only used for coins of small value, medals and tokens. The system was reintroduced into France by Jean Varin in 1640 and the practice of hammering was forbidden in 1645. In England the new machinery was tried in London in 1561, but abandoned soon afterwards; it was finally adopted in 1662, although the old pieces continued in circulation until 1696.

Question: من هي اول مطبعة نقود في العالم ؟


Mint (facility)

Context: Boulton was finally awarded a contract by the Royal Mint on 3 March 1797, after a national financial crisis reached its nadir when the Bank of England suspended convertibility of its notes for gold. The twopenny coins measured exactly an inch and a half across; 16 pennies lined up would reach two feet.

Question: من هي اول مطبعة نقود في العالم ؟


Mint (facility)

Context: Between 1817 and 1830 the German engineer Dietrich "Diedrich" Uhlhorn invented the Presse Monétaire, a level coin press which became known as the Uhlhorn Press. His steam driven knuckle-lever press made him internationally famous, and over 500 units had been sold by 1840. The advanced construction of the Uhlhorn press proved to be highly satisfactory, and the use of the screw press for general coinage was gradually eliminated.

Question: من هي اول مطبعة نقود في العالم ؟


Mint (facility)

Context: This new technology was used at the Birmingham Mint, the largest private mint in the world for much of the 19th century, and was further improved at the Taylor and Challen who began to supply complete press room equipment to national mints around the world, such as Sydney Mint, Australia.

Question: من هي اول مطبعة نقود في العالم ؟


Mint (facility)

Context: By the early 20th century, mints were using electrical power to drive rolls, the advantage being that each pair of rolls could be driven independently without the intervention of cumbrous shafting.

Question: من هي اول مطبعة نقود في العالم ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: According to the Israel Democracy Institute, approximately two thirds of Israeli Jews believe that Jews are the "chosen people".

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: According to Deuteronomy, when the Lord delivers the Israelites to the land, the other nations will be cast out, and "thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them" Deuteronomy 7:4-7:5,

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: "But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire. For thou art a holy people unto the Lord thy God: the Lord thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth".

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: A similar passage exalting Israel as the chosen people follows prohibitions on baldness and cutting yourself in mourning, "For thou art a holy people".

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: "Now therefore, if you will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then you shall be a peculiar treasure unto me from all the peoples, for all the earth is mine."

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: "And I will establish My covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you in their generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and your descendants after you."

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: "You only have I singled out of all the families of the earth: therefore will I visit upon you all your iniquities."

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Sometimes this choice is seen as charging the Jewish people with a specific mission—to be a light unto the nations, and to exemplify the covenant with God as described in the Torah. This view, however, does not always preclude a belief that God has a relationship with other peoples—rather, Judaism held that God had entered into a covenant with all humankind, and that Jews and non-Jews alike have a relationship with God.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: "The following section contains information from the Jewish Encyclopedia, originally published between 1901–1906, which is in the public domain."

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: According to the Rabbis, "Israel is of all nations the most willful or headstrong one, and the Torah was to give it the right scope and power of resistance, or else the world could not have withstood its fierceness."

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: How do we understand "A Gentile who consecrates his life to the study and observance of the Law ranks as high as the high priest", says R. Meïr, by deduction from Lev. xviii. 5; II Sam. vii. 19; Isa. xxvi. 2; Ps. xxxiii. 1, cxviii. 20, cxxv. 4, where all stress is laid not on Israel, but on man or the righteous one.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Maimonides states: "It is now abundantly clear that the pledges Hashem made to Avraham and his descendants would be fulfilled exclusively first in Yitzchak and then in Yaakov, Yitzchak son. This is confirmed by a passage that states, "He is ever mindful of His covenant ... that He made with Avraham, swore to Yitzchak, and confirmed in a decree for Yaakov, for Yisrael, as an eternal covenant.""

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: The Gemara states this regarding a non-Jew who studies Torah [his 7 mitzvot] and regarding this, see Shita Mekubetzes, Bava Kama 38a who says that this is an exaggeration. In any case, this statement was not extolling the non-Jew. The Rishonim explain that it is extolling the Torah.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: In any case, in Midrash Rabba this statement is made with an important addition: a non-Jew who converts and studies Torah etc.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: The Nation of Israel is likened to the olive. Just as this fruit yields its precious oil only after being much pressed and squeezed, so Israel's destiny is one of great oppression and hardship, in order that it may thereby give forth its illuminating wisdom. Poverty is the quality most befitting Israel as the chosen people. Only on account of its good works is Israel among the nations "as the lily among thorns", or "as wheat among the chaff."

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Modern Orthodox theologian Michael Wyschogrod wrote: "[T]he initial election of Abraham himself was not earned. ... We are simply told that God commanded Abraham to leave his place of birth and go to a land that God would show him. He is also promised that his descendants will become a numerous people. But nowhere does the Bible tell us why Abraham rather than someone else was chosen. The implication is that God chooses whom He wishes and that He owes no accounting to anyone for His choices."

