Men's Health

Context: In 2000 "MH-18", a youth-oriented version of "Men's Health" covering teen lifestyle, was spun off but ceased publication in November 2001.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2004 under Zinczenko's direction, "Men's Health" spun off "Best Life." May 2009 was "Best Life"{{'s}} last issue. "Best Life" was published 10 times a year and had a circulation of more than 500,000. Stephen Perrine, the former editorial creative director at "Men's Health", was the editor-in-chief. David Zinczenko was editorial director. In March 2008, "Best Life" finished #2 on Adweek's prestigious "10 under 50" Hot List, which recognizes magazines with fewer than $50 million in ad revenue.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2007, they also spun off "Men's Health on Campus" as a test with a goal for quarterly publication thereafter.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2009, "Men's Health" spun off "Children's Health", a special issue that was part of a Rodale publishing idea to work with President and First Lady Obama to show support for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The magazine published how-to stories about fitness and nutrition for children.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2013, "Men's Health" launched the radio show "Men's Health Live" in partnership with Entertainment Radio Network.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In April 2017, under Matt Bean, "Men's Health" released an online video franchise, MH Films, which has featured people such as Hafþór Björnsson, Erik Weihenmayer and Sam Calagione. In June 2017, the magazine launched MH Rec Room, specializing in shorter videos for social media featuring various fitness trainers, lifestyle influencers and authors.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: In 2012 "Men's Health" won the Digital Magazine Awards' Magazine Launch of the Year for its iPhone edition and a 2012 National Magazine Award in the Personal Service, Digital Media category for "Skin Cancer Center".

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: It was also recognized in 2017 as an "Ad Age" magazine of the year. In March 2017 "Men's Health" was named a Print Medal Finalist for the Society of Publication Designers' Annual Design Competition Awards; it was also nominated in 2015 and 2016.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Men's Health

Context: Although "Men's Health" was founded in the US, its international editions have made it the world's largest men's magazine brand.{{cbignore|bot=medic}} These magazines reach over 71 million readers worldwide. "Men's Health" is published in 35 editions.

Question: متى تأسست  مجلة صحة الرجل ؟


Continental drift

Context: Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed. The idea of continental drift has been subsumed into the science of plate tectonics, which studies the movement of the continents as they ride on plates of the Earth's lithosphere.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: The speculation that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. A pioneer of the modern view of mobilism was the Austrian geologist Otto Ampferer. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, but the hypothesis was rejected by many for lack of any motive mechanism. The English geologist Arthur Holmes later proposed mantle convection for that mechanism.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: Abraham Ortelius , Theodor Christoph Lilienthal (1756), Alexander von Humboldt (1801 and 1845), Antonio Snider-Pellegrini , and others had noted earlier that the shapes of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean (most notably, Africa and South America) seem to fit together. W. J. Kious described Ortelius' thoughts in this way:

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: This appeared to be confirmed by the exploration of the deep sea beds conducted by the "Challenger" expedition, 1872–1876, which showed that contrary to expectation, land debris brought down by rivers to the ocean is deposited comparatively close to the shore on what is now known as the continental shelf. This suggested that the oceans were a permanent feature of the Earth's surface, rather than them having "changed places" with the continents.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: Eduard Suess had proposed a supercontinent Gondwana in 1885 and the Tethys Ocean in 1893, assuming a land-bridge between the present continents submerged in the form of a geosyncline, and John Perry had written an 1895 paper proposing that the earth's interior was fluid, and disagreeing with Lord Kelvin on the age of the earth.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: Alfred Wegener first presented his hypothesis to the German Geological Society on 6 January 1912. His hypothesis was that the continents had once formed a single landmass, called Pangaea, before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: The English geologist Arthur Holmes championed the theory of continental drift at a time when it was deeply unfashionable. He proposed in 1931 that the Earth's mantle contained convection cells which dissipated heat produced by radioactive decay and moved the crust at the surface. His "Principles of Physical Geology", ending with a chapter on continental drift, was published in 1944.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: Geological maps of the time showed huge land bridges spanning the Atlantic and Indian oceans to account for the similarities of fauna and flora and the divisions of the Asian continent in the Permian period, but failing to account for glaciation in India, Australia and South Africa.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: David Attenborough, who attended university in the second half of the 1940s, recounted an incident illustrating its lack of acceptance then: "I once asked one of my lecturers why he was not talking to us about continental drift and I was told, sneeringly, that if I could prove there was a force that could move continents, then he might think about it. The idea was moonshine, I was informed."

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: As late as 1953—just five years before Carey introduced the theory of plate tectonics—the theory of continental drift was rejected by the physicist Scheidegger on the following grounds.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: In 1947, a team of scientists led by Maurice Ewing confirmed the existence of a rise in the central Atlantic Ocean, and found that the floor of the seabed beneath the sediments was chemically and physically different from continental crust.  As oceanographers continued to bathymeter the ocean basins, a system of mid-oceanic ridges was detected.  An important conclusion was that along this system, new ocean floor was being created, which led to the concept of the "Great Global Rift".

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: Without workable alternatives to explain the stripes, geophysicists were forced to conclude that Holmes had been right: ocean rifts were sites of perpetual orogeny at the boundaries of convection cells. By 1967, barely two decades after discovery of the mid-oceanic rifts, and a decade after discovery of the striping, plate tectonics had become axiomatic to modern geophysics.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: In addition, Marie Tharp, in collaboration with Bruce Heezen, who initially ridiculed Tharp's observations that her maps confirmed continental drift theory, provided essential corroboration, using her skills in cartography and seismographic data, to confirm the theory.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Continental drift

Context: The complementary arrangement of the facing sides of South America and Africa is obvious but a temporary coincidence. In millions of years, slab pull, ridge-push, and other forces of tectonophysics will further separate and rotate those two continents. It was that temporary feature that inspired Wegener to study what he defined as continental drift although he did not live to see his hypothesis generally accepted.

Question: متى يرجح حدوث الانجراف القاري ؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: The demography of Scotland includes all aspects of population, past and present, in the area that is now Scotland. Scotland has a population of 5,463,300, as of 2019. The population growth rate in 2011 was estimated as 0.6% per annum according to the 2011 GROS Annual Review.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: In the United Kingdom, a census was taken every ten years from 1801 onwards; with the exception of 1941 due to the Second World War. Population data for years prior to that is provided from directories and gazetteers

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: a. There was no census in 1941 however there was a National Registrar of the Civilian Population in 1939

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: A question on national identity was asked in the 2011 census: "what do you feel is your national identity?". Respondents could identify themselves as having more than one national identity.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: The council areas with at least 90% of the population stating some 'Scottish' national identity were North Lanarkshire, Inverclyde, East Ayrshire and West Dunbartonshire. The lowest proportions of people stating some 'Scottish' national identity were in Edinburgh (70%) and Aberdeen (75%).

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: The council areas with the highest proportions of people stating 'British' as their only national identity were Argyll and Bute and Shetland, each with 12%.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: Below is a table of national identity sorted by council area based on the results of the 2011 census:

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: English language is by far the most commonly spoken language in Scotland. Two regional languages of Scotland, Scottish Gaelic and Modern Scots, are protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Abilities in these languages for those aged three and above were recorded in the UK census 2011 as follows.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: Over 170 languages are spoken in Scotland. The 4 most commonly spoken non-English languages at home (by people aged 3 and over) are: Scots (55,817), Polish (54,186), Chinese (27,381), and Urdu (23,394).

