Nazi Party

Context: Below the Führer's chancellery was first the "Staff of the Deputy Führer", headed by Rudolf Hess from 21 April 1933 to 10 May 1941; and then the "Party Chancellery" (), headed by Martin Bormann.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: Directly subjected to the Führer were the ("Reich Leader(s)"—the singular and plural forms are identical in German), whose number was gradually increased to eighteen. They held power and influence comparable to the Reich Ministers' in Hitler's Cabinet. The eighteen formed the "Reich Leadership of the Nazi Party" (), which was established at the so-called Brown House in Munich. Unlike a , a did not have individual geographic areas under their command, but were responsible for specific spheres of interest.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The Nazi Party had a number of party offices dealing with various political and other matters. These included:

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: A vast system of Nazi Party paramilitary ranks developed for each of the various paramilitary groups. This was part of the process of with the paramilitary and auxiliary groups swallowing existing associations and federations after the Party was flooded by millions of membership applications.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The Hitler Youth was a paramilitary group divided into an adult leadership corps and a general membership open to boys aged fourteen to eighteen. The League of German Girls was the equivalent group for girls.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: Certain nominally independent organisations had their own legal representation and own property, but were supported by the Nazi Party. Many of these associated organisations were labour unions of various professions. Some were older organisations that were nazified according to the policy after the 1933 takeover.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The employees of large businesses with international operations such as Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, and Commerzbank were mostly party members. All German businesses abroad were also required to have their own Nazi Party liaison men, which enabled the party leadership to obtain updated and excellent intelligence on the actions of the global corporate elites.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: While the Nazis maintained the nominal existence of state and regional governments in Germany itself, this policy was not extended to territories acquired after 1937. Even in German-speaking areas such as Austria, state and regional governments were formally disbanded as opposed to just being dis-empowered.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The and (state or province) were further sub-divided into (counties) headed by a , which were in turn sub-divided into (cells) and (blocks), headed by a and respectively.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The first table below describes the organizational structure for the "Gaue" that existed before their dissolution in 1945. Information on former "Gaue" (that were either renamed, or dissolved by being divided or merged with other "Gaue") is provided in the second table.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The numbering is not based on any official former ranking, but merely listed alphabetically. that were simply renamed without territorial changes bear the designation RN in the column "later became." that were divided into more than one bear the designation D in the column "later became." that were merged with other (or occupied territory) bear the designation M in the column "together with."

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The irregular Swiss branch of the Nazi Party also established a number of Party in that country, most of them named after their regional capitals. These included , , , and . The (East Switzerland) combined the territories of three cantons: St. Gallen, Thurgau and Appenzell.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: When it came to power in 1933, the Nazi Party had over members. In 1939, the membership total rose to 5.3 million with 81% being male and 19% being female. It continued to attract many more and by 1945 the party reached its peak of 8 million with 63% being male and 37% being female (about 10% of the German population of 80 million).

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: Nazi members with military ambitions were encouraged to join the Waffen-SS, but a great number enlisted in the and even more were drafted for service after World War II began. Early regulations required that all members be non-political and any Nazi member joining in the 1930s was required to resign from the Nazi Party.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: However, this regulation was soon waived and full Nazi Party members served in the in particular after the outbreak of World War II. The Reserves also saw a high number of senior Nazis enlisting, with Reinhard Heydrich and Fritz Todt joining the , as well as Karl Hanke who served in the army.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The British historian Richard J. Evans wrote that junior officers in the army were inclined to be especially zealous National Socialists with a third of them having joined the Nazi Party by 1941. Reinforcing the work of the junior leaders were the National Socialist Leadership Guidance Officers, which were created with the purpose of indoctrinating the troops for the "war of extermination" against Soviet Russia. Among higher-ranking officers, 29% were NSDAP members by 1941.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: In 1926, the party formed a special division to engage the student population, known as the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB). A group for university lecturers, the National Socialist German University Lecturers' League (NSDDB), also existed until July 1944.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The National Socialist Women's League was the women's organization of the party and by 1938 it had approximately 2 million members.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: Party members who lived outside Germany were pooled into the (NSDAP/AO, "Foreign Organization"). The organisation was limited only to so-called "Imperial Germans" (citizens of the German Empire); and "Ethnic Germans" (), who did not hold German citizenship were not permitted to join.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: Under Beneš decree No. 16/1945 Coll., in case of citizens of Czechoslovakia membership of the Nazi Party was punishable by between five and twenty years of imprisonment.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: was a branch of the Nazi Party founded in 1919, created for Germans with status. It is not to be confused with the post-war right-wing , which was founded in 1949.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Color motion picture film

Context: Color motion picture film refers both to unexposed color photographic film in a format suitable for use in a motion picture camera, and to finished motion picture film, ready for use in a projector, which bears images in color.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: During 1930s the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced. These also used black-and-white film to photograph multiple color-filtered source images, but the final product was a multicolored print that did not require special projection equipment. Before 1932, when three-strip Technicolor was introduced, commercialized subtractive processes used only two color components and could reproduce only a limited range of color.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Later color films were standardized into two distinct processes: Eastman Color Negative 2 chemistry (camera negative stocks, duplicating interpositive and internegative stocks) and Eastman Color Positive 2 chemistry (positive prints for direct projection), usually abbreviated as ECN-2 and ECP-2. Fuji's products are compatible with ECN-2 and ECP-2.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Film was the dominant form of cinematography until the 2010s, when it was largely replaced by digital cinematography.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: The first motion pictures were photographed using a simple homogeneous photographic emulsion that yielded a black-and-white image—that is, an image in shades of gray, ranging from black to white, corresponding to the luminous intensity of each point on the photographed subject. Light, shade, form and movement were captured, but not color.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: With color motion picture film, information about the color of the light at each image point is also captured. This is done by analyzing the visible spectrum of color into several regions (normally three, commonly referred to by their dominant colors: red, green and blue) and recording each region separately.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Current color films do this with three layers of differently color-sensitive photographic emulsion coated on one strip of film base. Early processes used color filters to photograph the color components as completely separate images (e.g., three-strip Technicolor) or adjacent microscopic image fragments (e.g., Dufaycolor) in a one-layer black-and-white emulsion.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: The earliest motion picture stocks were orthochromatic, and recorded blue and green light, but not red. Recording all three spectral regions required making film stock panchromatic to some degree. As orthochromatic film stock hindered color photography in its beginnings, the first films with color in them used aniline dyes to create artificial color. Manual-colored films appeared in 1895 with Thomas Edison's manual-painted "Annabelle's Dance" for his Kinetoscope viewers.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Many early filmmakers from the first ten years of film also used this method to some degree. George Méliès offered manual-painted prints of his own films at an additional cost over the black-and-white versions, including the visual-effects pioneering "A Trip to the Moon" (1902). The film had various parts of the film painted frame-by-frame by twenty-one women in Montreuil in a production-line method.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: A more common technique emerged in the early 1910s known as film tinting, a process in which either the emulsion or the film base is dyed, giving the image a uniform monochromatic color. This process was popular during the silent era, with specific colors employed for certain narrative effects (red for scenes with fire or firelight, blue for night, etc.).

