Context: Despite the public outcry against secrecy among its critics, the delegates continued in positions of public trust. State legislatures chose ten Convention delegates of their 33 total for the Constitutional Convention that September.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


History of the United States Constitution

Context: Every few days, new delegates arrived, happily noted in Madison's Journal. But as the Convention went on, individual delegate coming and going meant that a state's vote could change with the change of delegation composition. The volatility added to the inherent difficulties, making for an "ever-present danger that the Convention might dissolve and the entire project be abandoned."

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: On the other hand, Delaware categorically forbade any alteration of the Articles one-vote-per-state provision in the Articles of Confederation. The Convention would have a great deal of work to do to reconcile the many expectations in the chamber. At the same time, delegates wanted to finish their work by fall harvest and its commerce.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: May 29, Edmund Randolph (VA) proposed the Virginia Plan that would serve as the unofficial agenda for the Convention. It was weighted toward the interests of the larger, more populous states. The intent was to meet the purposes set out in the Articles of Confederation, "common defense, security of liberty and general welfare". The Virginia Plan was national, authority flowed from the people. If the people will ratify them, changes for better republican government and national union should be proposed.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: June 15, William Patterson (NJ) proposed the Convention minority's New Jersey Plan. It was weighted toward the interests of the smaller, less populous states. The intent was to preserve the states from a plan to "destroy or annihilate" them. The New Jersey Plan was purely federal, authority flowed from the states. Gradual change should come from the states. If the Articles could not be amended, then advocates argued that should be the report from the Convention to the states.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Current knowledge of drafting the Constitution comes primarily from the Journal left by James Madison, found chronologically incorporated in Max Farrand's "The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787", which included the Convention Journal and sources from other Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The contentious issue of slavery was too controversial to be resolved during the Convention. But it was at center stage in the Convention three times: June 7 regarding who would vote for Congress, June 11 in debate over how to proportion relative seating in the 'house', and August 22 relating to commerce and the future wealth of the nation.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Once the Convention looked at how to proportion the House representation, tempers among several delegates exploded over slavery. When the Convention progressed beyond the personal attacks, it adopted the existing "federal ratio" for taxing states by three-fifths of slaves held.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Migration of the free or "importation" of indentures and slaves could continue by states, defining slaves as persons, not property. Long-term power would change by population as counted every ten years. Apportionment in the House would not be by wealth, it would be by people, the free citizens and three-fifths the number of other persons meaning propertyless slaves and taxed Indian farming families.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: In 1806, President Thomas Jefferson sent a message to the 9th Congress on their constitutional opportunity to remove U.S. citizens from the transatlantic slave trade "[violating] human rights". The 1807 "Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves" took effect the first instant the Constitution allowed, January 1, 1808. The United States joined the British that year in the first "international humanitarian campaign".

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: In the 1840–1860 era abolitionists denounced the Fugitive Slave Clause and other protections of slavery. William Lloyd Garrison famously declared the Constitution "a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell."

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: "Patriots" said if their legislature knew anything about proposals for consolidated government, it would not have sent anyone. "Nationalists" countered, that it would be treason to withhold any proposal for good government when the salvation of the American republic was at stake. Three sessions after its introduction, the New Jersey Plan failed : 7 against, 3 for, 1 divided. For nearly a month there was no progress; small states were seriously thinking of walking out of the Convention.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Constitution innovated two branches of government that were not a part of the U.S. government during the Articles of Confederation. Previously, a thirteen-member committee had been left behind in Philadelphia when Congress adjourned to carry out the "executive" functions. Suits between states were referred to the Congress of the Confederation, and treated as a private bill to be determined by majority vote of members attending that day.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: On June 7, the "national executive" was taken up in Convention. The "chief magistrate", or 'presidency' was of serious concern for a formerly colonial people fearful of concentrated power in one person. But to secure a "vigorous executive", nationalist delegates such as James Wilson (PA), Charles Pinckney (SC), and John Dickenson (DE) favored a single officer. They had someone in mind whom everyone could trust to start off the new system, George Washington.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Convention was following the Randolph Plan for an agenda, taking each resolve in turn to move proceedings forward. They returned to items when overnight coalitions required adjustment to previous votes to secure a majority on the next item of business. June 19, and it was Randolph's Ninth Resolve next, about the national court system. On the table was the nationalist proposal for the inferior (lower) courts in the national judiciary.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Convention did not start with national powers from scratch, it began with the powers already vested in the Congress of the Confederation with control of the military, international relations and commerce. The Constitution added ten more. Five were minor relative to power sharing, including business and manufacturing protections. One important new power authorized Congress to protect states from the "domestic violence" of riot and civil disorder, but it was conditioned by a state request.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Constitution increased Congressional power to organize, arm and discipline the state militias, to use them to enforce the laws of Congress, suppress rebellions within the states and repel invasions. But the Second Amendment would ensure that Congressional power could not be used to disarm state militias.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Taxation substantially increased the power of Congress relative to the states. It was limited by restrictions, forbidding taxes on exports, per capita taxes, requiring import duties to be uniform and that taxes be applied to paying U.S. debt. But the states were stripped of their ability to levy taxes on imports, which was at the time, "by far the most bountiful source of tax revenues".

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Congress had no further restrictions relating to political economy. It could institute protective tariffs, for instance. Congress overshadowed state power regulating interstate commerce; the United States would be the "largest area of free trade in the world." The most undefined grant of power was the power to "make laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the Constitution's enumerated powers.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The regulation of state power presented a "qualitatively different" undertaking. In the state constitutions, the people did not enumerate powers. They gave their representatives every right and authority not explicitly reserved to themselves. The Constitution extended the limits that the states had previously imposed upon themselves under the Articles of Confederation, forbidding taxes on imports and disallowing treaties among themselves, for example.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The British had relied upon a concept of "virtual representation" to give legitimacy to their House of Commons. According to many in Parliament, it was not necessary to elect anyone from a large port city, or the American colonies, because the representatives of "rotten boroughs", mostly abandoned medieval fair towns with twenty voters, "virtually represented" them. Philadelphia in the colonies was second in population only to London.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: "They were all Englishmen, supposed to be a single people, with one definable interest. Legitimacy came from membership in Parliament of the sovereign realm, not elections from people. As Blackstone explained, the Member is "not bound ... to consult with, or take the advice, of his constituents." As Constitutional historian Gordon Wood elaborated, "The Commons of England contained all of the people's power and were considered to be the very persons of the people they represented."

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The 1776 Americans had begun to demand expansion of the franchise, and in each step, they found themselves pressing towards a philosophical "actuality of consent." The Convention determined that the power of the people, should be felt in the House of Representatives. For the U.S. Congress, persons alone were counted. Property was not counted.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: It was at this time in the Convention that Reverend Manasseh Cutler arrived to lobby for western land sales. He brought acres of land grants to parcel out. Their sales would fund most of the U.S. government expenditures for its first few decades. There were allocations for the Ohio Company stockholders at the Convention, and for others delegates too. Good to his word, in December 1787, Cutler led a small band of pioneers into the Ohio Valley.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Delaware, on December 7, 1787, became the first State to ratify the new Constitution, with its vote being unanimous. Pennsylvania ratified on December 12, 1787, by a vote of 46 to 23 (66.67%). New Jersey ratified on December 19, 1787, and Georgia on January 2, 1788, both unanimously. The requirement of ratification by nine states, set by Article Seven of the Constitution, was met when New Hampshire voted to ratify, on June 21, 1788.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: In the early twentieth century Lochner era, the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional various state laws that limited labor contracts. The Constitution was criticized as putting the government at the beck and call of big business.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: University of Virginia professor Larry Sabato advocates an amendment to organize presidential primaries. Sabato details more objections in his book "A More Perfect Constitution".

