Eric Schmidt

Context: The Schmidts, working with Hart Howerton, a San Francisco architectural firm that specializes in large-scale land use, have inaugurated several projects on the island of Nantucket that seek to sustain the unique character of the island and to minimize the impact of seasonal visitation on the island's core community.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: Mrs. Schmidt offered the prize purse of the Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X CHALLENGE, a challenge award for the efficient capturing of crude oil from seawater motivated by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In 2009, Eric and Wendy Schmidt endowed the Schmidt Transformative Technology Fund at Princeton University with $25 million. The Fund's purpose is to support research and technology in the natural sciences and engineering, encouraging collaboration across disciplines. It awarded $1.2 million in grants in 2010 and $1.7 million in grants in 2012.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: Created in partnership with the Rhodes Trust, the Schmidt Science Fellows program is part of a $100 million commitment to drive scientific leadership and interdisciplinary research. The program features a Global Meeting Series including exclusive sessions at world-leading institutions including Oxford, Cambridge, MIT, and Harvard. Fellows receive a stipend to participate in postdoctoral study which differs from their existing expertise.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: An initiative of Schmidt Futures and the Rhodes Trust, which aims to increase the opportunity for exceptional young people worldwide to serve others throughout their lives. The program, which will find and elevate young people between the ages of 15 and 17 from around the world, will be designed to encourage a lifetime of service and learning by providing support that could include scholarships, career services, and funding opportunities

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: Schmidt has claimed that Google's use of artificial distinctions to avoid paying billions of pounds in corporation tax otherwise owed by its UK operations is "capitalism" and that he was "very proud of it".

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: On May 16, 2013 Margaret Hodge MP, the chair of the United Kingdom Public Accounts Committee accused Google of being "calculated and unethical" over its use of artificial distinctions to avoid paying billions of pounds in corporation tax owed by its UK operations. Google was accused by the committee, which represents the interests of all UK taxpayers, of being "evil" for not paying its "fair amount of tax".

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In 2015, the UK Government introduced a new law intended to penalise Google and other large multinational corporations' artificial tax avoidance. Google is accused of avoiding paying tens of billions of dollars of tax through a convoluted scheme of inter-company licensing agreements and transfers to tax havens. Schmidt was also criticised for his inaccurate use of the term 'capitalism' to describe billions of dollars being transferred into tax havens where no economic activity was actually taking place.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: Publicly Schmidt stated that, as paraphrased by "CNN"/"Money", "there has to be a trade-off between privacy concerns and functionality." His explanations referenced "Don't Be Evil".

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In 2013, Schmidt stated that the government surveillance in the United States was the "nature of our society" and that he was not going to "pass judgment on that". However, on the revelation that the NSA has been secretly spying on Google's data centers worldwide, he called the practice "outrageous" and criticized the NSA's collection of Americans phone records.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In 2005, Google blacklisted CNET reporters from talking to Google employees for one year, until July 2006, after CNET published personal information on Schmidt, including his political donations, hobbies, salary, and neighborhood, that had been obtained through Google searches.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In August 2010, Schmidt clarified his company's views on network neutrality: "I want to be clear what we mean by Net neutrality: What we mean is if you have one data type like video, you don't discriminate against one person's video in favor of another. But it's okay to discriminate across different types. So you could prioritize voice over video. And there is general agreement with Verizon and Google on that issue."

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In January 2013, Schmidt and Jared Cohen, director of Google Ideas visited North Korea along with former New Mexico governor Bill Richardson. The trip was highly publicized and controversial due to the ongoing tension between North Korea and the United States. On August 10, 2013, North Korea announced an indigenous smartphone, named Arirang, that may be using the Google Android operating system.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In March 2013, Schmidt visited Myanmar, which had been ruled by a military junta for decades and is transitioning to a democracy. During his visit, Schmidt spoke in favor of free and open Internet use in the country, and was scheduled to meet with the country's president.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In January 2015, Schmidt and Jared Cohen, director of Google Ideas, met with Pope Francis to discuss technology and society. This was the first meeting between the Pope and a technology leader, which was subsequently followed by other tech leaders visiting the Vatican.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: Dating back to early 1990s and dubbed "Schmidt's Law" by George Gilder when Schmidt predicted that the network will become the computer. Schmidt's Law states: "When the network becomes as fast as the backplane of your computer, the computer hollows out, its components dispersing across the Web, its value migrating to search and sort functions."

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In October 2020, Schmidt stated that social networking services are "amplifiers for idiots and crazy people" and that this was not what the Big Tech firms intended when creating them.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: Schmidt was on the list of ARTnews's 200 top art collectors in 2008. Schmidt denied that he was an art collector, despite his involvement in art, in 2019.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: He is a member of the Bilderberg Group and has attended the annual Bilderberg conferences every year since 2007 (except for 2009). He also has a listed membership with the Trilateral Commission. He is a member of the International Advisory Board at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: Schmidt is an active member of the Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council, and its board of directors.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In 2014, he had a cameo appearance in the film "Dumb and Dumber To", starring Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels. He also had a cameo appearance in the HBO show "Silicon Valley".

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In June 1980, Schmidt married Wendy Susan Boyle (born 1955 in Short Hills, New Jersey). They lived in Atherton, California, in the 1990s. They have a daughter, Sophie, and had another, Alison, who died in 2017 from an illness. A number of Schmidt's outside relationships have attracted publicity, but he continues philanthropic efforts in the name of him and his wife.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In January 2013, Schmidt visited North Korea with his daughter Sophie, Jared Cohen, and former New Mexico governor Bill Richardson.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In 2015, Schmidt acquired a 20% stake in D.E. Shaw & Co. Schmidt is also an investor in CargoMetrics, another quant hedge fund.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In April 2015, Schmidt delivered the commencement address at Virginia Tech, located in Schmidt's childhood home of Blacksburg, Virginia. This came on the heels of Schmidt making a $2 million donation to Virginia Tech's College of Engineering. Schmidt's philanthropy is the result of his longstanding friendship with Virginia Tech's former president Paul Torgersen. His donation funded the Paul and Dorothea Torgersen Dean's Chair in Engineering.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In September 2020, Schmidt purchased Montecito Mansion, a 22,000-square-foot estate overlooking Santa Barbara, for $30.8 million.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Eric Schmidt

Context: In November 2020, Recode reported that Schmidt is finalizing his plan to become a citizen of Cyprus. He is one of the highest-profile people to take advantage of the immigrant investor programs that offers a "passport-for-sale". This passport can be used to enter and live in any country of the European Union.

Question: هل سبق ودخلت شركة ألفابت قائمة فوربس جلوبال لأكبر شركات البرمجيات؟


Sitia

Context: The municipality Sitia was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities which became municipal units:

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: The province of Siteia () was one of the provinces of Lasithi. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Siteia and the municipal unit Makry Gialos. It was abolished in 2006.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: There are a number of sites in the municipality of Sitia that are protected as National Parks, Aesthetic Forests, Wildlife Refuges etc. under national and international laws.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: The settlement of the town dates to pre-Minoan times. Excavations in the Petras neighbourhood have found architectural remains from the end of the Neolithic (3000 BC) and continue through the Bronze Age 3000-1050 BC, including the Minoan palace of Petras. Several other Minoan settlements have been found within the municipality, notably Itanos and Mochlos.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: According to Diogenes Laërtius, Sitia was the home of Myson of Chen, one of the Seven Sages of Greece.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: The ancient Ἠτεία, written as Itia or Etea in English, appears to correspond roughly to modern Sitia. The name Sitia itself is probably the result of rebracketing of the prefix "s-" < σε 'at' + Ἠτεία.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: Sitia was founded by Minoans as Iteia, and was a centre of refuge for native Cretans after the fall of the major Minoan settlements. The city continued to prosper through the Classical, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods as one of the island's chief ports.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: The main remnant of the Venetian occupation is the "Kazarma" (from Italian "casa di arma"), the old fortress overlooking the harbour.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: In addition, Sitia is served by a port which connects Sitia and eastern Crete with several other Greek islands as well as with the port of Piraeus. The town also has a marina which accommodates smaller fishing boats and yachts.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


Sitia

Context: The General Hospital of Sitia was founded in 1947 as a local health center and was later (1994) relocated to a new 7500m2 (110-bed capacity) building and accordingly upgraded to serve as the main hospital for the municipality of Sitia and the surrounding area.