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Nachman of Breslov also believed that Jewishness is a level of consciousness, and not an intrinsic inborn quality. He wrote that, according to the Book of Malachi, one can find "potential Jews" among all nations, whose souls are illuminated by the leap of "holy faith", which "activated" the Jewishness in their souls. These people would otherwise convert to Judaism, but prefer not to do so. Instead, they recognize the Divine unity within their pagan religions.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Meiri applied his idea of "spiritual Israel" to the Talmudic statements about unique qualities of the Jewish people. For example, he believed that the famous saying that Israel is above astrological predestination ("Ein Mazal le-Israel") also applied to the followers of other ethical faiths. He also considered countries, inhabited by decent moral non-Jews, such as Languedoc, as a spiritual part of the Holy Land.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Not all Reconstructionists accept this view. The newest siddur of the movement, "Kol Haneshamah", includes the traditional blessings as an option, and some modern Reconstructionist writers have opined that the traditional formulation is not racist, and should be embraced.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: A number of responses to these views have been made by Reform and Conservative Jews; they hold that these criticisms are against teachings that do not exist within liberal forms of Judaism, and which are rare in Orthodox Judaism (outside certain Haredi communities, such as Chabad). A separate criticism stems from the very existence of feminist forms of Judaism in all denominations of Judaism, which do not have a problem with the concepts of chosenness.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: The children of Israel enjoy a special status in the Islamic book, the Quran (2:47 and 2:122). However, Muslim scholars point out that this status did not confer upon Israelites any racial superiority, and was only valid so long as the Israelites maintain their covenant with God.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Some Christians believe that the Jews were God's chosen people, but because of Jewish Rejection of Jesus, the Christians in turn received that special status. This doctrine is known as Supersessionism.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Other Christians, such as the Christadelphians, believe that God has not rejected Israel as his chosen people and that the Jews will in fact accept Jesus as their Messiah at his Second Coming, resulting in their salvation.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Augustine criticized Jewish chosenness as "carnal." He reasoned that Israel was chosen "according to the flesh."

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Jews as the chosen people

Context: Some people have claimed that Judaism's chosen people concept is racist because it implies that Jews are superior to non-Jews. The Anti-Defamation League asserts that the concept of a chosen people within Judaism has nothing to do with racial superiority.

Question: لماذا يؤمن اليهود بأنهم شعب الله المختار ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: The menstrual cycle can cause some women to experience problems that disrupt daily lives. These can include cramps, tender breasts, tiredness, and premenstrual syndrome. More severe problems such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder are experienced by 3–8% of women. The menstrual cycle can be modified by hormonal birth control.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: In an ovulatory menstrual cycle, the ovarian and uterine cycles are concurrent and coordinated and last between 21 and 35 days in an adult woman, with a population average of 27–29 days. Although the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the lunar cycle, there is no causal relation between the two.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the follicle wall in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its oocyte. If it is fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte promptly matures into an ootid, which blocks the other sperm cells and becomes a mature egg. If it is not fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte degenerates. The mature egg has a diameter of about , and is the largest human cell.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses or a period) is the first and most evident phase of the uterine cycle and first occurs at puberty. Called menarche, the first period occurs at the age of around twelve or thirteen years. The average age is generally later in the developing world and earlier in developed world. In precocious puberty, it can occur as early as age eight years, and this can still be normal.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: The flow of blood normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant, but this cannot be taken as certainty, as several factors can cause bleeding during pregnancy. Menstruation occurs on average once a month from menarche to menopause, which corresponds with a woman's fertile years. The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, and it typically occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Menopause is preceded by a stage of hormonal changes called perimenopause.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: "Eumenorrhea" denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for around the first 5 days of the cycle. Women who experience menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding) are more susceptible to iron deficiency than the average person.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow and proliferate. The latter part of the follicular phase overlaps with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. As they mature, the ovarian follicles secrete increasing amounts of estradiol, an estrogen. The estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus with the spiral arterioles.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called "mittelschmerz" (a German term meaning "middle pain"). The cause of the pain is associated with the ruptured follicle, causing a small amount of blood loss.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: Even when normal, the changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle can increase the incidence of disorders such as autoimmune diseases, which might be caused by estrogen enhancement of the immune system.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: Hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the secretion of the hormones, FSH, LH and GnRH. Hormonal contraception that contains estrogen, such as combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs, often referred to as birth control pills) stop the development of the dominant follicle and the mid-cycle LH surge and thus ovulation. Sequential dosing and discontinuation of the COC can mimic the uterine cycle and produce bleeding that resembles a period. In some cases, this bleeding is lighter.

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Menstrual cycle

Context: Progestin-only methods of hormonal contraception do not always prevent ovulation but instead work by stopping the cervical mucus from becoming sperm-friendly. Hormonal contraception is available in a variety of forms such as pills, patches, skin implants and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs).

