Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork

Context: Lord Boyle claimed to have built the town of Bandon in County Cork, but in fact the town was planned and built by Henry Beecher, John Archdeacon, and William Newce. The land on which Bandon was built had been granted by Queen Elizabeth I to Phane Beecher in 1586, and inherited by his eldest son Henry who then sold it to Boyle in November 1618. In Bandon, Boyle founded iron-smelting and linen-weaving industries and brought in English settlers, many from Bristol.

Question: 初代コーク伯爵はなぜ成り上がった


Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork

Context: Oliver Cromwell is reported to have said of Lord Cork 'If there had been an Earl of Cork in every province, it would have been impossible for the Irish to have raised a rebellion.' One of Lord Cork's major political allies during the era was Piers Crosby.

Question: 初代コーク伯爵はなぜ成り上がった


Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork

Context: It is a mistake to see Lord Cork's 'empire' as merely being exclusively confined to the development of the 'Raleigh estates': for instance, his acquisition of the entirety of the town of Bandon was not completed until 1625. Other towns which also form part of Lord Cork's municipal development legacy (which records employment of over 4,000 people during his lifetime) include Midleton, Castlemartyr, Charleville and Doneraile.

Question: 初代コーク伯爵はなぜ成り上がった


Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork

Context: Boyle erected an elaborate monument to himself, his wives, his mother, and his children in The Collegiate Church of St Mary Youghal, County Cork and there is a similar but much larger Boyle monument in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. His elder brother John is also buried in the tomb.

Question: 初代コーク伯爵はなぜ成り上がった


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The ISDA Master Agreement, published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, is the most commonly used master service agreement for OTC derivatives transactions internationally. It is part of a framework of documents, designed to enable OTC derivatives to be documented fully and flexibly. The framework consists of a master agreement, a schedule, confirmations, definition booklets, and credit support documentation.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The master agreement is a document agreed to between two parties that sets out standard terms that apply to all the transactions entered into between those parties. Each time that a transaction is entered into, the terms of the master agreement apply automatically and do not need to be re-negotiated.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: Although it is often viewed as a tool for banks and financial institutions, the Master Agreement is widely used by a wide variety of counterparties.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The master agreement is quite lengthy, and the negotiation process can be burdensome, but once a master agreement is signed, the documentation of future transactions between parties is reduced to a brief confirmation of the material terms of the transaction.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The master agreement also aids in reducing disputes by providing extensive resources defining its terms and explaining the intent of the contract, thereby preventing disputes from beginning as well as providing a neutral resource to interpret standard contractual terms. Finally, the master agreement greatly aids in risk and credit management for the parties.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: In 1987, ISDA produced three documents: (i) a standard form master agreement for U.S. dollar interest-rate swaps; (ii) a standard form master agreement for multi-currency interest-rate and currency swaps (collectively known as the "1987 ISDA Master Agreement"); and (iii) the interest rate and currency definitions.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The master agreement is the central document around which the rest of the ISDA documentation structure is built. The preprinted master agreement is never altered except to insert the names of the parties, but is customised through use of the schedule to the master agreement, a document containing elections, additions and amendments to the master agreement.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: "All transactions are entered into in reliance on the fact that this Master Agreement and all Confirmations form a single agreement between the parties ... and the parties would not otherwise enter into any Transactions."

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: This single agreement concept is integral to the structure and forms part of the netting based protection offered by the master agreement. The fact that all transactions are the one contract reinforces the ability to close out those transactions and come up with a single net amount payable if a default occurs.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: Section 5 of the ISDA Master Agreement contains the "Events of Default" and the "Termination Events". These are events which can lead to termination of transactions before their intended maturity.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The Events of Default can be described in summary as events for which a party is at fault, such as a failure to perform under a transaction, breach of a representation or undertaking, and insolvency.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The Termination Events are other events which, although no-one is at fault, warrant the early termination of the transactions, such as a change in tax law resulting in taxes being imposed on transactions, illegality, and a merger of a party resulting in a deterioration in its credit quality. Parties may also elect to specify Additional Termination Events in the Schedule, such as a decline in a corporate party's credit rating or a decline in a hedge fund's Net asset value.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: Section 6 of the ISDA Master Agreement contains the provisions which enable a party to terminate transactions early if an Event of Default or Termination Event occurs in respect of the other party and set out the procedure to calculate and net the termination values of those transactions to produce a single amount payable between the parties.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: There are two elections that the parties make in the Schedule which affect the operation of these provisions:

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The range of taxation matters which can be relevant to particular derivative transactions include interest withholding tax, quasi-withholding tax, goods and services tax and stamp duty.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: Section 10 of the ISDA Master Agreement addresses issues that arise in connection with counterparties that enter into transactions through more than one office or branch and more than one jurisdiction.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The Schedule and Paragraph 13 are used to make all amendments to and customisations of the Master Agreement and Annex, including the elections of the various options presented to the parties in the Master Agreement and Annex and the addition of provisions not contained in the Master Agreement. It contains:

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The printed form of the Master Agreement is never amended on the face of the document. In negotiations it is not even exchanged, on the presumption that the standard terms will always be used.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: There are various standard forms of credit support documentation prepared by ISDA. The key distinctions between each include their governing law (English, New York and Japanese) and method of transfer of collateral (title transfer and security interest).

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: ISDA has produced a wide array of supporting materials for the Master Agreement, including definitions and user's guides. This documentation is designed to prevent disputes and to facilitate the consistent use and interpretation of the Master Agreement. These materials are produced by ISDA and are regularly updated to reflect the most recent regulatory or market changes.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: Each type of derivative transaction, such as credit derivative, currency derivatives, and equity derivatives have their own definitional booklet.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The Master Agreement allows parties to calculate their financial exposure under OTC transactions on a net basis, i.e. a party calculates the difference between what it owes to a counterparty under a Master Agreement and what the counterparty owes it under the same agreement.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: These calculations are made on a mark-to-market basis to reflect the current position of each transaction.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: The Master Agreement permits the netting of payments due under the same transaction so that only a single amount is exchanged between the parties, rather than numerous payments involving the same transactions. Most counterparties also agree to net all amounts due on a single day regardless of whether amounts are due under a single or multiple transactions.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: Set-off is used as a final settlement of accounts that extinguishes the mutual debts owed between the parties in exchange for a new, net amount due. The parties are incentivized to pay in a timely manner by the imposition of interest on any amounts paid after the due date.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: In support of this practice, the United States Bankruptcy Code exempts participants in OTC derivative transactions from the automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code and permits them to set-off obligations owed between the creditor and the bankrupt party even during the pendency of a bankruptcy stay order.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: Parties try to limit this responsibility by including "non-reliance" representations in their agreements, to the effect that each is not relying on the other and they are making their own independent decisions. Whilst these representations are useful, they would not prevent an action under trade practices legislation nor other actions if the conduct of a party was inconsistent with this representation.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: While set-off provisions provides a creditor some relief from a counterparty's bankruptcy by permitting the set-off of obligations due and owing, it does not provide relief from the exposure to future positions that have not yet become due and owing. In recognition of this problem, the Master Agreement contains provisions permitting a creditor party to terminate and liquidate transactions upon a counterparty's bankruptcy or other default under the Master Agreement (acceleration).