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: A complementary process, called toning, replaces the silver particles in the film with metallic salts or mordanted dyes. This creates a color effect in which the dark parts of the image are replaced with a color (e.g., blue and white rather than black and white). Tinting and toning were sometimes applied together.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: In the United States, St. Louis engraver Max Handschiegl and cinematographer Alvin Wyckoff created the Handschiegl Color Process, a dye-transfer equivalent of the stencil process, first used in "Joan the Woman" (1917) directed by Cecil B. DeMille, and used in special effects sequences for films such as "The Phantom of the Opera" (1925).

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Eastman Kodak introduced its own system of pre-tinted black-and-white film stocks called Sonochrome in 1929. The Sonochrome line featured films tinted in seventeen different colors including Peachblow, Inferno, Candle Flame, Sunshine, Purple Haze, Firelight, Azure, Nocturne, Verdante, Aquagreen, Caprice, Fleur de Lis, Rose Doree, and the neutral-density Argent, which kept the screen from becoming excessively bright when switching to a black-and-white scene.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Between 1900 and 1935, dozens of natural color systems were introduced, although only a few were successful.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: William Friese-Greene invented another additive color system called Biocolour, which was developed by his son Claude Friese-Greene after William's death in 1921. William sued George Albert Smith, alleging that the Kinemacolor process infringed on the patents for his Bioschemes, Ltd.; as a result, Smith's patent was revoked in 1914. Both Kinemacolor and Biocolour had problems with "fringing" or "haloing" of the image, due to the separate red and green images not fully matching up.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: The first truly successful subtractive color process was William van Doren Kelley's Prizma, an early color process that was first introduced at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City on 8 February 1917. Prizma began in 1916 as an additive system similar to Kinemacolor.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: The invention of Prizma led to a series of similarly printed color processes. This bipack color system used two strips of film running through the camera, one recording red, and one recording blue-green light. With the black-and-white negatives being printed onto duplitized film, the color images were then toned red and blue, effectively creating a subtractive color print.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Leon Forrest Douglass (1869–1940), a founder of Victor Records, developed a system he called Naturalcolor, and first showed a short test film made in the process on 15 May 1917 at his home in San Rafael, California. The only feature film known to have been made in this process, "Cupid Angling" (1918)—starring Ruth Roland and with cameo appearances by Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks—was filmed in the Lake Lagunitas area of Marin County, California.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: The process was later refined through the incorporation of dye imbibition, which allowed for the transferring of dyes from both color matrices into a single print, avoiding several problems that had become evident with the cemented prints and allowing multiple prints to be created from a single pair of matrices.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Gasparcolor, a single-strip 3-color system, was developed in 1933 by the Hungarian chemist Dr. Bela Gaspar.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: The real push for color films and the nearly immediate changeover from black-and-white production to nearly all color film were pushed forward by the prevalence of television in the early 1950s. In 1947, only 12 percent of American films were made in color. By 1954, that number rose to over 50 percent. The rise in color films was also aided by the breakup of Technicolor's near monopoly on the medium.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: In 1947, the United States Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Technicolor for monopolization of color cinematography (even though rival processes such as Cinecolor and Trucolor were in general use). In 1950, a federal court ordered Technicolor to allot a number of its three-strip cameras for use by independent studios and filmmakers. Although this certainly affected Technicolor, its real undoing was the invention of Eastmancolor that same year.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Eastman Kodak manufactures film in 54-inch (1,372 mm) wide rolls. These rolls are then slit into various sizes (70 mm, 65 mm, 35 mm, 16 mm) as needed.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Color motion picture film

Context: Fuji films also integrated tabular grains in their SUFG (Super Unified Fine Grain) films. In their case, the SUFG grain is not only tabular, it is hexagonal and consistent in shape throughout the emulsion layers. Like the T-grain, it has a larger surface area in a smaller grain (about one-third the size of traditional grain) for the same light sensitivity. In 2005, Fuji unveiled their Eterna 500T stock, the first in a new line of advanced emulsions, with Super Nano-structure Σ Grain Technology.

Question: Когда вышел первый цветной фильм кинемато́графа Герма́нии?


Satellite

Context: A satellite is an object that is intentionally placed into orbit. These objects are called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: A few large space stations, including the International Space Station, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, a few asteroids, a comet and the Sun.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Satellites are used for many purposes. Among several other applications, they can be used to make star maps and maps of planetary surfaces, and also take pictures of planets they are launched into. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Satellites can operate by themselves or as part of a larger system, a satellite formation or satellite constellation.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Satellite orbits have a large range depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: A launch vehicle is a rocket that places a satellite into orbit. Usually, it lifts off from a launch pad on land. Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform, or aboard a plane (see air launch to orbit).

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control, scientific instrumentation, communication, etc.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite was Newton's cannonball, a thought experiment by Isaac Newton to explain the motion of natural satellites, in his "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (1687). The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a short story by Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869). The idea surfaced again in Jules Verne's "The Begum's Fortune" (1879).

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) published "Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices", which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit, and that a multi-stage rocket fueled by liquid propellants could achieve this.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In 1928, Herman Potočnik (1892–1929) published his sole book, "The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor". He described the use of orbiting spacecraft for observation of the ground and described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In a 1945 "Wireless World" article, the English science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications. He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In February 1954 Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle", written by R.R. Carhart. This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite", by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58), the White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 under the Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Sputnik 2 was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In early 1955, following pressure by the American Rocket Society, the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, the Army and Navy were working on Project Orbiter with two competing programs. The army used the Jupiter C rocket, while the civilian/Navy program used the Vanguard rocket to launch a satellite. Explorer 1 became the United States' first artificial satellite on 31 January 1958.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In June 1961, three-and-a-half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the United States Space Surveillance Network cataloged 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Early satellites were constructed to unique designs. With advancements in technology, multiple satellites began to be built on single model platforms called satellite buses. The first standardized satellite bus design was the HS-333 geosynchronous (GEO) communication satellite launched in 1972. Beginning in 1997, FreeFlyer is a commercial off-the-shelf software application for satellite mission analysis, design and operations.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice, data, and video transmission tasks across all countries and continents between certain points on the Earth's surface.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions, vehicles, ships, people and aircraft to other parts of the world and/or other mobile or stationary communications units, in addition to serving as navigation systems.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Scientific research satellites provide meteorological information, land survey data (e.g. remote sensing), Amateur (HAM) Radio, and other different scientific research applications such as earth science, marine science, and atmospheric research.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The first satellite, Sputnik 1, was put into orbit around Earth and was therefore in geocentric orbit. This is the most common type of orbit by far, with approximately 3,372 active artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude, inclination and eccentricity.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The commonly used altitude classifications of geocentric orbit are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2,000 km. Medium Earth orbit is any orbit between 2,000 and 35,786 km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than 35,786 km.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The satellite's functional versatility is embedded within its technical components and its operations characteristics. Looking at the "anatomy" of a typical satellite, one discovers two modules. Note that some novel architectural concepts such as Fractionated spacecraft somewhat upset this taxonomy.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The structural subsystem provides the mechanical base structure with adequate stiffness to withstand stress and vibrations experienced during launch, maintain structural integrity and stability while on station in orbit, and shields the satellite from extreme temperature changes and micro-meteorite damage.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The telemetry subsystem (aka Command and Data Handling, C&DH) monitors the on-board equipment operations, transmits equipment operation data to the earth control station, and receives the earth control station's commands to perform equipment operation adjustments.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The power subsystem may consist of solar panels to convert solar energy into electrical power, regulation and distribution functions, and batteries that store power and supply the satellite when it passes into the Earth's shadow. Nuclear power sources (Radioisotope thermoelectric generator) have also been used in several successful satellite programs including the Nimbus program (1964–1978).

