Topology

Context: General topology is the branch of topology dealing with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation of most other branches of topology, including differential topology, geometric topology, and algebraic topology. Another name for general topology is point-set topology.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Differential topology is the field dealing with differentiable functions on differentiable manifolds. It is closely related to differential geometry and together they make up the geometric theory of differentiable manifolds.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Geometric topology is a branch of topology that primarily focuses on low-dimensional manifolds (that is, spaces of dimensions 2, 3, and 4) and their interaction with geometry, but it also includes some higher-dimensional topology. Some examples of topics in geometric topology are orientability, handle decompositions, local flatness, crumpling and the planar and higher-dimensional Schönflies theorem.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: In high-dimensional topology, characteristic classes are a basic invariant, and surgery theory is a key theory.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Low-dimensional topology is strongly geometric, as reflected in the uniformization theorem in 2 dimensions – every surface admits a constant curvature metric; geometrically, it has one of 3 possible geometries: positive curvature/spherical, zero curvature/flat, and negative curvature/hyperbolic – and the geometrization conjecture (now theorem) in 3 dimensions – every 3-manifold can be cut into pieces, each of which has one of eight possible geometries.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: 2-dimensional topology can be studied as complex geometry in one variable (Riemann surfaces are complex curves) – by the uniformization theorem every conformal class of metrics is equivalent to a unique complex one, and 4-dimensional topology can be studied from the point of view of complex geometry in two variables (complex surfaces), though not every 4-manifold admits a complex structure.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Occasionally, one needs to use the tools of topology but a "set of points" is not available. In pointless topology one considers instead the lattice of open sets as the basic notion of the theory, while Grothendieck topologies are structures defined on arbitrary categories that allow the definition of sheaves on those categories, and with that the definition of general cohomology theories.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Topological data analysis uses techniques from algebraic topology to determine the large scale structure of a set (for instance, determining if a cloud of points is spherical or toroidal). The main method used by topological data analysis is to:

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Several branches of programming language semantics, such as domain theory, are formalized using topology. In this context, Steve Vickers, building on work by Samson Abramsky and Michael B. Smyth, characterizes topological spaces as Boolean or Heyting algebras over open sets, which are characterized as semidecidable (equivalently, finitely observable) properties.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Topology is relevant to physics in areas such as condensed matter physics, quantum field theory and physical cosmology.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: A topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT) is a quantum field theory that computes topological invariants.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: Although TQFTs were invented by physicists, they are also of mathematical interest, being related to, among other things, knot theory, the theory of four-manifolds in algebraic topology, and to the theory of moduli spaces in algebraic geometry. Donaldson, Jones, Witten, and Kontsevich have all won Fields Medals for work related to topological field theory.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: The topological classification of Calabi–Yau manifolds has important implications in string theory, as different manifolds can sustain different kinds of strings.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: In cosmology, topology can be used to describe the overall shape of the universe. This area of research is commonly known as spacetime topology.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: In condensed matter a relevant application to topological physics comes from the possibility to obtain one-way current, which is a current protected from backscattering. It was first discovered in electronics with the famous quantum Hall effect, and then generalized in other areas of physics, for instance in photonics by F.D.M Haldane.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: The possible positions of a robot can be described by a manifold called configuration space. In the area of motion planning, one finds paths between two points in configuration space. These paths represent a motion of the robot's joints and other parts into the desired pose.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Topology

Context: In order to create a continuous join of pieces in a modular construction, it is necessary to create an unbroken path in an order which surrounds each piece and traverses each edge only once. This process is an application of the Eulerian path.

Question: 位相空間論はいつ誕生した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Collins was born in Woodfield, County Cork, the youngest of eight children. He moved to London in 1906 to become a clerk in the Post Office Savings Bank at Blythe House. He was a member of the London GAA, through which he became associated with the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Gaelic League. He returned to Ireland in January 1916 and fought in the Easter Rising. He was taken prisoner and held in the Frongoch internment camp as a prisoner of war, but he was released in December 1916.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: At the age of thirteen he attended Clonakilty National School. During the week he stayed with his sister Margaret Collins-O'Driscoll and her husband Patrick O'Driscoll, while at weekends he returned to the family farm. Patrick O'Driscoll founded the newspaper "West Cork People" and Collins helped out with general reporting and preparing the issues.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: An organiser of considerable intelligence, Collins had become highly respected in the IRB. This led to his appointment as financial advisor to Count Plunkett, father of one of the Easter Rising's organisers, Joseph Plunkett. Collins took part in preparing arms and drilling troops for the insurrection.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Collins first began to emerge as a major figure in the vacuum created by the executions of the 1916 leadership. He began hatching plans for "next time" even before the prison ships left Dublin.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: At Frongoch he was one of the organisers of a program of protest and non-cooperation with authorities. The camp proved an excellent opportunity for networking with physical-force republicans from all over the country, of which he became a key organiser.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Collins became one of the leading figures in the post-Rising independence movement spearheaded by Arthur Griffith, editor/publisher of the main nationalist newspaper The United Irishman, (which Collins had read avidly as a boy.) Griffith's organisation Sinn Féin had been founded in 1905 as an umbrella group to unify all the various factions within the nationalist movement.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The new parliament, called Dáil Éireann (meaning "Assembly of Ireland", see First Dáil) met in the Mansion House, Dublin in January 1919. In de Valera's absence, Cathal Brugha was elected Príomh Aire ('First' or 'Prime' Minister but often translated as 'President of Dáil Éireann'). The following April, Collins engineered de Valera's escape from Lincoln Prison in England, after which Brugha was replaced by de Valera.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: No state gave diplomatic recognition to the Irish Republic, despite sustained lobbying in Washington by de Valera and prominent Irish-Americans and at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: De Valera appointed Collins as Minister for Finance in the Ministry of Dáil Éireann in 1919. At this time, most of the Dáil Éireann's ministries existed only on paper or as one or two individuals working in a room of a private house, as large gatherings of Irish republican politicians would be vulnerable to raid attempts by British Crown forces.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The Crown responded with escalation of the war, with the importation of special forces such as the "Auxiliaries", the "Black and Tans", the "Cairo Gang", and others. Officially or unofficially, many of these groups were given a free hand to institute a reign of terror, shooting Irish people indiscriminately, invading homes, looting and burning.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: In 1920 the British offered £10,000 (equivalent to GB£300,000 / €360,000 in 2010) for information leading to Collins' capture or death. He evaded capture and continued to strike against British forces, often operating from safe-houses near government buildings, such as Vaughan's and An Stad.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: These republican victories would have been impossible without widespread support from the Irish population, which included every level of society and reached deep into the British administration in Ireland. In May 1921, elections were held in the Northern part of Ireland under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act which separated the governance of six counties in Ulster from the rest of Ireland. Collins was elected to a seat in Armagh, demonstrating popular support for the republican movement.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: At the time of the ceasefire in July 1921 a major operation was allegedly in planning to execute every British secret service agent in Dublin, while a major ambush involving eighty officers and men was also planned for Templeglantine, County Limerick.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: However, the Dáil as a whole was less uncompromising. It decided to proceed to a peace conference, although it was ascertained in the preliminary stages that a fully independent republic would not be on the table and that the loss of some northeastern counties was a foregone conclusion.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Many of the rebel forces on the ground first heard of the Truce when it was announced in the newspapers and this gave rise to the first fissures in nationalist unity, which had serious consequences later on. They felt they had not been included in consultations regarding its terms.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The British team were led by their Prime Minister Lloyd George, the Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill and F. E. Smith. During two months of arduous negotiations the Irish delegates made frequent crossings between London and Dublin to confer with their Dáil colleagues, and Collins' correspondence reflects his frustration at Dáil debates and the Irish delegate's inability to agree clear instruction as to whether or not they should accept a treaty.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Nonetheless, he knew that elements of the Treaty would cause controversy in Ireland. Upon signing the treaty, F. E. Smith remarked "I may have signed my political death warrant tonight". Collins replied "I may have signed my actual death warrant".

