Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: Heavy rains and a moonless night provided some cover for the escaping Spanish. On that "Sad Night," July 1, 1520, the Spanish forces exited the palace first with their indigenous allies close behind, bringing as much treasure as possible. Cortés had hoped to go undetected by muffling the horses' hooves and carrying wooden boards to cross the canals.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: The Spanish forces were able to pass through the first three canals, the Tecpantzinco, Tzapotlan, and Atenchicalco.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: When faced with a gap in the causeway, Alvarado made the famous "leap of Alvarado" using a spear to get to the other side. Approximately a third of the Spaniards succeeded in reaching the mainland, while the remaining ones died in battle or were captured and later sacrificed on Aztec altars - these were reported to be mostly the followers of Narváez, less experienced and more weighted down with gold, which was handed out freely before the escape.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: To reach Tlaxcala, Cortés had to bring his troops around Lake Texcoco. Though the Spanish were under attack the entire trip, because Cortés took his troops through the northern towns, they were at an advantage. The northern valley was less populous, travel was difficult, and it was still the agricultural season, so the attacks on Cortés's forces were not very heavy. As Cortés arrived in more densely inhabited areas east of the lake, the attacks were more forceful.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: The women survivors included Cortés's translator and lover La Malinche, María Estrada, Beatriz de Palacios, and two of Moctezuma's daughters who had been given to Cortés, including the emperor's favorite and reportedly most beautiful daughter Tecuichpotzin (later Doña Isabel Moctezuma). A third daughter died, leaving behind her infant by Cortés, the mysterious second "María" named in his will.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: Though the largest group of indigenous allies were Tlaxcalans, the Huexotzinco, Atlixco, Tliliuhqui-Tepecs, Tetzcocans, Chalca, Alcohua, and Tepanecs were all important allies as well, and had all been previously subjugated by the Aztecs.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: Cuitlahuac contracted the disease and died after ruling for eighty days. Though the disease also affected the Spanish-aligned forces somewhat, it had more dire consequences for the leadership on the side of the Aztecs, as they were much harder hit by the smallpox than the Spanish leaders, who were largely resistant to the disease.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: Cortés had 84 horsemen, 194 arbalesters and arquebusiers, plus 650 Spanish foot soldiers. He stationed 25 men on every sloop, 12 oarsmen, 12 crossbowmen and musketeers, and a captain. Each sloop had rigging, sails, oars, and spare oars. Additionally, Cortés had 20,000 warriors from Tlaxcala, Huexotzinco, and Cholula. The Tlaxcalans were led by Xicotencatl II and Chichimecatecle. Cortés was ready to start the blockade of Mexico after Corpus Christi (feast).

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: Cortés faced "more than a thousand canoes" after he launched his thirteen sloops from Texcoco. Yet a "favorable breeze sprang up", enabling him to overturn many canoes and kill or capture many. After winning the First Battle on the Lake, Cortés camped with Olid's forces.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: With his brigantines, Cortés could also send forces and supplies to areas he previously could not, which put a kink in Cuauhtémoc's plan. To make it more difficult for the Spanish ships to aid the Spanish soldier's advance along the causeways, the Aztecs dug deep pits in shallow areas of the lakes, into which they hoped the Spaniards would stumble, and fixed concealed stakes into the lake bottom to impale the launches. The Spanish horses were also ineffective on the causeways.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: The Spaniards prevented food and water from reaching Tenochtitlan along the three causeways. They limited the supplies reaching the city from the nine surrounding towns via canoe, by sending out two of their launches on nightly capture missions. However, the Aztecs were successful in setting an ambush with thirty of their pirogues in an area in which they had placed impaling stakes. They captured two Spanish launches, killing Captains Juan de la Portilla and Pedro Barba.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: The Aztec continued to attack the Spaniards on the causeways, "day and night". The Spanish allies in the cities surrounding the lake lost many lives or "went home wounded", and "half their canoes were destroyed". Yet, "they did not help the Aztec any more, for they loathed them." Yet, of the 24,000 allies, only 200 remained in the three Spanish camps, the rest deciding to return home.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: Cuauhtemoc then enlisted his allies in Matlazingo, Malinalco, and Tulapa, in attacking the Spaniards from the rear. However, Cortés sent Andrés de Tapia, with 20 horsemen and 100 soldiers, and Gonzalo de Sandoval, with 20 horsemen and 80 soldiers, to help his allies attack this new threat. They returned with two of the Matlazingo chieftains as prisoners.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: The Spanish continued to push closer to Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs changed tactics as often as the Spanish did, preventing Cortés's forces from being entirely victorious. However, the Aztecs were severely worn down. They had no new troops, supplies, food, nor water. The Spanish received a large amount of supplies from Vera Cruz, and, somewhat renewed, finally entered the main part of Tenochtitlan.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: Cortés then ordered a simultaneous advance of all three camps towards the Tlatelolco marketplace. Alvarado's company made it there first, and Gutierrez de Badajoz advanced to the top of the Huichilopotzli "cu", setting it afire and planting their Spanish banners. Cortés' and Sandoval's men were able to join them there after four more days of fighting.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: At some point in the final days of the battle, a tornado struck the basin, over Tlatelolco, and then moved out over the lake. This was the first tornado seen by Europeans in the Americas.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: After several failed peace overtures to Cuauhtémoc, Cortés ordered Sandoval to attack that part of the city in which Cuauhtémoc had retreated. As hundreds of canoes filled the lake fleeing the doomed city, Cortés sent his brigantines out to intercept them. Cuauhtémoc attempted to flee with his property, gold, jewels, and family in fifty pirogues, but was soon captured by Sandoval's launches, and brought before Cortés.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: The Aztec forces were destroyed and the Aztecs surrendered on 13 August 1521, Julian Date. Cortés demanded the return of the gold lost during La Noche Triste. Under torture, by burning their feet with oil, Cuauhtémoc and the lord of Tacuba confessed to dumping his gold and jewels into the lake. Yet, little gold remained, as earlier, a fifth had been sent to Spain and another kept by Cortés. "In the end...the remaining gold all fell to the King's officials."

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: Cuauhtémoc was taken prisoner the same day, as related above, and remained the titular leader of Tenochtitlan, under the control of Cortés, until he was hanged for treason in 1525 while accompanying a Spanish expedition to Guatemala.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: 100,000 to 240,000 were killed in the campaign overall including warriors and civilians. As many as 40,000 Aztec bodies were floating in the canals or awaiting burial after the siege. Almost all of the Aztec nobility were dead, and the remaining survivors were mostly young women and very young children. At least 40,000 Aztec civilians were killed and captured.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Fall of Tenochtitlan

Context: It is well accepted that Cortés' indigenous allies, which may have numbered as many as 200,000 over the three-year period of the conquest, were indispensable to his success.

Question: アステカが滅亡した原因は何？


Thomas P. Glynn

Context: Glynn attended Tufts University, where he majored in economics and was a campus activist. He took an active role in protests against the Vietnam War and "white racism". In 1968 he was chosen to be that year's Mr. Tufts, the highest honor for an undergraduate student. He later earned a master's degree and doctorate in social policy from Brandeis University.

Question: マサチューセッツ湾交通局の初代局長は誰


Thomas P. Glynn

Context: In 1993, Glynn was nominated to be United States Deputy Secretary of Labor. He was confirmed by the United States Senate by unanimous consent on May 24, 1993. He resigned on April 15, 1996. At the time of his resignation, Glynn was one of the longest serving Deputy Secretaries of Labor in modern department history.

Question: マサチューセッツ湾交通局の初代局長は誰


Thomas P. Glynn

Context: Glynn left the Department of Labor to become chief operating officer of Partners HealthCare, the second-ranking position in Massachusetts' largest hospital network. He left in 2010 to teach at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and become a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He also served as an informal health care adviser and labor dispute mediator for Boston Mayor Thomas Menino.

Question: マサチューセッツ湾交通局の初代局長は誰


Thomas P. Glynn

Context: In 2012, Glynn was named chief executive officer of the Massachusetts Port Authority, the agency that runs Logan International Airport and the Port of Boston. In August 2018, Glynn announced that he would step down as chief executive officer, after six years.

Question: マサチューセッツ湾交通局の初代局長は誰


Thomas P. Glynn

Context: Glynn previously served as the Chief Executive Officer of the Harvard Allston Land Company, overseeing Harvard University's non-institutional development of its Enterprise Research Campus in Allston. He is now an adjunct lecturer at Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) and teaches a course on making state and local government work.

Question: マサチューセッツ湾交通局の初代局長は誰


Monster (manga)

Context: Monster (stylized as 🢒M⊙NS†ER🢐) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoki Urasawa. It was published by Shogakukan in their "Big Comic Original" magazine between 1994 and 2001, with the chapters collected in eighteen "tankōbon" volumes. The story revolves around Kenzo Tenma, a Japanese surgeon living in Düsseldorf, Germany whose life enters turmoil after getting himself involved with Johan Liebert, one of his former patients, who is revealed to be a dangerous serial killer.