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The thermal control subsystem helps protect electronic equipment from extreme temperatures due to intense sunlight or the lack of sun exposure on different sides of the satellite's body (e.g. optical solar reflector)

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The attitude and orbit control subsystem consists of sensors to measure vehicle orientation, control laws embedded in the flight software, and actuators (reaction wheels, thrusters). These apply the torques and forces needed to re-orient the vehicle to the desired altitude, keep the satellite in the correct orbital position, and keep antennas pointed in the right directions.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The second major module is the communication payload, which is made up of transponders. A transponder is capable of :

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Instead of being de-orbited, most satellites in the first six decades of spaceflight were either left in their current orbit or moved to a graveyard orbit. As of 2002, the FCC requires all geostationary satellites to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life prior to launch.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In cases of uncontrolled de-orbiting, the major variable is the solar flux, and minor variables are the components and form factor of the satellite itself, as well as gravitational perturbations generated by the Sun and the Moon. The nominal breakup altitude due to aerodynamic forces and temperatures is 78 km, with a range between 72 and 84 km. Solar panels, however, are destroyed before any other component at altitudes between 90 and 95 km.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: After the late 2010s, and especially after the advent and operational fielding of large satellite internet constellations—where on-orbit active satellites more than doubled over a period of five years—the companies building the constellations began to propose regular planned deorbiting of the older satellites that reach end of life, as a part of the regulatory process of obtaining a launch license.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: By the early 2000s, and particularly after the advent of CubeSats and increased launches of microsats—frequently launched to the lower altitudes of low Earth orbit (LEO)—satellites began to more frequently be designed to demise, or breakup and burnup entirely in the atmosphere.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: For example, SpaceX Starlink satellites, the first large satellite internet constellation to exceed 1000 active satellites on orbit in ~2020, are designed to be 100% demisable and burn up completely on atmospheric reentry at end of life, or in the event of an early satellite failure.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Orbital Sciences Corporation launched a satellite into orbit on the Pegasus in 1990. SpaceX launched a satellite into orbit on the Falcon 1 in 2008. Rocket Lab launched three cubesats into orbit on the Electron in 2018.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: †-note: Both Chile and Belarus used Russian companies as principal contractors to build their satellites, they used Russian-Ukrainian manufactured rockets and launched either from Russia or Kazakhstan.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Since the mid-2000s, satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions, they are prone to jamming by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming, but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the frequency unusable. Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring that enables them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: During the last five decades, space agencies have sent thousands of space crafts, space capsules, or satellites to the universe. In fact, weather forecasters make predictions on the weather and natural calamities based on observations from these satellites.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Issues like space debris, radio and light pollution are increasing in magnitude and at the same time lack progress in national or international regulation.<ref name="10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6"></ref> Space debris poses dangers to spacecraft (including satellites) in or crossing geocentric orbits and have the potential to drive a Kessler syndrome which could potentially curtail humanity from conducting space endeavors in the future by making such nearly impossible.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Some notable satellite failures that polluted and dispersed radioactive materials are Kosmos 954, Kosmos 1402 and the Transit 5-BN-3.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Generally liability has been covered by the Liability Convention. Using wood as an alternative material has been posited in order to reduce pollution and debris from satellites that reenter the atmosphere.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy satellites and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, cartography and others. The most common type are Earth imaging satellites, that take satellite images, analogous to aerial photographs; some EO satellites may perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in GNSS radio occultation.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the ionosphere.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite, Explorer 1, for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts. The TIROS-1 spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960 as part of NASA's Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily. By 2021, that total had grown to over 950, with the largest number of satellites operated by US-based company Planet Labs.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: To get (nearly) global coverage with a low orbit, a polar orbit is used. A low orbit will have an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes and the Earth will rotate around its polar axis about 25° between successive orbits. The ground track moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in Sun-synchronous orbits.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: A geostationary orbit, at , allows a satellite to hover over a constant spot on the earth since the orbital period at this altitude is 24 hours. This allows uninterrupted coverage of more than 1/3 of the Earth per satellite, so three satellites, spaced 120° apart, can cover the whole Earth except the extreme polar regions. This type of orbit is mainly used for meteorological satellites.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: A weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. These meteorological satellites, however, see more than clouds and cloud systems. City lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc., are other types of environmental information collected using weather satellites.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and activity from other volcanoes such as Mount Etna. Smoke from fires in the western United States such as Colorado and Utah have also been monitored.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: These types of satellites are almost always in Sun-synchronous and "frozen" orbits. A sun-synchronous orbit passes over each spot on the ground at the same time of day, so that observations from each pass can be more easily compared, since the sun is in the same spot in each observation. A "frozen" orbit is the closest possible orbit to a circular orbit that is undisturbed by the oblateness of the Earth, gravitational attraction from the sun and moon, solar radiation pressure, and air drag.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Earth exploration-satellite service (also: Earth exploration-satellite radiocommunication service) is – according to "Article 1.51" of the ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as:

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: A radiocommunication service between earth stations and one or more space stations, which may include links between space stations, in which:

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: This "radiocommunication service" is classified in accordance with "ITU Radio Regulations" (article 1) as follows:

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to "Article 5" of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


Satellite

Context: However, military usage, in bands where there is civil usage, will be in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations.

Question: Сколько "Спутников" в космосе на 2019 год?


God

Context: In monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. God is usually conceived of as being omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent and omnibenevolent as well as having an eternal and necessary existence. God is most often held to be incorporeal, with said characteristic being related to conceptions of transcendence or immanence.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: In the English language, capitalization is used when the word is used as a proper noun, as well as for other names by which a god is known. Consequently, the capitalized form of "god" is not used for multiple gods or when used to refer to the generic idea of a deity.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: "Allāh" () is the Arabic term with no plural used by Muslims and Arabic speaking Christians and Jews meaning "The God", while "ʾilāh" ( plural "`āliha" آلِهَة) is the term used for a deity or a god in general.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: God may also be given a proper name in monotheistic currents of Hinduism which emphasize the personal nature of God, with early references to his name as Krishna-Vasudeva in Bhagavata or later Vishnu and Hari.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Ahura Mazda is the name for God used in Zoroastrianism. "Mazda", or rather the Avestan stem-form "Mazdā-", nominative "Mazdå", reflects Proto-Iranian "*Mazdāh (female)". It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit, and like its Sanskrit cognate "medhā", means "intelligence" or "wisdom". Both the Avestan and Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian "*mazdhā-", from Proto-Indo-European mn̩sdʰeh1, literally meaning "placing ("dʰeh1") one's mind ("*mn̩-s")", hence "wise".

