List of English monarchs

Context: Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, her first cousin twice removed, King James VI of Scotland, succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII and wife of James IV of Scotland. In 1604, he adopted the title "King of Great Britain". However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: No monarch reigned after the 1649 execution of Charles I. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered The Protectorate period, under Cromwell's direct control with the title Lord Protector.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: It was within the power of the Lord Protector to choose his heir and Oliver Cromwell chose his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, to succeed him.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: After the Monarchy was restored, England came under the rule of Charles II, whose reign was relatively peaceful domestically, given the tumultuous time of the Interregnum years. Tensions still existed between Catholics and Protestants. With the ascension of Charles's brother, the openly Catholic James II, England was again sent into a period of political turmoil.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706. The acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate sovereign states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years, since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I. Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate crowns resting on the same head.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: There had been attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689, to unite England and Scotland by Acts of Parliament but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the support of both political establishments behind it, albeit for rather different reasons.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: In the Norman period remained standard, with occasional use of ("King of England"). The Empress Matilda styled herself ("Lady of the English").

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) "King of Great Britain". The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was "Queen of Great Britain" rather than king).

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


Kaiwo Maru (1989)

Context: Her keel was laid by Sumitomo Heavy Industries on July 8, 1988 at the Uraga shipyard, near Yokohama, Japan. She was launched on March 7, 1989. "Kaiwo Maru" was commissioned on September 12, 1989. She is a four masted barque, over 110 meters in length, with a complement of 199. She is a sister ship of "Nippon Maru".

Question: 開陽丸はどこの港に停泊していた？


Kaiwo Maru (1989)

Context: "Kaiwo Maru" is a regular participant in international tall ship gatherings such as Operation Sail and is a multiple winner of the Boston Teapot Trophy. In 2010, "Kaiwo Maru" visited San Francisco, California to commemorate the 1860 voyage of the "Kanrin Maru", the first Japanese ship to officially visit the United States. About 90 percent of the journey was made under sail, and they brought one passenger, a retired businessman who is descended from one of the original "Kanrin Maru" crew members.

Question: 開陽丸はどこの港に停泊していた？


Kaiwo Maru (1989)

Context: In March 2011, "Kaiwo Maru" was on a voyage from Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii when an earthquake and tsunami struck Japan. She was subsequently diverted to Ōkuma, Fukushima where she served as accommodation for workers tackling the nuclear crisis at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant.

Question: 開陽丸はどこの港に停泊していた？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: FCA's mass-market brands operated through two main subsidiaries: FCA Italy (previously Fiat Group Automobiles SpA) with headquarters in Turin, and FCA US (previously Chrysler Group LLC) in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The company's portfolio included brands Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Dodge, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, and Ram Trucks. Ferrari was spun off in 2016. FCA operated in four global markets (NAFTA, LATAM, APAC, EMEA).

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: The executive management of the company was split between Michigan and Italy. The other operating activities of the new group remained unchanged with manufacturing, design, and engineering facilities remaining in Turin, Michigan, United States, and other locations worldwide.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: Executive members of the FCA Board of Directors as of October 2018 were John Elkann (Chairman) and Mike Manley (Chief Executive Officer), with non-executive directors Ronald L. Thompson, Andrea Agnelli, Tiberto Brandolini d'Adda, Glenn Earle, Valerie A. Mars, Ruth J. Simmons, Patience Wheatcroft, Stephen Wolf, and Ermenegildo Zegna, CEO of Ermenegildo Zegna.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: FCA carried out its mass-market automotive operations through two main subsidiaries: FCA Italy (previously Fiat Group Automobiles) and FCA US (previously Chrysler Group). The company announced both name changes in December 2014.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: FCA Italy included the Italy-based brands Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Lancia, and the engine manufacturing subsidiary VM Motori.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: FCA US included the US-based brands Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and Ram, plus the Mopar service and parts organization.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: Other companies included firms working on production automation (Comau) and a metal foundry (Teksid, 84.8% share). Other joint ventures and subsidiaries are undertaken via the FCA Italy and FCA US companies.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: In early 2019, FCA sold auto-parts maker Magneti Marelli for €6.2 billion to Calsonic Kansei, a Japan-based company owned by American buyout firm KKR.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: Fiat S.p.A. and Chrysler Group LLC merged into FCA on 12 October 2014 following approvals of the board on 15 June 2014 and shareholders on 1 August 2014.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: On 6 May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its 5-year business plan. The company expected that sales would increase to 7 million units, revenues to €132 billion, net income to €5 billion, and industrial debt would peak at €11 billion in 2015, and then reduce to €0.5-1 billion by end of 2018. The Group updated its business plan targets in January 2016 at the time it announced FY 2015.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: In 2014, Alfa Romeo launched the 4C and 4C Spider in North America. In 2015, the company announced the Giulia and in 2016 it added an SUV, Stelvio. It dropped the 4C from the lineup in 2019. FCA announced a mid-cycle refresh for both the Giulia and Stelvio for production year 2021.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: In 2014, Chrysler released a refreshed 300/300C. In 2016, the brand launched the Pacifica as the successor to the Town & Country.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: The first announcement was that the SRT brand was to rejoin Dodge. In 2015, a refreshed Charger and Challenger (with equivalent SRT versions) launched. The company also introduced SRT Hellcat versions of the Charger and Challenger. FCA also announced that 2014 would be the last model year for the Dodge Avenger. In 2018 with a refreshed Dodge Durango launched along with (an SRT version). In 2018 it launched a Challenger (and SRT version) and Charger (and SRT version) models.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: In 2015, Fiat launched the new Fiat 500X (produced in Melfi, Italy) and the Fiat Egea (produced in Turkey by JV partner Tofas and sold in Europe under the Fiat Tipo nameplate and Mexico as the Dodge Neon).