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: Scotland's population grew most years between the first census in 1855 up to around 5.2 million in 1974. However, from 1974 to 2000 there was a natural decrease in population, with both an excess of deaths over births and of emigration over immigration - particularly to the rest of the United Kingdom. Since 2000 the population has increased most years and is projected to continue increasing until 2042.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: The population of children under age 5 grew by 6% (293,000) over the ten-year period between 2001 and 2011. However, the number of children aged 5–14 fell by 11% (69,000). The population of people over 65 also grew by 11% (85,000) and they now represent 17% of the total population and for the first time there are more people over 65 than under 15 years of age. Significantly, in 2011 there were 230,000 people over 80 years of age.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: The Scottish Government has responded to these demographic trends by setting up the Fresh Talent - Working in Scotland Scheme open to foreign (non-EU) graduates from Scotland's universities allowing them a two-year residency period after graduation.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: The general Fertility Rate (GFR) is based on the rate of births per 1000 females of child-bearing age (i.e. 15–44 years of age).

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: For comparison, during the latter part of the 20th century it was at its highest during the 'baby boom' of the 1960s. The GFR reached a peak of 99.5 births per 1000 women in 1962. In 2001 the GFR had fallen to its lowest post World War II level of 50 births per 1000 women.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: By way of historical comparison, the highest ever recorded was 53,522 in 1940. In the 1970s there were on average between 40 and 45,000 marriages per annum. The lowest annual figure in recent years was 27,524 in 2009 and lowest on record was 19,655 in 1858.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: Of specific interest were the number of so-called 'tourist marriages', where neither partner was resident in Scotland. In 2011 there were 6,829 such marriages, of which 48% took place at Gretna, the most popular of all wedding venues.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Demography of Scotland

Context: The Civil Partnership Act 2004 came into force in December 2005. In 2006 the number of civil partnership registrations was 1,047. A one-off figure given the number of long-standing relationships which already existed which could be registered. Since then the number of ceremonies each year fell from 688 in 2007 to 465 registrations in 2010. 2011 saw the first increase since 2006 with 554 registrations.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد سكان اسكتلندا في 2019؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey's career in media would not have surprised her grandmother, who once said that ever since Winfrey could talk, she was on stage. As a child, she played games interviewing her corncob doll and the crows on the fence of her family's property. Winfrey later acknowledged her grandmother's influence, saying it was Hattie Mae who had encouraged her to speak in public and "gave me a positive sense of myself".

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: On January 15, 2008, Winfrey and Discovery Communications announced plans to change Discovery Health Channel into a new channel called "OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network". It was scheduled to launch in 2009 but was delayed, and actually launched on January 1, 2011.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In January 2017, CBS announced that Winfrey would join "60 Minutes" as a special contributor on the Sunday evening news magazine program starting in September 2017. The National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2018 opened a special exhibit on Winfrey's cultural influence through television. Winfrey left "60 Minutes" by the end of 2018.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 2021, she conducted an interview with Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, and her husband Prince Harry, which was broadcast globally and received international media attention.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In late 2008, Winfrey's company Harpo Films signed an exclusive output pact to develop and produce scripted series, documentaries, and movies exclusively for HBO.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Oprah voiced Gussie the goose in "Charlotte's Web" (2006) and voiced Judge Bumbleton in "Bee Movie" (2007), co-starring the voices of Jerry Seinfeld and Renée Zellweger. In 2009, Winfrey provided the voice for the character of Eudora, the mother of Princess Tiana, in Disney's "The Princess and the Frog" and in 2010, narrated the US version of the BBC nature program "Life" for Discovery.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 2018, Winfrey starred as Mrs. Which in the film adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's novel "A Wrinkle in Time". She also lent her voice to an animated virtual-reality short film written and directed by Eric Darnell, starring John Legend, titled "Crow: The Legend", telling a native American origin tale.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey has co-authored five books. At the announcement of a weight-loss book in 2005, co-authored with her personal trainer Bob Greene, it was said that her undisclosed advance fee had broken the record for the world's highest book advance fee, previously held by the autobiography of former U.S. President Bill Clinton.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 2015, her memoir, "The Life You Want", was announced following on her tour of the same name, and scheduled for publication in 2017, but was "indefinitely postponed" in 2016.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey's company created the "Oprah.com" website to provide resources and interactive content related to her shows, magazines, book club, and public charity. Oprah.com averages more than 70 million page views and more than six million users per month, and receives approximately 20,000 e-mails each week. Winfrey initiated "Oprah's Child Predator Watch List", through her show and website, to help track down accused child molesters. Within the first 48 hours, two of the featured men were captured.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey currently lives on "The Promised Land", her 42-acre (17-ha) estate with ocean and mountain views in Montecito, California. Winfrey also owns a house in Lavallette, New Jersey; an apartment in Chicago; an estate on Fisher Island, Florida; a ski house in Telluride, Colorado; and properties on Maui, Hawaii; Antigua; and Orcas Island, Washington State.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey's high school sweetheart Anthony Otey recalled an innocent courtship that began in Winfrey's senior year of high school, from which he saved hundreds of love notes; Winfrey conducted herself with dignity and was a model student. The two spoke of getting married, but Otey claimed to have always secretly known that Winfrey was destined for a far greater life than he could ever provide. She broke up with him on Valentine's Day of her senior year.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In the 1970s, Winfrey had a romantic relationship with John Tesh. Biographer Kitty Kelley claims that Tesh split with Winfrey over the pressures of an interracial relationship.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: When WJZ-TV management criticized Winfrey for crying on air while reporting tragedies and were unhappy with her physical appearance (especially when her hair fell out as a result of a bad perm), Winfrey turned to reporter Lloyd Kramer for comfort. "Lloyd was just the best," Winfrey would later recall. "That man loved me even when I was bald! He was wonderful. He stuck with me through the whole demoralizing experience. That man was the most fun romance I ever had."

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey later confessed to smoking crack cocaine with a man she was romantically involved with during the same era. She explained on her show: "I always felt that the drug itself is not the problem but that I was addicted to the man." She added: "I can't think of anything I wouldn't have done for that man."

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey was allegedly involved in a second drug-related love affair. Self-proclaimed former boyfriend Randolph Cook said they lived together for several months in 1985 and did drugs. In 1997, Cook tried to sue Winfrey for $20 million for allegedly blocking a tell-all book about their alleged relationship.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In the mid-1980s, Winfrey briefly dated movie critic Roger Ebert, whom she credits with advising her to take her show into syndication.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 1985, before Winfrey's Chicago talk show had gone national, Haitian filmmaker Reginald Chevalier claims he appeared as a guest on a look-alike segment and began a relationship with Winfrey involving romantic evenings at home, candlelit baths, and dinners with Michael Jordan and Danny Glover. Chevalier says Winfrey ended the relationship when she met Stedman Graham.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey and her boyfriend Stedman Graham have been together since 1986. They were engaged to be married in November 1992, but the ceremony never took place.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey has also had a long friendship with Maria Shriver, after they met in Baltimore. Winfrey considered Maya Angelou, author of "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings", her mentor and close friend; she called Angelou her "mother-sister-friend". Winfrey hosted a week-long Caribbean cruise for Angelou and 150 guests for Angelou's 70th birthday in 1998, and in 2008, threw her "an extravagant 80th birthday celebration" at Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: "Forbes" list of The World's Billionaires has listed Winfrey as the world's only black billionaire from 2004 to 2006 and as the first black woman billionaire in the world that was achieved in 2003. As of 2014, Winfrey had a net worth in excess of 2.9 billion dollars and had overtaken former eBay CEO Meg Whitman as the richest self-made woman in America.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Oprah was raised a Baptist. In her early life, she would speak at local, mostly African American congregations of the Southern Baptist Convention that were often deeply religious and familiar with such themes as evangelical Protestantism, the Black church, and being born-again.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey was called "arguably the world's most powerful woman" by CNN and "TIME", "arguably the most influential woman in the world" by "The American Spectator", "" and "one of the most influential people" from 2004 to 2011 by "TIME". Winfrey is the only person to have appeared in the latter list on ten occasions.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: As chairman of Harpo Inc., she was named the most powerful woman in entertainment by "The Hollywood Reporter" in 2008. She has been listed as one of the most powerful 100 women in the world by "Forbes", ranking 14th in 2014. In 2010, "Life" magazine named Winfrey one of the 100 people who changed the world, alongside Jesus Christ, Elvis Presley, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Winfrey was the only living woman to make the list.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Observers have also noted the "Oprahfication" of politics such as "Oprah-style debates" and Bill Clinton being described as "the man who brought Oprah-style psychobabble and misty confessions to politics". "Newsweek" stated: "Every time a politician lets his lip quiver or a cable anchor 'emotes' on TV, they nod to the cult of confession that Oprah helped create.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: The November 1988 "Ms." observed that "in a society where fat is taboo, she made it in a medium that worships thin and celebrates a bland, white-bread prettiness of body and personality [...] But Winfrey made fat sexy, elegant – damned near gorgeous – with her drop-dead wardrobe, easy body language, and cheerful sensuality."