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Waheguru (') is a term most often used in Sikhism to refer to God. It means "Wonderful Teacher" in the Punjabi language. "Vāhi" (a Middle Persian borrowing) means "wonderful" and "guru" (') is a term denoting "teacher". Waheguru is also described by some as an experience of ecstasy which is beyond all descriptions. The most common usage of the word "Waheguru" is in the greeting Sikhs use with each other:

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: There is no clear consensus on the nature or the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: There were also various conceptions of God in the ancient Greco-Roman world, such as Aristotle's view of an unmoved mover, the Neoplatonic concept of the One and the pantheistic God of Stoic Physics.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic. Many polytheistic religions share the idea of a creator deity, although having a name other than "God" and without all of the other roles attributed to a singular God by monotheistic religions. Sikhism is sometimes seen as being pantheistic about God.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Monotheists believe that there is only one god, and may also believe this god is worshipped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in the Baháʼí Faith, Hinduism and Sikhism.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three divine Persons (each of the three Persons is God himself). The Most Holy Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. In the past centuries, this fundamental mystery of the Christian faith was also summarized by the Latin formula "Sancta Trinitas, Unus Deus" (Holy Trinity, Unique God), reported in the "Litanias Lauretanas".

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Henotheism is the belief and worship of a single god while accepting the existence or possible existence of other deities.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Dystheism, which is related to theodicy, is a form of theism which holds that God is either not wholly good or is fully malevolent as a consequence of the problem of evil. One such example comes from Dostoevsky's 1880 novel "The Brothers Karamazov", in which Ivan Karamazov rejects God on the grounds that he allows children to suffer.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: In modern times, some more abstract concepts have been developed, such as process theology and open theism. The contemporaneous French philosopher Michel Henry has however proposed a phenomenological approach and definition of God as phenomenological essence of Life.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers, including Maimonides, Augustine of Hippo, and Al-Ghazali, respectively.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their 2010 book, "The Grand Design", that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Agnosticism is the view that the truth values of certain claims—especially metaphysical and religious claims such as whether God, the divine or the supernatural exist—are unknown and perhaps unknowable.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities, although it can be defined as a lack of belief in the existence of any deities, rather than a positive belief in the nonexistence of any deities.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Arguments about the existence of God typically include empirical, deductive, and inductive types. Different views include that: "God does not exist" (strong atheism); "God almost certainly does not exist" ("de facto" atheism); "no one knows whether God exists" (agnosticism); "God exists, but this cannot be proven or disproven" ("de facto" theism); and that "God exists and this can be proven" (strong theism).

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Countless arguments have been proposed to prove the existence of God. Some of the most notable arguments are the Five Ways of Aquinas, the Argument from desire proposed by C.S. Lewis, and the Ontological Argument formulated both by Anselm and René Descartes.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Scientist Isaac Newton saw the nontrinitarian God as the masterful creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation. Nevertheless, he rejected polymath Leibniz' thesis that God would necessarily make a perfect world which requires no intervention from the creator. In Query 31 of the "Opticks", Newton simultaneously made an argument from design and for the necessity of intervention:

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Some theologians, such as the scientist and theologian Alister McGrath, argue that the existence of God is not a question that can be answered using the scientific method. Agnostic Stephen Jay Gould argues that science and religion are not in conflict and do not overlap.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: God is described and referred in the Quran and hadith by certain names or attributes, the most common being "Al-Rahman", meaning "Most Compassionate" and "Al-Rahim", meaning "Most Merciful". Many of these names are also used in the scriptures of the Baháʼí Faith.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Biblical sources usually refer to God using male or paternal words and symbolism, except , , and (female); , , , , , (a mother); (a mother eagle); and and (a mother hen).

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Jews and Christians believe that humans are created in the image of God, and are the center, crown and key to God's creation, stewards for God, supreme over everything else God had made (); for this reason, humans are in Christianity called the "Children of God".

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: During the early Parthian Empire, Ahura Mazda was visually represented for worship. This practice ended during the beginning of the Sasanian Empire. Zoroastrian iconoclasm, which can be traced to the end of the Parthian period and the beginning of the Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda continued to be symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback, which is found in Sassanian investiture.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Early Christians believed that the words of the Gospel of John 1:18: "No man has seen God at any time" and numerous other statements were meant to apply not only to God, but to all attempts at the depiction of God. However, later depictions of God are found. Some, like the Hand of God, are depiction borrowed from Jewish art.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Gnostic cosmogony often depicts the creator god of the Old Testament as an evil lesser deity or Demiurge, while the higher benevolent god or Monad is thought of as something beyond comprehension having immeasurable light and not in time or among things that exist, but rather is greater than them in a sense. All people are said to have a piece of God or divine spark within them which has fallen from the immaterial world into the corrupt material world and is trapped unless gnosis is attained.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Muslims believe that God (Allah) is beyond all comprehension and equal, and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, are not expected to visualize God, and instead of having pictures of Allah in their mosques, typically have religious calligraphy written on the wall.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


God

Context: Many religious believers allow for the existence of other, less powerful spiritual beings such as angels, saints, jinn, demons, and devas.

Question: Когда понятие Бог появилось впервые?


History of the internal combustion engine

Context: Early internal combustion engines were started by hand cranking. Various types of starter motor were later developed. These included:

Question: Кто изобрел тепловой двигатель внутреннего сгорания?


Context: Electric starters are now almost universal for small and medium-sized engines, while pneumatic starters are used for large engines.

Question: Кто изобрел тепловой двигатель внутреннего сгорания?


Context: The first piston engines did not have compression, but ran on an air-fuel mixture sucked or blown in during the first part of the intake stroke. The most significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs is the use of compression of the fuel charge prior to combustion.

Question: Кто изобрел тепловой двигатель внутреннего сгорания?


Context: The problem of ignition of fuel was handled in early engines with an open flame and a sliding gate. To obtain a faster engine speed Daimler adopted a Hot Tube ignition which allowed 600 rpm immediately in his 1883 horizontal cylinder engine and very soon after over 900 rpm. Most of the engines of that time could not exceed 200 rpm due to their ignition and induction systems.

Question: Кто изобрел тепловой двигатель внутреннего сгорания?


Context: The first practical engine, Lenoir's, ran on illuminating gas (coal gas). It wasn't until 1883, that Daimler created an engine that ran on liquid petroleum, a fuel called Ligroin which has a chemical makeup of Hexane-N. The fuel is also known as petroleum naphtha.

