Camper Van Beethoven

Context: A compilation of greatest hits, "Popular Songs of Great Enduring Strength and Beauty", was released by Cooking Vinyl Records in June 2008. As band relations with Virgin Records were poor, they were not granted access to any material from the two Virgin LPs for this compilation. Thus, the band re-recorded five songs from these albums to include on the collection. These were the first and so far only Camper Van Beethoven studio tracks to include Funaro.

Question: Mistä yhdysvaltojen osavaltiosta yhtye Camper Van Beethoven tulee?


Camper Van Beethoven

Context: In 2011, the band began playing a series of shows that featured the "Key Lime Pie" record in its entirety, often joined by Immergluck. In the same year, they also revealed plans for a new album.

Question: Mistä yhdysvaltojen osavaltiosta yhtye Camper Van Beethoven tulee?


Camper Van Beethoven

Context: For subsequent tour dates, the band initially alternated Pedersen and Urbano on drums, due to health problems that have prevented Frank Funaro from playing. Since 2015, Chris Pedersen has been flying in from Australia to participate in the band's infrequent tours, resulting in a reunion of their best-known late 80's lineup. David Immerglück also continues to join the band's lineup for occasional shows.

Question: Mistä yhdysvaltojen osavaltiosta yhtye Camper Van Beethoven tulee?


PIK-5

Context: The PIK-5 was a training glider produced in Finland in the 1940s, and 1950s, equipping the country's gliding clubs with an aircraft greater in performance than primary gliders but less than competition sailplanes.

Question: Montako PIK-5 purjekonetta valmistettiin?


PIK-5

Context: The PIK-5 had a pod-and-boom configuration, with a high, strut-braced monoplane wing and a cruciform tail carried at the end of a tail boom that extended from a position high on the aft end of the pod.

Question: Montako PIK-5 purjekonetta valmistettiin?


PIK-5

Context: The prototype first flew in September 1946, and testing continued until it was badly damaged in a crash in summer 1948 Over the subsequent months, the wings were repaired, and a new fuselage constructed to a revised design. This was completed the following winter, and flights recommenced. However, this aircraft, now known as the PIK-5B, was destroyed in a crash in summer 1951.

Question: Montako PIK-5 purjekonetta valmistettiin?


Swedish language

Context: Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties and rural dialects still exist, the written language is uniform and standardized.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish was long spoken in parts of Estonia, although the current status of the Estonian Swedish speakers is almost extinct. It is also used in the Swedish diaspora, most notably in Oslo, Norway, with more than 50,000 Swedish residents.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish pronunciations also vary greatly from one region to another, a legacy of the vast geographic distances and historical isolation. Even so, the vocabulary is standardized to a level that make dialects within Sweden virtually fully mutually intelligible.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: From 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark which created a series of minor dialectal boundaries, or isoglosses, ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland, Österbotten and northwestern Finland in the north.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: A transitional change of the Latin script in the Nordic countries was to spell the letter combination "ae" as æ – and sometimes as a' – though it varied between persons and regions. The combination "ao" was similarly rendered ao, and "oe" became oe. These three were later to evolve into the separate letters ä, å and ö. The first time the new letters were used in print was in "Aff dyäffwlsens frästilse" ("By the Devil's temptation") published by Johan Gerson in 1495.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Some important changes in sound during the Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into the fricative and later into . There was also the gradual softening of and into and the fricative before front vowels. The velar fricative was also transformed into the corresponding plosive .

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish is the sole official language of Åland (an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland), where the vast majority of the 26,000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language. In Finland as a whole, Swedish is one of the two "national" languages, with the same official status as Finnish (spoken by the majority) at the state level and an official language in some municipalities.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish is one of the official languages of the European Union, and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Swedish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for interpretation or translation costs.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: In Finland, a special branch of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland has official status as the regulatory body for Swedish in Finland. Among its highest priorities is to maintain intelligibility with the language spoken in Sweden. It has published "Finlandssvensk ordbok", a dictionary about the differences between Swedish in Finland and Sweden.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: From 1918 to 1940, when Estonia was independent, the small Swedish community was well treated. Municipalities with a Swedish majority, mainly found along the coast, used Swedish as the administrative language and Swedish-Estonian culture saw an upswing. However, most Swedish-speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of World War II, that is, before the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1944. Only a handful of speakers remain.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: There are 18 consonant phonemes, two of which, and , vary considerably in pronunciation depending on the dialect and social status of the speaker. In many dialects, sequences of (pronounced alveolarly) with a dental consonant result in retroflex consonants; alveolarity of the pronunciation of is a precondition for this retroflexion. has a guttural or "French R" pronunciation in the South Swedish dialects; consequently, these dialects lack retroflex consonants.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish is a stress-timed language, where the time intervals between stressed syllables are equal. However, when casually spoken, it tends to be syllable-timed. Any stressed syllable carries one of two tones, which gives Swedish much of its characteristic sound. Prosody is often one of the most noticeable differences between dialects.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish nouns and adjectives are declined in genders as well as number. Nouns are of common gender ("en" form) or neuter gender ("ett" form). The gender determines the declension of the adjectives. For example, the word "fisk" ("fish") is a noun of common gender ("en fisk") and can have the following forms:

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish pronouns are similar to those of English. Besides the two natural genders "han" and "hon" ("he" and "she"), there are also the two grammatical genders "den" and "det", usually termed common and neuter. In recent years, a gender-neutral pronoun "hen" has been introduced, particularly in literary Swedish. Unlike the nouns, pronouns have an additional object form, derived from the old dative form. "Hon", for example, has the following nominative, possessive, and object forms:

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish also uses third-person possessive reflexive pronouns that refer to the subject in a clause, a trait which is restricted to North Germanic languages:

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Swedish used to have a genitive that was placed at the end of the head of a noun phrase. In modern Swedish, it has become an enclitic "-s", which attaches to the end of the noun phrase, rather than the noun itself.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: In formal written language, it used to be considered correct to place the genitive "-s" after the head of the noun phrase ("hästen"), though this is today considered dated, and different grammatical constructions are often used.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Verbs are conjugated according to tense. One group of verbs (the ones ending in "-er" in present tense) has a special imperative form (generally the verb stem), but with most verbs the imperative is identical to the infinitive form. Perfect and present participles as adjectival verbs are very common:

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: In contrast to English and many other languages, Swedish does not use the perfect participle to form the present perfect and past perfect. Rather, the auxiliary verb "har" ("have"), "hade" ("had") is followed by a special form, called the supine, used solely for this purpose (although often identical to the neuter form of the perfect participle):

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Perfect participle: "skriven", "written" – supine "skrivit", present perfect "har skrivit"; "have written"

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: There exists also an inflected passive voice formed by adding "-s", replacing the final "r" in the present tense:

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: In a subordinate clause, the auxiliary "har" is optional and often omitted, particularly in written Swedish.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Subjunctive mood is occasionally used for some verbs, but its use is in sharp decline and few speakers perceive the handful of commonly used verbs (as for instance: "vore, månne") as separate conjugations, most of them remaining only as set of idiomatic expressions.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Where other languages may use grammatical cases, Swedish uses numerous prepositions, similar to those found in English. As in modern German, prepositions formerly determined case in Swedish, but this feature can only be found in certain idiomatic expressions like "till fots" ("on foot", genitive).

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: In Swedish orthography, the colon is used in a similar manner as in English, with some exceptions: the colon is used for some abbreviations, such as "3:e" for "tredje" ("third") and "S:t" for "Sankt" ("Saint"), and for all types of endings that can be added to numbers, letters and abbreviations, such as "a:et" ("the a") and "CD:n" ("the CD"), or the genitive form "USA:s" ("USA's").

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: The samples linked below have been taken from SweDia, a research project on Swedish modern dialects available for download (though with information in Swedish only), with many more samples from 100 different dialects with recordings from four different speakers: older female, older male, younger female and younger male. The dialect groups are those traditionally used by dialectologists.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: Standard Swedish is the language used by virtually all Swedes and most Swedish-speaking Finns. It is called "rikssvenska" or "standardsvenska" ("Standard Swedish") in Sweden. In Finland, "högsvenska" ("High Swedish") is used for the Finnish variant of standard Swedish and "rikssvenska" refers to Swedish as spoken in Sweden in general.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: In a poll conducted in 2005 by the Swedish Retail Institute ("Handelns Utredningsinstitut"), the attitudes of Swedes to the use of certain dialects by salesmen revealed that 54% believed that "rikssvenska" was the variety they would prefer to hear when speaking with salesmen over the phone, even though dialects such as "gotländska" or "skånska" were provided as alternatives in the poll.

