Hepatitis B

Context: Both types of the hepatitis B vaccine, the plasma-derived vaccine (PDV) and recombinant vaccine (RV) are of similar effectiveness in preventing the infection in both healthcare workers and chronic kidney failure groups. With one difference noticed among health worker group, that the RV intramuscular route is significantly more effective compared with RV intradermal route of administration.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: In assisted reproductive technology, sperm washing is not necessary for males with hepatitis B to prevent transmission, unless the female partner has not been effectively vaccinated. In females with hepatitis B, the risk of transmission from mother to child with IVF is no different from the risk in spontaneous conception.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: Those at high risk of infection should be tested as there is effective treatment for those who have the disease. Groups that screening is recommended for include those who have not been vaccinated and one of the following: people from areas of the world where hepatitis B occurs in more than 2%, those with HIV, intravenous drug users, men who have sex with men, and those who live with someone with hepatitis B. Screening during pregnancy is recommended in the United States.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: It seems unlikely that the disease will be eliminated by 2030, the goal set in 2016 by WHO. However, progress is being made in developing therapeutic treatments. In 2010, the Hepatitis B Foundation reported that 3 preclinical and 11 clinical-stage drugs were under development, based on largely similar mechanisms. In 2020, they reported that there were 17 preclinical- and 32 clinical-stage drugs under development, using diverse mechanisms.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: virus infection may be either acute (self-limiting) or chronic (long-standing). Persons with self-limiting infection clear the infection spontaneously within weeks to months.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: Hepatitis D (HDV) can occur only with a concomitant infection, because HDV uses the HBV surface antigen to form a capsid. Co-infection with hepatitis D increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Polyarteritis nodosa is more common in people with infection.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: A number of different tests are available to determine the degree of cirrhosis present. Transient elastography (FibroScan) is the test of choice, but it is expensive. Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index may be used when cost is an issue.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: At least 391 million people, or 5% of the world's population, had chronic HBV infection as of 2017. While another 145 million cases of acute HBV infection occurred that year. Regional prevalences range from around 6% in Africa to 0.7% in the Americas.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: Routes of infection include vertical transmission (such as through childbirth), early life horizontal transmission (bites, lesions, and sanitary habits), and adult horizontal transmission (sexual contact, intravenous drug use).

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: The largest outbreak of Hepatitis B ever recorded was the infection of up to 330,000 American soldiers during World War II. The outbreak has been blamed on a yellow fever vaccine made with contaminated human blood serum, and after receiving the vaccinations about 50,000 soldiers developed jaundice.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: World Hepatitis Day, observed 28 July, aims to raise global awareness of and hepatitis C and encourage prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and in May 2010, it received global endorsement from the World Health Organization.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Mount Scenery

Context: The Saba volcano is potentially dangerous; the latest eruption was in or around the year 1640 and included explosions and pyroclastic flows.

Question: ما هي أعلى قمة جبلية في هولندا؟


Mount Scenery

Context: It has a hiking trail to its summit, which is one of Saba's biggest tourist attractions. Along the way up the mountain can be found all of the climate zones on Saba, including a cloud forest at the summit.

Question: ما هي أعلى قمة جبلية في هولندا؟


Canadian federal budget

Context: In Canada, federal budgets are presented annually by the Government of Canada to identify planned government spending and expected government revenue, and to forecast economic conditions for the upcoming year. They are usually released in February or March, before the start of the fiscal year.

Question: من يصادق على ميزانية الدولة في كندا؟


Canadian federal budget

Context: All the Canadian provinces also present budgets. Since provincial finances depend on funds from the federal government, they are usually released after the federal budget.

Question: من يصادق على ميزانية الدولة في كندا؟


Canadian federal budget

Context: Historically the official opposition used to prepare a complete alternative budget and present this alternative to the Canadian people along with the main budget. In recent years, opposition parties are more likely to pick only certain aspects to criticize. The Reform Party revived this practice for a time, however. A complete alternative budget is today produced each year by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, a non-partisan think-tank.

Question: من يصادق على ميزانية الدولة في كندا؟


Canadian federal budget

Context: Traditionally, the budget process was immensely secretive with little consultation. Under Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, the Finance Minister famously would type the entire budget himself so that no secretary could read it. This secrecy was felt to be needed for inside information could enable individuals to profit from upcoming government decisions. The secrecy also had a large political component, as it would help undermine the response by the opposition.

Question: من يصادق على ميزانية الدولة في كندا؟


Canadian federal budget

Context: Under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and his Finance Minister Paul Martin, this changed considerably. Most of the budget would be released well before its announcement, especially any major changes so as to get feedback from the populace and the market.

Question: من يصادق على ميزانية الدولة في كندا؟


Canadian federal budget

Context: Following the budget, Parliament (the Canadian Parliament) will pass an Appropriation Act (called the 'Interim Supply') which will allow individual departments to spend 3/12th of their annual budget. (The Government of Canada Fiscal Year runs from April 1 to March 31.) This partial authority enables Parliament to spend more time in examining the Estimates documents. In June, Parliament appropriates the full supply.

Question: من يصادق على ميزانية الدولة في كندا؟


Languages of Libya

Context: The official language of Libya is Arabic. The local Libyan Arabic variety is the common spoken vernacular.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: Various Berber languages are also spoken, including Tamasheq, Ghadamès, Nafusi, Suknah and Awjilah. Both Berber and Arabic languages belong to the wider Afroasiatic (Hamito-Semitic) family.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: The most significant berber speaking group, the Nafusi, is concentrated in the Tripolitanian region. Berber languages are also spoken in some oases, including Ghadamès, Awjilah, Sawknah. Tamahaq is spoken by the Tuareg.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: Libya's former Head of State Muammar Gaddafi denied the existence of Berbers as a separate ethnicity, and called Berbers a "product of colonialism" created by the West to divide Libya. The Berber language was not recognized or taught in schools, and for years it was forbidden in Libya to give children Berber names.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: After recent uprisings in Libya, the National Transitional Council (Revolutionaries) has shown an openness towards the Berber language. The independent Revolutionaries "Libya TV", has included the Berber language and its Tifinagh alphabet in some of its programming.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: Tedaga, a Saharan language is spoken by the previously nomadic Teda people. The exact number of Teda is unknown.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: A minority of Turkish speakers can be found in Libya, most of them belonging to the Kouloughli ethnicity that inhabit cities like Tripoli, Benghazi, and Misrata.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: The Greek language is spoken by an unknown number of speakers in Cyrenaica by some of the descendants of Greek Muslims (locally called Gritlis) who settled in the region at the end of the 19th century.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: English is a notable foreign language in business and for economical purposes and also spoken by the young generation.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: Italian is spoken in the Italian Libyan community. Number of Italians and Italian speakers has drastically diminished since Libya's declaration of independence and mass repatriation of Italians. Nevertheless, English, French and Italian are used in commerce, due to the large influx of foreigners.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Languages of Libya

Context: After the Libyan Civil War and the help coming from France, the French language gained popularity among the younger generations. French authorities expressed their interest to encourage the teaching of French in Libya.

Question: ماهى اللغة المتكلم بها في ليبيا ؟


Chicago Board of Trade Building

Context: The CBOT has been located at the site since 1885. A building designed by William W. Boyington stood at the location , being the tallest building in Chicago from its construction until its clock tower was removed in 1895. The Boyington building became unsound in the 1920s and was demolished in 1929, being replaced by the current building designed by Holabird & Root. The current building was itself Chicago's tallest until 1965, when it was surpassed by the Richard J. Daley Center.

Question: ماهو التمثال القابع فوق مجلس شيكاغو للتجارة ؟


Chicago Board of Trade Building

Context: The 1885 allegorical architectural sculptures of "Industry" and "Agriculture", two figures of a four-piece set, were removed from the original building and now stand in a nearby pedestrian plaza.

Question: ماهو التمثال القابع فوق مجلس شيكاغو للتجارة ؟


Chicago Board of Trade Building

Context: The trading area is surrounded by desks allowing workers to support transactions. In the early days, the desks served as a relay point between the pits and those wishing to buy or sell. When trade orders and information began to be communicated by telegraph, Morse code operators were employed, later replaced by phone operators.

