Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Context: Note that whether or not a method is idempotent is not enforced by the protocol or web server. It is perfectly possible to write a web application in which (for example) a database insert or other non-idempotent action is triggered by a GET or other request. To do so against recommendations, however, may result in undesirable consequences, if a user agent assumes that repeating the same request is safe when it is not.

Question: ماهو معنى بروتكول الإتش تي تي بي ؟


Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Context: A request method is "cacheable" if responses to requests with that method may be stored for future reuse. The methods GET, HEAD, and POST are defined as cacheable.

Question: ماهو معنى بروتكول الإتش تي تي بي ؟


Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Context: Request header fields allow the client to pass additional information beyond the request line, acting as request modifiers (similarly to the parameters of a procedure). They give information about the client, about the target resource, or about the expected handling of the request.

Question: ماهو معنى بروتكول الإتش تي تي بي ؟


Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Context: The response header fields allow the server to pass additional information beyond the status line, acting as response modifiers. They give information about the server or about further access to the target resource or related resources.

Question: ماهو معنى بروتكول الإتش تي تي بي ؟


Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Context: Each response header field has a defined meaning which can be further refined by the semantics of the request method or response status code.

Question: ماهو معنى بروتكول الإتش تي تي بي ؟


Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Context: Below is a sample HTTP transaction between an HTTP/1.1 client and an HTTP/1.1 server running on www.example.com, port 80.

Question: ماهو معنى بروتكول الإتش تي تي بي ؟


Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Context: A codice_18 can be used to inform the client that the body entity part of the transmitted data is compressed by gzip algorithm.

Question: ماهو معنى بروتكول الإتش تي تي بي ؟


Space exploration

Context: Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. While the exploration of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, its physical exploration though is conducted both by uncrewed robotic space probes and human spaceflight. Space exploration, like its classical form astronomy, is one of the main sources for space science.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station (ISS).

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS-133 in March 2011, plans for space exploration by the U.S. remain in flux. Constellation, a Bush Administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The Obama Administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO, such as Earth–Moon L1, the Moon, Earth–Sun L2, near-Earth asteroids, and Phobos or Mars orbit.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: In the 2000s, China initiated a successful crewed spaceflight program while India launched Chandraayan 1, while the European Union and Japan have also planned future crewed space missions. China, Russia, and Japan have advocated crewed missions to the Moon during the 21st century, while the European Union has advocated crewed missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 20th and 21st century.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: In 1949, the Bumper-WAC reached an altitude of , becoming the first human-made object to enter space, according to NASA, although V-2 Rocket MW 18014 crossed the Kármán line earlier, in 1944.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The first artificial object to reach another celestial body was Luna 2 reaching the Moon in 1959. The first soft landing on another celestial body was performed by Luna 9 landing on the Moon on 3 February 1966. Luna 10 became the first artificial satellite of the Moon, entering in a lunar orbit on 3 April 1966.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The first crewed landing on another celestial body was performed by Apollo 11 on 20 July 1969, landing on the Moon. There have been a total of six spacecraft with humans landing on the Moon starting from 1969 to the last human landing in 1972.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Salyut 1 was the first space station of any kind, launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1971. The International Space Station is currently the only fully functional space station, inhabited continuously since the year 2000.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: "Voyager 1" became the first human-made object to leave the Solar System into interstellar space on 25 August 2012. The probe passed the heliopause at 121 AU to enter interstellar space.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The Apollo 13 flight passed the far side of the Moon at an altitude of above the lunar surface, and 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth, marking the record for the farthest humans have ever traveled from Earth in 1970.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: "Voyager 1" is currently at a distance of (21.708 billion kilometers; 13.489 billion miles) from Earth as of 1 January 2019. It is the most distant human-made object from Earth.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth, and Reinhold Tiling laid the groundwork of rocketry in the early years of the 20th century.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Initially the race for space was often led by Sergei Korolev, whose legacy includes both the R7 and Soyuz—which remain in service to this day. Korolev was the mastermind behind the first satellite, first man (and first woman) in orbit and first spacewalk. Until his death his identity was a closely guarded state secret; not even his mother knew that he was responsible for creating the Soviet space program.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Mercury remains the least explored of the Terrestrial planets. As of May 2013, the Mariner 10 and "MESSENGER" missions have been the only missions that have made close observations of Mercury. "MESSENGER" entered orbit around Mercury in March 2011, to further investigate the observations made by Mariner 10 in 1975 (Munsell, 2006b).

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: A third mission to Mercury, scheduled to arrive in 2025, BepiColombo is to include two probes. BepiColombo is a joint mission between Japan and the European Space Agency. "MESSENGER" and BepiColombo are intended to gather complementary data to help scientists understand many of the mysteries discovered by Mariner 10's flybys.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or delta-v. Due to the relatively high delta-v to reach Mercury and its proximity to the Sun, it is difficult to explore and orbits around it are rather unstable.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Space exploration has been used as a tool to understand Earth as a celestial object in its own right. Orbital missions can provide data for Earth that can be difficult or impossible to obtain from a purely ground-based point of reference.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: For example, the existence of the Van Allen radiation belts was unknown until their discovery by the United States' first artificial satellite, "Explorer 1". These belts contain radiation trapped by Earth's magnetic fields, which currently renders construction of habitable space stations above 1000 km impractical.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The Moon was the first celestial body to be the object of space exploration. It holds the distinctions of being the first remote celestial object to be flown by, orbited, and landed upon by spacecraft, and the only remote celestial object ever to be visited by humans.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Crewed exploration of the Moon began in 1968 with the Apollo 8 mission that successfully orbited the Moon, the first time any extraterrestrial object was orbited by humans. In 1969, the Apollo 11 mission marked the first time humans set foot upon another world. Crewed exploration of the Moon did not continue for long. The Apollo 17 mission in 1972 marked the sixth landing and the most recent human visit. Artemis 2 will flyby the Moon in 2022. Robotic missions are still pursued vigorously.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Mars is the prime candidate where humans could live outside the Earth and the technology to reach Mars is possible.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The Russian space mission Fobos-Grunt, which launched on 9 November 2011 experienced a failure leaving it stranded in low Earth orbit. It was to begin exploration of the Phobos and Martian circumterrestrial orbit, and study whether the moons of Mars, or at least Phobos, could be a "trans-shipment point" for spaceships traveling to Mars.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Until the advent of space travel, objects in the asteroid belt were merely pinpricks of light in even the largest telescopes, their shapes and terrain remaining a mystery.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Reaching Jupiter from Earth requires a delta-v of 9.2 km/s, which is comparable to the 9.7 km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit. Fortunately, gravity assists through planetary flybys can be used to reduce the energy required at launch to reach Jupiter, albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Saturn has been explored only through uncrewed spacecraft launched by NASA, including one mission ("Cassini–Huygens") planned and executed in cooperation with other space agencies. These missions consist of flybys in 1979 by "Pioneer 11", in 1980 by "Voyager 1", in 1982 by "Voyager 2" and an orbital mission by the "Cassini" spacecraft, which lasted from 2004 until 2017.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The exploration of Neptune began with 25 August 1989 "Voyager 2" flyby, the sole visit to the system as of 2014. The possibility of a Neptune Orbiter has been discussed, but no other missions have been given serious thought.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The dwarf planet Pluto presents significant challenges for spacecraft because of its great distance from Earth (requiring high velocity for reasonable trip times) and small mass (making capture into orbit very difficult at present). "Voyager 1" could have visited Pluto, but controllers opted instead for a close flyby of Saturn's moon Titan, resulting in a trajectory incompatible with a Pluto flyby. "Voyager 2" never had a plausible trajectory for reaching Pluto.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: After an intense political battle, a mission to Pluto dubbed "New Horizons" was granted funding from the United States government in 2003. "New Horizons" was launched successfully on 19 January 2006. In early 2007 the craft made use of a gravity assist from Jupiter. Its closest approach to Pluto was on 14 July 2015; scientific observations of Pluto began five months prior to closest approach and continued for 16 days after the encounter.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Deep space exploration is the branch of astronomy, astronautics and space technology that is involved with the exploration of distant regions of outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights (deep-space astronautics) and by robotic spacecraft.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Some of the best candidates for future deep space engine technologies include anti-matter, nuclear power and beamed propulsion. The latter, beamed propulsion, appears to be the best candidate for deep space exploration presently available, since it uses known physics and known technology that is being developed for other purposes.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Breakthrough Starshot is a research and engineering project by the Breakthrough Initiatives to develop a proof-of-concept fleet of light sail spacecraft named "StarChip", to be capable of making the journey to the Alpha Centauri star system 4.37 light-years away. It was founded in 2016 by Yuri Milner, Stephen Hawking, and Mark Zuckerberg.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: The Artemis program is an ongoing crewed spaceflight program carried out by NASA, U.S. commercial spaceflight companies, and international partners such as ESA, with the goal of landing "the first woman and the next man" on the Moon, specifically at the lunar south pole region by 2024. Artemis would be the next step towards the long-term goal of establishing a sustainable presence on the Moon, laying the foundation for private companies to build a lunar economy, and eventually sending humans to Mars.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: These motivations could be attributed to one of the first rocket scientists in NASA, Wernher von Braun, and his vision of humans moving beyond Earth. The basis of this plan was to:

