Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Its 1990 electoral victory, giving it control of many local governments, led to the imposing of the veil on female municipal employees, pressuring of liquor stores, video shops and other establishments perceived as un-Islamic to close, and segregation of bathing areas by gender.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Following the first National Assembly ballot, the FIS issued a second pamphlet. Economically, it strongly criticized Algeria's planned economy, urging the need to protect the private sector and encourage competition – earning it support from traders and small businessmen – and urged the establishment of Islamic banking. However, leaders Abbasi Hadani and Abdelkader Hachani both made statements opposed to opening the country to competition from foreign business.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Socially, it suggested that women should be given a financial incentive to stay at home rather than working outside, thus introducing sexual segregation (Ali Belhadj called it immoral for men and women to work in the same office) with the supposed goal of increasing the number of jobs available to men in a time of chronic unemployment.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Politically, the contradiction between Madani and Belhadj's words was noteworthy: Madani condemned violence "from wherever it came", and expressed his commitment to democracy and resolve to "respect the minority, even if it is composed of one vote".

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Belhadj said, "There is no democracy in Islam" and "If people vote against the Law of God... this is nothing other than blasphemy. The ulama will order the death of the offenders who have substituted their authority for that of God".

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Earlier Salafist movements in Algeria included the Association of Muslim Ulemas founded in 1931 by Abdel Hamid Ben Badis, which like the Muslim Brotherhood believed that religion should be the "absolute focus of private life and society", preached against the "superstitions" of popular Islam and French culture or secularism in Algeria, but did not venture into politics or promotion of an Islamic state.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: In the 1980s the government imported two renowned Islamic scholars, Mohammed al-Ghazali and Yusuf al-Qaradawi, to "strengthen the religious dimension" of the ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) party's "nationalist ideology". However, both clerics were "fellow travelers" of the Muslim Brotherhood, supporters of Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf monarchies, and supported "Islamic awakening" in Algeria, giving only "lip service" to the government.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Also in the 1980s, several hundred youth left Algeria for camps of Peshawar to fight jihad in Afghanistan. As Algeria was a close ally of the jihadists' enemy the Soviet Union, these jihadists tended to consider the Afghan jihad a "prelude" to jihad against the Algerian FLN. After the Marxist government in Afghanistan fell, many of the Salafist jihadis returned to Algeria and supported the FIS and later the GIA.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Also adding to the strength of salafist "Islamic revivalism" and political Islam in Algeria was the weakness (or nonexistence) of any alternative in the form of popular Muslim brotherhoods which had been dismantled by the FLN government in retaliation for lack of support and whose land had been confiscated and redistributed by the FLN government after independence.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: During and after the 1988 October Riots, Islamists "set about building bridges to the young urban poor". The riots "petered out" after meetings between the President Chadli and Islamists Ali Belhadj and members of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: As in other Muslim countries where the political system allowed opposition and free elections for the first time, the FIS benefited from being a religious party. Unlike the secular parties it had "a coherent network of preachers already in place."

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: The FIS made "spectacular" progress in the first year of its existence. The first edition of its weekly publication, "Al Munqidh", was distributed to 200,000. The FIS-inspired doctors, nurses and rescue teams showed "devotion and effectiveness" helping victims of an earthquake in Tipaza Province. It organized marches and rallies and "applied steady pressure on the state" to force a promise of early elections.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: In the first free elections since independence on 12 June 1990, they swept the local elections with 54% of votes cast, almost double that of the FLN and far more than any of the other parties. The FIS took 46% of town assemblies and 55% of wilaya assemblies. Its supporters were especially concentrated in urban areas: it secured 93% of towns/cities of over 50,000. This was the "high point" of FIS influence. Its rapid rise alarmed the government, which moved to curtail the powers of local government.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Once in power in local governments, its administration and its Islamic charity was praised by many as just, equitable, orderly and virtuous, in contrast to its corrupt, wasteful, arbitrary and inefficient FLN predecessors.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: The victory in local elections was the "high point" of FIS influence, which benefited from widespread disillusionment with the Algerian ruling party. As time went on non-core supporters began to become disenchanted. The secular, educated, salaried urban middle class began to be concerned over the anti-French language policy.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: In May 1991, the FIS called for a general strike to protest the government's redrawing of electoral districts, which it saw as gerrymandering directed against it. The strike itself was a failure, but the demonstrations FIS organized in Algiers were huge. Mass sit-ins were held in one of Algiers largest squares for a week, and the FIS succeeded in pressuring the government. It was persuaded in June to call the strike off by the promise of fair parliamentary elections.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: 40,000 FIS militants and elected FIS officials were interned in tents deep in the Sahara. Mosques were placed under "tight surveillance". Such activists as remained at large took this as a declaration of war, though FIS would not officially call for armed resistance until 1993, attempting to steer a nuanced course of expressing sympathy for the guerrillas without endorsing their actions.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Soon after taking office in 1994, Liamine Zeroual began negotiations with the imprisoned FIS leadership, releasing some prisoners (including such figures as Ali Djeddi and Abdelkader Boukhamkham) by way of encouragement. These first negotiations collapsed in March, as each accused the other of reneging on agreements; but further, initially secret, negotiations would take place over the following months.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: It rejected all truces and compromises with the government. The AIS favored a long-term jihad directed against the state and its representatives, not civilians. The GIA appealed to the "hittistes" urban youth, while the AIS support came from the pious middle class.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: By the end of 1994, the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS) controlled over half the guerrillas of the east and west, but barely 20% in the center, near the capital, where the GIA were mainly based. Their main leadership was based in the Beni Khettab mountains near Jijel. It issued communiqués condemning the GIA's indiscriminate targeting of women, journalists, and other civilians "not involved in the repression", and attacking its school arson campaign.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: Despite the government's extremely hostile reaction to the Rome Platform, though, a third attempt at negotiations took place, starting in April with a letter from Madani condemning acts of violence, and hopes were raised. However, the FIS did not offer enough concessions to satisfy the government, demanding, as usual, that FIS leaders should be released before FIS could call for a ceasefire. In July Zeroual announced that the talks had failed, for the last time.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: In 1995, the GIA turned on the AIS in earnest. Reports of battles between the AIS and GIA increased (resulting in an estimated 60 deaths in March 1995 alone), and the GIA reiterated its death threats against FIS and AIS leaders, claiming to be the "sole prosecutor of jihad" and angered by their negotiation attempts. On July 11 Abdelbaki Sahraoui, a co-founder of FIS, was assassinated in Paris; the GIA said that they were responsible, although there was no evidence supporting this.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: On 2 July 2003, Belhadj and Madani were released (the former had been in jail, the latter had been moved to house arrest in 1997). Foreign media were banned from covering the event locally, and FIS itself remains banned. However, their release has had little apparent impact. After a decade of vicious civil conflict, there was little enthusiasm in Algeria for reopening old wounds.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Islamic Salvation Front

Context: As the civil war jihad impoverished the pious middle class, the AIS lost support to the "moderate" Islamic parties, especially the Hamas party of Mahfoud Nahnah.

Question: ما هي الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ؟


Province

Context: A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman "provincia", which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term "province" has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or federal authority, especially in Canada and Pakistan. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: The English word "province" is attested since about 1330 and derives from the 13th-century Old French , which itself comes from the Latin word , which referred to the sphere of authority of a magistrate, in particular, to a foreign territory.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: A popular etymology is from Latin ("on behalf of") and ("to triumph" or "to take control of"). Thus a "province" would be a territory or function that a Roman magistrate held control of on behalf of his government. In fact, the word "province" is an ancient term from public law, which means: "office belonging to a magistrate". This agrees with the Latin term's earlier usage as a generic term for a jurisdiction under Roman law.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: In France, the expression still means "outside the Paris region". Equivalent expressions are used in Peru (, "outside the city of Lima"), Mexico (, "lands outside Mexico City"), Romania (, "outside the Bucharest region"), Poland (, "provincial"), Bulgaria (, , "in the provinces"; , , "provincial") and the Philippines (, "from outside Metro Manila", , "in the provinces", or "in the countryside"). Similarly, in Australia "provincial" refers to parts of a state outside of the state capital.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: For the United Kingdom use of the word is often pejorative, assuming a stereotype of the denizens of the provinces to be less culturally aware than those in the capital.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: While Serbia, the rump of former Yugoslavia, fought the separatists in the province of Kosovo, the United Kingdom, under the political principle of "devolution", produced (1998) local parliaments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In ancient India, unlike the Mauryas, the Gupta Empire gave local areas a great deal of independence and divided the empire into 26 large provinces, styled as Bhukti, Pradesha and Bhoga.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: Some of the enumerated powers can be quite important. For example, Canadian provinces are sovereign in regard to such important matters as property, civil rights, education, social welfare and medical services. The growth of the modern welfare state has resulted in these functions, assigned to the provinces, becoming more important compared to those assigned to the federal government and thus provincial governments have become more important than the Fathers of Confederation originally intended.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: Though foreign affairs do not usually fall under a province's or a federal state's competency, some states allow them to legally conduct international relations on their own in matters of their constitutional prerogative and essential interest. Sub-national authorities have a growing interest in paradiplomacy, be it performed under a legal framework or as a trend informally admitted as legitimate by the central authorities.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: Not all first-level political entities are termed "provinces." In Arab countries, the first administrative level of government—called a "muhafazah"—is usually translated as a "governorate." In Poland, the equivalent of "province" is ""województwo"," sometimes rendered in English as "voivodeship."