Question: أين تقع مدينة سيتيا؟


RT Arabic

Context: The channel covers a wide variety of events worldwide from the point of view of the Russian government. It also features interviews, debates and stories about cultural life in Russia and major cities.

Question: متى تم إطلاق قناة (آر تي) العربية؟


RT Arabic

Context: “Rusiya Al-Yaum” was first conceived in February 2006 following the launch of its English counterpart RT in December 2005. Test broadcasts began on May 4, 2007, with a full launch being made later. By this point, it used satellite to broadcast across the Middle East, North Africa and Europe, with a potential audience of 350 million people. The channel can also be watched on the Internet. As of November 2012, it was available on myTV, an over-the-top technology platform in North and South America.

Question: متى تم إطلاق قناة (آر تي) العربية؟


RT Arabic

Context: RT Arabic, along with other RT channels, has been subject to criticism for its explicit connections with the Russian government. The parent company of RT, TV-Novosti, is registered as a state-owned ANO. According to figures from the Russian Ministry of Justice, TV-Novosti, the Russian state provides 176.7 billion rubles in financing and 42.3 million rubles in other funding.

Question: متى تم إطلاق قناة (آر تي) العربية؟


RT Arabic

Context: On 17 May 2015, an RT Arabic journalist was allegedly assaulted by Israeli security forces while filming Jerusalem Day celebrations in Jerusalem. A similar occurrence took place on 9 December 2017.

Question: متى تم إطلاق قناة (آر تي) العربية؟


RT Arabic

Context: On 29 January 2020, RT Arabic correspondent Wafa Shabruni was badly injured from an exploded shell during a militants' weapon depot removal in the southeast Syrian province of Idlib. She lost consciousness and was later taken to Hama State Hospital under the care of Russian military medics. RT editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan personally thanked the medics and the Russian Minister of Defense for their assistance in this matter.

Question: متى تم إطلاق قناة (آر تي) العربية؟


Steven Chu

Context: Chu is a vocal advocate for more research into renewable energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. He has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today. On February 22, 2019, Chu began a one-year term as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: Chu was born in St. Louis, Missouri, with Chinese ancestry from Liuhe, Taicang, Jiangsu province, and graduated from Garden City High School. He received both a B.A. in mathematics and a B.S. in physics in 1970 from the University of Rochester. He went on to earn his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, under Eugene D. Commins, in 1976, during which he was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and the Academia Sinica of Taiwan, and is a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Korean Academy of Science and Engineering. He was also awarded the Humboldt Prize by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 1995. In 1998, Chu received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: Chu received an honorary doctorate from Boston University when he was the keynote speaker at the 2007 commencement exercises. He is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council. "Diablo Magazine" awarded him an Eco Award in its April 2009 issue, shortly after he was nominated for Energy Secretary.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: Chu was elected an international fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering UK in 2011, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2014. His nomination reads:

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: In March 2011 Chu said that regulators at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission should not delay approving construction licenses for planned U.S. nuclear power plants in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: On February 1, 2013, Chu announced his intent to resign. In his resignation announcement, he warned of the risks of climate change from continued reliance on fossil fuels, and wrote, "the Stone Age did not end because we ran out of stones; we transitioned to better solutions". He resigned on April 22, 2013.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: Chu has been a vocal advocate for more research into renewable energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combat climate change and global warming. He also spoke at the 2009 and 2011 National Science Bowl about the importance of America's science students, emphasizing their future role in environmental planning and global initiative. Chu said that a typical coal power plant emits 100 times more radiation than a nuclear power plant.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: He joined the Copenhagen Climate Council, an international collaboration between business and science established to create momentum for the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: In 2015, Chu signed the "Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change" on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: Chu was instrumental in submitting a winning bid for the Energy Biosciences Institute, a BP-funded $500 million multidisciplinary collaboration between UC Berkeley, the Lawrence Berkeley Lab, and the University of Illinois. This sparked controversy on the Berkeley campus, where some fear the alliance could harm the school's reputation for academic integrity.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: Based partially on his research at UC Berkeley, Chu has speculated that a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, could replace the current system. In the future, special varieties of high-glucose plants would be grown in the tropics, processed, and then the chemical would be shipped around like oil is today to other countries. "The St. Petersburg Times" has stated that Chu's concept "shows vision on the scale needed to deal with global warming".

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: In 1997, he married Jean Fetter, a British-American Oxford-trained physicist. He has two sons, Geoffrey and Michael, from a previous marriage to Lisa Chu-Thielbar.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Steven Chu

Context: Chu is interested in sports such as baseball, swimming, and cycling. He taught himself tennis—by reading a book—in the eighth grade, and was a second-string substitute for the school team for three years. He also taught himself how to pole vault using bamboo poles obtained from the local carpet store. Chu said he never learned to speak Chinese because his parents always spoke to their children in English.

Question: ما هي جائزة النوبل التي حصل عليها ستيفن تشو؟


Michael Jordan

Context: In the 1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8 rpg and 8 apg. During the season, Sam Vincent, Chicago's point guard, was having trouble running the offense, and Jordan expressed his frustration with head coach Doug Collins, who would put Jordan at point guard. In his time as a point guard, Jordan averaged 10 triple-doubles in eleven games, with 33.6 ppg, 11.4 rpg, 10.8 apg, 2.9 spg, and 0.8 bpg on 51% shooting.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: The Bulls went 55–27 in 1993–94 without Jordan in the lineup, and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs. The 1994–95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31–31 at one point in mid-March; the team received help when Jordan decided to return to the Bulls.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former No. 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA. Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black. He averaged 31 ppg in the playoffs, but Orlando won the series in six games.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: Jordan was known to have strong eyesight. Broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away. During the 2001 NBA Finals, Phil Jackson compared Jordan's dominance to Shaquille O'Neal, stating: "Michael would get fouled on every play and still have to play through it and just clear himself for shots instead and would rise to that occasion."

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: Jordan kept busy over the next few years. He stayed in shape, played golf in celebrity charity tournaments, and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles. Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) until the end of the 2013 season.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: During the 2011–12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. The team closed out the season with a 23-game losing streak; their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history. Before the next season, Jordan said: "I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating."

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: During the 2019 NBA offseason, Jordan sold a minority piece of the Hornets to Gabe Plotkin and Daniel Sundheim, retaining the majority of the team for himself, as well as the role of chairman.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: On September 21, 2020, Jordan and NASCAR driver Denny Hamlin announced they would be fielding a NASCAR team with Bubba Wallace driving, beginning competition in the 2021 season. On October 22, the team's name was confirmed to be 23XI Racing (pronounced twenty-three eleven) and the team's entry would bear No. 23.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: Jordan is the fourth of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan Jr., one older sister, Deloris, and one younger sister, Roslyn. James retired in 2006 as the command sergeant major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army. Jordan's nephew through Larry, Justin Jordan, played NCAA Division I basketball for the UNC Greensboro Spartans and is a scout for the Charlotte Hornets.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: On July 21, 2006, a judge in Cook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim. Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret. Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991; a DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike, Coca-Cola, Chevrolet, Gatorade, McDonald's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Wheaties, Hanes, and MCI. Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the "Be Like Mike" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent, David Falk. Jordan has described Falk as "the best at what he does" and that "marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan.'"

