History of clothing and textiles

Context: Elaborate slashing was popular, especially in Germany. Black was increasingly worn for the most formal occasions. [[Bobbin lace]] arose from [[passementerie]] in the mid-16th century, probably in [[Flanders]]. This century also saw the rise of the [[ruff (clothing)|ruff]], which grew from a mere ruffle at the neckline of the shirt or chemise to immense cartwheel shapes. At their most extravagant, ruffs required wire supports and were made of fine Italian [[reticella]], a cutwork linen lace.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: By the turn of the 17th century, a sharp distinction could be seen between the sober fashions favored by Protestants in England and the Netherlands, which still showed heavy Spanish influence, and the light, revealing fashions of the French and Italian courts.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The great flowering of [[needlelace]] occurred in this period. Geometric reticella deriving from cutwork was elaborated into true needlelace or "punto in aria" (called in England "point lace"), which reflected the scrolling floral designs popular for embroidery. Lacemaking centers were established in France to reduce the outflow of cash to Italy.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: According to Dr. Wolf D. Fuhrig, "By the second half of the 17th century, Silesia had become an important economic pillar of the Habsburg monarchy, largely on the strength of its textile industry."

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: [[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A woman in [[Bengal region]] in the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], clad in fine Bengali [[muslin]], 18th century.]]

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: In [[early modern Europe]], there was significant demand for textiles from Mughal India, including [[cotton]] textiles and [[silk]] products. [[1650–1700 in Western European fashion|European fashion]], for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Mughal India accounted for 95% of [[East India Company|British imports]] from [[Asia]].

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Across North America, native people constructed clothing using natural fibers such as cotton and agave as well as leather skins from animals such as deer or beavers. When traders and colonists came from Europe, they brought with them sheep and travelers highly valued the beaver pelts in particular for their warmth. Beaver pelt trade was one of the first commercial endeavors of colonial North America and a cause of the [[Beaver Wars]].

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: For women's dresses, Indian cottons, especially printed [[chintz]]es, were imported to Europe in large numbers, and towards the end of the period simple white [[muslin]] dresses were in fashion.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: [[File:Textile machinery at Cambrian Factory, Llanwrtyd (1293828).jpg|thumb|Textile machinery at the Cambrian Factory, [[Llanwrtyd]], [[Wales]] in the 1940s.]]

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: During the [[industrial revolution]], fabric production was [[mechanised]] with machines powered by [[waterwheel]]s and [[steam-engine]]s. Production shifted from small cottage based production to mass production based on assembly line organisation. Clothing production, on the other hand, continued to be made by hand.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The 20th century is marked by new applications for textiles as well as inventions in synthetic fibers and computerized manufacturing control systems.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: In the early 20th century, workers in the clothing and textile industries became [[Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union|unionized]] in the United States.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: In the 2010s, the global textile industry has come under fire for unsustainable practices. The textile industry is shown to have a 'negative environmental impact at most stages in the production process.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: [[Global trade of secondhand clothing]] shows promise for reducing landfill use, however international relations and challenges to textile recycling keep the market small compared to total clothing use.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Advancements in textile treatment, coating, and dyes have unclear effects in human health, and textile [[contact dermatitis]] is increasing in prevalence among textile workers, and regular people.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: Scholars have identified an increase in the rate at which western consumers purchase new clothing, as well as a decrease in the lifespan of clothing. [[Fast fashion]] has been suggested to contribute to increased levels of textile waste.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: The worldwide market for textiles and apparel exports in 2013 according to [[United Nations Statistics Division|United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database]] stood at $772 billion.

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of clothing and textiles

Context: In 2016, the largest [[Clothing industry|apparel exporting]] nations were [[China]] ($161 billion), [[Bangladesh]] ($28 billion), [[Vietnam]] ($25 billion), [[India]] ($18 billion), [[Hong Kong]] ($16 billion), [[Turkey]] ($15 billion) and [[Indonesia]] ($7 billion).

Question: Miksi ihmiset alkoivat käyttää vaatteita?


History of email spam

Context: Very soon email spam was ubiquitous, unavoidable and repetitive. This article details significant events in the history of spam, and the efforts made to limit it.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: While the linguistic significance of the usage of the word 'spam' is attributed to the British comedy troupe Monty Python in a now legendary sketch from their "Flying Circus" TV series, in which a group of Vikings sing a chorus of "SPAM, SPAM, SPAM..." at increasing volumes, the historic significance lies in it being adopted to refer to unsolicited commercial electronic mail sent to a large number of addresses, in what was seen as drowning out normal communication on the internet.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: The first known spam electronic mail (although not yet called email), was sent on May 3, 1978 to several hundred users on ARPANET. It was an advertisement for a presentation by Digital Equipment Corporation for their DECSYSTEM-20 products sent by Gary Thuerk, a marketer of theirs.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: The reaction to it was almost universally negative, and for a long time there were no further instances.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: The name "spam" was actually first applied, in April 1993, not to an email, but to unwanted postings on Usenet newsgroup network. Richard Depew accidentally posted 200 messages to news.admin.policy and in the aftermath readers of this group were making jokes about the accident, when one person referred to the messages as “spam”, coining the term that would later be applied to similar incidents over email.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On January 18, 1994, the first large-scale deliberate USENET spam occurred. A message with the subject “Global Alert for All: Jesus is Coming Soon” was cross-posted to every available newsgroup. Its controversial message sparked many debates all across USENET.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: MAPS ("Mail Abuse Prevention System") was founded in 1996. Dave Rand and Paul Vixie, well known internet software engineers, had started keeping a list of IP addresses which had sent out spam or engaged in other behavior they found objectionable. The list became known as the "Real-time Blackhole List" (RBL). Many network managers wanted to use the RBL to block unwanted email. Thus, Rand and Vixie created a DNS-based distribution scheme which quickly became popular.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: Spam was already becoming a serious concern, leading in late 1997 to the MAPS, which was "blackhole list" to allow mail servers to block mail coming from spam sources.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: Alan Hodgson started Dorkslayers in September 1998. By November 1998 he was forced to close, since his upstream BCTel considered the open relay scanning to be abusive. The successor ORBS project was then moved to Alan Brown in New Zealand.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: Al Iverson of Radparker started the RRSS around May 1999. By September 1999 that project was folded into the MAPS group of DNS-based lists as the RSS.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In August 1999, MAPS listed the ORBS mail servers, since the ORBS relay testing was thought to be abusive.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: The SpamAssassin spam-filtering system was first uploaded to SourceForge.net on April 20, 2001 by creator Justin Mason.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In May 2000 the ILOVEYOU computer worm travelled by email to tens of millions of Windows personal computers. Although not spam, its impact highlighted how pervasive email had become.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In June 2001, ORBS was sued in New Zealand, and shortly thereafter closed down (see Open Relay Behavior-modification System#Lawsuits for more details).

