Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: In the first half of 2018, Majid Al Futtaim Retail launched its largest regional distribution center in Dubai’s National Industries Park. At an investment of over US$80m, the facility can handle up to 100,000 orders per day.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: The company has invested heavily in data analysis and digital capabilities as well as relevant companies and start-ups that serve multiples channels. In December 2017, it launched a School of Analytics and Technology, along with A², its Advanced Analytics Centre of Excellence. The same year, its company signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Smart Dubai to help improve the emirate’s data analytics capabilities.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: In 2017, Majid Al Futtaim moved into the Home furnishing market with a franchise deal with homeware brand Maisons du Monde.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: Majid Al Futtaim Ventures is a group of companies that offer amenities such as cinemas, leisure and entertainment, financial services, fashion and healthcare and JVs in facility management and food and beverages. Majid Al Futtaim Ventures is a unit of Majid Al Futtaim (MAF) Group.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: Majid Al Futtaim Leisure and Entertainment operates Ski Dubai, an indoor ski resort with 22,500 square meters of indoor ski area at the Mall of the Emirates, as well as 18 "Magic Planet" family entertainment centres. In addition, Magic Planet operates a facility within City Centre Mirdif, a temperature controlled indoor and outdoor water park, and the first Lego store in the Middle East in Abu Dhabi.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: The firm has 318 cinema screens in various Middle Eastern countries. Its cinemas in the Mall of the Emirates are considered as the flagship venture with 24 screens – including an IMAX with Laser, VOX 4DX auditorium, a luxury cinema experience called “ThEATre by Rhodes” (collaboration with Michelin Star Chef Gary Rhodes OBE) and VOX Kids. The 100,000sq ft venue became the largest complex in the Middle East after its re-launch in September 28, 2015.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: In May 2018, VOX Cinemas opened the first four-screen multiplex in Saudi Arabia, at the company’s new entertainment complex in Riyadh Park, two weeks after the first public cinema screening in Saudi Arabia for 35 years.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: At the end of 2019, VOX Cinemas, part of the Majid Al Futtaim Entertainment group, expects to open a multi-screen venue at the Wafi Mall in Dubai. In January 2019, VOX cinemas opens its doors in Jeddah at the Red Sea Mall.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: After decades of cinema ban, Cameron Mitchell, CEO of Majid Al Futtaim Cinemas, said that MAF is contributing to the Saudi Vision 2030, and the group announces in January 2019 VOX's rollout of 300 new screens in the Kingdom within 18 months as part of a $4 billion investment plan.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: In 2013, the group established a joint venture agreement with Gourmet Gulf, a food and beverage retail company. Majid Al Futtaim now co-owns the development and franchise rights to food brands such as Dalloyau, California Pizza Kitchen, YO! Sushi, Texas de Brazil, in more than 20 food and beverage outlets in the region.

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Majid Al Futtaim Group

Context: Previously "MAF Dalkia" (a partnership between Majid Al Futtaim Ventures and Dalkia). In 2015, MAF Dalkia Middle East rebranded its identity under the name of ‘Enova’, (a joint venture company between Majid Al Futtaim and Veolia).

Question: ماهو الدخل السنوي لمجموعة ماجد الفطيم ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, service, place or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Greenhouse gases, including the carbon-containing gases carbon dioxide and methane, can be emitted through the burning of fossil fuels, land clearance and the production and consumption of food, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, transportation and other services.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: In most cases, the total carbon footprint cannot be calculated exactly because of inadequate knowledge of data about the complex interactions between contributing processes, including the influence of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide. For this reason, Wright, Kemp, and Williams proposed the following definition of a carbon footprint:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The global average annual carbon footprint per person in 2014 was about 5 tonnes CO2e. Although there are many ways to calculate a carbon footprint, the Nature Conservancy suggests that the average carbon footprint for a U.S. citizen is 16 tons. This is one of the highest rates in the world.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The use of household carbon footprint calculators originated when oil producer BP hired Ogilvy to create an "effective propaganda" campaign to shift responsibility of climate change-causing pollution away from the corporations and institutions that created a society where carbon emissions are unavoidable and onto personal lifestyle choices. The term "carbon footprint" was also popularized by BP.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The latest climate science is published in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. The report presents key scientific findings linking the increase in anthropogenic GHGs emissions in current climate change. According to the report, it is only possible to avoid warming of 1.5 °C or 2 °C if massive and immediate cuts in greenhouse gas emissions are made.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Carbon footprint is one of a family of footprint indicators, which also include ecological footprints, water footprints and land footprints.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: BP made no attempt to reduce its own carbon footprint, instead expanding its oil drilling into the 2020s. However, the strategy had some success, with a rise in consumers concerned about their own personal actions, and creation of multiple carbon footprint calculators.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Predicting the carbon footprint of a process is also possible through estimations using the above standards. By using Emission intensities/Carbon intensities and the estimated annual use of fuel, chemical, or other inputs, the carbon footprint can be determined while a process is being planned/designed.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Direct or 'scope 1' carbon emissions come from sources that are directly from the site that is producing a product or delivering a service. An example for industry would be the emissions related to burning a fuel on site. On the individual level, emissions from personal vehicles or gas burning stoves would fall under scope 1.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Indirect carbon emissions are emissions from sources upstream or downstream from the process being studied, also known as scope 2 or scope 3 emissions.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Scope 2 emissions are the other indirect related to purchased electricity, heat, and/or steam used on site.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Scope 3 emissions are all other indirect emissions derived from the activities of an organisation but from sources which they do not own or control. The GHG Protocol's Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard allows companies to assess their entire value chain emissions impact and identify where to focus reduction activities.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: In the UK, DEFRA provides emission factors going back to 2002 covering scope 1, 2 and 3. DEFRA no longer provide international emission factors and refer visitors to the IEA who provide free highlights and paid for details covering Scope 1 and 2.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: According to The World Bank, the global average carbon footprint in 2014 was 4.97 metric tons CO2/cap. The EU average for 2007 was about 13.8 tons CO2e/cap, whereas for the U.S., Luxembourg and Australia it was over 25 tons CO2e/cap. In 2017, the average for the USA was about 20 metric tons CO2e.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Mobility (driving, flying & small amount from public transit), shelter (electricity, heating, construction) and food are the most important consumption categories determining the carbon footprint of a person. In the EU, the carbon footprint of mobility is evenly split between direct emissions (e.g. from driving private cars) and emissions embodied in purchased products related to mobility (air transport service, emissions occurring during the production of cars and during the extraction of fuel).

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The carbon footprint of U.S. households is about 5 times greater than the global average. For most U.S. households the single most important action to reduce their carbon footprint is driving less or switching to a more efficient vehicle.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: As well as calculating carbon footprints for whole countries, it is also possible to calculate the footprint of regions, cities, and neighbourhoods.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Three studies concluded that hydroelectric, wind, and nuclear power produced the least CO2 per kilowatt-hour of any other electricity sources.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: These figures do not include emissions due to accidents or terrorism. Wind power and solar power emit no carbon from their operation, but do leave a footprint during construction and maintenance. Hydropower from reservoirs also has large footprints from initial removal of vegetation and ongoing methane (stream detritus decays anaerobically to methane in bottom of reservoir, rather than aerobically to CO2 if it had stayed in an unrestricted stream).