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In April 1997, Winfrey played the therapist in "The Puppy Episode" on the sitcom "Ellen" to whom the character (and the real-life Ellen DeGeneres) said she was a lesbian.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Matthew Baum and Angela Jamison performed an experiment testing their hypothesis, "Politically unaware individuals who consume soft news will be more likely to vote consistently than their counterparts who do not consume soft news". In their studies, they found that low-awareness individuals who watch soft news shows, such as "The Oprah Winfrey Show" are 14% more likely to vote consistently than low-awareness individuals who only watch hard news.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In April 2014, Winfrey spoke for more than 20 minutes at a fundraiser in Arlington, Virginia, for Lavern Chatman, a candidate in a primary to nominate a Democratic Party candidate for election to the U.S. House of Representatives. Winfrey participated in the event even after reports had revealed that Chatman had been found liable in 2001 for her role in a scheme to defraud hundreds of District of Columbia nursing-home employees of at least $1.4 million in owed wages.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election, and referred to Republican candidate Donald Trump as a "demagogue". In 2018, Winfrey canvassed door-to-door for Georgia gubernatorial Democratic nominee Stacey Abrams and donated $500,000 to the March for Our Lives student demonstration in favor of gun control in the United States.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In early 2018, Winfrey met with Mohammad bin Salman, the crown prince and de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, when he visited the United States.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 1998, Winfrey began an ongoing conversation with Gary Zukav, an American spiritual teacher, who appeared on her television show 35 times. Winfrey has said she keeps a copy of Zukav's "The Seat of the Soul" at her bedside, a book that she says is one of her all-time favorites.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: A February 2003 series, in which Winfrey showed clips from people all over the world asking America not to go to war, was interrupted in several East Coast markets by network broadcasts of a press conference in which President George W. Bush and Colin Powell summarized the case for war.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: Winfrey was named as the 2008 Person of the Year by animal-rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) for using her fame and listening audience to help the less fortunate, including animals. PETA praised Winfrey for using her talk show to uncover horrific cases of cruelty to animals in puppy mills and on factory farms, and Winfrey even used the show to highlight the cruelty-free vegan diet that she tried.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 2009, Winfrey filmed a series of interviews in Denmark highlighting its citizens as the happiest people in the world. In 2010, Bill O'Reilly of Fox News criticized these shows for promoting a left-wing society. Following the launch of the "Super Soul Sunday" and "SuperSoul Sessions" programs on Harpo Productions' SuperSoul TV, in 2016 Winfrey selected 100 people for the "SuperSoul 100" list of "innovators and visionaries who are aligned on a mission to move humanity forward".

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: On using the N-word, Winfrey said, "You cannot be my friend and use that word around me. ... I always think of the...people who heard that as their last word as they were hanging from a tree."

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: The viewership for "The Oprah Winfrey Show" was highest during the 1991–92 season, when about 13.1 million U.S. viewers were watching each day. By 2003, ratings declined to 7.4 million daily viewers. Ratings briefly rebounded to approximately 9 million in 2005 and then declined again to around 7.3 million viewers in 2008, though it remained the highest rated talk show.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 2008, Winfrey's show was airing in 140 countries internationally and seen by an estimated 46 million people in the US weekly. According to the Harris poll, Winfrey was America's favorite television personality in 1998, 2000, 2002–06, and 2009. Winfrey was especially popular among women, Democrats, political moderates, Baby Boomers, Generation X, Southern Americans, and East Coast Americans.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 2004, Winfrey became the first black person to rank among the 50 most generous Americans and she remained among the top 50 until 2010. By 2012, she had given away about $400 million to educational causes.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: As of 2012, Winfrey had also given over 400 scholarships to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. Winfrey was the recipient of the first Bob Hope Humanitarian Award at the 2002 Emmy Awards for services to television and film. To celebrate two decades on national TV, and to thank her employees for their hard work, Winfrey took her staff and their families (1,065 people in total) on vacation to Hawaii in the summer of 2006.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 2013, Winfrey donated $12 million to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture. President Barack Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom later that same year.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In 1998, Winfrey created the Oprah's Angel Network, a charity that supported charitable projects and provided grants to nonprofit organizations around the world. Oprah's Angel Network raised more than $80 million ($1 million of which was donated by Jon Bon Jovi). Winfrey personally covered all administrative costs associated with the charity, so 100% of all funds raised went to charity programs. In May 2010, with Oprah's show ending, the charity stopped accepting donations and was shut down.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Oprah Winfrey

Context: In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Oprah created the Oprah Angel Network Katrina registry which raised more than $11 million for relief efforts. Winfrey personally gave $10 million to the cause. Homes were built in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama before the one-year anniversary of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

Question: اين ولدت المذيعة الامريكية اوبرا وينفري؟


Austrian Empire

Context: The Austrian Empire (, modern spelling "", ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom. Along with Prussia, it was one of the two major powers of the German Confederation. Geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire ().

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: The Kingdom of Hungary—as Regnum Independens—was administered by its own institutions separately from the rest of the empire. After Austria was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was adopted, joining the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form Austria-Hungary.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: Under Metternich, nationalist revolts in Austrian north Italy and in the German states were forcibly crushed. At home, he pursued a similar policy to suppress revolutionary and liberal ideals. He employed the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which used strict censorship of education, press and speech to repress revolutionary and liberal concepts. Metternich also used a wide-ranging spy network to dampen down unrest.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: From March 1848 through November 1849, the Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements, most of which were of a nationalist character. Besides that, liberal and even socialist currents resisted the empire's longstanding conservatism. Although most of the revolution plans failed, some changes were made; significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom, cancellation of censorship and a promise made by Ferdinand I of Austria said to implement a constitution throughout the whole Empire.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: However, Bach's relaxed ideological views (apart from the neo-absolutism) led to a great rise in the 1850s of economic freedom. Internal customs duties were abolished, and peasants were emancipated from their feudal obligations.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: In her capacity as leader of the German Confederation, Austria participated with volunteers in the First War of Schleswig (1848–1850).

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: Sardinia allied itself with France for the conquest of Lombardy–Venetia. Austria was defeated in the 1859 armed conflict. The Treaties of Villafranca and Zürich removed Lombardy, except for the part east of the Mincio river, the so-called Mantovano.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: The Constitution of 1861 created a House of Lords () and a House of Deputies (). But most nationalities of the monarchy remained dissatisfied.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: After the second war with Denmark in 1864, Holstein came under Austrian, Schleswig and Lauenburg under Prussian administration. But the internal difficulties continued. Diets replaced the parliament in 17 provinces, the Hungarians pressed for autonomy, and Venetia was attracted by the now unified Italy.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: After the Austrian army was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the German Confederation was dissolved, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was adopted. By this act, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria as two separate entities joined on an equal basis to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. During World War I,

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: The frequent abbreviation K.u.K. ("Kaiserliche und Königliche", "Imperial and Royal") does not refer to that dual monarchy but originated in 1745, when the "royal" part referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary. However, during World War I Austria-Hungary issued military stamps for use in occupied regions, with the text "K.u.K. Feldpost" or K.u.K. Militärpost.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: Despite military defeats of the Austrian army—especially the Battles of Marengo, Ulm, Austerlitz and Wagram—and consequently lost territory throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (the Treaties of Campo Formio in 1797, Luneville in 1801, Pressburg in 1806, and Schönbrunn in 1809), Austria played a decisive part in the overthrow of Napoleon in the campaigns of 1813–14. It participated in a second invasion of France in 1815, and put an end to Murat's regime in south Italy.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: During the Crimean War Austria maintained a policy of hostile neutrality towards Russia, and, while not going to war, was supportive of the Anglo-French coalition. Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war, which contributed to Russia's non-intervention in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy; and in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, with the loss of its influence in most German-speaking land.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: Crown lands of the Austrian Empire after the 1815 Congress of Vienna, including the local government reorganizations from the Revolutions of 1848 to the 1860 October Diploma:

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Austrian Empire

Context: From 1850 Kingdom of Croatia, Kingdom of Slavonia and Military Frontier constitute a single land with disaggregated provincial and military administration, and representation.

