Russo-Georgian War

Context: The use of M85S cluster bombs by the Georgians and RBK 250 cluster bombs by the Russians caused fatalities among civilians. Georgia reportedly used cluster munitions twice to hit non-combatants escaping via the important Dzara road and confessed attacking Russian forces and the vicinity of the Roki Tunnel by cluster bombs. Russia denied using cluster bombs.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: Georgia and South Ossetia have filed complaints about alleged war crimes committed by the other side with international courts, including the International Criminal Court, the International Court of Justice, and the European Court of Human Rights.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: The war displaced a 192,000 people including both Ossetians and Georgians. Many were able to go back to their homes after the war, but a year later around 30,000 ethnic Georgians were still uprooted. As of May 2014, 20,272 persons were still displaced, with their return being blocked by "de facto" authorities.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: The 1st Infantry Brigade, the only one instructed to NATO standards, was serving in Iraq at the beginning of the war; on 11 August, the United States Air Force flew it to Georgia. The best Georgian troops were overdue from Iraq and could not participate in the fighting. The presence of prime 2,000 Georgian military and the bulk of Georgian high-level government officials abroad before the war meant that Georgia did not intend to begin hostilities.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: A sizeable portion of the Russian 58th Army, one of the foremost military units in Russia, was included in the Russian order of battle. It exceeds the Georgian Army in the number of forces, heavy hardware and planes. The 58th Army fought in Second Chechen War.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: Communication between the North Caucasus Military District commander and the air force was poor and their roles were unclear. Colonel-General Aleksandr Zelin, commander-in-chief of the Air Force, did not set foot in the command post, instead running Air-force operations on a mobile phone from his workroom without any help from his air-defence aides. The air force was blamed of rendering no assistance to land campaign.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: Swedish analysts Carolina Vendil Pallin and Fredrik Westerlund said that although the Russian Black Sea Fleet did not meet significant resistance, it proved effective at implementing elaborate operations. Mechanised infantry opened a new front in Abkhazia, which contributed to the quickness of the Russian military success.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: After the ceasefire agreement Stratfor states that Russia "has largely destroyed Georgia's war-fighting capability". After the ceasefire was signed on 12 August, in Georgia proper, Russian troops attempted to seize and destroy Georgian armament, a process termed by the "Moscow Defence Brief" as the "demilitarization of the Georgian Armed Forces". Most losses of armaments were sustained after the ceasefire.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: About 20 armoured fighting vehicles, including tanks, were destroyed in the fighting. Before the conflict, Georgia possessed 230–240 tanks in total. At the time of the conflict, Georgia operated 191 T-72 tanks, of which 75 were deployed into South Ossetia. Georgia lost at least 10 T-72 tanks destroyed in and near Tskhinvali. After the end of hostilities, the Russian military seized a total of 65 Georgian tanks. About 20 of those were subsequently destroyed.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: The Georgian army possessed 154 IFVs, 16 reconnaissance vehicles, 66 APCs and 86 multi-purpose tracked armoured vehicles before the conflict. Less than 10 armoured vehicles were destroyed in combat. Two BMP-2s were destroyed in combat and two were captured. At least 20 BMPs were captured after the hostilities, including several BMP-1s that were upgraded to BMP-1U. Georgia lost two Otokar Cobra armoured vehicles. Dozens of automobiles and lorries were also lost.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: Two DANA self-propelled howitzers of the Georgian army were destroyed in combat and two DANAs were captured in and near Gori. Further 20 artillery pieces, including 120 mm mortars, were left behind. Six 2S7 Pions were captured after the hostilities. Two Buk-M1 launch vehicles and their transport loaders, as well as up to five OSA-AKM SAMs were also captured. The Russian military seized 1,728 firearms at the Senaki Second Infantry Brigade base.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: The Georgian Navy lost one boat at sea according to Russia. In Poti, four boats were submerged. Nine rigid-hull inflatables were captured.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: Georgian Defence Minister Davit Kezerashvili said that Georgia lost materiel worth $250 million. According to Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili, his country saved 95 percent of its armed forces.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Russo-Georgian War

Context: In 2009, Russian Army Chief of General Staff Nikolai Makarov stated that Georgia was rearming, although the armament was not directly provided by the United States. According to Makarov, the Georgian Armed Forces had exceeded their pre-war strength by 2009.

