Human digestive system

Context: The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine. It lies below the ileocecal valve in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine, the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. At this junction there is a sphincter or valve, the ileocecal valve which slows the passage of chyme from the ileum, allowing further digestion. It is also the site of the appendix attachment.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: The digestive system is supplied by the celiac artery. The celiac artery is the first major branch from the abdominal aorta, and is the only major artery that nourishes the digestive organs.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: There are three main divisions – the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: The celiac artery supplies the liver, stomach, spleen and the upper 1/3 of the duodenum (to the sphincter of Oddi) and the pancreas with oxygenated blood. Most of the blood is returned to the liver via the portal venous system for further processing and detoxification before returning to the systemic circulation via the hepatic veins.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: The next branch from the abdominal aorta is the superior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the midgut, which includes the distal 2/3 of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: The final branch which is important for the digestive system is the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the hindgut, which includes the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and the anus above the pectinate line.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Blood flow to the digestive tract reaches its maximum 20–40 minutes after a meal and lasts for 1.5–2 hours.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: The enteric nervous system consists of some one hundred million neurons that are embedded in the peritoneum, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the esophagus to the anus. These neurons are collected into two plexuses - the myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus that lies between the longitudinal and the smooth muscle layers, and the submucosal (or Meissner's) plexus that lies between the circular smooth muscle layer and the mucosa.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Parasympathetic innervation to the ascending colon is supplied by the vagus nerve. Sympathetic innervation is supplied by the splanchnic nerves that join the celiac ganglia. Most of the digestive tract is innervated by the two large celiac ganglia, with the upper part of each ganglion joined by the greater splanchnic nerve and the lower parts joined by the lesser splanchnic nerve. It is from these ganglia that many of the gastric plexuses arise.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Early in embryonic development, the embryo has three germ layers and abuts a yolk sac. During the second week of development, the embryo grows and begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: There are a number of esophageal diseases such as the development of Schatzki rings that can restrict the passageway, causing difficulties in swallowing. They can also completely block the esophagus.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Stomach diseases are often chronic conditions and include gastroparesis, gastritis, and peptic ulcers.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: A common disorder of the bowel is diverticulitis. Diverticula are small pouches that can form inside the bowel wall, which can become inflamed to give diverticulitis. This disease can have complications if an inflamed diverticulum bursts and infection sets in. Any infection can spread further to the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) and cause potentially fatal peritonitis.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Crohn's disease is a common chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can affect any part of the GI tract, but it mostly starts in the terminal ileum.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Ulcerative colitis an ulcerative form of colitis, is the other major inflammatory bowel disease which is restricted to the colon and rectum. Both of these IBDs can give an increased risk of the development of colorectal cancer. Ulcerative colitis is the most common of the IBDs

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common of the functional gastrointestinal disorders. These are idiopathic disorders that the Rome process has helped to define.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Giardiasis is a disease of the small intestine caused by a protist parasite "Giardia lamblia". This does not spread but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine. It can often be asymptomatic, but as often can be indicated by a variety of symptoms. Giardiasis is the most common pathogenic parasitic infection in humans.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: There are diagnostic tools mostly involving the ingestion of barium sulphate to investigate disorders of the GI tract. These are known as upper gastrointestinal series that enable imaging of the pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, stomach and small intestine and lower gastrointestinal series for imaging of the colon.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Gestation can predispose for certain digestive disorders. Gestational diabetes can develop in the mother as a result of pregnancy and while this often presents with few symptoms it can lead to pre-eclampsia.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: In the early 11th century the Islamic medical philosopher Avicenna wrote extensively on many subjects including medicine. Forty of these treatises on medicine survive, and in the most famous one titled the "Canon of Medicine" he discusses "rising gas". Avicenna believed that digestive system dysfunction was responsible for the overproduction of gas in the gastrointestinal tract. He suggested lifestyle changes and a compound of herbal drugs for its treatment.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: In 1497 Alessandro Benedetti viewed the stomach as an unclean organ separated off by the diaphragm. This view of the stomach and intestines as being base organs was generally held until the mid-17th century.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: In the Renaissance of the 16th century Leonardo da Vinci produced some early drawings of the stomach and intestines. He thought that the digestive system aided the respiratory system. Andreas Vesalius provided some early anatomical drawings of the abdominal organs in the 16th century.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: In the middle of the 17th century a Flemish physician Jan Baptist van Helmont offered the first chemical account of digestion which was later described as being very close to the later conceptualised enzyme.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: In 1653 William Harvey described the intestines in terms of their length, their blood supply, the mesenteries, and fat (adenylyl cyclase).

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: In 1823 William Prout discovered hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. In 1895 Ivan Pavlov described its secretion as being stimulated by a neurologic reflex with the vagus nerve having a crucial role. Black in the 19th century suggested an association of histamine with this secretion. In 1916 Popielski described histamine as a gastric secretagogue of hydrochloric acid.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: William Beaumont was an army surgeon who in 1825 was able to observe digestion as it took place in the stomach. This was made possible by experiments on a man with a stomach wound that did not fully heal leaving an opening into the stomach. The churning motion of the stomach was described among other findings.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: In the 19th century it was accepted that chemical processes were involved in the process of digestion. Physiological research into secretion and the gastrointestinal tract was pursued with experiments undertaken by Claude Bernard, Rudolph Heidenhain and Ivan Pavlov.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Human digestive system

Context: Art historians have often noted that banqueters on iconographic records of ancient Mediterranean societies almost always appear to be lying down on their left sides. One possible explanation could lie in the anatomy of the stomach and in the digestive mechanism. When lying on the left, the food has room to expand because the curvature of the stomach is enhanced in that position.

Question: Montako elintä kuuluu ruuansulatuselimistöön?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says it has more than ten million members and supporters around the world. The stated mission of the organization is to campaign for "a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments."

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In the field of international human rights organizations, Amnesty has the third-longest history, after the International Federation for Human Rights and the Anti-Slavery Society.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International drew together reports from countries where torture allegations seemed most persistent and organized an international conference on torture. It sought to influence public opinion to put pressure on national governments by organizing a campaign for the "Abolition of Torture", which ran for several years.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International's membership increased from 15,000 in 1969 to 200,000 by 1979. This growth in resources enabled an expansion of its program, "outside of the prison walls", to include work on "disappearances", the death penalty and the rights of refugees. A new technique, the "Urgent Action", aimed at mobilizing the membership into action rapidly was pioneered. The first was issued on 19 March 1973, on behalf of Luiz Basilio Rossi, a Brazilian academic, arrested for political reasons.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: At the intergovernmental level Amnesty International pressed for application of the UN's Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and of existing humanitarian conventions; to secure ratifications of the two UN Covenants on Human Rights in 1976; and was instrumental in obtaining additional instruments and provisions forbidding the practice of maltreatment. Consultative status was granted at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 1972.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The organization was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "defence of human dignity against torture" and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: By 1980, Amnesty International was drawing more criticism from governments. The Soviet Union alleged that Amnesty International conducted espionage, the Moroccan government denounced it as a defender of lawbreakers, and the Argentinian government banned Amnesty International's 1983 annual report.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Throughout the 1980s, Amnesty International continued to campaign against torture, and on behalf of prisoners of conscience. New issues emerged, including extrajudicial killings, military, security and police transfers, political killings, and disappearances.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International was proactive in pushing for recognition of the universality of human rights. The campaign 'Get Up, Sign Up' marked 50 years of the UDHR. Thirteen million pledges were collected in support, and the Decl music concert was held in Paris on 10 December 1998 (Human Rights Day). At the intergovernmental level, Amnesty International argued in favour of creating a United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (established 1993) and an International Criminal Court (established 2002).

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: During the first half of the new decade, Amnesty International turned its attention to violence against women, controls on the world arms trade, concerns surrounding the effectiveness of the UN, and ending torture. With its membership close to two million by 2005, Amnesty continued to work for prisoners of conscience.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In 2007, AI's executive committee decided to support access to abortion "within reasonable gestational limits...for women in cases of rape, incest or violence, or where the pregnancy jeopardizes a mother's life or health".