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: He opposes life tenure for Federal Court judges, including Supreme Court justices. He also writes that "If the 26 least populated states voted as a bloc, they would control the U.S. Senate with a total of just under 17% of the country's population." Sabato further contends that the Constitution is in need of an overhaul, and argues that only a national constitutional convention can bring the document up to date and settle many of the issues that have arisen over the past two centuries.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, opponents of federal laws prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana have based their objections partially on states' rights grounds, as have opponents of federal laws and regulations pertaining to firearms. States' rights under the constitution has also been recently raised as an issue on a number of other occasions, most notably regarding Common Core, the Affordable Care Act, and same-sex marriage.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Since 1952, the "Charters of Freedom" have been displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building. Visual inspections have been enhanced by electronic imaging. Changes in the cases led to removal from their cases July 2001, preservation treatment by conservators, and installment in new encasements for public display in September 2003.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Butter

Context: Butter is a dairy product made from the fat and protein components of churned cream. It is a semi-solid emulsion at room temperature, consisting of approximately 80% butterfat. It is used at room temperature as a spread, melted as a condiment, and used as a fat in baking, sauce-making, pan frying, and other cooking procedures.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: The word "butter" derives (via Germanic languages) from the Latin "butyrum", which is the latinisation of the Greek βούτυρον ("bouturon"). This may be a compound of βοῦς ("bous"), "ox, cow" + τυρός ("turos"), "cheese", that is "cow-cheese". The word "turos" ("cheese") is attested in Mycenaean Greek. The latinized form is found in the name butyric acid, a compound found in rancid butter and dairy products such as Parmesan cheese.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Commercial butter is about 80% butterfat and 15% water; traditionally made butter may have as little as 65% fat and 30% water. Butterfat is a mixture of triglyceride, a triester derived from glycerol and three of any of several fatty acid groups.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fermented by the time it was made into butter. Butter made from a fermented cream is known as cultured butter. During fermentation, the cream naturally sours as bacteria convert milk sugars into lactic acid. The fermentation process produces additional aroma compounds, including diacetyl, which makes for a fuller-flavored and more "buttery" tasting product.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Dairy products are often pasteurized during production to kill pathogenic bacteria and other microbes. Butter made from pasteurized fresh cream is called sweet cream butter. Production of sweet cream butter first became common in the 19th century, with the development of refrigeration and the mechanical cream separator.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Clarified butter has almost all of its water and milk solids removed, leaving almost-pure butterfat. Clarified butter is made by heating butter to its melting point and then allowing it to cool; after settling, the remaining components separate by density. At the top, whey proteins form a skin, which is removed. The resulting butterfat is then poured off from the mixture of water and casein proteins that settle to the bottom.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Ghee is clarified butter that has been heated to around 120 °C (250 °F) after the water evaporated, turning the milk solids brown. This process flavors the ghee, and also produces antioxidants that help protect it from rancidity. Because of this, ghee can be kept for six to eight months under normal conditions.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Cream may be separated (usually by a centrifuge or a sedimentation) from whey instead of milk, as a byproduct of cheese-making. Whey butter may be made from whey cream. Whey cream and butter have a lower fat content and taste more salty, tangy and "cheesy". They are also cheaper to make than "sweet" cream and butter. The fat content of whey is low, so 1000 pounds of whey will typically give 3 pounds of butter.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: The earliest butter would have been from sheep or goat's milk; cattle are not thought to have been domesticated for another thousand years.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: In antiquity, butter was used for fuel in lamps, as a substitute for oil. The "Butter Tower" of Rouen Cathedral was erected in the early 16th century when Archbishop Georges d'Amboise authorized the burning of butter during

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Like Ireland, France became well known for its butter, particularly in Normandy and Brittany. Butter consumption in London in the mid 1840s was estimated at 15,357 tons annually.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Until the 19th century, the vast majority of butter was made by hand, on farms. The first butter factories appeared in the United States in the early 1860s, after the successful introduction of cheese factories a decade earlier. In the late 1870s, the centrifugal cream separator was introduced, marketed most successfully by Swedish engineer Carl Gustaf Patrik de Laval.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Butter also provided extra income to farm families. They used wood presses with carved decoration to press butter into pucks or small bricks to sell at nearby markets or general stores. The decoration identified the farm that produced the butter. This practice continued until production was mechanized and butter was produced in less decorative stick form.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Butter consumption declined in most western nations during the 20th century, mainly because of the rising popularity of margarine, which is less expensive and, until recent years, was perceived as being healthier. In the United States, margarine consumption overtook butter during the 1950s, and it is still the case today that more margarine than butter is eaten in the U.S. and the EU.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: In the United States, butter has traditionally been made into small, rectangular blocks by means of a pair of wooden butter paddles. It is usually produced in sticks that are individually wrapped in waxed or foiled paper, and sold as a package of 4 sticks. This practice is believed to have originated in 1907, when Swift and Company began packaging butter in this manner for mass distribution.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Due to historical differences in butter printers (machines that cut and package butter), 4-ounce sticks are commonly produced in two different shapes:

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Outside of the United States, butter is measured for sale by mass (rather than by volume or unit/stick), and is sold in and packages.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Butter has been considered indispensable in French cuisine since the 17th century. Chefs and cooks have extolled its importance: Fernand Point said "Donnez-moi du beurre, encore du beurre, toujours du beurre!" ('Give me butter, more butter, still more butter!'); Julia Child said "With enough butter, anything is good."

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: "Beurre blanc" (white butter) is made by whisking butter into reduced vinegar or wine, forming an emulsion with the texture of thick cream. "Beurre monté" (prepared butter) is melted but still emulsified butter; it lends its name to the practice of "mounting" a sauce with butter: whisking cold butter into any water-based sauce at the end of cooking, giving the sauce a thicker body and a glossy shine—as well as a buttery taste.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Butter is used for sautéing and frying, although its milk solids brown and burn above 150 °C (250 °F)—a rather low temperature for most applications. The smoke point of butterfat is around 200 °C (400 °F), so clarified butter or ghee is better suited to frying.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: Butter fills several roles in baking, where it is used in a similar manner as other solid fats like lard, suet, or shortening, but has a flavor that may better complement sweet baked goods.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: As butter is essentially just the milk fat, it contains only traces of lactose, so moderate consumption of butter is not a problem for lactose intolerant people. People with milk allergies may still need to avoid butter, which contains enough of the allergy-causing proteins to cause reactions. Whole milk, butter and cream have high levels of saturated fat.

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: A 2015 study concluded that "hypercholesterolemic people should keep their consumption of butter to a minimum, whereas moderate butter intake may be considered part of the diet in the normocholesterolemic population."

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


Butter

Context: A meta-analysis and systematic review published in 2016 found relatively small or insignificant overall associations of a dose of 14g/day of butter with mortality and CVD, and consumption was inversely associated with incidence of diabetes. The study further states that "findings do not support a need for major emphasis in dietary guidelines on either increasing or decreasing butter consumption."

Question: Mikä maa on voin suurin tuottaja?


The King's Speech

Context: Principal photography took place in London and around Britain from November 2009 to January 2010. Hard light was used to give the story a greater resonance and wider-than-normal lenses were employed to recreate the Duke of York's feelings of constriction. A third technique Hooper employed was the off-centre framing of characters.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: George V dies in 1936, and his eldest son David ascends the throne as King Edward VIII. A constitutional crisis arises with the new king over a prospective marriage with the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. Edward, as the supreme governor of the Church of England, cannot marry her, even if she receives her second divorce, since both her previous husbands are alive.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: At an unscheduled session, Bertie expresses his frustration that, while his speech has improved when speaking to most people, he still stammers when talking to David, at the same time revealing the extent of Edward VIII's folly with Simpson. When Lionel insists that Bertie himself could make a good king, Bertie accuses Lionel of speaking treason and quits Lionel in anger. Bertie must now face the Accession Council without any assistance.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: Seidler thought Paul Bettany would be a good choice to play King George VI, while Hooper preferred Hugh Grant, though both actors declined the offer. Once they met with Firth and heard him read for the part, Seidler and Hooper were convinced of his suitability for the role.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: The UK Film Council awarded the production £1 million in June 2009. Filming began in December 2009, and lasted 39 days. Most was shot in the three weeks before Christmas because Rush would be performing in a play in January. The schedule was further complicated by Bonham Carter's availability: she worked on "Harry Potter" during the week, so her scenes had to be filmed during the weekend.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: The film depicted both regal opulence and scruffy, depression-era London. On 25 November 2009 the crew took over the Pullens buildings in Southwark and gave it the appearance of a street from 1930s London. Large advertisements for (among other things) Bovril and fascism were added to walls, and grit and grime to streets and buildings. To reproduce London smog of the timethick enough that cars might need guidance from someone walking aheadso much artificial smoke was used that fire alarms were triggered.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: On 26 November, a week's filming with Firth, Rush, and Jacobi began at Ely Cathedral, the location used for Westminster Abbey. The production had asked for permission to film in the Abbey but were denied due to the demands of tourism. Though Lincoln Cathedral is architecturally a closer match to the Abbey, they preferred Ely, a favoured filming location. Its size allowed them to build sets showing not just the coronation, but the preparations before it.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: Lancaster House, an opulent government-owned period house in London, was rented (at £20,000 per day) for interior scenes of Buckingham Palace. The 1936 Accession Council at St. James's Palace, where George VI swore an oath, was filmed in the Livery Hall of Drapers' Hall. The room, ornate and vast, met the occasion: the daunting nature of the new King's responsibilities was shown by surrounding him with rich detail, flags and royal portraiture.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: Other locations include Cumberland Lodge, Harley Street, Knebworth, Hatfield House, the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, Queen Street Mill Textile Museum in Burnley, and Battersea Power Station, which doubled as a BBC wireless control room. The final cut of the film was completed on 31 August 2010.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: In developing his portrayal of George VI's stammer, Firth worked with Neil Swain, the voice coach for the film. His sister, Kate Firth, also a professional voice coach to actors, proposed exercises the King might have done with Logue, and made suggestions on how to imagine Logue's mix of physical and psychological coaching for the film.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: The film's original score was composed by Alexandre Desplat. In a film about a man struggling to articulate himself, Desplat was wary of overshadowing the dramaturgy: "This is a film about the sound of the voice. Music has to deal with that. Music has to deal with silence. Music has to deal with time."

