El Escorial

Context: Constructed at the order of Philip II, a great lover of nature, these constitute an ideal place for repose and meditation. Manuel Azaña, who studied in the monastery's Augustinian-run school, mentions them in his "Memorias" (Memoirs) and his play "El jardín de los frailes" (The Garden of the Friars). Students at the school still use it today to study and pass the time.

Question: من هو المعماري الذي ينسب اليه تصميم  دير الإسكوريال في اسبانيا؟


El Escorial

Context: The Escorial has three libraries. One is located behind the Chorus of the basilica. Another, within the monastery itself, used to be distributed to the different cells and rooms of the monks and that the Augustine monks have gradually managed make their own. Finally, the Royal Library, which is public and exists under a special papal bull of protection.

Question: من هو المعماري الذي ينسب اليه تصميم  دير الإسكوريال في اسبانيا؟


El Escorial

Context: During Philip II's reign, the library introduced a novel way of arranging the library's bookcases or "book presses". Until then most book presses were combined with desks and stood at right angles to the library's walls. This system was known as the "stall system" and allowed light from the library's windows to illuminate the shelves. Phillip's library began using a "wall system", placing the bookcases along the walls.

Question: من هو المعماري الذي ينسب اليه تصميم  دير الإسكوريال في اسبانيا؟


El Escorial

Context: The vault of the library's ceiling is decorated with frescoes, painted by Pellegrino Tibaldi, depicting the seven liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy. This arrangement of parallel book cases was initiated by Philip II and was called the "wall system".

Question: من هو المعماري الذي ينسب اليه تصميم  دير الإسكوريال في اسبانيا؟


El Escorial

Context: The fire of 1671, which engulfed the library, destroyed about 5280 handwritten codices, but the printed collections were saved. The printed collection of the library is made up of more than 600 incunabules, 10,608 books from the 16th century, 2,179 books from the 17th century, and an increasing number of books from the 18th century. The manuscript collection is made up of a few thousands of medieval codices.

Question: من هو المعماري الذي ينسب اليه تصميم  دير الإسكوريال في اسبانيا؟


El Escorial

Context: Before his death, Philip II left in his last will a pension for the Escorial Library, to ensure that it would still be able to acquire new volumes.

Question: من هو المعماري الذي ينسب اليه تصميم  دير الإسكوريال في اسبانيا؟


El Escorial

Context: Currently, the library has over 40,000 volumes. The library includes many important illuminated manuscripts, such as the Ottonian Golden Gospels of Henry III (1045–46). The only known copy of the "Kitab al-I'tibar", a 12th-century Syrian autobiography, was discovered there in the 19th century.

Question: من هو المعماري الذي ينسب اليه تصميم  دير الإسكوريال في اسبانيا؟


El Escorial

Context: Juan de Herrera also designed the Casas de Oficios (Official Buildings) opposite the monastery's north façade; and his successor, Francisco de Mora, designed the Casa de la Compaña (Company Quarters).

Question: من هو المعماري الذي ينسب اليه تصميم  دير الإسكوريال في اسبانيا؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger was a member and supporter of the Nazi Party. There is controversy as to the relationship between his philosophy and his Nazism.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Studying theology at the University of Freiburg while supported by the church, later he switched his field of study to philosophy. Heidegger completed his doctoral thesis on psychologism in 1914, influenced by Neo-Thomism and Neo-Kantianism, directed by Arthur Schneider. In 1916, he finished his "venia legendi" with a habilitation thesis on Duns Scotus directed by the Neo-Kantian Heinrich Rickert and influenced by Edmund Husserl's phenomenology.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In the two years following, he worked first as an unsalaried Privatdozent then served as a soldier during the final year of World War I; serving "the last ten months of the war" with "the last three of those in a meteorological unit on the western front".

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In the autumn of 1944, Heidegger was drafted into the "Volkssturm" and assigned to dig anti-tank ditches along the Rhine.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger spent much time at his vacation home at Todtnauberg, on the edge of the Black Forest. He considered the seclusion provided by the forest to be the best environment in which to engage in philosophical thought. He was a wine connoisseur, an avid hiker and an accomplished skier; he held seminars on the way up mountains and would then ski back down with his students.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: A few months before his death, he met with Bernhard Welte, a Catholic priest, Freiburg University professor and earlier correspondent. The exact nature of their conversation is not known, but what is known is that it included talk of Heidegger's relationship to the Catholic Church and subsequent Christian burial at which the priest officiated.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger had a four-year affair with Hannah Arendt and a decades-long affair with Elisabeth Blochmann, both students of his. Arendt was Jewish, and Blochmann had one Jewish parent, making them subject to severe persecution by the Nazi authorities.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Dasein's ordinary and even mundane experience of "being-in-the-world" provides "access to the meaning" or "sense of being" ("Sinn des Seins"). This access via Dasein is also that "in terms of which something becomes intelligible as something." Heidegger proposes that this meaning would elucidate ordinary "prescientific" understanding, which precedes abstract ways of knowing, such as logic or theory.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: But Heidegger actually offers "no sense of how we might answer the question of being as such," writes Simon Critchley in his 2009 nine-part blog commentary on the work for "The Guardian". The book instead provides "an answer to the question of what it means to be human," according to Critchley. Nonetheless, Heidegger does present the concept: "'Being' is not something like a being but is rather "what determines beings as beings."

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger believes that time finds its meaning in death, according to Michael Kelley. That is, "time" is understood only from a finite or mortal vantage. Dasein's essential mode of being-in-the-world is temporal: Having been "thrown" into a world implies a “pastness” to its being. Dasein occupies itself with the present tasks required by goals it has projected on the future. Thus Heidegger concludes that Dasein's fundamental characteristic is temporality, Kelley writes.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Dasein as an inseparable subject/object, cannot be separated from its objective "historicality". On the one hand, Dasein is "stretched along" between birth and death, and thrown into its world; into its "possibilities" which "Dasein" is charged with assuming. On the other hand, "Dasein's" access to this world and these possibilities is always via a history and a tradition—this is the question of "world historicality".

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In "Being and Time","Heidegger drew a sharp distinction between ontical and the ontological -- or beings and "Being" as such. He labelled this the "Ontological Difference". It is from this distinction that he developed the concept of "Fundamental Ontology".

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: According to Taylor Carman (2003), traditional ontology asks "Why is there anything?" whereas Heidegger's "Fundamental Ontology" asks "What does it mean for something to be?". Heidegger's ontology "is fundamental relative to traditional ontology in that it concerns what any understanding of entities necessarily presupposes, namely, our understanding of that in virtue of which entities are entities", Carman writes.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: This line of inquiry is based on the "ontological difference"—central to Heidegger's philosophy. In 1937's "Contributions to Philosophy" Heidegger calls the ontological difference ""the" essence of Dasein".

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: One way for engaging in this inquiry is by studying the human being, or Dasein, according to Heidegger. This method works because of Dasein's "pre-ontological understanding" of "being" that shapes experience. This implicit understanding can be made explicit through phenomenology and its methods, but these must be employed using hermeneutics in order to avoid distortions by the "forgetfulness of being", according to one interpretation of Heidegger.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger's Kehre, or "the turn" ("die Kehre") refers to a change in his work as early as 1930 that became clearly established by the 1940s, according to various commentators. Heidegger rarely used the term. Recurring themes include poetry and technology. Commentators such as William J. Richardson (1963) describe, variously, a shift of focus, or a major change in outlook.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: The 1935 "Introduction to Metaphysics" "clearly shows the shift" to an emphasis on language from a previous emphasis on Dasein in "Being and Time" eight years earlier, according to Brian Bard's 1993 essay titled "Heidegger's Reading of Heraclitus". In a 1950 lecture Heidegger formulated the famous saying "Language speaks", later published in the 1959 essays collection "Unterwegs zur Sprache", and collected in the 1971 English book "Poetry, Language, Thought".