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: In many countries, a province is a relatively small non-constituent level of sub-national government, such as a county in the United Kingdom. In China, a province is a sub-national region within a unitary state; this means that a province can be created or abolished by the national people's congress.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: In some nations, a province (or its equivalent) is a first-level administrative unit of sub-national government—as in the Netherlands—and a large constituent autonomous area, as in Argentina, Canada, South Africa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It can also be a constituent element of a federation, confederation, or republic. For example, in the United States, no state may secede from the federal Union without the permission of the federal government.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: The island of Ireland is divided into four historic provinces (see Provinces of Ireland), each of which is sub-divided into counties. These provinces are Connacht (in the west), Leinster (in the east), Munster (in the south) and, Ulster (in the north). Nowadays these provinces have little or no administrative function, though they do have sporting significance.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: Similarly, some overseas parts of the British Empire bore the colonial title of "province" (in a more Roman sense), such as the Province of Canada and the Province of South Australia (the latter, to distinguish it from the penal "colonies" elsewhere in Australia). Likewise, prior to the American Revolution, most of the original Thirteen Colonies in British America were provinces as well, such as the Province of Georgia and the Province of New Hampshire.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: The Western provinces have more varied types of administrative sub-divisions than the Eastern provinces. The province of British Columbia has "regional districts" which function as county-equivalents. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are divided into rural municipalities.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Province

Context: The term "province" is sometimes used to refer to the historic governorates ("guberniyas") of Russia. This terms also refers to the "provinces" (), which were introduced as the subdivisions of the governorates in 1719 and existed until 1775. In modern parlance, the term is commonly used to refer to the oblasts and krais of Russia.

Question: ما هي أكبر المقاطعات الكندية؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: Most atolls of the Maldives consist of a large, ring-shaped coral reef supporting numerous small islands. Islands average only one to two square kilometers in area, and lie between above mean sea level. Although some of the larger atolls are approximately long from north to south, and wide from east to west, no individual island is longer than eight kilometers.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: The Maldives has no hills, but some islands have dunes which can reach above sea level, like the NW coast of Hithadhoo (Seenu Atoll) in Addu Atoll. The islands are too small to have rivers, but small lakes and marshes can be found in some of them.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: On average, each atoll has approximately 5 to 10 inhabited islands; the uninhabited islands of each atoll number approximately 20 to 60. Some atolls, however, consist of one large, isolated island surrounded by a steep coral beach. The most notable example of this type of atoll is the large island of Fuvahmulah situated in the Equatorial Channel.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: The tropical vegetation of Maldives differs in the inhabited and in the uninhabited islands. Inhabited islands have small groves of banana, papaya, drumstick and citrus trees by the homesteads, while breadfruit trees and coconut palms are grown in available patches of land. On the other hand, uninhabited islands have mostly different kinds of bushes (magū, boshi) and mangroves (kuredi, kandū) along the waterline as well as some coconut trees.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: Freshwater floats in a layer known as "Ghyben/Herzberg lens" above the seawater that permeates the limestone and coral sands of the islands. These lenses are shrinking rapidly on Male and on many islands where there are resorts catering to foreign tourists. Mango trees already have been reported dying on Male because of salt penetration. Most residents of the atolls depend on groundwater or rainwater for drinking purposes.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: unnamed location on Vilingili Island in the Addu Atoll [The Maldives constitute the flattest country, i.e. they have the lowest high-point, of any country in the world).

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: Some scientists fear it could be underwater by 2050 or 2100. The UN's environmental panel has warned that, at current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the country uninhabitable by 2100.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies, global warming and sea level rise, coral reef bleaching

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Geography of the Maldives

Context: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر المالديف؟


Ayman Baalbaki

Context: In 2012, Baalbaki participated in Hoods for Heritage, a project consisting of 16 Porsche 911 hoods transformed into art works by artists and designer and auctioned on benefit of the Beirut National Museum.