Question: Сколько авиатехники было потеряно грузинской стороной?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The Byzantine Empire was known to its inhabitants as the "Roman Empire" or the "Empire of the Romans" (; ), Romania (; ), the Roman Republic (; ), or in Greek "Rhōmais" (). The inhabitants called themselves "Romaioi" and even as late as the 19th century Greeks typically referred to Modern Greek as "Romaiika" "Romaic". After 1204 when the Byzantine Empire was mostly confined to its purely Greek provinces the term 'Hellenes' was increasingly used instead.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: No such distinction existed in the Islamic and Slavic worlds, where the Empire was more straightforwardly seen as the continuation of the Roman Empire. In the Islamic world, the Roman Empire was known primarily as "Rûm". The name millet-i Rûm, or "Roman nation," was used by the Ottomans until the 20th century to refer to the former subjects of the Byzantine Empire, that is, the Orthodox Christian community within Ottoman realms.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: By the third century AD, the Roman army had conquered many territories covering the Mediterranean region and coastal regions in southwestern Europe and North Africa. These territories were home to many different cultural groups, both urban populations, and rural populations. Generally speaking, the eastern Mediterranean provinces were more urbanised than the western, having previously been united under the Macedonian Empire and Hellenised by the influence of Greek culture.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The West also suffered more heavily from the instability of the 3rd century. This distinction between the established Hellenised East and the younger Latinised West persisted and became increasingly important in later centuries, leading to a gradual estrangement of the two worlds.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: To fend off the Huns, Theodosius had to pay an enormous annual tribute to Attila. His successor, Marcian, refused to continue to pay the tribute, but Attila had already diverted his attention to the Western Roman Empire. After Attila's death in 453, the Hun Empire collapsed, and many of the remaining Huns were often hired as mercenaries by Constantinople.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: After the fall of Attila, the Eastern Empire enjoyed a period of peace, while the Western Empire continued to deteriorate due to the expanding migration and invasions of the barbarians, most prominently the Germanic nations. The West's end is usually dated 476 when the East Germanic Roman "foederati" general Odoacer deposed the Western Emperor Romulus Augustulus, a year after the latter usurped the position from Julius Nepos.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In 480 with the death of Julius Nepos, Eastern Emperor Zeno became sole claimant to Emperor of the empire. Odoacer, now ruler of Italy, was nominally Zeno's subordinate but acted with complete autonomy, eventually providing support to a rebellion against the Emperor.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In 529, Justinian appointed a ten-man commission chaired by John the Cappadocian to revise Roman law and create a new codification of laws and jurists' extracts, known as the "Corpus Juris Civilis", or the Justinian Code. In 534, the "Corpus" was updated and, along with the enactments promulgated by Justinian after 534, formed the system of law used for most of the rest of the Byzantine era. The "Corpus" forms the basis of civil law of many modern states.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: After Maurice's murder by Phocas, Khosrau used the pretext to reconquer the Roman province of Mesopotamia. Phocas, an unpopular ruler invariably described in Byzantine sources as a "tyrant", was the target of a number of Senate-led plots. He was eventually deposed in 610 by Heraclius, who sailed to Constantinople from Carthage with an icon affixed to the prow of his ship.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The withdrawal of large numbers of troops from the Balkans to combat the Persians and then the Arabs in the east opened the door for the gradual southward expansion of Slavic peoples into the peninsula, and, as in Asia Minor, many cities shrank to small fortified settlements. In the 670s, the Bulgars were pushed south of the Danube by the arrival of the Khazars. In 680, Byzantine forces sent to disperse these new settlements were defeated.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In 681, Constantine IV signed a treaty with the Bulgar khan Asparukh, and the new Bulgarian state assumed sovereignty over several Slavic tribes that had previously, at least in name, recognised Byzantine rule. In 687–688, the final Heraclian emperor, Justinian II, led an expedition against the Slavs and Bulgarians, and made significant gains, although the fact that he had to fight his way from Thrace to Macedonia demonstrates the degree to which Byzantine power in the north Balkans had declined.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In the early 9th century, Leo V reintroduced the policy of iconoclasm, but in 843 Empress Theodora restored the veneration of icons with the help of Patriarch Methodios. Iconoclasm played a part in the further alienation of East from West, which worsened during the so-called Photian schism, when Pope Nicholas I challenged the elevation of Photios to the patriarchate.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Taking advantage of the Empire's weakness after the Revolt of Thomas the Slav in the early 820s, the Arabs re-emerged and captured Crete. They also successfully attacked Sicily but in 863 general Petronas gained a decisive victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against Umar al-Aqta, the emir of Melitene (Malatya). Under the leadership of emperor Krum, the Bulgarian threat also re-emerged, but in 815–816 Krum's son, Omurtag, signed a peace treaty with Leo V.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In the 830s the Abbasid Caliphate started military excursions culminating with a victory in the Sack of Amorium. The Byzantines then counter-attacked and sacked Damietta in Egypt. Later the Abbasid Caliphate responded by sending their troops into Anatolia again, sacking and marauding until they were eventually annihilated by the Byzantines at the Battle of Lalakaon in 863.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In the early years of Basil I's reign, Arab raids on the coasts of Dalmatia and the siege of Ragusa (866–868) were defeated and the region once again came under secure Byzantine control. This enabled Byzantine missionaries to penetrate to the interior and convert the Serbs and the principalities of modern-day Herzegovina and Montenegro to Christianity.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: By contrast, the Byzantine position in Southern Italy was gradually consolidated; by 873 Bari was once again under Byzantine rule and most of Southern Italy remained in the empire for the next 200 years. On the more important eastern front, the empire rebuilt its defences and went on the offensive. The Paulicians were defeated at the Battle of Bathys Ryax and their capital of Tephrike (Divrigi) taken, while the offensive against the Abbasid Caliphate began with the recapture of Samosata.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Under Basil's son and successor, Leo VI the Wise, the gains in the east against the enfeebled Abbasid Caliphate continued. Sicily was lost to the Arabs in 902, and, in 904 Thessaloniki, the Empire's second city was sacked by an Arab fleet. The naval weakness of the empire was rectified. Despite this revenge, the Byzantines were still unable to strike a decisive blow against the Muslims, who inflicted a crushing defeat on the imperial forces when they attempted to regain Crete in 911.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The death of the Bulgarian tsar Simeon I in 927 severely weakened the Bulgarians, allowing the Byzantines to concentrate on the eastern front. Melitene was permanently recaptured in 934 and in 943 the famous general John Kourkouas continued the offensive in Mesopotamia with some noteworthy victories, culminating in the reconquest of Edessa. Kourkouas was especially celebrated for returning to Constantinople the venerated Mandylion, a relic purportedly imprinted with a portrait of Jesus.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The Macedonian period also included events of momentous religious significance. The conversion of the Bulgarians, Serbs and Rus' to Orthodox Christianity drew the religious map of Europe which still resonates today. Cyril and Methodius, two Byzantine Greek brothers from Thessaloniki, contributed significantly to the Christianisation of the Slavs and in the process devised the Glagolitic alphabet, ancestor to the Cyrillic script.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In 1054, relations between the Eastern and Western traditions of the Chalcedonian Christian Church reached a terminal crisis, known as the East–West Schism. Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation, on 16 July, when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of excommunication on the altar, the so-called Great Schism was actually the culmination of centuries of gradual separation.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: About 1053, Constantine IX disbanded what the historian John Skylitzes calls the "Iberian Army", which consisted of 50,000 men, and it was turned into a contemporary Drungary of the Watch. Two other knowledgeable contemporaries, the former officials Michael Attaleiates and Kekaumenos, agree with Skylitzes that by demobilising these soldiers Constantine did catastrophic harm to the Empire's eastern defences.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Urban saw Alexios's request as a dual opportunity to cement Western Europe and reunite the Eastern Orthodox Church with the Roman Catholic Church under his rule. On 27 November 1095, Pope Urban II called together the Council of Clermont, and urged all those present to take up arms under the sign of the Cross and launch an armed pilgrimage to recover Jerusalem and the East from the Muslims. The response in Western Europe was overwhelming.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Alexios was able to recover a number of important cities, islands and much of western Asia Minor. The Crusaders agreed to become Alexios' vassals under the Treaty of Devol in 1108, which marked the end of the Norman threat during Alexios' reign.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Alexios's son John II Komnenos succeeded him in 1118 and ruled until 1143. John was a pious and dedicated Emperor who was determined to undo the damage to the empire suffered at the Battle of Manzikert, half a century earlier. Famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign, John was an exceptional example of a moral ruler at a time when cruelty was the norm. For this reason, he has been called the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: During his twenty-five-year reign, John made alliances with the Holy Roman Empire in the West and decisively defeated the Pechenegs at the Battle of Beroia. He thwarted Hungarian and Serbian threats during the 1120s, and in 1130 he allied himself with the German emperor Lothair III against the Norman king Roger II of Sicily.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: By the time of the fall of Constantinople, the only remaining territory of the Byzantine Empire was the Despotate of the Morea (Peloponnese), which was ruled by brothers of the last Emperor, Thomas Palaiologos and Demetrios Palaiologos. The Despotate continued as an independent state by paying an annual tribute to the Ottomans. Incompetent rule, failure to pay the annual tribute, and a revolt against the Ottomans finally led to Mehmed II's invasion of Morea in May 1460.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Despite the occasionally derogatory use of the terms "Byzantine" and "Byzantinism", the Byzantine bureaucracy had a distinct ability for adapting to the Empire's changing situations. The elaborate system of titulature and precedence gave the court prestige and influence. Officials were arranged in strict order around the emperor and depended upon the royal will for their ranks. There were also actual administrative jobs, but authority could be vested in individuals rather than offices.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In the 8th and 9th centuries, civil service had constituted the clearest path to aristocratic status. However, beginning from the 9th century, the civil aristocracy was rivalled by an aristocracy of nobility. According to some studies of the Byzantine government, 11th-century politics were dominated by competition between the civil and the military aristocracy. During this period, Alexios I undertook important administrative reforms, including the creation of new courtly dignities and offices.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In 438, the "Codex Theodosianus", named after Theodosius II, codified Byzantine law. It went into force not just in the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire, but also in the Western Roman Empire. It not only summarised the laws but also gave direction on interpretation.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Under the reign of Justinian I it was Tribonian, a notable jurist, who supervised the revision of the legal code known today as the "Corpus Juris Civilis". Justinian's reforms had a clear effect on the evolution of jurisprudence, with his "Corpus Juris Civilis" becoming the basis for revived Roman law in the Western world, while Leo III's "Ecloga" influenced the formation of legal institutions in the Slavic world.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In the 10th century, Leo VI the Wise achieved the complete codification of the whole of Byzantine law in Greek with the "Basilika", which became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law with an influence extending through to modern Balkan legal codes.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Byzantine science played an important and crucial role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance Italy. Many of the most distinguished classical scholars held high office in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Pendentive architecture, a specific spherical form in the upper corners to support a dome, is a Byzantine invention. Although the first experimentation was made in the 200s, it was in the 6th century in the Byzantine Empire that its potential was fully achieved.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: A mechanical sundial device consisting of complex gears made by the Byzantines has been excavated which indicates that the Antikythera mechanism, a sort of analogue device used in astronomy and invented around the late second century BC, continued to be (re)active in the Byzantine period. J. R. Partington writes that

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Leo the Mathematician has also been credited with the system of beacons, a sort of optical telegraph, stretching across Anatolia from Cilicia to Constantinople, which gave warning of enemy raids, and which was used as diplomatic communication as well.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The Byzantines knew and used the concept of hydraulics: in the 900s the diplomat Liutprand of Cremona, when visiting the Byzantine emperor, explained that he saw the emperor sitting on a hydraulic throne and that it was "made in such a cunning manner that at one moment it was down on the ground, while at another it rose higher and was seen to be up in the air".