Question: ماهو التمثال القابع فوق مجلس شيكاغو للتجارة ؟


Chicago Board of Trade Building

Context: Subsequent additions to the Board of Trade Building moved the agricultural and financial trading floors out of the original trading room and into new spaces in the additions to the building's rear in the 1980s. In 2004 the historic 1930 trading floor, already substantially altered (and unused for more than two years), was demolished and its pits filled with concrete. It was renovated in a modern style and now is leased to a privately owned options trading firm.

Question: ماهو التمثال القابع فوق مجلس شيكاغو للتجارة ؟


Chicago Board of Trade Building

Context: The 1885 building and trading pits were prominently featured in "The Pit", the second novel by Frank Norris in "The Epic of the Wheat" trilogy. Life on the trading floor of the Chicago Board of Trade is detailed in the nonfiction book "Leg the Spread" by Cari Lynn (2004).

Question: ماهو التمثال القابع فوق مجلس شيكاغو للتجارة ؟


Chicago Board of Trade Building

Context: Trading operations have been used as scenes in movies such as "Ferris Bueller's Day Off", and the streetscape in the LaSalle Street canyon is used in the movies "The Untouchables", "Road to Perdition", and "".

Question: ماهو التمثال القابع فوق مجلس شيكاغو للتجارة ؟


Chicago Board of Trade Building

Context: At 1211 North LaSalle Street on the city's Near North Side, a 16-story apartment hotel built in 1929 and converted into an apartment building in 1981 was used by muralist Richard Haas for trompe-l'œil murals in homage to Chicago School architecture. One of the building's sides features the Chicago Board of Trade Building, intended as a reflection of the actual building two miles (3 km) south.

Question: ماهو التمثال القابع فوق مجلس شيكاغو للتجارة ؟


Al-Mansur

Context: Abd Allah ibn Muhammad (; ), better known simply as by his laqab al-Mansur (; , ), and by his kunya Abu Ja'far () was the second Abbasid caliph, reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 CE – 775 CE) succeeding his brother Saffah (). He is known for founding the 'Round City' of Madinat al-Salam, which was to become the core of imperial Baghdad.

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: Modern historians regard Al-Mansur as one of the greatest caliphs of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the largest polities in world history, for his role in stabilizing and institutionalizing the dynasty.

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: According to Al-Suyuti's "History of the Caliphs", Al-Mansur lived 95 AH – 158 AH (714 CE – 6 October 775 CE). Al-Mansur was born at the home of the Abbasid family in Humeima (modern-day Jordan) after their emigration from the Hejaz in 714 (95 AH). His mother was Sallamah, a Berber slave woman. Al-Mansur was a brother of Saffah. Both were named Abd Allah, and to distinguish between them, Saffah was referred to by his "kunya" Abu al-Abbas.

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: According to "The Meadows of Gold", a history book in Arabic written around 947 CE, Al-Mansur's dislike of the Umayyad dynasty is well documented and he has been reported saying:

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: "The Umayyads held the government which had been given to them with a firm hand, protecting, preserving and guarding the gift granted them by God. But then their power passed to their effeminate sons, whose only ambition was the satisfaction of their desires and who chased after pleasures forbidden by Almighty God...Then God stripped them of their power, covered them with shame and deprived them of their worldly goods".

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: Mansur's first wife was a Yemeni woman from a royal family; his second was a descendant of a hero of the early Muslim conquests; his third was an Iranian servant. He also had a minimum of three concubines: an Arab, a Byzantine, nicknamed the “restless butterfly," and a Kurd.

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: In 762 two descendants of Hasan ibn Ali rebelled in Medina and Basra. Al-Mansur's troops defeated the rebels first in Medina and then in Basra. This would be the last major uprising against the caliph Al-Mansur.

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: In 764 Al-Mansur's son Al-Mahdi was made the designated heir to the caliphate, taking precedence over Al-Mansur's nephew Isa ibn Musa, who had been named the designated successor when Al-Mansur was crowned caliph. This change in succession was opposed by parts of the Abbasid family and some allies of Isa ibn Musa in Khurasan, but was supported by the Abbasid army. Al-Mansur had cultivated support for his son's accession since 754, while undermining Isa ibn Musa's position within the Abbasid military.

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: In 763 Al-Mansur sent his troops to conquer Al-Andalus for the Abbasid empire. But the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman I successfully defended his territory. Al-Mansur withdrew and thereafter focused his troops of holding the eastern part of his empire on lands that were once part of Persia.

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: Al-Mansur's treatment of his Christian subjects was severe; he "collected from them capitation with much vigor and impressed upon them marks of slavery."

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Al-Mansur

Context: When al-Mansur died, the caliphate's treasury contained 600,000,000 dirhams and fourteen million dinars. On his deathbed, Mansur said, “We have sacrificed the life to come for a mere dream!”

Question: من هو ثاني الخلفاء العباسيين؟


Najahid dynasty

Context: They faced hostilities from the Highlands dynasties of the time, chiefly the Sulayhids. Their last sovereign was killed by the Mahdids in 1158.

Question: اين ظهرت الدولة النجاحية؟


Najahid dynasty

Context: A decade later, Ali al-Sulayhi founded an Ismaili Shia dynasty in the highlands. He marched toward Zabid and killed Najah, forcing his sons to flee to Dahlak in 1060. Najah had four sons, two of them committed suicide while in Dahlak.

Question: اين ظهرت الدولة النجاحية؟


Najahid dynasty

Context: Ali al-Sulayhi had visited Zabid before his career of conquests. Tihama's inhabitants are of mixed Arab and African ancestry contrary to the Yemeni population in the highlands. The former Ziyadid Dynasty of Zabid brought shiploads of Abyssinian slaves to the city. Ali al-Sulayhi was invited to a meal by a black notable from the city but Ali rejected him and replied by citing a poem of Al-Mutanabbi:

Question: اين ظهرت الدولة النجاحية؟


Najahid dynasty

Context: Al-Sulayhi returned to Sana'a after conquering Zabid. Ali al-Sulayhi headed a pilgrimage caravan to Mecca in 1066 but was ambushed by Said al-Ahwal, one of Najah's sons who previously fled Zabid. Said al-Ahwal and his men were mistaken for servants by the Sulayhids. Ali al-Sulayhi was killed and al-Ahwal imprisoned his wife Asma bint Shihab. Asma bint Shihab wrote to her son Ahmed al-Mukarram from Zabid :

Question: اين ظهرت الدولة النجاحية؟


Najahid dynasty

Context: Jayyash did not kill the Sulayhid governor of Zabid, but sent him with his family to Sana'a. Jayyash continued to rule securely with no hardship from the Highlands until his demise in 1104. He was succeeded by his son al-Fatik, who however was opposed by his brothers Ibrahim and Abdulwahed. al-Fatik died in 1106 and his successor Mansur was installed as a vassal of the Sulayhids in Zabid.