Question: متى تاسس الجيش النمساوي؟


Fansipan

Context: The origin of the name "Phan Xi Păng" is unclear. The most accepted theory is that it evolved from "Hủa Xi Pan" ("the tottering giant rock") – the name that the locals called the mountain based on its shape. Another theory suggested that the name came from the Hmong people, as it means "Azalea Mountain" in their language due to the prevalence of azalea and other species of Rhododendron genus on the mountain.

Question: ما هو اعلى جبال فيتنام ؟


Fansipan

Context: It has also been suggested that the name could have derived from Phan Văn Sơn, a geography official in the Nguyễn dynasty who helped the French to map the area and define the border with China in 1905. Due to the inaccurate local pronunciation, the name generally evolved into "Phan Xi Păng".

Question: ما هو اعلى جبال فيتنام ؟


Fansipan

Context: The initial metal pyramid was made and installed here by Soviet engineers from Hòa Bình in 1985. The amateur mountaineering expedition was the first one since the end of the colonial period and was officially timed to the 40th anniversary of the Victory Day of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany.

Question: ما هو اعلى جبال فيتنام ؟


Fansipan

Context: Tour companies in the area will arrange hikes to the summit taking from one to three days. Most recommend taking the two or three-day options, and few guides will take tourists on a round trip in a single day.

Question: ما هو اعلى جبال فيتنام ؟


Fansipan

Context: A very small village is located at around where accommodation and food is offered. Further up, at , is an overnight camp. Most booked trips include the use of these facilities in their price should they be required.

Question: ما هو اعلى جبال فيتنام ؟


Fansipan

Context: Currently, there are also climbing trains that help climbers get past the walking stairs. Round-trip cable fare is VND 700,000 and round-trip climbing train is VND 150,000. There are discounts for students.

Question: ما هو اعلى جبال فيتنام ؟


Fructose

Context: Commercially, fructose is derived from sugar cane, sugar beets, and maize. High-fructose corn syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose as monosaccharides. Sucrose is a compound with one molecule of glucose covalently linked to one molecule of fructose. All forms of fructose, including fruits and juices, are commonly added to foods and drinks for palatability and taste enhancement, and for browning of some foods, such as baked goods. About 240,000 tonnes of crystalline fructose are produced annually.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: The word "fructose" was coined in 1857 from the Latin for "fructus" (fruit) and the generic chemical suffix for sugars, "-ose". It is also called fruit sugar and levulose or laevulose.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose is a 6-carbon polyhydroxyketone. Crystalline fructose adopts a cyclic six-membered structure, called β--fructopyranose, owing to the stability of its hemiketal and internal hydrogen-bonding. In solution, fructose exists as an equilibrium mixture of the tautomers β--fructopyranose, β--fructofuranose, α--fructofuranose, α--fructopyranose and "keto"--fructose (the non-cyclic form).

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: The distribution of -fructose tautomers in solution is related to several variables, such as solvent and temperature. -Fructopyranose and -fructofuranose distributions in water have been identified multiple times as roughly 70% fructopyranose and 22% fructofuranose.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose may be anaerobically fermented by yeast or bacteria. Yeast enzymes convert sugar (sucrose, glucose, or fructose, but not lactose) to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some of the carbon dioxide produced during fermentation will remain dissolved in water, where it will reach equilibrium with carbonic acid. The dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid produce the carbonation in some fermented beverages, such as champagne.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose undergoes the Maillard reaction, non-enzymatic browning, with amino acids. Because fructose exists to a greater extent in the open-chain form than does glucose, the initial stages of the Maillard reaction occur more rapidly than with glucose. Therefore, fructose has potential to contribute to changes in food palatability, as well as other nutritional effects, such as excessive browning, volume and tenderness reduction during cake preparation, and formation of mutagenic compounds.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose readily dehydrates to give hydroxymethylfurfural ("HMF", ), which can be processed into liquid dimethylfuran ().

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: This process, in the future, may become part of a low-cost, carbon-neutral system to produce replacements for petrol and diesel from plants.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: The sweetness of fructose is perceived earlier than that of sucrose or glucose, and the taste sensation reaches a peak (higher than that of sucrose), and diminishes more quickly than that of sucrose. Fructose can also enhance other flavors in the system.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose exhibits a sweetness synergy effect when used in combination with other sweeteners. The relative sweetness of fructose blended with sucrose, aspartame, or saccharin is perceived to be greater than the sweetness calculated from individual components.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose has higher water solubility than other sugars, as well as other sugar alcohols. Fructose is, therefore, difficult to crystallize from an aqueous solution. Sugar mixes containing fructose, such as candies, are softer than those containing other sugars because of the greater solubility of fructose.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose is quicker to absorb moisture and slower to release it to the environment than sucrose, glucose, or other nutritive sweeteners. Fructose is an excellent humectant and retains moisture for a long period of time even at low relative humidity (RH). Therefore, fructose can contribute a more palatable texture, and longer shelf life to the food products in which it is used.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose has a greater effect on freezing point depression than disaccharides or oligosaccharides, which may protect the integrity of cell walls of fruit by reducing ice crystal formation. However, this characteristic may be undesirable in soft-serve or hard-frozen dairy desserts.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose increases starch viscosity more rapidly and achieves a higher final viscosity than sucrose because fructose lowers the temperature required during gelatinizing of starch, causing a greater final viscosity.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Although some artificial sweeteners are not suitable for home-baking, many traditional recipes use fructose.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Table 1 also shows the amount of sucrose found in common fruits and vegetables. Sugarcane and sugar beet have a high concentration of sucrose, and are used for commercial preparation of pure sucrose. Extracted cane or beet juice is clarified, removing impurities; and concentrated by removing excess water. The end-product is 99.9%-pure sucrose. Sucrose-containing sugars include common white sugar and powdered sugar, as well as brown sugar.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: The carbohydrate figure is calculated in the USDA database and does not always correspond to the sum of the sugars, the starch, and the "dietary fiber".

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: The fructose/glucose ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of free fructose plus half sucrose by the sum of free glucose plus half sucrose.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Fructose is also found in the manufactured sweetener, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which is produced by treating corn syrup with enzymes, converting glucose into fructose. The common designations for fructose content, HFCS-42 and HFCS-55, indicate the percentage of fructose present in HFCS. HFCS-55 is commonly used as a sweetener for soft drinks, whereas HFCS-42 is used to sweeten processed foods, breakfast cereals, bakery foods, and some soft drinks.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: Providing 368 kcal per 100 grams of dry powder (table), fructose has 95% the caloric value of sucrose by weight. Fructose powder is 100% carbohydrates and supplies no other nutrients in significant amount (table).