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


ISDA Master Agreement

Context: In the movie "The Big Short", which is based on Michael Lewis' book by the same name, an ISDA Master Agreement is referred to as a "hunting license", reserved only for the "big boys" (i.e. institutional investors). Originally devised with the banks and other institutional players in mind, the doors were opened to ultra-high net worth individuals. The maximum licenses at any point peaked at 3000.

Question: ISDAマスター契約が初めて作成されたのはいつ


Computer

Context: A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems. Simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls are included, as are factory devices like industrial robots and computer-aided design, as well as general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices like smartphones. Computers power the Internet, which links billions of other computers and users.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer, according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to approximately . Devices of comparable complexity to the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth century.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: In the 1770s, Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automaton) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions. Along with two other complex machines, the doll is at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and still operates.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: By 1938, the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Zuse's next computer, the Z4, became the world's first commercial computer; after initial delay due to the Second World War, it was completed in 1950 and delivered to the ETH Zurich. The computer was manufactured by Zuse's own company, , which was founded in 1941 as the first company with the sole purpose of developing computers.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on 7 May 1952.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: These smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and recently became the dominant computing device on the market. These are powered by System on a Chip (SoCs), which are complete computers on a microchip the size of a coin.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The term "hardware" covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects. Circuits, computer chips, graphic cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboard, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and "mice" input devices are all hardware.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of input devices are:

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The means through which computer gives output are known as output devices. Some examples of output devices are:

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of execution of some instructions to improve performance.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The control system's function is as follows— this is a simplified description, and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU:

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as "jumps" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow).

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components. Since the 1970s, CPUs have typically been constructed on a single MOS integrated circuit chip called a "microprocessor".

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories, which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: I/O devices are often complex computers in their own right, with their own CPU and memory. A graphics processing unit might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D graphics. Modern desktop computers contain many smaller computers that assist the main CPU in performing I/O. A 2016-era flat screen display contains its own computer circuitry.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed in only large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended for general purpose, others useful for only highly specialized applications.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Comparatively, a person using a pocket calculator can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses. But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1,000 would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time, with a near certainty of making a mistake. On the other hand, a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions. The following example is written in the MIPS assembly language:

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Once told to run this program, the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention. It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in a fraction of a second.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge. Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: As the use of computers has spread throughout society, there are an increasing number of careers involving computers.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Computer

Context: The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature.

Question: アナログコンピュータの起源はいつ


Anadyr (town)

Context: Pyotr Baranov (brother of Alexander Andreyevich Baranov) established a trading post near the present town site in the early 19th century. The Chukchi settled around it and formed the village of Vyon in 1830.

Question: ロシア最東端の町は何？


Anadyr (town)

Context: During World War II, an airfield was built here for the Alaska-Siberian (ALSIB) air route used to ferry American Lend-Lease aircraft to the Eastern Front.

Question: ロシア最東端の町は何？


Anadyr (town)

Context: It is on a similar parallel as Fairbanks, Alaska; Skellefteå, Sweden; and Oulu, Finland. Apart from those cities, the population at such northerly parallels is normally sparse.

Question: ロシア最東端の町は何？


Automotive industry in Japan

Context: The country is home to a number of companies that produce cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, ATVs, and engines. Japanese automotive manufacturers include Toyota, Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka. Infiniti, Acura, and Lexus are luxury brands of Nissan, Honda and Toyota.

Question: 日本で初めてバスの生産を始めた会社は何


Automotive industry in Japan

Context: Transportation and mobilization in the early 1900s was largely monopolized by the Japanese Government's Ministry of Railways, and private automobile companies emerged to further modernize the transportation infrastructure.

Question: 日本で初めてバスの生産を始めた会社は何


Automotive industry in Japan

Context: In the early 1970s, the Japanese electronics manufacturers began producing integrated circuits (ICs), microprocessors and microcontrollers for the automobile industry, including ICs and microcontrollers for in-car entertainment, automatic wipers, electronic locks, dashboard, and engine control. The Japanese automobile industry widely adopted ICs years before the American automobile industry.

Question: 日本で初めてバスの生産を始めた会社は何


Automotive industry in Japan

Context: The following are vehicle production volumes for Japanese vehicle manufacturers, according to the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA).

Question: 日本で初めてバスの生産を始めた会社は何


California Trail

Context: At the end of the Humboldt River, where it disappeared into the alkaline Humboldt Sink, travelers had to cross the deadly Forty Mile Desert before finding either the Truckee River or Carson River in the Carson Range and Sierra Nevada that were the last major obstacles before entering Northern California.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Once in western Nevada and eastern California, the pioneers worked out several paths over the rugged Carson Range and Sierra Nevada into the gold fields, settlements and cities of northern California. The main routes initially (1846–48) were the Truckee Trail to the Sacramento Valley and after about 1849 the Carson Trail route to the American River and the Placerville, California gold digging region.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The Humboldt River was of little interest to the trappers as it was hard to get to, dead ended in an alkali sink, and had few beavers. The details of the Humboldt River and how to get to it was known to only a few trappers. When trapping largely ceased in the 1840s due to a change in men's hat style that didn't use the felt from beaver's fur there was a number of out of work fur trappers and traders who were familiar with many of the Indians, trails, and rivers in the west.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: In 1832 Captain Benjamin Bonneville, a United States Military Academy graduate on temporary leave, followed the fur traders paths along the valleys of the Platte, North Platte and Sweetwater Rivers to South Pass (Wyoming) with a fur trader's caravan of 110 men and 20 wagons over and on to the Green River—the first wagons over South Pass.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh helped take California from the last Mexican governor, thereby paving the way to California's ultimate acquisition by the United States.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: After crossing most of what would become the state of Utah and passing into the future state of Nevada, they missed the head of the Humboldt River and abandoned their wagons in Nevada at Big Spring at the foot of the Pequop Mountains. They continued west using their oxen and mules as pack animals eventually finding the Humboldt River and followed it west to its termination in an alkali sink near present-day Lovelock, Nevada.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: They blazed a wagon trail down the Humboldt River Valley and across Forty Mile Desert until they hit the Carson River. Here instead of immediately attempting to cross the Sierra by following the Carson River as it came out of the mountains they turned south, traveling east of the Sierra along what is now roughly the Nevada and California border—about where U.S. Route 395 in California is today.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: With scarce provisions, winter approaching and failing draft animals, by the end of 1843 they had traveled south almost on the east side of the Sierra before they abandoned their wagons near Owens Lake in eastern central California and proceeded by pack train to make a December crossing of the Sierra Nevada mountains over Walker Pass on California State Route 178) in the southeast Sierra, an arduous route used by almost no one else.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Trying to find a different route, Chiles led the rest of the settlers in a pack train party down the Oregon Trail to where it intersected the Malheur River in eastern Oregon which he then followed across Oregon to California.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The first group to cross the Sierra with their wagons was the Stephens–Townsend–Murphy Party of 1844. They departed from the Oregon Trail along the Snake River by following the Raft River to the City of Rocks in Idaho and then passed over the Big Basin continental divide and used a series of springs and small streams in what is now Nevada to get to the Humboldt River near where the town of Wells, Nevada is now.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Pioneered by Lansford Hastings in 1846, the Hastings Cutoff left the California Trail at Fort Bridger in Wyoming. In 1846 the party, guided by Hastings, passed successfully through the rugged, narrow, rock-filled Weber River canyon to get over the Wasatch Range. In a few places the wagons had to be floated down the river in some narrow spots and the wagons had to be pried over large rocks in many places.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The Mormon Trail over the Wasatch Mountains followed roughly the same path as the Donner Party trail of 1846 but they built a much better trail with many more workers in 1847 to get to the Salt Lake valley with much less hassle—this was their main route to and from their Salt Lake communities. The Weber Canyon trail was judged too rugged for regular use without a lot of work—later done by Mormon workers on the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1868–69.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: All of the Hastings Cutoffs to California were found to be very hard on the wagons, livestock and travelers as well as being longer, harder, and slower to traverse than the regular trail and was largely abandoned after 1846. It was discovered by some hurrying travelers in 1849 (before the experience of the 1846 travelers was widely known) that during a wet year, wagons could not be pulled across the Great Salt Lake Desert; it was too soft.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: In 1848, the Salt Lake Cutoff was discovered by returning Mormon Battalion soldiers and others from the City of Rocks (in the future state of Idaho) to the northwest of the Great Salt Lake and on to Salt Lake City. This cutoff allowed travelers to use the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger over the Wasatch Range to Salt Lake City and back to the California Trail. In Salt Lake they could get repairs and fresh supplies and livestock by trade or cash.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The Central Overland Route was about shorter than the 'standard' California Trail Humboldt River route. This Central Overland Route, with minor modifications was used by settler's wagon trains, the Pony Express, stagecoach lines and the First Transcontinental Telegraph after 1859.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Several accounts of travel along the Central Overland Route have been published. In July 1859 Horace Greeley made the trip, at a time when Chorpenning was using only the eastern segment (they reconnected with the main California Trail near present-day Beowawe, Nevada). Greeley published his detailed observations in his 1860 book "An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco".