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The generation of electricity accounts for about half of the world's man-made CO2 output. The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint, much lower than micro-power or heat pumps.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Coal production has been refined to greatly reduce carbon emissions; since the 1980s, the amount of energy used to produce a ton of steel has decreased by 50%.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: This section gives representative figures for the carbon footprint of the fuel burned by different transport types (not including the carbon footprints of the vehicles or related infrastructure themselves). The precise figures vary according to a wide range of factors.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Some representative figures for CO2 emissions are provided by LIPASTO's survey of average direct emissions (not accounting for high-altitude radiative effects) of airliners expressed as CO2 and CO2 equivalent per passenger kilometre:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: However, emissions per unit distance travelled is not necessarily the best indicator for the carbon footprint of air travel, because the distances covered are commonly longer than by other modes of travel. It is the total emissions for a trip that matters for a carbon footprint, not merely the rate of emissions. For example, because air travel makes rapid long-distance travel feasible, a holiday destination may be chosen that is much more distant than if another mode of travel were used.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: CO2 emissions per passenger-kilometre (pkm) for all road travel for 2011 in Europe as provided by the European Environment Agency:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: For vehicles, average figures for CO2 emissions per kilometer for road travel for 2013 in Europe, normalized to the NEDC test cycle, are provided by the International Council on Clean Transportation:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Average figures for the United States are provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency, based on the EPA Federal Test Procedure, for the following categories:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The Carbon Trust has worked with UK manufacturers on foods, shirts and detergents, introducing a CO2 label in March 2007. The label is intended to comply with a new British Publicly Available Specification (i.e. not a standard), PAS 2050, and is being actively piloted by The Carbon Trust and various industrial partners. As of August 2012 The Carbon Trust state they have measured 27,000 certifiable product carbon footprints.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Evaluating the package of some products is key to figuring out the carbon footprint. The key way to determine a carbon footprint is to look at the materials used to make the item. For example, a juice carton is made of an aseptic carton, a beer can is made of aluminum, and some water bottles either made of glass or plastic. The larger the size, the larger the footprint will be.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The precise carbon footprint of different textiles varies considerably according to a wide range of factors. However, studies of textile production in Europe suggest the following carbon dioxide equivalent emissions footprints per kilo of textile at the point of purchase by a consumer:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Accounting for durability and energy required to wash and dry textile products, synthetic fabrics generally have a substantially lower carbon footprint than natural ones.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The carbon footprint of materials (also known as embodied carbon) varies widely. The carbon footprint of many common materials can be found in the Inventory of Carbon & Energy database, the GREET databases and models, and LCA databases via openLCA Nexus. The carbon footprint of any manufactured product should be verified by a third-party.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Although carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent gas, it is not the most damaging. Carbon dioxide is essential to life because animals release it during cellular respiration when they breathe and plants use it for photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is released naturally by decomposition, ocean release and respiration. Humans contribute an increase of carbon dioxide emissions by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement production.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is released by fuel combustion, most of which comes from coal fired power plants, agricultural and industrial activities.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Fluorinated gases include hydroflucarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). These gases have no natural source and are solely products of human activity. The biggest cause of these sources is the usage of ozone depleting substances; such as refrigerants, aerosol, propellants, foam blowing agents, solvents, and fire retardants.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The production of all of these gases contributes to one's GHG footprint. The more that these gases are produced, the higher the GHG footprint.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: An option is to drive less. Walking, biking, carpooling, mass transportation and combining trips result in burning less fuel and releasing fewer emissions into the atmosphere.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Options to reduce the carbon footprint of humans include Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse. This can be done by using reusable items such as thermoses for daily coffee or plastic containers for water and other cold beverages rather than disposable ones. If that option isn't available, it is best to properly recycle the disposable items after use.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The carbon handprint movement emphasizes individual forms of carbon offsetting, like using more public transportation or planting trees in deforested regions, to reduce one's carbon footprint and increase their "handprint."

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: refrigerant management (90 billion tonnes of CO2e 2017–2050, since refrigerants have thousands of times the warming potential of CO2); land-based wind turbines for electricity (85 billion); reduced food waste (71 billion); and restoring tropical forests by ending use of the land for other purposes (61 billion). They calculate benefits cumulatively to 2050, rather than annually, because industrial actions have long lead times.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: A product, service, or company's carbon footprint can be affected by several factors including, but not limited to:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: These factors can also change with location or industry. However, there are some general steps that can be taken to reduce carbon footprint on a larger scale.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: In 2016, the EIA reported that in the US electricity is responsible for roughly 37% of Carbon Dioxide emissions, making it a potential target for reductions. Possibly the cheapest way to do this is through energy efficiency improvements. The ACEEE reported that energy efficiency has the potential to save the US over 800 billion kWh per year, based on 2015 data. Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Carbon footprint from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of nuclear power (a zero carbon emissions energy source) and alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Reforestation, the restocking of existing forests or woodlands that have previously been depleted, is an example of Carbon Offsetting, the counteracting of carbon dioxide emissions with an equivalent reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon offsetting can reduce a companies overall carbon footprint by offering a carbon credit.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Supply chain emissions (scope 3) are on average 11.4 times higher than operational emissions, more than double previous estimates, due to suppliers improving their emissions accounting. Therefore, there is an increasing focus on companies reducing their emissions coming from their suppliers as a way to reduce risks and capture opportunities.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and the emissions of other GHGs, are often associated with the burning of fossil fuels, like natural gas, crude oil and coal. While this is harmful to the environment, carbon offsets can be purchased in an attempt to make up for these harmful effects.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The Kyoto Protocol defines legally binding targets and timetables for cutting the GHG emissions of industrialized countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Accordingly, from an economic or market perspective, one has to distinguish between a "mandatory market" and a "voluntary market". Typical for both markets is the trade with emission certificates:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: To reach the goals defined in the Kyoto Protocol, with the least economical costs, the following flexible mechanisms were introduced for the mandatory market:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The CDM and JI mechanisms requirements for projects which create a supply of emission reduction instruments, while Emissions Trading allows those instruments to be sold on international markets.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The CERs and ERUs can then be sold through Emissions Trading. The demand for the CERs and ERUs being traded is driven by:

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: New changes are being made to the trading schemes. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme is set to make some new changes within the next year. The new changes will target the emissions produced by flight travel in and out of the European Union.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Other nations are scheduled to start participating in Emissions Trading Schemes within the next few years. These nations include China, India and the United States.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: There are project developers, wholesalers, brokers, and retailers, as well as carbon funds, in the voluntary market. Some businesses and nonprofits in the voluntary market encompass more than just one of the activities listed above. A report by Ecosystem Marketplace shows that carbon offset prices increase as it moves along the supply chain—from project developer to retailer.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: While some mandatory emission reduction schemes exclude forest projects, these projects flourish in the voluntary markets. A major criticism concerns the imprecise nature of GHG sequestration quantification methodologies for forestry projects. However, others note the community co-benefits that forestry projects foster.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM), an initiative led by ex-governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney, aims to bring more outstanding quality and integrity to the voluntary carbon markets. The TSVCM during 2023 will seek to create a set of Core Carbon Principles (CCPs) and mechanisms to simplify companies access to high-integrity credits and provide banks and investors confidence for financing carbon projects and trading credits.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: The size and activity of the voluntary carbon market are difficult to measure. The market size of voluntary carbon offsets market in 2021 is expected to hit $1 billion.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: In order to decrease CO2 emissions, the reliance of fossil fuels must be lowered. These fuels produce much CO2 across all forms of their usage. Alternatively, renewable sources are cleaner for the environment.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Household energy conservation measures include increasing insulation in construction, using fuel-efficient vehicles and ENERGY STAR appliances, and unplugging electrical items when not in use.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Reducing methane gas emissions can be accomplished in several ways. Capturing CH4 emissions from coal mines and landfills, are two ways of reducing these emissions. Manure management and livestock operations is another possible solution. Motor vehicles use fossil fuels, which produces , but fossil fuels also produce as a byproduct. Thus, better technology for these vehicles to avoid leakage as well as technologies that reduce their use would be beneficial.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Carbon footprint

Context: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is often given off as a byproduct in various ways. Nylon production and fossil fuel usage are two ways that N2O is given off as a byproduct. Thus, improving technology for nylon production and the gathering of fossil fuels would greatly reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Also, many fertilizers have a nitrogenous base. A decrease in usage of these fertilizers, or changing their components, are more ways to reduce N2O emissions.

