List of Vancouver SkyTrain stations

Context: In 2004, TransLink approved a line connecting Vancouver with Richmond and the Vancouver International Airport (YVR). The line, now known as the Canada Line, opened in 2009, a few months ahead of the 2010 Olympics. The line added 15 stations to the system, and has two branches that split off at Bridgeport; one branch heads south to the city of Richmond, while the other heads west toward the main terminal at YVR.

Question: Montako asemaa rantaradalla on?


Religion in Finland

Context: Finland is a predominantly Christian nation where 66.6% of the Finnish population of 5.5 million are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (Protestant), 30.6% are unaffiliated, 1.1% are Orthodox Christians, 0.9% are other Christians and 0.8% follow other religions like Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, folk religion etc.

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: There are presently two National churches (as opposed to State churches): the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (Protestant), which is the primary religion representing 66.6% of the population by the end of 2021, and the Finnish Orthodox Church, to which about 1.1% of the population belongs.

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: Those who officially belong to one of the two national churches have part of their taxes turned over to their respective church. There are also approximately 45,000 followers of Pentecostal Christianity, and more than 12,000 Catholic Christians in Finland, along with Anglicans, and some various Independent Christian communities. Prior to its Christianisation, beginning in the 11th century, Finnish paganism was the country's primary religion.

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: Other Protestant denominations are significantly smaller, as are the Sikhs, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu and other non-Christian communities (totaling with the Catholics to about 1.7% of the population).

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are constitutional national churches of Finland with special roles in ceremonies and often in school morning prayers. Delegates to Lutheran Church assemblies are selected in church elections every four years.

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: The majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas, Easter, weddings and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 2 percent of its members attend church services weekly. The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: According to Zuckerman (2005), various studies have claimed that 28% of Finns "do not believe in God" and 33 to 60% do not believe in "a personal God".

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: Buddhism in Finland represents a very small percentage of that nation's religious practices. In 2013 there were 5,266 followers of Buddhism in Finland, 0.1% of the population. There are currently 12 Finnish cities that have Buddhist temples: in Helsinki, Hyvinkää, Hämeenlinna, Jyväskylä, Kouvola, Kuopio, Lahti, Lappeenranta, Pori, Salo, Tampere and Turku.

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: While no statistics on the numbers of Baha'is have been released, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland estimates the 2004 population of Bahá'ís to be approximately 500. Operation World, another Christian organization, estimated 0.01%, also about 500 Bahá'ís, in 2003. In 2005 there was an estimate of 1668 according to the Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia).

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: The first Muslims were Tatars who immigrated mainly between 1870 and 1920. After that there were decades with generally a small number of immigration in Finland. Since the late 20th century the number of Muslims in Finland has increased rapidly due to immigration.

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


Religion in Finland

Context: According to the Finland official census (2021), there are 20,876 muslims in Finland, representing 0.37% from total population

Question: Mikä on ortodoksien osuus Suomen väestöstä?


History of gardening

Context: The early history of gardening is largely entangled with the history of agriculture, with gardens that were mainly ornamental generally the preserve of the elite until quite recent times. Smaller gardens generally had being a kitchen garden as their first priority, as is still often the case.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: In Europe garden design in the Renaissance was dominated by the Italian garden in the Renaissance, which developed into the French formal garden, dominating the Baroque period; both were formal styles, attempting to impose architectural principles on the garden. In the 18th century, the English landscape garden developed, apparently informal and natural, but requiring very large spaces, and by the end of the century dominated all Europe in the largest new gardens.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Gardening may be considered as aesthetic expressions of beauty through art and nature, a display of taste or style in civilized life, an expression of an individual's or culture's philosophy, and sometimes as a display of private status or national pride—in private and public landscapes.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Persian influences extended to Hellenistic Greece after Alexander the Great. C. 350 BC there were gardens at the Academy of Athens, and Theophrastus, who wrote on botany, supposedly inherited a garden from Aristotle. Epicurus had a garden where he walked and taught, and he bequeathed it to Hermarchus of Mytilene. Alciphron also referenced private gardens in his writing.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The most influential ancient gardens in the western world were those of Ptolemy in Alexandria, Egypt and the horticultural tradition that Lucullus brought to Rome. Wall paintings in Pompeii, Italy attest to later elaborate development. The wealthiest Romans built extensive villa gardens with water features, including fountains and rivulets, topiary, roses, and shaded arcades. Archeological evidence survives at sites such as Hadrian's Villa.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Byzantium and Moorish Spain continued horticultural traditions after the 4th century AD and the decline of Rome. By this time, a separate horticultural tradition formed in China, which was transmitted to Japan, where it developed into aristocratic gardens featuring miniaturized and simulated natural landscapes centered on ponds, and the severe Zen garden form featured at temples.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The 20th century saw the influence of modernism in the garden: from the articulate clarity of Thomas Church to the bold colors and forms of the Brazilian Roberto Burle Marx.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Environmental consciousness and sustainable design practices, such as green roofs and rainwater harvesting, are becoming widely practiced as innovations in these fields continue to develop.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: On a larger scale, royal hunting parks were established to hold the exotic animals and plants which the king had acquired on his foreign campaigns. King Tiglath-Pileser I (c. 1,000 BCE) lists horses, oxen, asses, deer of two types, gazelle and ibex, boasting "I numbered them like flocks of sheep."

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The biblical Book of Genesis mentions the Tigris and Euphrates as two of the four rivers bounding the Garden of Eden. No specific place has been identified, although there are many theories.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are listed by classical Greek writers as one of the Seven Wonders of the World – places to see before you die. The excavated ruins of Babylon do not reveal any suitable evidence, which has led some scholars to suggest that they may have been purely legendary. Alternatively, the story may have originated from Sennacherib's garden in Nineveh.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The water gardens of Sigiriya can be seen in the central section of the western precinct. Three principal gardens are found here. The first garden consists of a plot surrounded by water. It is connected to the main precinct using four causeways, with gateways placed at the head of each causeway. This garden is built according to an ancient garden form known as "char bagh", and is one of the oldest surviving models of this form.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The third garden is situated on a higher level than the other two. It contains a large, octagonal pool with a raised podium on its northeast corner. The large brick and stone wall of the citadel is on the eastern edge of this garden.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The Persian style often attempts to integrate indoors with outdoors through the connection of a surrounding garden with an inner courtyard. Designers often place architectural elements such as vaulted arches between the outer and interior areas to open up the divide between them.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Gardens were much cherished in the Egyptian times and were kept both for secular purposes and attached to temple compounds. Gardens in private homes and villas before the New Kingdom were mostly used for growing vegetables and located close to a canal or the river. However, in the New Kingdom they were often surrounded by walls and their purpose incorporated pleasure and beauty besides utility.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The ancient Egyptian garden would have looked different from a modern garden. It would have seemed more like a collection of herbs or a patch of wild flowers, lacking the specially bred flowers of today. Flowers like the iris, chrysanthemum, lily, and delphinium (blue), were certainly known to the ancients, but were not featured much in garden scenes. Formal bosquets seem to have been composed of mandrake, poppy, cornflower, and/or lotus and papyrus.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Due to the arid climate of Egypt, tending gardens meant constant attention and depended on irrigation. Skilled gardeners were employed by temples and households of the wealthy. Duties included planting, weeding, watering by means of a shadoof, pruning of fruit trees, digging the ground, and harvesting the fruit.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: It is curious that although the Egyptians and Romans both gardened with vigor, the Greeks did not own private gardens. They did put gardens around temples, and they adorned walkways and roads with statues, but the ornate and pleasure gardens that demonstrated wealth in the other communities is seemingly absent.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Roman gardens were a place of peace and solitude, a refuge from urban life. Gaius Maecenas, a culturally influential confidante of the emperor Augustus, built the first private garden estate of Rome to fulfill his creative ambitions and restore his delicate health. Seneca the Younger characterized the gardens' immersive blend of art, nature, and water as having "diverted his worried mind with the sound of rippling waters."