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Swedish language

Context: New linguistic practices in multilingual urban contexts in fiction and hip-hop culture and rap lyrics have been introduced that go beyond traditional socio-linguistic domains. See also Källström (Chapter 12) and Knudsen (Chapter 13).

Question: Kuka kehitti Ruotsin kielen?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: For nearly a decade, between the final flight of the Space Shuttle program in 2011 and the 2020 first crewed mission of SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket, Soyuz rockets were the only launch vehicles able and approved for transporting astronauts to the International Space Station.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: The Soyuz vehicles are used as the launcher for the crewed Soyuz spacecraft as part of the Soyuz programme, as well as to launch uncrewed Progress supply spacecraft to the International Space Station and for commercial launches marketed and operated by Starsem and Arianespace. All Soyuz rockets use RP-1 and liquid oxygen (LOX) propellant, with the exception of the Soyuz-U2, which used Syntin, a variant of RP-1, with LOX. The Soyuz family is a subset of the R-7 family.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: The production of Soyuz launchers reached a peak of 60 per year in the early 1980s. It has become the world's most used space launcher, flying over 1700 times, far more than any other rocket. Despite its age and perhaps thanks to its simplicity, this rocket family has been notable for its low cost and high reliability.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: A long string of successful Soyuz launches was broken on 15 October 2002 when the uncrewed Soyuz-U launch of the Photon-M satellite from Plesetsk fell back near the launch pad and exploded 29 seconds after lift-off. One person from the ground crew was killed and eight were injured.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: On 24 August 2011, an uncrewed Soyuz-U carrying cargo to the International Space Station crashed, failing to reach orbit. On December 23, 2011 a Soyuz-2.1b launching a Meridian 5 military communications satellite failed in the 7th minute of launch because of an anomaly in the third stage.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: On 11 October 2018, the Soyuz MS-10 mission to the International Space Station failed to reach orbit after an issue with the main booster. The launch escape system was used to pull the Soyuz spacecraft away from the malfunctioning rocket. The two crew, Aleksey Ovchinin and Nick Hague, followed a ballistic trajectory and landed safely over 400 km downrange from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: The Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG rockets are gradually being replaced by Soyuz-2 from 2014 onwards. Soyuz-U was retired in 2017, while Soyuz-FG carried astronaut crews to the ISS until September 2019 (final flight Soyuz MS-15 25 September 2019).

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: The entire rocket is suspended in the launch system by the load-bearing mechanisms on the strap-on boosters where they are attached to the central core. The latter rests on the nose sections of the strap-on boosters. This scheme resembles flight conditions when the strap-on boosters push the central core forward. The concept of suspending the rocket was one of the novelties introduced with the R-7/Soyuz.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: Since the launch pad has been eliminated, the bottom portion of the rocket is lowered. The launch system trusses bear the wind loads. Resistance to high wind is an important feature of the launch system, as the Kazakhstan steppes, where the Baikonur launch site is located, are known for windstorms.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: When the strapon booster engines stop, the boosters fall away, providing nonimpact separation. If the skies are clear, ground observers can see a Korolev cross formed by the falling boosters.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: The Soyuz launch vehicle is used for various Russian uncrewed missions and is also marketed by Starsem for commercial satellite launches. Presently the following fairing types are used:

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: Progress is the cargo spacecraft for uncrewed missions to the ISS and previously to Mir. The spacecraft uses a dedicated platform and fairing and can be launched with either Soyuz-U, Soyuz-FG or Soyuz-2.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: S-type fairing is used for commercial launches by Starsem. The fairing has external diameter of 3.7 m and a length of 7.7 m. The Fregat upper stage is encapsulated in the fairing with the payload and a payload adapter/dispenser. S-type fairing along with Fregat upper stage were used to launch the following spacecraft: Galaxy 14, GIOVE A, Mars Express, AMOS-2, Venus Express, Cluster.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: SL-type fairing is used for commercial launches by Starsem. The fairing has external diameter of 3.7 m and a length of 8.45 m. The Fregat upper stage is encapsulated in the fairing with the payload and a payload adapter/dispenser. SL-type fairing along with Fregat upper stage were used to launch the following spacecraft: CoRoT.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: The first stage of Soyuz rockets consists of four identical conical liquid booster rockets, strapped to the second stage core. Each booster has a single rocket motor with four combustion chambers, two vernier combustion chambers, and one set of turbopumps.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Soyuz (rocket family)

Context: The second stage of the Soyuz booster is a single, generally cylindrical stage with one motor at the base and is activated with the first stage. Like each of the first-stage rockets, it also has four combustion chambers and one set of turbopumps, but four (instead of two) vernier combustion chambers. The second stage tapers toward the bottom to allow the four first-stage rockets to fit more closely together.

Question: Minä vuonna Sojuz on rakennettu?


Free market

Context: Criticism of the theoretical concept may regard realities of the difficulty of regulating systems to prevent significant market dominance, inequality of bargaining power, or information asymmetry, in order to allow markets to function more freely.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: Historically, free market has also been used synonymously with other economic policies. For instance proponents of "laissez-faire" capitalism, may refer to it as free market capitalism because they claim it to achieve the most economic freedom.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: For classical economists such as Adam Smith, the term free market refers to a market free from all forms of economic privilege, monopolies and artificial scarcities. They say this implies that economic rents, which they describe as profits generated from a lack of perfect competition, must be reduced or eliminated as much as possible through free competition.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: Léon Walras, one of the founders of the neoclassical economics who helped formulate the general equilibrium theory, had a very similar view. He argued that free competition could only be realized under conditions of state ownership of natural resources and land. Additionally, income taxes could be eliminated because the state would receive income to finance public services through owning such resources and enterprises.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: The "laissez-faire" principle expresses a preference for an absence of non-market pressures on prices and wages such as those from discriminatory government taxes, subsidies, tariffs, regulations, or government-granted monopolies. In "The Pure Theory of Capital", Friedrich Hayek argued that the goal is the preservation of the unique information contained in the price itself.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: According to Karl Popper, the idea of the free market is paradoxical, as it requires interventions towards the goal of preventing interventions.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: Socialists also assert that free-market capitalism leads to an excessively skewed distributions of income and economic instabilities which in turn leads to social instability. Corrective measures in the form of social welfare, re-distributive taxation and regulatory measures and their associated administrative costs which are required create agency costs for society. These costs would not be required in a self-managed socialist economy.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: A free market does not directly require the existence of competition; however, it does require a framework that freely allows new market entrants. Hence, competition in a free market is a consequence of the conditions of a free market, including that market participants not be obstructed from following their profit motive.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: An absence of any of the conditions of perfect competition is considered a market failure. Regulatory intervention may provide a substitute force to counter a market failure, which leads some economists to believe that some forms of market regulation may be better than an unregulated market at providing a free market.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: Smith pointed out that one does not get one's dinner by appealing to the brother-love of the butcher, the farmer or the baker. Rather, one appeals to their self-interest and pays them for their labor, arguing:

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: Supporters of this view claim that spontaneous order is superior to any order that does not allow individuals to make their own choices of what to produce, what to buy, what to sell and at what prices due to the number and complexity of the factors involved. They further believe that any attempt to implement central planning will result in more disorder, or a less efficient production and distribution of goods and services.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: Critics such as political economist Karl Polanyi question whether a spontaneously ordered market can exist, completely free of distortions of political policy, claiming that even the ostensibly freest markets require a state to exercise coercive power in some areas, namely to enforce contracts, govern the formation of labor unions, spell out the rights and obligations of corporations, shape who has standing to bring legal actions and define what constitutes an unacceptable conflict of interest.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Free market

Context: Critics of a "laissez-faire" free market have argued that in real world situations it has proven to be susceptible to the development of price fixing monopolies. Such reasoning has led to government intervention, e.g. the United States antitrust law.

Question: Mitä tarkoitetaan käsitteellä 'vapaat markkinat'?


Second Boer War

Context: In South Africa, it is officially called the South African War. In fact, according to a 2011 BBC report, "most scholars prefer to call the war of 1899–1902 the South African War, thereby acknowledging that all South Africans, white and black, were affected by the war and that many were participants".