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: To create a dated sound, the score was recorded on old microphones extracted from the EMI archives which had been specially made for the royal family.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: The music played during the broadcast of the 1939 radio speech at the climax of the film is from the 2nd movement (Allegretto) of Beethoven's 7th Symphony; it was added by Tariq Anwar, the editor. When Desplat later joined the team to write the music, he praised and defended Anwar's suggestion. Hooper further remarked that the stature of the piece helps elevate the status of the speech to a public event.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: The score was nominated for several awards, including Best Original Score at the Oscars, Golden Globes, and BAFTAs, winning the latter award. The score also won a Grammy at the 54th Grammy Awards.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: At other times, the camera was positioned very close to the actors to catch the emotion in their faces: "If you put a lens 6 inches from somebody's face, you get more emotion than if you're on a long lens 20 feet away," Cohen said in an interview. Hooper sought a second subtlety while filming the first consultation room scene between the two men, having placed the camera 18 inches from Colin Firth's face: "I wanted the nervousness of the first day to percolate into his performances," he said.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: Historical dramas traditionally tend to use "soft light", but Hooper wanted to use a harsher glare, which gives a more contemporary feel, and thus a greater emotional resonance. To achieve the effect, the lighting team erected huge blackout tents over the Georgian buildings and used large lights filtered through Egyptian cotton.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: Several events in the film did not happen, or were exaggerated. The visual blog "Information is Beautiful" deduced that, while taking creative licence into account, the film was 74.4% accurate when compared to real-life events, summarising: "Some nips and tucks of the historical record, but mostly an accurate retelling of a unique friendship".

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: Robert Logue, a grandson of Lionel, doubted the film's depiction of the speech therapist, stating "I don't think he ever swore in front of the King and he certainly never called him 'Bertie'". Andrew Roberts, an English historian, states that the severity of the King's stammer was exaggerated and the characters of Edward VIII, Wallis Simpson, and George V made more antagonistic than they really were, to increase the dramatic effect.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: Hugo Vickers, an adviser on the film, agreed that the alteration of historical details to preserve the essence of the dramatic story was sometimes necessary. The high-ranking officials, for instance, would not have been present when the King made his speech, nor would Churchill have been involved at any level, "but the average viewer knows who Churchill is; he doesn't know who Lord Halifax and Sir Samuel Hoare are."

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: The film was distributed by Transmission Films in Australia and by Momentum Pictures in the United Kingdom. The Weinstein Company distributed it in North America, Germany, Benelux, Scandinavia, China, Hong Kong, and Latin America. The film was released in France on 2 February 2011, under the title "Le discours d'un roi". It was distributed by Wild Bunch Distribution.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: In the United States "The King's Speech" opened with $355,450 (£220,000) in four cinemas. It holds the record for the highest per-cinema gross of 2010. It was widened to 700 screens on Christmas Day and 1,543 screens on 14 January 2011. It eventually made $138 million in North America overall.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: The British Stammering Association welcomed the release of "The King's Speech", congratulating the film makers on their "realistic depiction of the frustration and the fear of speaking faced by people who stammer on a daily basis." It said that "Colin Firth's portrayal of the King's stammer in particular strikes us as very authentic and accurate." The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists welcomed the film, and launched their "Giving Voice" campaign around the time of its commercial release.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: Allociné, a French cinema website, gave the film an average of four out of five stars, based on a survey of 21 reviews. "Le Monde", which characterised the film as the "latest manifestation of British narcissism" and summarised it as "We are ugly and boring, but, By Jove!, we are right!", nevertheless admired the performances of Firth, Rush, and Bonham Carter. It said that, though the film swept British appeasement under the carpet, it was still enjoyable.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: At the 83rd Academy Awards, "The King's Speech" won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-scène: Art Direction and Costumes.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, it won seven awards, including Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Actor for Firth, Best Supporting Actor for Rush, Best Supporting Actress for Bonham Carter, Best Original Screenplay for Seidler, and Best Music for Alexandre Desplat. The film had been nominated for 14 BAFTAs, more than any other film. At the 68th Golden Globe Awards, Firth won for Best Actor. The film won no other Golden Globes, despite earning seven nominations, more than any other film.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: At the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Firth won the Best Actor award and the entire cast won Best Ensemble, meaning Firth went home with two acting awards in one evening. Hooper won the Directors Guild of America Awards 2010 for Best Director. The film won the Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture at the Producers Guild of America Awards 2010.

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


The King's Speech

Context: "The King's Speech" won the People's Choice Award at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, Best British Independent Film at the 2010 British Independent Film Awards, and the 2011 Goya Award for Best European Film from the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España (Spanish Academy of Cinematic Art and Science).

Question: Ketä Britannian kuningasta elokuva Kuninkaan puhe käsittelee?


Formula One

Context: A points system is used at Grands Prix to determine two annual World Championships: one for drivers, the other for constructors. Each driver must hold a valid Super Licence, the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA. The races must run on tracks graded "1" (formerly "A"), the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: An era of British dominance was ushered in by Mike Hawthorn and Vanwall's championship wins in 1958, although Stirling Moss had been at the forefront of the sport without ever securing the world title. Between Hawthorn, Jim Clark, Jackie Stewart, John Surtees and Graham Hill, British drivers won nine Drivers' Championships and British teams won fourteen Constructors' Championship titles between 1958 and 1974.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: During 2006, Max Mosley outlined a "green" future for Formula One, in which efficient use of energy would become an important factor.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: McLaren also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes-Benz (McLaren's partnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour with the McLaren Mercedes SLR road car project and tough F1 championships which included McLaren being found guilty of spying on Ferrari). Hence, during the 2010 season, Mercedes-Benz re-entered the sport as a manufacturer after its purchase of Brawn GP, and split with McLaren after 15 seasons with the team.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend. It begins with two free practice sessions on Friday (except in Monaco, where Friday practices are moved to Thursday), and one free practice on Saturday. Additional drivers (commonly known as third drivers) are allowed to run on Fridays, but only two cars may be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up their seat. A qualifying session is held after the last free practice session. This session determines the starting order for the race on Sunday.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Each driver may use no more than thirteen sets of dry-weather tyres, four sets of intermediate tyres, and three sets of wet-weather tyres during a race weekend.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: 2021 has seen the trialling of a 'sprint qualifying' race on the Saturday of three race weekends, with the intention of testing the new approach to qualifying.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: In the 1950s, race distances varied from to . The maximum race length was reduced to in 1966 and in 1971. The race length was standardised to the current in 1989. However, street races like Monaco have shorter distances, to keep under the two-hour limit.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Flags specifications and usage are prescribed by Appendix H of the FIA's International Sporting Code.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: A driver must be classified in order to receive points, , a driver must complete at least 90% of the race distance in order to receive points. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive points even if they retired before the end of the race.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: If less than 75% of the race laps are completed by the winner, then only half of the points listed in the table are awarded to the drivers and constructors. This has happened on only five occasions in the history of the championship, and it had a notable influence on the final standing of the season. The last occurrence was at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix when the race was called off after just 3 laps behind a safety car due to torrential rain.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: A Formula One constructor is the entity credited for designing the chassis and the engine. If both are designed by the same company, that company receives sole credit as the constructor (e.g. Ferrari). If they are designed by different companies, both are credited, and the name of the chassis designer is placed before that of the engine designer (e.g. ). All constructors are scored individually, even if they share either chassis or engine with another constructor (e.g. Williams-Ford, Williams-Honda in ).

