Gulf War

Context: The coalition rejected the proposal, but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked, and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces. On 23 February, fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers. On 24 February, British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq–Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers, taking hundreds of prisoners. Iraqi resistance was light, and four Americans were killed.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Meanwhile, US forces attacked the village of Al Busayyah, meeting fierce resistance. The US force destroyed military hardware and took prisoners, while suffering no casualties.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: One hundred hours after the ground campaign started, on 28 February, President Bush declared a ceasefire, and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: In Kuwait, the Emir was restored, and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed. Eventually, over 400,000 people were expelled from the country, including a large number of Palestinians, because of PLO support of Saddam. Yasser Arafat didn't apologize for his support of Iraq, but after his death Mahmoud Abbas formally apologized in 2004 on behalf of the PLO. This came after the Kuwaiti government formally forgave the group.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: There was some criticism of the Bush administration, as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government. In their co-written 1998 book, "A World Transformed", Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance, and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Coalition members included Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Germany and Japan provided financial assistance and donated military hardware, although they did not send direct military assistance. This later became known as "checkbook diplomacy".

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Argentina was later classified by the US as a major non-NATO ally due to her contributions during the war.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Following the invasion and annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, on September 25, 1990, the Italian Government sent eight multirole fighter bombers Tornado IDS (plus two spare) in the Persian Gulf, belonging to the 6º, 36º and 50º Stormo, which were deployed at the Al Dhafra Air Base, near Abu Dhabi, in United Arab Emirates.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The use of Italian aircraft as part of the Desert Storm operation represented the first operational employment in combat missions of Italian Air Force aircraft since the end of World War II.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Chief Royal Navy vessels deployed to the Persian Gulf included "Broadsword"-class frigates, and "Sheffield"-class destroyers; other R.N. and RFA ships were also deployed. The light aircraft carrier HMS "Ark Royal" was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: A British Challenger 1 achieved the longest range confirmed tank kill of the war, destroying an Iraqi tank with an armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS) round fired over —the longest tank-on-tank kill shot recorded.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: In one noted incident, two USAF stealth planes bombed a bunker in Amiriyah, causing the deaths of 408 Iraqi civilians in the shelter. Scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were subsequently broadcast, and controversy arose over the bunker's status, with some stating that it was a civilian shelter, while others contended that it was a center of Iraqi military operations, and that the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as human shields.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Saddam's government gave high civilian casualty to draw support from Islamic countries. The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign. According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, 3,664 Iraqi civilians were killed in the conflict.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: During the nationwide uprisings against the Ba'athist Iraqi government that directly followed the end of the Gulf War in March and April, an estimated 25,000 to 100,000 Iraqis were killed, overwhelmingly civilians.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: An investigation by Beth Osborne Daponte estimated total civilian fatalities at about 3,500 from bombing, and some 100,000 from the war's other effects. In 2002, Daponte estimated the total number of Iraqi deaths caused directly and indirectly by the Gulf War to be between 142,500 and 206,000, including 100,000–120,000 military deaths, 20,000–35,000 civilian deaths in civil war and 15,000–30,000 refugee deaths.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi combatants, the rest of the 379 coalition deaths were from friendly fire or accidents. This number was much lower than expected. Among the American combat dead were four female soldiers.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: While the death toll among coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low, a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other Allied units. Of the 148 US troops who died in battle, 24% were killed by friendly fire, a total of 35 service personnel. A further 11 died in detonations of coalition munitions. Nine British military personnel were killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II destroyed a group of two Warrior IFVs.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens. In 2013, 280,000 Jordanian citizens of Palestinian origin lived in Kuwait. In 2012, 80,000 Palestinians (without Jordanian citizenship) lived in Kuwait.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: However, the UN subsequently spent billions rebuilding hospitals, schools, and water purification facilities throughout the country.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: During the late 1990s, the UN considered relaxing the sanctions imposed because of the hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis. Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Many international organizations such as the UN Human Rights Commission, the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, the Wetlands International, and Middle East Watch have described the project as a political attempt to force the Marsh Arabs out of the area through water diversion tactics.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: On 23 January, Iraq dumped of crude oil into the Persian Gulf, causing the largest offshore oil spill in history at that time. It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore ("Missouri" and "Wisconsin" had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt). About 30–40% of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The resulting fires burned uncontrollably because of the dangers of sending in firefighting crews. Land mines had been placed in areas around the oil wells, and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out. Somewhere around of oil were lost each day. Eventually, privately contracted crews extinguished the fires, at a total cost of US$1.5 billion to Kuwait. By that time, however, the fires had burned for approximately 10 months, causing widespread pollution.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The ODI factored in elements of "cost" which included oil imports, remittance flows, re-settlement costs, loss of export earnings and tourism. For Egypt, the cost totaled $1 billion, 3% of GDP. Yemen had a cost of $830 million, 10% of GDP, while it cost Jordan $1.8 billion, 32% of GDP.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group. They were 24 states, comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait. The members of this group agreed to disperse $14 billion in development assistance.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The World Bank responded by speeding up the disbursement of existing project and adjustment loans. The International Monetary Fund adopted two lending facilitiesthe Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and the Compensatory & Contingency Financing Facility (CCFF). The European Community offered $2 billion in assistance.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The war was heavily televised. For the first time, people all over the world watched live pictures of missiles hitting their targets and fighters departing from aircraft carriers. Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons' accuracy.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: On CBS, viewers were watching a report from correspondent Allen Pizzey, reporting from Baghdad, when the war began. Rather, after the report was finished, announced unconfirmed reports of flashes in Baghdad and heavy air traffic at bases in Saudi Arabia. On the NBC Nightly News, correspondent Mike Boettcher reported unusual air activity in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Moments later, Brokaw announced to his viewers that the air attack had begun.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: In the United Kingdom, the BBC devoted the FM broadcast portion of its national talk radio station BBC Radio 4 to an 18-hour rolling news format called Radio 4 News FM. The station was short-lived, ending shortly after President Bush declared the ceasefire and Kuwait's liberation. However, it paved the way for the later introduction of Radio Five Live.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Two BBC journalists, John Simpson and Bob Simpson (no relation), defied their editors and remained in Baghdad to report on the war's progress. They were responsible for a report which included an "infamous cruise missile that travelled down a street and turned left at a traffic light."

