Broadway theatre

Context: Of the four non-profit theatre companies with Broadway theatres, all four (Lincoln Center Theater, Manhattan Theatre Club, Roundabout Theatre Company, and Second Stage Theatre) belong to the League of Resident Theatres and have contracts with the theatrical unions which are negotiated separately from the other Broadway theatre and producers. (Disney also negotiates apart from the League, as did Livent before it closed down its operations.)

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Broadway theatre

Context: The majority of Broadway theatres are owned or managed by three organizations: the Shubert Organization, a for-profit arm of the non-profit Shubert Foundation, which owns seventeen theatres; the Nederlander Organization, which controls nine theatres; and Jujamcyn, which owns five Broadway houses.

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Broadway theatre

Context: Broadway once had many homegrown stars who committed to working on a show for a year, as Nathan Lane has for "The Addams Family". In 2010, some theater heavyweights like Mr. Lane were not even nominated; instead, several Tony Awards were given for productions that were always intended to be short-timers on Broadway, given that many of their film-star performers had to move on to other commitments.

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Broadway theatre

Context: According to Mark Shenton, "One of the biggest changes to the commercial theatrical landscape—on both sides of the Atlantic—over the past decade or so is that sightings of big star names turning out to do plays has [sic] gone up; but the runs they are prepared to commit to has gone down. Time was that a producer would require a minimum commitment from his star of six months, and perhaps a year; now, the 13-week run is the norm."

Question: ブロードウェイはいつから始まった


Broadway theatre

Context: The minimum size of the Broadway orchestra is governed by an agreement with the musicians' union (Local 802, American Federation of Musicians) and The Broadway League. For example, the agreement specifies the minimum size of the orchestra at the Minskoff Theatre to be 18, while at the Music Box Theatre it is 9.

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Broadway theatre

Context: Historically, musicals on Broadway tend to have longer runs than "straight" (i.e., non-musical) plays. On January 9, 2006, "The Phantom of the Opera" at the Majestic Theatre became the longest-running Broadway musical, with 7,486 performances, overtaking "Cats".

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Broadway theatre

Context: The following have been announced as future Broadway productions. The theatre in which they will run may not yet be known, or, if known, may be currently occupied by another show.

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Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: The Battle of Ash Hollow, also known as the Battle of Blue Water Creek or the Harney Massacre, was an engagement of the First Sioux War, and fought on September 2 and 3, 1855 between United States Army soldiers under Brig. Gen. William S. Harney and a band of the Brulé Lakota along the Platte River in present-day Garden County, Nebraska. In the 20th century, the town of Lewellen, Nebraska, was developed here as a railroad stop.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: The American force won the battle: the Brulé women and children they killed made up nearly half the fatalities; other women and children made up most of the prisoners they took. The Army planned this punitive expedition in retaliation for the "Grattan Massacre" in August 1854, and for raids by Lakota in its wake.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: In March 1856, without authority to do so, commanding Gen. William Harney negotiated a peace treaty to stop further bloodshed with the Sioux. He required a centralized tribal government among the Lakota, by which he intended to hold leaders accountable for the actions of bands. The people were highly decentralized.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: While the battle was hailed by many newspapers as a heroic victory over the Indians, the "New York Times" called it a massacre and other critics decried it as "outright butchery," because of the killings of numerous women and children.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: Some others claimed that the battle was fought only to justify growth in the American army, which was being encouraged by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: The first decisive event that initialized the First Sioux war was catalyzed when a Mormon emigrant lost a cow while traveling with his party on the Oregon Trail; the animal wandered into a Brulé Lakota camp. A Miniconjou Sioux named High Forehead killed the cow for food. The Mormon farmer reported the cow as stolen to army officers at Fort Laramie.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: President Franklin Pierce vowed to avenge the Grattan Massacre, as it was called by the press. The War Department appointed Harney to command, with instructions to "whip the Indians." In the ensuing debate, Grattan was blamed for the fracas in which he was killed.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: The Harney expedition finally set out in August 1855. On September 1, 1855, the expedition caught up with a Sioux encampment along the Platte River in a place known as Blue Waters. Harney sent a regiment in a long night flanking maneuver to set up a blocking position against which he would drive the Sioux. The flanking maneuver was led by Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke and Capt. Henry Heth.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: Harney moved up in the morning to drive the Sioux against Cooke and Heth. He first attempted to parlay with the Sioux chief, Little Thunder, but his demands to hand over the men responsible for the Grattan attack were rebuffed. The Sioux felt justified in having killed Grattan and his men, as they had shot first. During the parlay, several Sioux braves discovered Cooke's men.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: Upon the Sioux discovery of Cooke's men, Harney opened the fight by attacking the Sioux camp. Some of the Sioux took refuge in caves along the river. Harney had his men fire into the caves, where they killed many women and children. A large group of mounted warriors rode toward an escape route away from Cooke's and Harney's forces, but Heth saw them and led his forces to block them.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: Among other American participants of the battle was Gouverneur K. Warren. He wrote in his diary about the horror of killing native women and children. He became a Union general during the American Civil War.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Battle of Ash Hollow

Context: After this battle, one of the expedition renamed "Hinhan Kaga," the highest peak in the sacred Black Hills, as Harney Peak for the commander of the military unit. But the expedition had not come within five miles of it, and the Lakota resented this sacred peak being named after a man who had killed so many innocents.

Question: 青水の戦いにおける戦死者の数は？


Iriomote cat

Context: The tips of the ears are rounded, with black hair along the edge. There are no tufts of longer hair on the top of the ears. Adult Iriomote cats have a white spot on the back of each ear, much like those found on tigers' ears. Young Iriomote cats do not have these marks, and even as adults the spots will not be as white as those seen on other leopard cat subspecies.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The Iriomote cat's eyes are a light amber color. Its nose is large and flat, with no fur covering the reddish-brown skin. The paw ranges from wide, in contrast to the wide paw of a domestic cat.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The skull is longer and more narrow than that of a domestic cat. When compared to the leopard cat's skull, the Iriomote cat's is roughly the same size but thicker. Because of this, the Iriomote cat's brain is smaller; a male leopard cat's brain is about 42 grams, whereas a male Iriomote cat's brain is about 30 grams. The occipital bone of the skull and the auditory capsule are not connected. The mandibular symphysis is short.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Male Iriomote cats grow to be long and weigh . Females are smaller at about long and . Its tail is thick from base to tip and long. It has a long body and short, thick limbs. Its neck is also thick, and its shoulders are muscular, though its jumping power is comparatively weak.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The Iriomote cat has six pairs of incisors, two pairs of canine teeth, four pairs of premolars, and two pairs of molars for a total of 28 teeth. Compared to other cats, including small wild cats, the Iriomote cat is lacking one pair of premolars on the top jaw behind the canines. In addition to this, unlike most other subtropical mammals, Iriomote cats' teeth give details about their year-to-year history. It is expected that these details will help determine the age and behavior of the cats.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The anal glands of the Iriomote cat surround the anus; this contrasts with other cat species', where they are inside the anus.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The Iriomote cat is endemic to the Japanese Iriomote Island, which spans about . Iriomote consists predominantly of low mountains ranging in elevation with subtropical evergreen forest, including extensive belts of mangrove along the waterways. It is the smallest habitat of any wild cat species in the world.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The Iriomote cat lives predominantly in the subtropical forests that cover the island up to an elevation of . It prefers areas near rivers, forest edges, and places with low humidity.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Iriomote cats are terrestrial, but climb trees, go into the water and also swim. They are nocturnal and especially active during twilight hours. During the daytime, they sleep in tree hollows or in caves. They mark their territory by urinating and defecating on rocks, tree stumps and bushes. Their home ranges vary from in size.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Iriomote cats are usually solitary. Their home range varies seasonally and also individually, and is smaller during the mating season. In 1998 and 1999, a male and a female Iriomote cat were radio tracked for seven to 13 successive days in the western part of the island. Their home ranges overlapped extensively in all periods. The periodical home range of the male was in size, and the resident female's range was .