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: In October 1860 the English explorer Richard Burton traveled the entire route at a time when the Pony Express was operating. He gave detailed descriptions of each of the way stations in his 1861 book "The City of the Saints, Across the Rocky Mountains to California".

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) traveled the route in the summer of 1861 with his brother Orion on their way to Nevada's new territorial capital in Carson City, Nevada, but provided only sparse descriptions of the road in his 1872 book "Roughing It".

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Fremont, together with his wife Jessie Benton Fremont, wrote an extensive account of his explorations and published the first "accurate" map of California and Oregon making them much more widely known. The U.S. Senate had 10,000 copies of Fremont's map and exploration write-up printed. How many of these maps were actually in the hands of early immigrants is unknown.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: 1849 was also the first year of large scale cholera epidemics in the United States and the rest of the world, and thousands are thought to have died along the trail on their way to California—most buried in unmarked graves in Kansas and Nebraska. The 1850 census showed this rush was overwhelmingly male as the ratio of women to men in California over 16 was about 5:95

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Combined with the settlers that came by sea, the California settlers that came over the California Trail by 1850 were sufficient (at about 93,000) for California to choose its state boundary, write a Constitution, and apply for and receive statehood, which it did as a free state.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The typical cost of enough food for four people for six months was about $150. The cost of other supplies, livestock, wagons etc. per person could easily double this cost. In the 1840s, $150.00 represented about 150 days worth of work or half a year's typical salary so most of the poor were excluded from travel unless they got a job herding and guarding the livestock or driving a wagon.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Travelers also brought books, Bibles, trail guides, writing quills, and ink and paper for keeping a diary or writing a letter.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: When the Union Pacific Railroad started west in 1865, Omaha was their eastern terminus. The eastern end of the trail has been compared to a frayed rope of many strands that joined up at the Platte River near new Fort Kearny (est. 1848) in Nebraska. Those on the north side of the Platte would have to cross the Platte River to use the mail, repair and supply services available at Fort Kearny.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Many thousands of emigrants died in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming and were buried along the trail in unmarked graves.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: In 1853, a new route named Seminoe cutoff was established on the southern side of the river. It was named after trapper Basil LaJeunesse who was referred to as Seminoe by the Shoshone Indians. The Seminoe cutoff split from the main trail at the 6th crossing and rejoined it at Burnt Ranch, bypassing both Rocky Ridge and four of the river crossings, which was an advantage in the early spring and summer during high runoff. The route was used extensively in the 1850s, especially by the Mormon companies.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: About west of Soda Springs, "Hudspeth's Cutoff" (est. 1849) took off from the main trail heading almost due west and by-passed Fort Hall. Hudspeth's Cutoff had five mountain ranges to cross and took about the same amount of time as the main route to Fort Hall but many took it thinking it was shorter. Its main advantage was that it did spread out the traffic on busy years and made more grass available.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: At the Humboldt Sink (about northeast of present-day Reno, Nevada) the Humboldt River disappeared into a marshy alkali laden lake that late in some years was a dry lake bed. Near the end of the Humboldt, one of the worst sections of the California Trail showed up, the Forty Mile Desert.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The Forty Mile Desert was a barren stretch of waterless alkali wasteland that stretched from Humboldt Bar to both the Carson and Truckee rivers and beyond. The desert covered an area of over by , forming a fire box: its loose, white, salt-covered sands and baked alkali clay wastes reflected the sun's heat onto the stumbling travelers and animals. What few plants there are typically covered with thorns and live low to the ground.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: A second smaller but yet significant block of weather worn granite formed the Carson Range of mountains located east of today's Lake Tahoe, between the two ranges. From the Humboldt River Route, first the Carson Range and then the Sierra would have to be passed to get to western California. Even today there are only about nine roads that go over the Sierra and about half of these may be closed in winter.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: From Donner summit, the trail then proceeded on a rugged cliff and rock-strewn path down the South Fork of the Yuba River—fed by an alpine lake. The first resting spot after the pass for many was beautiful Summit Valley (now mostly covered by Lake Van Norden reservoir) a few miles from the summit.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Branching off the Truckee Trail was the Nevada City Road (est 1850) to Nevada City. This cutoff is closely followed today by California State Route 20 from Emigrant Gap on Interstate 80 to Nevada City, California.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Portions of the Nevada City Trail are evident at the top of Coyote Street, and North Bloomfield Road, just north of Nevada City. Plaques can be found where these roads meet the top of Harmony Ridge, as this was the ridge used to descend from the high sierra, to the foothills of California.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: One of the major drawbacks of the Carson Trail was its elevation, with substantial sections of the trail over , where snow often covered it from late fall well into the spring season. The Placerville route (Johnson Cutoff) became the preferred trail, as it was lower and extensively improved. It could be used much of the winter season for at least horse travel.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The present highway route—California State Route 88 follows much of the original Carson Trail route from the California/Nevada border for 38 miles to Mormon-Emigrant Trail/Iron Mountain Road, which goes to Pollock Pines, California, and from there on to Placerville, California. The current road avoids the highest section over West Pass by crossing the Carson Spur. Kirkwood Mountain Resort and ski area now occupies some of the higher parts of the original Carson Trail.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: In 1860–61, the Pony Express used Daggetts Pass and Johnson's cutoff route to deliver their mail—even in the winter.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The Grizzly Flat Road (1852) to Grizzly Flat & Placerville was an extension of the Carson trail that went down the middle fork of the Consumes River to what was then a busy gold diggings at Grizzly Flat—located about east of Placerville.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: The Volcano Road (1852) off the Carson Trail was made in 1852 when Amador County and Stockton merchants paid a contractor to construct a road from Corral Flat on what is now the Carson Trail (California State Route 88) to Volcano, California. Today the cutoff is approximately followed off SR 88 by the Fiddletown Silver Lake Road, Shake Ridge Road And Ram's Horn Grade.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Originally a free pack trail route when first used in about 1851 by "Major" John Ebbetts, it was improved to a wagon road and became a toll road to silver mining towns in eastern California and western Nevada from 1864 through 1910, and then a free county road in 1911. It was used by very few emigrants to California.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Both the "Carson River" and "Truckee River" trails eventually ended up at Sutter's Fort in Sacramento, California. In 1848 most emigrants developed and used this route. In 1849 about one-third of all emigrants used the Carson Trail with later years many more using it. Starting in 1848, many left the main trail to stay in a mining district(s) or town(s) that developed along or off the trail(s).