Question: اين ظهرت الدولة النجاحية؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Nicolaus Copernicus (; ; , ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center. In all likelihood, Copernicus developed his model independently of Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: The publication of Copernicus's model in his book "" ("On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres"), just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making a pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus's father's family can be traced to a village in Silesia between Nysa ("Neiße") and Prudnik ("Neustadt"). The village's name has been variously spelled Kopernik, Copernik, Copernic, Kopernic, Coprirnik, and today Koperniki.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: In the 14th century, members of the family began moving to various other Silesian cities, to the Polish capital, Kraków (1367), and to Toruń (1400). The father, Mikołaj the Elder, likely the son of Jan, came from the Kraków line.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus's father married Barbara Watzenrode, the astronomer's mother, between 1461 and 1464. He died about 1483.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus's four years at Kraków played an important role in the development of his critical faculties and initiated his analysis of logical contradictions in the two "official" systems of astronomy—Aristotle's theory of homocentric spheres, and Ptolemy's mechanism of eccentrics and epicycles—the surmounting and discarding of which would be the first step toward the creation of Copernicus's own doctrine of the structure of the universe.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Meanwhile, leaving Warmia in mid-1496—possibly with the retinue of the chapter's chancellor, Jerzy Pranghe, who was going to Italy—in the fall, possibly in October, Copernicus arrived in Bologna and a few months later (after 6 January 1497) signed himself into the register of the Bologna University of Jurists' "German nation", which included young Poles from Silesia, Prussia and Pomerania as well as students of other nationalities.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus studied medicine probably under the direction of leading Padua professors—Bartolomeo da Montagnana, Girolamo Fracastoro, Gabriele Zerbi, Alessandro Benedetti—and read medical treatises that he acquired at this time, by Valescus de Taranta, Jan Mesue, Hugo Senensis, Jan Ketham, Arnold de Villa Nova, and Michele Savonarola, which would form the embryo of his later medical library.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: One of the subjects that Copernicus must have studied was astrology, since it was considered an important part of a medical education. However, unlike most other prominent Renaissance astronomers, he appears never to have practiced or expressed any interest in astrology.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: As the time approached for Copernicus to return home, in spring 1503 he journeyed to Ferrara where, on 31 May 1503, having passed the obligatory examinations, he was granted the degree of Doctor of Canon Law ("Nicolaus Copernich de Prusia, Jure Canonico ... et doctoratus"). No doubt it was soon after (at latest, in fall 1503) that he left Italy for good to return to Warmia.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus made three observations of Mercury, with errors of −3, −15 and −1 minutes of arc. He made one of Venus, with an error of −24 minutes. Four were made of Mars, with errors of 2, 20, 77, and 137 minutes. Four observations were made of Jupiter, with errors of 32, 51, −11 and 25 minutes. He made four of Saturn, with errors of 31, 20, 23 and −4 minutes.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: With Novara, Copernicus observed an occultation of Aldebaran by the moon on 9/3/1497. Copernicus also observed a conjunction of Saturn and the moon on 4/3/1500.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Having completed all his studies in Italy, 30-year-old Copernicus returned to Warmia, where he would live out the remaining 40 years of his life, apart from brief journeys to Kraków and to nearby Prussian cities: Toruń (Thorn), Gdańsk (Danzig), Elbląg (Elbing), Grudziądz (Graudenz), Malbork (Marienburg), Königsberg (Królewiec).

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: That same year (before 8 November 1512) Copernicus assumed responsibility, as "magister pistoriae", for administering the chapter's economic enterprises (he would hold this office again in 1530), having already since 1511 fulfilled the duties of chancellor and visitor of the chapter's estates.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: In his younger days, Copernicus the physician had treated his uncle, brother and other chapter members. In later years he was called upon to attend the elderly bishops who in turn occupied the see of Warmia—Mauritius Ferber and Johannes Dantiscus—and, in 1539, his old friend Tiedemann Giese, Bishop of Chełmno (Kulm). In treating such important patients, he sometimes sought consultations from other physicians, including the physician to Duke Albert and, by letter, the Polish Royal Physician.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Nevertheless, in 1551, eight years after Copernicus's death, astronomer Erasmus Reinhold published, under the sponsorship of Copernicus's former military adversary, the Protestant Duke Albert, the "Prussian Tables", a set of astronomical tables based on Copernicus's work. Astronomers and astrologers quickly adopted it in place of its predecessors.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Some time before 1514 Copernicus made available to friends his "Commentariolus" ("Little Commentary"), a manuscript describing his ideas about the heliocentric hypothesis. It contained seven basic assumptions (detailed below). Thereafter he continued gathering data for a more detailed work.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: At about 1532 Copernicus had basically completed his work on the manuscript of "Dē revolutionibus orbium coelestium"; but despite urging by his closest friends, he resisted openly publishing his views, not wishing—as he confessed—to risk the scorn "to which he would expose himself on account of the novelty and incomprehensibility of his theses."

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: In 1533, Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered a series of lectures in Rome outlining Copernicus's theory. Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals heard the lectures and were interested in the theory. On 1 November 1536, Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg, Archbishop of Capua, wrote to Copernicus from Rome:

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Osiander added an unauthorised and unsigned preface, defending Copernicus's work against those who might be offended by its novel hypotheses. He argued that "different hypotheses are sometimes offered for one and the same motion [and therefore] the astronomer will take as his first choice that hypothesis which is the easiest to grasp." According to Osiander, "these hypotheses need not be true nor even probable. [I]f they provide a calculus consistent with the observations, that alone is enough."

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Toward the close of 1542, Copernicus was seized with apoplexy and paralysis, and he died at age 70 on 24 May 1543. Legend has it that he was presented with the final printed pages of his "Dē revolutionibus orbium coelestium" on the very day that he died, allowing him to take farewell of his life's work. He is reputed to have awoken from a stroke-induced coma, looked at his book, and then died peacefully.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: The grave was in poor condition, and not all the remains of the skeleton were found; missing, among other things, was the lower jaw. The DNA from the bones found in the grave matched hair samples taken from a book owned by Copernicus which was kept at the library of the University of Uppsala in Sweden.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Philolaus (c. 470 – c. 385 BCE) described an astronomical system in which a Central Fire (different from the Sun) occupied the centre of the universe, and a counter-Earth, the Earth, Moon, the Sun itself, planets, and stars all revolved around it, in that order outward from the centre. Heraclides Ponticus (387–312 BCE) proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: In an early unpublished manuscript of "De Revolutionibus" (which still survives), Copernicus mentioned the (non-heliocentric) 'moving Earth' theory of Philolaus and the possibility that Aristarchus also had a 'moving Earth' theory (though it is unlikely that he was aware that it was a heliocentric theory). He removed both references from his final published manuscript.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus was probably aware that Pythagoras's system involved a moving Earth. The Pythagorean system was mentioned by Aristotle.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus owned a copy of Giorgio Valla's "De expetendis et fugiendis rebus", which included a translation of Plutarch's reference to Aristarchus's heliostaticism.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: In Copernicus's dedication of "On the Revolutions" to Pope Paul III—which Copernicus hoped would dampen criticism of his heliocentric theory by "babblers... completely ignorant of [astronomy]"—the book's author wrote that, in rereading all of philosophy, in the pages of Cicero and Plutarch he had found references to those few thinkers who dared to move the Earth "against the traditional opinion of astronomers and almost against common sense."

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus's "Commentariolus" summarized his heliocentric theory. It listed the "assumptions" upon which the theory was based, as follows:

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Georg Joachim Rheticus could have been Copernicus's successor, but did not rise to the occasion. Erasmus Reinhold could have been his successor, but died prematurely. The first of the great successors was Tycho Brahe (though he did not think the Earth orbited the Sun), followed by Johannes Kepler, who had collaborated with Tycho in Prague and benefited from Tycho's decades' worth of detailed observational data.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Arthur Koestler, in his popular book "The Sleepwalkers", asserted that Copernicus's book had not been widely read on its first publication. This claim was trenchantly criticised by Edward Rosen, and has been decisively disproved by Owen Gingerich, who examined nearly every surviving copy of the first two editions and found copious marginal notes by their owners throughout many of them. Gingerich published his conclusions in 2004 in "The Book Nobody Read".

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Another Protestant theologian who disparaged heliocentrism on scriptural grounds was John Owen. In a passing remark in an essay on the origin of the sabbath, he characterised "the late hypothesis, fixing the sun as in the centre of the world" as being "built on fallible phenomena, and advanced by many arbitrary presumptions against evident testimonies of Scripture."

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: On the orders of Pope Paul V, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine gave Galileo prior notice that the decree was about to be issued, and warned him that he could not "hold or defend" the Copernican doctrine. The corrections to "De revolutionibus", which omitted or altered nine sentences, were issued four years later, in 1620.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: In 1633 Galileo Galilei was convicted of grave suspicion of heresy for "following the position of Copernicus, which is contrary to the true sense and authority of Holy Scripture", and was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: At the instance of Roger Boscovich, the Catholic Church's 1758 "Index of Prohibited Books" omitted the general prohibition of works defending heliocentrism, but retained the specific prohibitions of the original uncensored versions of "De revolutionibus" and Galileo's "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems". Those prohibitions were finally dropped from the 1835 "Index".