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Development of large, winged reusable spacecraft capable of carrying humans and equipment into Earth orbit in a way that made space access routine and cost-effective.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Construction of a large, permanently occupied space station to be used as a platform both to observe Earth and from which to launch deep space expeditions.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Launching the first human flights around the Moon, leading to the first landings of humans on the Moon, with the intent of exploring that body and establishing permanent lunar bases.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Assembly and fueling of spaceships in Earth orbit for the purpose of sending humans to Mars with the intent of eventually colonizing that planet".

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: NASA has produced a series of public service announcement videos supporting the concept of space exploration.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Overall, the public remains largely supportive of both crewed and uncrewed space exploration. According to an Associated Press Poll conducted in July 2003, 71% of U.S. citizens agreed with the statement that the space program is "a good investment", compared to 21% who did not.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: This advocacy has been criticized by scholars as essentializing and continuation of colonialism, particularly manifest destiny, making space exploration misaligned with science and a less inclusive field.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: "Spaceflight" is the use of space technology to achieve the flight of spacecraft into and through outer space.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft—both when unpropelled and when under propulsion—is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military (spy) and civilian Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Private spaceflight companies such as SpaceX and Blue Origin, and commercial space stations such as the Axiom Space and the Bigelow Commercial Space Station have dramatically changed the landscape of space exploration, and will continue to do so in the near future.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Radiation is perhaps the most insidious health hazard to space travelers as it is invisible to the naked eye and can cause cancer. Space craft are no longer protected from the sun's radiation as they are positioned above the Earth's magnetic field; the danger of radiation is even more potent when one enters deep space. The hazards of radiation can be ameliorated through protective shielding on the spacecraft, alerts, and dosimetry.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Space colonization, also called space settlement and space humanization, would be the permanent autonomous (self-sufficient) human habitation of locations outside Earth, especially of natural satellites or planets such as the Moon or Mars, using significant amounts of in-situ resource utilization.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Since then, eleven other countries have allowed women astronauts. The first all female space walk occurred in 2018, including Christina Koch and Jessica Meir. These two women have both participated in separate space walks with NASA. The first woman to go to the moon is planned for 2024.

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Space exploration

Context: Despite these developments women are still underrepresented among astronauts and especially cosmonauts. Issues that block potential applicants from the programs and limit the space missions they are able to go on, are for example:

Question: من أول من غادر كوكب الأرض نحو الفضاء؟


Circassian dance

Context: Dancing ability is very important for social standing in Circassian communities, especially with regards to marriage and establishing romantic relationships. Children living in the Adyghe communities in Israel receive dance instruction from a young age as part of their school curriculum.

Question: ما هي الرقصة الشركسية؟


Circassian dance

Context: Circassian dances share some common traits with ballet: men dance on the tips of their toes wearing special leather boots. Women move very lightly, gliding across the floor without moving their heads or upper bodies.

Question: ما هي الرقصة الشركسية؟


Circassian dance

Context: Circassian men wear a black outfit called a "cherkes" on stage. It is a military style outfit with an imposing coat and bullet cartridges worn across the chest. Men often wear a dagger, and a dagger or sword may be incorporated into some of the dances.

Question: ما هي الرقصة الشركسية؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: The exact origins of the name "Kurd" are unclear. The suffix "-stan" is an Iranian term for region. The literal translation for Kurdistan is "Region of Kurds".

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: The mountainous nature of Iraqi Kurdistan, the difference of temperatures in its various parts, and its numerous bodies of water make it a land of agriculture and tourism. The largest lake in the region is Lake Dukan. There are also several smaller lakes, such as Darbandikhan Lake and Duhok Lake. The western and southern parts of Iraqi Kurdistan are not as mountainous as the east. Instead, it is rolling hills and plains vegetated by sclerophyll scrubland.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: Due to its latitude and altitude, Iraqi Kurdistan is cooler and much wetter than the rest of Iraq. Most areas in the region fall within the Mediterranean climate zone ("Csa"), with areas to the southwest being semi-arid ("BSh").

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: Average summer temperatures range from in the cooler northernmost areas to blistering in the southwest, with lows around to . Winters, however, are dramatically cooler than the rest of Iraq, with highs averaging between and and with lows hovering around in some areas and freezing in others, dipping to and on average.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: The provinces of Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymanyah are rich in agricultural lands. Wheat and other cereals are grown there. Most of the areas are rainfed, but there are also some smaller irrigation systems in place. Tourism is another branch which draws the attention of the KRI, which achieved the declaration of Erbil as the Tourism Capital by the Arab Council of Tourism in 2014.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: In prehistoric times, the region was home to a Neanderthal culture such as has been found at the Shanidar Cave. The region was host to the Jarmo culture 7000 BCE. The earliest neolithic site in Kurdistan is at Tell Hassuna, the centre of the "Hassuna culture", circa 6000 BCE.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: In Early and Middle Bronze Age the region was geographically known as Subartu and was inhabited by the Hurrian speaking Subarians along with Gutians and Lullubi. In 2200 BCE Naram-Sin of Akkad conquered the region and it came under the rule of the Gutians in 2150 BCE. The main cities of the region attested in the inscriptions in this period are Mardaman, Azuhinum, Ninet (Nineveh), Arrapha, Urbilum, and Kurda.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: In early 2nd millennium the region was ruled by the kingdom of Kurda except for two decades in 18th century BCE when it was conquered by the Amorite Shamshi Adad and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia. In 1760s BCE the kingdom of Kurda faced an invasion by Elam and Eshnunna during the Babylonian-Elam war and the kingdom eventually sided with Mari and Babylon.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: In 1922, Britain restored Shaikh Mahmud Barzanji to power, hoping that he would organize the Kurds to act as a buffer against the Turks, who had territorial claims over Mosul and Kirkuk. However, defiant to the British, in 1922 Shaikh Mahmud declared a Kurdish Kingdom with himself as king. It took two years for the British to bring Kurdish areas into submission, while Shaikh Mahmud found refuge in an unknown location.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: In 1930, following the announcement of the admission of Iraq to the League of Nations, Shaikh Mahmud started a third uprising which was suppressed with British air and ground forces.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: In the following years, Baghdad government overcame its internal divisions and concluded a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in April 1972 and ended its isolation within the Arab world. On the other hand, Kurds remained dependent on the Iranian military support and could do little to strengthen their forces.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: During the Iran–Iraq War, the Iraqi government again implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a "de facto" civil war broke out. Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures, including the use of chemical weapons against the Kurds, which resulted in thousands of deaths.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: Iraqi Kurds played an important role in the Iraq War. Kurdish parties joined forces against the Iraqi government during the war in Spring 2003. Kurdish military forces, known as Peshmerga, played an important role in the overthrow of the Iraqi government; however, Kurds have been reluctant to send troops into Baghdad since then, preferring not to be dragged into the sectarian struggle that so dominates much of Iraq.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: A new constitution of Iraq was established in 2005, defining Iraq as a federalist state consisting of Regions and Governorate's. The Kurdistan region includes the Governorate Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Duhok. It recognized both the Kurdistan Region and all laws passed by the KRG since 1992. There is provision for Governorates to create, join or leave Regions. However, as of late 2015, no new Regions have been formed, and the KRG remains the only regional government within Iraq.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: PUK leader Jalal Talabani was elected President of the new Iraqi administration, while KDP leader Masoud Barzani became President of the Kurdistan Regional Government.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: Tensions between Iraqi Kurdistan and the central Iraqi government mounted through 2011–2012 on the issues of power sharing, oil production and territorial control. In April 2012, the president of Iraq's semi-autonomous northern Kurdish region demanded that officials agree to their demands or face the prospect of secession from Baghdad by September 2012.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: In September, Kurdish leaders decided to postpone the referendum so as to focus on the fight against ISIL. In November, Ed Royce, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States House of Representatives, introduced legislation to arm the Kurds directly, rather than continue working through the local governments.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: In August 2014, the US began a campaign of airstrikes in Iraq, in part to protect Kurdish areas such as Erbil from the militants.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: The 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum took place on September 25, with 92.73% voting in favor of independence. This triggered a military operation in which the Iraqi government retook control of Kirkuk and surrounding areas, and forced the KRG to annul the referendum.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Iraqi Kurdistan