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The origins of the war were complex and stemmed from more than a century of conflict between the Boers and Britain. Of immediate importance, however, was the question of who would control and benefit most from the very lucrative Witwatersrand gold mines discovered by Jan Bantjes in June 1884.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Britain's expansionist ideas (notably propagated by Cecil Rhodes) as well as disputes over uitlander political and economic rights led to the failed Jameson Raid of 1895. Dr. Leander Starr Jameson, who led the raid, intended to encourage an uprising of the uitlanders in Johannesburg. However, the uitlanders did not take up arms in support, and Transvaal government forces surrounded the column and captured Jameson's men before they could reach Johannesburg.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The war had three phases. In the first phase, the Boers mounted preemptive strikes into British-held territory in Natal and the Cape Colony, besieging the British garrisons of Ladysmith, Mafeking, and Kimberley. The Boers then won a series of tactical victories at Stormberg, Magersfontein, Colenso and Spion Kop.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: In the second phase, after the number of British troops greatly increased under the command of Lord Roberts, the British launched another offensive in 1900 to relieve the sieges, this time achieving success. After Natal and the Cape Colony were secure, the British army was able to invade the Transvaal, and the republic's capital, Pretoria, was ultimately captured in June 1900.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: In the third and final phase, beginning in March 1900 and lasting a further two years, the Boers conducted a hard-fought guerrilla war, attacking British troop columns, telegraph sites, railways, and storage depots. To deny supplies to the Boer guerrillas, the British, now under the leadership of Lord Kitchener, adopted a scorched earth policy. They cleared vast areas, destroying Boer farms and moving the civilians into concentration camps.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The war had a lasting effect on the region and on British domestic politics. For Britain, the Second Boer War was the longest, the most expensive (£211 million, £202 billion at 2014 prices), and the bloodiest conflict between 1815 and 1914, lasting three months longer and resulting in more British combat casualties (see sidebar above) than the Crimean War (1853–1856). (Disease took a greater toll in the Crimean War, claiming 17,580 British.)

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: In the 1880s, Bechuanaland (modern Botswana) became the object of a dispute between the Germans to the west, the Boers to the east, and Britain's Cape Colony to the south. Although Bechuanaland had no economic value, the "Missionaries Road" passed through it towards territory farther north. After the Germans annexed Damaraland and Namaqualand (modern Namibia) in 1884, Britain annexed Bechuanaland in 1885.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: In the First Boer War of 1880–1881 the Boers of the Transvaal Republic proved skilful fighters in resisting Britain's attempt at annexation, causing a series of British defeats. The British government of William Ewart Gladstone was unwilling to become mired in a distant war, requiring substantial troop reinforcement and expense, for what was perceived at the time to be a minimal return. An armistice ended the war, and subsequently a peace treaty was signed with the Transvaal President Paul Kruger.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: In 1886, British imperial interests were ignited by the discovery of what would prove to be the world's largest deposit of gold-bearing ore at an outcrop on a large ridge some south of the Boer capital at Pretoria. The ridge was known locally as the "Witwatersrand" (white water ridge, a watershed). A gold rush to the Transvaal brought thousands of British and other prospectors and settlers from around the globe and over the border from the Cape Colony, which had been under British control since 1806.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The botched raid had repercussions throughout southern Africa and in Europe. In Rhodesia, the departure of so many policemen enabled the Matabele and Mashona peoples' rising against the British South Africa Company. The rebellion, known as the Second Matabele War, was suppressed only at a great cost.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Jameson Raid alienated many Cape Afrikaners from Britain and united the Transvaal Boers behind President Kruger and his government. It also had the effect of drawing the Transvaal and the Orange Free State (led by President Martinus Theunis Steyn) together in opposition to perceived British imperialism. In 1897, the two republics concluded a military pact.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: In earlier conflicts, the Boers' most common weapon was the British Westley Richards falling-block breech-loader. In his book "The First Boer War", Joseph Lehmann offers this comment: "Employing chiefly the very fine breech-loading Westley Richards – calibre 45; paper cartridge; percussion-cap replaced on the nipple manually—they made it exceedingly dangerous for the British to expose themselves on the skyline".

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: President Paul Kruger re-equipped the Transvaal army, importing 37,000 of the latest 7x57 mm Mauser Model 1895 rifles supplied by Germany, and some 40 to 50 million rounds of ammunition. Some commandos used the Martini-Henry Mark III, because thousands of these had been purchased. Unfortunately, the large puff of white smoke after firing gave away the shooter's position. Roughly 7,000 Guedes 1885 rifles had also been purchased a few years earlier, and these were also used during the hostilities.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: As the war went on, some commandos relied on captured British rifles, such as the Lee-Metford and the Enfield. Indeed, when the ammunition for the Mausers ran out, the Boers relied primarily on the captured Lee-Metfords.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Boers also purchased the best modern European German Krupp artillery. By October 1899, the Transvaal State Artillery had 73 heavy guns, including four 155 mm Creusot fortress guns and 25 of the 37 mm Maxim Nordenfeldt guns.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Boers' Maxim, larger than the British Maxims, was a large calibre, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute. It became known as the "Pom Pom".

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Aside from weaponry, the tactics used by the Boers were significant. As one modern source states, "Boer soldiers ... were adept at guerrilla warfare—something the British had difficulty countering".

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Transvaal army was transformed: Approximately 25,000 men equipped with modern rifles and artillery could mobilise within two weeks. However, President Kruger's victory in the Jameson Raid incident did nothing to resolve the fundamental problem of finding a formula to conciliate the uitlanders, without surrendering the independence of the Transvaal.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The British government went against the advice of its generals (including Wolseley) and declined to send substantial reinforcements to South Africa before war broke out. Secretary of State for War Lansdowne did not believe the Boers were preparing for war and that if Britain were to send large numbers of troops to the region it would strike too aggressive a posture and possibly derail a negotiated settlement—or even encourage a Boer attack.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Such views were far from those of the British government and from those in the army. To most sensible observers, army reform had been a matter of pressing concern since the 1870s, constantly put off because the British public did not want the expense of a larger, more professional army and because a large home army was not politically welcome. Lord Salisbury, the Prime Minister, had to tell a surprised Queen Victoria that 'We have no army capable of meeting even a second-class Continental Power'.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: When war with the Boer republics was imminent in September 1899, a Field Force, referred to as the Army Corps (sometimes 1st Army Corps) was mobilised and sent to Cape Town. It was "about the equivalent of the I Army Corps of the existing mobilization scheme" and was placed under the command of Gen Sir Redvers Buller, GOC in C of Aldershot Command. In South Africa the corps never operated as such and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd divisions were widely dispersed.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The middle of December was disastrous for the British Army. In a period known as Black Week (10–15 December 1899), the British suffered defeats on each of the three fronts. On 10 December, General Gatacre tried to recapture Stormberg railway junction about south of the Orange River. Gatacre's attack was marked by administrative and tactical blunders and the Battle of Stormberg ended in a British defeat, with 135 killed and wounded and two guns and over 600 troops captured.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The British government took these defeats badly and with the sieges still continuing was compelled to send two more divisions plus large numbers of colonial volunteers. By January 1900 this would become the largest force Britain had ever sent overseas, amounting to some 180,000 men with further reinforcements being sought.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Buller attacked Louis Botha again on 5 February at Vaal Krantz and was again defeated. Buller withdrew early when it appeared that the British would be isolated in an exposed bridgehead across the Tugela, for which he was nicknamed "Sir Reverse" by some of his officers.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Roberts launched his main attack on 10 February 1900 and although hampered by a long supply route, managed to outflank the Boers defending Magersfontein. On 14 February, a cavalry division under Major General John French launched a major attack to relieve Kimberley. Although encountering severe fire, a massed cavalry charge split the Boer defences on 15 February, opening the way for French to enter Kimberley that evening, ending its 124 days' siege.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: After the fall of Pretoria, one of the last formal battles was at Diamond Hill on 11–12 June, where Roberts attempted to drive the remnants of the Boer field army under Botha beyond striking distance of Pretoria. Although Roberts drove the Boers from the hill, Botha did not regard it as a defeat, for he inflicted 162 casualties on the British while suffering only around 50 casualties.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The first overseas (off African mainland) camps were opened in Saint Helena, which ultimately received about 5,000 POWs. About 5,000 POWs were sent to Ceylon. Other POWs were sent to Bermuda and India. There are no records of Boer POWs being sent to the Dominions of the British Empire such as Australia, Canada, or New Zealand.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: On 15 March 1900, Lord Roberts proclaimed an amnesty for all burghers, except leaders, who took an oath of neutrality and returned quietly to their homes. It is estimated that between 12,000 and 14,000 burghers took this oath between March and June 1900.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Boer commandos were especially effective during the initial guerrilla phase of the war because Roberts had assumed that the war would end with the capture of the Boer capitals and the dispersal of the main Boer armies. Many British troops were therefore redeployed out of the area, and had been replaced by lower-quality contingents of Imperial Yeomanry and locally raised irregular corps.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The British Army also made use of Boer auxiliaries who had been persuaded to change sides and enlist as "National Scouts". Serving under the command of General Andries Cronjé, the National Scouts were despised as "joiners" but came to number a fifth of the fighting Afrikaners by the end of the War.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The British utilised armoured trains throughout the war to deliver rapid reaction forces much more quickly to incidents (such as Boer attacks on blockhouses and columns) or to drop them off ahead of retreating Boer columns.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Some burghers joined the British in their fight against the Boers. By the end of hostilities in May 1902, there were no fewer than 5,464 burghers working for the British.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Boer commandos in the Western Transvaal were very active after September 1901. Several battles of importance were fought here between September 1901 and March 1902. At Moedwil on 30 September 1901 and again at Driefontein on 24 October, General Koos De La Rey's forces attacked the British, but were forced to withdraw after the British offered strong resistance.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: To the north, Ben Viljoen grew steadily less active. His forces mounted comparatively few attacks and as a result, the Boer enclave around Lydenburg was largely unmolested. Viljoen was eventually captured.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: In January 1902, Boer leader Manie Maritz was implicated in the Leliefontein massacre in the far Northern Cape.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: And there were more flash-points outside of the war. On 6 May 1902 at Holkrantz in the southeastern Transvaal, a Zulu faction had their cattle stolen and their women and children tortured by the Boers as a punishment for assisting the British. The local Boer officer then sent an insulting message to the tribe, challenging them to take back their cattle. The Zulus attacked at night, and in a mutual bloodbath, the Boers lost 56 killed and 3 wounded, while the Africans suffered 52 killed and 48 wounded.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: About 10,000 black men were attached to Boer units where they performed camp duties; a handful unofficially fought in combat. The British Army employed over 14,000 Africans as wagon drivers. Even more had combatant roles as spies, guides, and eventually as soldiers. By 1902 there were about 30,000 armed Africans in the British Army.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The term "concentration camp" was used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during this conflict in the years 1900–1902, and the term grew in prominence during this period.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as "refugee camps" to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for whatever reason related to the war. However, when Kitchener took over in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. Disease and starvation killed thousands. Kitchener initiated plans to