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: The sport's debut season, , saw eighteen teams compete, but due to high costs, many dropped out quickly. In fact, such was the scarcity of competitive cars for much of the first decade of Formula One that Formula Two cars were admitted to fill the grids. Ferrari is the oldest Formula One team, the only still-active team which competed in 1950.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Early manufacturer involvement came in the form of a "factory team" or "works team" (that is, one owned and staffed by a major car company), such as those of Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, or Renault. Ferrari holds the record for having won the most Constructors' Championships (sixteen).

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Although teams rarely disclose information about their budgets, it is estimated they range from US$66 million to US$400 million each.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a $200 million up-front payment to the FIA, which is then shared equally among the existing teams. As a consequence, constructors desiring to enter Formula One often prefer to buy an existing team: BAR's purchase of Tyrrell and Midland's purchase of Jordan allowed both of these teams to sidestep the large deposit and secure the benefits the team already had, such as TV revenue.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Seven out of the ten teams competing in Formula 1 are based close to London in an area centred around Oxford. Ferrari have both their chassis and engine assembly in Maranello, Italy. The Alpha Tauri team are based close to Ferrari in Faenza, whilst the Alfa Romeo team are based near Zurich in Switzerland.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Teams also contract test and reserve drivers to stand in for regular drivers when necessary and develop the team's car; although with the reduction on testing the reserve drivers' role mainly takes places on a simulator, such as rFactor Pro, which is used by most of the F1 teams.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: All Grands Prix have traditionally been run during the day, until the inaugural hosted the first Formula One night race in 2008, which was followed by the day–night Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in 2009 and the Bahrain Grand Prix which converted to a night race in 2014. Other Grands Prix in Asia have had their start times adjusted to benefit the European television audience.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: The Circuit of the Americas in Austin, the Sochi Autodrom in Sochi and the Baku City Circuit in Azerbaijan have all been introduced as brand new tracks since 2012. In 2020, Algarve International Circuit debuted on the F1 calendar as the venue of the Portuguese Grand Prix, with the country having last hosted a race in 1996. In 2021, Circuit Zandvoort returned to the F1 calendar as the Dutch Grand Prix, having last hosted a race in 1985.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Carbon-carbon disc brakes are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance. These provide a very high level of braking performance and are usually the element that provokes the greatest reaction from drivers new to the formula.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Formula One cars must have four wheels made of the same metallic material, which must be one of two magnesium alloys specified by the FIA. Magnesium alloy wheels made by forging are used to achieve maximum unsprung rotating weight reduction. As of 2022, the wheels are covered with "spec" (Standardised) Wheel Covers, the wheel diametre has increased from 13 inches to 18 inches (reducing the "tyre profile"), and small winglets have been placed over the front tyres.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: In March 2007, "F1 Racing" published its annual estimates of spending by Formula One teams. The total spending of all eleven teams in 2006 was estimated at $2.9 billion US. This was broken down as follows: Toyota $418.5 million, Ferrari $406.5 m, McLaren $402 m, Honda $380.5 m, BMW Sauber $355 m, Renault $324 m, Red Bull $252 m, Williams $195.5 m, Midland F1/Spyker-MF1 $120 m, Toro Rosso $75 m, and Super Aguri $57 million.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Costs vary greatly from team to team. Honda, Toyota, McLaren-Mercedes, and Ferrari were estimated to have spent approximately $200 million on engines in 2006, Renault spent approximately $125 million and Cosworth's 2006 V8 was developed for $15 million. In contrast to the 2006 season on which these figures are based, the 2007 sporting regulations banned all performance related engine development.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Formula One teams pay entry fees of $500,000, plus $5,000 per point scored the previous year or $6,000 per point for the winner of the Constructors' Championship. Formula One drivers pay a FIA Super Licence fee, which in 2013 was €10,000 plus €1,000 per point.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: There have been controversies with the way profits are shared amongst the teams. The smaller teams have complained that the profits are unevenly shared, favouring established top teams. In September 2015, Force India and Sauber officially lodged a complaint with the European Union against Formula One questioning the governance and stating that the system of dividing revenues and determining the rules is unfair and unlawful.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: The cost of building a brand new permanent circuit can be up to hundreds of millions of dollars, while the cost of converting a public road, such as Albert Park, into a temporary circuit is much less. Permanent circuits, however, can generate revenue all year round from leasing the track for private races and other races, such as MotoGP. The Shanghai International Circuit cost over $300 million and the Istanbul Park circuit cost $150 million to build.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: In the second quarter of 2020, Formula One reported a loss revenue of $122 million and an income of $24 million. This was a result of the delay of the racing championship start as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The company grossed revenues of $620 million for the same quarter the previous year.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: The expense of Formula One has seen the FIA and the Formula One Commission attempt to create new regulations to lower the costs for a team to compete in the sport.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: On 19 August 2020, it was announced that all 10 teams had signed the new Concorde Agreement. This came into effect at the start of the 2021 season and changed how prize money and TV revenue is distributed.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Formula One has launched a plan to become carbon neutral by 2030. By 2025, all events should become "sustainable", including eliminating single-use plastics and ensuring all waste is reused, recycled or composted.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: From the 2021–22 season, all cars will increase the bio-component of their fuel, using E10 fuel, rather than the 5.75% of Ethanol currently used. This percentage is expected to grow again in the future. In December 2020, the FIA claimed that it had developed a fuel with 100% sustainability, to be used in Formula One from either 2025 or 2026, when new engine regulations come into force.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Formula One can be seen live or tape delayed in almost every country and territory and attracts one of the largest global television audiences. The 2008 season attracted a global audience of 600 million people per race. The cumulative television audience was calculated to be 54 billion for the 2001 season, broadcast to 200 territories.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: The only station that differed from this set up was "DF1" (re-branded to "Premiere" then to "Sky Deutschland") – a German channel which offers all sessions live and interactive, with features such as the onboard and pit-lane channels. This service was purchased by Bernie Ecclestone at the end of 1996 and became F1 Digital Plus, which was made more widely available around Europe until the end of 2002, when the cost of the digital interactive service was thought too much.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: The official Formula One website has live timing charts that can be used during the race to follow the leaderboard in real time. An official application has been available for the Apple App Store since 2009, and on Google Play since 2011, that shows users a real-time feed of driver positions, timing and commentary. On 26 November 2017 Formula One unveiled a new logo, which replaced the previous "flying one" in use since 1993.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: In March 2018, FOM announced the launch of F1 TV, an over-the-top (OTT) streaming platform that lets viewers watch multiple simultaneous video feeds and timing screens in addition to traditional directed race footage and commentary.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: Currently, the terms 'Formula One race' and 'World Championship race' are effectively synonymous. Since 1984, every Formula One race has counted towards the World Championship, and every World Championship race has been run to Formula One regulations. However, the two terms are not interchangeable.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: In the earlier history of Formula One, many races took place outside the World Championship, and local championships run to Formula One regulations also occurred. These events often took place on circuits that were not always suitable for the World Championship, and featured local cars and drivers as well as those competing in the championship.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: South Africa's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975. The frontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship although there was also a healthy selection of locally built or modified machines. Frontrunning drivers from the series usually contested their local World Championship Grand Prix, as well as occasional European events, although they had little success at that level.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Formula One

Context: The DFV helped make the UK domestic Formula One championship possible between 1978 and 1980. As in South Africa a decade before, second hand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and Fittipaldi Automotive were the order of the day, although some, such as the March 781, were built specifically for the series. In 1980, the series saw South African Desiré Wilson become the only woman to win a Formula One race when she triumphed at Brands Hatch in a Wolf WR3.

Question: Kuka omistaa Formula 1 konseptin?