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Some notable "later" works are The Origin of the Work of Art", (1935), "Contributions to Philosophy" (1937), "Letter on Humanism" (1946). "Building Dwelling Thinking", (1951), "The Question Concerning Technology", (1954) " and "What Is Called Thinking?" (1954). Also during this period, Heidegger wrote extensively on Nietzsche and the poet Holderlin.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In his later philosophy, Heidegger attempted to reconstruct the "history of being" in order to show how the different epochs in the history of philosophy were dominated by different conceptions of "being". His goal is to retrieve the "original experience of being" present in the early Greek thought that was covered up by later philosophers.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Allen extrapolated from Heidegger's writings that mankind may degenerate into scientists, workers and brutes. According to Allen, Heidegger envisaged this abyss to be the greatest event in the West's history because it would enable Humanity to comprehend Being more profoundly and primordially than the Pre-Socratics.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger was substantially influenced by St. Augustine of Hippo, and "Being and Time" would not have been possible without the influence of Augustine's thought. Augustine's "Confessions" was particularly influential in shaping Heidegger's thought. Almost all central concepts of "Being and Time" are derived from Augustine, Luther, and Kierkegaard, according to Christian Lotz.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Augustine viewed time as relative and subjective, and that being and time were bound up together. Heidegger adopted similar views, e.g. that time was the horizon of Being: ' ...time temporalizes itself only as long as there are human beings.'

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: According to W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz, Heidegger believed "the thinking of Heraclitus and Parmenides, which lies at the origin of philosophy, was falsified and misinterpreted" by Plato and Aristotle, thus tainting all of subsequent Western philosophy. In his "Introduction to Metaphysics", Heidegger states:

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Among the most ancient Greek thinkers, it is Heraclitus who was subjected to the most fundamentally un-Greek misinterpretation in the course of Western history, and who nevertheless in more recent times has provided the strongest impulses toward redisclosing what is authentically Greek.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Charles Guignon wrote that Heidegger aimed to correct this misunderstanding by reviving Presocratic notions of 'being' with an emphasis on "understanding the way beings show up in (and as) an unfolding "happening or event"." Guignon adds that "we might call this alternative outlook 'event ontology.'"

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger's very early project of developing a "hermeneutics of factical life" and his hermeneutical transformation of phenomenology was influenced in part by his reading of the works of Wilhelm Dilthey.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Of the influence of Dilthey, Hans-Georg Gadamer writes that Dilthey's influence was important in helping the youthful Heidegger "in distancing himself from the systematic ideal of Neo-Kantianism, as Heidegger acknowledges in "Being and Time"."

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Scholars as diverse as Theodore Kisiel and David Farrell Krell have argued for the importance of Diltheyan concepts and strategies in the formation of Heidegger's thought.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Even though Gadamer's interpretation of Heidegger has been questioned, there is little doubt that Heidegger seized upon Dilthey's concept of hermeneutics. Heidegger's novel ideas about ontology required a "gestalt" formation, not merely a series of logical arguments, in order to demonstrate his fundamentally new paradigm of thinking, and the hermeneutic circle offered a new and powerful tool for the articulation and realization of these ideas.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Daniel O. Dahlstrom saw Heidegger's presentation of his work as a departure from Husserl as unfairly misrepresenting Husserl's own work. Dahlstrom concluded his consideration of the relation between Heidegger and Husserl as follows:

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heideggerians regarded Søren Kierkegaard as, by far, the greatest philosophical contributor to Heidegger's own existentialist concepts. Heidegger's concepts of anxiety ("Angst") and mortality draw on Kierkegaard and are indebted to the way in which the latter lays out the importance of our subjective relation to truth, our existence in the face of death, the temporality of existence, and the importance of passionate affirmation of one's individual being-in-the-world.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Patricia J. Huntington claims that Heidegger's book "Being and Time" continued Kierkegaard's existential goal. Nevertheless, she argues that Heidegger began to distance himself from any existentialist thought.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Friedrich Hölderlin and Friedrich Nietzsche were both important influences on Heidegger, and many of his lecture courses were devoted to one or the other, especially in the 1930s and 1940s. The lectures on Nietzsche focused on fragments posthumously published under the title "The Will to Power", rather than on Nietzsche's published works. Heidegger read "The Will to Power" as the culminating expression of Western metaphysics, and the lectures are a kind of dialogue between the two thinkers.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. Heidegger was elected rector of the University of Freiburg on 21 April 1933, and assumed the position the following day. On May 1, he joined the Nazi Party.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: On 27 May 1933, Heidegger delivered his inaugural address, the "Rektoratsrede" ("The Self-assertion of the German University"), in a hall decorated with swastikas, with members of the Sturmabteilung and prominent Nazi Party officials present.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: His tenure as rector was fraught with difficulties from the outset. Some Nazi education officials viewed him as a rival, while others saw his efforts as comical. Some of Heidegger's fellow Nazis also ridiculed his philosophical writings as gibberish. He finally offered his resignation as rector on 23 April 1934, and it was accepted on 27 April. Heidegger remained a member of both the academic faculty and of the Nazi Party until the end of the war.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Though as rector he prevented students from displaying an anti-Semitic poster at the entrance to the university and from holding a book burning, he kept in close contact with the Nazi student leaders and clearly signaled to them his sympathy with their activism.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In 1945, Heidegger wrote of his term as rector, giving the writing to his son Hermann; it was published in 1983:

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Beginning in 1917, German-Jewish philosopher Edmund Husserl championed Heidegger's work, and helped Heidegger become his successor for the chair in philosophy at the University of Freiburg in 1928.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: On 6 April 1933, the Gauleiter of Baden Province, Robert Wagner, suspended all Jewish government employees, including present and retired faculty at the University of Freiburg. Heidegger's predecessor as rector formally notified Husserl of his "enforced leave of absence" on 14 April 1933.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger became Rector of the University of Freiburg on 22 April 1933. The following week the national Reich law of 28 April 1933 replaced Reichskommissar Wagner's decree. The Reich law required the firing of Jewish professors from German universities, including those, such as Husserl, who had converted to Christianity. The termination of the retired professor Husserl's academic privileges thus did not involve any specific action on Heidegger's part.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger had by then broken off contact with Husserl, other than through intermediaries. Heidegger later claimed that his relationship with Husserl had already become strained after Husserl publicly "settled accounts" with Heidegger and Max Scheler in the early 1930s.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger did not attend his former mentor's cremation in 1938. In 1941, under pressure from publisher Max Niemeyer, Heidegger agreed to remove the dedication to Husserl from "Being and Time" (restored in post-war editions).

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger's behavior towards Husserl has provoked controversy. Hannah Arendt initially suggested that Heidegger's behavior precipitated Husserl's death. She called Heidegger a "potential murderer". However, she later recanted her accusation.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In private notes written in 1939, Heidegger took a strongly critical view of Hitler's ideology; however, in public lectures, he seems to have continued to make ambiguous comments which, if they expressed criticism of the regime, did so only in the context of praising its ideals. For instance, in a 1942 lecture, published posthumously, Heidegger said of recent German classics scholarship:

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In the majority of "research results," the Greeks appear as pure National Socialists. This overenthusiasm on the part of academics seems not even to notice that with such "results" it does National Socialism and its historical uniqueness no service at all, not that it needs this anyhow.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger rejected the "biologically grounded racism" of the Nazis, replacing it with linguistic-historical heritage.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: After the end of World War II, Heidegger was summoned to appear at a denazification hearing. Heidegger's former lover Hannah Arendt spoke on his behalf at this hearing, while Karl Jaspers spoke against him. He was charged on four counts, dismissed from the university and declared a "follower" ("Mitläufer") of Nazism. Heidegger was forbidden to teach between 1945 and 1951. One consequence of this teaching ban was that Heidegger began to engage far more in the French philosophical scene.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In 1967 Heidegger met with the Jewish poet Paul Celan, a concentration camp survivor. Having corresponded since 1956, Celan visited Heidegger at his country retreat and wrote an enigmatic poem about the meeting, which some interpret as Celan's wish for Heidegger to apologize for his behavior during the Nazi era.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger has been very influential on the work of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben. Agamben attended seminars in France led by Heidegger in the late 1960s.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: According to Husserl, "Being and Time" claimed to deal with ontology but only did so in the first few pages of the book. Having nothing further to contribute to an ontology independent of human existence, Heidegger changed the topic to "Dasein". Whereas Heidegger argued that the question of human existence is central to the pursuit of the question of being, Husserl criticised this as reducing phenomenology to "philosophical anthropology" and offering an abstract and incorrect portrait of the human being.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In 1929 the Neo-Kantian Ernst Cassirer and Heidegger engaged in an influential debate, during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs in Davos, concerning the significance of Kantian notions of freedom and rationality (see Cassirer–Heidegger debate). Whereas Cassirer defended the role of rationality in Kant, Heidegger argued for the priority of the imagination.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Dilthey's student Georg Misch wrote the first extended critical appropriation of Heidegger in "Lebensphilosophie und Phänomenologie. Eine Auseinandersetzung der Diltheyschen Richtung mit Heidegger und Husserl", Leipzig 1930 (3rd ed. Stuttgart 1964).