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: In 1852, the Sonora Road was opened from the Carson Trail to Sonora, California, by the Clark-Skidmore Company. From the Humboldt Sink it crossed Forty Mile Desert to the Carson River and then went almost due south to the Walker River, which it followed to the Sierra before making the very steep (about 26 degrees in parts) and rugged ascent to Sonora Pass.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: From there the road drops down twisting forested mountain ridges to Sonora. This was the highest road developed across the Sierra—and still a very scenic drive. (modern Tioga Pass out of Yosemite National Park is slightly higher) California State Route 108 between Sonora and U.S. Highway 395 roughly approximates the route of the Sonora Road over the Sierra. This route was little used after about 1854.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Starting in 1860, many emigrant trails over difficult terrain and streams were improved and replaced by toll roads and bridges built and financed by private entrepreneurs and some cities. Later, other strikes in western Nevada and eastern California would give impetus to new toll roads to a new mining town.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Travel after 1860 is even less well known as the U.S. Civil War caused considerable disruptions on the trail. Many of the people on the trail in 1861–1863 were fleeing the war and its attendant drafts in both the south and the north. Trail Historian Merrill J. Mattes has estimated the number of emigrants for 1861–1867 given in the total column of the above table.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: These estimates, however, may be low, since they only amount to an extra 125,000 people, and the 1870 census numbers show an increase of 200,000. This ignores most of California's population increase from the excellent sea and rail connections across Panama that existed by then.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably well known, as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants that arrived each year from 1847 to 1868. Gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada and Montana also caused a considerable increase in people using the trail(s) often in directions different from the original trail users.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: As the trail matured, additional costs for ferries and toll roads were thought to have been about $30 per wagon or about $10/person.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by homicides, lightning strikes, childbirths, snake bites, flash floods, falling trees, and wagon wrecks. These probably numbered from 200 to 500 deaths or more along the trail.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: According to an evaluation by Trail Authority John Unruh, a 4% death rate or 16,000 out of 400,000 total pioneers on all trails may have died on the trail while making the trip.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


California Trail

Context: Part of the same general route of the trail across Nevada was used for the Central Pacific portion of the first transcontinental railroad. In the 20th century, the route was used for modern highways, in particular U.S. Highway 40 and later Interstate 80. Ruts from the wagon wheels and names of emigrants, written with axle grease on rocks, can still be seen in the City of Rocks National Reserve in southern Idaho.

Question: カリフォルニア・トレイルはなぜ使われなくなった


List of smoking bans

Context: A law came into effect on 30 May 2007 restricting smoking in closed public areas and outlawing the advertisement of tobacco, although the measure was reportedly poorly enforced in the country until 2013. From 2013, law enforcement has been implemented, and smoking is strictly forbidden in closed public areas, including bars, pubs, restaurants etc. If any of these places are caught allowing a customer to smoke, they are fined €2,200 and the person smoking is fined €350.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 2004, smoking is prohibited in government buildings, educational facilities, hospitals, enclosed sport facilities and buses. In 2010, an increase in restrictions at restaurants, bars, and workplaces was under discussion.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Andorra introduced a smoking ban in all public places on 13 December 2012. However, an exception was made for bars and restaurants, allowing special smoking rooms as long as they fulfill strict conditions: such as not serving food and drink. In 2014, Andorra joined France and Spain in banning smoking indoors, which resulted in the first smoke free ski season in Andorra.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In 2017, Andorra was one of the countries with the lowest mortality rate from cardiovascular disease, whose main causes include smoking.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 1 June 2011 a smoking ban in all of Argentina prohibits smoking in workplaces, all public indoor areas, schools, hospitals, museums and libraries, theatres, and all public transport. However, smoking is still allowed in balconies, terraces and patios. The law also included the prohibiting of advertising and sponsoring of tobacco. The fine for breaking the law is equivalent to 250 to 1,000,000 packets of the most expensive cigarettes in the market.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In 2012, Armenia had the third-highest rate of male cigarette smokers in the world. On 11 January 2017, the Eurasian Economic Commission said that starting mid-March 2017, graphic pictures would be implemented on the packaging of cigarettes in all Eurasian Economic Union member states.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: An anti-smoking law was passed by the Armenian parliament in February 2020. It bans smoking while driving cars or buses and imposes a ban on tobacco advertising. The ban on smoking in cafes, restaurants and other public catering facilities has entered into force in March 2022. The ban on smoking in half-closed premises of public catering facilities will come into force in May 2024. Meanwhile, the ban on smoking in hotels came into force in May 2020.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In Australia, smoking bans are determined on a state-by-state basis. In chronological order by state:

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The first place smoking was banned in Victoria was in 1990 when Councillor John Huntley (a smoker) moved a motion to ban smoking in the Shire of Orbost offices.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking has been banned in all prisons in Queensland, the Northern Territory, Tasmania, Victoria, and New South Wales since 2015. While South Australia is due to follow in 2019, smoking is still permitted in prison cells in Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In 2009, smoking was prohibited by law in all enclosed public spaces and educational institutions. The 2009 law granted certain exceptions for eating and drinking establishments as well as workplaces if no employee works in the enclosed space objects. Smoking was banned on trains and in railway stations when Germany introduced a similar smoking ban in 2007.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In December 2017, after a change in government – under the coalition of the centre-right ÖVP and the far-right FPÖ – an already passed bill banning smoking in all restaurants, bars, discos and pubs from May 2018 was repealed and the prior rules reinstated with some minor changes.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In July 2019, after another change in government – under a technocratic government led by Chancellor Brigitte Bierlein – the parliament decided to reintroduce the strict ban for all types of restaurants, bars, discos, and pubs from 1 November 2019.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In 2008, the Bahrain government introduced anti-smoking laws indoor public areas, including restaurants, cafes, hair salons, shopping malls and public transport. The law was highlighted by the ban of smoking in private cars when there are children.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: As of 1 October 2006, smoking is banned in all enclosed workplaces in Bermuda, including restaurants, bars, private clubs and hotels.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Following a resolution of the 87th session of the National Assembly on 17 December 2004, a national prohibition upon the sale of tobacco and tobacco products went into effect, but importing limited tobacco has remained legal subject to very heavy taxes. Smoking in all public places in Bhutan became illegal on 22 February 2005. It thus became the first nation in the world to outlaw this practice outright.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In Brazil, the legal age for sale and consumption of tobacco is 18. Tobacco advertising is restricted to posters in shops, and is banned on television and radio. All cigarette packs contain advertisements against smoking and government warnings about possible adverse health effects of smoking.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: A comprehensive smoking ban has been introduced prohibiting smoking in all public places including bars, restaurants, clubs, workplaces, stadiums, etc. and came into effect on 1 June 2012, though smoking is allowed in restaurants as long as there are separate rooms for smokers and non-smokers.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Chile prohibits smoking in schools, hospitals, government offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, pharmacies, airports, buses, subway networks and other indoor public places. Smoking indoors in universities is restricted, although it is allowed outdoors. In 2013 Chile's legislative body approved a ban on all smoking in public enclosed spaces nationwide, including restaurants, pubs and clubs.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Shanghai Municipality expanded a smoking ban from hospitals to kindergartens, schools, libraries and stadiums, as of 1 March 2010, and had attempted to restrict smoking in restaurants for the 2010 World Expo, but compliance in restaurants was reportedly poor and enforcement lax. In 2015, Shanghai municipality improved the smoking ban by adding hotels, offices and restaurants. As of March 2017, Shanghai widened its smoking ban by implementing on all public places and adding some outdoor areas