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus is postulated to have spoken Latin, German, and Polish with equal fluency; he also spoke Greek and Italian, and had some knowledge of Hebrew. The vast majority of Copernicus's extant writings are in Latin, the language of European academia in his lifetime.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: As was common in the period, the spellings of both the toponym and the surname vary greatly. Copernicus "was rather indifferent about orthography". During his childhood, about 1480, the name of his father (and thus of the future astronomer) was recorded in Thorn as "Niclas Koppernigk".

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: There has been discussion of Copernicus's nationality and of whether it is meaningful to ascribe to him a nationality in the modern sense.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: "Encyclopedia Americana", "The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia", "The Oxford World Encyclopedia", and "World Book Encyclopedia" refer to Copernicus as a "Polish astronomer". Sheila Rabin, writing in the "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", describes Copernicus as a "child of a German family [who] was a subject of the Polish crown", while Manfred Weissenbacher writes that Copernicus's father was a Germanized Pole.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: No Polish texts by Copernicus survive due to the rarity of Polish language in literature before the writings of the Polish Renaissance poets Mikołaj Rej and Jan Kochanowski (educated Poles had generally written in Latin); but it is known that Copernicus knew Polish on a par with German and Latin.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Historian Michael Burleigh describes the nationality debate as a "totally insignificant battle" between German and Polish scholars during the interwar period. Polish astronomer Konrad Rudnicki calls the discussion a "fierce scholarly quarrel in ... times of nationalism" and describes Copernicus as an inhabitant of a German-speaking territory that belonged to Poland, himself being of mixed Polish-German extraction.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicia, a genus of palm trees native to South America and the Greater Antilles, was named after Copernicus in 1837. In some of the species, the leaves are coated with a thin layer of wax, known as carnauba wax.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name for 55 Cancri A was Copernicus.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus is honored, together with Johannes Kepler, in the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (US), with a feast day on 23 May.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Copernicus is commemorated by the Nicolaus Copernicus Monument in Warsaw, designed by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1822), completed in 1830; and by Jan Matejko's 1873 painting, "Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God".

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: Named for Copernicus are Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń; Warsaw's Copernicus Science Centre; Copernicus Hospital, in Poland's third largest city, Łódź; and Wrocław International Airport (Copernicus Airport Wrocław).

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Nicolaus Copernicus

Context: A Copernicus Award has been established jointly by the Foundation for Polish Science and the German Research Foundation, to promote Polish-German scientific cooperation.

Question: أين توفي نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس؟


Hallucination

Context: Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. Hallucinations are referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. Hallucinations can be associated with drug use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, psychosis, neurological disorders, and delirium tremens.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: The word "hallucination" itself was introduced into the English language by the 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 from the derivation of the Latin word "alucinari" meaning to wander in the mind. For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is "depraved and receive[s] its objects erroneously".

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Hallucinations may be manifested in a variety of forms. Various forms of hallucinations affect different senses, sometimes occurring simultaneously, creating multiple sensory hallucinations for those experiencing them.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Complex hallucinations are those of voices, music, or other sounds that may or may not be clear, may or may not be familiar, and may be friendly, aggressive, or among other possibilities. A hallucination of a single individual person of one or more talking voices is particularly associated with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, and hold special significance in diagnosing these conditions.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Musical hallucinations are also relatively common in terms of complex auditory hallucinations and may be the result of a wide range of causes ranging from hearing-loss (such as in musical ear syndrome, the auditory version of Charles Bonnet syndrome), lateral temporal lobe epilepsy, arteriovenous malformation, stroke, lesion, abscess, or tumor.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: The Hearing Voices Movement is a support and advocacy group for people who hallucinate voices, but do not otherwise show signs of mental illness or impairment.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: High caffeine consumption has been linked to an increase in likelihood of one experiencing auditory hallucinations. A study conducted by the La Trobe University School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day (approximately 500 mg of caffeine) could trigger the phenomenon.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: A "visual hallucination" is "the perception of an external visual stimulus where none exists". A separate but related phenomenon is a "visual illusion", which is a distortion of a real external stimulus. Visual hallucinations are classified as simple or complex:

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: For example, one may report hallucinating a giraffe. A simple visual hallucination is an amorphous figure that may have a similar shape or color to a giraffe ("looks like" a giraffe), while a complex visual hallucination is a discrete, lifelike image that "is", unmistakably, a giraffe.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Tactile hallucinations are the illusion of tactile sensory input, simulating various types of pressure to the skin or other organs. One subtype of tactile hallucination, formication, is the sensation of insects crawling underneath the skin and is frequently associated with prolonged cocaine use. However, formication may also be the result of normal hormonal changes such as menopause, or disorders such as peripheral neuropathy, high fevers, Lyme disease, skin cancer, and more.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: This type of hallucination is the perception of taste without a stimulus. These hallucinations, which are typically strange or unpleasant, are relatively common among individuals who have certain types of focal epilepsy, especially temporal lobe epilepsy. The regions of the brain responsible for gustatory hallucination in this case are the insula and the superior bank of the sylvian fissure.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: General somatic sensations of a hallucinatory nature are experienced when an individual feels that their body is being mutilated, i.e. twisted, torn, or disemboweled. Other reported cases are invasion by animals in the person's internal organs, such as snakes in the stomach or frogs in the rectum. The general feeling that one's flesh is decomposing is also classified under this type of this hallucination.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: A hallucination involving sensory modalities is called multimodal, analogous to unimodal hallucinations which have only one sensory modality. The multiple sensory modalities can occur at the same time (simultaneously) or with a delay (serial), be related or unrelated to each other, and be consistent with reality (congruent) or not (incongruent). For example, a person talking in a hallucination would be congruent with reality, but a cat talking would not be.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Multimodal hallucinations are correlated to poorer mental health outcomes, and are often experienced as feeling more real.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: These hallucinations occur just before falling asleep and affect a high proportion of the population: in one survey 37% of the respondents experienced them twice a week. The hallucinations can last from seconds to minutes; all the while, the subject usually remains aware of the true nature of the images. These may be associated with narcolepsy. Hypnagogic hallucinations are sometimes associated with brainstem abnormalities, but this is rare.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: One of the more enigmatic forms of visual hallucination is the highly variable, possibly polymodal delirium tremens. Individuals with delirium tremens may be agitated and confused, especially in the later stages of this disease. Insight is gradually reduced with the progression of this disorder. Sleep is disturbed and occurs for a shorter period of time, with rapid eye movement sleep.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: This type of hallucination is usually experienced during the recovery from a comatose state. The migraine coma can last for up to two days, and a state of depression is sometimes comorbid. The hallucinations occur during states of full consciousness, and insight into the hallucinatory nature of the images is preserved. It has been noted that ataxic lesions accompany the migraine coma.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Distortions in visual perception during a temporal lobe seizure may include size distortion (micropsia or macropsia), distorted perception of movement (where moving objects may appear to be moving very slowly or to be perfectly still), a sense that surfaces such as ceilings and even entire horizons are moving farther away in a fashion similar to the dolly zoom effect, and other illusions. Even when consciousness is impaired, insight into the hallucination or illusion is typically preserved.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Drug-induced hallucinations are caused by hallucinogens, dissociatives, and deliriants, including many drugs with anticholinergic actions and certain stimulants, which are known to cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Some psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin can cause hallucinations that range in the spectrum of mild to intense.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Hallucinations can be caused by sensory deprivation when it occurs for prolonged periods of time, and almost always occurs in the modality being deprived (visual for blindfolded/darkness, auditory for muffled conditions, etc.)

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Anomalous experiences, such as so-called benign hallucinations, may occur in a person in a state of good mental and physical health, even in the apparent absence of a transient trigger factor such as fatigue, intoxication or sensory deprivation.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: There is tentative evidence of a relationship with non-celiac gluten sensitivity, the so-called "gluten psychosis".