Question: 浦沢直樹の『MONSTER]


Monster (manga)

Context: "Monster" was Urasawa's first work to receive international acclaim and success; the manga has sold over 20 million copies, making it one of the best-selling manga series in history. The manga has won several awards, and its anime adaptation has been called one of the best of the decade.

Question: 浦沢直樹の『MONSTER]


Monster (manga)

Context: Urasawa revealed that he pitched the idea of writing a manga about the medical field around 1986, but could tell his editor was not enjoying the idea. So he jokingly proposed a story about women's judo, and that lead to his first solo work "Yawara!" (1986–1993).

Question: 浦沢直樹の『MONSTER]


Monster (manga)

Context: The original idea for "Monster" came from the 1960s American television series "The Fugitive", which had a strong impact on Urasawa when he saw it at the age of eight. In the story, a doctor is wrongfully convicted of murder, but escapes and searches for the real killer while on the run from the police. He said that his editor was adamant that the series would not do well, and tried to stop him from creating it.

Question: 浦沢直樹の『MONSTER]


Monster (manga)

Context: The manga series was adapted into an anime by Madhouse, which aired between 7 April 2004 and 28 September 2005 on Nippon TV. Directed by Masayuki Kojima and written by Tatsuhiko Urahata, it features original character designs by long-time Studio Ghibli animator Kitarō Kōsaka which were adapted for the anime by Shigeru Fujita.

Question: 浦沢直樹の『MONSTER]


Monster (manga)

Context: The credit sequence features illustrations from the book "Obluda, Která Nemá Své Jméno" (The Monster Who Didn't Have A Name) by Emil Scherbe which was published by Shogakukan on 30 September 2008.

Question: 浦沢直樹の『MONSTER]


Monster (manga)

Context: In 2005, it was announced that New Line Cinema acquired the rights for an American live-action film adaptation of "Monster". Academy Award-nominated screenwriter Josh Olson ("A History of Violence") was hired to write the screenplay. No new information on the film was released since.

Question: 浦沢直樹の『MONSTER]


Monster (manga)

Context: In 2013, it was revealed that Guillermo del Toro and American premium television network HBO were collaborating on a pilot for a live-action TV series based on "Monster". Co-executive producer Stephen Thompson ("Doctor Who" and "Sherlock") was writing the pilot, while del Toro was to direct it and be an executive producer alongside Don Murphy and Susan Montford. In 2015, del Toro told Latino-Review that HBO had passed on the project and that they were in the process of pitching to other studios.

Question: 浦沢直樹の『MONSTER]


The War of the Worlds

Context: A human deputation (which includes the astronomer Ogilvy) approaches the cylinder with a white flag, but the Martians incinerate them and others nearby with a heat-ray before beginning to assemble their machinery. Military forces arrive that night to surround the common, including Maxim guns. The population of Woking and the surrounding villages are reassured by the presence of the British Army. A tense day begins, with much anticipation by the Narrator of military action.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: One of the Martian fighting-machines is brought down in the River Thames by artillery as the Narrator and countless others try to cross the river into Middlesex, and the Martians retreat to their original crater. This gives the authorities precious hours to form a defence-line covering London. After the Martians' temporary repulse, the Narrator is able to float down the Thames in a boat toward London, stopping at Walton, where he first encounters the curate, his companion for the coming weeks.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Wells trained as a science teacher during the latter half of the 1880s. One of his teachers was Thomas Henry Huxley, famous as a major advocate of Darwinism. He later taught science, and his first book was a biology textbook. He joined the scientific journal "Nature" as a reviewer in 1894. Much of his work is notable for making contemporary ideas of science and technology easily understandable to readers.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Wells wrote in a letter to Elizabeth Healey about his choice of locations: "I'm doing the dearest little serial for Pearson's new magazine, in which I completely wreck and sack Woking – killing my neighbours in painful and eccentric ways – then proceed via Kingston and Richmond to London, which I sack, selecting South Kensington for feats of peculiar atrocity."

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: A 7-metre (23 feet) high sculpture of a tripod fighting machine, entitled "The Martian", based on descriptions in the novel stands in Crown Passage close to the local railway station in Woking, designed and constructed by artist Michael Condron.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Both pirated versions of the story were followed by "Edison's Conquest of Mars" by Garrett P. Serviss. Even though these versions are deemed as unauthorised serialisations of the novel, it is possible that H. G. Wells may have, without realising it, agreed to the serialisation in the "New York Evening Journal". Holt, Rinehart & Winston repressed the book in 2000, paired with "The Time Machine", and commissioned Michael Koelsch to illustrate a new cover art.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Although much of invasion literature may have been less sophisticated and visionary than Wells's novel, it was a useful, familiar genre to support the publication success of the piece, attracting readers used to such tales. It may also have proved an important foundation for Wells's ideas as he had never seen or fought in a war.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Many novels focusing on life on other planets written close to 1900 echo scientific ideas of the time, including Pierre-Simon Laplace's nebular hypothesis, Charles Darwin's scientific theory of natural selection, and Gustav Kirchhoff's theory of spectroscopy. These scientific ideas combined to present the possibility that planets are alike in composition and conditions for the development of species, which would likely lead to the emergence of life at a suitable geological age in a planet's development.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: However, the 16-year-old Robert H. Goddard was inspired by the story and spent much of his life building rockets. The research into rockets begun by Goddard, and other pioneers especially from the German V1 and V2 programs, eventually culminated in the Apollo program's human landing on the Moon, and the landing of robotic probes on Mars.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Wells's description of chemical weapons – the Black Smoke used by the Martian fighting machines to kill human beings in great numbers – became a reality in World War I. The comparison between lasers and the Heat-Ray was made as early as the later half of the 1950s when lasers were still in development. Prototypes of mobile laser weapons have been developed and are being researched and tested as a possible future weapon in space.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: H. G. Wells was a student of Thomas Henry Huxley, a proponent of the theory of natural selection. In the novel, the conflict between mankind and the Martians is portrayed as a survival of the fittest, with the Martians whose longer period of successful evolution on the older Mars has led to them developing a superior intelligence, able to create weapons far in advance of humans on the younger planet Earth, who have not had the opportunity to develop sufficient intelligence to construct similar weapons.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: The novel also suggests a potential future for human evolution and perhaps a warning against overvaluing intelligence against more human qualities. The Narrator describes the Martians as having evolved an overdeveloped brain, which has left them with cumbersome bodies, with increased intelligence, but a diminished ability to use their emotions, something Wells attributes to bodily function.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: At the time of the novel's publication the British Empire had conquered and colonised dozens of territories in Africa, Oceania, North and South America, the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, and the Atlantic and Pacific islands.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: The novel also dramatises the ideas of race presented in Social Darwinism, in that the Martians exercise over humans their 'rights' as a superior race, more advanced in evolution.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: The novel originated several enduring Martian tropes in science fiction writing. These include Mars being an ancient world, nearing the end of its life, being the home of a superior civilisation capable of advanced feats of science and engineering, and also being a source of invasion forces, keen to conquer the Earth. The first two tropes were prominent in Edgar Rice Burroughs's "Barsoom" series beginning with "A Princess of Mars" in 1912.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Influential scientist Freeman Dyson, a key figure in the search for extraterrestrial life, also acknowledged his debt to reading H. G. Wells's fictions as a child.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: In 1727 Jonathan Swift published "Gulliver's Travels". The tale included a people who are obsessed with mathematics and more advanced than Europeans scientifically. They populate a floating island fortress called Laputa, 4½ miles in diameter, which uses its shadow to prevent sun and rain from reaching earthly nations over which it travels, ensuring they will pay tribute to the Laputians.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Voltaire's "Micromégas" (1752) includes two beings from Saturn and Sirius who, though human in appearance, are of immense size and visit the Earth out of curiosity. At first the difference in scale between them and the peoples of Earth makes them think the planet is uninhabited. When they discover the haughty Earth-centric views of Earth philosophers, they are greatly amused by how important Earth beings think they are compared to greater beings in the universe such as themselves.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: In 1892 Robert Potter, an Australian clergyman, published "The Germ Growers" in London. It describes a covert invasion by aliens who take on the appearance of human beings and attempt to develop a virulent disease to assist in their plans for global conquest. It was not widely read, and consequently Wells's vastly more successful novel is generally credited as the seminal alien invasion story.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Other examples are "Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet" (1889), which took place on Mars, Gustavus W. Pope's "Journey to Mars" (1894), and Ellsworth Douglas's "Pharaoh's Broker", in which the protagonist encounters an Egyptian civilisation on Mars which, while parallel to that of the Earth, has evolved somehow independently.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: The theme of alien invasion has remained popular to the present day and is frequently used in the plots of all forms of popular entertainment including movies, television, novels, comics and video games.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: On 30 October 1988, a slightly updated version of the script by Howard Koch, adapted and directed by David Ossman, was presented by WGBH Radio, Boston and broadcast on National Public Radio for the 50th anniversary of the original Orson Welles broadcast. The cast included Jason Robards in Welles' role of 'Professor Pierson', Steve Allen, Douglas Edwards, Hector Elizondo and Rene Auberjonois.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: An animated series of "Justice League", broadcast in 2001, begins with a three-part saga called "Secret Origins" and features tripod machines invading and attacking the city.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Steven Spielberg directed a 2005 film adaptation starring Tom Cruise, which received generally positive reviews.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: In the spring of 2017, the BBC announced that in 2018 it would be producing an Edwardian period, three-episode mini-series adaptation of the Wells novel. The show debuted in the UK on 17 November 2019. Also in 2019, Fox debuted an adaptation set in present-day Europe starring Gabriel Byrne & Elizabeth McGovern.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