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Iriomote cats are territorial. Home ranges of males and females overlap, and one to two females live within a male's home range. Typically, home ranges of same gender cats will not overlap, but partial overlaps are seen. Often, these small overlaps are hunting grounds. It is thought that they patrol their territories during three to four days, marking and hunting as they go.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Young male Iriomote cats and some adult cats are transient, i. e. wandering over the island and waiting for an open home range slot that they can occupy by marking this area. Female cats allow their young to stay in their own home range and mark a new territory once the next breeding season comes.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Iriomote cats are carnivorous and prey on various mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and crustaceans. They typically ingest of food a day. Other wild cats primarily hunt small mammals, such as rodents and rabbits, but because there are no other carnivores to compete with the Iriomote cat on the island, there is no need for them to isolate themselves from the various habitats and food sources that are available. Thus, their diet is quite varied.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Mammalian prey includes black rats, Ryukyu flying foxes and young Ryukyu wild boar. Their prey also includes a wide range of birds, such as the Eastern spot-billed duck, slaty-legged crake, Eurasian scops-owl, pale thrush, and white-breasted waterhen.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Reptiles include various types of snakes and Kishinoue's giant skink. They are also known to hunt Sakishima rice frogs, yellow-spotted crickets and crabs. As their hunting grounds tend to be in swamps or on shores, they sometimes swim and dive to catch water birds, fish, and freshwater prawns.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: When eating birds that are larger than a dusky thrush, most types of cats will pluck the feathers and then eat it, but the Iriomote cat will eat even large birds whole without removing the feathers. Also, unlike other cats, the Iriomote cat does not kill its prey immediately by breaking the spinal cord. Instead, it holds the animal in its mouth until it stops moving.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: It is estimated that water birds comprise about 60% of the cat's diet with black rats being its secondary source of food at about 10–30% of its diet. Based on stool samples, birds represent 60% of their diet, black rats 30%, insects 30%, lizards and frogs about 15–20%, bats 3–17%, and wild pig less than 1%. In addition, fish and crustaceans appear roughly 3–4% of the time.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Seasonal dietary changes have been observed. They eat rats and frogs year-round, lizards in the summer and spring, and crickets and bats more often in the fall and winter.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Pregnancy is viviparous, and between April and June pregnant female cats give birth to 1–3 kittens in a tree hollow or cavern. The locations chosen for birthing and rearing are dry and have good ventilation. Kittens stay with their mother for about eleven months. They begin to become more independent during the fall and winter months. They stay in their mother's home range from anywhere between a few months and years. Kittens reach maturity twenty months after birth.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: It is estimated that Iriomote cats live for seven to eight years in the wild, and eight to nine years in captivity. Human influences, traffic accidents and traps may lower their lifespan to two to five years. In captivity, an Iriomote cat lived for an estimated 15 years and one month, the longest known lifespan of any Iriomote cat.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The Iriomote cat was discovered in 1965 by , an author who specialized in works about animals. In 1967, it was first described by Yoshinori Imaizumi, director of the zoological department of the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Prior to its scientific discovery, the Iriomote cat was known locally by various names: , . To distinguish between the Iriomote cat and other cats on the island, locals also gave other cats nicknames such as for stray cats and or for house cats. Others, however, believed that the Iriomote cat was a feral cat.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Based on information from local people, from the University of the Ryukyus was able to capture a kitten in 1962, but did not get an adult specimen. In 1964, from the exploration department of Waseda University informed Imaizumi of the rumors of a cat living in the mountains of Iriomote.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Upon arriving on the island, Togawa learned that because there wasn't enough food on Iriomote, people would cook Iriomote cats that had been caught and use the meat in soup. Cats caught in traps would also be disposed of, which made acquiring samples difficult.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Following these discoveries, he went to the hamlet of on the western side of the island. There, a middle school teacher who had worked under Koura said that he had caught one of the cats in a trap set for wild boar. He had sent the skin to Koura but buried the rest of the body. Togawa dug up the remains and got the skull. He also found two feces samples near the village, and was able to get a skin from a fisherman who lived in , a hamlet along Urauchi River.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: In June 1965, Togawa returned to Iriomote with Koura in order to obtain a complete set of remains, a live specimen, and information regarding the cat's ecology. They brought box traps and silvervine to aid their efforts in catching a live cat. According to hunters, though, only one or two cats per year were caught, and the number of remaining cats was probably quite low. Togawa did not expect to catch one alive.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: In addition to researching the Iriomote cat, Togawa also looked into rumors of a larger cat on the island (see #Yamapikaryaa) and conducted an investigation. Before returning to Tokyo, he offered $100 for any live Iriomote cat and $30 for dead cats that were brought to him. With the aid of the Taketomi mayor and the , he was able to publicize the offer on bulletin boards and in other ways. He also announced rewards for the rumored large cat on the island: $200 if brought in alive, $100 for remains.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Through these offers, he acquired two complete skeletons, two skulls, and three pelts that he brought back with him to Tokyo. One of the pelts was that which the elementary school children helped obtain, and it was confirmed to be that of an Iriomote cat. The sample from Yubu Island was small, and judgment was held back. A sample from Ishigaki Island was discovered to be a house cat.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: In January 1966, the body of an Iriomote cat that had been caught in a wild boar trap in the mid-basin of the Nakama River was sent to Koura at the University of the Ryukyus, but there was no more information regarding captures for some time after this. In December 1966, , a hunter at the Nakama River's mid-basin, caught a live male cat, but it escaped immediately. He then caught another male cat soon after.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: On January 15, 1966, local hunters caught a young female Iriomote cat near . The National Museum of Nature and Science planned on using funds intended for garden repairs to pay for the specimens, but the hunters who caught the cats expected $1000–$3000 per cat. At the persuasion of the director of the District Forestry Office, the hunters accepted an award within the budget as a “daily allowance” or “finder's fee”.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: With Togawa pressuring the newspapers and Yoshinori Imaizumi urging the Ryukyuan government and Southern Japan Liaison Offices through the Ministry of Education, the Southern Japan Liaison Offices denied the possibility of giving the cats to the emperor, and the Ryukyuan government persuaded the mayor not to follow through with his plans. Finally, the specimens were delivered to the museum.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: In contrast to Imaizumi's assertions about its unique characteristics, other researchers strongly disputed the idea that the Iriomote cat is its own species ever since its discovery. Investigations involving skulls and teeth, samples and living animals, and genetic research were conducted. Because of these study results, it was subordinated under the genus "Prionailurus" as "Prionailurus iriomotensis" in 2005.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Along with the traffic accidents, logging due to development, and development of the swamplands, house pets are also causing problems. House cats and stray cats especially cause issues with competition, disease transmission, and genetic pollution due to hybrids born of inter-species breeding. It is also feared that dogs prey on the Iriomote cats.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The primary fear stems from house cats that have become feral or partially feral, but there has been no monitoring of these interactions. Pressure from competition over food, contact with house cats that have contracted feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and other contagious diseases, as well as decrease in population due to hybridization are all important issues with the Iriomote cat.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: The Iriomote cat has been designated a natural monument by the Okinawa government. On May 15, 1972, along with the recovery of Okinawa, it was nationally recognized as a natural monument. On March 15, 1977, it was given special status amongst natural monuments, and in 1994 with the Species Protection Act, it was designated as a . This act was adopted on January 28 and enacted on March 1.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: In 1972, the National Museum of Nature and Science prepared for researching the ecology of Iriomote cats, and in November 1973 the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Ministry of the Environment conducted a joint preliminary investigation regarding the cat's ecology, and from 1974 the Ministry of the Environment conducted a comprehensive investigation that lasted three years. After that, there were three more investigations beginning in 1982, 1992, and 2005.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: In 1979, the EPA began a three-year-long feeding operation in order to increase the survival rate of kittens, but these actions have received some criticism.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Since the Iriomote cat's discovery, various investigations have taken place. In 2006, automatic cameras and radio telemetry were used in order to understand the cats' state of life. Pathological tests regarding the contagiousness of diseases were also conducted, and tests on feces and food leftovers were also done. They also compiled records of cat sightings by locals and tourists.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Following the accident he couldn't move on his own, but he regained his ability to walk while on Ishigaki. He was brought back to the Iriomote Wildlife Preservation Center for rehabilitation on August 31. Originally labeled W-48 due to the fact that he was the forty-eighth confirmed sighting of an Iriomote cat on the western part of the island, he eventually was given the name Yon.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: By September 2, Yon weighed 1.9 kilograms. Despite his progress, his caretakers noticed a tendency for him to turn to the right because of the effects of his accident.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: From the beginning, Yon's caretakers took careful measures in order to avoid acclimation to humans so that one day he could be released back into the wild. Only three staff members were allowed to feed him directly. Other people, including center staff, were only allowed to view him via video camera monitoring. The media were also prohibited from taking direct photographs.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: From the time he was discharged until February 3, 1999 Yon's rehabilitation was restricted to a room within the center. Thin logs were used to make a jungle gym so that he would be able to practice walking, jumping, and climbing trees. Rice plants were also grown in his room as a substitute for grass that cats use to help regurgitate. Once he was healthy enough, he was moved to an outdoor cage where he lived until his health began deteriorating on December 20, 2010.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Yon was the first Iriomote cat to be kept for an extended period of time, the only to be saved after an accident, and the first to go through rehabilitation. Other Iriomote cats that were rescued either died immediately or shortly after being brought in for care.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: On July 30, 2010, the Taketomi Town Tourist Association invited residents to create a design for a local mascot. A Komi Elementary School sixth grader's design, which was based on the Iriomote cat, was chosen. The island of Iriomote, where Taketomi is located, is pictured on the mascot's chest. It was named in the same manner it was designed; on August 31, 2010 the name was chosen based on the submission of an Ishigaki resident who drew inspiration from the local nickname of the cat, "yamapikaryaa".