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: Lancia is a historic brand of Italian luxury and performance cars. With the discontinuation of the Lancia-badged Chrysler 300 and Voyager in the European market in 2015, the Ypsilon is the only model currently in production and is marketed solely in Italy.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: In 2014, Ram launched the ProMaster van and the smaller ProMaster City, derived from the Fiat Ducato and Doblò respectively. In 2017, the division launched a new Ram 1500 and a refreshed commercial light-duty truck. It followed in 2018 with a new Ram HD, commercial heavy-duty truck, and Ram chassis cab.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: On 13 January 2017, the company came under investigation by the US Justice Department due to allegedly failing to disclose software that violated emissions standards and allowed vehicles to exceed pollution limits. On 23 May 2017, the Justice Department filed a civil lawsuit alleging that FCA "used a 'defeat device' to circumvent emission controls" in more than 100,000 vehicles between 2014 and 2016.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: On 29 October 2014, the group announced the intention to separate Ferrari S.p.A. from FCA. The transaction completed on 3 January 2016. In January 2016, Ferrari became a separate investment of Exor, siding with FCA and CNH, after FCA listed 10% of the company on the NYSE in October 2015 and distributed its remaining 80% stake in Ferrari to FCA shareholders. Ferrari now trades on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "RACE".

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: FCA also operated in print media and advertising through its Italiana Editrice subsidiary (publisher of the Italian "La Stampa" and "Il Secolo XIX" newspapers) and interest in RCS Media Group.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: In July 2018, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV's European chief Alfredo Altavilla resigned after being passed over to replace Marchionne.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: In February 2019, Fiat Chrysler announced plans to invest $4.5 billion in manufacturing in Michigan. The plant is estimated to create nearly 6,500 jobs. Plans include $1.6 billion to build a Jeep factory in Detroit.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: In March 2020, the Detroit United Auto Workers union announced that after discussion with the leaders of General Motors, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, the carmakers would partially shut down factories on a "rotating" basis to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2020, the company released several advertisements designed to discourage people from using their products during the pandemic.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

Context: The FCA logo, which comprises stylised blue letters resembling FCA, was created by the Italian branding company Robilant Associati, ending the use of the Fiat S.p.A. logo and Chrysler Pentastar logo for group branding.

Question: フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズの創始者はだれ？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as and the G20. Both former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were born in Hamburg. The former Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, has been the current German chancellor since December 2021.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the "Altes Land" (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at AMSL. Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of . The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of .

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name "Hammaburg", "burg" meaning castle or fort. The origin of the "Hamma" term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" ("Neustadt") whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The inner German border – only east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic countries into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of . The population density was . The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on .

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: "Bezirksversammlung") and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: "Bezirksamtsleiter"). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In 2008, the boroughs were Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf and Harburg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "Hamburg-Mitte" ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "Altona" is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, Sternschanze.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "Bergedorf" consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland and Tatenberg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "Eimsbüttel" is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "Hamburg-Nord" contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst and Winterhude.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "Harburg" lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Wilstorf.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "Wandsbek" is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The many streams, rivers and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world. The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The tower is high. Its façade, long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor. The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 10,000 inhabitants and 15,000 workers. The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie "(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)", opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects "Herzog & de Meuron".

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the "Stadtpark", the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen. The "Stadtpark", Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The "Botanischer Garten Hamburg" is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the "Planten un Blomen" park from May to early October.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The state-owned "Deutsches Schauspielhaus", the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the "Kampnagel" are well-known theatres.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "BallinStadt (Emigration City)" is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other well-known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, "Musikhalle Hamburg". The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theaters, the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg. Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, , Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Age D'Or also belonged to these.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the Sternschanze

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg. The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events. Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbor and HafenCity.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: "Alsterwasser" (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade ("Zitronenlimonade"), the lemonade being added to the beer.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – "franz" appears to be a shortening of "französisch", meaning "French", which would make a "Franzbrötchen" a "French roll".

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V., the American Women's Club of Hamburg, the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club, and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. "The American Chamber of Commerce" handles matters related to business affairs. The International School of Hamburg serves school children.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt."

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley, who, beginning in 1842, reorganized the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" "(Stolpersteine)" were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 59,600 € or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average. The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The average income in 2016 of employees was €49,332.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016. International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. Michaelis (called the "Michel"), and visiting the old warehouse district ("Speicherstadt") and the harbour promenade ("Landungsbrücken"). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours ("Große Hafenrundfahrt", "Fleetfahrt") which start from the "Landungsbrücken". Major destinations also include museums.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The "Queen Mary 2" has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city. The and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V..

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film "Tomorrow Never Dies". The "Reeperbahn" has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film "Backbeat". The film "A Most Wanted Man" was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in "An American Tail" where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds. The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel ("Alter Elbtunnel") or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel ("Elbtunnel") the crossing of a motorway.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg's licence plate prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by Hanover since 1956).

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Public transport by rail, bus and ship is organised by the "Hamburger Verkehrsverbund" ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by "HADAG", that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. "VERA Klärschlammverbrennung" uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the "Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht" is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is "Müllverwertung Borsigstraße".

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz"). This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition "Tschuess Kohle ("Goodbye Coal")." Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017. Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe. The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Hamburg

Context: The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training ("Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung"). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016. There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.

Question: 帝国自由都市ハンブルクとはどこにありますか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The Infantry Regiment "Großdeutschland" (; ) was an élite German Army ceremonial and combat unit which saw action during World War II. Originally formed in 1921 it was known as the "Wachregiment Berlin". Renamed "Infanterie-Regiment Großdeutschland" in 1939, the regiment served in the campaigns in France and the Low Countries. It then served exclusively on the Eastern Front until the end of the war. It was destroyed near Pillau in May 1945.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: After the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ground forces (the "Reichsheer"), were limited to just 100,000 men. The Weimar Republic was far from secure. Veterans were forming private groups with their own political agendas (see Freikorps). Communist and Fascist groups battled in the streets, and the threat of political overthrow was to be taken seriously.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: To offset the threat of revolution, the "Wachregiment Berlin" was founded in early 1921. Besides defending the fledgling republic, the "Wachregiment" was used for ceremonial and representative duties such as parades and guard duties in the capital. The "Wachregiment" was short-lived, and was disbanded in June 1921. However, the unit was soon reformed as "Kommando der Wachtruppe" (lit. Guard Troop Command), a unit with the same duties as the "Wachregiment".