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: In addition, fructose transfer activity increases with dietary fructose intake. The presence of fructose in the lumen causes increased mRNA transcription of GLUT5, leading to increased transport proteins. High-fructose diets (>2.4 g/kg body wt) increase transport proteins within three days of intake.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: An expert panel of the European Food Safety Authority concluded that fructose is preferred in food and beverage manufacturing to replace sucrose and glucose due to the lower effect of fructose on blood glucose levels following a meal.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Fructose

Context: In a meta-analysis of clinical trials with controlled feeding—where test subjects were fed a fixed amount of energy rather than being allowed to choose the amount they ate—fructose was not an independent factor for weight gain. However, fructose consumption was associated with weight gain when the fructose provided excess calories.

Question: أين يوجد الفركتوز أو سكر الفاكهة؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Lucky Luke is a Western bande dessinée series created by Belgian cartoonist Morris in 1946. Morris wrote and drew the series single-handedly until 1955, after which he started collaborating with French writer René Goscinny. Their partnership lasted until Goscinny's death in 1977. Afterwards, Morris used several other writers until his own death in 2001. Since Morris's death, French artist Achdé has drawn the series, scripted by several successive writers.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: The series takes place in the American Old West of the United States. It stars the titular Lucky Luke, a street-smart gunslinger known as the "man who shoots faster than his shadow", and his intelligent horse Jolly Jumper. Lucky Luke is pitted against various villains, either fictional or inspired by American history or folklore. The most famous of these are the Dalton Brothers, loosely based on the Dalton Gang of the early 1890s. The stories are filled with humorous elements parodying the Western genre.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: The series has also had adaptations in other media, such as animated films and television series, live-action films, video games, toys, and board games. As of 2022, all 81 books in the series' regular albums will be available in English translation.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Simultaneously a tribute to the mythic Old West and an affectionate parody, the comics were created by Belgian artist Morris, who drew "Lucky Luke" from 1946 until his death in 2001. The first "Lucky Luke" adventure, "Arizona 1880", appeared in the French version of the Franco-Belgian comics magazine "Spirou" in December 1946. It later appeared in the "Almanach" issue of "Spirou" on 7 December 1946.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: After the death of Goscinny in 1977, several writers succeeded him: including Raymond "Vicq" Antoine, Bob de Groot, Jean Léturgie and Lo Hartog van Banda. At the 1993 Angoulême International Comics Festival, "Lucky Luke" was given an honorary exhibition.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: After Morris' death in 2001, French artist Achdé continued drawing new "Lucky Luke" stories in collaboration with writers Laurent Gerra, Daniel Pennac and Tonino Benacquista. Since 2016, new albums are scripted by writer Jul.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Lucky Luke comics have been translated into: Afrikaans, Arabic, Bengali, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese (both in the Brazilian and European forms), Serbian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Turkish, Vietnamese and Welsh.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Although always described as a cowboy, Luke generally acts as a righter of wrongs or bodyguard of some sort, where he excels thanks to his on-hand resourcefulness and incredible gun prowess. A recurring task is that of capturing the bumbling but menacing gangsters the Dalton brothers, Joe, William, Jack and Averell. He rides Jolly Jumper, "the smartest horse in the world" and is often accompanied by prison guard dog Rantanplan, "the stupidest dog in the universe", a spoof of Rin Tin Tin.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Except in the first few stories, where he shoots and kills Mad Jim and the old Dalton brothers gang in Coffeyville, Luke is never seen to kill anyone, preferring to disarm people by simply shooting weapons out of their hands.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Phil Defer was killed in the first publication in "Le Moustique", but in the later album collection, this was changed into a debilitating shoulder wound.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In the final panel of each story, except the earliest, Lucky Luke rides off alone on Jolly Jumper into the sunset, singing (in English) "I'm a poor lonesome cowboy, and a long way from home...".

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Morris, who had been criticized over Lucky Luke's cigarette for a long time, answered his critics: "the cigarette is part of the character's profile, just like the pipe of Popeye or Maigret". It is claimed that Morris was forced to remove cigarettes Lucky Luke smokes from his strip and Lucky Luke who "used to be a heavy smoker", had to give up smoking for "commercial reasons", apparently to "gain access to the American market".

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Morris received an award from the World Health Organization in 1988 for replacing Luke's omnipresent cigarette with a wisp of straw in the story "Fingers" (1983).

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: A spin-off series called "Rantanplan" starring Luke's dimwitted canine sidekick began in 1987. It has been written over the years by several successive teams of writers and artists. The character also got a 76-episode animated television series in 2006.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Apart from the collections mentioned below, Lucky Luke comics were published in British comic book magazines such as "Film Fun Comic" or "Giggle" (in 1967). The "Giggle" version had Luke's name changed to "Buck Bingo".

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Brockhampton Press Ltd, Leicester, began publishing the books in hardcover and softcover, with six titles from 1972 to 1974, translated by Frederick W Nolan. Brockhampton became part of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd in 1976, and under their children's imprint, Knight Books, Hodder published mini-sized paperback editions of the first six books, in 1976 to 1977. In 1980 and 1982, Hodder & Stoughton published three new titles as Hodder Dargaud, as well as reprints of the previous six.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Cinebook Ltd have been publishing English language translations of Lucky Luke in softcover album format since 2006. One new volume is released every two months. In India only, Euro Books, a division of Euro Kids International Ltd. published English versions of 24 Lucky Luke titles in 2009.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In 2019 Cinebook began releasing a hardcover collection of "Lucky Luke", published in chronological order featuring three to four original albums per volume together with a vast amount of extras included, titled "Lucky Luke - The Complete Collection."

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Cinebook also published translations of the two Matthieu Bonhomme homages: "Wanted Lucky Luke" (2021) and "The Man Who Shot Lucky Luke" (2022).

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In 1990, a new animated series of 26 episodes was produced by IDDH, with the collaboration of Morris, based on album stories not adapted in the prior series.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: The 1992 live-action Italian television series, "Lucky Luke", also known as "The Adventures of Lucky Luke", was based on the films of the previous year, and again starred Terence Hill.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In 2001, Xilam produced the 52-episode animated series "Les Nouvelles aventures de Lucky Luke" ("The New Adventures of Lucky Luke"). It was made available on an eight-disc DVD set with French and English audio tracks. This series also featured Colonel Custer who in this incarnation is an Indian-hater and a dwarf. Unlike the two earlier animated series, this series featured original stories.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Over the years, several "Lucky Luke" video games have been released for many platforms, most of them by Infogrames, and only released in Europe (the only ones released for the North American market were the Game Boy Color and PlayStation versions).

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: A Lucky Luke game was also developed for mobile phones by The Mighty Troglodytes. "Lucky Luke: Go West" was released in Europe for the PC, Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS in the end of 2007.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In 2013, French publishers Dupuis and Anuman Interactive announced the development of a new Time Management game: "Lucky Luke: Transcontinental Railroad" (set in the 1860s) on PC, Mac, iOS and Android.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In the Belgian Comic Strip Center in Brussels the permanent exhibition brings homage to the pioneers of Belgian comics, among them Morris. In the room dedicated to his work the entry has saloon doors and Luke's shadow can be seen on the floor and on the wall.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In 1992, as part of the Brussels' Comic Book Route, a wall in the Rue de la Buandrie/ Washuisstraat in Brussels was dedicated to "Lucky Luke". It was designed by D. Vandegeerde and G. Oreopoulos.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: Since 2007 the Rue des Pierres/ Steenstraat in Brussels has a commemorative plaque with the name "Rue Lucky Luke/ Lucky Luke straat" placed under the actual street sign.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In Charleroi, Belgium, a statue of Lucky Luke can be seen in the Astrid Park. The nearby Charleroi Metro station Parc is also decorated with scenes of Lucky Luke.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In 2000, statues of Lucky Luke, Ratanplan and Joe Dalton were erected in the Jules Van den Heuvelstraat, Middelkerke, Belgium. They were designed by Luc Madou.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In 1993, French rapper MC Solaar released his song "Nouveau Western" with references to Lucky Luke and the Daltons.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


Lucky Luke

Context: In 2015, Danish reggaeton band Camilo & Grande released a single called "Lucky Luke", in which they liken their lives to that of Lucky Luke.