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In August 2002, Paul Graham published an influential paper, "A plan for spam", describing a spam-filtering technique using improved Bayesian filtering and variants of this were soon implemented in a number of products. including server-side email filters, such as DSPAM, SpamAssassin, and SpamBayes.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In June 2003 Meng Weng Wong started the "SPF-discuss" mailing list and posted the very first version of the "Sender Permitted From" proposal, that would later become the Sender Policy Framework, a simple email-validation system designed to detect email spoofing as part of the solution to spam.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In May 2004, Howard Carmack of Buffalo, New York was sentenced to 3½ to 7 years for sending 800 million messages, using stolen identities. In May 2003 he also lost a $16 million civil lawsuit to EarthLink.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On September 27, 2004, Nicholas Tombros pleaded guilty to charges and became the first spammer to be convicted under the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003. He was sentenced in July 2007 to three years' probation, six months' house arrest, and fined $10,000.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On November 8, 2004, Nick Marinellis of Sydney, Australia, was sentenced to 4⅓ to 5¼ years for sending Nigerian 419 emails.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On December 31, 2004, British authorities arrested Christopher Pierson in Lincolnshire, UK and charged him with malicious communication and causing a public nuisance. On January 3, 2005, he pleaded guilty to sending hoax emails to relatives of people missing following the Asian tsunami disaster.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On July 25, 2005, Russian spammer Vardan Kushnir, who is believed to have spammed every single Russian internet user, was found dead in his Moscow apartment, having suffered numerous blunt-force blows to the head. It is believed that Kushnir's murder was unrelated to his spamming activities.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On November 1, 2005, David Levi, 29, of Lytham, England was sentenced to four years for conspiracy to defraud by sending emails pretending to be from eBay. His brother Guy Levi, 22, was sentenced to 21 months after pleading guilty to conspiracy to defraud, and four others were each sentenced to six months for money laundering.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On November 16, 2005, Peter Francis-Macrae of Cambridgeshire, described as Britain's most prolific spammer, was sentenced to six years in prison.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In January 2006, James McCalla was ordered to pay $11.2 billion to an ISP in Iowa, U.S. and barred from using the internet for 3 years for sending 280 million email messages. In court, he was not represented by an attorney.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On June 28, 2006, IronPort released a study which found 80% of spam emails originating from zombie computers. The report also found 55 billion daily spam emails in June 2006, a large increase from 35 billion daily spam emails in June 2005. The study used SenderData which represents 25% of global email traffic and data from over 100,000 ISP's, universities, and corporations.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On August 8, 2006, AOL announced the intention of digging up the garden of the parents of spammer Davis Wolfgang Hawke in search of buried gold and platinum. AOL had been awarded a US$12.8 million judgment in May 2005 against Hawke, who had gone into hiding. The permission for the search was granted by a judge after AOL proved that the spammer had bought large amounts of gold and platinum. In July, 2007, AOL decided not to proceed.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On October 12, 2006, Brian Michael McMullen, 22, of East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S., was sentenced to three years' supervised release, five months' home detention and ordered to pay restitution in the amount of $11,848.55 for violating the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On October 27, 2006, the Federal Court of Australia fined Clarity1 A$4.5 million (US$3.4 million; euro2.7 million) and its director Wayne Mansfield A$1 million (US$760,000; euro600,000) for sending unsolicited emails in the first conviction under Australia's Spam Act of 2003.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In November 2006, Christopher William Smith (aka Chris "Rizler" Smith) was convicted on 9 counts for offenses related to Smith's spamming.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On January 16, 2007, an Azusa, California man was convicted by a jury in United States District Court for the Central District of California in Los Angeles in "United States v. Goodin, U.S. District Court, Central District of California, 06-110", under the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 (the first conviction under that Act). He was sentenced to and began serving a 70-month sentence on June 11, 2007.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: In exchange, federal prosecutors dropped all other charges. Soloway faced up to 26 years in prison on the most serious charge, and up to $625,000 total in fines. On 22 July 2008 Robert Soloway was sentenced four years in federal prison.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: On July 20, 2008, Eddie Davidson "the Spam King" walked away from a federal prison camp in Florence, Colorado. He was subsequently found dead in Arapahoe County, Colorado, after reportedly killing his wife and three-year-old daughter, in an apparent murder-suicide.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


History of email spam

Context: November 11: McColo, a San Jose, California-based hosting provider identified as hosting spamming organizations, was cut off by its internet providers. It is estimated that McColo hosted the machines responsible for 75 percent of spam sent worldwide. McColo's upstream service was severed on Tuesday, November 11; that same afternoon, organizations tracking spam noted a sharp decrease in the volume being sent; some as much as a half.

Question: Minä vuonna roskaposti on kehitetty?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In Finnish history, Finland under Swedish rule is the historical period when the bulk of the area that later came to constitute Finland was an integral part of Sweden. The starting point of Swedish rule is uncertain and controversial. Historical evidence of the establishment of Swedish rule in Finland exists from the late 13th century onwards.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Swedish rule ended in most of so-called Old Finland in 1721 as a result of the Great Northern War. Sweden ceded the remainder of Old Finland in 1743 following the Hats' War. On 17 September 1809, the period of Swedish rule over the rest of Finland came to an end when the Treaty of Hamina was signed, ending the Finnish War. As a result, the eastern third of Sweden was ceded to the Russian Empire and became established as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Finns were considered by a majority of historians to be the first inhabitants of Sweden and by some Swedish historians, like Olof von Dalin (18th century), one of the biblical Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. This change in attitude largely stemmed from a need to create a more equal footing during the decline of the Swedish Empire. They still faced difficulties in dealing with higher Swedish authorities in Finnish and a lack of publications in Finnish.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The starting point of the Swedish rule is under a large amount of uncertainty. It is connected to the efforts of the Catholic Church to expand the faith in the Eastern Baltic Sea region and to Northern Crusades.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: By the 14th century, with the successful crusades and the partial colonization of Finnish coastline with Christian Swedish colonists, what is now Western and Southern Finland and the Karelian isthmus, had become part of Sweden, Catholic Church and the Uppsala diocese. Eastern Karelia, the Käkisalmi region and the Ladoga Karelia retained their ties to the Orthodox Church and to Novgorod.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Treaty of Nöteborg, made in 1323 between Sweden and Novgorod, was the first treaty that defined the eastern boundary of the Swedish realm and Finland at least for Karelia. The boundary in northern Finland remained unclear. However, Sweden annexed the Finnish population on the shores of Northern Ostrobothnia in the 14th century to its realm.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In the early times of the Swedish rule, official government documents were often written in Latin, which emphasised the role of the clergy also in secular government. The use of old Swedish as a written government language increased during the 14th century. In local governments in cities, particularly concerning international trade, the Middle Low German language was also largely used. It is however impossible to present accurate approximations of the relations of different languages in mediaeval times.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Unlike the situation in central Europe, peasants in Sweden were free and feudalism never developed in the Swedish realm in the proportion it did in central Europe. The local government was based on local settlements ("socken") and parishes in the countryside.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Ordinance of Alsnö, given during the reign of Magnus III of Sweden, established a small secular (Finnish: ) or nobility, freed from tax, in Sweden and Finland in 1280. The spiritual meant spiritual people who were exempt from paying tax to the secular government (such as priests, nuns and beggar brothers).

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Nordic Kalmar Union was founded by Queen of Denmark Margaret I in 1397. In practice, conflicts arose within the union, as the Swedish high classes with their expansion policy were interested in the east, the direction of Russia, whereas the Danish were more interested in the souththe direction of the German lands. There were also internal conflicts between the high class of individual nations. The struggle to power was not only the result of "foreign political" differences in modern parlance.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Even in the union age, Finland did not form a continuous governmental area but was divided into two separate governmental districts. Viipuri acted as a significant, sometimes almost independent centre, whereas Turku was a more integral part of the governmental area of the central authority. According to Kauko Pirinen, "In the decentralised union nation Finland was also decentralised. In practical terms, it was not a continuous political entity."