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The Treaty controversy split the entire nationalist movement. Sinn Féin, the Dáil, the IRB and the army each divided into pro- and anti-Treaty factions. The Supreme Council of the IRB had been informed in detail about every facet of the Treaty negotiations and had approved many of its provisions, and all but one voted to accept the Treaty – the single exception being Liam Lynch, later Chief-of-Staff of the anti-Treaty IRA.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The Dáil debated the Treaty bitterly for ten days until it was approved by a vote of 64 to 57. Having lost this vote, de Valera announced his intent to withdraw his participation from the Dáil and called on all deputies who had voted against the Treaty to follow him. A substantial number did so, officially splitting the government.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: While the country teetered on the edge of civil war, continuous meetings were carried on among the various factions from January to June 1922. In these discussions the nationalists strove to resolve the issue without armed conflict. Collins and his close associate, Teachta Dála (TD) Harry Boland were among those who worked desperately to heal the rift.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: However, he told the Northern Divisions of the IRA in private, early in 1922 that, "although the Treaty may have seemed as an outward expression of partition, the [Provisional Irish] Government plans to make it [partition] impossible… even if it meant smashing the Treaty". Collins' Provisional Government also funded county councils and paid the salaries of teachers in Northern Ireland who recognised the Free State.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: In Northern Ireland in the first half of 1922, there was considerable violence between rival forces along the new border, the IRA on the southern side and the Ulster Special Constabulary on the Northern side. There were also many killings of civilians, notably by "unauthorised loyalist paramilitary forces" who targeted Catholics. Catholic were also driven out of their jobs, notably in Belfast's shipyards.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: At the time of his death in August 1922, it was still unclear what Collins' true intentions towards Northern Ireland were. After the death of Collins aid from the Free State government to the northern IRA was cut off. Belfast Brigade (IRA) leader Roger McCorley stated: "When Collins was killed the northern element [of the IRA] gave up all hope."

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The meetings with Lloyd George and Churchill were bitter and contentious. Collins, although less diplomatic than Griffith or de Valera, had no less penetrating comprehension of political issues. He complained that he was being manipulated into "doing Churchill's dirty work", in a potential civil war with his own former troops.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Negotiations to prevent civil war resulted in, among others, "The Army Document" published in May 1922 which was signed by an equal number of pro- and anti-Treaty IRA officers including Collins, Dan Breen, and Gearóid O'Sullivan. This manifesto declared that "a closing of ranks all round is necessary" to prevent "the greatest catastrophe in Irish history." It called for new elections, to be followed by the re-unification of the government and army, whatever the result.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: In this spirit and with the organising efforts of moderates on both sides the Collins-de Valera "Pact" was created. This pact agreed that new elections to the Dáil would be held with each candidate running as explicitly pro- or anti-Treaty and that, regardless of which side obtained a majority, the two factions would then join to form a coalition government of national unity.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: A referendum on the Treaty was also planned but it never took place. The Pact elections on 16 June 1922 therefore comprise the best quantitative record of the Irish public's direct response to the Treaty. The results were pro-Treaty 58 seats, anti-Treaty 36, Labour Party 17, Independents 6, Farmers party 7, plus 4 Unionists from Trinity College, Dublin.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Artillery was provided to Richard Mulcahy, as Minister for Defence and the Free State Army by the British for the purposes of attacking the Four Courts. Emmet Dalton, an Irishman who had served in the British Army and the IRA, who was now a leading Free State commander and close associate of Collins, was placed in charge of it. The Four Courts surrendered after three days of fighting.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Roughly two weeks after Cork city had been taken by Provisional Government forces, Collins travelled there to attempt to seize large sums of money that the anti-Treaty Republicans had lodged in various banks, under the account of the Land Bank.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: There is also considerable evidence that Collins' journey to Cork in August 1922 was made in order to meet republican leaders with a view to ending the war.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Collins also conducted a series of meetings, regarding the possibility of peace talks in Cork on 21–22 August 1922. In Cork city, Collins met with neutral IRA members Seán O'Hegarty and Florence O'Donoghue with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce. The anti-Treaty side had called a major convocation of officers to Béal na Bláth, a remote crossroads, with ending the war on the agenda.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: De Valera was present there. However, Michel Hopkinson writes that 'there is no evidence that there was any prospect of a meeting between de Valera and Collins. The People's Rights Association, a local initiative in Cork City, had been mediating a discussion of terms between the Provisional Government and the anti-Treaty side for some weeks.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: In August 1922, it seemed as though the Civil War was winding down. The Free State had regained control of most of the country, and Collins was making frequent trips to inspect areas recently recovered from anti-Treaty forces.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: On 22 August 1922 Collins set out from Cork City on a circuitous tour of West Cork. He passed first through Macroom then took the Bandon road via Crookstown. This led through Béal na Bláth, an isolated crossroads. There they stopped at a local pub named 'Long's Pub', now known as The Diamond Bar, to ask a question of a man standing at the crossroad. The man turned out to be an anti-Treaty sentry. He and an associate recognised Collins in the back of the open-top car.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Apparently, to get a better view of the laneway up which he had seen the enemy running, Collins left the protection of the armoured car and moved even farther back around a bend in the road out of sight of his comrades. Now standing in the open, he fired a couple of shots and as he was once more working the bolt of his rifle he was struck in the head by a bullet believed to have been fired by one of the ambushing party – Denis "Sonny" O'Neill, a former British Army sniper.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The lengthy time the convoy took to cover the twenty miles back to Cork City was because many of the roads were blocked and the convoy had to travel across muddy fields and through farms to circumnavigate the obstacles, all in darkness. At times, when the vehicles became bogged down, members of the convoy had to carry Collins' body on their shoulders. The touring car eventually had to be abandoned because of mechanical trouble.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: There was no autopsy. Collins' field diary was taken by Dalton who had been with him during his tour of the south. The body was first presented at Shanakiel Hospital in Cork, a small military establishment, and then shipped around the coast to Dublin where it was laid out in St Vincent's Hospital Dublin. From there it was removed to the City Hall beside Dublin Castle where it was laid in state.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Numerous questions remain about the events surrounding the death of Collins because the only witnesses to his death were the members of the Free State Army convoy and the anti-Treaty ambushers. As no two stories match and participant statements from both sides are contradictory and inconsistent, unanswered questions linger about what happened that day.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The man generally believed to have fired the fatal shot at Béal na Bláth, Denis "Sonny" O'Neill, was a former officer from the Royal Irish Constabulary who served as a sniper in the British Army during the First World War, joined the IRA in 1918 and had met Collins on more than one occasion. However, when the Irish Civil War started in June 1922, O'Neill joined the Anti-Treaty IRA.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: O'Neill remains a mysterious figure because of the contradictions in his biography: such as serving in the British Army but then joining the IRA. He provided them with information concerning the Igoe Gang that worked for the British Army Intelligence Centre. Twenty years after Collins' death, the Irish State granted O'Neill a captain's military pension in the 1940s.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Collins lay in state for three days. Tens of thousands of mourners filed past his coffin to pay their respects, including many British soldiers departing Ireland who had fought against him. His funeral mass took place at Dublin's Pro Cathedral where a number of foreign and Irish dignitaries were in attendance. Some 500,000 people attended his funeral, almost one fifth of the country's population at that time.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: No official inquiry was ever undertaken into Collins' death and consequently, there is no official version of what happened, nor are there any authoritative, detailed contemporary records.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: De Valera is alleged to have declared in 1966, "It is my considered opinion that in the fullness of time history will record the greatness of Michael Collins; and it will be recorded at my expense."

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Unlike some of his political opponents, he had many close personal friendships within the movement. It has been justly said that while some were devoted to "the idea of Ireland", Collins was a people person whose patriotism was rooted in affection and respect for the people of Ireland around him. Among his famous last words is the final entry in his pocket diary, written on the journey which ended his life, "The people are splendid."