The War of the Worlds

Context: Colin Morgan ("Merlin", "Humans") stars in "The Coming of the Martians", a faithful audio dramatisation of Wells's classic 1897 story, adapted by Nick Scovell, directed by Lisa Bowerman and produced in native 5.1 surround sound. It was released in July 2018 by Sherwood Sound Studios in download format and as a 2-Disc CD, a Limited Edition DVD, and a Collector's USB Edition.

Question: 宇宙人を最初に用いたＳＦ作品は何


Homelessness in Japan

Context: According to the "Special Act in regards to Supporting the Autonomy of the Homeless Population" (Japanese: ホームレスの自立の支援等に関する特別措置法), the term "homeless" is defined as "those who utilize city parks, river banks, roads, train stations, and other facilities as their place of stay in order to live their daily lives".

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: Names for the homeless in Japan include "hōmuresu" (ホームレス, from the English "homeless"), "furousha" (浮浪者, meaning "wandering person"), "kojiki" (乞食, meaning beggar), and "runpen" (ルンペン, from German "Lumpen)." More recently, "nojukusha" (野宿者, "person who sleeps outside") and "nojuku roudousha" (野宿労働者, "laborer who sleeps outside") have been used to avoid negative connotations associated with the word "homeless".

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: After World War II, many became homeless due to the economy being damaged from the bombing of the mainland. Fewer people became homeless in the 1960s due to the Japanese economic miracle.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: In 1997, Tokyo acknowledged the existence of homeless group representatives and started listening to their issues.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: In 1998, officials claimed there were around 3,700 homeless in Tokyo alone. Homeless support groups estimated the number to be close to 5,000 and indicated that this number was rapidly increasing.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: Due to bureaucratic obstacles, it was quite hard for a homeless person to obtain welfare benefits that they might have been eligible to receive. In August 2002, the "Special Act in regards to Supporting the Autonomy of the Homeless Population" () was enacted to reduce obstacles for homeless people to get support.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: In 2019, Japan had 22 million part-time and temp workers, compared to 17 million in 2011, according to Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: According to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare between January and February 2003, the total number of homeless people in Japan at that time was 25,296. However, according to another survey conducted by the Ministry, by January 2007 the number had fallen to 18,564 due to economic recovery across Japan. At that time middle-aged and elderly men accounted for 95% of the homeless population, with the average age being 57.5 years old.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: In Western Japan, especially Osaka, there are many volunteer organisations and religious groups. The majority of these organisations are Christian, and provide assistance and emergency meal feeding to the homeless population. This kind of support is also provided in Yokohama.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: In August 2002, the "Special Act in regards to Supporting the Autonomy of the Homeless Population" () was enacted, and proper support began to be offered by the country, including the first nationwide survey into the homelessness of the country, launched by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in February 2003. A factual investigation was also conducted in April 2007.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Homelessness in Japan

Context: As of 2011, Japan is continuing to experience economic recession. For ¥1,500 to ¥2,000 per night homeless people have been staying in Internet cafés or capsule hotels, where they get an individual room (space) and a shower, television, soft drinks and Internet access.

Question: ホームレスが日本で社会現象になったのはいつ


Introduction to evolution

Context: Darwin gained extensive experience as he collected and studied the natural history of life forms from distant places. Through his studies, he formulated the idea that each species had developed from ancestors with similar features. In 1838, he described how a process he called natural selection would make this happen.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. His theory means that all life, including humanity, is a product of continuing natural processes. The implication that all life on Earth has a common ancestor has met with objections from some religious groups. Their objections are in contrast to the level of support for the theory by more than 99 percent of those within the scientific community today.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Natural selection is commonly equated with "survival of the fittest", but this expression originated in Herbert Spencer's "Principles of Biology" in 1864, five years after Charles Darwin published his original works. "Survival of the fittest" describes the process of natural selection incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and it is not always the fittest that survives.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Rapid environmental changes typically cause extinctions. Of all species that have existed on Earth, 99.9 percent are now extinct. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions have led to large and sudden drops in the variety of species. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 66 million years ago.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: The Hardy–Weinberg principle states that under certain idealised conditions, including the absence of selection pressures, a large population will have no change in the frequency of alleles as generations pass. A population that satisfies these conditions is said to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. In particular, Hardy and Weinberg showed that dominant and recessive alleles do not automatically tend to become more and less frequent respectively, as had been thought previously.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: In practice, no population can be in perfect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The population's finite size, combined with natural selection and many other effects, cause the allelic frequencies to change over time.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: A common example of a population bottleneck is the Northern elephant seal. Due to excessive hunting throughout the 19th century, the population of the northern elephant seal was reduced to 30 individuals or less. They have made a full recovery, with the total number of individuals at around 100,000 and growing. The effects of the bottleneck are visible, however. The seals are more likely to have serious problems with disease or genetic disorders, because there is almost no diversity in the population.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: The founder effect occurs when a small group from one population splits off and forms a new population, often through geographic isolation. This new population's allelic frequency is probably different from the original population's, and will change how common certain alleles are in the populations. The founders of the population will determine the genetic makeup, and potentially the survival, of the new population for generations.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: One example of the founder effect is found in the Amish migration to Pennsylvania in 1744. Two of the founders of the colony in Pennsylvania carried the recessive allele for Ellis–van Creveld syndrome. Because the Amish tend to be religious isolates, they interbreed, and through generations of this practice the frequency of Ellis–van Creveld syndrome in the Amish people is much higher than the frequency in the general population.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Scientific evidence for evolution comes from many aspects of biology and includes fossils, homologous structures, and molecular similarities between species' DNA.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Research in the field of palaeontology, the study of fossils, supports the idea that all living organisms are related. Fossils provide evidence that accumulated changes in organisms over long periods of time have led to the diverse forms of life we see today. A fossil itself reveals the organism's structure and the relationships between present and extinct species, allowing palaeontologists to construct a family tree for all of the life forms on Earth.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: The comparison of similarities between organisms of their form or appearance of parts, called their morphology, has long been a way to classify life into closely related groups. This can be done by comparing the structure of adult organisms in different species or by comparing the patterns of how cells grow, divide and even migrate during an organism's development.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies all living things. Scientists use morphological and genetic similarities to assist them in categorising life forms based on ancestral relationships. For example, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans all belong to the same taxonomic grouping referred to as a family—in this case the family called Hominidae. These animals are grouped together because of similarities in morphology that come from common ancestry (called "homology").

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: The field of molecular systematics focuses on measuring the similarities in these molecules and using this information to work out how different types of organisms are related through evolution. These comparisons have allowed biologists to build a "relationship tree" of the evolution of life on Earth. They have even allowed scientists to unravel the relationships between organisms whose common ancestors lived such a long time ago that no real similarities remain in the appearance of the organisms.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Artificial selection has produced a wide variety of plants. In the case of maize (corn), recent genetic evidence suggests that domestication occurred 10,000 years ago in central Mexico. Prior to domestication, the edible portion of the wild form was small and difficult to collect. Today "The Maize Genetics Cooperation • Stock Center" maintains a collection of more than 10,000 genetic variations of maize that have arisen by random mutations and chromosomal variations from the original wild type.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Coevolution is a process in which two or more species influence the evolution of each other. All organisms are influenced by life around them; however, in coevolution there is evidence that genetically determined traits in each species directly resulted from the interaction between the two organisms.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Such coevolution does not imply that the ants and the tree choose to behave in an altruistic manner. Rather, across a population small genetic changes in both ant and tree benefited each. The benefit gave a slightly higher chance of the characteristic being passed on to the next generation. Over time, successive mutations created the relationship we observe today.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Introduction to evolution

Context: Others view selection working on many levels, not just at a single level of organism or gene; for example, Stephen Jay Gould called for a hierarchical perspective on selection.