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Hegel-influenced Marxist thinkers, especially György Lukács and the Frankfurt School, associated the style and content of Heidegger's thought with German irrationalism and criticised its political implications.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Criticism of Heidegger's philosophy has also come from analytic philosophy (whose value upon clarity he seemingly did not share) beginning with logical positivism.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: In "The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language" (1932), Rudolf Carnap accused Heidegger of offering an "illusory" ontology, criticising him for committing the fallacy of reification and for wrongly dismissing the logical treatment of language which, according to Carnap, can only lead to writing "nonsensical pseudo-propositions".

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Highly eccentric in its terminology, his philosophy is extremely obscure. One cannot help suspecting that language is here running riot. An interesting point in his speculations is the insistence that nothingness is something positive. As with much else in Existentialism, this is a psychological observation made to pass for logic.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Roger Scruton stated that: "His major work "Being and Time" is formidably difficult—unless it is utter nonsense, in which case it is laughably easy. I am not sure how to judge it, and have read no commentator who even begins to make sense of it".

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Levinas was deeply influenced by Heidegger, and yet became one of his fiercest critics, contrasting the infinity of the good beyond being with the immanence and totality of ontology. Levinas also condemned Heidegger's involvement with Nazism, stating: "One can forgive many Germans, but there are some Germans it is difficult to forgive. It is difficult to forgive Heidegger."

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger's defenders, notably Arendt, see his support for Nazism as arguably a personal " 'error' " (a word which Arendt placed in quotation marks when referring to Heidegger's Nazi-era politics). Defenders think this error was irrelevant to Heidegger's philosophy. Critics such as Levinas, Karl Löwith, and Theodor Adorno claim that Heidegger's support for Nazism revealed flaws inherent in his thought.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz states in the "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" that Heidegger's writing is "notoriously difficult", possibly because his thinking was "original" and focused on obscure and innovative topics. He concludes that "Being and Time" "remains his most influential work".

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


Martin Heidegger

Context: Heidegger's collected works are published by Vittorio Klostermann. The "Gesamtausgabe" was begun during Heidegger's lifetime. He defined the order of publication and dictated that the principle of editing should be "ways not works". Publication has not yet been completed.

Question: هل يوجد فلسفة معينة تأثرت بها النازية ؟


1900 Galveston hurricane

Context: More than US$34 million in damage occurred throughout the United States, with about US$30 million in Galveston County, Texas, alone. If a similar storm struck in 2010, damage would total approximately US$104.33 billion (2010 USD), based on normalization, a calculation that takes into account changes in inflation, wealth, and population. In comparison, the costliest United States hurricanes – Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Harvey in 2017 – both caused about US$125 billion in damage.

Question: متى وقع اعصار جالفستون العظيم؟


1900 Galveston hurricane

Context: Winifred Bonfils, a young journalist working for William Randolph Hearst, was the first reporter on the line at the hurricane's ground zero in Galveston. She delivered an exclusive set of reports and Hearst sent relief supplies by train. By September 12, Galveston received its first post-storm mail. The next day, basic water service was restored, and Western Union began providing minimal telegraph service. Within three weeks of the storm, cotton was again being shipped out of the port.

Question: متى وقع اعصار جالفستون العظيم؟


Human tooth

Context: Humans, like most other mammals, are diphyodont, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. The first set, deciduous teeth, also called "primary teeth", "baby teeth", or "milk teeth", normally eventually contains 20 teeth. Primary teeth typically start to appear ("erupt") around six months of age and this may be distracting and/or painful for the infant. However, some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as neonatal teeth or "natal teeth".

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of tooth structure. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its field of study, though dental occlusion, or contact between teeth, does not. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomic science as it is concerned with the naming of teeth and their structures. This information serves a practical purpose for dentists, enabling them to easily identify and describe teeth and structures during treatment.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Humans usually have 20 primary (deciduous, "baby" or "milk") teeth and 32 permanent (adult) teeth. Teeth are classified as incisors, canines, premolars (also called "bicuspids"), and molars. Incisors are primarily used for cutting, canines are for tearing, and molars serve for grinding.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Most teeth have identifiable features that distinguish them from others. There are several different notation systems to refer to a specific tooth. The three most common systems are the FDI World Dental Federation notation (ISO 3950), the Universal Numbering System, and the Palmer notation. The FDI system is used worldwide, the Universal only in the United States, while the older Palmer notation still has some adherents only in the United Kingdom.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Among deciduous (primary) teeth, ten are found in the maxilla (upper jaw) and ten in the mandible (lower jaw), for a total of 20. The dental formula for primary teeth in humans is .

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: In the primary set of teeth, there are two types of incisors—centrals and laterals—and two types of molars—first and second. All primary teeth are normally later replaced with their permanent counterparts.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and 16 in the mandible, for a total of 32. The dental formula is . Permanent human teeth are numbered in a boustrophedonic sequence.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: There are small differences between the teeth of males and females, with male teeth along with the male jaw tending to be larger on average than female teeth and jaw. There are also differences in the internal dental tissue proportions, with male teeth consisting of proportionately more dentine while female teeth have proportionately more enamel.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Dentin is the substance between enamel or cementum and the pulp chamber. It is secreted by the odontoblasts of the dental pulp. The formation of dentin is known as dentinogenesis. The porous, yellow-hued material is made up of 70% inorganic materials, 20% organic materials, and 10% water by weight. Because it is softer than enamel, it decays more rapidly and is subject to severe cavities if not properly treated, but dentin still acts as a protective layer and supports the crown of the tooth.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: There are three types of dentin, primary, secondary and tertiary. Secondary dentin is a layer of dentin produced after root formation and continues to form with age. Tertiary dentin is created in response to stimulus, such as cavities and tooth wear.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: The dental pulp is the central part of the tooth filled with soft connective tissue. This tissue contains blood vessels and nerves that enter the tooth from a hole at the apex of the root. Along the border between the dentin and the pulp are odontoblasts, which initiate the formation of dentin. Other cells in the pulp include fibroblasts, preodontoblasts, macrophages and T lymphocytes. The pulp is commonly called "the nerve" of the tooth.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: A significant amount of research has focused on determining the processes that initiate tooth development. It is widely accepted that there is a factor within the tissues of the first pharyngeal arch that is necessary for the development of teeth.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Tooth development is commonly divided into the following stages: the bud stage, the cap, the bell, and finally maturation. The staging of tooth development is an attempt to categorize changes that take place along a continuum; frequently it is difficult to decide what stage should be assigned to a particular developing tooth. This determination is further complicated by the varying appearance of different histologic sections of the same developing tooth, which can appear to be different stages.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: The onset of primary tooth loss has been found to correlate strongly with somatic and psychological criteria of school readiness.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Plaque is a biofilm consisting of large quantities of various bacteria that form on teeth. If not removed regularly, plaque buildup can lead to periodontal problems such as gingivitis. Given time, plaque can mineralize along the gingiva, forming "tartar". The microorganisms that form the biofilm are almost entirely bacteria (mainly streptococcus and anaerobes), with the composition varying by location in the mouth. "Streptococcus mutans" is the most important bacterium associated with dental caries.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth clean and is a means of preventing dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, bad breath, and other dental disorders. It consists of both professional and personal care. Regular cleanings, usually done by dentists and dental hygienists, remove tartar (mineralized plaque) that may develop even with careful brushing and flossing. Professional cleaning includes tooth scaling, using various instruments or devices to loosen and remove deposits from teeth.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Dental sealants are another preventive therapy often used to provide a barrier to bacteria and decay on the surface of teeth. Sealants can last up to ten years and are primarily used on the biting surfaces of molars of children and young adults, especially those who may have difficulty brushing and flossing effectively. Sealants are applied in a dentist's office, sometimes by a dental hygienist, in a procedure similar in technique and cost to a fluoride application.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Some systemic disorders which may result in hyperdontia include Apert syndrome, cleidocranial dysostosis, Crouzon syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Gardner's syndrome, and Sturge–Weber syndrome. Some systemic disorders which may result in hypodontia include Crouzon syndrome, Ectodermal dysplasia, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, and Gorlin syndrome.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: Microdontia of a single tooth is more likely to occur in a maxillary lateral incisor. The second most likely tooth to have microdontia are third molars. Macrodontia of all the teeth is known to occur in pituitary gigantism and pineal hyperplasia. It may also occur on one side of the face in cases of hemifacial hyperplasia.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Human tooth

Context: There have been a plethora of research studies to calculate prevalence of certain dental anomalies in CLP populations however a variety of results have been obtained.