Supergirl

Context: Since her initial comic book appearances, the character later branched out into animation, film, television, and merchandising. In May 2011, Supergirl placed 94th on IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time. In November 2013, the character placed 17th on IGN's list of the Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: Reaction to Supergirl's first appearance was tremendous, with thousands of positive letters pouring into the DC Comics offices.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: On Earth, Kara acquires powers identical to Superman's and adopts the secret identity of Linda Lee, a resident of Midvale Orphanage. She conceals her blonde hair beneath a brunette wig and functions as Supergirl only in secret, at Superman's request, until she can gain, in his opinion, sufficient control of her powers — and the wisdom to properly use them. Her debut was delayed by her powers being stolen by a Kandorian villainess; during this period, she is adopted by Fred and Edna Danvers.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: She attends Midvale High School as Linda Lee Danvers. In later years, after graduating from Stanhope College, she changes careers several times, holding jobs in student counseling, news reporting, and acting in a TV soap opera, "Secret Hearts". She also attends college in Chicago. Kara has many boyfriends, including Richard (Dick) Malverne, Jerro the Merboy from Atlantis, and Brainiac 5, a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes. However, she has shunned serious commitments, placing her super-career first.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: After the events of "Infinite Crisis", the sequel to "Crisis on Infinite Earths", many historical events from the Multiverse are now being remembered. Donna Troy, after her rebirth and inheritance of the Harbinger's Orb, recalls the original Kara Zor-El and her sacrifice.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: A Post-"Crisis" Supergirl appears in "Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes", in which she is transported to the 31st century and, as a result of her disorientation, for a time believes she is dreaming her surroundings into existence until finally convinced otherwise. Although her memories of her time with the Legion are erased before she returns to the present, the mental blocks break down upon encountering the Pre-"Crisis" versions of Legionnaires Karate Kid and Triplicate Girl (Una).

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: A recently completed storyline focused on her promise to a little boy that she would save him. She tries to make good on her promise, following different avenues searching for a cure for his cancer. After he died, she tracks down a villain with the ability to jump through time, but decides not to use that solution, as she would just be doing the same thing as the villain. She accepts that sometimes she cannot save everyone.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: DC Editorial wanted Superman to be the only surviving Kryptonian following DC's Post-"Crisis" reboot of the Superman continuity. As a result, when DC reintroduced Supergirl, she needed a non-Kryptonian origin. Afterward, DC Comics tried to revamp the Supergirl concept, introducing several more non-Kryptonian Supergirls. Eventually, the rule that Superman should be the only Kryptonian survivor was relaxed, allowing for a return of Kara Zor-El as his cousin.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: The Matrix's Supergirl form resembles the Pre-"Crisis" Supergirl. She lives in Smallville with the Kents, who treated "Mae" like their own daughter. While new to Earth, the Matrix begins a romance with the DC Universe's Lex Luthor, until she realizes Luthor's villainous nature. She leaves him to find her own way in the world, serving for a time as a member of the Teen Titans and a hero in her own right.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: As the series begins, the Matrix sacrifices herself to save a dying Linda Danvers and their bodies, minds and souls merge to become an "Earth-Born Angel", a being created when one being selflessly sacrifices him or herself to save another who is beyond saving. As the angel, Supergirl loses some of her powers, but gains others, including fiery angel wings and a "shunt" ability that allows her to teleport to any place she has been before.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: According to an interview with Newsarama, the Matrix Supergirl is wiped from existence by the events depicted in the 2005 limited series "Infinite Crisis", although "Infinite Crisis" writer Geoff Johns later stated that Danvers is not. The debate was finally settled in the 2008 miniseries "Reign in Hell", where the Shadowpact is shown trying to apprehend Linda Danvers before Linda is "recalled" to Hell.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: Even though Supergirl is a Superman supporting character, she is also a Superman Family member, with her own set of supporting characters.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: Producer Ilya Salkind originally wrote a treatment for the third installment from the "Superman" film series starring Christopher Reeve that expanded the film's scope to a cosmic scale, introducing the villains Brainiac and Mister Mxyzptlk, as well as Supergirl. The original outline featured a father–daughter relationship between Brainiac and Supergirl and a romance between Superman and Supergirl, even though the two are cousins in the comics. Warner Bros. rejected the outline.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Supergirl

Context: Supergirl appeared in Lego Dimensions as a playable character voiced by Kari Wahlgren who alongside Green Arrow were only available during the Lego convention BrickLive. However, she eventually including Aquaman and Lloyd Garmadon from Ninjago appeared in the PS4 version of the Starter Pack. She shares most of her abilities with Superman, but unlike in previous Lego games, she can turn into a Red Lantern, which is a reference to the comic “Red Daughter of Krypton”.

Question: Milloin Terästyttö hahmo on luotu?


Perennial plant

Context: There is also a class of evergreen perennials which lack woody stems, such as "Bergenia" which retain a mantle of leaves throughout the year. An intermediate class of plants is known as subshrubs, which retain a vestigial woody structure in winter, e.g. "Penstemon".

Question: Miten monivuotinen kasvi määritellään?


Perennial plant

Context: The symbol for a perennial plant, based on "Species Plantarum" by Linnaeus, is represented by the symbol: , which is also the astronomical symbol for the planet Jupiter.

Question: Miten monivuotinen kasvi määritellään?


Perennial plant

Context: Some perennial plants are protected from wildfires because they have underground roots that produce adventitious shoots, bulbs, crowns, or stems; other perennials like trees and shrubs may have thick cork layers that protect the stems. Herbaceous perennials from temperate and alpine regions of the world can tolerate the cold during winters.

Question: Miten monivuotinen kasvi määritellään?


Perennial plant

Context: Perennial plants may remain dormant for long periods and then recommence growth and reproduction when the environment is more suitable, while most annual plants complete their life cycle during one growing period, and biennials have two growing periods.

Question: Miten monivuotinen kasvi määritellään?


Perennial plant

Context: Perennials species may produce relatively large seeds that have the advantage of generating larger seedlings that can better compete with other plants. Perennials also produce seeds over many years.

Question: Miten monivuotinen kasvi määritellään?


Perennial plant

Context: Perennial plants dominate many natural ecosystems on land and in fresh water, with only a very few (e.g. "Zostera") occurring in shallow sea water. Herbaceous perennial plants are particularly dominant in conditions too fire-prone for trees and shrubs, e.g., most plants on prairies and steppes are perennials; they are also dominant on tundra too cold for tree growth. Nearly all forest plants are perennials, including the trees and shrubs.

Question: Miten monivuotinen kasvi määritellään?


Perennial plant

Context: Perennial plants are usually better long-term competitors, especially under stable, resource-poor conditions. This is due to the development of larger root systems which can access water and soil nutrients deeper in the soil and to earlier emergence in the spring. Annual plants have an advantage in disturbed environments because of their faster growth and reproduction rates.

Question: Miten monivuotinen kasvi määritellään?


Perennial plant

Context: Many vegetable plants can grow as perennials in tropical climates, but die in cold weather. Examples of some of the more completely perennial vegetables are:

Question: Miten monivuotinen kasvi määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Anesthesia enables the painless performance of procedures that would otherwise cause severe or intolerable pain to a person who is not anesthetized, or would otherwise be technically unfeasible. Three broad categories of anesthesia exist:

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: In preparing for a medical procedure, the clinician chooses one or more drugs to achieve the types and degree of anesthesia characteristics appropriate for the type of procedure and the particular person. The types of drugs used include general anesthetics, local anesthetics, hypnotics, dissociatives, sedatives, adjuncts, neuromuscular-blocking drugs, narcotics, and analgesics.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Different types of anesthesia affect the endpoints differently. Regional anesthesia, for instance, affects analgesia; benzodiazepine-type sedatives (used for sedation, or "twilight anesthesia") favor amnesia; and general anesthetics can affect all of the endpoints. The goal of anesthesia is to achieve the endpoints required for the given surgical procedure with the least risk to the person.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: To achieve the goals of anesthesia, drugs act on different but interconnected parts of the nervous system. Hypnosis, for instance, is generated through actions on the nuclei in the brain and is similar to the activation of sleep. The effect is to make people less aware and less reactive to noxious stimuli.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Nevertheless, a person can have dreams during anesthetic or have consciousness of the procedure despite having no indication of it under anesthetic. It is estimated that 22% of people dream during general anesthesia and 1 - 2 cases per 1000 have some consciousness termed "awareness during general anesthesia".