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: "Forbes" designated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017. From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete. , his net worth is estimated at $1.6 billion by "Forbes", making him the fifth-richest African-American, behind Robert F. Smith, David Steward, Oprah Winfrey, and Kanye West.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: From 2001 to 2014, Jordan hosted an annual golf tournament, the Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational, that raised money for various charities. In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago's Hales Franciscan High School. The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: The Make-A-Wish Foundation named Jordan its Chief Wish Ambassador in 2008. In 2013, he granted his 200th wish for the organization. As of 2019, he has raised more than $5 million for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: On June 5, 2020, in the wake of the protests following the murder of George Floyd, Jordan and his brand announced in a joint statement that they would be donating $100 million over the next 10 years to organizations dedicated to "ensuring racial equality, social justice and greater access to education". In February 2021, Jordan funded two Novant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics in New Hanover County, North Carolina, by giving $10 million.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Michael Jordan

Context: Jordan played himself in the 1996 comedy film "Space Jam". The film received mixed reviews, but it was a box office success, making $230 million worldwide, and earned more than $1 billion through merchandise sales.

Question: ما هي الرياضات الأخرى التي مارسها مايكل جوردن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: Alfred meets with Harriet to discuss the project, but despite Harriet correcting his misconceptions of the Yemen environment, Alfred is convinced that the project is foolhardy. Alfred's boss, pressured by Patricia, forces Alfred to accept a position on the project. Alfred considers resigning rather than ruin his reputation in the scientific community, but is convinced by his wife that they need his income and pension.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: Harriet arranges for Alfred to meet the Sheikh (Amr Waked) at his estate in the Scottish Highlands. The Sheikh is excited to meet Alfred as he is the inventor of the "Woolly Jones" fishing fly. While the Sheikh acknowledges that the project may sound crazy, he still believes that fishing is a noble pursuit that promotes harmony and requires immense faith.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: Meanwhile, the Sheikh continues his work, despite radicals who accuse him of introducing Western ways to their region. Patricia informs the Sheikh that because of opposition to removing salmon from British rivers they will need to use farmed salmon. The Sheikh does not believe that salmon bred in captivity will survive and rejects Patricia's offer, ending the British Government's involvement in the project. Alfred resigns his government job to continue with the project.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: At a press conference in the Yemen, with the Foreign Secretary, Patricia reunites Harriet with her boyfriend Robert who has survived the counter-terrorism operation. The PR stunt leaves Alfred heartbroken. That night, Harriet realises her feelings for Robert have changed, and when Alfred gets a text message from his wife asking him to return, he declines.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: The following day the fish are released from their holding tanks. The fish swim upstream and everyone celebrates the success of the project. While Robert and the Foreign Secretary fly-fish for the photographers, terrorists break into the dam upstream and open the flood gates. Although most people survive the resulting flash flood, the valley is left in ruins. The Sheikh blames himself for the tragedy, and vows to rebuild—this time with the support of the local community.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: "Salmon Fishing in the Yemen" was shot on location in London, Scotland, and Morocco. Scenes set in Yemen were filmed in Ouarzazate in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains. The restaurant scene in London was filmed at the Oxo Tower. The Sheikh's house in Scotland was filmed at Ardverikie House. Reshooting and water tank work was filmed at Black Hangar Studios in the UK. Principal photography started on 6 August 2010.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: Music for the film was composed and orchestrated by Dario Marianelli. The score features Leo Abrahams (guitar), Dirk Campbell (woodwind), Giles Lewin (oud), and the BBC Concert Orchestra, conducted by Benjamin Wallfisch. The original soundtrack album was released on 20 March 2012 by Lakeshore Records. The Scottish folksong "Mairi's Wedding" by The Clancy Brothers, which is played over one scene, and "Where You Go" by The Young Romans, the song played over the end credits, are not included on the album.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: The film received generally favourable reviews from critics. In his review in the "Los Angeles Times", Kenneth Turan called the film a "pleasant fantasy" and a "charming film whose few attempts at seriousness are best forgotten or ignored." Turan praised the performances of Emily Blunt and Ewan McGregor, concluding

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: In her review for "The Washington Post", Ann Hornaday gave the film two and a half out of four stars, calling the film an "absurdist but gently winning romantic comedy" that "works a strange kind of wonder". Hornaday praised the director's "assured hand and feather-light touch", as well as the acting performances by Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt, who finds "an easygoing rhythm with her leading man". Hornaday continued:

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: Hornaday found "Salmon Fishing in the Yemen" a "surprisingly lush, endearing little film, in which a swelling sense of romanticism thoroughly banishes even the most far-fetched improbabilities."

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: In his review for "The Telegraph", Robbie Collins gave the film three out of five stars, calling it "cinema at its most easily digestible" with a cast that is as "unthreateningly attractive as its sense of humour is cosily inclusive." Collins concluded that "Salmon Fishing in the Yemen" is a "disarmingly nice hour and three-quarters of gentle romance and even gentler comedy."

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: The film received some negative reviews. Peter Bradshaw from "The Guardian", who gave the film two out of five stars, wrote that it "feels as if you've seen it many times before". According to Bradshaw, the weakest scenes of the film involve the ferocious government PR chief (Kristin Scott Thomas), with "much lip-pursing and eye-rolling, but nothing funny or believable in the script for her to say."

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 67% positive rating among critics, based on 147 reviews. The critic consensus states: "Quirky and a little reserved, "Salmon Fishing in the Yemen" is nonetheless a charming little romantic drama sold by some strong central performances." The film holds a score of 58 on Metacritic, based on 35 reviews.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: The film opened in 18 cinemas so in the United States on 9 March 2012, taking in $225,000 for the three-day weekend. The film expanded to 483 cinemas by the end of March, when it had grossed over $3 million.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

Context: The film was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for McGregor, and Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Blunt.

Question: متى صدر فيلم صيد السلمون في اليمن؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: The Alaska Purchase () was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire. Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867, through a treaty ratified by the United States Senate.

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: Grand Duke Konstantin, a younger brother of the Tsar, began to press for the handover of Russian America to the United States in 1857. In a memorandum to Foreign Minister Alexander Gorchakov he stated that

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: An Aleut name, "Alaska", was chosen by the Americans. This name had earlier, in the Russian era, denoted the Alaska Peninsula, which the Russians had called "Аляска" ("Alyaska") (also "Alyaksa" is attested, especially in older sources).

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: The transfer ceremony took place in Sitka on October 18, 1867. Russian and American soldiers paraded in front of the governor's house; the Russian flag was lowered and the American flag raised amid peals of artillery.

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: A description of the events was published in Finland six years later. It was written by a blacksmith named Thomas Ahllund, who had been recruited to work in Sitka:

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: The purchase of Alaska has been referenced as a "bargain basement deal" and as the principal positive accomplishment of the presidency of Andrew Johnson.

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: Economist David R. Barker has argued that the US federal government has not earned a positive financial return on the purchase of Alaska. According to Barker, tax revenue and mineral and energy royalties to the federal government have been less than federal costs of governing Alaska plus interest on the borrowed funds used for the purchase.

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: John M. Miller has taken the argument further by contending that US oil companies that developed Alaskan petroleum resources did not earn enough profits to compensate for the risks that they incurred.

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: Other economists and scholars, including Scott Goldsmith and Terrence Cole, have criticized the metrics used to reach those conclusions by noting that most contiguous Western states would fail to meet the bar of "positive financial return" using the same criteria and by contending that looking at the increase in net national income, instead of only US Treasury revenue, would paint a much more accurate picture of the financial return of Alaska as an investment.

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Alaska Purchase

Context: Alaska Day celebrates the formal transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States, which took place on October 18, 1867. The date is by the Gregorian calendar and a clock time 9:01:20 behind Greenwich, which came into effect in Alaska the following day to replace the Julian calendar, which was used by the Russians (the Julian calendar in the 19th century was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar), and a clock time 14:58:40 ahead of Greenwich. Alaska Day is a holiday for all state workers.