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The war's coverage was new in its immediacy. About halfway through the war, Iraq's government decided to allow live satellite transmissions from the country by Western news organizations, and US journalists returned en masse to Baghdad. NBC's Tom Aspell, ABC's Bill Blakemore, and CBS News' Betsy Aaron filed reports, subject to acknowledged Iraqi censorship. Throughout the war, footage of incoming missiles was broadcast almost immediately.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: A British crew from CBS News, David Green and Andy Thompson, equipped with satellite transmission equipment, traveled with the front line forces and, having transmitted live TV pictures of the fighting en route, arrived the day before the forces in Kuwait City, broadcasting live television from the city and covering the entrance of the Arab forces the next day.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the war's operational phases. These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict's overall name, especially the US "Desert Storm":

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Precision-guided munitions were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars, although they were not used as often as more traditional, less accurate bombs. Specific buildings in downtown Baghdad could be bombed while journalists in their hotels watched cruise missiles fly by.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Precision-guided munitions amounted to approximately 7.4% of all bombs dropped by the coalition. Other bombs included cluster bombs, which disperse numerous submunitions, and daisy cutters, 15,000-pound bombs which can disintegrate everything within hundreds of yards.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Global Positioning System (GPS) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert. Since military GPS receivers were not available for most troops, many used commercially available units. To permit these to be used to best effect, the "selective availability" feature of the GPS system was turned off for the duration of Desert Storm, allowing these commercial receivers to provide the same precision as the military equipment.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) and satellite communication systems were also important. Two examples of this are the US Navy's Grumman E-2 Hawkeye and the US Air Force's Boeing E-3 Sentry. Both were used in command and control area of operations. These systems provided essential communications links between air, ground, and naval forces. It is one of several reasons coalition forces dominated the air war.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: American-made color photocopiers were used to produce some of Iraq's battle plans. Some of the copiers contained concealed high-tech transmitters that revealed their positions to American electronic warfare aircraft, leading to more precise bombings.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The role of Iraq's Scud missiles featured prominently in the war. Scud is a tactical ballistic missile that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed Soviet Army divisions in East Germany.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: Scud missiles utilize inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate. Iraq used Scud missiles, launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel. Some missiles caused extensive casualties, while others caused little damage.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Gulf War

Context: The Gulf War has been the subject of several video games including ', ' and "". There have also been numerous depictions in film including "Jarhead" (2005), which is based on US Marine Anthony Swofford's 2003 memoir of the same name.

Question: 걸프전은 몇 년도에 끝났나?


Sun Quan

Context: In 211, Sun Quan moves his headquarters from Dantu to the city of Moling, and in the next year he rebuilt the walls and renamed the city Jianye. This new location gave him better control of the Yangtze River and better communications with his various other commanders. He also constructed fortresses at Ruxu, since Lü Meng anticipated an invasion there from Cao Cao.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: In 217, Cao Cao brought a massive army to attack Ruxu again. Sun Quan personally led 70,000 men to defend the city, though he left actual command of the battle to Lü Meng. It was a furious campaign, and after several weeks of gruelling battle, Lü Meng's defences held and the spring floods forced Cao Cao to retreat once again.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: The "Book of Liang" records the arrival in 226 of a merchant from the Roman Empire (Daqin) at Jiaozhi (Chinese-controlled northern Vietnam). The Prefect of Jiaozhou sent him to the court of Sun Quan in Nanjing. Sun Quan requested that he provide him with a report on his native country and its people. An expedition was mounted to return the merchant along with 10 female and 10 male "blackish coloured dwarfs" he had requested as a curiosity and a Chinese officer who, unfortunately, died en route.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: The one major victory that Wu would have over Wei during this period came in 228, when, with Sun Quan's approval, his general Zhou Fang pretended to be surrendering to Wei after pretending to have been punished repeatedly by Sun Quan. This tricked the Wei general Cao Xiu, who led a large army south to support Zhou Fang. He walked into the trap set by Zhou Fang and Lu Xun and suffered major losses, but was saved from total annihilation by Jia Kui.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: In 241, Sun Quan would launch the last major assault against Wei of his reign, in light of Cao Rui's death in 239, but he rejected a strategy offered by Yin Zha () to attack Wei in coordinated effort with Shu on four different fronts, and the campaign ended in failure as well.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: Around this time, Sun Quan also had his generals destroy a number of levees near the border with Wei, creating large areas of flooding, in order to obstruct potential attacks from Wei.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: Sun Quan appears as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: Sun Quan also appears in the mobile video game "Puzzle & Dragons" as part of the "Three Kingdoms Gods" series.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: In the collectible card game " there is a card named "Sun Quan, Lord of Wu", in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: In the selection of hero cards in the Chinese card game "San Guo Sha", there is also a Sun Quan hero that players can select at the beginning of the game.

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Sun Quan

Context: In the collectible card game " Yu - Gi - Oh " there is a card based on Sun Quan named “Ancient Warriors- Masterful Sun Mou.”

Question: 손권은 어느 나라 사람인가?


