European colonization of the Americas

Context: Throughout the Americas, the Jesuits were active in attempting to convert the Indigenous peoples to Christianity. They had considerable success on the frontiers in New France and Portuguese Brazil, most famously with Antonio de Vieira, S.J; and in Paraguay, almost an autonomous state within a state.

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


European colonization of the Americas

Context: English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans, Dutch Calvinists, English Puritans and other nonconformists, English Catholics, Scottish Presbyterians, French Protestant Huguenots, German and Swedish Lutherans, as well as Jews, Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, and Moravians. Jews fled to the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam when the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions cracked down on their presence.

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


European colonization of the Americas

Context: The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, dogs and various domesticated fowl, from which many diseases originally stemmed. In contrast to the indigenous people, the Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies. The large-scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced Eurasian germs to the indigenous people of the Americas.

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


European colonization of the Americas

Context: Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale – and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision. Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously.

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


European colonization of the Americas

Context: Indigenous population loss following European contact directly led to Spanish explorations beyond the Caribbean islands they initially claimed and settled in the 1490s, since they required a labor force to both produce food and to mine gold. Slavery was not unknown in Indigenous societies. With the arrival of European colonists, enslavement of Indigenous peoples "became commodified, expanded in unexpected ways, and came to resemble the kinds of human trafficking that are recognizable to us today".

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


European colonization of the Americas

Context: Unlike the Iberians, the British men came with families with whom they planned to permanently live in what is now North America.

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


European colonization of the Americas

Context: Because the British colonizers' wives were present, the British men rarely had sexual relations with the native women. While the mestizo and mulatto population make up the majority of people in Latin America today, there is only a small mestizo population in present-day North America (excluding Central America).

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


European colonization of the Americas

Context: There were at least a dozen European countries involved in the colonization of the Americas. The following list indicates those countries and the Western Hemisphere territories they worked to control.

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


European colonization of the Americas

Context: The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in Jamestown (1607), Quebec City (1608), and Santa Fe (1609). The site is accessible in three languages.

Question: كم كان عدد ضحايا الإحتلال الإسباني لجنوب أميريكا ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 4 kcal (17 kJ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 9 kcal (37 kJ) per gram. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. During human digestion, proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains via hydrochloric acid and protease actions. This is crucial for the absorption of the essential amino acids that cannot be biosynthesized by the body.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Protein occurs in a wide range of food. On a worldwide basis, plant protein foods contribute over 60% of the per capita supply of protein. In North America, animal-derived foods contribute about 70% of protein sources. Insects are a source of protein in many parts of the world. In parts of Africa, up to 50% of dietary protein derives from insects. It is estimated that more than 2 billion people eat insects daily.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Meat, dairy, eggs, soy, fish, whole grains, and cereals are sources of protein. Examples of food staples and cereal sources of protein, each with a concentration greater than 7%, are (in no particular order) buckwheat, oats, rye, millet, maize (corn), rice, wheat, sorghum, amaranth, and quinoa. Some research highlights game meat as a protein source.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Vegan sources of proteins include legumes, nuts, seeds and fruits. Vegan foods with protein concentrations greater than 7% include soybeans, lentils, kidney beans, white beans, mung beans, chickpeas, cowpeas, lima beans, pigeon peas, lupines, wing beans, almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, pecans, walnuts, cotton seeds, pumpkin seeds, hemp seeds, sesame seeds, and sunflower seeds.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production uses electricity from solar panels and carbon dioxide from the air to create fuel for microbes, which are grown in bioreactor vats and then processed into dry protein powders. The process makes highly efficient use of land, water and fertiliser.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Protein powders – such as casein, whey, egg, rice, soy and cricket flour– are processed and manufactured sources of protein.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Accidental contamination and intentional adulteration of protein meals with non-protein nitrogen sources that inflate crude protein content measurements have been known to occur in the food industry for decades. To ensure food quality, purchasers of protein meals routinely conduct quality control tests designed to detect the most common non-protein nitrogen contaminants, such as urea and ammonium nitrate.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: The testing method for protein in beef cattle feed has grown into a science over the post-war years. The standard text in the United States, "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle", has been through eight editions over at least seventy years. The 1996 sixth edition substituted for the fifth edition's "crude protein" the concept of "metabolizeable protein", which was defined around the year 2000 as "the "true protein" absorbed by the intestine, supplied by microbial protein and undegraded intake protein".

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: The limitations of the Kjeldahl method were at the heart of the Chinese protein export contamination in 2007 and the 2008 China milk scandal in which the industrial chemical melamine was added to the milk or glutens to increase the measured "protein".

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Before the absorption in the small intestine, most proteins are already reduced to single amino acid or peptides of several amino acids. Most peptides longer than four amino acids are not absorbed. Absorption into the intestinal absorptive cells is not the end. There, most of the peptides are broken into single amino acids.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Newborns of mammals are exceptional in protein digestion and assimilation in that they can absorb intact proteins at the small intestine. This enables passive immunity, i.e., transfer of immunoglobulins from the mother to the newborn, via milk.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: In addition, some have suggested that athletes using restricted-calorie diets for weight loss should further increase their protein consumption, possibly to 1.8–2.0 g/kg, in order to avoid loss of lean muscle mass.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) must keep their intake of phenylalanine - an essential amino acid - extremely low to prevent a mental disability and other metabolic complications. Phenylalanine is a component of the artificial sweetener aspartame, so people with PKU need to avoid low calorie beverages and foods with this ingredient.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: The U.S. and Canadian Dietary Reference Intake review for protein concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to establish a Tolerable upper intake level, i.e., an upper limit for how much protein can be safely consumed.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: Protein deficiency and malnutrition (PEM) can lead to variety of ailments including Intellectual disability and kwashiorkor. Symptoms of kwashiorkor include apathy, diarrhea, inactivity, failure to grow, flaky skin, fatty liver, and edema of the belly and legs. This edema is explained by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes and the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


Protein (nutrient)

Context: PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or is often found in the elderly.

Question: ما هي الكمية التي يحتاجها الجسم من البروتينات ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: William served in the army from 1814 onward. Like his father, he fought against Napoleon I of France during the part of the Napoleonic Wars known in Germany as the ("Wars of Liberation", otherwise known as the War of the Sixth Coalition), and was reportedly a very brave soldier. He was made a captain () and won the Iron Cross for his actions at Bar-sur-Aube. The war and the fight against France left a lifelong impression on him, and he had a long-standing antipathy towards the French.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: In 1815, William was promoted to major and commanded a battalion of the "1. Garderegiment". He fought under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battles of Ligny and Waterloo. He became a diplomat, engaging in diplomatic missions after 1815. In 1817, he accompanied his sister Charlotte to Saint Petersburg, when she married Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, becoming Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: In 1816, William became the commander of the and in 1818 was promoted to . The next year, William was appointed inspector of the VII. and VIII. Army Corps. This made him a spokesman of the Prussian Army within the House of Hohenzollern. He argued in favour of a strong, well-trained, and well-equipped army. In 1820, William became commander of the and in 1825 was promoted to commanding general of the III. Army Corps.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: In 1829, William married Princess Augusta, the daughter of Grand Duke Karl Friedrich of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Maria Pavlovna, the sister of Nicholas I. Their marriage was outwardly stable, but not a very happy one.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: In 1840 his older brother became King of Prussia. Since he had no children, William was first in line to succeed him to the throne and thus was given the title . Against his convictions but out of loyalty towards his brother, William signed the bill setting up a Prussian parliament () in 1847 and took a seat in the upper chamber, the .