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Ornamental horticulture became highly developed during the development of Roman civilization. The administrators of the Roman Empire (c.100 BC–500 AD) actively exchanged information on agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, hydraulics, and botany. Seeds and plants were widely shared. The Gardens of Lucullus (Horti Lucullani) on the Pincian Hill on the edge of Rome introduced the Persian garden to Europe in about 60 BC.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Traditional Chinese gardens are also more likely to treat the plants in a naturalistic way, while traditional Japanese gardens might feature plants sheared into mountain or cloud shapes. This contrasts with the handling of stone elements: in a Japanese garden, stepping stones are placed in groupings as part of the landscape, but in a Chinese garden, a particularly choice stone might even be placed on a pedestal in a prominent location so that it might be more easily appreciated.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The style of Chinese garden varies among economic groups and differs by dynasties. Rocks, water, bridges, and pavilions are among the most common features of scholar gardens for the wealthy classes, while courtyards, wells, and terra cotta fish tanks are common among the general population. Other features such as moon gates and leaky windows (openwork screens that pierce surrounding walls) are seen in both groups.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: There are two ways of looking at the signature design characteristics of the Chinese garden: first; the concept of Yin and Yang, and second; the myths of longevity that arose during the Qin Dynasty.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Chinese garden's structure is based upon the culture's creation myth, rooted in rocks and water. To have longevity is to live among mountains and water; it is to live with nature, to live like an immortal being (Xian). The garden evokes a healthy lifestyle that makes one immortal, free from the problems of civilization. Thus, Chinese landscape is known as Shan (mountain) and Shui (water).

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Symbolism is a key element of Chinese garden design. To the earthy tones of the Chinese garden, a touch of red or gold is often added to bring forth the Yin/Yang contrast. The colors red and gold also represent luck and wealth. Bats, dragons, and other mystic creatures carved on wooden doors are also commonly found in Chinese gardens; these are seen as signs of luck and protection.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Circles portray togetherness, especially for family members, and are depicted in moon gates, moon bridges, and round tables placed within square backgrounds. The moon gate and other whimsical doorways also act to frame views and to force the viewer to pause for a transition into a new space.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Paths in Chinese gardens are often uneven and sometimes consciously zigzag. These paths are like the passages of a human life. There is always something new or different when seen from a different angle, while the future is unknown and unpredictable.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Generally, monastic garden types consisted of kitchen gardens, infirmary gardens, cemetery orchards, cloister garths and vineyards. Individual monasteries might also have had a "green court", a plot of grass and trees where horses could graze, as well as a cellarer's garden or private gardens for obedientiaries, monks who held specific posts within the monastery.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The herb and vegetable gardens served a purpose beyond that of production, and that was that their installation and maintenance allowed the monks to fulfil the manual labour component of the religious way of life prescribed by Rule of St. Benedict.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Orchards also served as sites for food production and as arenas for manual labour, and cemetery orchards, such as that detailed in the plan for St. Gall, showed yet more versatility. The cemetery orchard not only produced fruit, but manifested as a natural symbol of the garden of Paradise. This bi-fold concept of the garden as a space that met both physical and spiritual needs was carried over to the cloister garth.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Walking around the cloister while meditating was a way of devoting oneself to the "path of life"; indeed, each of the monastic gardens was imbued with symbolic as well as palpable value, testifying to the ingenuity of its creators.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: In the later Middle Ages, texts, art, and literary works provide a picture of developments in garden design. During the late 12th to 15th centuries, European cities were walled for internal defense and to control trade. Though space within these walls was limited, surviving documents show that there were animals, fruit trees and kitchen gardens inside the city limits.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Pietro Crescenzi, a Bolognese lawyer, wrote twelve volumes on the practical aspects of farming in the 13th century which offers a description of medieval gardening practices. From his text, we know that gardens were surrounded with stonewalls, thick hedging, or fencing, and incorporated trellises and arbors. They borrowed their form from the square or rectangular shape of the cloister and included square planting beds.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Grass was also first noted in the medieval garden. In the "De Vegetabilibus" of Albertus Magnus, written around 1260, instructions are given for planting grass plots. Raised banks covered in turf called "turf seats" were constructed to provide seating in the garden. Fruit trees were prevalent and often grafted to produce new varieties of fruit. Gardens included a raised mound or mount to serve as a stage for viewing, and planting beds were customarily elevated on raised platforms.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: During the Middle Ages, gardens were thought to unite the earthly with the divine. The enclosed garden as an allegory for paradise or a "lost Eden" was termed the "hortus conclusus". Freighted with religious and spiritual significance, enclosed gardens were often depicted in the visual arts, picturing the Virgin Mary, a fountain, a unicorn, and roses inside an enclosed area.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Though Medieval gardens lacked many of the features of the Renaissance gardens that followed them, some of the characteristics of these gardens continue to be incorporated today.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The Italian Renaissance inspired a revolution in private gardening. Renaissance private gardens were full of scenes from ancient mythology and other learned allusions. Water during this time was especially symbolic: it was associated with fertility and the abundance of nature.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The first public gardens were built by the Spanish Crown in the 16th century, in Europe and the Americas.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Renée Descartes, the founder of analytical geometry, believed that the natural world was objectively measurable and that space is infinitely divisible. His belief that "all movement is a straight line therefore space is a universal grid of mathematical coordinates and everything can be located on its infinitely extendable planes" gave us Cartesian mathematics. Through the classical French gardens this coordinate system and philosophy is now given a physical and visual representation.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: These grand gardens have organized spaces meant to be elaborate stages for entertaining the court and guests with plays, concerts and fireworks displays. The following list of garden features were used:

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: Due to being an early hub for Western society and being used for centuries, Mediterranean soil was fragile, and one could think of the region's landscape culture to be a conflict between fruitfulness and frugality. The area consisted largely of small-scale agricultural plots. Later, following World War II, Mediterranean immigrants brought this agricultural style to Canada, where fruit trees and vegetables in the backyard became common.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: There were several traditions that influenced English gardening in the 18th century, the first of which was to plant woods around homes. By the mid-17th century, coppice planting became consistent and was considered visually and aesthetically pleasing. Whereas forested areas were more useful for hunting purposes in Britain during the Middle Ages, 18th century patterns demonstrate a further deviation in gardening approach from practicality toward design meant to please the senses.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: While the earliest account of a botanical garden was in Pisa in 1543, the first discovered English botanical garden was in Oxford in 1621. Near London, the gardens at Kew was established in 1759. August, dowager princess of Wales worked with well-known botanists of the time, Lord Bute and Stephen Hales, to greatly expand the garden with exotic plants. By 1769, Kew Gardens contained over 3,400 variations of plants.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The picturesque garden style emerged in England in the 18th century, one of the growing currents of the larger Romantic movement. Garden designers like William Kent and Capability Brown emulated the allegorical landscape paintings of European artists, especially Claude Lorraine, Poussin and Salvator Rosa. The manicured hills, lakes and trees dotted with allegorical temples were sculpted into the land.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The rusticity found in French picturesque gardens is also derived from admiration of Dutch 17th-century landscape painting and works of the French 18th-century artists Claude-Henri Watelet, François Boucher and Hubert Robert.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: English garden is the common term in the English-speaking world for interpretations, derivations, and revivals in the style of the original Landscape Garden examples.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The Gardenesque style of English garden design evolved during the 1820s from Humphry Repton's Picturesque or "Mixed" style, largely through the efforts of J. C. Loudon, who invented the term.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: In the Western Hemisphere, various Mesoamerican cultures, such as the Maya, Mixtecs, and Nahua peoples (including the Aztec Empire) had both practical and aesthetic gardening traditions. The Maya made extensive usage of forest gardens for food and medicinal plant production, including with their cities.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The Aztec elite built elaborate pleasure gardens in the Valley of Mexico consisting of various types of plants as well as water features such as aqueduct-fed fountains. Aztec and Maya gardens had a strong focus on fertility, due to their primarily agricultural nature. The Aztecs also had a strong love of flowers, placing great religious, metaphorical, and philosophical significance on them.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: In Mexico Luis Barragán explored a synthesis of International style modernism with native Mexican tradition in private estates and residential development projects such as Jardines del Pedregal and the San Cristobal 'Los Clubes' Estates in Mexico City. In civic design the Torres de Satélite are urban sculptures of substantial dimensions in Naucalpan, Mexico. His house, studio, and gardens, built in 1948 in Mexico City, was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


History of gardening

Context: The following names, roughly in historical order, made contributions that affected the history of gardens, whether as botanist explorers, designers, garden-makers, or writers. Further information on them will be found under their individual entries.