Crusades

Context: The Crusades to the Holy Land are the best known of the religious wars discussed here, beginning in 1095 and lasting some two centuries. These Crusades began with the fervent desire to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims, and ran through eight major numbered crusades and dozens of minor crusades over two centuries.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Immediately after Urban's proclamation, the French priest Peter the Hermit led thousands of mostly poor Christians out of Europe in what became known as the People's Crusade. In transit through Germany, these Crusaders spawned German bands who massacred Jewish communities in what became known as the Rhineland massacres. They were destroyed in 1096 when the main body of Crusaders was annihilated at the battle of Civetot.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The Crusader army marched to the former Byzantine city of Antioch that had been in Muslim control since 1084. The Crusaders began the siege of Antioch in October 1097 and fought for eight months to a stalemate. Finally, Bohemond persuaded a guard in the city to open a gate. The Crusaders entered, massacring the Muslim inhabitants as well as many Christians. A force to recapture the city was raised by Kerbogha, the Seljuk atabeg of Mosul.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The Venetian Crusade, also known as the Crusade of Calixtus II, was conducted from 1122 to 1124. The Western participants included those from the Republic of Venice as well as Pons of Tripoli. The actions resulted in the successful siege of Tyre, taking the city from the Damascene atabeg Toghtekin. This marked a major victor for Baldwin II prior to his second captivity in 1123.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Baldwin II and Morphia married their eldest daughter Melisende of Jerusalem to Fulk V of Anjou in 1129 in anticipation of a royal succession. Baldwin II fell ill in Antioch and died on 21 August 1131. Fulk and Melisende were crowned joint rulers of Jerusalem on 14 September 1131 in the same church where Baldwin II had been laid to rest. Fulk assumed full control of the government, excluding Melisende, as he favored fellow Angevins to the native nobility.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: On 13 November 1143, while the royal couple were in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident. On Christmas Day 1143, their son Baldwin III of Jerusalem was crowned co-king with his mother. That same year, having prepared his army for a renewed attack on Antioch, John II Komnenos went hunting wild boar, cutting himself with a poisoned arrow. He died on 8 April 1143 and was succeeded as emperor by his son Manuel I Komnenos.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Zengi was assassinated by a slave on 14 September 1146 and was succeeded in the Zengid dynasty by his son Nūr-ad-Din. The Franks recaptured the city during the Second Siege of Edessa of 1146 by stealth but could not take or even properly besiege the citadel. After a brief counter-siege, Nūr-ad-Din took the city. The population was massacred, with the women and children enslaved, and the walls razed.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The fall of Edessa caused great consternation in Jerusalem and Western Europe, tampering the enthusiastic success of the First Crusade. Calls for a new crusade—the Second Crusade—were immediate, and was the first to be led by European kings. Concurrent campaigns as part of the "Reconquista" and Northern Crusades are also sometimes associated with this Crusade. The aftermath of the Crusade saw the Muslim world united around Saladin, leading to the fall of Jerusalem.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The disastrous performance of this campaign in the Holy Land damaged the standing of the papacy, soured relations between the Christians of the kingdom and the West for many years, and encouraged the Muslims of Syria to even greater efforts to defeat the Franks. The dismal failures of this Crusade then set the stage for the fall of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: After the sacking of Bilbeis, the Crusader-Egyptian force was to meet Shirkuh's army in the indecisive Battle of al-Babein on 18 March 1167. In 1169, both Shawar and Shirkuh died, and al-Adid appointed Saladin as vizier. Saladin, with reinforcements from Nūr-ad-Din, defeated a massive Crusader-Byzantine force at the siege of Damietta in late October. This gained Saladin the attention of the Assassins, with attempts on his life in January 1175 and again on 22 May 1176.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of Raymond III of Tripoli. Raymond negotiated a truce with Saladin which went awry when the king died in the summer of 1186. His mother Sibylla of Jerusalem and her husband Guy of Lusignan were crowned as queen and king of Jerusalem in the summer of 1186, shortly thereafter. They immediately had to deal with the threat posed by Saladin.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The years following the founding of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met with multiple disasters. The Second Crusade did not achieve its goals, and left the Muslim East in a stronger position with the rise of Saladin. A united Egypt–Syria led to the loss of Jerusalem itself, and Western Europe had no choice but to launch the Third Crusade, this time led by the kings of Europe.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The news of the disastrous defeat at the battle of Hattin and subsequent fall of Jerusalem gradually reached Western Europe. Urban III died shortly after hearing the news, and his successor Gregory VIII issued the bull "Audita tremendi" on 29 October 1187 describing the events in the East and urging all Christians to take up arms and go to the aid of those in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land—the Third Crusade—to be led by Frederick Barbarossa and Richard I of England.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: On 27 July 1192, Saladin's army began the battle of Jaffa, capturing the city. Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from the sea and the Muslims were driven from the city. Attempts to retake Jaffa failed and Saladin was forced to retreat. On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin entered into the Treaty of Jaffa, providing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to freely visit the city. This treaty ended the Third Crusade.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Three years later, Henry VI launched the Crusade of 1197. While his forces were en route to the Holy Land, Henry VI died in Messina on 28 September 1197. The nobles that remained captured the Levant coast between Tyre and Tripoli before returning to Germany. The Crusade ended on 1 July 1198 after capturing Sidon and Beirut.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Andrew II left for Acre in August 1217, joining John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem. The initial plan of a two-prong attack in Syria and in Egypt was abandoned and instead the objective became limited operations in Syria. After accomplishing little, the ailing Andrew returned return to Hungary early in 1218. As it became clear that Frederick II was not coming to east, the remaining commanders began the planning to attack the Egyptian port of Damietta.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: In July 1221, Pelagius began to advance to the south. John of Brienne argued against the move, but was powerless to stop it. Already deemed a traitor for opposing the plans and threatened with excommunication, John joined the force under the command of the legate. In the ensuing Battle of Mansurah in late August, al-Kamil had the sluices along the right bank of the Nile opened, flooding the area and rendering battle impossible. Pelagius had no choice but to surrender.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The Sixth Crusade (1228–1229) was a military expedition to recapture the city of Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. The diplomatic maneuvering of Frederick II resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining some control over Jerusalem for much of the ensuing fifteen years. The Sixth Crusade is also known as the Crusade of Frederick II.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The Crusades of 1239–1241, also known as the Barons' Crusade, were a series of crusades to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, were the most successful since the First Crusade. The major expeditions were led separately by Theobald I of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall. These crusades are sometimes discussed along with that of Baldwin of Courtenay to Constantinople.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: In July 1239, Baldwin of Courtenay, the young heir to the Latin Empire, travelled to Constantinople with a small army. In the winter of 1239, Baldwin finally returned to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor around Easter of 1240, after which he launched his crusade. Baldwin then besieged and captured Tzurulum, a Nicaean stronghold seventy-five miles west of Constantinople.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Although the Barons' Crusade returned the kingdom to its largest size since 1187, the gains would be dramatically reversed a few years later. On 15 July 1244, the city was reduced to ruins during the siege of Jerusalem and its Christians massacred by the Khwarazmian army. A few months later, the Battle of La Forbie permanently crippled Christian military power in the Holy Land. The sack of the city and the massacre which accompanied it encouraged Louis IX of France to organize the Seventh Crusade.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: The mainland Crusader states were finally extinguished with the fall of Tripoli in 1289 and Acre in 1291. It is reported that many Latin Christians, evacuated to Cyprus by boat, were killed or enslaved. Despite this, Ottoman census records of Byzantine churches show that most parishes in the former Crusader states survived at least until 16th-century and remained Christian.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: According to the historian Joshua Prawer no major European poet, theologian, scholar or historian settled in the crusader states. Some went on pilgrimage, and this is seen in new imagery and ideas in western poetry. Although they did not migrate east themselves, their output often encouraged others to journey there on pilgrimage.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Typically, crusader church design was in the French Romanesque style. This can be seen in the 12th-century rebuilding of the Holy Sepulchre. It retained some of the Byzantine details, but new arches and chapels were built to northern French, Aquitanian and Provençal patterns. There is little trace of any surviving indigenous influence in sculpture, although in the Holy Sepulchre the column capitals of the south facade follow classical Syrian patterns.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: After the fall of Acre, the crusades continued in through the 16th century. Principal references on this subject are the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades and Norman Housley's "The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar." Complete bibliographies are also given in these works.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: These histories have provided evolving views of the Crusades as discussed in detail in the Historiography writeup in Crusading movement. Modern works that serve as secondary source material are listed in the Bibliography section below and need no further discussion here.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Crusades