Question: كيف يمكن التقليل من إنتاج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: Jeddah Tower (Arabic: برج جدة), previously known as Kingdom Tower (), is a skyscraper construction project currently on hold. Located on the north side of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, it is planned to be the first high building in human history, and the centrepiece and first phase of a development and tourist attraction known as Jeddah Economic City.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: There was steady progress, but in January 2018, building owner JEC halted structural concrete work with the tower about one-third completed due to labor issues with a contractor following the 2017–2019 Saudi Arabian purge.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: The design, created by American architect Adrian Smith, who also designed the Burj Khalifa, incorporates many unique structural and aesthetic features. The creator and leader of the project is Saudi Arabian prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, a grandson of Ibn Saud, and nephew of the Kings of Saudi Arabia after Ibn Saud. Al-Waleed is the chairman of Kingdom Holding Company (KHC), which is a partner in the Jeddah Economic Company (JEC), which was formed in 2009 for the development of Jeddah Tower and City.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: The building has been designed to a height of at least (the exact height is being kept private while in development, similar to the Burj Khalifa). At about one kilometre, Jeddah Tower would be the tallest building or structure in the world to date, standing taller than the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: Jeddah Tower's plot, along with surrounding buildings, will be the first of a three-phase Jeddah Economic City development. The three-phase project was proposed for a large area of undeveloped waterfront land with an area of . The area is located roughly north of the port city of Jeddah. Jeddah Economic City was designed by HOK Architects, and is estimated to cost at least SR75 billion (US$20 billion) and take around ten years to build.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: The development is envisioned to grow into a new district of Jeddah. The second phase of the project will be the infrastructure development needed to support the city, and the third phase has not yet been revealed.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: The focal point of the development and Jeddah Tower's primary use will be to house a Four Seasons hotel, Four Seasons serviced apartments, Class A office space, and luxury condominiums. The tower will also have the world's highest observatory. Although the Jeddah Economic City plot is nearly isolated from the current urban core of Jeddah, no land tracts of such size were available closer to the city. Northward is generally considered the direction in which the city will spread in the future.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: Reports in 2009 suggested that the project had been put on hold due to the Global financial crisis of 2008–2009 and that Bechtel (the former engineering firm) was "in the process of ending its involvement with the project." Kingdom Holding Company quickly criticized the news reports, insisting that the project had not been shelved.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: In October 2010, the owners (Kingdom Holding Company) signed a development agreement with Emaar Properties PJSC. The final height of the building was questionable, but it was still listed to be over 1 kilometre. Kingdom Holding said construction was progressing.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: On 13 August 2012, it was announced that the landscaping contract for the Jeddah Tower was to be awarded to Landtech Designs, a US-based company, who will be responsible for irrigating of green space by using the latest technology in sustainable irrigation. The supply of water to irrigate the green space would be collected through rainwater.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: On 21 September 2012, it was announced that financing for the Jeddah Tower was complete. Talal Al Maiman, chief executive officer and managing director of Kingdom Real Estate Development Co. said in an interview "We have all the investors, all the finance, all the money we need," Al Maiman said. "It took us beyond 20 months to convince investors, working every detail and aspect of financing."

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: On 29 April 2013, news was reported that the Saudi Water Company had signed a 2.2 billion-riyal ($587 million) supply deal with Jeddah Economic Co. for the Jeddah tower project. The 25-year agreement to supply 156,000 cubic metres of treated and drinking water a day, enough for 62 Olympic-size pools, was signed by the chief executive of the Jeddah-based developer, Waleed Batraji, and Loay al-Musallam, head of National Water Company.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: Construction started on 1 April 2013. Piling was completed in December 2013. Above ground construction commenced in September 2014.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: In March 2018, Kingdom Holding Company signed a deal with Orange Business Services to provide information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure to Jeddah Tower. On March 12 construction of the tower moved forward after the delay.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: There was steady progress, but in January 2018, building owner JEC halted structural concrete work with the tower about one-third completed due to labor issues with a contractor following the 2017–19 Saudi Arabian purge. Since then construction work has been stalled.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: "We intend [Jeddah] Tower to become both an economic engine and a proud symbol of the kingdom's economic and cultural stature in the world community," said Talal Al Maiman, a board member of both Kingdom Holding Company and Jeddah Economic Company. The project's primary proponent, Prince Al-Waleed said, "Building this tower in Jeddah sends a financial and economic message that should not be ignored. It has a political depth to it to tell the world that we Saudis invest in our country."

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: B. ^ This figure has been referred to as the "total building area" in publications, which is probably another term for gross floor area; the actual usable floor space, which is what buildings are typically measured by, will presumably be less. This area has also been reported as .

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: D. ^ Figure attained using the formula for the area of a circle (π"r"2) and the given value of as the diameter.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Jeddah Tower

Context: E. ^ No official floor count has been given; however, Adrian Smith said it will be about 50 floors taller than the (163-floor) Burj Khalifa. In November 2010, an older kilometre-high design was said to contain over 200 floors.

Question: ماكانت تكلفة بناء برج خليفه في دبي ؟


Century

Context: A centennial or centenary is a hundredth anniversary, or a celebration of this, typically the remembrance of an event which took place a hundred years earlier.

Question: كم هي السنوات المكوّنة للقرن؟


Century

Context: In popular perception and practice, centuries are structured by grouping years based on sharing the 'hundreds' digit(s). In this model, the "n"-th century starts with the year that ends in "00" and ends with the year ending in "99"; for example, the years 1900 to 1999, in popular culture, constitute the 20th century. (This is similar to the grouping of "0-to-9 decades" which share the 'tens' digit.)

Question: كم هي السنوات المكوّنة للقرن؟


Century

Context: To facilitate calendrical calculations by computer, the astronomical year numbering and ISO 8601 systems both contain a year zero, with the astronomical year 0 corresponding to the year 1 BCE, the astronomical year -1 corresponding to 2 BCE, and so on.

Question: كم هي السنوات المكوّنة للقرن؟


Century

Context: Italian also has a similar system, but it only expresses the hundreds and omits the word for “thousand”. This system mainly functions from the 11th to the 20th century:

Question: كم هي السنوات المكوّنة للقرن؟


Century

Context: While the century has been commonly used in the West, other cultures and calendars have utilized differently sized groups of years in a similar manner. The Hindu calendar, in particular, summarizes its years into groups of 60, while the Aztec calendar considers groups of 52.

Question: كم هي السنوات المكوّنة للقرن؟


Oozlum bird

Context: The "Oxford English Dictionary" describes it as "[a] mythical bird displaying ridiculous behaviour" and speculates that the word could have been suggested by the word "ouzel", meaning a blackbird ("Turdus merula"). The earliest citation recorded by the dictionary dates from 1858.

Question: هل يوجد طيور تستطيع الطيران للخلف؟


Oozlum bird

Context: The oozlum bird was the subject of the 1970 British film "Carry On Up the Jungle". There was also a recurring joke in an episode of the BBC radio comedy, "The Navy Lark" that Lt Commander Murray (Stephen Murray) did not know what the oozlum bird was. Sub Lieutenant Phillips (Leslie Phillips) suggested that when young, oozlum birds fly straight, and it is only when they turn left that the trouble starts.

Question: هل يوجد طيور تستطيع الطيران للخلف؟


Oozlum bird

Context: The oozlum bird is sometimes used as a symbol of self-reference and circular argumentation. For example, author Charles Seife wrote: "Like the mythical oozlum bird, Wikipedia seems to have the ability to fly around in ever decreasing circles until it flies right up its own rectum."

Question: هل يوجد طيور تستطيع الطيران للخلف؟


Oozlum bird

Context: The fabulous qualities of the oozlum bird are the subject of a poem by W. T. Goodge (1862–1909). In the poem "The Oozlum Bird", the bird is said to fly backwards and has the singular ability of being able to fly up in the air while letting the earth turn under it. The bird is said to be large enough to bear the weight of a man.

Question: هل يوجد طيور تستطيع الطيران للخلف؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: Mark, Matthew, and Luke depict the baptism in parallel passages. In all three gospels, the Holy Spirit is depicted as descending upon Jesus immediately after his baptism accompanied by a voice from Heaven, but the accounts of Luke and Mark record the voice as addressing Jesus by saying "You are my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased", while in Matthew the voice states "This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased" ().

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: After the baptism, the Synoptic gospels describe the temptation of Jesus, where Jesus withdrew to the Judean desert to fast for forty days and nights.

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: In , upon meeting Jesus, John said: "I have need to be baptized of thee, and comest thou to me?" However, Jesus convinces John to baptize him nonetheless. Matthew records that the voice from heaven says "This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased", but does not indicate who is addressed.

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: Mark's account is roughly parallel to that of Matthew, except for – describing John's initial reluctance and eventual consent to baptize Jesus, which is not described by Mark. Mark uses an unusual word for the opening of the heavens, Greek: σχιζομένους, "schizomenous", which means "tearing" or "ripping" (Mark 1:10). It forms a verbal thread (Leitwortstil) with the rending (ἐσχίσθη, "eschisthē") of the Temple veil in Mark 15:38, inviting comparison between the two episodes.

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: Luke uniquely depicts John as showing public kindness to tax collectors and encouraging the giving of alms to the poor (as in ). Luke records that Jesus was praying when Heaven was opened and the Holy Spirit descended on him. Luke clarifies that the spirit descended in the "bodily form" of a dove, as opposed to merely "descending like" a dove. In , the ministry of Jesus is described as following "the baptism which John preached".

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: The Gospel of John () specifies "Bethabara beyond Jordan", i.e., Bethany in Perea as the location where John was baptizing when Jesus began choosing disciples, and in there is mention of further baptisms in Ænon "because there was much water there".