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as prisoners of war, 25,630 were sent overseas to prisoner-of-war camps throughout the British Empire. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children. Around 26,370 Boer women and children were to perish in these concentration camps. Of the more than 120,000 Blacks (and Coloureds) imprisoned too, around 20,000 died.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: It is estimated that the total cost of the war to the British government was £211,156,000 (equivalent to £202,000,000,000 in 2014).

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The postwar reconstruction administration was presided over by Lord Milner and his largely Oxford trained Milner's Kindergarten. This small group of civil servants had a profound effect on the region, eventually leading to the Union of South Africa.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Some scholars, for good reasons, identify these new identities as partly underpinning the act of union that followed in 1910. Although challenged by a Boer rebellion only four years later, they did much to shape South African politics between the two world wars and right up to the present day.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Many of the Boers referred to the war as the second of the "Freedom Wars". The most resistant of Boers wanted to continue the fight and were known as "Bittereinders" (or "irreconcilables") and at the end of the war a number of Boer fighters such as Deneys Reitz chose exile rather than sign an oath, such as the following, to pledge allegiance to Britain:

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Over the following decade, many returned to South Africa and never signed the pledge. Some, like Reitz, eventually reconciled themselves to the new "status quo", but others did not.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The war also highlighted the dangers of Britain's policy of non-alignment and deepened her isolation. The 1900 UK general election, also known as the "Khaki election", was called by the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, on the back of recent British victories. There was much enthusiasm for the war at this point, resulting in a victory for the Conservative government.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Having taken the country into a prolonged war, the Conservative government was rejected by the electorate at the first general election after the war was over. Balfour succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury in 1903, immediately after the war, took over a Conservative Party that had won two successive landslide majorities but led it to a landslide defeat in 1906.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Horses were slaughtered for their meat when needed. During the Siege of Kimberley and Siege of Ladysmith, horses were consumed as food once the regular sources of meat were depleted. The besieged British forces in Ladysmith also produced "chevril", a Bovril-like paste, by boiling down the horse meat to a jelly paste and serving it like beef tea.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Horse Memorial in Port Elizabeth is a tribute to the 300,000 horses that died during the conflict.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The United States stayed neutral in the conflict, but some American citizens were eager to participate. Early in the war Lord Roberts cabled the American Frederick Russell Burnham, a veteran of both Matabele wars but at that very moment prospecting in the Klondike, to serve on his personal staff as Chief of Scouts. Burnham went on to receive the highest awards of any American who served in the war, but American mercenaries participated on both sides.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: When the war began some Australians, like some Britons, opposed it. As the war dragged on some Australians became disenchanted, in part because of the sufferings of Boer civilians reported in the press. In an interesting twist (for Australians), when the British missed capturing President Paul Kruger, as he escaped Pretoria during its fall in June 1900, a "Melbourne Punch", 21 June 1900, cartoon depicted how the War could be won, using the Kelly Gang.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: It is believed that up to 50 Aboriginal Australians served in the Boer War as trackers. According to Dale Kerwin, an Indigenous research fellow at Griffith University, such is the lack of information that is available about the trackers it is even uncertain as to whether they returned to Australia at the end of the war. He has claimed that at the end of the war in 1902 when the Australian contingents returned the trackers may not have been allowed back to Australia due to the White Australia Policy.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Over 7,000 Canadian soldiers and support personnel were involved in the second Boer war from October 1899 to May 1902. With approximately 7,368 soldiers in a combat situation, the conflict became the largest military engagement involving Canadian soldiers from the time of Confederation until the Great War. Eventually, 270 of these soldiers died in the course of the Boer War.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Canadian public was initially divided on the decision to go to war as some citizens did not want Canada to become Britain's 'tool' for engaging in armed conflicts. Many Anglophone citizens were pro-Empire, and wanted the prime minister, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, to support the British in their conflict. On the other hand, many Francophone citizens felt threatened by the continuation of British imperialism to their national sovereignty.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: In the end, to appease the citizens who wanted war and to avoid angering those who oppose it, Laurier sent 1,000 volunteers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Otter to aid the confederation in its war to 'liberate' the peoples of the Boer controlled states in South Africa. The volunteers were provided to the British if the latter paid costs of the battalion after it arrived in South Africa.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The supporters of the war claimed that it "pitted British Freedom, justice and civilization against Boer backwardness". The French Canadians' opposition to the Canadian involvement in a British 'colonial venture' eventually led to a three-day riot in various areas of Quebec.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The end of the First part was the period in mid-December, referred to as the "Black Week". During the week of 10–17 December 1899, the British suffered three major defeats at the hands of the Boers at the battlefields of Stormberg, Magersfontein and Colenso. Afterwards, the British called upon more volunteers to take part in the war from the Commonwealth.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The second part of the war (February–April 1900) was the opposite of the first. After the British reorganised and reinforced under new leadership, they began to experience success against the Boer soldiers. Commonwealth soldiers resorted to using blockhouses, farm burning and concentration camps to 'persuade' the resisting Boers into submission.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The final phase of the war was the guerrilla phase in which many Boer soldiers turned to guerrilla tactics such as raiding infrastructure or communications lines. Many Canadian soldiers did not actually see combat after they had been shipped over to South Africa since many arrived around the time of the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: British garrisons in India contributed 18,534 British officers and men, as well as an estimated 10,000 Indian auxiliaries deployed to assist them. India also sent 7,000 horses, ponies and mules.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Natal Indian Ambulance Corps, created by Mahatma Gandhi and financed by the local Indian community, served at Colenso and Spion Kop.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Rhodesian military units such as the British South Africa Police, Rhodesia Regiment and Southern Rhodesian Volunteers served in the Second Boer War.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Harold Lothrop Borden – Only son of Canada's Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia, Frederick William Borden. Serving in the Royal Canadian Dragoons, he became the most famous Canadian casualty of the Second Boer War. Queen Victoria asked F. W. Borden for a photograph of his son, Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier praised his services, tributes arrived from across Canada, and in his home town Canning, Nova Scotia, there is a monument (by Hamilton MacCarthy) erected to his memory.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Winston Churchill – Best known as the prime minister of Britain during the main part of the Second World War, Churchill worked as a war correspondent for "The Morning Post". At the age of twenty-six, he was captured and held prisoner in a camp in Pretoria from which he escaped and rejoined the British army. He received a commission in the South African Light Horse (still working as a correspondent) and witnessed the capture of Ladysmith and Pretoria.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon – Future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. Served as a Captain in the 3rd Battalion of the Royal Irish Rifles and as part of the 13th battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry. He was captured in 1900 but released due to a perforated colon and served as a deputy assistant director of the Imperial Military Railways until being evacuated to the UK due to ill-health.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Four Canadian soldiers in the Second Boer War received a Victoria Cross, which is the highest military medal available to soldiers of the Commonwealth and former British Territories. It is awarded based on exemplary bravery and valour in the presence of danger.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Sergeant Arthur Herbert Lindsay Richardson – Soldier of Lord Strathcona's Horse, Richardson rode a wounded horse, while wounded himself, back into enemy fire to retrieve a wounded comrade whose horse had been killed at Wolve Spruit on 5 July 1900.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Lieutenant Hampden Zane Churchill Cockburn – Soldier of the Royal Canadian Dragoons, Cockburn received his Victoria Cross on 7 November 1900 when his unit was the rear guard at Leliefontein. Cockburn, along with fellow Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant R.E.W. Turner, held off an advancing group of Boer soldiers in order to allow two Canadian Field guns to escape along with their crews. Cockburn was wounded and captured by the Boer soldiers.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: Lieutenant Richard Ernest William Turner – Soldier of the Royal Canadian Dragoons, Turner received his Victoria Cross during the same portion of the conflict as Cockburn. Turner was wounded in the conflict, however unlike Cockburn, Turner escaped. Turner would later become a high-ranking officer in the Canadian army in World War I.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The British saw their tactics of scorched earth and concentration camps as a legitimate way of depriving the Boer guerrillas of supplies and safe havens. The Boers saw them as a British attempt to coerce the Boers into surrender, with the camp inmates – mainly families of Boer fighters – seen as deliberately kept in poor conditions to encourage high death rates. Even in 2019, the controversy around the British tactics continued to make headlines.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: "Land of Hope and Glory" was composed in the direct aftermath of the British victory in South Africa.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The words "Wider still and wider shall thy bounds be set" were an obvious reference to the extension of the British Empire's boundaries to include the hitherto independent Boer republics.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Second Boer War