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International reported, concerning the Iraq War, on 17 March 2008, that despite claims the security situation in Iraq has improved in recent months, the human rights situation is disastrous, after the start of the war five years earlier in 2003.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In February 2011, Amnesty requested that Swiss authorities start a criminal investigation of former US President George W. Bush and arrest him.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In July 2011, Amnesty International celebrated its 50 years with an animated short film directed by Carlos Lascano, produced by Eallin Motion Art and Dreamlife Studio, with music by Academy Award-winner Hans Zimmer and nominee Lorne Balfe. The film shows that the fight for humanity is not yet over.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In August 2012, Amnesty International's chief executive in India sought an impartial investigation, led by the United Nations, to render justice to those affected by war crimes in Sri Lanka.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In November 2012, Amnesty International initiated disciplinary proceedings against Kirstyan Benedict, one of its UK campaigns managers, for a tweet singling out three female Jewish MPs in a manner that critics asserted was antisemitic; Benedict defended the tweet as a joke.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 19 April 2015, Amnesty International voted against a motion proposing that it fight against antisemitism in the UK, which reached then-record levels in the previous year; despite its extensive attention to the single issue of Islamophobia in earlier years, Amnesty stated that it would be inappropriate to campaign for an issue with a "single focus" and that Amnesty "fights against discrimination in all its forms."

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In November 2016, Amnesty International conducted an internal investigation of Kirstyan Benedict, its UK campaign manager, for comparing Israel to the Islamic state.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In December 2016, Amnesty International revealed that Voiceless Victims, a fake non-profit organization which claims to raise awareness for migrant workers who are victims of human rights abuses in Qatar, had been trying to spy on their staff.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International supported the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. James Lynch, Head of Arms Control and Human Rights at Amnesty International, said: "This historic treaty brings us a step closer to a world free from the horrors of nuclear weapons, the most destructive and indiscriminate weapons ever created."

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In October 2018, an Amnesty International researcher was abducted and beaten while observing demonstrations in Magas, the capital of Ingushetia, Russia.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 30 October 2018, Amnesty called for the arrest and prosecution of Nigerian security forces claiming that they used excessive force against Shi'a protesters during a peaceful religious procession around Abuja, Nigeria. At least 45 were killed and 122 were injured during the event .

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 5 December 2018, Amnesty International strongly condemned the execution of Ihar Hershankou and Siamion Berazhnoy in Belarus. They were shot despite UN Human Rights Committee request for a delay.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In February 2019, Amnesty International's management team offered to resign after an independent report found what it called a "toxic culture" of workplace bullying, and found evidence of bullying, harassment, sexism and racism, after being asked to investigate the suicides of 30-year Amnesty veteran Gaetan Mootoo in Paris in May 2018 (who left a note citing work pressures), and 28-year-old intern Rosalind McGregor in Geneva in July 2018.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In April 2019, Amnesty International's deputy director for research in Europe, Massimo Moratti, warned that if extradited to the United States, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange would face the "risk of serious human rights violations, namely detention conditions, which could violate the prohibition of torture".

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In September 2019, European Commission President-elect Ursula von der Leyen created the new position of "Vice President for Protecting our European Way of Life", who will be responsible for upholding the rule-of-law, internal security and migration. Amnesty International accused the European Union of "using the framing of the far right" by linking migration with security.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: At its Board Meeting in October 2019, International Board members appointed Sarah Beamish (Canada) as chairperson. She has been on the Board since 2015 and at age 34 is the youngest IB Chair in its history. She is a human rights lawyer in her homeland.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 24 November 2019, Anil Raj, a former Amnesty International board member, was killed by a car bomb while working with the United Nations Development Project. U.S. Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo announced Raj's death at a briefing 26 Nov, during which he discussed other acts of terrorism.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 5 December 2019, Kumi Naidoo, the organization's Secretary General, has made the decision to step down from his position due to health-related reasons.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In August 2020, Amnesty International expressed concerns about what it called the "widespread torture of peaceful protesters" and treatment of detainees in Belarus. The organization also said that more than 1,100 people were killed by bandits in rural communities in northern Nigeria during the first six months of 2020. Amnesty International investigated what it called "excessive" and "unlawful" killings of teenagers by Angolan police who were enforcing restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In May 2020, the organization raised concerns about security flaws in a COVID-19 contact tracing app mandated in Qatar.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In September 2020, Amnesty shut down its India operations after the government froze its bank accounts due to alleged financial irregularities.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 29 October 2020, Amnesty International launched a human rights learning application called "Amnesty Academy".

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 2 November 2020, Amnesty International reported that 54 people – mostly Amhara women and children and elderly people – were killed by the OLF in the village of Gawa Qanqa, Ethiopia.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In April 2021, Amnesty International distanced itself from a tweet by Agnès Callamard, its newly appointed Secretary General, asserting that Israel had killed Yasser Arafat; Callamard herself has not deleted the tweet.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In June 2021, Amnesty accused the Chinese government of committing crimes against humanity against the Uyghurs in Xinjiang.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In March 2022, Paul O'Brien, the Amnesty International USA Director, speaking to a Women’s National Democratic Club audience in the USA, stated: "We are opposed to the idea — and this, I think, is an existential part of the debate — that Israel should be preserved as a state for the Jewish people", while adding "Amnesty takes no political views on any question, including the right of the State of Israel to survive."

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 11 March 2022, Russia’s media regulator blocked access to Amnesty International’s Russian-language website.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 7 April 2022, six weeks after the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian Ministry of Justice announced that the offices of Amnesty International and 14 other well-known international organizations had been closed for "violations of Russian law".

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International is largely made up of voluntary members but retains a small number of paid professionals. In countries in which Amnesty International has a strong presence, members are organized as "sections". Sections co-ordinate basic Amnesty International activities normally with a significant number of members, some of whom will form into "groups", and a professional staff. Each has a board of directors.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In 2019 there were 63 sections worldwide. "Structures" are aspiring sections. They also co-ordinate basic activities but have a smaller membership and a limited staff. In countries where no section or structure exists, people can become "international members". Two other organizational models exist: "international networks", which promote specific themes or have a specific identity, and "affiliated groups", which do the same work as section groups but in isolation.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The highest governing body is the Global Assembly which meets annually. Each Section sends its chair and executive director to the GA. The GA process is governed and managed by the PrepCom (Preparatory Committee).

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The International Board (formerly known as the International Executive Committee [IEC]), led by the International Board Chairperson (Sarah Beamish) consists of nine members and the International Treasurer. Two members are co-opted.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The IB is elected by, and accountable to, the Global Assembly. The International Board meets at least two times during any one year and in practice meets face to face at least four times a year. Other board and subcommittee meetings are undertaken via video conferencing.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The role of the International Board is to take decisions on behalf of Amnesty International, govern the International Secretariat including regional offices, implement the strategy laid out by the Global Assembly and ensure compliance with the organization's statutes.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In the UK Amnesty International has two principal arms, Amnesty International UK and Amnesty International Charity Ltd. Both are UK-based organizations but only the latter is a charity.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The core principle of Amnesty International is a focus on prisoners of conscience, those persons imprisoned or prevented from expressing an opinion by means of violence. Along with this commitment to opposing repression of freedom of expression, Amnesty International's founding principles included non-intervention on political questions, a robust commitment to gathering facts about the various cases and promoting human rights.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: AI neither supports nor condemns the resort to violence by political opposition groups in itself, just as AI neither supports nor condemns a government policy of using military force in fighting against armed opposition movements. However, AI supports minimum humane standards that should be respected by governments and armed opposition groups alike. When an opposition group tortures or kills its captives, takes hostages, or commits deliberate and arbitrary killings, AI condemns these abuses.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International opposes capital punishment in all cases, regardless of the crime committed, the circumstances surrounding the individual or the method of execution.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International primarily targets governments, but also reports on non-governmental bodies and private individuals ("non-state actors").