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The "Wachtruppe" comprised seven companies, each drawn from one of the seven divisions permitted Germany by the treaty. Each company served for three months before returning to their parent division. In this way, the "Wachtruppe" represented the whole "Reichsheer". The only permanent unit was the command band, which served as the official ceremonial military band of Berlin.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The "Kommando" was based at Moabit Barracks, and every Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, performed a changing of the guard ceremony for the public. This ceremony was quite modest, but on Sunday, Tuesday and Thursdays the entire "Wachtruppe", accompanied by the regimental band, marched from the barracks through the Brandenburg Gate and to the War Memorial at the Neue Wache, similar to the changing of the Queen's Guard at Buckingham Palace.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The "Wachtruppe" was left in place by the NSDAP leadership after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933. In 1934, the unit was renamed "Wachtruppe Berlin" and in 1936 the addition of a headquarters and administration company raised the unit size to a full battalion with 8 companies, the battalion HQ, and service support elements.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: In June 1937, the unit was again renamed, this time to "Wach Regiment Berlin". The recruitment system was reworked, with postings no longer on divisional lines, but instead individual soldiers were posted to the unit for 6-month tours of duty. A supply company was also added to the Regiment's order of battle.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: In World War I, Germany had been more of a political concept than a nation, and most divisions were still named for their region (e.g. Saxon, Prussian, Bavarian, Baden etc.). Under the NSDAP, the country had been finally united as a true "Deutschland", but this was only a part of the Party's plans for a Greater Germany, encompassing all Germanic peoples under one banner, and with its capital in Berlin, to be renamed "Germania" it was to become a "Großdeutschland".

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The "Wach Regiment Berlin" provided escorts and guards of honour for state visits, conferences and the Olympic Games.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: Despite the fact that Hitler's personal security was in the hands of the SS "Leibstandarte", on the outbreak of World War II a small detachment was drawn from the "Wach Regiment" to become Hitler's official state bodyguard. This unit was called the "Führer Begleit" ("Führer Escort") battalion, and was to eventually be expanded to divisional size (see "Führer-Begleit Division").

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: In the months leading up to World War II, while the rest of the "Wehrmacht Heer" marched into The Saarland, Austria and Czechoslovakia, the men of "Wach Regiment Berlin" marched up and down Unter den Linden Strasse every Sunday. However they were not to stay out of the front lines for long.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: In the first week of 1939, Hitler ordered that the Wach Regiment be renamed "Infanterie-Regiment Großdeutschland". The unit was now a permanent cadre, and unlike other regiments of the German Army (which were raised from a particular region), future recruits of the "Großdeutschland" were to be recruited across nationwide lines, with officers also drawn nationally. The unit was officially activated on 14 June 1939, and the occasion was marked by a parade through the streets of the capital.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The regiment was being reorganized in September 1939, and did not take part in Fall Weiss (the invasion of Poland), a fact that dented the pride of the regiment which bore the name of the nation on their sleeves. However, in May 1940, the regiment was attached to "Generalfeldmarschall" Ewald von Kleist's "Panzergruppe Kleist" and saw combat from the beginning of "Fall Gelb", the invasion of the West, on 10 May 1940.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: On the first day of the invasion, the majority of the "Großdeutschland" regiment was attached to the 10th Panzer Division and engaged in fighting in Luxembourg in an attempt to outflank southern Belgian fortifications. Meanwhile, III. Battalion was involved in an airborne attack further north in Belgium. The regiment was then involved in the crossing of the Meuse river. Near the town of Stonne, the regiment was involved in heavy fighting with French armoured forces, and acquitted itself well.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The regiment then marched north towards Dunkirk, and was involved in defeating the British counterattack at Arras. "Großdeutschland" was then involved in holding the Dunkirk pocket, before being transferred south to join the attack across the Seine.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: During the rout of the French Army, in June 1940, the regiment massacred African soldiers and their White officers it had taken prisoner near the Bois d'Eraine. Ten more Black Frenchmen were murdered near Lyon.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The French surrender found the regiment in Lyon. After a stopover in Paris to take part in the German victory parade, the regiment was then sent north to Celsace in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the projected invasion of Britain. After Sea Lion was called off, the regiment was moved to the south of France in preparation for Operation Felix, the planned invasion of Gibraltar.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: After the cancellation of Felix, the "Großdeutschland" was moved east to Romania to take part in the Yugoslav campaign then in progress. The regiment's operations in this campaign were mostly pursuing the broken Yugoslav forces. I. Battalion was involved in the occupation of Belgrade, before the regiment was moved back north into Poland in preparation for Operation Barbarossa.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: On 22 April 1941, soldiers of the Infantry Regiment Grossdeutschland committed a war crime in the town cemetery of Pančevo when 35 men and one woman were executed as a reprisal for the deaths of four German soldiers. Propaganda photos and film of the executions were used decades after the event to help chronicle the Wehrmacht's complicity in German atrocities during the war.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The Soviet winter offensive cost the regiment dearly, and in early February the skeletal II. Battalion was dissolved and the survivors used to bolster the other battalions. Later in the month, the two Grenadier Battalions were reformed into a single under strength battalion. After over 9 months of heavy fighting, "Großdeutschland" was pulled out of the line and reinforced. The disbanded battalions were reinstated and the regiment was allowed a few weeks rest.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: After the reorganization, the "Großdeutschland" Division was assigned to XLVIII.Panzerkorps during the opening phases of Fall Blau, the assault on Stalingrad. The division took part in the successful attacks to cross the upper Don river and to capture Voronezh. In August, the division was pulled back to the north bank of the Donets and held as a mobile reserve and counterattack force.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: In January–February 1943, "Großdeutschland" and XLVIII Panzerkorps, along with the II SS Panzer Corps took part in the Third Battle of Kharkov. The division fought alongside the 1.SS Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler", 2.SS Division "Das Reich" and 3.SS Division "Totenkopf" during these battles. After the fall of Kharkov, the "Großdeutschland" was pulled back and refitted. This included equipping the division with a company of Tiger I tanks.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The 1st Battalion of Grenadier Regiment GD was re-equipped at this time with a handful of Sd Kfz 251 vehicles, mainly command vehicles but also some troop carriers (SPW), and by the fighting at Kharkov, the battalion under Major Otto-Ernst Remer was fully mechanized in 83 Sd.Kfz 251s. The Füsilier Regiment did not receive SPWs until the spring of 1944.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: In June 1943, with the addition of armoured personnel carriers and a company of Tiger tanks, the division was redesignated Panzergrenadier-Division "Großdeutschland", and Großdeutschland 1 was renamed "Panzergrenadier Regiment "Großdeutschland". Their counterpart in the division was named "Panzerfüsilier Regiment Großdeutschland".