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The independent position of Viipuri was evident in that although Finland was divided into two separate lawspeaker areas, Southern and Northern Finland, in 1435, Viipuri had its own independent Karelian lawspeaker area already in the 1440s, with the lawspeaker probably appointed by the chief of the Viipuri Castle. However, the Karelian lawspeaker had no authority in the Turku land court.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Apart from Turku and Viborg, cities under union times were small, and numbered very few. As such, foreign trade was modest. Even Viborg could not compete with Reval (Tallinn) as the centre of Russian trade. Domestic trade was economically more significant than foreign trade.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: No one from Finland participated in the Arboga meeting in 1435. In the same autumn, the bishop Magnus II Tavast and Krister Nilsson arrived in Sweden, and in the negotiations there they participated in the discharge of the leaders of the Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson rebellion and the forming of a compromise. Krister Nilsson became the (seneschal) and Karl Knutsson Bonde became the marshal. After Nilsson had returned to Finland in the same autumn, rebel movements started in Sweden again.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The king was finally deposed in 1439, after which Sweden was ruled by a council of aristocrats. It was composed of bishops and leading noblemen. The mightiest of this group was Karl Knutsson, who was elected leader of the realm in 1438. His biggest competitor, the Krister retreated to Vyborg after this. After the fall of the absolutist government, Finland's connections to Denmark were severed. However, the connections to Sweden were not really strengthened but local governors mostly ruled the country.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In the late 15th century, previous skirmishes with Moscow escalated into a war. In 1495, the Vyborg Castle was sieged. People from Western Finland were also drafted to war. In threatened areas, all people over 15 years of age were called to arms, and in addition, German mercenaries and people from Sweden arrived in the country. The Russian attacks stretched from Karelia to Ostrobothnia, Savonia and Tavastia. Peace was made in 1497.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In war times, the king had spent a long time in Finland. There he ordered an extensive investigation of misconduct by the nobility. This investigation resulted in the so-called Jakob Teit complaint list, which is a significant source of community history in the 16th century. In summer 1556, the king made Finland into its own duchy, and named his son John as its ruler. Gustav Vasa died in September 1560. Erik XIV of Sweden succeeded him on the throne.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: After the king returned to Poland, conflicts arose among the nobility about Karl's position as a regent. In this conflict, Finland's leader Klaus Fleming sided with the king. At the Arboga diet in 1597, Karl was still named as regent. At this time, he declared his opponents, especially Klaus Fleming, to be rebels.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In the 18th century, there was discussion about bringing Swedish population as immigrants to Finland in a different context. The idea was to kill two birds with one stone. On one hand, areas suffering from overpopulation, such as Dalarna County, would be addressed. On the other hand, farming could be extended to sparsely-populated areas in Finland. The Swedish official and economist specified in 1738 that this kind of migration would help develop bilingualism in the eastern parts of the realm.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Diet of 1746–1747 saw the increase of the use of the Swedish language in Finland as favourable. It was seen as "strengthening the trust between two peoples". However, even the proponents of this matter saw its practical fulfilment as impossible.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In the Swedish realm after Charles XII, the estates took power away from the king in the 1719 and 1720 governments and the age of autocracy changed into the age of estate rule (the "Age of Liberty"). Economy and science progressed during this age, but on the other side, power politics among parties caused problems. France and Russia gained power in Sweden by financing competing parties, which were called the Caps and the Hats.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: In 1772, after Gustav III of Sweden had seized power, a new constitution was made, giving power back to the king. The age tried to get rid of mercantilism. Freedom of speech and freedom of religion expanded. Finnish officers trusted the king less, because the nobility lost their power to the king, who was supported by the people. Some high-ranking soldiers moved to serve in Russia.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The Finnish War was fought from 1808 to 1809 between Russia and Sweden. The reason for the war were the Treaties of Tilsit made between Russia and France on 7 July 1807. In the treaties, France and Russia had become allies and Russia had promised to pressure, with armed force if necessary, Sweden and other countries to join the Continental System against the United Kingdom, an embargo that France would have used to strengthen its position against the maritime power of the United Kingdom.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: The first king of Scandinavia was allegedly (according to Messenius) the first monarch of the Fornjót dynasty. This first king was of Finnish descent. Finland was the first kingdom in Scandinavia according to Sven Lagerbring and Johan Ihre.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Swedish historians and politicians during the Great power era sought to make Sweden appear more prestigious. Considered being connected with a great and glorious past was deemed of great importance. Swedes and Finns being related to ancient peoples with a proud history was invented for Sweden to appear more prestigious among foreign nobles.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Swedish historians believed Finns were still speaking Hebrew and were considered a lost tribe of Israel. Olof von Dalin in the 18th century was one of the advocates for Finns being a lost Scythian, Greek Hebrew tribe. Von Dalin stated in 1732: "they are a mix of Scythians, Greeks and

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: Hebrews". Finns were to have been the creators of the first advanced civilization according to some Swedish historians. He describes Finns as simple people that live simple lives but are as close to God as they can be: very happy and satisfied with their easy life and closeness to nature and God. Von Dalin also claims Finns are as fast as trolls on their skis moving incredibly fast, but that their clothing style looks somewhat wild in comparison with Swedes making them look like trolls.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


Finland under Swedish rule

Context: started to develop among the Nordic language-speaking populations in Scandinavia in the 19th century.

Question: Kuka päätti jakaa Suomen maakuntiin?


BotFighters

Context: In 2002, it was awarded with an Award of Distinction, Net Vision category in the Prix Ars Electronica.

Question: Missä pervasiivinen peli kehitettiin?


BotFighters

Context: The mission of the game was to locate and destroy other players. Each player was represented in the game as a robot warrior. Successful battles were rewarded with money which could be traded in, via a website, for armor upgrades and other features for the player's robot. The game was temporally expansive, because there were no safe zones or timeouts; players were always playing. The likeness of the game has been compared to that of Paintball.

Question: Missä pervasiivinen peli kehitettiin?


BotFighters

Context: "BotFighters" is an location-based mobile game and a pervasive game, that makes use of the positioning technology of a mobile phone to playing the game.

Question: Missä pervasiivinen peli kehitettiin?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: Frédéric Chopin wrote a number of preludes for piano solo. His cycle of 24 Preludes, Op. 28, covers all major and minor keys. In addition, Chopin wrote three other preludes: a prelude in C minor, Op. 45; a piece in A major from 1834; and an unfinished piece in E minor. These are sometimes referred to as Nos. 25, 26, and 27, respectively.

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: Chopin's 24 Preludes, Op. 28, are a set of short pieces for the piano, one in each of the twenty-four keys, originally published in 1839.

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: The manuscript, which Chopin carefully prepared for publication, carries a dedication to the German pianist and composer Joseph Christoph Kessler. The French and English editions (Catelin, Wessel) were dedicated to the piano-maker and publisher Camille Pleyel, who had commissioned the work for 2,000 francs (equivalent to nearly $30,000 in present day). The German edition (Breitkopf & Härtel) was dedicated to Kessler, who ten years earlier had dedicated his own set of 24 Preludes, Op. 31, to Chopin.

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: As with his other works, Chopin did not himself attach names or descriptions to any of the Op. 28 preludes, in contrast to many of Robert Schumann's and Franz Liszt's pieces.

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: Among more recent assessments, musicologist Henry Finck said that "if all piano music in the world were to be destroyed, excepting one collection, my vote should be cast for Chopin's Preludes." Biographer Jeremy Nicholas writes that "[e]ven on their own, the 24 Preludes would have ensured Chopin's claim to immortality."

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: Despite the lack of formal thematic structure, motives do appear in more than one prelude. Scholar Jeffrey Kresky has argued that Chopin's Op. 28 is more than the sum of its parts:

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: c8\<\sustainOn_[) <g' es'>^( <fis a>\sustainOff <f b> <es c'> <c es'>])\!

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: Chopin's Op. 28 preludes have been compared to Johann Sebastian Bach's preludes in "The Well-Tempered Clavier". However, each of Bach's preludes leads to a fugue in the same key, and Bach's pieces are arranged, in each of the work's two volumes, in ascending chromatic order (with major preceding parallel minor), while Chopin's are arranged in a circle of fifths (with major preceding relative minor). Chopin is known to have studied Bach's music, although he is not known to have performed it publicly.

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: The Prelude in C minor, Op. 45 (sometimes listed as Prelude No. 25), was composed in 1841. It was dedicated to Princess E. Czernicheff (Elisaweta Tschernyschewa), and contains widely extending basses and highly expressive and effective chromatic modulations over a rather uniform thematic basis.

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: The untitled "Presto con leggierezza" in A major was composed in 1834 as a gift for Pierre Wolff and published in Geneva in 1918. Sometimes known as Prelude No. 26, the piece is very short and generally bright in tone.

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: A further prelude exists in E minor and has been subtitled "Devil's Trill" by Jeffrey Kallberg, a professor of music history at the University of Pennsylvania. Kallberg gave it this nickname for its similarities to Giuseppe Tartini's violin sonata known as "The Devil's Trill", Tartini being a likely influence on Chopin. The original signature was hastily scrawled (more so than usual of Chopin's original manuscripts).

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Preludes (Chopin)

Context: Chopin left this piece uncompleted and seems to have discarded it; while he worked on it during his stay on Majorca, the E minor prelude that ultimately formed part of the Op. 28 set is an unrelated piece. Kallberg's realisation of the prelude from Chopin's almost illegible sketches goes no further than where Chopin left off. The piece had its first public performance in July 2002 at the Newport Music Festival in Newport, Rhode Island, with the pianist Alain Jacquon.

Question: Milloin Chopinin preludit on sävelletty?