Context: Kurdish culture is a group of distinctive cultural traits practiced by Kurdish people. The Kurdish culture is a legacy from the various ancient peoples who shaped modern Kurds and their society, but primarily Iranian. Among their neighbours, the Kurdish culture is closest to Persian culture. For example, they celebrate Newroz as the new year day, which is celebrated on March 21. It is the first day of the month of "Xakelêwe" in Kurdish calendar and the first day of spring.

Question: ماهى الأقليات الموجودة في كردستان العراق ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Mary Loretta "Mariette" Hartley (born June 21, 1940) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for work with Bill Bixby on "The Incredible Hulk" (1978) and "Goodnight, Beantown" (1983–1984), an original "" episode (1969), Sam Peckinpah's "Ride the High Country" (1962) with Randolph Scott and Joel McCrea, and a series of commercials with James Garner in the 1970s and 1980s.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Hartley was born in Weston, Connecticut on June 21, 1940, the daughter of Mary "Polly" Ickes (née Watson), a manager and saleswoman, and Paul Hembree Hartley, an account executive. Her maternal grandfather was John B. Watson, an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. She grew up in Weston, Connecticut, an affluent Fairfield County suburb within commuting distance to Manhattan.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Hartley began her career as a 13-year-old in the White Barn Theatre in Norwalk, Connecticut. In her teens as a stage actress, she was coached and mentored by Eva Le Gallienne. She graduated in 1957 from Staples High School in Westport, Connecticut, where she was an active member of the school's theater group, Staples Players. Hartley also worked at the American Shakespeare Festival.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Her film career began with an uncredited cameo appearance in "From Hell to Texas" (1958), a Western with Dennis Hopper. In the early 1960s, she moved to Los Angeles and joined the UCLA Theater Group.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Hartley's first credited film appearance was alongside Randolph Scott and Joel McCrea in the 1962 Sam Peckinpah Western "Ride the High Country"; the role earned her a BAFTA award nomination. She continued to appear in film during the 1960s, including the lead role in the adventure "Drums of Africa" (1963), and prominent supporting roles in Alfred Hitchcock's psychological thriller "Marnie" (1964) — alongside Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery — and the John Sturges drama "Marooned" (1969).

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Hartley also guest-starred in numerous TV series during the decade, with appearances in "Gunsmoke", "The Twilight Zone" (the episode "The Long Morrow"), "The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters" (starring a young Kurt Russell), the syndicated "Death Valley Days" (then hosted by Ronald Reagan), "Judd, for the Defense", "Bonanza", and " (as Zarabeth in the 3rd season episode ", 1969) among others. In 1965, she had a significant role as Dr. Claire Morton in 32 episodes of "Peyton Place".

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: In 1977, Hartley appeared in the TV movie "The Last Hurrah", a political drama based on the Edwin O'Connor novel of the same name; and earned her first Emmy Award nomination.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Her role as psychologist Dr. Carolyn Fields in "Married", a 1978 episode of the TV series "The Incredible Hulk" in which she marries Bill Bixby's character, the alter ego of the Hulk, won Hartley the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. She was nominated for the same award for her performance in an episode of "The Rockford Files" the following year.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: In 1983, Hartley reunited with Bixby in the sitcom "Goodnight, Beantown", which ran for two seasons and brought her another Emmy Award nomination. (She worked with Bixby again in the 1992 TV movie ', the first of three TV movies that launched the series ').

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: In 1987, she co-hosted CBS's "The Morning Program" weekday morning news show alongside Rolland Smith, for ten months.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: In the 1990s, Hartley toured with Elliott Gould and Doug Wert in the revival of the mystery play "Deathtrap".

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Numerous roles in TV movies and guest appearances in TV series during the 1990s and 2000s followed, including "Murder, She Wrote" (1992), "Courthouse" (1995), "Nash Bridges" (2000), and "NCIS" (2005). She had recurring roles as Sister Mary Daniel in the soap opera "One Life to Live" (1999–2001; 10 episodes), and as Lorna Scarry in six episodes of "" (2003–2011).

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: From 1995 to 2015, she hosted the long-running television documentary series "Wild About Animals", an educational program.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: In 2006, Hartley starred in her own one-woman show, "If You Get to Bethlehem, You've Gone Too Far", which ran in Los Angeles. She returned to the stage in 2014 as Eleanor of Aquitaine with Ian Buchanan's Henry in the Colony Theater Company production of James Goldman's "The Lion in Winter".

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: In January 2018, Hartley began a recurring role on the Fox first-responder drama "9-1-1" as Patricia Clark, the Alzheimer's-afflicted mother of dispatcher Abby Clark (Connie Britton).

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Between 2001 and 2006, Hartley endorsed the See Clearly Method, a commercial eye exercise program, whose sales were halted by an Iowa court after a finding of fraudulent business practices and advertising.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Hartley has been married three times. Her first marriage was to John Seventa (1960–1962). She married Patrick Boyriven on August 13, 1978, with whom she had two children, Sean (born 1975) and Justine (born 1978). The couple divorced in 1996. In 2005, Hartley married Jerry Sroka.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: In her 1990 autobiography "Breaking the Silence", written with Anne Commire, Hartley talked about her struggles with psychological problems, pointing directly to her grandfather's (Dr. Watson) practical application of his theories as the source of the dysfunction in his family. She has also spoken in public about her experience with bipolar disorder and was a founder of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. She currently serves as the foundation's national spokesperson.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: In 2003, Hartley was hired by pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline to increase awareness of bipolar medications and treatments. She frequently promotes awareness of bipolar disorder and suicide prevention.

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Mariette Hartley

Context: Her brother, Paul Hartley, has a PhD in research philosophy and is the author of the book "The Seventh Tool: a novel in 3 volumes" (2013)"."