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Campaigns to mobilize public opinion can take the form of individual, country, or thematic campaigns. Many techniques are deployed, such as direct appeals (for example, letter writing), media and publicity work, and public demonstrations. Often, fund-raising is integrated with campaigning. In 2018, the organization started to adopt a new communications strategy based on a message of shared humanity and a hope-based communications approach.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In situations requiring immediate attention, Amnesty International calls on existing urgent action networks or crisis response networks; for all other matters, it calls on its membership. It considers the large size of its human resources to be another of its key strengths.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International launched a free human rights learning mobile application called Amnesty Academy in October 2020. It offered learners across the globe access to courses both, online and offline. All courses are downloadable within the application, which is available for both iOS and Android devices.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty reports disproportionately on relatively more democratic and open countries, arguing that its intention is not to produce a range of reports which statistically represents the world's human rights abuses, but rather to apply the pressure of public opinion to encourage improvements.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In 2012, Kristyan Benedict, Amnesty UK's campaign manager whose main focus is Syria, listed several countries as "regimes who abuse peoples' basic universal rights": Burma, Iran, Israel, North Korea and Sudan. Benedict was criticized for including Israel in this short list on the basis that his opinion was garnered solely from "his own visits", with no other objective sources.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty's country focus is similar to that of some other comparable NGOs, notably Human Rights Watch: between 1991 and 2000, Amnesty and HRW shared eight of ten countries in their "top ten" (by Amnesty press releases; 7 for Amnesty reports). In addition, six of the 10 countries most reported on by Human Rights Watch in the 1990s also made "The Economist"'s and "Newsweek"'s "most covered" lists during that time.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International is financed largely by fees and donations from its worldwide membership. It says that it does not accept donations from governments or governmental organizations. According to the AI website,

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: However, AI has received grants over the past ten years from the UK Department for International Development, the European Commission, the United States State Department and other governments.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: AI (USA) has received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, but these funds are only used "in support of its human rights education work." It has also received many grants from the Ford Foundation over the years.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Criticism of Amnesty International includes claims of excessive pay for management, underprotection of overseas staff, associating with organizations with a dubious record on human rights protection, selection bias, ideological and foreign policy bias against either non-Western countries or Western-supported countries, or bias for terrorist groups. A 2019 report also shows an internal toxic work environment.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International supports women's access to abortion services as basic healthcare, and the Vatican has levied criticism on Amnesty International for this.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The "Sudan Vision Daily", a daily newspaper in Sudan, compared Amnesty to the US National Endowment for Democracy, and claimed "it is, in essence, a British intelligence organization which is a part of the Government decision making system."

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In a trip to Haiti, the British FO had also assisted Benenson in his mission to Haiti, where he was disguised because of fear of the Haitians finding out that the British government sponsored his visit. When his disguise was revealed, Benenson was severely criticized by the media.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International suspended Gita Sahgal, its gender unit head, after she criticized Amnesty in February 2010 for its high-profile associations with Moazzam Begg, the director of Cageprisoners, representing men in extrajudicial detention.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In a separate interview for the Indian "Daily News & Analysis", Sahgal said that, as Quereshi affirmed Begg's support for global "jihad" on a" BBC World Service" programme, "these things could have been stated in his [Begg's] introduction" with Amnesty. She said that Begg's bookshop had published "The Army of Madinah", which she characterized as a "jihad" manual by Dhiren Barot.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: On 25 February 2011, Pack sent a letter to Amnesty members and staff. In 2008, it stated, the IEC decided not to prolong Khan's contract for a third term. In the following months, IEC discovered that due to British employment law, it had to choose between three options: offering Khan a third term; discontinuing her post and, in their judgement, risking legal consequences; or signing a confidential agreement and issuing a pay compensation.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty later redesignated Navalny as a Prisoner of Conscience, stating on 7 May 2021 that, as an initial step in a review of its "approach to the use of the term 'Prisoner of Conscience'", it will no longer exclude people from being called Prisoners of Conscience "solely based on their conduct in the past," as they recognize people's "opinions and behaviour may evolve over time."

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In April 2021, "The Guardian" reported that the workers of Amnesty International alleged systemic bias and use of racist language by senior staff.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The internal review at Amnesty's international secretariat, the report of which was published in October 2020 but not press released, recorded multiple examples of alleged racism reported by workers—racial slurs, systemic bias, problematic comments towards religious practices, being some of the examples.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: The staff at the Amnesty International UK based in London also made claims of racial discrimination. The report also documented use of the ethnic slur "nigger" with any objection from employees about its use being downplayed. Vanessa Tsehaye, the Horn of Africa Campaigner based in the UK, has refused to comment as of April 2021.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In 1977, Amnesty International was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "having contributed to securing the ground for freedom, for justice, and thereby also for peace in the world".

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In 1984, Amnesty International received the Four Freedoms Award in the category of Freedom of Speech.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: In 1991, Amnesty International was awarded the journalistic prize "Golden Doves for Peace" by the "Archivio Disarmo" Research Center in Italy.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: "Human Rights Now!" was a worldwide tour of twenty benefit concerts on behalf of Amnesty International that took place over six weeks in 1988. Held not to raise funds but to increase awareness of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on its 40th anniversary and the work of Amnesty International, the shows featured Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Sting, Peter Gabriel, Tracy Chapman, and Youssou N'Dour, plus guest artists from each of the countries where concerts were held.

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Amnesty International

Context: Amnesty International, through its "Artists for Amnesty" programme, has also endorsed various cultural media works for what its leadership often consider accurate or educational treatments of real-world topics that fall within the range of Amnesty's concern:

Question: Mitä Peter Benenson on opiskellut?


Patrick Pearse

Context: Pearse soon became involved in the Gaelic revival. In 1896, at the age of 16, he joined the Gaelic League ("Conradh na Gaeilge"), and in 1903, at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaper "An Claidheamh Soluis" ("The Sword of Light").

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: In November 1913 Pearse was invited to the inaugural meeting of the Irish Volunteers—formed in reaction to the creation of the Ulster Volunteers—whose aim was "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland". In an article entitled "The Coming Revolution" (November 1913) Pearse wrote:

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: The Home Rule Bill just failed to pass the House of Lords, but the Lords' diminished power under the Parliament Act 1911 meant that the Bill could only be delayed, not stopped. It was placed on the statute books with Royal Assent in September 1914, but its implementation was suspended for the duration of the First World War.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: John Redmond feared that his "national authority" might be circumvented by the Volunteers and decided to try to take control of the new movement. Despite opposition from the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Volunteer Executive agreed to share leadership with Redmond and a joint committee was set up. Pearse was opposed to this and was to write:

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: The Volunteers split, one of the issues being support for the Allied and British war effort. A majority followed Redmond into the National Volunteers in the belief that this would ensure Home Rule on their return. Pearse, exhilarated by the dramatic events of the European war, wrote in an article in December 1915:

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: When the Easter Rising eventually began on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, it was Pearse who read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic from outside the General Post Office, the headquarters of the Rising. Pearse was the person most responsible for drafting the Proclamation, and he was chosen as President of the Republic. After six days of fighting, heavy civilian casualties and great destruction of property, Pearse issued the order to surrender.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: Pearse and fourteen other leaders, including his brother Willie, were court-martialled and executed by firing squad. Thomas Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh and Pearse himself were the first of the rebels to be executed, on the morning of 3 May 1916. Pearse was 36 years old at the time of his death. Roger Casement, who had tried unsuccessfully to recruit an insurgent force among Irish-born prisoners of war from the Irish Brigade in Germany, was hanged in London the following August.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: According to "Innti" poet and literary critic Louis de Paor, despite Pearse's enthusiasm for the "Conamara Theas" dialect of Connacht Irish spoken around his summer cottage at Rosmuc in Connemara, he chose to follow the usual practice of the Gaelic revival by writing in Munster Irish, which was considered less Anglicized than other Irish dialects.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: Also according to Louis de Paor, Pearse's reading of the radically experimental poetry of Walt Whitman and of the French Symbolists led him to introduce Modernist poetry into the Irish language. As a literary critic, Pearse also left behind a very detailed blueprint for the decolonization of Irish literature, particularly in the Irish language.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: Louis De Paor writes that Patrick Pearse was "the most perceptive critic and most accomplished poet," of the early Gaelic revival providing "a sophisticated model for a new literature in Irish that would reestablish a living connection with the pre-colonial Gaelic past while resuming its relationship with contemporary Europe, bypassing the monolithic influence of English."