Question: Minä vuonna puutarhoja on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro (; ), or simply Rio, literally "River of January", is the second-most populous city in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, after São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named "Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea", on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502 (hence Rio de Janeiro, "January River"), during a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos, captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet, or under Gonçalo Coelho. Allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The city of Rio de Janeiro proper was founded on 1 March 1565 by the Portuguese, led by Estácio de Sá, including . It was named "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro", in honor of St. Sebastian, the saint who was the namesake and patron of the Portuguese then-monarch Sebastião. "Rio de Janeiro" was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several mostly French pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc and René Duguay-Trouin.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: From the colonial period until the first independent era, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was a large influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro: in 1819, there were 145,000 slaves in the captaincy. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people. Between 1811 and 1831, 500,000 to a million slaves arrived in Rio de Janeiro through Valongo Wharf, which is now a World Heritage Site. The Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: When Prince Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822, he decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his new empire while the place was enriched with sugar cane agriculture in the Campos region and, especially, with the new coffee cultivation in the Paraíba Valley. In order to separate the province from the capital of the Empire, the city was converted in Neutral Municipality in 1834, passing the province of Rio de Janeiro to have Niterói as capital.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro is on the far western part of a strip of Brazil's Atlantic coast (between a strait east to Ilha Grande, on the Costa Verde, and the Cabo Frio), close to the Tropic of Capricorn, where the shoreline is oriented east–west. Facing largely south, the city was founded on an inlet of this stretch of the coast, Guanabara Bay (Baía de Guanabara), and its entrance is marked by a point of land called Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar) – a "calling card" of the city.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The waters of Sepetiba Bay are slowly following the path traced by Guanabara Bay, with sewage generated by a population of the order of 1.29 million inhabitants being released without treatment in streams or rivers. With regard to industrial pollution, highly toxic wastes, with high concentrations of heavy metals – mainly zinc and cadmium – have been dumped over the years by factories in the industrial districts of Santa Cruz, Itaguaí and Nova Iguaçu, constructed under the supervision of State policies.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The Marapendi lagoon and the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon have suffered with the leniency of the authorities and the growth in the number of apartment buildings close by. The illegal discharge of sewage and the consequent deaths of alge diminished the oxygenation of the waters, causing fish mortality.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio has a tropical savanna climate ("Aw") that closely borders a tropical monsoon climate ("Am") according to the Köppen climate classification, and is often characterized by long periods of heavy rain between December and March. The city experiences hot, humid summers, and warm, sunny winters. In inland areas of the city, temperatures above are common during the summer, though rarely for long periods, while maximum temperatures above can occur on a monthly basis.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro is second only to Cuiabá as the hottest Brazilian state capital outside Northern and Northeastern Brazil; temperatures below occur yearly, while those lower than happen less often. The phrase, "fazer frio" ("making cold", i.e. "the weather is getting cold"), usually refers to temperatures going below , which is possible year-round and is commonplace in mid-to-late autumn, winter and early spring nights.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The city is commonly divided into the historic center (Centro); the tourist-friendly wealthier South Zone (Zona Sul); the residential less wealthy North Zone (Zona Norte); peripheries in the West Zone (Zona Oeste), among them Santa Cruz, Campo Grande and the wealthy newer Barra da Tijuca district. Rio de Janeiro is administratively divided into 33 "distritos" (districts) named "Regiões Administrativas" ("Administrative Regions") and 164 "bairros" (neighborhoods).

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Since 1961, the Tijuca National Park (Parque Nacional da Tijuca), the largest city-surrounded urban forest and the second largest urban forest in the world, has been a National Park. The largest urban forest in the world is the Floresta da Pedra Branca (White Rock Forest), which is located in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro or PUC-Rio), Brazil's top private university, is located at the edge of the forest, in the Gávea district. The 1984 film "Blame It on Rio" was filmed nearby, with the rental house used by the story's characters sitting at the edge of the forest on a mountain overlooking the famous beaches. In 2012, CNN elected Ipanema the best city beach in the world.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The North Zone () begins at Grande Tijuca (the middle class residential and commercial "bairro" of Tijuca), just west of the city center, and sprawls for miles inland until Baixada Fluminense and the city's Northwest. This region is home to the Maracanã stadium (located in Grande Tijuca), once the world's highest capacity football venue, able to hold nearly 199,854 people, as it did for the World Cup final of 1950.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: More recently its capacity has been reduced to conform with modern safety regulations and the stadium has introduced seating for all fans. Currently undergoing reconstruction, it now has the capacity for 78,838. Maracanã was the site for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football competition of the 2007 Pan American Games; hosted the final match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and the football matches of the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: According to the 2010 IBGE Census, there were 5,940,224 people residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In 2010, the city of Rio de Janeiro was the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The census revealed the following numbers: 3,239,888 White people (51.2%), 2,318,675 Pardo (multiracial) people (36.5%), 708,148 Black people (11.5%), 45,913 Asian people (0.7%), 5,981 Amerindian people (0.1%). The population of Rio de Janeiro was 53.2% female and 46.8% male.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Different ethnic groups contributed to the formation of the population of Rio de Janeiro. Before European colonization, there were at least seven different indigenous peoples speaking 20 languages in the region. A part of them joined the Portuguese and the other the French. Those who joined the French were then exterminated by the Portuguese, while the other part was assimilated.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro is home to the largest Portuguese population outside of Lisbon in Portugal. After independence from Portugal, Rio de Janeiro became a destination for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Portugal, mainly in the early 20th century. The immigrants were mostly poor peasants who subsequently found prosperity in Rio as city workers and small traders.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Many Protestant creeds coexist in the city, Presbyterian, Congregational, Lutheran and Anglican Churches. In addition to evangelical churches such as the Baptist, Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist and Pentecostal churches, such as the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, Assembly of God, Christian Congregation in Brazil and The Foursquare Church.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Afro-Brazilian religions such as Umbanda and Candomblé find support in various social segments, although professed by less than 2% of the population, many Cariocas simultaneously observe those practices with Roman Catholicism.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The Portuguese language is the official and national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum. There are also international schools, such as the American School of Rio de Janeiro, Our Lady of Mercy School, SIS Swiss International School, the Corcovado German School, the Lycée Français and the British School of Rio de Janeiro.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The city has several universities and research institutes. The Ministry of Education has certified approximately 99 upper-learning institutions in Rio. The most prestigious university is the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. It is the fifth-best in Latin America; the second-best in Brazil, second only to the University of São Paulo; and the best in Latin America, according to the QS World University Rankings.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The Rio de Janeiro State University (public), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (public), Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets (private) and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (private) are among the country's top institutions of higher education. Other institutes of higher learning include the Colégio Regina Coeli in Usina, notable for having its own narrow gauge funicular railway on its grounds.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: There are significant disparities between the rich and the poor in Rio de Janeiro, and different socioeconomic groups are largely segregated into different neighborhoods. Although the city clearly ranks among the world's major metropolises, large numbers live in slums known as favelas, where 95% of the population are poor, compared to 40% in the general population.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: There have been a number of government initiatives to counter this problem, from the removal of the population from favelas to housing projects such as Cidade de Deus to the more recent approach of improving conditions in the favelas and bringing them up to par with the rest of the city, as was the focus of the "Favela Bairro" program and deployment of Pacifying Police Units.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio has more people living in slums than any other city in Brazil, according to the 2010 Census. More than 1,500,000 people live in its 763 favelas, 22% of Rio's total population. São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil, has more favelas (1,020), but proportionally has fewer people living in favelas than Rio.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio also has a large proportion of state-sanctioned violence, with about 20% of all killings committed by state security. In 2019, police killed an average of five people each day in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with a total of 1,810 killed in the year. This was more police killings than any year since official records started in 1998.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro has the second-largest GDP of any city in Brazil, surpassed only by São Paulo. According to the IBGE, it was approximately US$201 billion in 2008, equivalent to 5.1% of the national total. Taking into consideration the network of influence exerted by the urban metropolis (which covers 11.3% of the population), this share in GDP rises to 14.4%, according to a study released in October 2008 by the IBGE.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Greater Rio de Janeiro, as perceived by the IBGE, has a GDP of US$187 billion, constituting the second largest hub of national wealth. Per capita GDP is US$11,786. It concentrates 68% of the state's economic strength and 7.9% of all goods and services produced in the country. The services sector comprises the largest portion of GDP (65.5%), followed by commerce (23.4%), industrial activities (11.1%) and agriculture (0.1%).