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: After the battle of Kursk, the division was transferred back to Heeresgruppe Mitte, and resumed its role as mobile reserve. GD fought around Karachev before being transferred back to XLVIII Panzerkorps in late August. For the rest of 1943, "Großdeutschland" was engaged in the fighting withdrawal from the eastern Ukraine, taking part in battles around Kharkov, Belgorod, and finally on the Dnieper, ending the year near Michurin-Rog, east of Kryvyi Rih.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: "Großdeutschland" continued fighting in the area of Krivoi-Rog early in January 1944 until it was transferred west for rest and refit. During this period, 1./Panzer Regiment 26 (Panther) joined the Panzer Regiment GD, and GD's I. Battalion moved to France to refit and train with the new tanks; they did not rejoin the division until after the Normandy invasion. The Panzergrenadier Regiment GD was a 4-battalion organization in 1944, though by June it was reduced to three.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The division, less the Panzer Regiment, was involved in heavy fighting from the Dniester to Northern Bessarabia. In early May 1944, the division, as a part of LVII.Panzerkorps took part in the Battle of Târgul Frumos, near Iaşi in Romania.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The division was next involved in the fighting around Podul. After a brief rest in early July, the division was transferred to northern Romania and then to East Prussia. Over the next months, "Großdeutschland" was involved in heavy fighting in both East Prussia and the Baltic States. The division was later forced to withdraw into Germany, where it was nearly destroyed during the battles in the Memel bridgehead.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: By March 1945, the Division "Großdeutschland" had been reduced to around 4,000 men. These escaped by ferry from the collapsing Memel bridgehead and landed at Pillau. By 25 April 1945, the division ceased to exist, having been destroyed in the battles around Pillau. A few hundred of the surviving personnel made their way to Schleswig-Holstein and surrendered to British forces. The remainder surrendered to the Soviet army.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: The cuff band was not awarded until after a soldier had completed his trade training and was accepted into the division. As with all items of German military dress, older patterns were permitted to be "worn out" once newer patterns were available, and the older green cuff titles could still be seen worn in Russia by veterans of the original GD Regiment.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland

Context: After expansion to a division, the regiment wore a white numeral "1" on the shoulder strap, later replaced with the wearing of white loops across the straps, to distinguish from the second GD regiment who wore red loops. Even after redesignation as a "Panzergrendier" regiment, the white "waffenfarbe" (branch colour) was retained.

Question: グロースドイッチュラント師団はいつできましたか？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Tristan da Cunha (), colloquially Tristan, is a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying approximately off the coast of Cape Town in South Africa, from Saint Helena and off the coast of the Falkland Islands.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The territory consists of the inhabited island, Tristan da Cunha, which has a diameter of roughly and an area of ; the wildlife reserves of Gough Island and Inaccessible Island; and the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands. , the main island has 250 permanent inhabitants, who all carry British Overseas Territories citizenship. The other islands are uninhabited, except for the South African personnel of a weather station on Gough Island.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory with its own constitution. There is no airstrip on the main island; the only way of travelling in and out of Tristan is by boat, a six-day trip from South Africa.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The uninhabited islands were first recorded as sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha, though rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, "Ilha de Tristão da Cunha." It was later anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the "Lás Rafael" captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The first undisputed landing was made on 7 February 1643 by the crew of the Dutch East India Company ship "Heemstede," captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot. The Dutch stopped at the island four more times in the next 25 years, and in 1656 created the first rough charts of the archipelago.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: On his voyage out from Europe to East Africa and India in command of the Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste and Antwerp ship, "Joseph et Therese", William Bolts sighted Tristan da Cunha, put a landing party ashore on 2 February 1777 and hoisted the Imperial flag, naming it and its neighboring islets the Isles de Brabant. In fact, no settlement or facilities were ever set up there by the company.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines, and a civilian population gradually grew. stopped there on 25 March 1824 and reported that it had a population of twenty-two men and three women. The barque "South Australia" stayed there on 18–20 February 1836 when a certain Glass was Governor, as reported in a chapter on the island by W. H. Leigh.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Gough Island was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 as Gough Island Wildlife Reserve. Extended in 2004 as Gough and Inaccessible Islands, with its marine zone extended from 3 to 12 nautical miles. Those island have been Ramsar sites – wetlands of international importance – since 20 November 2008.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: On 23 May 2001, the islands were hit by an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to . A number of structures were severely damaged, and numerous cattle were killed, prompting emergency aid provided by the British government. In 2005, the islands were given a United Kingdom post code (TDCU 1ZZ), to make it easier for the residents to order goods online.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: On 16 March 2011, the freighter ran aground on Nightingale Island, spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean. The resulting oil slick threatened the island's population of rockhopper penguins. Nightingale Island has no fresh water, so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: On 13 November 2020 it was announced that the of the waters surrounding the islands will become a Marine Protection Zone. The move will make the zone the largest no-take zone in the Atlantic and the fourth largest on the planet. The move follows 20 years of conservation work by the RSPB and the island government and five years of the UK government's Blue Belt program support.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: A total solar eclipse will pass over the island on 5 December 2048. The island is calculated to be on the centre line of the umbra's path for nearly three and a half minutes of totality.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Tristan da Cunha is thought to have been formed by a long-lived centre of upwelling mantle called the Tristan hotspot. Tristan da Cunha is the main island of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, which consists of the following islands:

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are SW by W and SSW away from the main island, respectively, whereas Gough Island is SSE.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Many of the flora and fauna of the archipelago have a broad circumpolar distribution in the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans. For example, the plant species "Nertera granadensis" was first collected in Tristan da Cunha, but has since been recorded as far away as New Zealand.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Mitigation plans in order to eradicate or decrease the invasive rodent population on the islands was seriously discussed in March 2008 taking into consideration the islands' community. Discussion of aerial bait drop on Tristan brought up concerns of health and safety of the children, livestock and the security of the water supply. Because the proposed plans for mitigation were not fully agreed upon by the Tristan community, eradication methods were shelved until 2019.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: A combination of the list on Kew's "Plants of the World Online" site with information from a paper by Wace and Holdgate yields the following list (by no means exhaustive) of plant species recorded as native to Tristan da Cunha.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The alien plants are able to survive and continue to grow and spread successfully on the islands because they have the ability to naturalize in temperate regions and have limited necessities needed to survive. The islands' isolation increases archipelago ecology uniqueness which increases susceptibility for foreign invaders. A small human population with minimal development encourages flora and fauna development within a limited food web which increases the invasive species abilities for self-defense.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The endemic Tristan thrush, also known as the "starchy", occurs on all of the northern islands and each has its own subspecies, with Tristan birds being slightly smaller and duller than those on Nightingale and Inaccessible. The endemic Inaccessible Island rail, the smallest extant flightless bird in the world, is found only on Inaccessible Island. In 1956, eight Gough moorhens were released at Sandy Point on Tristan, and have subsequently colonised the island.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The largest no take zone in the Atlantic, and at , the fourth largest in the world, was designated on 13 November 2020. The Marine Protected Area bans mining and fishing (except the local lobster fishery), with enforcement the responsibility of the UK government via satellite surveillance. According to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), the islands and surrounding ocean is one of the most pristine temperate ecosystems on the planet.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Various species of whales and dolphins can be seen around Tristan from time to time with increasing sighting rates, although recovery of baleen whales, especially the southern right whale, were severely hindered by illegal whaling by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the 1960 volcanic eruption. The subantarctic fur seal "(Arctophoca tropicalis)" can also be found in the Tristan archipelago, mostly on Gough Island.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. This bank does not have a physical presence on Tristan da Cunha, but residents of Tristan are entitled to its services. Although Tristan da Cunha is part of the same overseas territory as Saint Helena, it does not use the local Saint Helena pound, instead using the United Kingdom issue of the pound sterling.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The island is located in the South Atlantic Anomaly, an area of the Earth with an abnormally weak magnetic field. On 14 November 2008 a geomagnetic observatory was inaugurated on the island as part of a joint venture between the Danish Meteorological Institute and DTU Space.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The remote location of the islands makes transport to the outside world difficult. Tristan da Cunha has no airstrip and is not generally accessible to air travel, though the wider territory is served by Saint Helena Airport and RAF Ascension Island. Fishing boats from South Africa service the islands eight or nine times per year.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Since 2006, a very-small-aperture terminal has provided bandwidth for government purposes that is also made available via an internet cafe and (after office hours) via wifi to island homes. As of 2016, there is not yet any mobile telephone coverage on the islands.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The Government and Tristan da Cunha Association jointly run the island official website with all practical information, news and facts about the island. While the site is updated from mainland UK, due to slow internet the photos taken and uploaded from Tristan da Cunha are all in low resolution, which also allows it to navigate online in the territory with acceptable speed.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Amateur radio operator groups sometimes conduct DX-peditions on the island. One group operated as station ZD9ZS in September–October 2014.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The Island Council is made up of eight elected and three appointed members, who serve a three-year term which begins in February or March. A separate but simultaneous vote is held to select the Chief Islander, who is the community's political leader. James Glass was elected to the position in March 2019, returning after sixteen years to commence a record-breaking fourth term in the role.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The female descendants have been traced by genetic study to five female founders, believed to be mixed-race (African, Asian and European descent) and from Saint Helena. The historical data recounted that there were two pairs of sisters, but the mtDNA evidence showed only one pair of sisters.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Tristan da Cunha's isolation has led to development of its own English dialect. In popular writing, it has been described by the writer Simon Winchester as "a sonorous amalgam of Home Counties lockjaw and 19th century idiom, Afrikaans slang and Italian."

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Unique features of "Tristan da Cunha English" include, "inter alia", the non-diphthongization of the vowel of /eɪ/ (such as that "face" is pronounced ), and h-insertion in words like "[h]apple" and "[h]after" (such as that "island" and "highland" are homonyms).

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The only religion is Christianity, with the only denominations being Anglican and Roman Catholic. The Roman Catholic population is served by the Mission Sui Iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, which is administratively a part of the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands. Edwin Dodgson, youngest brother of Lewis Carroll, spent several years as a missionary on the island in the nineteenth century.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Healthcare is funded by the government, undertaken at most times by one resident doctor. Surgery or facilities for complex childbirth are therefore limited, and emergencies can necessitate communicating with passing fishing vessels so the injured person can be ferried to Cape Town.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: As of late 2007, IBM and Beacon Equity Partners, co-operating with Medweb, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the island's government on "Project Tristan", had supplied the island's doctor with access to long distance tele-medical help, making it possible to send EKG and X-ray pictures to doctors in other countries for instant consultation.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: There are normally two expatriate doctors on the island, who provide 24 hour cover. There are also normally two expatriate and four local nurses, as well as two dental technicians, a hospital manager and ancillary staff. The medical staff deal with day-to-day medical matters, handle emergency cases, and undertake minor surgery. More complex and serious cases are transported to Cape Town for treatment, as all expectant mothers for their deliveries.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: There are instances of health problems attributed to endogamy, including glaucoma. In addition, there is a very high (42%) incidence of asthma among the population and research by Noe Zamel of the University of Toronto has led to discoveries about the genetic nature of the disease. Three of the original settlers of the island were asthma sufferers.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The Tristan Times was an online newspaper for the island published from 2003 to 2019. The island government also posts news announcements on its website, which is maintained by the UK-based Tristan da Cunha Association.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: The island holds an annual break from government and factory work which begins before Christmas and lasts for three weeks. The beginning of the holiday, called Break-Up Day, is usually marked with parties and celebrations. The islanders would traditionally have parties on Boxing Day but not on Christmas Day.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: Some of these traditions were adapted from the older pagan customs, including the Roman Saturnalia and the Germanic Yuletide. Some also have an echo in modern-day pantomime where traditionally authority is mocked and the principal male lead is played by a woman, while the leading older female character, or 'Dame', is played by a man.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: It has been reported that football was introduced to the locals in the 1920s by Rev. Henry Rogers and remains the island’s favourite sport. Rose, Henry’s wife wrote about informal kick-a-bouts continuing for years and fast became a part of Tristanian culture. The islanders would split themselves into two teams and play friendly matches, especially on dates of special occasions, such as weddings, christenings etc.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Tristan da Cunha

Context: In 1940 Tristan da Cunha’s footballers played their first international game against the crew of a Norwegian ship. No record remains of the score. In the ensuing years, the game flourished with the Islanders playing matches against crews from vessels of various nationalities, including ships from the Royal Navy.