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: An annual commemoration ceremony takes place each year in August at the ambush site at Béal na Bláth, County Cork, organised by The Béal na mBláth Commemoration Committee. In 2009, former President of Ireland Mary Robinson gave the oration. In 2010 the Minister for Finance Brian Lenihan Jnr became the first Fianna Fáil person to give the oration. In 2012 on the 90th anniversary of the death of Collins, the Taoiseach Enda Kenny gave the oration, the first serving head of government to do so.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: There is also a remembrance ceremony at Collins' grave in Glasnevin Cemetery on the anniversary of his death every year.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Michael Collins House museum in Clonakilty, Cork is a museum dedicated to Michael Collins and the history of Irish Independence. Situated in a restored Georgian House on Emmet Square, where Collins once lived, the museum, tells the life story of Collins through guided tours, interactive displays, audiovisuals and historical artefacts.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The Central Bank of Ireland released gold and silver commemorative coins on 15 August 2012 which feature a portrait of Michael Collins designed by Thomas Ryan based on a photograph taken not long before his death.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Nine years after his death, the UK Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster, which removed virtually all of London's remaining authority over the Free State and the other dominions. This had the effect of granting the Free State internationally recognised independence, thus fulfilling Collins' vision of having "the freedom to achieve freedom."

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The Collins 22 Society established in 2002 is an international organisation dedicated to keeping the name and legacy of Michael Collins in living memory. The patron of the society is Ireland's former Minister for Justice and TD Nora Owen, grand-niece of Michael Collins.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: “That volley which we have just heard is the only speech which it is proper to make over the grave of a dead Fenian.”

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: “Think—what I have got for Ireland? Something which she has wanted these past 700 years. Will anyone be satisfied at the bargain? Will anyone? I tell you this—early this morning I signed my death warrant.”

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Written in a letter dated 6 December 1921 after the signing of the treaty that established the Irish Free State.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Said by Collins on 16 January 1922 when arriving at Dublin Castle for the handover by British forces after being told that he was seven minutes late.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The 1936 film "Beloved Enemy" is a fictionalised account of Collins' life. Unlike the real Michael Collins, the fictionalised "Dennis Riordan" (played by Brian Aherne) is shot, but recovers. "Hang Up Your Brightest Colours", a British documentary by Kenneth Griffith, was made for ITV in 1973, but refused transmission. It was eventually screened by the BBC in Wales in 1993 and across the United Kingdom the following year.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: An Irish documentary made by Colm Connolly for RTÉ Television in 1989 called "The Shadow of Béal na Bláth" covered Collins' death. A made-for-TV film, "The Treaty", was produced in 1991 and starred Brendan Gleeson as Collins and Ian Bannen as David Lloyd George. In 2007, RTÉ produced a documentary entitled "Get Collins", about the intelligence war which took place in Dublin.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Collins was the subject of director Neil Jordan's 1996 film "Michael Collins", with Liam Neeson in the title role. Collins' great-grandnephew, Aengus O'Malley, played a student in a scene filmed in Marsh's Library.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: In 2005 Cork Opera House commissioned a musical drama about Collins. "Michael Collins" by Brian Flynn had a successful run in 2009 at Cork opera house and later in the Olympia Theatre in Dublin.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: "Infamous Assassinations", a 2007 British documentary television series, devoted its eighth episode to the death of Collins.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: The 2016 miniseries, "Rebellion", focused on the 1916 Easter Rising. Collins appeared as a background character, taking part in the uprising, played by Sebastian Thommen.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Journalist Eamonn O'Neill wrote the play "God Save Ireland Cried the Hero" about Collins' last night alive. Set in his hotel room, the one-man production started Liam Brennan in the role of Collins and was produced by the Wiseguise Company. It was performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1996.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Michael Collins (Irish leader)

Context: Mary Kenny wrote a play "Allegiance", about a meeting between Winston Churchill and Michael Collins. The play premiered in 2006 for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe with Mel Smith playing Winston Churchill and Michael Fassbender, a great-great-grandnephew of Michael Collins, playing Michael Collins.

Question: マイケル・コリンズは何歳で死去した？


Waffen-SS

Context: The (, ) was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's "Schutzstaffel" (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with volunteers and conscripts from both occupied and unoccupied lands.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Members of the were involved in numerous atrocities. At the post-war Nuremberg Trials, the was judged to be a criminal organisation due to its connection to the Nazi Party and direct involvement in numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity. Former members, with the exception of conscripts, who comprised about one third of the membership, were denied many of the rights afforded to military veterans.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Historian Bernd Wegner found in his study of officers that a large majority of the senior officers corps of the were from an upper-middle-class background and would have been considered for commissioning by traditional standards. Among later generals, approximately six out of ten had a "university entrance qualification (Abitur), and no less than one-fifth a university degree".

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Hausser became the Inspector of the SS-VT in 1936. In this role, Hausser was in charge of the troops' military and ideological training but did not have command authority. The decision on deployment of the troops remained in Himmler's hands. This aligned with Hitler's intentions to maintain these troops exclusively at his disposal, "neither [a part] of the army, nor of the police", according to Hitler's order of 17 August 1938.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Recruiting ethnic Germans from other countries began in April 1940, and units consisting of non-Germanic recruits were formed beginning in 1942. Non-Germanic units were not considered to be part of the SS, which still maintained its racial criteria, but rather were considered to be foreign nationals serving under the command of the SS. As a general rule, an "SS Division" was made up of Germans or other Germanic peoples, while a "Division of the SS" was made up of non-Germanic volunteers and conscripts.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Himmler's military formations at the outbreak of the war comprised several subgroups that would become the basis of the Waffen-SS.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: In August 1939, Hitler placed the and the SS-VT under the operational control of the Army High Command (OKH). Himmler retained command of the for employment behind the advancing combat units in what were euphemistically called "special tasks of a police nature".

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The three SS divisions and the spent the winter of 1939 and the spring of 1940 training and preparing for the coming war in the west. In May, they moved to the front, and the was attached to the army's 227th Infantry Division. The "Der Führer" Regiment was detached from the SS-VT Division and attached to the 207th Infantry Division. The SS-VT Division minus "Der Führer" was concentrated near Münster awaiting the invasion of The Netherlands. The SS "Totenkopf" and Polizei Divisions were held in reserve.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: In France, the SS "Totenkopf" was involved in the only Allied tank counterattack in the Battle of France. On 21 May, units of the 1st Army Tank Brigade, supported by the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, took part in the Battle of Arras. The SS "Totenkopf", on the southern flank of the 7th Panzer Division, was overrun, finding their standard anti-tank gun, the 3.7 cm PaK 36, was no match for the British Matilda II tank.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: That same day, as the SS "Totenkopf" Division advanced near Merville, they encountered stubborn resistance from British Army units, which slowed their advance. The SS "Totenkopf" 4 Company, then committed the Le Paradis massacre, where 97 captured men of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment were machine gunned after surrendering, with survivors finished off with bayonets. Two men survived.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: By 28 May, the had taken the village of Wormhout, only ten miles from Dunkirk. After their surrender, soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, along with some other units (including French soldiers), were taken to a barn in "La Plaine au Bois" near Wormhout and Esquelbecq. It was there that troops of the 's 2nd Battalion committed the Wormhoudt massacre, where 80 British and French prisoners of war were killed.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: By the spring of 1941, the Waffen-SS consisted of the equivalent of six or seven divisions: the "Reich", "Totenkopf", "Polizei", and "Wiking" Divisions and "Kampfgruppe" (later Division) "Nord", and the , 1 SS Infantry, 2 SS Infantry, and SS Cavalry Brigades.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: In March 1941, a major Italian counterattack against Greek forces failed, and Germany came to the aid of its ally. Operation Marita began on 6 April 1941, with German troops invading Greece through Bulgaria and Yugoslavia in an effort to secure its southern flank.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, started on 22 June 1941, and all the Waffen-SS formations participated (including the SS "Reich", which was formally renamed to SS "Das Reich" by the Fall of 1941).