Question: Кто изобрел тепловой двигатель внутреннего сгорания?


Context: Otto's first engines were push engines which produced a push through the entire stroke (like a Diesel). Daimler's engines produced a rapid pulse, more suitable for mobile engine use.

Question: Кто изобрел тепловой двигатель внутреннего сгорания?


History of film

Context: The history of film as an artistic medium chronicles the development of a visual art form created using film technologies that began in the late 19th century.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Soon film production companies and studios were established all over the world. The first decade of motion picture saw film moving from a novelty to an established mass entertainment industry. The earliest films were in black and white, under a minute long, without recorded sound and consisted of a single shot from a steady camera.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Conventions toward a general cinematic language developed over the years with editing, camera movements and other cinematic techniques contributing specific roles in the narrative of films.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Special effects became a feature in movies since the late 1890s, popularized by Georges Méliès' fantasy films. Many effects were impossible or impractical to perform in theater plays and thus added more magic to the experience of movies.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Technical improvements added length (reaching 60 minutes for a feature film in 1906), synchronized sound recording (mainstream since the end of the 1920s), color (mainstream since the 1930s) and 3D (temporarily popular in the early 1950s and mainstream since the 2000s). Sound ended the necessity of interruptions of title cards, revolutionized the narrative possibilities for filmmakers, and became an integral part of moviemaking.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Popular new media, including television (mainstream since the 1950s), home video (mainstream since the 1980s) and internet (mainstream since the 1990s) influenced the distribution and consumption of films. Film production usually responded with content to fit the new media, and with technical innovations (including widescreen (mainstream since the 1950s), 3D and 4D film) and more spectacular films to keep theatrical screenings attractive.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Systems that were cheaper and more easily handled (including 8mm film, video and smartphone cameras) allowed for an increasing number of people to create films of varying qualities, for any purpose (including home movies and video art). The technical quality was usually lower than that of professional movies, but improved with digital video and affordable high quality digital cameras.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Improving over time, digital production methods became more and more popular during the 1990s, resulting in increasingly realistic visual effects and popular feature-length computer animations.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Different film genres emerged and enjoyed variable degrees of success over time, with huge differences among, for instance, horror films (mainstream since the 1890s), newsreels (prevalent in U.S. cinemas between the 1910s and the late 1960s), musicals (mainstream since the late 1920s) and pornographic films (experiencing a Golden Age during the 1970s).

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The use of film as an art form traces its origins to several earlier traditions in the arts such as (oral) storytelling, literature, theatre and visual arts. Cantastoria and similar ancient traditions combined storytelling with series of images that were shown or indicated one after the other. Predecessors to film that had already utilized light and shadows to create art before the advent of modern film technology include shadowgraphy, shadow puppetry, camera obscura, and the magic lantern.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Shadowgraphy and shadow puppetry represent early examples of the intent to use moving imagery for entertainment and storytelling. Thought to have originated in the Far East, the art form used shadows cast by hands or objects to assist in the creation of narratives. Shadow puppetry enjoyed popularity for centuries around Asia, notably in Java, and eventually spread to Europe during the Age of Enlightenment.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Limited in part by technologies of the era, films in the late 19th century often had a short length and were unsophisticated in narrative form. Instead, filmmakers largely focused on displaying the objective role of the camera as an "unblinking human eye" with which to record reality through the production of actuality films.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Development of editing techniques and special effects, along with the capacity for increased runtimes provided by the Latham loop, allowed for the advancement of narratives to flourish as audiences grew accustomed to the novelty of seeing motion captured on screen and competing inventors sought newer material.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Cecil Hepworth took this technique further, by printing the negatives of the forward motion in reverse frame by frame, producing a print in which the original action was exactly reversed. To do this he built a special printer in which the negative running through a projector was projected into the gate of a camera through a special lens giving a same-size image. This arrangement came to be called a "projection printer", and eventually an "optical printer".

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In 1900, Charles Pathé began film production under the Pathé-Frères brand, with Ferdinand Zecca hired to actually make the films. By 1905, Pathé was the largest film company in the world, a position it retained until World War I. Léon Gaumont began film production in 1896, supervised by Alice Guy.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Besides American Mutoscope, there were also numerous smaller producers in the United States, and some of them established a long-term presence in the new century. American Vitagraph, one of these minor producers, built studios in Brooklyn, and expanded its operations in 1905.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Movie theaters became popular entertainment venues and social hubs in the early 20th century, much like cabarets and other theaters.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In Britain, the Cinematograph Act 1909 was the first primary legislation to specifically regulate the film industry. Film exhibitions often took place in temporary venues and the use of highly flammable cellulose nitrate for film, combined with limelight illumination, created a significant fire hazard. The Act specified a strict building code which required, amongst other things, that the projector be enclosed within a fire resisting enclosure.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin in Germany was the first large-scale film studio in the world, founded 1912, and the forerunner to Hollywood with its several establishments of large studios in the early 20th century.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In most countries, intertitles came to be used to provide dialogue and narration for the film, thus dispensing with narrators, but in Japanese cinema, human narrators known as benshi remained popular throughout the silent era. The technical problems were resolved by 1923.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: James Williamson pioneered making films that had continuous action from shot to shot such as in his 1901 film "Stop Thief!".

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Regular newsreels were exhibited from 1910 and soon became a popular way for finding out the news the British Antarctic Expedition to the South Pole was filmed for the newsreels as were the suffragette demonstrations that were happening at the same time. F. Percy Smith was an early nature documentary pioneer working for Charles Urban and he pioneered the use of time lapse and micro cinematography in his 1910 documentary on the growth of flowers.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The world's first animated feature film was "El Apóstol" (1917), made by Italian-Argentine cartoonist Quirino Cristiani utilizing cutout animation. Cristiani also directed the first animated feature film with sound, "Peludópolis", released with a vitaphone sound-on-disc synchronization system soundtrack. Unfortunately, a fire that destroyed producer Federico Valle's film studio incinerated the only known copies of the movies, and they are now considered lost films.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: For a while, films were no longer than one reel, although some multi-reel films had been made on the life of Christ in the first few years of cinema. The first feature-length multi-reel film in the world was the 1906 Australian production called "The Story of the Kelly Gang".