Question: トリスタンダクーニャに初めて人が住み始めたのはいつ？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Analytic philosophy is a branch and tradition of philosophy using analysis, popular in the Western world and particularly the Anglosphere, which began around the turn of the 20th century in the contemporary era in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Scandinavia, and continues today. There is, however, no clear distinction between continental and analytical philosophy.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Central figures in this historical development of analytic philosophy are Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Other important figures in its history include the logical positivists (particularly Rudolf Carnap), W. V. O. Quine, Saul Kripke, and Karl Popper.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Analytic philosophy is characterized by an emphasis on language, known as the linguistic turn, and for its clarity and rigor in arguments, making use of formal logic and mathematics, and, to a lesser degree, the natural sciences. It also takes things piecemeal, in "an attempt to focus philosophical reflection on smaller problems that lead to answers to bigger questions".

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Analytic philosophy is often understood in contrast to other philosophical traditions, most notably continental philosophies such as existentialism, phenomenology, and Hegelianism. The analytical tradition has been critiqued for ahistoricism.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: The history of analytic philosophy (taken in the narrower sense of "20th-/21st-century analytic philosophy") is usually thought to begin with the rejection of British idealism, a neo-Hegelian movement.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Russell sought to resolve various philosophical problems by applying such logical distinctions, most famously in his analysis of definite descriptions in "On Denoting" (1905).

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: From about 1910 to 1930, analytic philosophers like Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein emphasized creating an ideal language for philosophical analysis, which would be free from the ambiguities of ordinary language that, in their opinion, often made philosophy invalid. During this phase, Russell and Wittgenstein sought to understand language (and hence philosophical problems) by using logic to formalize how philosophical statements are made.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Russell became an advocate of logical atomism. Wittgenstein developed a comprehensive system of logical atomism in his "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" (, 1921). He thereby argued that the universe is the totality of actual states of affairs and that these states of affairs can be expressed by the language of first-order predicate logic. Thus a "picture" of the universe can be constructed by expressing facts in the form of atomic propositions and linking them using logical operators.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Ordinary-language philosophers often sought to dissolve philosophical problems by showing them to be the result of ordinary misunderstanding language. Examples include Ryle, who tried to dispose of "Descartes' myth", and Wittgenstein.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Although contemporary philosophers who self-identify as "analytic" have widely divergent interests, assumptions, and methods—and have often rejected the fundamental premises that defined analytic philosophy before 1960—analytic philosophy today is usually considered to be determined by a particular style, characterized by precision and thoroughness about a specific topic, and resistance to "imprecise or cavalier discussions of broad topics".

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: A few of the most important and active topics and subtopics of analytic philosophy are summarized by the following sections.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Due to the commitments to empiricism and symbolic logic in the early analytic period, early analytic philosophers often thought that inquiry in the ethical domain could not be made rigorous enough to merit any attention. It was only with the emergence of ordinary language philosophers that ethics started to become an acceptable area of inquiry for analytic philosophers. Philosophers working with the analytic tradition have gradually come to distinguish three major types of moral philosophy.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Twentieth-century meta-ethics has two origins. The first is G.E. Moore's investigation into the nature of ethical terms (e.g., good) in his "Principia Ethica" (1903), which identified the naturalistic fallacy. Along with Hume's famous is/ought distinction, the naturalistic fallacy was a major topic of investigation for analytical philosophers.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: The logical positivists opined that statements about value—including all ethical and aesthetic judgments—are non-cognitive; that is, they cannot be objectively verified or falsified. Instead, the logical positivists adopted an emotivist theory, which was that value judgments expressed the attitude of the speaker. For example, in this view, saying, "Killing is wrong", is equivalent to saying, "Boo to murder", or saying the word "murder" with a particular tone of disapproval.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: While analytic philosophers generally accepted non-cognitivism, emotivism had many deficiencies. It evolved into more sophisticated non-cognitivist theories such as the expressivism of Charles Stevenson, and the universal prescriptivism of R.M. Hare, which was based on J.L. Austin's philosophy of speech acts.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: These theories were not without their critics. Philippa Foot contributed several essays attacking all these theories. J.O. Urmson's article "On Grading" called the is/ought distinction into question.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: The first half of the 20th century was marked by skepticism toward and neglect of normative ethics. Related subjects, such as social and political philosophy, aesthetics, and philosophy of history, became only marginal topics of English-language philosophy during this period.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: A significant feature of analytic philosophy since approximately 1970 has been the emergence of applied ethics—an interest in the application of moral principles to specific practical issues. The philosophers following this orientation view ethics as involving humanistic values, which involve practical implications and applications in the way people interact and lead their lives socially.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Topics of special interest for applied ethics include environmental issues, animal rights, and the many challenges created by advancing medical science. In education, applied ethics addressed themes such as punishment in schools, equality of educational opportunity, and education for democracy.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Plantinga, Mackie and Flew debated the logical validity of the "free will defense" as a way to solve the problem of evil. Alston, grappling with the consequences of analytic philosophy of language, worked on the nature of religious language. Adams worked on the relationship of faith and morality. Analytic epistemology and metaphysics has formed the basis for some philosophically sophisticated theistic arguments, like those of the reformed epistemologists like Plantinga.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Cohen himself would later engage directly with Rawlsian political philosophy to advance a socialist theory of justice that contrasts with both traditional Marxism and the theories advanced by Rawls and Nozick. In particular, he indicates Marx's principle of from each according to his ability, to each according to his need.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: One striking difference with respect to early analytic philosophy was the revival of metaphysical theorizing during the second half of the 20th century. Philosophers such as David Kellogg Lewis and David Armstrong developed elaborate theories on a range of topics such as universals, causation, possibility and necessity, and abstract objects.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Metaphysics remains a fertile topic of research, having recovered from the attacks of A.J. Ayer and the logical positivists. Although many discussions are continuations of old ones from previous decades and centuries, the debate remains active. The philosophy of fiction, the problem of empty names, and the debate over existence's status as a property have all become major concerns, while perennial issues such as free will, possible worlds, and the philosophy of time have been revived.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Science has also had an increasingly significant role in metaphysics. The theory of special relativity has had a profound effect on the philosophy of time, and quantum physics is routinely discussed in the free will debate. The weight given to scientific evidence is largely due to widespread commitments among philosophers to scientific realism and naturalism.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Philosophy of language is a topic that has decreased in activity during the last four decades, as evidenced by the fact that few major philosophers today treat it as a primary research topic. Indeed, while the debate remains fierce, it is still strongly influenced by those authors from the first half of the century: Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, J.L. Austin, Alfred Tarski, and W.V.O. Quine.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: In Saul Kripke's publication "Naming and Necessity", he argued influentially that flaws in common theories of proper names are indicative of larger misunderstandings of the metaphysics of necessity and possibility. By wedding the techniques of modal logic to a causal theory of reference, Kripke was widely regarded as reviving theories of essence and identity as respectable topics of philosophical discussion.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