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The rest of the Waffen-SS divisions and brigades fared better. The SS "Totenkopf" and Polizei divisions were attached to Army Group North, with the mission to advance through the Baltic states and on to Leningrad. The SS Division "Das Reich" was with Army Group Centre and headed towards Moscow. The SS Division "Wiking" and the were with Army Group South, heading for the Ukraine and the city of Kiev.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The Soviet offensive of January 1942 trapped a number of German divisions in the Demyansk Pocket between February and April 1942; the 3rd SS "Totenkopf" was one of the divisions encircled by the Red Army. The Red Army liberated Demyansk on 1 March 1943 with the retreat of the German troops. "For his excellence in command and the particularly fierce fighting of the "Totenkopf"", "Obergruppenführer" Theodor Eicke was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross on 20 May 1942.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was a Jewish insurgency that arose within the Warsaw Ghetto from 19 April to 16 May, an effort to prevent the transportation of the remaining population of the ghetto to Treblinka extermination camp. Units involved from the Waffen-SS were 821 Waffen-SS Panzergrenadiers from five reserve and training battalions and one cavalry reserve and training battalion.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: For the Battle of Kursk, the SS Panzer Corps was renamed the II SS Panzer Corps and was part of the 4th Panzer Army. The II SS Panzer Corps spearheaded the attack through the Soviet defences. The attack penetrated to a depth of and was then stopped by the Soviet 1st Tank Army.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The Soviet reserves had been sent south to defend against a German attack by the III Panzer Corps. With the loss of their reserves, any hope they may have had of dealing a major defeat to the SS Panzer Corps ended. But the German advances now failed – despite appalling losses, the Soviet tank armies held the line and prevented the II SS Panzer Corps from making the expected breakthrough.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: While the was operating in the north, the 16 SS "Reichsführer"-SS sent a small battlegroup to contain the Anzio landings in January 1944. In March, the bulk of the 1st Italienische Freiwilligen Sturmbrigade (or "Brigata d'Assalto, Volontari" in Italian) was sent to the Anzio beachhead, where they fought alongside their German allies, receiving favourable reports and taking heavy losses. In recognition of their performance, Himmler declared the unit to be fully integrated into the Waffen-SS.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The Raid on Drvar, codenamed "Operation Rösselsprung", was an attack by the Waffen-SS and Luftwaffe on the command structure of the Yugoslav partisans. Their objective was the elimination of the partisan-controlled Supreme Headquarters and the capture of Tito. The offensive took place in April and May 1944. The Waffen-SS units involved were the 500th SS Parachute Battalion and the 7 SS "Prinz Eugen".

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The assault started when a small group parachuted into Drvar to secure landing grounds for the following glider force. The 500th SS Parachute Battalion fought their way to Tito's cave headquarters and exchanged heavy gunfire resulting in numerous casualties on both sides. By the time German forces had penetrated into the cave, Tito had already escaped. At the end of the battle, only 200 men of the 500th SS Parachute Battalion remained unwounded.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Also in Army Group North was the VI SS Corps, which consisted of the 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian) and the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian). Latvian Waffen SS and German army units held out in the Courland Pocket until the end of the war.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The only other Waffen-SS unit in France at this time was the 2 SS "Das Reich", in Montauban, north of Toulouse. They were ordered north to the landing beaches and on 9 June were responsible for the Tulle massacre, where 99 men were murdered. The next day, they reached Oradour-sur-Glane where they massacred 642 French civilians.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The II SS Panzer Corps, consisting of the 9th SS "Hohenstaufen" and 10th SS "Frundsberg" divisions and the SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 102, was transferred from the Eastern Front to spearhead an offensive to destroy the Allied beachhead. However, the British launched Operation Epsom and the two divisions were fed piecemeal into the battle, and launched several counterattacks over the following days.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: On the Italian Front, the 16 SS "Reichsführer-SS", conducting anti-partisan operations, is remembered more for the atrocities it perpetrated than its fighting ability: it committed the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre in August 1944 and the Marzabotto massacre between September and October 1944.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: In Finland, the 6 SS "Nord" had held its lines during the Soviet summer offensive until it was ordered to withdraw from Finland upon the conclusion of an armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union in September 1944. It then formed the rear guard for the three German corps withdrawing from Finland in Operation Birch, and from September to November 1944 marched 1,600 kilometres to Mo i Rana, Norway, where it entrained for the southern end of the country, crossing the Skagerrak to Denmark.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: In late December 1944, the Axis forces, including IX Waffen Mountain Corps of the SS (Croatian), defending Budapest, were encircled in the Siege of Budapest. The IV SS Panzer Corps (3 SS "Totenkopf" and 5 SS "Wiking") was ordered south to join Hermann Balck's 6th Army (Army Group "Balck"), which was mustering for a relief effort code named Operation Konrad.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The Hungarian Third Army was besieged in Budapest along with the IX Waffen Mountain Corps of the SS (Croatian) (8 SS "Florian Geyer" and 22 SS " Maria Theresia"). The siege lasted from 29 December 1944 until the city surrendered unconditionally on 13 February 1945. Only 170 men of the 22 SS " Maria Theresia" made it back to the German lines.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Initially, the attack achieved a total surprise, reaching the banks of the Ina River and, on 17 January, Arnswalde. Strong Soviet counter-attacks halted the advance, and the operation was called off. The III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps, was pulled back to the Stargard and Stettin on the northern Oder River.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The East Pomeranian Offensive lasted from 24 February to 4 April, in Pomerania and West Prussia. The Waffen-SS units involved were the 11 SS "Nordland", 20 SS "Estonian", 23 SS "Nederland", 27 SS "Langemark", 28 SS "Wallonien", all in the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps, and the X SS Corps, which did not command any SS units.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: In March 1945, the X SS Corps was encircled by the 1st Guards Tank Army, 3rd Shock Army, and the Polish 1st Army in the area of Dramburg. This pocket was destroyed by the Red Army on 7 March 1945. On 8 March 1945, the Soviet forces announced the capture of General Krappe and 8,000 men of the X SS Corps.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: This failure is famous for the "armband order" that followed. The order was issued to the Sixth SS Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich by Adolf Hitler, who claimed that the troops, and more importantly, the 1 SS , "did not fight as the situation demanded". As a mark of disgrace, the Waffen-SS units involved in the battle were ordered to remove their distinctive cuff titles. Dietrich did not relay the order to his troops.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The Army Group Vistula was formed in 1945 to protect Berlin from the advancing Red Army. It fought in the Battle of the Seelow Heights (16–19 April) and the Battle of Halbe (21 April – 1 May), both part of the Battle of Berlin. The Waffen-SS was represented by the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Himmler fled and attempted to go into hiding. Using a forged paybook under the name of Sergeant Heinrich Hitzinger, he fled south on 11 May to Friedrichskoog. On 21 May, Himmler and two aides were detained at a checkpoint set up by former Soviet POWs and then handed over to the British Army. On 23 May, after Himmler had admitted his real identity, a doctor attempted to examine him. However, Himmler bit into a hidden cyanide pill and collapsed onto the floor. He was dead within 15 minutes.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: All divisions in the Waffen-SS were ordered in a single series of numbers as formed, regardless of type. A total of 39 were formed, beginning with the initial three in 1933 and ramping up to nine alone in 1945. Those tagged with nationalities were at least nominally recruited from those nationalities. Many of the late-formed higher-numbered units were in fact small battlegroups ("Kampfgruppen"), and divisions in name only.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Military historian Rüdiger Overmans estimates that the Waffen-SS suffered 314,000 dead. Casualty rates were not significantly higher than in the Wehrmacht overall and were comparable to those among the armoured divisions of the army and the Luftwaffe paratroop formations.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The "Allgemeine SS" was responsible for the administration of both the concentration and extermination camps. Many members of it and the "SS-Totenkopfverbände" subsequently became members of the Waffen-SS, forming the initial core of the 3rd SS "Totenkopf" Division. A number of SS medical personnel who were members of the Waffen-SS were convicted of crimes during the "Doctors' trials" in Nuremberg, held between 1946 and 1947 for the Nazi human experimentation they performed at the camps.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Waffen-SS formations were found guilty of war crimes, especially in the opening and closing phases of the war. In addition to documented atrocities, Waffen-SS units assisted in rounding up Eastern European Jews for deportation and utilised scorched earth tactics during rear security operations. Some Waffen-SS personnel convalesced at concentration camps, from which they were drawn, by serving guard duties. Other members of the Waffen-SS were more directly involved in genocide.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: The end of the war saw a number of war crime trials, including the Malmedy massacre trial. The counts of indictment related to the massacre of more than 300 American prisoners in the vicinity of Malmedy, between 16 December 1944 and 13 January 1945, and the massacre of 100 Belgian civilians mainly in the vicinity of Stavelot.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: During the Nuremberg Trials, the Waffen-SS was declared a criminal organisation for its major involvement in war crimes and for being an "integral part" of the SS. An exception was made for conscripts who were not given a choice in joining the ranks, and had not committed "such crimes". They were determined to be exempt.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: SS Major General Heinz Lammerding, who commanded the SS Division Das Reich that perpetrated the Tulle and the Oradour-sur-Glane massacres in occupied France, died in 1971, following a successful business career in West Germany. The West German government refused to extradite him to France.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: A historical review in Germany of the impact of Waffen-SS veterans in post-war German society continues, and a number of books on the subject have been published in recent years.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Waffen-SS veterans have received pensions (West Germany's "War Victims' Assistance Act", or the "Bundesversorgungsgesetz") from the German government. According to "The Times of Israel", "The benefits come through the Federal Pension Act, which was passed in 1950 to support war victims, whether civilians or veterans of the Wehrmacht or Waffen-SS."