Question: أين ولدة فيفيان ماري هارتلي ؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Abbasid caliphs were Arabs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids claimed to be the true successors of Muhammad in replacing the Umayyad descendants of Banu Umayya by virtue of their closer bloodline to Muhammad.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: During the reign of Marwan II, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of , the fourth in descent from Abbas. Supported by the province of Khorasan (Eastern Persia), even though the governor opposed them, and the Shia Arabs, he achieved considerable success, but was captured in the year 747 and died, possibly assassinated, in prison.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: On 9 June 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), Abu Muslim, rising from Khorasan, successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the Black Standard. Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in Merv. General Qahtaba followed the fleeing governor Nasr ibn Sayyar west defeating the Umayyads at the Battle of Gorgan, the Battle of Nahāvand and finally in the Battle of Karbala, all in the year 748.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The quarrel was taken up by Ibrahim's brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, who defeated the Umayyads in 750 in the battle near the Great Zab and was subsequently proclaimed caliph. After this loss, Marwan fled to Egypt, where he was subsequently killed. The remainder of his family, barring one male, were also eliminated.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Immediately after their victory, As-Saffah sent his forces to Central Asia, where his forces fought against Tang expansion during the Battle of Talas. The noble Iranian family Barmakids, who were instrumental in building Baghdad, introduced the world's first recorded paper mill in the city, thus beginning a new era of intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and Mesopotamia. The Byzantines conducted raids during these early distractions.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: This resulted in a more ceremonial role for many Abbasid caliphs relative to their time under the Umayyads; the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the old Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy. During Al-Mansur's time, control of Al-Andalus was lost, and the Shia revolted and were defeated a year later at the Battle of Bakhamra.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Umayyad empire was mostly Arab; however, the Abbasids progressively became made up of more and more converted Muslims in which the Arabs were only one of many ethnicities.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the 8th century (750–800) under several competent caliphs and their viziers to usher in the administrative changes needed to keep order of the political challenges created by the far-flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it. It was also during this early period of the dynasty, in particular during the governance of Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and al-Ma'mun, that its reputation and power were created.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Al-Mahdi restarted the fighting with the Byzantines, and his sons continued the conflict until Empress Irene pushed for peace. After several years of peace, Nikephoros I broke the treaty, then fended off multiple incursions during the first decade of the 9th century. These attacks pushed into the Taurus Mountains, culminating with a victory at the Battle of Krasos and the massive invasion of 806, led by Rashid himself.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Rashid's navy also proved successful, taking Cyprus. Rashid decided to focus on the rebellion of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khorasan and died while there. Military operations by the caliphate were minimal while the Byzantine Empire was fighting Abbasid rule in Syria and Anatolia, with focus shifting primarily to internal matters; Abbasid governors exerted greater autonomy and, using this increasing power, began to make their positions hereditary.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer to home. Harun al-Rashid turned on and killed most of the Barmakids, a Persian family that had grown significantly in administrative power. During the same period, several factions began either to leave the empire for other lands or to take control of distant parts of the empire. Still, the reigns of al-Rashid and his sons were considered to be the apex of the Abbasids.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: After Rashid's death, the empire was split by a civil war between the caliph al-Amin and his brother al-Ma'mun, who had the support of Khorasan. This war ended with a two-year siege of Baghdad and the eventual death of Al-Amin in 813. Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years of relative calm interspersed with a rebellion in Azerbaijan by the Khurramites, which was supported by the Byzantines. Al-Ma'mun was also responsible for the creation of an autonomous Khorasan, and the continued repulsing of Byzantine forays.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, and the succeeding

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Tahirid and Saffarid dynasties of Iran. The Saffarids, from Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, and the Tulunids took control of most of Syria. The trend of weakening of the central power and strengthening of the minor caliphates on the periphery continued.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Al-Mustakfi had a short reign from 944 to 946, and it was during this period that the Persian faction known as the Buyids from Daylam swept into power and assumed control over the bureaucracy in Baghdad. According to the history of Miskawayh, they began distributing iqtas (fiefs in the form of tax farms) to their supporters. This period of localized secular control was to last nearly 100 years. The loss of Abbasid power to the Buyids would shift as the Seljuks would take over from the Persians.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: By the 870s, Egypt became autonomous under Ahmad ibn Tulun. In the East, governors decreased their ties to the center as well. The Saffarids of Herat and the Samanids of Bukhara began breaking away around this time, cultivating a much more Persianate culture and statecraft. Only the central lands of Mesopotamia were under direct Abbasid control, with Palestine and the Hijaz often managed by the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, had begun to push Arab Muslims farther east in Anatolia.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Isma'ili Fatimid dynasty of Cairo contested the Abbasids for the titular authority of the Islamic ummah. They commanded some support in the Shia sections of Baghdad (such as Karkh), although Baghdad was the city most closely connected to the caliphate, even in the Buyid and Seljuq eras. The challenge of the Fatimids only ended with their downfall in the 12th century.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: With the Buyid dynasty on the wane, a vacuum was created that was eventually filled by the dynasty of Oghuz Turks known as the Seljuqs. By 1055, the Seljuqs had wrested control from the Buyids and Abbasids, and took any remaining temporal power. When the amir and former slave Basasiri took up the Shia Fatimid banner in Baghdad in 1056–57, the caliph al-Qa'im was unable to defeat him without outside help. Toghril Beg, the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad to Sunni rule and took Iraq for his dynasty.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Once again, the Abbasids were forced to deal with a military power that they could not match, though the Abbasid caliph remained the titular head of the Islamic community. The succeeding sultans Alp Arslan and Malikshah, as well as their vizier Nizam al-Mulk, took up residence in Persia, but held power over the Abbasids in Baghdad. When the dynasty began to weaken in the 12th century, the Abbasids gained greater independence once again.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed by other Islamic scholars, notably by Persian scientists Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Astronomy in medieval Islam was advanced by Al-Battani, who improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was developed further by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and subsequently brought to medieval Europe.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Muslim alchemists influenced medieval European alchemists, particularly the writings attributed to Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber).

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: A famous example of Islamic poetry on romance was "Layla and Majnun", an originally Arabic story which was further developed by Iranian, Azerbaijani and other poets in the Persian, Azerbaijani, and Turkish languages. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later "Romeo and Juliet".

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Arabic poetry reached its greatest height in the Abbasid era, especially before the loss of central authority and the rise of the Persianate dynasties. Writers like Abu Tammam and Abu Nuwas were closely connected to the caliphal court in Baghdad during the early 9th century, while others such as al-Mutanabbi received their patronage from regional courts.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Three speculative thinkers, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna, combined Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism with other ideas introduced through Islam, and Avicennism was later established as a result. Other influential Abbasid philosophers include al-Jahiz, and Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen).

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: A number of industries were generated during the Arab Agricultural Revolution, including early industries for textiles, sugar, rope-making, matting, silk, and paper. Latin translations of the 12th century passed on knowledge of chemistry and instrument making in particular. The agricultural and handicraft industries also experienced high levels of growth during this period.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Nabia Abbott, preeminent historian of elite women of the Abbasid Caliphate, describes the lives of harem women as follows.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The choicest women were imprisoned behind heavy curtains and locked doors, the strings and keys of which were entrusted into the hands of that pitiable creature – the eunuch. As the size of the harem grew, men indulged to satiety. Satiety within the individual harem meant boredom for the one man and neglect for the many women. Under these conditions ... satisfaction by perverse and unnatural means crept into society, particularly in its upper classes.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The marketing of human beings, particularly women, as objects for sexual use meant that elite men owned the vast majority of women they interacted with, and related to them as would masters to slaves. Being a slave meant relative lack of autonomy, and belonging to a harem caused a wife and her children to have little insurance of stability and continued support due to the volatile politics of harem life.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: "There is no man whose two daughters reach the age of puberty and he treats them kindly for the time they are together, but they will gain him admittance to Paradise."

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: "Whoever has three daughters and is patient towards them, and feeds them, gives them to drink, and clothes them from his wealth; they will be a shield for him from the Fire on the Day of Resurrection.'"