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: The Gospel of John () states that John was baptising in "Bethany Beyond the Jordan". generally considered to be the town of Bethany, also called Bethabara in Perea, on the eastern bank of the Jordan river, near Jericho. In the 3rd century Origen, who moved to the area from Alexandria, suggested Bethabara as the location. In the 4th century, Eusebius of Caesarea stated that the location was on the west bank of the Jordan, and following him, the early Byzantine Madaba Map shows Bethabara as (Βέθαβαρά).

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar—when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea ... , the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: He also notes that, ""The opening of heaven" signified that Heaven, which had been closed to man since the Fall, was now once more opened by Jesus."

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: Artists usually tried to show the whole body of Christ as he stood in the water, which could give them difficulties. The reasonably coherent 6th-century mosaic image in the Arian Baptistry, Ravenna, with the water hemmed in by two banks, when used in many generations of copies in Western Europe, by artists unskilled in depicting visual recession, led to images like that in the Psalter of Eleanor of Aquitaine, where there appears to be a standing mound of water.

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: At least one attendant archangel, holding Christ's robe, and often another with a towel, became usual in medieval images.

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Baptism of Jesus

Context: The reformer Martin Luther wrote a hymn about baptism, based on biblical accounts about the baptism of Jesus, "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" (1541). It is the basis for a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, , first performed on 24 June 1724.

Question: من عمّد يسوع المسيح حسب الاعتقاد المسيحي؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Bielsa played as a defender in Newell's Old Boys' First Division team, but retired when he was 25 to focus on coaching. Bielsa has managed several football clubs and also the national teams of Argentina and Chile. He developed his career as coach of Newell's Old Boys where he won several titles in the early 1990s, before moving to Mexico in 1992, briefly coaching Club Atlas and Club América. Bielsa returned to Argentina in 1997 to manage Vélez Sarsfield, leading them to the 1998 league title (Clausura).

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: In June 2018, Bielsa was appointed manager of then Championship club Leeds United, leading the club to promotion back to the Premier League in 2020 after a 16-year absence as a result of winning the 2019–20 EFL Championship. Leeds United is the club at which he has spent the most time as manager in his career; taking charge of 170 games before departing in February 2022.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: According to Hermógenes Pérez de Arce, President of Chile Sebastián Piñera had a personal long-term interest in removing Mayne-Nicholls from the Presidency of the Chilean Football Board and pushed for him to be replaced. Bielsa subsequently made headlines for his brief and cold greeting to Piñera in the farewell before the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Both Bielsa and Mayne-Nicholls had good relations with former president Michelle Bachelet, Piñera's political rival.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: On 8 July 2011, Josu Urrutia announced Athletic Bilbao would appoint Bielsa as manager after Urrutia promised the appointment of Bielsa in his campaign to become president of the club. On 18 August 2011, Bielsa took charge of his first game at San Mamés, drawing 0–0 against Turkish side Trabzonspor in the UEFA Europa League play-offs.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Athletic then drew Manchester United and in impressive style won 3–2 in the first leg at Old Trafford, going on to knock them out of the tournament with a 2–1 victory at home. In the quarter-final, they went to Schalke 04 and won the first leg 4–2, despite being 2–1 down after a Raúl brace on 72 minutes. Athletic drew the second leg against Schalke 2–2, going through to the semi-finals with a favourable aggregate score of 6–4 to face Sporting Clube de Portugal.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: The 2012–13 season was a major disappointment for Athletic: the sale of key midfielder Javi Martínez to Bayern Munich, and striker Fernando Llorente being frozen out of the club over contract disagreements, led to the Lions' performances faltering. After finishing only in 12th place in La Liga, on 7 June 2013 Athletic's president revealed that Bielsa would not be offered a new contract. When it expired on 30 June 2013, he left the club.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: On 5 July 2016, Bielsa was appointed manager of Italian club Lazio of Serie A. However, just two days later, on 8 July, Bielsa quit as the club's manager, prompting Lazio to issue legal action against Bielsa for breach of contract, suing him for €50 million. Bielsa later explained that the club had been unable to recruit the players he had wanted by the deadline he had given to the club and did not feel that his needs would be supported during the transfer window.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: With Bielsa's Leeds in second place with just four games to go and thus in the automatic promotion position ahead of rivals Sheffield United, on 19 April, Leeds lost in a shock 1–2 defeat against relegation threatened Wigan Athletic, with Leeds playing 70 minutes against 10 men after Wigan had Cédric Kipré sent off. The result proved costly, as Sheffield United overtook them on goal difference.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: After beating Yorkshire rivals Barnsley on 15 September 2019, Bielsa's Leeds side remained top of the Championship after seven games during the 2019–20 EFL Championship. Leeds continued to impress throughout November and Bielsa won the EFL Championship Manager of the Month for November.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: After the English professional football season was paused in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season was resumed during June, under Bielsa, Leeds United secured promotion to the Premier League on 17 July 2020 with two matches remaining of the 2019–20 season and also became the EFL Championship Champions for the 2019–20 season, finishing 10 points ahead of second placed West Bromwich Albion.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: On 12 September 2020 Bielsa's first game as head coach in the Premier League ended in a 4–3 defeat at Anfield against reigning champions Liverpool.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Conversely the first Premier League game at Elland Road for 16 years saw Leeds come out 4–3 victors against fellow promoted club Fulham.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: On 27 February 2022, Leeds and Bielsa parted ways after a streak of four consecutive losses across which Leeds conceded 17 goals, leaving them 16th in the table, two points above Burnley who had two games in hand. The fans were still singing Bielsa’s name even after poor performances.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Hailed as one of the most influential managers of all time, introducing a third wave ideology in Argentine coaching, previously influenced by César Luis Menotti and Carlos Bilardo. Pep Guardiola has described Bielsa as the best in the world. He has been a heavy influence on his former players, many of whom later became coaches (Mauricio Pochettino, Diego Simeone, Marcelo Gallardo)

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Bielsa's signature formation in his squads is the 3–3–3–1 formation, which he made famous and brought to the front of the world's mainstream football scene during his coaching tenures in with the Argentina and Chile national teams and Marseille.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: He adapted to an attacking 4–3–3 at Athletic Bilbao (as seen in the 2012 UEFA Europa League Final), with full-backs pushing forward and a converted midfielder in the back line also involved in build-up play, with the pressing and coordination elements still in evidence.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: In the 2018–19 season at Leeds United, Bielsa introduced a 4–1–4–1 formation, with Kalvin Phillips converted from a box-to-box or attacking midfielder into the deep-lying midfielder. When facing a team who played with two central strikers, Bielsa would switch to the 3–3–3–1, with Phillips dropping further back into the defensive line as a centre-back or "sweeper", or Luke Ayling shifting from right back.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Former Argentina national team captain Roberto Ayala, a defender under Bielsa, stated, "Sometimes we wouldn't see any of the strikers, because he'd have them training at a different time, and it was the same with the midfielders".

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Bielsa is known for watching and collecting numerous football videos to the point of obsession. He edits and analyses each video for each individual player. He also uses statistical software and other technological tools to prepare for games. John Carlin, an English journalist, has stated that Bielsa has "the most learned football library on the planet".

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Bielsa likes to systematise the game. He says that there are 29 distinct formations in football and believes that every young player should be given the opportunity to experience each of them.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Bielsa is credited with the rise of the Leeds United and England international player Kalvin Phillips, with former Leeds United Manager Howard Wilkinson stating "Bielsa can take huge credit for the player that Phillips has developed into".

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: Some critics have argued that the taxing demands of Bielsa's management style have led to his teams starting a season brightly before a dip in performances as players begin to tire.