Question: ماهو المكون الأساسي للأسنان ؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: Rhee was also the first and last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea from 1919 to his impeachment in 1925 and from 1947 to 1948. As President of South Korea, Rhee's government was characterised by authoritarianism, limited economic development, and in the late 1950s growing political instability and public opposition. Authoritarianism continued in South Korea after Rhee's resignation until 1988, except for a few short breaks.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: In 1904, Rhee was released from prison at the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War with the help of Min Young-hwan. In November 1904, with the help of Min Yeong-hwan and Han Gyu-seol (), Rhee moved to the United States. In August 1905, Rhee and Yun Byeong-gu () met with the Secretary of State John Hay and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt at peace talks in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and attempted unsuccessfully to convince the US to help preserve independence for Korea.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: Rhee continued to stay in the United States; this move has been described as an "exile." He obtained a Bachelor of Arts from George Washington University in 1907, and a Master of Arts from Harvard University in 1908. In 1910, he obtained a PhD from Princeton University with the thesis "Neutrality as influenced by the United States" ().

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: In August 1910, Rhee returned to Japanese occupied Korea. He served as a YMCA coordinator and missionary. In 1912, Rhee was implicated in the 105-Man Incident, and was shortly arrested. However, he fled to the United States in 1912 with M. C. Harris's rationale that Rhee was going to participate in the general meeting of Methodists in Minneapolis as the Korean representative.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: Following the March 1st Movement in March 1919, Rhee discovered that he was appointed to the positions of foreign minister for the Korean

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: In March 1925, Rhee was impeached as the president of the Provisional Government in Shanghai over allegations of misuse of power and was removed from office. Nevertheless, he continued to claim the position of president by referring to the Hanseong Provisional Government and continued independence activities through the Korean Commission to America and Europe. In the beginning of 1933, he participated in the League of Nations conference in Geneva to bring up the question of Korean independence.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: When the first U.S.–Soviet Cooperation Committee meeting was concluded without a result, he began to argue in June 1946 that the government of Korea must be established as an independent entity. In the same month, he created a plan based on this idea and moved to Washington, D.C. from December 1946 to April 1947 to lobby support for the plan. During the visit, Harry S. Truman's policies of Containment and the Truman Doctrine, which was announced in March 1947, enforced Rhee's anti-communist ideas.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: By early 1950, Rhee had about 30,000 alleged communists in his jails, and had about 300,000 suspected sympathizers enrolled in an official "re-education" movement called the Bodo League. When the Communist army attacked from the North in June, retreating South Korean forces executed the prisoners, along with several tens of thousands of Bodo League members.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: On 27 July 1953, at last, "one of the 20th century's most vicious and frustrating wars" came to an end with no apparent victor. Ultimately, the armistice agreement was signed by military commanders from China, North Korea and the United Nations Command, led by the U.S. Its signatories did not include the ROK, however, as Rhee refused to agree to the armistice, and neither was it supposed to be a permanent cease-fire, as a peace treaty was never signed.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: In March 1960, the 84-year-old Rhee won his fourth term in office as president. His victory was assured with 100% of the vote after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the 15 March elections.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: Rhee was married to Seungseon Park from 1890 to 1910. Park divorced Rhee shortly after the death of their son Rhee Bong-su in 1908, supposedly because their marriage had no intimacy due to his political activities.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: In February 1933, Rhee met Austrian Franziska Donner in Geneva. At the time, Rhee was participating in a League of Nations meeting and Donner was working as an interpreter. In October 1934, they were married in New York City. She also acted as his secretary.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: Over the years after the death of Bong-su, Rhee adopted three sons. The first was Rhee Un-soo, however, the elder Rhee ended the adoption in 1949. The second adopted son was Lee Kang-seok, eldest son of Lee Ki-poong, who were descendants of Prince Hyoryeong and therefore distant cousins of Rhee; but Lee committed suicide in 1960. After Rhee was exiled, Rhee-In-soo, who is a descendant of Prince Yangnyeong just like Rhee, was adopted by him as his heir.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: Rhee died of a stroke on 19 July 1965. A week later, his body was returned to Seoul and buried in the Seoul National Cemetery.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


Syngman Rhee

Context: Rhee's former Seoul residence, Ihwajang, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum. The Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honor his legacy. There is also a memorial museum located in Hwajinpo near Kim Il Sung's cottage.

Question: من هو أول رئيس لكوريا الجنوبية؟


John Adams

Context: As the French and Indian War began in 1754, Adams, aged nineteen, began to struggle with his responsibility in the conflict as many of his contemporaries joined the war for money. Adams later said, "I longed more ardently to be a Soldier than I ever did to be a Lawyer", recognizing that he was the first of his family to "[degenerate] from the virtues of the house so far as not to have been an officer in the militia".

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: In 1756, Adams began reading law under James Putnam, a leading lawyer in Worcester. In 1758, he earned an A.M. from Harvard, and in 1759 was admitted to the bar. He developed an early habit of writing about events and impressions of men in his diary; this included James Otis Jr.'s 1761 legal argument challenging the legality of British writs of assistance, allowing the British to search a home without notice or reason. Otis's argument inspired Adams to the cause of the American colonies.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: Adams's absence from home was hard on Abigail, who was left alone to care for the family. She still encouraged her husband in his task, writing: "You cannot be, I know, nor do I wish to see you an inactive Spectator, but if the Sword be drawn I bid adieu to all domestick felicity, and look forward to that Country where there is neither wars nor rumors of War in a firm belief that thro the mercy of its King we shall both rejoice there together."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: After negotiating the loan with the Dutch, Adams was re-appointed as the American commissioner to negotiate the war-ending treaty, the Treaty of Paris. Vergennes and France's minister to the United States, Anne-César de La Luzerne, disapproved of Adams, so Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, and Henry Laurens were appointed to collaborate with Adams, although Jefferson did not initially go to Europe and Laurens was posted to the Dutch Republic following his imprisonment in the Tower of London.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: Adams was appointed the first American ambassador to Great Britain in 1785. When a counterpart assumed that Adams had family in England, Adams replied, "Neither my father or mother, grandfather or grandmother, great grandfather or great grandmother, nor any other relation that I know of, or care a farthing for, has been in England these one hundred and fifty years; so that you see I have not one drop of blood in my veins but what is American."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: While in London Adams wrote his three-volume "A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America". It was a response to those he had met in Europe who criticized the government systems of the American states.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: Although his term started on March 4, 1789, Adams did not begin serving as Vice President of the United States until April 21, because he did not arrive in New York in time.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: In the end, Adams won the presidency by a narrow margin, receiving 71 electoral votes to 68 for Jefferson, who became the vice president; Pinckney finished in third with 59 votes, and Burr came in fourth with 30. The balance of the Electoral College votes were dispersed among nine other candidates. This is the only election to date in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: Adams was sworn into office as the nation's second president on March 4, 1797, by Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth. As president, he followed Washington's lead in using the presidency to exemplify republican values and civic virtue, and his service was free of scandal. Adams spent much of his term at his Massachusetts home Peacefield, preferring the quietness of domestic life to business at the capital. He ignored the political patronage and office-seekers which other officeholders utilized.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: It quickly became apparent that due to Washington's advanced age, Hamilton was the army's "de facto" commander. He exerted effective control over the War Department, taking over supplies for the army. Meanwhile, Adams built up the Navy, adding six fast, powerful frigates, most notably the USS "Constitution".