Billie Jenkins

Context: Billie Jenkins is a fictional character who appeared in the American television supernatural drama "Charmed", which aired on The WB from 1998 to 2006. The character was created by executive producer Brad Kern and was portrayed by Kaley Cuoco. Billie was developed in response to The WB's request for a new character, and was originally intended to expand the show in a new direction for a possible ninth season or a spin-off series, leading to mixed opinions of media outlets.

Question: Ketkä esittävät Siskoni on noita -sarjan päähenkilöitä?


Billie Jenkins

Context: On October 25, 2013, it was announced CBS, which owns Spelling Television's properties, was developing a reboot of "Charmed". Kate Ward of "Bustle" connected CBS's decision to revisit the supernatural drama with Cuoco's success as "one of the network's most bankable stars" for her role on the sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". On August 12, 2014, TVLine's Michael Ausiello announced CBS would not proceed with the reboot.

Question: Ketkä esittävät Siskoni on noita -sarjan päähenkilöitä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The term "Amerindian", a portmanteau of "American Indian", was coined in 1902 by the American Anthropological Association. However, it has been controversial since its creation. It was immediately rejected by some leading members of the Association, and, while adopted by many, it was never universally accepted. While never popular in Indigenous communities themselves, it remains a preferred term among some anthropologists, notably in some parts of Canada and the English-speaking Caribbean.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans, Indians, as well as Alaska Natives. The term "Indian" is still used in some communities and remains in use in the official names of many institutions and businesses in Indian Country.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The various Nations, tribes, and bands of Indigenous peoples of the Americas have differing preferences in terminology for themselves. While there are regional and generational variations in which umbrella terms are preferred for Indigenous peoples as a whole, in general, most Indigenous peoples prefer to be identified by the name of their specific Nation, tribe, or band.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Pre-Columbian era refers to all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European and African influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original arrival in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization during the early modern period.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, and Indigenous creation myths tell of a variety of origins of their respective peoples. Some were "always there" or were created by gods or animals, some migrated from a specified compass point, and others came from "across the ocean".

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years, causing serious damage to the Spanish, Carib-held plantations and their Indian auxiliaries. Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt,

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain) sent captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels. Two months later, after consultation with the Audencia of Santo Domingo, Enriquillo was offered any part of the island to live in peace.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Laws of Burgos, 1512–1513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in America, particularly with regard to Indigenous peoples. The laws forbade the maltreatment of them and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism. The Spanish crown found it difficult to enforce these laws in distant colonies.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Smallpox killed millions of native inhabitants of Mexico. Unintentionally introduced at Veracruz with the arrival of Pánfilo de Narváez on 23 April 1520, smallpox ravaged Mexico in the 1520s, possibly killing over 150,000 in Tenochtitlán (the heartland of the Aztec Empire) alone, and aiding in the victory of Hernán Cortés over the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in 1521.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Colonization of the Caribbean led to the destruction of the Arawaks of the Lesser Antilles. Their culture was destroyed by 1650. Only 500 had survived by the year 1550, though the bloodlines continued through to the modern populace. In Amazonia, Indigenous societies weathered, and continue to suffer, centuries of colonization and genocide.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Indigenous peoples in Brazil declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated three million to some 300,000 in 1997.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Spanish Empire and other Europeans re-introduced horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Indigenous cultures in the Great Plains of North America and in Patagonia in South America. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game, especially bison.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Indigenous historical trauma (IHT) is the trauma that can accumulate across generations that develops as a result of the historical ramifications of colonization and is linked to mental and physical health hardships and population decline. IHT affects many different people in a multitude of ways because the Indigenous community and their history is diverse.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Persistent drought around AD 850 coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: In the Mississippi River valley, Europeans noted that Native Americans managed groves of nut- and fruit-trees not far from villages and towns and their gardens and agricultural fields. They would have used prescribed burning further away, in forest and prairie areas.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Studies of contemporary Indigenous environmental management—including of agro-forestry practices among Itza Maya in Guatemala and of hunting and fishing among the Menominee of Wisconsin—suggest that longstanding "sacred values" may represent a summary of sustainable millennial traditions.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Indigenous peoples also domesticated some animals, such as turkeys, llamas, alpacas, guinea-pigs, and Muscovy ducks.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The languages of the North American Indians have been classified into 56 groups or stock tongues, in which the spoken languages of the tribes may be said to centre. In connection with speech, reference may be made to gesture language which was highly developed in parts of this area.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Of equal interest is the picture writing especially well developed among the Chippewas and Delawares.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Zapotec writing system, one of the earliest in the Americas, was logographic and presumably syllabic. There are remnants of Zapotec writing in inscriptions on some of the monumental architecture of the period, but so few inscriptions are extant that it is difficult to fully describe the writing system. The oldest example of Zapotec script, dating from around 600 BCE, is on a monument that was discovered in San José Mogote.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Aztec codices (singular "codex") are books that were written by pre-Columbian and colonial-era Aztecs. These codices are some of the best primary sources for descriptions of Aztec culture. The pre-Columbian codices are largely pictorial; they do not contain symbols that represent spoken or written language. By contrast, colonial-era codices contain not only Aztec pictograms, but also writing that uses the Latin alphabet in several languages: Classical Nahuatl, Spanish, and occasionally Latin.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Wiigwaasabak, birch bark scrolls on which the Ojibwa (Anishinaabe) people wrote complex geometrical patterns and shapes, can also be considered a form of writing, as can Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Aboriginal syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of abugidas used to write some Indigenous languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and Athabaskan language families.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Indigenous music can vary between cultures, however there are significant commonalities. Traditional music often centers around drumming and singing. Rattles, clapper sticks, and rasps are also popular percussive instruments, both historically and in contemporary cultures. Flutes are made of river-cane, cedar, and other woods. The Apache have a type of fiddle, and fiddles are also found among a number of First Nations and Métis cultures.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The following table provides estimates for each country in the Americas of the populations of Indigenous people and those with partial Indigenous ancestry, each expressed as a percentage of the overall population. The total percentage obtained by adding both of these categories is also given.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: "Note:" these categories are inconsistently defined and measured differently from country to country. Some figures are based on the results of population-wide genetic surveys while others are based on self-identification or observational estimation.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Indigenous peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse. In Canada, it is quite frowned upon to use the name "Indian" in casual conversation. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat".

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: National Indigenous Peoples Day recognizes the cultures and contributions of Indigenous peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada, with distinctive Indigenous cultures, languages, art, and music.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Greenlandic Inuit (Kalaallisut: "kalaallit", Tunumiisut: "tunumiit", Inuktun: "inughuit") are the Indigenous and most populous ethnic group in Greenland. This means that Denmark has one officially recognized Indigenous group. the Inuit - the Greenlandic Inuit of Greenland and the Greenlandic people in Denmark (Inuit residing in Denmark).

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Approximately 89 percent of Greenland's population of 57,695 is Greenlandic Inuit, or 51,349 people . Ethnographically, they consist of three major groups:

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: In the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca and in the interior of the Yucatán Peninsula a large amount of the population is Indigenous descent with the largest ethnic group being mayan with a population of 900,000. Large Indigenous minorities, including Aztecs or Nahua, Purépechas, Mazahua, Otomi, and Mixtecs are also present in the central regions of Mexico. In the Northern and Bajio regions of Mexico, Indigenous people are a small minority.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The Indigenous peoples in Mexico have the right of free determination under the second article of the constitution. According to this article the Indigenous peoples are granted:

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The United States has authority with Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Hawaiians, Marshallese (Micronesian), and Samoan; politically they are classified as Pacific Islander American. They are geographically, genetically, and culturally distinct from Indigenous peoples of the mainland continents of the Americas.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Mestizos (mixed European-Indigenous) number about 34% of the population; unmixed Maya make up another 10.6% (Kekchi, Mopan, and Yucatec). The Garifuna, who came to Belize in the 19th century from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, have mixed African, Carib and Arawak ancestry and make up another 6% of the population.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: There are over 114,000 inhabitants of Native American origins, representing 2.4% of the population. Most of them live in secluded reservations, distributed among eight ethnic groups: Quitirrisí (In the Central Valley), Matambú or Chorotega (Guanacaste), Maleku (Northern Alajuela), Bribri (Southern Atlantic), Cabécar (Cordillera de Talamanca), Boruca (Southern Costa Rica) and Ngäbe (Southern Costa Rica long the Panamá border).