Context: Tertiary sources. Three works stand out as excellent references. These are: Louis Bréhier's multiple works on the Crusades in the Catholic Encyclopedia; the works of Ernest Barker in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition), later expanded into a separate publication; and "The Crusades—An Encyclopedia" (2006), edited by historian Alan V. Murray.

Question: 십자군 전쟁은 총 몇차례 일어났는가?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The London, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish branches of the party are semi-autonomous. The Conservatives are a founding member party of both the International Democrat Union and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The term "Conservative" was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the "Quarterly Review" in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was formally adopted under the aegis of Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto. The term "Conservative Party" rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Young Winston Churchill denounced Chamberlain's attack on free trade, and helped organise the opposition inside the Unionist/Conservative Party. Nevertheless, Balfour, as party leader, followed Chamberlain's policy introduced protectionist legislation. The high tariff element called itself "Tariff Reformers" and in a major speech in Manchester on 13 May 1904, Churchill warned their takeover of the Unionist/Conservative party would permanently brand it as follows:

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: A party of great vested interests, banded together in a formidable confederation; corruption at home, aggression to cover it up abroad; the trickery of tariff juggles, the tyranny of a party machine; sentiment by the bucketful; patriotism by the imperial pint; the open hand at the public exchequer, the open door at the public-house; dear food for the million, cheap labour for the millionaire.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party. In Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged Unionists who were opposed to Irish Home Rule into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence, formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. In Britain, the Conservative party was known as the Unionist Party because of its opposition to home rule in Ireland.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Under Bonar Law's leadership in 1911–14, the Party morale improved, the "radical right" wing was contained, and the party machinery strengthened. It made some progress toward developing constructive social policies. Historian Jeremy Smith says Bonar Law was pushing hard—certainly blustering and threatening, and perhaps bluffing—but in the end his strategy proved both coherent and effective.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The concept of the "property-owning democracy" was coined by Noel Skelton in 1923 and became a core principle of the party.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Macmillan's bid to join the European Economic Community (EEC) in early 1963 was blocked by French President Charles de Gaulle. The period saw the decline of the United Kingdom as a prominent world leader, with the loss of practically the entire Empire and a laggard economy.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Following controversy over the selections of Harold Macmillan and Alec Douglas-Home via a process of consultation known as the 'Magic Circle', a formal election process was created and the first leadership election was held in 1965. Of the three candidates, Edward Heath won with 150 votes to Reginald Maudling's 133 and Enoch Powell's 15 votes.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Edward Heath's 1970–74 government was known for taking the UK into the EEC, although the right-wing of the party objected to his failure to control the trade unions at a time when a declining British industry saw many strikes, as well as a recession which started in 1973 and lasted for two years.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Since accession to the EEC, which developed into the EU, British membership has been a source of heated debate within the Conservative Party.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: By the time of the general election in June 1987, the economy was stronger, with lower inflation and falling unemployment and Thatcher secured her third successive electoral victory with a second, albeit reduced, landslide majority.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Internal party tensions led to a leadership challenge by the Conservative MP Michael Heseltine; and, after months of speculation about her future as Prime Minister, she resigned on 28 November 1990, making way for a new Conservative leader more likely to win the next general election in the interests of party unity.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: John Major won the party leadership election on 27 November 1990, and his appointment led to an almost immediate boost in Conservative Party fortunes. A MORI poll six days before Mrs Thatcher's resignation had shown the Conservatives to be 11 points behind Labour, but within two months the Conservatives had returned to the top of the opinion polls with a narrow lead.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: A general election had to be held within the next eighteen months and the UK economy was sliding into recession, but 1991 was a year of electoral uncertainty as the Conservatives and Labour regularly swapped places at the top of the opinion polls, and Major resisted Neil Kinnock's numerous calls for an immediate election.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The UK economy was deep in recession by this stage and remained so until the end of the year. The pound sterling was forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism on 16 September 1992, a day thereafter referred to as "Black Wednesday".

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Soon after, approximately one million householders faced repossession of their homes during a recession that saw a sharp rise in unemployment, taking it close to 3,000,000 people. The party subsequently lost much of its reputation for good financial stewardship although the end of the recession was declared in April 1993 bringing economic recovery and a fall in unemployment.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: From 1994 to 1997, Major privatised British Rail, splitting it up into franchises to be run by the private sector. Its success is hotly debated, with a large increase in passenger numbers and investment in the network balanced by worries about the level of subsidy. Train fares cost more than under British Rail.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The party was plagued by internal division and infighting, mainly over the UK's role in the European Union. The party's Eurosceptic wing, represented by MPs such as John Redwood, opposed further EU integration, whilst the party's pro-European wing, represented by those such as Chancellor of the Exchequer Kenneth Clarke, was broadly supportive. The issue of the creation of a single European currency also inflamed tensions, and these would continue to dog the party until the early-2000s (decade)".