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: John Philoponus, an Alexandrian philologist, Aristotelian commentator and Christian theologian, author of a considerable number of philosophical treatises and theological works, was the first who questioned Aristotle's teaching of physics, despite its flaws. Unlike Aristotle, who based his physics on verbal argument, Philoponus relied on observation. In his "Commentaries" on Aristotle, Philoponus wrote:

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: John Philoponus' criticism of Aristotelian principles of physics was an inspiration for Galileo Galilei's refutation of Aristotelian physics during the Scientific Revolution many centuries later, as Galileo cited Philoponus substantially in his works.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The ship mill is a Byzantine invention, designed to mill grains using hydraulic power. The technology eventually spread to the rest of Europe and was in use until c. 1800.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The Byzantines pioneered the concept of the hospital as an institution offering medical care and the possibility of a cure for the patients, as a reflection of the ideals of Christian charity, rather than merely a place to die.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Although the concept of uroscopy was known to Galen, he did not see the importance of using it to diagnose disease. It was Byzantine physicians, such as Theophilus Protospatharius, who realised the diagnostic potential of uroscopy in a time when no microscope or stethoscope existed. That practice eventually spread to the rest of Europe.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In medicine, the works of Byzantine doctors, such as the Vienna Dioscorides (6th century), and works of Paul of Aegina (7th century) and Nicholas Myrepsos (late 13th century), continued to be used as the authoritative texts by Europeans through the Renaissance. The latter one invented the Aurea Alexandrina which was a kind of opiate or antidote.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The first example of a grenade also appeared in the Byzantine Empire, consisting of ceramic jars holding glass and nails, and filled with the explosive component of Greek Fire. It was used on battlefields.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The first examples of hand-held flamethrowers also occurred in the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century, where infantry units were equipped with hand pumps and swivel tubes used to project the flame.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The counterweight trebuchet was invented in the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118) under the Komnenian restoration when the Byzantines used this new-developed siege weaponry to devastate citadels and fortifications. This siege artillery marked the apogee of siege weaponry before the use of the cannon. From the Byzantines, the armies of Europe and Asia eventually learned and adopted this siege weaponry.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: In the final century of the Empire, astronomy and other mathematical sciences were taught in Trebizond; medicine attracted the interest of almost all scholars.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The Byzantine Empire was a theocracy, said to be ruled by God working through the Emperor. Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst argues, "The Byzantine Empire became a theocracy in the sense that Christian values and ideals were the foundation of the empire's political ideals and heavily entwined with its political goals." Steven Runciman says in his book on "The Byzantine Theocracy" (2004):

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Byzantine monasticism especially came to be an "ever-present feature" of the empire, with monasteries becoming "powerful landowners and a voice to be listened to in imperial politics".

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The official state Christian doctrine was determined by the first seven ecumenical councils, and it was then the emperor's duty to impose it on his subjects. An imperial decree of 388, which was later incorporated into the "Codex Justinianeus", orders the population of the Empire "to assume the name of Catholic Christians", and regards all those who will not abide by the law as "mad and foolish persons"; as followers of "heretical dogmas".

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Another division among Christians occurred, when Leo III ordered the destruction of icons throughout the Empire. This led to a significant religious crisis, which ended in the mid-9th century with the restoration of icons. During the same period, a new wave of pagans emerged in the Balkans, originating mainly from Slavic people. These were gradually Christianised, and by Byzantium's late stages, Eastern Orthodoxy represented most Christians and, in general, most people in what remained of the Empire.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Jews were a significant minority in the Byzantine state throughout its history, and, according to Roman law, they constituted a legally recognised religious group. In the early Byzantine period, they were generally tolerated, but then periods of tensions and persecutions ensued. In any case, after the Arab conquests, the majority of Jews found themselves outside the Empire; those left inside the Byzantine borders apparently lived in relative peace from the 10th century onwards.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Of the approximately two to three thousand volumes of Byzantine literature that survive, only 330 consist of secular poetry, history, science and pseudo-science. While the most flourishing period of the secular literature of Byzantium runs from the 9th to the 12th century, its religious literature (sermons, liturgical books and poetry, theology, devotional treatises, etc.) developed much earlier with Romanos the Melodist being its most prominent representative.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: For most of its history, the Byzantine Empire did not know or use heraldry in the West European sense. Various emblems (, "sēmeia"; sing. σημείον, "sēmeion") were used in official occasions and for military purposes, such as banners or shields displaying various motifs such as the cross or the "labarum". The use of the cross and images of Christ, the Virgin Mary and various saints is also attested on seals of officials, but these were personal rather than family emblems.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Aside from these languages, since Constantinople was a prime trading center in the Mediterranean region and beyond, virtually every known language of the Middle Ages was spoken in the empire at some time, even Chinese. As the empire entered its final decline, the Empire's citizens became more culturally homogeneous and the Greek language became integral to their identity and religion.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The position of women in the Byzantine Empire essentially represents the position of women in ancient Rome transformed by the introduction of Christianity, with certain rights and customs being lost and replaced, while others were allowed to remain.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: There were individual Byzantine women famed for their educational accomplishments. However, the general view of women's education was that it was sufficient for a girl to learn domestic duties and to study the lives of the Christian saints and memorize psalms, and to learn to read so that she could study Bible scriptures – although literacy in women was sometimes discouraged because it was believed it could encourage vice.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: After the introduction of Christianity, women could no longer become priestesses, but it became common for women to found and manage nunneries, which functioned as schools for girls as well as asylums, poor houses, hospitals, prisons and retirement homes for women, and many Byzantine women practised social work as lay sisters and deaconesses.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: The Plague of Justinian and the Arab conquests represented a substantial reversal of fortunes contributing to a period of stagnation and decline. Isaurian reforms and Constantine V's repopulation, public works and tax measures marked the beginning of a revival that continued until 1204, despite territorial contraction. From the 10th century until the end of the 12th, the Byzantine Empire projected an image of luxury and travellers were impressed by the wealth accumulated in the capital.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: One of the economic foundations of Byzantium was trade, fostered by the maritime character of the Empire. Textiles must have been by far the most important item of export; silks were certainly imported into Egypt and appeared also in Bulgaria, and the West. The state strictly controlled both the internal and the international trade, and retained the monopoly of issuing coinage, maintaining a durable and flexible monetary system adaptable to trade needs.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: As the only stable long-term state in Europe during the Middle Ages, Byzantium isolated Western Europe from newly emerging forces to the East. Constantly under attack, it distanced Western Europe from Persians, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, and for a time, the Ottomans. From a different perspective, since the 7th century, the evolution and constant reshaping of the Byzantine state were directly related to the respective progress of Islam.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