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: It has been reported that in serotonergic hallucinations, the person maintains an awareness that they are hallucinating, unlike dopaminergic hallucinations.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: One proposed model of hallucinations posits that over-activity in sensory regions, which is normally attributed to internal sources via feedforward networks to the inferior frontal gyrus, is interpreted as originating externally due to abnormal connectivity or functionality of the feedforward network. This is supported by cognitive studies of those with hallucinations, who have demonstrated abnormal attribution of self generated stimuli.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: Abnormal assignment of salience to stimuli may be one mechanism of hallucinations. Dysfunctional dopamine signaling may lead to abnormal top down regulation of sensory processing, allowing expectations to distort sensory input.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: A risk factor for multimodal hallucinations is prior experience of unimodal hallucinations. In 90% cases of psychosis, a visual hallucination occurs in combination with another sensory modality, most often being auditory or somatic. In schizophrenia, multimodal hallucinations are twice as common as unimodal ones.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Hallucination

Context: A 2015 review of 55 publications from 1962 to 2014 found 16–28.6% of those experiencing hallucinations report at least some religious content in them, along with 20-60% reporting some religious content in delusions. There is some evidence for delusions being a risk factor for religious hallucinations, with and 61.7% of people having experienced any delusion and 75.9% of those having experienced a religious delusion found to also experience hallucinations.

Question: ما الفرق بين الوُهام والهلوسة ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; eastward and southward into the Indian subcontinent, Mainland Southeast Asia and the Iranian Plateau; and westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its own interests and objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east, based in modern-day Beijing. In 1304, during the reign of Temür, the three western khanates accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Mongol Empire referred to itself as "yeke Mongγol ulus" ( 'nation of the great Mongols' or the 'great Mongol nation') in Mongol or "kür uluγ ulus" ( the 'whole great nation') in Turkic.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: After the 1260 to 1264 succession war between Kublai Khan and his brother Ariq Böke, Kublai's power became limited to the eastern part of the empire, centred on China. Kublai officially issued an imperial edict on 18 December 1271 to name his realm Great Yuan ("Dai Yuan", or "Dai Ön Ulus") and to establish the Yuan dynasty. Some sources give the full Mongol name as "Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus".

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The area around Mongolia, Manchuria, and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century. In 1125, the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia. In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers, known as the Golden Kings, successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation, ruled at the time by Khabul Khan, great-grandfather of Genghis Khan.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: In 1147, the Jin somewhat changed their policy, signing a peace treaty with the Mongols and withdrawing from a score of forts. The Mongols then resumed attacks on the Tatars to avenge the death of their late khan, opening a long period of active hostilities. The Jin and Tatar armies defeated the Mongols in 1161.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: During the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, the usually cold, parched steppes of Central Asia enjoyed their mildest, wettest conditions in more than a millennium. It is thought that this resulted in a rapid increase in the number of war horses and other livestock, which significantly enhanced Mongol military strength.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Genghis Khan introduced many innovative ways of organizing his army: for example dividing it into decimal subsections of arbans (10 soldiers), zuuns (100), Mingghans (1000), and tumens (10,000). The Kheshig, the imperial guard, was founded and divided into day (khorchin torghuds) and night (khevtuul) guards. Genghis rewarded those who had been loyal to him and placed them in high positions, as heads of army units and households, even though many of them came from very low-ranking clans.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Compared to the units he gave to his loyal companions, those assigned to his own family members were relatively few. He proclaimed a new code of law of the empire, Ikh Zasag or Yassa; later he expanded it to cover much of the everyday life and political affairs of the nomads. He forbade the selling of women, theft, fighting among the Mongols, and the hunting of animals during the breeding season.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Genghis quickly came into conflict with the Jin dynasty of the Jurchens and the Western Xia of the Tanguts in northern China. He also had to deal with two other powers, Tibet and Qara Khitai.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Before his death, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and immediate family, making the Mongol Empire the joint property of the entire imperial family who, along with the Mongol aristocracy, constituted the ruling class.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Genghis Khan arranged for the Chinese Taoist master Qiu Chuji to visit him in Afghanistan, and also gave his subjects the right to religious freedom, despite his own shamanistic beliefs.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Genghis Khan died on 18 August 1227, by which time the Mongol Empire ruled from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea, an empire twice the size of the Roman Empire or the Muslim Caliphate at their height. Genghis named his third son, the charismatic Ögedei, as his heir. According to Mongol tradition, Genghis Khan was buried in a secret location. The regency was originally held by Ögedei's younger brother Tolui until Ögedei's formal election at the kurultai in 1229.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Meanwhile, in an offensive action against the Song dynasty, Mongol armies captured Siyang-yang, the Yangtze and Sichuan, but did not secure their control over the conquered areas. The Song generals were able to recapture Siyang-yang from the Mongols in 1239. After the sudden death of Ögedei's son Kochu in Chinese territory the Mongols withdrew from southern China, although Kochu's brother Prince Koten invaded Tibet immediately after their withdrawal.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Mongols captured the Alania capital Maghas in 1238. By 1240, all Kievan Rus' had fallen to the Asian invaders except for a few northern cities. Mongol troops under Chormaqan in Persia connecting his invasion of Transcaucasia with the invasion of Batu and Subutai, forced the Georgian and Armenian nobles to surrender as well.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Giovanni de Plano Carpini, the pope's envoy to the Mongol great khan, travelled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote:

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: In 1248, Güyük raised more troops and suddenly marched westward from the Mongol capital of Karakorum. The reasoning was unclear. Some sources wrote that he sought to recuperate at his personal estate, Emyl; others suggested that he might have been moving to join Eljigidei to conduct a full-scale conquest of the Middle East, or possibly to make a surprise attack on his rival cousin Batu Khan in Russia.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Suspicious of Güyük's motives, Sorghaghtani Beki, the widow of Genghis's son Tolui, secretly warned her nephew Batu of Güyük's approach. Batu had himself been traveling eastward at the time, possibly to pay homage, or perhaps with other plans in mind. Before the forces of Batu and Güyük met, Güyük, sick and worn out by travel, died en route at Qum-Senggir (Hong-siang-yi-eulh) in Xinjiang, possibly a victim of poison.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Batu sent Möngke, under the protection of his brothers, Berke and Tukhtemur, and his son Sartaq to assemble a more formal kurultai at Kodoe Aral in the heartland. The supporters of Möngke repeatedly invited Oghul Qaimish and the other major Ögedeid and Chagataid princes to attend the kurultai, but they refused each time. The Ögedeid and Chagataid princes refused to accept a descendant of Genghis's son Tolui as leader, demanding that only descendants of Genghis's son Ögedei could be great khan.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Shiremun moved with his own forces toward the emperor's nomadic palace with a plan for an armed attack, but Möngke was alerted by his falconer of the plan. Möngke ordered an investigation of the plot, which led to a series of major trials all across the empire. Many members of the Mongol elite were found guilty and put to death, with estimates ranging from 77 to 300, though princes of Genghis's royal line were often exiled rather than executed.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Möngke confiscated the estates of the Ögedeid and the Chagatai families and shared the western part of the empire with his ally Batu Khan. After the bloody purge, Möngke ordered a general amnesty for prisoners and captives, but thereafter the power of the great khan's throne remained firmly with the descendants of Tolui.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: In another move to consolidate his power, Möngke assigned his brothers Hulagu and Kublai to rule Persia and Mongol-held China respectively. In the southern part of the empire he continued his predecessors' struggle against the Song dynasty. In order to outflank the Song from three directions, Möngke dispatched Mongol armies under his brother Kublai to Yunnan, and under his uncle Iyeku to subdue Korea and pressure the Song from that direction as well.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: After stabilizing the empire's finances, Möngke once again sought to expand its borders. At kurultais in Karakorum in 1253 and 1258 he approved new invasions of the Middle East and south China. Möngke put Hulagu in overall charge of military and civil affairs in Persia, and appointed Chagataids and Jochids to join Hulagu's army.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Muslims from Qazvin denounced the menace of the Nizari Ismailis, a well-known sect of Shiites. The Mongol Naiman commander Kitbuqa began to assault several Ismaili fortresses in 1253, before Hulagu advanced in 1256. Ismaili Grand Master Rukn al-Din Khurshah surrendered in 1257 and was executed. All of the Ismaili strongholds in Persia were destroyed by Hulagu's army in 1257, except for Girdkuh which held out until 1271.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Meanwhile, in the northwestern portion of the empire, Batu's successor and younger brother Berke sent punitive expeditions to Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Dissension began brewing between the northwestern and southwestern sections of the Mongol Empire as Batu suspected that Hulagu's invasion of Western Asia would result in the elimination of Batu's own dominance there.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Möngke's brother Hulagu broke off his successful military advance into Syria, withdrawing the bulk of his forces to Mughan and leaving only a small contingent under his general Kitbuqa. The opposing forces in the region, the Christian Crusaders and Muslim Mamluks, both recognizing that the Mongols were the greater threat, took advantage of the weakened state of the Mongol army and engaged in an unusual passive truce with each other.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: In 1260, the Mamluks advanced from Egypt, being allowed to camp and resupply near the Christian stronghold of Acre, and engaged Kitbuqa's forces just north of Galilee at the Battle of Ain Jalut. The Mongols were defeated, and Kitbuqa executed. This pivotal battle marked the western limit for Mongol expansion in the Middle East, and the Mongols were never again able to make serious military advances farther than Syria.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Hulagu died on 8 February 1264. Berke sought to take advantage and invade Hulagu's realm, but he died along the way, and a few months later Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate died as well. Kublai named Hulagu's son Abaqa as new Ilkhan, and nominated Batu's grandson Möngke Temür to lead the Golden Horde. Abaqa sought foreign alliances, such as attempting to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Egyptian Mamluks. Ariqboqe surrendered to Kublai at Shangdu on 21 August 1264.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Mongols were eventually successful in their campaigns against (Song) China, and the Chinese Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Chinese people to conquer all of China. Kublai used his base to build a powerful empire, creating an academy, offices, trade ports and canals, and sponsoring arts and science. Mongol records list 20,166 public schools created during his reign.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: After achieving actual or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia and successfully conquering China, Kublai pursued further expansion. His invasions of Burma and Sakhalin were costly, and his attempted invasions of Đại Việt (northern Vietnam) and Champa (southern Vietnam) ended in devastating defeat, but secured vassal statuses of those countries. The Mongol armies were repeatedly beaten in Đại Việt and were crushed at the Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288).