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Major also had to survive a leadership challenge in 1995 by Redwood, then the Secretary of State for Wales. Major survived, but Redwood received 89 votes from MPs, as well as the backing of the "Sun" newspaper, which described the choice as being between "Redwood or Deadwood". This further undermined Major's influence in the Conservative Party.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: An effective opposition campaign by the Labour Party culminated in a landslide defeat for the Conservatives in 1997 that was Labour's largest ever parliamentary victory and the worst defeat for the Conservatives since the 1906 general election 91 years earlier. The 1997 general election left the Conservative Party as an England-only party, with all Scottish and Welsh seats having been lost, and not a single new seat having been gained anywhere.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The 2001 general election resulted in a net gain of just one seat for the Conservative Party, just months after the fuel protests of September 2000 had seen the Conservatives briefly take a narrow lead over Labour in the opinion polls.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In 2001, Iain Duncan Smith was elected leader of the Conservative Party. Although Duncan Smith was a strong Eurosceptic, the issue did not define his leadership. During his tenure, Europe ceased to be an issue of division in the party as it united behind calls for a referendum on the proposed European Union Constitution.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: However, before he could lead the party into a general election, Duncan Smith lost the vote on a motion of no confidence by MPs who felt that the party would not be returned to government under his leadership. This was despite the Conservative support equalling that of Labour in the months leading up to his departure from the leadership.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Polls became more volatile in summer 2007 with the accession of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister, although polls gave the Conservatives a lead after October of that year and, by May 2008, with the UK's economy sliding into its first recession since 1992. The Conservatives gained control of the London mayoralty for the first time in May 2008 after Boris Johnson defeated the Labour incumbent, Ken Livingstone.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In May 2014, the Conservatives were defeated in the European parliamentary elections, coming in third place behind the UK Independence Party and Labour. UKIP ended with 24 MEPs, Labour 20, and the Conservatives 19. The result was described by UKIP leader Nigel Farage as "disastrous" for Cameron, and the leaders of the other main parties.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In September 2014, the Unionist side, championed by Labour as well as by the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats, won in the Scottish Independence referendum by 55% No to 45% Yes on the question "Should Scotland be an independent country". This can be seen as a victory for British Unionism, a core part of traditional Conservative ideology, and also for Cameron as the incumbent Prime Minister.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: May's early cabinet appointments were interpreted both as "centrist and conciliatory", an effort to reunite the party in the wake of the UK's vote to leave the European Union, and as "a shift to the right" according to "The Guardian".

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Replacing Michael Gove, Elizabeth Truss was made Justice Secretary, the "first female Lord Chancellor in the thousand-year history of the role".

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Andrea Leadsom, who was energy minister and May's primary competitor for party leader, was made the new environment secretary. However, former Northern Ireland Secretary Theresa Villiers resigned from Cabinet after May offered her a different, non-Cabinet post that was, she said, "not one which I felt I could take on". Nearly half of the first May ministry were women.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In her first speech, May made a promise to combat the "burning injustice" in British society and create a union "between all of our citizens" and promising to be an advocate for the "ordinary working-class family" and not just for "privileged few" in the UK.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In April 2017, the Cabinet agreed to hold a general election on 8 June. During the resulting campaign, Theresa May asked the electorate to "strengthen my hand" in Brexit negotiations, promised "strong and stable leadership in the national interest" and warned of a "coalition of chaos" under Jeremy Corbyn.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Contrary to opinion polling at the time, the election resulted in a hung parliament, with the Conservative Party having 317 seats in the House of Commons, but without an overall majority. The Democratic Unionist Party suggested it would be able to provide a confidence and supply arrangement depending on negotiations. On 9 June 2017, May announced her intention to form a new minority government with support from the DUP, which was finalised on 26 June.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: On 8 January 2018, May announced her first major cabinet reshuffle, keeping in place most ministers, but promoting others.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In May 2018, the Conservative Party was accused of failing to take action on Islamophobia that was allegedly happening in the party.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: May announced her resignation from the leadership of the Conservative Party on 24 May 2019, intending to leave the role on 7 June. However, she remained Prime Minister until a successor was elected by the party.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Theresa May resigned as Prime Minister on 24 July 2019 after her successor, Boris Johnson, was elected on 23 July 2019. She remained as the Member of Parliament for the Parliamentary Constituency of Maidenhead and won re-election for a further term as a backbencher in the December general election.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In July 2019, former Foreign Secretary and Mayor of London Boris Johnson defeated Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt, with 66% of the vote in the final ballot of Conservative Party members, to become Leader of the Conservative Party. He became Prime Minister the next day.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Since the election, a number of far-right activists claim to have joined the Conservatives, prompting concerns over entryism.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Party believes that a free market and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: For much of the 20th century, the Conservative Party took a broadly Atlanticist stance in relations with the United States, favouring close ties with the United States and similarly aligned nations such as Canada, Australia and Japan. The Conservatives have generally favoured a diverse range of international alliances, ranging from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to the Commonwealth of Nations.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservatives have proposed a Pan-African Free Trade Area, which it says could help entrepreneurial dynamism of African people. The Conservatives pledged to increase aid spending to 0.7% of national income by 2013. They met this pledge in 2014, when spending on aid reached 0.72% of GDP and the commitment was enshrined in UK law in 2015.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Beyond relations with the United States, the Commonwealth and the EU, the Conservative Party has generally supported a pro free-trade foreign policy within the mainstream of international affairs. The degree to which Conservative Governments have supported interventionist or non-interventionist presidents in the US has often varied with the personal relations between the US president and the British prime minister.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Party also pledged to increase Britain's share of the global defence market as Government policy.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Party upholds the view that NATO remains and should remain the most important security alliance for the United Kingdom.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: It has advocated for the creation of a fairer funding mechanism for NATO's expeditionary operations and called for all NATO countries to meet their required defence spending 2% of GDP. As well as this, some Conservatives believe that there is scope for expanding NATO's Article V to include new 21st Century threats such as cybersecurity.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Party aims to build enhanced bilateral defence relations with key European partners and believes that it is in Britain's national interest to cooperate fully with all its European neighbours. It has pledged to ensure that any EU military capability must supplement and not supplant British national defence and NATO, and that it is not in the British interest to hand over security to any supranational body.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservatives see it as a priority to encourage all members of the European Union to do more in terms of a commitment to European security at home and abroad.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Regarding the defence role of the European Union, the Conservatives pledged to re-examine some of Britain's EU Defence commitments to determine their practicality and utility; specifically, to reassess UK participation provisions like Permanent Structured Cooperation, the European Defence Agency and EU Battlegroups to determine if there is any value in Britain's participation.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservatives support the UK's possession of nuclear weapons through the Trident nuclear missile programme.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In education, the Conservatives have pledged to review the National Curriculum, and introduce the English Baccalaureate. The restoration of discipline was also highlighted, as they want it to be easier for pupils to be searched for contraband items, the granting of anonymity to teachers accused by pupils, and the banning of expelled pupils being returned to schools via appeal panels.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In Higher education, the Conservatives have increased tuition fees to £9,250 per year, however have ensured that this will not be paid by anyone until they are earning over £25,000. The Scottish Conservatives also support the re-introduction of tuition fees in Scotland. In 2016 the Conservative government extended student loan access in England to postgraduate students to help improve access to education.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Within the EU, the UK is one of the largest recipients of research funding in the European Union, receiving £7 billion between 2007 and 2015, which is invested in universities and research-intensive businesses. Following the vote to leave the EU, Prime Minister Theresa May guaranteed that the Conservative government would protect funding for existing research and development projects in the UK.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In autumn 2017 the Conservatives decided to introduce the T Level qualification aimed at improving the teaching and administration of technical education.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: David Cameron brought several 'green' issues to the forefront of his 2010 campaign. These included proposals designed to impose a tax on workplace car parking spaces, a halt to airport growth, a tax on cars with exceptionally poor petrol mileage, and restrictions on car advertising. Many of these policies were implemented in the Coalition—including the 'Green Deal'.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In 2010, the Conservatives campaigned to cut the perceived bureaucracy of the modern police force and pledged greater legal protection to people convicted of defending themselves against intruders.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The party has also campaigned for the creation of a UK Bill of Rights to replace the Human Rights Act 1998, but this was vetoed by their coalition partners the Liberal Democrats. Some Conservatives, particularly within the socially conservative Cornerstone Group, support the re-introduction of the death penalty.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservatives’ 2017 manifesto pledged to create a national infrastructure police force, subsuming the existing British Transport Police; Civil Nuclear Constabulary; and Ministry of Defence Police to "to improve the protection of critical infrastructure such as nuclear sites, railways and the strategic road network". However, this has not yet occurred.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Traditionally the Conservative Party has supported the uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom and its traditional Westminster system of politics. The party opposed many of Tony Blair's reforms, such as the removal of the hereditary peers, the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into British law, and the 2009 creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, a function formerly carried out by the House of Lords.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: There was also a split on whether to introduce a British Bill of Rights that would replace the Human Rights Act 1998; David Cameron expressed support, but party grandee Ken Clarke described it as "xenophobic and legal nonsense".