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: On June 2, 1982 the Yomiuri Shimbun published an article about "yamapikaryaa". An experienced boar hunter claimed to have seen yamapikaryaa about ten times in the mountains around Mount Dedou. He also said that he caught and ate one once. On another occasion, he said he saw an adult female yamapikaryaa with a kitten.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: Other articles regarding "yamapikaryaa" have also been published, including on September 14, 2007. Professor of Shimane University, who was staying on Iriomote in order to research fish, spotted a cat larger than the Iriomote cat with a long tail and spots. He saw the cat on on the seldom-visited western part of the island.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Iriomote cat

Context: , on the other hand, spoke with a hunter in 1994 who had the skull of what he believed was a large wild cat. Tadaaki Imaizumi determined that it was a house cat.

Question: イリオモテヤマネコが絶滅危惧種に認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The Statute of Monopolies (1624) and the British Statute of Anne (1710) are seen as the origins of patent law and copyright respectively, firmly establishing the concept of intellectual property.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The organization subsequently relocated to Geneva in 1960 and was succeeded in 1967 with the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) by treaty as an agency of the United Nations. According to legal scholar Mark Lemley, it was only at this point that the term really began to be used in the United States (which had not been a party to the Berne Convention), and it did not enter popular usage there until passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The history of patents does not begin with inventions, but rather with royal grants by Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) for monopoly privileges. Approximately 200 years after the end of Elizabeth's reign, however, a patent represents a legal right obtained by an inventor providing for exclusive control over the production and sale of his mechanical or scientific invention. demonstrating the evolution of patents from royal prerogative to common-law doctrine.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Until recently, the purpose of intellectual property law was to give as little protection as possible in order to encourage innovation. Historically, therefore, legal protection was granted only when necessary to encourage invention, and it was limited in time and scope. This is mainly as a result of knowledge being traditionally viewed as a public good, in order to allow its extensive dissemination and improvement.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: A copyright gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or "works". Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Plant breeders' rights or plant variety rights are the rights to commercially use a new variety of a plant. The variety must amongst others be novel and distinct and for registration the evaluation of propagating material of the variety is considered.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: A trademark is a recognizable sign, design or expression which distinguishes products or services of a particular trader from similar products or services of other traders.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Trade dress is a legal term of art that generally refers to characteristics of the visual and aesthetic appearance of a product or its packaging (or even the design of a building) that signify the source of the product to consumers.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors and customers. There is no formal government protection granted; each business must take measures to guard its own trade secrets (e.g., Formula of its soft drinks is a trade secret for Coca-Cola.)

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The WIPO treaty and several related international agreements underline that the protection of intellectual property rights is essential to maintaining economic growth. The "WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook" gives two reasons for intellectual property laws:

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and the rights of the public in access to those creations. The second is to promote, as a deliberate act of Government policy, creativity and the dissemination and application of its results and to encourage fair trading which would contribute to economic and social development.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) states that "effective enforcement of intellectual property rights is critical to sustaining economic growth across all industries and globally".

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Economists estimate that two-thirds of the value of large businesses in the United States can be traced to intangible assets. "IP-intensive industries" are estimated to generate 72% more value added (price minus material cost) per employee than "non-IP-intensive industries".

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: A joint research project of the WIPO and the United Nations University measuring the impact of IP systems on six Asian countries found "a positive correlation between the strengthening of the IP system and subsequent economic growth."

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: According to Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author". Although the relationship between intellectual property and human rights is a complex one, there are moral arguments for intellectual property.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The arguments that justify intellectual property fall into three major categories. Personality theorists believe intellectual property is an extension of an individual. Utilitarians believe that intellectual property stimulates social progress and pushes people to further innovation. Lockeans argue that intellectual property is justified based on deservedness and hard work.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Various moral justifications for private property can be used to argue in favor of the morality of intellectual property, such as:

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Lysander Spooner (1855) argues "that a man has a natural and absolute right—and if a natural and absolute, then necessarily a perpetual, right—of property, in the ideas, of which he is the discoverer or creator; that his right of property, in ideas, is intrinsically the same as, and stands on identically the same grounds with, his right of property in material things; that no distinction, of principle, exists between the two cases".

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Writer Ayn Rand argued in her book "" that the protection of intellectual property is essentially a moral issue. The belief is that the human mind itself is the source of wealth and survival and that all property at its base is intellectual property. To violate intellectual property is therefore no different morally than violating other property rights which compromises the very processes of survival and therefore constitutes an immoral act.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Violation of intellectual property rights, called "infringement" with respect to patents, copyright, and trademarks, and "misappropriation" with respect to trade secrets, may be a breach of civil law or criminal law, depending on the type of intellectual property involved, jurisdiction, and the nature of the action.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: As of 2011 trade in counterfeit copyrighted and trademarked works was a $600 billion industry worldwide and accounted for 5–7% of global trade.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party. In many countries, a trademark receives protection without registration, but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement. Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and, in several jurisdictions, under criminal law.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Similarly, economists Boldrin and Levine prefer to use the term "intellectual monopoly" as a more appropriate and clear definition of the concept, which, they argue, is very dissimilar from property rights. They further argued that "stronger patents do little or nothing to encourage innovation", mainly explained by its tendency to create market monopolies, thereby restricting further innovations and technology transfer.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Entrepreneur and politician Rickard Falkvinge and hacker Alexandre Oliva have independently compared George Orwell's fictional dialect Newspeak to the terminology used by intellectual property supporters as a linguistic weapon to shape public opinion regarding copyright debate and DRM.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: In civil law jurisdictions, intellectual property has often been referred to as intellectual rights, traditionally a somewhat broader concept that has included moral rights and other personal protections that cannot be bought or sold. Use of the term "intellectual rights" has declined since the early 1980s, as use of the term "intellectual property" has increased.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Alternative terms "monopolies on information" and "intellectual monopoly" have emerged among those who argue against the "property" or "intellect" or "rights" assumptions, notably Richard Stallman. The backronyms "intellectual protectionism" and "intellectual poverty", whose initials are also "IP", have found supporters as well, especially among those who have used the backronym "digital restrictions management".

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The argument that an intellectual property right should (in the interests of better balancing of relevant private and public interests) be termed an "intellectual monopoly privilege" (IMP) has been advanced by several academics including Birgitte Andersen and Thomas Alured Faunce.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Petra Moser has asserted that historical analysis suggests that intellectual property laws may harm innovation:

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Overall, the weight of the existing historical evidence suggests that patent policies, which grant strong intellectual property rights to early generations of inventors, may discourage innovation. On the contrary, policies that encourage the diffusion of ideas and modify patent laws to facilitate entry and encourage competition may be an effective mechanism to encourage innovation.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: In support of that argument, Jörg Baten, Nicola Bianchi and Petra Moser find historical evidence that especially compulsory licensing – which allows governments to license patents without the consent of patent-owners – encouraged invention in Germany in the early 20th century by increasing the threat of competition in fields with low pre-existing levels of competition.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Peter Drahos notes, "Property rights confer authority over resources. When authority is granted to the few over resources on which the many depend, the few gain power over the goals of the many. This has consequences for both political and economic freedom within a society."