Question: 生物が徐々に進化するという考え方に名称はある？


Air racing

Context: Air racing is a type of motorsport that involves airplanes or other types of aircraft that compete over a fixed course, with the winner either returning the shortest time, the one to complete it with the most points, or to come closest to a previously estimated time.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: Some other minor events were held before the "Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne" in 22–29 August 1909 at Reims, France. This was the first major international flying event, drawing the most important aircraft makers and pilots of the era, as well as celebrities and royalty. The premier event — the first Gordon Bennett Trophy competition — was won by Glenn Curtiss, who beat second-place finisher Louis Blériot by five seconds. Curtiss was named 'Champion Air Racer of the World'.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: In the years before the First World War, popular interest in aviation led to a large number of air races in Europe; including the 1911 Circuit of Europe race, the Daily Mail Circuit of Britain Air Race, and the Aerial Derby.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: In 1913, the first Schneider Trophy seaplane race was held. When the competition was resumed after the war, it was significant in advancing aeroplane design, particularly in the fields of aerodynamics and engine design, and would show its results in the best fighters of World War II.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: On 19 October 1919, the Army Transcontinental Air Race began along a route from Long Island, New York to San Francisco, California, and back, which would see widespread carnage; including seven fatalities (two en route to the race). Of the 48 aircraft that started, 33 would complete the double crossing of the continent.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: In 1921, the United States instituted the National Air Meets, which became the National Air Races in 1924. In 1929, the Women's Air Derby, nicknamed the 'Powder Puff Derby', became a part of the National Air Races circuit. The National Air Races lasted until 1949. The Cleveland Air Races was another important event. In 1947, an All-Woman Transcontinental Air Race, also dubbed the Powder Puff Derby was established, running until 1977.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: In 1934, the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia took place, with the winning de Havilland Comet flown by C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: In 1970, American Formula One racing was exported to Europe (Great Britain, and then to France), where almost as many races have been held as in the U.S.A. Also in 1970, the California 1000 Air Race started at the Mojave Airport with a 66 lap unlimited air race that featured a Douglas DC-7, with one aircraft completing the circuit.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: In 2003, Red Bull created a series called the Red Bull Air Race World Championship, in which competitors flew individually between pairs of pylons, while performing prescribed manoeuvres. Usually held over water near large cities, the sport has attracted large crowds and renewed media interest in air racing. The inaugural season had stops in Austria and Hungary. In 2019, Red Bull decided not to continue the Red Bull Air Race World Championship.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: Aero GP has multiple aircraft racing together pik around pylons, and is based in Europe where it has held an air race each year since 2005.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: Powered paragliding or paramotor races have been organised by the Parabatix Sky Racers made up of the world's top paramotor pilots. The first occurring on 4 September 2010 in an airfield in Montauban, Southern France. These are foot-launched ram-air wings powered by small two-stroke engines, and allow for much smaller race venues such as city parks or beaches, where the audience can see the pilots up close as they carry out spectacular manoeuvres swooping close to the ground-pylons during the race.

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Air racing

Context: Restricting aircraft to a specific type or design creates a competition that focuses on pilot skill. Air racing events such as the Reno air races, incorporate multiple classes or aircraft. These may be defined by the race organiser, or by a sanctioned group. Some air races are limited to a single class. Classes used at the Reno races are as follows:

Question: エアレースの起源はいつ


Yuda Dam

Context: is a multipurpose dam located in the town of Nishiwaga, Iwate, in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. Completed in 1964, it is managed by the Tohoku Regional Development Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Located on the Waga River, a branch of the Kitakami River, it is the third largest of the dams built as part of the Kitakami Area Comprehensive Development Plan (KVA). The dam creates Lake Kinshu, a popular sightseeing spot.

Question: 湯田ダムに鉄道は通っている？


Yuda Dam

Context: The reservoir formed by the dam is Lake Kinshu, which forms the center of Yuda Onsenkyō Prefectural Natural Park. The area is noted for its birdlife and its autumn foliage.

Question: 湯田ダムに鉄道は通っている？


Mikawa Province

Context: was an old province in the area that today forms the eastern half of Aichi Prefecture. Its abbreviated form name was . Mikawa bordered on Owari, Mino, Shinano, and Tōtōmi Provinces.

Question: 三河国は現在のどこに存在した？


Mikawa Province

Context: Mikawa is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the "Engishiki" classification system, Mikawa was ranked as a "superior country" (上国) and a "near country" (近国) in terms of its distance from the capital.

Question: 三河国は現在のどこに存在した？


Mikawa Province

Context: The various domains and "tenryō" territories were transformed into short-lived prefectures in July 1871 by the abolition of the han system, and was organized into ten districts by the early Meiji period cadastral reform of 1869. The entire territory of former Mikawa Province became part of the new Aichi Prefecture in January 1872.

Question: 三河国は現在のどこに存在した？


Mikawa Province

Context: After World War II, the territory of former Mikawa Province prospers as the capital of the Japanese automobile industry.

Question: 三河国は現在のどこに存在した？


Mikawa Province

Context: SeaHorses Mikawa and SAN-EN NeoPhoenix play in the B.League, Japan's first division of professional basketball.

Question: 三河国は現在のどこに存在した？


Algerian War

Context: The planned French withdrawal led to a state crisis. This included various assassination attempts on de Gaulle as well as some attempts at military coups. Most of the former were carried out by the (OAS), an underground organization formed mainly from French military personnel supporting a French Algeria, which committed a large number of bombings and murders both in Algeria and in the homeland to stop the planned independence.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: In 1834, Algeria became a French military colony. It was declared by the Constitution of 1848 to be an integral part of France and was divided into three departments: Alger, Oran and Constantine. Many French and other Europeans (Spanish, Italians, Maltese and others) later settled in Algeria.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Under the Second Empire (1852–1871), the "Code de l'indigénat" (Indigenous Code) was implemented by the "sénatus-consulte" of 14 July 1865. It allowed Muslims to apply for full French citizenship, a measure that few took since it involved renouncing the right to be governed by "sharia" law in personal matters and was widely considered to be apostasy. Its first article stipulated:

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: The indigenous Muslim is French; however, he will continue to be subjected to Muslim law. He may be admitted to serve in the army (armée de terre) and the navy (armée de mer). He may be called to functions and civil employment in Algeria. He may, on his demand, be admitted to enjoy the rights of a French citizen; in this case, he is subjected to the political and civil laws of France.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Prior to 1870, fewer than 200 demands were registered by Muslims and 152 by Jewish Algerians. The 1865 decree was then modified by the 1870 Crémieux Decree, which granted French nationality to Jews living in one of the three Algerian departments. In 1881, the "Code de l'Indigénat" made the discrimination official by creating specific penalties for "indigènes" and organising the seizure or appropriation of their lands.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: After World War II, equality of rights was proclaimed by the "ordonnance" of 7 March 1944 and later confirmed by the "loi Lamine Guèye" of 7 May 1946, which granted French citizenship to all subjects of France's territories and overseas departments, and by the 1946 Constitution. The Law of 20 September 1947 granted French citizenship to all Algerian subjects, who were not required to renounce their Muslim personal status.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Algeria was unique to France because unlike all other overseas possessions acquired by France during the 19th century, Algeria was considered and legally classified to be an integral part of France.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Within that context, a grandson of Abd el-Kadir spearheaded the resistance against the French in the first half of the 20th century and was a member of the directing committee of the French Communist Party. In 1926, he founded the "Étoile Nord-Africaine" ("North African Star"), to which Messali Hadj, also a member of the Communist Party and of its affiliated trade union, the Confédération générale du travail unitaire (CGTU), joined the following year.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: France, which had just lost French Indochina, was determined not to lose the next colonial war, particularly in its oldest and nearest major colony, which was regarded as a part of Metropolitan France (rather than a colony), by French law.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: In October 1956, the French Air Force intercepted a Moroccan DC-3 bound for Tunis, carrying Ahmed Ben Bella, Mohammed Boudiaf, Mohamed Khider and Hocine Aït Ahmed, and forced it to land in Algiers. Lacoste had the FLN external political leaders arrested and imprisoned for the duration of the war. This action caused the remaining rebel leaders to harden their stance.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: France opposed Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's material and political assistance to the FLN, which some French analysts believed was the revolution's main sustenance. This attitude was a factor in persuading France to participate in the November 1956 attempt to seize the Suez Canal during the Suez Crisis.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: The loss of competent field commanders both on the battlefield and through defections and political purges created difficulties for the FLN. Moreover, power struggles in the early years of the war split leadership in the wilayat, particularly in the Aurès. Some officers created their own fiefdoms, using units under their command to settle old scores and engage in private wars against military rivals within the FLN.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: The French Army shifted its tactics at the end of 1958 from dependence on "quadrillage" to the use of mobile forces deployed on massive search-and-destroy missions against FLN strongholds. In 1959, Salan's successor, General Maurice Challe, appeared to have suppressed major rebel resistance, but political developments had already overtaken the French Army's successes.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: De Gaulle immediately appointed a committee to draft a new constitution for France's Fifth Republic, which would be declared early the next year, with which Algeria would be associated but of which it would not form an integral part. All Muslims, including women, were registered for the first time on electoral rolls to participate in a referendum to be held on the new constitution in September 1958.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: De Gaulle's initiative threatened the FLN with decreased support among Muslims. In reaction, the FLN set up the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne, GPRA), a government-in-exile headed by Abbas and based in Tunis. Before the referendum, Abbas lobbied for international support for the GPRA, which was quickly recognized by Morocco, Tunisia, China, and several other African, Arab, and Asian countries, but not by the Soviet Union.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: From 1958 to 1959, the French army won military control in Algeria and was the closest it would be to victory. In late July 1959, during Operation Jumelles, Colonel Bigeard, whose elite paratrooper unit fought at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, told journalist Jean Lartéguy, (source)