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In 2019, the Conservatives' manifesto committed to a broad constitutional review in a line which read "after Brexit we also need to look at the broader aspects of our constitution: the relationship between the government, parliament and the courts". Following the party's significant election victory, it remains unclear what this may mean.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Party comprises the voluntary party, parliamentary party (sometimes called the political party) and the professional party.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The 1922 Committee consists of backbench MPs, meeting weekly while parliament is sitting. Frontbench MPs have an open invitation to attend. The 1922 Committee plays a crucial role in the selection of party leaders. All Conservative MPs are members of the 1922 Committee by default. There are 20 executive members of the committee, agreed by consensus among backbench MPs.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Campaign Headquarters (CCHQ) is effectively head of the Professional Party and leads financing, organisation of elections and drafting of policy.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Party Board is the party's ultimate decision-making body, responsible for all operational matters (including fundraising, membership and candidates) and is made up of representatives from each (voluntary, political and professional) section of the Party. The Party Board meets about once a month and works closely with CCHQ, elected representatives and the voluntary membership mainly through a number of management sub-committees (such as membership, candidates and conferences).

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In 2013 the Conservative Party lost an estimated 35–40% of its membership due to the Same Sex Marriage Bill.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: From 1998 to 2015, the Conservative Party maintained a youth wing for members under 30 called Conservative Future, with branches at both universities and at parliamentary constituency level. By 2006, the group had become the largest political organisation on British university campuses. The organisation was closed in 2015 after allegations that bullying by Mark Clarke had caused the suicide of Elliot Johnson, a 21-year-old party activist.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The major annual party events are the Spring Forum and the Conservative Party Conference, which takes place in Autumn in alternately Manchester or Birmingham. This is when the National Conservative Convention holds meetings.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In the first decade of the 21st century, half the party's funding came from a cluster of just fifty "donor groups", and a third of it from only fifteen. In the year after the 2010 general election, half the Tories' funding came from the financial sector.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: For 2013, the Conservative Party had an income of £25.4 million, of which £749,000 came from membership subscriptions.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: In 2015, according to accounts filed with the Electoral Commission, the party had an income of about £41.8 million and expenditures of about £41 million.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Construction businesses, including the Wates Group and JCB, have also been significant donors to the party, contributing £430,000 and £8.1m respectively between 2007 and 2017.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Advisory Board of the party represents donors who have given significant sums to the party, typically in excess of £250,000.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Party is a member of a number of international organisations, most notably the International Democrat Union which unites right-wing parties including the United States Republican Party, the Liberal Party of Australia, the Indian Bharatiya Janata Party, the Conservative Party of Canada and the South Korean United Future Party.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The Conservative Party has a variety of internal factions or ideologies, including one-nation conservatism, liberal conservatism, social conservatism, Thatcherism, traditional conservatism, neoconservatism, Euroscepticism, pro-Europeanism, and Christian democracy.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Most oppose high levels of immigration and support the lowering of the current 24‑week abortion limit. Some members in the past have expressed support for capital punishment. Prominent MPs from this wing of the party include Andrew Rosindell, Nadine Dorries, Edward Leigh and Jacob Rees-Mogg—the latter two being prominent Roman Catholics, notable in a faction marked out by its support for the established Church of England.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: One-nation conservatism was the party's dominant ideology in the 20th century until the rise of Thatcherism in the 1970s. It has included in its ranks Conservative Prime Ministers such as Stanley Baldwin, Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath. One-nation Conservatives in the contemporary party include former First Secretary of State Damian Green, the current chair of the One Nation Conservatives caucus.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Sometimes two groupings have united to oppose the third. Both Thatcherite and Traditionalist Conservatives rebelled over Europe (and in particular Maastricht) during John Major's premiership; and Traditionalist and One Nation MPs united to inflict Margaret Thatcher's only major defeat in Parliament, over Sunday trading.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: Not all Conservative MPs can be easily placed within one of the above groupings. For example, John Major was the ostensibly "Thatcherite" candidate during the 1990 leadership election, but he consistently promoted One-Nation Conservatives to the higher reaches of his cabinet during his time as Prime Minister. These included Kenneth Clarke as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Michael Heseltine as Deputy Prime Minister.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: National campaigning within the Conservative Party is fundamentally managed by the CCHQ campaigning team, which is part of its central office

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: However, it also delegates local responsibility to Conservative associations in the area, usually to a team of Conservative activists and volunteers in that area, but campaigns are still deployed from and thus managed by CCHQ

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: The "Voter Communications Department" is line-managed by the Conservative Director of Communications who upholds overall responsibility, though she has many staff supporting her, and the whole of CCHQ at election time, her department being one of the most predominant at this time, including Project Managers, Executive Assistants, Politicians, and Volunteers. The Conservative Party also has regional call centres and VoteSource do-it-from-home accounts.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: This chart shows the electoral performance of the Conservative Party in each general election since 1835.