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: It traced the life of the legendary infamous outlaw and bushranger Ned Kelly (1855–1880) and ran for more than an hour with a reel length of approximately 4,000 feet (1,200 m). It was first shown at the Athenaeum Hall in Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia on 26 December 1906 and in the UK in January 1908.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Italian companies also had a strong line in slapstick comedy, with actors like André Deed, known locally as "Cretinetti", and elsewhere as "Foolshead" and "Gribouille", achieving worldwide fame with his almost surrealistic gags.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Russia began its film industry in 1908 with Pathé shooting some fiction subjects there, and then the creation of real Russian film companies by Aleksandr Drankov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov. The Khanzhonkov company quickly became much the largest Russian film company, and remained so until 1918.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Overall, from about 1910, American films had the largest share of the market in all European countries except France, and even in France, the American films had just pushed the local production out of first place on the eve of World War I. While the war hindered European producers, the technical qualities of American films made them increasingly attractive to audiences everywhere.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: New film techniques that were introduced in this period include the use of artificial lighting, fire effects and Low-key lighting (i.e. lighting in which most of the frame is dark) for enhanced atmosphere during sinister scenes.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: As films grew longer, specialist writers were employed to simplify more complex stories derived from novels or plays into a form that could be contained on one reel. Genres began to be used as categories; the main division was into comedy and drama, but these categories were further subdivided.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The years of the First World War were a complex transitional period for the film industry. The exhibition of films changed from short one-reel programmes to feature films. Exhibition venues became larger and began charging higher prices.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The German film industry was seriously weakened by the war. The most important of the new film producers at the time was Joe May, who made a series of thrillers and adventure films through the war years, but Ernst Lubitsch also came into prominence with a series of very successful comedies and dramas.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: At this time, studios were blacked out to allow shooting to be unaffected by changing sunlight. This was replaced with floodlights and spotlights. The widespread adoption of irising-in and out to begin and end scenes caught on in this period. This is the revelation of a film shot in a circular mask, which gradually gets larger until it expands beyond the frame. Other shaped slits were used, including vertical and diagonal apertures.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: A new idea taken over from still photography was "soft focus". This began in 1915, with some shots being intentionally thrown out of focus for expressive effect, as in Mary Pickford starrer "Fanchon the Cricket".

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The use of flash-back structures continued to develop in this period, with the usual way of entering and leaving a flash-back being through a dissolve. The Vitagraph company's "The Man That Might Have Been" (William J. Humphrey, 1914), is even more complex, with a series of reveries and flash-backs that contrast the protagonist's real passage through life with what might have been, if his son had not died.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: After 1914, cross cutting between parallel actions came to be used more so in American films than in European ones. Cross-cutting was often used to get new effects of contrast, such as the cross-cut sequence in Cecil B. DeMille's "The Whispering Chorus" (1918), in which a supposedly dead husband is having a liaison with a Chinese prostitute in an opium den, while simultaneously his unknowing wife is being remarried in church.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: "The Photo-Drama of Creation", first shown to audiences in 1914, was the first major screenplay to incorporate synchronized sound, moving film, and color slides. Until 1927, most motion pictures were produced without sound. This period is commonly referred to as the silent era of film.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Sidney Drew was the leader in developing "polite comedy", while slapstick was refined by Fatty Arbuckle and Charles Chaplin, who both started with Mack Sennett's Keystone company. They reduced the usual frenetic pace of Sennett's films to give the audience a chance to appreciate the subtlety and finesse of their movement, and the cleverness of their gags. By 1917 Chaplin was also introducing more dramatic plot into his films, and mixing the comedy with sentiment.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In Russia, Yevgeni Bauer put a slow intensity of acting combined with Symbolist overtones onto film in a unique way.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In Sweden, Victor Sjöström made a series of films that combined the realities of people's lives with their surroundings in a striking manner, while Mauritz Stiller developed sophisticated comedy to a new level.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In Germany, Ernst Lubitsch got his inspiration from the stage work of Max Reinhardt, both in bourgeois comedy and in spectacle, and applied this to his films, culminating in his "die Puppe" ("The Doll"), "die Austernprinzessin" ("The Oyster Princess") and "Madame DuBarry".

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: At the start of the First World War, French and Italian cinema had been the most globally popular. The war came as a devastating interruption to European film industries.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Movies like "Metropolis" (1927) and "Woman in the Moon" (1929) partly created the genre of science fiction films.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Many German and German-based directors, actors, writers and others emigrated to the US when the Nazis gained power, giving Hollywood and the American film industry the final edge in its competition with other movie producing countries.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The American industry, or "Hollywood", as it was becoming known after its new geographical center in California, gained the position it has held, more or less, ever since: film factory for the world and exporting its product to most countries on earth.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In 1943, "Ossessione" was screened in Italy, marking the beginning of Italian neorealism. Major films of this type during the 1940s included "Bicycle Thieves", "Rome, Open City", and "La Terra Trema". In 1952 "Umberto D" was released, usually considered the last film of this type.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Hollywood in the early 1950s. Protested by the Hollywood Ten before the committee, the hearings resulted in the blacklisting of many actors, writers and directors, including Chayefsky, Charlie Chaplin, and Dalton Trumbo, and many of these fled to Europe, especially the United Kingdom.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The Cold War era zeitgeist translated into a type of near-paranoia manifested in themes such as invading armies of evil aliens ("Invasion of the Body Snatchers", "The War of the Worlds") and communist fifth columnists ("The Manchurian Candidate").

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: During the immediate post-war years the cinematic industry was also threatened by television, and the increasing popularity of the medium meant that some film theatres would bankrupt and close. The demise of the "studio system" spurred the self-commentary of films like "Sunset Boulevard" (1950) and "The Bad and the Beautiful" (1952).

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In 1950, the Lettrists avante-gardists caused riots at the Cannes Film Festival, when Isidore Isou's "Treatise on Slime and Eternity" was screened. After their criticism of Charlie Chaplin and split with the movement, the Ultra-Lettrists continued to cause disruptions when they showed their new hypergraphical techniques.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Gimmicks also proliferated to lure in audiences. The fad for 3-D film would last for only two years, 1952–1954, and helped sell "House of Wax" and "Creature from the Black Lagoon". Producer William Castle would tout films featuring "Emergo" "Percepto", the first of a series of gimmicks that would remain popular marketing tools for Castle and others throughout the 1960s.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The 1950s was also a 'Golden Age' for Philippine cinema, with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. The premiere Philippine directors of the era included Gerardo de Leon, Gregorio Fernández, Eddie Romero, Lamberto Avellana, and Cirio Santiago.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: During the 1960s, Ousmane Sembène produced several French- and Wolof-language films and became the "father" of African Cinema. In Latin America, the dominance of the "Hollywood" model was challenged by many film makers. Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino called for a politically engaged Third Cinema in contrast to Hollywood and the European auteur cinema.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Further, the nuclear paranoia of the age, and the threat of an apocalyptic nuclear exchange (like the 1962 close-call with the USSR during the Cuban Missile Crisis) prompted a reaction within the film community as well. Films like Stanley Kubrick's "Dr. Strangelove" and "Fail Safe" with Henry Fonda were produced in a Hollywood that was once known for its overt patriotism and wartime propaganda.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In Japanese cinema, Academy Award-winning director Akira Kurosawa produced "Yojimbo" (1961), which like his previous films also had a profound influence around the world. The influence of this film is most apparent in Sergio Leone's "A Fistful of Dollars" (1964) and Walter Hill's "Last Man Standing" (1996). "Yojimbo" was also the origin of the "Man with No Name" trend.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The New Hollywood was the period following the decline of the studio system during the 1950s and 1960s and the end of the production code, (which was replaced in 1968 by the MPAA film rating system). During the 1970s, filmmakers increasingly depicted explicit sexual content and showed gunfight and battle scenes that included graphic images of bloody deaths a good example of this is Wes Craven's "The Last House on the Left" (1972).