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: Fries and two other leaders were arrested, found guilty of treason, and sentenced to hang. They appealed to Adams requesting a pardon. The cabinet unanimously advised Adams to refuse, but he instead granted the pardon, using as justification the argument that the men had instigated a mere riot as opposed to a rebellion. In his pamphlet attacking Adams before the election, Hamilton wrote that "it was impossible to commit a greater error."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: As president, Adams proudly avoided war, but deeply split his party in the process. Historian Ron Chernow writes that "the threat of Jacobinism" was the one thing that united the Federalist Party, and that Adams's elimination of it unwittingly contributed to the party's demise.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: Adams's leadership on naval defense has sometimes led him to be called the "father of the American Navy." In July 1798, he signed into law An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, which authorized the establishment of a government-operated marine hospital service. In 1800, he signed the law establishing the Library of Congress.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: With the Federalist Party deeply split over his negotiations with France, and the opposition Republican Party enraged over the Alien and Sedition Acts and the expansion of the military, Adams faced a daunting reelection campaign in 1800. The Federalist congressmen caucused in the spring of 1800 and nominated Adams and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. The Republicans nominated Jefferson and Burr, their candidates in the previous election.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: Daughter Abigail ("Nabby") was married to Representative William Stephens Smith, but she returned to her parents' home after the failure of the marriage; she died of breast cancer in 1813.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: As the two men became older, the letters grew fewer and further between. There was also important information that each man kept to himself. Jefferson said nothing about his construction of a new house, domestic turmoil, slave ownership, or poor financial situation, while Adams did not mention the troublesome behavior of his son Thomas, who had failed as a lawyer and become an alcoholic, resorting afterwards to living primarily as a caretaker at Peacefield.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: On July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Adams died at Peacefield at approximately 6:20 pm. His last words included an acknowledgement of his longtime friend and rival: "Thomas Jefferson survives." Adams was unaware that Jefferson had died several hours before.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: John and Abigail Adams's crypt at United First Parish Church in Quincy, Massachusetts, also contains the bodies of John Quincy and Louisa Adams.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: Adams first saw the new United States Constitution in late 1787. To Jefferson, he wrote that he read it "with great satisfaction." Adams expressed regret that the president would be unable to make appointments without Senate approval and over the absence of a Bill of Rights. "Should not such a thing have preceded the model?" he asked.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: According to Luke Mayville, Adams synthesized two strands of thought: practical study of past and present governments, and Scottish Enlightenment thinking concerning individual desires expressed in politics. Adams's conclusion was that the great danger was that an oligarchy of the wealthy would take hold to the detriment of equality. To counter that danger, the power of the wealthy needed to be channeled by institutions, and checked by a strong executive.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: But historian Gordon S. Wood (2017) writes, "Although both Jefferson and Adams denied the miracles of the Bible and the divinity of Christ, Adams always retained a respect for the religiosity of people that Jefferson never had; in fact, Jefferson tended in private company to mock religious feelings."

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


John Adams

Context: In his retirement years, Adams moved away from some of the Puritan sentiments of his youth and closer to more mainstream Enlightenment religious ideals. He blamed institutional Christianity for causing much suffering but continued to be an active Christian while maintaining that religion was necessary for society. He became a Unitarian, rejecting the divinity of Jesus.

Question: من هو الرئيس الثاني للولايات المتحدة؟


2000 United States presidential election

Context: Incumbent Bill Clinton was ineligible for a third term, and Gore secured the Democratic nomination with relative ease, defeating a challenge by former Senator Bill Bradley. Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination and despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and others, secured the nomination by Super Tuesday. Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate, while Gore chose Senator Joe Lieberman.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: As of 2022, this is the earliest election in which all four major-party presidential and vice-presidential candidates are still living.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: President Bill Clinton, a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the Twenty-second Amendment; in accordance with Section1 of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at noon Eastern Standard Time on January 20, 2001.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa Caucus because they did not secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush. These included Elizabeth Dole, Dan Quayle, Lamar Alexander, and Bob Smith. Pat Buchanan dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination. That left Bush, John McCain, Alan Keyes, Steve Forbes, Gary Bauer, and Orrin Hatch as the only candidates still in the race.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: On January 24, Bush won the Iowa caucus with 41% of the vote. Forbes came in second with 30% of the vote. Keyes received 14%, Bauer 9%, McCain 5%, and Hatch 1%. Two days later, Hatch dropped out and endorsed Bush. The national media portrayed Bush as the establishment candidate. With the support of many moderate Republicans and Independents, McCain portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: Al Gore from Tennessee was a consistent front-runner for the nomination. Other prominent Democrats mentioned as possible contenders included Bob Kerrey, Missouri Representative Dick Gephardt, Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone, and actor and director Warren Beatty. Of these, only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primaries, largely because of support from the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley's poor showing in the Iowa caucus, where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers. The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary. On March 14, Gore clinched the Democratic nomination.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: None of Bradley's delegates were allowed to vote for him, so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention. Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for vice president by voice vote. Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party. Gore chose Lieberman over five other finalists: Senators Evan Bayh, John Edwards, and John Kerry, House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt, and New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and running mate Ezola Foster from California over the objections of party founder Ross Perot and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction. In the end, the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan, and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: The Greens/Green Party USA, the then-recognized national party organization, later endorsed Nader for president and he appeared on the ballots of 43 states and DC.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: The Libertarian Party's National Nominating Convention nominated Harry Browne from Tennessee and Art Olivier from California for president and vice president. Browne was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the vice presidential nomination on the second ballot. Browne appeared on every state ballot except Arizona's, due to a dispute between the Libertarian Party of Arizona (which instead nominated L. Neil Smith) and the national Libertarian Party.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: The Constitution Party nominated Howard Phillips from Virginia for a third time and Curtis Frazier from Missouri. It was on the ballot in 41 states.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: The Natural Law Party held its national convention in Arlington, Virginia, on August 31–September 2, unanimously nominating a ticket of Hagelin/Goldhaber without a roll-call vote. The party was on 38 of the 51 ballots nationally.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: Although the campaign focused mainly on domestic issues, such as the projected budget surplus, proposed reforms of Social Security and Medicare, health care, and competing plans for tax relief, foreign policy was often an issue.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: Vice-presidential candidates Cheney and Lieberman campaigned aggressively. Both camps made numerous campaign stops nationwide, often just missing each other, such as when Cheney, Hadassah Lieberman, and Tipper Gore attended Chicago's Taste of Polonia over Labor Day Weekend.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: With the exceptions of Florida and Gore's home state of Tennessee, Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins (including Clinton's home state of Arkansas) and also won Ohio, Indiana, most of the rural Midwestern farming states, most of the Rocky Mountain states, and Alaska. Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the Northeastern United States (with the exception of New Hampshire, which Bush won narrowly), the Pacific Coast states, Hawaii, New Mexico, and most of the Upper Midwest.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: Before the election, the possibility that different candidates would win the popular vote and the Electoral College had been noted, but usually with the expectation of Gore winning the Electoral College and Bush the popular vote. The idea that Bush could win the Electoral College and Gore the popular vote was not considered likely.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: The Electoral College results were the closest since 1876. Gore's 266 electoral votes is the highest for a losing nominee.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: †Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. In both states, two electoral votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote is awarded to the winner of each congressional district. The votes for each candidate are only singly counted in the column totals.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: ★Although the Libertarian Party had ballot access in all fifty United States plus D.C., Browne's name only appeared on the ballot in forty-nine United States plus D.C. The Libertarian Party of Arizona opted to place L. Neil Smith on the ballot in Browne's place. When adding Smith's 5,775 Arizona votes to Browne's 384,431 votes nationwide, that brings the total presidential votes cast for the Libertarian Party in 2000 to 390,206.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: Bush took the oath of office on January 20, 2001. He served for the next eight years. Gore has not, as of 2021, considered another presidential run, endorsing Howard Dean's candidacy during the 2004 Democratic primary and remaining neutral in the Democratic primaries of 2008, 2016 and 2020.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: The first independent recount of undervotes was conducted by the "Miami Herald" and "USA Today". The commission found that under most scenarios for completion of the initiated recounts, Bush would have won the election, but Gore would have won using the most generous standards for undervotes.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: A proposed solution to these problems was the installation of modern electronic voting machines. The 2000 presidential election spurred the debate about election and voting reform but did not end it.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: In the aftermath of the election, the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) was passed to help states upgrade their election technology in the hopes of preventing similar problems in future elections. But the electronic voting systems that many states purchased to comply with HAVA actually caused problems in the 2004 presidential election.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: According to Bush adviser Karl Rove, exit polls early in the afternoon on election day showed Gore winning by three percentage points, but when the networks called the state for Gore, Bush led by about 75,000 votes in raw tallies from the Florida Secretary of State.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: Democratic party strategist and Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) chair Al From expressed a different view. In the January 24, 2001, issue of the DLC's "Blueprint" magazine he wrote, "I think they're wrong on all counts. The assertion that Nader's marginal vote hurt Gore is not borne out by polling data. When exit pollers asked voters how they would have voted in a two-way race, Bush actually won by a point. That was better than he did with Nader in the race."

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: In an online article published by "Salon.com" on Tuesday, November 28, 2000, Texan progressive activist Jim Hightower claimed that in Florida, a state Gore lost by only 537 votes, 24,000 Democrats voted for Nader, while another 308,000 Democrats voted for Bush. According to Hightower, 191,000 self-described liberals in Florida voted for Bush, while fewer than 34,000 voted for Nader.