Question: كم تستغرق عملية الحيض لدى المرأة ؟


Context: The United States men's national soccer team (USMNT) represents the United States in men's international soccer competitions. The team is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and is a member of FIFA and CONCACAF.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The U.S. also competes in continental tournaments, including the CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América. The U.S. won seven Gold Cups and the inaugural edition of the CONCACAF Nations League, and has achieved a fourth-place finish in two Copa Américas, including the 1995 edition and 2016 edition. The team's head coach is Gregg Berhalter, since November 29, 2018. Earnie Stewart is the team's General Manager since August 1, 2018.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The U.S. qualified for the 1934 World Cup by defeating Mexico 4–2 in Italy a few days before the finals started. In a straight knock-out format, the team first played host Italy and lost 7–1, eliminating the U.S. from the tournament. At the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, the U.S. again lost to Italy in the first round and were eliminated, although this time with a score of 1–0.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: In a 1995 friendly, the U.S. came back from 3–0 to win 4–3 against Saudi Arabia, the biggest comeback in the team's history. That same year, the team participated as guest team in the 1995 Copa América, where they finished 1st on its group after beating Chile and Argentina, advancing to quarter finals. On that stage, the U.S. defeated Mexico on penalties but lost to Brazil 1–0 in semifinals. United States finished 4th. after losing to Colombia 4–1.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: Bradley began his competitive career with the national team with the 2007 Gold Cup. In the final, the United States beat Mexico 2–1, which qualified it for the 2009 Confederations Cup.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The U.S. had a notable performance at the 2009 Confederations Cup. In the semifinals, the U.S. defeated Spain 2–0. At the time, Spain was atop the FIFA World Rankings and was on a run of 35 games undefeated. With the win, the United States advanced to its first-ever final in a men's FIFA tournament. The team lost 3–2 to Brazil after leading 2–0 at half time.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The United States then hosted the 2009 Gold Cup. In the final, the United States was beaten by Mexico 5–0. This defeat broke the U.S. team's 58-match home unbeaten streak against CONCACAF opponents, and was the first home loss to Mexico since 1999.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The U.S. again hosted the Gold Cup in 2011. The U.S. advanced past the group stage, then defeated Jamaica 2–0 in the quarterfinals and Panama 1–0 in the semifinals before losing to Mexico 4–2 in the final. Later in the summer, Bob Bradley was relieved of his duties and former German national team manager Jürgen Klinsmann was hired as head coach.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The U.S. had some success in friendlies in 2012 and 2013. The U.S. team won 1–0 in Italy on February 29, 2012, the team's first-ever win over Italy. On June 2, 2013, the U.S. played a friendly against Germany at a sold-out RFK Stadium in Washington D.C., with the U.S. winning 4–3. In July 2013, the U.S. hosted the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup where it went undefeated in the group stage and won with a 1–0 victory over Panama in the final, with Landon Donovan winning the tournament's golden ball award.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: A 4–3 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in an international friendly match in Sarajevo represented the 12th straight win for the USMNT, the longest winning streak for any team in the world at that time. The 12 game winning streak ended September 6, 2013, when the U.S. lost to Costa Rica 3–1 in San José. In 2013 the national team played the final round of qualification, and by defeating Mexico in September, the U.S. clinched a spot in the 2014 World Cup.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: Following Arena's resignation on October 13, 2017, assistant coach Dave Sarachan was named interim head coach during the search for a permanent replacement.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The search for a permanent head coach was delayed by the USSF presidential election in February 2018 and the hiring of Earnie Stewart as general manager in June 2018. Gregg Berhalter, coach of the Columbus Crew and a former USMNT defender, was announced as the team's new head coach on December 2, 2018.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The United States qualified for the 2022 World Cup by finishing third in CONCACAF qualification with a 7–3–4 record. The qualifying campaign included an unbeaten record at home and a draw away to Mexico at Estadio Azteca.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: German brand Adidas provided the uniform for the United States from 1984 until 1994. Since 1995, American company Nike has been the uniform supplier.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: Ever since their first meeting in 1934, the two teams have met 73 times, with Mexico leading the overall series 36–22–15 (W–L–T), outscoring the U.S. 144–86. However, since the 1990s, the tide began to change due to a rapid growth of soccer in the United States. During the 21st century, the series has favored the U.S. 17–9–6 (W–L–T). Either the United States or Mexico has won every edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup except one (the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup was won by Canada).