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: For these reasons, Louis de Paor has called Pearse's execution by a British Army firing squad after the defeat of the 1916 Easter Rising a catastrophic loss for Modern literature in Irish. This loss only began to be healed during the 1940s by the modernist poetry of Seán Ó Ríordáin, Máirtín Ó Direáin, and Máire Mhac an tSaoi; and by the modernist novels "An Béal Bocht" by Flann O'Brien and "Cré na Cille" by Máirtín Ó Cadhain.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: Largely as a result of a series of political pamphlets that Pearse wrote in the months leading up to the Rising, he soon became recognised as the main voice of the Rising. In the middle decades of the 20th century, Pearse was idolised by Irish nationalists as the supreme idealist of their cause. With the outbreak of conflict in Northern Ireland in 1969, Pearse's legacy was used by the Provisional IRA.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: Pearse's ideas have been seen by Sean Farrell Moran as belonging to the context of European cultural history as a part of a rejection of reason by European social thinkers. Additionally, his place within Catholicism, where his orthodoxy was challenged in the early 1970s, has been addressed to suggest that Pearse's theological foundations for his political ideas share in a long-existing tradition in western Christianity.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: Former Fianna Fáil Taoiseach Bertie Ahern described Pearse as one of his heroes and displayed a picture of Pearse over his desk in the Department of the Taoiseach.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: Pearse's mother Margaret Pearse served as a TD in Dáil Éireann in the 1920s. His sister Margaret Mary Pearse also served as a TD and Senator.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: In almost all of Pearse's portraits he struck a sideways pose, concealing his left side. This was to hide a strabismus or squint in his left eye, which he felt was an embarrassing condition.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: A number of Gaelic Athletic Association clubs and playing fields in Ireland are named after Pádraic or both Pearses:

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Patrick Pearse

Context: There are also soccer clubs named Pearse Celtic FC in Cork and in Ringsend, Dublin; and Liffeys Pearse FC, a south Dublin soccer club formed by the amalgamation of Liffey Wanderers and Pearse Rangers. A Pearse Rangers schoolboy football club remains in existence in Dublin.

Question: Mitä poliittista puoluetta Patrick Henry Pearse kannatti?


Appalachian Power Park

Context: The stadium has also hosted concerts, boxing matches, charity events and shown television coverage of college football games on its scoreboard.

Question: Minä vuonna PowerPark on rakennettu?


Appalachian Power Park

Context: The naming rights were purchased by Appalachian Power, the West Virginia and southwest Virginia operating unit of American Electric Power.

Question: Minä vuonna PowerPark on rakennettu?


Appalachian Power Park

Context: In the ballpark's inaugural season, a Charleston baseball record 10,400 fans showed up on "Buck Night", which is a promotional night held on Thursdays where hot dogs, fountain drinks, and beer is $1.

Question: Minä vuonna PowerPark on rakennettu?


Appalachian Power Park

Context: In 2009, the South Atlantic League's 50th All-Star game was held at the stadium along with a home run derby, won by Calvin Anderson, and a fan fest.

Question: Minä vuonna PowerPark on rakennettu?


Appalachian Power Park

Context: In 2012, "Stadium Journey Magazine" named Appalachian Power Park among the ten best minor league baseball parks in the nation, and number 58 in its list of 100 best athletic venues worldwide.

Question: Minä vuonna PowerPark on rakennettu?


Appalachian Power Park

Context: The stadium previously housed a seasonal and special events restaurant called the "Power Alley Bar and Grill" that featured food, indoor and outside seating, a full size bar, and pictures and memorabilia from Watt Powell Park and famous former players. In 2013, the restaurant was closed and reopened by a private vendor. The current restaurant is not sports-themed and does not have direct ties to the stadium.

Question: Minä vuonna PowerPark on rakennettu?


Appalachian Power Park

Context: In 2007, a party deck was built near the right field foul pole that can accommodate 250 people. An upgrade to a normal game ticket can be purchased for $25, allowing access to the Party Deck, which features all-you-can-eat hot dogs, nachos and other "baseball food," as well as unlimited drinks. Naming rights for the party deck were recently acquired by Anheuser-Busch. In the 2008 and 2009 seasons, this area was known as the "Landshark Lagoon" but has since been renamed the "Budweiser Party Deck."

Question: Minä vuonna PowerPark on rakennettu?


Appalachian Power Park

Context: Also in 2007, the Charleston Baseball Wall of Fame made its debut, located behind the home plate press box. "Wheeler" Bob (longtime Wheelers/Alley Cats/Power program & souvenir merchant), Rod "Toast Man" Blackstone, and Dave Parker are just three of the few who've had the honor of being inducted onto the Wall.

Question: Minä vuonna PowerPark on rakennettu?


Personality disorder

Context: Treatment for personality disorders is primarily psychotherapeutic. Evidence-based psychotherapies for personality disorders include cognitive behavioral therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy especially for borderline personality disorder. A variety of psychoanalytic approaches are also used.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The most recent fifth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" stresses that a personality disorder is an enduring and inflexible pattern of long duration leading to significant distress or impairment and is not due to use of substances or another medical condition. The DSM-5 lists personality disorders in the same way as other mental disorders, rather than on a separate 'axis', as previously.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: DSM-5 lists ten specific personality disorders: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The DSM-5 also contains three diagnoses for personality patterns not matching these ten disorders, but nevertheless exhibit characteristics of a personality disorder:

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: These specific personality disorders are grouped into the following three clusters based on descriptive similarities:

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by impulsive, self-destructive, emotional behavior and sometimes incomprehensible interactions with others.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Both the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 diagnostic systems provide a definition and six criteria for a general personality disorder. These criteria should be met by all personality disorder cases before a more specific diagnosis can be made.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The ICD adds: "For different cultures it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regard to social norms, rules and obligations."

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Chapter V in the ICD-10 contains the mental and behavioral disorders and includes categories of personality disorder and enduring personality changes. They are defined as ingrained patterns indicated by inflexible and disabling responses that significantly differ from how the average person in the culture perceives, thinks, and feels, particularly in relating to others.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The specific personality disorders are: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, dissocial, emotionally unstable (borderline type and impulsive type), histrionic, narcissistic, anankastic, anxious (avoidant) and dependent.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: In addition to classifying by category and cluster, it is possible to classify personality disorders using additional factors such as severity, impact on social functioning, and attribution.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Psychoanalytic theory has been used to explain treatment-resistant tendencies as egosyntonic (i.e. the patterns are consistent with the ego integrity of the individual) and are therefore perceived to be appropriate by that individual. In addition, This behavior can result in maladaptive coping skills and may lead to personal problems that induce extreme anxiety, distress, or depression and result in impaired psychosocial functioning.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: There is a considerable personality disorder diagnostic co-occurrence. Patients who meet the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for one personality disorder are likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for another. Diagnostic categories provide clear, vivid descriptions of discrete personality types but the personality structure of actual patients might be more accurately described by a constellation of maladaptive personality traits.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: "Sites used DSM-III-R criterion sets. Data obtained for purposes of informing the development of the DSM-IV-TR personality disorder diagnostic criteria."

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Abbreviations used: "PPD – Paranoid Personality Disorder, SzPD – Schizoid Personality Disorder, StPD – Schizotypal Personality Disorder, ASPD – Antisocial Personality Disorder, BPD – Borderline Personality Disorder, HPD – Histrionic Personality Disorder, NPD – Narcissistic Personality Disorder, AvPD – Avoidant Personality Disorder, DPD – Dependent Personality Disorder, OCPD – Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder, PAPD – Passive–Aggressive Personality Disorder."