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: In Paris on 29 January 1960, de Gaulle called on his ineffective army to remain loyal and rallied popular support for his Algerian policy in a televised address:

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: The French army officers' uprising was due to a perceived second betrayal by the government, the first having been Indochina (1947–1954). In some aspects the Dien Bien Phu garrison was sacrificed with no metropolitan support, order was given to commanding officer General de Castries to "let the affair die of its own, in serenity" ("laissez mourir l'affaire d'elle même en sérénité").

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: The opposition of the UNEF student trade-union to the participation of conscripts in the war led to a secession in May 1960, with the creation of the "Fédération des étudiants nationalistes" (FEN, Federation of Nationalist Students) around Dominique Venner, a former member of Jeune Nation and of MP-13, François d'Orcival and Alain de Benoist, who would theorize in the 1980s the "New Right" movement. The FEN then published the "Manifeste de la classe 60".

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: A Front national pour l'Algérie française (FNAF, National Front for French Algeria) was created in June 1960 in Paris, gathering around de Gaulle's former Secretary Jacques Soustelle, Claude Dumont, Georges Sauge, Yvon Chautard, Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour (who later competed in the 1965 presidential election), Jacques Isorni, Victor Barthélemy, François Brigneau and Jean-Marie Le Pen. Another "ultra" rebellion occurred in December 1960, which led de Gaulle to dissolve the FNAF.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: After the publication of the "Manifeste des 121" against the use of torture and the war, the opponents to the war created the Rassemblement de la gauche démocratique (Assembly of the Democratic Left), which included the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) socialist party, the Radical-Socialist Party, Force ouvrière (FO) trade union, Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens trade-union, UNEF trade-union, etc., which supported de Gaulle against the "ultras".

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Urban and rural women's experiences in the revolution differed greatly. Urban women, who constituted about twenty percent of the overall force, had received some kind of education and usually chose to enter on the side of the FLN of their own accord. Largely illiterate rural women, on the other hand, the remaining eighty percent, due to their geographic location in respect to the operations of FLN often became involved in the conflict as a result of proximity paired with force.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: At the beginning of the war, on the Algerian side, it was necessary to compensate for military weakness with political and diplomatic struggle. In the asymmetric conflict between France and the FLN at this time, victory seemed extremely difficult.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Furthermore, the FLN was weak militarily at the beginning of the war. It was created in 1954 and had few members, and its ally the ALN was also underdeveloped, having only 3,000 men badly equipped and trained, unable to compete with the French army. The nationalist forces also suffered from internal divisions.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Firstly, the FLN exploited the tensions between the American-led Western Bloc and the Soviet-led Communist bloc. FLN sought material support from the Communists, goading the Americans to support of Algerian independence to keep the country on the western side. Furthermore, the FLN used the tensions within each bloc, including between France and the US and between the USSR and Mao's China. The US, which generally opposed colonisation, had every interest in pushing France to give Algeria its independence.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: More than 12,000 Algerians died in internal FLN purges during the war. In France, an additional 5,000 died in the "café wars" between the FLN and rival Algerian groups. French sources also estimated that 70,000 Muslim civilians were killed, or abducted and presumed killed, by the FLN.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: During the war, the French military also created (regrouping centres), which were built settlements for forcibly displaced civilian populations, in order to separate them from National Liberation Front (FLN) guerilla combatants. Over 2 million Algerians were resettled in regrouping internment camps, with some being forced into labour.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Bigeard's justification of torture has been criticized by Joseph Doré, archbishop of Strasbourg, Marc Lienhard, president of the Lutheran Church of Augsbourg Confession in Alsace-Lorraine, and others.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: During the first two and a half years of the conflict, the guerrillas killed an estimated 6,352 Muslim and 1,035 non-Muslim civilians.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: In 2002, "Une Vie Debout: Mémoires Politiques" by Mohammed Harbi, a former advisor to Ben Bella, was published in which Harbi wrote: "Because they [the FLN leaders] weren't supported at the moment of their arrival on the scene by a real and dynamic popular movement, they took power of the movement by force and they maintained it by force. Convinced that they had to act with resolution in order to protect themselves against their enemies, they deliberately chose an authoritarian path".

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: The Algerian War remains a contentious event. According to the historian Benjamin Stora, one of the leading historians on the war, memories concerning the war remain fragmented, with no common ground to speak of:

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: There is no such thing as a history of the Algerian War; there is just a multitude of histories and personal paths through it. Everyone involved considers that they lived through it in their own way, and any attempt to understand the Algerian War globally is immediately rejected by protagonists.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: Alongside a heated debate in France, the February 23, 2005, law had the effect of jeopardising the treaty of friendship that President Chirac was supposed to sign with President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, which was no longer on the agenda. Following that controversial law, Bouteflika has talked about a cultural genocide, particularly referring to the 1945 Sétif massacre. Chirac finally had the law repealed by a complex institutional mechanism.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: As Algerians do not appear in an "indigenous" condition, and their sub-citizens status, as the history of nationalist movement, is never evoked as their being one of great figures of the resistance, such as Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas. They neither emerge nor are being given attention. No one is explaining to students what colonization has been. We have prevented students from understanding why the decolonization took place.

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Algerian War

Context: "Note: concerning the audio and film archives from the Institut national de l'audiovisuel (INA), see Benjamin Stora's comments on their politically-oriented creation."

Question: アルジェリア内戦が終結したのはいつ


Anacaona

Context: Anacaona, as a poet and composer, is accordingly memorialized in contemporary art and literature across the Caribbean region. A statue commemorating her legacy is in Léogâne, Haiti. The tallest building in the Caribbean, "Torre Anacaona 27", is named after her, in the Dominican Republic. The song "Anacaona", lead vocals by Cheo Feliciano, popularizes her story.

Question: バルトロメ・デ・ラス・カサスは処刑された？


London Underground

Context: The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in England.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The LPTB commissioned many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. The schematic Tube map, designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other transport systems such as the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Thameslink, the Elizabeth Line, and Tramlink. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and the Johnston typeface, created by Edward Johnston in 1916.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway and the City & South London Railway, as well as many of London's bus and tram operators. Only the Metropolitan Railway, along with its subsidiaries the Great Northern & City Railway and the East London Railway, and the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by the main line London and South Western Railway, remained outside the Underground Group's control.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 1933, most of London's underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, which used the London Transport brand. The Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, Harry Beck's diagrammatic tube map first appeared.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: On 1 January 1970 responsibility for public transport within Greater London passed from central government to local government, in the form of the Greater London Council (GLC), and the London Transport Board was abolished. The London Transport brand continued to be used by the GLC.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: On 28 February 1975, a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and crashed into the wall at the end of the tunnel, in the Moorgate tube crash. There were 43 deaths and 74 injuries, the greatest loss of life during peacetime on the London Underground. In 1976 the Northern City Line was taken over by British Rail and linked up with the main line railway at Finsbury Park, a transfer that had already been planned prior to the accident.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 1984 control of London Buses and the London Underground passed back to central government with the creation of London Regional Transport (LRT), which reported directly to the Secretary of State for Transport, still retaining the London Transport brand. One person operation had been planned in 1968, but conflict with the trade unions delayed introduction until the 1980s.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In April 1994, the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by British Rail and known as the Waterloo & City line, was transferred to the London Underground. In 1999, the Jubilee Line Extension project extended the Jubilee line from Green Park station through Docklands to Stratford station, resulting in the closure of the short section of tunnel between Green Park and Charing Cross stations, and including the first stations on the London Underground to have platform edge doors.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: Transport for London (TfL) was created in 2000 as the integrated body responsible for London's transport system. TfL is part of the Greater London Authority and is constituted as a statutory corporation regulated under local government finance rules. The TfL Board is appointed by the Mayor of London, who also sets the structure and level of public transport fares in London. The day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 2020, passenger numbers fell significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic and 40 stations were temporarily closed. The Northern Line Extension opened in September 2021 extended the Northern line from Kennington to Battersea Power Station via Nine Elms. The extension was privately funded, with contributions from developments across the Battersea Power Station, Vauxhall and Nine Elms areas.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The lines are electrified with a four-rail DC system: a conductor rail between the rails is energised at −210 V and a rail outside the running rails at +420 V, giving a potential difference of 630 V. On the sections of line shared with mainline trains, such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond, and the Bakerloo line north of Queen's Park, the centre rail is bonded to the running rails.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The average speed on the Underground is . Outside the tunnels of central London, many lines' trains tend to travel at over in the suburban and countryside areas. The Metropolitan line can reach speeds of .