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: There have been two main supporter groups backing the United States men's national soccer team, Sam's Army and The American Outlaws. Sam's Army started shortly after the 1994 World Cup in the United States and were active through 2014. Sam's Army members wore red to matches and sung or chanted throughout the match. They often brought huge U.S. flags and other banners to the game.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The U.S. men's national team has had a tremendous following on social media, especially Twitter and Instagram in recent years. Interest in young American players and the attention they bring has led to an increase in foreign investment in U.S. players.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The following is a list of match results from the previous 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The following 26 players were named to the squad for friendlies against Morocco and Uruguay, and the CONCACAF Nations League matches against Grenada and El Salvador.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: The U.S. regularly competes at the FIFA World Cup, the CONCACAF Gold Cup, the CONCACAF Nations League, and the Summer Olympics. The U.S. has also played in the FIFA Confederations Cup, Copa América by invitation, as well as several minor tournaments.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: In the Confederations Cup, the United States finished in third place in both 1992 and 1999, and were runner-up in 2009. The United States appeared in their first intercontinental tournament final at the 2009 Confederations Cup. In the semifinals, the United States upset top ranked Spain 2–0, to advance to the final. In the final, the United States lost 3–2 to Brazil after leading 2–0 at halftime.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Context: In regional competitions, the United States has won the CONCACAF Gold Cup seven times, with their most recent title in 2021. They won the inaugural CONCACAF Nations League in 2021. Their best ever finish at the Copa América was fourth-place at the 1995 and 2016 editions.

Question: متى كانت اول مشاركة للمنتخب الامريكي لكرة القدم في كأس العالم؟


Knesset

Context: The Knesset ( ; "gathering" or "assembly") is the unicameral legislature of Israel. As the supreme state body, the Knesset is sovereign and thus has complete control of the entirety of the Israeli government (with the exception of checks and balances from the courts and local governments).

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: The term "Knesset" is derived from the ancient "Knesset HaGdola" () or "Great Assembly", which according to Jewish tradition was an assembly of 120 scribes, sages, and prophets, in the period from the end of the Biblical prophets to the time of the development of Rabbinic Judaism – about two centuries ending c. 200 BCE. There is, however, no organisational continuity and aside from the number of members, there is little similarity, as the ancient Knesset was a religious, completely unelected body.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: Members of the Knesset are known in Hebrew as חֲבֵר הַכְּנֶסֶת ("Haver HaKnesset"), if male, or חַבְרַת הַכְּנֶסֶת ("Havrat HaKnesset"), if female.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: As the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset passes all laws, elects the president, approves the cabinet, and supervises the work of the government through its committees. It also has the power to waive the immunity of its members, remove the President and the State Comptroller from office, and to dissolve itself and call new elections.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: The Knesset has "de jure" parliamentary supremacy, and can pass any law by a simple majority, even one that might arguably conflict with the Basic Laws of Israel, unless the basic law includes specific conditions for its modification; in accordance with a plan adopted in 1950, the Basic Laws can be adopted and amended by the Knesset, acting in its capacity as a Constituent Assembly. The Knesset itself is regulated by a Basic Law called "Basic Law: the Knesset".

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: In addition to the absence of a formal constitution, and with no Basic Law thus far being adopted which formally grants a power of judicial review to the judiciary, the Supreme Court of Israel has since the early 1990s asserted its authority, when sitting as the High Court of Justice, to invalidate provisions of Knesset laws it has found to be inconsistent with Basic Law. The Knesset is presided over by a Speaker and Deputy Speakers, called the Knesset Presidium, which currently consists of:

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: Knesset members often join in formal or informal groups known as "lobbies" or "caucuses", to advocate for a particular topic. There are hundreds of such caucuses in the Knesset. The Knesset Christian Allies Caucus and the Knesset Land of Israel Caucus are two of the largest and most active caucuses.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: The Knesset numbers 120 members, after the size of the Great Assembly. The subject of Knesset membership has often been a cause for proposed reforms. Under the Norwegian Law, Knesset members who are appointed to ministerial positions are allowed to resign and allow the next person on their party's list to take their seat. If they leave the cabinet, they are able to return to the Knesset to take the place of their replacement.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: The 120 members of the Knesset (MKs) are popularly elected from a single nationwide electoral district to concurrent four-year terms, subject to calls for early elections (which are quite common). All Israeli citizens 18 years or older may vote in legislative elections, which are conducted by secret ballot.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: Knesset seats are allocated among the various parties using the D'Hondt method of party list proportional representation. A party or electoral alliance must pass the election threshold of 3.25% of the overall vote to be allocated a Knesset seat. Parties select their candidates using a closed list. Thus, voters select the party of their choice, not any specific candidate.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: Despite numerous motions of no confidence being tabled in the Knesset, a government has only been defeated by one once, when Yitzhak Shamir's government was brought down on 15 March 1990 as part of a plot that became known as "the dirty trick" (Hebrew: התרגיל המסריח, "HaTargil HaMasriaḥ", lit. "the stinking trick").