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In Guangdong Province, the municipalities of Guangzhou and Jiangmen restricted smoking in public places in 2007, but the law was not effectively enforced.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: A new national smoking ban, which extends to all enclosed public areas, came into effect on 1 May 2011. However enforcement of this is patchy at the best of times, especially outside developed cities like Beijing.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 1 June 2015, Beijing enacted a new law banning smoking in public spaces such as restaurants and bars, offices, shopping malls, on public transportation and at airports. Those breaking the law will be fined 200 yuan ($32) and will be "named and shamed" on a government website after three times. Businesses allowing patrons to light up could be fined up to 10,000 yuan ($1,600) and could have their licenses revoked for repeat offences. The new law also cracks down on advertising.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: An anomaly exists on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and mainland China as they are operated jointly between MTR Corporation and China Railways, of whom the latter allows smoking in the restaurant car and in the vestibules at the end of the cars, but not in the seating area.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The overall daily smoking rate in Hong Kong is 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) with 25% of males smoking whereas in mainland China 63% of males smoke.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The second German anti-tobacco organisation, the "Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner" (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in Trautenau, Bohemia.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In 1920, a "Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei" (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in Prague, after Czechoslovakia was separated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 2010 there has been a smoking ban in hospitality facilities, restaurants, bars, clubs, public transport, and all private and public workplaces.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is more common among men and younger people in Ecuador. Smoking is common in bars and dance clubs, but non-smoking signs in restaurants in Quito are generally respected.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: A national law has forbidden smoking in bars. A bill was passed in 2006 that prohibits smoking in indoor workplaces, public transportation and public places. In 2011, Ecuador Parliament implemented a new tobacco control, that witnessed the addition of smoking ban in sport facilities and on all health or educational institutions. In addition, the sponsorships and advertisements were prohibited. And finally a ban on tobacco vending machines

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Eritrea has a smoking ban in public places, indoor workspaces and public transport. There is an exception for bars.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking has been restricted in indoor public areas and workplaces since 4 June 2005, except in restaurants. Subsequently, a ban on smoking in bars, restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs started on 5 June 2007 (although smoking is still allowed in isolated smoking rooms). Water pipe and cigar smoking is allowed in special clubs with a license.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Ethiopia's 2019 law bans smoking in all indoor workplaces and on public transport. Tobacco packaging must contain clearly visible health warnings in Ethiopia.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking has been prohibited in all enclosed public places (including pubs, restaurants, social clubs, hotels and shops), enclosed workplaces, and public vehicles (taxis and buses) since 1 February 2011.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: As of 1 July 2008, smoking ban applied on all public and private workplaces. The ban also included public areas and transport.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Fiji has a smoking ban in public places, indoor workspaces and public transport. Designated smoking rooms are allowed in bars, pubs, and nightclubs, airport terminals, and private offices.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: As of early 2010, Finland's government has openly considered planning gradual moves towards prohibiting smoking completely.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Establishments with the sign "Tabac" come within the same strict regulations. This sign only means that they are state-licensed to sell tobacco products.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In Gabon, smoking is prohibited in many public places but the law requires designated smoking areas to be provided.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 1 May 2018 legislation banning smoking in public places (stations, hotels, restaurants, café-bars, etc.) was enacted.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The 16 states of Germany have their own smoking laws. As of July 2016, nearly 40% of the German population (Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saarland) live in a state with a strict smoking ban including all restaurants, pubs, cafés and discos. In the other 13 states designated smoking rooms as well as one-room smoking bars with less than 75 m2 are permitted.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In Alderney, the States of Alderney passed a smoke-free law with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4 am on 1 June 2010.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Honduras strictly banned smoking in all indoors places in February 2011. It carries fines of $311 per incident, with police involvement, and fines up to $6,000 for businesses with possibility of being forced to close, and has been strongly enforced, even in provincial areas, including in large bars and nightclubs. Billiards areas at night continue to allow smokers.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking and the use of other tobacco products are prohibited in most public spaces in Iceland. This includes all enclosed spaces in common ownership, all public land intended for use by children, all public transport and all services; including restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The Cable Television Network (Regulation) Amendment Bill, in force since 8 September 2000, completely prohibits cigarette and alcohol advertisements.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In Jakarta's restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is not permitted. Restaurants wanting to allow smoking must provide a separate smoking space, as of 4 February 2006. As in some other Asian nations, it remains to be seen whether it can be enforced. Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoke-free regulations were extended to Bali in November 2011, affecting tourist sites, including restaurants and hotels; plus schools, government buildings, places of worship and other public places. A ban on sale and advertising tobacco in schools was also enacted, although this would not stop tobacco companies offering sponsorship to schools. However, regulations were not strong enough, leading to a new stricter promulgation for June 2012.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Bali has banned smoking to be effective 1 June 2012, also having heavy fines. Hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions, places of worship, healthcare facilities and schools are to be smoke-free areas. Smoking and advertising for tobacco products have also been banned in playgrounds, traditional and modern markets, transportation terminals, airports, government offices and on public transportation.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Ireland became the first country in the world to institute a nationwide comprehensive smoke-free workplaces law on 29 March 2004. Prior to this, comprehensive smoke-free law was instituted, smoking had already been outlawed (1988) in public buildings, hospitals, pharmacies, schools, banking halls, cinemas, public hairdressing premises, restaurant kitchens, part of all restaurants, on public aircraft and buses, and some trains (Intercity trains provided smokers' carriages).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 1 July 2009, Ireland banned in-store tobacco advertising and displays of tobacco products at retail outlets and introduced new controls on tobacco vending machines.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The Isle of Man's smoke-free law is similar to the one introduced in England, and came into effect on 30 March 2008. This also included Europe's first fully smoke-free prison.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: particularly, since 1983, the "Israel Clean Air Act" ( (in Hebrew)). The law was amended in 2007 so that owners are held accountable for smoking in premises under their responsibility. The second means by which smoking is regulated in Israel is via the environmental hazard law, and via criminal law smoking (or the introduction of second-hand smoke) may even be considered an assault.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In spite of all of this, the smoke-free law has not met with 100% compliance and smoking is still encountered in some pubs, bars and clubs. In Israel, a 2011 law restricts smoking in railway stations and at bus stops, and prohibits the sale of tobacco from automated vending machines. An individual may call the police in cases of smoking in a restricted environment and can also sue (via the citizen's court) the smoking entity (i.e., both the person smoking and the facility that allowed smoking to occur).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Some cities are known for their rigorous enforcement of the smoke-free laws, such as the city of Be'er Sheva (which raised revenue of 799,000 NIS (≈215K USD) in 2011 through fining smoking in public places) and Tel-Aviv, but in many municipalities the law isn't enforced.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is also forbidden in all enclosed workplaces – this includes also trains and underground stations.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: It is, indeed, permitted to smoke outdoors, which means that since Italy has sunny weather more than half of the year, people can still smoke at restaurants and bars as long as they sit at the outside tables and the establishment permits it.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Effective 15 July 2013, Jamaica's Health Minister banned smoking in all covered public places on the island.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In 2017, Japan experienced pressure from the International Olympics Committee (IOC) to implement smoking bans in all public areas to offer for healthy sporting environment. As host of the 2020 Summer Olympics, Japan was viewed as risking being the unhealthiest country to host the Olympics in years. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was postponed to the following year.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The "Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973" enabled the States of Jersey to pass regulations prohibiting or restricting smoking in places of entertainment and public transport. In pursuance of this law, smoking was banned on public transport by the "Smoking (Public Transport) (Jersey) Regulations 1982".