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: Between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone this runs over the Watford DC Line also used by London Overground, alongside the London & North Western Railway (LNWR) main line that opened in 1837. The route was laid out by the LNWR in 1912–15 and is part of the Network Rail system.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The line from just north of White City to Ealing Broadway was built in 1917 by the Great Western Railway (GWR) and passenger service introduced by the Underground in 1920. North Acton to West Ruislip was built by GWR on behalf of the Underground in 1947–8 alongside the pre-existing tracks from Old Oak Common junction towards and beyond, which date from 1904. , the original Old Oak Common junction to route has one main-line train a day to and from Paddington.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: *The line between Campbell Road junction (now closed), near Bromley-by-Bow, and Barking was built by the London, Tilbury & Southend Railway (LTSR) in 1858. The slow tracks were built 1903–05, when District services were extended from Bow Road (though there were no District services east of East Ham from 1905 to 1932). The slow tracks were shared with LTSR stopping and goods trains until segregated by 1962, when main-line trains stopped serving intermediate stations.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: *The railway from Barking to Upminster was built by LTSR in 1885 and the District extended over the route in 1902. District withdrew between 1905 and 1932, when the route was quadrupled. Main-line trains ceased serving intermediate stations in 1962, and the District line today only uses the 1932 slow tracks.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: *The westbound track between east of Ravenscourt Park and Turnham Green and Turnham Green to Richmond (also used by London Overground) follows the alignment of a railway built by the London & South Western Railway (LSWR) in 1869. The eastbound track between Turnham Green and east of Ravenscourt Park follows the alignment built in 1911; this was closed 1916 but was re-used when the Piccadilly line was extended in 1932.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: *The line between East Putney and Wimbledon was built by the LSWR in 1889. The last scheduled main-line service ran in 1941 but it still sees a few through Waterloo passenger services at the start and end of the daily timetable. The route is also used for scheduled ECS movements to/from Wimbledon Park depot and for Waterloo services diverted during disruptions and track closures elsewhere.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The rail route between Canning Town and Stratford was built by the GER in 1846, with passenger services starting in 1847. The original alignment was quadrupled "in stages between 1860 and 1892" for freight services before the extra (western) tracks were lifted as traffic declined during the 20th century, and were re-laid for Jubilee line services that started in 1999. The current Docklands Light Railway (ex-North London line) uses the original eastern alignment and the Jubilee uses the western alignment.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The line from East Finchley to Mill Hill East was opened in 1867, and from Finchley Central to High Barnet in 1872, both by the Great Northern Railway.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The westbound track between east of Ravenscourt Park and Turnham Green was built by LSWR in 1869, and originally used for eastbound main-line and District services. The eastbound track was built in 1911; it closed in 1916 but was re-used when the Piccadilly line was extended in 1932.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: Chiltern Railways shares track with the Metropolitan Line between Harrow-on-the-Hill and Amersham. Three South Western Railway passenger trains a day use District Line tracks between Wimbledon and East Putney.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter (such as S Stock, used on the Metropolitan line), while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction (for example, 1996 Stock, used on the Jubilee line).

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: There are 426 escalators on the London Underground system and the longest, at , is at Angel. The shortest, at Stratford, gives a vertical rise of . There are 184 lifts, and numbers have increased in recent years because of investment in making tube stations accessible. Over 28 stations will have lifts installed over the next 10 years, bring the total of step-free stations to over 100.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The Croxley Rail Link involves re-routing the Metropolitan line's Watford branch from the current terminus at Watford over part of the disused Croxley Green branch line to with stations at Cassiobridge, Watford Vicarage Road and (which is currently only a part of London Overground). Funding was agreed in December 2011, and the final approval for the extension was given on 24 July 2013, with the aim of completion by 2020.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 2015, TfL took over responsibility for designing and building the extension from Hertfordshire County Council, and after further detailed design work concluded that an additional £50 million would be needed. As of November 2017, the project is on hold awaiting additional funding.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 1931, the extension of the Bakerloo line from Elephant & Castle to Camberwell was approved, with stations at Albany Road and an interchange at . With post-war austerity, the plan was abandoned. In 2006, Ken Livingstone, the then Mayor of London, announced that within twenty years Camberwell would have a tube station. Plans for an extension from Elephant & Castle to Lewisham via the Old Kent Road and are currently being developed by Transport for London, with possible completion by 2029.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 2007, as part of the planning for the transfer of the North London line to what became London Overground, TfL proposed re-extending the Bakerloo line to .

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 2011, the London Borough of Hillingdon proposed that the Central line be extended from West Ruislip to Uxbridge via Ickenham, claiming this would cut traffic on the A40 in the area.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: <mapframe text="Map of proposed termini of the Euston to Canary Wharf line. The proposed alignment is not yet known." latitude="51.512909075833406" longitude="-0.08531570434570312" zoom="11" width="300" height="300" align="right">

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: According to the "New Civil Engineer", the Canary Wharf Group has suggested the construction of a new rail line between Euston and Canary Wharf. The proposal is being considered by the government.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: Provision has been made for a possible future extension to from the current terminus at Battersea Power Station by notifying the London Borough of Wandsworth of a reserved course under Battersea Park and adjacent streets.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In mid-2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line. These would be used to increase frequencies and cover the Battersea extension on the Northern line.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In early 2014 the Bakerloo, Central, Piccadilly and Waterloo & City line rolling-stock replacement project was renamed "New Tube for London" (NTfL) and moved from the feasibility stage to the design and specification stage. The study had showed that, with new generation trains and re-signalling:

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In addition to automatic and staffed faregates at stations, the Underground also operates on a proof-of-payment system. The system is patrolled by both uniformed and plain-clothes fare inspectors with hand-held Oyster-card readers. Passengers travelling without a valid ticket must pay a penalty fare of £80 (£40 if paid within 21 days) and can be prosecuted for fare evasion under the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 and Transport for London Byelaws.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The Underground runs a limited service on Christmas Eve with some lines closing early, and does not operate on Christmas Day. Since 2010 a dispute between London Underground and trade unions over holiday pay has resulted in a limited service on Boxing Day.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: between Ealing Broadway and Hainault via Newbury Park or Loughton. No service on the West Ruislip Branch, between Woodford and Hainault via Grange Hill or between Loughton and Epping.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: between Morden and Edgware / High Barnet via Charing Cross. No service on Mill Hill East or Bank branches.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: between Cockfosters and Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3 and 5. No service to Terminal 4 or between Acton Town and Uxbridge.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The Jubilee, Piccadilly and Victoria lines, and the Central line between White City and Leytonstone, operate at 10-minute intervals. The Central line operates at 20-minute intervals between Leytonstone and Hainault, between Leytonstone and Loughton, and between White City and Ealing Broadway. The Northern line operates at roughly 8-minute intervals between Morden and Camden Town via Charing Cross, and at 15-minute intervals between Camden Town and Edgware and between Camden Town and High Barnet.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The standard issue tube map indicates stations that are step-free from street to platforms. There can also be a step from platform to train as large as and a gap between the train and curved platforms, and these distances are marked on the map. Access from platform to train at some stations can be assisted using a boarding ramp operated by staff, and a section has been raised on some platforms to reduce the step.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: , there are 90 stations with step-free access from platform to train, and there are plans to provide step-free access at another 11 stations by 2024. By 2016 a third of stations had platform humps that reduce the step from platform to train. New trains, such as those being introduced on the sub-surface network, have access and room for wheelchairs, improved audio and visual information systems and accessible door controls.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: Compared with 2003–04, the reliability of the network had increased in 2010–11, with lost customer hours reduced from 54 million to 40 million. Passengers are entitled to a refund if their journey is delayed by 15 minutes or more due to circumstances within the control of TfL, and in 2010, 330,000 passengers out of a potential 11 million Tube passengers claimed compensation for delays. Mobile phone apps and services have been developed to help passengers claim their refund more efficiently.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In November 2011 it was reported that 80 people had died by suicide in the previous year on the London Underground, up from 46 in 2000. Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits, often referred to as 'suicide pits', beneath the track. These were constructed in 1926 to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but also halve the likelihood of a fatality when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The Metropolitan line operates express services, known as "fast" or "semi-fast", which do not stop at certain stations, thus decreasing total travelling time and increasing capacity. Stopping services, which stop at every station on the route, may be described as "all-stations" services. Fast and semi-fast services operate only during peak hours; southbound only in the mornings, northbound only in the evenings.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The Tube Challenge is the competition for the fastest time to travel to all London Underground stations, tracked by Guinness World Records since 1960. The goal is to visit all the stations on the system, but not necessarily using all the lines; participants may connect between stations on foot, or by using other forms of public transport.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: As of 2021, the record for fastest completion was held by Steve Wilson (UK) and Andi James (Finland), who completed the challenge in 15 hours, 45 minutes and 38 seconds on 21 May 2015.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The current standard tube map shows the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Emirates Air Line, London Tramlink and the London Underground; a more detailed map covering a larger area, published by National Rail and Transport for London, includes suburban railway services. The tube map came second in a BBC and London Transport Museum poll asking for a favourite UK design icon of the 20th century and the underground's 150th anniversary was celebrated by a Google Doodle on the search engine.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: Commissioned by Art on the Underground, the cover of the pocket map is designed by various British and international artists, one of the largest public art commissions in the UK.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 2016, Tate Modern commissioned conceptual artist Michael Craig-Martin to "reimagine" the roundel, changing its colours for the first time since the sign was introduced. His design was displayed at Southwark Station in collaboration with Art on the Underground to mark the opening weekend of the new Tate Modern gallery situated near the station.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: Many platforms have unique interior designs to help passenger identification. The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes's silhouette, at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments, tape machines and butterflies, and at Charing Cross, David Gentleman designed the mural depicting the construction of the Eleanor Cross. Robyn Denny designed the murals on the Northern line platforms at Embankment.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: In 1999, Carlton Television premiered a regional game show (Greater London area only) also called "Mind the Gap."

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


London Underground

Context: The London Underground is frequently studied by academics because it is one of the largest, oldest, and most widely used systems of public transit in the world. Therefore, the transportation and complex network literatures include extensive information about the Tube system.

Question: ロンドン地下鉄はいつ完成した


Etching

Context: The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it). The paper picks up the ink from the etched lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times; typically several hundred impressions (copies) could be printed before the plate shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can be added to or repaired by re-waxing and further etching; such an etching (plate) may have been used in more than one state.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Etching has often been combined with other intaglio techniques such as engraving (e.g., Rembrandt) or aquatint (e.g., Francisco Goya).

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Jacques Callot (1592–1635) from Nancy in Lorraine (now part of France) made important technical advances in etching technique.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: One of his followers, the Parisian Abraham Bosse, spread Callot's innovations all over Europe with the first published manual of etching, which was translated into Italian, Dutch, German and English.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The 17th century was the great age of etching, with Rembrandt, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione and many other masters. In the 18th century, Piranesi, Tiepolo and Daniel Chodowiecki were the best of a smaller number of fine etchers. In the 19th and early 20th century, the Etching revival produced a host of lesser artists, but no really major figures. Etching is still widely practiced today.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Soft-ground etching uses a special softer ground. The artist places a piece of paper (or cloth etc. in modern uses) over the ground and draws on it. The print resembles a drawing. Soft ground can also be used to capture the texture or pattern of fabrics or furs pressed into the soft surface.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Other materials that are not manufactured specifically for etching can be used as grounds or resists. Examples including printing ink, paint, spray paint, oil pastels, candle or bees wax, tacky vinyl or stickers, and permanent markers.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: There are some new non-toxic grounds on the market that work differently than typical hard or soft grounds.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: A waxy acid-resist, known as a ground, is applied to a metal plate, most often copper or zinc but steel plate is another medium with different qualities. There are two common types of ground: hard ground and soft ground.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: After the ground has hardened the artist "smokes" the plate, classically with 3 beeswax tapers, applying the flame to the plate to darken the ground and make it easier to see what parts of the plate are exposed. Smoking not only darkens the plate but adds a small amount of wax. Afterwards the artist uses a sharp tool to scratch into the ground, exposing the metal.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The second way to apply hard ground is by liquid hard ground. This comes in a can and is applied with a brush upon the plate to be etched. Exposed to air the hard ground will harden. Some printmakers use

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: oil/tar based asphaltum or bitumen as hard ground, although often bitumen is used to protect steel plates from rust and copper plates from aging.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Soft ground also comes in liquid form and is allowed to dry but it does not dry hard like hard ground and is impressionable. After the soft ground has dried the printmaker may apply materials such as leaves, objects, hand prints and so on which will penetrate the soft ground and expose the plate underneath.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The ground can also be applied in a fine mist, using powdered rosin or spraypaint. This process is called aquatint, and allows for the creation of tones, shadows, and solid areas of color.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The plate is then completely submerged in a solution that eats away at the exposed metal. ferric chloride may be used for etching copper or zinc plates, whereas nitric acid may be used for etching zinc or steel plates. Typical solutions are 1 part FeCl3 to 1 part water and 1 part nitric to 3 parts water. The strength of the acid determines the speed of the etching process.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The detritus is powdery dissolved metal that fills the etched grooves and can also block the acid from biting evenly into the exposed plate surfaces. Another way to remove detritus from a plate is to place the plate to be etched face down within the acid upon plasticine balls or marbles, although the drawback of this technique is the exposure to bubbles and the inability to remove them readily.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The plate is removed from the acid and washed over with water to remove the acid. The ground is removed with a solvent such as turpentine. Turpentine is often removed from the plate using methylated spirits since turpentine is greasy and can affect the application of ink and the printing of the plate.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Spit-biting is a process whereby the printmaker will apply acid to a plate with a brush in certain areas of the plate. The plate may be aquatinted for this purpose or exposed directly to the acid. The process is known as "spit"-biting due to the use of saliva once used as a medium to dilute the acid, although gum arabic or water are now commonly used.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The traditional aquatint, which uses either powdered rosin or enamel spray paint, is replaced with an airbrush application of the acrylic polymer hard ground. Again, no solvents are needed beyond the soda ash solution, though a ventilation hood is needed due to acrylic particulates from the air brush spray.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The traditional soft ground, requiring solvents for removal from the plate, is replaced with water-based relief printing ink. The ink receives impressions like traditional soft ground, resists the ferric chloride etchant, yet can be cleaned up with warm water and either soda ash solution or ammonia.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Some of the earliest printmaking workshops experimenting with, developing and promoting nontoxic techniques include Grafisk Eksperimentarium, in Copenhagen, Denmark, Edinburgh Printmakers, in Scotland, and New Grounds Print Workshop, in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards and semiconductor devices, and in the preparation of metallic specimens for microscopic observation.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Prior to 1100 AD, the New World Hohokam culture independently utilized the technique of acid etching in marine shell designs. The shells were daubed in pitch and then bathed in acid probably made from fermented cactus juice.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Most typically, the surface of the plate is covered in a hard, waxy 'ground' that resists acid. The printmaker then scratches through the ground with a sharp point, exposing lines of metal which the mordant acid attacks.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: Designs in a syrupy solution of sugar or Camp Coffee are painted onto the metal surface prior to it being coated in a liquid etching ground or 'stop out' varnish. When the plate is placed in hot water the sugar dissolves, leaving the image. The plate can then be etched.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: A mixture of nitric acid and Gum Arabic (or, almost never, saliva) which can be dripped, spattered or painted onto a metal surface giving interesting results. A mixture of nitric acid and rosin may also be used.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: "Foul-bite" or "over-biting" is common in etching, and is the effect of minuscule amounts of acid leaking through the ground to create minor pitting and burning on the surface. This incidental roughening may be removed by smoothing and polishing the surface, but artists often leave faux-bite, or deliberately court it by handling the plate roughly, because it is viewed as a desirable mark of the process.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: This was referenced in a 1929 James Thurber cartoon in which a man tells a woman in a building lobby: "You wait here and I'll bring the etchings down". It was also referenced in Dashiell Hammett's 1934 novel "The Thin Man", in which the narrator answers his wife asking him about a lady he had wandered off with by saying: "She just wanted to show me some French etchings."

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: The phrase was given new popularity in 1937: in a well publicized case, violinist David Rubinoff was accused of inviting a young woman to his hotel room to view some French etchings, but instead seducing her.