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: These native groups are characterized for their work in wood, like masks, drums and other artistic figures, as well as fabrics made of cotton.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Another major Indigenous culture in eastern Nicaragua are the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people. A smaller Indigenous culture in southeastern Nicaragua are the Rama.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Other Indigenous groups in Nicaragua are located in the central, northern, and Pacific areas and they are self-identified as follows: Chorotega, Cacaopera (or Matagalpa), Xiu-Subtiaba, and Nicarao.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: In Bolivia, the 2001 census reported that 62% of residents over the age of 15 identify as belonging to an Indigenous people. Some 3.7% report growing up with an Indigenous mother tongue but do not identify as Indigenous. When both of these categories are totaled, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was recorded as Indigenous in the 2001 Census.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Some radio and television programs are produced in the Quechua and Aymara languages. The constitutional reform in 1997 recognized Bolivia as a multi-lingual, pluri-ethnic society and introduced education reform. In 2005, for the first time in the country's history, an Indigenous Aymara, Evo Morales, was elected as president.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: At that time, Indigenous peoples voted overwhelmingly for more autonomy: five departments that had not already done so voted for it; as did Gran Chaco Province in Taríja, for regional autonomy; and 11 of 12 municipalities that had referendums on this issue.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: "The Washington Post" reported in 2007, "As has been proved in the past when uncontacted tribes are introduced to other populations and the microbes they carry, maladies as simple as the common cold can be deadly. In the 1970s, 185 members of the Panara tribe died within two years of discovery after contracting such diseases as flu and chickenpox, leaving only 69 survivors."

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Other groups include the Aymara, the majority of whom live in Bolivia and Peru, with smaller numbers in the Arica-Parinacota and Tarapacá regions, and the Atacama people ("Atacameños"), who reside mainly in El Loa.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: A minority today within Colombia's overwhelmingly Mestizo and White Colombian population, Indigenous peoples living in Colombia, consist of around 85 distinct cultures and more than 1,378,884 people. A variety of collective rights for Indigenous peoples are recognized in the 1991 Constitution.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: One of the influences is the Muisca culture, a subset of the larger Chibcha ethnic group, famous for their use of gold, which led to the legend of "El Dorado". At the time of the Spanish conquest, the Muisca were the largest Indigenous civilization geographically between the Incas and the Aztecs empires.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Coastal groups, including the Awá, Chachi, and the Tsáchila, make up 0.24% percent of the Indigenous population, while the remaining 3.35 percent live in the Oriente and consist of the Oriente Kichwa (the Canelo and the Quijos), the Shuar, the Huaorani, the Siona-Secoya, the Cofán, and the Achuar.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: In 1986, Indigenous peoples formed the first "truly" national political organization. The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) has been the primary political institution of Indigenous peoples since then and is now the second largest political party in the nation. It has been influential in national politics, contributing to the ouster of presidents Abdalá Bucaram in 1997 and Jamil Mahuad in 2000.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The 1999 constitution of Venezuela gives Indigenous peoples special rights, although the vast majority of them still live in very critical conditions of poverty. The government provides primary education in their languages in public schools to some of the largest groups, in efforts to continue the languages.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Indigenous peoples make up the majority of the population in Bolivia and Peru, and are a significant element in most other former Spanish colonies. Exceptions to this include Uruguay (Charrúa). According to the 2011 Census, 2.4% of Uruguayans reported having Indigenous ancestry. Some governments recognize some of the major Indigenous languages as official languages: Quechua in Peru and Bolivia; Aymara also in Peru and Bolivia, Guaraní in Paraguay, and Greenlandic in Greenland.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: There has been a recognition of Indigenous movements on an international scale. The membership of the United Nations voted to adopt the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, despite dissent from some of the stronger countries of the Americas.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: In Colombia, various Indigenous groups have protested the denial of their rights. People organized a march in Cali in October 2008 to demand the government live up to promises to protect Indigenous lands, defend the Indigenous against violence, and reconsider the free trade pact with the United States.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The first Indigenous candidate to be democratically elected as head of a country in the Americas was Benito Juárez, a Zapotec Mexican who was elected President of Mexico in 1858.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: In 1930 Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro became the first Peruvian President with Indigenous Peruvian ancestry and the first in South America. He came to power in a military coup.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: In 2005, Evo Morales of the Aymara people was the first Indigenous candidate elected as president of Bolivia and the first elected in South America.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Genetic comparisons of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of some Native Americans to that of some Siberian and Central Asian peoples have led Russian researcher I.A. Zakharov to believe that, among all the previously-studied Asian peoples, it is "the peoples living between Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains that are genetically closest to" Indigenous Americans.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Some scientific evidence links Indigenous peoples of the Americas to Asian peoples, specifically the Indigenous peoples of Siberia, such as the Ket, Selkup, Chukchi and Koryak peoples. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to some extent to North Asian populations by the distribution of blood types, and in genetic composition as reflected by molecular data, and limited DNA studies.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: The common occurrence of the mtDNA Haplogroups A, B, C, and D among eastern Asian and Native American populations has been noted. Some subclades of C and D that have been found in the limited populations of Native Americans who have agreed to DNA testing bear some resemblance to the C and D sublades in Mongolian, Amur, Japanese, Korean, and Ainu populations.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Available genetic patterns lead to two main theories of genetic episodes affecting the Indigenous peoples of the Americas; first with the initial peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas. The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages, zygosity mutations, and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous peoples of the Americas populations.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: "Our findings are significant at two levels. First, it shows that Upper Paleolithic Siberians came from a cosmopolitan population of early modern humans that spread out of Africa to Europe and Central and South Asia. Second, Paleoindian skeletons like Buhl Woman with phenotypic traits atypical of modern-day indigenous Americans can be explained as having a direct historical connection to Upper Paleolithic Siberia."

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: Genetic analyses of HLA I and HLA II genes as well as HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 gene frequencies links the Ainu people in northern Japan and southeastern Russia to some Indigenous peoples of the Americas, especially to populations on the Pacific Northwest Coast such as Tlingit. The scientists suggest that the main ancestor of the Ainu and of some Indigenous groups can be traced back to Paleolithic groups in Southern Siberia.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Context: A 2016 study found that Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Polynesians most likely came into contact around 1200.

Question: Onko maya-heimosta jäänyt eloon jälkeläisiä?


Djent

Context: Djent () (also known as math metal), is an extreme musical subgenre characterized by its use of off-beat and complex rhythm patterns inspired by free jazz. Its distinctive sound is that of high-gain, distorted, palm-muted, down-tuned strings. The name "djent" is an onomatopoeia of this sound.

Question: Missä maassa djent on kehitetty?


Djent

Context: Other bands important in the development of the style are Animals as Leaders, Tesseract, and Textures.

Question: Missä maassa djent on kehitetty?


Djent

Context: The scene has grown rapidly, and members of the original online community, including the bands Chimp Spanner, Sithu Aye, and Monuments, have gone on to tour and release albums commercially. Other bands that often use djent include A Life Once Lost, Veil of Maya, Vildhjarta, and Xerath. Born of Osiris have also been described as being inspired by the djent movement. Furthermore, Hacktivist and DVSR are djent bands that use rapping as primary vocal style.

Question: Missä maassa djent on kehitetty?


Djent

Context: Djent as a genre is characterized by progressive, rhythmic, and technical complexity accompanied by a use of polymetric groove. An example is the song "Cafo" by Animals as Leaders. It typically features heavily distorted, palm-muted guitar chords, syncopated riffs, and poly-meters alongside virtuosic soloing. Another common feature is the use of extended range guitars that are seven-string, eight-string, and nine-string, or even more strings.

Question: Missä maassa djent on kehitetty?


