Hat

Context: The Philippi Collection is a collection of religious headgear assembled by a German entrepreneur, Dieter Philippi, located in Kirkel. The collection features over 500 hats, and is currently the world's largest collection of clerical, ecclesiastical and religious head coverings.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: This is a short list of some common and iconic examples of hats. There is a longer version at List of hat styles.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Hat

Context: Note that US hat size is a measurement of head diameter in inches. It can be computed from a measurement of circumference in centimeters by dividing by 8, because multiplying 2.54 (the number of centimeters per inch) by (the multiplier to give circumference from diameter) is almost exactly 8.

Question: Keitä olivat historiallisessa mielessäi 'hatut' ja 'myssyt'?


Romania

Context: The Danube, Europe's second-longest river, rises in Germany's Black Forest and flows in a southeasterly direction for , before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest, include Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of .

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: "Romania" derives from the local name for Romanian (), which in turn derives from Latin "romanus", meaning "Roman" or "of Rome". This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia. The oldest known surviving document written in Romanian, a 1521 letter known as the "Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung", is notable for including the first documented occurrence of "Romanian" in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as .

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Two spelling forms: and were used interchangeably until sociolinguistic developments in the late 17th century led to semantic differentiation of the two forms: came to mean "bondsman", while retained the original ethnolinguistic meaning. After the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word "rumân" gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form . Tudor Vladimirescu, a revolutionary leader of the early 19th century, used the term to refer exclusively to the principality of Wallachia.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The use of the name "Romania" to refer to the common homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of Bronze Age societies.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: In 2009, the country was bailed out by the International Monetary Fund as an aftershock of the Great Recession in Europe.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The post–1989 period is also characterised by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the Communist period were closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatisation of the post–1989 regimes.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Corruption has also been a major issue in contemporary Romanian politics. In November 2015, massive anti-corruption protests which developed in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta. During 2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the biggest protests since 1989 took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Nevertheless, there have been efforts to tackle corruption. A National Anticorruption Directorate was formed in the country in 2002. In Transparency International's 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index, Romania's public sector corruption score deteriorated to 44 out of 100, reversing gains made in previous years.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: After the end of the Cold War, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States, eventually joining NATO in 2004, and hosting the 2008 summit in Bucharest.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a full member on 1 January 2007.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians emigrated to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy, Germany and Spain. In 2016, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6 million people, the fifth-highest emigrant population in the world.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and the twelfth-largest in Europe, having an area of . It lies between latitudes 43° and 49° N and longitudes 20° and 30° E. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with 14 mountain ranges reaching above —the highest is Moldoveanu Peak at . They are surrounded by the Moldavian and Transylvanian plateaus, the Carpathian Basin and the Wallachian plains.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory. The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries. Some 3,700 plant species have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared natural monuments, 74 extinct, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The fauna of Romania consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 invertebrate and 707 vertebrate, with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) brown bears and 20% of its wolves.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited relations involving the Russian Federation. It joined the NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the World Trade Organization.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine, and Georgia) with the process of integration with the rest of the West. Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. Romania also declared its public support for Turkey, and Croatia joining the European Union.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to accede to the Schengen Area, and its bid to join was approved by the European Parliament in June 2011, but was rejected by the EU Council in September 2011. As of August 2019, its acceptance into the Schengen Area is hampered because the European Council has misgivings about Romania's adherence to the rule of law, a fundamental principle of EU membership.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country. In May 2009, Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The Air Force operates modernised Soviet MiG-21 Lancer fighters. The Air Force purchased seven new C-27J Spartan tactical airlifters, while the Naval Forces acquired two modernised Type 22 frigates from the British Royal Navy.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the Romania-United States agreement signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based ballistic missile defence system in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental missile shield.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: In 2019, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $547 billion and a GDP per capita (PPP) of $28,189. According to the World Bank, Romania is a high-income economy. According to Eurostat, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 70% of the EU average (100%) in 2019, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Approximately 25.8% of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy. The report praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credit in the country, while noting difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Since 1867 the official currency has been the Romanian "leu" ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005. After joining the EU in 2007, Romania is expected to adopt the Euro in 2024.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: There were almost 18.3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014. According to Bloomberg, in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to "The Independent", it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds, with Timișoara ranked among the highest in the world.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP. The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank. Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005. More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries. The popular summer attractions of Mamaia and other Black Sea Resorts attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Most popular skiing resorts are along the Valea Prahovei and in Poiana Brașov. Castles, fortifications, or strongholds as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu, Brașov, Bistrița, Mediaș, Cisnădie, or Sighișoara also attract a large number of tourists. Bran Castle, near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being Dracula's Castle.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative, and is targeted to promote such sites as Bran and its Dracula's Castle, the painted churches of northern Moldavia, and the wooden churches of Maramureș, or the villages with fortified churches in Transylvania. Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6 billion. More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013. According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base. In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review". Romania was ranked 48th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, up from 50th in 2019.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The nuclear physics facility of the European Union's proposed Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) laser will be built in Romania. In early 2012, Romania launched its first satellite from the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the International Space Station.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world, it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912. In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world, with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over. The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12 million. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia. For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Romanian is spoken as a first language by approximately 90% of the entire population, while Hungarian and Vlax Romani are spoken by 6.2% and 1.2% of the population, respectively. There are also approximately 50,000 native speakers of Ukrainian (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities), 25,000 native speakers of German, and 32,000 native speakers of Turkish living in Romania.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in full communion with other Orthodox churches, with a Patriarch as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world, and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a Latin culture and uses a Romance liturgical language. Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova. Romania has the world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, University of Bucharest, and West University of Timișoara have been included in the QS World University Rankings' top 800.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the Transylvanian School scholars. Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including: George Coșbuc, Ioan Slavici, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Ion Creangă, and Mihai Eminescu, the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem "Luceafărul".

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Prominent Romanian painters include: Nicolae Grigorescu, Ștefan Luchian, Ion Andreescu Nicolae Tonitza, and Theodor Aman. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include: Ciprian Porumbescu, Anton Pann, Eduard Caudella, Mihail Jora, Dinu Lipatti, and especially George Enescu. The annual George Enescu Festival is held in Bucharest in honour of the 20th-century composer.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Contemporary musicians like Angela Gheorghiu, Gheorghe Zamfir, Inna, Alexandra Stan, and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. At the Eurovision Song Contest Romanian singers achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: In cinema, several movies of the Romanian New Wave have achieved international acclaim. At the Cannes Film Festival, "The Death of Mr. Lazarescu" by Cristi Puiu won the "Prix Un Certain Regard" in 2005, while "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" by Cristian Mungiu won the festival's top prize, the "Palme d'Or", in 2007. At the Berlin International Film Festival, "Child's Pose" by Călin Peter Netzer won the Golden Bear in 2013.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Romanian cuisine has been influenced by Austrian and German cuisine (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the Habsburg Monarchy), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the Balkan region such as the Greek, Bulgarian, or Serbian cuisine. "Ciorbă" includes a wide range of sour soups, while "mititei", "mămăligă" (similar to polenta), and "sarmale" are featured commonly in main courses.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Football is the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players . The market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740 million according to UEFA.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: The governing body is the Romanian Football Federation, which belongs to UEFA. The Romania national football team played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three FIFA World Cups, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, eventually being ranked 3rd by FIFA in 1997.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Popular individual sports include combat sports, martial arts, and swimming. In professional boxing, Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies. World champions include Lucian Bute, Leonard Dorin Doroftei, Adrian Diaconu, and Michael Loewe. Another popular combat sport is professional kickboxing, which has produced prominent practitioners including Daniel Ghiță, and Benjamin Adegbuyi.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Romania's 306 all-time Summer Olympics medals would rank 12th most among all countries, while its 89 gold medals would be 14th most. The 1984 Summer Olympics was their most successful run, where they won 53 medals in total, 20 of them gold, ultimately placing 2nd to the hosts United States in the medal rankings. Amongst countries who have never hosted the event themselves, they are second in the total number of medals earned.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Romania

Context: Gymnastics is the country's major medal-producing sport, with Olympic and sport icon Nadia Comăneci becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Other Romanian athletes who collected five gold medals like Comăneci are rowers Elisabeta Lipa (1984–2004) and Georgeta Damian (2000–2008). The Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo.