Context: The Australian National Boer War Memorial Committee organises events to mark the war on 31 May each year. In Canberra, a commemorative service is usually held at the Saint John the Baptist Anglican Church in Reid. Floral tributes are laid for the dead.

Question: Mikä johti Buurisotaan?


Mario

Context: Mario is near-unanimously considered to be the most famous character in the video game industry and an established pop culture icon. Mario's likeness has appeared in a variety of merchandise, such as clothing and collectible items, and people and places have been nicknamed after him. He has also inspired a considerable amount of unofficial media. With more than 750 million units sold worldwide, the overall "Mario" franchise is the bestselling video game franchise of all time.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: In the early stages of "Donkey Kong", the focus of the game was to escape a maze, while Mario did not have the ability to jump. However, Miyamoto soon introduced jumping capabilities for the player character, reasoning that "[i]f you had a barrel rolling towards you, what would you do?"

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: According to a widely circulated story, during the localization of "Donkey Kong" for American audiences, Nintendo of America's warehouse landlord Mario Segale confronted then-president Minoru Arakawa, demanding back rent. Following a heated argument in which the Nintendo employees eventually convinced Segale he would be paid, they opted to name the character in the game Mario after him.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Over time, Mario's appearance has become more defined; blue eyes, white gloves, brown shoes, a red "M" in a white circle on the front of his hat and gold buttons on his overalls have been added. The colors of his shirt and overalls were also reversed from a blue shirt with red overalls to a red shirt with blue overalls. Miyamoto attributed this process to the different development teams and artists for each game as well as advances in technology.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Mario is depicted as a portly plumber who lives in the fictional land of the Mushroom Kingdom with Luigi, his younger, taller brother. The television series and film depict Mario and Luigi as originating from Brooklyn, New York. Mario's infancy, in which he was transported by a stork to the Mushroom Kingdom, was first depicted in "". In a 2005 interview, Miyamoto stated that Mario's physical age was about 24–25 years old.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Mario uses items, which give him various powers, and differ between the games he is in. The first power-up Mario used was the Hammer in "Donkey Kong".

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: There have also been a variety of "Super Mario" games starring Mario that do not have standard typical 2D or 3D platforming. The "Super Mario 3D" series does have 3D gameplay, but the stages are linear and do not allow for open-world movement. The "Super Mario Maker" games are a series of game creation systems where the player can create their own 2D "Super Mario" levels and play ones created by others. "Super Mario Run" is a 2D platforming mobile game with other unnatural gameplay aspects.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: The developers of "Super Mario Run" were mainly inspired by speedrunners during development, as they took note of how when they would try to beat a 2D "Super Mario" game as fast as possible they would never let go of the run button. With this, they made the core gameplay concept revolve around how Mario does not stop moving forward.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: While the most prominent use of Mario has been directed toward the "Super Mario" series, various spinoff series that split into numerous games covering various genres have also been released. This includes genres such as role-playing games (RPGs), puzzle games, sports games, and even educational games in the 1990s.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Nintendo has explored a variety of sports games featuring "Super Mario" property, which include tennis, golf, baseball, soccer, kart racing, and other miscellaneous. Of which, the only four that were defined to be official series and are still currently running are "Mario Tennis", "Mario Golf", "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games", and "Mario Kart". The "Mario Kart" series is the most successful, selling over 150 million games in its entirety.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: After the unsuccessful attempt on the Virtual Boy with "Mario's Tennis", the first tennis game featuring Mario, Nintendo gave licensing rights to Camelot Software Planning to develop a second "Mario"-themed tennis game for the Nintendo 64. Each character had a unique ability, with Mario having an all-around average set of skills to pair with his type of character. This ideology was later continued into "Mario Power Tennis".

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Mario has also starred in a variety of multiple puzzle games, but sometimes only makes an appearance and is not playable. The first of which to release was "Wrecking Crew", designed by Yoshio Sakamoto. After which, three main series and a variety of spin-offs were released starring him, including "Dr. Mario", "Mario vs. Donkey Kong", and "Mario Picross", the latter of which inactive.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Due to the popularity of the "Super Mario" series, various educational games starring the character were released and appealed to younger audiences. These games had little involvement from Nintendo, with the games releasing for the NES, Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), and personal computers. The last of which in the genre to release was "Mario Teaches Typing 2" in 1997 before the production of such games was discontinued.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: "Mario is Missing!" is one of the only occasions where Mario himself was kidnapped and is rescued by another character. In the game, Mario and Luigi approach Bowser to stop his plans, but Mario is then captured; Luigi traverses real-world locations to follow after him, solving trivia along the way. A similar game was released without the help of Miyamoto, "Mario's Time Machine", which starred Mario against Bowser instead.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: "Mario's Game Gallery" has the player competing against various card and board games against Mario. The game was Charles Martinet's first official voice acting role for Mario, one year prior to "Super Mario 64".