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: On 22 June 2005, the Italian military court in La Spezia found ten former Waffen-SS officers and NCOs living in Germany guilty of participation in the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre and sentenced them "in absentia" to life imprisonment. However, extradition requests from Italy were rejected by Germany.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: In 1990, Latvian Legion veterans started commemorating "Legionnaire Day" (Leģionāru diena) in Latvia. On 21 February 2012, The Council of Europe's Commission against Racism and Intolerance published its report on Latvia (fourth monitoring cycle), in which it condemned commemorations of persons who fought in the Waffen-SS.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Estonian Waffen SS Grenadier Division veterans are among the participants of yearly commemoration of the Battle of Tannenberg Line at Sinimäed Hills in Estonia.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: HIAG (, literally "Mutual aid association of former Waffen-SS members") was a lobby group and a revisionist veterans' organisation founded by former high-ranking Waffen-SS personnel in West Germany in 1951. It campaigned for the legal, economic and historical rehabilitation of the Waffen-SS, using contacts with political parties to manipulate them for its purposes. Kurt Meyer, "Brigadeführer" of the 12th SS Division, a convicted war criminal, was HIAG's most effective spokesperson.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: Always in touch with its Nazi past, HIAG was a subject of significant controversy, both in West Germany and abroad, since its founding. The organisation drifted into right-wing extremism in its later history. It was disbanded in 1992 at the federal level, but local groups, along with the organisation's monthly periodical, continued to exist at least into the 2000s.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Waffen-SS

Context: While the HIAG leadership only partially achieved the goals of legal and economic rehabilitation of Waffen-SS, falling short of their "extravagant fantasies about [Waffen-SS's] past and future", HIAG's propaganda efforts have led to a reshaping of the image of Waffen-SS in popular culture. The results are still felt, with scholarly works being drowned out by a "veritable avalanche of titles", including amateur historical studies, memoirs, picture books, websites, and wargames.

Question: 武装親衛隊とはなんですか？


Copyright infringement

Context: Estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on other factors. Nevertheless, copyright holders, industry representatives, and legislators have long characterized copyright infringement as piracy or theft – language which some U.S. courts now regard as pejorative or otherwise contentious.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: This was taken further in the case "MPAA v. Hotfile", where Judge Kathleen M. Williams granted a motion to deny the MPAA the usage of words whose appearance was primarily "pejorative". This list included the word "piracy", the use of which, the motion by the defense stated, serves no court purpose but to misguide and inflame the jury.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Richard Stallman and the GNU Project have criticized the use of the word "piracy" in these situations, saying that publishers use the word to refer to "copying they don't approve of" and that "they [publishers] imply that it is ethically equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and murdering the people on them."

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: "interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'"

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain exclusive rights – is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: I think that if companies were willing to put that material out there, moving forward, consumers will follow. It's just that [consumers] want to consume films online and they're ready to consume films that way and we're not necessarily offering them in that way. So it's the distribution models that need to catch up. People will pay for the content.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In a public talk between Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, and Brent Schlender at the University of Washington in 1998, Bill Gates commented on piracy as a means to an end, whereby people who use Microsoft software illegally will eventually pay for it, out of familiarity, as a country's economy develops and legitimate products become more affordable to businesses and consumers:

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Although about three million computers get sold every year in China, people don't pay for the software. Someday they will, though. And as long as they're going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They'll get sort of addicted, and then we'll somehow figure out how to collect sometime in the next decade.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In China as of 2013, the issue of digital infringement has not merely been legal, but social – originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Most countries extend copyright protections to authors of works. In countries with copyright legislation, enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. However, in several jurisdictions there are also criminal penalties for copyright infringement. According to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's 2021 IP Index, the nations with the lowest scores for copyright protection were Vietnam, Pakistan, Egypt, Nigeria, Brunei, Algeria, Venezuela and Argentina.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Copyright infringement in civil law is any violation of the exclusive rights of the owner. In U.S. law, those rights include reproduction, the preparation of derivative works, distributing copies by sale or rental, and public performance or display.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In the United States, copyright term has been extended many times over from the original term of 14 years with a single renewal allowance of 14 years, to the current term of the life of the author plus 70 years. If the work was produced under corporate authorship it may last 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever is sooner.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Article 50 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries enable courts to remedy copyright infringement with injunctions and the destruction of infringing products, and award damages. Some jurisdictions only allow actual, provable damages, and some, like the U.S., allow for large statutory damage awards intended to deter would-be infringers and allow for compensation in situations where actual damages are difficult to prove.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a "copyright troll". Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Punishment of copyright infringement varies case-by-case across countries. Convictions may include jail time and/or severe fines for each instance of copyright infringement. In the United States, willful copyright infringement carries a maximum fine of $150,000 per instance.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Article 61 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries establish criminal procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale". Copyright holders have demanded that states provide criminal sanctions for all types of copyright infringement.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, and the EU, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to actively police for infringement.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Proposed laws such as the Stop Online Piracy Act broaden the definition of "willful infringement", and introduce felony charges for unauthorized media streaming. These bills are aimed towards defeating websites that carry or contain links to infringing content, but have raised concerns about domestic abuse and internet censorship.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: To an extent, copyright law in some countries permits downloading copyright-protected content for personal, noncommercial use. Examples include Canada and European Union (EU) member states like Poland, and The Netherlands.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Although downloading or other private copying is sometimes permitted, public distribution – by uploading or otherwise offering to share copyright-protected content – remains illegal in most, if not all countries. For example, in Canada, even though it was once legal to download any copyrighted file as long as it was for noncommercial use, it was still illegal to distribute the copyrighted files (e.g. by uploading them to a P2P network).