Question: متى تأسست مجلّة لاكي لوك؟


COBOL

Context: COBOL statements have an English-like syntax, which was designed to be self-documenting and highly readable. However, it is verbose and uses over 300 reserved words. In contrast with modern, succinct syntax like , COBOL has a more English-like syntax (in this case, ).

Question: ما هي لغة كوبال؟


COBOL

Context: COBOL code is split into four "divisions" (identification, environment, data, and procedure) containing a rigid hierarchy of sections, paragraphs and sentences. Lacking a large standard library, the standard specifies 43 statements, 87 functions and just one class.

Question: ما هي لغة كوبال؟


COBOL

Context: Academic computer scientists were generally uninterested in business applications when COBOL was created and were not involved in its design; it was (effectively) designed from the ground up as a computer language for business, with an emphasis on inputs and outputs, whose only data types were numbers and strings of text.

Question: ما هي لغة كوبال؟


COBOL

Context: COBOL has been criticized throughout its life for its verbosity, design process, and poor support for structured programming. These weaknesses result in monolithic, verbose (intended to be English-like) programs that are not easily comprehensible.

Question: ما هي لغة كوبال؟


COBOL

Context: For years, COBOL has been assumed as a programming language for business operations in mainframes, although in recent years an increasing interest has surged on migrating COBOL operations to cloud computing.

Question: ما هي لغة كوبال؟


Optical fiber

Context: The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as "fiber optics". The term was coined by Indian-American physicist Narinder Singh Kapany, who is widely acknowledged as the father of fiber optics.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s. John Tyndall included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London, 12 years later. Tyndall also wrote about the property of total internal reflection in an introductory book about the nature of light in 1870:

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Kapany coined the term "fiber optics", wrote a 1960 article in "Scientific American" that introduced the topic to a wide audience, and wrote the first book about the new field.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The first working fiber-optic data transmission system was demonstrated by German physicist Manfred Börner at Telefunken Research Labs in Ulm in 1965, which was followed by the first patent application for this technology in 1966. In 1968, NASA used fiber optics in the television cameras that were sent to the moon. At the time, the use in the cameras was classified "confidential", and employees handling the cameras had to be supervised by someone with an appropriate security clearance.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Initially, high-quality optical fibers could only be manufactured at 2 meters per second. Chemical engineer Thomas Mensah joined Corning in 1983 and increased the speed of manufacture to over 50 meters per second, making optical fiber cables cheaper than traditional copper ones. These innovations ushered in the era of optical fiber telecommunication.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The Italian research center CSELT worked with Corning to develop practical optical fiber cables, resulting in the first metropolitan fiber optic cable being deployed in Turin in 1977. CSELT also developed an early technique for splicing optical fibers, called Springroove.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Attenuation in modern optical cables is far less than in electrical copper cables, leading to long-haul fiber connections with repeater distances of . The erbium-doped fiber amplifier, which reduced the cost of long-distance fiber systems by reducing or eliminating optical-electrical-optical repeaters, was developed by two teams led by David N. Payne of the University of Southampton and Emmanuel Desurvire at Bell Labs in 1986 and 1987.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The emerging field of photonic crystals led to the development in 1991 of photonic-crystal fiber, which guides light by diffraction from a periodic structure, rather than by total internal reflection. The first photonic crystal fibers became commercially available in 2000. Photonic crystal fibers can carry higher power than conventional fibers and their wavelength-dependent properties can be manipulated to improve performance.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Optical fiber is used as a medium for telecommunication and computer networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especially advantageous for long-distance communications, because infrared light propagates through the fiber with much lower attenuation compared to electricity in electrical cables. This allows long distances to be spanned with few repeaters.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Through the use of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), each fiber can carry many independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light. The net data rate (data rate without overhead bytes) per fiber is the per-channel data rate reduced by the FEC overhead, multiplied by the number of channels (usually up to 80 in commercial dense WDM systems ).

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: For short-distance applications, such as a network in an office building (see fiber to the office), fiber-optic cabling can save space in cable ducts. This is because a single fiber can carry much more data than electrical cables such as standard category 5 cable, which typically runs at 100 Mbit/s or 1 Gbit/s speeds.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Fibers are often also used for short-distance connections between devices. For example, most high-definition televisions offer a digital audio optical connection. This allows the streaming of audio over light, using the S/PDIF protocol over an optical TOSLINK connection.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. In some applications, the sensor is itself an optical fiber. Fibers are used to channel radiation to a sensor where it is measured. In other cases, fiber is used to connect a sensor to a measurement system.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Common uses for fiber optic sensors include advanced intrusion detection security systems. The light is transmitted along a fiber optic sensor cable placed on a fence, pipeline, or communication cabling, and the returned signal is monitored and analyzed for disturbances. This return signal is digitally processed to detect disturbances and trip an alarm if an intrusion has occurred.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Optical fiber can be used to transmit power using a photovoltaic cell to convert the light into electricity. While this method of power transmission is not as efficient as conventional ones, it is especially useful in situations where it is desirable not to have a metallic conductor as in the case of use near MRI machines, which produce strong magnetic fields. Other examples are for powering electronics in high-powered antenna elements and measurement devices used in high-voltage transmission equipment.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Optical fibers are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light needs to be shone on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. Many microscopes use fiber-optic light sources to provide intense illumination of samples being studied.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Optical fiber is also used in imaging optics. A coherent bundle of fibers is used, sometimes along with lenses, for a long, thin imaging device called an endoscope, which is used to view objects through a small hole. Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures. Industrial endoscopes (see fiberscope or borescope) are used for inspecting anything hard to reach, such as jet engine interiors.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: In some buildings, optical fibers route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the building (see nonimaging optics). Optical-fiber lamps are used for illumination in decorative applications, including signs, art, toys and artificial Christmas trees. Optical fiber is an intrinsic part of the light-transmitting concrete building product LiTraCon.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Optical fiber can also be used in structural health monitoring. This type of sensor is able to detect stresses that may have a lasting impact on structures. It is based on the principle of measuring analog attenuation.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: In spectroscopy, optical fiber bundles transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance that cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyze its composition. A spectrometer analyzes substances by bouncing light off and through them. By using fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects remotely.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Optical fiber is also widely exploited as a nonlinear medium. The glass medium supports a host of nonlinear optical interactions, and the long interaction lengths possible in fiber facilitate a variety of phenomena, which are harnessed for applications and fundamental investigation. Conversely, fiber nonlinearity can have deleterious effects on optical signals, and measures are often required to minimize such unwanted effects.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Fiber-optic sights for handguns, rifles, and shotguns use pieces of optical fiber to improve the visibility of markings on the sight.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Fiber is immune to electrical interference; there is no cross-talk between signals in different cables and no pickup of environmental noise. Information traveling inside the optical fiber is even immune to electromagnetic pulses generated by nuclear devices.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Fiber cables are not targeted for metal theft. In contrast, copper cable systems use large amounts of copper and have been targeted since the 2000s commodities boom.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Some special-purpose optical fiber is constructed with a non-cylindrical core or cladding layer, usually with an elliptical or rectangular cross-section. These include polarization-maintaining fiber used in fiber optic sensors and fiber designed to suppress whispering gallery mode propagation.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Photonic-crystal fiber is made with a regular pattern of index variation (often in the form of cylindrical holes that run along the length of the fiber). Such fiber uses diffraction effects instead of or in addition to total internal reflection, to confine light to the fiber's core. The properties of the fiber can be tailored to a wide variety of applications.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Single-mode optical fibers can be made with extremely low loss. Corning's SMF-28 fiber, a standard single-mode fiber for telecommunications wavelengths, has a loss of 0.17 dB/km at 1550 nm. For example, an 8 km length of SMF-28 transmits nearly 75% of light at 1,550 nm. It has been noted that if ocean water was as clear as fiber, one could see all the way to the bottom even of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, a depth of .