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: The first appearance of Mario in media other than games was "Saturday Supercade", an animated television series produced by Ruby-Spears Productions in 1983. The 1986 original video animation "" features Mario (voiced by Toru Furuya) as the protagonist. The animated series "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!" features a live-action series of skits that stars former WWF manager "Captain" Lou Albano as Mario and Danny Wells as Luigi. Mario appeared in a book series, the Nintendo Adventure Books.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Mario has been established as a pop culture icon, and has appeared on lunch boxes, T-shirts, magazines, commercials (notably, in a Got Milk? commercial), in candy form, on shampoo bottles, cereal, badges, board games, and as a plush toy.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Mario has inspired unlicensed paintings, performances on talent shows such as "India's Got Talent", and short films, which have been viewed hundreds of thousands of times. The character has been present in a number of works created by third parties other than Nintendo, such as in the iOS and Android video game "Platform Panic", in which one of the purchasable skins is a reference to him.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Mario appeared in the 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony to promote the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. In a pre-recorded video, the prime minister Shinzō Abe became Mario to use a Warp Pipe planted by Doraemon from Shibuya Crossing to Maracanã Stadium. Abe then appeared dressed as Mario in an oversized Warp Pipe in the middle of the stadium.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Mario

Context: Mario Day (previously known as National Mario Day) is celebrated on March 10, as when that date is presented as Mar 10 it resembles the name MARIO. Since 2016, the day was officially observed by Nintendo, and celebrates this day annually by promoting "Mario" games and holding "Mario"-related events.

Question: Kuka on luonut Super Mario videopelihahmon?


Siege of Odessa (1941)

Context: The siege of Odessa, known to the Soviets as the defence of Odessa, lasted from 8 August until 16 October 1941, during the early phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Question: Milloin Odessa taistelut käytiin?


Siege of Odessa (1941)

Context: The offensive resumed on 16 August, as Romanian troops attacked along the entire line, capturing Odessa's water reservoirs on 17 August. The Soviet forces put up a stubborn resistance, launching repeated counter-attacks, inflicting and taking heavy casualties. The Royal Romanian Air Force actively supported the ground troops, disrupting Soviet naval traffic to and from Odessa, and also destroying an armored train on 20 August.

Question: Milloin Odessa taistelut käytiin?


Siege of Odessa (1941)

Context: By 24 August, despite constant attacks, the Romanians were bogged down in front of the Soviets' main line of defense. The 4th Army had already suffered 27,307 casualties, including 5,329 killed in action. Nevertheless, the Soviets were also weakened, and thanks to the capture of Kubanka, Romanian heavy artillery now threatened the port of Odessa. Over the next three days, there was a lull in the fighting.

Question: Milloin Odessa taistelut käytiin?


Siege of Odessa (1941)

Context: With the advance of Axis forces into the Soviet Union, Stavka decided to evacuate the defenders of Odessa. On the night of 14–15 October 1941, the Black Sea Fleet evacuated the garrison to Sevastopol where most of the units were later destroyed in the bitter fighting that took place there during the defence of Sevastopol. The Black Sea Fleet also managed to evacuate 350,000 soldiers and civilians.

Question: Milloin Odessa taistelut käytiin?


Siege of Odessa (1941)

Context: On 20 August, "Delfinul" fought the only submarine vs submarine engagement of the siege. At 12:08 pm, the Soviet M-class submarine "M-33" launched a torpedo at her, which missed. "Delfinul" swiftly counterattacked with her twin 13 mm machine gun, causing the Soviet submarine to submerge and retreat.

Question: Milloin Odessa taistelut käytiin?


Siege of Odessa (1941)

Context: During the October evacuation, Heinkel He 114 seaplanes of the Romanian Naval Aviation captured a Soviet armed merchantman.

Question: Milloin Odessa taistelut käytiin?


Siege of Odessa (1941)

Context: The operations at Odessa highlighted significant weaknesses in the Romanian Army, leading both military and political leaders in the country to call for a discontinuation of military operations against the Soviet Union. Antonescu ignored such objections, regarding continued participation and eventual victory on the Eastern Front as necessary for the restoration of Romania's territorial integrity.

Question: Milloin Odessa taistelut käytiin?


Siege of Odessa (1941)

Context: Odessa was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945, the others being Leningrad, Stalingrad, and Sevastopol. Museum of the Heroic Defense of Odessa (411th Coastal Battery Memorial) was opened on the day of the 30th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, 9 May 1975. Close by is also the Museum of Partisan Glory in the Odessa Catacombs. The underground museum commemorates the partisan movement in the Odessa region.

Question: Milloin Odessa taistelut käytiin?


Baronage

Context: The baronage is the collectively inclusive term denoting all members of the feudal nobility, as observed by the constitutional authority Edward Coke. It was replaced eventually by the term "peerage".

Question: Mitkä ovat paronin työtehtävät?


Baronage

Context: The privilege attached was the right, indeed the obligation, to attend the king in his feudal court, termed the "Council de Baronage", a precursor to the modern Parliament, in order to advise and support him.

Question: Mitkä ovat paronin työtehtävät?


Baronage

Context: The executive duties of the earldom eventually became redundant as the office became absorbed into that of the sheriff, so the title of earl became a noble and honorary title above 'baron'. Other baronages evolved similarly, until the title itself eventually became 'peerages' to recognise their contemporary equality under the monarch and effectively declining privileges.

Question: Mitkä ovat paronin työtehtävät?


Track cycling

Context: Track cycling is a bicycle racing sport usually held on specially built banked tracks or velodromes using purpose-designed track bicycles.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: One appeal of indoor track racing was that spectators could be easily controlled, and hence an entrance fee could be charged, making track racing a lucrative sport. Early track races attracted crowds of up to 2,000 people. Indoor tracks also enabled year-round cycling for the first time. The main early centers for track racing in Britain were Birmingham, Sheffield, Liverpool, Manchester and London.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: The most noticeable changes in over a century of track cycling have concerned the bikes themselves, engineered to be lighter and more aerodynamic to enable ever-faster times.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: Track cycling has been featured in every modern Olympic Games except the 1912 Games. Women's track cycling events were first included in the modern Olympics in 1988. The sport was moved indoors since 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, mainly because of the hot weather.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: Along the decades, track lengths have been gradually reduced. Early velodromes varied in length between 130 and 500 metres long. By the 1960s, a standard length of length was commonly used for international competitions. Since 1990, international velodromes are built with a length of , though tracks of many lengths are still in use.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: Track cycling is particularly popular in Europe, notably Belgium, France, Germany and the United Kingdom where it is often used as off-season training by road racers who can frequently be seen at professional six-day events (races entered by two-rider teams.)

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: In the United States, track racing reached a peak of popularity in the 1930s when six-day races were held in Madison Square Garden in New York. The word "Madison" is still used as the name for a type of race.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: In Japan, the keirin race format is a very popular betting sport. The sport is well-regarded, and riders are extensively trained through the Japanese Keirin School.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: Track cycling events fit into two broad categories: sprint races and endurance races. Riders will typically fall into one category and not compete in the other.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: The bicycles used are optimized for track racing; they are fixed-gear bicycles without freewheel or brakes, with narrow tires inflated to high pressure. Frame and other components are designed for rigidity and lightness, to give maximum speed over the distance of the race (sprint or longer).