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: During the Revolutions of 1848, William successfully crushed a revolt in Berlin that was aimed at Frederick William IV. The use of cannons made him unpopular at the time and earned him the nickname (Prince of Grapeshot). Indeed, he had to flee to England for a while, disguised as a merchant. He returned and helped to put down an uprising in Baden, where he commanded the Prussian army. In October 1849, he became governor-general of Rhineland and Westfalia, with a seat at the Electoral Palace in Koblenz.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: During their time at Koblenz, William and his wife entertained liberal scholars such as the historian Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker, August von Bethmann-Hollweg and . William's opposition to liberal ideas gradually softened.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: During the Franco-Prussian War, the South German states joined the North German Confederation, which was reorganized as the German Empire "(Deutsches Reich)." The title of "Bundespräsidium" was amended with the title of German Emperor "(Deutscher Kaiser)." This was decided on by the legislative organs, the Reichstag and Bundesrat, and William agreed to this on 8 December in the presence of a Reichstag delegation. The new constitution and the title of Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: In 1872 he arbitrated a boundary dispute between the United Kingdom and the United States, deciding in favor of the U.S. and placing the San Juan Islands of Washington State within U.S. national territory, thus ending the 12-year bloodless Pig War.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: A second attempt to assassinate William I was made on 2 June 1878 by Dr. Karl Nobiling. As the Emperor drove past in an open carriage, the assassin fired two shots from a shotgun at him from the window of a house off the "Unter den Linden". William was severely wounded and was rushed back to the palace. Nobiling shot himself in an attempt to commit suicide. While William survived this attack, the assassin died from his self-inflicted wound three months later.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: Another assassination attempt failed on 18 September 1883 when William unveiled the "Niederwalddenkmal" in Rüdesheim. A group of anarchists had prepared an attack using dynamite which failed due to the wet weather.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 organized by Otto von Bismarck can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. Claiming much of the left-over territories in Africa and Oceania that were yet unclaimed, Germany managed to build the large German colonial empire.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: To honour him a large number of memorials/statues were erected all over the country over the following years. The best known among them are the Kyffhäuser monument (1890–96) in Thuringia, the monument at Porta Westfalica (1896) and the mounted statue of William at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz (1897). The statue next to the Stadtschloss, Berlin (1898) was melted down by the government of East Berlin in 1950.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


William I, German Emperor

Context: William was a Lutheran member of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces. It was a United Protestant denomination, bringing together Reformed and Lutheran believers.

Question: من بلغ عمر ولهِلْم الأول عند وفاته ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: One of the first steps toward modernized sterilization was made by Nicolas Appert, who discovered that application of heat over a suitable period slowed the decay of foods and various liquids, preserving them for safe consumption for a longer time than was typical. Canning of foods is an extension of the same principle and has helped to reduce food borne illness ("food poisoning"). Other methods of sterilizing foods include food irradiation and high pressure (pascalization).

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: In general, surgical instruments and medications that enter an already aseptic part of the body (such as the bloodstream, or penetrating the skin) must be sterile. Examples of such instruments include scalpels, hypodermic needles, and artificial pacemakers. This is also essential in the manufacture of parenteral pharmaceuticals.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Preparation of injectable medications and intravenous solutions for fluid replacement therapy requires not only sterility but also well-designed containers to prevent entry of adventitious agents after initial product sterilization.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: There are strict international rules to protect the contamination of Solar System bodies from biological material from Earth. Standards vary depending on both the type of mission and its destination; the more likely a planet is considered to be habitable, the stricter the requirements are.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Many components of instruments used on spacecraft cannot withstand very high temperatures, so techniques not requiring excessive temperatures are used as tolerated, including heating to at least , chemical sterilization, oxidization, ultraviolet, and irradiation.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: The aim of sterilization is the reduction of initially present microorganisms or other potential pathogens. The degree of sterilization is commonly expressed by multiples of the decimal reduction time, or D-value, denoting the time needed to reduce the initial number formula_1 to one tenth (formula_2) of its original value. Then the number of microorganisms formula_3 after sterilization time formula_4 is given by:

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: The D-value is a function of sterilization conditions and varies with the type of microorganism, temperature, water activity, pH etc.. For steam sterilization (see below) typically the temperature, in degrees Celsius, is given as an index.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Theoretically, the likelihood of the survival of an individual microorganism is never zero. To compensate for this, the overkill method is often used. Using the overkill method, sterilization is performed by sterilizing for longer than is required to kill the bioburden present on or in the item being sterilized. This provides a sterility assurance level (SAL) equal to the probability of a non-sterile unit.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: For high-risk applications, such as medical devices and injections, a sterility assurance level of at least 10−6 is required by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Most autoclaves have meters and charts that record or display information, particularly temperature and pressure as a function of time. The information is checked to ensure that the conditions required for sterilization have been met. Indicator tape is often placed on the packages of products prior to autoclaving, and some packaging incorporates indicators. The indicator changes color when exposed to steam, providing a visual confirmation.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: For autoclaving, cleaning is critical. Extraneous biological matter or grime may shield organisms from steam penetration. Proper cleaning can be achieved through physical scrubbing, sonication, ultrasound, or pulsed air.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Pressure cooking and canning is analogous to autoclaving, and when performed correctly renders food sterile.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: To sterilize waste materials that are chiefly composed of liquid, a purpose-built effluent decontamination system can be utilized. These devices can function using a variety of sterilants, although using heat via steam is most common.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: The standard setting for a hot air oven is at least two hours at . A rapid method heats air to for 6 minutes for unwrapped objects and 12 minutes for wrapped objects. Dry heat has the advantage that it can be used on powders and other heat-stable items that are adversely affected by steam (e.g. it does not cause rusting of steel objects).

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. This method also burns any organism to ash. It is used to sterilize medical and other biohazardous waste before it is discarded with non-hazardous waste. Bacteria incinerators are mini furnaces that incinerate and kill off any microorganisms that may be on an inoculating loop or wire.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: The most common EO processing method is the gas chamber method. To benefit from economies of scale, EO has traditionally been delivered by filling a large chamber with a combination of gaseous EO either as pure EO, or with other gases used as diluents; diluents include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and carbon dioxide.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: It is important to adhere to patient and healthcare personnel government specified limits of EO residues in and/or on processed products, operator exposure after processing, during storage and handling of EO gas cylinders, and environmental emissions produced when using EO.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Eniware, LLC has developed a portable, power-free sterilizer that uses no electricity, heat or water. The 25 liter unit makes sterilization of surgical instruments possible for austere forward surgical teams, in health centers throughout the world with intermittent or no electricity and in disaster relief and humanitarian crisis situations. The four hour cycle uses a single use gas generation ampoule and a disposable scrubber to remove nitrogen dioxide gas.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Ozone is used in industrial settings to sterilize water and air, as well as a disinfectant for surfaces. It has the benefit of being able to oxidize most organic matter. On the other hand, it is a toxic and unstable gas that must be produced on-site, so it is not practical to use in many settings.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) is used to sterilize large enclosed and sealed areas, such as entire rooms and aircraft interiors.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Sterilization can be achieved using electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays, or irradiation by subatomic particles such as by electron beams. Electromagnetic or particulate radiation can be energetic enough to ionize atoms or molecules (ionizing radiation), or less energetic (non-ionizing radiation).