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Empirical research has shown that attenuation in optical fiber is caused primarily by both scattering and absorption.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The propagation of light through the core of an optical fiber is based on total internal reflection of the lightwave. Rough and irregular surfaces, even at the molecular level, can cause light rays to be reflected in random directions. This is called diffuse reflection or scattering, and it is typically characterized by wide variety of reflection angles.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Scattering depends on the wavelength of the light being scattered. Thus, limits to spatial scales of visibility arise, depending on the frequency of the incident light-wave and the physical dimension (or spatial scale) of the scattering center, which is typically in the form of some specific micro-structural feature. Since visible light has a wavelength of the order of one micrometer (one millionth of a meter) scattering centers will have dimensions on a similar spatial scale.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: In addition to light scattering, attenuation or signal loss can also occur due to selective absorption of specific wavelengths, in a manner similar to that responsible for the appearance of color. Primary material considerations include both electrons and molecules as follows:

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Thus, multi-phonon absorption occurs when two or more phonons simultaneously interact to produce electric dipole moments with which the incident radiation may couple. These dipoles can absorb energy from the incident radiation, reaching a maximum coupling with the radiation when the frequency is equal to the fundamental vibrational mode of the molecular dipole (e.g. Si–O bond) in the far-infrared, or one of its harmonics.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The selective absorption of infrared (IR) light by a particular material occurs because the selected frequency of the light wave matches the frequency (or an integer multiple of the frequency) at which the particles of that material vibrate. Since different atoms and molecules have different natural frequencies of vibration, they will selectively absorb different frequencies (or portions of the spectrum) of infrared (IR) light.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Reflection and transmission of light waves occur because the frequencies of the light waves do not match the natural resonant frequencies of vibration of the objects. When IR light of these frequencies strikes an object, the energy is either reflected or transmitted.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Attenuation over a cable run is significantly increased by the inclusion of connectors and splices. When computing the acceptable attenuation (loss budget) between a transmitter and a receiver one includes:

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Connectors typically introduce 0.3 dB per connector on well-polished connectors. Splices typically introduce less than 0.3 dB per splice.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Loss = dB loss per connector × number of connectors + dB loss per splice × number of splices + dB loss per kilometer × kilometers of fiber,

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: where the dB loss per kilometer is a function of the type of fiber and can be found in the manufacturer's specifications. For example, typical 1550 nm single mode fiber has a loss of 0.4 dB per kilometer.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The calculated loss budget is used when testing to confirm that the measured loss is within the normal operating parameters.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Glass optical fibers are almost always made from silica, but some other materials, such as fluorozirconate, fluoroaluminate, and chalcogenide glasses as well as crystalline materials like sapphire, are used for longer-wavelength infrared or other specialized applications. Silica and fluoride glasses usually have refractive indices of about 1.5, but some materials such as the chalcogenides can have indices as high as 3. Typically the index difference between core and cladding is less than one percent.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Plastic optical fibers (POF) are commonly step-index multi-mode fibers with a core diameter of 0.5 millimeters or larger. POF typically have higher attenuation coefficients than glass fibers, 1 dB/m or higher, and this high attenuation limits the range of POF-based systems.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Particularly for active fibers, pure silica is usually not a very suitable host glass, because it exhibits a low solubility for rare-earth ions. This can lead to quenching effects due to clustering of dopant ions. Aluminosilicates are much more effective in this respect.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Silica fiber also exhibits a high threshold for optical damage. This property ensures a low tendency for laser-induced breakdown. This is important for fiber amplifiers when utilized for the amplification of short pulses.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Because of these properties silica fibers are the material of choice in many optical applications, such as communications (except for very short distances with plastic optical fiber), fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, and fiber-optic sensors. Large efforts put forth in the development of various types of silica fibers have further increased the performance of such fibers over other materials.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: An example of a heavy metal fluoride glass is the ZBLAN glass group, composed of zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminium, and sodium fluorides. Their main technological application is as optical waveguides in both planar and fiber form. They are advantageous especially in the mid-infrared (2,000–5,000 nm) range.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Phosphate glass constitutes a class of optical glasses composed of metaphosphates of various metals. Instead of the SiO4 tetrahedra observed in silicate glasses, the building block for this glass former is phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), which crystallizes in at least four different forms. The most familiar polymorph (see figure) comprises molecules of P4O10.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Phosphate glasses can be advantageous over silica glasses for optical fibers with a high concentration of doping rare-earth ions. A mix of fluoride glass and phosphate glass is fluorophosphate glass.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The chalcogens—the elements in group 16 of the periodic table—particularly sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te)—react with more electropositive elements, such as silver, to form chalcogenides. These are extremely versatile compounds, in that they can be crystalline or amorphous, metallic or semiconducting, and conductors of ions or electrons. Glass containing chalcogenides can be used to make fibers for far infrared transmission.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Standard optical fibers are made by first constructing a large-diameter "preform" with a carefully controlled refractive index profile, and then "pulling" the preform to form the long, thin optical fiber. The preform is commonly made by three chemical vapor deposition methods: "inside vapor deposition", "outside vapor deposition", and "vapor axial deposition".

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Typical communications fiber uses a circular preform. For some applications such as double-clad fibers another form is preferred. In fiber lasers based on double-clad fiber, an asymmetric shape improves the filling factor for laser pumping.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Because of the surface tension, the shape is smoothed during the drawing process, and the shape of the resulting fiber does not reproduce the sharp edges of the preform. Nevertheless, careful polishing of the preform is important, since any defects of the preform surface affect the optical and mechanical properties of the resulting fiber. In particular, the preform for the test-fiber shown in the figure was not polished well, and cracks are seen with the confocal optical microscope.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The preform, however constructed, is placed in a device known as a drawing tower, where the preform tip is heated and the optical fiber is pulled out as a string. By measuring the resultant fiber width, the tension on the fiber can be controlled to maintain the fiber thickness.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The light is guided down the core of the fiber by an optical cladding with a lower refractive index that traps light in the core through total internal reflection.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The cladding is coated by a buffer that protects it from moisture and physical damage. The buffer coating is what gets stripped off the fiber for termination or splicing. These coatings are UV-cured urethane acrylate composite or polyimide materials applied to the outside of the fiber during the drawing process. The coatings protect the very delicate strands of glass fiber—about the size of a human hair—and allow it to survive the rigors of manufacturing, proof testing, cabling and installation.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Today’s glass optical fiber draw processes employ a dual-layer coating approach. An inner primary coating is designed to act as a shock absorber to minimize attenuation caused by microbending. An outer secondary coating protects the primary coating against mechanical damage and acts as a barrier to lateral forces, and may be colored to differentiate strands in bundled cable constructions.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: These fiber optic coating layers are applied during the fiber draw, at speeds approaching . Fiber optic coatings are applied using one of two methods: "wet-on-dry" and "wet-on-wet". In wet-on-dry, the fiber passes through a primary coating application, which is then UV cured—then through the secondary coating application, which is subsequently cured. In wet-on-wet, the fiber passes through both the primary and secondary coating applications, then goes to UV curing.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Fiber optic coatings are applied in concentric layers to prevent damage to the fiber during the drawing application and to maximize fiber strength and microbend resistance. Unevenly coated fiber will experience non-uniform forces when the coating expands or contracts, and is susceptible to greater signal attenuation. Under proper drawing and coating processes, the coatings are concentric around the fiber, continuous over the length of the application and have constant thickness.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: The thickness of the coating is taken into account when calculating the stress that the fiber experiences under different bend configurations. When a coated fiber is wrapped around a mandrel, the stress experienced by the fiber is given by

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: where is the fiber’s Young’s modulus, is the diameter of the mandrel, is the diameter of the cladding and is the diameter of the coating.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: In a two-point bend configuration, a coated fiber is bent in a U-shape and placed between the grooves of two faceplates, which are brought together until the fiber breaks. The stress in the fiber in this configuration is given by