Question: من هو أشهر الفنانين اللبنانين في عام 2009 ؟


Yanni

Context: Yiannis Chryssomallis (; born November 14, 1954), known professionally as Yanni ( ), is a Greek-American composer, keyboardist, pianist, and music producer.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni popularized the combination of electronic music synthesizers with a full symphony orchestra. He has employed musicians of various nationalities and has incorporated a variety of exotic instruments to create music that has been called an eclectic fusion of ethnic sounds. Influenced by his encounters with cultures around the world, Yanni has been called a "true global artist" and his music is said to reflect his "one world, one people" philosophy.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni was born November 14, 1954, in Kalamata, Greece, the son of a banker, Sotiri Chryssomallis, and a homemaker, Felitsa (short for Triandafelitsa, which means "rose"). He displayed musical talent at a young age, playing the piano at the age of 6. His parents encouraged him to learn at his own pace and in his own way, without formal music training. The self-taught musician continues to use the "musical shorthand" that he developed as a child, rather than employ traditional musical notation.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In November 1972, Yanni moved from Greece to the United States to attend the University of Minnesota beginning in January 1973, majoring in psychology. For a time he earned money by washing dishes at the student union. Yanni later explained that learning English forced him to read each paragraph several times in what he called a slow and frustrating process, but which helped him memorize the material and do well on tests. He received a B.A. degree in psychology in 1976.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: During his time as a student, Yanni played in a local rock band and continued to study piano and other keyboard instruments. Upon graduating, when he dedicated himself exclusively to music for one full year and found he was the happiest he had ever been, he said he decided music would be his life's work.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In 1977, Yanni joined the Minneapolis-based rock group Chameleon, performing with its founder, drummer Charlie Adams, with whom he would work into the 2010s. While in Minneapolis, Yanni also worked with choreographer Loyce Houlton to provide music for dance works produced by the Minnesota Dance Theatre. After touring with Chameleon from 1980 to 1984, Yanni moved to Los Angeles in pursuit of movie soundtrack work.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In 1980, Yanni recorded his first album "Optimystique," which Atlantic Records re-released in 1984 and Private Music re-released in 1989.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni gained visibility as the result of his November 1990 appearances in "People" magazine and on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" with actress Linda Evans, with whom he had been in a relationship since 1989. However, high-visibility appearances on public television, best-selling records and videos, and overflow concerts earned him recognition beyond his relationship with Evans.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: "Dare to Dream," released in 1992, was Yanni's first Grammy-nominated album. It included "Aria," a song based on Léo Delibes' The Flower Duet ("Lakmé," 1883) and popularized by an award-winning British Airways commercial. A second Grammy-nominated album, "In My Time," followed in 1993.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni's breakthrough concert, "Live at the Acropolis," was filmed in September 1993 at the 2,000-year-old Herodes Atticus Theater at the Acropolis of Athens, an album, VHS and Laserdisc being released in 1994. "Acropolis" was Yanni's first live album, and used his core band with a full sixty piece orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra which was arranged and conducted by Iranian-American musician Shahrdad Rohani.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Without financial backing, Yanni risked $2 million of his personal fortune in the "Acropolis" production in a strategy to boost his artistic profile and open new markets for his music. The resulting video was broadcast on PBS and became one of its most popular programs ever, seen in 65 countries by half a billion people. It became the second best-selling music concert video of all time (after "Michael Jackson's Thriller"), selling more than 7 million copies worldwide.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In March 1997, Yanni became one of the few Western artists permitted to perform and record at the Taj Mahal in India. Yanni followed in May 1997 with performances at the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, becoming the first Western artist in modern times permitted to perform at the historic site. Live broadcasts of the two concerts were seen by 100 million television viewers throughout the world. The two events formed the live album and video, "Tribute," released in November 1997.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: The music in Yanni's 2003 album "Ethnicity" represented many of the world's cultures, Yanni saying it uses ethnicity to reflect the color and beauty of a multicultural society. The album was released near the publication date of Yanni's autobiography, "Yanni in Words." On October 23, 2003, Yanni performed a keyboard instrumental version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" before Game 5 of the 2003 World Series.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: For the first time in his career, Yanni brought vocalists to the forefront in the Ric Wake collaboration "Yanni Voices," the artist's first studio album in six years. PBS broadcast video of a November 2008 "Voices" Acapulco concert weeks before the album's March 24, 2009 release by Walt Disney Records' Disney Pearl Imprint, the album release preceding a tour produced by Pearl's Buena Vista Concerts division.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: The album "Mexicanisimo," released in November of Mexico's bicentennial year 2010, was a tribute to that country through Yanni's collaborative interpretation of its folk music. It involved collaboration with singer-songwriter Pepe Aguilar and singer-actress Lucero.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In April 2012, Yanni released the "Live at El Morro, Puerto Rico" live album CD and DVD which were recorded and filmed at two outdoor concerts on December 16 and 17, 2011 on the grounds of the Castillo (Fort) San Felipe del Morro ("El Morro"), a UNESCO World Heritage Site in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The recorded concerts were broadcast on PBS beginning in March 2012, the production constituting Yanni's tenth collaboration with that organization.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni performed again in China in the February 9, 2013, CCTV Spring Festival Gala (annual audience 700 million) with Chinese zither artist Chang Jing in what was the first year that CCTV had invited foreign artists to perform. For the performance, Yanni released a single "East Meets West" which was a mashup of his several famous songs (Santorini, North Shore of Matsushima) together with a solo part performed on Chinese zither.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni's 2010s tours included new vocalists, distinct from the 2008–2009 "Yanni Voices" vocalists, though the setlists remained predominantly instrumental.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In March 2014, Yanni released his seventeenth studio album, "Inspirato," a collaboration with operatic tenor Plácido Domingo and producer Ric Wake that, like "Yanni Voices" five years earlier, highlighted vocal performances. In "Inspirato," distinguished operatic vocalists performed remakes of songs that Yanni had previously released over his career, the songs' titles and lyrics being predominantly in the Italian language.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: On October 30 and 31, 2015, Yanni performed two concerts on the grounds of the Egyptian pyramids and Great Sphinx of Giza, his first performance in Egypt. The concerts included fireworks and a video broadcast from International Space Station commander Scott Kelly, and were recorded in 4K HD for subsequent broadcast on PBS. To convey an image of stable security after the Egyptian Crisis (2011–14), an Egyptian security force of 3,000 people secured the concert area.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In December 2015, Yanni produced a song, "Seven Billion Dreams," for a NASA video that marked the 15th anniversary of the International Space Station.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni's single, "When Dreams Come True", called a "minimal piano-led" piece, was composed incrementally throughout a 60-date North American tour as a series of improvisations performed during successive shows. Its first complete live performance was in February 2019 at the Winter at Tantora Festival in Al-'Ula, Saudi Arabia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni's August 2019 single honoring his daughter Krystalán is called "Ladyhawk", alluding to how she watches over him like a guardian angel.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In August 2020, Yanni released his nineteenth studio album "In His Purest Form," containing solo piano performances of his previously released songs, and his first piano solo album since "In My Time" (1993).

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: The genre of Yanni's music made it unsuitable for most commercial radio or for music television. In 2012 Yanni expressed the importance of PBS to his career, saying that the network "always allowed me to present my music without any censorship or influence, and encouraged me to be the artist that I am," and had been "a great part of my career for over 20 years."

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni claims to have had perfect pitch since childhood. He continues to use the "musical shorthand" that he developed as a child rather than employ traditional musical notation, and hires someone to perform the tedious process of making conventional written charts for orchestra members. Even so, since music is an auditory domain, Yanni must train the musicians in what cannot be conveyed in that writing.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Commenting on Yanni's "great lighting" on the stage and "plenty of reverb in the audience," "Booth Newspapers' " Jeffrey Kaczmarczyk remarked that a Yanni concert "can be an intoxicating experience."

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In early 2017 Yanni began his "An Evening in Conversation with Yanni" or "An intimate Conversation with Yanni" tour in which audience questions and on-stage participation guided the show, and Yanni played a piano without a band. In May-June 2019, Yanni performed a multi-night residency at New York’s Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, two videos for which topped "Billboard's" Top Facebook Live Videos chart before other Yanni videos topped the same chart in October December 2019, and February 2020.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni's "Acroyali/Standing in Motion" was determined to have the "Mozart effect" by the "Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine" (April 2001) because the composition is similar to Mozart's K 448 in tempo, structure, melodic and harmonic consonance and predictability, characteristics thought to decrease seizure activity and to enhance spatial-temporal performance.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In February 2013, Yanni and Celine Dion were the first non-Chinese artists invited to perform (separately) in China at the CCTV Spring Festival Gala, a CCTV televised event with an annual audience of 700 million.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: "Billboard" named Yanni their No. 5 "new age album artist of 2016". He was named to the same list in 2014 (No. 6), 2012 (ranked No. 5), 2011 (No. 1), 2010 (No. 4), 2009 (No. 3), 2007 (No. 4), and 2006 (No. 4).

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni's albums "Dare to Dream" (1992) and "In My Time" (1993) received Grammy Award nominations for Best New Age Album."

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: The PBS specials "Live at the Acropolis" and "Tribute" received Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, Movie or Special, in 1994 and 1998, respectively. Lee Rose and David "Gurn" Kaniski Lighting Designers.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: At least sixteen Yanni albums peaked at No. 1 in "Billboard's" "Top New Age Album" category, more than anyone except Jim Brickman and Mannheim Steamroller.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: In addition to earning a B.A. in psychology in 1976 from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Yanni received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the same institution on May 6, 2004.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni has had a collaborative relationship with the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in its fundraising efforts since the early years of his career, reportedly raising more than $13 million for that organization. The "Yanni Live at El Morro, Puerto Rico" production (2012) was Yanni's tenth collaboration with PBS.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni has assisted the conservation efforts of the World Wide Fund for Nature (the World Wildlife Fund, WWF), sponsoring a symbolic "Panda Adoption Kit" program in which he guaranteed $50,000 in donations. Yanni has also been a spokesman for NASA.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni has performed concerts in troubled areas of the world, such as in Tunisia one week after the July 17, 2014, terrorist attack that killed 14, and in Egypt to convey an image of stable security after the Egyptian Crisis (2011–14) but between whose two Great Pyramids concerts occurred the October 31, 2015, terrorist downing of Metrojet Flight 9268 in the Sinai Peninsula.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Yanni

Context: Yanni's autobiography, "Yanni in Words," co-authored by David Rensin, was published in February 2003, coinciding with the release of his "Ethnicity" album. The book became a "New York Times" best seller in the nonfiction category on March 2, 2003.