Analytic philosophy

Context: Another influential philosopher, Pavel Tichý initiated Transparent Intensional Logic, an original theory of the logical analysis of natural languages—the theory is devoted to the problem of saying exactly what it is that we learn, know and can communicate when we come to understand what a sentence means.

Question: 分析哲学はどこで生まれた？


History of mathematics

Context: The earliest evidence of written mathematics dates back to the ancient Sumerians, who built the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia. They developed a complex system of metrology from 3000 BC. From around 2500 BC onward, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period.

Question: 数学の発祥はどこ？


NACK5 Stadium Omiya

Context: is a football stadium located in Ōmiya-ku, Saitama city, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. It is the home stadium of J2 League club Omiya Ardija.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場が建設されたのはいつ


NACK5 Stadium Omiya

Context: It was formerly known as Omiya Football Stadium. Since 14 May 2007 it has been called for the naming rights.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場が建設されたのはいつ


NACK5 Stadium Omiya

Context: The grandstands were added to host several matches of 1964 Summer Olympics and 1967 National Sports Festival of Japan.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場が建設されたのはいつ


NACK5 Stadium Omiya

Context: In 2006-2007 it was closed for expansion works to meet the J. League Division 1 requirements for Ardija to host its home matches. Ardija used Saitama Stadium 2002 and Urawa Komaba Stadium until works were complete.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場が建設されたのはいつ


NACK5 Stadium Omiya

Context: From 14 May 2007 it would be called to reflect a six-year sponsorship from (JODV-FM, 79.5 MHz), an independent commercial radio station based in Ōmiya-ku and covering Saitama Prefecture.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場が建設されたのはいつ


NACK5 Stadium Omiya

Context: On 11 November, the re-opening match was held as a J. League season match between the Ardija and Oita Trinita (1-2).

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場が建設されたのはいつ


NACK5 Stadium Omiya

Context: A fun fact about the stadium is that this is the venue for the High School National Championships on the football manga-anime "Captain Tsubasa"

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場が建設されたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: The Brothers Karamazov (, "Brat'ya Karamazovy", ), also translated as The Karamazov Brothers, is the last novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. Dostoevsky spent nearly two years writing "The Brothers Karamazov", which was published as a serial in "The Russian Messenger" from January 1879 to November 1880. Dostoevsky died less than four months after its publication.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Set in 19th-century Russia, "The Brothers Karamazov" is a passionate philosophical novel that enters deeply into questions of God, free will, and morality. It is a theological drama dealing with problems of faith, doubt, and reason in the context of a modernizing Russia, with a plot that revolves around the subject of patricide. Dostoevsky composed much of the novel in Staraya Russa, which inspired the main setting. It has been acclaimed as one of the supreme achievements in world literature.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: In the October 1877 "Writer's Diary" article "To the Reader", Dostoevsky mentions a "literary work that has imperceptibly and involuntarily been taking shape within me over these two years of publishing the "Diary"." The "Diary" covered a multitude of themes and issues, some of which would be explored in greater depth in "The Brothers Karamazov". These include patricide, law and order, and a variety of social problems.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: The writing of "The Brothers Karamazov" was altered by a personal tragedy: in May 1878, Dostoevsky's 3-year-old son Alyosha died of epilepsy, a condition inherited from his father. The novelist's grief is apparent throughout the book. Dostoevsky named the hero Alyosha, as well as imbuing him with qualities that he sought and most admired. His loss is also reflected in the story of Captain Snegiryov and his young son Ilyusha.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: The death of his son brought Dostoevsky to the Optina Monastery later that year. There he found inspiration for several aspects of "The Brothers Karamazov", though at the time he intended to write a novel about childhood instead. Parts of the biographical section of Zosima's life are based on "The Life of the Elder Leonid", a text he found at Optina and copied "almost word for word."