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: where is the distance between the faceplates. The coefficient 1.198 is a geometric constant associated with this configuration.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Fiber optic coatings protect the glass fibers from scratches that could lead to strength degradation. The combination of moisture and scratches accelerates the aging and deterioration of fiber strength. When fiber is subjected to low stresses over a long period, fiber fatigue can occur. Over time or in extreme conditions, these factors combine to cause microscopic flaws in the glass fiber to propagate, which can ultimately result in fiber failure.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Three key characteristics of fiber optic waveguides can be affected by environmental conditions: strength, attenuation and resistance to losses caused by microbending. External optical fiber cable jackets and buffer tubes protect glass optical fiber from environmental conditions that can affect the fiber’s performance and long-term durability. On the inside, coatings ensure the reliability of the signal being carried and help minimize attenuation due to microbending.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Some fiber optic cable versions are reinforced with aramid yarns or glass yarns as intermediary strength member. In commercial terms, usage of the glass yarns are more cost effective while no loss in mechanical durability of the cable. Glass yarns also protect the cable core against rodents and termites.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Another important feature of cable is cable's ability to withstand horizontally applied force. It is technically called max tensile strength defining how much force can be applied to the cable during the installation period.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: Fibers are terminated in connectors that hold the fiber end precisely and securely. A fiber-optic connector is basically a rigid cylindrical barrel surrounded by a sleeve that holds the barrel in its mating socket. The mating mechanism can be "push and click", "turn and latch" ("bayonet mount"), or "screw-in" ("threaded"). The barrel is typically free to move within the sleeve, and may have a key that prevents the barrel and fiber from rotating as the connectors are mated.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Optical fiber

Context: With properly polished single-mode fibers, the emitted beam has an almost perfect Gaussian shape—even in the far field—if a good lens is used. The lens needs to be large enough to support the full numerical aperture of the fiber, and must not introduce aberrations in the beam. Aspheric lenses are typically used.

Question: من إخترع الألياف الضوئية؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon was routinely bullied by his peers for his accent, birthplace, short stature, mannerisms and inability to speak French quickly. He became reserved and melancholy, applying himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: One story told of Napoleon at the school is that he led junior students to victory against senior students in a snowball fight, showing his leadership abilities. In early adulthood, Napoleon briefly intended to become a writer; he authored a history of Corsica and a romantic novella.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: On completion of his studies at Brienne in 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the "École Militaire" in Paris. He trained to become an artillery officer and, when his father's death reduced his income, was forced to complete the two-year course in one year. He was the first Corsican to graduate from the "École Militaire". He was examined by the famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Although he was born "Napoleone Buonaparte", it was after this that Napoleon began styling himself "Napoléon Bonaparte" but his family did not drop the name Buonaparte until 1796. The first known record of him signing his name as Bonaparte was at the age of 27 (in 1796).

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In July 1793, Bonaparte published a pro-republican pamphlet entitled "Le souper de Beaucaire" (Supper at Beaucaire) which gained him the support of Augustin Robespierre, younger brother of the Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. With the help of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed senior gunner and artillery commander of the republican forces which arrived on 8 September at Toulon.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The French army carried out Bonaparte's plan in the Battle of Saorgio in April 1794, and then advanced to seize Ormea in the mountains. From Ormea, they headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around Saorge. After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine that country's intentions towards France.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention. Paul Barras, a leader of the Thermidorian Reaction, knew of Bonaparte's military exploits at Toulon and gave him command of the improvised forces in defence of the convention in the Tuileries Palace. Napoleon had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: He ordered a young cavalry officer named Joachim Murat to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers on 5 October 1795—"13 Vendémiaire An IV" in the French Republican Calendar; 1,400 royalists died and the rest fled. He had cleared the streets with "a whiff of grapeshot", according to 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle in "".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The defeat of the royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the Convention and earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new government, the Directory. Murat married one of Napoleon's sisters, becoming his brother-in-law; he also served under Napoleon as one of his generals. Bonaparte was promoted to Commander of the Interior and given command of the Army of Italy.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Within weeks, he was romantically involved with Joséphine de Beauharnais, the former mistress of Barras. The couple married on 9 March 1796 in a civil ceremony.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: On the journey, Bonaparte conversed much about the warriors of antiquity, especially Alexander, Caesar, Scipio and Hannibal. He studied their strategy and combined it with his own. In a question from Bourrienne, asking whether he gave his preference to Alexander or Caesar, Napoleon said that he places Alexander the Great in the first rank, the main reason being his campaign on Asia.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: His application of conventional military ideas to real-world situations enabled his military triumphs, such as creative use of artillery as a mobile force to support his infantry. He stated later in life: "I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning. Look at Caesar; he fought the first like the last".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels. His forces also confiscated more than 300 priceless paintings and sculptures.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In May 1798, Bonaparte was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. His Egyptian expedition included a group of 167 scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and geodesists among them. Their discoveries included the Rosetta Stone, and their work was published in the "Description de l'Égypte" in 1809.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: En route to Egypt, Bonaparte reached Malta on 9 June 1798, then controlled by the Knights Hospitaller. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured an important naval base with the loss of only three men.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: While in Egypt, Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs. He learned that France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition. On 24 August 1799, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact that he had received no explicit orders from Paris. The army was left in the charge of Jean-Baptiste Kléber.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return to ward off possible invasions of French soil, but poor lines of communication prevented the delivery of these messages. By the time that he reached Paris in October, France's situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic, however, was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's "desertion" but was too weak to punish him.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and cavalry charges decimated the Austrian army, which fled over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The peace with Britain proved to be uneasy and controversial. Britain did not evacuate Malta as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his Act of Mediation, which established a new Swiss Confederation. Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly. The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain in May 1803; Napoleon responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: A keen observer of Bonaparte's rise to absolute power, Madame de Rémusat, explains that "men worn out by the turmoil of the Revolution […] looked for the domination of an able ruler" and that "people believed quite sincerely that Bonaparte, whether as consul or emperor, would exert his authority and save [them] from the perils of anarchy."

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Great Britain had broken the Peace of Amiens by declaring war on France in May 1803. In December 1804, an Anglo-Swedish agreement became the first step towards the creation of the Third Coalition. By April 1805, Britain had also signed an alliance with Russia. Austria had been defeated by France twice in recent memory and wanted revenge, so it joined the coalition a few months later.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of .

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by a French fleet in a large-scale engagement for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The initial military manoeuvres began in September 1806. In a letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase "le bataillon-carré" ("square battalion"). In the "bataillon-carré" system, the various corps of the "Grande Armée" would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the "peak of Napoleonic warfare", according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: "Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered". Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British forces. He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions. After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: By 1812, advisers to Alexander suggested the possibility of an invasion of the French Empire and the recapture of Poland. On receipt of intelligence reports on Russia's war preparations, Napoleon expanded his "Grande Armée" to more than 450,000 men. He ignored repeated advice against an invasion of the Russian heartland and prepared for an offensive campaign; on 24 June 1812 the invasion commenced.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The French suffered in the course of a ruinous retreat, including from the harshness of the Russian Winter. The Armée had begun as over 400,000 frontline troops, with fewer than 40,000 crossing the Berezina River in November 1812. The Russians had lost 150,000 soldiers in battle and hundreds of thousands of civilians.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: There was a lull in fighting over the winter of 1812–13 while both the Russians and the French rebuilt their forces; Napoleon was able to field 350,000 troops. Heartened by France's loss in Russia, Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal in a new coalition. Napoleon assumed command in Germany and inflicted a series of defeats on the Coalition culminating in the Battle of Dresden in August 1813.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Despite these successes, the numbers continued to mount against Napoleon, and the French army was pinned down by a force twice its size and lost at the Battle of Leipzig. This was by far the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars and cost more than 90,000 casualties in total.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled Napoleon to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of "Emperor". Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled, while his wife and son took refuge in Austria.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