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Libertarians have differing views on intellectual property. Stephan Kinsella, an anarcho-capitalist on the right-wing of libertarianism, argues against intellectual property because allowing property rights in ideas and information creates artificial scarcity and infringes on the right to own tangible property. Kinsella uses the following scenario to argue this point:

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: In 2005 the Royal Society of Arts launched the Adelphi Charter, aimed at creating an international policy statement to frame how governments should make balanced intellectual property law.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Another aspect of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. Critics like Philip Bennet argue that this does not provide adequate protection against cultural appropriation of indigenous knowledge, for which a collective IP regime is needed.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Intellectual property law has been criticized as not recognizing new forms of art such as the remix culture, whose participants often commit what technically constitutes violations of such laws, creation works such as anime music videos and others, or are otherwise subject to unnecessary burdens and limitations which prevent them from fully expressing themselves.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Other criticism of intellectual property law concerns the expansion of intellectual property, both in duration and in scope.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: As scientific knowledge has expanded and allowed new industries to arise in fields such as biotechnology and nanotechnology, originators of technology have sought IP protection for the new technologies. Patents have been granted for living organisms, and in the United States, certain living organisms have been patentable for over a century.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The increase in terms of protection is particularly seen in relation to copyright, which has recently been the subject of serial extensions in the United States and in Europe. With no need for registration or copyright notices, this is thought to have led to an increase in orphan works (copyrighted works for which the copyright owner cannot be contacted), a problem that has been noticed and addressed by governmental bodies around the world.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Intellectual property has become a core tool in corporate tax planning and tax avoidance. IP is a key component of the leading multinational tax avoidance base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tools, which the OECD estimates costs $100–240 billion in lost annual tax revenues.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: In 2017–2018, both the U.S. and the EU Commission simultaneously decided to depart from the OECD BEPS Project timetable, which was set up in 2013 to combat IP BEPS tax tools like the above, and launch their own anti-IP BEPS tax regimes:

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: The departure of the U.S. and EU Commission from the OECD BEPS Project process, is attributed to frustrations with the rise in IP as a key BEPS tax tool, creating intangible assets, which are then turned into royalty payment BEPS schemes (double Irish), and/or capital allowance BEPS schemes (capital allowances for intangibles). In contrast, the OECD has spent years developing and advocating intellectual property as a legal and a GAAP accounting concept.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Intellectual property

Context: Women have historically been underrepresented in intellectual property rights. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, women composed only 16.5% of patent holders even as recently as 2020. This disparity is the result of several factors including systemic bias, sexism and discrimination within the intellectual property space, underrepresentation within STEM, and barriers to access of necessary finance and knowledge in order to obtain intellectual property rights, among other reasons.

Question: 知的財産権が世界で初めて認定されたのはいつ？


Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

Context: SCAP arrested 28 suspected war criminals on account of crimes against peace, but it did not conduct the Tokyo Trials; the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was responsible instead. President Harry Truman had negotiated Japanese surrender on the condition the Emperor would not be executed or put on trial. SCAP carried out that policy.

Question: GHQとは何ですか？


Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

Context: Above the political and economic control SCAP had for the seven years following Japan's surrender, SCAP also had strict control over all of the Japanese media, under the formation of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) of SCAP. The CCD eventually banned a total of 31 topics from all forms of media. These topics included:

Question: GHQとは何ですか？


Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

Context: Although some of the CCD censorship laws considerably relaxed towards the end of SCAP, some topics, like the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were taboo until 1952 at the end of the occupation.

Question: GHQとは何ですか？


Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

Context: When MacArthur was relieved by President Harry S. Truman during the Korean War on April 11, 1951, he was succeeded as SCAP by General Matthew Ridgway. Ridgway remained as SCAP until the end of the occupation of Japan, which occurred on April 28, 1952, when the Treaty of San Francisco came into effect. However, United States continued to hold some islands after that, with for example Okinawa being continually under US administration until year 1972.

Question: GHQとは何ですか？


Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

Context: All branches of the United States military forces are still present in Japan today. They primarily function in a support role, providing defense for Japan and the surrounding region, per the agreements of the Treaty of San Francisco.

Question: GHQとは何ですか？


Wallachia

Context: Wallachia was founded as a principality in the early 14th century by Basarab I after a rebellion against Charles I of Hungary, although the first mention of the territory of Wallachia west of the river Olt dates to a charter given to the voivode Seneslau in 1246 by Béla IV of Hungary. In 1417, Wallachia was forced to accept the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire; this lasted until the 19th century, albeit with brief periods of Russian occupation between 1768 and 1854.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: Arabic chronicles from the 13th century had used the name of Wallachia instead of Bulgaria. They gave the coordinates of Wallachia and specified that Wallachia was named ' and the dwellers ' or "".

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: The area of Oltenia in Wallachia was also known in Turkish as "Kara-Eflak" ("Black Wallachia") and "Kuçuk-Eflak" ("Little Wallachia"), while the former has also been used for Moldavia.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: In the Second Dacian War (AD 105) western Oltenia became part of the Roman province of Dacia, with parts of Wallachia included in the Moesia Inferior province. The Roman "limes" was initially built along the Olt River in 119 before being moved slightly to the east in the second century, during which time it stretched from the Danube up to Rucăr in the Carpathians. The Roman line fell back to the Olt in 245 and, in 271, the Romans pulled out of the region.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: In 1241, during the Mongol invasion of Europe, Cuman domination was ended—a direct Mongol rule over Wallachia was not attested, but it remains probable. Part of Wallachia was probably briefly disputed by the Kingdom of Hungary and Bulgarians in the following period, but it appears that the severe weakening of Hungarian authority during the Mongol attacks contributed to the establishment of the new and stronger polities attested in Wallachia for the following decades.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: The peace signed in 1428 inaugurated a period of internal crisis, as Dan had to defend himself against Radu II, who led the first in a series of boyar coalitions against established princes. Victorious in 1431 (the year when the boyar-backed Alexander I Aldea took the throne), boyars were dealt successive blows by Vlad II Dracul (1436–1442; 1443–1447), who nevertheless attempted to compromise between the Ottoman Sultan and the Holy Roman Empire.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: The Transylvanian Saxons were also furious with him for strengthening the borders of Wallachia, which interfered with their control of trade routes. In retaliation, the Saxons distributed grotesque poems of cruelty and other propaganda, demonizing Vlad III Dracula as a drinker of blood. These tales strongly influenced an eruption of vampiric fiction throughout the West and, in particular, Germany. They also inspired the main character in the 1897 Gothic novel "Dracula" by Bram Stoker.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: The Ottoman Empire increasingly relied on Wallachia and Moldavia for the supply and maintenance of its military forces; the local army, however, soon disappeared due to the increased costs and the much more obvious efficiency of mercenary troops.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: In 1768, during the Fifth Russo-Turkish War, Wallachia was placed under its first Russian occupation (helped along by the rebellion of Pârvu Cantacuzino). The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) allowed Russia to intervene in favour of Eastern Orthodox Ottoman subjects, curtailing Ottoman pressures—including the decrease in sums owed as tribute—and, in time, relatively increasing internal stability while opening Wallachia to more Russian interventions.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: Opposition to Ghica's arbitrary and highly conservative rule, together with the rise of liberal and radical currents, was first felt with the protests voiced by Ion Câmpineanu (quickly repressed); subsequently, it became increasingly conspiratorial, and centered on those secret societies created by young officers such as Nicolae Bălcescu and Mitică Filipescu.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: Traditionally, Roma slaves were divided into three categories. The smallest was owned by the "hospodars", and went by the Romanian-language name of "țigani domnești" ("Gypsies belonging to the lord"). The two other categories comprised "țigani mănăstirești" ("Gypsies belonging to the monasteries"), who were the property of Romanian Orthodox and Greek Orthodox monasteries, and "țigani boierești" ("Gypsies belonging to the boyars"), who were enslaved by the category of landowners.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: With an area of approximately , Wallachia is situated north of the Danube (and of present-day Bulgaria), east of Serbia and south of the Southern Carpathians, and is traditionally divided between Muntenia in the east (as the political center, Muntenia is often understood as being synonymous with Wallachia), and Oltenia (a former banat) in the west. The division line between the two is the Olt River.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: Wallachia's traditional border with Moldavia coincided with the Milcov River for most of its length. To the east, over the Danube north-south bend, Wallachia neighbours Dobruja (Northern Dobruja). Over the Carpathians, Wallachia shared a border with Transylvania; Wallachian princes have for long held possession of areas north of the line (Amlaș, Ciceu, Făgăraș, and Hațeg), which are generally not considered part of Wallachia proper.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: The capital city changed over time, from Câmpulung to Curtea de Argeș, then to Târgoviște and, after the late 17th century, to Bucharest.