Byzantine Empire

Context: Following the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II took the title "Kaysar-i Rûm" (the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of Caesar of Rome), since he was determined to make the Ottoman Empire the heir of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Question: Когда зародилась византийская историография?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Yamaha would field factory bikes for 2007 runner-up David Casteu, Olivier Pain, David Frétigné and Frans Verhoeven. Honda would make their return to the event after a lengthy absence, with Portuguese rider Hélder Rodrigues leading the team's assault. Husqvarna meanwhile could count Spaniards Joan Barreda and Jordi Viladoms as well as Portugal's Paulo Gonçalves among their works riders.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: With defending champion Alejandro Patronelli opting not to return to defend his crown, his brother and 2010 winner Marcos Patronelli would be tasked with leading the Yamaha assault on the quad category. Fellow South American riders Tomas Maffei, Ignacio Casale and Sergio Lafuente would also be making use of Yamaha machinery.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Polish duo Łukasz Łaskawiec and Rafał Sonik, also riding for Yamaha, would also be expected to be in contention having both finished in the top three in previous years, with Dakar rookie Sebastian Husseini leading Honda's challenge for honours in the category.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Ten-time Dakar winner Stéphane Peterhansel would return to defend his 2012 crown at the wheel of a Monster Energy-sponsored Mini All4 machine prepared by X-Raid. The German team would also enter similar machines for former motorcycle category winner Nani Roma, Leonid Novitskiy and Krzysztof Hołowczyc with Orlando Terranova driving an X-Raid prepared BMW X3.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Two former winners in the shape of Carlos Sainz (2010) and Nasser Al-Attiyah (2011) would drive a pair of Damen Jefferies-built buggies in an all-new team backed by Red Bull and the Qatari government. SMG would also return with their brace of buggies, with driving duties entrusted to Guerlain Chicherit, Ronan Chabot and Bernard Errandonea.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: South African Toyota dealership Imperial Toyota would field a pair of Hilux machines for 2009 winner Giniel de Villiers and Duncan Vos, with the Japanese marque also represented by Overdrive's Lucio Alvarez and Peter van Merksteijn. The challenge of Chinese manufacturer Great Wall would be led by Carlos Sousa, whilst Robby Gordon as ever would be present in his self-run Hummer H3.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: After ending several years of Kamaz domination in the 2012 event, the Petronas-backed Iveco works team would return with reigning champion Gérard de Rooy, 2007 winner Hans Stacey and two-time World Rally champion Miki Biasion making up the driving strength.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Kamaz's trio of Red Bull sponsored trucks would be piloted by an all-Russian line-up of Eduard Nikolaev, Ayrat Mardeev and Andrey Karginov. Tatra's challenge would be headed by Czech driver Aleš Loprais, nephew of six-time champion Karel, while Dutchman Marcel van Vliet would lead the attack of German manufacturer MAN.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Despres however lost 17 minutes to stage winner Barreda during the fourth stage, handing the lead to Yamaha's Olivier Pain. The young French rider held the lead until the end of the seventh stage with some consistent stage times, but hit trouble during the eighth stage with a navigational error. This would mean Pain's teammate David Casteu, who won the fifth stage, headed into the rest day as leader of the overall standings.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: More misfortune struck Yamaha however as Casteu struck a cow during the ninth stage, causing the Frenchman to dislocate his shoulder and retire from the rally. Despres was set to re-take the lead of the standings after winning the stage but dropped to second behind teammate Ruben Faria after taking a 15-minute penalty for an engine change. Despres nonetheless took the lead after finishing second during the tenth stage, with Faria losing 12 minutes to the leader during the eleventh stage.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Olivier Pain recovered to sixth position after his earlier troubles, whilst Barreda could do no better than 17th after losing considerable time with fuel pump issues on the fifth stage. Kurt Caselli had an impressive debut ride as a substitute for Marc Coma, winning two stages but finishing just outside the top 30 as a result of a navigational error during the eighth stage and engine woes in the penultimate stage.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Patronelli however began to extend his advantage once more over the following stages, with Casale dropping 23 minutes during the eleventh stage. With a cushion of one hour 50 minutes, Patronelli maintained his advantage over Casale until the end of the rally. Rafał Sonik completed a Yamaha 1–2–3, albeit over three hours adrift of Patronelli.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Łukasz Łaskawiec briefly held third position after finishing second during the fifth stage, but delays in the sixth and twelfth stages dropped him to a final finishing position of 13th. Sarel van Biljon also held third in the overall standings after winning the eighth stage, but major delays during the following stage left the South African finishing outside the top 20.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Qatar Red Bull driver Carlos Sainz was the winner of the first stage, and despite losing twenty minutes to X-Raid's Stéphane Peterhansel during the second stage, the two-time World Rally champion was declared the leader of the overall classification having lost time trying to pass a waypoint due to a fault with his GPS. However, this decision was later reversed, handing the stage win and the lead of the standings back to Peterhansel.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: The Frenchman's closest challenger initially would prove Sainz's teammate Nasser Al-Attiyah, who closed to within five minutes of Peterhansel following wins in the third and fourth stages. Victory in the sixth stage brought the Qatari within one minute 20 seconds of the rally lead, but an engine problem during the ninth stage put an end to his challenge. With Sainz having retired after the sixth stage, also because of engine problems, it was an event to forget for the newly formed Qatar Red Bull team.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: It was a difficult rally for Robby Gordon, who finished only fourteenth overall despite a late pair of stage victories. The American had a transmission problem in the opening stage and rolled his Hummer in the fourth stage, leaving him trying to make up for lost time for the remainder of the rally. X-Raid driver Krzysztof Hołowczyc was eliminated from the running after the third stage having sustained back and rib injuries in a crash.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Another victory in the penultimate stage allowed Karginov to move ahead of Mardeev, albeit some 36 minutes behind eventual victor Nikolaev. Karginov however lost out on the runner-up position during the final stage, with Mardeev doing just enough to clinch second by a margin of under a minute. Behind the all-Kamaz podium, de Rooy recovered to fourth position overall after winning the eleventh stage, 41 minutes behind Nikolaev, with Kolomy fifth and Loprais in sixth after his earlier troubles.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: Miki Biasion ran third early on for Iveco, but was ruled out of contention after hitting severe delays during the fourth stage, going on to finish 13th overall. Former winner Hans Stacey meanwhile was forced to retire from the event after rolling his Iveco during the sixth stage.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: It was reported that, on the evening of 9 January, two people died as a result of a collision between a taxi and the support vehicle for the 'Race2Recovery' team, which is made up of ex-military servicemen from the UK. The team members travelling in the support vehicle were taken to hospital along with the four surviving passengers of the taxi.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


2013 Dakar Rally

Context: On 11 January, a competitor in the motorcycle category, Frenchman Thomas Bourgin, was killed in a road accident with a Chilean police car whilst travelling to the start of the day's stage. He was running 68th overall at the time of the incident.

Question: Кто был победителем «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


Women's tennis

Context: Women's tennis is one of the most popular sports for women. It is one of the few sports in which women command fame and popularity that equal those of their male counterparts. Women's Tennis Association is the main organisation which runs female tennis.

Question: Когда появился женский теннис?


Women's tennis

Context: One of the first superstars of women's tennis is Suzanne Lenglen, who after six titles won at Wimbledon and the Internationaux de France left amateur tennis to achieve a first professional tour in North America in 1926–1927. It is then considered a "Diva" 2.

Question: Когда появился женский теннис?


Women's tennis

Context: However women's tennis did not really become established until the 1960s, and especially with the establishment of the WTA in the 1970s.

Question: Когда появился женский теннис?


Women's tennis

Context: In women's tennis matches the ball is usually played without effect (less than lift) and games tend to play more from the baseline; typing is generally less powerful than men. The game is made in a more tactical speed and anticipation. The service is also less powerful; it is relatively less important than for men. However, there has been a noted evolution in this field since the 1990s, women's tennis is improving and is growing more and more popular.

Question: Когда появился женский теннис?


Women's tennis

Context: Women's tennis has been marked by several cases, including cases of sexual abuse by trainers. The world of women's tennis is sometimes described as "homophobic" and "sexist".

Question: Когда появился женский теннис?


The Phenix City Story

Context: The Phenix City Story is a 1955 American film noir crime film directed by Phil Karlson for Allied Artists, written by Daniel Mainwaring and Crane Wilbur and starring John McIntire, Richard Kiley, and Kathryn Grant. It had an unusual "triple premiere" held on July 19, 1955 in Phenix City, Alabama, Columbus, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois (the AFI incorrectly lists the date as July 9).

Question: Кто сыграл главную роль в фильме "История в Феникс-сити"?


The Phenix City Story

Context: In a corrupt Alabama town near the Army's Fort Benning, the law can do little to stop the criminal activities of Rhett Tanner, particularly in the wide-open "red-light district" area known for prostitution, taverns, and crooked gambling. Most of the police do not even try, since they are on Tanner's payroll.

Question: Кто сыграл главную роль в фильме "История в Феникс-сити"?


The Phenix City Story

Context: Patterson finally agrees to get involved in reforming the town, but as soon as he wins the Democratic nomination for state attorney general, he is killed. It is up to John to avenge his father, but his own family ends up at risk.

Question: Кто сыграл главную роль в фильме "История в Феникс-сити"?


The Phenix City Story

Context: In 2019, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Question: Кто сыграл главную роль в фильме "История в Феникс-сити"?


The Phenix City Story

Context: It was also featured in the 1995 documentary film "A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies".

Question: Кто сыграл главную роль в фильме "История в Феникс-сити"?


The Phenix City Story

Context: Warner Bros. released the film on DVD on July 13, 2010, in its "Film Noir Classic Collection, Vol. 5".

Question: Кто сыграл главную роль в фильме "История в Феникс-сити"?


Svetlana-class cruiser

Context: The "Svetlana"-class cruiser was the first class of light cruisers built for the Imperial Russian Navy (IRN) during the 1910s. Construction was interrupted by World War I, the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War. Only "Svetlana" of the quartet was completed by the Soviet Union as a cruiser, two were converted to oil tankers, and the remaining ship was scrapped without being completed.

Question: Когда был спущен на воду первый Лёгкий крейсер типа «Светлана»?


Svetlana-class cruiser

Context: The "Svetlana"-class ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a draft of . The ships displaced at normal load. They were powered by four geared Curtis-AEG-Vulkan steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by 13 Yarrow boilers. The turbines were designed to produce , which would propel the ship at 29.5 knots. The ships carried of fuel oil. Their crew consisted of approximately 630 officers and crewmen.

Question: Когда был спущен на воду первый Лёгкий крейсер типа «Светлана»?


Svetlana-class cruiser

Context: The waterline belt of the "Svetlana"-class ships was 76 millimeters thick. It extended the whole length of the hull and covered from the lower deck to below the waterline. Above it was a strake of armor that covered the area between the lower and main decks. Those decks were each thick and the funnel uptakes were protected by 25 millimeters of armor. The walls of the conning tower were 76 millimeters thick while the gun shields protecting the 130-millimeter guns were 25 millimeters thick.

Question: Когда был спущен на воду первый Лёгкий крейсер типа «Светлана»?


Vladimir Demikhov

Context: Soon after graduation, Demikhov was conscripted into military service and became a soldier in the Red Army; when the Soviet Union was drawn into the Second World War in June 1941, he served on the front line as a forensic expert and pathologist, and spent time serving in China when the Soviets declared war on Japan in 1945. He returned home at the end of the war with a number of medals and a military decoration. He married Liya Nikolayevna in August 1946, and their daughter Olga was born in July 1947.

Question: Когда провели первую пересадку сердца в России?