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The off-shore oil exploration in the Campos Basin began in 1968 and became the main site for oil production of Brazil. This caused many oil and gas companies to be based in Rio de Janeiro, such as the Brazilian branches of Shell, EBX and Esso. For many years Rio was the second largest industrial hub of Brazil, with oil refineries, shipbuilding industries, steel, metallurgy, petrochemicals, cement, pharmaceutical, textile, processed foods and furniture industries.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Major international pharmaceutical companies have their Brazilian headquarters in Rio such as: Merck, Roche, Arrow, Darrow, Baxter, Mayne, and Mappel. A newer electronics and computer sector has been added to the more-established industries. Construction, also an important activity, provides a significant source of employment for large numbers of unskilled workers and is buoyed by the number of seasonal residents who build second homes in the Greater Rio de Janeiro area.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Tourism and entertainment are other key aspects of the city's economic life. The city is the nation's top tourist attraction for both Brazilians and foreigners.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: To attract industry, the state government has designated certain areas on the outskirts of the city as industrial districts where infrastructure is provided and land sales are made under special conditions. Oil and natural gas from fields off the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro state are a major asset used for developing manufacturing activities in Rio's metropolitan area, enabling it to compete with other major cities for new investment in industry.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Owing to the proximity of Rio's port facilities, many of Brazil's export-import companies are headquartered in the city. In Greater Rio, which has one of the highest per capita incomes in Brazil, retail trade is substantial. Many of the most important retail stores are located in the center, but others are scattered throughout the commercial areas of the other districts, where shopping centers, supermarkets, and other retail businesses handle a large volume of consumer trade.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro is () the second largest exporting municipality in Brazil. Annually, Rio exported a total of $7.49B (USD) worth of goods. The top three goods exported by the municipality were crude petroleum (40%), semi finished iron product (16%), and semi finished steel products (11%). Material categories of mineral products (42%) and metals (29%) make up 71% of all exports from Rio.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro is Brazil's primary tourist attraction and resort. It receives the most visitors per year of any city in South America with 2.82 million international tourists a year.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro's government has since undertaken to modernize the city's economy, reduce its chronic social inequalities, and improve its commercial standing as part of an initiative for the regeneration of the tourism industry.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight. The city is an important global LGBT destination, 1 million LGBT tourists visiting each year.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The Farme de Amoedo Street"Rua Farme de Amoedo" is located in Ipanema, a famous neighborhood in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro. The street and the nearby beach, famous tourist spots, are remarkable for their popularity in the LGBT community. Rio de Janeiro is the most awarded destination by World Travel Awards in the South American category of "best destination."

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro is a main cultural hub in Brazil. Its architecture embraces churches and buildings dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries, blending with the world-renowned designs of the 20th century. Rio was home to the Portuguese Imperial family and capital of the country for many years, and was influenced by Portuguese, English, and French architecture.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural role from the past. In the late 19th century, there were sessions held of the first Brazilian film and since then, several production cycles have spread out, eventually placing Rio at the forefront of experimental and national cinema. The Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival has been held annually since 1999.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio has many important cultural landmarks, such as the Biblioteca Nacional (National Library), one of the largest libraries in the world with collections totalling more than 9 million items; the Theatro Municipal; the National Museum of Fine Arts; the Carmen Miranda Museum; the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden; the Parque Lage; the Quinta da Boa Vista; the Imperial Square; the Brazilian Academy of Letters; the Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro; and the Natural History Museum.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: After Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, Rio de Janeiro quickly developed a European-style bourgeois cultural life, including numerous newspapers, in which most 19th-century novels were initially published in serial. Joaquim Manuel de Macedo's "A Moreninha" (1844) was perhaps the first successful novel in Brazil and inaugurates a recurrent 19th-century theme: a romantic relationship between idealistic young people in spite of cruelties of social fortune.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The first notable work of realism focusing on the urban lower-middle class is Manuel Antônio de Almeida's "Memórias de um sargento de milícias" (1854), which presents a series of picaresque but touching scenes, and evokes the transformation of a town into a city with suggestive nostalgia. Romantic and realist modes both flourished through the late 19th century and often overlapped within works.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The headquarters of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is based in Rio de Janeiro. It was satirized by the novelist Jorge Amado in "Pen, Sword, Camisole". Amado, himself, went on to be one of the 40 members of the Academy.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The Real Gabinete Português de Leitura (Portuguese Royal Reading Library) is located at Rua Luís de Camões, in the Centro (Downtown). The institution was founded in 1837 by a group of forty-three Portuguese immigrants, political refugees, to promote culture among the Portuguese community in the then capital of the Empire. The history of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is linked to the Real Gabinete, since some of the early meetings of the Academy were held there.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The official song of Rio de Janeiro is "Cidade Maravilhosa", which means "marvelous city". The song is considered the civic anthem of Rio, and is always the favorite song during Rio's Carnival in February. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, are considered the center of the urban music movement in Brazil.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Some of the best singers in the history of Rio de Janeiro are Lobão, Tim Maia, Agepê, Emílio Santiago, Evandro Mesquita, Byafra, Erasmo Carlos, Elymar Santos, Gretchen, Latino, Kátia Cega, Rafael Ilha, Sérgio Mallandro e Wilson Simonal.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Cidade das Artes (City of Arts) is a cultural complex in Barra da Tijuca in the Southwest Zone of Rio de Janeiro, which was originally planned to open in 2004. Formally known as "Cidade da Música" (City of Music), it was finally inaugurated at the beginning of 2013.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The project will host the Brazilian Symphony Orchestra becoming a main center for music as will be the largest modern concert hall in South America, with 1,780 seats. The complex spans approximately and also features a chamber music hall, three theaters, and 12 rehearsal rooms. From the terrace there is a panoramic view of the zone. The building was designed by the French architect Christian de Portzamparc and construction was funded by the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: A series of covered theaters collectively known as Lona Cultural, administered by the city's Municipal Secretary of Culture, serve throughout the city as venues for cultural activities such as concerts, plays, workshops, art and craft fairs, and courses.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Every 31 December, 2.5 million people gather at Copacabana Beach to celebrate New Year's in Rio de Janeiro. The crowd, mostly dressed in white, celebrates all night at the hundreds of different shows and events along the beach. It is the second-largest celebration only next to the Carnival. People celebrate the New Year by sharing chilled champagne. It is considered good luck to shake the champagne bottle and spray around at midnight. Chilled champagne adds to the spirit of the festivities.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: In 1840, the first Carnaval was celebrated with a masked ball. As years passed, adorned floats and costumed revelers became a tradition among the celebrants. Carnaval is known as a historic root of Brazilian music.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: As in the rest of Brazil, association football is the most popular sport. The city's major teams are Flamengo, Vasco da Gama, Fluminense and Botafogo. Madureira, Bangu, Portuguesa, America and Bonsucesso are small clubs. Famous players born in the city include Ronaldo and Romário.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: On 2 October 2009, the International Olympic Committee selected Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. Rio made their first bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but lost to Berlin. They later made bids for the 2004 and 2012 Games, but failed to become a candidate city both times. Those games were awarded to Athens and London respectively.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio is the first Brazilian and South American city to host the Summer Olympics. Rio de Janeiro also became the first city in the southern hemisphere outside of Australia to host the games – Melbourne in 1956 and Sydney in 2000. In July 2007, Rio successfully organized and hosted the XV Pan American Games.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro also hosted the 2011 Military World Games from 15 to 24 July 2011. The 2011 Military World Games were the largest military sports event ever held in Brazil, with approximately 4,900 athletes from 108 countries competing in 20 sports.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics. The Olympic Games were held from 5 to 21 August 2016. The Paralympics were held from 7 to 18 September 2016.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Horse racing events are held Thursday nights and weekend afternoons at . An impressive place with excellent grass and dirt tracks, it runs the best horses in the nation. Hang gliding in Rio de Janeiro started in the mid-1970s and quickly proved to be well-suited for this town, because of its geography: steep mountains encounter the Atlantic Ocean, which provide excellent take-off locations and great landing zones on the beach.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro has three subway lines ("Metrô Rio") with and 41 stations plus several commuter rail lines. Future plans include building a fourth subway line to Niterói and São Gonçalo, including an underwater tunnel beneath Guanabara Bay to supplement the ferry service currently there. The Metro is Rio's safest and cleanest form of public transport.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: SuperVia connects the city of Rio with other locations in Greater Rio de Janeiro with surface trains. It has 8 lines and , with 102 stations.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: In order to improve traffic in the central zone, the prefecture started the project "Porto Maravilha" (Marvelous Port), which foresees a modern tramway system. Its lines will connect the central business district to Santos Dumont Airport, the ferry station at XV Square, the Novo Rio terminal bus station at Santo Cristo, and the future high-speed rail Leopoldina station between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: In 2016, for the Olympic Games, the light rail system was inaugurated, with 28 km, 42 stations, distributed in 3 lines. The trams are the first in the world to use a combination of ground-level power supply (APS) and on-board supercapacitor energy storage (SRS), in order to eliminate overhead lines along the entire route.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: City buses cost about R$3.80 to ride. They come in both non-air conditioned (R$3.80) and air conditioned versions (R$3–R$5.40). The system may be relatively safe by day but less so at night. Integration of bus lines has been recently implemented, allowing users to take two non-air conditioned bus rides in two hours paying just one ticket. It is necessary to have a registered electronic card (the ""Bilhete Único Carioca (BUC)") in order to benefit of this system.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The most geographically close sister city to Rio that is on the other side of Guanabara Bay is Niterói. Many people who live in Niterói, as well its neighboring municipalities São Gonçalo and Maricá, commute to Rio de Janeiro to study and work. There are several ferry services that operate between the Rio Centro (Praça XV) and Niterói (Centro and Charitas). There is a traditional boat as well as several "fast cat" hydrofoil boats.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: One of the city neighborhoods is Paquetá Island, which can only be accessed by ferryboats or hydrofoil boats. The ferryboat to Paquetá leaves every hour, from early in the morning until around midnight. There is also a ferry to Cocotá.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: Rio de Janeiro has the oldest operating electric tramway in Latin America, now mainly used by tourists and less by daily commuters. The Santa Teresa Tram, "bonde" (tram), or "bondinho" (little tram), has been preserved both as a piece of history and as a quick, fun, and inexpensive way of getting to one of the most quirky parts of the city. It was designated a national historic monument in 1985.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The city has of cycle paths that, wherever they exist, are very much preferable to riding in the city's traffic. Most paths run alongside beaches and extend intermittently from the Marina da Glória, Centro, through Flamengo, Copacabana and Ipanema, to Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes. of cycle paths traverse the Tijuca National Park.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Rio de Janeiro