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The disorders in each of the three clusters may share with each other underlying common vulnerability factors involving cognition, affect and impulse control, and behavioral maintenance or inhibition, respectively. But they may also have a spectrum relationship to certain syndromal mental disorders:

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: It is generally assumed that all personality disorders are linked to impaired functioning and a reduced quality of life (QoL) because that is a basic diagnostic requirement. But research shows that this may be true only for some types of personality disorder.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: One study investigated some aspects of "life success" (status, wealth and successful intimate relationships). It showed somewhat poor functioning for schizotypal, antisocial, borderline and dependent PD, schizoid PD had the lowest scores regarding these variables. Paranoid, histrionic and avoidant PD were average. Narcissistic and obsessive–compulsive PD, however, had high functioning and appeared to contribute rather positively to these aspects of life success.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: There is also a direct relationship between the number of diagnostic criteria and quality of life. For each additional personality disorder criterion that a person meets there is an even reduction in quality of life.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: In 2005 and again in 2009, psychologists Belinda Board and Katarina Fritzon at the University of Surrey, UK, interviewed and gave personality tests to high-level British executives and compared their profiles with those of criminal psychiatric patients at Broadmoor Hospital in the UK. They found that three out of eleven personality disorders were actually more common in executives than in the disturbed criminals:

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: According to leadership academic Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries, it seems almost inevitable that some personality disorders will be present in a senior management team.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Early stages and preliminary forms of personality disorders need a multi-dimensional and early treatment approach. Personality development disorder is considered to be a childhood risk factor or early stage of a later personality disorder in adulthood.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: In clinical practice, individuals are generally diagnosed by an interview with a psychiatrist based on a mental status examination, which may take into account observations by relatives and others. One tool of diagnosing personality disorders is a process involving interviews with scoring systems. The patient is asked to answer questions, and depending on their answers, the trained interviewer tries to code what their responses were. This process is fairly time-consuming.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The five factor model has been shown to significantly predict all 10 personality disorder symptoms and outperform the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in the prediction of borderline, avoidant, and dependent personality disorder symptoms.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: At least three aspects of openness to experience are relevant to understanding personality disorders: cognitive distortions, lack of insight (means the ability to recognize one's own mental illness here) and impulsivity. Problems related to high openness that can cause problems with social or professional functioning are excessive fantasising, peculiar thinking, diffuse identity, unstable goals and nonconformity with the demands of the society.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: High openness is characteristic to schizotypal personality disorder (odd and fragmented thinking), narcissistic personality disorder (excessive self-valuation) and paranoid personality disorder (sensitivity to external hostility). Lack of insight (shows low openness) is characteristic to all personality disorders and could help explain the persistence of maladaptive behavioral patterns.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Currently, there are no definitive proven causes for personality disorders. However, there are numerous possible causes and known risk factors supported by scientific research that vary depending on the disorder, the individual, and the circumstance. Overall, findings show that genetic disposition and life experiences, such as trauma and abuse, play a key role in the development of personality disorders.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Currently, genetic research for the understanding of the development of personality disorders is severely lacking. However, there are a few possible risk factors currently in discovery. Researchers are currently looking into genetic mechanisms for traits such as aggression, fear and anxiety, which are associated with diagnosed individuals. More research is being conducted into disorder specific mechanisms.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: Research shows that several brain regions are altered in personality disorders, particularly: hippocampus up to 18% smaller, a smaller amygdala, malfunctions in the striatum-nucleus accumbens and the cingulum neural pathways connecting them and taking care of the feedback loops on what to do with all the incoming information from the multiple senses; so what comes out is anti-social - not according to what is the social norm, socially acceptable and appropriate.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The prevalence of personality disorder in the general community was largely unknown until surveys starting from the 1990s. In 2008 the median rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of cocaine, is described as a major public health concern requiring attention by researchers and clinicians.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The prevalence of individual personality disorders ranges from about 2% to 8% for the more common varieties, such as obsessive-compulsive, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, and histrionic, to 0.5–1% for the least common, such as narcissistic and avoidant.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: The German psychiatrist Koch sought to make the moral insanity concept more scientific, and in 1891 suggested the phrase 'psychopathic inferiority', theorized to be a congenital disorder. This referred to continual and rigid patterns of misconduct or dysfunction in the absence of apparent "mental retardation" or illness, supposedly without a moral judgment. Described as deeply rooted in his Christian faith, his work established the concept of personality disorder as used today.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Personality disorder

Context: In 1939, psychiatrist David Henderson published a theory of 'psychopathic states' that contributed to popularly linking the term to anti-social behavior. Hervey M. Cleckley's 1941 text, "The Mask of Sanity", based on his personal categorization of similarities he noted in some prisoners, marked the start of the modern clinical conception of psychopathy and its popularist usage.

Question: Miten persoonallisuushäiriö syntyy?


Western Wall

Context: In one of several varying Muslim traditions, it is the site where the Islamic Prophet Muhammad tied his winged steed, al-Buraq, on his Isra and Mi'raj to Jerusalem before ascending to paradise, and constitutes the western border of "al-Haram al-Sharif", the Noble Sanctuary of the Al-Aqsa Mosque.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Whilst the wall was considered Muslim property as an integral part of the Haram esh-Sharif and waqf property of the Moroccan Quarter, a right of Jewish prayer and pilgrimage existed as part of the Status Quo. This position was confirmed in a 1930 international commission during the British Mandate period.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Early Jewish texts referred to a "western wall of the Temple", but there is doubt whether the texts were referring to the outer, retaining wall called today "the Western Wall", or to the western wall of the actual Temple. The earliest Jewish use of the Hebrew term "ha-kotel ha-ma'aravi", "the Western Wall", as referring to the wall visible today, was by the 11th-century poet Ahimaaz ben Paltiel.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The name "Wailing Wall", and descriptions such as "wailing place", appeared regularly in English literature during the 19th century. The name "Mur des Lamentations" was used in French and "Klagemauer" in German. This term itself was a translation of the Arabic "el-Mabka", or "Place of Weeping", the traditional Arabic term for the wall. This description stemmed from the Jewish practice of coming to the site to mourn and bemoan the destruction of the Temple and the loss of national freedom it symbolized.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The term Western Wall commonly refers to a exposed section of a much longer retaining wall, built by Herod on the western flank of the Temple Mount. Only when used in this sense is it synonymous with the term Wailing Wall. This section faces a large plaza and is set aside for prayer.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In its entirety, the western retaining wall of the Herodian Temple Mount complex stretches for , most of which is hidden behind medieval residential structures built along its length.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: There are only two other revealed sections: the southern part of the Wall (see Robinson's Arch area), which measures approximately , and is separated from the prayer area by just a narrow stretch of archaeological remains; and another, much shorter section, known as the Little Western Wall, which is located close to the Iron Gate.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The next four courses, consisting of smaller plainly dressed stones, are Umayyad work (8th century, Early Muslim period). Above that are 16 to 17 courses of small stones from the Mamluk period (13th–16th centuries) and later.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Herod's Temple was destroyed by the Romans, along with the rest of Jerusalem, in 70 CE, during the First Jewish–Roman War.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Discovery of underground rooms that could have been used as food storage carved out of the bedrock under the 1,400-year-old mosaic floor of Byzantine structure was announced by Israel Antiquities Authority in May in 2020.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: "At first we were very disappointed because we found we hit the bedrock, meaning that the material culture, the human activity here in Jerusalem ended. What we found here was a rock-cut system—three rooms, all hewn in the bedrock of ancient Jerusalem" said co-director of the excavation Barak Monnickendam-Givon.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Shortly after Saladin's 1187 siege of the city, in 1193, the sultan's son and successor al-Afdal established the land adjacent to the wall as a charitable trust. It was named after an important mystic, Abu Madyan Shu'aib, and dedicated to Moroccan settlers who had taken up residence there. Houses were built only away from the wall.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The first mention of the Islamic tradition that Buraq was tethered at the site is from the 14th century. A manuscript by Ibn Furkah, (d. 1328), refers to Bab al-Nabi (lit. "Gate of the Prophet"), an old name for a gate along the southwestern wall of the Haram al-Sharif.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Over the centuries, land close to the Wall became built up. Public access to the Wall was through the Moroccan Quarter, a labyrinth of narrow alleyways. In May 1840 a firman issued by Ibrahim Pasha forbade the Jews to pave the passageway in front of the Wall. It also cautioned them against "raising their voices and displaying their books there." They were, however, allowed "to pay visits to it as of old."