Ostrogoths

Context: The Ostrogoths, not mentioned until later, are associated with the Greuthungi who lived further east. The dividing line between the Tervingi and the Greuthungi, was reported by Ammianus to be the Dniester River, and to the east of the Greuthungi were Alans living near the River Don.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: The first part of the word "Ostrogoth" comes from a Germanic root "*auster-" meaning 'eastern'. According to the proposal of Wolfram, this was originally a boastful tribal name meaning "Goths of the rising sun", or "Goths glorified by the rising sun". By the 6th century, however, Jordanes, for example, believed that the Visigoths and Ostrogoths were two contrasting names simply meaning western and eastern Goths.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: The nature of the divisions of the Goths before the arrival of the Huns is uncertain, but throughout all their history the Ostrogoths are only mentioned by that name very rarely, and normally in very uncertain contexts. Among other Gothic group names however, they are associated with the Greuthungi. Scholarly opinions are divided about this connection. Historian Herwig Wolfram sees these as two names for one people as will be discussed below. Peter Heather, in contrast, has written that:

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: Ostrogoths in the sense of the group led by Theodoric to Italy stand at the end of complex processes of fragmentation and unification involving a variety of groups—mostly but not solely Gothic it seems—and the better, more contemporary, evidence argues against the implication derived from Jordanes that Ostrogoths are Greuthungi by another name.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: Some historians go much further than Heather, questioning whether we can assume any single ethnicity, even Gothic, which united the Ostrogoths before they were politically united by the Amal clan.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: The first record of a Gothic sub-group acting in its own name, specifically the Tervingi, was dated from 291. The Greuthungi, Vesi, and Ostrogothi are all attested no earlier than 388.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: Other names for the Goths abounded. A "Germanic" Byzantine or Italian author referred to one of the two peoples as the "Valagothi", meaning "Roman ["walha"] Goths". In 484 the Ostrogoths had been called the "Valameriaci" (men of Valamir) because they followed Theodoric, a descendant of Valamir. This terminology survived in the Byzantine East as late as the reign of Athalaric, who was called "του Ουαλεμεριακου" ("tou Oualemeriakou") by John Malalas.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: The Amal-led Ostrogothic kingdom began to coalesce around the leadership of the Amal dynasty who had fought under Attila, and later settled in Pannonia. The second major component of the Amal kingdom's population were the Thracian Goths. This occurred around 483/484.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: Theodemir and Theoderic moved their Goths around the Balkans, while in the meantime, the Thracian Goths were the main focus of Gothic power. For some time they held a part of Macedonia, controlling part of the Via Egnatia between the major Roman cities of Durrës and Thessalonika. Theodemir died in Cyrrhus in 474, having made sure that Theoderic (the future "Great") was designated as successor. In the same year, the other Theoderic ("Strabo"), fell out of favour with the new emperor Zeno.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: The 5th century Thracian Goths, according to Peter Heather, had probably become unified only in about the 460s, although they probably lived in the area since the 420s when a group of Goths under Hunnic influence already in Pannonia were detached and settled there. Wolfram has proposed that Theoderic Strabo was an Amal, whose father had split with Theoderic's branch only as recently as the time of the Battle of Nadao.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: With the death of Emperor Leo II, and the succession of Aspar's old rival Emperor Zeno in 474, the situation for the old Gothic party became increasingly difficult in the eastern empire, and Theoderic Strabo lost the support of the emperor. The younger Theoderic, son of Theodemir, was able to benefit from this.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: Between 479 and 481, it was the Thracian Goths under Theoderic Strabo who kept the Romans occupied, but in 481 Strabo died, when he fell from his horse and was impaled on a lance. His son Recitac was unable to retain Gothic support and was killed in 484 under orders from Theoderic the Amal, who united the two Gothic groups. Zeno was forced to conclude a treaty and Theoderic the Amal was named consul in 484. Hostilities between Theoderic the Amal's Goths and the Eastern Roman Empire began again by 487.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: From 508–511 under Theodoric's command, the Ostrogoths marched on Gaul as the Vandal king of Carthage and Clovis made concerted efforts to weaken his hold on the Visigoths. On the death of Theodoric in 526, the eastern and western Goths were once again divided. By the late 6th century, the Ostrogoths lost their political identity and assimilated into other Germanic tribes.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: The picture of Theodoric's rule is drawn for us in the state papers drawn up, in his name and in the names of his successors, by his Roman minister Cassiodorus. The Goths seem to have been thick on the ground in northern Italy; in the south they formed little more than garrisons. Meanwhile, the Frankish king Clovis fought protracted wars against various enemies while consolidating his rule, forming the embryonic stages of what would eventually become Medieval Europe.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: Nevertheless, according to Roman historian Procopius of Caesarea, the Ostrogothic population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their Rugian allies under Roman sovereignty. They later joined the Lombards during their conquest of Italy.

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Ostrogoths

Context: On the other hand, scholars have come to no consensus about when the list was made, and by whom, nor how to interpret most of the names in the list. Arne Søby Christensen, in his detailed analysis lists three possibilities:

Question: Ketä ostrogootit olivat?


Emirate

Context: An emirate is a territory ruled by an emir, a title used by monarchs or high officeholders in the Muslim world. There are two emirates that are independent states (Kuwait and Qatar), and a state that consists of a federation of seven emirates, the United Arab Emirates; the unrecognized Taliban state in Afghanistan is (and was) also styled as an emirate. A great number of previously independent emirates around the world are now part of larger states, as can be seen in Nigeria.

Question: Miten määritellään emiirikunta?


Emirate

Context: Etymologically, emirate or amirate ( ', plural: ') is the quality, dignity, office, or territorial competence of any emir (prince, commander, governor, etc.). In English, the term is pronounced or in British English and or in American English.

Question: Miten määritellään emiirikunta?


Emirate

Context: The United Arab Emirates is a federal state that comprises seven federal emirates, each administered by a hereditary emir, these seven forming the electoral college for the federation's president and prime minister.

Question: Miten määritellään emiirikunta?


Emirate

Context: As most emirates have either disappeared, been integrated in a larger modern state, or changed their rulers' styles, e.g. to malik (Arabic for king) or sultan, such true emirate-states have become rare.

Question: Miten määritellään emiirikunta?


Emirate

Context: Furthermore, in Arabic the term can be generalized to mean any province of a country that is administered by a member of the ruling class, especially of a member (usually styled emir) of the royal family, as in Saudi Arabian governorates.

Question: Miten määritellään emiirikunta?


Emirate

Context: These are the emirates that have either ceased to exist, are not recognized and hold no real power, or were integrated into another country and preserved as "traditional states". They are arranged by location and in order of the date of the first leader styled "emir."

Question: Miten määritellään emiirikunta?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In the following season, he won his first Supercoppa Italiana title against Serie A champions Milan, and Parma finished fourth in Serie A once again, tied with Inter for the final remaining Champions League spot. Parma lost 3–1 to Inter in the European playoff match. The club was knocked out in the round of 16 of both the UEFA Cup and the Coppa Italia.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In the 2000–01 season, Buffon helped lead Parma to another Coppa Italia Final, in which they were defeated by Fiorentina; but the team suffered a third-round elimination in the UEFA Cup. Parma also finished the season in fourth place for the third consecutive year, which allowed them to go through to the Champions League play-off round. Buffon was voted Serie A Goalkeeper of the Year for the second time in his career, and he also placed third in the IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper award.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 3 July 2001, Buffon was sold to Juventus for a world-record goalkeeper's transfer fee of 100 billion lire, (€51,645,690) (Or €51.956 million including other minor costs that could be capitalised) with part of the transfer fees paid via the transfer of Jonathan Bachini to Parma for an undisclosed fee (which saw Juventus make a capital gain of €10M, i.e. he was sold for equal to or more than €10M).