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: According to the latest 2011 census data, the region has a total population of 8,256,532 inhabitants, distributed among the ethnic groups as follows (as per 2001 census): Romanians (97%), Roma (2.5%), others (0.5%).

Question: ワラキア公国は何年までありましたか？


Imagine (John Lennon song)

Context: Several celebrities appeared in the film, including Andy Warhol, Fred Astaire, Jack Palance, Dick Cavett and George Harrison. Derided by critics as "the most expensive home movie of all time", it premiered to an American audience in 1972. In 1986, Zbigniew Rybczyński made a music video for the song, and in 1987, it won both the "Silver Lion" award for Best Clip at Cannes and the Festival Award at the Rio International Film Festival.

Question: ビートルズのイマジンを作曲したのは誰


Imagine (John Lennon song)

Context: In June 2017, the US National Music Publishers Association awarded "Imagine" a Centennial Song Award and recognized Lennon's desire to add Yoko Ono as a co-author of the song.

Question: ビートルズのイマジンを作曲したのは誰


Imagine (John Lennon song)

Context: Seal, Pink, India.Arie, Jeff Beck, Konono Nº1, Oumou Sangaré and others recorded a version for Herbie Hancock's 2010 album "The Imagine Project". In February 2011, the recording won a Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Collaboration.

Question: ビートルズのイマジンを作曲したのは誰


Imagine (John Lennon song)

Context: "Imagine" was performed as part of the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics. Performed by the Liverpool Philharmonic Youth Choir and the Liverpool Signing Choir, the choirs sang the first verse and accompanied Lennon's original vocals during the rest of the song. A cover performed by Emeli Sandé was also used by the BBC for a closing montage that ended its coverage. "Imagine" subsequently re-entered the UK Top 40, reaching number 18.

Question: ビートルズのイマジンを作曲したのは誰


Imagine (John Lennon song)

Context: In 2015, American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga performed the song at the 2015 European Games opening ceremony. The song was played for 70,000 people in Baku, Azerbaijan that served as host of the event. In 2018, the song was performed at the 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Pyeongchang (South Korea). The same year Yoko Ono released a solo rendition of the song, the first since she received credit as co-writer.

Question: ビートルズのイマジンを作曲したのは誰


Imagine (John Lennon song)

Context: A pre-recorded version of the song performed by John Legend, Keith Urban, Alejandro Sanz and Angélique Kidjo, with musical arrangement by Hans Zimmer, was featured in the opening ceremony for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo in July 2021, and another pre-recorded cover version again as a theme song in the opening ceremony of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing in February 2022.

Question: ビートルズのイマジンを作曲したのは誰


Imagine (John Lennon song)

Context: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Lennon's son Julian Lennon for the first time covered his father's song, calling on world leaders and everyone who believes in the song's sentiment of hope and peace to stand up for refugees.

Question: ビートルズのイマジンを作曲したのは誰


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines is an important city in U.S. presidential politics; as the state's capital, it is the site of the first caucuses of the presidential primary cycle. Many presidential candidates set up campaign headquarters in Des Moines. A 2007 article in "The New York Times" said, "If you have any desire to witness presidential candidates in the most close-up and intimate of settings, there is arguably no better place to go than Des Moines."

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The historian Virgil Vogel claimed that the name was derived from "Moingona," an Algonquian clan name, which means "Loon".

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Some historians and researchers lacking linguistic or Algonquianist training concluded that "Moingona" meant "people by the portage" or something similar, a reference to the Des Moines Rapids. This was where the earliest known encounters between the Moingona and European explorers took place.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: In 2015, Michael McCafferty of Indiana University, while studying the Miami-Illinois language, concluded that the name was actually a derisive term coined by the Peoria tribe. McCafferty agrees with other linguists that the "Moines" in Des Moines is a French derivation of Moingoana. What he discovered, however, was that it wasn't the actual name of the neighboring tribe; it was an insulting nickname they hurled at their rivals. It translates, essentially, as "the feces-faces."

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: At least three Late Prehistoric villages, dating from about AD 1300 to 1700, stood in or near what developed later as downtown Des Moines. In addition, 15 to 18 prehistoric American Indian mounds were observed in this area by early settlers. All have been destroyed during development of the city.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Sauk and Meskwaki did not fare well in Des Moines. The illegal whiskey trade, combined with the destruction of traditional lifeways, led to severe problems for their society. One newspaper reported:

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: "It is a fact that the location of Fort Des Moines among the Sac and Fox Indians (under its present commander) for the last two years, had corrupted them more and lowered them deeper in the scale of vice and degradation, than all their intercourse with the whites for the ten years previous".After official removal, the Meskwaki continued to return to Des Moines until around 1857.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Archaeological excavations have shown that many fort-related features survived under what is now Martin Luther King Jr. Parkway and First Street. Soldiers stationed at Fort Des Moines opened the first coal mines in the area, mining coal from the riverbank for the fort's blacksmith.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Settlers occupied the abandoned fort and nearby areas. On May 25, 1846, the state legislature designated Fort Des Moines as the seat of Polk County. Arozina Perkins, a school teacher who spent the winter of 1850–1851 in the town of Fort Des Moines, was not favorably impressed:

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: On September 22, 1851, Des Moines was incorporated as a city; the charter was approved by voters on October 18. In 1857, the name "Fort Des Moines" was shortened to "Des Moines", and it was designated as the second state capital, previously at Iowa City. Growth was slow during the Civil War period, but the city exploded in size and importance after a railroad link was completed in 1866.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: By 1880, Des Moines had a population of 22,408, making it Iowa's largest city. It displaced the three Mississippi River ports: Burlington, Dubuque, and Davenport, that had alternated holding the position since the territorial period. Des Moines has remained Iowa's most populous city. In 1910, the Census Bureau reported Des Moines' population as 97.3% white and 2.7% black, reflecting its early settlement pattern primarily by ethnic Europeans.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: In 1907, the city adopted a city commission government known as the Des Moines Plan, comprising an elected mayor and four commissioners, all elected at-large, who were responsible for public works, public property, public safety, and finance. Considered progressive at the time, it diluted the votes of ethnic and national minorities, who generally could not command the majority to elect a candidate of their choice.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Today, Des Moines is a member of ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability USA. Through ICLEI, Des Moines has implemented "The Tomorrow Plan", a regional plan focused on developing central Iowa in a sustainable fashion, centrally-planned growth, and resource consumption to manage the local population.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: During this time period, the Civic Center of Greater Des Moines (1979) was developed; it hosts Broadway shows and special events. Also constructed were the Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden (1979), a large city botanical garden/greenhouse on the east side of the river; the Polk County Convention Complex (1985), and the State of Iowa Historical Museum (1987). The Des Moines skywalk also began to take shape during the 1980s. The skywalk system is long and connects many downtown buildings.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: In the early 21st century, the city has had more major construction in the downtown area. The new Science Center of Iowa and Blank IMAX Dome Theater and the Iowa Events Center opened in 2005. The new central branch of the Des Moines Public Library, designed by renowned architect David Chipperfield of London, opened on April 8, 2006.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The World Food Prize Foundation, which is based in Des Moines, completed adaptation and restoration of the former Des Moines Public Library building in October 2011. The former library now serves as the home and headquarters of the Norman Borlaug/World Food Prize Hall of Laureates.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: In November 2005, Des Moines voters approved a measure that allowed the city to annex parcels of land in the northeast, southeast, and southern corners of Des Moines without agreement by local residents, particularly areas bordering the Iowa Highway 5/U.S. 65 bypass. The annexations became official on June 26, 2009, as and around 868 new residents were added to the city of Des Moines. An additional were voluntarily annexed to the city over that same period.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines' suburban communities include Altoona, Ankeny, Bondurant, Carlisle, Clive, Grimes, Johnston, Norwalk, Pleasant Hill, Urbandale, Waukee, West Des Moines, and Windsor Heights.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: There were 81,369 households, of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.6% were non-families. 32.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.11.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The median age in the city was 33.5 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.4% were from 25 to 44; 23.9% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: There were 80,504 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.04.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Age spread: 24.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The median income for a household in the city was $38,408, and the median income for a family was $46,590. Males had a median income of $31,712 versus $25,832 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,467. About 7.9% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those ages 65 or over.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Other major employers in Des Moines include UnityPoint Health, Mercy Medical Center, MidAmerican Energy Company, CDS Global, UPS, Firestone Agricultural Tire Company, EDS, Drake University, Titan Tire, "The Des Moines Register", Anderson Erickson, Dee Zee and EMCO.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The City of Des Moines is a cultural center for Iowa and home to several art and history museums and performing arts groups. The Des Moines Performing Arts routinely hosts touring Broadway shows and other live professional theater. Its president and CEO, Jeff Chelsvig, is a member of the League of American Theatres and Producers, Inc. The Temple for Performing Arts and Des Moines Playhouse are other venues for live theatre, comedy, and performance arts.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Des Moines Metro Opera has been a cultural resource in Des Moines since 1973. The Opera offers educational and outreach programs and is one of the largest performing arts organizations in the state. Ballet Des Moines was established in 2002. Performing three productions each year, the Ballet also provides opportunities for education and outreach.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Des Moines Symphony performs frequently at different venues. In addition to performing seven pairs of classical concerts each season, the Symphony also entertains with New Year's Eve Pops and its annual Yankee Doodle Pops concerts.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Metro Arts Alliance produces "Jazz in July" every year, that offers free jazz shows daily at various venues throughout the city during the entire month of July.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Wells Fargo Arena is the Des Moines area's primary venue for sporting events and concerts since its opening in 2005. Named for title sponsor Wells Fargo Financial Services, Wells Fargo Arena holds 16,980 and books large, national touring acts for arena concert performances, while several smaller venues host local, regional, and national bands. It is the home of the Iowa Wolves of the NBA G League, the Iowa Wild of the American Hockey League, and the Iowa Barnstormers of the Indoor Football League.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Des Moines Art Center, with a wing designed by architect I. M. Pei, presents art exhibitions and educational programs as well as studio art classes. The Center houses a collection of artwork from the 19th century to the present. An extension of the art center is downtown in an urban museum space, featuring three or four exhibitions each year.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Pappajohn Sculpture Park was established in 2009. It showcases a collection of 24 sculptures donated by Des Moines philanthropists John and Mary Pappajohn. Nearby is the Temple for Performing Arts, a cultural center for the city. Next to the Temple is the Central Library, designed by renowned English architect David Chipperfield.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Built in 1877 by prominent pioneer businessman Hoyt Sherman, Hoyt Sherman Place mansion was Des Moines' first public art gallery and houses a distinctive collection of 19th and 20th century artwork. Its restored 1,250-seat theater features an intricate rococo plaster ceiling and excellent acoustics and is used for a variety of cultural performances and entertainment.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Arising in the east and facing westward toward downtown, the Iowa State Capitol building with its , 23-karat gold leafed dome towering above the city is a favorite of sightseers. Four smaller domes flank the main dome. The Capitol houses the governor's offices, legislature, and the old Supreme Court Chambers. The ornate interior also features a grand staircase, mural "Westward", five-story law library, scale model of the USS "Iowa", and collection of first lady dolls. Guided tours are available.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Capitol grounds include a World War II memorial with sculpture and Wall of Memories, the 1894 Soldiers and Sailors Monument of the Civil War and memorials honoring those who served in the Spanish–American, Korean, and Vietnam Wars.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The West Capitol Terrace provides the entrance from the west to the state's grandest building, the State Capitol Building. The "people's park" at the foot of the Capitol complex includes a promenade and landscaped gardens, in addition to providing public space for rallies and special events. A granite map of Iowa depicting all 99 counties rests at the base of the terrace and has become an attraction for in-state visitors, many of whom walk over the map to find their home county.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Iowa's history lives on in the State of Iowa Historical Museum. This modern granite and glass structure at the foot of the State Capitol Building houses permanent and temporary exhibits exploring the people, places, events, and issues of Iowa's past. The showcase includes native wildlife, American Indian and pioneer artifacts, and political and military items. The museum features a genealogy and Iowa history library, museum gift shop, and cafe.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Terrace Hill, a National Historic Landmark and Iowa Governor's Residence, is among the best examples of American Victorian Second Empire architecture. This opulent 1869 home was built by Iowa's first millionaire, Benjamin F. Allen, and restored to the late 19th century period. It overlooks downtown Des Moines and is situated on with a re-created Victorian formal garden. Tours are conducted Tuesdays through Saturdays from March through December.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Science Center of Iowa and Blank IMAX Dome Theater offers seven interactive learning areas, live programs, and hands-on activities encouraging learning and fun for all ages. Among its three theaters include the 216-seat Blank IMAX Dome Theater, 175-seat John Deere Adventure Theater featuring live performances, and a domed Star Theater.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Blank Park Zoo is a landscaped zoological park on the south side. Among the exhibits include a tropical rain forest, Australian Outback, and Africa. The Zoo offers education classes, tours, and rental facilities.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary was established as a scientific research facility with a campus housing bonobos and orangutans for the noninvasive interdisciplinary study of their cognitive and communicative capabilities.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Living History Farms in suburban Urbandale tells the story of Midwestern agriculture and rural life in an open-air museum with interpreters dressed in period costume who recreate the daily routines of early Iowans. Open daily from May through October, the Living History Farms include a 1700 Ioway Indian village, 1850 pioneer farm, 1875 frontier town, 1900 horse-powered farm, and a modern crop center.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Wallace House was the home of the first Henry Wallace, a national leader in agriculture and conservation and the first editor of "Wallaces' Farmer" farm journal. This restored 1883 Italianate Victorian houses exhibits, artifacts, and information covering four generations of Henry Wallaces and other family members.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The "Chicago Tribune" wrote that Iowa's capital city has "walker-friendly downtown streets and enough outdoor sculpture, sleek buildings, storefronts and cafes to delight the most jaded stroller".

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Other annual festivals and events include: Des Moines Beer Week, 80/35 Music Festival, 515 Alive Music Festival, ArtFest Midwest, Blue Ribbon Bacon Fest, CelebrAsian Heritage Festival, Des Moines Pride Festival, Des Moines Renaissance Faire, Festa Italiana, Festival of Trees and Lights, World Food & Music Festival, I'll Make Me a World Iowa, Latino Heritage Festival, Oktoberfest, Winefest, ImaginEve!, Iowa's Premier Beer, Wine & Food Show, and Wild Rose Film Festival.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines operates under a council–manager form of government. The council consists of a mayor (Frank Cownie) and is elected in citywide vote, two at-large members, and four members representing each of the city's four wards. In 2014, Jonathan Gano was appointed as the new Public Works Director. In 2015, Dana Wingert was appointed as Police Chief. In 2018, Steven L. Naber was appointed as the new City Engineer.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines has an extensive skywalk system within its downtown core. With over four miles of enclosed walkway, it is one of the largest of such systems in the United States. The Des Moines Skywalk System has been criticized for hurting street-level business, though a recent initiative has been made to make street-level Skywalk entrances more visible.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines's public transit system, operated by DART (Des Moines Area Regional Transit), which was the Des Moines Metropolitan Transit Authority until October 2006, consists entirely of buses, including regular in-city routes and express and commuter buses to outlying suburban areas.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Characteristics of household ownership of cars in Des Moines are similar to national averages. In 2015, 8.5 percent of Des Moines households lacked a car, and increased to 9.6 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Des Moines averaged 1.71 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Burlington Trailways, Jefferson Lines, and Megabus run long-distance, inter-city bus routes through Des Moines.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Other railroads used the East Des Moines Union Station. Northward and northwest bound, there were Chicago and North Western trains to destinations including Minneapolis. The Wabash Railroad ran service to the southeast to St. Louis. These lines remain in use but are now operated by Union Pacific and BNSF.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The nearest Amtrak station is in Osceola, about south of Des Moines. The Osceola station is served by the Chicago–San Francisco "California Zephyr"; there is no Osceola–Des Moines Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach connecting service. There have been proposals to extend Amtrak's planned Chicago–Moline "Quad City Rocket" to Des Moines via the Iowa Interstate Railroad.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Des Moines International Airport (DSM), on Fleur Drive in the southern part of Des Moines, offers nonstop service to destinations within the United States. The only international service is cargo service, but there have been discussions about adding an international terminal.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Des Moines market, which originally consisted of Polk, Dallas, Story, and Warren counties, was ranked 91st by Arbitron as of the fall of 2007 with a population of 512,000 aged 12 and older. But in June 2011 it was moved up to 72nd with the addition of Boone, Clarke, Greene, Guthrie, Jasper, Lucas, Madison and Marion counties.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: iHeartMedia owns five radio stations in the area, including WHO 1040 AM, a 50,000-watt AM news/talk station that has the highest ratings in the area and once employed future President Ronald Reagan as a sportscaster. In addition to WHO, iHeartMedia owns KDRB 100.3 FM (adult hits), KKDM 107.5 FM (contemporary hits), KXNO-FM 106.3, and KXNO 1460 AM (sports radio). They also own news/talk station KASI 1430 AM and hot adult contemporary station KCYZ 105.1 FM, both of which broadcast from Ames.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Cumulus Media owns five stations that broadcast from facilities in Urbandale: KBGG 1700 AM (sports), KGGO 94.9 FM (classic rock), KHKI 97.3 FM (country music), KJJY 92.5 FM (country music), and KWQW 98.3 FM (classic hip hop).