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Over time the increased numbers of people gathering at the site resulted in tensions between the Jewish visitors who wanted easier access and more space, and the residents, who complained of the noise. This gave rise to Jewish attempts at gaining ownership of the land adjacent to the Wall.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: "* These firmans were cited by the Jewish contingent at the International Commission, 1930, as proof for rights at the Wall. Muslim authorities responded by arguing that historic sanctions of Jewish presence were acts of tolerance shown by Muslims, who, by doing so, did not concede any positive rights."

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In December 1917, Allied forces under Edmund Allenby captured Jerusalem from the Turks. Allenby pledged "that every sacred building, monument, holy spot, shrine, traditional site, endowment, pious bequest, or customary place of prayer of whatsoever form of the three religions will be maintained and protected according to the existing customs and beliefs of those to whose faith they are sacred".

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: "The acceptance of the proposals, had it been practicable, would have obviated years of wretched humiliations, including the befouling of the Wall and pavement and the unmannerly braying of the tragi-comic Arab band during Jewish prayer, and culminating in the horrible outrages of 1929"

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In early 1920, the first Jewish-Arab dispute over the Wall occurred when the Muslim authorities were carrying out minor repair works to the Wall's upper courses. The Jews, while agreeing that the works were necessary, appealed to the British that they be made under supervision of the newly formed Department of Antiquities, because the Wall was an ancient relic.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 1928 the World Zionist Organization reported that John Chancellor, High Commissioner of Palestine, believed that the Western Wall should come under Jewish control and wondered "why no great Jewish philanthropist had not bought it yet".

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: A few months later, Haj Amin complained to Chancellor that "Jews were bringing benches and tables in increased numbers to the wall and driving nails into the wall and hanging lamps on them."

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In the summer of 1929, the Mufti Haj Amin Al Husseinni ordered an opening be made at the southern end of the alleyway which straddled the Wall. The former cul-de-sac became a thoroughfare which led from the Temple Mount into the prayer area at the Wall. Mules were herded through the narrow alley, often dropping excrement. This, together with other construction projects in the vicinity, and restricted access to the Wall, resulted in Jewish protests to the British, who remained indifferent.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: One hundred and thirty-three Jews were killed and 339 injured in the Arab riots, and in the subsequent process of quelling the riots 110 Arabs were killed by British police. This was by far the deadliest attack on Jews during the period of British Rule over Palestine.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 1930, in response to the 1929 riots, the British Government appointed a commission "to determine the rights and claims of Muslims and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall", and to determine the causes of the violence and prevent it in the future. The League of Nations approved the commission on condition that the members were not British.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The Commission noted that 'the Jews do not claim any proprietorship to the Wall or to the Pavement in front of it (concluding speech of Jewish Counsel, Minutes, page 908).'

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The Commission concluded that the wall, and the adjacent pavement and Moroccan Quarter, were solely owned by the Muslim "waqf". However, Jews had the right to "free access to the Western Wall for the purpose of devotions at all times", subject to some stipulations that limited which objects could be brought to the Wall and forbade the blowing of the shofar, which was made illegal. Muslims were forbidden to disrupt Jewish devotions by driving animals or other means.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The recommendations of the Commission were brought into law by the Palestine (Western or Wailing Wall) Order in Council, 1931, which came into effect on June 8, 1931. Persons violating the law were liable to a fine of 50 pounds or imprisonment up to 6 months, or both.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: During the 1930s, at the conclusion of Yom Kippur, young Jews persistently flouted the shofar ban each year and blew the shofar resulting in their arrest and prosecution. They were usually fined or sentenced to imprisonment for three to six months. The Shaw commission determined that the violence occurred due to "racial animosity on the part of the Arabs, consequent upon the disappointment of their political and national aspirations and fear for their economic future."

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: This act signaled the climax of the capture of the Old City and the ability of Jews to once again access their holiest sites. Emotional recollections of this event are related by David Ben-Gurion and Shimon Peres.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Following Israel's victory during the 1967 Six-Day War, the Western Wall came under Israeli control. Brigadier Rabbi Shlomo Goren proclaimed after its capture that "Israel would never again relinquish the Wall", a stance supported by Israeli Minister for Defence Moshe Dayan and Chief of Staff General Yitzhak Rabin. Rabin described the moment Israeli soldiers reached the Wall:

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: According to Eyal Weizman, Chaim Herzog, who later became Israel's sixth president, took much of the credit for the destruction of the neighbourhood:

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: When we visited the Wailing Wall we found a toilet attached to it ... we decided to remove it and from this we came to the conclusion that we could evacuate the entire area in front of the Wailing Wall ... a historical opportunity that will never return ... We knew that the following Saturday [sic Wednesday], June 14, would be the Jewish festival of Shavuot and that many will want to come to pray ... it all had to be completed by then.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The narrow pavement, which could accommodate a maximum of 12,000 per day, was transformed into an enormous plaza that could hold in excess of 400,000.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Several months later, the pavement close to the wall was excavated to a depth of two and half metres, exposing an additional two courses of large stones.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: A complex of buildings against the wall at the southern end of the plaza, that included Madrasa Fakhriya and the house that the Abu al-Sa'ud family had occupied since the 16th century, were spared in the 1967 destruction, but demolished in 1969. The section of the wall dedicated to prayers was thus extended southwards to double its original length, from , while the space facing the wall grew to .

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The narrow, approximately pre-1948 alley along the wall, used for Jewish prayer, was enlarged to , with the entire Western Wall Plaza covering , stretching from the wall to the Jewish Quarter.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The new plaza created in 1967 is used for worship and public gatherings, including Bar mitzvah celebrations and the swearing-in ceremonies of newly full-fledged soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces. Tens of thousands of Jews flock to the wall on the Jewish holidays, and particularly on the fast of Tisha B'Av, which marks the destruction of the Temple and on Jerusalem Day, which commemorates the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967 and the delivery of the Wall into Jewish hands.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In November 2010, the government approved a NIS 85m ($23m) scheme to improve access from the Jewish Quarter and upgrade infrastructure at the Wall.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 2005, the Western Wall Heritage Foundation initiated a major renovation effort under Rabbi-of-the-Wall Shmuel Rabinovitch. Its goal was to renovate and restructure the area within Wilson's Arch, the covered area to the left of worshipers facing the Wall in the open prayer plaza, in order to increase access for visitors and for prayer.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: At the southern end of the Western Wall, Robinson's Arch along with a row of vaults once supported stairs ascending from the street to the Temple Mount.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: After the 1967 Arab–Israeli war, Rabbi Yehuda Meir Getz was named the overseer of proceedings at the wall. After Rabbi Getz's death in 1995, Rabbi Shmuel Rabinowitz was given the position.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The Scroll of Ahimaaz, a historical document written in 1050 CE, distinctly describes the Western Wall as a place of prayer for the Jews. In around 1167 CE during the late Crusader Period, Benjamin of Tudela wrote that "In front of this place is the western wall, which is one of the walls of the Holy of Holies. This is called the Gate of Mercy, and hither come all the Jews to pray before the Wall in the open court".