Vladimir Demikhov

Context: After the war, Demikhov resumed his post in the human physiology department at Moscow State University, where he continued his experimental research, eventually performing successful heart and lung transplants on warm-blooded animals. In 1947, he moved to the Institute of Surgery in Moscow where he began to experiment with liver and kidney transplantation in the late 1940s.

Question: Когда провели первую пересадку сердца в России?


Vladimir Demikhov

Context: A successful mammary–coronary artery anastomosis was achieved in 1953, after unsuccessful attempts the previous year. Demikhov also developed the principles of myocardial revascularization, which enabled him to perform the first experimental coronary artery bypass operation. The ultimate aim of his research was for organ transplantations to be implemented in clinical practice on humans.

Question: Когда провели первую пересадку сердца в России?


Vladimir Demikhov

Context: Demikhov coined the word "transplantology", meaning organ transplantation, in his 1960 monograph "Experimental Transplantation of Vital Organs", for which he received his doctoral degree. Later translated into English (1962), German (1963) and Spanish (1967), this became a hugely influential publication for physicians interested in the emerging field of organ and tissue transplantation, and was for some considerable time the only monograph on the subject.

Question: Когда провели первую пересадку сердца в России?


Vladimir Demikhov

Context: Demikhov is perhaps most famous for his two-headed dog experiments. He achieved a substantial number of world's firsts:

Question: Когда провели первую пересадку сердца в России?


Vladimir Demikhov

Context: All of the surgical procedures listed above were carried out on warm-blooded animals (non-human). Between 1963 and 1965, he also assembled the world's first collection of living human organs for surgical use.

Question: Когда провели первую пересадку сердца в России?


Vladimir Demikhov

Context: Demikhov died at the age of 82 on November 22, 1998, as the result of an aneurysm, in his small apartment on the outskirts of Moscow. Although he had received various honors later in life, including a USSR State Prize, the true value of Demikhov's experiments was not acknowledged by Russia until the year of his death, when he was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class, shortly before he died.

Question: Когда провели первую пересадку сердца в России?


Deutschland-class cruiser

Context: The three "Deutschland"-class ships were armed with a main battery of six 28 cm SK C/28 guns mounted in two triple turrets, one on either end of the superstructure. The turrets were the Drh LC/28 type and allowed elevation to 40 degrees, and depression to −8 degrees. This provided the guns with a maximum range of . They fired a projectile at a muzzle velocity of . The guns were initially supplied with a total 630 rounds of ammunition, and this was later increased to 720 shells.

Question: Кем был построен крейсер «Дойчланд»?


Deutschland-class cruiser

Context: The secondary battery comprised eight 15 cm SK C/28 guns, each in single MPLC/28 mountings arranged amidships. These mountings allowed elevation to 35 degrees and depression to −10 degrees, for a range of . They were supplied with a total of 800 rounds of ammunition, though later in their careers this was increased to 1,200 rounds. These shells weighed and had a muzzle velocity of . The ships were also equipped with eight torpedo tubes placed in two quadruple launchers mounted on their stern.

Question: Кем был построен крейсер «Дойчланд»?


Deutschland-class cruiser

Context: "Admiral Scheer" and "Admiral Graf Spee" had some improvements in armor thickness. The barbettes, 100 mm thick in "Deutschland", became 125 mm for the two sisters. "Admiral Scheer" had the belt somewhat improved, and "Admiral Graf Spee" had a much more improved 100 mm belt, instead of 50–80 mm. The armored deck was improved as well, and some places had up to 70 mm thickness.

Question: Кем был построен крейсер «Дойчланд»?


Vladimir Lenin

Context: Soon after their wedding, Ilya obtained a job in Nizhny Novgorod, rising to become Director of Primary Schools in the Simbirsk district six years later. Five years after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing the foundation of over 450 schools as a part of the government's plans for modernisation. In January 1882, his dedication to education earned him the Order of St. Vladimir, which bestowed on him the status of hereditary nobleman.

Question: Сколько лет правил Ленин?


Vladimir Lenin

Context: The Soviet government publicly announced Lenin's death the following day. On 23 January, mourners from the Communist Party, trade unions, and Soviets visited his Gorki home to inspect the body, which was carried aloft in a red coffin by leading Bolsheviks. Transported by train to Moscow, the coffin was taken to the House of Trade Unions, where the body lay in state.

Question: Сколько лет правил Ленин?


Vladimir Lenin

Context: According to Lenin biographer David Shub, writing in 1965, it was Lenin's ideas and example that "constitutes the basis of the Communist movement today." Socialist states following Lenin's ideas appeared in various parts of the world during the 20th century. Writing in 1972, the historian Marcel Liebman stated that "there is hardly any insurrectionary movement today, from Latin America to Angola, that does not lay claim to the heritage of Leninism."

Question: Сколько лет правил Ленин?


Russian dialects

Context: Russian dialects and territorial varieties are divided in two conceptual chronological and geographic categories:

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Depending on the presence or the absence of vowel reduction ("akanye" and/or "ikanye") and the pronunciation of Proto-Slavic *g, Russian is divided into two main dialectical divisions and the intermediate one:

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: * Groups with okanye (Tver, Klin, Sergiev Posad, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Ivanovo, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod)

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Bashkort Russian is characterised by the adoption of native Bashkir and Tatar words such as айда replacing давай to mean "let's go". It is primarily spoken in the Republic of Bashkortostan, which is an autonomous region of Russia.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Lake Peipus dialect (Russian: Причудский говор) is a Russian language variety spoken on both sides of the Lake Peipus in Pskov Oblast, Russia and some counties of Estonia where Russian is a frequently-spoken or dominant language. It originated as a mix of Pskov and Gdov dialects of the Central Russian cluster. As many other dialects from this area, it is often considered to be transitional between Russian and Belarusian. Lake Peipus dialects also include some loanwords from the Estonian language.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: The dialect has been studied and described by Olga Rovnova of the University of Tartu who has conducted fieldwork in Russian Old Believers' communities in Estonia.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Astrakhani Russian is a collection of varieties of Russian spoken in the Astrakhan Oblast, predominantly by the ethnically mixed population — ethnic Russians (61%), Kazakhs (17%), Tatars (7%) among the main speakers, and include many other groups such as Azeris, "Dagestani" (by self-identification according to the 2010 census), Nogay, and Ukrainians.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Like Dagestani Russian, Astrakhan Russian refers to many different dialects varying depending on a speaker's native language, ethnicity, age, occupation, and other social factors. Even in the metropolitan area of Astrakhan where a person of a minority background is likely to grow up speaking only Russian, traces of their heritage language are still present.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Balachka is spoken in the Kuban region of Russia, by the Kuban Cossacks. The Kuban Cossacks being descendants of the Zaporozhian Cossacks are beginning to consider themselves as a separate ethnic identity. Their dialect is based on Middle Dnieprian with the Ukrainian grammar. It includes dialectical words of central Ukrainian with frequent inclusion of Russian vocabulary, in particular for modern concepts and items. It varies somewhat from one area to another.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: The Russian language as spoken in Odessa is influenced by Yiddish and Ukrainian in grammar, vocabulary, and phraseology. As a result, many phrases sound inherently and uniquely humorous to Russian speakers and constitute a staple of Odessa humour. Also, the Odessa dialect of Yiddish has plenty of Russianisms.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Abkhaz Russian is characterised by the use of Abkhaz terms, orthographical differences, and patterns of speech that diverge from that of Standard Russian.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Notable variety features include use of /u/ <у> in place of /v/ <в>, such as in <привет>, pronounced /priuet/ [приуэт]. Additionally, "дон" is used as a filler word, similar to ну or короче in standard Russian.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Armenian Russian is the regional variety of Russian spoken in Armenia and the partially-recognised Republic of Artsakh (as Artsakhi (Armenian) Russian), where parliament voted to establish Russian an official language in March 2021.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: There are some vocabulary differences to the variety of Russian as spoken in Armenia/Arstakh, such as:

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Kyrgyzstani Russian is primarily characterised by orthographic differences. Киргизская Республика (Kirgiz Republic) and Киргизия (Kirgizia) are the standard Russian names, but the country is called Кыргызская Республика (Kyrgyz Republic) or Кыргызстан (Kyrgyzstan) in Russian by the local authorities. The difference between ы and и in naming is classified as a linguistic dispute and is not currently compulsory for Russian-language media to use.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: The varieties of Russian spoken in Tajikistan are collectively referred to as Tajik(istani) Russian. Both Russian (official interethnic) and Tajik (state language) are official languages of Tajikistan and their usages often influence each other.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Tajik words and expressions are often found in the colloquial speech of Tajikistani Russian speakers, especially in Dushanbe, although qualitatively, Russian borrowings into Tajik exceed the reverse. The varieties are greatly affected by Russian-speaking families, intermarriages between different nationalities, Russian-language classrooms, and location.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Tajik-borrowed lexical units have entered Russian at various times and contexts that they may sometimes be attributed to the overall Eastern Iranian dialect continuum. For example the words душман, духан () which passed to Russian through Tajik during the Soviet-Afghan War.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: The colloquial lexicon also includes words such as: алча, дастархан, джигит, казан, кайф, карбос, кишмиш, гашиш, топчан, чинара.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: There are also words used in science and academia such as: бейт (a couplet in Turkic-Persidic poetry), дастан (a genre of epics), изафет (Ezāfe).