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Even so, slave courtesans (qiyans and jawaris) and princesses produced prestigious and important poetry. Enough survives to give us access to women's historical experiences, and reveals some vivacious and powerful figures, such as the Sufi mystic Raabi'a al-Adwiyya (714–801 CE), the princess and poet 'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi (777–825 CE), and the singing-girls Shāriyah (–870 CE), Fadl Ashsha'ira (d. 871 CE) and Arib al-Ma'muniyya (797–890 CE).

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Each wife in the Abbasid harem had an additional home or flat, with her own enslaved personals staff of eunuchs and maidservants. When a concubine gave birth to a son, she was elevated in rank to umm walad and also received apartments and (slave) servants as a gift.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: In addition to these two holidays, Shias celebrated the birthdays of Fatimah and Ali ibn Abi Talib. Matrimonies and births in the royal family were observed by all in the empire. The announcement that one of the caliph's sons could recite the Koran smoothly was greeted by communal jubilation. When Harun developed this holy talent, the people lit torches and decorated the streets with wreaths of flowers, and his father, Al-Mahdi, freed 500 slaves.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: In Baghdad there were many Abbasid military leaders who were or said they were of Arab descent. However, it is clear that most of the ranks were of Iranian origin, the vast majority being from Khorasan and Transoxiana, not from western Iran or Azerbaijan. Most of the Khorasani soldiers who brought the Abbasids to power were Arabs.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Although the Abbasids never retained a substantial regular army, the caliph could recruit a considerable number of soldiers in a short time when needed from levies. There were also cohorts of regular troops who received steady pay and a special forces unit. At any moment, 125,000 Muslim soldiers could be assembled along the Byzantine frontier, Baghdad, Medina, Damascus, Rayy, and other geostrategic locations in order to quell any unrest.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The cavalry was entirely covered in iron, with helmets. Similar to medieval knights, their only exposed spots were the end of their noses and small openings in front of their eyes. Their foot soldiers were issued spears, swords, and pikes, and (in line with Persian fashion) trained to stand so solidly that, one contemporary wrote "you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze."

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Early in the days of the caliphate, the Barmakids took the responsibility of shaping the civil service. The family had roots in a Buddhist monastery in northern Afghanistan. In the early 8th century, the family converted to Islam and began to take on a sizable part of the civil administration for the Abbasids.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Capital poured into the caliphate's treasury from a variety of taxes, including a real estate tax; a levy on cattle, gold and silver, and commercial wares; a special tax on non-Muslims; and customs dues.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Muslim merchants employed ports in Bandar Siraf, Basra, and Aden and some Red Sea ports to travel and trade with India and South East Asia. Land routes were also utilized through Central Asia. Arab businessmen were present in China as early as the eighth century. Arab merchants sailed the Caspian Sea to reach and trade with Bukhara and Samarkand.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: Many caravans and goods never made it to their intended destinations. Some Chinese exports perished in fires, while other ships sank. It was said that anybody who made it to China and back unharmed was blessed by God. Common sea routes were also plagued by pirates who built and crewed vessels that were faster than most merchant ships. It is said that many of the adventures at sea in the Sinbad tales were based on historical fiction of mariners of the day.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Abbasid Caliphate

Context: The Arabs also established overland trade with Africa, largely for gold and slaves. When trade with Europe ceased due to hostilities, Jews served as a link between the two hostile worlds.

Question: متى تأسست الدولة العباسية؟


Vienna

Context: Another theory suggests the name comes from the Wends (Old English: Winedas; Old Norse: Vindr; German: Wenden, Winden; Danish: vendere; Swedish: vender; Polish: Wendowie, Czech: Wendové) which is a historical name for Slavs living near Germanic settlement areas.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: The name of the city in Hungarian ("Bécs"), Serbo-Croatian ("Beč"; ) and Ottoman Turkish ("Beç") has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city "Dunaj", which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: , an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The "Gemeindebauten" are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after the Second World War on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: In 2011 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: In the vicinity of the station a new district is emerging with office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: Seestadt Aspern is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: In addition, the highest wooden skyscraper in the world, “HoHo Wien”, will be built within 3 years, starting in 2015.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were Kurt Adler, Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Rainhard Fendrich.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: The Hofburg is the location of the Imperial Treasury ("Schatzkammer"), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to Empress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which houses many paintings by old masters, ancient and classical artifacts, and the Naturhistorisches Museum.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the Wiener Moderne, during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was Adolf Loos, whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the Steiner House (1910).

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: The Neue Donau, which was formed after the Donauinsel was created, is free of river traffic and a popular destination for leisure and sports activities.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: The "Naschmarkt" is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: Also, local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing it on the top spots along American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year. The most popular ones are Albertina, Belvedere, Leopold Museum in the Museumsquartier, KunstHausWien, Bank Austria Kunstforum, the twin "Kunsthistorisches Museum" and "Naturhistorisches Museum", and the Technisches Museum Wien, each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: Modern attractions include the Hundertwasserhaus, the United Nations headquarters and the view from the Donauturm.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Vienna

Context: Another popular international event is the annual Life Ball, which supports people with HIV or AIDS. Guests such as Bill Clinton and Whoopi Goldberg were recent attendees.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدينة في النمسا ؟


Tunisia

Context: The word "Tunisia" is derived from Tunis; a central urban hub and the capital of modern-day Tunisia. The present form of the name, with its Latinate suffix "", evolved from French , in turn generally associated with the Berber root , transcribed , which means "to lay down" or "encampment". It is sometimes also associated with the Punic goddess Tanith (or Tunit), and the ancient city of Tynes.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The French derivative was adopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a distinctive name to designate the country. Other languages have left the name untouched, such as the Russian () and Spanish . In this case, the same name is used for both country and city, as with the Arabic , and only by context can one tell the difference.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Before Tunisia, the territory's name was Ifriqiya or Africa, which gave the present-day name of the continent Africa.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Farming methods reached the Nile Valley from the Fertile Crescent region about 5000 BC, and spread to the Maghreb by about 4000 BC. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central Tunisia then were ancestors of today's Berber tribes.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: It was believed in ancient times that Africa was originally populated by Gaetulians and Libyans, both nomadic peoples. According to the Roman historian Sallust, the demigod Hercules died in Spain and his polyglot eastern army was left to settle the land, with some migrating to Africa. Persians went to the West and intermarried with the Gaetulians and became the Numidians. The Medes settled and were known as Mauri, later Moors.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The Numidians and Moors belonged to the race from which the Berbers are descended. The translated meaning of Numidian is Nomad and indeed the people were semi-nomadic until the reign of Masinissa of the Massyli tribe.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: At the beginning of recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by Berber tribes. Its coast was settled by Phoenicians starting as early as the 12th century BC (Bizerte, Utica). The city of Carthage was founded in the 9th century BC by Phoenicians. Legend says that Dido from Tyre, now in modern-day Lebanon, founded the city in 814 BC, as retold by the Greek writer Timaeus of Tauromenium. The settlers of Carthage brought their culture and religion from Phoenicia, now present-day Lebanon and adjacent areas.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: After the series of wars with Greek city-states of Sicily in the 5th century BC, Carthage rose to power and eventually became the dominant civilization in the Western Mediterranean. The people of Carthage worshipped a pantheon of Middle Eastern gods including Baal and Tanit. Tanit's symbol, a simple female figure with extended arms and long dress, is a popular icon found in ancient sites. The founders of Carthage also established a Tophet, which was altered in Roman times.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: A Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during the Second Punic War, one of a series of wars with Rome, nearly crippled the rise of Roman power. From the conclusion of the Second Punic War in 202 BC, Carthage functioned as a client state of the Roman Republic for another 50 years.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Following the Battle of Carthage which began in 149 BC during the Third Punic War, Carthage was conquered by Rome in 146 BC. Following its conquest, the Romans renamed Carthage to Africa, incorporating it as a province.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: During the Roman period, the area of what is now Tunisia enjoyed a huge development. The economy, mainly during the Empire, boomed: the prosperity of the area depended on agriculture. Called the "Granary of the Empire", the area of actual Tunisia and coastal Tripolitania, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one quarter of which was exported to the Empire. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: By the 2nd century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivations and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals from the western mountains, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery such as African Red Slip, and wool.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: There was even a huge production of mosaics and ceramics, exported mainly to Italy, in the central area of El Djem (where there was the second biggest amphitheater in the Roman Empire).