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Nogai and Konchi, the khan of the White Horde, established friendly relations with the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate. Political disagreement among contending branches of the family over the office of great khan continued, but the economic and commercial success of the Mongol Empire continued despite the squabbling.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: In 1274 and again in 1281, Kublai Khan invaded Japan on two separate occasions. However, he was not able to conquer Japan.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: In spite of his conflicts with Kaidu and Duwa, Yuan emperor Temür established a tributary relationship with the war-like Shan people after his series of military operations against Thailand from 1297 to 1303. This was to mark the end of the southern expansion of the Mongols.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Ghazan's faith may have been Islamic, but he continued his ancestors' war with the Egyptian Mamluks, and consulted with his old Mongol advisers in his native tongue. He defeated the Mamluk army at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, but he was only briefly able to occupy Syria, due to distracting raids from the Chagatai Khanate under its "de facto" ruler Kaidu, who was at war with both the Ilkhans and the Yuan dynasty.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Struggling for influence within the Golden Horde, Kaidu sponsored his own candidate Kobeleg against Bayan (r. 1299–1304), the khan of the White Horde. Bayan, after receiving military support from the Mongols in Russia, requested assistance from both Temür Khan and the Ilkhanate to organize a unified attack against Kaidu's forces. Temür was amenable and attacked Kaidu a year later. After a bloody battle with Temür's armies near the Zawkhan River in 1301, Kaidu died and was succeeded by Duwa.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Tugh Temür (1304–32) was knowledgeable about Chinese language and history and was also a creditable poet, calligrapher, and painter. In order to be accepted by other khanates as the sovereign of the Mongol world, he sent Genghisid princes and descendants of notable Mongol generals to the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhan Abu Said, and Ozbeg. In response to the emissaries, they all agreed to send tribute each year. Furthermore, Tugh Temür gave lavish presents and an imperial seal to Eljigidey to mollify his anger.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Along with the dissolution of the Ilkhanate in Persia, Mongol rulers in China and the Chagatai Khanate were also in turmoil. The plague known as the Black Death, which started in the Mongol dominions and spread to Europe, added to the confusion. Disease devastated all the khanates, cutting off commercial ties and killing millions. Plague may have taken 50 million lives in Europe alone in the 14th century.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The number of troops mustered by the Mongols is the subject of some scholarly debate, but was at least 105,000 in 1206. The Mongol military organization was simple but effective, based on the decimal system. The army was built up from squads of ten men each, arbans (10 people), zuuns (100), Mingghans (1000), and tumens (10,000).