Question: في أي عام قام الفنان العالمي ياني بإنتاج أول حفلة موسيقية؟


Addiction

Context: The term "behavioral addiction" refers to a compulsion to engage in a natural reward – which is a behavior that is inherently rewarding (i.e., desirable or appealing) – despite adverse consequences. Preclinical evidence has demonstrated that marked increases in the expression of ΔFosB through repetitive and excessive exposure to a natural reward induces the same behavioral effects and neuroplasticity as occurs in a drug addiction.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Reviews of preclinical studies indicate that long-term frequent and excessive consumption of high fat or sugar foods can produce an addiction (food addiction). This can include chocolate. Chocolates' sweet flavour and pharmacological ingredients is known to create a strong craving or feel 'addictive' by the consumer. A person who has a strong liking for chocolate may refer to themselves as a chocoholic. Chocolate is not yet formally recognised by the DSM-5 as a diagnosable addiction.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Most individuals are exposed to and use addictive drugs for the first time during their teenage years. In the United States, there were just over 2.8 million new users of illicit drugs in 2013 (~7,800 new users per day); among them, 54.1% were under 18 years of age. In 2011, there were approximately 20.6 million people in the United States over the age of 12 with an addiction. Over 90% of those with an addiction began drinking, smoking or using illicit drugs before the age of 18.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: ΔFosB inhibitors (drugs or treatments that oppose its action) may be an effective treatment for addiction and addictive disorders.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Understanding the pathways in which drugs act and how drugs can alter those pathways is key when examining the biological basis of drug addiction. The reward pathway, known as the mesolimbic pathway, or its extension, the mesocorticolimbic pathway, is characterized by the interaction of several areas of the brain.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter of the reward system in the brain. It plays a role in regulating movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure. Natural rewards, like eating, as well as recreational drug use cause a release of dopamine, and are associated with the reinforcing nature of these stimuli. Nearly all addictive drugs, directly or indirectly, act upon the brain's reward system by heightening dopaminergic activity.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Excessive intake of many types of addictive drugs results in repeated release of high amounts of dopamine, which in turn affects the reward pathway directly through heightened dopamine receptor activation. Prolonged and abnormally high levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft can induce receptor downregulation in the neural pathway. Downregulation of mesolimbic dopamine receptors can result in a decrease in the sensitivity to natural reinforcers.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Drug seeking behavior is induced by glutamatergic projections from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens. This idea is supported with data from experiments showing that drug seeking behavior can be prevented following the inhibition of AMPA glutamate receptors and glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: The DSM-5 introduced a new diagnostic category for behavioral addictions; however, problem gambling is the only condition included in that category in the 5th edition. Internet gaming disorder is listed as a "condition requiring further study" in the DSM-5.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Medical researchers who actively study addiction have criticized the DSM classification of addiction for being flawed and involving arbitrary diagnostic criteria.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: According to a review, "in order to be effective, all pharmacological or biologically based treatments for addiction need to be integrated into other established forms of addiction rehabilitation, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, individual and group psychotherapy, behavior modification strategies, twelve-step programs, and residential treatment facilities."

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: A biosocial approach to the treatment of addiction brings to the fore the social determinants of illness and wellbeing and considers the dynamic and reciprocal relationships that exist for, and influence, the individual's experience.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: The work of A.V. Schlosser (2018) aims to pronounce the individual lived experiences of women receiving medication-assisted treatment (e.g., methadone, naltrexone, burprenorphine) in a long-term rehabilitation setting, through a twenty month long ethnographic fieldwork investigation. This person-centred research shows how the experiences of these women "emerge from stable systems of inequality based in intersectional gender, race, and class marginalization entangled with processes of intra-action."

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Viewing addiction treatment through this lens also highlights the importance of framing clients' own bodies as "social flesh." As Schlosser (2018) points out, "client bodies" as well as the "embodied experiences of self and social belonging emerge in and through the structures, temporalities, and expectations of the treatment centre."

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Further challenges and embodied tensions have the potential to arise as a result of the dynamics inherent in the patient-provider relationship, in addition to the experience of being "alienated from their own bodies, psyches and sociality's when sedated on medications in treatment."

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: A meta-analytic review on the efficacy of various behavioral therapies for treating drug and behavioral addictions found that cognitive behavioral therapy (e.g., relapse prevention and contingency management), motivational interviewing, and a community reinforcement approach were effective interventions with moderate effect sizes.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Alcohol, like opioids, can induce a severe state of physical dependence and produce withdrawal symptoms such as delirium tremens. Because of this, treatment for alcohol addiction usually involves a combined approach dealing with dependence and addiction simultaneously. Benzodiazepines have the largest and the best evidence base in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and are considered the gold standard of alcohol detoxification.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: , there are no effective pharmacological interventions for cannabinoid addiction. A 2013 review on cannabinoid addiction noted that the development of CB1 receptor agonists that have reduced interaction with β-arrestin 2 signaling might be therapeutically useful.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Another area in which drug treatment has been widely used is in the treatment of nicotine addiction, which usually involves the use of nicotine replacement therapy, nicotinic receptor antagonists, or nicotinic receptor partial agonists. Examples of drugs that act on nicotinic receptors and have been used for treating nicotine addiction include antagonists like bupropion and the partial agonist varenicline.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: , there is no effective pharmacotherapy for any form of psychostimulant addiction. Reviews from 2015, 2016, and 2018 indicated that TAAR1-selective agonists have significant therapeutic potential as a treatment for psychostimulant addictions; however, , the only compounds which are known to function as TAAR1-selective agonists are experimental drugs.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Research indicates that vaccines which utilize anti-drug monoclonal antibodies can mitigate drug-induced positive reinforcement by preventing the drug from moving across the blood–brain barrier; however, current vaccine-based therapies are only effective in a relatively small subset of individuals. , vaccine-based therapies are being tested in human clinical trials as a treatment for addiction and preventive measure against drug overdoses involving nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: The new study shows, that the vaccine may also save lives during a drug overdose. In this instance, the idea is that the body will respond to the vaccine by quickly producing antibodies to prevent the opioids from accessing the brain.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Gene therapy for addiction is an active area of research. One line of gene therapy research involves the use of viral vectors to increase the expression of dopamine D2 receptor proteins in the brain.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Due to cultural variations, the proportion of individuals who develop a drug or behavioral addiction within a specified time period (i.e., the prevalence) varies over time, by country, and across national population demographics (e.g., by age group, socioeconomic status, etc.).

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: The prevalence of alcohol dependence is not as high as is seen in other regions. In Asia, not only socioeconomic factors but also biological factors influence drinking behavior.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: The overall prevalence of smartphone ownership is 62%, ranging from 41% in China to 84% in South Korea. Moreover, participation in online gaming ranges from 11% in China to 39% in Japan. Hong Kong has the highest number of adolescents reporting daily or above Internet use (68%). Internet addiction disorder is highest in the Philippines, according to both the IAT (Internet Addiction Test) – 5% and the CIAS-R (Revised Chen Internet Addiction Scale) – 21%.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: In 2015, the estimated prevalence among the adult population was 18.4% for heavy episodic alcohol use (in the past 30 days); 15.2% for daily tobacco smoking; and 3.8, 0.77, 0.37 and 0.35% in 2017 cannabis, amphetamine, opioid and cocaine use. The mortality rates for alcohol and illicit drugs were highest in Eastern Europe.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: Based upon representative samples of the US youth population in 2011, the lifetime prevalence of addictions to alcohol and illicit drugs has been estimated to be approximately 8% and 2–3% respectively. Based upon representative samples of the US adult population in 2011, the 12 month prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug addictions were estimated at 12% and 2–3% respectively. The lifetime prevalence of prescription drug addictions is currently around 4.7%.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: According to a 2017 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center, almost half of US adults know a family member or close friend who has struggled with a drug addiction at some point in their life.

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Addiction

Context: In 2019, opioid addiction was acknowledged as a national crisis in the United States. An article in "The Washington Post" stated that "America's largest drug companies flooded the country with pain pills from 2006 through 2012, even when it became apparent that they were fueling addiction and overdoses."

Question: كيف يحصل الإدمان ؟


Insect diuretic hormones

Context: The insect excretory system, responsible for regulating water balance in the insect, comprises the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut (the ileum and rectum). Malpighian tubules secrete primary urine, most of which is passed into the hindgut where water, ions and essential metabolites are reabsorbed before the fluid is excreted. Excretion is under the control of diuretic and anti-diuretic factors, or hormones, comprehensively reviewed by Coast et al. (2002).

Question: ما هي وظيفة هرومون إذرار البول ؟


Insect diuretic hormones

Context: These factors are produced in neurosecretory cells in the insect nervous system, and stored and released from neurohaemal sites, such as the corpora cardiaca in the brain. Before a factor can be attributed with the role of hormone, it needs to meet certain criteria. While there is evidence that some diuretic and antidiuretic factors are indeed circulating neurohormones, this has not been demonstrated for all factors investigated so far.

Question: ما هي وظيفة هرومون إذرار البول ؟


Insect diuretic hormones

Context: Functions of diuretic and antidiuretic hormones include: postprandial diuresis, post-eclosion diuresis, excretion of excess metabolic water, clearance of toxic wastes and restricting metabolite loss (Coast et al., 2002).

Question: ما هي وظيفة هرومون إذرار البول ؟


Insect diuretic hormones

Context: There are three main families of diuretic hormones: the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptides, calcitonin (CT)-like peptides and the insect kinins (Coast et al., 2002). These will be reviewed briefly. Others have been identified, but will not be discussed here.