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Berber bishop Donatus Magnus was the founder of a Christian group known as the Donatists. During the 5th and 6th centuries (from 430 to 533 AD), the Germanic Vandals invaded and ruled over a kingdom in Northwest Africa that included present-day Tripoli. The region was easily reconquered in 533–534 AD, during the rule of Emperor Justinian I, by the Eastern Romans led by General Belisarius.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Sometime between the second half of the 7th century and the early part of the 8th century, Arab Muslim conquest occurred in the region. They founded the first Islamic city in Northwest Africa, Kairouan. It was there in 670 AD that the Mosque of Uqba, or the Great Mosque of Kairouan, was constructed. This mosque is the oldest and most prestigious sanctuary in the Muslim West with the oldest standing minaret in the world; it is also considered a masterpiece of Islamic art and architecture.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The Arab governors of Tunis founded the Aghlabid dynasty, which ruled Tunisia, Tripolitania and eastern Algeria from 800 to 909. Tunisia flourished under Arab rule when extensive systems were constructed to supply towns with water for household use and irrigation that promoted agriculture (especially olive production). This prosperity permitted luxurious court life and was marked by the construction of new palace cities such as al-Abassiya (809) and Raqadda (877).

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: After conquering Cairo, the Fatimids abandoned Tunisia and parts of Eastern Algeria to the local Zirids (972–1148). Zirid Tunisia flourished in many areas: agriculture, industry, trade, and religious and secular learning. Management by the later Zirid emirs was neglectful though, and political instability was connected to the decline of Tunisian trade and agriculture.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The depredation of the Tunisian campaigns by the Banu Hilal, a warlike Arab Bedouin tribe encouraged by the Fatimids of Egypt to seize Northwest Africa, sent the region's rural and urban economic life into further decline. Consequently, the region underwent rapid urbanisation as famines depopulated the countryside and industry shifted from agriculture to manufactures. The Arab historian Ibn Khaldun wrote that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In the last years of the Hafsid dynasty, Spain seized many of the coastal cities, but these were recovered by the Ottoman Empire.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The first Ottoman conquest of Tunis took place in 1534 under the command of Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, the younger brother of Oruç Reis, who was the Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Fleet during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. However, it was not until the final Ottoman reconquest of Tunis from Spain in 1574 under Kapudan Pasha Uluç Ali Reis that the Ottomans permanently acquired the former Hafsid Tunisia, retaining it until the French conquest of Tunisia in 1881.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Attacks on European shipping were made by corsairs, primarily from Algiers, but also from Tunis and Tripoli, yet after a long period of declining raids the growing power of the European states finally forced its termination. Under the Ottoman Empire, the boundaries of Tunisia contracted; it lost territory to the west (Constantine) and to the east (Tripoli).

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In the 19th century, the rulers of Tunisia became aware of the ongoing efforts at political and social reform in the Ottoman capital. The Bey of Tunis then, by his own lights but informed by the Turkish example, attempted to effect a modernizing reform of institutions and the economy. Tunisian international debt grew unmanageable. This was the reason or pretext for French forces to establish a protectorate in 1881.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: During World War II, French Tunisia was ruled by the collaborationist Vichy government located in Metropolitan France. The antisemitic Statute on Jews enacted by the Vichy government was also implemented in Vichy-controlled Northwest Africa and other overseas French territories. Thus, the persecution, and murder of the Jews from 1940 to 1943 was part of the Holocaust in France.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In November 1987, doctors declared Bourguiba unfit to rule and, in a bloodless coup d'état, Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali assumed the presidency in accordance with Article 57 of the Tunisian constitution. The anniversary of Ben Ali's succession, 7 November, was celebrated as a national holiday. He was consistently re-elected with enormous majorities every five years (well over 80 percent of the vote), the last being 25 October 2009, until he fled the country amid popular unrest in January 2011.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Independent human rights groups, such as Amnesty International, Freedom House, and Protection International, documented that basic human and political rights were not respected. The regime obstructed in any way possible the work of local human rights organizations. In 2008, in terms of press freedom, Tunisia was ranked 143rd out of 173.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The Tunisian Revolution was an intensive campaign of civil resistance that was precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of freedom of speech and other political freedoms and poor living conditions. Labour unions were said to be an integral part of the protests. The protests inspired the Arab Spring, a wave of similar actions throughout the Arab world.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Protests continued for banning of the ruling party and the eviction of all its members from the transitional government formed by Mohammed Ghannouchi. Eventually the new government gave in to the demands. A Tunis court banned the ex-ruling party RCD and confiscated all its resources. A decree by the minister of the interior banned the "political police", special forces which were used to intimidate and persecute political activists.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In March 2012, Ennahda declared it will not support making sharia the main source of legislation in the new constitution, maintaining the secular nature of the state. Ennahda's stance on the issue was criticized by hardline Islamists, who wanted strict sharia, but was welcomed by secular parties. On 6 February 2013, Chokri Belaid, the leader of the leftist opposition and prominent critic of Ennahda, was assassinated.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In 2014, President Moncef Marzouki established Tunisia's Truth and Dignity Commission, as a key part of creating a national reconciliation.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia was hit by two terror attacks on foreign tourists in 2015, first killing 22 people at the Bardo National Museum, and later killing 38 people at the Sousse beachfront. Tunisian president Beji Caid Essebsi renewed the state of emergency in October for three more months.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet won the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize for its work in building a peaceful, pluralistic political order in Tunisia.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia's first democratically elected president Beji Caid Essebsi died in July 2019. Following him, Kais Saied became Tunisia's president after a landslide victory in the 2019 Tunisian presidential elections in October.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: On 25 July 2021, amid ongoing demonstrations concerning government dysfunction and corruption and rises in COVID-19 cases, Kais Saied suspended parliament, dismissed the prime minister and withdrew immunity of parliament members. In September 2021, Saied said he would appoint a committee to help draft new constitutional amendments. On 29 September, he named Najla Bouden as the new prime minister and tasked her with forming a cabinet, which was sworn in on 11 October.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: On 3 February 2022, Tunisia was voted to the African Union's (AU) Peace and Security Council for the term 2022–2024, according to the Tunisian Foreign Ministry. The poll took place on the fringes of the AU Executive Council's 40th ordinary session, which was held in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, according to the ministry.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In February 2022, Tunisia and the International Monetary Fund are still holding preliminary negotiations in the hopes of securing a multibillion-dollar bailout for an economy beset by recession, public debt, inflation, and unemployment.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia is situated on the Mediterranean coast of Northwest Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile Delta. It is bordered by Algeria on the west and southwest and Libya on the south east. It lies between latitudes 30° and 38°N, and longitudes 7° and 12°E. An abrupt southward turn of the Mediterranean coast in northern Tunisia gives the country two distinctive Mediterranean coasts, west–east in the north, and north–south in the east.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The Sahel, a broadening coastal plain along Tunisia's eastern Mediterranean coast, is among the world's premier areas of olive cultivation. Inland from the Sahel, between the Dorsal and a range of hills south of Gafsa, are the Steppes. Much of the southern region is semi-arid and desert.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia has a coastline long. In maritime terms, the country claims a contiguous zone of , and a territorial sea of . The city of Tunis is built on a hill slope down to the lake of Tunis. These hills contain places such as Notre-Dame de Tunis, Ras Tabia, La Rabta, La Kasbah, Montfleury and La Manoubia with altitudes just above 50 metres (160 feet). The city is located at the crossroads of a narrow strip of land between Lake Tunis and Séjoumi.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia is home to five terrestrial ecoregions: Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests, Saharan halophytics, Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe, Mediterranean woodlands and forests, and North Saharan steppe and woodlands.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The number of legalized political parties in Tunisia has grown considerably since the revolution. There are now over 100 legal parties, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31% of all seats.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. On 23 November 2014 Tunisia held its first presidential election following the Arab Spring in 2011.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The Tunisian legal system is heavily influenced by French civil law, while the law of personal status is based on Islamic law. Sharia courts were abolished in 1956.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The military has historically played a professional, apolitical role in defending the country from external threats. Since January 2011 and at the direction of the executive branch, the military has taken on increasing responsibility for domestic security and humanitarian crisis response.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia is subdivided into 24 governorates ("Wilaya"), which are further divided into 264 "delegations" or "districts" ("mutamadiyat"), and further subdivided into municipalities ("baladiyats") and sectors ("imadats").