Question: متى استحوذت امريكا على آلاسكا ؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The war was part of the Arab–Israeli conflict, an ongoing dispute that has included many battles and wars since the founding of the State of Israel in 1948. During the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel had captured Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, roughly half of Syria's Golan Heights, and the territories of the West Bank which had been held by Jordan since 1948.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On June 19, 1967, shortly after the Six-Day War, the Israeli government voted to return the Sinai to Egypt and the Golan Heights to Syria in exchange for a permanent peace settlement and a demilitarization of the returned territories. It rejected a full withdrawal to the boundaries and the situation before the war, and also insisted on direct negotiations with the Arab governments as opposed to accepting negotiation through a third party.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Armed hostilities continued on a limited scale after the Six-Day War and escalated into the War of Attrition, an attempt to wear down the Israeli position through long-term pressure. A ceasefire was signed in August 1970.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Four months before the war broke out, Henry Kissinger made an offer to Ismail, Sadat's emissary. Kissinger proposed returning the Sinai Peninsula to Egyptian control and an Israeli withdrawal from all of Sinai, except for some strategic points. Ismail said he would return with Sadat's reply, but never did. Sadat was already determined to go to war. Only an American guarantee that the United States would fulfill the entire Arab program in a brief time could have dissuaded Sadat.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: In an interview published in "Newsweek" (April 9, 1973), Sadat again threatened war with Israel. Several times during 1973, Arab forces conducted large-scale exercises that put the Israeli military on the highest level of alert, only to be recalled a few days later. The Israeli leadership already believed that if an attack took place, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) could repel it.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Other than a flurry of Syrian missile attacks on Ramat David airbase and surrounding civilian settlements during the first days of the war, the fighting took place in Sinai and the Golan Heights, territories that had been occupied by Israel since their victory in the Six-Day War of 1967, and in the later stages, on the west side of the Suez canal in Egypt and in areas of the Golan beyond those held by Israel prior to the outbreak of war.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Since they had not received MiG-23s and Scud missiles had only arrived in Egypt from Bulgaria in late August and it would take four months to train the Egyptian ground crews, Aman predicted war with Egypt was not imminent. This assumption about Egypt's strategic plans, known as "the concept", strongly prejudiced the department's thinking and led it to dismiss other war warnings.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: In April and May 1973, Israeli intelligence began picking up clear signals of Egypt's intentions for war, recognizing that it had the necessary divisions and bridging equipment to cross the Suez Canal and a missile umbrella to protect any crossing operation from air attack. However, Aman Chief Eli Zeira was still confident that the probability of war was low.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Between May and August 1973, the Egyptian Army conducted military exercises near the border, and Ashraf Marwan inaccurately warned that Egypt and Syria would launch a surprise attack in the middle of May. The Israeli Army mobilized with their Blue-White Alert, in response to both the warnings and exercises, at considerable cost. These exercises led some Israelis to dismiss the actual war preparations, and Marwan's warning right before the attack was launched, as another exercise.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On October 1, an Aman researcher, Lieutenant Binyamin Siman-Tov, submitted an assessment arguing that the Egyptian deployments and exercises along the Suez Canal seemed to be a camouflage for an actual crossing of the canal. Siman-Tov sent a more comprehensive assessment on October 3. Both were ignored by his superior.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Despite refusing to participate, King Hussein of Jordan "had met with Sadat and Assad in Alexandria two weeks before. Given the mutual suspicions prevailing among the Arab leaders, it was unlikely that he had been told any specific war plans. But it was probable that Sadat and Assad had raised the prospect of war against Israel in more general terms to feel out the likelihood of Jordan joining in."

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: It was this warning in particular, combined with the large number of other warnings, that finally goaded the Israeli High Command into action. Just hours before the attack began, orders went out for a partial call-up of the Israeli reserves.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The attack by the Egyptian and Syrian forces caught the United States by surprise. According to future CIA Director and Defense Secretary Robert Gates, he was briefing an American arms negotiator on the improbability of armed conflict in the region when he heard the news of the outbreak of war on the radio. On the other hand, the KGB learned about the attack in advance, probably from its intelligence sources in Egypt.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The Israeli strategy was, for the most part, based on the precept that if war was imminent, Israel would launch a pre-emptive strike. It was assumed that Israel's intelligence services would give, in the worst case, about 48 hours notice prior to an Arab attack.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Prime Minister Golda Meir, Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan and Chief of General Staff David Elazar met at 8:05 am on the morning of Yom Kippur, six hours before the war began. Dayan opened the meeting by arguing that war was not a certainty. Elazar then presented his argument in favor of a pre-emptive attack against Syrian airfields at noon, Syrian missiles at 3:00 pm, and Syrian ground forces at 5:00 pm:

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Prior to the war, Kissinger and Nixon consistently warned Meir that she must not be responsible for initiating a Middle East war. On October 6, 1973, the war opening date, Kissinger told Israel not to go for a preemptive strike, and Meir confirmed to him that Israel would not.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: A message arrived later from United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger saying, "Don't preempt." At the same time, Kissinger also urged the Soviets to use their influence to prevent war, contacted Egypt with Israel's message of non-preemption, and sent messages to other Arab governments to enlist their help on the side of moderation. These late efforts were futile. According to Henry Kissinger, had Israel struck first, it would not have received "so much as a nail".