Question: ما هي وظيفة هرومون إذرار البول ؟


Insect diuretic hormones

Context: For example, in vivo experiments have demonstrated that the fluid secreted by the Malpighian tubules of the desert beetle, Onymacris plana is directed to the midgut for recycling to the haemolymph. In this way, metabolic wastes are rapidly cleared from the haemolymph without an associated loss of water, indicating that diuretic hormones may not always effect diuresis per se (Nicolson, 1991).

Question: ما هي وظيفة هرومون إذرار البول ؟


Insect diuretic hormones

Context: First three letters of genus added to first two letters of the species name. For example, a 37-residue diuretic peptide from Tenebrio molitor will be named Tenmo-DH37.

Question: ما هي وظيفة هرومون إذرار البول ؟


Haganah

Context: The evolution of Jewish defense organisations in Palestine and later Israel went from small self-defense groups active during Ottoman rule, to ever larger and more sophisticated ones during the British Mandate, leading through the Haganah to the national army of Israel, the IDF. The evolution went step by step from Bar-Giora, to Hashomer, to Haganah, to IDF.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: Following the 1929 Palestine riots, the Haganah's role changed dramatically. It became a much larger organization encompassing nearly all the youth and adults in the Jewish settlements, as well as thousands of members from the cities. It also acquired foreign arms and began to develop workshops to create hand grenades and simple military equipment, transforming from an untrained militia to a capable underground army.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: By 1939, the British had issued the White Paper, which severely restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine, deeply angering the Zionist leadership. David Ben-Gurion, then chairman of the Jewish Agency, set the policy for the Zionist relationship with the British: "We shall fight the war against Hitler as if there were no White Paper, and we shall fight the White Paper as if there were no war."

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: In reaction to the White Paper, the Haganah built up the Palmach as the Haganah's elite strike force and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. Approximately 100,000 Jews were brought to Palestine in over one hundred ships during the final decade of what became known as Aliyah Bet. The Haganah also organized demonstrations against British immigration quotas.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: In 1940 the Haganah sabotaged the "Patria", an ocean liner being used by the British to deport 1,800 Jews to Mauritius, with a bomb intended to cripple the ship. However the ship sank, killing 267 people and injuring 172.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: The Saison officially ended when the Haganah, Irgun and the Lehi formed the Jewish Resistance Movement, in 1945. Within this new framework, the three groups agreed to operate under a joint command. They had different functions, which served to drive the British out of Palestine and create a Jewish state.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: In addition to its operations, the Haganah continued to secretly prepare for a war with the Arabs once the British left by building up its arms and munitions stocks. It maintained a secret arms industry, with the most significant facility being an underground bullet factory underneath Ayalon, a kibbutz that had been established specifically to cover it up.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: British estimates of the Haganah's strength at this time were a "paper strength of 75,000 men and women" with an effective strength of 30,000. After the British army, the Haganah was considered the most powerful military force in the Middle East.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: Research by Amos Perlmutter estimated that the Haganah budget in 1946 was £400,000, and by October 1947 its budget had reached £3.3 million. The same source estimated that the membership of the Haganah was 7% of the Jewish population in Palestine.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: On 19 November 1947, obligatory conscription was instituted for all men and women aged between 17 and 25. By end of March 21,000 people had been conscripted. On 30 March the call-up was extended to men and single women aged between 26 and 35. Five days later a General Mobilization order was issued for all men under 40.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: "From November 1947, the Haganah, (...) began to change from a territorial militia into a regular army. (...) Few of the units had been well trained by December. (...) By March–April, it fielded still under-equipped battalion and brigades. By April–May, the Haganah was conducting brigade size offensive.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: The northern Levanoni Brigade, located in the Galilee, was split on February 22, 1948 into the 1st and 2nd Brigades.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: On May 28, 1948, less than two weeks after the creation of the state of Israel on May 15, the provisional government created the Israel Defense Forces, merging the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, although the other two groups continued to operate independently in Jerusalem and abroad for some time after. The re-organisation led to several conflicts between Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leadership, including what was known as The Generals' Revolt and the dismantling of the Palmach.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: Famous members of the Haganah included Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon, Rehavam Ze'evi, Dov Hoz, Moshe Dayan, Yigal Allon and Dr. Ruth Westheimer.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Haganah

Context: The Museum of Underground Prisoners in Jerusalem commemorates the activity of the underground groups in the pre-state period, recreating the everyday life of those imprisoned there.

Question: ما معنى كلمة الهاجاناه بالعبرية؟


Tsar

Context: The first ruler to adopt the title "tsar" was Simeon I of Bulgaria. Simeon II, the last tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to have borne the title tsar.

Question: من هو اول قيصر روسي ؟


Tsar

Context: The title tsar (Cyrillic: цар/царь) is derived from the Latin title for the Roman emperors, "caesar". In comparison to the corresponding Latin word "imperator", the Byzantine Greek term "basileus" was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context or in a historical or Biblical context.

Question: من هو اول قيصر روسي ؟


Tsar

Context: "Tsar" was used once by church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev. This may be connected to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople. However, other princes of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as tsars. Russian lands used the term tsar from 1547 when Knyaz (Russian: Князь) Ivan IV the Terrible was officially crowned tsar of all Rus'.

Question: من هو اول قيصر روسي ؟


Tsar

Context: Like many lofty titles, such as mogul, tsar or czar has been used in English as a metaphor for positions of high authority since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the tsar'). Similarly, Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the House of Representatives in the 1880s and 1890s.