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: The safety of irradiation facilities is regulated by the International Atomic Energy Agency of the United Nations and monitored by the different national Nuclear Regulatory Commissions (NRC). The radiation exposure accidents that have occurred in the past are documented by the agency and thoroughly analyzed to determine the cause and improvement potential. Such improvements are then mandated to retrofit existing facilities and future design.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Gamma radiation is very penetrating, and is commonly used for sterilization of disposable medical equipment, such as syringes, needles, cannulas and IV sets, and food. It is emitted by a radioisotope, usually cobalt-60 (60Co) or caesium-137 (137Cs), which have photon energies of up to 1.3 and 0.66 MeV, respectively.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Electron beam processing is also commonly used for sterilization. Electron beams use an on-off technology and provide a much higher dosing rate than gamma or X-rays. Due to the higher dose rate, less exposure time is needed and thereby any potential degradation to polymers is reduced. Because electrons carry a charge, electron beams are less penetrating than both gamma and X-rays. Facilities rely on substantial concrete shields to protect workers and the environment from radiation exposure.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Irradiation with X-rays, gamma rays, or electrons does not make materials radioactive, because the energy used is too low. Generally an energy of at least 10 MeV is needed to induce radioactivity in a material. Neutrons and very high-energy particles can make materials radioactive, but have good penetration, whereas lower energy particles (other than neutrons) cannot make materials radioactive, but have poorer penetration.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Irradiation is used by the United States Postal Service to sterilize mail in the Washington, D.C. area. Some foods (e.g. spices and ground meats) are sterilized by irradiation.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Subatomic particles may be more or less penetrating and may be generated by a radioisotope or a device, depending upon the type of particle.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Sterilization (microbiology)

Context: Instruments that have undergone sterilization can be maintained in such condition by containment in sealed packaging until use.

Question: ماهى أشهر مادة كيميائية تستعمل في التعقيم ؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Texts without kanji are rare; most are either children's books — since children tend to know few kanji at an early age — or early electronics such as computers, phones, and video games, which could not display complex graphemes like kanji due to both graphical and computational limitations.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: To a lesser extent, modern written Japanese also uses initialisms from the Latin alphabet, for example in terms such as "BC/AD", "a.m./p.m.", "FBI", and "CD". Romanized Japanese is most frequently used by foreign students of Japanese who have not yet mastered kana, and by native speakers for computer input.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: are logographic characters (based on the traditional ones) taken from the Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: It is known from archaeological evidence that the first contacts that the Japanese had with Chinese writing took place in the 1st century AD, during the late Yayoi period. However, the Japanese people of that era probably had little to no comprehension of the script, and they would remain relatively illiterate until the 5th century AD, already in the Kofun period, when writing in Japan became more widespread.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: They are used to write most content words of native Japanese or (historically) Chinese origin, which include the following:

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Some Japanese words are written with different kanji depending on the specific usage of the word—for instance, the word "naosu" (to fix, or to cure) is written when it refers to curing a person, and when it refers to fixing an object.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Unusual or nonstandard kanji readings may be glossed using furigana. Kanji compounds are sometimes given arbitrary readings for stylistic purposes. For example, in Natsume Sōseki's short story "The Fifth Night", the author uses for "tsunagatte", the gerundive "-te" form of the verb "tsunagaru" ("to connect"), which would usually be written as or . The word , meaning "connection", is normally pronounced "setsuzoku".

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: emerged as a manual simplification via cursive script of the most phonetically widespread kanji among those who could read and write during the Heian period (794-1185). The main creators of the current hiragana were ladies of the Japanese imperial court, that used the script in the writing of personal communications and literature.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Some lexical items that are normally written using kanji have become grammaticalized in certain contexts, where they are instead written in hiragana. For example, the root of the verb ("miru", "see") is normally written with the kanji for the "mi" portion. However, when used as a supplementary verb as in 試してみる ("tameshite miru") meaning "to try out", the whole verb is typically written in hiragana as , as we see also in ("tabete miru", "try to eat [it] and see").

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: emerged around the 9th century, in the Heian period, when Buddhist monks created a syllabary derived from Chinese characters to simplify their reading, using portions of the characters as a kind of shorthand. The origin of the alphabet is attributed to the monk Kūkai.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Katakana can also be used to impart the idea that words are spoken in a foreign or otherwise unusual accent; for example, the speech of a robot.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: The first contact of the Japanese with the Latin alphabet occurred in the 16th century, during the Muromachi period, when they had contact with Portuguese navigators, the first European people to visit the Japanese islands. The earliest Japanese romanization system was based on Portuguese orthography. It was developed around 1548 by a Japanese Catholic named Anjirō.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: , a set of archaic kana made obsolete by the Meiji reformation, are sometimes used to impart an archaic flavor, such as in items of foods (esp. soba).

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: "Jukujikun" refers to instances in which words are written using "kanji" that reflect the meaning of the word though the pronunciation of the word is entirely unrelated to the usual pronunciations of the constituent "kanji". Conversely, "ateji" refers to the employment of "kanji" that appear solely to represent the sound of the compound word but are, conceptually, utterly unrelated to the signification of the word.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Sentences are commonly written using a combination of all three Japanese scripts: kanji (in red), hiragana (in purple), and katakana (in orange), and in limited instances also include

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: The same text can be transliterated to the Latin alphabet ("rōmaji"), although this will generally only be done for the convenience of foreign language speakers:

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: All words in modern Japanese can be written using hiragana, katakana, and rōmaji, while only some have Kanji.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Although rare, there are some words that use all three scripts in the same word. An example of this is the term くノ一 ("rōmaji": "kunoichi"), which uses a hiragana, a katakana, and a kanji character, in that order. It is said that if all three characters are put in the same kanji "square", they all combine to create the kanji (woman/female). Another example is (rōmaji: "keshigomu") which means "eraser", and uses a kanji, a hiragana, and two katakana characters, in that order.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: A statistical analysis of a corpus of the Japanese newspaper "Asahi Shimbun" from the year 1993 (around 56.6 million tokens) revealed:

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Collation (word ordering) in Japanese is based on the kana, which express the pronunciation of the words, rather than the kanji. The kana may be ordered using two common orderings, the prevalent "gojūon" (fifty-sound) ordering, or the old-fashioned "iroha" ordering. Kanji dictionaries are usually collated using the radical system, though other systems, such as SKIP, also exist.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Traditionally, Japanese is written in a format called , which was inherited from traditional Chinese practice. In this format, the characters are written in columns going from top to bottom, with columns ordered from right to left. After reaching the bottom of each column, the reader continues at the top of the column to the left of the current one.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Modern Japanese also uses another writing format, called . This writing format is horizontal and reads from left to right, as in English.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: A book printed in tategaki opens with the spine of the book to the right, while a book printed in yokogaki opens with the spine to the left.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Words in potentially unfamiliar foreign compounds, normally transliterated in katakana, may be separated by a punctuation mark called a "nakaguro" (, "middle dot") to aid Japanese readers. For example, (Bill Gates). This punctuation is also occasionally used to separate native Japanese words, especially in concatenations of kanji characters where there might otherwise be confusion or ambiguity about interpretation, and especially for the full names of people.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Japan's first encounters with Chinese characters may have come as early as the 1st century AD with the King of Na gold seal, said to have been given by Emperor Guangwu of Han in AD 57 to a Japanese emissary. However, it is unlikely that the Japanese became literate in Chinese writing any earlier than the 4th century AD.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Initially Chinese characters were not used for writing Japanese, as literacy meant fluency in Classical Chinese, not the vernacular. Eventually a system called developed, which, along with kanji and something very similar to Chinese grammar, employed diacritics to hint at the Japanese translation. The earliest written history of Japan, the , compiled sometime before 712, was written in kanbun. Even today Japanese high schools and some junior high schools teach kanbun as part of the curriculum.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: Some linguists have compared the Japanese borrowing of Chinese-derived vocabulary as akin to the influx of Romance vocabulary into English during the Norman conquest of England. Like English, Japanese has many synonyms of differing origin, with words from both Chinese and native Japanese. Sino-Japanese is often considered more formal or literary, just as latinate words in English often mark a higher register.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: In 1900, the Education Ministry introduced three reforms aimed at improving the education in Japanese writing:

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: The first two of these were generally accepted, but the third was hotly contested, particularly by conservatives, to the extent that it was withdrawn in 1908.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: The period immediately following World War II saw a rapid and significant reform of the writing system. This was in part due to influence of the Occupation authorities, but to a significant extent was due to the removal of traditionalists from control of the educational system, which meant that previously stalled revisions could proceed. The major reforms were:

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: At one stage, an advisor in the Occupation administration proposed a wholesale conversion to rōmaji; however, it was not endorsed by other specialists and did not proceed.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: In addition, the practice of writing horizontally in a right-to-left direction was generally replaced by left-to-right writing. The right-to-left order was considered a special case of vertical writing, with columns one character high, rather than horizontal writing per se; it was used for single lines of text on signs, etc. (e.g., the station sign at Tokyo reads ).