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: One part of the risk assessment is based on the patients' health. The American Society of Anesthesiologists has developed a six-tier scale that stratifies the patient's pre-operative physical state. It is called the ASA physical status. The scale assesses risk as the patient's general health relates to an anesthetic.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: The more detailed pre-operative medical history aims to discover genetic disorders (such as malignant hyperthermia or pseudocholinesterase deficiency), habits (tobacco, drug and alcohol use), physical attributes (such as obesity or a difficult airway) and any coexisting diseases (especially cardiac and respiratory diseases) that might impact the anesthetic. The physical examination helps quantify the impact of anything found in the medical history in addition to lab tests.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: When pain is blocked from a part of the body using local anesthetics, it is generally referred to as regional anesthesia. There are many types of regional anesthesia either by injecting into the tissue itself, a vein that feeds the area or around a nerve trunk that supplies sensation to the area. The latter are called nerve blocks and are divided into peripheral or central nerve blocks.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: A 2018 Cochrane review found moderate quality evidence that regional anesthesia may reduce the frequency of persistent postoperative pain (PPP) from three to 18 months following thoracotomy and three to 1 months following caesarean. Low quality evidence was found three to 12 months following breast cancer surgery. This review acknowledges certain limitations that impact its applicability beyond the surgeries and regional anesthesia techniques reviewed.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Central neuraxial anesthesia is the injection of local anesthetic around the spinal cord to provide analgesia in the abdomen, pelvis or lower extremities. It is divided into either spinal (injection into the subarachnoid space), epidural (injection outside of the subarachnoid space into the epidural space) and caudal (injection into the cauda equina or tail end of the spinal cord). Spinal and epidural are the most commonly used forms of central neuraxial blockade.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Spinal anesthesia is a "one-shot" injection that provides rapid onset and profound sensory anesthesia with lower doses of anesthetic, and is usually associated with neuromuscular blockade (loss of muscle control). Epidural anesthesia uses larger doses of anesthetic infused through an indwelling catheter which allows the anesthetic to be augmented should the effects begin to dissipate. Epidural anesthesia does not typically affect muscle control.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Because central neuraxial blockade causes arterial and venous vasodilation, a drop in blood pressure is common. This drop is largely dictated by the venous side of the circulatory system which holds 75% of the circulating blood volume. The physiologic effects are much greater when the block is placed above the 5th thoracic vertebra. An ineffective block is most often due to inadequate anxiolysis or sedation rather than a failure of the block itself.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Nociception (pain sensation) is not hard-wired into the body. Instead, it is a dynamic process wherein persistent painful stimuli can sensitize the system and either make pain management difficult or promote the development of chronic pain. For this reason, preemptive acute pain management may reduce both acute and chronic pain and is tailored to the surgery, the environment in which it is given (in-patient/out-patient) and the individual.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Risks and complications as they relate to anesthesia are classified as either morbidity (a disease or disorder that results from anesthesia) or mortality (death that results from anesthesia). Quantifying how anesthesia contributes to morbidity and mortality can be difficult because a person's health prior to surgery and the complexity of the surgical procedure can also contribute to the risks.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: The first attempts at general anesthesia were probably herbal remedies administered in prehistory. Alcohol is one of the oldest known sedatives and it was used in ancient Mesopotamia thousands of years ago. The Sumerians are said to have cultivated and harvested the opium poppy ("Papaver somniferum") in lower Mesopotamia as early as 3400 BCE. The ancient Egyptians had some surgical instruments, as well as crude analgesics and sedatives, including possibly an extract prepared from the mandrake fruit.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: In China, Bian Que (Chinese: 扁鹊, Wade–Giles: "Pien Ch'iao", c. 300 BCE) was a legendary Chinese internist and surgeon who reportedly used general anesthesia for surgical procedures. Despite this, it was the Chinese physician Hua Tuo whom historians considered the first verifiable historical figure to develop a type of mixture of anesthesia, though his recipe has yet to be fully discovered.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Early medieval Arabic writings mention anaesthesia by inhalation. Inhalational anesthetics were first used by Arabic physician, such as Abulcasis, Ibn Zuhr and Persian physician Avicenna in the 11th century. They used a sponge soaked with narcotic drugs and placed it on a patient's face. These Arabic physicians were the first to use an anaesthetic sponge. Arab/Persian physicians also introduced the use of preoperative anaesthetic compounds around the 9th century.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: The most famous anesthetic, ether, may have been synthesized as early as the 8th century, but it took many centuries for its anesthetic importance to be appreciated, even though the 16th century physician and polymath Paracelsus noted that chickens made to breathe it not only fell asleep but also felt no pain. By the early 19th century, ether was being used by humans, but only as a recreational drug.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: On 14 November 1804, Hanaoka Seishū, a Japanese doctor, became the first person to successfully perform surgery using general anesthesia. Hanaoka learned traditional Japanese medicine as well as Dutch-imported European surgery and Chinese medicine. After years of research and experimentation, he finally developed a formula which he named tsūsensan (also known as mafutsu-san), which combined Korean morning glory and other herbs.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Discovered in 1831 by an American physician Samuel Guthrie (1782–1848), and independently a few months later by Frenchman Eugène Soubeiran (1797–1859) and Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) in Germany, chloroform was named and chemically characterized in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800–1884). In 1842, Dr Robert Mortimer Glover in London discovered the anaesthetic qualities of chloroform on laboratory animals.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: John Snow of London published articles from May 1848 onwards "On Narcotism by the Inhalation of Vapours" in the London Medical Gazette. Snow also involved himself in the production of equipment needed for the administration of inhalational anesthetics, the forerunner of today's anesthesia machines.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: in another article, "We have administered an anesthetic 1,092 times; ether alone 674 times; chloroform 245 times; ether and chloroform combined 173 times. I can report that out of this number, 1,092 cases, we have not had an accident". Magaw's records and outcomes created a legacy defining that the delivery of anesthesia by nurses would serve the surgical community without increasing the risks to patients. In fact, Magaw's outcomes would eclipse those of practitioners today.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: The first comprehensive medical textbook on the subject, "Anesthesia", was authored in 1914 by anesthesiologist Dr. James Tayloe Gwathmey and the chemist Dr. Charles Baskerville. This book served as the standard reference for the specialty for decades and included details on the history of anesthesia as well as the physiology and techniques of inhalation, rectal, intravenous, and spinal anesthesia.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Of these first famous anesthetics, only nitrous oxide is still widely used today, with chloroform and ether having been replaced by safer but sometimes more expensive general anesthetics, and cocaine by more effective local anesthetics with less abuse potential.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: Almost all healthcare providers use anesthetic drugs to some degree, but most health professions have their own field of specialists in the field including medicine, nursing and dentistry.

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Anesthesia

Context: There are many circumstances when anesthesia needs to be altered for special circumstances due to the procedure (such as in cardiac surgery, cardiothoracic anesthesiology or neurosurgery), the patient (such as in pediatric anesthesia, geriatric, bariatric or obstetrical anesthesia) or special circumstances (such as in trauma, prehospital care, robotic surgery or extreme environments).

Question: Miten anestesia määritellään?


Fairy Tail

Context: The manga has also been licensed in other English-speaking countries. In the United Kingdom, the volumes are distributed by Turnaround Publisher Services. In Australia and New Zealand, the manga is distributed by Penguin Books Australia.

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Fairy Tail

Context: All eight "Fairy Tail" spin-off manga, including all three installments of "Gaiden", are licensed for English release by Kodansha USA.

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Fairy Tail

Context: A second anime film was announced on May 15, 2015. On December 31, 2016, the official title of film was revealed as "", which was released on May 6, 2017 in Japan.

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Fairy Tail

Context: An action video game for the PlayStation Portable, titled was unveiled at the 2009 Tokyo Game Show. The game was developed by Konami Examu Games inc. and was released on June 3, 2010. Two sequels to "Portable Guild" have also been released for the PlayStation Portable—the first, subtitled "Portable Guild 2", was released on March 10, 2011; the second, was released on March 22, 2012. The characters Natsu and Lucy also appeared as playable characters in the crossover video game "" for the PSP in 2009.

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Fairy Tail

Context: Two fighting games, and were released for the Nintendo DS on July 22, 2010 and April 21, 2011, respectively. In 2016, a browser game developed by GameSamba titled "Fairy Tail: Hero's Journey" was announced to be open for closed beta testing.

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Fairy Tail

Context: On September 5, 2019, it was announced that a role-playing video game developed by Gust Co. Ltd. and published by Koei Tecmo would be released for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Steam on March 19, 2020 worldwide; the game was later delayed to June 25. The game was delayed to July 30, 2020 in Japan and Europe, and in North America on July 31, 2020 due to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic.