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Both Russian and Tajik speakers are served by the following words to address unfamiliar people and acquaintances.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Calques are not very numerous and are often used with a humorous undertone. For example, хунуковато (from Tajik хунук meaning cold) in place of standard Russian холодновато.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: There are also words used by Tajiki Russian speakers that have long had their own standard Russian equivalents:

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Tajik expressions are often used: хайрият – к счастью (), наконец-то (досл. добро) (), тавба – досл. раскаяние ().

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: In youth jargon, Russian suffixes, prefixes, and endings are attached to Tajik stems, or a Tajik noun is paired with a Russian verb in a phrase. For example: "гапы бросать" – to converse (') from Tajik "гап" meaning speech, conversation ('.)

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: After the end of the Soviet period, many Russian words were given Tajik equivalents. For example, «велосипед» — «дучарха» (), «команда» — «даста» (), «фронт» — «джабха» (), «ракета» «мушак» ().

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: A very noticeable feature of Tajikistani Russian is the usage of Tajik auxiliary verbs "кардан" (to do) and "доштан" (to have, possess) in mixed speech. For example: "ждать доштан"; "успеть кардан" instead of "расида тавонистан"; "договориться кардан" instead of "мувофикат хосил кардан"; "завтракать кардан" instead of "ноништа кардан". Additionally, утюг кардан () (Standard Russian: "гладить"); телефон кардан () (Standard Russian: "звонить"); уборка кардан () (Standard Russian: "убирать").

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Mixed speech also includes common Russian substitutions and additions either alongside or in place of other Tajik words such as "обычный" or "простой" instead of "одати"; морожени instead of "яхмос"; "туалет" instead of "мабраз"; серьёзный instead of "джидди".

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Recent years have brought official government introductions of Uzbek replacement words such as "наљлиёт" or "юк ташиш" instead of "транспортировка"; "фуљаро" or "табаалик" instead of "граждан". At the same time, some little-used Uzbek words fall into disfavour in comparison to Russian counterparts: чеснок in favour over саримсок; тарелка in favour over ликопча; очки in favour over кузойнок.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: There are also words commonly used in Uzbekistani Russian not frequently used in that of Russia: "вилоят", "лаган", "хурджук", "хоким", "юзбоши", "атола", "казы", "димляма".

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


Russian dialects

Context: Russian dialects usually preserve many archaic words and forms which dropped out of use or were replaced with Church Slavonic counterparts. In North Russian there are about 200 words of Uralic origin.

Question: Сколько всего есть наречий русского языка на март 2019?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: The following is a list of characters on "The X-Files", an American science fiction television series first broadcast in September 1993 and followed by two feature films: "The X-Files" and "." These characters defined the overarching mythology of the series. They appeared in a range of episodes across several seasons.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Brad D. Follmer is portrayed by Cary Elwes. Follmer was an assistant director at the FBI. He had a romantic history with Monica Reyes that he brought up while trying to keep her away from the X-files. His true motives were more political in nature and part of his sycophancy to Alvin Kersh. He did not believe in the X-files and deliberately showed disrespect to John Doggett by calling him "Mr. Doggett" instead of "Agent."

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: The character of Diana Fowley subsequently vanishes during "". Her absence is explained by Scully, who states, "Diana Fowley was found murdered this morning." Her death is not witnessed, though.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Deputy Director Alvin D. Kersh is played by James Pickens, Jr. Kersh was a Navy A-6 Intruder weapons officer during the Vietnam War. He is known for using the same instincts that served him as an aviator in the military to guide his career in the FBI. His role in the series is primarily that of a foil to Mulder, Scully and Doggett, constantly trying to undermine and get in the way of their work in the belief of his own superiority.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: John Fitzgerald Byers is portrayed by Bruce Harwood. Byers was born in Sterling, Virginia on November 22, 1963, the day on which John F. Kennedy was assassinated, and was named after the fallen president—his parents were originally planning to name him Bertram, after his father. Byers idolized his namesake, but always had suspicions about the real cause of his death.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Byers appears to have some working knowledge of medicine, genetics, and chemistry; he is able to interpret DNA strands, instantly informing Mulder that Scully's blood had been tampered with in "One Breath." All three of the Lone Gunmen die in the episode "Jump the Shark," sacrificing themselves to save thousands from a terrorist created plague. Skinner arranges for them to be interred at Arlington National Cemetery, as a tribute to their brave deeds.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Melvin Frohike is portrayed by Tom Braidwood. Frohike was born circa 1953 in Pontiac, Michigan. Prior to joining The Lone Gunmen, he was an acclaimed tango dancer in Miami (under the stage name "El Lobo"). On giving up the tango, he toured the country with hippies before founding Frohike Electronics Corp., specializing in cable intrusion hardware.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Knowle Rohrer is portrayed by Adam Baldwin. He served alongside Sergeant John Doggett in the U.S. Marine Corps with the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit in Beirut, Lebanon. Doggett and Rohrer were friends, but lost touch when Rohrer and Shannon McMahon were taken out of their company to be the first people transformed into Super Soldiers, a new type of alien-human hybrid intended by the alien Colonists as replacements for normal humans.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: In "Nothing Important Happened Today II", he is decapitated by fellow Super Soldier, Shannon McMahon, but owing to his hybrid abilities, manages to then impale her with his arm, and they both fall into a water reservoir, presumably both now dead.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: The Well-Manicured Man is a British member of the Syndicate. An Englishman, he is an important member, along with The Smoking Man and The Elder, and was a friend of Bill Mulder earlier in his life. The Well-Manicured Man is instrumental in the Syndicate's secondary agenda, to develop a vaccination against the black oil used by the aliens as a means of mind control. To this end, he works with Alex Krycek to develop a vaccine, eventually testing it—successfully—on Marita Covarrubias.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Conrad Strughold is a fictional character played by Armin Mueller-Stahl in the 1998 motion picture "The X-Files: Fight the Future".

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: He is possibly the only member of the Syndicate to like or trust the Cigarette Smoking Man, as they are shown as having a slightly more cordial and far less adversarial relationship than with the other members.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: The season 6 episode "One Son" features a scene where Scully recounts the activities of Diana Fowley in the early 1990s, in which she monitored MUFON groups in Europe and took weekly trips to Tunisia, the implication being that she was reporting to Strughold during her time on this assignment.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: He is almost certainly named after Hubertus Strughold, a Nazi scientist who came to the US during Operation Paperclip after the end of World War II. (The original episode to show the mine in West Virginia was season 3's "Paper Clip", although Strughold himself did not appear in this episode, or in any television episodes of the show).

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: The following year, Blevins recommended that Mulder be removed from the X-files due to Mulder's personal agenda regarding the cases. Later that year, Section Chief Joseph McGrath went over Blevins's head in an attempt to order a shut down of the X-files. Mulder and Scully would be later placed under the supervision of Assistant Director Walter Skinner, and Blevins would be placed in the position of Section Chief.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: In 1997, Blevins led a joint FBI committee that was investigating the legitimacy of Mulder's work on the X-files and his apparent suicide. After Mulder was discovered alive, he testified before the committee naming Blevins as the FBI mole responsible for giving Special Agent Scully cancer and working with the government conspiracy. Blevins was subsequently killed by another member of the committee who made his death appear to be a suicide.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Luis Cardinal is portrayed by Lenno Britos who appeared in a total of four episodes. Cardinal was a Nicaraguan mercenary working for the Cigarette Smoking Man, briefly partnered with Alex Krycek, at which time he killed Dana Scully's sister, Melissa Scully, in a case of mistaken identity. He also shot Assistant Director Walter Skinner, who had survived. He was later taken into custody by the Washington, D.C. Police Department, and was then eliminated in prison to be silenced.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Seven years later she met Mulder and Scully again, married at the time to Ray Hoese, and living with her husband and baby. By this time she had changed her name from Nemman to Hoese. She was later kidnapped by an Alien Bounty Hunter She was returned to Earth in "This Is Not Happening", which led to an investigation by John Doggett and Scully. Theresa nearly died but was saved by Jeremiah Smith. She later appeared in a slide show in "Three Words".