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: Sprint races are generally between 3 and 8 laps in length and focus on raw sprinting power and race tactics over a small number of laps to defeat opponents. Sprint riders train specifically to compete in races of this length, and do not generally compete in endurance events.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: Endurance races are held over longer distances. These races test the riders endurance capacity, as well as tactics and speed. The length of track endurance events varies by race type, whether it is a part of the Omnium or not, and the gender of the competitors. Many track endurance riders also compete in road cycling events.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: There were six events in track cycling at the Olympics in 2021: team sprint, match sprint, keirin, omnium, team pursuit, and Madison. The Madison was added in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics held in 2021; the other races had been held in previous Games. There are separate races of each type for men and women; until the 2012 Summer Olympics there were fewer events for women.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: The UCI Track Cycling World Championships are held every year, usually in March or April at the end of the winter track season. There are currently 20 events in the World Championships, 10 for men and 10 for women. Qualification places are determined by different countries performance during the World Cup Classic series held through the season.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: The UCI Track Cycling World Cup series consists of six, held in different countries beginning annually in October, and finishing in January. These meeting include 17 of the 19 events (excluding the omnium for men and women) that take place in a World Championship over three days.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: The UCI Track Cycling World Ranking is based upon the results in all UCI-sanctioned races over a twelve-month period. The ranking includes an individual and a nations ranking and includes the disciplines: individual pursuit, points race, scratch, sprint, time trial, keirin, omnium, team pursuit, team sprint and madison.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: In many cycle sports, women race shorter distances, are paid less, and receive less air-time. It was not until 2018 that the UCI mandated minimum wages for women's cycling at all. It is unclear how this will impact female track cyclists, as track cycling is generally not an athlete's primary source of income (rather they are road cyclists selected for specific events by their national team). There is no talk of changing race distances to create gender parity in time for the 2020 Olympics.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: In 2018, Veronica Ivy (then known as Rachel McKinnon) became the first transgender World Champion in any sport, with a victory in the Masters Women Age 35-44 age category. In 2019, Ivy became a repeat champion in the same discipline. Though met with some criticism, Ivy holds her title as transgender athletes are permitted to compete as per the International Olympic Committee.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: Aerodynamic drag is a significant factor in both road and track racing. Frames are often constructed of moulded carbon fiber, for a lightweight design. More recently, track bikes have employed airfoil designs on the tubes of the frame to reduce aerodynamic drag.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: During the early 1990s in individual pursuit events, some riders, including Graeme Obree, adopted a straight-armed "Superman"-like position with their arms fully extended horizontally, but this position was subsequently outlawed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the sport's ruling body.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: In addition to regular track racing, tracks are also the venue for many speed records. These are over either a fixed distance or for a fixed period of time. Generally, time trial events (200m, 500m, 1 km, and Individual Pursuit) will be recorded for both gender categories as well as several age categories on each track, for each nation, and for the world.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: One of the most heavily contested records is the hour record, which involves simply riding as far as possible in one hour.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: The history of the hour record has been attempted by some of the greatest names in cycling from both road and track racing (including, among others, Major Taylor, Henri Desgrange, Fausto Coppi, Anna Wilson, Eddy Merckx, Francesco Moser, Jeannie Longo and Tony Rominger).

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: Attempts are generally made at velodromes with a reputation for being fast. Recently, these have mostly been at high-altitude locations, such as Mexico City, Mexico or Aguascalientes, Mexico, where the thinner air results in lower aerodynamic drag, offsetting the added difficulty of breathing. Innovations in equipment and the rider's position on the bike have also led to dramatic improvements in the hour record, but have also been a source of controversy (see Graeme Obree).

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Track cycling

Context: In 2019, the Pan Am Championships held at the newly built velodrome in Cochabamba, Bolivia, Kelsey Mitchell and Nicholas Paul broke the 200m world records in their respective gender categories. The track proved fast for many other events, with Pan Am records being set in nearly all timed events.

Question: Milloin ratapyöräilyä on aloitettu harrastamaan?


Penrose triangle

Context: The tribar/triangle appears to be a solid object, made of three straight beams of square cross-section which meet pairwise at right angles at the vertices of the triangle they form. The beams may be broken, forming cubes or cuboids.

Question: Mikä on ns. Penrosen kolmio?


Penrose triangle

Context: M.C. Escher's lithograph "Waterfall" (1961) depicts a watercourse that flows in a zigzag along the long sides of two elongated Penrose triangles, so that it ends up two stories higher than it began. The resulting waterfall, forming the short sides of both triangles, drives a water wheel. Escher points out that in order to keep the wheel turning, some water must occasionally be added to compensate for evaporation.

Question: Mikä on ns. Penrosen kolmio?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: The monarchy of Thailand (whose monarch is referred to as the king of Thailand; , or historically, king of Siam; ) refers to the constitutional monarchy and monarch of the Kingdom of Thailand (formerly Siam). The King of Thailand is the head of state and head of the ruling Royal House of Chakri.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: The king of Thailand's titles include head of State, head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, adherent of Buddhism and upholder of religions.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: The Kings of Ayutthaya created many institutions to support their rule. Whereas feudalism developed in the European Middle Ages, Ayutthayan King Trailokanat instituted "sakdina", a system of social hierarchy which ranked the king's subjects according to the amount of land they were entitled to, according to their rank and position.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: "Rachasap" is required by court etiquette as an honorific register consisting of a special vocabulary used exclusively for addressing the king, or for talking about royalty.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: An interlude filled by a short civil war was ended when Taksin restored the country under what has been called the Thonburi Kingdom.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: During the Rattanakosin period the Chakri kings tried to continue the concepts of Ayutthayan kingship once again emphasizing the connection between the sovereign and his subjects. On the other hand, they continued to not relinquish any authority of the throne. Kings Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) and Nangklao (Rama III) created a semblance of a modern administration by creating a supreme council and appointing chief officers to help with the running of the government.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: Mongkut (Rama IV) marked a significant break in tradition when he spent the first 27 years of his adult life as a Buddhist monk during which time he became proficient in the English language, before ascending the throne. As king, he continued the appointment of officers to his supreme council, the most notable being Somdet Chao Phraya Prayurawongse and Si Suriyawongse, both of whom acted as Chief Ministers for King Mongkut (and the latter as regent, from the king's death in 1868 until 1873.)

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: Prajadhipok (Rama VII) succeeded his brother in 1925. The Eton and Sandhurst educated monarch created a council similar to a cabinet, where the most important government officials could meet to decide state affairs. This advisory and legislative council, styled the Supreme Council of State of Siam (Thai: อภิรัฐมนตรีสภา) was founded on 28 November 1925 and existed until 1932.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: In June 1932, a group of foreign-educated students and military men called "the promoters" carried out a bloodless revolution, seized power and demanded that King Prajadhipok grant the people of Siam a constitution. The king agreed and in December 1932 the people were granted a constitution, ending 150 years of absolute Chakri rule. From then on the role of the monarch was relegated to that of a symbolic head of state. His powers from then on were exercised by a prime minister and the national assembly.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: After Rama VIII's sudden death from a bullet wound in 1946, Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), aged 19 years old, became the new monarch. In establishing his rule, the king was aided by the efforts of the US government, who used the monarchy as a bulwark against communist gains in Southeast Asia.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: King Bhumibol was the world's longest reigning monarch at the time of his death in October 2016. He died on 13 October 2016 at the age of 88.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: In its fiscal year (FY) 2016 budget, the ruling military government has increased its expenditure for "upholding, protecting and preserving the monarchy" to 18 billion baht (US$514 million), an increase of 28 per cent for this budget line item since 2014 when it took power. Budget allocations to support the monarchy in FY2020 amount to 29.728 billion baht, or 0.93% of the total budget.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: The present set of royal regalia of Thailand (Khrueang Raja Kakudhabhand, and the royal utensils was created mostly during the reign of King Rama I and Rama IV, after the previous set was lost during the sack of Ayutthaya by the Burmese in 1767. The regalia is used mainly during the coronation ceremony of the king at the beginning of every reign. The regalia is presently on display in the Museum of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: The Thai royal utensils (Phra Khattiya Rajuprapoke; พระขัตติยราชูปโภค) are also for the personal use of the monarch, comprising:

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: These unique objects are always placed on either side of the king's throne or his seat during royal ceremonies.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: The king and other members of his family carry out many royal ceremonies per year, some dating from the 13th century.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


Monarchy of Thailand

Context: The king is sovereign of several Royal Orders and Decorations, the prerogative to appoint and remove any persons from these orders are at the king's discretion. However, sometimes recommendations are made by the Cabinet of Thailand and the Prime Minister. There are twelve Royal Orders and some of these have separate classes.