Question: Milloin Romania on perustettu?


Phantasmagoria

Context: The word "phantasmagoria" has also been commonly used to indicate changing successions or combinations of fantastic, bizarre, or imagined imagery.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: From French "phantasmagorie", from Ancient Greek φάντασμα ("phántasma", “ghost”) + possibly either αγορά ("agorá", “assembly, gathering”) + the suffix -ia, or ἀγορεύω ("agoreúō", “to speak publicly”).

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Paul Philidor (also known simply as "Phylidor") announced his show of ghost apparitions and evocation of the shadows of famous people as "Phantasmagorie" in the Parisian periodical "Affiches, annonces et avis divers" of December 16, 1792. About two weeks earlier the term had been the title of a letter by a certain "A.L.M.", published in "Magazin Encyclopédique". The letter also promoted Phylidor's show. Phylidor had previously advertised his show as "Phantasmorasi" in Vienna in March 1790.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: The English variation "Phantasmagoria" was introduced as the title of M. De Philipsthal's show of optical illusions and mechanical pieces of art in London in 1801. De Philipsthal and Philidor are believed to have been the same person.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Some ancient sightings of gods and spirits are thought to have been conjured up by means of (concave) mirrors, camera obscura or magic lantern projections. By the 16th century, necromantic ceremonies and the conjuring of ghostly apparitions by charlatan "magicians" and "witches" seemed commonplace.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: In the 1589 version of "Magia Naturalis", Giambattista della Porta described how to scare people with a projected image. A picture of anything that would terrify the beholder should be placed in front of a camera obscura hole, with several torches around it. The image should be projected onto a sheet hanging in the middle of the nascent dark chamber, where spectators wouldn't notice the sheet but only see the projected image hanging in the air.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: In his 1613 book "Opticorum Libri Sex," Belgian Jesuit mathematician, physicist and architect François d'Aguilon described how some charlatans cheated people out of their money by claiming they knew necromancy and would raise the specters of the devil from hell and show these to the audience inside a dark room. The image of an assistant with a devil's mask was projected through a lens into the dark room, scaring the uneducated spectators.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: While surviving slides and descriptions of lantern shows from the following decades included numerous subjects, scary pictures remained popular.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: The last decades of the 18th century saw the rise of the age of Romanticism. There was an obsession with the bizarre and the supernatural. This movement had elements of the bizarre and irrational, and included the rise of the Gothic novel. The popular interest in such topics explained the rise and, more specifically, the success of phantasmagoria for the productions to come.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: The magic lantern was a good medium with which to project fantasies as its imagery was not as tangible as in other media. Since demons were believed to be incorporeal, the magic lantern could produce very fitting representations.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: When magicians started to use the magic lantern in shows, some special effects were thought up. French physician, inventor and manufacturer of conjuring apparatus and scientific instruments Edmé-Gilles Guyot described several techniques in his 1770 book "Nouvelles récréations physiques et mathématiques", including the projection of ghosts on smoke.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: In the early 1770s in Leipzig, Germany, coffeehouse owner, charlatan, necromancer and leader of an independent Freemason lodge Johann Georg Schrepfer (or Schröpfer) performed ghost-raising séances and necromantic experiments for his Freemason lodge. For typical necromantic activity, he demanded his followers remain seated at a table or else face terrible dangers.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: He made use of a mixture of Masonic, Catholic, and Kabbalistic symbolism, including skulls, a chalk circle on the floor, holy water, incense, and crucifixes. The spirits he raised were said to be clearly visible, hovering in the air, vaporous, and sometimes screaming terribly. The highlight of his career was a séance for the court in the Dresden palace early in the summer of 1774. This event was impressive enough to still be described more than a century later in Germany and Britain.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: In the early morning of October 8, 1774, Schrepfer reportedly committed suicide with a pistol in a park with five friends present. According to legend he was a victim of delusions about his necromantic abilities and convinced he could resurrect himself afterwards. However, there are several indications that he may actually have been murdered.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Most spectators of Schrepfer's séances were convinced that the apparitions they saw were real. No clear evidence of deceit seems to ever have been found, but critics have described several suspicions. The techniques that Schrepfer reportedly used for his elaborate effects included actors performing as ghosts, ventriloquism, hidden speaking tubes, glass harmonica sounds, aromatic smoke, camera obscura projections and/or magic lantern projections on smoke, concave mirror projections and staged thunder.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Schrepfer had been friends with pharmacist and Freemason Johann Heinrich Linck the Younger and regularly held lodge meetings at Linck's garden house. Linck could have been helping Schrepfer with drugs and chemicals and also knew about the workings of optical and acoustic devices. Linck owned a magic lantern which was decorated with a crucifix and a skull with wings.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: From December 1792 to July 1793 "Paul Filidort" presented his "Phantasmagorie" in Paris, probably using the term for the first time. It is assumed Etienne-Gaspard Robertson visited one of these shows and was inspired to present his own "Fantasmagorie" shows a few years later.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: In October 1801 a phantasmagoria production by Paul de Philipsthal opened in London's Lyceum Theatre in the Strand, where it became a smash hit.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Robertson's first "Fantasmagorie" was presented in 1797 at the Pavillon de l'Echiquier in Paris. The macabre atmosphere in the post-revolutionary city was perfect for Robertson's Gothic extravaganza complete with elaborate creations and Radcliffean décor.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Phantasmagoria came to the United States in May 1803 at Mount Vernon Garden, New York. Much like the French Revolution sparked interest in phantasmagoria in France, the expanding frontier in the United States made for an atmosphere of uncertainty and fear that was ideal for phantasmagoria shows. Many others created phantasmagoria shows in the United States over the next couple of years, including Martin Aubée, one of Robertson's former assistants.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Thomas Young proposed a system that could keep the projected image in focus for a lantern on a small cart with rods adjusting the position of the lens when the cart was wheeled closer or further away from the screen.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: By the 1840s phantasmagoria became already outmoded, though the use of projections was still employed, just in different realms:

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: French painters of the time, including Ingres and Girodet, derived ideas for paintings from the phantasmagoria, and its influence spread as far as J. M. W. Turner.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Walter Benjamin was fascinated by the phantasmagoria and used it as a term to describe the experience of the Arcades in Paris. In his essays, he associated phantasmagoria with commodity culture and its experience of material and intellectual products. In this way, Benjamin expanded upon Marx's statement on the phantasmagorical powers of the commodity.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Early stop trick films developed by Georges Méliès most clearly parallel the early forms of phantasmagoria. Trick films include transformations, superimpositions, disappearances, rear projections, and the frequent appearance of ghosts and apparent decapitations.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Modern-day horror films often take up many of the techniques and motifs of stop trick films, and phantasmagoria is said to have survived in this new form.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Maria Jane Jewsbury produced a volume entitled "Phantasmagoria, or Sketches of Life and Literature", published by Hurst Robinson & Co, in 1825. This consists of a number of essays on various subjects together with poetry. The whole is dedicated to William Wordsworth.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: "Phantasmagoria" is also the title of a poem in seven cantos by Lewis Carroll that was published by Macmillan & Sons in London in 1869, about which Carroll had much to say. He preferred that the title of the volume be found at the back, saying in a correspondence with Macmillan, "it is picturesque and fantastic—but that is about the only thing I like…" He also wished that the volume would cost less, thinking that the 6 shillings was about 1 shilling too much to charge.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: Phantasmagoria's influence on Disney can be found in the countless effects throughout the themed lands and attractions at the theme parks but are likely most memorable in the practical and projection effects of the Haunted Mansion (at Disneyland, Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disneyland), and Phantom Manor (at Disneyland Paris), as well live shows such as "Fantasmic" (at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios), which feature film/video projections on water screens.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: A series of photographs taken from 1977 to 1987 by photographer and model Cindy Sherman are described as portraying the phantasmagoria of the female body. Her photographs include herself as the model, and the progression of the series as a whole presents the phantasmagoric space projected both onto and into the female body.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: The 1995 survival-horror video game "Phantasmagoria" is partly based upon these performances. In the game, several flashbacks are shown to fictional phantasmagorias performed by the magician Zoltan "Carno" Carnovasch. However, unlike the real shows, his are much more graphic and violent in nature and involve actual demons instead of projected ones.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: A few modern theatrical troupes in the United States and United Kingdom stage phantasmagoria projection shows, especially at Halloween.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: From February 15 to May 1, 2006, the Tate Britain staged "The Phantasmagoria" as a component of its show "Gothic Nightmares: Fuseli, Blake and the Romantic Imagination." It recreated the content of the 18th and 19th century presentations, and successfully evoked their tastes for horror and fantasy.

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Phantasmagoria

Context: In 2006, David J. Jones discovered the precise site of Robertson's show at the Capuchin convent. See David J. Jones, 'Gothic Machine: Textualities, Pre-Cinematic Media and Film in

Question: Mikä on phantasmagoria?


Crayfish plague

Context: Crayfish plague first arrived in Europe in Italy in 1859, either with imported crayfish from North America, or in ballast water discharge. After its original introduction in Italy in 1860, it spread quickly through Europe and was discovered in Sweden in 1907, in Spain in 1972, in Norway in 1971, in Great Britain in 1981, in Turkey in 1984 and in Ireland in 1987.

Question: Miten rapurutto määritellään?


Crayfish plague

Context: In 1959, to bolster dwindling stocks of native crayfish, the signal crayfish was introduced to Sweden. The signal crayfish was known to be resistant, and it was not recognised at that time that it was a carrier of the disease. After 150 years of contact, no resistance has been discovered in native European crayfish.

Question: Miten rapurutto määritellään?


Crayfish plague

Context: This species was studied and named by the German Mycologist Friedrich Schikora (1859–1932), from a type specimen in Germany in 1906.

Question: Miten rapurutto määritellään?


Crayfish plague

Context: Infection with "Aphanomyces astaci" is accompanied by few signs in its early stages, and the first indication of infection may be mortality. In the later stages, the muscles of the tail may appear whitened, or brownish-red where blood cells have encapsulated the hyphae. The effects of the neurotoxins in the oomycete can include appearing in daytime (crayfish are typically nocturnal) and a lack of coordination.

Question: Miten rapurutto määritellään?


Rockstar North

Context: At the end of the year, Rockstar North agreed to take over rental of the Barclay House on Holyrood Road, Edinburgh, which had been opened in 1999 as headquarters of "The Scotsman" newspaper group. After alteration work, Rockstar North moved into this building in 2014.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Rockstar North yhtiön?


Rockstar North

Context: Following the release of "Grand Theft Auto V", studio president and producer Leslie Benzies went on sabbatical on 1 September 2014, and left the company in January 2016; art directors Aaron Garbut and Rob Nelson took over Benzies' responsibilities at Rockstar North. Nelson later became co-studio head alongside Andrew Semple.

Question: Kuka on perustanut Rockstar North yhtiön?


Nation (university)

Context: In the University of Paris there were the French, Normans, Picards, and the English, and later the Alemannian nation. Jean Gerson was twice elected procurator for the French "natio" (i.e. the French-born students at the university) in 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris. Also at Paris, Germanic speakers were grouped into a single nation.

Question: Mikä on yliopiston osakunnan tehtävä?


Nation (university)

Context: The various nations in Paris often quarreled with one another; Jacques de Vitry wrote of the students:

Question: Mikä on yliopiston osakunnan tehtävä?


Nation (university)

Context: The students who attended the medieval university in Oxford arranged themselves into two constantly quarreling nations who were called the "australes" and the "boreales". The "australes" originated from south of the River Trent and was the more powerful of the two nations. The Welsh were also considered part of the "australes", along with scholars from the Romance lands. The "boreales" came mainly from the north of England and Scotland.

Question: Mikä on yliopiston osakunnan tehtävä?


Nation (university)

Context: A similar division of students had been adopted at the Charles University in Prague, where from its opening in 1348 the studium generale was divided among Bohemian (for local students), Bavarian, Saxon, and Polish "nations". When there was not a "natio" of a student's birth territory, students were assigned to another nation.

Question: Mikä on yliopiston osakunnan tehtävä?


Nation (university)

Context: When the University of Leipzig was established in 1409 by scholars from the University of Prague, the new university's "nationes" were modeled on those of Prague, replacing the Bohemian "natio" with one for local students from the Margravate of Meissen, becoming the "Natio Misnensium" with the other "nationes" remaining those of the Saxonum (Saxony), Bavarorum (Bavaria), and Polonorum (Poland).

Question: Mikä on yliopiston osakunnan tehtävä?


Nation (university)

Context: The most important and powerful of the "ultramontane" University of Bologna was the German nation. One of its most famous members was Nicolaus Copernicus who, in 1496, enrolled into the "Natio Germanorum" (Natio of the Germans). a privileged university organization that included German-speaking students from many regions of Europe.

Question: Mikä on yliopiston osakunnan tehtävä?


Nation (university)

Context: Nations exist in some of the ancient universities in Scotland, although their significance has largely been forgotten. Nations never existed at the University of Edinburgh, and were abolished at St Andrews following discussions at the Royal Commission on the Universities of Scotland, which later led to the Universities (Scotland) Acts. Student nations continued into modern times at the University of Aberdeen and the University of Glasgow for the specific purpose of electing a Rector of the university.

Question: Mikä on yliopiston osakunnan tehtävä?


Nation (university)

Context: Students were traditionally required to be a member of the nation from whose area they came, but this is no longer the case; however, Södermanlands-Nerikes nation at Uppsala exceptionally retains an area restriction, though (as before) the restriction does not apply to international students. Nowadays, nations organize social activities that at other universities are normally handled by student unions, such as bars, clubs, orchestras, sports societies, theater companies, and also some housing.

Question: Mikä on yliopiston osakunnan tehtävä?