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Context: A number of subsequent articles have characterized the election in 2000, and the Supreme Court's decision in "Bush v. Gore", as damaging the reputation of the Supreme Court, increasing the view of judges as partisan, and decreasing Americans' trust in the integrity of elections. The number of lawsuits brought over election issues more than doubled following the 2000 election cycle, an increase Richard L. Hasen of UC Irvine School of Law attributes to the "Florida fiasco".

Question: من هو رئيس ولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2000؟


Cerebellum

Context: The smallest region, the flocculonodular lobe, is often called the vestibulocerebellum. It is the oldest part in evolutionary terms (archicerebellum) and participates mainly in balance and spatial orientation; its primary connections are with the vestibular nuclei, although it also receives visual and other sensory input. Damage to this region causes disturbances of balance and gait.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: Two types of neuron play dominant roles in the cerebellar circuit: Purkinje cells and granule cells. Three types of axons also play dominant roles: mossy fibers and climbing fibers (which enter the cerebellum from outside), and parallel fibers (which are the axons of granule cells). There are two main pathways through the cerebellar circuit, originating from mossy fibers and climbing fibers, both eventually terminating in the deep cerebellar nuclei.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: Mossy fibers project directly to the deep nuclei, but also give rise to the following pathway: mossy fibers → granule cells → parallel fibers → Purkinje cells → deep nuclei. Climbing fibers project to Purkinje cells and also send collaterals directly to the deep nuclei. The mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs each carry fiber-specific information; the cerebellum also receives dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic inputs that presumably perform global modulation.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: The top, outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex is the molecular layer. This layer contains the flattened dendritic trees of Purkinje cells, and the huge array of parallel fibers, from the granular layer, that penetrate the Purkinje cell dendritic trees at right angles. The molecular layer also contains two types of inhibitory interneuron: stellate cells and basket cells. Both stellate and basket cells form GABAergic synapses onto Purkinje cell dendrites.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: A specific, recognizable feature of Purkinje neurons is the expression of calbindin. Calbindin staining of rat brain after unilateral chronic sciatic nerve injury suggests that Purkinje neurons may be newly generated in the adult brain, initiating the organization of new cerebellar lobules.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: When a Purkinje cell axon enters one of the deep nuclei, it branches to make contact with both large and small nuclear cells, but the total number of cells contacted is only about 35 (in cats). Conversely, a single deep nuclear cell receives input from approximately 860 Purkinje cells (again in cats).

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: From the viewpoint of gross anatomy, the cerebellar cortex appears to be a homogeneous sheet of tissue, and, from the viewpoint of microanatomy, all parts of this sheet appear to have the same internal structure. There are, however, a number of respects in which the structure of the cerebellum is compartmentalized. There are large compartments that are generally known as "zones"; these can be divided into smaller compartments known as "microzones".

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: In 2005, Richard Apps and Martin Garwicz summarized evidence that microzones themselves form part of a larger entity they call a multizonal microcomplex. Such a microcomplex includes several spatially separated cortical microzones, all of which project to the same group of deep cerebellar neurons, plus a group of coupled olivary neurons that project to all of the included microzones as well as to the deep nuclear area.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: To identify cerebellar problems, neurological examination includes assessment of gait (a broad-based gait being indicative of ataxia), finger-pointing tests and assessment of posture. If cerebellar dysfunction is indicated, a magnetic resonance imaging scan can be used to obtain a detailed picture of any structural alterations that may exist.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: The human cerebellum changes with age. These changes may differ from those of other parts of the brain.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: The cerebellum is the youngest brain region (and body part) in centenarians according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock: it is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian. Further, gene expression patterns in the human cerebellum show less age-related alteration than that in the cerebral cortex.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: Some studies have reported reductions in numbers of cells or volume of tissue, but the amount of data relating to this question is not very large.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: Congenital malformation, hereditary disorders, and acquired conditions can affect cerebellar structure and, consequently, cerebellar function. Unless the causative condition is reversible, the only possible treatment is to help people live with their problems. Visualization of the fetal cerebellum by ultrasound scan at 18 to 20 weeks of pregnancy can be used to screen for fetal neural tube defects with a sensitivity rate of up to 99%.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: Cerebellar atrophy has been observed in many other neurological disorders including Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, essential tremor, progressive myoclonus epilepsy, and Niemann–Pick disease. Cerebellar atrophy can also occur as a result of exposure to toxins including heavy metals or pharmaceutical or recreational drugs.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: There is a general consensus that the cerebellum is involved in pain processing. The cerebellum receives pain input from both descending cortico-cerebellar pathways and ascending spino-cerebellar pathways, through the pontine nuclei and inferior olives. Some of this information is transferred to the motor system inducing a conscious motor avoidance of pain, graded according to pain intensity.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: The circuits in the cerebellum are similar across all classes of vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. There is also an analogous brain structure in cephalopods with well-developed brains, such as octopuses. This has been taken as evidence that the cerebellum performs functions important to all animal species with a brain.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Cerebellum

Context: Even the earliest anatomists were able to recognize the cerebellum by its distinctive appearance. Aristotle and Herophilus (quoted in Galen) called it the παρεγκεφαλίς ("parenkephalis"), as opposed to the ἐγκέφαλος ("enkephalos") or brain proper. Galen's extensive description is the earliest that survives. He speculated that the cerebellum was the source of motor nerves.

Question: ما هي وظيفة المخيخ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: Yes Man is a 2008 romantic comedy film directed by Peyton Reed, written by Nicholas Stoller, Jarrad Paul, and Andrew Mogel and starring Jim Carrey and co-starring Zooey Deschanel. The film is based loosely on the 2005 memoir of the same name by humorist Danny Wallace, who also makes a cameo appearance in the film.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: Carl, a bank loan officer, has become withdrawn since his divorce from Stephanie. He has an increasingly negative outlook on his life and routinely ignores his friends Peter and Rooney. On the advice of an old colleague, Nick, Carl attends a motivational seminar that encourages people to seize the opportunity to say "Yes!" At the seminar, Carl meets inspirational guru Terrence, who extracts from Carl a promise to answer "Yes!" to every opportunity that presents itself.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: "Yes Man" is based on a memoir of the same name by humourist Danny Wallace. The book tells of the 6-month period in which he committed himself to saying 'Yes' to everything based on a brief conversation with a stranger he met on the bus. Wallace also has a cameo in the film, in the final bar-scene of the movie, in which he is speaking to someone behind Danny Masterson.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: Jim Carrey declined an upfront salary for his role in the film. He was instead paid 36.2% of the film's gross after its production and marketing costs were recovered.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: During shooting of a scene where Carrey's character bungee jumps off a bridge, Carrey interrupted and asked to do the stunt himself. Carrey stated to the stunt double that he intended to do it in one take. When he jumps off, he is seen taking out a cell phone for the scene.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: While shooting the scene in the bar where Carrey's character turns around into a waitress and falls flat on his back, Carrey executed the stunt incorrectly and fell to the floor harder than he expected, breaking three ribs in the process.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: The introduction music at the beginning of the film from Carrey's ringtone comes from the song "Separate Ways" by Journey. It is also featured when Carrey's character bails out from the hospital to catch the joggography at 6 am. "Helicopter" by Bloc Party plays on the first joggography scene.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: "Yes Man" received mixed reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 46%, based on 153 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3. The site's consensus reads, "Jim Carrey's comic convulsions are the only bright spots in this otherwise dim and predictable comedy." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 46 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: The film opened No. 1 in its first weekend at the US box office with $18.3 million, and was top of the UK box office in its first weekend after release.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: To date, the film has taken in more than $220 million worldwide, surpassing Jim Carrey's previous comedy "Fun with Dick and Jane" but falling short of his 2003 film "Bruce Almighty".

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


Yes Man (film)

Context: The DVD and Blu-ray were released on April 7, 2009. Customers have the option of the single-disc edition and the 2 disc edition titled the "Ultimately Yes!" edition.