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Whether Internet intermediaries are liable for copyright infringement by their users is a subject of debate and court cases in a number of countries.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Internet intermediaries were formerly understood to be internet service providers (ISPs). However, questions of liability have also emerged in relation to other Internet infrastructure intermediaries, including Internet backbone providers, cable companies and mobile communications providers.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel or pornography. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs", "bulletin boards" or "online publishers", early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: The debate has shifted away from questions about liability for specific content, including that which may infringe copyright, towards whether online intermediaries should be "generally" responsible for content accessible through their services or infrastructure.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Peer-to-peer file sharing intermediaries have been denied access to safe harbor provisions in relation to copyright infringement. Legal action against such intermediaries, such as Napster, are generally brought in relation to principles of secondary liability for copyright infringement, such as contributory liability and vicarious liability.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Since the late 1990s, copyright holders have taken legal actions against a number of peer-to-peer intermediaries, such as pir, Grokster, eMule, SoulSeek, BitTorrent and Limewire, and case law on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) in relation to copyright infringement has emerged primarily in relation to these cases.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Copyright law does not grant authors and publishers absolute control over the use of their work. Only certain types of works and kinds of uses are protected; only unauthorized uses of protected works can be said to be infringing.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible "expression" of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Evaluation of alleged copyright infringement in a court of law may be substantial; the time and costs required to apply these tests vary based on the size and complexity of the copyrighted material. Furthermore, there is no standard or universally accepted test; some courts have rejected the AFC Test, for example, in favor of narrower criteria.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: The POSAR test, a recently devised forensic procedure for establishing software copyright infringement cases, is an extension or an enhancement of the AFC test. POSAR, with its added features and additional facilities, offers something more to the legal and the judicial domain than what the AFC test offers. These additional features and facilities make the test more sensitive to the technical and legal requirements of software copyright infringement.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: The BSA outlined four strategies that governments can adopt to reduce software piracy rates in its 2011 piracy study results:

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks,

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Organizations disagree on the scope and magnitude of copyright infringement's free rider economic effects and public support for the copyright regime.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In relation to computer software, the Business Software Alliance (BSA) claimed in its 2011 piracy study: "Public opinion continues to support intellectual property (IP) rights: Seven PC users in 10 support paying innovators to promote more technological advances."

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Following consultation with experts on copyright infringement, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) clarified in 2010 that "estimating the economic impact of IP [intellectual property] infringements is extremely difficult, and assumptions must be used due to the absence of data", while "it is difficult, if not impossible, to quantify the net effect of counterfeiting and piracy on the economy as a whole."

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Deaner explained the importance of rewarding the "investment risk" taken by motion picture studios in 2014:

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Usually movies are hot because a distributor has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars promoting the product in print and TV and other forms of advertising. The major Hollywood studios spend millions on this process with marketing costs rivalling the costs of production. They are attempting then to monetise through returns that can justify the investment in both the costs of promotion and production.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In 2008, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) reported that its six major member companies lost US$6.1 billion to piracy. A 2009 "Los Angeles Daily News" article then cited a loss figure of "roughly $20 billion a year" for Hollywood studios. According to a 2013 article in "The Wall Street Journal", industry estimates in the United States range between $6.1B to $18.5B per year.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In an early May 2014 article in "The Guardian", an annual loss figure of US$20.5 billion was cited for the movie industry. The article's basis is the results of a University of Portsmouth study that only involved Finnish participants, aged between seven and 84. The researchers, who worked with 6,000 participants, stated: "Movie pirates are also more likely to cut down their piracy if they feel they are harming the industry compared with people who illegally download music".

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: However, a study conducted on data from sixteen countries between 2005 and 2013, many of which had enacted anti-piracy measures to increase box office revenues of movies, found no significant increases in any markets attributable to policy interventions, which calls into doubt the claimed negative economic effects of digital piracy on the film industry.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Psion Software claimed in 1983 that software piracy cost it £2.9 million a year, 30% of its revenue. Will Wright said that "Raid on Bungeling Bay" sold 20,000 copies for the Commodore 64 in the US, but 800,000 cartridges for the Nintendo Famicom with a comparable installed base in Japan, "because it's a cartridge system [so] there's virtually no piracy".

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: The GAO noted in 2010 that the BSA's research up until that year defined "piracy as the difference between total installed software and legitimate software sold, and its scope involved only packaged physical software."

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: A 2007 study in the "Journal of Political Economy" found that the effect of music downloads on legal music sales was "statistically indistinguishable from zero".

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: A report from 2013, released by the European Commission Joint Research Centre suggests that illegal music downloads have almost no effect on the number of legal music downloads. The study analyzed the behavior of 16,000 European music consumers and found that although music piracy negatively affects offline music sales, illegal music downloads had a positive effect on legal music purchases. Without illegal downloading, legal purchases were about two percent lower.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: The study has received criticism, particularly from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, which believes the study is flawed and misleading. One argument against the research is that many music consumers only download music illegally. The IFPI also points out that music piracy affects not only online music sales but also multiple facets of the music industry, which is not addressed in the study.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Some claims made by industry representatives have been criticized as overestimating the monetary loss caused by copyright infringement.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In one example, the RIAA claimed damages against LimeWire totaling $75 trillion – more than the global GDP – with the judge overseeing the case ruling that such claims were "absurd". The $75 trillion figure had been obtained by counting each song downloaded as an infringement of copyright. After the conclusion of the case, LimeWire agreed to pay $105 million to RIAA.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: In another decision, US District Court Judge James P. Jones found that the "RIAA's request problematically assumes that every illegal download resulted in a lost sale", indicating profit/loss estimates were likely extremely off.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Critics of industry estimates argue that those who use peer-to-peer sharing services, or practice "piracy" are actually more likely to pay for music. A Jupiter Research study in 2000 found that "Napster users were 45 percent more likely to have increased their music purchasing habits than online music fans who don't use the software were." This indicated that users of peer-to-peer sharing did not hurt the profits of the music industry, but in fact may have increased it.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Sinnreich cites multiple causes for the economic bubble, including the CD format replacement cycle; the shift from music specialty stores to wholesale suppliers of music and 'minimum advertised pricing'; and the economic expansion of 1991–2001. He believes that with the introduction of new digital technologies, the bubble burst, and the industry suffered as a result.

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Copyright infringement

Context: Some countries distinguish corporate piracy from private use, which is tolerated as a welfare service. This is the leading reason developing countries refuse to accept or respect copyright laws. Traian Băsescu, the president of Romania, stated that "piracy helped the young generation discover computers. It set off the development of the IT industry in Romania."

Question: 著作権の侵害が初めて法廷で争われたのはいつ？


Public Security Intelligence Agency

Context: In December 2019, an anti-Aum Shinrikyo video was created by the agency in order to raise public awareness that the group is still a threat to public safety.

Question: 日本の国家安全保障に責任を持つ機関はどこ？


Public Security Intelligence Agency

Context: The criticism was especially made after public discovery that the agency did not move against Aum Shinrikyo. Due to the strict legal framework surrounding the agency it had not been given permission to monitor the organization directly until 2000, despite having requested permission from the PSEC in 1996.