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Mongols were most famous for their horse archers, but troops armed with lances were equally skilled, and the Mongols recruited other military specialists from the lands they conquered. With experienced Chinese engineers and a bombardier corps which was expert at building trebuchets, catapults and other machines, the Mongols could lay siege to fortified positions, sometimes building machinery on the spot using available local resources.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Discipline was inculcated during a "nerge" (traditional hunt), as reported by Juvayni. These hunts were distinctive from hunts in other cultures, being the equivalent to small unit actions. Mongol forces would spread out in a line, surround an entire region, and then drive all of the game within that area together. The goal was to let none of the animals escape and to slaughter them all.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Traditionally known for their prowess with ground forces, the Mongols rarely used naval power. In the 1260s and 1270s they used seapower while conquering the Song dynasty of China, though their attempts to mount seaborne campaigns against Japan were unsuccessful. Around the Eastern Mediterranean, their campaigns were almost exclusively land-based, with the seas controlled by the Crusader and Mamluk forces.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: All military campaigns were preceded by careful planning, reconnaissance, and the gathering of sensitive information relating to enemy territories and forces. The success, organization, and mobility of the Mongol armies permitted them to fight on several fronts at once. All adult males up to the age of 60 were eligible for conscription into the army, a source of honor in their tribal warrior tradition.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Genghis Khan also created a national seal, encouraged the use of a written alphabet in Mongolia, and exempted teachers, lawyers, and artists from taxes.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: At the time of Genghis Khan, virtually every religion had found Mongol converts, from Buddhism to Christianity, from Manichaeism to Islam. To avoid strife, Genghis Khan set up an institution that ensured complete religious freedom, though he himself was a shamanist. Under his administration, all religious leaders were exempt from taxation and from public service.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Initially there were few formal places of worship because of the nomadic lifestyle. However, under Ögedei (1186–1241), several building projects were undertaken in the Mongol capital. Along with palaces, Ögedei built houses of worship for the Buddhist, Muslim, Christian, and Taoist followers. The dominant religions at that time were Shamanism, Tengrism, and Buddhism, although Ögedei's wife was a Nestorian Christian.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Eventually, each of the successor states adopted the dominant religion of the local populations: the Mongol-ruled Chinese Yuan dynasty in the East (originally the Great Khan's domain) embraced Buddhism and Shamanism, while the three Western khanates adopted Islam.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolian language is "The Secret History of the Mongols", which was written for the royal family some time after Genghis Khan's death in 1227. It is the most significant native account of Genghis's life and genealogy, covering his origins and childhood through to the establishment of the Mongol Empire and the reign of his son, Ögedei.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Another classic from the empire is the "Jami' al-tawarikh", or "Universal History". It was commissioned in the early 14th century by the Ilkhan Abaqa Khan as a way of documenting the entire world's history, to help establish the Mongols' own cultural legacy.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Mongol scribes in the 14th century used a mixture of resin and vegetable pigments as a primitive form of correction fluid; this is arguably its first known usage.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Mongols also appreciated the visual arts, though their taste in portraiture was strictly focused on portraits of their horses, rather than of people.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Kublai Khan built a number of large observatories in China and his libraries included the "Wu-hu-lie-ti" (Euclid) brought by Muslim mathematicians. Zhu Shijie and Guo Shoujing were notable mathematicians in Yuan China. The Mongol physician Hu Sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Genghis and his successor Ögedei built a wide system of roads, one of which carved through the Altai mountains. After his enthronement, Ögedei further expanded the road system, ordering the Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde to link up roads in western parts of the Mongol Empire.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty, built special relays for high officials, as well as ordinary relays, that had hostels. During Kublai's reign, the Yuan communication system consisted of some 1,400 postal stations, which used 50,000 horses, 8,400 oxen, 6,700 mules, 4,000 carts, and 6,000 boats.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: In Manchuria and southern Siberia, the Mongols still used dogsled relays for the Yam. In the Ilkhanate, Ghazan restored the declining relay system in the Middle East on a restricted scale. He constructed some hostels and decreed that only imperial envoys could receive a stipend. The Jochids of the Golden Horde financed their relay system by a special Yam tax.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Mongols had a history of supporting merchants and trade. Genghis Khan had encouraged foreign merchants early in his career, even before uniting the Mongols. Merchants provided information about neighboring cultures, served as diplomats and official traders for the Mongols, and were essential for many goods, since the Mongols produced little of their own.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: After Genghis, the merchant partner business continued to flourish under his successors Ögedei and Güyük. Merchants brought clothing, food, information, and other provisions to the imperial palaces, and in return the great khans gave the merchants tax exemptions and allowed them to use the official relay stations of the Mongol Empire. Merchants also served as tax farmers in China, Russia and Iran. If the merchants were attacked by bandits, losses were made up from the imperial treasury.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: Policies changed under the Great Khan Möngke. Because of money laundering and overtaxing, he attempted to limit abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the "ortoq" businesses. He decreed that all merchants must pay commercial and property taxes, and he paid off all drafts drawn by high-ranking Mongol elites from the merchants. This policy continued under the Yuan dynasty.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The fall of the Mongol Empire in the 14th century led to the collapse of the political, cultural, and economic unity along the Silk Road. Turkic tribes seized the western end of the route from the Byzantine Empire, sowing the seeds of a Turkic culture that would later crystallize into the Ottoman Empire under the Sunni faith. In the East, the Han Chinese overthrew the Yuan dynasty in 1368, launching their own Ming dynasty and pursuing a policy of economic isolationism.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The Mongol Empire — at its height of the largest contiguous empire in history — had a lasting impact, unifying large regions. Some of these (such as eastern and western Russia, and the western parts of China) remain unified today. Mongols might have been assimilated into local populations after the fall of the empire, and some of their descendants adopted local religions; for example, the eastern khanate largely adopted Buddhism, and the three western khanates adopted Islam, largely under Sufi influence.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: According to some interpretations, Genghis Khan's conquests caused wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale in certain geographic regions, leading to changes in the demographics of Asia.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mongol Empire

Context: The non-military achievements of the Mongol Empire include the introduction of a writing system, a Mongol alphabet based on the characters of the Old Uyghur, which is still used in Mongolia today.

Question: ماكان سبب إندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأنغولية ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: Enthusiasts soon noticed the advantages of small size, low noise and power consumption, and started to push the boundaries of case modding into something else—building computers into nearly every object imaginable, and sometimes even creating new cases altogether. Hollowed out vintage computers, humidors, toys, electronics, musical instruments, and even a 1960s-era toaster have become homes to relatively quiet, or even silent Mini-ITX systems, capable of many of the tasks of a modern desktop PC.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: Intel is currently one of few Mini-ITX mainboard manufacturers that list mechanical dimensions in their manuals.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: A number of manufacturers have released Mini-ITX motherboards that feature embedded CPUs, often mobile or low-TDP versions. These processors are designed to draw minimal power resulting in lower TDP ideal for fanless (passively cooled) configurations and embedded applications.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: Due to the limitations of the Mini-ITX design, and the physical size of the LGA 2011 socket, Mini-ITX motherboards with the socket only support a single PCI Express expansion slot, and they require using the narrow-ILM version of the LGA 2011 socket. Despite this, manufacturers have released LGA 2011 based Mini-ITX motherboards.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: A number of manufacturers have released several socketed AMD Mini-ITX motherboards, supporting Socket AM2, Socket AM2+, Socket AM3, Socket FM1, Socket FM2, Socket FM2+, Socket AM1 and Socket AM4 CPUs. Socket AM2+ and AM3 ITX motherboards have integrated motherboard graphics, while discrete graphics or processor integrated graphics are required for other platforms.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: Mini-ITX motherboards with integrated AMD CPUs are also released. These motherboards often use mobile CPUs and passive cooling, and feature more powerful integrated graphics compared to their Intel counterparts, which makes them suitable for HTPC.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: IBASE made the first Transmeta-based Mini-ITX motherboard, the MB860. The board uses Transmeta Efficeon processors that run at up to 1.2 GHz. It supports SODIMM DDR modules with capacities up to 1 GB. An onboard 16 MB ATI M7 graphics controller supports 3D games and graphical intensive programs. It provides four USB 2.0 ports, a Realtek 8100C 10/100Mbit/s BaseT Ethernet and an optional 8110S Gigabit Ethernet controller.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: The first PowerPC motherboards were produced by Eyetech in 2005 but they stopped any activity in 2005. In 2007 ACube Systems produced a new board, the Sam440ep, primarily for the AmigaOS market.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: Cadia Networks developed a Mini ITX ARM board, which comes with an ARM Cortex-A8 Freescale i.MX53 series CPU. According to the official website, the board "offers an ultra-low power SoC with a variety of I/O and OS support for Android / Linux2.6 / Windows Embedded Compact 7".

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: Kontron also developed a mini ITX ARM board. According to the website, it features an "ARM Cortex-A9 Quad Core 900MHz Processor with NEON Technology", an Nvidia graphics processor, 2 GB of RAM, and a targeted power consumption of < 7W for the entire board.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: AppliedMicro offers the XC-1 Server Development Platform motherboard, which uses the X-Gene ARMv8 system on a chip with 8 2.4 GHz CPU cores, supports 128 GB DDR3 DRAM using 16 GB DIMMs, and has a baseboard management controller.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Mini-ITX

Context: The Mini-ITX standard does not define a standard for the computer power supply, though it suggests possible options. Conventionally Mini-ITX boards use a 20- or 24-pin "original ATX" power connector. This is usually connected to a DC-DC converter board, which connects to an external power adapter. Generally, vendors provide both power adapter and DC-DC board with the case.

Question: متى تم إختراع اللوحة الأم المصغرة للمكاتب ؟


Wolf

Context: The English "wolf" stems from the Old English , which is itself thought to be derived from the Proto-Germanic . The Proto-Indo-European root *' may also be the source of the Latin word for the animal "lupus" (*'). The name "gray wolf" refers to the grayish colour of the species.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: Since pre-Christian times, Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons took on "wulf" as a prefix or suffix in their names. Examples include Wulfhere ("Wolf Army"), Cynewulf ("Royal Wolf"), Cēnwulf ("Bold Wolf"), Wulfheard ("Wolf-hard"), Earnwulf ("Eagle Wolf"), Wulfstān ("Wolf Stone") Æðelwulf ("Noble Wolf"), Wolfhroc ("Wolf-Frock"), Wolfhetan ("Wolf Hide"), Scrutolf ("Garb Wolf"), Wolfgang ("Wolf Gait") and Wolfdregil ("Wolf Runner").