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: David Elazar proposed a mobilization of the entire air force and four armored divisions, a total of 100,000 to 120,000 troops, while Dayan favored a mobilization of the air force and two armored divisions, totaling around 70,000 troops. Meir chose Elazar's proposal.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: In addition, the Egyptians had built separate ramps at the crossing points, reaching as high as to counter the Israeli sand wall, provide covering fire for the assaulting infantry and to counter the first Israeli armored counterattacks. The scale and effectiveness of the Egyptian strategy of deploying these anti-tank weapons coupled with the Israelis' inability to disrupt their use with close air support (due to the SAM shield) greatly contributed to Israeli setbacks early in the war.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Simultaneously, 14 Egyptian Tupolev Tu-16 bombers attacked Israeli targets in the Sinai with Kelt missiles, while another two Egyptian Tupolevs fired two Kelt missiles at a radar station in central Israel. One missile was shot down by a patrolling Israeli Mirage fighter, and the second fell into the sea. The attack was an attempt to warn Israel that Egypt could retaliate if it bombed targets deep within Egyptian territory.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Egyptian forces advanced approximately into the Sinai Desert with two armies (both corps-sized by western standards, included the 2nd Infantry Division in the northern Second Army). By the following morning, some 850 tanks had crossed the canal. In his account of the war, Saad El Shazly noted that by the morning of October 7, the Egyptians had lost 280 soldiers and 20 tanks, though this account is disputed.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Most Israeli soldiers defending the Bar Lev Line became casualties, and some 200 were taken prisoner. In the subsequent days, some defenders of the Bar Lev Line managed to break through the Egyptian encirclement and return to their lines or were extracted during later Israeli counterattacks. For the next several days, the IAF played a minimal role in the fighting, largely because it was needed to deal with the simultaneous, and ultimately more threatening, Syrian invasion of the Golan Heights.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On October 7, David Elazar visited Shmuel Gonen, commander of the Israeli Southern Command—who had only taken the position three months before at the retirement of Ariel Sharon—and met with Israeli commanders. The Israelis planned a cautious counterattack for the following day by Avraham Adan's 162nd Armored Division. The same day, the IAF carried out Operation Tagar, aiming to neutralize Egyptian Air Force bases and its missile defense shield.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: According to Herzog, by October 9 the front lines had stabilized. The Egyptians were unable to advance further, and Egyptian armored attacks on October 9 and 10 were repulsed with heavy losses. However, this claim was disputed by Shazly, who claimed that the Egyptians continued to advance and improve their positions well into October 10. He pointed to one engagement, which involved elements of the 1st Infantry Brigade, attached to the 19th Division, which captured Ayoun Mousa, south of Suez.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The Egyptian 1st Mechanized Brigade launched a failed attack southward along the Gulf of Suez in the direction of Ras Sudar. Leaving the safety of the SAM umbrella, the force was attacked by Israeli aircraft and suffered heavy losses. Shazly cited this experience as a basis to resist pressure by the Minister of War, General Ahmad Ismail Ali, to attack eastward toward the Mitla and Gidi Passes.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Between October 10 and 13, both sides refrained from any large-scale actions, and the situation was relatively stable. Both sides launched small-scale attacks, and the Egyptians used helicopters to land commandos behind Israeli lines. Some Egyptian helicopters were shot down, and those commando forces that managed to land were quickly destroyed by Israeli troops. In one key engagement on October 13, a particularly large Egyptian incursion was stopped and close to a hundred Egyptian commandos were killed.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: General Shazly strongly opposed any eastward advance that would leave his armor without adequate air cover. He was overruled by General Ismail and Sadat, whose aims were to seize the strategic Mitla and Gidi Passes and the Israeli nerve centre at Refidim, which they hoped would relieve pressure on the Syrians (who were by now on the defensive) by forcing Israel to shift divisions from the Golan to the Sinai.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The 2nd and 3rd Armies were ordered to attack eastward in six simultaneous thrusts over a broad front, leaving behind five infantry divisions to hold the bridgeheads. The attacking forces, consisting of 800–1,000 tanks would not have SAM cover, so the Egyptian Air Force (EAF) was tasked with their defense against Israeli aerial attacks. Armored and mechanized units initiated the attack on October 14 with artillery support. They were up against 700–750 Israeli tanks.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The Egyptian attack was decisively repelled. At least 250 Egyptian tanks and some 200 armored vehicles were destroyed. Egyptian casualties exceeded 1,000. Fewer than 40 Israeli tanks were hit, and all but six of them were repaired by Israeli maintenance crews and returned to service, while Israeli casualties numbered 665.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Kenneth Pollack credited a successful Israeli commando raid early on October 14 against an Egyptian signals-intercept site at Jebel Ataqah with seriously disrupting Egyptian command and control and contributing to its breakdown during the engagement.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: With the situation on the Syrian front stabilizing, the Israeli High Command agreed that the time was ripe for an Israeli counterattack and strike across the canal.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The opportunity arrived on October 12, when Israeli intelligence detected signs that the Egyptians were gearing up for a major armored thrust. This was precisely the moment the Israelis had been waiting for. They could finally utilize their advantages in speed, maneuver and tank gunnery, areas in which they excelled. Once Egyptian armored strength was sufficiently degraded, the Israelis would commence their own canal crossing.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On October 16, he dispatched Amnon Reshef's Brigade to attack the Chinese Farm. Other IDF forces attacked entrenched Egyptian forces overlooking the roads to the canal. After three days of bitter and close-quarters fighting, the Israelis succeeded in dislodging the numerically superior Egyptian forces. The Israelis lost about 300 dead, 1,000 wounded, and 56 tanks. The Egyptians suffered heavier casualties, including 118 tanks destroyed and 15 captured.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Egyptian artillery shelled the Israeli bridge over the canal on the morning of October 17, scoring several hits. The Egyptian Air Force launched repeated raids, some with up to 20 aircraft, to take out the bridge and rafts, damaging the bridge. The Egyptians had to shut down their SAM sites during these raids, allowing Israeli fighters to intercept the Egyptians. The Egyptians lost 16 planes and seven helicopters, while the Israelis lost six planes.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On October 22, Ismailia's Egyptian defenders were occupying their last line of defense, but managed to repel an Israeli attempt to get behind Ismailia and encircle the city, then push some of Sharon's forward troops back to the Sweetwater Canal. The Israeli advance on Ismailia was stopped south of the city. Both sides had suffered heavy losses.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On the northern front, the Israelis also attacked Port Said, facing Egyptian troops and a 900-strong Tunisian unit, who fought a defensive battle. The Egyptian government claimed that the city was repeatedly bombed by Israeli jets, and that hundreds of civilians were killed or wounded.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Adan's drive south had left Israeli and Egyptian units scattered throughout the battlefield, with no clear lines between them. As Egyptian and Israeli units tried to regroup, regular firefights broke out. During the night, Elazar reported that the Egyptians were attacking in an attempt to regain land at various locations, and that nine Israeli tanks had been destroyed. He asked permission from Dayan to respond to the attacks and Dayan agreed. Israel then resumed its drive south.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: It is unclear which side fired first but Israeli field commanders used the skirmishes as justification to resume the attacks. When Sadat protested alleged Israeli truce violations, Israel said that Egyptian troops had fired first. William B. Quandt noted that regardless of who fired the first post-ceasefire shot, it was the Israeli Army that was advancing beyond the October 22 ceasefire lines.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Adan resumed his attack on October 23. Israeli troops finished the drive south, captured the last ancillary road south of the port of Suez, and encircled the Egyptian Third Army east of the Suez Canal. The Israelis then transported enormous amounts of military equipment across the canal, which Egypt claimed was in violation of the ceasefire. Egyptian aircraft launched repeated attacks in support of the Third Army, sometimes in groups of up to 30 planes, but took severe losses.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Israeli armor and paratroopers also entered Suez in an attempt to capture the city, but they were confronted by Egyptian soldiers and hastily raised local militia forces. They were surrounded, but towards night the Israeli forces managed to extricate themselves. The Israelis had lost 80 dead and 120 wounded, with an unknown number of Egyptian casualties, for no tactical gain (see Battle of Suez).

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The next morning, October 23, a flurry of diplomatic activity occurred. Soviet reconnaissance flights had confirmed that Israeli forces were moving south, and the Soviets accused the Israelis of treachery. Kissinger called Meir in an effort to persuade her to withdraw a few hundred metres and she indicated that Israel's tactical position on the ground had improved.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Though most heavy fighting ended on October 28, the fighting never stopped until January 18, 1974. Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan stated that:

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The IDF acknowledged the loss of 14 soldiers during this postwar period. Egyptian losses were higher, especially in the sector controlled by Ariel Sharon, who ordered his troops to respond with massive firepower to any Egyptian provocation. Some aerial battles took place, and the Israelis also shot down several helicopters attempting to resupply the Third Army.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Despite Israel's tactical successes west of the canal, the Egyptian military was reformed and organized. Consequently, according to Gamasy, the Israeli military position became "weak" for different reasons:

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: For those reasons and according to Dayan, "It was therefore thought that Israel would withdraw from the west bank, since she was most sensitive on the subject of soldier's lives." The Egyptian forces didn't pull to the west and held onto their positions east of the canal controlling both shores of the Suez Canal. None of the Canal's main cities were occupied by Israel; however, the city of Suez was surrounded.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Egypt wished to end the war when it realized that the IDF canal crossing offensive could result in a catastrophe. The Egyptians' besieged Third Army could not hold on without supply. The Israeli Army advanced to 100 km from Cairo, which worried Egypt. The Israeli army had open terrain and no opposition to advance further to Cairo; had they done so, Sadat's rule might have ended.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Greengold fought running battles in this area with Syrian armor for twenty hours, sometimes with his single tank and at other times as part of a larger unit, changing tanks half a dozen times as they were knocked out. Greengold suffered burn injuries, but stayed in action and repeatedly showed up at critical moments from an unexpected direction to change the course of a skirmish. For his actions, he received Israel's highest decoration, the Medal of Valor.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Others countered that Syria had strong defenses—antitank ditches, minefields, and strongpoints—and that it would be better to fight from defensive positions in the Golan Heights (rather than the flat terrain deeper in Syria) in the event of another war with Syria. However, Prime Minister Golda Meir realized the most crucial point of the whole debate:

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: It would take four days to shift a division to the Sinai. If the war ended during this period, the war would end with a territorial loss for Israel in the Sinai and no gain in the north—an unmitigated defeat. This was a political matter and her decision was unmitigating—to cross the purple line. ... The attack would be launched tomorrow, Thursday, October 11.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On October 11, Israeli forces pushed into Syria and advanced towards Damascus along the Quneitra-Damascus road until October 14, encountering stiff resistance by Syrian reservists in prepared defenses. Three Israeli divisions broke the first and second defensive lines near Sasa, and conquered a further 50 square kilometres of territory in the Bashan salient. From there, they were able to shell the outskirts of Damascus, only 40 km away, using M107 heavy artillery.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On October 12, Israeli paratroopers from the elite Sayeret Tzanhanim reconnaissance unit launched Operation Gown, infiltrating deep into Syria and destroying a bridge in the tri-border area of Syria, Iraq, and Jordan. The operation disrupted the flow of weapons and troops to Syria. During the operation, the paratroopers destroyed a number of tank transports and killed several Syrian soldiers. There were no Israeli casualties.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The Syrians prepared for a massive counteroffensive to drive Israeli forces out of Syria, scheduled for October 23. A total of five Syrian divisions were to take part, alongside the Iraqi and Jordanian expeditionary forces. The Soviets had replaced most of the losses Syria's tank forces had suffered during the first weeks of the war.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: However, the day before the offensive was to begin, the United Nations imposed its ceasefire (following the acquiescence of both Israel and Egypt). Abraham Rabinovich claimed that:

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Ultimately, Syrian President Hafez al-Assad decided to cancel the offensive. On October 23, the day the offensive was to begin, Syria announced that it had accepted the ceasefire, and ordered its troops to cease fire, while the Iraqi government ordered its forces home.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On the first day of the war, Egyptian missile boats bombarded Israeli positions on the Sinai coast; targeting Rumana, Ras Beyron, Ras Masala and Ras Sudar on the Mediterranean and Sharm el-Sheikh on the Red Sea coast of the Sinai Peninsula. Egyptian frogmen raided the oil installations at Bala'eem, disabling the massive driller.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: October 7 also witnessed the Battle of Marsa Talamat. Two Israeli Dabur class patrol boats patrolling in the Gulf of Suez encountered two Egyptian Zodiac boats loaded with Egyptian naval commandos as well as a patrol boat that was backed up by coastal guns. The Israeli patrol boats sank both Zodiacs and the patrol boat, although both suffered damage during the battle.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Five nights after the Battle of Baltim, five Israeli patrol boats entered the Egyptian anchorage at Ras Ghareb, where over fifty Egyptian small patrol craft and armed fishing boats mobilized for the war effort and loaded with troops, ammunition, and supplies bound for the Israeli side of the Gulf were based. In the battle that followed, 19 Egyptian boats were sunk, while others remained bottled up in port.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The Israeli Navy had control of the Gulf of Suez during the war, which made possible the continued deployment of an Israeli SAM battery near an Israeli naval base close to the southern end of the Suez Canal, depriving the Egyptian Third Army of air support and preventing it from moving southward and attempting to capture the southern Sinai.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On October 11, Israeli missile boats sank two Syrian missile boats in an engagement off Tartus. During the battle, a Soviet merchant ship was hit by Israeli missiles and sank.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: During the last week of the war, Egyptian frogmen carried out three or four raids on Eilat. The attacks caused minor damage, but created some alarm.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: According to Israeli and Western sources, the Israelis lost no vessels in the war. Israeli vessels were "targeted by as many as 52 Soviet-made anti-ship missiles", but none hit their targets. According to historian Benny Morris, the Egyptians lost seven missile boats and four torpedo boats and coastal defense craft, while the Syrians lost five missile boats, one minesweeper, and one coastal defense vessel. All together, the Israeli Navy suffered three dead or missing and seven wounded.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Israeli historian Aryeh Yitzhaki estimated that the Egyptians killed about 200 Israeli soldiers who had surrendered. Yitzhaki based his claim on army documents. In addition, dozens of Israeli prisoners were beaten and otherwise mistreated in Egyptian captivity.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The order to kill Israeli prisoners came from General Shazly, who, in a pamphlet distributed to Egyptian soldiers immediately before the war, advised his troops to kill Israeli soldiers even if they surrendered.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: By October 8, Israel had encountered military difficulties on both fronts. In the Sinai, Israeli efforts to break through Egyptian lines with armor had been thwarted, and while Israel had contained and begun to turn back the Syrian advance, Syrian forces were still overlooking the Jordan River and their air defense systems were inflicting a high toll on Israeli planes. It became clear by October 9 that no quick reversal in Israel's favor would occur and that IDF losses were unexpectedly high.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Israeli military intelligence reported that Soviet-piloted MiG-25 Foxbat interceptor/reconnaissance aircraft overflew the Canal Zone.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Kissinger immediately passed the message to White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig, who met with Nixon for 20 minutes around 10:30 pm, and reportedly empowered Kissinger to take any necessary action. Kissinger immediately called a meeting of senior officials, including Haig, Defense Secretary James Schlesinger and CIA Director William Colby. The Watergate scandal had reached its apex, and Nixon was so agitated and discomposed that they decided to handle the matter without him:

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: When Kissinger asked Haig whether [Nixon] should be wakened, the White House chief of staff replied firmly 'No.' Haig clearly shared Kissinger's feelings that Nixon was in no shape to make weighty decisions.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The meeting produced a conciliatory response, which was sent (in Nixon's name) to Brezhnev. At the same time, it was decided to increase the DEFCON from four to three. Lastly, they approved a message to Sadat (again, in Nixon's name) asking him to drop his request for Soviet assistance, and threatening that if the Soviets were to intervene, so would the United States.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The Soviets placed seven airborne divisions on alert and airlift was marshaled to transport them to the Middle East. An airborne command post was set up in the southern Soviet Union, and several air force units were also alerted. "Reports also indicated that at least one of the divisions and a squadron of transport planes had been moved from the Soviet Union to an airbase in Yugoslavia". The Soviets also deployed seven amphibious warfare craft with some 40,000 naval infantry in the Mediterranean.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: However, nearly all Arab reinforcements came with no logistical plan or support, expecting their hosts to supply them, and in several cases causing logistical problems. On the Syrian front, a lack of coordination between Arab forces led to several instances of friendly fire.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Our position is that ... the conditions that produced this war were clearly intolerable to the Arab nations and that in the process of negotiations it will be necessary to make substantial concessions. The problem will be to relate the Arab concern for the sovereignty over the territories to the Israeli concern for secure boundaries. We believe that the process of negotiations between the parties is an essential component of this.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Quandt considers, "It was a brilliant performance, one of his most impressive." One hour later the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 340. This time the ceasefire held, and the fourth Arab–Israeli war was over.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Disengagement talks took place on October 28, 1973, at "Kilometre 101" between Israeli Major General Aharon Yariv and Egyptian Major General Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy. Ultimately, Kissinger took the proposal to Sadat, who agreed. United Nations checkpoints were brought in to replace Israeli ones, nonmilitary supplies were allowed to pass, and prisoners-of-war were to be exchanged.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: A summit conference in Geneva followed in December 1973. All parties to the war—Israel, Syria, Jordan and Egypt—were invited to a joint effort by the Soviet Union and the United States to finally usher peace between the Arabs and Israelis. This conference was recognized by UN Security Council Resolution 344 and was based on the Resolution 338, calling for a "just and durable peace". Nevertheless, the conference was forced to adjourn on January 9, 1974, as Syria refused attendance.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The peace discussion at the end of the war was the first time that Arab and Israeli officials met for direct public discussions since the aftermath of the 1948 war.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Though the war reinforced Israel's military deterrence, it had a stunning effect on the population in Israel. Following their victory in the Six-Day War, the Israeli military had become complacent. The shock and sudden reversals that occurred at the beginning of the war inflicted a terrible psychological blow to the Israelis, who had hitherto experienced no serious military challenges.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: A protest against the Israeli government started four months after the war ended. It was led by Motti Ashkenazi, commander of Budapest, the northernmost of the Bar-Lev forts and the only one during the war not to be captured by the Egyptians. Anger against the Israeli government (and Dayan in particular) was high. Shimon Agranat, President of the Israeli Supreme Court, was asked to lead an inquiry, the Agranat Commission, into the events leading up to the war and the setbacks of the first few days.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The Agranat Commission published its preliminary findings on April 2, 1974. Six people were held particularly responsible for Israel's failings:

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Rather than quieting public discontent, the report—which "had stressed that it was judging the ministers' responsibility for security failings, not their parliamentary responsibility, which fell outside its mandate"—inflamed it. Although it had absolved Meir and Dayan of all responsibility, public calls for their resignations (especially Dayan's) intensified. In the December 1973 legislative election, Meir's Alignment party lost five Knesset seats.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: On April 11, 1974, Golda Meir resigned. Her cabinet followed suit, including Dayan, who had previously offered to resign twice and was turned down both times by Meir. A new government was seated in June and Yitzhak Rabin, who had spent most of the war as an advisor to Elazar in an unofficial capacity, became Prime Minister.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: In 1999, the issue was revisited by the Israeli political leadership to prevent similar shortcomings from being repeated. The Israeli National Security Council was created to improve coordination between the different security and intelligence bodies, and the political branch of government.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: The commanders of the Second and Third Armies, Generals Khalil and Wasel, were also dismissed from the army. The commander of the Egyptian Second Army at the start of the war, General Mamoun, suffered a heart attack, or, alternatively, a breakdown, after the Egyptian defeat during the October 14 Sinai tank battle, and was replaced by General Khalil.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: In response to U.S. support of Israel, the Arab members of OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, decided to reduce oil production by 5% per month on October 17. On October 19, President Nixon authorized a major allocation of arms supplies and $2.2 billion in appropriations for Israel. In response, Saudi Arabia declared an embargo against the United States, later joined by other oil exporters and extended against the Netherlands and other states, causing the 1973 energy crisis.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Another Egyptian–Israeli disengagement agreement, the "Sinai Interim Agreement", was signed in Geneva on September 4, 1975, and was commonly known as Sinai II. This agreement led Israel to withdraw from another 20–40 km with UN forces buffering the vacated area. After the agreement, Israel still held more than two-thirds of Sinai, which would prove to be a valuable bargaining chip in the coming negotiations.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Rabin's government was hamstrung by a pair of scandals, and he was forced to step down in 1977. In the elections that followed, the right-wing Likud party won a majority in the Knesset and Menachem Begin, the party's founder and leader, was appointed Prime Minister. This marked a historic change in the Israeli political landscape: for the first time since Israel's founding, a coalition not led by the Labor Party was in control of the government.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Many in the Arab world were outraged at Egypt's peace with Israel. Sadat, in particular, became deeply unpopular both in the Arab world and in his own country. Egypt was suspended from the Arab League until 1989. Until then, Egypt had been "at the helm of the Arab world". Egypt's tensions with its Arab neighbors culminated in 1977 in the short-lived Libyan–Egyptian War.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: Sadat was assassinated two years later on October 6, 1981, while attending a military parade marking the eighth anniversary of the start of the war, by Islamist army members who were outraged at his negotiations with Israel.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: October 6 is a national holiday in Egypt called Armed Forces Day. It is a national holiday in Syria as well, where it is called "Tishreen Liberation Day". Marking the 35th anniversary in 2008, Hosni Mubarak said that the conflict "breathed new life" into Egypt. He said Egypt and Syria's initial victories in the conflict eased Arab bitterness over Israel's victory in the 1967 Six-Day War and ultimately put the two nations on a path of peaceful coexistence.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Yom Kippur War

Context: In Egypt, many places were named after the date of October 6 and Ramadan 10th, which is the equivalent day in the Islamic calendar. Examples of these commemorations are 6th October Bridge in Cairo and the cities of 6th of October and 10th of Ramadan.

Question: ما هي ساعة الصفر في حرب اكتوبر؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: The Battle of Ain Jalut (), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley near what is known today as the Spring of Harod (). The battle marked the height of the extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance was permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: When Möngke Khan became Great Khan in 1251, he immediately set out to implement his grandfather Genghis Khan's plan for a world empire. To lead the task of subduing the nations in the West, he selected his brother, another of Genghis Khan's grandsons, Hulagu Khan.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: Assembling the army took five years, and it was not until 1256 that Hulagu was prepared to begin the invasions. Operating from the Mongol base in Persia, Hulagu proceeded south. Möngke had ordered good treatment for those who yielded without resistance and destruction for the rest. In that way, Hulagu and his army had conquered some of the most powerful and longstanding dynasties of the time.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluks were Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde's supply of Kipchaks replenished the Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: Shortly before the battle, Hulagu withdrew from the Levant with the bulk of his army, leaving his forces west of the Euphrates with only one tumen (nominally 10,000 men, but usually fewer), and a handful of vassal troops under the Naiman Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa Noyan, commonly known as Kitbuqa. Contemporary Mamluk chronicler al-Yunini's "Dhayl Mirat Al-Zaman" states that the Mongol army under Kitbuqa, including vassals, numbered 100,000 men in total, but this was likely an exaggeration.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: Hulagu Khan ordered the execution of the last Ayyubid emir of Aleppo and Damascus, An-Nasir Yusuf, and his brother, who were in captivity, after he heard the news of the defeat of the Mongol army at Ain Jalut. However, the Mamluks captured Damascus five days later after Ain Jalut, followed by Aleppo within a month.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: Later on, Hulagu was able to send only a small army of two tumens in his sole attempt to attack the Mamluks in Aleppo in December 1260. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: The Muslim Mamluks defeated the Mongols in all battles except one. Beside a victory to the Mamluks in Ain Jalut, the Mongols were defeated in the second Battle of Homs, Elbistan and Marj al-Saffar. After five battles with the Mamluks, the Mongols only won at the Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar. They never returned to Syria again.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: According to Arabic military treatises of the 13th and 14th centuries, hand cannon was used by the Mamluk side in the Battle of Ain Jalut to frighten the Mongol armies, making it the earliest known battle for hand cannon being used. The compositions of the gunpowder used in the cannon were also given in those manuals.

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Battle of Ain Jalut

Context: A recent study claims that the Mongol defeat was in part caused by a short term climate anomaly following the eruption of Samalas volcano a few years earlier, stating that "a return to warmer and dryer conditions in the summer of 1260 CE, [...] likely reduced the regional carrying capacity and may therefore have forced a mass withdrawal of the Mongols from the region that contributed to the Mamluks’ victory."