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: The post-war reforms have mostly survived, although some of the restrictions have been relaxed. The replacement of the "tōyō kanji" in 1981 with the 1,945 —a modification of the "tōyō kanji"—was accompanied by a change from "restriction" to "recommendation", and in general the educational authorities have become less active in further script reform.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


Japanese writing system

Context: In 2004, the , maintained by the Ministry of Justice for use in personal names, was significantly enlarged. The "jōyō kanji" list was extended to 2,136 characters in 2010.

Question: كم عدد الحروف اليابانية؟


History of diabetes

Context: The Ebers Papyrus is among the oldest and most important medical papyri of Ancient Egypt. Written 1550 BC, it was likely copied from a series of much earlier texts, and contains a passage from the First Dynasty (c. 3400 BC). The document is named after Georg Ebers, who purchased the document in 1872 in the city of Luxor, the site of Thebes (known to Ancient Egyptians as Waset). Thebes was the most venerated city of Ancient Egypt in its heyday during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: The Ebers Papyrus is thought to contain the first known medical reference to diabetes, by the phrase: "...to eliminate urine which is too "asha"". The crucial word "asha" can mean both "plentiful" and "often". It is unclear whether the condition described was excessive urine (polyuria), which may have been symptomatic of diabetes, or increased frequency of urine, very often due to urinary tract infection.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: The following mixture was prescribed for treatment: "A measuring glass filled with Water from the Bird pond, Elderberry, Fibres of the asit plant, Fresh Milk, Beer-Swill, Flower of the Cucumber, and Green Dates". Urinary troubles in the adult were also corrected with "rectal injections of olive oil, honey, sweet beer, sea salt, and seeds of the wonderfruit".

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Ayurveda is a Hindu system of medicine with historic roots in the Indian subcontinent. Some of its conceptual origins trace back to the Indus Valley civilisation. It developed significantly through the Vedic period.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Ayurvedic texts provided dietary prescriptions for the condition. They constitute the earliest known references to the presence of sugar in the urine (glycosuria) and to dietary remedies, at least a thousand years before modern European descriptions began to more comprehensively conceptualize the disease. Sushruta and Charaka also identified the two types of diabetes mellitus, later dubbed Type I and Type II diabetes.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Reviews of diabetology history in Traditional Chinese medicine have classified the diagnosis and treatment of "" () into four periods, summarized below. Classic texts provided a typology of the condition and outlined various recommendations on diagnosis, development, treatment, and prevention. Knowledge of wasting-thirst was integrated with knowledge of diabetes during the Qing dynasty.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: (), or "The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine", is a fundamental ancient text in Chinese medicine and a major book of Daoist philosophy and lifestyle. It is generally dated to the late Warring States period (475–221 BC) and the Western Han dynasty (206 BC-8 AD).

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: The text named the condition "" (; "wasting-thirst") and elaborated on it through 25 clauses. It recorded such symptoms as "three increases [excess] and one decrease [loss]": excessive thirst (polydypsia), excessive hunger (polyphagia), excessive urine (polyuria), and weight loss. Three sub-phases of "xiāo kě" were given, characterized by their dominant symptoms. These roughly correspond to the progressive stages of diabetes in modern-day Western medicine.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: (), or , is the first Chinese monograph on diseases by Zhang Zhongjing. The original work is lost, but most of its contents are preserved in two extant works called "Shānghán Lùn" (; "The Treatise on Cold Damage") and "Jīnguì Yàolüè" (; "Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Chamber"). The first work primarily addresses externally triggered conditions while the latter work describes internally generated conditions.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Sun Simiao (581–682 AD) further developed approaches to treatment, prevention, regulation, nursing, and convalescence. The formulae for wasting-thirst grew from one in "The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine", to nine in Zhang Zhongjing's works, to 73 in Sun Simiao's. The selection of herbs grew from one ("Eupatorium fortunei"), to dozens used by Zhang, to over one hundred used by Sun.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, medical discoveries slowed but practitioners achieved significant knowledge integration across cultures. Over one hundred comprehensive medical monographs were cultivated, many synthesizing developments in the study of wasting-thirst and of diabetes.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Zhang Xichun (1860–1933), a renowned integrator of medical knowledge, produced (among other works) (; "The Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine"). In a dedicated chapter named " therapies", he discussed the following aspects synthesizing wasting-thirst and diabetes: nomenclature, theories (pathologies), primary formulae, medications (herbology and pharmacology), nursing (diet and maintenance), medical cases, and integrated analysis (protein and essence; qi and fluids).

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Yu Yunxiu (1879–1954), a Japanese-educated practitioner of Western medicine aligned with the modernizer camp of the Chinese Ministry of Health, attempted to forbid the practice of Chinese medicine in 1929. In 1939, he wrote on the rough equivalence of wasting-thirst and diabetes.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Greco-Roman accounts of what we now know as diabetes primarily describe excessive urination (polyuria). There is no known account of sweetness in early Greco-Roman concepts of the disease. Given the lasting legacy of classical medicine, these descriptions remained highly influential into the Middle Ages in Europe.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: It is assumed that the Hippocratic Corpus bears no direct mention of what we now know as diabetes. However, a number of indirect statements referring to excessive and "watery urine" suggest that Hippocratic writers may have been familiar with the condition.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: In his classic description of diabetes, Aretaeus of Cappadocia ("fl." early 2nd century AD) noted the excessive amount of urine that passed through the kidney. He also noted its rarity ("Diabetes is a wonderful affection, not very frequent among men..."). He described the disease as "a melting down of the flesh and limbs into urine" and attributed it to the bladder and kidneys, commenting that "life (with diabetes) is short, disgusting and painful."

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Aretaeus's contemporary Galen (129-200 AD) stressed that diabetes was a disease of the kidneys and affirmed its rarity, having observed it "only twice" at the time he wrote "On the affected parts".

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Aretaeus and the others authors under discussion did not differentiate between "diabetes mellitus" and "diabetes insipidus". It is assumed that they were referring to diabetes mellitus, although Swedish physician F. Henschen has suggested that Aretaeus and Galen may have instead been referring to diabetes insipidus. For all practical purposes, however, diabetes insipidus remained unrecognized well into the 17th century.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Aulus Cornelius Celsus ("fl." 30 BC-50 AD), who interpreted Greek works in Latin, provided an early clinical description of diabetes in his eight-volume work titled "De Medicina". He wrote that "urine exceeds in quantity the fluid taken even if it is passed painlessly." This concept of an imbalance between the ingested and excreted amounts of fluid was repeated by many authors into the Middle Ages.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Rufus of Ephesus ("fl". 98–117 AD), a physician famous for his work on the variations of the pulse, described the symptoms of diabetes as "incessant thirst" and immediate urination after drinking, which he called "urinary diarrhea".