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Marcelo Bielsa

Context: In August 2019, Bielsa was one of the main stars of Leeds United documentary 'Take Us Home' documenting the 2018–19 season on Amazon Prime, featuring in several episodes over voice recording, before doing an interview for the final episode 'The End'. The documentary was narrated by actor and Leeds United fan Russell Crowe. After Leeds' 4–0 defeat of then-chasing rivals West Bromwich Albion at home on 1 March 2019 in 'Take Us Home', Bielsa (through a translator) mused on the nature of victory:

Question: من هو المدرب الحالي لنادي ليدز يونايتد لكرة القدم ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Hungary is a landlocked country in East-Central Europe with a land area of 93,030 square km. It measures about 250 km from north to south and 524 km from east to west. It has 2,106 km of boundaries, shared with Austria to the west, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia to the south and southwest, Romania to the southeast, Ukraine to the northeast, and Slovakia to the north.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Most of the country has an elevation of less than 200 m. Although Hungary has several moderately high ranges of mountains, those reaching heights of 300 m or more cover less than 2% of the country. The highest point in the country is Kékes (1,014 m) in the Mátra Mountains northeast of Budapest. The lowest spot is 77.6 m above sea level, located in the south of Hungary, near Szeged.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Hungary has three major geographic regions (which are subdivided to seven smaller ones): the Great Alföld, lying east of the Danube River; the Transdanubia, a hilly region lying west of the Danube and extending to the Austrian foothills of the Alps; and the North Hungarian Mountains, which is a mountainous and hilly country beyond the northern boundary of the Great Hungarian Plain.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: The Little Alföld or Little Hungarian Plain is a plain (tectonic basin) of approximately 8,000 km2 in northwestern Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and eastern Austria, along the lower course of the Rába River, with high quality fertile soils.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: The Transdanubia region lies in the western part of the country, bounded by the Danube River, the Drava River, and the remainder of the country's border with Slovenia and Croatia. It lies south and west of the course of the Danube. It contains Lake Fertő and Lake Balaton. The region consists mostly of rolling hills. Transdanubia is primarily an agricultural area, with flourishing crops, livestock, and viticulture. Mineral deposits and oil are found in Zala county close to the border of Croatia.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: The North Hungarian Mountains lie north of Budapest and run in a northeasterly direction south of the border with Slovakia. The higher ridges, which are mostly forested, have rich coal and iron deposits. Minerals are a major resource of the area and have long been the basis of the industrial economies of cities in the region. Viticulture is also important, producing the famous Tokaji wine. The highest peak of it is the Kékes, located in the Mátra mountain range.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: By the 1980s, the countryside was beginning to show the effects of pollution, both from herbicides used in agriculture and from industrial pollutants. Most noticeable was the gradual contamination of the country's bodies of water, endangering fish and wildlife. Although concern was mounting over these disturbing threats to the environment, no major steps had yet been taken to arrest them.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: The most important agricultural zones are the Little Hungarian Plain (it has the highest quality fertile soil in average), Transdanubia, and the Great Hungarian Plain. The last covers more than half of the country (52,000 km2 in number), whereas soil quality varies extremely; the territory even contains a small, grassy semi-desert, the so-called puszta (steppe in English). Puszta is exploited by sheep and cattle raising.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: The most important Hungarian agricultural products include corn, wheat, barley, oat, sunflower, poppy, [[potato]], [[millet]], [[beet|sugar-beet]], [[flax]], and many other plants. There are also some newly naturalized plants too, for example [[amaranth]]. [[Poppy seed]] is part of the traditional [[Hungarian cuisine]].

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: [[File:Paprikahungarian.jpg|right|thumb|A greengrocer's in Hungary]] The country is well known for producing high quality [[Capsicum annuum|peppers]], which are often made into [[paprika]]. There are numerous fruits reared, including many subspecies of [[apple]], [[pear]], [[peach]], [[grape]], [[apricot]], [[watermelon]], [[cantaloupe]], etc.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Hungary does not grow any [[Genetically modified organism|GMO]] products, thus these products are mainly imported from the [[United States]]. They cannot, however, be distributed without a mark on the wrapping.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Wine production has a long history in Hungary. There are two languages in [[Europe]] in which the word for "wine" does not derive from the [[Latin language|Latin]], being [[Greek language|Greek]] – and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. The Hungarian word is "bor".

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Viticulture has been recorded in the territory of today's Hungary since the Roman times, who were responsible for the introduction of the cultivation of wines. The arriving Hungarians took over the practice and have maintained it ever since.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Today, there are numerous wine regions in Hungary, producing quality and inexpensive wines as well, comparable to Western European ones. The majority of the country's wine regions are located in the mountains or in the hills, such as [[Transdanubian Mountains]], [[North Hungarian Mountains]], [[Villány Mountains]], and so on. Important ones include the regions of [[Eger]], [[Hajós]], [[Somló]], [[Sopron]], [[Villány]], [[Szekszárd]], and [[Tokaj-Hegyalja]].

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: 19% of the country is covered by [[forest]]s. These are mainly mountainous areas, such as the North Hungarian and the Transdanubian Mountains, and the [[Alpokalja]]. The composition of forests is various, with trees like [[fir]], [[beech]], [[oak]], [[willow]], [[acacia]], [[Platanus|plane]], etc.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Hungary's current [[Counties of Hungary|counties]] are largely based on the country's historic regions. The counties are subdivided into "[[Districts of Hungary|district]]s" ("járás"), and these are further divided into "[[municipality|municipalities]]" ("település"). Hungary has 19 counties, 174 districts + 23 [[List of districts in Budapest|districts in Budapest]] and 2,722 "municipality".

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: [[File:Natural resources of Hungary.png|thumb|300px|Natural resources of Hungary. Metals are in blue (Al — [[aluminium]] ore, Mn — [[manganese]], Fe — [[iron]] ore, U — [[uranium]], PM — polymetallic ores (Cu, Zn, Pb)). Fossil fuels are in red (C — [[coal]], L — [[lignite]], P — [[petroleum]], G — [[natural gas]]).]]

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: The approximation of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large investments.

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, [[Law of the Sea]], Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Geography of Hungary

Context: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between [[Western Europe]] and [[Balkan Peninsula]] as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin

Question: ماهى نوع تربة المجر ؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: Officially, the Empire was known as the Empire of Iranians (Middle Persian: "ērānšahr", Parthian: "aryānšahr"); the term is first attested in the Great Inscription of Shapur I, where the king says "I am the ruler of Empire of Iranians" (Middle Persian: "ērānšahr xwadāy hēm", Parthian: "aryānšahr xwadāy ahēm").

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: More commonly, due to the fact that the ruling dynasty was named after Sasan, the Empire is known as the Sasanian Empire in historical and academic sources. This term is also recorded in English as the Sassanian Empire, the Sasanid Empire and the Sassanid Empire. Historians have also referred to the Sasanian Empire as the Neo-Persian Empire, since it was the second Iranian empire that rose from Pars (Persis); while the Achaemenid Empire was the first one.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Conflicting accounts shroud the details of the fall of the Parthian Empire and subsequent rise of the Sassanian Empire in mystery. The Sassanian Empire was established in Estakhr by Ardashir I.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: The Sassanids ceded five provinces west of the Tigris, and agreed not to interfere in the affairs of Armenia and Georgia. In the aftermath of this defeat, Narseh gave up the throne and died a year later, leaving the Sassanid throne to his son, Hormizd II. Unrest spread throughout the land, and while the new king suppressed revolts in Sakastan and Kushan, he was unable to control the nobles and was subsequently killed by Bedouins on a hunting trip in 309.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: He first led his small but disciplined army south against the Arabs, whom he defeated, securing the southern areas of the empire. He then began his first campaign against the Romans in the west, where Persian forces won a series of battles but were unable to make territorial gains due to the failure of repeated sieges of the key frontier city of Nisibis, and Roman success in retaking the cities of Singara and Amida after they had previously fallen to the Persians.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: These campaigns were halted by nomadic raids along the eastern borders of the empire, which threatened Transoxiana, a strategically critical area for control of the Silk Road. Shapur therefore marched east toward Transoxiana to meet the eastern nomads, leaving his local commanders to mount nuisance raids on the Romans. He crushed the Central Asian tribes, and annexed the area as a new province.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Bahram V's son Yazdegerd II (438–457) was in some ways a moderate ruler, but, in contrast to Yazdegerd I, he practised a harsh policy towards minority religions, particularly Christianity. However, at the Battle of Avarayr in 451, the Armenian subjects led by Vardan Mamikonian reaffirmed Armenia's right to profess Christianity freely. This was to be later confirmed by the Nvarsak Treaty (484).