Single-shot

Context: Single-shot firearms are firearms that hold only a single round of ammunition, and must be reloaded manually after every shot. The history of firearms began with single-shot designs, then multi-barreled designs appeared, and eventually many centuries passed before multi-shot repeater designs became commonplace.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: In 1878, John Moses Browning patented arguably the greatest single-shot rifle ever produced: after Browning sold his design to the Winchester Repeating Arms Company it was brought out as the Winchester Model 1885 Rifle. Although fewer than 200,000 Model 1885 Single Shots were built, it remained in production from 1885 to 1920.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Remington, Sharps, and Browning all made single-shot rifles using different actions, such as the rolling block and falling block. These rifles were originally chambered in large black-powder cartridges, such as .50-110, and were used for hunting large game, often bison. Later production rifles would be in popular smokeless powder cartridges, such as the .30-40 Krag.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Single-shot rifles co-existed for some time with the lever-action rifle, but they began to fade out of manufacture with the advent of reliable bolt-action rifles.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: In 1907, J. Stevens Arms, a maker of inexpensive break-open single-shot rifles in pistol calibers, started making pistol versions of their rifles. This pistol was chambered in .22 Long Rifle and came with adjustable iron sights and grips designed for target shooting. These models were discontinued in 1939.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: The single-barrel shotgun is often referred to as a "kitchen door gun" or a "farm gun" due to its low cost as a self-defense weapon.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Other trapdoor actions include the rare Confederate Tarpley carbine, the Austrian Wanzl, the Belgian Albini-Braendlin rifle and Terssen conversion (some of which were made from French 1777 pattern flintlocks), the M1842/59/67 Swiss Milbank-Amsler, the M1859/67 Spanish Berdan, and the Colt-manufactured Russian Berdan Type I. All of these designs save the 1863 Tarpley date from the period 1865–1869, and all but the Tarpley and the Russian Berdan were conversions from muzzle-loaders.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Perhaps the most common type of single-shot action, usually found in shotguns, small pistols, and black-powder "elephant" guns, a break action connects the barrel assembly to the breechblock with a hinge. When a locking latch is released, the barrel assembly pivots away from the receiver, opening the breech and sometimes on higher quality firearms, partially extracting the spent cartridge.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: These are actions wherein the breechblock lowers or "drops" into the receiver to open the breech, usually actuated by an underlever. There are two principal types of dropping block: the tilting block and the falling or sliding block.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: In a tilting or pivoting block action, the breechblock is hinged at the rear. When the lever is operated, the block tilts down and forward, exposing the chamber. The best-known pivoting block designs are the Peabody, the Peabody–Martini, and Ballard actions.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: The original Peabody rifles, manufactured by the Providence Tool Company, used a manually cocked side-hammer. Swiss gunsmith Friedrich Martini devised an action that resembled the Peabody but incorporated a hammerless striker cocked by the operating lever with the same motion that pivoted the block. The 1871 Martini–Henry which replaced the "trapdoor" Snider–Enfield was the standard British Army rifle of the later Victorian era, and the Martini was also a popular action for civilian rifles.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Charles H. Ballard's self-cocking tilting-block action was produced by the Marlin Firearms Company from 1875, and earned a superlative reputation among long-range "Creedmoor" target shooters. Surviving Marlin Ballards are today highly prized by collectors, especially those mounted in the elaborate Swiss-style "Schützen" stocks of the day.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: In a falling block action the block does not pivot, but rather slides vertically in a slot milled into the receiver. Falling blocks are among the strongest small-arm actions ever produced, and are also used in heavy artillery. Well-known falling block designs include the Sharps rifles and carbines, the Browning/Winchester Single Shot, the Farquharson rifle, and the modern Ruger No. 1.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Single-shot bolt actions in .22 caliber were also widely manufactured as inexpensive "boys' guns" in the earlier 20th century; and there have been a few single-shot bolt-action shotguns, usually in .410 bore.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Although non-cartridge single-shot firearms are still made in hobbyist contexts (for example, replicas of antique guns), this discussion focuses on newer designs employing cartridges.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: The modern era of single-shot firearms is most visible in the realm of pistols. Remington introduced the single-shot bolt-action XP-100 pistol in 1963, which heralded the era of high-performance, high-velocity pistols. The .221 Fireball cartridge lived up to its name by reaching velocities of 2700 ft/s (823 m/s) from a 10.5" (26.7 cm) barrel. Essentially a shortened .222 Remington, the compact .221 Fireball delivered accuracy exceeding many rifles, out to ranges unheard of for other handguns.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Even bigger than the XP-100, the 1967 introduction of the Thompson Center Arms Contender pistol changed handgun sports forever. The Contender was a break-open design that allowed barrels to be changed by the shooter in minutes. Available in calibers from .22 Long Rifle up to .45-70, and in barrel lengths of 8, 10, and 14 inches (20, 25, and 35.5 cm), the Contender could, in the right hands, handle any type of game, and delivered rifle-like accuracy to match the XP-100.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: Many other manufacturers make single-shot pistols, most based on the bolt-action rifle, with barrels generally ranging from 10 to 15 inches (25 to 38 cm). Single-shots dominate handgun metallic silhouette shooting, and single-shots are the most common handguns used for hunting.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: In 1985 Browning re-introduced the famous Winchester Model 1885 single-shot rifles in popular calibers, but under the Browning name. Although the Winchester Single Shot gained fame under the Winchester brand name, it was John Moses Browning that designed the rifle, selling the rights to Winchester in the early 1880s. The Browning Single Shot Rifle was in production from 1985 to 2001.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: The majority of rifles made by Cooper are single-shot bolt-action rifles. Many of their rifles are specially crafted to suit long-range varmint hunting, where the accuracy of the single-shot action is helpful.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: The Barrett M99 is a single-shot, bolt-action, bullpup sniper rifle. It is chambered in .50 BMG, and .416 Barrett round that has 0.5 MOA accuracy at ranges that far exceed one mile.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: The Denel NTW-20 is a bolt-action, anti-materiel or large-caliber sniper rifle. With a buffered slide in the receiver, that the barrel can recoil inside the frame, allowing for large rounds to be fired with relative ease by the user. It is chambered for 20×82mm Mauser, 14.5×114mm, and 20×110mm Hispano-Suiza round. Specifically, it is only a single-shot when chambered to the 20mm Hispano-Suiza round, while the remaining chamberings feed from 3-round magazines.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Single-shot

Context: The original version of Steyr HS .50 is a single-shot bolt-action sniper rifle. It is chambered in .50 BMG (or the .460 Steyr round in California) and can reach ranges from 1500 to 2500 meters.

Question: Miten määritellään kertatulipistooli?


Beef

Context: Some kinds of beef may receive special certifications or designations based on criteria including their breed (Certified Angus Beef, Certified Hereford Beef), origin (Kobe beef, Carne de Ávila, Belgian Blue), or the way the cattle are treated, fed or slaughtered (organic, grass-fed, Kosher, or Halal beef). Some countries regulate the marketing and sale of beef by observing criteria post-slaughter and classifying the observed quality of the meat.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: The world produced 60.57 million metric tons of beef in 2020, down 950K metric tons from the prior year.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Major decline for production of beef was from India up to 510k and Australia down to 309K metric tons from the prior year