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Saga Communications owns seven stations in the area: KAZR 103.3 FM (rock), KIOA 93.3 FM (oldies), KIOA-HD2 99.9FM & 93.3 HD2 (Rhythmic Top 40), KOEZ 104.1 FM (soft adult contemporary), KPSZ 940 AM (contemporary Christian music & religious teaching), KRNT 1350 AM (ESPN Radio), and KSTZ 102.5 FM (adult contemporary hits).

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Low-power FM stations include KFMG-LP 99.1, a community radio station broadcasting from the Hotel Fort Des Moines and also webstreamed.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Des Moines-Ames media market consists of 35 central Iowa counties: Adair, Adams, Appanoose, Audubon, Boone, Calhoun, Carroll, Clarke, Dallas, Decatur, Franklin, Greene, Guthrie, Hamilton, Hardin, Humboldt, Jasper, Kossuth, Lucas, Madison, Mahaska, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Pocahontas, Polk, Poweshiek, Ringgold, Story, Taylor, Union, Warren, Wayne, Webster, and Wright. It was ranked 71st by Nielsen Media Research for the 2008–2009 television season with 432,410 television households.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines hosts professional minor league teams in several sports — baseball, basketball, hockey, indoor football, and soccer — and is home to the sports teams of Drake University which play in NCAA Division I.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines is also home to the Drake University Bulldogs, an NCAA Division I member of the Missouri Valley Conference, primarily playing northwest of downtown at the on-campus Drake Stadium and Knapp Center. Drake Stadium is home to the famed Drake Relays each April. In addition to the Drake Relays, Drake Stadium has hosted multiple NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships and USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs baseball team of the Triple-A East. The I-Cubs, which are the Triple-A affiliate of the major league Chicago Cubs, play their home games at Principal Park near the confluence of the Des Moines and Raccoon Rivers.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Additionally, the Des Moines Buccaneers of the United States Hockey League play at Buccaneer Arena in suburban Urbandale.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Vikings of Grand View University also compete in intercollegiate athletics in Des Moines. A member of the Heart of America Athletic Conference, within the NAIA, they field 21 varsity athletic teams. They were NAIA National Champions in football in 2013.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Principal Charity Classic, a Champions Tour golf event, is held at Wakonda Club in late May or early June. The IMT Des Moines Marathon is held throughout the city each October.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Des Moines has 76 city parks and three golf courses, as well as three family aquatic centers, five community centers and three swimming pools. The city has of trails. The first major park was Greenwood Park. The park commissioners purchased the land on April 21, 1894.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: Gray's Lake, part of the of Gray's Lake Park, features a boat rental facility, fishing pier, floating boardwalks, and a park resource center. Located just south of the downtown, the centerpiece of the park is a lighted Kruidenier Trail, encircling it entirely.

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


Des Moines, Iowa

Context: The Greater Des Moines Sister City Commission, with members from the City of Des Moines and the suburbs of Cumming, Norwalk, Windsor Heights, Johnston, Urbandale, and Ankeny, maintains sister city relationships with:

Question: デモインという名前の由来はなんですか？


London Underground

Context: The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in England.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The LPTB commissioned many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. The schematic Tube map, designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other transport systems such as the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Thameslink, the Elizabeth Line, and Tramlink. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and the Johnston typeface, created by Edward Johnston in 1916.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway and the City & South London Railway, as well as many of London's bus and tram operators. Only the Metropolitan Railway, along with its subsidiaries the Great Northern & City Railway and the East London Railway, and the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by the main line London and South Western Railway, remained outside the Underground Group's control.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 1933, most of London's underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, which used the London Transport brand. The Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, Harry Beck's diagrammatic tube map first appeared.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: On 1 January 1970 responsibility for public transport within Greater London passed from central government to local government, in the form of the Greater London Council (GLC), and the London Transport Board was abolished. The London Transport brand continued to be used by the GLC.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: On 28 February 1975, a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and crashed into the wall at the end of the tunnel, in the Moorgate tube crash. There were 43 deaths and 74 injuries, the greatest loss of life during peacetime on the London Underground. In 1976 the Northern City Line was taken over by British Rail and linked up with the main line railway at Finsbury Park, a transfer that had already been planned prior to the accident.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 1984 control of London Buses and the London Underground passed back to central government with the creation of London Regional Transport (LRT), which reported directly to the Secretary of State for Transport, still retaining the London Transport brand. One person operation had been planned in 1968, but conflict with the trade unions delayed introduction until the 1980s.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In April 1994, the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by British Rail and known as the Waterloo & City line, was transferred to the London Underground. In 1999, the Jubilee Line Extension project extended the Jubilee line from Green Park station through Docklands to Stratford station, resulting in the closure of the short section of tunnel between Green Park and Charing Cross stations, and including the first stations on the London Underground to have platform edge doors.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: Transport for London (TfL) was created in 2000 as the integrated body responsible for London's transport system. TfL is part of the Greater London Authority and is constituted as a statutory corporation regulated under local government finance rules. The TfL Board is appointed by the Mayor of London, who also sets the structure and level of public transport fares in London. The day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 2020, passenger numbers fell significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic and 40 stations were temporarily closed. The Northern Line Extension opened in September 2021 extended the Northern line from Kennington to Battersea Power Station via Nine Elms. The extension was privately funded, with contributions from developments across the Battersea Power Station, Vauxhall and Nine Elms areas.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The lines are electrified with a four-rail DC system: a conductor rail between the rails is energised at −210 V and a rail outside the running rails at +420 V, giving a potential difference of 630 V. On the sections of line shared with mainline trains, such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond, and the Bakerloo line north of Queen's Park, the centre rail is bonded to the running rails.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The average speed on the Underground is . Outside the tunnels of central London, many lines' trains tend to travel at over in the suburban and countryside areas. The Metropolitan line can reach speeds of .