Question: من هو قائد معركة عين جالوت؟


Old Norse religion

Context: A few runic inscriptions with religious content survive from Scandinavia, particularly asking Thor to hallow or protect a memorial stone; carving his hammer on the stone also served this function.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: One important written source is Snorri's "Prose Edda", which incorporates a manual of Norse mythology for the use of poets in constructing kennings; it also includes numerous citations, some of them the only record of lost poems, such as Þjóðólfr of Hvinir's "Haustlǫng". Snorri's Prologue eumerises the Æsir as Trojans, deriving "Æsir" from "Asia", and some scholars have suspected that many of the stories that we only have from him are also derived from Christian medieval culture.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Place-names are an additional source of evidence. Theophoric place-names, including instances where a pair of deity names occur in close proximity, provide an indication of the importance of the religion of those deities in different areas, dating back to before our earliest written sources. The toponymic evidence shows considerable regional variation, and some deities, such as Ullr and Hǫrn, occur more frequently, than Odin place-names occur, in other locations.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Some place-names contain elements indicating that they were sites of religious activity: those formed with -"vé", -"hörgr", and -"hof", words for religious sites of various kinds, and also likely those formed with -"akr" or -"vin", words for "field", when coupled with the name of a deity. Magnus Olsen developed a typology of such place-names in Norway, from which he posited a development in pagan worship from groves and fields toward the use of temple buildings.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Personal names are also a source of information on the popularity of certain deities; for example Thor's name was an element in the names of both men and women, particularly in Iceland.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: During the Viking Age, Norse people left Scandinavia and settled elsewhere throughout Northwestern Europe. Some of these areas, such as Iceland, the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and the Faroe Islands, were hardly populated, whereas other areas, such as England, Southwest Wales, Scotland, the Western Isles, Isle of Man, and Ireland, were already heavily populated.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Across Germanic Europe, conversion to Christianity was closely connected to social ties; mass conversion was the norm, rather than individual conversion. A primary motivation for kings converting was the desire for support from Christian rulers, whether as money, imperial sanction, or military support.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: The encounter with Christianity could also stimulate new and innovative expressions of pagan culture, for instance through influencing various pagan myths. As with other Germanic societies, syncretisation between incoming and traditional belief systems took place. For those living in isolated areas, pre-Christian beliefs likely survived longer, while others continued as survivals in folklore.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Norse mythological sources, particularly Snorri and "Vǫluspá", differentiate between two groups of deities, the Æsir and the Vanir, who fought a war during which the Vanir broke down the walls of the Æsir's stronghold, Asgard, and eventually made peace by means of a truce and the exchange of hostages. Some mythographers have suggested that this myth was based on recollection of a conflict in Scandinavia between adherents of different belief systems.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Ancestral deities were common among Finno-Ugric peoples, and remained a strong presence among the Finns and Sámi after Christianisation. Ancestor veneration may have played a part in the private religious practices of Norse people in their farmsteads and villages; in the 10th century, Norwegian pagans attempted to encourage the Christian king Haakon to take part in an offering to the gods by inviting him to drink a toast to the ancestors alongside a number of named deities.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa appear to have been personal or family goddesses venerated by Haakon Sigurdsson, a late pagan ruler of Norway.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: There are also likely to have been local and family fertility cults; we have one reported example from pagan Norway in the family cult of Vǫlsi, where some deity called Mǫrnir is invoked.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: The norns are female figures who determine individuals' fate. Snorri describes them as a group of three, but he and other sources also allude to larger groups of norns who decide the fate of newborns. It is uncertain whether they were worshipped.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Conflict with the jǫtnar, or giants, is a frequent motif in the mythology. They are described as both the ancestors and enemies of the gods. Gods marry giantesses but giants' attempts to couple with goddesses are repulsed. Most scholars believe the jǫtnar were not worshipped, although this has been questioned. The Eddic jǫtnar have parallels with their later folkloric counterparts, although unlike them they have much wisdom.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: The term "Yggr" means "the terrifier" and is a synonym for Oðinn, while "drasill" was a poetic word for a horse; "Yggdrasil" thereby means "Oðinn's Steed". This idea of a cosmic tree has parallels with those from various other societies, and may reflect part of a common Indo-European heritage.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: The Ragnarok story survives in its fullest exposition in "Völuspá", although elements can also be seen in earlier poetry. The Ragnarok story suggests that the idea of an inescapable fate pervaded Norse world-views. There is much evidence that "Völuspá" was influenced by Christian belief, and it is also possible that the theme of conflict being followed by a better future—as reflected in the Ragnarok story—perhaps reflected the period of conflict between paganism and Christianity.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: According to Snorri, while one half of the slain go to Valhalla, the other go to Frejya's hall, Fólkvangr, and that those who die from disease or old age go to a realm known as Hel; it was here that Baldr went after his death. The concept of Hel as an afterlife location never appears in pagan-era skaldic poetry, where "Hel" always references to the eponymous goddess. Snorri also mentions the possibility of the dead reaching the hall of Brimir in Gimlé, or the hall of Sindri in the Niðafjöll Mountains.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Various sagas and the Eddaic poem "Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar" refer to the dead residing in their graves, where they remain conscious. In these thirteenth century sources, ghosts (Draugr) are capable of haunting the living. In both "Laxdæla Saga" and "Eyrbyggja Saga", connections are drawn between pagan burials and hauntings.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: In the Eddic poem "Hyndluljóð", Freyja expresses appreciation for the many sacrifices of oxen made to her by her acolyte, Óttar. In "Hrafnkels saga", Hrafnkell is called "Freysgoði" for his many sacrifices to Freyr. There may also be markers by which we can distinguish sacrifices to Odin, who was associated with hanging, and some texts particularly associate the ritual killing of a boar with sacrifices to Freyr; but in general, archaeology is unable to identify the deity to whom a sacrifice was made.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Grave goods feature in both inhumation and cremation burials. These often consist of animal remains; for instance, in Icelandic pagan graves, the remains of dogs and horses are the most common grave goods. In many cases, the grave goods and other features of the grave reflect social stratification, particularly in the cemeteries at market towns such as Hedeby and Kaupang. In other cases, such as in Iceland, cemeteries show very little evidence of it.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


Old Norse religion

Context: Some figurines have been interpreted as depictions of deities. The Lindby image from Skåne, Sweden is often interpreted as Oðinn because of its missing eye; the bronze figurine from Eyrarland in Iceland as Thor because it holds a hammer. A bronze figurine from Rällinge in Södermanland has been attributed to Freyr because it has a big phallus, and a silver pendant from Aska in Östergötland has been seen as Freya because it wears a necklace that could be Brisingamen.

Question: ما هي ديانة الفايكنج ؟


French Somaliland

Context: French Somaliland (, "French Coast of the Somalis" ) was a French colony in the Horn of Africa. It existed between 1884 and 1967. Djibouti is its legal successor state.

Question: كم دام إستعمار فرنسا لأرض الصومال ؟


French Somaliland

Context: French Somaliland was formally established in 1896 after the Issa and Afar each signed a treaty with the French, but iterations of what will eventually become French Somaliland existed for few decades prior to the official formation.

Question: كم دام إستعمار فرنسا لأرض الصومال ؟


French Somaliland

Context: An attempt by Russian adventurer Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov to establish a settlement at Sagallo in 1889 was promptly thwarted by French forces after just one month.

Question: كم دام إستعمار فرنسا لأرض الصومال ؟


French Somaliland

Context: The railway continued operating after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia but following the tumult of the Second World War, the area became a French overseas territory in 1946. In 1967, French Somaliland was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas and, in 1977, became the independent country of Djibouti.

Question: كم دام إستعمار فرنسا لأرض الصومال ؟


Rolls-Royce Limited

Context: The name of Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited was changed to Rolls-Royce Limited on 31 December 1977 the end of the company's financial year. The original Rolls-Royce Limited incorporated in 1906 and still in liquidation had been renamed Rolls-Royce Realisations Limited and had consented in March 1977 to the (1971) company being named Rolls-Royce Limited

Question: متى تاسست شركة رولز رويس؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the "" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The current format involves a qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament phase, 32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over about a month.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: As of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, twenty-one final tournaments have been held and a total of 79 national teams have competed. The trophy has been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, France, and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain, with one title each.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world, as well as the most widely viewed and followed single sporting event in the world. The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match, a ninth of the entire population of the planet.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: After FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official competition. Planned by The Football Association (FA), England's football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team) won the gold medals. They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: In 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a "world football championship for amateurs", and took responsibility for managing the event. This paved the way for the world's first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, contested by Egypt and 13 European teams, and won by Belgium. Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928. Those were also the first two open world championships, as 1924 was the start of FIFA's professional era.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments, FIFA, with President Jules Rimet as the driving force, again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics. On 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself. With Uruguay now two-time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930, FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel, and war. Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament. Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both. The 1942 and 1946 competitions, which Germany and Brazil sought to host, were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: In October 2016, FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48-team World Cup in 2026. On 10 January 2017, FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May. An additional 16 indictments by the US Department of Justice were announced on the same day.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: A biennial World Cup plan was first proposed by the Saudi Arabian Football Federation at the 71st FIFA Congress on 21 May 2021 and prominently backed by former Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger and national federations in Africa and Asia. However, according to a FIFA-commissioned poll and the FIFA Council discussion on 20 October 2021, the majority of football fans still support the four-year World Cup cycle — and continental confederations such as UEFA and CONMEBOL are not on board with the plan.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: An equivalent tournament for women's football, the FIFA Women's World Cup, was first held in 1991 in China. The women's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men's, but is growing; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120, more than double that of 1991.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟


FIFA World Cup

Context: Men's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932. Unlike many other sports, the men's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top-level tournament, and since 1992, an under-23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players. Women's football made its Olympic debut in 1996.

Question: كم عدد البلدان الإفريقية التي استضافت نهائيات كأس العالم؟