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. The capital was Constantinople (modern Istanbul, former Byzantium). It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1453.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Physician Oribasius (c. 320–403), personal physician of the emperor and philosopher Julian, compiled all known ancient medical texts of his time by theme into medical encyclopedia. He quotes Galen and Rufus on diabetes, considering it to be a polyuric disease of the kidneys. Various descriptive names are given for the condition, including: chamber-pot dropsy, diarrhea of the urine (diarrhea urinosa), and the thirsty disease.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: These descriptions, along with a number of other names for the condition ("liuria", "extreme thirst or dipsacus"), were echoed by later Byzantine writers in key encyclopedic texts.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: During the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate, prominent Muslim physicians preserved, systematized and developed ancient medical knowledge from across the Eurasian continent. They synthesized concepts from classical antiquity ("see:" "Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome"), Persia, Ayurveda, and China. This work laid the foundations for later advances in medieval European medicine as European physicians came into contact with Islamic authors through the Renaissance of the 12th century.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Rhazes (c. 865–925), or Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, included writings about diabetes in the more than 230 books he produced in his lifetime.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: It has been noted that references to diabetes expanded in the medical texts of this period. Eknoyan and Nagy (2005) speculate that this indicates the increasing prevalence of the disease. Other interpretations are also possible, including that the increasing references are the result of more systematic knowledge sharing practices.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Maimonides (c. 1135–1204), a renowned philosopher and polymath of the era in both the Jewish and Islamic worlds, claimed to have seen more than 20 cases (in contrast to Galen's two cases).

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231), also a philosopher and polymath, produced a treatise dedicated to diabetes ("On Diabetes", Fols. 140v-149r).

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: In the 16th century, Paracelsus (1493–1541) described diabetes as a constitutional disease that "irritates the kidneys" and provokes excessive urination. He reported that evaporating urine from a diabetic patient left an excessive residue, which he called "salts". It has, however, been noted that he advised tasting the urine for sweetness in other contexts.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: The presence of sugar in the urine (glycosuria) and in the blood (hyperglycemia) was demonstrated through the work of a number of physicians in the late 18th century, including Robert Wyatt (1774) and Matthew Dobson (1776).

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Historically, various notions of present-day "diabetes" have described some general mix of excessive urine (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and weight loss (see: "History of diabetes#Early accounts"). Over the past few centuries, these symptoms have been linked to updated understandings of how the disease works, and how it manifests differently across cases. This section outlines these developments as various diabetic conditions have become better understood.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Today, the term "diabetes" most commonly refers to "diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus" is itself an umbrella term for a number of different diseases involving problems processing sugars that have been consumed (glucose metabolism). Historically, this is the "diabetes" which has been associated with sugary urine (glycosuria).

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: In 1683, a surgical experiment by Johann Conrad Brunner almost led to a medical breakthrough. He excised the pancreas of a neighbour's hunting dog, causing polyuria and polydipsia. Brunner very clearly described these classic symptoms in pancreatectomized dogs, but made no association with diabetes.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: The endocrine role of the pancreas in metabolism, and indeed the existence of insulin, was further clarified between 1921 and 1922 when a group of researchers in Toronto, including Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Herbert Best, J.J.R. MacLeod, and James Collip, were able to isolate and purify the extract.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: The terms type 1 and 2 were for some time forgotten. In 1976, they were revived and popularized by Andrew Cudworth after he discovered the link between type 1 diabetes and a specific genetic marker.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: In 1912, Alfred Eric Frank, then working on diabetes mellitus in the department of Oskar Minkowski in Breslau, reported a specific link to the pituitary gland upon observing a case of a man who had survived after shooting himself in the temple. Morris Simmonds drew the same connection in 1913. Thereafter, numerous reports documented cases of diabetes insipidus associated with pituitary lesions, steadily accumulating evidence favouring the hypothesized connection.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Gestational diabetes insipidus has also been identified as a rare variety of disease that manifests in the third trimester of pregnancy and the early postpartum period.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: Among others, Frederick Madison Allen's "starvation diet" was notoriously spartan, but was shown to extend life expectancy. Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, later among the first people to be treated with insulin, was among Allen's patients.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: A diabetes clinic was established at Toronto General Hospital that summer to increase capacity for treatment by Banting and collaborating physicians. The non-commercial Connaught Laboratories collaborated with researchers to scale production. Once limits were reached, Toronto contracted with Eli Lilly and Company beginning May 1922 with some caution regarding the commercial nature of the firm (see: "Insulin#History of study#Patent").

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: In 2005, a new drug to treat type 2 diabetes, derived from the Gila monster was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The venom of the lizard contains exendin 4, which triggers one of the insulin-releasing pathways.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


History of diabetes

Context: In 1928, Oliver Kamm and his colleagues posited two active principles in the pituitary extract: one with antidiuretic and pressor properties (vasopressin), and another with uterotonic properties (oxytocin). In a series of landmark achievements between 1947 and 1954 which culminated in a Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1955), Vincent du Vigneaud isolated, sequenced, and synthesized oxytocin and vasopressin. Today, synthesized and modified vasopressin is used to treat the condition.

Question: من أول من قام بتشخيص حالة سكري الدم ؟


Australia

Context: The indigenous population declined for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease. Thousands more died as a result of frontier conflict with settlers.

Question: ما هي أكبر جزر أستراليا؟


Australia

Context: In 1823, a Legislative Council nominated by the governor of New South Wales was established, together with a new Supreme Court, thus limiting the powers of colonial governors. Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, thus becoming elective democracies managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs and defence.

Question: ما هي أكبر جزر أستراليا؟


Australia

Context: In the mid-19th century, explorers such as Burke and Wills went further inland to determine its agricultural potential and answer scientific questions. A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from China, North America and continental Europe, as well as outbreaks of bushranging and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against gold license fees.

Question: ما هي أكبر جزر أستراليا؟


Australia

Context: At the 2021 census, 38.9% of the population identified as having "no religion". The largest religious affiliation was Christianity at 43.9%. The largest Christian denominational affiliations were Catholicism at 20% and Anglicanism at 9.8%. The largest non-Christian religious affiliations were Islam (3.2%); Hinduism (2.7%); Buddhism (2.4%); Sikhism (0.8%); and Judaism (0.4%).

Question: ما هي أكبر جزر أستراليا؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The Umayyad Caliphate was founded by Mu'awiya I () who became acknowledged caliph at the end of the First Fitna in 661. Mu'awiya established dynastic and hereditary rule by appointing his son Yazid I () as his successor. Following Mu'awiya's death, the Second Fitna emerged as a result of conflicts over succession, and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. Greater Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, with Damascus serving as their capital.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) under Islamic rule. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered , making it one of the largest empires in history in terms of area.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: From 708/09, al-Hajjaj's nephew Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered northwestern South Asia and established out of this new territory the province of Sind. The massive war spoils netted by the conquests of Transoxiana, Sind and Hispania were comparable to the amounts accrued in the early Muslim conquests during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab ().

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Sulayman was succeeded by his cousin, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717–720), whose position among the Umayyad caliphs is somewhat unusual. He is the only Umayyad ruler to have been recognized by subsequent Islamic tradition as a genuine caliph ("khalifa") and not merely as a worldly king ("malik").