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The "Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973" was amended by the "Restriction on Smoking (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2006" adopted 16 May 2006 that enabled the States to make regulations that prohibit or restrict smoking tobacco or a substance (or a mixture of substances) other than tobacco, or the use of tobacco, in a workplace or other defined places.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is banned in hospitals, health centers, schools, cinemas, theaters, public libraries, museums, governmental and non-governmental public premises, means of transportation, arrivals and departures halls at airports, enclosed stadiums and lecture-halls. On 14 April 2015, three coffee shops closed for violating smoking ban laws and their owners went to court.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Kazakhstan partially restricted smoking in public places on 1 April 2003. A comprehensive smoke-free law was instituted in September 2009.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Enforcing the smoke-free law appears to be somewhat problematic as far as public bus services are concerned. While smoking by passengers on the public bus services was never an issue, bus operators on duty were being consistently reported as smoking inside the bus vehicles and persistently ignoring requests by the passengers not to do so.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking in public indoor areas is restricted in Nairobi, Kenya, since July 2007. Small private bars will be exempted. Mombasa already has a similar pre-existing smoke-free ordinance.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: As of 1 May 2010, smoking has been completely outlawed in restaurants and bars. Previously non-smoking areas had to be larger than half of the total area of the establishment. In addition, more than half of the summer terraces of bars and restaurants are required to be smoke-free. Smoking is also restricted in parks and for ten metres around entrances of public buildings as well as public transportation stops. Smoking on public transportation, except for ferries, is also forbidden.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In late 2011 some municipalities, for example, Ozolnieku novads, prohibited smoking on balconies and by open windows in apartment blocks and others multi-storey buildings.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: There have been several smoking bans put into place. These include the restriction of smoking in government buildings, places of employment, and all forms of public transportation. In March 2009, Liechtenstein held a public vote to ban smoking in restaurants. However, the ban was strongly opposed with over 80% of the voters opposing the ban.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: As of 3 September 2012, smoking has been prohibited in enclosed public places such as restaurants, cafes, and hotel. Anybody violating this ban will be charged with a fine of over $100, and the restaurant, the cafe or the hotel will be charged with a fine between $1300 and $4000