Question: Milloin Chakri-dynastia alkoi?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The study of the history of clothing and textiles traces the development, use, and availability of clothing and textiles over human history. Clothing and textiles reflect the materials and technologies available in different civilizations at different times. The variety and distribution of clothing and textiles within a society reveal social customs and culture.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The wearing of clothing is exclusively a human characteristic and is a feature of most human societies. There has always been some disagreement among scientists on when humans began wearing clothes, but studies involving the evolution of body lice suggest it started sometime around 170,000 years ago. Anthropologists believe that animal skins and vegetation were adapted into coverings as protection from cold, heat, and rain, especially as humans migrated to new climates.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Textile history is almost as old as human civilization, and as time has passed, the history of textile has been more enriched. The invention of flax and wool fabric at the dig of Swiss lake people in the 6th and 7th centuries BC is the oldest reported indication of employing fiber. Silk weaving was introduced to India circa 400 AD, whereas cotton spinning dates back to 3000 BC.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Textiles can be felt or spun fibers made into yarn and subsequently netted, looped, knit or woven to make fabrics, which appeared in the Middle East during the late Stone Age. From ancient times to the present day, methods of textile production have continually evolved, and the choices of textiles available have influenced how people carried their possessions, clothed themselves, and decorated their surroundings.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Sources available for the study of clothing and textiles include material remains discovered via archaeology; representation of textiles and their manufacture in art; and documents concerning the manufacture, acquisition, use, and trade of fabrics, tools, and finished garments. Scholarship of textile history, especially its earlier stages, is part of material culture studies.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Cave paintings and pictorial evidence suggest the existence of dress in the Paleolithic period, around 30,000 years ago, though these were skin drapes. Textile clothing came to notice around 27,000 years ago, while actual textile fragments from 7000 B.C. have been discovered by archeologists.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Sewing needles have been dated to at least 50,000 years ago (Denisova Cave, Siberia) – and are likely to have been made by "H. Denisova/H. Altai", about 10,000 years before the arrival of Neanderthal and Human groups in the cave. The oldest possible example is 60,000 years ago, a needlepoint (missing stem and eye) found in Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Other early examples of needles dating from 41,000 to 15,000 years ago are found in multiple locations, e.g. Slovenia, Russia, China, Spain, and France.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The earliest dyed flax fibers have been found in a prehistoric cave in Georgia and date back to 36,000.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Archaeologists have discovered artifacts from the same period that appear to have been used in the textile arts: net gauges from 5000 B.C., spindle needles, and weaving sticks.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Knowledge of ancient textiles and clothing has expanded in the recent past due to modern technological developments. The first actual textile, as opposed to skins sewn together, was probably felt. The first known textile of South America was discovered in Guitarrero Cave in Peru. It was woven out of vegetable fiber and dates back to 8,000 B.C.E. Surviving examples of Nålebinding, another early textile method, have been found in Israel, and date from 6500 B.C.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: From pre-history through the early Middle Ages, for most of Europe, the Near East and North Africa, two main types of loom dominate textile production. These are the warp-weighted loom and the two-beam loom. The length of the beam determined the width of the cloth woven upon the loom, and could be as wide as 2–3 meters. Early woven clothing was often made of full loom widths draped, tied, or pinned in place.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Throughout the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, the fertile grounds of the Eurasian Steppe provided a setting for a network of nomadic communities to develop and interact. The Steppe Route has always connected regions of the Asian continent with trade and transmission of culture, including clothing.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The earliest known woven textiles of the Near East may be flax fabrics used to wrap the dead; these were excavated at a Neolithic site at Çatalhöyük in Anatolia. Carbonized, and "protected by several layers of clay/plaster, in an anaerobic milieu... They were 'baked', or 'steam cooked'" in a fire, and are radiocarbon dated to c. 6000 BC. Evidence exists of flax cultivation from c. 8000 BC in the Near East, but the breeding of sheep with a wooly fleece rather than hair occurs much later, c. 3000 BC.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Harappans may have used natural colors to dye their fabric. Research shows that the cultivation of indigo plants (genus: Indigofera) was prevalent.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian, mentions Indian cotton in the 5th century BCE as "a wool exceeding in beauty and goodness that of sheep." When Alexander the Great invaded India, in 327 BCE, his troops started wearing cotton clothes that were more comfortable than their previous woolen ones. Strabo, another Greek historian, mentioned the vividness of Indian fabrics, and Arrian told of Indian–Arab trade of cotton fabrics in 130 CE.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Evidence exists for production of linen cloth in Ancient Egypt in the Neolithic period, c. 5500 BC. Cultivation of domesticated wild flax, probably an import from the Levant, is documented as early as c. 6000 BC. Other bast fibers including rush, reed, palm, and papyrus were used alone or with linen to make rope and other textiles. Evidence for wool production in Egypt is scanty at this period.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Spinning techniques included the drop spindle, hand-to-hand spinning, and rolling on the thigh; yarn was also spliced. A horizontal ground loom was used prior to the New Kingdom, when a vertical two-beam loom was introduced, probably from Asia.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Linen bandages were used in the burial custom of mummification, and art depicts Egyptian men wearing linen kilts and women in narrow dresses with various forms of shirts and jackets, often of sheer pleated fabric.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Under the Shang Dynasty, Han Chinese clothing or Hanfu consisted of a "yi", a narrow-cuffed, knee-length tunic tied with a sash, and a narrow, ankle-length skirt, called "shang", worn with a "bixi", a length of fabric that reached the knees. Clothing of the elite was made of silk in vivid primary colours.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The earliest evidence of spinning in Thailand can be found at the archaeological site of Tha Kae located in Central Thailand. Tha Kae was inhabited during the end of the first millennium BC to the late first millennium AD. Here, archaeologists discovered 90 fragments of a spindle whorl dated from 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD. And the shape of these finds indicate the connections with south China and India.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The following periods were the Asuka (550 to 646 AD) and Nara (646 to 794 AD) when Japan developed a more unified government and began to use Chinese laws and social rankings. These new laws required people to wear different styles and colors to indicate social status. Clothing became longer and wider in general and sewing methods were more advanced.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Women generally wore a kerchief, called tubatub if it was pulled tight over the whole head; but they also had a broad-brimmed hat called sayap or tarindak, woven of sago-palm leaves. Some were evidently signs of rank: when Humabon's queen went to hear mass during Magellan's visit, she was preceded by three girls carrying one of her [[hat]]s. A [[headdress]] from Cebu with a deep crown, used by both sexes for travel on foot or by boat, was called "sarok", which actually meant to go for water.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Dress in [[classical antiquity]] favored wide, unsewn lengths of fabric, pinned and draped to the body in various ways.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Leggings and hose were often worn, but are not prominent in depictions of the wealthy; they were associated with barbarians, whether European or Persian.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: [[File:New Minster Charter 966 detail Edgar.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Edgar I of England]] in short tunic, hose, and cloak, 966]]

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The elite imported silk cloth from the Byzantine, and later Muslim, worlds, and also probably cotton. They also could afford bleached linen and dyed and simply patterned wool woven in Europe itself. But embroidered decoration was probably very widespread, though not usually detectable in art. Lower classes wore local or homespun wool, often undyed, trimmed with bands of decoration, variously [[embroidery]], [[tablet weaving|tablet-woven]] bands, or colorful borders woven into the fabric in the loom.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Clothing in 12th and 13th century Europe remained very simple for both men and women, and quite uniform across the subcontinent. The traditional combination of short tunic with hose for working-class men and long tunic with overdress for women and upper-class men remained the norm. Most clothing, especially outside the wealthier classes, remained little changed from three or four centuries earlier.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The 13th century saw great progress in the dyeing and working of wool, which was by far the most important material for outerwear. Linen was increasingly used for clothing that was directly in contact with the skin. Unlike wool, linen could be laundered and bleached in the sun. Cotton, imported raw from Egypt and elsewhere, was used for padding and quilting, and cloths such as [[buckram]] and [[fustian]].

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Cultural and costume historians agree that the mid-14th century marks the emergence of recognizable "fashion" in Europe. From this century onwards, Western fashion changed at a pace quite unknown to other civilizations, whether ancient or contemporary. In most other cultures, only major political changes, such as the [[Muslim conquest of India]], produced radical changes in clothing, and in China, Japan, and the [[Ottoman Empire]] fashion changed only slightly over periods of several centuries.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: In this period, the draped garments and straight seams of previous centuries were replaced by curved seams and the beginnings of tailoring, which allowed clothing to more closely fit the human form, as did the use of lacing and [[Button (clothing)|button]]s. A fashion for "mi-parti" or "parti-coloured" garments made of two contrasting fabrics, one on each side, arose for men in mid-century, and was especially popular at the English court. Sometimes just the hose would have different colours on each leg.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Wool remained the most popular fabric for all classes, followed by linen and hemp. Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities, from rough undyed cloth to fine, dense [[broadcloth]] with a velvety nap; high-value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe. Wool fabrics were dyed in rich colours, notably reds, greens, golds, and blues.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: As prosperity grew in the 15th century, the urban middle classes, including skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. National variations in clothing increased over the century.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: [[File:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 042.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Slashing at its height: [[Henry IV, Duke of Saxony]], c. 1514.]]

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: [[File:Isabella Rubens.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A French reinterpretation of Spanish fashion, with elaborate reticella ruff, 1609]]

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: By the first half of the 16th century, the clothing of the Low Countries, German states, and Scandinavia had developed in a different direction than that of England, France, and Italy, although all absorbed the sobering and formal influence of Spanish dress after the mid-1520s.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?