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: After the death of Umar, another son of Abd al-Malik, Yazid II (720–724) became caliph. Yazid is best known for his "iconoclastic edict", which ordered the destruction of Christian images within the territory of the Caliphate. In 720, another major revolt arose in Iraq, this time led by Yazid ibn al-Muhallab.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Discontent among the Khorasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731. In 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved. The problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Hisham was succeeded by Al-Walid II (743–44), the son of Yazid II. Al-Walid is reported to have been more interested in earthly pleasures than in religion, a reputation that may be confirmed by the decoration of the so-called "desert palaces" (including Qusayr Amra and Khirbat al-Mafjar) that have been attributed to him. He quickly attracted the enmity of many, both by executing a number of those who had opposed his accession and by persecuting the Qadariyya.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: In 744, Yazid III, a son of al-Walid I, was proclaimed caliph in Damascus, and his army tracked down and killed al-Walid II. Yazid III has received a certain reputation for piety and may have been sympathetic to the Qadariyya. He died a mere six months into his reign.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Yazid had appointed his brother, Ibrahim, as his successor, but Marwan II (744–50), the grandson of Marwan I, led an army from the northern frontier and entered Damascus in December 744, where he was proclaimed caliph. Marwan immediately moved the capital north to Harran, in present-day Turkey. A rebellion soon broke out in Syria, perhaps due to resentment over the relocation of the capital, and in 746 Marwan razed the walls of Homs and Damascus in retaliation.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Marwan also faced significant opposition from Kharijites in Iraq and Iran, who put forth first Dahhak ibn Qays and then Abu Dulaf as rival caliphs. In 747, Marwan managed to reestablish control of Iraq, but by this time a more serious threat had arisen in Khorasan.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Beginning around 719, Hashimiyya missions began to seek adherents in Khurasan. Their campaign was framed as one of proselytism (dawah). They sought support for a "member of the family" of Muhammad, without making explicit mention of the Abbasids. These missions met with success both among Arabs and non-Arabs (mawali), although the latter may have played a particularly important role in the growth of the movement.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Some Umayyads also survived in Syria, and their descendants would once more attempt to restore their old regime during the Fourth Fitna. Two Umayyads, Abu al-Umaytir al-Sufyani and Maslama ibn Ya'qub, successively seized control of Damascus from 811 to 813, and declared themselves caliphs. However, their rebellions were suppressed.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Previté-Orton argues that the reason for the decline of the Umayyads was the rapid expansion of Islam. During the Umayyad period, mass conversions brought Persians, Berbers, Copts, and Aramaic to Islam. These "mawalis" (clients) were often better educated and more civilised than their Arab overlords. The new converts, on the basis of equality of all Muslims, transformed the political landscape. Previté-Orton also argues that the feud between Syria and Iraq further weakened the empire.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The first four caliphs created a stable administration for the empire, following the practices and administrative institutions of the Byzantine Empire which had ruled the same region previously. These consisted of four main governmental branches: political affairs, military affairs, tax collection, and religious administration. Each of these was further subdivided into more branches, offices, and departments.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: As the empire grew, the number of qualified Arab workers was too small to keep up with the rapid expansion of the empire. Therefore, Muawiya allowed many of the local government workers in conquered provinces to keep their jobs under the new Umayyad government. Thus, much of the local government's work was recorded in Greek, Coptic, and Persian. It was only during the reign of Abd al-Malik that government work began to be regularly recorded in Arabic.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: To assist the Caliph in administration there were six boards at the centre: Diwan al-Kharaj (the Board of Revenue), Diwan al-Rasa'il (the Board of Correspondence), Diwan al-Khatam (the Board of Signet), Diwan al-Barid (the Board of Posts), Diwan al-Qudat (the Board of Justice) and Diwan al-Jund (the Military Board)

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The Central Board of Revenue administered the entire finances of the empire. It also imposed and collected taxes and disbursed revenue.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: A regular Board of Correspondence was established under the Umayyads. It issued state missives and circulars to the Central and Provincial Officers. It coordinated the work of all Boards and dealt with all correspondence as the chief secretariat.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: In order to reduce forgery, Diwan al-Khatam (Bureau of Registry), a kind of state chancellery, was instituted by Mu'awiyah. It used to make and preserve a copy of each official document before sealing and despatching the original to its destination. Thus in the course of time a state archive developed in Damascus by the Umayyads under Abd al-Malik. This department survived till the middle of the Abbasid period.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: In the early period of Islam, justice was administered by Muhammad and the orthodox Caliphs in person. After the expansion of the Islamic State, Umar al-Faruq had to separate the judiciary from the general administration and appointed the first "qadi" in Egypt as early as AD 643/23 AH. After 661, a series of judges served in Egypt during the caliphates of Hisham and Walid II.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in the battle.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: On the pattern of the Byzantine system, the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards, and rearguards, following the same formation while on the march or on a battlefield. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced the Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used the arradah (ballista), the manjaniq (mangonel), and the dabbabah or kabsh (battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines, and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The Muslim Arabs were at the top of the society and saw it as their duty to rule over the conquered areas. The Arab Muslims held themselves in higher esteem than Muslim non-Arabs and generally did not mix with other Muslims.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: As Islam spread, more and more of the Muslim population consisted of non-Arabs. This caused social unrest, as the new converts were not given the same rights as Muslim Arabs. Also, as conversions increased, tax revenues (peasant tax) from non-Muslims decreased to dangerous lows. These issues continued to worsen until they helped cause the Abbasid Revolt in the 740s.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities. Important Christian writers from the Umayyad period include the theologian John of Damascus, bishop Cosmas of Maiuma, Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria and Isaac of Nineveh.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Muawiya's marriage to Maysun bint Bahdal (Yazid's mother) was politically motivated, as she was the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, which was a large Syriac Orthodox Christian Arab tribe in Syria. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim army in Syria, by marrying Maysun, Muawiyah used the Syriac Orthodox Christians against the Byzantines.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Tom Holland writes Christians, Jews, Samaritans and Manichaeans were all treated well by Muawiyah. Muawiyah even restored Edessa's cathedral after it had been toppled by an earthquake. Savagely though Muawiyah prosecuted his wars against the Romans, yet his subjects, no longer trampled by rival armies, no longer divided by hostile watchtowers, knew only peace at last. Justice flourished in his time, and there was great peace in the regions under his control. He allowed everyone to live as they wanted."

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: During the period of the Umayyads, Arabic became the administrative language and the process of Arabization was initiated in the Levant, Mesopotamia, North Africa, and Iberia. State documents and currency were issued in Arabic. Mass conversions also created a growing population of Muslims in the territory of the Caliphate.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: According to one common view, the Umayyads transformed the caliphate from a religious institution (during the Rashidun caliphate) to a dynastic one. However, the Umayyad caliphs do seem to have understood themselves as the representatives of God on earth, and to have been responsible for the "definition and elaboration of God's ordinances, or in other words the definition or elaboration of Islamic law."

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Modern Arab nationalism regards the period of the Umayyads as part of the Arab Golden Age which it sought to emulate and restore.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: This is particularly true of Syrian nationalists and the present-day state of Syria, centered like that of the Umayyads on Damascus. The Umayyad dynastic color was white, after the banner of Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan; it is now one of the four Pan-Arab colours which appear in various combinations on the flags of most Arab countries.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Later, when Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz came to power, he reduced these taxes. He is therefore praised as one of the greatest Muslim rulers after the four Rightly Guided Caliphs. Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam who lived in 829 and wrote a biography on Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz stated that the reduction in these taxes stimulated the economy and created wealth but it also reduced the government's budget, including, eventually, the defence budget.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Asked for an explanation of the prophecies in the Book of Revelation (12:3), `Abdu'l-Bahá suggests in Some Answered Questions that the "great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads," refers to the Umayyad caliphs who "rose against the religion of Prophet Muhammad and against the reality of Ali".

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The seven heads of the dragon are symbolic of the seven provinces of the lands dominated by the Umayyads: Damascus, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Africa, Andalusia, and Transoxiana. The ten horns represent the ten names of the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty: Abu Sufyan, Muawiya, Yazid, Marwan, Abd al-Malik, Walid, Sulayman, Umar, Hisham, and Ibrahim. Some names were re-used, as in the case of Yazid II and Yazid III, which were not accounted for in this interpretation.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The book "Al Muwatta", by Imam Malik, was written in the early Abbasid period in Medina. It does not contain any anti-Umayyad content because it was more concerned with what the Quran and what Muhammad said and was not a history book on the Umayyads.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Even the earliest pro-Shia accounts of al-Masudi are more balanced. Al-Masudi's "Ibn Hisham" is the earliest Shia account of Muawiyah. He recounted that Muawiyah spent a great deal of time in prayer, in spite of the burden of managing a large empire.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: Books written in the early Abbasid period like al-Baladhuri's "The Origins of the Islamic State" provide a more accurate and balanced history. Ibn Hisham also wrote about these events.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: After killing off most of the Umayyads and destroying the graves of the Umayyad rulers apart from Muawiyah and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, the history books were written during the later Abbasid period are more anti-Umayyad. The Abbasids justified their rule by saying that their ancestor Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib was a cousin of Muhammad.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Umayyad Caliphate

Context: The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti-Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti-Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti-Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. "Al-Tabri" was also written in Iran during that period. "Al-Tabri" was a huge collection, preserving everything the compiler could find for future generations to codify and to judge whether the histories were true or false.