Question: من هو اول قيصر روسي ؟


Lebanon

Context: The name of Mount Lebanon originates from the Phoenician root "" (𐤋𐤁𐤍) meaning "white", apparently from its snow-capped peaks.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Occurrences of the name have been found in different Middle Bronze Age texts from the library of Ebla, and three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: "Lebanon" as the name of an administrative unit (as opposed to the mountain range) that was introduced with the Ottoman reforms of 1861, as the "Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate" (; ), continued in the name of the "State of Greater Lebanon" ( ""; ) in 1920, and eventually in the name of the sovereign "Republic of Lebanon" ( ) upon its independence in 1943.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The borders of contemporary Lebanon are a product of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920. Its territory was in the core of the Bronze Age Canaanite (Phoenician) city-states. As part of the Levant, it was part of numerous succeeding empires throughout ancient history, including the Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Achaemenid Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Sasanid Persian empires.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Evidence dating back to an early settlement in Lebanon was found in Byblos, considered among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The evidence dates back to earlier than 5000 BC. Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and burial jars left by the Neolithic and Chalcolithic fishing communities who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea over 7,000 years ago.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In 64 BC, the Roman general Pompey the Great had the region of Syria annexed into the Roman Republic. The region was then split into two Imperial Provinces under the Roman Empire, Coele Syria and Phoenice, the latter which the land of present day Lebanon was apart of.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: During the 7th century the Muslim Arabs conquered Syria establishing a new regime to replace the Byzantines. Though Islam and the Arabic language were officially dominant under this new regime, the general populace nonetheless only gradually converted from Christianity and the Syriac language. The Maronite community, in particular, managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over Lebanon and Syria.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The relative (but not complete) isolation of the Lebanese mountains meant the mountains served as a refuge in the times of religious and political crises in the Levant. As such, the mountains displayed religious diversity and existence of several well established sects and religions, notably, Maronites, Druze, Shiite Muslims, Ismailis, Alawites and Jacobites.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The Baalbek and Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amel was ruled intermittently by various Shia feudal families, especially the Al Ali Alsagheer in Jabal Amel that remained in power until 1865 when Ottomans took direct ruling of the region. Youssef Bey Karam, a Lebanese nationalist played an influential role in Lebanon's independence during this era.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In 1920, following World War I, the area of the Mutasarrifate, plus some surrounding areas which were predominantly Shia and Sunni, became a part of the state of Greater Lebanon under the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. In the first half of 1920, Lebanese territory was claimed as part of the Arab Kingdom of Syria, but shortly the Franco-Syrian War resulted in Arab defeat and capitulation of the Hashemites.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon's unwritten National Pact of 1943 required that its president be Maronite Christian, its speaker of the parliament to be a Shia Muslim, its prime minister be Sunni Muslim, and the Deputy Speaker of Parliament and the Deputy Prime Minister be Greek Orthodox.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a regional center for finance and trade.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In 1958, during the last months of President Camille Chamoun's term, an insurrection broke out, instigated by Lebanese Muslims who wanted to make Lebanon a member of the United Arab Republic. Chamoun requested assistance, and 5,000 United States Marines were briefly dispatched to Beirut on 15 July. After the crisis, a new government was formed, led by the popular former general Fuad Chehab.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: With the 1970 defeat of the PLO in Jordan, many Palestinian militants relocated to Lebanon, increasing their armed campaign against Israel. The relocation of Palestinian bases also led to increasing sectarian tensions between Palestinians versus the Maronites and other Lebanese factions.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In April 1980 the presence of UNIFIL soldiers in the buffer zone led to the At Tiri incident. On 17 July 1981, Israeli aircraft bombed multi-story apartment buildings in Beirut that contained offices of PLO associated groups. The Lebanese delegate to the United Nations Security Council claimed that 300 civilians had been killed and 800 wounded. The bombing led to worldwide condemnation, and a temporary embargo on the export of U.S. aircraft to Israel.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In September 1988, the Parliament failed to elect a successor to President Gemayel as a result of differences between the Christians, Muslims, and Syrians. The Arab League Summit of May 1989 led to the formation of a Saudi–Moroccan–Algerian committee to solve the crisis. On 16 September 1989 the committee issued a peace plan which was accepted by all. A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Conflict between Israel and Lebanese militants continued, leading to a series of violent events and clashes including the Qana massacre. In May 2000, Israeli forces fully withdrew from Lebanon. Since then, 25 May is regarded by the Lebanese as the Liberation Day.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The internal political situation in Lebanon significantly changed in the early 2000s. After the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon and the death of former president Hafez Al-Assad in 2000, the Syrian military presence faced criticism and resistance from the Lebanese population.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: On 14 February 2005, former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated in a car bomb explosion. Leaders of the March 14 Alliance accused Syria of the attack, while Syria and the March 8 Alliance claimed that Israel was behind the assassination. The Hariri assassination marked the beginning of a series of assassinations that resulted in the death of many prominent Lebanese figures.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The assassination triggered the Cedar Revolution, a series of demonstrations which demanded the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination. Under pressure from the West, Syria began withdrawing, and by 26 April 2005 all Syrian soldiers had returned to Syria.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: UNSC Resolution 1595 called for an investigation into the assassination. The UN International Independent Investigation Commission published preliminary findings on 20 October 2005 in the Mehlis report, which cited indications that the assassination was organized by Syrian and Lebanese intelligence services.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In 2007, the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp became the center of the 2007 Lebanon conflict between the Lebanese Army and Fatah al-Islam. At least 169 soldiers, 287 insurgents and 47 civilians were killed in the battle. Funds for the reconstruction of the area have been slow to materialize.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Between 2006 and 2008, a series of protests led by groups opposed to the pro-Western Prime Minister Fouad Siniora demanded the creation of a national unity government, over which the mostly Shia opposition groups would have veto power. When Émile Lahoud's presidential term ended in October 2007, the opposition refused to vote for a successor unless a power-sharing deal was reached, leaving Lebanon without a president.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The postponement of parliamentary elections would prolong the political deadlock in Lebanon. The European Parliament has called Lebanon's present situation a 'man-made disaster caused by a handful of men across the political class'.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon is located in Western Asia between latitudes 33° and 35° N and longitudes 35° and 37° E. Its land straddles the "northwest of the Arabian plate".

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The country's surface area is of which is land. Lebanon has a coastline and border of on the Mediterranean Sea to the west, a border shared with Syria to the north and east and a long border with Israel to the south. The border with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called Shebaa Farms.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon is divided into four distinct physiographic regions: the coastal plain, the Lebanon mountain range, the Beqaa valley and the Anti-Lebanon mountains.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The mountains of Lebanon are drained by seasonal torrents and rivers foremost of which is the long Leontes that rises in the Beqaa Valley to the west of Baalbek and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre. Lebanon has 16 rivers all of which are non navigable; 13 rivers originate from Mount Lebanon and run through the steep gorges and into the Mediterranean Sea, the other three arise in the Beqaa Valley.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In ancient times, Lebanon was covered by large forests of cedar trees, the national emblem of the country. Millennia of deforestation have altered the hydrology in Mount Lebanon and changed the regional climate adversely. As of 2012, forests covered 13.4% of the Lebanese land area; they are under constant threat from wildfires caused by the long dry summer season.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests and Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In September 2018, Lebanon's parliament passed a law that banned open dumping and burning of waste. Despite penalties set in case of violations, Lebanese municipalities have been openly burning the waste, putting the lives of people in danger. In October 2018, Human Rights Watch researchers witnessed the open burning of dumps in al-Qantara and Qabrikha.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: On Sunday 13 October 2019 at night, a series of about 100 forest fires according to Lebanese Civil Defense, broke out and spread over large areas of Lebanon's forests. Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Al-Hariri confirmed his contact with a number of countries to send assistance via helicopters and firefighting planes, Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey and Greece participated in firefighting. According to press reports on Tuesday (15 October), fire has decreased in different places due to the rains.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Until 1975, Freedom House considered Lebanon to be among only two (together with Israel) politically free countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. The country lost this status with the outbreak of the Civil War, and has not regained it since. Lebanon was rated "Partly Free" in 2013. Even so, Freedom House still ranks Lebanon as among the most democratic nations in the Arab world.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Until 2005, Palestinians were forbidden to work in over 70 jobs because they did not have Lebanese citizenship. After liberalization laws were passed in 2007, the number of banned jobs dropped to around 20. In 2010, Palestinians were granted the same rights to work as other foreigners in the country.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon's national legislature is the unicameral Parliament of Lebanon. Its 128 seats are divided equally between Christians and Muslims, proportionately between the 18 different denominations and proportionately between its 26 regions. Prior to 1990, the ratio stood at 6:5 in favor of Christians; however, the Taif Agreement, which put an end to the 1975–1990 civil war, adjusted the ratio to grant equal representation to followers of the two religions.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The Parliament is elected for a four-year term by popular vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The executive branch consists of the President, the head of state, and the Prime Minister, the head of government. The parliament elects the president for a non-renewable six-year term by a two-thirds majority. The president appoints the Prime Minister, following consultations with the parliament. The president and the prime minister form a cabinet, which must also adhere to the sectarian distribution set out by confessionalism.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In an unprecedented move, the Lebanese parliament has extended its own term twice amid protests, the last being on 5 November 2014, an act which comes in direct contradiction with democracy and article #42 of the Lebanese constitution as no elections have taken place.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: As of August 2019, the Lebanese cabinet included two ministers directly affiliated with Hezbollah, in addition to a close but officially non-member minister.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: There are 18 officially recognized religious groups in Lebanon, each with its own family law legislation and set of religious courts.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The most notable set of codified laws is the Code des Obligations et des Contrats promulgated in 1932 and equivalent to the French Civil Code. Capital punishment is still de facto used to sanction certain crimes, but no longer enforced.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The Lebanese court system consists of three levels: courts of first instance, courts of appeal, and the court of cassation. The Constitutional Council rules on constitutionality of laws and electoral frauds. There also is a system of religious courts having jurisdiction over personal status matters within their own communities, with rules on matters such as marriage and inheritance.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In 1990 article 95 was amended to provide that the parliament shall take necessary measures to abolish political structure based on religious affiliation, but that until such time only the highest positions in public civil service, including the judiciary, military, security forces, public and mixed institutions, shall be divided equally between Christians and Muslims without regard to the denominational affiliation within each community.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002. It is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Lebanon also has bilateral trade agreements with several Arab states and is working toward accession to the World Trade Organization.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon enjoys good relations with virtually all of the other Arab countries (despite historic tensions with Libya and Syria), and hosted an Arab League Summit in March 2002 for the first time in over 35 years. Lebanon is a member of the Francophonie countries and hosted the Francophonie Summit in October 2002 as well as the Jeux de la Francophonie in 2009.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) has 72,000 active personnel, including 1,100 in the air force, and 1,000 in the navy.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The Lebanese Armed Forces' primary missions include defending Lebanon and its citizens against external aggression, maintaining internal stability and security, confronting threats against the country's vital interests, engaging in social development activities, and undertaking relief operations in coordination with public and humanitarian institutions.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon is a major recipient of foreign military aid. With over $400 million since 2005, it is the second largest per capita recipient of American military aid behind Israel.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Male homosexuality is illegal in Lebanon. Discrimination against LGBT people in Lebanon is widespread. According to 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center, 85% of Lebanese respondents believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: A gender and sexuality conference, held annually in Lebanon, since 2013, was moved abroad in 2019 after a religious group on Facebook called for the organizers’ arrest and the cancellation of the conference for "inciting immorality." General Security Forces shut down the 2018 conference and indefinitely denied non-Lebanese LGBT activists who attended the conference permission to re-enter the country.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon is divided into nine governorates ("muḥāfaẓāt", ; singular "muḥāfaẓah", ) which are further subdivided into twenty-five districts (, ; singular: "qadāʾ" ). The districts themselves are also divided into several municipalities, each enclosing a group of cities or villages. The governorates and their respective districts are listed below:

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon's constitution states that 'the economic system is free and ensures private initiative and the right to private property'. Lebanon's economy follows a laissez-faire model. Most of the economy is dollarized, and the country has no restrictions on the movement of capital across its borders. The Lebanese government's intervention in foreign trade is minimal.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The Lebanese economy went through a significant expansion after the war of 2006, with growth averaging 9.1% between 2007 and 2010. After 2011 the local economy was affected by the Syrian civil war, growing by a yearly average of 1.7% on the 2011–2016 period and by 1.5% in 2017. In 2018, the size of the GDP was estimated to be $54.1 billion.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The urban population in Lebanon is noted for its commercial enterprise. Emigration has yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world. Remittances from Lebanese abroad total $8.2 billion and account for one-fifth of the country's economy. Lebanon has the largest proportion of skilled labor among Arab States.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The Investment Development Authority of Lebanon was established with the aim of promoting investment in Lebanon. In 2001, Investment Law No.360 was enacted to reinforce the organisation's mission.The agricultural sector employs 12% of the total workforce. Agriculture contributed to 5.9% of the country's GDP in 2011. Lebanon's proportion of cultivable land is the highest in the Arab world, Major produce includes apples, peaches, oranges, and lemons.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The commodities market in Lebanon includes substantial gold coin production, however according to International Air Transport Association (IATA) standards, they must be declared upon exportation to any foreign country.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Oil has recently been discovered inland and in the seabed between Lebanon, Cyprus, Israel and Egypt and talks are underway between Cyprus and Egypt to reach an agreement regarding the exploration of these resources. The seabed separating Lebanon and Cyprus is believed to hold significant quantities of crude oil and natural gas.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Industry in Lebanon is mainly limited to small businesses that reassemble and package imported parts. In 2004, industry ranked second in workforce, with 26% of the Lebanese working population, and second in GDP contribution, with 21% of Lebanon's GDP.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Nearly 65% of the Lebanese workforce attain employment in the services sector. The GDP contribution, accordingly, amounts to roughly 67.3% of the annual Lebanese GDP. However, dependence on the tourism and banking sectors leaves the economy vulnerable to political instability.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanese banks are high on liquidity and reputed for their security. Lebanon was among only seven countries in the world where the value of the stock markets increased in 2008.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: On 10 May 2013 the Lebanese minister of energy and water clarified that seismic images of the Lebanese's sea bed are undergoing detailed explanation of their contents and that up till now, approximately 10% have been covered. Preliminary inspection of the results showed, with over 50% probability, that 10% of Lebanon's exclusive economic zone held up to 660 million barrels of oil and up to 30×1012 cu ft of gas.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In the 1950s, GDP growth was the second highest in the world. Despite having no oil reserves, Lebanon, as the Middle East's banking center and among its trading center, had a high national income.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Over the course of 2008 Lebanon rebuilt its infrastructure mainly in the real estate and tourism sectors, resulting in a comparatively robust post war economy. Major contributors to the reconstruction of Lebanon include Saudi Arabia (with US$1.5 billion pledged), the European Union (with about $1 billion) and a few other Persian Gulf countries with contributions of up to $800 million.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Japan are the three most popular origin countries of foreign tourists to Lebanon. The recent influx of Japanese tourists has caused the recent rise in popularity of Japanese cuisine in Lebanon.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: According to surveys from the World Economic Forum's 2013 Global Information Technology Report, Lebanon has been ranked globally as the fourth best country for math and science education, and as the tenth best overall for quality of education. In quality of management schools, the country was ranked 13th worldwide.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The United Nations assigned Lebanon an education index of 0.871 in 2008. The index, which is determined by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio, ranked the country 88th out of the 177 countries participating.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: All Lebanese schools are required to follow a prescribed curriculum designed by the Ministry of Education. Some of the 1400 private schools offer IB programs, and may also add more courses to their curriculum with approval from the Ministry of Education. The first eight years of education are, by law, compulsory.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 7.03% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 31.29 physicians and 19.71 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants. The life expectancy at birth was 72.59 years in 2011, or 70.48 years for males and 74.80 years for females.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: By the end of the civil war, only one-third of the country's public hospitals were operational, each with an average of 20 beds. By 2009 the country had 28

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: public hospitals, with a total of 2,550 beds, while the country had approximately 25 public hospitals. At public hospitals, hospitalized uninsured patients pay 5% of the bill, in comparison with 15% in private hospitals, with the Ministry of Public Health reimbursing the remainder. The Ministry of Public Health contracts with 138 private hospitals and 25 public hospitals.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In 2011, there were 236,643 subsidized admissions to hospitals; 164,244 in private hospitals, and 72,399 in public hospitals. More patients visit private hospitals than public hospitals, because the private beds supply is higher.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: According to the Ministry of Public Health in Lebanon, the top 10 leading causes of reported hospital deaths in 2017 were: malignant neoplasm of bronchus or lung (4.6%), Acute myocardial infarction (3%), pneumonia (2.2%), exposure to unspecified factor, unspecified place (2.1%), acute kidney injury (1.4%), intra-cerebral hemorrhage (1.2%), malignant neoplasm of colon (1.2%), malignant neoplasm of pancreas (1.1%), malignant neoplasm of prostate (1.1%), malignant neoplasm of bladder (0.8%).

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Recently, there has been an increase in foodborne illnesses in Lebanon. This has raised public awareness on the importance of food safety, including in the realms of food storage, preservation, and preparation. More restaurants are seeking information and compliance with International Organization for Standardization.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: The fertility rate fell from 5.00 in 1971 to 1.75 in 2004. Fertility rates vary considerably among the different religious groups: in 2004, it was 2.10 for Shiites, 1.76 for Sunnis and 1.61 for Maronites.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: population, at around 2,000,000. Another region with a significant diaspora are Gulf Countries, where the countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar (around 25,000 people), Saudi Arabia and UAE act as host countries to many Lebanese. 269,000 Lebanese citizens currently reside in Saudi Arabia. Around a third of the Lebanese workforce, about 350,000, live in Gulf countries according to some sources.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: , Lebanon was host to over 1,600,000 refugees and asylum seekers: 449,957 from Palestine, 100,000 from Iraq, over 1,100,000 from Syria, and at least 4,000 from Sudan. According to the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia of the United Nations, among the Syrian refugees, 71% live in poverty. A 2013 estimate by the United Nations put the number of Syrian refugees at over 1,250,000.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In the last three decades, lengthy and destructive armed conflicts have ravaged the country. The majority of Lebanese have been affected by armed conflict; those with direct personal experience include 75% of the population, and most others report suffering a range of hardships. In total, almost the entire population (96%) has been affected in