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Etching

Context: As early as 1895, Hjalmar Söderberg used the reference in his "decadent" début novel "Delusions" (swe: "Förvillelser)", when he lets the dandy Johannes Hall lure the main character's younger sister Greta into his room under the pretence that they browse through his etchings and engravings (e.g., "Die Sünde" by Franz Stuck).

Question: エッチングの起源はいつ


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Jacksonville is home to a number of professional sports teams, and the city has a long history of athletics. The Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL) compete at the major league level. Additionally, the PGA Tour is headquartered in the suburb of Ponte Vedra Beach, where it hosts The Players Championship every year.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: In addition, Jacksonville has a number of minor league and semiprofessional sports teams. These include the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp baseball team, the Jacksonville Icemen ice hockey team, the Jacksonville Sharks indoor football team, the Jacksonville Axemen rugby league team, and the Jacksonville Giants basketball team.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Jacksonville is also home to two universities, Jacksonville University and the University of North Florida, which compete in NCAA Division I. Several college sporting events are also held in Jacksonville annually.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Jacksonville is home to one major league professional team — the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League — and several minor league teams.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Football is by far the most popular sport in the Jacksonville area. The city is home to the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). The only major league-level sports team to play in Jacksonville, the Jaguars currently play in South Division of the NFL's American Football Conference (AFC).

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Jacksonville hosted Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. As the smallest metropolitan area to ever host a Super Bowl, special accommodations were necessary, such as the use of cruise ships as hotels.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Jacksonville also has a number of amateur football teams, including the Jacksonville Dixie Blues, a women's football team in the Women's Football Alliance, and the Jacksonville Knights of the Florida Football Alliance.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The success of these earlier attempts generated interest in bringing the NFL to Jacksonville. Several NFL teams discussed moving to the city over the years, with the Baltimore Colts and the Houston Oilers making the most serious offers.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Minor League Baseball has been played in Jacksonville nearly every year since the early 20th century. The city's current team are the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp, who currently play in Triple-A East since 2021. Two teams named the Suns have played in Jacksonville since 1962: A class Triple-A International League team from 1962–1968, and a Double-A team (renamed to the Jumbo Shrimp in 2017) from 1970 to 2020. They play at 121 Financial Ballpark in Downtown Jacksonville.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Ice hockey returned to the city in 2017 when the Jacksonville Icemen of the ECHL were announced for the 2017–18 season. The team came from Evansville, Indiana, after a one-year hiatus and is the second ECHL team for the city of Jacksonville after the Jacksonville Lizard Kings ceased operations in 2000.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Greater Jacksonville area is at the top level of professional golf. The PGA Tour is headquartered in the suburb of Ponte Vedra Beach, where it hosts The Players Championship every year. The championship is one of the major stops on the PGA Tour, and is regarded as the most prestigious non-major tournament on the tour. St. Johns County is also home to the World Golf Village and the World Golf Hall of Fame.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Jacksonville area has around 64 golf courses, of which 18 are public, 18 are semi-private, 15 are private and 13 are resort courses. Several PGA Tour players make the Jacksonville area their year-round home.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Professional tennis is in town each year when the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) holds the Bausch & Lomb Championships at Amelia Island Plantation near Fernandina Beach, just north of Jacksonville. Additionally, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) has its American headquarters in Ponte Vedra Beach.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Jacksonville Saints were formed in 2018. They train at Alexandria Oaks Park in San Marco and play matches at Willowbranch Park in Riverside. In 2021 they won the inaugural Florida Cup and the Magnolia Cup.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Jacksonville Giants have played in the new American Basketball Association (ABA) since 2010. They play their home games in the VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: There are three amateur rugby union clubs in the city. The Jacksonville Rugby Football Club was founded in 1972. The Jacksonville Women's Rugby Club, "The Sinners", are the women's rugby side. The UNF Deadbirds is a club team at the University of North Florida, consisting of UNF students and other college students in the area.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Jacksonville Armada U-23 is an amateur soccer team in the National Premier Soccer League. The team originated as the Jacksonville United FC in 2011 and won the 2011 NPSL Championship. In 2016, the United were replaced by the development team for the professional Jacksonville Armada FC. The U-23 team was temporarily replaced by Armada FC when that team took part in the 2018 season, but returned as the NPSL team in 2019 when the professional team suspended operations while looking for another league.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Jacksonville was the host city for the Atlantic Coast Conference football championship games through 2007. In March 2006, Jacksonville was a host site for the first round of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. The games were held at the Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena. The eventual national champion Florida Gators emerged from the Jacksonville regional.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: Jacksonville's two universities, the University of North Florida (UNF) and Jacksonville University (JU), compete in NCAA Division I.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Edward Waters Tigers, representing the historically black Edward Waters University, currently compete in the NCAA Division II Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, a conference consisting mostly of historically black institutions. EWU started a transition from the NAIA in 2021.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: In 1952 the Jacksonville Tars franchise was reorganized as the Jacksonville Braves. The Braves were much more successful on the field than the Tars had been. In 1961 an ownership switchup caused the Braves' major league affiliation to change; they were replaced by the Jacksonville Jets for the season. The original Jacksonville Suns team started play in 1962.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Jacksonville Bullies indoor lacrosse team were scheduled to play in the inaugural season of the North American Lacrosse League in 2012. After a dispute with the league, they played part of a season in the Professional Lacrosse League that year before canceling the rest of their games in October.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Jacksonville Tea Men played both standard and indoor soccer from 1980 – 1984. Their outdoor games were played at the Gator Bowl Stadium downtown. The team was moved from the Boston area, where they were known as the New England Tea Men, and initially played in the North American Soccer League. They later played in the United States Soccer League and the American Soccer League; they won the 1983 ASL Championship, but folded the following year.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Sports in Jacksonville

Context: The Jacksonville Cyclones played in the A-League from 1996 to 1999 and folded in 1999. The FC JAX Destroyers had men's and women's teams in the United Soccer Leagues from 2011 to 2012: a men's team in the USL Premier Development League and a women's team in the W-League. FC Jax Destroyers dissolved in 2012.

Question: ジャクソンビル・ジャガーズは全米で優勝したことはある？


Japanese Americans

Context: In the last few decades, immigration from Japan has been more like that from Europe. The numbers involve on average 5 to 10 thousand per year, and is similar to the amount of immigration to the US from Germany. This is in stark contrast to the rest of Asia, where better opportunity of life is the primary impetus for immigration.

Question: 第二次世界大戦時、アメリカ合衆国には日系人強制収容所はいくつありましたか？


Japanese Americans

Context: In 1948, the Evacuation Claims Act provided some compensation for property losses, but the act required documentation that many former inmates had lost during their removal and excluded lost opportunities, wages or interest from its calculations. Less than 24,000 filed a claim, and most received only a fraction of the losses they claimed.

Question: 第二次世界大戦時、アメリカ合衆国には日系人強制収容所はいくつありましたか？


Japanese Americans

Context: The "kanreki" (還暦), a pre-modern Japanese rite of passage to old age at 60, is now being celebrated by increasing numbers of Japanese American "Nisei." Rituals are enactments of shared meanings, norms, and values; and this traditional Japanese rite of passage highlights a collective response among the Nisei to the conventional dilemmas of growing older.

Question: 第二次世界大戦時、アメリカ合衆国には日系人強制収容所はいくつありましたか？


Japanese Americans

Context: Although their numbers have declined slightly in recent years, Japanese Americans are still a prominent presence in Ivy League schools, the top University of California campuses including Berkeley and UCLA, and other elite universities. The 2000 census reported that 40.8% of Japanese Americans held a college degree.

Question: 第二次世界大戦時、アメリカ合衆国には日系人強制収容所はいくつありましたか？


Japanese Americans

Context: Japanese Americans practice a wide range of religions, including Mahayana Buddhism (Jōdo Shinshū, Jōdo-shū, Nichiren, Shingon, and Zen forms being most prominent) their majority faith, Shinto, and Christianity (usually Protestant or Catholic). In many ways, due to the longstanding nature of Buddhist and Shinto practices in Japanese society, many of the cultural values and traditions commonly associated with Japanese tradition have been strongly influenced by these religious forms.

Question: 第二次世界大戦時、アメリカ合衆国には日系人強制収容所はいくつありましたか？


Japanese Americans

Context: An important annual festival for Japanese Americans is the Obon Festival, which happens in July or August of each year. Across the country, Japanese Americans gather on fair grounds, churches and large civic parking lots and commemorate the memory of their ancestors and their families through folk dances and food. Carnival booths are usually set up so Japanese American children have the opportunity to play together.

Question: 第二次世界大戦時、アメリカ合衆国には日系人強制収容所はいくつありましたか？