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: To improve tenderness of beef, it is often aged (i.e., stored refrigerated) to allow endogenous proteolytic enzymes to weaken structural and myofibrillar proteins. Wet aging is accomplished using vacuum packaging to reduce spoilage and yield loss. Dry aging involves hanging primals (usually ribs or loins) in humidity-controlled coolers. Outer surfaces dry out and can support growth of molds (and spoilage bacteria, if too humid), resulting in trim and evaporative losses.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Evaporation concentrates the remaining proteins and increases flavor intensity; the molds can contribute a nut-like flavor. After two to three days there are significant effects. The majority of the tenderizing effect occurs in the first 10 days. Boxed beef, stored and distributed in vacuum packaging, is, in effect, wet aged during distribution. Premium steakhouses dry age for 21 to 28 days or wet age up to 45 days for maximum effect on flavor and tenderness.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Meat from less tender cuts or older cattle can be mechanically tenderized by forcing small, sharp blades through the cuts to disrupt the proteins. Also, solutions of exogenous proteolytic enzymes (papain, bromelin or ficin) can be injected to augment the endogenous enzymes. Similarly, solutions of salt and sodium phosphates can be injected to soften and swell the myofibrillar proteins. This improves juiciness and tenderness. Salt can improve the flavor, but phosphate can contribute a soapy flavor.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Moist heat cooking methods include braising, pot roasting, stewing and sous-vide. These techniques are often used for cuts of beef that are tougher, as these longer, lower-temperature cooking methods have time to dissolve connecting tissue which otherwise makes meat remain tough after cooking.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: simmering meat, whole or cut into bite-size pieces, in a water-based liquid with flavorings. This technique may be used as part of pressure cooking.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: cooking meats, in a covered container, with small amounts of liquids (usually seasoned or flavored). Unlike stewing, braised meat is not fully immersed in liquid, and usually is browned before the oven step.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Sous-vide, French for "under vacuum", is a method of cooking food sealed in airtight plastic bags in a water bath for a long time—72 hours is not unknown—at an accurately determined temperature much lower than normally used for other types of cooking. The intention is to maintain the integrity of ingredients and achieve very precise control of cooking. Although water is used in the method, only moisture in or added to the food bags is in contact with the food.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Meat has usually been cooked in water which is just simmering, such as in stewing; higher temperatures make meat tougher by causing the proteins to contract. Since thermostatic temperature control became available, cooking at temperatures well below boiling, (sous-vide) to (slow cooking), for prolonged periods has become possible; this is just hot enough to convert the tough collagen in connective tissue into gelatin through hydrolysis, with minimal toughening.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: With the adequate combination of temperature and cooking time, pathogens, such as bacteria will be killed, and pasteurization can be achieved. Because browning (Maillard reactions) can only occur at higher temperatures (above the boiling point of water), these moist techniques do not develop the flavors associated with browning. Meat will often undergo searing in a very hot pan, grilling or browning with a torch before moist cooking (though sometimes after).

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Beef can be cooked quickly at the table through several techniques. In hot pot cooking, such as shabu-shabu, very thinly sliced meat is cooked by the diners at the table by immersing it in a heated pot of water or stock with vegetables. In fondue bourguignonne, diners dip small pieces of beef into a pot of hot oil at the table. Both techniques typically feature accompanying flavorful sauces to complement the meat.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Steak tartare is a French dish made from finely chopped or ground (minced) raw meat (often beef). More accurately, it is scraped so as not to let even the slightest of the sinew fat get into the scraped meat. It is often served with onions, capers, seasonings such as fresh ground pepper and Worcestershire sauce, and sometimes raw egg yolk.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: The Belgian or Dutch dish "filet américain" is also made of finely chopped ground beef, though it is seasoned differently, and either eaten as a main dish or can be used as a dressing for a sandwich. "Kibbeh nayyeh" is a similar Lebanese and Syrian dish. And in Ethiopia, a ground raw meat dish called "tire siga" or "kitfo" is eaten (upon availability).

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: "Carpaccio" of beef is a thin slice of raw beef dressed with olive oil, lemon juice and seasoning. Often, the beef is partially frozen before slicing to allow very thin slices to be cut.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: "Yukhoe" is a variety of "hoe", raw dishes in Korean cuisine which is usually made from raw ground beef seasoned with various spices or sauces. The beef part used for "yukhoe" is tender rump steak. For the seasoning, soy sauce, sugar, salt, sesame oil, green onion, and ground garlic, sesame seed, black pepper and juice of "bae" (Korean pear) are used. The beef is mostly topped with the yolk of a raw egg.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Pastrami is often made from beef; raw beef is salted, then partly dried and seasoned with various herbs and spices, and smoked.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Corned beef is a cut of beef cured or pickled in a seasoned brine. The corn in "corned beef" refers to the grains of coarse salts (known as corns) used to cure it. The term "corned beef" can denote different styles of brine-cured beef, depending on the region. Some, like American-style corned beef, are highly seasoned and often considered delicatessen fare.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Spiced beef is a cured and salted joint of round, topside, or silverside, traditionally served at Christmas in Ireland. It is a form of salt beef, cured with spices and saltpetre, intended to be boiled or broiled in Guinness or a similar stout, and then optionally roasted for a period after. There are various other recipes for pickled beef. Sauerbraten is a German variant.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after pork and poultry at 38% and 30% respectively.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Beef is a source of complete protein and it is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of Niacin, Vitamin B12, iron and zinc. Red meat is the most significant dietary source of carnitine and, like any other meat (pork, fish, veal, lamb etc.), is a source of creatine. Creatine is converted to creatinine during cooking.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Consumption of red meat, and especially processed red meat, is known to increase the risk of bowel cancer and some other cancers.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: A 2010 meta-analysis found that processed red meat (and all processed meat) was correlated with a higher risk of coronary heart disease, although based on the limited studies that separated the two, no such association was found for unprocessed red meat. As of 2020, there is substantial evidence for a link between high consumption of red meat and coronary heart disease.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: In 1984, the use of meat and bone meal in cattle feed resulted in the world's first outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or, colloquially, mad cow disease) in the United Kingdom.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: In 2010, the EU, through the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), proposed a roadmap to gradually lift the restrictions on the feed ban. In 2013, the ban on feeding mammal-based products to cattle, was amended to allow for certain milk, fish, eggs, and plant-fed farm animal products to be used.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: Most Indic religions reject the killing and eating of cows. Hinduism prohibits cow beef known as "Go-Maans" in Sanskrit. Bovines have a sacred status in India especially the cow, due to their provision of sustenance for families. Bovines are generally considered to be integral to the landscape. However, they do not consider the cow to be a god.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: For religious reasons, the ancient Egyptian priests also refrained from consuming beef. Buddhists and Sikhs are also against wrongful slaughtering of animals, but they don't have a wrongful eating doctrine. In the Indigenous American tradition a white buffalo calf is considered sacred; they call it Pte Ska Win (White Buffalo Calf Woman).

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: In ancient China, the killing of cattle and consumption of beef was prohibited, as they were valued for their role in agriculture. This custom is still followed by a few Chinese families across the world.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


Beef

Context: During the season of Lent, Orthodox Christians and Catholics periodically give up meat and poultry (and sometimes dairy products and eggs) as a religious act. Observant Jews and Muslims may not eat any meat or poultry which has not been slaughtered and treated in conformance with religious laws.