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: The Knesset first convened on 14 February 1949 in Tel Aviv following the 20 January elections, replacing the Provisional State Council which acted as Israel's official legislature from its date of independence on 14 May 1948 and succeeding the Assembly of Representatives that had functioned as the Jewish community's representative body during the Mandate era.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: Before the construction of its current location, the Knesset met in Tel Aviv, before moving to the Froumine building in Jerusalem.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: Each Knesset session is known by its election number. Thus the Knesset elected by Israel's first election in 1949 is known as the First Knesset. The current Knesset, elected in 2021, is the Twenty-fourth Knesset.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: The Knesset holds morning tours in Hebrew, Arabic, English, French, Spanish, German, and Russian on Sunday and Thursday, and there are also live session viewing times on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday mornings.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Knesset

Context: The Knesset is protected by the Knesset Guard, a protective security unit responsible for the security of the Knesset building and Knesset members. Guards are stationed outside the building to provide armed protection, and ushers are stationed inside to maintain order. The Knesset Guard also plays a ceremonial role, participating in state ceremonies, which includes greeting dignitaries on Mount Herzl on the eve of Israeli Independence Day.

Question: متى تأسس  الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


George Minot

Context: In 1930, Minot was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh with William P. Murphy. Minot shared the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William P. Murphy and George H. Whipple given for their work on the treatment of blood anemia. They all discovered an effective treatment for pernicious anemia, which was a terminal disease at the time, with liver concentrate high in vitamin B12, later identified as the critical compound in the treatment.

Question: من هو الطبيب الذي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب لعام 1934؟


George Minot

Context: Minot was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in 1921 at the age of 35, by Dr Elliott P. Joslin, a fellow professor at Harvard Medical School and one of the leading diabetes doctors of his time. Diabetes was a fatal disease at the time. Joslin kept him alive the only way he knew, by restricting food. Minot was 6 feet one inches tall and only weighed 135 pounds. Joslin put him on a diet of only 530 calories per day. Minot, like most every diabetes patient, at the time, would probably die within a year.

Question: من هو الطبيب الذي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب لعام 1934؟


George Minot

Context: However, insulin was discovered at about the same time Minot was diagnosed. Insulin became widely available about a year later. Dr. William Castle observed that Frederick Banting's and Charles Best's discovery of insulin in 1921, not only transformed diabetes treatment, but also, by keeping Minot alive, contributed towards the discovery of a cure for pernicious anemia.

Question: من هو الطبيب الذي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب لعام 1934؟


George Minot

Context: Minot began developing complications associated with diabetes in 1940, and suffered a serious stroke in 1947, which partially paralyzed him. He died in Brookline, Massachusetts on February 25, 1950. He was a Unitarian. His home in Brookline, Massachusetts, was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition for his work.

Question: من هو الطبيب الذي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب لعام 1934؟


George Minot

Context: Minot and his wife Marian Linzee Minot (Weld) (1890-1979), whom he married in 1915, had two daughters and a son.

Question: من هو الطبيب الذي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب لعام 1934؟


Menopause

Context: Menopause is usually a natural change. It can occur earlier in those who smoke tobacco. Other causes include surgery that removes both ovaries or some types of chemotherapy. At the physiological level, menopause happens because of a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine. Menopause is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods start.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: During early menopause transition, the menstrual cycles remain regular but the interval between cycles begins to lengthen. Hormone levels begin to fluctuate. Ovulation may not occur with each cycle.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: The term "menopause" refers to a point in time that follows one year after the last menstruation. During the menopausal transition and after menopause, women can experience a wide range of symptoms.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: In post-menopausal women, however, any genital bleeding is an alarming symptom that requires an appropriate study to rule out the possibility of malignant diseases.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Other physical symptoms of menopause include lack of energy, joint soreness, stiffness, back pain, breast enlargement, breast pain,

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: heart palpitations, headache, dizziness, dry, itchy skin, thinning, tingling skin, rosacea, weight gain, urinary incontinence,