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is prohibited in all indoor public places, like hospitals, shopping centres, schools and restaurants. However, cafés and bars that only serve snacks are exempt. There is a smoking prohibition from 12 noon to 14:00h and 19:00h to 21:00h in cafés where meals are served. From 1 January 2014, the smoking ban will also cover all cafés and bars, except in specially ventilated smoking rooms.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: As of 13 August 2017, smoking is prohibited in playgrounds, sporting venues in which under 16s will be playing and private vehicles in which under 12s are present. The law was also changed to prohibit under 18s from purchasing tobacco and to treat e-cigarettes in the same fashion as tobacco.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: By official law, smoking is prohibited in taxi-brousses, but this is not enforced. The only transport environments in which smoking is prohibited are Antananarivo International Airport and on Air Madagascar flights. It is also forbidden to smoke in pubs and clubs.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In April 2004, smoking was restricted in all enclosed public spaces, including public transportation, clubs and restaurants, although smoking areas are allowed. While technically illegal, the reality regarding clubs is that smoking is permitted anywhere inside (despite No-Smoking signage), with little to no enforcement.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In all, 23 areas are smoke-free, including hospitals/clinics, airports, public lifts and toilets, restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, Internet cafes, shopping complexes and private office spaces with central air-conditioning, R&R area, public parks and areas of national parks. However, enforcement is lax, and the government claims to have plans to get tougher on offenders.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Starting 1 June 2010, it is an offence to smoke at private office spaces with central air-conditioning. People who violate the rules can be fined up to RM10,000 (US$3,333), or two years of imprisonment.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 1 January 2019, Smoking is prohibited in all types of restaurant within 3 meters from building or outer most table and fully enforcement by health authorities on 1 January 2020 which risk being fined more than RM 250 for offenders.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 1 March 2009, smoking is completely prohibited in all public places, workplaces and inside vehicles if they are carrying people other than the driver.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since April 2008 the law has covered Mexico City, and since 28 August 2008 the law has been extended nationwide, although now some restaurants and other public places have the same designated areas for smokers as those that existed before the introduction of the law. Some bars and clubs continue to tolerate illegal indoor smoking at night, regardless of the law.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: There has been a smoke-free law pertaining to public indoor places in Monaco since 1 November 2008, including bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking in public places is prohibited in Montenegro, unless a smoking permit is obtained from the government. Most cafes and bars in Montenegro continue to permit smoking on the premises, although several organizations are putting pressure on more local businesses to forbid smoking indoors. The law also forbids smoking advertising and the display of people smoking on television.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Morocco's House of Representatives unanimously passed a smoke-free law pertaining to public places on 26 June 1995 (Dahir n° 1-91-112 law n° 15–91).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 2007, smoking has been restricted in indoor public places including public transport, government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, cinemas, theatres, restaurants and bars, with the exception of specially designated smoking rooms.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 8 October 2009, the Namibian National Assembly adopted the Tobacco Products Control Bill, potentially one of the most comprehensive smoke-free ordinances. The law (once implemented) will prohibit "the smoking of tobacco in a public place, any outdoor public place or any area within a certain distance of a window, ventilation inlet, door or entrance". The bill was voted into law on 16 February 2010, became effective on 1 April 2014, and a public ban on smoking was in effect by 1 July 2014.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The Act includes provisions for officials to inspect implementation of the new law. A fine of Rs 100-100,000 will be slapped on anyone who smokes in public places or sells tobacco products to people below 18 or to pregnant women.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 12 February 2013, the Dutch lower house agreed on a total ban in the hospitality sector with 77–73, with no exception for smaller, owner-operated bars. Special smoking rooms without service were not affected by the change in the law.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 1 January 2017, smoking rooms are no longer to be allowed in city hall and other municipal buildings of Amsterdam and within a 20-meter distance of these buildings.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 13 February 2018, the court in The Hague decided that smoking rooms are no longer legal in pubs, clubs and restaurants. On 27 September 2019 this ban was confirmed by the Hoge Raad (Supreme Court of the Netherlands).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In 2020 smoking outdoors in all educational facilities and playgrounds was banned. Smoking on train stations was also banned.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 1 January 2022 all smoking areas are banned. Smoking is only allowed at home (even if used as a workplace) and outside (also on terraces that are open at 1 side or more).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy was the Old Government Building in Wellington, New Zealand, in 1876. This was over concerns about the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Outdoor smoke-free laws cover the grounds of all schools, the grounds of some hospitals, stadiums and two university campuses (Massey University, and the University of Auckland, in 2010). Victoria University of Wellington has restricted smoking rules with specified areas where one may smoke. The government has not moved to restrict smoking in cars but has run mass media campaigns that promote smoke-free cars and homes.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 8 December 2021, New Zealand's government announced it will outlaw smoking for the next generation, meaning those who are aged 14 and under will never be legally able to buy tobacco. The new legislation means the legal smoking age will increase every year, eventually leading to a total prohibition on tobacco for the entire population.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is prohibited in public places in Lagos, Nigeria, and is punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: North Macedonia has a comprehensive national smoke-free law covering all public indoor areas, and in some cases in outdoor areas. Smoking is prohibited in bars, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs starting 1 January 2010. Smoking is permitted only in people's homes, at open spaces and public areas free of sporting competitions, cultural and entertainment events, gatherings and other public events.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: As of 2008, smoking is prohibited at all restaurants, bars, and dance clubs, outdoor dining areas, balconies, and indoor areas such as transport terminals and areas that locals would consider a workplace.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Effective April 2010, Paraguay has restricted smoking in all indoor areas including bars and restaurants.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance-2002 came into effect on 30 June 2003.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: prohibiting tobacco sale within 50 metres of educational institutions, and requiring "no smoking" signs displayed in public places, public buildings and transportation.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In Peru, it is slightly banned to smoke in any enclosed public place (inc public transport), according to Law 25357, since December 1993. This has been reinforced with the Anti-Tobacco Law 28705 and 29517.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Davao has prohibited smoking in a large number of public places, including public buildings, entertainment venues, hospitals, shopping malls, concerts since 2002. Smoking at gasoline stations is also banned.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Manila has restricted smoking in large public areas like hospitals, malls, public transport, as well as Makati in 2002 Ordinance 2002–090, banning all public transport and enclosed indoor smoking. After many attempts, finally in June 2011 Metro Manila banned smoking with heavy penalties including community service time for offenders, after 3 months the ban seems to be well respected.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is prohibited in schools, hospitals or other medical facilities and public transport (including the vehicles such as train or bus and bus stops, train stations, etc. within the radius).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 1 January 2011, it is forbidden to smoke in indoor workplaces, and all public indoor spaces, including public offices, museums, bars, cafés, discos, shops or restaurants smaller than 100 square metres. In larger restaurants enclosed smoking areas are permitted, provided they are physically separated and properly ventilated. Smoking is also prohibited in venues for cultural and sporting events.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In effect, restaurants are almost always smoke-free as are most cafes whose trade is mainly for food, whereas in bars the law is ignored by customers and bar owners alike. A study published in 2011 by the Ministry of Health showed 90% compliance with the law in establishments with a total smoking ban, but only 50% compliance in establishments where smoking is partly or wholly permitted (i.e., most bars).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The capital of Qatar, Doha, restricted smoking in public or closed areas in 2002. The law discouraged shopkeepers from selling to under-aged people and completely banned tobacco advertisements in the country and punished violaters with hefty fines. However, the law is openly flouted especially by the youth.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is banned in "indoor public places" such as schools, office buildings and public institutions, though specially designed smoking areas may be established on the premises under certain conditions. Hospitals, CFR passenger trains and the Bucharest Metro, among others, are completely smoke-free. Since 2011, bars and restaurants may be designated either as smoke-free or exclusively for smokers.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 15 December 2015, the Romanian Parliament adopted a law banning smoking in public areas. The law, that came into effect in March 2016 forbids smoking in any closed environment for public use, defining a closed environment as one having at least two walls.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Russia had been highly tolerant of smoking for a long time, with almost no regulation. However, the Soviet Union had approved countrywide campaigns against smoking.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The law "on the protection of the population from the harmful effects of cigarette smoke and the consequences of tobacco consumption" has passed the third and final vote in the State Duma and has been effective partly from 1 July 2013 and has completely from 1 July 2014.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Starting 1 June 2013, smoking in workplaces, on aircraft, trains and municipal transport as well as in schools, hospitals, cultural institutions and government buildings has been restricted and tobacco advertising and sponsorship forbidden. Graphic warnings have become compulsory.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smokers will also be fined for smoking within a distance of 15 meters in front of entrances of subway stations, the airport or in children playgrounds and parks, as well as places and squares that attract many people.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 30 July 2012, Interior Minister Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz ordered the implementation of a royal ban on smoking in all government facilities (ministries, buildings, institutions, offices etc.) and most indoor public places. The ban also prohibits smoking of hookahs in public places, and prohibits selling tobacco to anyone under 18. On 1 December 2012, the Saudi Commission for Tourism & Antiquities (SCTA) imposed a ban on smoking in all tourism facilities.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking was restricted in hawker centres, coffee-shops, cafes and fast-food outlets beginning 1 July 2006. For establishments with an outdoor area, 10–20% of the area can be set aside for smoking, although they would have to be clearly marked to avoid confusion. Gradually, the regulations have been extended to bus interchanges and shelters, public toilets and public swimming complexes.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 1 July 2007, the regulations were extended to entertainment nightspots. The rule allows for construction of designated smoking rooms that can take up to 10% of the total indoor space.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 1 January 2009, the regulations were extended to all children's playgrounds, exercise areas, markets, underground and multi-storey carparks, ferry terminals and jetties. Coverage was also extended to non-air conditioned areas in offices, factories, shops, shopping complexes and lift lobbies.