Question: 日本の国家安全保障に責任を持つ機関はどこ？


John du Pont

Context: John Eleuthère du Pont (November 22, 1938 – December 9, 2010) was an American convicted murderer and philanthropist. An heir to the du Pont family fortune, he was a published ornithologist, philatelist, conchologist, and sports enthusiast. Du Pont died in prison while serving a sentence of thirty years for the murder of Dave Schultz.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: In 1972, du Pont founded and directed the Delaware Museum of Natural History and contributed to Villanova University and other institutions. In the 1980s, he established a wrestling facility at his Foxcatcher Farm estate after becoming interested in the sport and in pentathlon events. Du Pont became a prominent supporter of amateur sports in the United States and a sponsor of USA Wrestling.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: During the 1920s and 1930s, du Pont's parents acquired more land and developed Liseter Hall Farm for Thoroughbred breeding, showing, and racing. His mother retained Liseter Hall Farm after the couple divorced in 1941. She added a dairy herd of Guernseys and bred Welsh ponies at the farm. John was aged 2 when his parents divorced. He had two older sisters, Jean and Evelyn; an older brother, Henry E. I. du Pont; and a younger half brother, William du Pont III, born of their father's second marriage.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: Du Pont graduated from Haverford School in 1957. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he belonged to the Zeta Psi fraternity, but withdrew before completing his freshman year. He later attended college in Miami, Florida, where he studied under and was mentored by scientist Oscar T. Owre. He graduated from the University of Miami in 1965 with a Bachelor of Science degree in zoology. He went on to complete a doctorate in natural science from Villanova University in 1973.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: During an October 2015 podcast, Mark Schultz revealed that when John was about thirty years old, a horse he was riding threw him onto a fence, resulting in injury to his testicles. They became infected and had to be removed, resulting in androgynous characteristics for the remainder of his life.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: During his graduate work, du Pont participated in several scientific expeditions to study and identify species of birds in the Philippines and South Pacific. As an ornithologist, du Pont is credited with the discovery of two dozen species of birds. He founded the Delaware Museum of Natural History in 1957. As a young man, he served on the board, helping guide the institution toward opening in 1972. After having been part of scientific expeditions, he served as director of the museum for many years.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: Du Pont became a sponsor in wrestling, swimming, track, and the modern pentathlon. He was also involved in promoting a subset of the modern pentathlon (run, swim, shoot) as a separate event. He took up athletics and became a competitive wrestler in his 50s. His only prior wrestling experience was as a freshman in high school. He began competing again at the age of 55 in the 1992 Veteran's World Championships in Cali, Colombia; following that in 1993 in Toronto, Ontario; and in 1995 in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: In August 1988, a problem-plagued wrestling program he funded at Villanova was shut down after just two years. In December 1988, a lawsuit (which was settled out of court) claimed du Pont had made improper sexual advances to Villanova assistant coach Andre Metzger.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: On January 26, 1996, du Pont shot and killed Dave Schultz in the driveway of Schultz's home on du Pont's estate. Schultz's wife Nancy and du Pont's head of security Patrick Goodale (who was a former U.S. Marine officer) were present and witnessed the crime. The security chief was sitting in the passenger seat of du Pont's car when du Pont fired three bullets into Schultz. Police did not establish a motive. Schultz had worked with du Pont to coach the wrestling team for years.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: During the trial, one of the defense's expert psychiatric witnesses described du Pont as a paranoid schizophrenic who believed Schultz was part of an international conspiracy to kill him. He said du Pont believed people would break into his house and kill him, and that he had installed a variety of security features in his house.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: Du Pont's attorneys filed appeals. In 2000, his case reached the U.S. Supreme Court which upheld the verdict. Du Pont was first eligible for parole on January 29, 2009; it was denied. In 2010, the United States Court of Appeal for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia rejected all but one issue raised on appeal (involving his use of prescribed scopolamine before he killed Schultz), and requested written briefs. Du Pont's maximum sentence would have ended on January 29, 2026, when he would have been 87.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: Du Pont died at the age of 72 on December 9, 2010, from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A spokesperson for the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections said du Pont was found unresponsive in his bed at the State Correctional Institution – Laurel Highlands. He was pronounced dead at 6:55 a.m. at UPMC Somerset. He was buried in his red Foxcatcher wrestling singlet, in accordance with his will, at the Du Pont de Nemours Cemetery in Wilmington, Delaware.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


John du Pont

Context: After his mother's death in 1988, du Pont assumed stewardship of Liseter Hall Farm and renamed it "Foxcatcher Farm" after his father's famed Thoroughbred racing stable. At the time, he was not living in the manor house; he occupied a smaller house on the estate. Days after his mother's death, he moved into the main house. He maintained much of her work, but added a wrestling facility and supporting buildings for that interest.

Question: ジョン・エルテール・デュポンは殺人により与えられた刑罰は何


Baltimore Orioles

Context: The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland; it had been used previously by several baseball clubs in the city, including another AL charter member franchise also named the "Baltimore Orioles", which moved to New York in 1903 to eventually become the Yankees. Nicknames for the team include the "O's" and the "Birds".

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: The Orioles are well known for their influential ballpark, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, which opened in 1992 in downtown Baltimore.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: From 1901 through the end of 2021, the franchise's overall win–loss record is 8,845–9,873 (). Since moving to Baltimore in 1954, the Orioles have an overall win–loss record of 5,383–5,319 () through the end of 2021.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: The modern Orioles franchise can trace its roots back to the original Milwaukee Brewers of the minor Western League, beginning in 1877, when the league reorganized. The Brewers were there when the Western League renamed itself the American League in 1900.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Through World War II, the Browns won only one pennant, in the 1944 season stocked with wartime replacement players, and lost to the Cardinals in the third and last World Series ever played entirely in one ballpark, (until 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic).

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In 1953, with the Browns unable to afford even basic stadium upkeep and facing potential condemnation of the park by safety inspectors, owner Bill Veeck sold Sportsman's Park to the Cardinals and attempted to move the club back to Milwaukee, but this was vetoed by the other American League owners.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Instead, Veeck sold his franchise to a partnership of Baltimore businessmen. Because Veeck was unpopular with fellow American League owners, his leaving baseball was a condition for the AL owners to approve the move.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: After the 1965 season, Hoffberger acquired controlling interest in the Orioles from Iglehart and installed himself as president. He had been serving as a silent partner over the past decade despite being the largest shareholder. Frank Cashen, advertising chief of Hoffberger's brewery, became executive vice-president.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: During this stretch, three different Orioles were named Most Valuable Player (Frank Robinson in 1966, Boog Powell in 1970, and Cal Ripken, Jr. in 1983), four Oriole pitchers combined for six Cy Young Awards (Mike Cuellar in 1969, Jim Palmer in 1973, 1975, and 1976, Mike Flanagan in 1979, and Steve Stone in 1980), and three players were named Rookie of the Year (Al Bumbry in 1973, Eddie Murray in 1977, and Cal Ripken, Jr. in 1982).

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: It was also during this time that the Orioles severed their last remaining financial link to their era in St. Louis. In 1979, Hoffberger sold the Orioles to his longtime friend, Washington attorney Edward Bennett Williams. As part of the deal, Williams bought the publicly traded shares Donald Barnes had issued in 1936 while the team was still in St. Louis, making the franchise privately held once again and severing one of the few remaining links with the Orioles' past in St. Louis.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: During this rise to prominence, "Weaver Ball" came into vogue. Named for fiery manager Earl Weaver, it was defined by the Oriole trifecta of "Pitching, Defense, and the Three-Run Home Run." When an Oriole GM was told by a reporter that Weaver, as the skipper of a very talented team, was a "push-button manager", he replied, "Earl built the machine and installed all the buttons!"

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: As Frank and Brooks Robinson grew older, newer stars emerged, including multiple Cy Young Award winner Jim Palmer and switch-hitting first baseman Eddie Murray. With the decline and eventual departure of two other professional sports teams in the area, the NFL's Baltimore Colts and baseball's Washington Senators, the Orioles' excellence paid off at the gate, as the team cultivated a large and rabid fan base at Memorial Stadium.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Opening to much fanfare in 1992, Oriole Park at Camden Yards was an instant success, spawning other retro-designed major league ballparks within the next two decades. The stadium became the site of the 1993 All-Star Game. The Orioles returned to contention in those first two seasons at Camden Yards, only to finish in third place both times.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: The Orioles went "wire-to-wire" (first place from start to finish) in winning the AL East title in 1997. After eliminating the Seattle Mariners 3–1 in the Division Series, the team lost again in the ALCS, this time to the underdog Indians 4–2, with each Oriole loss by only a run. Johnson resigned as manager after the season, largely due to a spat with Angelos concerning Alomar's fine for missing a team function being donated to Johnson's wife's charity. Pitching coach Ray Miller replaced Johnson.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In the 'sudden death' wildcard game against the Texas Rangers, Joe Saunders (acquired in August of that year in exchange for Matt Lindstrom) defeated Yu Darvish to help the Orioles advance to the divisional round, where they faced a familiar opponent, the Yankees. The Orioles forced the series to go five games (losing games 1 and 3 of the series, while winning 2 and 4), but CC Sabathia outpitched the Orioles Jason Hammel in Game 5 and the Orioles were eliminated from the playoffs.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: While the Orioles would ultimately miss the playoffs in 2013, they finished with a record of 85–77, tying the Yankees for third place in the AL East. By posting winning records in 2012 and 2013, the Orioles achieved the feat of back-to-back winning seasons for the first time since 1996 and 1997.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: On September 16, 2014, the Orioles clinched the division for the first time since 1997 with a win against the Toronto Blue Jays as well as making it back to the postseason for the second time in three years. The Orioles finished the 2014 season with a 96–66 record and went on to sweep the Detroit Tigers in the ALDS. The O's were then in turn swept by the Kansas City Royals in the ALCS.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In the event of any sale, Major League Baseball has reportedly encouraged Cal Ripken to be part of any incoming ownership group that may take control of the team.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: The Orioles' home uniform is white with the word "Orioles" written across the chest. The road uniform is gray with the word "Baltimore" written across the chest. This style, with noticeable changes in the script, striping and materials, has been worn for much of the team's history, but with a few exceptions:

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: A long campaign of several decades was waged by numerous fans and sportswriters to return the name of the city to the "away" jerseys which was used since the 1950s and had been formerly dropped during the 1970s era of Edward Bennett Williams when the ownership was continuing to market the team also to fans in the nation's capital region after the moving of the former Washington Senators in 1971. After several decades, approximately 20% of the team's attendance came from the metro Washington area.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In 1989, the full-bodied bird logo returned along with the all-black cap, with a few tweaks along the way. Initially the cap was used regardless of home or road games, but in 2002 the caps were worn only on the road until 2008. An orange-brimmed variety was also introduced in 1995. Initially exclusive to the team's black uniforms, this style became the home cap in 2002 and became the team's regular cap (home or away) from 2009 to 2011.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In 2012, the Orioles brought back a modernized version of the "cartoon bird" along with the white-paneled and orange-brimmed black cap for home games and the orange-brimmed black cap for road games.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In 2013, ESPN ran a "Battle of the Uniforms" contest between all 30 Major League clubs. Despite using a ranking system that had the Orioles as a #13 seed, the Birds beat the #1 seed Cardinals in the championship round.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In Baltimore, Orioles radio broadcasts can be heard on WBAL-AM and WIYY, both owned by Hearst Television. Geoff Arnold, Melanie Newman, Brett Hollander, Scott Garceau and Kevin Brown alternate as play-by-play announcers. WBAL feeds the games to a network of 36 stations, covering Washington, D.C. and all or portions of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: This is WBAL's fourth stint as the Orioles flagship. WBAL has carried Orioles games for most of the team's time in Baltimore. Prior to WBAL and WIYY, Orioles games were broadcast locally on WJZ-FM from 2015 to 2021. WJZ had earlier carried broadcasts from 2007 to 2010.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Six former Orioles franchise radio announcers have received the Hall of Fame's Ford C. Frick Award for excellence in broadcasting: Chuck Thompson (who was also the voice of the old NFL Baltimore Colts); Jon Miller (now with the San Francisco Giants); Ernie Harwell, Herb Carneal; Bob Murphy and Harry Caray (as a St. Louis Browns announcer in the 1940s).

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: MASN, co-owned by the Orioles and the Washington Nationals, is the team's exclusive television broadcaster. MASN airs almost the entire slate of regular season games. Some exceptions include Saturday games on either Fox (via its Baltimore affiliate, WBFF) or Fox Sports 1, or "Sunday Night Baseball" on ESPN. Many MASN telecasts in conflict with Nationals' game telecasts air on an alternate MASN2 feed.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: WJZ-TV was the Orioles' broadcast TV home, completing its latest stint from 1994 through 2017. Since MASN acquired rights in 2007, its coverage was simulcast on WJZ-TV under the branding "MASN on WJZ 13". MASN elected not to syndicate any Orioles or Washington Nationals games to broadcast television for the 2018 season, marking the first time since the Orioles' arrival that their games are not on local broadcast television.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Previously, WJZ-TV carried the team from their arrival in Baltimore in 1954 through 1978. In the first four seasons, WJZ-TV shared coverage with Baltimore's other two stations, WMAR-TV and WBAL-TV. The games moved to WMAR from 1979 through 1993 before returning to WJZ-TV. From 1994 to 2009, some Orioles games aired on WNUV.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Since its introduction at games by the "Roar from 34", led by Wild Bill Hagy and others, in the late 1970s, it has been a tradition at Orioles games for fans to yell out the "Oh" in the line "Oh, say does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave" in "The Star-Spangled Banner". "The Star-Spangled Banner" has special meaning to Baltimore historically, as it was written during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 by Francis Scott Key, a Baltimorean.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In recent years, when the Orioles host the Toronto Blue Jays, fans have begun to shout out the multiple instances of the word "O" in "O Canada". Washington Capitals fans will do the same when they play one of the NHL's Canadian teams.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: It has been an Orioles tradition since 1975 to play John Denver's "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" during the seventh-inning stretch.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: In reality, the song was tremendously successful nationwide, topping the Billboard Top 100 for one week in 1975, and was played in stadiums across the country. The Orioles were chasing the Red Sox for the American League East Division title and incorporated numerous "good luck charms." After an inspiring comeback win, Oriole staff began playing this song at the seventh-inning stretch of every home game as one of the good-luck charms, beginning in August.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: During a nationally televised game on September 20, 1997, Denver himself danced to the song atop the Orioles' dugout, one of his final public appearances before dying in a plane crash three weeks later.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Barney was replaced as Camden Yards' PA announcer by Dave McGowan, who held the position until December 2011.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Lifelong Orioles fan and former MLB Fan Cave resident Ryan Wagner soon took over as the PA announcer. He was chosen out of a field of more than 670 applicants in the 2011–12 offseason.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: The Orioles will retire a number only when a player has been inducted into the Hall of Fame with Cal Ripken Jr. being the only exception. However, the Orioles have placed moratoriums on other former Orioles' numbers following their deaths (see note below). To date, the Orioles have retired the following numbers:

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Note: Cal Ripken Sr.'s number 7, Elrod Hendricks' number 44, and Mike Flanagan's number 46 have not officially been retired, but a moratorium has been placed on them and they have not been issued by the team since their deaths.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: The Orioles also have an official team hall of fame, located on display on Eutaw Street at Camden Yards. The most recent inductee was fan Mo Gaba in 2020.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: The Orioles have a burgeoning regional rivalry with the nearby Washington Nationals nicknamed the Beltway Series or Battle of the Beltways. Baltimore currently leads the series with a 48–38 record over the Nationals.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


Baltimore Orioles

Context: Orioles do not claim St. Louis Browns as part of their franchise history. Therefore, players, stats etc. of St. Louis Browns are not recorded/calculated in Orioles franchise totals.

Question: ボルチモア・オリオールズのオーナーは誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301 King Edward I invested his eldest son, the future King Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, the eldest sons of all English monarchs, except for King Edward III, have borne this title.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard, a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king on 3 February 1014. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan, despite ongoing Danish efforts to wrest the crown from the West Saxons.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut (Canute) under which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut. Upon Edmund's death just over a month later on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for nineteen years.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: After King Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings, the Witan elected Edgar Ætheling as king, but by then the Normans controlled the country and Edgar never ruled. He submitted to King William the Conqueror.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the "White Ship", and acknowledged as such by the barons. Upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. During the ensuing Anarchy, Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141—the first woman to do so—but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: Count Eustace IV of Boulogne (c. 1130 – 17 August 1153) was appointed co-king of England by his father, King Stephen, on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not in England). The Pope and the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace died the next year aged 23, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. "Dieu et mon droit" was first used as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France. It has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of Lancaster and York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp).

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: The House of York claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, but it inherited its name from Edward's fourth surviving son, Edmund of Langley, first Duke of York.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widow of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages. (See family tree.)

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England and of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary queen. Jane was later executed for treason.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？


List of English monarchs

Context: As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish. Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign. Acts were passed in England and in Ireland which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority . In 1555, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.

Question: 初代イングランド王は誰？