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: At the beginning of the 5th century, the Hephthalites (White Huns), along with other nomadic groups, attacked Iran. At first Bahram V and Yazdegerd II inflicted decisive defeats against them and drove them back eastward. The Huns returned at the end of the 5th century and defeated Peroz I (457–484) in 483. Following this victory, the Huns invaded and plundered parts of eastern Iran continually for two years. They exacted heavy tribute for some years thereafter.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: After Maurice was overthrown and killed by Phocas (602–610) in 602, however, Khosrow II used the murder of his benefactor as a pretext to begin a new invasion, which benefited from continuing civil war in the Byzantine Empire and met little effective resistance. Khosrow's generals systematically subdued the heavily fortified frontier cities of Byzantine Mesopotamia and Armenia, laying the foundations for unprecedented expansion. The Persians overran Syria and captured Antioch in 611.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: It is believed that the following dynasties and noble families have ancestors among the Sassanian rulers:

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: Culturally, the Sassanids implemented a system of social stratification. This system was supported by Zoroastrianism, which was established as the state religion. Other religions appear to have been largely tolerated, although this claim has been debated. Sassanid emperors consciously sought to resuscitate Persian traditions and to obliterate Greek cultural influence.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: The active army of the Sassanid Empire originated from Ardashir I, the first "shahanshah" of the empire. Ardashir restored the Achaemenid military organizations, retained the Parthian cavalry model, and employed new types of armour and siege warfare techniques.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The Paygan formed the bulk of the Sassanid infantry, and were often recruited from the peasant population. Each unit was headed by an officer called a "Paygan-salar", which meant "commander of the infantry" and their main task was to guard the baggage train, serve as pages to the Asvaran (a higher rank), storm fortification walls, undertake entrenchment projects, and excavate mines.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Horsemen in the Sassanid cavalry lacked a stirrup. Instead, they used a war saddle which had a cantle at the back and two guard clamps which curved across the top of the rider's thighs. This allowed the horsemen to stay in the saddle at all times during the battle, especially during violent encounters.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The Byzantine emperor Maurikios also emphasizes in his "Strategikon" that many of the Sassanid heavy cavalry did not carry spears, relying on their bows as their primary weapons. However the Taq-i Bustan reliefs and Al-Tabari's famed list of equipment required for dihqan knights which included the lance, provide a contrast. What is certain is that the horseman's paraphernalia was extensive.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: The amount of money involved in maintaining a warrior of the Asawaran (Azatan) knightly caste required a small estate, and the Asawaran (Azatan) knightly caste received that from the throne, and in return, were the throne's most notable defenders in time of war.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: In general, over the span of the centuries, in the west, Sassanid territory abutted that of the large and stable Roman state, but to the east, its nearest neighbors were the Kushan Empire and nomadic tribes such as the White Huns. The construction of fortifications such as Tus citadel or the city of Nishapur, which later became a center of learning and trade, also assisted in defending the eastern provinces from attack.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: In the north, Khazars and the Western Turkic Khaganate frequently assaulted the northern provinces of the empire. They plundered Media in 634. Shortly thereafter, the Persian army defeated them and drove them out. The Sassanids built numerous fortifications in the Caucasus region to halt these attacks, such as the imposing fortifications built in Derbent (Dagestan, North Caucasus, now a part of Russia) that to a large extent, have remained intact up to this day.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: On the eastern side of the Caspian Sea, the Sassanians erected the Great Wall of Gorgan, a 200 km-long defensive structure probably aimed to protect the empire from northern peoples, such as the White Huns.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: In 522, before Khosrau's reign, a group of monophysite Axumites led an attack on the dominant Himyarites of southern Arabia. The local Arab leader was able to resist the attack but appealed to the Sassanians for aid, while the Axumites subsequently turned towards the Byzantines for help. The Axumites sent another force across the Red Sea and this time successfully killed the Arab leader and replaced him with an Axumite man to be king of the region.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Justinian was ultimately responsible for Sassanian maritime presence in Yemen. By not providing the Yemenite Arabs support, Khosrau was able to help Ma'd-Karib and subsequently established Yemen as a principality of the Sassanian Empire.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Like their predecessors the Parthians, the Sassanid Empire carried out active foreign relations with China, and ambassadors from Persia frequently traveled to China. Chinese documents report on sixteen Sassanid embassies to China from 455 to 555. Commercially, land and sea trade with China was important to both the Sassanid and Chinese Empires. Large numbers of Sassanid coins have been found in southern China, confirming maritime trade.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: Politically, there is evidence of several Sassanid and Chinese efforts in forging alliances against the common enemy, the Hephthalites. Upon the rise of the nomadic Göktürks in Inner Asia, there is also what looks like a collaboration between China and the Sassanids to defuse Turkic advances. Documents from Mt. Mogh talk about the presence of a Chinese general in the service of the king of Sogdiana at the time of the Arab invasions.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Persia and northwestern India, the latter that made up formerly part of the Kushans, engaged in cultural as well as political intercourse during this period, as certain Sassanid practices spread into the Kushan territories. In particular, the Kushans were influenced by the Sassanid conception of kingship, which spread through the trade of Sassanid silverware and textiles depicting emperors hunting or dispensing justice.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: This cultural interchange did not, however, spread Sassanid religious practices or attitudes to the Kushans. Lower-level cultural interchanges also took place between India and Persia during this period. For example, Persians imported the early form of chess, the "chaturanga" (Middle Persian: "chatrang") from India. In exchange, Persians introduced backgammon ("Nēw-Ardašēr") to India.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: Unlike the amount of information about the settled people of the Sasanian Empire, there is little about the nomadic/unsettled ones. It is known that they were called "Kurds" by the Sasanians, and that they regularly served the Sasanian military, particularly the Dailamite and Gilani nomads. This way of handling the nomads continued into the Islamic period, where the service of the Dailamites and Gilanis continued unabated.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Sassanid society was immensely complex, with separate systems of social organization governing numerous different groups within the empire. Historians believe society comprised four social classes:

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: At the center of the Sasanian caste system the "shahanshah" ruled over all the nobles. The royal princes, petty rulers, great landlords and priests, together constituted a privileged stratum, and were identified as "wuzurgan", or grandees. This social system appears to have been fairly rigid.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: In general, mass slavery was never practiced by the Iranians, and in many cases the situation and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were, in fact, better than those of the commoner. In Persia, the term "slave" was also used for debtors who had to use some of their time to serve in a fire-temple.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The most common slaves in the Sasanian Empire were the household servants, who worked in private estates and at the fire-temples. Usage of a woman slave in a home was common, and her master had outright control over her and could even produce children with her if he wanted to. Slaves also received wages and were able to have their own families whether they were female or male. Harming a slave was considered a crime, and not even the king himself was allowed to do it.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The master of a slave was allowed to free the person when he wanted to, which, no matter what faith the slave believed in, was considered a good deed. A slave could also be freed if his/her master died.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: There was a major school, called the Grand School, in the capital. In the beginning, only 50 students were allowed to study at the Grand School. In less than 100 years, enrollment at the Grand School was over 30,000 students.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: On a lower level, Sasanian society was divided into Azatan (freemen). The Azatan formed a large low-aristocracy of low-level administrators, mostly living on small estates. The Azatan provided the cavalry backbone of the Sasanian army.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Under Khosrau I, the Academy of Gundishapur, which had been founded in the 5th century, became "the greatest intellectual center of the time", drawing students and teachers from every quarter of the known world. Nestorian Christians were received there, and brought Syriac translations of Greek works in medicine and philosophy. The medical lore of India, Persia, Syria and Greece mingled there to produce a flourishing school of therapy.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Studies on Sasanian remains show over 100 types of crowns being worn by Sasanian kings. The various Sasanian crowns demonstrate the cultural, economic, social and historical situation in each period. The crowns also show the character traits of each king in this era. Different symbols and signs on the crowns–the moon, stars, eagle and palm, each illustrate the wearer's religious faith and beliefs.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: The Sasanian Dynasty, like the Achaemenid, originated in the province of Pars. The Sasanians saw themselves as successors of the Achaemenids, after the Hellenistic and Parthian interlude, and believed that it was their destiny to restore the greatness of Persia.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: At Bishapur, some of the floors were decorated with mosaics showing scenes of banqueting. The Roman influence here is clear, and the mosaics may have been laid by Roman prisoners. Buildings were decorated with wall paintings. Particularly fine examples have been found on Mount Khajeh in Sistan.