Question: ما عدد الخُلَفاءُ الأمويين؟


Coptic language

Context: The major Coptic dialects are Sahidic, Bohairic, Akhmimic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan, and Oxyrhynchite. Sahidic Coptic was spoken between the cities of Asyut and Oxyrhynchus and flourished as a literary language across Egypt in the period AD. Bohairic, the language of the Nile Delta, gained prominence in the 9th century and is the dialect used by the Coptic Church. Despite being closely related, Coptic dialects differ from one another in terms of their phonology, morphology, and vocabulary.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Another name by which the language has been called is () from the Copto-Greek form (, 'Egyptian language'). The term (, 'Egyptian language') is also attested in Sahidic, but and are both Greek in origin. In the liturgy of the Coptic Orthodox Church, the name is more officially (, 'the Egyptian language'), () being the Egyptian word for language.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Coptic is today spoken liturgically in the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic Church (along with Modern Standard Arabic). The language is spoken only in Egypt and historically has had little influence outside of the territory, except for monasteries located in Nubia. Coptic's most noticeable linguistic impact has been on the various dialects of Egyptian Arabic, which is characterised by a Coptic substratum in lexical, morphological, syntactical, and phonological features.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: In addition to influencing the grammar, vocabulary and syntax of Egyptian Arabic, Coptic has lent to both Arabic and Modern Hebrew such words as:

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: A few words of Coptic origin are found in the Greek language; some of the words were later lent to various European languages — such as "barge", from Coptic (, "small boat").

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: However, most words of Egyptian origin that entered into Greek and subsequently into other European languages came directly from Ancient Egyptian, often Demotic. An example is the Greek (), which comes directly from Egyptian or Demotic . However, Coptic reborrowed some words of Ancient Egyptian origin into its lexicon, via Greek. For example, both Sahidic and Bohairic use the word , which was taken directly from Greek ("ebony"), originally from Egyptian .

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: The Coptic name , (from Egyptian ), means "belonging to God" or "he of God". It was adapted into Arabic as , which remains a common name among Egyptian Copts to this day. It was also borrowed into Greek as the name (). That, in turn, is the source of the Russian name (), perhaps best known in the name of the mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: As a written language, Coptic is thought to have completely given way to Egyptian Arabic around the 13th century, though it seems to have survived as a spoken language until the 17th century and in some localities even longer.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: From the medieval period there is one known example of "tarsh"-printed Coptic. The fragmentary amulet A.Ch. 12.145, now in the Austrian National Library, contains a frame of Coptic text around an Arabic main text.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: In the early 20th century, some Copts tried to revive the Coptic language, but they were unsuccessful.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: In a 2016 survey in Turkey by KONDA Research and Consultancy, 0.01% of respondents claimed their native language to be Coptic (possibly confusing the words "kıptice" 'Coptic (language)' and "kipçak" 'Kipchak').

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: The oldest Coptic writings date to the pre-Christian era (Old Coptic), though Coptic literature consists mostly of texts written by prominent saints of the Coptic Church such as Anthony the Great, Pachomius the Great and Shenoute. Shenoute helped fully standardise the Coptic language through his many sermons, treatises and homilies, which formed the basis of early Coptic literature.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Thus, the transition from the 'old' traditions to the new Christian religion also contributed to the adoption of Greek words into the Coptic religious lexicon. It is safe to assume that the everyday speech of the native population retained, to a greater extent, its indigenous Egyptian character, which is sometimes reflected in Coptic nonreligious documents such as letters and contracts.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Dialects vary in their realisation. The difference between and seems to be allophonic. Evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate that these are distinct vowels, and if they are, the difference has a very low functional load. For dialects that use orthographic <ει> for a single vowel, there appears to be no phonetic difference from <ι>.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Double orthographic vowels are presumed here to be long, as that makes the morphology more straightforward. (Another common interpretation is that these represented glottal stop.)

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: There is no length distinction in final stressed position, but only those vowels that occur long appear there: <(ε)ι, ε, α, ο~ω, ου>.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: In Sahidic, the letter "ε" was used for short before back fricatives, and also for unstressed schwa . It's possible there was also a distinction between short and , but if so the functional load was extremely low.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Bohairic did not have long vowels. was only written <ι>. As above, it's possible that and were distinct vowels rather than just allophones.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: In Late Coptic (that is, Late Bohairic), the vowels were reduced to those found in Egyptian Arabic, . <ω, ο> became , <ε> became , and <η> became either or . It is difficult to explain <η>. However, it generally became in stressed monosyllables, in unstressed monosyllables, and in polysyllables, when followed by , and when not.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: There were no doubled orthographic vowels in Mesokemic. Some representative correspondences with Sahidic are:

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: It is not clear if these correspondences reflect distinct pronunciations in Mesokemic, or if they are an imitation of the long Greek vowels <η, ω>.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: As with the vowels, there are differences of opinion over the correct interpretation of the Coptic consonant letters, particular the letters and . is transcribed as in many older Coptic sources and as or . notes that the current conventional pronunciations are different from the probable ancient pronunciations: Sahidic was probably pronounced and was probably pronounced . suggests that was pronounced .

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Beside being found in Greek loanwords, the letters were used in native words for a sequence of plus , as in = "the-way" (f.sg.) and = "the-snake" (m.sg). The letters did not have this use in Bohairic, which used them for single sounds.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: In Late Coptic (ca. 14th century), Bohairic sounds that did not occur in Egyptian Arabic were lost. A possible shift from a tenuis-aspirate distinction to voiced-tenuis is only attested from the alveolars, the only place that Arabic has such a contrast.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Though there is no clear evidence that Coptic had a glottal stop, different orthographic means have been posited for indicating one by those who believe that it did: with word-initially, with word-finally in monosyllabic words in northern dialects and in monosyllabic words in Akhmimic and Assiutic, by reduplication of a vowel's grapheme but mostly unwritten.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: A few early manuscripts have a letter or "ç" where Sahidic and Bohairic have "š". and Akhmimic has "x". This sound seems to have been lost early on.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: All Coptic nouns carry grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine, usually marked through a prefixed definite article as in the Romance languages. Masculine nouns are marked with the article and feminine nouns with the article in the Sahidic dialect and and in the Bohairic dialect.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: The definite and indefinite articles also indicate number; however, only definite articles mark gender. Coptic has a number of broken plurals, a vestige of Older Egyptian, but in the majority of cases, the article marks number. Generally, nouns inflected for plurality end in , but there are some irregularities. The dual was another feature of earlier Egyptian that survives in Coptic in only few words, such as ("snau") 'two'.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Words of Greek origin keep their original grammatical gender, except for neuter nouns, which become masculine in Coptic.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Possession of definite nouns is expressed with a series of possessive articles which are prefixed to the noun. These articles agree with the person, number, and gender of the possessor and the number and gender of the possessed noun. The forms of the possessive article vary according to dialect.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: As in other Afroasiatic languages, gender of pronouns differ only in the second and third person singular. The following table shows the pronouns of the Boharic dialect:

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Most Coptic adjectives are actually nouns that have the attributive particle "n" to make them adjectival. In all stages of Egyptian, this morpheme is also used to express the genitive; for example, the Bohairic word for 'Egyptian', , is a combination of the nominal prefix "rem-" (the reduced form of "rōmi" 'man'), followed by the genitive morpheme "ən" ('of') and finally the word for Egypt, "kʰēmi".