Question: Mikä maa valmistaa eniten punaista lihaa?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan began his political career as a member of the Federalist Party, and was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1814 and 1815. The legislature met for only three months a year, but Buchanan's service helped him acquire more clients. Politically, he supported federally-funded internal improvements, a high tariff, and a national bank. He became a strong critic of Democratic-Republican President James Madison during the War of 1812.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: He was a Freemason, and served as the Master of Masonic Lodge No. 43 in Lancaster, and as a District Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: When the British invaded neighboring Maryland in 1814, he served in the defense of Baltimore as a private in Henry Shippen's Company, 1st Brigade, 4th Division, Pennsylvania Militia, a unit of yagers. Buchanan is the only president with military experience who was not an officer. He is also the last president who served in the War of 1812.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: After Jackson was re-elected in 1832, he offered Buchanan the position of United States Ambassador to Russia. Buchanan was reluctant to leave the country but ultimately agreed. He served as ambassador for 18 months, during which time he learned French, the trade language of diplomacy in the nineteenth century. He helped negotiate commercial and maritime treaties with the Russian Empire.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan returned home and was elected by the Pennsylvania state legislature to succeed William Wilkins in the U.S. Senate. Wilkins in turn replaced Buchanan as the ambassador to Russia. The Jacksonian Buchanan, who was re-elected in 1836 and 1842, opposed the re-chartering of the Second Bank of the United States and sought to expunge a congressional censure of Jackson stemming from the Bank War.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: His support of states' rights was matched by his support for Manifest Destiny, and he opposed the Webster–Ashburton Treaty for its "surrender" of lands to the United Kingdom. Buchanan also argued for the annexation of both Texas and the Oregon Country. In the lead-up to the 1844 Democratic National Convention, Buchanan positioned himself as a potential alternative to former President Martin Van Buren, but the nomination went to James K. Polk, who won the election.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan led on the first ballot, support by powerful Senators John Slidell, Jesse Bright, and Thomas F. Bayard, who presented Buchanan as an experienced leader appealing to the North and South. He won the nomination after seventeen ballots. He was joined on the ticket by John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, placating supporters of Pierce and Douglas, also allies of Breckinridge.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: In a combative victory speech, Buchanan denounced Republicans, calling them a "dangerous" and "geographical" party that had unfairly attacked the South. He also declared, "the object of my administration will be to destroy sectional party, North or South, and to restore harmony to the Union under a national and conservative government." He set about this initially by feigning a sectional balance in his cabinet appointments.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan appointed one Justice, Nathan Clifford, to the Supreme Court of the United States. He appointed seven other federal judges to United States district courts. He also appointed two judges to the United States Court of Claims.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: The Panic of 1857 began in the summer of that year, ushered in by the collapse of 1,400 state banks and 5,000 businesses. While the South escaped largely unscathed, numerous northern cities experienced drastic increases in unemployment. Buchanan agreed with the southerners who attributed the economic collapse to overspeculation.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: The Utah territory, settled in preceding decades by the Latter-day Saints and their leader Brigham Young, had grown increasingly hostile to federal intervention. Young harassed federal officers and discouraged outsiders from settling in the Salt Lake City area. In September 1857, the Utah Territorial Militia, associated with the Latter-day Saints, perpetrated the Mountain Meadows massacre against Arkansans headed for California. Buchanan was offended by the militarism and polygamous behavior of Young.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: The admission of Kansas as a state required a constitution be submitted to Congress with the approval of a majority of its residents. Under President Pierce, a series of violent confrontations escalated over who had the right to vote in Kansas. The situation drew national attention, and some in Georgia and Mississippi advocated secession should Kansas be admitted as a free state. Buchanan chose to endorse the pro-slavery Lecompton government.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan was offered a herd of elephants by King Rama IV of Siam, though the letter arrived after Buchanan's departure from office. As Buchanan's successor, Lincoln declined the King's offer, citing the unsuitable climate. Other presidential pets included a pair of bald eagles and a Newfoundland dog.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan claimed to have "passed triumphantly through this ordeal" with complete vindication. Republican operatives distributed thousands of copies of the Covode Committee report throughout the nation as campaign material in that year's presidential election.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: As he had promised in his inaugural address, Buchanan did not seek re-election. He went so far as to tell his ultimate successor, "If you are as happy in entering the White House as I shall feel on returning to Wheatland [his home], you are a happy man."

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Efforts were made in vain by Sen. John J. Crittenden, Rep. Thomas Corwin, and former president John Tyler to negotiate a compromise to stop secession, with Buchanan's support. Failed attempts were also made by a group of governors meeting in New York. Buchanan secretly asked President-elect Lincoln to call for a national referendum on the issue of slavery, but Lincoln declined.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: On March 2, 1861, Congress approved an amendment to the United States Constitution that would shield "domestic institutions" of the states, including slavery, from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress. The proposed amendment was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. Commonly known as the Corwin Amendment, it was never ratified by the requisite number of states.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: The Civil War erupted within two months of Buchanan's retirement. He supported the Union, writing to former colleagues that, "the assault upon Sumter was the commencement of war by the Confederate states, and no alternative was left but to prosecute it with vigor on our part." He also wrote a letter to his fellow Pennsylvania Democrats, urging them to "join the many thousands of brave & patriotic volunteers who are already in the field."

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan became distraught by the vitriolic attacks levied against him, and fell sick and depressed. In October 1862, he defended himself in an exchange of letters with Winfield Scott, published in the "National Intelligencer". He soon began writing his fullest public defense, in the form of his memoir "Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of Rebellion", which was published in 1866.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Soon after the publication of the memoir, Buchanan caught a cold in May 1868, which quickly worsened due to his advanced age. He died on June 1, 1868, of respiratory failure at the age of 77 at his home at Wheatland. He was interred in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: One of the prominent issues of the day was tariffs. Buchanan was conflicted by free trade as well as prohibitive tariffs, since either would benefit one section of the country to the detriment of the other. As a senator from Pennsylvania, he said: "I am viewed as the strongest advocate of protection in other states, whilst I am denounced as its enemy in Pennsylvania."

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: After Coleman's death, Buchanan never courted another woman. At the time of her funeral, he said that, "I feel happiness has fled from me forever." During his presidency, an orphaned niece, Harriet Lane, whom he had adopted, served as official White House hostess. There was an unfounded rumor that he had an affair with President Polk's widow, Sarah Childress Polk.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan's lifelong bachelorhood after Anne Coleman's death has drawn interest and speculation. Some conjecture that Anne's death merely served to deflect questions about Buchanan's sexuality and bachelorhood. Several writers have surmised that he was homosexual, including James W. Loewen, Robert P. Watson, and Shelley Ross. One of his biographers, Jean Baker, suggests that Buchanan was celibate, if not asexual.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: An earlier monument was constructed in 1907–08 and dedicated in 1911, on the site of Buchanan's birthplace in Stony Batter, Pennsylvania. Part of the original memorial site is a 250-ton pyramid structure that stands on the site of the original cabin where Buchanan was born. The monument was designed to show the original weathered surface of the native rubble and mortar.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: James Buchanan High School is a small, rural high school located on the outskirts of his childhood hometown, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


James Buchanan

Context: Buchanan and his legacy are central to the film "Raising Buchanan" (2019). He is portrayed by René Auberjonois.

Question: Kuka oli Yhdysvaltojen 15. presidentti?


Intelligence quotient

Context: The many different kinds of IQ tests include a wide variety of item content. Some test items are visual, while many are verbal. Test items vary from being based on abstract-reasoning problems to concentrating on arithmetic, vocabulary, or general knowledge.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: L.L. Thurstone argued for a model of intelligence that included seven unrelated factors (verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning, and induction). While not widely used, Thurstone's model influenced later theories.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Eugenics, a set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of the human population by excluding people and groups judged to be inferior and promoting those judged to be superior, played a significant role in the history and culture of the United States during the Progressive Era, from the late 19th century until US involvement in World War II.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Goddard was a eugenicist. In 1908, he published his own version, "The Binet and Simon Test of Intellectual Capacity", and cordially promoted the test. He quickly extended the use of the scale to the public schools (1913), to immigration (Ellis Island, 1914) and to a court of law (1914).