Context: The Bike Rio began operations in October 2011. This bicycle sharing system is sponsored by the municipal government of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with Banco Itaú. The bike sharing system has 600 bicycles available at 60 rental stations in 14 neighborhoods throughout the city.

Question: Mikä on Rio de Janeiron asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Paraguay is a developing country. It is a founding member of Mercosur, the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Lima Group. Additionally, the city of Luque, in metropolitan Asuncion, is the seat of the South American Football Confederation.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The majority of Paraguay's seven million people are "mestizo", and Guarani culture remains widely influential; more than 90% of the population speak various dialects of the Guarani language alongside Spanish. Despite a history of poverty and political repression, in a 2017 Positive Experience Index based on global polling data, Paraguay ranked as the "world's happiest place".

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The first Europeans in the area were Spanish explorers in 1516. The Spanish explorer Juan de Salazar de Espinosa founded the settlement of Asunción on 15 August 1537. The city eventually became the center of a Spanish colonial province of Paraguay.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: In western Paraguay, Spanish settlement and Christianity were strongly resisted by the nomadic Guaycuru and other nomads from the 16th century onward. Most of these peoples were absorbed into the mestizo population in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Paraguay overthrew the local Spanish administration on 14 May 1811. Paraguay's first dictator was José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia who ruled Paraguay from 1814 until his death in 1840, with very little outside contact or influence. He intended to create a utopian society based on the French theorist Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "Social Contract". Rodríguez de Francia was nicknamed "El Supremo".

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: After Francia's death in 1840, Paraguay was ruled by various military officers under a new "junta", until Carlos Antonio López (allegedly Rodríguez de Francia's nephew) came to power in 1841. López modernized Paraguay and opened it to foreign commerce. He signed a non-aggression pact with Argentina and officially declared independence of Paraguay in 1842. After López's death in 1862, power was transferred to his eldest son, Francisco Solano López.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The regime of the López family was characterized by pervasive and rigid centralism in production and distribution. There was no distinction between the public and the private spheres, and the López family ruled the country as it would a large estate.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Francisco Solano López, the son of Carlos Antonio López, replaced his father as the President-Dictator in 1862, and generally continued the political policies of his father. Both wanted to give an international image of Paraguay as "democratic and republican", but in fact, the ruling family had almost total control of all public life in the country, including church and colleges.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: According to George Thompson, Lieutenant Colonel of Engineers in the Paraguayan Army prior to and during the war, López's government was comparatively a good one for Paraguay:

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: On 12 October 1864, despite Paraguayan ultimatums, Brazil (allied with the Argentine Government under General Bartolomé Mitre and the rebellious Uruguayan colorados led by Gen. Venancio Flores) invaded the Republic of Uruguay in order to overthrow the government of that time (which was under the rule of the Blanco Party, an ally of López), thus starting the Paraguayan War.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The Paraguayans, led by the Marshal of the Republic Francisco Solano López, retaliated by attacking Mato Grosso on 15 December 1864 and later declared war against Argentina on 23 March 1865. The Blanco Government was toppled and replaced by a Colorado Government under General Venancio Flores on 22 February 1865. Afterward, the Argentine Republic, the Empire of Brazil and the Republic of Uruguay signed the Secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance against the Paraguayan Government on 1 May 1865.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The Paraguayans put up a ferocious resistance but ultimately lost in 1870 in the Battle of Cerro Corá, where Marshal Solano López refused to surrender and died in action. The real causes of this war, which remains the bloodiest international conflict in the history of The Americas, are still highly debatable.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Paraguay lost 25–33% of its territory to Argentina and Brazil, paid an enormous war debt, and sold large amounts of national properties to stabilize its internal budget. The worst consequence of the war was the catastrophic loss of population. At least 50% of the Paraguayans died during the conflict, numbers which took many decades for the country to return to. About the disaster suffered by the Paraguayans at the outcome of the war, William D. Rubinstein wrote:

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: "The normal estimate is that of a Paraguayan population of somewhere between 450,000 and 900,000, only 220,000 survived the war, of whom only 28,000 were adult males."