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: The name for this character came from Gillian Anderson's real-life friend from growing up in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: In 1995, William planned to divulge all his secrets to his son after encountering a clone of Samantha fleeing an alien bounty hunter. However, the Syndicate learned of his intention to reveal the truth to Mulder, and Alex Krycek was sent to prevent it. Krycek murdered William in his vacation home on Martha's Vineyard.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Special Agent Pendrell is portrayed by actor Brendan Beiser. Agent Pendrell first appeared as an employee of the FBI's Sci-Crime Lab who assisted Agent Scully in her investigations in the third season.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: In 2000, Scully found Gibson living in Arizona in a school for the deaf, where he was apparently in hiding from alien bounty hunters or a New Syndicate like organization, who wanted him because he was "part alien". At the end of the episode, John Doggett said Gibson had become a ward of the state, and had been put under special protection.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: His final appearance was in the series finale, where it was revealed that Mulder had been hiding with Gibson in New Mexico for the duration of his ninth season absence. Gibson volunteered to be a witness at Mulder's trial, despite Mulder's objection that he should stay hidden. After Mulder and Scully leave to make their final escape, Agents Doggett and Monica Reyes vowed that they would try to keep him safe – a promise that Gibson took with a grain of salt, knowing the capabilities of his past captors.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Dana Scully ended up in the hospital after she collapsed at the hearing into Mulder's death. Mulder first met Bill Jr. when he and his mother came to visit Scully. Bill asked Mulder to leave the work out of Scully's illness, to "let her die with dignity". Later, when Mulder brought the chip to Scully as a possible cure, Bill again attacked him. He accused Mulder of being the reason why he lost one sister and now it seemed like he was losing Dana too.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Melissa "Missy" Scully was portrayed by Melinda McGraw as an adult and Rebecca Codling and Lauren Diewold during childhood flashbacks. Melissa was the sister of Dana, Bill and Charles, and the daughter of William and Margaret. Melissa believed in new age mysticism, whereas Dana was a firm believer in hard science. Melissa came to see Dana when she had returned to the hospital after her abduction and claimed she could feel Dana's spirit was still inside her body.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Cassandra Anne Spender is portrayed by Veronica Cartwright. Cassandra was a multiple abductee, critical to the plans of the Syndicate. She was the ex-wife of The Smoking Man and mother of Special Agent Jeffrey Spender, as well as "Patient X", the primary test subject in the project to develop an alien-human hybrid.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Toothpick Man is portrayed by New Zealand actor Alan Dale. His role in the series was the leader of the New Syndicate. During the ninth season he worked within the FBI. He is noted for consistently fiddling a toothpick. Although he appeared human, he was exposed to be an alien by Gibson Praise in the final episode (albeit the viewing audience was earlier shown the characteristic alien 'super-soldier' bumps on the back of his neck at the end of the season nine episode "Providence").

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


List of The X-Files characters

Context: Toothpick Man was created to replace The Smoking Man (portrayed by William B. Davis), who had been written out at the end of season 7. He had access to the President of the United States, as can be seen in a deleted scene of the final episode.

Question: Как зовут главного героя мужчину в сериале «Секретные материалы»?


Sapsan

Context: The Sapsan (, known as Velaro RUS EVS) is a Russian gauge high speed electric express train. The train is a Siemens Velaro model, known as the Siemens Velaro RUS.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: The trains started regular service on the Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway in December 2009 at a maximum speed of (a new build high-speed line would allow for speeds of up to ). On March 22, 2022, Siemens suspended its contract to supply additional trainsets, as well as announcing it would end maintenance and other services from May 13, 2022.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: On 18 May 2006, Siemens and Russian Railways signed a €276 million order for eight high-speed trains with a 30-year service contract worth around €300 million.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: The trains were ordered to connect Moscow with Saint Petersburg and later Nizhny Novgorod at a speed of up to . They are derived from the German ICE 3 train but with bodies widened by to to suit Russia's wide loading gauge. Four of the trains (EVS2) are equipped for both 3 kV DC and operation. The total length of each ten-car train is , carrying up to 600 passengers.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: Four single-voltage ("EVS1", 3 kV DC powered, trainsets 5-8) trains entered passenger service at the end of 2009 on the Moscow – St Petersburg route, with the dual-system trains (EVS2, trainsets 1-4) entering service on the Nizhny Novgorod route on 30 July 2010.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: "Sapsan" set records for the fastest train in Russia on 2 May 2009, travelling at and on 7 May 2009, travelling at .

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: On 19 December 2011, a €600 million order for an additional twenty trainsets including eight EVS2 sets was signed in order to facilitate an increased number of services on existing lines and the expansion of new service elsewhere in the system. The second-batch EVS1 sets (trainsets 9-20) will be same details as the first-batch EVS1 sets, but the second-batch EVS2 sets (trainsets 21 onward) will have retractable steps to suit for low platforms, unlike the first-batch EVS2 sets.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: Since entering service in December 2009, it has been Russian Railways' only profitable passenger service, with an occupancy rate of 84.5%.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: According to the timetable valid from 30 October 2011, the direct train from Moscow to St Petersburg without intermediate stops needs 3 hours 40 minutes, the train from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod 3 hours 55 minutes.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: Introduction of "Sapsan" initially provoked cancelling of affordable daytime trains between Moscow and St Petersburg. Since the end of 2012, Moscow – St Petersburg daytime trains other than "Sapsan" were running again.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: There were a series of stone throwing attacks against "Sapsan" trains. Possible reasons including cancelling of commuter trains, disruption of local transportation in rural areas, and accidents because of poor safety for pedestrians have been suggested. New bridge crossings were built, platforms along the railway were reconstructed and additional track was completed in 2015.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: New "Lastochka" commuter trains were introduced on the Moscow – Tver and St Petersburg – Bologoye routes. Local trains in the rural areas were saved.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: Moscow (Leningradsky railway terminal) – Tver" (770A, 772A, 776A, 756A, 768A, 780A)" – Vyshny Volochyok" (756A, 760A, 768A, 772A, 780A)" – Bologoye" (754A, 758A, 770A, 778A)" – Uglovka" (754A, 776A, 778A)" – Okulovka" (754A, 758A, 778A)" – Chudovo" (754A, 770A, 778A)" – Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky railway terminal)

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: There are no "Sapsan" trains stopping at all stations on the route. The fastest ones do not stop between Moscow and Saint Petersburg at all. Numbers of the trains which stop at intermediate stations are listed above. Such measures were implemented to increase speed.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: Former route of "Sapsan" trains. Since 2015, new Talgo "Strizh" train was introduced. All the "Sapsans" were directed to Moscow – St Petersburg route. Talgo trains are also high speed but more suitable for this route.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: On 1 March 2018, Russian Railways reopened the discontinued Saint Petersburg – Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod route which allows passengers to take an 8 hour 11 minute journey without a train change in Moscow.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: On 1 July 2012, the Russian Railways company introduced a new tariff system for "Sapsan" trains which dynamically prices tickets based on two factors:

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Sapsan

Context: The new rates range from 0.8 to 1.2 times the base rate for the day. It is possible to see the final price of a ticket for a specific date during the booking process.

Question: Где производятся поезда "Сапсан"?


Religion in Croatia

Context: In the 16th century, Protestantism reached Croatia, but was mostly eradicated due to the Counter-Reformation implemented by the Habsburgs.

Question: Какая основная религия в Хорватии на апрель 2019?


Religion in Croatia

Context: Public schools allow religious teaching in cooperation with religious communities having agreements with the state, but attendance is not mandated. Religion classes () are organized widely in public elementary and secondary schools, most commonly coordinated with the Catholic Church.

Question: Какая основная религия в Хорватии на апрель 2019?


Religion in Croatia

Context: The public holidays in Croatia also include the religious festivals () of Epiphany, Easter Monday, Corpus Christi Day, Assumption Day, All Saints' Day, Christmas, and St. Stephen's or Boxing Day. The primary holidays are based on the Catholic liturgical year, but other believers are legally allowed to celebrate other major religious holidays.

Question: Какая основная религия в Хорватии на апрель 2019?


Religion in Croatia

Context: Marriages conducted by the religious communities having agreements with the state are officially recognized, eliminating the need to register the marriages in the civil registry office.

Question: Какая основная религия в Хорватии на апрель 2019?


Religion in Croatia

Context: The Catholic Church in Croatia receives state financial support and other benefits established in concordats between the Government and the Vatican. The concordats and other government agreements with non-Catholic religious communities allow state financing for some salaries and pensions for religious officials through government-managed pension and health funds.