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: John B. Carroll (1993), after a comprehensive reanalysis of earlier data, proposed the three stratum theory, which is a hierarchical model with three levels. The bottom stratum consists of narrow abilities that are highly specialized (e.g., induction, spelling ability). The second stratum consists of broad abilities. Carroll identified eight second-stratum abilities. Carroll accepted Spearman's concept of general intelligence, for the most part, as a representation of the uppermost, third stratum.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: In 1999, a merging of the Gf-Gc theory of Cattell and Horn with Carroll's Three-Stratum theory has led to the Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory (CHC Theory), with "g" as the top of the hierarchy, ten broad abilities below, and further subdivided into seventy narrow abilities on the third stratum. CHC Theory has greatly influenced many of the current broad IQ tests.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: J.P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect (1967) model of intelligence used three dimensions, which, when combined, yielded a total of 120 types of intelligence. It was popular in the 1970s and early 1980s, but faded owing to both practical problems and theoretical criticisms.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: IQ scales are ordinally scaled. The raw score of the norming sample is usually (rank order) transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. While one standard deviation is 15 points, and two SDs are 30 points, and so on, this does not imply that mental ability is linearly related to IQ, such that IQ 50 would mean half the cognitive ability of IQ 100. In particular, IQ points are not percentage points.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Outside influences such as low motivation or high anxiety can occasionally lower a person's IQ test score. For individuals with very low scores, the 95% confidence interval may be greater than 40 points, potentially complicating the accuracy of diagnoses of intellectual disability. By the same token, high IQ scores are also significantly less reliable than those near to the population median. Reports of IQ scores much higher than 160 are considered dubious.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Despite these objections, clinical psychologists generally regard IQ scores as having sufficient statistical validity for many clinical purposes.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Research has revealed that the Flynn effect has slowed or reversed course in several Western countries beginning in the late 20th century. The phenomenon has been termed the "negative Flynn effect". A study of Norwegian military conscripts' test records found that IQ scores have been falling for generations born after the year 1975, and that the underlying nature of both initial increasing and subsequent falling trends appears to be environmental rather than genetic.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood. In one longitudinal study, the mean IQ scores of tests at ages 17 and 18 were correlated at r=0.86 with the mean scores of tests at ages five, six, and seven and at r=0.96 with the mean scores of tests at ages 11, 12, and 13.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: The exact peak age of fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence remains elusive. Cross-sectional studies usually show that especially fluid intelligence peaks at a relatively young age (often in the early adulthood) while longitudinal data mostly show that intelligence is stable until mid-adulthood or later. Subsequently, intelligence seems to decline slowly.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Environmental and genetic factors play a role in determining IQ. Their relative importance has been the subject of much research and debate.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: The general figure for the heritability of IQ, according to an American Psychological Association report, is 0.45 for children, and rises to around 0.75 for late adolescents and adults. Heritability measures for "g" factor in infancy are as low as 0.2, around 0.4 in middle childhood, and as high as 0.9 in adulthood. One proposed explanation is that people with different genes tend to reinforce the effects of those genes, for example by seeking out different environments.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Family members have aspects of environments in common (for example, characteristics of the home). This shared family environment accounts for 0.25–0.35 of the variation in IQ in childhood. By late adolescence, it is quite low (zero in some studies). The effect for several other psychological traits is similar. These studies have not looked at the effects of extreme environments, such as in abusive families.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Although parents treat their children differently, such differential treatment explains only a small amount of nonshared environmental influence. One suggestion is that children react differently to the same environment because of different genes. More likely influences may be the impact of peers and other experiences outside the family.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: A very large proportion of the over 17,000 human genes are thought to have an effect on the development and functionality of the brain. While a number of individual genes have been reported to be associated with IQ, none have a strong effect. Deary and colleagues (2009) reported that no finding of a strong single gene effect on IQ has been replicated. Recent findings of gene associations with normally varying intellectual differences in adults and children continue to show weak effects for any one gene.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: David Rowe reported an interaction of genetic effects with socioeconomic status, such that the heritability was high in high-SES families, but much lower in low-SES families. In the US, this has been replicated in infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Outside the US, studies show no link between heritability and SES. Some effects may even reverse sign outside the US.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Musical training in childhood correlates with higher than average IQ. However, a study of 10,500 twins found no effects on IQ, suggesting that the correlation was caused by genetic confounders. A meta-analysis concluded that "Music training does not reliably enhance children and young adolescents' cognitive or academic skills, and that previous positive findings were probably due to confounding variables."

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: It is popularly thought that listening to classical music raises IQ. However, multiple attempted replications (e.g.) have shown that this is at best a short-term effect (lasting no longer than 10 to 15 minutes), and is not related to IQ-increase.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Several neurophysiological factors have been correlated with intelligence in humans, including the ratio of brain weight to body weight and the size, shape, and activity level of different parts of the brain. Specific features that may affect IQ include the size and shape of the frontal lobes, the amount of blood and chemical activity in the frontal lobes, the total amount of gray matter in the brain, the overall thickness of the cortex, and the glucose metabolic rate.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Health is important in understanding differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability. Several factors can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly if they occur during pregnancy and childhood when the brain is growing and the blood–brain barrier is less effective. Such impairment may sometimes be permanent, or sometimes be partially or wholly compensated for by later growth.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Developed nations have implemented several health policies regarding nutrients and toxins known to influence cognitive function. These include laws requiring fortification of certain food products and laws establishing safe levels of pollutants (e.g. lead, mercury, and organochlorides). Improvements in nutrition, and in public policy in general, have been implicated in worldwide IQ increases.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Cognitive epidemiology is a field of research that examines the associations between intelligence test scores and health. Researchers in the field argue that intelligence measured at an early age is an important predictor of later health and mortality differences.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: The American Psychological Association's report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" states that wherever it has been studied, children with high scores on tests of intelligence tend to learn more of what is taught in school than their lower-scoring peers. The correlation between IQ scores and grades is about .50. This means that the explained variance is 25%. Achieving good grades depends on many factors other than IQ, such as "persistence, interest in school, and willingness to study" (p. 81).

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: It has been found that the correlation of IQ scores with school performance depends on the IQ measurement used. For undergraduate students, the Verbal IQ as measured by WAIS-R has been found to correlate significantly (0.53) with the grade point average (GPA) of the last 60 hours (credits). In contrast, Performance IQ correlation with the same GPA was only 0.22 in the same study.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Some measures of educational aptitude correlate highly with IQ tests for instance, reported a correlation of 0.82 between "g" (general intelligence factor) and SAT scores; another research found a correlation of 0.81 between "g" and GCSE scores, with the explained variance ranging "from 58.6% in Mathematics and 48% in English to 18.1% in Art and Design".

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: The US military has minimum enlistment standards at about the IQ 85 level. There have been two experiments with lowering this to 80 but in both cases these men could not master soldiering well enough to justify their costs.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: It has been suggested that "in economic terms it appears that the IQ score measures something with decreasing marginal value" and it "is important to have enough of it, but having lots and lots does not buy you that much". However, large-scale longitudinal studies indicate an increase in IQ translates into an increase in performance at all levels of IQ: i.e. ability and job performance are monotonically linked at all IQ levels.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: A 2002 study further examined the impact of non-IQ factors on income and concluded that an individual's location, inherited wealth, race, and schooling are more important as factors in determining income than IQ.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: In his book "" (1998), Arthur Jensen cited data which showed that, regardless of race, people with IQs between 70 and 90 have higher crime rates than people with IQs below or above this range, with the peak range being between 80 and 90.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: The 2009 "Handbook of Crime Correlates" stated that reviews have found that around eight IQ points, or 0.5 SD, separate criminals from the general population, especially for persistent serious offenders. It has been suggested that this simply reflects that "only dumb ones get caught" but there is similarly a negative relation between IQ and self-reported offending. That children with conduct disorder have lower IQ than their peers "strongly argues" for the theory.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Multiple studies conducted in Scotland have found that higher IQs in early life are associated with lower mortality and morbidity rates later in life.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: There is considerable variation within and overlap among these categories. People with high IQs are found at all levels of education and occupational categories. The biggest difference occurs for low IQs with only an occasional college graduate or professional scoring below 90.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Among the most controversial issues related to the study of intelligence is the observation that intelligence measures such as IQ scores vary between ethnic and racial groups. While there is little scholarly debate about the "existence" of some of these differences, current scientific consensus tells us that there is no evidence for a genetic component behind them. The existence of differences in IQ between the sexes remains controversial, and largely depends on which tests are performed.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: Some research indicates that male advantages on some cognitive tests are minimized when controlling for socioeconomic factors. Other research has concluded that there is slightly larger variability in male scores in certain areas compared to female scores, which results in slightly more males than females in the top and bottom of the IQ distribution.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: The existence of differences between male and female performance on math-related tests is contested, and a meta-analysis focusing on gender differences in math performance found nearly identical performance for boys and girls. Currently, most IQ tests, including popular batteries such as the WAIS and the WISC-R, are constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: A 1996 task force investigation on intelligence sponsored by the American Psychological Association concluded that there were significant variations in IQ across races. However, a systematic analysis by William Dickens and James Flynn (2006) showed the gap between black and white Americans to have closed dramatically during the period between 1972 and 2002, suggesting that, in their words, the "constancy of the Black-White IQ gap is a myth."