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 1625 "arranged prayers" at the Wall are mentioned for the first time by a scholar whose name has not been preserved.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 1994, Shlomo Goren wrote that the tradition of the wall as a Jewish prayer site was only 300 years old, the Jews being compelled to pray there after being forbidden to assemble on the mount itself.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Scrolls of the Law were brought to the Wall on occasions of public distress and calamity, as testified to in a narrative written by Rabbi Gedaliah of Semitizi who went to Jerusalem in 1699.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In the past women could be found sitting at the entrance to the Wall every Sabbath holding fragrant herbs and spices in order to enable worshipers to make additional blessings. In the hot weather they would provide cool water. The women also used to cast lots for the privilege of sweeping and washing the alleyway at the foot of the Wall.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Rabbinic tradition teaches that the western wall was built upon foundations laid by the biblical King Solomon from the time of the First Temple.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Some medieval rabbis claimed that today's Western Wall is a surviving wall of the Temple itself and cautioned Jews from approaching it, lest they enter the Temple precincts in a state of impurity. Many contemporary rabbis believe that the rabbinic traditions were made in reference to the Temple Mount's Western Wall, which accordingly endows the Wall with inherent holiness.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: A Midrash compiled in Late Antiquity refers to a western wall of the Temple which "would never be destroyed", and Lamentations Rabbah mentions how Rome was unable to topple the western wall due to the Divine oath promising its eternal survival.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Another Midrash quotes a 4th-century scholar: "Rav Acha said that the Divine Presence has never departed from the Western Wall", and the Zohar similarly writes that "the Divine Presence rests upon the Western Wall".

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Eighteenth-century scholar Jonathan Eybeschutz writes that "after the destruction of the Temple, God removed His Presence from His sanctuary and placed it upon the Western Wall where it remains in its holiness and honour". It is told that great Jewish sages, including Isaac Luria and the Radvaz, experienced a revelation of the Divine Presence at the wall.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kaindenover discusses the mystical aspect of the Hebrew word "kotel" when discussing the significance of praying against a wall. He cites the Zohar which writes that the word "kotel", meaning wall, is made up of two parts: "Ko", which has the numerical value of God's name, and "Tel", meaning mount, which refers to the Temple and its Western Wall.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Some Orthodox Jewish codifiers warn against inserting fingers into the cracks of the Wall as they believe that the breadth of the Wall constitutes part of the Temple Mount itself and retains holiness, while others who permit doing so claim that the Wall is located outside the Temple area.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: While during the late 19th century, no formal segregation of men and women was to be found at the Wall, conflict erupted in July 1968 when members of the World Union for Progressive Judaism were denied the right to host a mixed-gender service at the site after the Ministry of Religious Affairs insisted on maintaining the gender segregation customary at Orthodox places of worship. The progressives responded by claiming that "the Wall is a shrine of all Jews, not one particular branch of Judaism."

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 1988, the small but vocal group called Women of the Wall launched a campaign for recognition of non-Orthodox prayer at the Wall. Their form and manner of prayer elicited a violent response from some Orthodox worshippers and they were subsequently banned from holding services at the site. After repeated attacks by haredim, in 1989 the Women of the Wall petitioned to secure the right of women to pray at the wall without restrictions.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: A decade on, some commentators called for the closure of the Wall unless an acceptable solution to the controversy was found.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 2003 Israel's Supreme Court upheld the ban on non-Orthodox worship at the Wall, disallowing any women from reading publicly from the Torah or wearing traditional prayer shawls at the plaza itself, but instructed the Israeli government to prepare the site of Robinson's Arch to host such events, given that this area does not come under the direct control of the Rabbi of the Wall or the Ministry of Religious Affairs. The government responded by allocating Robinson's Arch for such purposes.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The Robinson's Arch worship site was inaugurated in August 2004 and has since hosted services by Reform and Conservative groups, as well as services by the Women of the Wall.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 2012, critics still complained about the restrictions at the Western Wall, saying Israel had "turned a national monument into an ultra-Orthodox synagogue,"

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: There is a much publicised practice of placing slips of paper containing written prayers into the crevices of the Wall. The earliest account of this practice is attributed to Rabbi Chaim ibn Attar, (d. 1743). More than a million notes are placed each year and the opportunity to e-mail notes is offered by a number of organisations. It has become customary for visiting dignitaries to place notes too.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: When a British Jew asked the Egyptian authorities in 1840 for permission to re-pave the ground in front of the Western Wall, the governor of Syria wrote:

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: It is evident from the copy of the record of the deliberations of the Consultative Council in Jerusalem that the place the Jews asked for permission to pave adjoins the wall of the Haram al-Sharif and also the spot where al-Buraq was tethered, and is included in the endowment charter of Abu Madyan, may God bless his memory; that the Jews never carried out any repairs in that place in the past. ... Therefore the Jews must not be enabled to pave the place.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: The name Hosh al Buraq appeared on the maps of Wilson's 1865 survey, its revised editions of 1876 and 1900, and other maps in the early 20th century. In 1922, it was the street name specified by the official Pro-Jerusalem Council.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Most Jews, religious and secular, consider the wall to be important to the Jewish people since it was originally built to hold the Second Temple. They consider the capture of the wall by Israel in 1967 as a historic event since it restored Jewish access to the site after a 19-year gap.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Some haredi Jews also hold different views. Most notable are the adherents of the Satmar hasidic dynasty, who retain the views espoused by their Grand Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, who would not approach the Wall after the 1967 conquest because of his opposition to Zionism, although he did visit the site during his visits to the Holy Land in the 1920s.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: A poll carried out in 2007 by the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies indicated that 96% of Israeli Jews were against Israel relinquishing the Western Wall. During a speech at Israel's Mercaz HaRav yeshivah on Jerusalem Day in 2009, Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu declared: "The flag that flies over the Kotel is the Israeli flag... Our holy places, the Temple Mount—will remain under Israeli sovereignty forever."

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: Yitzhak Reiter writes that "the Islamization and de-Judaization of the Western Wall are a recurrent motif in publications and public statements by the heads of the Islamic Movement in Israel."

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In December 1973, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia stated that "Only Muslims and Christians have holy places and rights in Jerusalem". The Jews, he maintained, had no rights there at all. As for the Western Wall, he said, "Another wall can be built for them. They can pray against that". Raed Salah, leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel wrote that:

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: "The Western Wall—all its various parts, structures and gates—are an inseparable part of the al-Aqsa compound...The Western Wall is part of Al-Aqsa's western tower, which the Israeli establishment fallaciously and sneakily calls the 'Wailing Wall'. The wall is part of the holy al-Aqsa Mosque".

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: According to the Palestinian National Authority, the Jews did not consider the Wall as a place for worship until after the Balfour Declaration was issued in 1917. The PA-appointed Mufti of Jerusalem, Sheikh Ekrima Sa'id Sabri, believes that the Wall belongs to the Muslims alone. In 2000 he related that:

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In 2006, Dr. Hassan Khader, founder of the Al Quds Encyclopedia, told PA television that the first connection of the Jews to the Wall is "a recent one, which began in the 16th century...not ancient...like the roots of the Islamic connection".

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Western Wall

Context: In November 2010, an official paper published by the PA Ministry of Information denied Jewish rights to the Wall. It stated that "Al-Buraq Wall is in fact the western wall of Al-Aksa Mosque" and that Jews had only started using the site for worship after the 1917 Balfour Declaration.

Question: Ketkä rakensivat länsimuurin?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: Bhutan is divided into 20 dzongkhags (districts), and further into 205 gewogs (village blocks). Gewogs are in turn divided into numerous thromdes (municipalities) for administration.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: Below the rock and ice of the highest peaks lies an extensive arc of Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, which contain, in additions to grasslands, a wide variety of rhododendrons and herbaceous plants.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: The extreme southern strip of the nation consists mostly of Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests that grade into the tropical plains of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands, more typical of India. It is largely agricultural land, producing mostly rice. Only two percent of Bhutan is arable land, with most of it focused here.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: The second reason comes from the aggression against Tibet by China from 1949 to 1959; the Tibetans have strong cultural, historical, and religious connections to Bhutan.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: Bhutan controls several strategic mountain passes through the Himalayas, allowing travel between Tibet and Assam. These passes are also the only way into the kingdom, and, coupled with its centuries-old policies of isolationism, it has been called the "Mountain Fortress of the Gods." The heartland of Bhutan has never been successfully invaded; the British, while establishing a protectorate over the nation, did so with threats to the low-lying territories below the highlands.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: Bhutan's climate is as varied as its altitudes and, like India's, is affected by monsoons. Western Bhutan is particularly affected by monsoons that bring between 60 and 90 percent of the region's rainfall. The climate is humid and subtropical in the southern plains and foothills, temperate in the inner Himalayan valleys of the southern and central regions, and cold in the north, with year-round snow on the main Himalayan summits.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: Temperatures vary according to elevation. Temperatures in Thimphu, located at above sea level in west-central Bhutan, range from approximately during the monsoon season of June through September but drop to between about in January. Most of the central portion of the country experiences a cool, temperate climate year-round. In the south, a hot, humid climate helps maintain a fairly even temperature range of between year-round, although temperatures sometimes reach in the valleys during the summer.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: The 2008 UN report also indicated Himalayan glaciers would melt within 25 years, however Prime Minister Jigme Thinley expressed a more dim outlook in a press conference in late March 2010, stating, "Our glaciers are withdrawing very fast and we have reasons to worry that they may in fact disappear not in 2035, but even earlier."