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The end of the decade saw the first major international marketing of Australian cinema, as Peter Weir's films "Picnic at Hanging Rock" and "The Last Wave" and Fred Schepisi's "The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith" gained critical acclaim. In 1979, Australian filmmaker George Miller also garnered international attention for his violent, low-budget action film "Mad Max".

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In Indian cinema, another star actor, considered by many to be the most natural actor in Indian cinema, Mohanlal acted in his first movie. During the 80's he rose to become a super star in Indian cinema. Indian cinema as a whole was changing in a new wave of movies and directors.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Filmmakers associated with the Danish film movement Dogme 95 introduced a manifesto aimed to purify filmmaking. Its first few films gained worldwide critical acclaim, after which the movement slowly faded out.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Scorsese's Goodfellas was released in 1990. It is considered by many as one of the greatest movies to be made, particularly in the gangster genre. It is said to be the highest point of Scorsese's career.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: Since the late 2000s streaming media platforms like YouTube provided means for anyone with access to internet and cameras (a standard feature of smartphones) to publish videos to the world. Also competing with the increasing popularity of video games and other forms of home entertainment, the industry once again started to make theatrical releases more attractive, with new 3D technologies and epic (fantasy and superhero) films becoming a mainstay in cinemas.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In 2001, the "Harry Potter" film series began, and by its end in 2011, it had become the highest-grossing film franchise of all time until the Marvel Cinematic Universe passed it in 2015.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: More films were also being released simultaneously to IMAX cinema, the first was in 2002's Disney animation "Treasure Planet"; and the first live action was in 2003's "The Matrix Revolutions" and a re-release of "The Matrix Reloaded". Later in the decade, "The Dark Knight" was the first major feature film to have been at least partially shot in IMAX technology.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: , the largest film industries by number of feature films produced were those of India, the United States, China, Nigeria and Japan.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: In Hollywood, superhero films have greatly increased in popularity and financial success, with films based on Marvel and DC comics regularly being released every year up to the present. , the superhero genre has been the most dominant genre as far as American box office receipts are concerned. The 2019 superhero film "", was the most successful movie of all-time at the box office.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


History of film

Context: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in closures of film theatres around the world in response to regional and national lockdowns. Many films slated to release in the early 2020s faced delays in development, production, and distribution, with others being released on streaming services with little or no theatrical window.

Question: Кто снял первый фильм?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Minor side effects may include pain at the site of injection, fever, and rash. Severe side effects are rare and occur mostly in those with poor immune function. Its use in people with HIV/AIDS should be done with care. It is not recommended during pregnancy; however, the few times it has been given during pregnancy no problems resulted. The vaccine is available either by itself or along with the MMR vaccine, in a version known as the MMRV vaccine. It is made from weakened virus.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Varicella vaccine is 70% to 90% effective for preventing varicella and more than 95% effective for preventing severe varicella. Follow-up evaluations have taken place in the United States of children immunized that revealed protection for at least 11 years. Studies were conducted in Japan which indicated protection for at least 20 years.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: People who do not develop enough protection when they get the vaccine may develop a mild case of the disease when in close contact with a person with chickenpox. In these cases, people show very little sign of illness. This has been the case of children who get the vaccine in their early childhood and later have contact with children with chickenpox. Some of these children may develop a mild chickenpox also known as breakthrough disease.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Another vaccine, known as zoster vaccine, is simply a larger-than-normal dose of the same vaccine used against chickenpox, and is used in older adults to reduce the risk of shingles (also called herpes zoster) and postherpetic neuralgia, which are caused by the same virus. The live zoster (shingles) vaccine is recommended for adults aged 60 years and older. A recombinant zoster (shingles) vaccine is recommended for adults aged 50 years and older.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: The long-term duration of protection from varicella vaccine is unknown, but there are now persons vaccinated twenty years ago with no evidence of waning immunity, while others have become vulnerable in as few as six years. Assessments of duration of immunity are complicated in an environment where natural disease is still common, which typically leads to an overestimation of effectiveness.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Prior to the widespread introduction of the vaccine in the United States in 1995 (1986 in Japan and 1988 in Korea), there were around 4,000,000 cases per year in the United States, mostly in children, with typically 10,500–13,000 hospital admissions (range, 8,000–18,000), and 100–150 deaths each year. Most of the deaths were among young children.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Vaccines are less effective among high-risk patients, as well as being more dangerous because they contain attenuated live virus. In a study performed on children with an impaired immune system, 30% had lost the antibody after five years, and 8% had already caught wild chickenpox in that five-year period.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Herpes zoster (shingles) most often occurs in the elderly and is only rarely seen in children. The incidence of herpes zoster in vaccinated adults is 0.9/1000 person-years, and is 0.33/1000 person-years in vaccinated children; this is lower than the overall incidence of 3.2–4.2/1000 person-years.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Adult shingles cases may increase after introduction of varicella vaccine, but evidence is unclear. While research using computer models has tended to support the hypothesis that vaccination programs would increase incidence of zoster in the short term, the evidence from epidemiological studies is mixed, and increases observed in zoster incidence in some studies may not be related to vaccination programs, as the incidence increases prior to the varicella vaccine program being initiated.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Regarding herpes zoster, the CDC stated in 2014: "Chickenpox vaccines contain weakened live VZV, which may cause latent (dormant) infection. The vaccine-strain VZV can reactivate later in life and cause shingles. However, the risk of getting shingles from vaccine-strain VZV after chickenpox vaccination is much lower than getting shingles after natural infection with wild-type VZV."

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: The WHO recommends one or two doses with the initial dose given at 12 to 18 months of age. The second dose, if given, should occur at least one to three months later. The second dose, if given, provides the additional benefit of improved protection against all varicella. This vaccine is a shot given subcutaneously (under the skin). It is recommended for all children under 13 and for everyone 13 or older who has never had chickenpox.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: In the UK, the vaccine is only recommended in people who are particularly vulnerable to chickenpox. As there is an increased risk of shingles in adults due to possible lack of contact with chickenpox-infected children providing a natural boosting to immunity, and the fact that chickenpox is usually a mild illness, the National Health Service cites concerns about unvaccinated children catching chickenpox as adults when it is more dangerous.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Serious side effects are very rare. From 1998 to 2013, only one vaccine-related death was reported: an English child with pre-existent leukemia. On some occasions, severe reactions such as meningitis and pneumonia have been reported (mainly in inadvertently vaccinated immunocompromised children) as well as anaphylaxis.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: The possible mild side effects include redness, stiffness, and soreness at the injection site, as well as fever. A few people may develop a mild rash, which usually appears around the injection site.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: There is a short-term risk of developing herpes zoster (shingles) following vaccination. However, this risk is less than the risk due to a natural infection resulting in chickenpox. Most of the cases reported have been mild and have not been associated with serious complications.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Approximately 5% of children who receive the vaccine develop a fever or rash. Adverse reaction reports for the period 1995 to 2005 found no deaths attributed to the vaccine despite approximately 55.7 million doses being delivered.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Cases of vaccine-related chickenpox have been reported in patients with a weakened immune system, but no deaths.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: The literature contains several reports of adverse reactions following varicella vaccination, including vaccine-strain zoster in children and adults.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Japan was among the first countries to vaccinate for chickenpox. The vaccine developed by Hilleman was first licensed in the United States in 1995. Routine vaccination against varicella zoster virus is also performed in the United States, and the incidence of chickenpox has been dramatically reduced there (from four million cases per year in the pre-vaccine era to approximately 390,000 cases per year ).