Question: Какая основная религия в Хорватии на апрель 2019?


Religion in Croatia

Context: In line with the concordats signed with the Roman Catholic Church and in an effort to further define their rights and privileges within a legal framework, the government has additional agreements with the following 14 religious and Faith communities:

Question: Какая основная религия в Хорватии на апрель 2019?


Religion in Croatia

Context: The 2002 Law on the Legal Position of Religious Communities broadly defines religious and Faith communities' legal positions and covers such matters as government funding, tax benefits, and religious education in schools. Matters such as pensions for clergy; religious service in the military, penitentiaries, and police; and recognition of religious and Faith marriages are left to each religious and Faith community to negotiate separately with the Government.

Question: Какая основная религия в Хорватии на апрель 2019?


List of Apollo missions

Context: From 1961 through 1967, Saturn launch vehicles and Apollo spacecraft components were tested in uncrewed flights.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designated Saturn IB, by replacing the S-IV second stage with the S-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to , enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: Two suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one Lunar Module test were conducted. Success of the LM test led to cancellation of a planned second uncrewed flight.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: From August 1963 to January 1966, a number of tests were conducted at the White Sands Missile Range for development of the launch escape system (LES). These included simulated "pad aborts", which might occur while the Apollo-Saturn space vehicle was still on the launch pad, and flights on the Little Joe II rocket to simulate Mode I aborts which might occur while the vehicle was in the air.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: Three uncrewed test flights were planned to human-rate the super heavy-lift Saturn V which would take crewed Apollo flights to the Moon. Success of the first flight and qualified success of the second led to the decision to cancel the third uncrewed test.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: The Apollo program required sequential testing of several major mission elements in the runup to a crewed lunar landing. An alphabetical list of major mission types was proposed by Owen Maynard in September 1967. Two "A-type" missions performed uncrewed tests of the CSM and the Saturn V, and one B-type mission performed an uncrewed test of the LM. The C-type mission, the first crewed flight of the CSM in Earth orbit, was performed by Apollo 7.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: The initial A-G list was expanded to include later mission types: H-type missions—Apollo 12, 13 (planned) and 14—would perform precision landings, and J-type missions—Apollo 15, 16 and 17—would perform thorough scientific investigation. The I-type objective, which called for extended lunar orbital surveillance of the Moon, was incorporated into the J-type missions.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: The Block I CSM spacecraft did not have capability to fly with the LM, and the three crew positions were designated Command Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Pilot, based on U.S. Air Force pilot ratings. The Block II spacecraft was designed to fly with the Lunar Module, so the corresponding crew positions were designated Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot regardless of whether a Lunar Module was present or not on any mission.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: Seven of the missions involved extravehicular activity (EVA), spacewalks or moonwalks outside of the spacecraft. These were of three types: testing the lunar EVA suit in Earth orbit (Apollo 9), exploring the lunar surface, and retrieving film canisters from the Scientific Instrument Module stored in the Service Module.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


List of Apollo missions

Context: Several planned missions of the Apollo program were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations.

Question: Когда был запущен первый «Аполло́н»?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 1 Ahead of the traveling to South Africa for the opening match, Tomás Lezana joined the squad after recovering from injury.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 2 On 9 August, Juan Figallo became the first European based player to be selected for the national side since the 2015 World Cup, after a change of selection policy under Ledesma.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 3 On 19 August, Santiago Álvarez, Facundo Bosch and Santiago Carreras joined the ahead of the round 2 home clash against South Africa.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 4 On 27 August, Gaston Cortes joined the squad for the Oceania leg of the Championship in rounds 3 and 4.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 1 On 21 September, Jake Gordon and Angus Cottrell were added to the squad for the final two rounds of the Championship, with the latter replacing Lukhan Tui who withdrew from the squad for personal reasons.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: Liam Coltman and Ngani Laumape were included in the squad as injury covers for Dane Coles and Sonny Bill Williams respectively.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 1 On 16 August, Ofa Tu'ungafasi, after being named in the match-day team for the opening round, was withdrawn due to injury and Jeffery Toomaga-Allen joined the squad as a precautionary injury cover.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 2 On 30 August, Angus Ta'avao joined the squad as an injury replacement for Joe Moody who was ruled out of the rest of the Championship.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: On 26 May 2018, head coach Rassie Erasmus named the following 35-man squad for South Africa's Rugby Championship campaign:

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: Cyle Brink withdrew from the squad on 16 August 2018 after sustaining a knee injury in training. He was not replaced.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 1 On 31 August, Schalk Brits, Damian de Allende and Cheslin Kolbe were added to the squad ahead of the Australasian leg of the Championship in rounds 3 and 4.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


2018 Rugby Championship

Context: 2 On 23 September, Vincent Koch, Ruhan Nel and S'busiso Nkosi were added to the squad ahead of round 5 and 6.

Question: Кто был чемпионом мира по рэгби в 2018 году?


High-speed rail

Context: High-speed rail (HSR) is a type of rail system that runs significantly faster than traditional rail, using an integrated system of specialised rolling stock and dedicated tracks. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, lines built to handle speeds above or upgraded lines in excess of are widely considered to be high-speed. The first high-speed rail system, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, began operations in Japan in 1964 and was widely known as the bullet train.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: High-speed trains mostly operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated rights of way with large radii. However, certain regions with wider legacy railways, including Russia and Uzbekistan, have sought to develop a high speed railway network in Russian gauge. There are no narrow gauge high-speed trains; the fastest is the Cape gauge Spirit of Queensland at .

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: Many countries have developed, or are currently building, high-speed rail infrastructure to connect major cities, including Austria, Belgium, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, Laos, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan,

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Uzbekistan. Only in Europe and Asia does high-speed rail cross international borders.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: High-speed rail is the fastest and most efficient ground-based method of commercial transportation, however due to requirements for large track curves, gentle gradients and grade separated track the construction of high-speed rail is more costly than conventional rail and therefore does not always present an economical advantage over conventional speed rail.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: China currently accounts for over two-thirds of the world's total high speed rail, with over of high speed rail on their networks.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: The European Union Directive 96/48/EC, Annex 1 (see also Trans-European high-speed rail network) defines high-speed rail in terms of:

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: A third definition of high-speed and very high-speed rail (Demiridis & Pyrgidis 2012) requires simultaneous fulfilment of the following two conditions:

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: High-speed rail development began in Germany in 1899 when the Prussian state railway joined with ten electrical and engineering firms and electrified of military owned railway between Marienfelde and Zossen. The line used three-phase current at 10 kilovolts and 45 Hz.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: The Van der Zypen & Charlier company of Deutz, Cologne built two railcars, one fitted with electrical equipment from Siemens-Halske, the second with equipment from "Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft" (AEG), that were tested on the Marienfelde–Zossen line during 1902 and 1903 (see Experimental three-phase railcar).

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: On 23 October 1903, the S&H-equipped railcar achieved a speed of and on 27 October the AEG-equipped railcar achieved . These trains demonstrated the feasibility of electric high-speed rail; however, regularly scheduled electric high-speed rail travel was still more than 30 years away.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: After the breakthrough of electric railroads, it was clearly the infrastructure – especially the cost of it – which hampered the introduction of high-speed rail. Several disasters happened – derailments, head-on collisions on single-track lines, collisions with road traffic at grade crossings, etc. The physical laws were well-known, i.e. if the speed was doubled, the curve radius should be quadrupled; the same was true for the acceleration and braking distances.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: In 1891 the engineer Károly Zipernowsky proposed a high-speed line Vienna–Budapest, bound for electric railcars at . In 1893 Dr. Wellington Adams proposed an air-line from Chicago to St. Louis of , at a speed of only .

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: Alexander C. Miller had greater ambitions. In 1906, he launched the "Chicago-New York Electric Air Line Railroad" project to reduce the running time between the two big cities to ten hours by using electric locomotives. After seven years of effort, however, less than of arrow-straight track was finished. A part of the line is still used as one of the last interurbans in the US.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: In the US, some of the interurbans (i.e. trams or streetcars which run from city to city) of the early 20th century were very high-speed for their time (also Europe had and still does have some interurbans). Several high-speed rail technologies have their origin in the interurban field.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?


High-speed rail

Context: On 15 May 1933, the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft company introduced the diesel-powered "Fliegender Hamburger" in regular service between Hamburg and Berlin (), thereby achieving a new top speed for a regular service, with a top speed of . This train was a streamlined multi-powered unit, albeit diesel, and used Jakobs bogies.

Question: В какой стране находится самый скоростной поезд на 2019 год?