Question: متي صدر فيلم يس مان ؟


La Liga

Context: The competition format follows the usual double round-robin format. During the course of a season, which lasts from August to May, each club plays every other club twice, once at home and once away, for 38 matches. Teams receive three points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, with the highest-ranked club crowned champion at the end of the season.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: A system of promotion and relegation exists between the "Primera División" and the "Segunda División". The three lowest placed teams in La Liga are relegated to the "Segunda División", and the top two teams from the "Segunda División" promoted to La Liga, with an additional club promoted after a series of play-offs involving the third, fourth, fifth and sixth placed clubs. Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league's history;

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: The top four teams in La Liga qualify for the subsequent season's UEFA Champions League group stage. The winners of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League also qualify for the subsequent season's UEFA Champions League group stage. If this means 6 La Liga teams qualify, then the 4th place team in La Liga instead plays in the UEFA Europa League, as any single nation is limited to a maximum of 5 teams.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: The 5th place team in La Liga qualifies for the subsequent season's UEFA Europa League group stage. The winner of the Copa del Rey also qualifies for the subsequent season's UEFA Europa League group stage, but if the winner also finished in the top 5 places in La Liga, then this place reverts to the team that finished 6th in La Liga. Furthermore, the 6th place (or 7th if 6th already qualifies) team qualifies for the subsequent season's UEFA Europa League second qualifying round.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: The number of places allocated to Spanish clubs in UEFA competitions is dependent upon the position a country holds in the UEFA country coefficients, which are calculated based upon the performance of teams in UEFA competitions in the previous five years. As of the end of season 2020–21, the ranking of Spain (and de facto La Liga) is second.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: Johan Cruyff changed the way modern football was played, and incorporated the principles of ‘Total Football’ into this team. The success of possession-based football was revolutionary, and Cruyff's team won their first European Cup in 1992 and four consecutive La Liga titles between 1991 and 1994. In total, Cruyff won 11 trophies in eight years, making him the most successful manager in Barcelona's history until the record was broken by his protégé Pep Guardiola two decades later.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: The 2020–21 season started on September 12. The teams participating in La Liga 2020–21 are Athletic Club de Bilbao, Atlético de Madrid, Barcelona, Betis, Cádiz, Eibar, Getafe, Huesca, Levante, Osasuna, Real Madrid, Real Sociedad, Sevilla, Valencia, Valladolid, Villarreal, Elche, Alavés, Eibar and Celta Vigo. The teams joining the Primera División, coming from Segunda are Cadiz, Elche and Huesca. Atletico Madrid won the 2020–21 season with Real Madrid as runners-up.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: In August 2021, La Liga clubs approved a €2.7 billion deal to sell 10% of the league to CVC Capital Partners.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: The 2021–22 season was won by Real Madrid with four games to spare. Barcelona ended up second after improving in the second half of the season.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: 20 teams contest the league in its current season, including the top 17 sides from the 2020–21 season and three promoted from the 2020–21 Segunda División. Espanyol and Mallorca were promoted directly, and Rayo Vallecano won the promotion play-off.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: The "Primera División" is currently second in the UEFA rankings of European leagues based on their performances in European competitions over a five-year period, behind England's Premier League, but ahead of Italy's Serie A and Germany's Bundesliga.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: In 2005–06, Barcelona won the Champions League and Sevilla won the UEFA Cup, making La Liga the first league to do the European "double" since 1997. This feat was repeated in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2018. On 25 August 2015, La Liga became the first league to qualify five teams for the UEFA Champions League group stage (Atlético Madrid, Barcelona, Real Madrid, Sevilla and Valencia).

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: In La Liga in 2020, each club is allowed five non-EU players but are only allowed to name three non-EU players in each matchday squad.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: Players can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry, he can claim Spanish citizenship after playing in Spain for five years. Sometimes, this can lead to a triple-citizenship situation; for example, Leo Franco, who was born in Argentina, is of Italian heritage yet can claim a Spanish passport, having played in La Liga for over five years.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: In addition, players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: Since the 2013–14 season, La Liga has also bestowed the monthly manager of the month and player of the month awards.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: Four of the last six world transfer records have been set by Real Madrid, signing Luís Figo, Zinedine Zidane, Cristiano Ronaldo (plus a deal for Kaká days before Ronaldo which fell just below a world record due to the way the fee was calculated) and finally Gareth Bale, who was bought in 2013 for £85.3m (€103.4m or $140m at the time; £m in ) from Tottenham Hotspur.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: Brazilian forward Neymar was the subject of an when he joined Barcelona from Santos in 2013, and his outgoing transfer to Paris Saint-Germain in 2017 set a new world record fee at €222m via his buyout clause. Barcelona soon invested a large amount of the money received from this transfer in a replacement, Ousmane Dembélé, whose deal – €105m – was the second most expensive ever before Philippe Coutinho's transfer to Barcelona for €142m in January 2018.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


La Liga

Context: Boldface indicates a player still active in La Liga. "Italics" indicates a player still active outside La Liga.

Question: متى بدأ الدوري الاسباني الممتاز لكرة القدم؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger's father, James Joseph Bulger Sr., was from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland (now the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador), hailing from Irish parents. After settling in Everett, Massachusetts, James Sr. married Jane Veronica "Jean" McCarthy a first-generation Irish immigrant. Their first child, James Joseph Bulger Jr., was born in 1929.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger's father worked as a union laborer and occasional longshoreman; he lost his arm in an industrial accident and the family was reduced to poverty. In May 1938, the Mary Ellen McCormack Housing Project was opened in the neighborhood of South Boston. The Bulger family moved in and the children grew up there. The other Bulger children, William Bulger and John P. Bulger, excelled at school; James Bulger Jr. became drawn into street life.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Early in his criminal career, local police gave Bulger the nickname "Whitey" because of his blond hair. Bulger hated the name; he preferred to be called "Jim", "Jimmy", or even "Boots". The last nickname came from his habit of wearing cowboy boots, which he used to hide a switchblade. However, the nickname "Whitey" stuck.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger developed a reputation as a thief and street fighter fiercely loyal to South Boston. This led to him meeting more experienced criminals and finding more lucrative opportunities. In 1943, 14-year-old Bulger was arrested and charged with larceny. By then he had joined a street gang known as the "Shamrocks" and would eventually be arrested for assault, forgery and armed robbery. Bulger was sentenced to a juvenile reformatory for these crimes.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Shortly after his release in April 1948, Bulger joined the United States Air Force, but he had not reformed. He spent time in the military prison for several assaults and was later arrested by Air Force police in 1950 for going absent without leave. Nevertheless, he received an honorable discharge in 1952 and returned to Massachusetts.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In 1959, Bulger was briefly transferred to maximum security at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in California. Later in his sentence, he was transferred to Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary and, in 1963, to Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary. Bulger's third petition for parole, in 1965, was granted after he had served nine years in prison. He would not be arrested again for 46 years.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In 1979, Winter was arrested, along with many members of his inner circle, on charges of fixing horse races. Bulger and Flemmi were left out of the indictments. They stepped into the power vacuum and took over the leadership of the gang, transferring its headquarters to the Lancaster Street Garage in Boston's West End, near the Boston Garden.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: On September 5, 2006, federal judge Reginald C. Lindsay ruled that the mishandling of Bulger and Flemmi caused the 1984 murder of informant John McIntyre, awarding his family $3.1 million in damages. Lindsay stated the FBI failed to properly supervise Connolly (convicted and jailed in 2002) and "stuck its head in the sand" regarding numerous allegations that Bulger and Flemmi were involved in drug trafficking, murder and other crimes for decades.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In February 1979, federal prosecutors indicted numerous members of the Winter Hill Gang, including boss Howie Winter, for fixing horse races. Bulger and Flemmi were originally going to be part of this indictment, but Connolly and Morris were able to persuade prosecutor Jeremiah T. O'Sullivan to drop the charges against them at the last minute. Bulger and Flemmi were instead named as unindicted co-conspirators.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In 1980, Bulger was approached in Triple O's by Louis Litif, a Lebanese-American neighborhood bookmaker. Weeks, a bouncer at the bar, said, "He wasn't a big guy, maybe five seven and 185 pounds. Of Arab descent, he had a mustache like Saddam Hussein. ... That night, as always, he was talking in his obnoxious loud voice. Even when there were 400 people in the bar, you always knew Louie was there."

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: According to Weeks,Strangely enough, Jimmy, told me, 'Louie's last words to me were a lie.' Apparently, Louie had insisted that he'd come by himself and that nobody had driven him over. It was hard to figure out why Louie lied to Jimmy that night. If he'd told Jimmy that someone had driven him, he might have gotten a pass. But it wouldn't have lasted long, since Jimmy had no intention of letting Louie run wild.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: During the mid-1980s, Bulger began to summon drug dealers from in and around Boston to his headquarters. Flanked by Weeks and Flemmi, Bulger would inform each dealer that he had been offered a substantial sum in return for that dealer's assassination. He would then demand a large cash payment as the price of not killing them. Eventually, however, the massive profits of drugs proved irresistible.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: It would not be until the 1999 cooperation of Weeks that Bulger, by then a fugitive, was conclusively linked to the drug trade by investigators. According to an interview conducted with "Globe" reporters Kevin Cullen and Shelley Murphy, Weeks "estimated that Whitey made about thirty million dollars... most of it from shaking down drug dealers to let them do business on his turf."