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Fyodor Pavlovich, a 55-year-old sensualist and buffoon, is the father of three sons—Dmitri, Ivan and Alexei—from two marriages. He is rumored to have also fathered an illegitimate son, Pavel Fyodorovich Smerdyakov, whom he employs as his servant. Fyodor Pavlovich takes no interest in any of his sons, who are, as a result, raised apart from each other and their father. The relationship between Fyodor and his adult sons drives much of the plot in the novel.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: The character of Dimitri was initially inspired by a convict, D.I. Ilyinsky, whom Dostoevsky met while in prison in Siberia. Ilyinsky, who is described in Dostoevsky's memoir-novel "Notes From the House of the Dead" as "always in the liveliest, merriest spirits", was in prison for murdering his father in order to obtain his inheritance, although he always steadfastly maintained his innocence. He was later freed after another man confessed to the crime.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: In creating the character of Alyosha, Dostoevsky was in large part addressing himself to the contemporary Russian radical youth, as a positive alternative to the atheistic approach to justice and attainment of the good. Alyosha embodies the same aspiration to a society governed by goodness and compassion that is contained in the Socialist ideal, but not divorced from faith in God, from faith in the immortality of the soul in God, or from the Orthodox Christian tradition in Russia.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Katerina Ivanovna (sometimes referred to as Katya) is Dmitri's beautiful fiancée, despite his open forays with Grushenka. Her engagement to Dmitri is chiefly a matter of pride on both their parts, Dmitri having bailed her father out of a debt. Katerina is extremely proud and seeks to act as a noble martyr. Because of this, she cannot bring herself to act on her love for Ivan, and constantly creates moral barriers between him and herself.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Father Zosima is an Elder and spiritual advisor ("starets") in the town monastery and Alyosha's teacher. He is something of a celebrity among the townspeople for his reputed prophetic and healing abilities. His spiritual status inspires both admiration and jealousy among his fellow monks. Zosima provides a refutation to Ivan's atheistic arguments and helps to explain Alyosha's character. Zosima's teachings shape the way Alyosha deals with the young boys he meets in the Ilyusha storyline.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Ilyusha (sometimes called Ilyushechka) is a local schoolboy, and the central figure of a crucial subplot in the novel. Dimitri assaults and humiliates his father, the impoverished officer Captain Snegiryov, who has been hired by Fyodor Pavlovich to threaten Dmitri over his debts, and the Snegiryov family is brought to shame as a result.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Why hast Thou come now to hinder us? For Thou hast come to hinder us, and Thou knowest that...We are working not with Thee but with him [Satan]...We took from him what Thou didst reject with scorn, that last gift he offered Thee, showing Thee all the kingdoms of the earth. We took from him Rome and the sword of Caesar, and proclaimed ourselves sole rulers of the earth...We shall triumph and shall be Caesars, and then we shall plan the universal happiness of man.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: The Grand Inquisitor accuses Jesus of having inflicted on humankind the "burden" of free will. At the end of the Grand Inquisitor's lengthy arguments, Jesus silently steps forward and kisses the old man on the lips. The Inquisitor, stunned and moved, tells him he must never come there again, and lets him out. Alyosha, after hearing the story, goes to Ivan and kisses him softly on the lips. Ivan shouts with delight. The brothers part with mutual affection and respect.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: "Dostoevsky could hear dialogic relationships everywhere, in all manifestations of conscious and intelligent human life. Where consciousness began, there dialogue began also. Only purely mechanistic relationships are not dialogic, and Dostoevsky categorically denied their importance for understanding and interpreting life and the acts of man."

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: "The Brothers Karamazov" has had a deep influence on many public figures over the years for widely varying reasons. Admirers include scientists such as Albert Einstein, philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Martin Heidegger, as well as writers such as Virginia Woolf, Cormac McCarthy, Kurt Vonnegut, Haruki Murakami, and Frederick Buechner.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: British writer C.P. Snow writes of Einstein's admiration for the novel: ""The Brothers Karamazov"—that for him in 1919 was the supreme summit of all literature. It remained so when I talked to him in 1937, and probably until the end of his life."

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Franz Kafka felt indebted to Dostoevsky and "The Brothers Karamazov" for its influence on his own work. Kafka called himself and Dostoevsky "blood relatives", perhaps because of the Russian writer's similar existential motifs. Kafka felt immensely drawn to the hatred the brothers demonstrated toward their father in the novel, dealing with his version of the strained father-son relationship, such as he personally experienced, in many of his works (most explicitly in the short story "The Judgment").

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein is said to have read "The Brothers Karamazov" "so often he knew whole passages of it by heart". A copy of the novel was one of the few possessions Wittgenstein brought with him to the front during World War I.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Martin Heidegger identified Dostoevsky's thought as one of the most important sources for his early and best known book, "Being and Time". Of the two portraits Heidegger kept on the wall of his office, one was of Dostoevsky.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Nobel Prize laureate William Faulkner reread the book regularly, claiming it as his greatest literary inspiration next to Shakespeare's works and the Bible. He once wrote that he felt American literature had produced nothing yet great enough that might compare to Dostoyevsky's novel.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: In an essay on "The Brothers Karamazov," written after the Russian Revolution and the First World War, Nobel Prize-winning author Hermann Hesse described Dostoevsky as not a "poet" but a "prophet". British writer W. Somerset Maugham included the book in his list of ten greatest novels in the world.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Contemporary Turkish Nobel Prize-winning writer Orhan Pamuk said during a lecture in St. Petersburg that the first time he read "The Brothers Karamazov", his life was changed. He felt Dostoyevsky, through his storytelling, revealed completely unique insight into life and human nature.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: American philosophical novelist Walker Percy said in an interview:I suppose my model is nearly always Dostoevsky, who was a man of very strong convictions, but his characters illustrated and incarnated the most powerful themes and issues and trends of his day. I think maybe the greatest novel of all time is "The Brothers Karamazov" which...almost prophesies and prefigures everything—all the bloody mess and the issues of the 20th century.Pope Benedict XVI cited the book in the 2007 encyclical "Spe Salvi".

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had read Dostoevsky since his youth and considered the author as a great psychologist. His copy of "The Brothers Karamazov" reveals extensive highlights and notes in the margins that he made while reading the work, which have been studied and analyzed by multiple researchers. Russian president Vladimir Putin has described "The Brothers Karamazov" as one of his favorite books.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: According to Serbian state news agency Tanjug, Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić described Dostoevsky as his best-loved novelist, saying: ""The Brothers Karamazov" may be the best work of world literature." American First Lady Laura Bush has said she is an admirer of the novel.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Although "The Brothers Karamazov" has been translated from the original Russian into a number of languages, the novel's diverse array of distinct voices and literary techniques makes its translation difficult. Constance Garnett did the first English translation, in 1912.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: In 1958, David Magarshack and Manuel Komroff released translations of the novel, published respectively by Penguin and The New American Library of World Literature. In 1976, Ralph Matlaw thoroughly revised Garnett's work for his Norton Critical Edition volume. This in turn was the basis for Victor Terras' influential "A Karamazov Companion". Another translation is by Julius Katzer, published by Progress Publishers in 1981 and later re-printed by Raduga Publishers Moscow.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: In 1990 Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky released a new translation; it won a PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize in 1991 and garnered positive reviews from "The New York Times Book Review" and the Dostoevsky scholar Joseph Frank, who praised it for being the most faithful to Dostoevsky's original Russian.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: In "The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translations", academic Peter France comments on several translations of Dostoevsky's work. In regard to Constance Garnett's translations, he writes:

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: [I]t is not certain that Magarshack has worn as well as Garnett. He certainly corrects some of her errors; he also aims for a more up-to-date style which flows more easily in English...Being even more thoroughly englished than Garnett's, Magarshack's translations lack some of the excitement of the foreign.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: On Andrew R. MacAndrew's American version, he comments: "He translates fairly freely, altering details, rearranging, shortening and explaining the Russian to produce texts which lack a distinctive voice."

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