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Conservative Party (UK)

Context: "Prior to 1973, the Ulster Unionist Party acted as the de facto Northern Ireland branch of the Conservative Party. The UUP's results may be seen here."

Question: 영국의 보수당 당원은 현재 몇명인가요?


Plating

Context: Thin-film deposition has plated objects as small as an atom, therefore plating finds uses in nanotechnology.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: There are several plating methods, and many variations. In one method, a solid surface is covered with a metal sheet, and then heat and pressure are applied to fuse them (a version of this is Sheffield plate). Other plating techniques include electroplating, vapor deposition under vacuum and sputter deposition. Recently, plating often refers to using liquids. Metallizing refers to coating metal on non-metallic objects.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: In electroplating, an ionic metal is supplied with electrons to form a non-ionic coating on a . A common system involves a chemical solution with the ionic form of the metal, an anode (positively charged) which may consist of the metal being plated (a soluble anode) or an insoluble anode (usually carbon, platinum, titanium, lead, or steel), and finally, a cathode (negatively charged) where electrons are supplied to produce a film of non-ionic metal.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold on the surface of glass or metal, most often copper or silver.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Gold plating is often used in electronics, to provide a corrosion-resistant electrically conductive layer on copper, typically in electrical connectors and printed circuit boards. With direct gold-on-copper plating, the copper atoms have the tendency to diffuse through the gold layer, causing tarnishing of its surface and formation of an oxide/sulfide layer. Therefore, a layer of a suitable barrier metal, usually nickel, has to be deposited on the copper substrate, forming a copper-nickel-gold sandwich.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Metals and glass may also be coated with gold for ornamental purposes, using a number of different processes usually referred to as "gilding".

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Sapphires, plastics, and carbon fiber are some other materials that are able to be plated using advance plating techniques. The substrates that can be used are almost limitless.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: The earliest form of silver plating was Sheffield Plate, where thin sheets of silver are fused to a layer or core of base metal, but in the 19th century new methods of production (including electroplating) were introduced. Britannia metal is an alloy of tin, antimony and copper developed as a base metal for plating with silver.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Another method that can be used to apply a thin layer of silver to objects such as glass, is to place Tollens' reagent in a glass, add glucose/dextrose, and shake the bottle to promote the reaction.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Care should be used for parts exposed to high humidity environments because in such environments, when the silver layer is porous or contains cracks, the underlying copper undergoes rapid galvanic corrosion, flaking off the plating and exposing the copper itself; a process known as red plague. Silver plated copper maintained in a moisture-free environment will not undergo this type of corrosion.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Copper plating is the process of electrolytically forming a layer of copper on the surface of an item. It is commonly used as an even cheaper alternative to silver plating as it is much cheaper than silver.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Rhodium plating is occasionally used on white gold, silver or copper and its alloys. A barrier layer of nickel is usually deposited on silver first, though in this case it is not to prevent migration of silver through rhodium, but to prevent contamination of the rhodium bath with silver and copper, which slightly dissolve in the sulfuric acid usually present in the bath composition.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: The traditional solution used for industrial hard chrome plating is made up of about 250 g/L of CrO3 and about 2.5 g/L of SO4−. In solution, the chrome exists as chromic acid, known as hexavalent chromium. A high current is used, in part to stabilize a thin layer of chromium(+2) at the surface of the plated work. Acid chrome has poor throwing power, fine details or holes are further away and receive less current resulting in poor plating.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: The tin-plating process is used extensively to protect both ferrous and nonferrous surfaces. Tin is a useful metal for the food processing industry since it is non-toxic, ductile and corrosion resistant. The excellent ductility of tin allows a tin coated base metal sheet to be formed into a variety of shapes without damage to the surface tin layer. It provides sacrificial protection for copper, nickel and other non-ferrous metals, but not for steel.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: In some cases, it is desirable to co-deposit two or more metals resulting in an electroplated alloy deposit. Depending on the alloy system, an electroplated alloy may be solid solution strengthened or precipitation hardened by heat treatment to improve the plating's physical and chemical properties. Nickel-Cobalt is a common electroplated alloy.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Metal matrix composite plating can be manufactured when a substrate is plated in a bath containing a suspension of ceramic particles. Careful selection of the size and composition of the particles can fine-tune the deposit for wear resistance, high temperature performance, or mechanical strength. Tungsten carbide, silicon carbide, chromium carbide, and aluminum oxide (alumina) are commonly used in composite electroplating.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Cadmium plating is under scrutiny because of the environmental toxicity of the cadmium metal. Cadmium plating is widely used in some applications in the aerospace, military, and aviation fields. However, it is being phased out due to its toxicity. Military and Aerospace components manufacturers, such as Amphenol Aerospace, have recently been exploring drop-in electroplating replacements for use with currently fielded equipment in order to support the phaseout of the dangerous finish.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Cadmium plating (or "cad. plating") offers a long list of technical advantages such as excellent corrosion resistance even at relatively low thickness and in salt atmospheres, softness and malleability, freedom from sticky and/or bulky corrosion products, galvanic compatibility with aluminum, freedom from stick-slip thus allowing reliable torquing of plated threads, can be dyed to many colors and clear, has good lubricity and solderability, and works well either as a final finish or as a paint base.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: If environmental concerns matter, in most aspects cadmium plating can be directly replaced with gold plating as it shares most of the material properties, but gold is more expensive and cannot serve as a paint base.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Compared to cadmium plating, nickel plating offers a shinier and harder finish, but lower corrosion resistance, lubricity, and malleability, resulting in a tendency to crack or flake if the piece is further processed.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Electroless nickel plating is self-catalyzing process, the resultant nickel layer is NiP compound, with 7–11% phosphorus content. Properties of the resultant layer hardness and wear resistance are greatly altered with bath composition and deposition temperature, which should be regulated with 1 °C precision, typically at 91 °C.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Plating

Context: Electroless nickel plating layers are known to provide extreme surface adhesion when plated properly. Electroless nickel plating is non-magnetic and amorphous. Electroless nickel plating layers are not easily solderable, nor do they seize with other metals or another electroless nickel-plated workpiece under pressure. This effect benefits electroless nickel-plated screws made out of malleable materials like titanium. Electrical resistance is higher compared to pure metal plating.