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: When "Valhalla" crew member John McIntyre was arrested "for trying to visit his estranged wife", he confessed his role in the weapons smuggling to the Boston Police. McIntyre implicated Bulger in the botched smuggling to FBI agent Roderick Kennedy, but Kennedy "insisted that [Bulger's handler] Connolly overheard him ... talking about someone on the "Valhalla" cooperating". Connolly confirmed Bulger's suspicions of McIntyre, leading Bulger and Flemmi to consider murdering McIntyre for his betrayal.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In the summer of 1991, Bulger and Weeks, along with associates Patrick and Michael Linskey, came into possession of a winning Massachusetts Lottery ticket which had been bought at a store he owned. The four men shared a prize of around US$14 million. Bulger was widely thought to have obtained his share of the jackpot illegitimately.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In April 1994, a joint task force of the DEA, the Boston Police, and the Massachusetts State Police launched a probe of Bulger's illegal gambling operations. The FBI, by this time considered compromised, was not informed. After a number of bookmakers agreed to testify to having paid protection money to Bulger, a federal case was built against him under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger had also set up safe deposit boxes containing cash, jewelry and passports in locations across North America and Europe, including Florida, Oklahoma, Montreal, Dublin, London, Birmingham and Venice. In December 1994, he was informed by Connolly that sealed indictments had come from the Department of Justice and that the FBI was set to make arrests during the Christmas season. In response, Bulger fled Boston on December 23, 1994, accompanied by his common-law wife Theresa Stanley.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In mid-November 1995, Weeks and Bulger met for the last time at the lion statues at the front of the New York Public Library Main Branch and adjourned for dinner at a nearby restaurant. According to Weeks:

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In the aftermath, Weeks decided to cut a deal with federal prosecutors and revealed where almost every penny was stashed and every body was buried. Writing in 2006, Weeks recalled:

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: After sixteen years at large and twelve years on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, Bulger was arrested in Santa Monica, California, on June 22, 2011. He was 81 years old at the time of the arrest.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger was captured as a result of the work of the Bulger Fugitive Task Force, which consisted of FBI agents and a Deputy U.S. Marshal. According to retired FBI agent Scott Bakken, "Here you have somebody who is far more sophisticated than some 18-year-old who killed someone in a drive-by. To be a successful fugitive you have to cut all contacts from your previous life. He had the means and kept a low profile."

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Authorities received a tip from a woman in Iceland that Bulger was living in an apartment near a beach in Santa Monica. "The Boston Globe" identified the tipster as Anna Björnsdóttir, a former model, actress, and Miss Iceland 1974, who lived in Bulger's neighborhood.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: A day later, "using a ruse, agents and other task force members lured Mr. Bulger out of his apartment", "arrested him 'without incident', then went in the house and arrested Greig".

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Immediately after being brought back to Boston, Bulger began talking to authorities. He said that during his days as a fugitive he often went back and forth across the border to Mexico to buy medicine for his heart disease. Many anticipated, and some feared, that Bulger, in exchange for favorable treatment in sentencing, would have much to tell authorities about corruption at the local, state and federal levels, which allowed him to operate his criminal enterprise for so long.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger was arraigned in federal court on July 6, 2011. He pleaded not guilty to 48 charges, including 19 counts of murder, extortion, money laundering, obstruction of justice, perjury, narcotics distribution and weapons violations.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: In a 2011 interview, Kevin Weeks expressed surprise at Bulger's decision to cooperate after his arrest. Weeks said, "I don't understand because he's not the same as I remember him. I can't believe he's so chatty right now. So I don't know what he's doing". Weeks added that he is not afraid of Bulger, and that the residents of Boston should not be either: "I don't think he's Pablo Escobar where he can just walk out of his prison cell and come to South Boston or anywhere. No, no one's worried about him."

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger's companion during his years as a fugitive was his longtime girlfriend Catherine Greig (born ), who was nearly 22 years his junior. Greig grew up in Boston and had an identical twin sister, Margaret, and a younger brother, David. Their father was a machinist from Glasgow, Scotland, and their mother was from Canada, as was Bulger's father.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Greig met Bulger in her late 20s after she divorced Bobby McGonagle. She worked as a dental hygienist. Greig has been described as intelligent, hardworking and educated, although was very subservient to, and dominated by, Bulger. She and Bulger lived together for a time at her home in Squantum, a section of Quincy.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Greig had been wanted by the FBI since 1999. The criminal complaint against her alleges that she harbored a fugitive, Whitey Bulger. She was represented in the criminal proceedings by the prominent criminal attorney Kevin Reddington of Brockton, Massachusetts. After being captured alongside Bulger, Greig sought release on bail and home confinement, a request that was denied.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Greig initially indicated that she would go to trial rather than accept a plea bargain. In March 2012, however, Greig pleaded guilty to conspiracy to harbor a fugitive, identity fraud and conspiracy to commit identity fraud. On June 12, 2012, she was sentenced to eight years in federal prison. She declined to speak during her sentencing.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Greig served much of her eight-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Waseca in Minnesota, but was also detained at various points in Rhode Island ahead of proceedings in the criminal contempt case.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Greig completed her sentence on July 23, 2020, and was later released from home confinement and electronic monitoring. She has been living quietly in South Boston with her twin sister Margaret McCusker.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: According to an excerpt of a book on Bulger published by "Boston magazine", Bulger only made one friend during his post-sentencing detention, Clement "Chip" Janis, a young convict who was trusted to run art classes for other convicts.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: When Bulger arrived at the United States Penitentiary in Tucson there were other famous inmates there, including Brian David Mitchell, Steven Dale Green and Montoya Sánchez.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: According to Janis, Bulger was attacked by a fellow convict nicknamed "Retro", whose knife pierced Bulger's neck and skull, and sent him to the prison infirmary for a month. Whether Bulger was targeted randomly or deliberately is not known. Apparently, the inmate was not motivated by any personal issues with Bulger, but commmitted the near-fatal assault so that he would be sent to solitary confinement, allegedly to avoid paying for drugs he had acquired from other prisoners.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger was able to begin taking part in counseling with a prison psychologist at the Tucson facility. However, rumors circulated that the psychologist was too sympathetic to Bulger, and may even have allowed him to use her cell phone. His counseling was soon terminated, and he was transferred to the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex in Florida.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: At Coleman, Bulger started experiencing night terrors, which he attributed to the experiments he had taken part in while incarcerated in the 1950s, where he had been administered LSD. Bulger, who started his imprisonment with a rigorous exercise regime, was by this point using a wheelchair.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: On November 8, 2018, a funeral Mass was held for Bulger at Saint Monica – Saint Augustine Church in South Boston. Family members, including his brother, former Massachusetts state Senate president William M. Bulger, and the twin sister of Catherine Greig attended. Bulger's death came as a relief to many Bostonians, especially for family members of his victims; Steven Davis, whose sister Debra was reportedly killed by Bulger in 1981, stated that "[h]e died the way I hoped he always was going to die."

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: Bulger had two younger brothers, William Michael "Billy" Bulger (born 1934) and John "Jackie" P. Bulger (born 1938). William Bulger served in the military during the Korean War but was never posted to Korea. He was formerly an influential leader of the Democratic Party in Massachusetts. In a long political career, William rose to become President of the Massachusetts Senate. After his retirement he was appointed President of the University of Massachusetts system.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


Whitey Bulger

Context: John "Jackie" Bulger, a retired Massachusetts court clerk magistrate, was convicted in April 2003 of committing perjury in front of two grand juries regarding sworn statements he gave concerning contacts with his fugitive brother.

Question: متى توفي وايتي بولغر؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: At the 77th Academy Awards, "The Chorus" was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Original Song (the latter for "Vois sur ton chemin", listed as "Look to Your Path", composed by Bruno Coulais).

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟


The Chorus (2004 film)

Context: In 2003, Pierre Morhange (Jacques Perrin), a French conductor performing in the United States, is informed before a concert that his mother has died. After the performance he returns to his home in France for her funeral. An old friend named Pépinot (Didier Flamand) arrives at his door with a diary which belonged to their teacher, Clément Mathieu. They proceed to read it together.

Question: في أي عام أنتج الفيلم الفرنسي " الكورس " ؟