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The agricultural sector accounts for 11.6% of the GDP, industry 25.7%, and services 62.8%. The industrial sector is mainly made up of clothing and footwear manufacturing, production of car parts, and electric machinery. Although Tunisia managed an average 5% growth over the last decade, it continues to suffer from a high unemployment rate, especially among youth.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Among Tunisia's tourist attractions are its cosmopolitan capital city of Tunis, the ancient ruins of Carthage, the Muslim and Jewish quarters of Jerba, and coastal resorts outside of Monastir. According to "The New York Times", Tunisia is "known for its golden beaches, sunny weather and affordable luxuries".

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The majority of the electricity used in Tunisia is produced locally, by state-owned company STEG (). In 2008, a total of 13,747 GWh was produced in the country.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: According to the Tunisian Solar Plan (which is Tunisia's Renewable Energy Strategy not limited to solar, contrary to what its title may suggest, proposed by the National Agency for Energy Conservation ), Tunisia's objective is to reach a share of 30% of renewable energies in the electricity mix by 2030, most of which should be accounted for by wind power and photovoltaics. , Tunisia had a total renewable capacity of 312 MW (245 MW wind, 62 MW hydropower, 15 MW photovoltaics.)

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Responsibility for the water supply systems in urban areas and large rural centres is assigned to the "Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux"

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In 1974, ONAS was established to manage the sanitation sector. Since 1993, ONAS has had the status of a main operator for

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: According to the CIA, as of 2021, Tunisia has a population of 11,811,335 inhabitants. The government has supported a successful family planning program that has reduced the population growth rate to just over 1% per annum, contributing to Tunisia's economic and social stability.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: According to the CIA World Factbook, ethnic groups in Tunisia are: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: According to the 1956 Tunisian census, Tunisia had a population at the time of 3,783,000 residents, 95% consisting of Berbers and Arabs, 256,000 Europeans and 105,000 Jews. Speakers of Berber dialects were 2% of the population. According to another source, the population of Arabs is estimated to be <40% to 98%, and that of Berbers at 1% to over 60%.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Black Tunisians make up 10–15% of the population and are mostly descended from sub-Saharan Africans brought to Tunisia as part of the slave trade.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Amazighs are generally concentrated in the Dahar mountains and on the island of Djerba in the southeast, and in the Khroumire mountainous region in the north-west. An important number of genetic and other historical studies point to the predominance of the Amazighs in Tunisia.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: An Ottoman influence has been particularly significant in forming the Turco-Tunisian community. Other peoples have also migrated to Tunisia during different time periods, including West Africans, Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians (Punics), Jews, and French settlers. By 1870, the distinction between the Arabic-speaking population and the Turkish elite had blurred.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: From the late 19th century to the period after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of French and Italians (255,000 Europeans in 1956), although nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became independent. The history of the Jews in Tunisia goes back some 2,000 years. In 1948, the Jewish population was estimated at 105,000, but by 2013 only about 1000 remained.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers. Numerous civilizations and peoples have invaded, migrated to, or have been assimilated into the population over the millennia, with influences of population from Phoenicians/Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Spaniards, Ottoman Turks and Janissaries, and French. There was a continuing inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from the Arabian Peninsula.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: After the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Muslims and Jews arrived in Tunisia. According to Matthew Carr, "As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia Alley."

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Arabic is the official language of Tunisia. Tunisian Arabic, known as Tounsi, is the national, vernacular variety of Arabic used by the public. There is also a small minority of speakers of Berber languages known collectively as Jebbali or Shelha in the country.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: French also plays a major role in Tunisian society, despite having no official status. It is widely used in education (e.g., as the language of instruction in the sciences in secondary school), the press, and business. In 2010, there were 6,639,000 French-speakers in Tunisia, or about 64% of the population. Italian is understood and spoken by a small part of the Tunisian population. Shop signs, menus and road signs in Tunisia are generally written in both Arabic and French.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The bulk of Tunisians belong to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam, and their mosques are easily recognizable by square minarets. However, the Turks brought with them the teaching of the Hanafi school during Ottoman rule, which still survives among families of Turkish descent today; their mosques traditionally have octagonal minarets. Sunnis form the majority, with non-denominational Muslims being the second largest group of Muslims, followed by Ibadite Amazighs.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia's sizable Christian community of around >35,000 adherents is composed mainly of Catholics (22,000), and to a lesser degree Protestants. Berber Christians continued to live in some Nefzaoua villages up until the early 15th century, and the community of Tunisian Christians existed in the town of Tozeur up to the 18th century. The International Religious Freedom Report for 2007 estimates that thousands of Tunisian Muslims have converted to Christianity.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: While children generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at home, when they enter school at age six, they are taught to read and write in Standard Arabic. From the age of 8, they are taught French while English is introduced at the age of 12.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 3.37% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 12.02 physicians and 33.12 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants. The life expectancy at birth was 75.73 years in 2016, or 73.72 years for males and 77.78 years for females. Infant mortality in 2016 was 11.7 per 1,000.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The culture of Tunisia is mixed due to its long established history of outside influence from people – such as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, Italians, Spaniards, and the French – who all left their mark on the country.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: There are currently fifty art galleries housing exhibitions of Tunisian and international artists. These galleries include Gallery Yahia in Tunis and Carthage Essaadi gallery.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: A new exposition opened in an old monarchal palace in Bardo dubbed the "awakening of a nation". The exposition boasts documents and artifacts from the Tunisian reformist monarchial rule in mid 19th century.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisian literature exists in two forms: Arabic and French. Arabic literature dates back to the 7th century with the arrival of Arab civilization in the region. It is more important in both volume and value than French literature, which was introduced during the French protectorate from 1881.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Among the literary figures include Ali Douagi, who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems and folk songs and nearly 15 plays, Khraief Bashir, an Arabic novelist who published many notable books in the 1930s and which caused a scandal because the dialogues were written in Tunisian dialect, and others such as Moncef Ghachem, Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad, or Mahmoud Messadi.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: As for poetry, Tunisian poetry typically opts for nonconformity and innovation with poets such as Aboul-Qacem Echebbi.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: As for literature in French, it is characterized by its critical approach. Contrary to the pessimism of Albert Memmi, who predicted that Tunisian literature was sentenced to die young, a high number of Tunisian writers are abroad including Abdelwahab Meddeb, Bakri Tahar, Mustapha Tlili, Hele Beji, or Mellah Fawzi. The themes of wandering, exile and heartbreak are the focus of their creative writing.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: The national bibliography lists 1249 non-school books published in 2002 in Tunisia, with 885 titles in Arabic. In 2006 this figure had increased to 1,500 and 1,700 in 2007. Nearly a third of the books are published for children.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In 2014 Tunisian American creative nonfiction scribe and translator Med-Ali Mekki who wrote many books, not for publication but just for his own private reading translated the new Constitution of the Tunisian Republic from Arabic to English for the first time in Tunisian bibliographical history, the book was published worldwide the following year and it was the Internet's most viewed and downloaded Tunisian book.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Notable Tunisian musicians include Saber Rebaï, Dhafer Youssef, Belgacem Bouguenna, Sonia M'barek, Latifa, Salah El Mahdi, Anouar Brahem, Emel Mathlouthi and Lotfi Bouchnak.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Football is the most popular sport in Tunisia. The Tunisia national football team, also known as "The Eagles of Carthage", won the 2004 African Cup of Nations (ACN), which was held in Tunisia. They also represented Africa in the 2005 FIFA Cup of Confederations, which was held in Germany, but they could not go beyond the first round.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Their premier football league is the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1. The main clubs are Espérance Sportive de Tunis, Étoile Sportive du Sahel, Club Africain, Club Sportif Sfaxien, Union Sportive Monastirienne, Stade Tunisien, and CA Bizertin.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia's national basketball team has emerged as a top side in Africa. The team won the 2011 Afrobasket and hosted Africa's top basketball event in 1965, 1987 and 2015. Tunisia was one of the continent's pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa's first competitive leagues.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In the 2008 Summer Olympics, Tunisian Oussama Mellouli won a gold medal in 1500 meter freestyle. In the 2012 Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the 1500 meter freestyle and a gold medal in the men's marathon swim at a distance of 10 kilometers.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: In 2012, Tunisia participated for the seventh time in its history in the Summer Paralympic Games. Their national team finished the competition with 19 medals; 9 golds, 5 silvers and 5 bronzes. Tunisia was classified 14th on the Paralympics medal table and 5th in Athletics.