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his "Systema Naturae" the binomial nomenclature. "Canis" is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as "Canis familiaris", and the wolf as "Canis lupus". Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its "cauda recurvata" (upturning tail) which is not found in any other canid.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: In more recent times, some male Italian wolves originated from dog ancestry, which indicates female wolves will breed with male dogs in the wild. In the Caucasus Mountains, ten percent of dogs including livestock guardian dogs, are first generation hybrids. Although mating between golden jackals and wolves has never been observed, evidence of jackal-wolf hybridization was discovered through mitochondrial DNA analysis of jackals living in the Caucasus Mountains and in Bulgaria.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: In 2021, a genetic study found that the dog's similarity to the extant gray wolf was the result of substantial dog-into-wolf gene flow, with almost negligible wolf-into-dog gene flow since the dog's domestication. Some gray wolves were related to all ancient and modern dogs.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: In Europe, wolves eat apples, pears, figs, melons, berries and cherries. In North America, wolves eat blueberries and raspberries. Wolves also eat grass, which may provide some vitamins, but is most likely used mainly to induce vomiting to rid themselves of intestinal parasites or long guard hairs. They are known to eat the berries of mountain-ash, lily of the valley, bilberries, cowberries, European black nightshade, grain crops, and the shoots of reeds.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: In times of scarcity, wolves will readily eat carrion. In Eurasian areas with dense human activity, many wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage. Prey in North America continue to occupy suitable habitats with low human density, the wolves eating livestock and garbage only in dire circumstances. Cannibalism is not uncommon in wolves during harsh winters, when packs often attack weak or injured wolves and may eat the bodies of dead pack members.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: Wolves carry ectoparasites and endoparasites; those in the former Soviet Union have been recorded to carry at least 50 species. Most of these parasites infect wolves without adverse effects, though the effects may become more serious in sick or malnourished specimens. Parasitic infection in wolves is of particular concern to people. Wolves can spread them to dogs, which in turn can carry the parasites to humans. In areas where wolves inhabit pastoral areas, the parasites can be spread to livestock.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: Europe, excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has 17,000 wolves in more than 28 countries. In many countries of the European Union, the wolf is strictly protected under the 1979 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (AppendixII) and the 1992 Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (AnnexII andIV). There is extensive legal protection in many European countries, although there are national exceptions.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: The wolf is a common motif in the mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout its historical range. The Ancient Greeks associated wolves with Apollo, the god of light and order. The Ancient Romans connected the wolf with their god of war and agriculture Mars, and believed their city's founders, Romulus and Remus, were suckled by a she-wolf. Norse mythology includes the feared giant wolf Fenrir, and Geri and Freki, Odin's faithful pets.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: In the Pawnee creation myth, the wolf was the first animal brought to Earth. When humans killed it, they were punished with death, destruction and the loss of immortality. For the Pawnee, Sirius is the "wolf star" and its disappearance and reappearance signified the wolf moving to and from the spirit world. Both Pawnee and Blackfoot call the Milky Way the "wolf trail". The wolf is also an important crest symbol for clans of the Pacific Northwest like the Kwakwakaʼwakw.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: Human presence appears to stress wolves, as seen by increased cortisol levels in instances such as snowmobiling near their territory.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: A review of the studies on the competitive effects of dogs on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Competition would favour the wolf, which is known to kill dogs; however, wolves usually live in pairs or in small packs in areas with high human persecution, giving them a disadvantage when facing large groups of dogs.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: Although the number of dogs killed each year by wolves is relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to prey on them. In many cultures, dogs are seen as family members, or at least working team members, and losing one can lead to strong emotional responses such as demanding more liberal hunting regulations.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: The fear of wolves has been pervasive in many societies, though humans are not part of the wolf's natural prey. How wolves react to humans depends largely on their prior experience with people: wolves lacking any negative experience of humans, or which are food-conditioned, may show little fear of people. Although wolves may react aggressively when provoked, such attacks are mostly limited to quick bites on extremities, and the attacks are not pressed.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: Theodore Roosevelt said wolves are difficult to hunt because of their elusiveness, sharp senses, high endurance, and ability to quickly incapacitate and kill a dog. Historic methods included killing of spring-born litters in their dens, coursing with dogs (usually combinations of sighthounds, Bloodhounds and Fox Terriers), poisoning with strychnine, and trapping.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Wolf

Context: Wolves and wolf-dog hybrids are sometimes kept as exotic pets. Although closely related to domestic dogs, wolves do not show the same tractability as dogs in living alongside humans, being generally less responsive to human commands and more likely to act aggressively. A person is more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog.

Question: أين أكبر منطقة  يعيش فيها الذئب الرمادي؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu ( ) is a Linux distribution based on Debian and composed mostly of free and open-source software. Ubuntu is officially released in three editions: "Desktop", "Server", and "Core" for Internet of things devices and robots. All the editions can run on the computer alone, or in a virtual machine. Ubuntu is a popular operating system for cloud computing, with support for OpenStack. Ubuntu's default desktop has been GNOME since version 17.10.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support (LTS) releases every two years. , the most recent long-term support release is 22.04 ("Jammy Jellyfish").

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu is developed by British company Canonical, and a community of other developers, under a meritocratic governance model. Canonical provides security updates and support for each Ubuntu release, starting from the release date and until the release reaches its designated end-of-life (EOL) date. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of premium services related to Ubuntu and donations from those who download the Ubuntu software.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of "", which Canonical indicates means "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are".

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party cloud management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: 32-bit x86 processors were supported up to Ubuntu 18.04. It was decided to support "legacy software", i.e. select 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu aims to be secure by default. User programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users' files. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes. Polkit is also being widely implemented into the desktop.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking. A built-in firewall allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A GUI (GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall) is available to configure it. Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection to harden its software. These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 0.01% in 64-bit.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available. Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members, but not from Canonical Ltd.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements, which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware, in the Main category, because although some firmware is not allowed to be modified, its distribution is still permitted.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, "Ubuntu Backports" is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu. The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable "-proposed" repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression. Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) repository by Launchpad. While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu, Launchpad's host, Canonical, envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package "ubuntu-restricted-extras" additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Additionally, third-party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the Snap store, including many games such as Braid, Minecraft and Oil Rush, software for DVD playback and media codecs.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Upgrades from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and then to Ubuntu 20.04 LTS) are supported, while upgrades from non-LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu 15.10 to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS). However, it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from 16.04 LTS to 18.04.5 LTS, by waiting for a point release that supports such updating.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: LTS releases have optional extended security maintenance (ESM) support available, including 14.04 "Trusty" that is otherwise out of public support, adding support for that version up to 2022, later extended to a total of 10 years alongside 16.04 LTS.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10", and makes a playful reference to "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" books, since, in binary, 101010 equals decimal 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu (16.04.5 and later) requires a 2 GB or larger installation medium. However, there is an option to install it with a Minimal CD.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu) is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and officially supported by Canonical. A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment. LXQt and Xfce are often recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop. Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them. Ubuntu Core is the sole exception as it only has access to packages in the Snap Store.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as Edubuntu; including some previously supported by Canonical, like Ubuntu Touch, that is now maintained by volunteers (UBports Community).

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial. These are still in the process of becoming recognized as official flavours by Canonical.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre-installed disk images that have been customized by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud-platforms such as Amazon EC2, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure and LXC. Ubuntu is also prevalent on VPS platforms such as DigitalOcean.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Ubuntu has support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical. Ubuntu 11.10 added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS offering though Eucalyptus is also supported. Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process (still optional), Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated. In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting".

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Wikimedia Foundation data (based on user agent) for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: , Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS is used in a supercomputer on the TOP500 list, currently the fifth fastest one in the world after an upgrade from 7th place, where it entered the list in June. Another Nvidia supercomputer tops the Green500 list (and it and the next one are also Ubuntu-based), a list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency. On the TOP500 list, that supercomputer is ranked 172nd.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: Starting in 2008, the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia, switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series "MythBusters", advocated Linux (giving the example of Ubuntu) as a solution to software bloat. Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer Cory Doctorow and actor Stephen Fry.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟


Ubuntu

Context: In January 2014, the UK's authority for computer security, CESG, reported that Ubuntu 12.04 LTS was "the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out of 12 requirements without any significant risks", though it was unclear if any other Linux distributions were tested.

Question: متى تم إنشاء نظام تشغيل الأوبنتو التابع لي شركة لينيكس ؟