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Fairy Tail

Context: An internet radio program began airing on HiBiKi Radio Station on February 11, 2012, featuring anime voice actors Tetsuya Kakihara (Natsu) and Mai Nakahara (Juvia) as announcers.

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Fairy Tail

Context: Kimlinger, his colleague Rebecca Silverman, and A.E. Sparrow of "IGN" all felt Mashima's artwork had strong similarities to Eiichiro Oda's in "One Piece". While Sparrow used the comparison as a compliment and said it had enough unique qualities of its own, Kimlinger went so far as to say it makes it difficult to appreciate Mashima's "undeniable technical skill."

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Fairy Tail

Context: The anime has also received a positive response from critics and viewers alike. In Southeast Asia, "Fairy Tail" won Animax Asia's "Anime of the Year" award in 2010. In 2012, the anime series won the "Meilleur Anime Japonais" (best Japanese anime) award and the best French dubbing award at the 19th Anime & Manga Grand Prix in Paris, France.

Question: Montako osaa Fairy Tail mangassa on?


Solid-state drive

Context: A solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies to store data persistently, typically using flash memory, and functioning as secondary storage in the hierarchy of computer storage. It is also sometimes called a semiconductor storage device, a solid-state device or a solid-state disk, even though SSDs lack the physical spinning disks and movable read–write heads used in hard disk drives (HDDs) and floppy disks.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: SSDs based on NAND Flash will slowly leak charge over time if left for long periods without power. This causes worn-out drives (that have exceeded their endurance rating) to start losing data typically after one year (if stored at 30 °C) to two years (at 25 °C) in storage; for new drives it takes longer. Therefore, SSDs are not suitable for archival storage. 3D XPoint is a possible exception to this rule; it is a relatively new technology with unknown long-term data-retention characteristics.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: SSDs have a limited lifetime number of writes, and also slow down as they reach their full storage capacity.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In the late 1980s, Zitel offered a family of DRAM based SSD products under the trade name "RAMDisk", for use on systems by UNIVAC and Perkin-Elmer, among others.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In 1995, M-Systems introduced flash-based solid-state drives as HDD replacements for the military and aerospace industries, as well as for other mission-critical applications. These applications require the SSD's ability to withstand extreme shock, vibration, and temperature ranges.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In 1999, BiTMICRO made a number of introductions and announcements about flash-based SSDs, including an 18 GB 3.5-inch SSD. In 2007, Fusion-io announced a PCIe-based Solid state drive with 100,000 input/output operations per second (IOPS) of performance in a single card, with capacities up to 320 GB.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: At Cebit 2009, OCZ Technology demonstrated a 1 TB flash SSD using a PCI Express ×8 interface. It achieved a maximum write speed of 0.654 gigabytes per second (GB/s) and maximum read speed of 0.712 GB/s. In December 2009, Micron Technology announced an SSD using a 6 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) SATA interface.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In 2016, Seagate demonstrated 10 GB/s sequential read and write speeds from a 16-lane PCIe 3.0 SSD, and a 60 TB SSD in a 3.5-inch form factor. Samsung also launched to market a 15.36 TB SSD with a price tag of US$10,000 using a SAS interface, using a 2.5-inch form factor but with the thickness of 3.5-inch drives. This was the first time a commercially available SSD had more capacity than the largest currently available HDD.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In 2018, both Samsung and Toshiba launched 30.72 TB SSDs using the same 2.5-inch form factor but with 3.5-inch drive thickness using a SAS interface. Nimbus Data announced and reportedly shipped 100 TB drives using a SATA interface, a capacity HDDs are not expected to reach until 2025. Samsung introduced an M.2 NVMe SSD with read speeds of 3.5 GB/s and write speeds of 3.3 GB/s. A new version of the 100 TB SSD was launched in 2020 at a price of US$40,000, with the 50 TB version costing US$12,500.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: An example is the Intel DC S3700 series of drives introduced in the fourth quarter of 2012, which focuses on achieving consistent performance, an area that had not received much attention but which Intel claimed was important for the enterprise market; In particular, Intel claims that, at a steady state, the S3700 drives would not vary their IOPS by more than 10–15%, and that 99.9% of all 4 KB random I/Os are serviced in less than 500 µs.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Another example is the Toshiba PX02SS enterprise SSD series announced in 2016, optimized for use in server and storage platforms requiring high endurance from write-intensive applications such as write caching, I/O acceleration, and online transaction processing (OLTP). The PX02SS series uses 12 Gbit/s SAS interface, featuring MLC NAND flash memory and achieving random write speeds of up to 42,000 IOPS, random read speeds of up to 130,000 IOPS, and endurance rating of 30 drive writes per day (DWPD).

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: SSDs based on 3D XPoint have higher IOPS (up to 2.5 million) but lower sequential read/write speeds than their NAND-flash counterparts.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In 2017, the first products with 3D XPoint memory were released under Intel's Optane brand; 3D Xpoint is entirely different from NAND flash and stores data using different principles.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: The key components of an SSD are the controller and the memory to store the data. The primary memory component in an SSD was traditionally DRAM volatile memory, but since 2009, it is more commonly NAND flash non-volatile memory.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Every SSD includes a controller that incorporates the electronics that bridge the NAND memory components to the host computer. The controller is an embedded processor that executes firmware-level code and is one of the most important factors of SSD performance. Some of the functions performed by the controller include:

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: If a particular block is programmed and erased repeatedly without writing to any other blocks, that block will wear out before all the other blocks—thereby prematurely ending the life of the SSD. For this reason, SSD controllers use a technique called wear leveling to distribute writes as evenly as possible across all the flash blocks in the SSD.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In a perfect scenario, this would enable every block to be written to its maximum life so they all fail at the same time. The process to evenly distribute writes requires data previously written and not changing (cold data) to be moved, so that data which are changing more frequently (hot data) can be written into those blocks. Relocating data increases write amplification and adds to the wear of flash memory. Designers seek to minimize both.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Most SSD manufacturers use non-volatile NAND flash memory in the construction of their SSDs because of the lower cost compared with DRAM and the ability to retain the data without a constant power supply, ensuring data persistence through sudden power outages. Flash memory SSDs were initially slower than DRAM solutions, and some early designs were even slower than HDDs after continued use. This problem was resolved by controllers that came out in 2009 and later.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Flash-based SSDs store data in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit chips which contain non-volatile floating-gate memory cells. Flash memory-based solutions are typically packaged in standard disk drive form factors (1.8-, 2.5-, and 3.5-inch), but also in smaller more compact form factors, such as the M.2 form factor, made possible by the small size of flash memory.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Lower-priced drives usually use quad-level cell (QLC), triple-level cell (TLC) or multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory, which is slower and less reliable than single-level cell (SLC) flash memory. This can be mitigated or even reversed by the internal design structure of the SSD, such as interleaving, changes to writing algorithms, and higher over-provisioning (more excess capacity) with which the wear-leveling algorithms can work.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Solid-state drives that rely on V-NAND technology, in which layers of cells are stacked vertically, have been introduced.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: SSDs based on volatile memory such as DRAM are characterized by very fast data access, generally less than 10 microseconds, and are used primarily to accelerate applications that would otherwise be held back by the latency of flash SSDs or traditional HDDs.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: SSDs of this type are usually fitted with DRAM modules of the same type used in regular PCs and servers, which can be swapped out and replaced by larger modules.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Some manufacturers of DRAM SSDs solder the DRAM chips directly to the drive, and do not intend the chips to be swapped out—such as ZeusRAM, Aeon Drive, etc.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: A "remote, indirect memory-access disk (RIndMA Disk)" uses a secondary computer with a fast network or (direct) Infiniband connection to act like a RAM-based SSD, but the new, faster, flash-memory based, SSDs already available in 2009 are making this option not as cost effective.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Some SSDs, called NVDIMM or "Hyper DIMM" devices, use both DRAM and flash memory. When the power goes down, the SSD copies all the data from its DRAM to flash; when the power comes back up, the SSD copies all the data from its flash to its DRAM. In a somewhat similar way, some SSDs use form factors and buses actually designed for DIMM modules, while using only flash memory and making it appear as if it were DRAM. Such SSDs are usually known as ULLtraDIMM devices.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Drives known as hybrid drives or solid-state hybrid drives (SSHDs) use a hybrid of spinning disks and flash memory. Some SSDs use magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) for storing data.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: A flash-based SSD typically uses a small amount of DRAM as a volatile cache, similar to the buffers in hard disk drives. A directory of block placement and wear leveling data is also kept in the cache while the drive is operating. One SSD controller manufacturer, SandForce, does not use an external DRAM cache on their designs but still achieves high performance. Such an elimination of the external DRAM reduces the power consumption and enables further size reduction of SSDs.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Most consumer-class SSDs do not have built-in batteries or capacitors; among the exceptions are the Crucial M500 and MX100 series, the Intel 320 series, and the more expensive Intel 710 and 730 series. Enterprise-class SSDs, such as the Intel DC S3700 series, usually have built-in batteries or capacitors.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: The host interface is physically a connector with the signalling managed by the SSD's controller. It is most often one of the interfaces found in HDDs. They include:

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: SSDs support various logical device interfaces, such as Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) and NVMe. Logical device interfaces define the command sets used by operating systems to communicate with SSDs and host bus adapters (HBAs).