Question: إلى من ترجع تسمية الساسانيين؟


Sasanian Empire

Context: Two trade routes were used during the Sasanian period: one in the north, the famous Silk Route, and one less prominent route on the southern Sasanian coast. The factories of Susa, Gundeshapur, and Shushtar were famously known for their production of silk, and rivaled the Chinese factories. The Sasanians showed great toleration to the inhabitants of the countryside, which allowed the latter to stockpile in case of famine.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The main exports of the Sasanians were silk; woolen and golden textiles; carpets and rugs; hides; and leather and pearls from the Persian Gulf. There were also goods in transit from China (paper, silk) and India (spices), which Sasanian customs imposed taxes upon, and which were re-exported from the Empire to Europe.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Sassanid Zoroastrianism would develop to have clear distinctions from the practices laid out in the Avesta, the holy books of Zoroastrianism. It is often argued that the Sassanid Zoroastrian clergy later modified the religion in a way to serve themselves, causing substantial religious uneasiness. Sassanid religious policies contributed to the flourishing of numerous religious reform movements, most importantly those founded by the influential religious leaders Mani and Mazdak.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The relationship between the Sassanid kings and the religions practiced in their empire became complex and varied. For instance, while Shapur I tolerated and encouraged a variety of religions and seems to have been a Zurvanite himself, religious minorities at times were suppressed under later kings, such as Bahram II. Shapur II, on the other hand, tolerated religious groups except Christians, whom he only persecuted in the wake of Constantine's conversion.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Tansar would later help to oversee the formation of a single 'Zoroastrian church' under the control of the Persian magi, alongside the establishment of a single set of Avestan texts, which he himself approved and authorised.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: A further problem occurred as Nowruz had shifted in position during this period from the spring equinox to autumn, although this inconsistency with the original spring-equinox date for Nowruz had possibly occurred during the Parthian period too.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: It was therefore during the Sassanid era that the three "Great Fires" of the Zoroastrian world were given specific associations. The "Adur Farnbag" in Pars became associated with the magi, "Adur Gushnasp" in Media with warriors, and "Adur Burzen-Mehr" in Parthia with the lowest estate, farmers and herdsmen.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The "Adur Gushnasp" eventually became, by custom, a place of pilgrimage by foot for newly enthroned Kings after their coronation. It is likely that, during the Sassanid era, these three "Great Fires" became central places for pilgrimage among Zoroastrians.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: As a result of this development, the Sasanian Avesta was then compiled into 21 nasks (divisions) to correspond with the 21 words of the "Ahunavar" invocation. The nasks were further divided into three groups of seven. The first group contained the "Gathas" and all texts associated with them, while the second group contained works of scholastic learning. The final section contained treatises of instruction for the magi, such as the "Vendidad", law-texts and other works, such as "yashts".

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Sasanian Empire

Context: An important literary text, the "Khwaday-Namag" (Book of Kings), was composed during the Sasanian era. This text is the basis of the later "Shahnameh" of Ferdowsi. Another important Zoroastrian text from the Sasanian period includes the "Dadestan-e Menog-e Khrad" (Judgments of the Spirit of Wisdom).

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Sasanian Empire

Context: Aramaic, like in the Achaemenid Empire, yet in the stage of Middle Aramaic, was widely used in the Sasanian Empire, and provided scripts for Middle Persian and other languages.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: In the Sasanian territories in the Caucasus, numerous languages were spoken including Old Georgian, various Kartvelian languages (notably in Lazica), Middle Persian, Old Armenian, Caucasian Albanian, Scythian, Koine Greek, and others.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The influence of the Sasanian Empire continued long after it fell. The empire, through the guidance of several able emperors prior to its fall, had achieved a Persian renaissance that would become a driving force behind the civilization of the newly established religion of Islam. In modern Iran and the regions of the Iranosphere, the Sasanian period is regarded as one of the high points of Iranian civilization.

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Sasanian Empire

Context: The Zoroastrians still use a variant of the religious calendar instituted under the Sasanians. That calendar still marks the number of years since the accession of Yazdegerd III, just as it did in 632.

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Haydn's head

Context: After Rosenbaum's death in 1829 the skull passed from hand to hand. Rosenbaum had willed the skull to Peter, who gave it to his physician Karl Heller, from whom it went to a Professor Rokitansky, who in 1895 gave it to the Vienna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (Society of the Friends of Music). The musicologist Karl Geiringer, who worked at the Society before the advent of Hitler, would on occasion proudly bring out the relic and show it to visitors.

Question: متى توفي جوزيِفْ هايدِنمؤلف ؟


Film noir

Context: While many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Foster Hirsch defines a genre as determined by "conventions of narrative structure, characterization, theme, and visual design". Hirsch, as one who has taken the position that film noir is a genre, argues that these elements are present "in abundance". Hirsch notes that there are unifying features of tone, visual style and narrative sufficient to classify noir as a distinct genre.

Question: ما هو الفيلم الأسود ؟


Film noir

Context: The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the classic period of American film noir. While "City Streets" and other pre-WWII crime melodramas such as "Fury" (1936) and "You Only Live Once" (1937), both directed by Fritz Lang, are categorized as full-fledged noir in Alain Silver and Elizabeth Ward's film noir' encyclopedia, other critics tend to describe them as "proto-noir" or in similar terms.

Question: ما هو الفيلم الأسود ؟


Film noir

Context: The neo-noir film genre developed mid-way into the Cold War. This cinematological trend reflected much of the cynicism and the possibility of nuclear annihilation of the era. This new genre introduced innovations that were not available with the earlier noir films. The violence was also more potent.

Question: ما هو الفيلم الأسود ؟


Film noir

Context: Among big-budget auteurs, Michael Mann has worked frequently in a neo-noir mode, with such films as "Thief" (1981) and "Heat" (1995) and the TV series "Miami Vice" (1984–89) and "Crime Story" (1986–88). Mann's output exemplifies a primary strain of neo-noir or as affectionately called "neon noir", in which classic themes and tropes are revisited in a contemporary setting with an up-to-date visual style and rock- or hip hop-based musical soundtrack.

Question: ما هو الفيلم الأسود ؟


Film noir

Context: Neo-noir films released in the 2010s include Kim Jee-woon’s "I Saw the Devil" (2010), Fred Cavaye’s "Point Blank" (2010), Na Hong-jin’s "The Yellow Sea" (2010), Nicolas Winding Refn’s "Drive" (2011), Claire Denis' "Bastards" (2013) and Dan Gilroy's "Nightcrawler" (2014).

Question: ما هو الفيلم الأسود ؟


Film noir

Context: The 2015 film "Ex Machina" puts an understated film noir spin on the Frankenstein mythos, with the sentient android Ava as a potential "femme fatale", her creator Nathan embodying the abusive husband or father trope, and her would-be rescuer Caleb as a "clueless drifter" enthralled by Ava.

Question: ما هو الفيلم الأسود ؟


Film noir

Context: Film noir is often said to be defined by "moral ambiguity", yet the Production Code obliged almost all classic noirs to see that steadfast virtue was ultimately rewarded and vice, in the absence of shame and redemption, severely punished (however dramatically incredible the final rendering of mandatory justice might be). A substantial number of latter-day noirs flout such conventions: vice emerges triumphant in films as varied as the grim "Chinatown" and the ribald "Hot Spot".

Question: ما هو الفيلم الأسود ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: Paulus fought in World War I and saw action in France and the Balkans. He was considered a promising officer; by the time World War II broke out he had been promoted to major general. Paulus took part in the Poland and Low Countries campaigns, after which he was named deputy chief of the German Army General Staff. In that capacity, Paulus helped plan the invasion of the Soviet Union.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: While in Soviet captivity during the war, Paulus became a vocal critic of the Nazi regime and joined the Soviet-sponsored National Committee for a Free Germany. In 1953, Paulus moved to East Germany, where he worked in military history research, having a decisive role in the development of the myth of the clean Wehrmacht. He lived out the rest of his life in Dresden.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: Paulus was born in Guxhagen and grew up in Kassel, Hesse-Nassau, the son of a treasurer. He tried, unsuccessfully, to secure a cadetship in the Imperial German Navy and briefly studied law at Marburg University.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: Later, Paulus briefly commanded a motorized battalion (1934–35) before being named chief of staff for Panzer headquarters in October 1935. This was a new formation under the direction of Oswald Lutz that directed the training and development of the "Panzerwaffe", or tank forces of the German army.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: In November 1941, after German Sixth Army's commander Field Marshal Walter von Reichenau—Paulus' patron—became commander of the entire Army Group South, Paulus, who had never commanded a larger unit than a battalion prior to this time, was promoted to "General der Panzertruppe" and became commander of the Sixth Army. However, he only took over his new command on 20 January, six days after the sudden death of Reichenau, leaving him on his own and without the support of his more experienced sponsor.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: Paulus led the drive on Stalingrad during that summer. His troops fought Soviet forces defending Stalingrad over three months in increasingly brutal urban warfare. In November 1942, when the Soviet Red Army launched a massive counter-offensive, code-named Operation Uranus, Paulus found himself surrounded by an entire Soviet Army Group. Paulus did not request to evacuate the city when the counter-offensive began.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: Kurt Zeitzler, the newly appointed chief of the Army General Staff, eventually got Hitler to allow Paulus to break out—provided he continue to hold Stalingrad, an impossible task.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: For the next two months Paulus and his men fought on. However, the lack of food and ammunition, equipment attrition and the deteriorating physical condition of the German troops gradually wore down the German defense. With the new year Hitler promoted Paulus to Colonel General.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: Paulus and his staff were captured on the morning of 31 January 1943. The events of that day were recorded by Col. Wilhelm Adam, one of Paulus' aides and an adjutant in the XXIII Army Corps, in his personal diary:

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: On 2 February 1943 the remainder of the Sixth Army capitulated. Upon finding out about Paulus' "surrender", Hitler flew into a rage and vowed never to appoint another field marshal again. (In fact, he went on to appoint another seven field marshals during the last two years of the war.) Speaking about the surrender of Paulus, Hitler told his staff:

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: Shortly before surrendering, Paulus sent his wedding ring back to his wife on the last plane departing his position. He had not seen her since 1942 and would not see her again, as she died in 1949 while he was still in captivity.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: At first Paulus refused to collaborate with the Soviets. However, after the attempted assassination of Hitler on 20 July 1944, he became a vocal critic of the Nazi regime while in Soviet captivity, joining the Soviet-sponsored National Committee for a Free Germany appealing to Germans to surrender. He later acted as a witness for the prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials. He was allowed to move to the German Democratic Republic in 1953, two years before the repatriation of the remaining German POWs.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: During the Nuremberg Trials, Paulus was asked about the Stalingrad prisoners by a journalist. He told the journalist to tell the wives and mothers that their husbands and sons were well. Of the 91,000 German prisoners taken at Stalingrad, half had died on the march to Siberian prison camps, and nearly as many died in captivity; only about 6,000 survived and returned home.

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: After his return to the German Democratic Republic in 1953, Paulus gave a press conference in Berlin on 2 July 1954 in the presence of Western journalists, titled "On the vital issues of our nation". In it, he paid respect to the memory of General Heinz Guderian, who had died a little over a month previously, and criticized the political leaderships of the German Empire and Nazi Germany for causing the defeats of the German Army in both world wars:

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: He also criticized United States foreign policy as aggressive and called for a reconciliation between the Germans and the French:

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Friedrich Paulus

Context: Finally, he supported former German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's appeal for a betterment of relations between West Germany and the Eastern Bloc, agreed with Brüning's criticism of West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer's overtly pro-American policy, and expressed his hope for a German reunification:

Question: من هو قائد الجيش الألماني في معركة ستالينغراد ؟


Kaaba

Context: The Kaaba (), also spelled Ka'ba, sometimes referred to as al-Kaʿba al-Musharrafah (), is a building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred site in Islam. It is considered by Muslims to be the "Bayt Allah" () and is the qibla (, direction of prayer) for Muslims around the world when performing salah.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: In early Islam, Muslims faced in the general direction of Jerusalem as the qibla in their prayers before changing the direction to face the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to be a result of a Quranic verse revelation to Muhammad.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: The Kaaba is believed by Muslims to have been rebuilt several times throughout history, most famously by Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Ismail (Ishmael), when he returned to the valley of Mecca several years after leaving his wife Hajar (Hagar) and Ismail there upon Allah's command. Circling the "Kaaba" seven times counterclockwise, known as Tawaf (), is a "Fard" (obligatory) rite for the completion of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. The area around the Kaaba where pilgrims walk is called the Mataaf.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: The Kaaba and the Mataaf are surrounded by pilgrims every day of the Islamic year, except the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, known as the Day of Arafah, on which the cloth covering the structure, known as the Kiswah () is changed. However, the most significant increase in their numbers is during Ramadan and the Hajj, when millions of pilgrims gather for Tawaf. According to the Saudi Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, 6,791,100 external pilgrims arrived for the Umrah pilgrimage in the Islamic year .

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: The literal meaning of the word "Ka'bah" () is "cube". In the Qur'an, from the era of the life of Muhammad, the Kaaba is mentioned by the following names:

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: According to historian Eduard Glaser, the name "Kaaba" may have been related to the southern Arabian or Ethiopian word "mikrab", signifying a temple. Author Patricia Crone disputes this etymology.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: During its history, the Black Stone at the Kaaba has been struck and smashed by a stone fired from a catapult, it has been smeared with excrement, stolen and ransomed by the Qarmatians and smashed into several fragments.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: In Samaritan literature, the Samaritan Book of the Secrets of Moses ("Asatir") states that Ismail and his eldest son Nebaioth built the Kaaba as well as the city of Mecca." The "Asatir" book was likely compiled in the 10th century CE, though Moses Gaster suggested in 1927 that it was written no later than the second half of the 3rd century BCE.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: The Qur'an contains several verses regarding the origin of the Kaaba. It states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship for mankind, and that it was built by Ibrahim and Ismail on Allah's instructions.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: Based on an earlier report by Agatharchides of Cnidus, Diodorus Siculus mentions a temple along the Red Sea coast, "which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians". Edward Gibbon believed that this was the Kaaba. However, Ian D. Morris argues that Gibbon had misread the source: Diodorus puts the temple too far north for it to have been Mecca.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: Saudi archeologist Mohammed Almaghthawi discovered some rock inscriptions mentioning the Masjid al-Haram and the Kaaba, dating back to the first and second centuries of Islam. One of them reads as follows: Juan Cole is of the opinion that the inscription is likely from the second century A.H. (c. 718 – 815 CE).

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: At the culmination of his mission, in 630 CE, after the allies of the Quraysh, the Banu Bakr, violated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Muhammad conquered Mecca. His first action was to remove statues and images from the "Kaaba". According to reports collected by Ibn Ishaq and al-Azraqi, Muhammad spared a painting of Mary and Jesus, and a fresco of Ibrahim.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: Al-Azraqi further conveys how Muhammad, after he entered the Kaaba on the day of the conquest, ordered all the pictures erased except that of Maryam:

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: After the conquest, Muhammad restated the sanctity and holiness of Mecca, including its Great Mosque (Masjid al-Haram), in Islam. He performed the Hajj in 632 CE called the Hujjat ul-Wada' ("Farewell Pilgrimage") since Muhammad prophesied his impending death on this event.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: During the Hajj of 930 CE, the Shi'ite Qarmatians attacked Mecca under Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, defiled the Zamzam Well with the bodies of pilgrims and stole the Black Stone, taking it to the oasis in Eastern Arabia known as al-Aḥsāʾ, where it remained until the Abbasids ransomed it in 952 CE. The basic shape and structure of the Kaaba have not changed since then.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: After heavy rains and flooding in 1626, the walls of the Kaaba collapsed and the Mosque was damaged. The same year, during the reign of Ottoman Emperor Murad IV, the Kaaba was rebuilt with granite stones from Mecca, and the Mosque was renovated.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: The Kaaba is a cuboid-shaped structure made of stones. It is approximately tall (some claim ), with sides measuring . Inside the Kaaba, the floor is made of marble and limestone. The interior walls, measuring , are clad with tiled, white marble halfway to the roof, with darker trimmings along the floor. The floor of the interior stands about above the ground area where tawaf is performed.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: Note: The major (long) axis of the Kaaba has been observed to align with the rising of the star Canopus toward which its southern wall is directed, while its minor axis (its east–west facades) roughly align with the sunrise of summer solstice and the sunset of winter solstice.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: The "Kaaba" is the holiest site in Islam, and is often called by names such as the "Bayt Allah" (). and "Bayt Allah al-Haram" ().

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: Tawaf begins from the corner of the Kaaba with the Black Stone. If possible, Muslims are to kiss or touch it, but this is often not possible because of the large crowds. They are also to chant the Basmala and Takbir each time they complete one revolution. Hajj pilgrims are generally advised to "make ṭawāf" at least twice – once as part of the Hajj, and again before leaving Mecca.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟


Kaaba

Context: The "Qibla" is the direction faced during prayer. The direction faced during prayer is the direction of the Kaaba, relative to the person praying. Apart from praying, Muslims generally consider facing the Qibla while reciting the Quran to be a part of good etiquette.

Question: من أعاد تشييد الكعبة بعد أن لحقها الحريق والضرر من آثار قصفها بالمنجنيق؟