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smokers found flouting the rules are fined S$200 while the owners of the establishments are fined S$200 and S$500 for a subsequent offence.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 22 November 2010, the Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign was launched to support the initiative to phase out tobacco in Singapore by preventing the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000. Social movements such as Tobacco Free Generation also exist on the island.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: There is also a partial restriction upon outdoor smoking, especially around railways stations and bus termini, and close to the entrances of government buildings. Local police forces are responsible for enforcing these laws, although this has on occasion been lax, reportedly due to a mix of corruption and insufficiently clear legislative requirements.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 22 June 2007, the Slovenian National Assembly approved a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor public and work places, effective 5 August 2007. Exempted from the ban are "open public areas, special smoking hotel rooms, special smoking areas in elderly care centres and jails, and special smoking chambers in bars and other work places.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The smoking chambers, which will have to meet strict technical standards, will however not be allowed to occupy more than 20% of an establishment." The law also raised the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 15 to 18 and mandated that tobacco labels carry the telephone number of a quit-smoking hotline.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The Solomon Islands has a ban on smoking in many indoor public places, workplaces and public transport but allows smoking in designated areas in workplaces and boats.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The government proposed further amendments to the bill in 2007 that sought to deal with new practices designed to circumvent the Act. These amendments also aim to bring the current law into compliance with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). This framework has been ratified by the South African government.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The strict bans came into force gradually beginning with a ban on places larger than 150 square meters in 2012, extended to 100 square meters in 2014, with a full-fledged complete nationwide ban on 1 January 2015.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 1 January 2006 Spain had a partial restriction upon smoking in most public places. Offices, schools, hospitals and public transportation were smoke-free, but restaurants and bars could create a "smokers' section" or allow smoking if they were small (under 100m2).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 2 January 2011 smoking has been restricted in every indoor public place, including restaurants, bars and cafes. Hotels may designate up to 30% of rooms for smoking; mental hospitals, jails and old people's residences may have public rooms where workers cannot enter. Outdoor smoking is also prohibited at childcare facilities, in children's playparks and around schools and hospital facilities.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Establishments can be closed by the authorities for repeatedly violating the smoke-free law, as happened for the first time on 10 February 2011 in Marbella.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Starting from 1 July 2019, smoking outdoors will be prohibited for restaurants with outdoor seating as well as playgrounds, sports grounds, bus stops, train platforms.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On Sunday, 13 February 2022, The Swiss voted on whether to prohibit practically all tobacco product advertising.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is regulated by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act (Taiwan), promulgated on 11 July 2007. In January 2009, the government of Taiwan amended the original 1997 Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act by extending smoke-free areas to include almost all enclosed work-places and public places, banning tobacco advertisements, and increasing tobacco taxes.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Indoor smoking restrictions have been in effect in all indoor air-conditioned establishments throughout Thailand since November 2002, with entertainment areas exempted. Cigarettes have had graphic pictures since 2005, and advertising is banned. Enforcement and compliance have been strong.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Timor-Leste has a ban on smoking in many indoor public places, workplaces and public transport but has some exceptions for airports, government facilities and boats.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Turkey currently restricts smoking in government offices, workplaces, bars, restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and all forms of public transport, including trains, taxis and ferries. Turkey's smoke-free law ban includes provisions for violators, where anyone caught smoking in a designated smoke-free area faces a fine of 83 liras (~€35/$47/£30) and bar owners who fail to enforce the law could be fined from 560 liras for a first offence up to 5,600 liras.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking was first restricted in 1997 in public buildings with more than four workers, as well as planes and public buses.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 3 January 2008, Turkey passed a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor spaces including bars, cafés and restaurants. It also restricts smoking in sports stadia, and the gardens of mosques, hospitals and schools. The smoking ban came into force on 19 May 2008; however, bars, restaurants and cafes were exempted until mid-July 2009. On 19 July 2009, Turkey extended the indoor public smoking restrictions to include bars, restaurants, village coffeehouses and nargile (hookah) bars.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The Turks and Caicos Islands have a smoking ban in place in indoor public places, workplaces and public transport.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In March 2004, smoking was prohibited in public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars. An extension to private homes is being considered.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is banned in all indoor public places, including restaurants, discos, nightclubs, indoor workplaces and all state and cultural institutions, including football stadiums.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Emirates in the United Arab Emirates recently started restricting smoking in shopping malls, beaches, gardens. The states leading the regulations on smoking are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai and Sharjah.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Since 1 July 2007 smoke-free workplace laws have been in effect across the whole of the UK. These were introduced in each constituent administration of the United Kingdom separately, as decided by the partially devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the UK Parliament acting for England. For details, see (in chronological order of bans): Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoke-free regulations covering all indoor work-places in England, including bars, clubs and restaurants, came into force on 1 July 2007. Some places, such as certain smoking hotel rooms, nursing homes, prisons, submarines, offshore oil rigs, and stages/television sets (if needed for the performance) were initially exempted, as well as Royal Palaces, although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to ban all smoking in the Palace of Westminster.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€60/~$75), £30 (~€35/~$45) if one pays within 15 days, while a business that allows smoking can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$3,800). Smoking largely remains permitted outdoors, apart from railway stations. However, an internal government briefing obtained by "The Independent on Sunday" newspaper reveals that powers are available to extend coverage to further outdoor areas if required.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: A legal loophole exists for cigar smokers who are allowed to smoke in store to 'sample' the cigar in England only.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In Northern Ireland, a smoke-free law has been in effect since 30 April 2007. It is illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. This includes bars, restaurants, offices (even if the smoker is the only person in the office) and public buildings.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Like Scotland, the smoke-free law is comprehensive in that places such as telephone boxes and enclosed bus/train shelters are included. The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), while a business that allows smoking can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The NHS Scotland Quit Smoking Line reported it received an additional 50,000 calls from people wishing to give up in the six months after the smoke-free law was introduced. In September 2007 a study of nine Scottish hospitals over the twelve months following implementation reported positively on its impact on the country's health, including a 17% drop in admissions for heart attacks, compared with average reductions of 3% per year for the previous decade.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking was restricted across all enclosed public premises and work premises in Wales on 2 April 2007. Adherence is widespread and many public houses have closed since the law came into place.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Effective April 1998, inflight smoking is banned by the United States Department of Transportation on all commercial passenger flights in the United States or by American air carriers. On 9 August 1997, President Bill Clinton issued , banning smoking in all interior spaces owned, rented, or leased by the Executive Branch of the Federal Government, as well as in any outdoor areas under executive branch control near air intake ducts.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, as of January 2021, 82.1% of the U.S. population is covered by bans on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law," although only 61.1% are covered by bans in all workplaces "and" restaurants "and" bars.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: As for U.S. jurisdictions that are not states, as of November 2012 smoking is banned in all public places (including bars and restaurants) in American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands. Guam prohibits smoking in restaurants, but not in any other workplaces. The Northern Mariana Islands prohibits smoking in most workplaces and in restaurants but not in bars.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In March 2006, it became illegal in Uruguay to smoke in enclosed public spaces. Now bars, restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking face fines of more than $1,100 or a three-day closure. This makes Uruguay the first country in South America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay's 3.4 million people smoke. President Tabaré Vázquez, a practicing oncologist, has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay (an estimated 5,000 people a year) from smoking-related causes including lung cancer, emphysema and other illnesses.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: A July 2002 law signed by Pope John Paul II banned smoking on all places accessible to the public, and in all closed places of work within the Vatican City, and within all extraterritorial properties of the Holy See. Smoking bans in museums, libraries and churches on Vatican territory had already been in force for a long time. In November 2017, Pope Francis banned the sale of cigarettes throughout Vatican City; the sale of cigars is still legal.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: On 31 May 2011 Venezuela introduced a ban on smoking in all enclosed public and commercial spaces, including malls, restaurants, bars, discos, workplaces, etc.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Owners or managers that do not post the notice or do not ensure compliance with the rule may be penalized with the closure of the establishment and / or a fine that can be up to 190,000 VEF (US$1.90), however, regulation does not provide sanctions for smokers.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: The Vietnamese government has banned smoking and cigarette sales in offices, production facilities, schools, hospitals, and on public transport. However, bus drivers, especially in north Vietnam, occasionally smoke. Smoking was banned in enclosed indoor spaces and public facilities in Ho Chi Minh City in 2005 with the exception of entertainment areas.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: A ban has also been imposed on all forms of advertisement, trade promotion, and sponsorship by tobacco companies, as well as cigarette sales through vending machines, or over the telephone and on the Internet.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Smoking is prohibited in public places in Zambia and is punishable by a fine of K400 or imprisonment of up to two years.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: In some countries, such as Germany, India and Russia, earlier smoke-free regulations allowed for smoking sections in restaurants, as well as possible special rooms for use by smokers in other workplaces (though many employers prefer not to incur the costs of building and maintaining such rooms).

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: New Caledonia is likely to introduce restrictions on smoking in public places following a 2007 25-nation global air-quality monitoring initiative.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？


List of smoking bans

Context: Niue is considering banning tobacco completely, and is seeking the cooperation of Australia and New Zealand to ensure that no tobacco can be imported into the country. In 2008, a bill was introduced in outlawing both the sale of tobacco and smoking, but it is yet to be implemented.

Question: 喫煙が法律で禁止されている国はある？