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Australia has adopted recommendations for routine immunization of children and susceptible adults against chickenpox.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


Varicella vaccine

Context: Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, have targeted recommendations for the vaccine, e.g., for susceptible health care workers at risk of varicella exposure. In the UK, varicella antibodies are measured as part of the routine of prenatal care, and by 2005 all National Health Service personnel had determined their immunity and been immunized if they were non-immune and have direct patient contact. Population-based immunization against varicella is not otherwise practised in the UK.

Question: Когда была применена первая вакцинация от ветряной оспы?


List of islands of Greece

Context: Greece has many islands, with estimates ranging from somewhere around 1,200 to 6,000, depending on the minimum size to take into account. The number of inhabited islands is variously cited as between 166 and 227.

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров в Греции?


List of islands of Greece

Context: This article excludes the Peloponnese, which has technically been an island since the construction of the Corinth Canal in 1893, but is rarely considered to be an island.

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров в Греции?


List of islands of Greece

Context: The following are the largest Greek islands listed by surface area. The table includes all islands of over .

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров в Греции?


List of islands of Greece

Context: This list includes Argo-Saronic islands, which are located in the Saronic Gulf. The largest Argo-Saronic island is Salamis. The main islands are in bold. Uninhabited islands are indicated, including those that may have been inhabited in the past:

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров в Греции?


List of islands of Greece

Context: The Cyclades islands comprise around 220 islands and islets. The main islands are indicated in bold below.

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров в Греции?


List of islands of Greece

Context: There are 164 total Dodecanese Islands of which 26 are inhabited. There are 12 main islands, as listed in bold below:

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров в Греции?


List of islands of Greece

Context: The 30 islands in the Sporades are listed below with the four major islands in bold. The largest Sporades island is Skyros.

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров в Греции?


List of islands of Greece

Context: Islands in the Ionian Sea are listed below. The seven largest and most popular islands are listed in bold.

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров в Греции?


Persian language

Context: Modern Persian is a continuation of Middle Persian, an official language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian, which was used in the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE). It originated in the region of Fars (Persia) in southwestern Iran. Its grammar is similar to that of many European languages.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Persian is a member of the Western Iranian group of the Iranian languages, which make up a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which Kurdish and Balochi are the most widely spoken.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The term "Persian" is an English derivation of Latin , the adjectival form of , itself deriving from Greek (), a Hellenized form of Old Persian (), which means "Persia" (a region in southwestern Iran, corresponding to modern-day Fars). According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", the term "Persian" as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Etymologically, the Persian term derives from its earlier form ( in Middle Persian), which in turn comes from the same root as the English term "Persian". In the same process, the Middle Persian toponym ("Persia") evolved into the modern name Fars. The phonemic shift from to is due to the influence of Arabic in the Middle Ages, and is because of the lack of the phoneme in Standard Arabic.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The standard Persian of Iran has been called, apart from "Persian" and "Farsi", by names such as "Iranian Persian" and "Western Persian", exclusively. Officially, the official language of Iran is designated simply as "Persian" (, ).

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The standard Persian of Afghanistan has been officially named "Dari" (, ) since 1958. Also referred to as "Afghan Persian" in English, it is one of Afghanistan's two official languages, together with Pashto. The term "Dari", meaning "of the court", originally referred to the variety of Persian used in the court of the Sasanian Empire in capital Ctesiphon, which was spread to the northeast of the empire and gradually replaced the former Iranian dialects of Parthia (Parthian).

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Tajik Persian (, ), the standard Persian of Tajikistan, has been officially designated as "Tajik" (, ) since the time of the Soviet Union. It is the name given to the varieties of Persian spoken in Central Asia in general.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code codice_1 for the Persian language, as its coding system is mostly based on the native-language designations. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses the code codice_2 for the dialects spoken across Iran and Afghanistan. This consists of the individual languages Dari (codice_3) and Iranian Persian (codice_4). It uses codice_5 for Tajik, separately.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: In general, the Iranian languages are known from three periods: namely Old, Middle, and New (Modern). These correspond to three historical eras of Iranian history; Old era being sometime around the Achaemenid Empire (i.e., 400–300 BC), Middle era being the next period most officially around the Sasanian Empire, and New era being the period afterwards down to present day.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: As a written language, Old Persian is attested in royal Achaemenid inscriptions. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscription, dating to the time of King Darius I (reigned 522–486 BC). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now Iran, Romania (Gherla), Armenia, Bahrain, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt. Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages which is attested in original texts.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Related to Old Persian, but from a different branch of the Iranian language family, was Avestan, the language of the Zoroastrian liturgical texts.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The complex grammatical conjugation and declension of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian developed the ezāfe construction, expressed through "ī" (modern "ye"), to indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The transition to New Persian was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the Tahirid dynasty (820–872), Saffarid dynasty (860–903) and Samanid Empire (874–999). Abbas of Merv is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the New Persian tongue and after him the poems of Hanzala Badghisi were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The first poems of the Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in present-day Afghanistan. The first significant Persian poet was Rudaki. He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works are versified fables collected in the "Kalila wa Dimna".

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: "Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of medieval Persia used in literature and poetry.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and lingua franca under the "Persianized" Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Persian during this time served as lingua franca of Greater Persia and of much of the Indian subcontinent.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids, Buyids, Tahirids, Ziyarids, the Mughal Empire, Timurids, Ghaznavids, Karakhanids, Seljuqs, Khwarazmians, the Sultanate of Rum, Turkmen beyliks of Anatolia, Delhi Sultanate, the Shirvanshahs, Safavids, Afsharids, Zands, Qajars, Khanate of Bukhara, Khanate of Kokand, Emirate of Bukhara, Khanate of Khiva, Ottomans and also many Mughal successors such as the Nizam of Hyderabad.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Persian was the only non-European language known and used by Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan and in his journeys through China.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: In the 19th century, under the Qajar dynasty, the dialect that is spoken in Tehran rose to prominence. There was still substantial Arabic vocabulary, but many of these words have been integrated into Persian phonology and grammar. In addition, under the Qajar rule numerous Russian, French, and English terms entered the Persian language, especially vocabulary related to technology.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: A scientific association was founded in 1911, resulting in a dictionary called "Words of Scientific Association" (), which was completed in the future and renamed "Katouzian Dictionary" ().

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?