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon is the most religiously diverse country in the Middle East. Because the relative sizes of different religions and religious sects remains a sensitive issue, a national census has not been conducted since 1932. There are 18 state-recognized religious sects – four Muslim, 12 Christian, one Druze, and one Jewish. The Lebanese government counts its Druze citizens as part of its Muslim population, although most Druze today do not identify as Muslims, and they do not accept the five pillars of Islam.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: It is believed that there has been a decline in the ratio of Christians to Muslims over the past 60 years, due to higher emigration rates of Christians, and a higher birth rate in the Muslim population. When the last census was held in 1932, Christians made up 53% of Lebanon's population. In 1956, it was estimated that the population was 54% Christian and 44% Muslim.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In the Christian village of Hadat, there has been a municipal ban on Muslims from buying or renting property. It has been claimed that it is due to an underlying fear of mixing with one another's salvation since for three decades, the village of Hadat has been predominantly Christian.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The majority of Lebanese people speak Lebanese Arabic, which is grouped in a larger category called Levantine Arabic, while Modern Standard Arabic is mostly used in magazines, newspapers, and formal broadcast media. Lebanese Sign Language is the language of the Deaf community.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: English is increasingly used in science and business interactions. Lebanese citizens of Armenian, Greek, or Assyrian descent often speak their ancestral languages with varying degrees of fluency. , there were around 150,000 Armenians in Lebanon, or around 5% of the population.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: While traditional folk music remains popular in Lebanon, modern music reconciling Western and traditional Arabic styles, pop, and fusion are rapidly advancing in popularity. Lebanese artists like Fairuz, Majida El Roumi, Wadih El Safi, Sabah, Julia Boutros or Najwa Karam are widely known and appreciated in Lebanon and in the Arab world. Radio stations feature a variety of music, including traditional Lebanese, classical Arabic, Armenian and modern French, English, American, and Latin tunes.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon has six ski resorts. Because of Lebanon's unique geography, it is possible to go skiing in the morning and swimming in the Mediterranean Sea in the afternoon. At the competitive level, basketball and football are among Lebanon's most popular sports. Canoeing, cycling, rafting, climbing, swimming, sailing and caving are among the other common leisure sports in Lebanon. The Beirut Marathon is held every fall, drawing top runners from Lebanon and abroad.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Football is also among the more popular sports in the country. The top football league is the Lebanese Premier League, whose most successful clubs are Al Ansar FC and Nejmeh SC. Lebanon's most notable players include Roda Antar, Youssef Mohamad, and Hassan Maatouk.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In recent years, Lebanon has hosted the AFC Asian Cup and the Pan Arab Games. Lebanon hosted the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie, and have participated in every Olympic Games since its independence, winning a total of four medals.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Water sports have also shown to be very active in the past years, in Lebanon. Since 2012 and with the emergence of the Lebanon Water Festival NGO, more emphasis has been placed on those sports, and Lebanon has been pushed forward as a water sport destination internationally. They host different contests and water show sports that encourage their fans to participate and win big.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: Lebanon was ranked 92nd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 88th in 2019. Notable scientists from Lebanon include Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah, Rammal Rammal, and Edgar Choueiri.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Lebanon

Context: In 1960, a science club from a university in Beirut started a Lebanese space program called "the Lebanese Rocket Society". They achieved great success until 1966 where the program was stopped because of both war and external pressure.

Question: ماهى مساحة لبنان ؟


Vichy France

Context: The last of the Vichy exiles were captured in the Sigmaringen enclave in April 1945. Pétain was put on trial for treason by the new Provisional Government, and sentenced to death, but that was commuted to life imprisonment by . Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for crimes against humanity although many others had participated in the deportation of Jews for internment in Nazi concentration camps, abuses of prisoners and severe acts against members of the Resistance.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: In 1940, Marshal Pétain was known as a World War I hero, who was the victor of the Battle of Verdun. As the last French prime minister of the Third Republic, he was a reactionary by inclination and blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany. He set up a paternalistic authoritarian regime that actively collaborated with Germany, despite Vichy's official neutrality. The Vichy government co-operated with the Germans' Nazi racial policies.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: On 11 November 1942, following the landing of the Allies in North Africa (Operation Torch), the Axis launched Operation Anton, occupying southern France and disbanding the strictly limited "Armistice Army" that Vichy had been allowed by the armistice.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: Prime Minister Reynaud favoured continuing the war but was soon outvoted by those who advocated an armistice. Facing an untenable situation, Reynaud resigned and, on his recommendation, President Albert Lebrun appointed the 84-year-old Pétain as the new prime minister on 16 June 1940. The armistice with Germany was signed on 22 June 1940. A separate French agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle had been decided.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: The armistice divided France into occupied and unoccupied zones. Northern and western France, including the entire Atlantic coast, was occupied by Germany, and the remaining two-fifths of the country was under the control of the French government with the capital at Vichy under Pétain. Ostensibly, the French government administered the entire territory.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: The Germans occupied northern France directly. The French had to pay costs for the 300,000-strong German occupation army, amounting to 20 million Reichsmarks per day, at the artificial rate of twenty Francs to the Reichsmark. That was 50 times the actual costs of the occupation garrison. The French government also had responsibility for preventing French citizens from escaping into exile.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: Article IV of the Armistice allowed for a small French army—the Armistice Army ()—stationed in the unoccupied zone, and for the military provision of the French colonial empire overseas. The function of those forces was to keep internal order and to defend French territories from Allied assault. The French forces were to remain under the overall direction of the German armed forces.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: Vichy French colonial forces were reduced in accordance with the terms of the armistice, but in the Mediterranean area alone, Vichy still had nearly 150,000 men under arms. There were about 55,000 in French Morocco, 50,000 in Algeria, and almost 40,000 in the Army of the Levant (), in Lebanon and Syria. Colonial forces were allowed to keep some armoured vehicles, though these were mostly "vintage" World War I tanks (Renault FT).

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand. The French regarded this as a "dishonorable" term since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany. Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: On 10 July 1940, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate gathered in joint session in the quiet spa town of Vichy, their provisional capital in central France. Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but Mayor Édouard Herriot was too associated with the Third Republic. Marseilles had a reputation as an organized crime hub. Toulouse was too remote and had a left-wing reputation. Vichy was centrally located and had many hotels for ministers to use.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: The majority of French historians and all postwar French governments have contended that this vote by the National Assembly was illegal. Three main arguments are put forward:

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: The National Assembly gives full powers to the government of the Republic, under the authority and the signature of Marshal Pétain, to the effect of promulgating by one or several acts a new constitution of the French state. This constitution must guarantee the rights of labour, of family and of the homeland. It will be ratified by the nation and applied by the assemblies which it has created.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: Switzerland and other neutral states maintained diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until the liberation of France in 1944, when Pétain resigned and was deported to Germany for the creation of a forced government-in-exile.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: To counter the Vichy government, General Charles created the Free French Forces (FFL) after his Appeal of 18 June 1940 radio address. Initially, Churchill was ambivalent about and severed diplomatic ties with the Vichy government only when it became clear that Vichy would not join the Allies.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: A Vichy France plan to have Western Union build powerful transmitters on Saint Pierre and Miquelon in 1941 to enable private trans-Atlantic communications was blocked after pressure by Roosevelt. On 24 December 1941 Free French forces on three corvettes, supported by a submarine landed and seized control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon on orders from Charles de Gaulle without reference to any of the Allied commanders.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: French Guiana, on the northern coast of South America, removed its Vichy-supporting government on 22 March 1943, shortly after eight allied ships had been sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Guiana, and the arrival of American troops by air on 20 March.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: Guadeloupe, in the French West Indies, also changed allegiance in 1943 after Admiral Georges Robert ordered police to fire on protestors, before he fled back to Europe.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: In Central Africa, three of the four colonies in French Equatorial Africa went over to the Free French almost immediately: French Chad on 26 August 1940, French Congo on 29 August 1940, and Ubangi-Shari on 30 August 1940. They were joined by the French League of Nations mandate of Cameroun on 27 August 1940.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: One colony in French Equatorial Africa, Gabon, had to be occupied by military force between 27 October and 12 November 1940. On 8 November 1940, Free French forces under the command of and Pierre Koenig, along with the assistance of the Royal Navy, invaded Vichy-held Gabon. The capital, Libreville, was bombed and captured. The final Vichy troops in Gabon surrendered without any military confrontation with the Allies at Port-Gentil.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: In March 1941, the British enforcement of a strict contraband regime to prevent supplies being passed on to the Italians, lost its point after the conquest of the AOI. The British changed policy, with encouragement from the Free French, to "rally French Somaliland to the Allied cause without bloodshed". The Free French were to arrange a "voluntary ralliement" by propaganda (Operation Marie), and the British were to blockade the colony.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟


Vichy France

Context: From 5 May to 6 November 1942, British and Commonwealth forces conducted Operation Ironclad, known as the Battle of Madagascar, the seizure of the large, Vichy French-controlled island of Madagascar, which the British feared Japanese forces might use as a base to disrupt trade and communications in the Indian Ocean. The initial landing at Diégo-Suarez was relatively quick, though it took British forces a further six months to gain control of the entire island.

Question: كيف تأسست الدولة الفرنسية؟