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: The benefit of using a current HDD form factor would be to take advantage of the extensive infrastructure already in place to mount and connect the drives to the host system. These traditional form factors are known by the size of the rotating media (i.e., 5.25-inch, 3.5-inch, 2.5-inch or 1.8-inch) and not the dimensions of the drive casing.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: For applications where space is at a premium, like for ultrabooks or tablet computers, a few compact form factors were standardized for flash-based SSDs.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: There is the mSATA form factor, which uses the PCI Express Mini Card physical layout. It remains electrically compatible with the PCI Express Mini Card interface specification while requiring an additional connection to the SATA host controller through the same connector.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: M.2 form factor, formerly known as the Next Generation Form Factor (NGFF), is a natural transition from the mSATA and physical layout it used, to a more usable and more advanced form factor. While mSATA took advantage of an existing form factor and connector, M.2 has been designed to maximize usage of the card space, while minimizing the footprint. The M.2 standard allows both SATA and PCI Express SSDs to be fitted onto M.2 modules.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Some high performance, high capacity drives uses standard PCI Express add-in card form factor to house additional memory chips, permit the use of higher power levels, and allow the use of a large heat sink. There are also adapter boards that converts other form factors, especially M.2 drives with PCIe interface, into regular add-in cards.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: storage capacities range from 4 MB to 128 GB with different variations in physical layouts, including vertical or horizontal orientation.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Many of the DRAM-based solutions use a box that is often designed to fit in a rack-mount system. The number of DRAM components required to get sufficient capacity to store the data along with the backup power supplies requires a larger space than traditional HDD form factors.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In the early 2000s, a few companies introduced SSDs in Ball Grid Array (BGA) form factors, such as M-Systems' (now SanDisk) DiskOnChip and Silicon Storage Technology's NANDrive (now produced by Greenliant Systems), and Memoright's M1000 for use in embedded systems. The main benefits of BGA SSDs are their low power consumption, small chip package size to fit into compact subsystems, and that they can be soldered directly onto a system motherboard to reduce adverse effects from vibration and shock.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Most of the advantages of solid-state drives over traditional hard drives are due to their ability to access data completely electronically instead of electromechanically, resulting in superior transfer speeds and mechanical ruggedness. On the other hand, hard disk drives offer significantly higher capacity for their price.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Some field failure rates indicate that SSDs are significantly more reliable than HDDs but others do not. However, SSDs are uniquely sensitive to sudden power interruption, resulting in aborted writes or even cases of the complete loss of the drive. The reliability of both HDDs and SSDs varies greatly among models.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In traditional HDDs, a rewritten file will generally occupy the same location on the disk surface as the original file, whereas in SSDs the new copy will often be written to different NAND cells for the purpose of wear leveling. The wear-leveling algorithms are complex and difficult to test exhaustively; as a result, one major cause of data loss in SSDs is firmware bugs.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: The following table shows a detailed overview of the advantages and disadvantages of both technologies. Comparisons reflect typical characteristics, and may not hold for a specific device.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: While both memory cards and most SSDs use flash memory, they serve very different markets and purposes. Each has a number of different attributes which are optimized and adjusted to best meet the needs of particular users. Some of these characteristics include power consumption, performance, size, and reliability.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: SSDs were originally designed for use in a computer system. The first units were intended to replace or augment hard disk drives, so the operating system recognized them as a hard drive. Originally, solid state drives were even shaped and mounted in the computer like hard drives. Later SSDs became smaller and more compact, eventually developing their own unique form factors such as the M.2 form factor. The SSD was designed to be installed permanently inside a computer.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In contrast, memory cards (such as Secure Digital (SD), CompactFlash (CF), and many others) were originally designed for digital cameras and later found their way into cell phones, gaming devices, GPS units, etc. Most memory cards are physically smaller than SSDs, and designed to be inserted and removed repeatedly.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Solid-state drives have set new challenges for data recovery companies, as the method of storing data is non-linear and much more complex than that of hard disk drives. The strategy by which the drive operates internally can vary largely between manufacturers, and the TRIM command zeroes the whole range of a deleted file. Wear leveling also means that the physical address of the data and the address exposed to the operating system are different.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: As for secure deletion of data, ATA Secure Erase command could be used. A program such as hdparm can be used for this purpose.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: The "JEDEC Solid State Technology Association" (JEDEC) has published standards for reliability metrics:

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Flash-based solid-state drives can be used to create network appliances from general-purpose personal computer hardware. A write protected flash drive containing the operating system and application software can substitute for larger, less reliable disk drives or CD-ROMs. Appliances built this way can provide an inexpensive alternative to expensive router and firewall hardware.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: In 2011, Intel introduced a caching mechanism for their Z68 chipset (and mobile derivatives) called Smart Response Technology, which allows a SATA SSD to be used as a cache (configurable as write-through or write-back) for a conventional, magnetic hard disk drive. A similar technology is available on HighPoint's RocketHybrid PCIe card.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Dual-drive hybrid systems are combining the usage of separate SSD and HDD devices installed in the same computer, with overall performance optimization managed by the computer user, or by the computer's operating system software. Examples of this type of system are bcache and dm-cache on Linux, and Apple's Fusion Drive.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: The ext4, Btrfs, XFS, JFS, and F2FS file systems include support for the discard (TRIM or UNMAP) function.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: An alternative to the kernel-level TRIM operation is to use a user-space utility called that goes through all of the unused blocks in a filesystem and dispatches TRIM commands for those areas. utility is usually run by cron as a scheduled task. , it is used by the Ubuntu Linux distribution, in which it is enabled only for Intel and Samsung solid-state drives for reliability reasons; vendor check can be disabled by editing file using instructions contained within the file itself.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Since 2010, standard Linux drive utilities have taken care of appropriate partition alignment by default.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: For performance reasons, it is recommended to switch the I/O scheduler from the default CFQ (Completely Fair Queuing) to NOOP or Deadline. CFQ was designed for traditional magnetic media and seek optimization, thus many of those I/O scheduling efforts are wasted when used with SSDs. As part of their designs, SSDs offer much bigger levels of parallelism for I/O operations, so it is preferable to leave scheduling decisions to their internal logic especially for high-end SSDs.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Versions since Mac OS X 10.6.8 (Snow Leopard) support TRIM but only when used with an Apple-purchased SSD. TRIM is not automatically enabled for third-party drives, although it can be enabled by using third-party utilities such as "Trim Enabler". The status of TRIM can be checked in the System Information application or in the codice_3 command-line tool.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Versions since OS X 10.10.4 (Yosemite) include codice_4 as a Terminal command that enables TRIM on non-Apple SSDs. There is also a technique to enable TRIM in versions earlier than Mac OS X 10.6.8, although it remains uncertain whether TRIM is actually utilized properly in those cases.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Prior to version 7, Microsoft Windows did not take any specific measures to support solid state drives. From Windows 7, the standard NTFS file system provides support for the TRIM command. (Other file systems on Windows 7 do not support TRIM.)

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: By default, Windows 7 and newer versions execute TRIM commands automatically if the device is detected to be a solid-state drive. However, because TRIM irreversibly resets all freed space, it may be desirable to disable support where enabling data recovery is preferred over wear leveling. To change the behavior, in the Registry key the value can be set to . This prevents the mass storage driver issuing the TRIM command.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?


Solid-state drive

Context: Windows implements TRIM command for more than just file-delete operations. The TRIM operation is fully integrated with partition- and volume-level commands such as "format" and "delete", with file-system commands relating to truncate and compression, and with the System Restore (also known as Volume Snapshot) feature.

Question: Milloin ensinmmäinen SSD keksittiin?