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: During the pillaging of Asunción in 1869, the Imperial Brazilian Army packed up and transported the Paraguayan National Archives to Rio de Janeiro. Brazil's records from the war have remained classified. This has made Paraguayan history in the colonial and early national periods difficult to research and study.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: In 1904 the Liberal revolution against the rule of Colorados broke out. The Liberal rule started a period of great political instability. Between 1904 and 1954 Paraguay had thirty-one presidents, most of whom were removed from office by force. Conflicts between the factions of the ruling Liberal party led to the Paraguayan Civil War of 1922.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: A series of unstable governments ensued until the establishment in 1954 of the regime of dictator Alfredo Stroessner, who remained in office for more than three decades until 1989. Paraguay was modernized to some extent under Stroessner's regime, although his rule was marked by extensive human rights abuses.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Stroessner and the "Colorado" party ruled the country from 1954 to 1989. The dictator oversaw an era of economic expansion, but also had a poor human rights and environmental record (see "Political History"). Paraguay actively participated in Operation Condor. Torture and death for political opponents was routine. After his overthrow, the "Colorado" continued to dominate national politics until 2008.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The splits in the "Colorado" Party in the 1980s, and the prevailing conditions – Stroessner's advanced age, the character of the regime, the economic downturn, and international isolation – were catalysts for anti-regime demonstrations and statements by the opposition prior to the 1988 general elections.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: "PLRA" leader Domingo Laíno served as the focal point of the opposition in the second half of the 1980s. The government's effort to isolate Laíno by exiling him in 1982 had backfired. On his sixth attempt to re-enter the country in 1986, Laíno returned with three television crews from the U.S., a former United States ambassador to Paraguay, and a group of Uruguayan and Argentine congressmen. Despite the international contingent, the police violently barred Laíno's return.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The opposition attributed the results in part to the virtual Colorado monopoly on the mass media. They noted that 53% of those polled indicated that there was an "uneasiness" in Paraguayan society. 74% believed that the political situation needed changes, including 45% who wanted a substantial or total change. Finally, 31% stated that they planned to abstain from voting in the February elections.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The June 1992 constitution established a democratic system of government and dramatically improved protection of fundamental human rights. In May 1993, Colorado Party candidate Juan Carlos Wasmosy was elected as Paraguay's first civilian president in almost forty years, in what international observers deemed free and fair elections.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: With support from the United States, the Organization of American States, and other countries in the region, the Paraguayan people rejected an April 1996 attempt by then Army Chief General Lino Oviedo to oust President Wasmosy.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Lugo was sworn in on 15 August 2008. The Lugo administration set its two major priorities as the reduction of corruption and economic inequality.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Political instability following Lugo's election and disputes within his cabinet encouraged some renewal of popular support for the Colorado Party. Reports suggested that the businessman Horacio Cartes became the new political figure amid disputes. Despite the US Drug Enforcement Administration's strong accusations against Cartes related to drug trafficking, he continued to amass followers in the political arena.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: On 14 January 2011, the Colorado Party convention nominated Horacio Cartes as the presidential candidate for the party. However, the party's constitution did not allow it.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: From August 2013 to 15 August 2018, the President of Paraguay was Horacio Cartes. Since 15 August 2018, the President of Paraguay has been Mario Abdo Benítez. They are both from the conservative Colorado Party. President Mario Abdo enjoys a close relationship with the Brazilian far-right president since 2019, Jair Bolsonaro. In February 2019, President Mario Abdo Benitez was at Bolsonaro's side when Bolsonaro praised Paraguayan military dictator Alfredo Stroessner, calling him "a man of vision."

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Paraguay is divided by the Río Paraguay into two well differentiated geographic regions. The eastern region (Región Oriental); and the western region, officially called Western Paraguay (Región Occidental) and also known as the Chaco, which is part of the Gran Chaco. The country lies between latitudes 19° and 28°S, and longitudes 54° and 63°W.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The terrain consists mostly of grassy plains and wooded hills in the eastern region. To the west are mostly low, marshy plains. Paraguay contains six terrestrial ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests, Chaco, Cerrado, Humid Chaco, Pantanal, and Paraná flooded savanna. It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.39/10, ranking it 74th globally out of 172 countries. The Guarani Aquifer is an important exorheic basin to the region.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The overall climate is tropical to subtropical. Like most lands in the region, Paraguay has only wet and dry periods. Winds play a major role in influencing Paraguay's weather: between October and March, warm winds blow from the Amazon Basin in the north, while the period between May and August brings cold winds from the Andes.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The absence of mountain ranges to provide a natural barrier allows winds to develop speeds as high as . This also leads to significant changes in temperature within a short span of time; between April and September, temperatures will sometimes drop below freezing. January is the hottest summer month, with an average daily temperature of 28.9 degrees Celsius (84 degrees F).

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Rainfall varies dramatically across the country, with substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, and semi-arid conditions in the far west. The far eastern forest belt receives an average of of rain annually, while the western Chaco region typically averages no more than a year. The rains in the west tend to be irregular and evaporate quickly, contributing to the aridity of the area.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Wildlife in Paraguay include marsh deer, monkeys, armadillos, anteaters, otters, wild boars, tapirs, jaguars, ocelots, bats, and the coypu.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Paraguay is a representative democratic republic, with a multi-party system and separation of powers across three branches. Executive power is exercised solely by the President, who is head of state and head of government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the National Congress. The judiciary is vested on tribunals and Courts of Civil Law and a nine-member Supreme Court of Justice, all of them independent of the executive and the legislature.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The military of Paraguay consist of an army, navy (including naval aviation and marine corps) and air force. Paraguay's constitution establishes the president of Paraguay as commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Paraguay has compulsory military service; all 18-year-old males, as well as 17-year-old males in the year of their 18th birthday, are liable for one year of active duty. While the constitution allows for conscientious objection, no enabling legislation has yet been approved.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: It is also divided into two regions: The "Occidental Region" or Chaco (Boquerón, Alto Paraguay and Presidente Hayes), and the "Oriental Region" (the other departments and the capital district).

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: In 2010 and 2013, Paraguay experienced the greatest economic expansion of South America, with a GDP growth rate of 14.5% and 13.6% respectively.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: In 2005 the International Monetary Fund explained that less than 10% of workers in Paraguay participate in the pension system, 95% of which is administered by two institutions. Both are financed on a pay as you go system by worker contributions; the first, is for private sector employees, and the for public employees (including university professors, teachers, judicial employees, army officers and police officers) and veterans of the Chaco War (or their descendants).

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Paraguay is the fifth-largest soybean producer in the world, the second-largest producer of stevia and the ninth-largest exporter of beef.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The market economy is distinguished by a large informal sector, featuring re-export of imported consumer goods to neighboring countries, as well as the activities of thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. Nonetheless, over the last 10 years the Paraguayan economy diversified dramatically, with the energy, auto parts and clothing industries leading the way.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: In 2012, Paraguay's government introduced the MERCOSUR (FOCEM) system in order to stimulate the economy and job growth through a partnership with both Brazil and Argentina.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: In the pharmaceutical industry, Paraguayan companies now meet 70% of domestic consumption and have begun to export drugs. Paraguay is quickly supplanting foreign suppliers in meeting the country's drug needs. Strong growth also is evident in the production of edible oils, garments, organic sugar, meat processing, and steel.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Various poverty estimates suggest that 30–50% of the population is poor. In rural areas, 41.20% of the people lack a monthly income to cover basic necessities, whereas in urban centers this figure is 27.6%. The top 10% of the population holds 43.8% of the national income, while the lowest 10% has 0.5%. The economic recession has worsened income inequality, notably in the rural areas, where the Gini coefficient has risen from 0.56 in 1995 to 0.66 in 1999.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: More recent data (2009) show that 35% of the Paraguayan population is poor, 19% of which live in extreme poverty. Moreover, 71% of the latter live in rural areas of the country.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: In the 2010s, the economy, largely directed towards soybean production, grew by an average of 4%. The economic growth did not, however, reduce poverty. According to The New York Times, Paraguay is "one of the countries in Latin America where the gap between rich and poor has widened the most in recent years." In the countryside, 85% of agricultural land is owned by 2.6% of the owners. In addition, people of indigenous descent have been expelled to make way for soybean companies.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The soybean export market is largely dominated by multinationals (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland, Bunge Limited, etc.) and therefore benefits few Paraguayans. Export companies and landowners pay little tax. For example, a study by ECLAC (a UN agency) released in 2018 indicates that Paraguay is one of the countries where companies participate the least in the state budget.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Literacy rates have been extremely low among Paraguay's indigenous population, who had a literacy rate of 7.1% compared to the 51% rate of the general population as of the 2002 census.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Only 2.5% of Paraguay's indigenous population had access to clean drinking water and only 9.5% had electricity .