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: Between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone this runs over the Watford DC Line also used by London Overground, alongside the London & North Western Railway (LNWR) main line that opened in 1837. The route was laid out by the LNWR in 1912–15 and is part of the Network Rail system.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The line from just north of White City to Ealing Broadway was built in 1917 by the Great Western Railway (GWR) and passenger service introduced by the Underground in 1920. North Acton to West Ruislip was built by GWR on behalf of the Underground in 1947–8 alongside the pre-existing tracks from Old Oak Common junction towards and beyond, which date from 1904. , the original Old Oak Common junction to route has one main-line train a day to and from Paddington.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: *The line between Campbell Road junction (now closed), near Bromley-by-Bow, and Barking was built by the London, Tilbury & Southend Railway (LTSR) in 1858. The slow tracks were built 1903–05, when District services were extended from Bow Road (though there were no District services east of East Ham from 1905 to 1932). The slow tracks were shared with LTSR stopping and goods trains until segregated by 1962, when main-line trains stopped serving intermediate stations.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: *The railway from Barking to Upminster was built by LTSR in 1885 and the District extended over the route in 1902. District withdrew between 1905 and 1932, when the route was quadrupled. Main-line trains ceased serving intermediate stations in 1962, and the District line today only uses the 1932 slow tracks.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: *The westbound track between east of Ravenscourt Park and Turnham Green and Turnham Green to Richmond (also used by London Overground) follows the alignment of a railway built by the London & South Western Railway (LSWR) in 1869. The eastbound track between Turnham Green and east of Ravenscourt Park follows the alignment built in 1911; this was closed 1916 but was re-used when the Piccadilly line was extended in 1932.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: *The line between East Putney and Wimbledon was built by the LSWR in 1889. The last scheduled main-line service ran in 1941 but it still sees a few through Waterloo passenger services at the start and end of the daily timetable. The route is also used for scheduled ECS movements to/from Wimbledon Park depot and for Waterloo services diverted during disruptions and track closures elsewhere.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The rail route between Canning Town and Stratford was built by the GER in 1846, with passenger services starting in 1847. The original alignment was quadrupled "in stages between 1860 and 1892" for freight services before the extra (western) tracks were lifted as traffic declined during the 20th century, and were re-laid for Jubilee line services that started in 1999. The current Docklands Light Railway (ex-North London line) uses the original eastern alignment and the Jubilee uses the western alignment.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The line from East Finchley to Mill Hill East was opened in 1867, and from Finchley Central to High Barnet in 1872, both by the Great Northern Railway.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The westbound track between east of Ravenscourt Park and Turnham Green was built by LSWR in 1869, and originally used for eastbound main-line and District services. The eastbound track was built in 1911; it closed in 1916 but was re-used when the Piccadilly line was extended in 1932.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: Chiltern Railways shares track with the Metropolitan Line between Harrow-on-the-Hill and Amersham. Three South Western Railway passenger trains a day use District Line tracks between Wimbledon and East Putney.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter (such as S Stock, used on the Metropolitan line), while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction (for example, 1996 Stock, used on the Jubilee line).

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: There are 426 escalators on the London Underground system and the longest, at , is at Angel. The shortest, at Stratford, gives a vertical rise of . There are 184 lifts, and numbers have increased in recent years because of investment in making tube stations accessible. Over 28 stations will have lifts installed over the next 10 years, bring the total of step-free stations to over 100.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The Croxley Rail Link involves re-routing the Metropolitan line's Watford branch from the current terminus at Watford over part of the disused Croxley Green branch line to with stations at Cassiobridge, Watford Vicarage Road and (which is currently only a part of London Overground). Funding was agreed in December 2011, and the final approval for the extension was given on 24 July 2013, with the aim of completion by 2020.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 2015, TfL took over responsibility for designing and building the extension from Hertfordshire County Council, and after further detailed design work concluded that an additional £50 million would be needed. As of November 2017, the project is on hold awaiting additional funding.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 1931, the extension of the Bakerloo line from Elephant & Castle to Camberwell was approved, with stations at Albany Road and an interchange at . With post-war austerity, the plan was abandoned. In 2006, Ken Livingstone, the then Mayor of London, announced that within twenty years Camberwell would have a tube station. Plans for an extension from Elephant & Castle to Lewisham via the Old Kent Road and are currently being developed by Transport for London, with possible completion by 2029.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 2007, as part of the planning for the transfer of the North London line to what became London Overground, TfL proposed re-extending the Bakerloo line to .

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 2011, the London Borough of Hillingdon proposed that the Central line be extended from West Ruislip to Uxbridge via Ickenham, claiming this would cut traffic on the A40 in the area.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: <mapframe text="Map of proposed termini of the Euston to Canary Wharf line. The proposed alignment is not yet known." latitude="51.512909075833406" longitude="-0.08531570434570312" zoom="11" width="300" height="300" align="right">

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: According to the "New Civil Engineer", the Canary Wharf Group has suggested the construction of a new rail line between Euston and Canary Wharf. The proposal is being considered by the government.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: Provision has been made for a possible future extension to from the current terminus at Battersea Power Station by notifying the London Borough of Wandsworth of a reserved course under Battersea Park and adjacent streets.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In mid-2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line. These would be used to increase frequencies and cover the Battersea extension on the Northern line.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In early 2014 the Bakerloo, Central, Piccadilly and Waterloo & City line rolling-stock replacement project was renamed "New Tube for London" (NTfL) and moved from the feasibility stage to the design and specification stage. The study had showed that, with new generation trains and re-signalling:

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In addition to automatic and staffed faregates at stations, the Underground also operates on a proof-of-payment system. The system is patrolled by both uniformed and plain-clothes fare inspectors with hand-held Oyster-card readers. Passengers travelling without a valid ticket must pay a penalty fare of £80 (£40 if paid within 21 days) and can be prosecuted for fare evasion under the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 and Transport for London Byelaws.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The Underground runs a limited service on Christmas Eve with some lines closing early, and does not operate on Christmas Day. Since 2010 a dispute between London Underground and trade unions over holiday pay has resulted in a limited service on Boxing Day.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: between Ealing Broadway and Hainault via Newbury Park or Loughton. No service on the West Ruislip Branch, between Woodford and Hainault via Grange Hill or between Loughton and Epping.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: between Morden and Edgware / High Barnet via Charing Cross. No service on Mill Hill East or Bank branches.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: between Cockfosters and Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3 and 5. No service to Terminal 4 or between Acton Town and Uxbridge.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The Jubilee, Piccadilly and Victoria lines, and the Central line between White City and Leytonstone, operate at 10-minute intervals. The Central line operates at 20-minute intervals between Leytonstone and Hainault, between Leytonstone and Loughton, and between White City and Ealing Broadway. The Northern line operates at roughly 8-minute intervals between Morden and Camden Town via Charing Cross, and at 15-minute intervals between Camden Town and Edgware and between Camden Town and High Barnet.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The standard issue tube map indicates stations that are step-free from street to platforms. There can also be a step from platform to train as large as and a gap between the train and curved platforms, and these distances are marked on the map. Access from platform to train at some stations can be assisted using a boarding ramp operated by staff, and a section has been raised on some platforms to reduce the step.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: , there are 90 stations with step-free access from platform to train, and there are plans to provide step-free access at another 11 stations by 2024. By 2016 a third of stations had platform humps that reduce the step from platform to train. New trains, such as those being introduced on the sub-surface network, have access and room for wheelchairs, improved audio and visual information systems and accessible door controls.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: Compared with 2003–04, the reliability of the network had increased in 2010–11, with lost customer hours reduced from 54 million to 40 million. Passengers are entitled to a refund if their journey is delayed by 15 minutes or more due to circumstances within the control of TfL, and in 2010, 330,000 passengers out of a potential 11 million Tube passengers claimed compensation for delays. Mobile phone apps and services have been developed to help passengers claim their refund more efficiently.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In November 2011 it was reported that 80 people had died by suicide in the previous year on the London Underground, up from 46 in 2000. Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits, often referred to as 'suicide pits', beneath the track. These were constructed in 1926 to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but also halve the likelihood of a fatality when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The Metropolitan line operates express services, known as "fast" or "semi-fast", which do not stop at certain stations, thus decreasing total travelling time and increasing capacity. Stopping services, which stop at every station on the route, may be described as "all-stations" services. Fast and semi-fast services operate only during peak hours; southbound only in the mornings, northbound only in the evenings.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The Tube Challenge is the competition for the fastest time to travel to all London Underground stations, tracked by Guinness World Records since 1960. The goal is to visit all the stations on the system, but not necessarily using all the lines; participants may connect between stations on foot, or by using other forms of public transport.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: As of 2021, the record for fastest completion was held by Steve Wilson (UK) and Andi James (Finland), who completed the challenge in 15 hours, 45 minutes and 38 seconds on 21 May 2015.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: The current standard tube map shows the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Emirates Air Line, London Tramlink and the London Underground; a more detailed map covering a larger area, published by National Rail and Transport for London, includes suburban railway services. The tube map came second in a BBC and London Transport Museum poll asking for a favourite UK design icon of the 20th century and the underground's 150th anniversary was celebrated by a Google Doodle on the search engine.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: Commissioned by Art on the Underground, the cover of the pocket map is designed by various British and international artists, one of the largest public art commissions in the UK.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？


London Underground

Context: In 2016, Tate Modern commissioned conceptual artist Michael Craig-Martin to "reimagine" the roundel, changing its colours for the first time since the sign was introduced. His design was displayed at Southwark Station in collaboration with Art on the Underground to mark the opening weekend of the new Tate Modern gallery situated near the station.

Question: ロンドンで最初に設立した地下鉄駅は何？