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Coptic, like Ancient Egyptian and Semitic languages, has root-and-pattern or templatic morphology, and the basic meaning of a verb is contained in a root and various derived forms of root are obtained by varying the vowel pattern. For example, the root for 'build' is "kt". It has four derived forms: (the absolute state grade); ket- (the nominal state grade), kot= (the pronominal state grade), and (the stative grade).

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: For most transitive verbs, both absolute and nominal state grade verbs are available for non-pronominal objects. However, there is one important restriction, known as "Jernstedt's rule" (or the "Stern-Jernstedt rule") (Jernstedt 1927): present-tense sentences cannot be used in the nominal state grade. Thus sentences in the present tense always show a pattern like the first example above (absolute state), never the second pattern (nominal state).

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: In general, the four grades of Coptic verb are not predictable from the root, and are listed in the lexicon for each verb. The following chart shows some typical patterns of correspondence:

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: It is hazardous to make firm generalisations about the relationships between these grade forms, but the nominal state is usually shorter than the corresponding absolute and neutral forms. Absolute and neutral state forms are usually bisyllabic or contain a long vowel; the corresponding nominal state forms are monosyllabic or have short vowels.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Coptic has a very large number of distinct tense-aspect-mood categories, expressed by particles which are either before the verb or before the subject. The future I is a preverbal particle and follows the subject:

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: There is some variation in the labels for the tense/aspect/mood categories. The chart below shows the labels from , , . (Where they agree, only one label is shown.) Each form lists the morphology found with a nonpronominal subject (Marked with an underscore in Coptic) and a third person singular masculine pronominal subject ('he'):

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: An approximate range of use for most of the tense/aspect/mood categories is shown in the following table:

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: An unusual feature of Coptic is the extensive use of a set of "second tenses", which are required in certain syntactic contexts. "Second tenses" are also called "relative tenses" in some work.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: The verbs in these sentences are in the , which requires that its direct object be introduced with the preposition . This preposition functions like accusative case.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: There is also an alternative of the verb in which the direct object of the verb follows with no preposition:

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Coptic more obviously displays a number of regional dialects that were in use from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt, south into Nubia, and in the western oases. However, while many of these dialects reflect actual regional linguistic (namely phonological and some lexical) variation, they mostly reflect localised orthographic traditions with very little grammatical differences.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: While texts in other Coptic dialects are primarily translations of Greek literary and religious texts, Sahidic is the only dialect with a considerable body of original literature and non-literary texts. Because Sahidic shares most of its features with other dialects of Coptic with few peculiarities specific to itself, and has an extensive corpus of known texts, it is generally the dialect studied by learners of Coptic, particularly by scholars outside of the Coptic Church.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Akhmimic was the dialect of the area around the town of Akhmim (). It flourished during the fourth and fifth centuries, after which no writings are attested. Akhmimic is phonologically the most archaic of the Coptic dialects. One characteristic feature is the retention of the phoneme , which is realised as in most other dialects.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Lycopolitan (also known as Subakhmimic and Assiutic) is a dialect closely related to Akhmimic in terms of when and where it was attested, but manuscripts written in Lycopolitan tend to be from the area of Asyut. The main differences between the two dialects seem to be graphic in nature. The Lycopolitan variety was used extensively for translations of Gnostic and Manichaean works, including the texts of the Nag Hammadi library.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Coptic language

Context: Oxyrhynchite (also known as Mesokemic or [confusingly] Middle Egyptian) is the dialect of Oxyrhynchus and surrounding areas. It shows similarities with Fayyumic and is attested in manuscripts from the fourth and fifth centuries.

Question: ما لغة  قدماء المصريين؟


Cat

Context: The cat ("Felis catus") is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat or a feral cat; the latter ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to kill rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes often ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Population control of cats may be effected by spaying and neutering, but their proliferation and the abandonment of pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird, mammal, and reptile species.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: It was long thought that cat domestication began in ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from around 3100 BC, but recent advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that their domestication occurred in Western Asia around 7500 BC.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: there were an estimated 220 million owned and 480 million stray cats in the world. the domestic cat was the second most popular pet in the United States, with 95.6 million cats owned and around 42 million households own at least one cat. In the United Kingdom, 26% of adults have a cat with an estimated population of 10.9 million pet cats

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: The origin of the English word "cat", Old English , is thought to be the Late Latin word , which was first used at the beginning of the 6th century. It was suggested that the word 'cattus' is derived from an Egyptian precursor of Coptic , "tomcat", or its feminine form suffixed with .

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: The English "puss", extended as "pussy" and "pussycat", is attested from the 16th century and may have been introduced from Dutch or from Low German , related to Swedish , or Norwegian , . Similar forms exist in Lithuanian and Irish or . The etymology of this word is unknown, but it may have simply arisen from a sound used to attract a cat.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: A male cat is called a "tom" or "tomcat" (or a "gib", if neutered). An unspayed female is called a "queen", (or a "molly", if spayed), especially in a cat-breeding context. A juvenile cat is referred to as a "kitten". In Early Modern English, the word "kitten" was interchangeable with the now-obsolete word "catling". A group of cats can be referred to as a "clowder" or a "glaring".

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: The scientific name "Felis catus" was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a domestic cat. "Felis catus domesticus" was proposed by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777. "Felis daemon" proposed by Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin in 1904 was a black cat from the Transcaucasus, later identified as a domestic cat.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled that the domestic cat is a distinct species, namely "Felis catus".

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: In 2007, it was considered a subspecies, "F. silvestris catus", of the European wildcat ("F. silvestris") following results of phylogenetic research. In 2017, the IUCN Cat Classification Taskforce followed the recommendation of the ICZN in regarding the domestic cat as a distinct species, "Felis catus".

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: The domestic cat is a member of the Felidae, a family that had a common ancestor about 10–15 million years ago.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: Development of cat breeds started in the mid 19th century. An analysis of the domestic cat genome revealed that the ancestral wildcat genome was significantly altered in the process of domestication, as specific mutations were selected to develop cat breeds. Most breeds are founded on random-bred domestic cats. Genetic diversity of these breeds varies between regions, and is lowest in purebred populations, which show more than 20 deleterious genetic disorders.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: It averages about in head-to-body length and in height, with about long tails. Males are larger than females.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: Most cats have five claws on their front paws and four on their rear paws. The dewclaw is proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth "finger". This special feature of the front paws on the inside of the wrists has no function in normal walking but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some cat breeds are prone to having extra digits ("polydactyly"). Polydactylous cats occur along North America's northeast coast and in Great Britain.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: Most breeds of cat are noted fond of sitting in high places, or "perching". A higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats strike prey by pouncing from a perch such as a tree branch. Another possible explanation is that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its territory. A cat falling from heights of up to can right itself and land on its paws.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: During a fall from a high place, a cat reflexively twists its body and rights itself to land on its feet using its acute sense of balance and flexibility. This reflex is known as the cat righting reflex. A cat always rights itself in the same way during a fall, if it has enough time to do so, which is the case in falls of or more. How cats are able to right themselves when falling has been investigated as the "falling cat problem".

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: The domestic cat's hearing is most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. It can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies ranging from 55 Hz to 79,000 Hz. It can hear a range of 10.5 octaves, while humans and dogs can hear ranges of about 9 octaves.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: Its hearing sensitivity is enhanced by its large movable outer ears, the pinnae, which amplify sounds and help detect the location of a noise. It can detect ultrasound, which enables it to detect ultrasonic calls made by rodent prey. Recent research has shown that cats have socio-spatial cognitive abilities to create mental maps of owners' locations based on hearing owners' voices.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟


Cat

Context: To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their body, especially their faces. These provide information on the width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects directly and by sensing air currents; they also trigger protective blink reflexes to protect the eyes from damage.

Question: ما هي المدة الوسطية للحمل عند القطط ؟