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Psychological symptoms include anxiety, poor memory, inability to concentrate, depressive mood, irritability, mood swings, and less interest in sexual activity.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Menopause-related cognitive impairment can be confused with the mild cognitive impairment that precedes dementia. Tentative evidence has found that forgetfulness affects about half of menopausal women and is probably caused by the effects of declining estrogen levels on the brain, or perhaps by reduced blood flow to the brain during hot flashes.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Women who experience menopause before 45 years of age have an increased risk of heart disease, death, and impaired lung function.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Menopause can be induced or occur naturally. Induced menopause occurs as a result of medical treatment such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, oophorectomy, or complications of tubal ligation, hysterectomy, unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or leuprorelin usage.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: In rare cases, a woman's ovaries stop working at a very early age, ranging anywhere from the age of puberty to age 40. This is known as premature ovarian failure and affects 1 to 2% of women by age 40.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease is a risk factor for early menopause. Coeliac disease can present with several non-gastrointestinal symptoms, in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and most cases escape timely recognition and go undiagnosed, leading to a risk of long-term complications. A strict gluten-free diet reduces the risk. Women with early diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease present a normal duration of fertile life span.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Women who have undergone hysterectomy with ovary conservation go through menopause on average 3.7 years earlier than the expected age. Other factors that can promote an earlier onset of menopause (usually 1 to 3 years early) are smoking cigarettes or being extremely thin.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is when the ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40 years. It is diagnosed or confirmed by high blood levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on at least three occasions at least four weeks apart.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Known causes of premature ovarian failure include autoimmune disorders, thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, chemotherapy, being a carrier of the fragile X syndrome gene, and radiotherapy. However, in about 50–80% of spontaneous cases of premature ovarian failure, the cause is unknown, i.e., it is generally idiopathic.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Women who have a functional disorder affecting the reproductive system (e.g., endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, cancer of the reproductive organs) can go into menopause at a younger age than the normal timeframe. The functional disorders often significantly speed up the menopausal process.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: An early menopause can be related to cigarette smoking, higher body mass index, racial and ethnic factors, illnesses, and the surgical removal of the ovaries, with or without the removal of the uterus.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Rates of premature menopause have been found to be significantly higher in fraternal and identical twins; approximately 5% of twins reach menopause before the age of 40. The reasons for this are not completely understood. Transplants of ovarian tissue between identical twins have been successful in restoring fertility.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Removal of the uterus "without" removal of the ovaries does "not" directly cause menopause, although pelvic surgery of this type can often precipitate a somewhat earlier menopause, perhaps because of a compromised blood supply to the ovaries. The time between surgery and possible early menopause is due to the fact that ovaries are still producing hormones.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: The stages of the menopause transition have been classified according to a woman's reported bleeding pattern, supported by changes in the pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: The menopausal transition is characterized by marked, and often dramatic, variations in FSH and estradiol levels. Because of this, measurements of these hormones are "not" considered to be reliable guides to a woman's exact menopausal status.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Menopause occurs because of the sharp decrease of estradiol and progesterone production by the ovaries. After menopause, estrogen continues to be produced mostly by aromatase in fat tissues and is produced in small amounts in many other tissues such as ovaries, bone, blood vessels, and the brain where it acts locally. The substantial fall in circulating estradiol levels at menopause impacts many tissues, from brain to skin.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: In contrast to the sudden fall in estradiol during menopause, the levels of total and free testosterone, as well as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and androstenedione appear to decline more or less steadily with age. An effect of natural menopause on circulating androgen levels has not been observed. Thus specific tissue effects of natural menopause cannot be attributed to loss of androgenic hormone production.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Long-term effects of menopause may include osteoporosis, vaginal atrophy as well as changed metabolic profile resulting in cardiac risks.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Human primary oocytes are present at an intermediate stage of meiosis, termed prophase I (see Oogenesis). Expression of four key DNA repair genes that are necessary for homologous recombinational repair during meiosis (BRCA1, MRE11, Rad51, and ATM) decline with age in oocytes. This age-related decline in ability to repair DNA double-strand damages can account for the accumulation of these damages, that then likely contributes to the depletion of the ovarian reserve.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Ways of assessing the impact on women of some of these menopause effects, include the Greene climacteric scale questionnaire, the Cervantes scale and the Menopause rating scale.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Premenopause is a term used to mean the years leading up to the last period, when the levels of reproductive hormones are becoming more variable and lower, and the effects of hormone withdrawal are present. Premenopause starts some time before the monthly cycles become noticeably irregular in timing.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: The term "perimenopause", which literally means "around the menopause", refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow. According to the North American Menopause Society, this transition can last for four to eight years. The Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: During this period, fertility diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5). The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years. Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: In some women, menopause may bring about a sense of loss related to the end of fertility. In addition, this change often occurs when other stressors may be present in a woman's life:

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Some research appears to show that melatonin supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: The term "postmenopausal" describes women who have not experienced any menstrual flow for a minimum of 12 months, assuming that they have a uterus and are not pregnant or lactating. In women without a uterus, menopause or postmenopause can be identified by a blood test showing a very high FSH level. Thus postmenopause is the time in a woman's life that takes place after her last period or, more accurately, after the point when her ovaries become inactive.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: The reason for this delay in declaring postmenopause is that periods are usually erratic at this time of life. Therefore, a reasonably long stretch of time is necessary to be sure that the cycling has ceased. At this point a woman is considered infertile; however, the possibility of becoming pregnant has usually been very low (but not quite zero) for a number of years before this point is reached.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: A woman's reproductive hormone levels continue to drop and fluctuate for some time into post-menopause, so hormone withdrawal effects such as hot flashes may take several years to disappear.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Perimenopause is a natural stage of life. It is not a disease or a disorder. Therefore, it does not automatically require any kind of medical treatment. However, in those cases where the physical, mental, and emotional effects of perimenopause are strong enough that they significantly disrupt the life of the woman experiencing them, palliative medical therapy may sometimes be appropriate.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: In the context of the menopause, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the use of estrogen in women without a uterus and estrogen plus progestin in women who have an intact uterus.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: HRT may be reasonable for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes. It is the most effective treatment option, especially when delivered as a skin patch. Its use, however, appears to increase the risk of strokes and blood clots. When used for menopausal symptoms some recommend it be used for the shortest time possible and at the lowest dose possible. Evidence to support long-term use, however, is poor.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: It also appears effective for preventing bone loss and osteoporotic fracture, but it is generally recommended only for women at significant risk for whom other therapies are unsuitable.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: HRT may be unsuitable for some women, including those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, increased risk of thromboembolic disease (such as those with obesity or a history of venous thrombosis) or increased risk of some types of cancer. There is some concern that this treatment increases the risk of breast cancer.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Adding testosterone to hormone therapy has a positive effect on sexual function in postmenopausal women, although it may be accompanied by hair growth, acne and a reduction in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. These side effects diverge depending on the doses and methods of using testosterone.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Some of the SSRIs and SNRIs appear to provide some relief from vasomotor symptoms. Low dose paroxetine is the only non-hormonal medication that was FDA-approved to treat moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause as of 2016. They may, however, be associated with appetite and sleeping problems, constipation and nausea.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: Gabapentin or clonidine may help but do not work as well as hormone therapy. Gabapentin can decrease the amount of hot flashes. Side effects associated with its use include drowsiness and headaches. Clonidine is used to improve vasomotor symptoms and may be associated with constipation, dizziness, nausea and sleeping problems.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: One review found mindfulness and cognitive behavioural therapy decreases the amount women are affected by hot flushes. Another review found not enough evidence to make a conclusion. A 2018 study found that 85% of study participants reported reduced hot flashes and night sweats when using a climate control system in their beds.