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Buffon did not play for the first half of the 2010–11 season as he was recovering from surgery after an injury he endured to his sciatic nerve during the 2010 World Cup, and he was replaced by his new deputy, Marco Storari. Juventus were knocked out of the Europa League group stage, the Coppa Italia in the quarter-finals and finished the Serie A season in seventh place, failing to qualify for Europe, the first time since the 1990–91 season.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In 2013, Buffon was once again named the second best goalkeeper in the world by IFFHS, behind Manuel Neuer. His performances earned him the Juventus player of the month award for December 2013. On 16 March 2014, Buffon saved the 20th penalty of his career in a 1–0 away win over Genoa, equalising Dino Zoff's 476 appearances for Juventus as the club's fifth all-time appearance holder. Buffon lifted the Serie A title for the third consecutive year, captaining the team to their 30th league title.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Buffon captained Juventus in the 2015 Champions League final as the Turin club were defeated 3–1 by Barcelona at Berlin's Olympiastadion. Buffon made the most saves throughout the tournament (39), and kept the most clean sheets (6), along with Danijel Subašić, Manuel Neuer and Marc-André ter Stegen. He was named to the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season for his performances throughout the tournament.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 15 July 2015, Buffon was named to the ten-man shortlist for the 2015 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award. His save on Dani Alves in the Champions League final was also nominated for the UEFA Save of the Season Award, finishing on a tied third-place in the voting.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 18 July, Buffon was included in the ten-man shortlist for the 2016 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award, in which he finished sixth.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 5 February 2022, following a 0–0 away draw against Benevento in Serie B, Buffon became the first goalkeeper ever in men's association football to keep 500 clean sheets (322 with Juventus, 92 with Parma, nine with PSG and 77 with Italy). On 28 February, Parma announced Buffon's contract extension until 2024, which will keep him playing until the age of 46.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Francesco Toldo's impressive performances at Euro 2000 meant that he retained his place in the first team for the beginning of Italy's 2002 World Cup qualifying campaign. In spite of heavy competition from Toldo, Buffon regained the starting goalkeeping spot for the fourth match of the qualification series, away to Romania, and was the starting goalkeeper for the remaining four matches under Giovanni Trapattoni as Italy qualified with an unbeaten record.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Buffon was once again the first choice goalkeeper under his former Juventus coach and Trapattoni's replacement Marcello Lippi, as Italy finished first in their 2006 World Cup qualifying group. Although his place in Italy's 2006 World Cup was initially in doubt, as he was being investigated for possible involvement in the 2006 Calciopoli scandal, he was later named by Lippi as Italy's starting goalkeeper for the tournament.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Upon Marcello Lippi's return, Buffon was confirmed as the starting goalkeeper. He played all three group matches during Italy's disappointing 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup campaign in South Africa, in which they finished third in their group in three-way three-point tie. He earned his 100th cap on 14 November 2009 in a friendly match against the Netherlands. He was a key player in Italy's World Cup qualifying campaign as they finished top of their group, undefeated.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In the 2010 World Cup, Buffon was replaced at half-time in Italy's 1–1 draw in their opening group stage match against Paraguay after he had a problem with his sciatic nerve. He did not play again in the tournament and was substituted by Federico Marchetti. Reigning champions Italy disappointed and failed to win a match, finishing last in their group with just two points earned. Lippi was dismissed after Italy's premature elimination from the World Cup.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 26 March 2013, in a 2014 World Cup qualifying match against Malta, Buffon earned his 126th cap for Italy, equalling Paolo Maldini's number of caps for the national team. In the same match, Buffon saved a penalty from Michael Mifsud, helping Italy to a 2–0 away win.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 7 May 2012, Buffon was elected vice-president of the Italian Footballers' Association (AIC); this was the first time an active footballer had held this position.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Buffon was featured on the cover of the Italian edition of Konami's "PES 2008", alongside global coverstar Cristiano Ronaldo. Buffon also features in EA Sports' "FIFA" video game series, and was named alongside Manuel Neuer, Iker Casillas and Petr Čech in the Ultimate Team Best Goalkeepers in "FIFA 14".

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In 2016, Buffon was chosen as the new face of "Amica Chips". The following year, he was instead chosen as the new face of Head & Shoulders in Italy.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In May 2018, Buffon announced his partnership with the video game "World of Tanks". Late that same year, he also featured in a commercial for "Birra Moretti".

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In January 2020, Buffon made a cameo appearance in the music video for "Ti saprò aspettare" by Biagio Antonacci, where he coaches a children's football team against Antonacci as the opposing coach. In the last scene, Buffon takes a shot on Antonacci as goalkeeper, with the video intentionally stopping before the ball is either scored or saved.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Buffon is also known for his charity work. In addition to his other charitable endeavours, after every match he auctions off his personalised captain's armband for charity.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In 2012, Buffon joined the "Respect Diversity" Programme, through UEFA, which aimed to fight against racism, discrimination and intolerance in football.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 1 September 2014, Buffon, along with many current and former footballing stars, took part in the "Match for Peace", which was played at Rome's Stadio Olimpico, with the proceeds being donated to charity.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Prior to the 2013 Italian general election, Buffon publicly endorsed the prime minister at the time, Mario Monti.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: Buffon was one of over 80 Italian celebrities to sign a petition in favour of the 2016 referendum on constitutional reform, promoted by the Democratic Party Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: In 2000, Buffon risked a four-year prison sentence for falsifying a high school accounting diploma in order to enrol for a law degree at the University of Parma, and ultimately paid a 6,350,000 Lire fine in 2001; he later described the incident as his biggest regret in life, stating that it had been a dishonest gesture.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 11 April 2018, in the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League quarter-final second leg away to Real Madrid, Juventus needed a 3–0 win to force extra time, which was the scoreline when, deep into second-half stoppage time, referee Michael Oliver awarded a penalty to Real Madrid. Buffon was sent off for dissent after a confrontation with Oliver; Juventus were eliminated from the Champions League as the resulting penalty kick was converted by Cristiano Ronaldo.

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Gianluigi Buffon

Context: On 11 May, Buffon was charged by UEFA over post-match comments made about referee Oliver, and later, on 5 June, the UEFA Control, Ethics and Disciplinary Body gave Buffon a three-match ban for UEFA competition matches "for which he would be otherwise eligible". Buffon later issued an apology, stating:

Question: Minä vuonna Gianluigi Buffon on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: Vladimir continued to expand his territories beyond his father's extensive domain. In 981, he seized the Cherven towns from the Poles; in 981–982, he suppressed a Vyatichi rebellion; in 983, he subdued the Yatvingians; in 984, he conquered the Radimichs; and in 985, he conducted a military campaign against the Volga Bulgars, planting numerous fortresses and colonies on his way.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: Although Christianity had spread in the region under Oleg's rule, Vladimir had remained a thoroughgoing pagan, taking eight hundred concubines (along with numerous wives) and erecting pagan statues and shrines to gods.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: Open abuse of the deities that most people in Rus' revered triggered widespread indignation. A mob killed the Christian Fyodor and his son Ioann (later, after the overall Christianisation of Kievan Rus', people came to regard these two as the first Christian martyrs in Rus', and the Orthodox Church set a day to commemorate them, 25 July). Immediately after the murder of Fyodor and Ioann, early medieval Rus' saw persecutions against Christians, many of whom escaped or concealed their belief.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: Vladimir then formed a great council out of his boyars and set his twelve sons over his subject principalities. According to the Primary Chronicle, he founded the city of Belgorod in 991. In 992, he went on a campaign against the Croats, most likely the White Croats that lived on the border of modern Ukraine. This campaign was cut short by the attacks of the Pechenegs on and around Kyiv.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: In his later years he lived in a relative peace with his other neighbors: Bolesław I of Poland, Stephen I of Hungary, and Andrikh the Czech (a questionable character mentioned in A Tale of the Bygone Years). After Anna's death, he married again, likely to a granddaughter of Otto the Great.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: In 1014, his son Yaroslav the Wise stopped paying tribute. Vladimir decided to chastise the insolence of his son and began gathering troops against him. Vladimir fell ill, however, most likely of old age, and died at Berestove, near modern-day Kyiv. The various parts of his dismembered body were distributed among his numerous sacred foundations and were venerated as relics.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: He introduced the Byzantine law code into his territories following his conversion but reformed some of its harsher elements; he notably abolished the death penalty along with judicial torture and mutilation.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: The fate of all Vladimir's daughters, whose number is around nine, is uncertain. His wives, concubines, and their children were as follows:

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: The Eastern Orthodox, Byzantine Rite Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches celebrate the feast day of St. Vladimir on 15/28 July.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: The town Volodymyr in north-western Ukraine was founded by Vladimir and is named after him. The foundation of another town, Vladimir in Russia, is usually attributed to Vladimir Monomakh. However some researchers argue that it was also founded by Vladimir the Great.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: St Volodymyr's Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Kyiv, is dedicated to Vladimir the Great, as was originally the Kyiv University. The Imperial Russian Order of St. Vladimir and Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in the United States are also named after him.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: The memory of Vladimir was also kept alive by innumerable Russian folk ballads and legends, which refer to him as "Krasno Solnyshko" ("the Fair Sun", or "the Red Sun"; "Красно Солнышко" in Russian). The Varangian period of Eastern Slavic history ceases with Vladimir, and the Christian period begins.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: The appropriation of Kievan Rus' as part of national history has also been a topic of contention in Ukrainophile vs. Russophile schools of historiography since the Soviet era. Today, he is regarded as a symbol in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Vladimir the Great

Context: All branches of the economy prospered under him. He minted coins and regulated foreign affairs with other countries, such as trade, bringing in Greek wines, Baghdad spices, and Arabian horses for the markets of Kiev.