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Tunisia

Context: Tunisia was suspended from Davis Cup play for the year 2014, because the Tunisian Tennis Federation was found to have ordered Malek Jaziri not to compete against an Israeli tennis player, Amir Weintraub. ITF president Francesco Ricci Bitti said: "There is no room for prejudice of any kind in sport or in society. The ITF Board decided to send a strong message to the Tunisian Tennis Federation that this kind of action will not be tolerated."

Question: من تولى رئاسة تونس بعد الحبيب بورقيبة؟


Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order

Context: It is named for the Naqshbandi Sufi order. The JRTN's ideology has been described as "a mix of Islamic and pan-Arab nationalistic ideas", with Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri being described as "the hidden sheikh of the Men of the Naqshbandi".

Question: أين تنتشر النقشبندية ؟


Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order

Context: The precise details about the emergence of the JRTN are unclear, although it is generally assumed that the group was established in the summer of 2003 by former members of the Republican Guard and military intelligence agents (with connections to Douri) to fight Coalition forces and to restore the old order under Ba'athist ideology.

Question: أين تنتشر النقشبندية ؟


Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order

Context: Although JRTN would only emerge as a group in 2006, JRTN members had been involved in anti-coalition actions earlier in the war, such as the 2003 attack on the Al Rasheed Baghdad Hotel, and the 2004 First Battle of Fallujah, where several Naqshbandia clerics associated with the JRTN were among the casualties.

Question: أين تنتشر النقشبندية ؟


Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order

Context: On April 25, 2013, insurgents from the Naqshbandi Army completely captured the town of Sulaiman Bek, about 170 km north of Baghdad, after heavy fighting with security forces, only to relinquish control of it a day later, while escaping with weapons and vehicles.

Question: أين تنتشر النقشبندية ؟


Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order

Context: Following the Hawija clashes, JRTN units in Ninewa began to mobilise, emerging as a force that could potentially play a role in a new low-level Sunni led uprising. Immediately after the Hawija clashes, JRTN units were able to take temporary control of a neighborhood in the 17 July area of western Mosul.

Question: أين تنتشر النقشبندية ؟


Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order

Context: The group avoided direct confrontation with US forces, relying instead on guerrilla tactics. The group's main focus was on a two-pronged strategy. The first phase was focused on defense, where the group attacked soft targets while building up its power and training and cooperating with other groups to widen the armed opposition. Local emirs, each responsible for 7–10 fighters, were set up in every province. The emirs were in turn led by an Emir al-Jihad; a Grand Sheikh of al-Naqshbandia.

Question: أين تنتشر النقشبندية ؟


Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order

Context: The group also used the web and print media to expand its membership and influence. Online the group links to videos showing attacks on Coalition forces, whereas its magazine publishes both religious and secular articles describing Sufism and Jihad, whilst trying to promote its ideology and request donations.

Question: أين تنتشر النقشبندية ؟


Speed of light

Context: The rate of change in the distance between two objects in a frame of reference with respect to which both are moving (their closing speed) may have a value in excess of "c". However, this does not represent the speed of any single object as measured in a single inertial frame.

Question: من أسرع الصوت أو الضوء؟


Speed of light

Context: The opposite, group velocities exceeding "c", was proposed theoretically in 1993 and achieved experimentally in 2000. It should even be possible for the group velocity to become infinite or negative, with pulses travelling instantaneously or backwards in time.

Question: من أسرع الصوت أو الضوء؟


Speed of light

Context: The Essen–Gordon-Smith result, , was substantially more precise than those found by optical techniques. By 1950, repeated measurements by Essen established a result of .

Question: من أسرع الصوت أو الضوء؟


Soil type

Context: A soil type is a taxonomic unit in soil science. All soils that share a certain set of well-defined properties form a distinctive soil type. Soil type is a technical term of soil classification, the science that deals with the systematic categorization of soils. Every soil of the world belongs to a certain soil type. Soil type is an abstract term. In nature, you will not find soil types. You will find soils that belong to a certain soil type.

Question: كم عدد أنواع التربة المختلفة ؟


Soil type

Context: In hierarchical soil classification systems, soil types mostly belong to the higher or intermediate level. A soil type can normally be subdivided into subtypes, and in many systems several soil types can be combined to entities of higher category. However, in the first classification system of the United States (Whitney, 1909), the soil type was the lowest level and the mapping unit.

Question: كم عدد أنواع التربة المختلفة ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. It can cause both acute and chronic infection.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: The function of the protein coded for by gene X is not fully understood but it is associated with the development of liver cancer. It stimulates genes that promote cell growth and inactivates growth regulating molecules.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: Genotypes differ by at least 8% of their sequence and were first reported in 1988 when six were initially described (A–F). Two further types have since been described (G and H). Most genotypes are now divided into subgenotypes with distinct properties.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: The tests, called assays, for detection of virus infection involve serum or blood tests that detect either viral antigens (proteins produced by the virus) or antibodies produced by the host. Interpretation of these assays is complex.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: If the host is able to clear the infection, eventually the HBsAg will become undetectable and will be followed by IgG antibodies to the surface antigen and core antigen ("anti-HBs" and "anti HBc IgG"). The time between the removal of the HBsAg and the appearance of anti-HBs is called the window period. A person negative for HBsAg but positive for anti-HBs either has cleared an infection or has been vaccinated previously.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: PCR tests have been developed to detect and measure the amount of HBV DNA, called the viral load, in clinical specimens. These tests are used to assess a person's infection status and to monitor treatment. Individuals with high viral loads, characteristically have ground glass hepatocytes on biopsy.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: Vaccines for the prevention of hepatitis B have been routinely recommended for babies since 1991 in the United States. The first dose is generally recommended within a day of birth. The hepatitis B vaccine was the first vaccine capable of preventing cancer, specifically liver cancer.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: All those with a risk of exposure to body fluids such as blood should be vaccinated, if not already. Testing to verify effective immunization is recommended and further doses of vaccine are given to those who are not sufficiently immunized.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟


Hepatitis B

Context: In 10- to 22-year follow-up studies there were no cases of hepatitis B among those with a normal immune system who were vaccinated. Only rare chronic infections have been documented. Vaccination is particularly recommended for high risk groups including: health workers, people with chronic kidney failure, and men who have sex with men.

Question: ماهي أعراض إلتهاب الكبد بي الفيروسي ؟