Question: متى تتوقف عملية الإباضة عند المرأة ؟


Menopause

Context: There is no evidence of consistent benefit of alternative therapies for menopausal symptoms despite their popularity.

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Menopause

Context: The effect of soy isoflavones on menopausal symptoms is promising for reduction of hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Evidence does not support a benefit from phytoestrogens such as coumestrol, femarelle, or the non-phytoestrogen black cohosh. As of 2011 there is no support for herbal or dietary supplements in the prevention or treatment of the mental changes that occur around menopause.

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Menopause

Context: Hypnosis may reduce the severity of hot flashes. In addition, relaxation training with at-home relaxation audiotapes such as deep breathing, paced respiration, and guided imagery may have positive effects on relaxing muscles and reducing stress.

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Menopause

Context: There is no evidence to support the efficacy of acupuncture as a management for menopausal symptoms. A 2016 Cochrane review found not enough evidence to show a difference between Chinese herbal medicine and placebo for the vasomotor symptoms.

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Menopause

Context: The cultural context within which a woman lives can have a significant impact on the way she experiences the menopausal transition. Menopause has been described as a subjective experience, with social and cultural factors playing a prominent role in the way menopause is experienced and perceived.

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Menopause

Context: The word menopause was invented by French doctors at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Some of them noted that peasant women had no complaints about the end of menses, while urban middle-class women had many troubling symptoms. Doctors at this time considered the symptoms to be the result of urban lifestyles of sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption, too much time indoors, and over-eating, with a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables.

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Menopause

Context: Ethnicity and geography play roles in the experience of menopause. American women of different ethnicities report significantly different types of menopausal effects. One major study found Caucasian women most likely to report what are sometimes described as psychosomatic symptoms, while African-American women were more likely to report vasomotor symptoms.

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Menopause

Context: Additionally, while most women in the United States apparently have a negative view of menopause as a time of deterioration or decline, some studies seem to indicate that women from some Asian cultures have an understanding of menopause that focuses on a sense of liberation and celebrates the freedom from the risk of pregnancy.

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Menopause

Context: Diverging from these conclusions, one study appeared to show that many American women "experience this time as one of liberation and self-actualization".

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Menopause

Context: Menopause literally means the "end of monthly cycles" (the end of monthly periods or menstruation), from the Greek word "pausis" ("pause") and "mēn" ("month"). This is a medical coinage; the Greek word for menses is actually different. In Ancient Greek, the menses were described in the plural, "ta emmēnia", ("the monthlies"), and its modern descendant has been clipped to "ta emmēna". The Modern Greek medical term is "emmenopausis" in Katharevousa or "emmenopausi" in Demotic Greek.

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Menopause

Context: The word "menopause" was coined specifically for human females, where the end of fertility is traditionally indicated by the permanent stopping of monthly menstruations. However, menopause exists in some other animals, many of which do not have monthly menstruation; in this case, the term means a natural end to fertility that occurs before the end of the natural lifespan.

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Menopause

Context: The high cost of female investment in offspring may lead to physiological deteriorations that amplify susceptibility to becoming infertile. This hypothesis suggests the reproductive lifespan in humans has been optimized, but it has proven more difficult in females and thus their reproductive span is shorter. If this hypothesis were true, however, age at menopause should be negatively correlated with reproductive effort, and the available data do not support this.

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Menopause

Context: A recent increase in female longevity due to improvements in the standard of living and social care has also been suggested. It is difficult for selection, however, to favor aid to offspring from parents and grandparents. Irrespective of living standards, adaptive responses are limited by physiological mechanisms. In other words, senescence is programmed and regulated by specific genes.