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: For most of its history, Paraguay has been a recipient of immigrants, owing to its low population density, especially after the demographic collapse caused by the Paraguayan War. Immigrants include Italians, Germans, Spanish, English, Russians, Koreans, Chinese, Arabs, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Brazilians, Argentines, Americans, Bolivians, Venezuelans, Chileans, Taiwanese and Uruguayans.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: There is no official data on the ethnic composition of the Paraguayan population, as the Department of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses of Paraguay does not ask about "race" and "ethnicity" in census surveys, although it does inquire about the indigenous population. According to the census of 2002, indigenous people made up 1.7% of Paraguay's total population.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Traditionally, the majority of the Paraguayan population is considered mixed ("mestizo" in Spanish). HLA-DRB1 polymorphism studies have shown genetic distances between Paraguayans and Spanish populations were closer than between Paraguayans and Guaranis, suggesting the predominance of Spanish genetics among Paraguayans.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: According to , Paraguay has a population of , of which 95% are Mestizo or white and 5% are labelled as "other", which includes members of 17 distinct ethnolinguistic indigenous groups, many of which are poorly documented.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: There are approximately 19 other indigenous languages spoken in Paraguay, many of which are threatened by extinction. Languages such as Guana, Ayoreo and Ishir (Chamacoco) are considered endangered.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Literacy was about 93.6% and 87.7% of Paraguayans finish the fifth grade according to UNESCO's last Educational Development Index 2008. Literacy does not differ much by gender. A more recent study reveals that attendance at primary school by children between 6 and 12 years old is about 98%. Primary education is free and mandatory and takes nine years. Secondary education takes three years.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The net primary enrollment rate was at 88% in 2005. Public expenditure on education was about 4.3% of GDP in the early 2000s.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Average life expectancy in Paraguay is rather high given its poverty: , it was 75 years, equivalent to far wealthier Argentina, and the eighth highest in the Americas according to World Health Organization. Public expenditure on health is 2.6% of GDP, while private health expenditure is 5.1%. Infant mortality was 20 per 1,000 births in 2005. Maternal mortality was 150 per 100,000 live births in 2000.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: The 1950s and 1960s were the time of the birth of a new generation of Paraguayan novelists and poets such as José Ricardo Mazó, Roque Vallejos, and Nobel Prize nominee Augusto Roa Bastos. Several Paraguayan films have been made.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Inside the family, conservative values predominate. In lower classes, godparents have a special relationship to the family, since usually, they are chosen because of their favourable social position, in order to provide extra security for the children. Particular respect is owed them, in return for which the family can expect protection and patronage.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Sport in Paraguay is an important part of the country's national culture. Football is the most popular sport, the main national team is the Paraguay national football team.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Paraguay

Context: Basketball is also very popular. Other sports such as volleyball, handball, futsal, swimming and tennis are also popular. Additional Paraguayan sports and pastimes include rugby union, chess, motorsport, golf and rowing.

Question: Mikä on Paraguayn asukasluku?


Campanology

Context: Campanology () is the scientific and musical study of bells. It encompasses the technology of bells – how they are founded, tuned, and rung – as well as the history, methods, and traditions of bellringing as an art.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: It is common to collect together a set of tuned bells and treat the whole as one musical instrument. Such collectionssuch as a Flemish carillon, a Russian "zvon", or an English "ring of bells" used for change ringinghave their own practices and challenges; and campanology is likewise the study of perfecting such instruments and composing and performing music for them.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: In this sense, however, the word "campanology" is most often used in reference to relatively large bells, often hung in a tower. It is not usually applied to assemblages of smaller bells, such as a glockenspiel, a collection of tubular bells, or an Indonesian gamelan.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: "Campanology" is a hybrid word. The first half is derived from the Late Latin , meaning 'bell'; the second half is derived from the Ancient Greek () meaning 'the study of'.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: A campanologist is one who studies campanology, though it is popularly misused to refer to a bell ringer.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: The carillon is a collection of tuned bells for playing conventional melodic music. The bells are stationary and struck by hammers linked to a clavier keyboard.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: The carillon in the Church of St Peter, Aberdyfi, Gwynedd, Wales is often used to play the famous 'Bells of Aberdovey' tune.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: A carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a "chime". American chimes usually have one to one and a half diatonic octaves. Many chimes play an automated piece of music, such as clock chimes. Chime bells generally used to lack dynamic variation and harmonic tuning, where all the main harmonics are in concord with the perceived strike note. Since the 20th century, in Belgium and The Netherlands, clock chime bells have had harmonic tuning.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: These chimes should not be confused with another musical instrument also called "chimes" (or "tubular bells") nor with a "wind chime" neither of which have harmonically tuned bells.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: The bells in Russian tradition are sounded by their clappers, attached to ropes; a special system of ropes is developed individually for every belltower. All the ropes are gathered in one place, where the bell-ringer stands. The ropes (usually all ropes) are not pulled, but rather pressed with hands or legs. Since one end of every rope is fixed, and the ropes are kept in tension, a press or even a punch on a rope makes a clapper move.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: These rings of bells have relatively few bells, compared with a carillon; six or eight-bell towers are common, with the largest rings in numbering up to sixteen bells. The bells are usually tuned to fall in a diatonic scale without chromatic notes; they are traditionally numbered from the top downwards so that the highest bell (called the "treble") is numbered 1 and the lowest bell (the "tenor") has the highest number; it is usually the tonic note of the bells' scale.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: To swing the heavy bells requires a ringer for each bell. Furthermore, the great inertias involved mean that a ringer has only a limited ability to retard or accelerate his/her bell's cycle. Along with the relatively limited palette of notes available, the upshot is that such rings of bells do not easily lend themselves to ringing melodies.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: Ringing in English belltowers became a popular hobby in the late 17th century, in the Restoration era; the scientific approach which led to modern method ringing can be traced to two books of that era, "Tintinnalogia or the Art of Ringing" (published in 1668 by Richard Duckworth and Fabian Stedman) and "Campanalogia" (also by Stedman; first released 1677; see Bibliography). Today change ringing remains most popular in England but is practiced worldwide; over four thousand peals are rung each year.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: Dorothy L. Sayers's mystery story, "The Nine Tailors" (1934) centres around change ringing of bells in a Fenland church; her father was a clergyman.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: The Ellacombe apparatus is an English mechanism devised for chiming by striking stationary bells with external hammers. However it does not have the same sound as full circle ringing due to the absence of the doppler effect derived from bell rotation and the lack of a damping effect of the clapper after each strike.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: It requires only one person to operate. Each hammer is connected by a rope to a fixed frame in the bell-ringing room. When in use the ropes are taut, and pulling one of the ropes towards the player will strike the hammer against the bell. To enable normal full circle ringing on the same bells, the ropes are slackened to allow the hammers to drop away from the moving bells.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: The system was devised in 1821 by Reverend Henry Thomas Ellacombe of Gloucestershire, who first had such a system installed in Bitton in 1822. He created the system to make conventional bell-ringers redundant, so churches did not have to tolerate the behaviour of what he thought were unruly bell-ringers.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: However, in reality, it required very rare expertise for one person to ring changes. The sound of a chime was a poor substitute for the rich sound of swinging bells, and the apparatus fell out of fashion. Consequently, the Ellacombe apparatus has been disconnected or removed from many towers in the UK. In towers where the apparatus remains intact, it is generally used like a Carillon, but to play simple tunes, or if expertise exists, to play changes.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: The tuning of a bell is completely dependent on its shape. When first cast it is approximately correct, but it is then machined on a tuning lathe to remove metal until it is in tune. This is a very complex exercise which took centuries of empirical practice, and latterly modern acoustic science, to understand.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: If a bell is part of a set to be rung or played together, then the initial dominant perceived sound, called the strike note, must be tuned to a designated note of a common scale. In addition each bell will emit harmonics, or partials, which must also be tuned so that these are not discordant with the bell's strike note. This is what Fuller-Maitland writing in "Grove's dictionary of music and musicians" meant when he said : "Good tone means that a bell must be in tune with itself."