Question: Minä vuonna Vladimir Krasno Solnyško on syntynyt?


Albert Fish

Context: Fish was a suspect in at least five murders during his lifetime. He confessed to three murders that police were able to trace to a known homicide, and he confessed to stabbing at least two other people. Fish was apprehended on December 13, 1934, and put on trial for the kidnapping and murder of Grace Budd. He was convicted and executed by electric chair on January 16, 1936, at the age of 65. His crimes were dramatized in the 2007 film "The Gray Man", starring Patrick Bauchau as Fish.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: Fish's family had a history of mental illness. His uncle suffered from mania, one of his brothers was confined in a state mental hospital, and his sister Annie was diagnosed with a "mental affliction". Three other relatives were diagnosed with mental illnesses, and his mother had "aural and/or visual hallucinations".

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: By 1890, at age 20, Fish arrived in New York City, and he said at that point he became a prostitute and began raping young boys. In 1898, his mother arranged a marriage for him with Anna Mary Hoffman, who was nine years his junior. They had six children: Albert, Anna, Gertrude, Eugene, John, and Henry Fish.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: Throughout 1898, Fish worked as a house painter. He said he continued molesting children, mostly boys younger than age six. He later recounted an incident in which a male lover took him to a waxworks museum, where Fish was fascinated by a bisection of a penis. After that, he became obsessed with sexual mutilation. In 1903, he was arrested for grand larceny, convicted, and incarcerated in Sing Sing.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: In January 1917, Fish's wife left him for John Straube, a handyman who boarded with the Fish family. Fish then had to raise his children as a single parent. After his arrest, Fish told a newspaper that when his wife left him, she took nearly every possession the family owned. He began to have auditory hallucinations. He once wrapped himself in a carpet, saying that he was following the instructions of John the Apostle.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: In about 1919, Fish stabbed an intellectually disabled boy in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. He chose people who were either mentally handicapped or African-American as his victims, explaining that he assumed these people would not be missed when killed. Fish would later claim to have occasionally paid boys to procure other children for him. Fish tortured, mutilated, and murdered young children with his "implements of Hell": a meat cleaver, a butcher knife, and a small handsaw.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: Fish remarried on February 6, 1930, in Waterloo, New York, to Estella Wilcox but divorced after only one week. Fish was arrested in May 1930 for "sending an obscene letter to a woman who answered an advertisement for a maid." Following that arrest and one in 1931, he was sent to the Bellevue psychiatric hospital for observation.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: The police arrested 66-year-old superintendent Charles Edward Pope on September 5, 1930, as a suspect in Grace's disappearance, accused by Pope's estranged wife. He spent 108 days in jail between his arrest and trial on December 22, 1930. He was found not guilty.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: In November 1934, an anonymous letter was sent to Grace's parents which ultimately led the police to Fish. Mrs. Budd was illiterate and could not read the letter herself, so she had her son read it to her. The unaltered letter (complete with Fish's misspellings and grammatical errors) reads:

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: Police investigated the letter. The story concerning "Capt. Davis" and the "famine" in Hong Kong could not be verified. The part of the letter concerning the murder of Grace, however, was found to be accurate in its description of the kidnapping and subsequent events, although it was impossible to confirm whether or not Fish had actually eaten parts of Grace's body.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: Fish made no attempt to deny the murder of Grace Budd, saying that he meant to go to the house to kill Grace's brother Edward. Fish said it "never even entered [his] head" to rape the girl, but he later claimed to his attorney that, while kneeling on Grace's chest and strangling her, he did have two involuntary ejaculations. This information was used at trial to make the claim the kidnapping was sexually motivated, thus avoiding any mention of cannibalism.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: On February 11, 1927, 3-year-old Billy Beaton and his 12-year-old brother were playing in the apartment hallway in Brooklyn with 4-year-old Billy Gaffney. When the 12-year-old left for his apartment, both younger boys disappeared; Beaton was found later on the roof of the apartments. When asked what happened to Gaffney, Beaton said "the bogeyman took him." Gaffney's body was never recovered.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: Gaffney's mother Elizabeth visited Fish in Sing Sing, accompanied by Detective King and two other men. She wanted to ask him about her son's death, but Fish refused to speak to her. Fish began to weep and asked to be left alone. After two hours of asking him questions through his lawyer, James Dempsey, Mrs. Gaffney gave up. She was still unconvinced that Fish was her son's killer.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: At a meeting with reporters after the execution, Fish's lawyer James Dempsey revealed that he was in possession of his client's "final statement". This amounted to several pages of hand-written notes that Fish apparently penned in the hours just prior to his death. When pressed by the assembled journalists to reveal the document's contents, Dempsey refused, stating, "I will never show it to anyone. It was the most filthy string of obscenities that I have ever read."

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Albert Fish

Context: A documentary film about Fish was released in 2007, directed by John Borowski. Also in 2007, the biographical film "The Gray Man" was made on his life, starring Patrick Bauchau as Fish.

Question: Miksi Albert Fish söi uhriensa ruumiita?


Tulenkantajat

Context: In the 1930s, Erkki Vala launched another "Tulenkantajat" magazine which he published from 1932 to 1939. Vala's magazine was more political compared to its predecessor.

Question: Ketkä olivat ns. Tulenkantajat?


Tulenkantajat

Context: The group's main motto was "Ikkunat auki Eurooppaan" ("Windows open to Europe") and its members visited Europe's major cities such as Paris, Rome, London, and Berlin. The young people who started Tulenkantajat in their early 20s ended up being important cultural characters in Finnish society. Tulenkantajat's poetry and prose received inspiration from oriental themes, jazz, city and industry life, as well as hedonism.

Question: Ketkä olivat ns. Tulenkantajat?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diaspora ethnic groups of African ancestry. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic Slave Trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Americas and Europe.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against enslavement and colonization and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the "Back to Africa" movements of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African ancestry.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Pan-African thought influenced the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (now the African Union) in 1963. The African Union Commission has its seat in Addis Ababa and the Pan-African Parliament has its seat in Midrand, Johannesburg.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: In the age of globalization and rapid technological advancement, the compression of space and time facilitated by new technologies has contributed to the growth of Pan-African thought in a way that is helping to promote unity throughout the diaspora.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: The realization of the pan-African objective would lead to "power consolidation in Africa", which "would compel a reallocation of global resources, as well as unleashing a fiercer psychological energy and political assertion ... that would unsettle social and political (power) structures...in the Americas".

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Advocates of pan-Africanism—i.e. "pan-Africans" or "pan-Africanists"—often champion socialist principles and tend to be opposed to external political and economic involvement on the continent. Critics accuse the ideology of homogenizing the experience of people of African ancestry. They also point to the difficulties of reconciling current divisions within countries on the continent and within communities in the diaspora.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: As a philosophy, pan-Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific, and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan-Africanism as an ethical system traces its origins from ancient times, and promotes values that are the product of the African civilisations and the struggles against slavery, racism, colonialism, and neocolonialism.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Modern pan-Africanism began around the start of the 20th century. The African Association, later renamed the Pan-African Association, was established around 1897 by Henry Sylvester Williams, who organized the First Pan-African Conference in London in 1900.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?