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Menopause

Context: The mother hypothesis suggests that menopause was selected for humans because of the extended development period of human offspring and high costs of reproduction so that mothers gain an advantage in reproductive fitness by redirecting their effort from new offspring with a low survival chance to existing children with a higher survival chance.

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Menopause

Context: Post-reproductive female orcas tend to lead their pods, especially during years of food scarcity. Furthermore, the increased mortality risk of an orca due to losing a grandmother is stronger in years food scarcity

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Menopause

Context: Menopause in the animal kingdom appears to be uncommon, but the presence of this phenomenon in different species has not been thoroughly researched. Life histories show a varying degree of senescence; rapid senescing organisms (e.g., Pacific salmon and annual plants) do not have a post-reproductive life-stage. Gradual senescence is exhibited by all placental mammalian life histories.

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Menopause

Context: Dogs do not experience menopause; the canine estrus cycle simply becomes irregular and infrequent. Although older female dogs are not considered good candidates for breeding, offspring have been produced by older animals. Similar observations have been made in cats.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: As the archetypal theropod, "Tyrannosaurus" has been one of the best-known dinosaurs since the early 20th century and has been featured in film, advertising, postal stamps, and many other media.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: Teeth from what is now documented as a "Tyrannosaurus rex" were found in 1874 by Arthur Lakes near Golden, Colorado. In the early 1890s, John Bell Hatcher collected postcranial elements in eastern Wyoming. The fossils were believed to be from the large species "Ornithomimus grandis" (now "Deinodon") but are now considered "T. rex" remains.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: In 1892, Edward Drinker Cope found two vertebral fragments of a large dinosaur. Cope believed the fragments belonged to an "agathaumid" (ceratopsid) dinosaur, and named them "Manospondylus gigas", meaning "giant porous vertebra", in reference to the numerous openings for blood vessels he found in the bone. The "M. gigas" remains were, in 1907, identified by Hatcher as those of a theropod rather than a ceratopsid.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: Henry Fairfield Osborn recognized the similarity between "Manospondylus gigas" and "T. rex" as early as 1917, by which time the second vertebra had been lost. Owing to the fragmentary nature of the "Manospondylus" vertebrae, Osborn did not synonymize the two genera, instead considering the older genus indeterminate. In June 2000, the Black Hills Institute found around 10% of a "Tyrannosaurus" skeleton (BHI 6248) at a site that might have been the original "M. gigas" locality.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: From the 1910s through the end of the 1950s, Barnum's discoveries remained the only specimens of "Tyrannosaurus", as the Great Depression and wars kept many paleontologists out of the field.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: Another "Tyrannosaurus", nicknamed Stan (BHI 3033), in honor of amateur paleontologist Stan Sacrison, was recovered from the Hell Creek Formation in 1992. Stan is the second most complete skeleton found, with 199 bones recovered representing 70% of the total. This tyrannosaur also had many bone pathologies, including broken and healed ribs, a broken (and healed) neck, and a substantial hole in the back of its head, about the size of a "Tyrannosaurus" tooth.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: In 1998, Bucky Derflinger noticed a "T. rex" toe exposed above ground, making Derflinger, who was 20 years old at the time, the youngest person to discover a "Tyrannosaurus". The specimen, dubbed in honor of its discoverer, was a young adult, tall and long. Bucky is the first "Tyrannosaurus" to be found that preserved a furcula (wishbone). Bucky is permanently displayed at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: In 2006, Montana State University revealed that it possessed the largest "Tyrannosaurus" skull yet discovered (from a specimen named MOR 008), measuring long. Subsequent comparisons indicated that the longest head was (from specimen LACM 23844) and the widest head was (from Sue).

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: A second footprint that may have been made by a "Tyrannosaurus" was first reported in 2007 by British paleontologist Phil Manning, from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. This second track measures long, shorter than the track described by Lockley and Hunt. Whether or not the track was made by "Tyrannosaurus" is unclear, though "Tyrannosaurus" is the only large theropod known to have existed in the Hell Creek Formation.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: Not every adult "Tyrannosaurus" specimen recovered is as big. Historically average adult mass estimates have varied widely over the years, from as low as , to more than , with most modern estimates ranging between and .

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: The shoulder girdle was longer than the entire forelimb. The shoulder blade had a narrow shaft but was exceptionally expanded at its upper end. It connected via a long forward protrusion to the coracoid, which was rounded. Both shoulder blades were connected by a small furcula. The paired breast bones possibly were made of cartilage only.

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Tyrannosaurus

Context: The forelimb or arm was very short. The upper arm bone, the humerus, was short but robust. It had a narrow upper end with an exceptionally rounded head. The lower arm bones, the ulna and radius, were straight elements, much shorter than the humerus. The second metacarpal was longer and wider than the first, whereas normally in theropods the opposite is true. The forelimbs had only two clawed fingers, along with an additional splint-like small third metacarpal representing the remnant of a third digit.

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