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: The new inventory "Bhutan Glacial Inventory 2018" includes 700 glaciers covering total area of 629.55±0.02 km2 in the northern frontiers of Bhutan. Glacier area covers 1.64% of the total land cover in Bhutan.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: Bhutan is home to at least 59 natural mountain lakes as well as some 2,674 glacial lakes; about 25 of these glacial lakes are potential GLOF hazards.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Geography of Bhutan

Context: Non-glacial lakes in Bhutan cover a total of about . Most are located above an altitude of , and most have no permanent human settlements nearby, though many are used for grazing yaks and may have scattered temporary settlements.

Question: Mikä oli Bhutanin pinta-ala?


Teela

Context: In the new incarnation Teela assumes the mantle of the Sorceress of Castle Grayskull from her mother.

Question: Mistä nimi Teela tulee?


Teela

Context: "Teela's Quest" also specifies that Mer-Man's attempt at abducting the infant Teela took place exactly 20 years earlier; thus, it implies that she is just over 20 years old. In the second-season episode, "The Great Books Mystery", Adam celebrates his 19th birthday, so they are approximately the same age.

Question: Mistä nimi Teela tulee?


Teela

Context: Teela's biological father is never revealed; Man-At-Arms says he was one of Eternia's greatest men. However, the Oracle, the Sorceress, and Man-At-Arms all agree that he died in battle. Teela's ties to Grayskull are revisited in the episode "Teela's Triumph" when Skeletor sends the Sorceress to another dimension, leaving Teela to take the Sorceress' place as guardian of Grayskull until she returns.

Question: Mistä nimi Teela tulee?


Teela

Context: In their storyline for the latest Mattel toyline, which combines previous plot elements with newly written material, Teela is a clone of the current Sorceress Teela Na, and was raised by Man-At-Arms as his daughter. After becoming the new Sorceress, Teela would eventually marry King He-Man, and give birth to a son named Dare.

Question: Mistä nimi Teela tulee?


Teela

Context: In mid-December 2010, Teela was voted by UGO.com 28th Our Favorite Ladies from Other Planets. In July 2016, Blastr ranked Teela No.12 in Every He-Man and the Masters of the Universe action figure, ranked. Game Rant rated Teela one of top 10 MOTU characters.

Question: Mistä nimi Teela tulee?


Hinduism

Context: The word "Hindū" is derived from Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit root "Sindhu". The Proto-Iranian sound change "*s" > "h" occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Despite the differences, there is also a sense of unity. Most Hindu traditions revere a body of religious or sacred literature, the Vedas, although there are exceptions. These texts are a reminder of the ancient cultural heritage and point of pride for Hindus, though Louis Renou stated that "even in the most orthodox domains, the reverence to the Vedas has come to be a simple raising of the hat".

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Halbfass states that, although Shaivism and Vaishnavism may be regarded as "self-contained religious constellations", there is a degree of interaction and reference between the "theoreticians and literary representatives" of each tradition that indicates the presence of "a wider sense of identity, a sense of coherence in a shared context and of inclusion in a common framework and horizon".

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include (but are not restricted to) Dharma (ethics/duties), (the continuing cycle of entanglement in passions and the resulting birth, life, death, and rebirth), Karma (action, intent, and consequences), moksha (liberation from attachment and saṃsāra), and the various yogas (paths or practices).

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Purusharthas refers to the objectives of human life. Classical Hindu thought accepts four proper goals or aims of human life, known as Puruṣārthas:

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: In the Mahabharata, Krishna defines dharma as upholding both this-worldly and other-worldly affairs. (Mbh 12.110.11). The word "Sanātana" means "eternal", "perennial", or "forever"; thus, "Sanātana Dharma" signifies that it is the dharma that has neither beginning nor end.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Vedic rituals of fire-oblation ("yajna") and chanting of Vedic hymns are observed on special occasions, such as a Hindu wedding. Other major life-stage events, such as rituals after death, include the "yajña" and chanting of Vedic mantras.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Other personal and community practices include puja as well as aarti, kirtan, or bhajan, where devotional verses and hymns are read or poems are sung by a group of devotees. While the choice of the deity is at the discretion of the Hindu, the most observed traditions of Hindu devotion include Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism. A Hindu may worship multiple deities, all as henotheistic manifestations of the same ultimate reality, cosmic spirit and absolute spiritual concept called Brahman.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Hindu society has been categorised into four classes, called "varṇas". They are the "Brahmins": Vedic teachers and priests; the "Kshatriyas": warriors and kings; the "Vaishyas": farmers and merchants; and the "Shudras": servants and labourers.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: The "Bhagavad Gītā" links the varṇa to an individual's duty ("svadharma"), inborn nature ("svabhāva"), and natural tendencies ("guṇa"). The "Manusmriti" categorises the different castes.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: A renunciant man of knowledge is usually called "Varṇatita" or "beyond all varṇas" in Vedantic works. The bhiksu is advised to not bother about the caste of the family from which he begs his food. Scholars like Adi Sankara affirm that not only is Brahman beyond all varṇas, the man who is identified with Him also transcends the distinctions and limitations of caste.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Hindus advocate the practice of (nonviolence) and respect for all life because divinity is believed to permeate all beings, including plants and non-human animals. The term ' appears in the Upanishads, the epic Mahabharata and is the first of the five Yamas (vows of self-restraint) in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: There are many Hindu groups that have continued to abide by a strict vegetarian diet in modern times. Some adhere to a diet that is devoid of meat, eggs, and seafood. Food affects body, mind and spirit in Hindu beliefs. Hindu texts such as Śāṇḍilya Upanishad and Svātmārāma recommend Mitahara (eating in moderation) as one of the Yamas (virtuous Self restraints). The Bhagavad Gita links body and mind to food one consumes in verses 17.8 through 17.10.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Hindu temples come in many styles, diverse locations, deploy different construction methods and are adapted to different deities and regional beliefs. Two major styles of Hindu temples include the Gopuram style found in south India, and Nagara style found in north India. Other styles include cave, forest and mountain temples. Yet, despite their differences, almost all Hindu temples share certain common architectural principles, core ideas, symbolism and themes.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Many temples feature one or more idols (murtis). The idol and Grabhgriya in the Brahma-pada (the center of the temple), under the main spire, serves as a focal point ("darsana", a sight) in a Hindu temple. In larger temples, the central space typically is surrounded by an ambulatory for the devotee to walk around and ritually circumambulate the Purusa (Brahman), the universal essence.

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Hinduism

Context: Traditionally the life of a Hindu is divided into four Āśramas (phases or life stages; another meaning includes monastery). The four ashramas are: Brahmacharya (student), Grihastha (householder), Vanaprastha (retired) and Sannyasa (renunciation).

Question: Mikä on maailman vanhin uskonto jota harjoitetaan vieläkin?


Clipper

Context: The boom years of the clipper era began in 1843 in response to a growing demand for faster delivery of tea from China. This continued under the stimulating influence of the discovery of gold in California and Australia in 1848 and 1851 and ended with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.

Question: Mikä on kaikkien aikojen nopein laiva tai vene?