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: The effects of stereotype threat have been proposed as an explanation for differences in IQ test performance between racial groups, as have issues related to cultural difference and access to education.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: A diagnosis of intellectual disability is in part based on the results of IQ testing. Borderline intellectual functioning is the categorization of individuals of below-average cognitive ability (an IQ of 71–85), although not as low as those with an intellectual disability (70 or below).

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: In the United Kingdom, the eleven plus exam which incorporated an intelligence test has been used from 1945 to decide, at eleven years of age, which type of school a child should go to. They have been much less used since the widespread introduction of comprehensive schools.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: IQ classification is the practice used by IQ test publishers for designating IQ score ranges into various categories with labels such as "superior" or "average". IQ classification was preceded historically by attempts to classify human beings by general ability based on other forms of behavioral observation. Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based on IQ tests.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


Intelligence quotient

Context: There are social organizations, some international, which limit membership to people who have scores as high as or higher than the 98th percentile (2 standard deviations above the mean) on some IQ test or equivalent. Mensa International is perhaps the best known of these. The largest 99.9th percentile (3 standard deviations above the mean) society is the Triple Nine Society.

Question: Kuinka älykkyyttä on aloitettu mittaamaan?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The repair yard of the Castle Shipping Line was a very near neighbour and their work team, initially known as the Castle Swifts, would informally merge with the Thames Ironworks own team.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The team played on a strictly amateur basis for 1895 at least, with a team featuring a number of works employees. Thomas Freeman was a ships fireman and Walter Parks, a clerk. Johnny Stewart, Walter Tranter and James Lindsay were all boilermakers. Other employees included William Chapman, George Sage and Fred Chamberlain, as well as apprentice riveter Charlie Dove, who was to have a great influence on the club's future at a later date.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The team initially played in full dark blue kits, as inspired by Mr. Hills, who had been an Oxford University "Blue," but changed the following season by adopting the sky blue shirts and white shorts combination worn from 1897 to 1899.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: After Lyall, Lou Macari briefly led the team, though he resigned after less than a single season in order to clear his name of allegations of illegal betting while manager of Swindon Town.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: In August 2009, the financial concerns of Icelandic owners parent companies left the current owners unable to provide any funds until a new owner was found. The club's shirt sponsor SBOBET provided the club with help to purchase a much needed striker, the Italian Alessandro Diamanti.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The principal element of the badge is the crossed pair of rivet hammers, tools that were used in the shipbuilding industry. The Blackwall and Canning Town neighbourhoods surrounding the Thames Ironworks echoed to the sound of hammers; steam hammers, sledge hammers and rivet hammers.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: Seven large mechanical steam hammers would punch small holes near the edges of the iron plates which would be joined to build the ships. The plates would be put in place and fixed together with rivets by teams of five, three inside the emerging vessel and two outside.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: Outside the ship, exposed to the elements, two men with rivet hammers – one right-handed, one left-handed – would hammer the protruding and still glowing rivet flat, so securing one of the many points necessary to link each of the ship's large plates.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: There are a number of other factors which may have influenced the inclusion of the stylised castle feature, for instance:

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: A shield has been used in many iterations of the club badge, and the shape of the 2016 version matches the cross-section on the hull of HMS Warrior, the most famous ship built by the Thames Ironworks. However examining draughtsman's diagrams of the ship casts doubt on the resemblance between the shield and the ship.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The crest was redesigned and updated in the late 1990s, featuring a wider yellow castle with fewer cruciform "windows" along with the peaked roofs being removed; the tops of the towers had previously made the castle appear more akin to Disneyland's Sleeping Beauty's Castle than a functioning fortress. The designer also altered other details to give a more substantial feel to the iconography.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: When the club rebuilt the west stand of the Boleyn Ground (construction finished 2001–02) the "castle" from the redesigned badge was incorporated into the structure at the main entrance to the ground. A pair of towers were prominent features of the ground's appearance, both bearing large club badges.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The original colours of the team were dark blue, due to Thames Ironworks chairman Arnold Hills being a former student of Oxford University (see Oxford blue). However, the team used a variety of kits including the claret and sky blue house colours of Thames Ironworks, as well as sky blue or white kit.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The 1975 FA Cup version – which contains the original lyrics, and features vocals from the team's then-current players – is always played before home games, with the home crowd joining in and carrying the song on after the music stops at the verse line "Fortune's always hiding". Bubbles was published as a waltz whereas during the game the crowd sing it in common time.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: Since the 1950s, fans have also sung the East London pub song Knees Up Mother Brown. The song title is also the name of an internet forum related to the club.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: When the players come onto the pitch, and at other times of celebration, as the song "I'm forever blowing bubbles" is being sung, around 60 bubble machines produce copious bubbles that rise high into the stadium.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The team and supporters are known as The Hammers, in part because of the club's origins as Thames Ironworks. They are also known as The Irons and The Cockney Boys. Other nicknames are The Academy of Football, or just The .

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: Bobby Moore has been runner-up four times, while Billy Bonds and Tony Cottee have both been runners-up three times.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: Billy Bonds and Trevor Brooking's wins are notable in the amount of time between first and last Hammer of the Year award. Bonds has 16 years separating his wins whilst Brooking has 12.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The first award was presented to club-record appearance maker Billy Bonds, who picked up the award on the pitch at Upton Park before kick-off against Cardiff City on the opening day of the 2013–14 season.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: The 2014 award was presented to Sir Trevor Brooking, a record five-time winner of the Hammer of the Year award. Brooking received the award before the 2014–15 season curtain-raiser against Tottenham Hotspur on 16 August 2014. Brooking had already had the Centenary Stand at the Boleyn ground named after him in 2009.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: On 2 July 2013, Sullivan acquired a further 25% of shares after restructuring the debt of the club, leaving Straumur Bank with just 10%. In order to clear club debts before a move to the Olympic Stadium in 2016, in December 2014 Sullivan announced the availability for sale of 20% of the club. The clearing of club debts, given in July 2013 as £70 million, was given as a pre-condition to a move to the Olympic Stadium.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


West Ham United F.C.

Context: On 10 November 2021, the club announced Czech billionaire Daniel Křetínský had acquired 27% of the shares of the club, reducing Gold and Sullivan's shares at the club.

Question: Minkä valioliigajoukkueen edellinen kotistadion tunnettiiin nimellä Boleyn ground?


Tommy Lee Jones

Context: Tommy Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an American actor and film director. He has received four Academy Award nominations, winning Best Supporting Actor for his performance as U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard in the 1993 thriller film "The Fugitive".

Question: Onko Tommy Leellä lapsia?