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: Further, less dominant, partials include the major, third and perfect fifth in the octave above these.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: Bells are generally around 80% copper and 20% tin (bell metal), with the tone varying according to material.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: Tone and pitch is also affected by the method in which a bell is struck. Asian large bells are often bowl shaped but lack the lip and are often not free-swinging. Also note the special shape of Bianzhong bells, allowing two tones. The scaling or size of most bells to each other may be approximated by the equation for circular cylinders:

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: where "h" is thickness, "D" is diameter, and "C" is a constant determined by the material and the profile.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: On the theory that pieces in major keys may better be accommodated, after many unsatisfactory attempts, in the 1980s, using computer modeling for assistance in design by scientists at the Technical University in Eindhoven, bells with a major-third profile were created by the Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry in the Netherlands, being described as resembling old Coke bottles in that they have a bulge around the middle; and in 1999 a design without the bulge was announced.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


Campanology

Context: The following organizations promote the study, music, collection and/or preservation and restoration of bells. Nation(s) covered are given in parenthesis.

Question: Miten lukkari määritellään?


The Secret of NIMH

Context: The film rights to the book "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH" had reportedly been offered to Walt Disney Productions in 1972, but they were turned down.

Question: Kuka ohjasi NIMH – rouva Brisby elokuvan?


The Secret of NIMH

Context: In animating Justin and Jenner's sword fight, the animators referenced similar sequences in films such as "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938) and "The Vikings" (1958).

Question: Kuka ohjasi NIMH – rouva Brisby elokuvan?


The Secret of NIMH

Context: "The Secret of NIMH" debuted on Super 8 film and several home video formats in 1983, including VHS, Betamax, CED Videodisc, Video8 and LaserDisc, which were distributed by MGM/UA Home Video in North America and Warner Home Video in Europe, Australia and Japan. A Video 2000 version was also released exclusively in Europe. With a $79 purchase price in the United States, the VHS edition sold approximately 25,000 copies within the first few months.

Question: Kuka ohjasi NIMH – rouva Brisby elokuvan?


The Secret of NIMH

Context: On September 6, 1990, the film was re-released on both VHS and LaserDisc in a new advertising campaign with lower retail prices. It was this new wide availability on video, as well as broadcasts on cable, that helped "NIMH" garner a cult following long after its theatrical debut. This was followed by another VHS release under the MGM/UA Family Entertainment label in 1994, along with a Philips CD-i video disc version that same year, which was available exclusively through Warner Home Video worldwide.

Question: Kuka ohjasi NIMH – rouva Brisby elokuvan?


The Secret of NIMH

Context: "The Secret of NIMH" received critical acclaim upon its release. It holds an approval rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 7.50/10. The consensus states: ""The Secret of NIMH" seeks to resurrect the classical style of American animation and succeeds, telling a mature story with rapturous presentation". The film also has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 15 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".

Question: Kuka ohjasi NIMH – rouva Brisby elokuvan?


The Secret of NIMH

Context: In 2009, Paramount Pictures was working with Neil Burger on a remake of "The Secret of NIMH"; nothing has materialized since.

Question: Kuka ohjasi NIMH – rouva Brisby elokuvan?


The Secret of NIMH

Context: A television series based on the books was in development at Fox as an event series in September 2021.

Question: Kuka ohjasi NIMH – rouva Brisby elokuvan?


Solid-state battery

Context: A solid-state battery is a battery technology that uses solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte, instead of the liquid or polymer gel electrolytes found in lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: While solid electrolytes were first discovered in the 19th century, several drawbacks, such as low energy densities, have prevented widespread application. Developments in the late 20th and early 21st century have caused renewed interest in solid-state battery technologies, especially in the context of electric vehicles, starting in the 2010s.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Solid-state batteries can provide potential solutions for many problems of liquid Li-ion batteries, such as flammability, limited voltage, unstable solid-electrolyte interphase formation, poor cycling performance and strength.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Materials proposed for use as solid electrolytes in solid-state batteries include ceramics (e.g., oxides, sulfides, phosphates), and solid polymers. Solid-state batteries have found use in pacemakers, RFID and wearable devices. They are potentially safer, with higher energy densities, but at a much higher cost. Challenges to widespread adoption include energy and power density, durability, material costs, sensitivity and stability.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: By the late 1950s, several electrochemical systems employed solid electrolytes. They used a silver ion, but had some undesirable qualities, including low energy density and cell voltages, and high internal resistance. A new class of solid-state electrolyte, developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, emerged in the 1990s, which was then used to make thin film lithium-ion batteries.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: In 2012, Toyota soon followed suit and began conducting experimental research into solid-state batteries for applications in the automotive industry in order to remain competitive in the EV market. At the same time, Volkswagen began partnering with small technology companies specializing in the technology.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: In February 2012, ProLogium Technology made its debut in the Battery Japan show and announced their FLCB (FPC Lithium Ceramic) battery, a product which integrated solid-state battery and FPC (flexible printed circuit) subtrate.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: A series of technological breakthroughs ensued. In 2013, researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder announced the development of a solid-state lithium battery, with a solid composite cathode based on an iron-sulfur chemistry, that promised higher energy capacity compared to already-existing SSBs.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Major developments continued to unfold into 2018, when Solid Power, spun off from the University of Colorado Boulder research team, received $20 million in funding from Samsung and Hyundai to establish a small manufacturing line that could produce copies of its all-solid-state, rechargeable lithium-metal battery prototype, with a predicted 10 megawatt hours of capacity per year. Solid Power anticipates "entering the formal automotive qualification process" in early 2022.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Qing Tao started the first Chinese production line of solid-state batteries in 2018 as well, with the initial intention of supplying SSBs for “special equipment and high-end digital products”; however, the company has spoken with several car manufacturers with the intent to potentially expand into the automotive space.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: In July 2021, Murata Manufacturing announced that it will begin mass production of all-solid-state batteries in the coming months, aiming to supply them to manufacturers of earphones and other wearables.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: The battery capacity is up to 25mAh at 3.8V, making it suitable for small mobile devices such as earbuds, but not for electric vehicles. Lithium-Ion cells used in electric vehicles typically offer 2,000 to 5,000 mAh at similar voltage: an EV would need at least 100 times as many of the Murata cells to provide equivalent power.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Ford Motor Company and BMW funded the startup Solid Power with $130 million, and as of 2022 the company had raised a total of $540 million.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: In September 2021, Toyota announced their plan to use a solid-state battery in some future car models, starting with hybrid models in 2025, due to the cost and lower power requirements.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: In January 2022, ProLogium Technology signed a technical cooperation agreement with Mercedes-Benz, a subsidiary of the Daimler Group. The money invested by Mercedes-Benz will be used for solid-state battery development and production preparations.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Li-O2 also have high theoretical capacity. The main issue with these devices is that the anode must be sealed from ambient atmosphere, while the cathode must be in contact with it.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: A Li/LiFePO4 battery shows promise as a solid state application for electric vehicles. A 2010 study presented this material as a safe alternative to rechargeable batteries for EV's that "surpass the USABC-DOE targets".

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Solid-state batteries are potentially useful in pacemakers, RFIDs, wearable devices, and electric vehicles.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Hybrid and plug-in electric cars use a variety of battery technologies, including Li-ion, nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lead–acid, and electric double-layer capacitor (or ultracapacitor), with Li-ion dominating the market.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: In August 2020, Toyota started road testing of their prototype vehicle, LQ Concept, equipped with a solid-state battery.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: In September 2021, Toyota unveiled its strategy on battery development and supply, in which solid-state battery is to be adopted first in their hybrid electric vehicles to utilize its characteristics.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: The characteristics of high energy density and keeping high performance even in harsh environments are expected in realization of new wearable devices that are smaller and more reliable than ever.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: In March 2021, an industrial manufacturer Hitachi Zosen Corporation has developed a solid-state battery, claiming to have one of the highest capacities in the industry, and explained about its usage in harsh conditions in space environment. They have already made agreement with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to test their solid-state batteries in space, and the battery will power camera equipment in Japan's Experiment Module "Kibō" on the International Space Station (ISS).

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Low temperature operations may be challenging. Solid-state batteries historically had poor performance.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Solid-state batteries with ceramic electrolytes require high pressure to maintain contact with the electrodes. Solid-state batteries with ceramic separators may break from mechanical stress.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?