Question: 도금이란 무엇인가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: The accession of the King of France to the royal throne was legitimized by a ceremony performed with the Crown of Charlemagne at the Reims Cathedral. In late medieval and early modern times, the new king did not need to be anointed in order to be recognized as French monarch but ascended upon the previous monarch's death with the proclamation "Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi!"

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: French queens were crowned either together with their husband at Reims or alone at Sainte-Chapelle or the Basilica of Saint-Denis.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: The king was crowned by the Archbishop of Reims who was assisted by four suffragan bishops of his ecclesiastical province, and of the Bishop of Langres and Chapter of the Cathedral of Reims. The established order of six bishops was:

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: To these were added the Abbot of the Abbey of Saint-Remi, guardian of the holy ampulla, and the Abbot of the Abbey of Saint-Denis, guardian of other regalia.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: Peers are cited for the first time in 1203 (first convocation) and 1226. However, their first recorded participation in the coronation is made on the occasion of the coronation of Philip V of France on 9 January 1317. These are the six aforementioned ecclesiastical peers and the six lay peers (the great vassals of the King of France, in the modern era of royal princes or lords). In order of protocol, the six lay peers are:

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: After the first two kings of the House of Capet had been consecrated elsewhere (Hugh Capet in the cathedral of Noyon, Robert II in Orléans, both in 987), subsequent ceremonies were held at Reims Cathedral, beginning in 1027. However, there were a few notable exceptions:

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: On December 16, 1431, Henry VI of England let himself be crowned as King of France at Notre Dame de Paris, according to a ritual similar to that established by his great-grandfather Charles V of France. This was an attempt to counter the coronation of Henry's uncle and rival, Charles VII of France, who had been consecrated at Reims in 1429.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: Like the English coronation ritual, the French ritual after being subject to considerable influence from the Roman ritual in the 12th and 13th centuries reverted to earlier French forms in the 14th century. The Roman text and ritual, however, were not completely abandoned but combined with the earlier texts and ritual so that this fourth and final recension was nearly twice the length of the earlier recension.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: The king spends the night before his "Sacre" at the Palace of Tau and is awakened in the morning by the clergy and officials involved in the coronation ritual. They assist in dressing the king for the Sacre and the king then chooses which of his nobles will serve as the Hostages for the Sainte Ampoule and the clergy, as well, also swear to return the Sainte Ampoule to the Abbey of St. Remi after the Sacre.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: The king kneels while the Litany of the Saints is chanted by two archbishops or bishops, concluding with two prayers. The Archbishop then says the formal prayer of consecration: God eternal, All powerful, Creator and Governor of the

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: The Archbishop, sitting, then anoints the king with the Chrism in the form of a cross on the top of the head, on the breast, between the shoulders, on both shoulders and on the joints of both arms, each time saying:

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: And all, within the sound of his voice, each time respond: "Amen". While this anointing was taking place the choir sang the Antiphon:

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: Zadok the priest and the prophet Nathan anointed Solomon King in Jerusalem, and did proclaim this right joyfully, saying, May the king live forever.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: Then the Archbishop and the assisting priests and deacons close the silver latchets of the king's shirt which opened for the anointing.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: After this, the king, standing up, was vested in the tunicle, dalmatic and royal mantle, all of 'azure blue' velvet sprinkled with fleurs-de-lys of gold, representing the three Catholic orders of subdeacon, deacon and priest. by the Grand Chamberlain of France. Kneeling again, the king was anointed in the palms of both hands by the Archbishop, who recited the formula "Unguantur manus istae", as follows:

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: Be those hands anointed with sanctified oil, as kings and prophets were anointed, and as Samuel anointed David king, so that you be blessed and constituted king in this kingdom, that the Lord your God gave you to rule and govern. This may He vouchsafe to grant, Who lives and reigns God, with the Father and the Holy Spirit, for ever and ever.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: Thereafter the Archbishop concluded the ceremonies of the anointing by reciting the prayer "Deus, qui es iustorum gloria".

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: Mass is then said, with the collect "God, who didst visit those who are humble, etc.", the Epistle is Lev. 26:6–9 and the Gospel is Matthew 22:15–22, the king receiving Holy Communion under both species (bread and wine). At the conclusion of the Mass the Oriflamme is blessed.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: The king's return to Paris and his Joyous Entry into the capital through the gate facing the Abbey of St. Denis (i.e., the same exit by which his corpse would later be brought for burial in the same abbey church) completed the inauguration of the French king

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: The last heir apparent to the French throne to be crowned during his father's lifetime was the future Philip II of France. The practice was eventually abandoned by all kingdoms that had adopted it, as the rules of primogeniture became stronger.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Coronation of the French monarch

Context: Emperor Napoleon III chose not to have a coronation ceremony. However, to celebrate the Exposition Universelle in 1855, the Crown of Napoleon III is fabricated, but destroyed in 1887, and a small consort's crown was fabricated for his wife, Empress Eugenie, which remains in the possession of the French government.

Question: 프랑스의 대관식 절차는 어떻게 되는가?


Cleopatra Selene of Syria

Context: Cleopatra Selene's location during the reign of Antiochus X's successors in Antioch is unknown. She evidently took shelter with her children somewhere in the kingdom, and possibly fled to Cilicia or Coele-Syria, probably the city of Ptolemais, which she held until her death. Antiochus XII, another son of Antiochus VIII who was ruling in Damascus, died in 230 SE (83/82 BC). With the throne of Antiochus XII vacant, Cleopatra Selene declared her son Antiochus XIII king.

Question: 클레오파트라는 언제 결혼했나요?


Cleopatra Selene of Syria

Context: Identifying Antiochus X and Cleopatra Selene's children is problematic; Cicero wrote that the queen had two sons, one of them named Antiochus. More children, perhaps a daughter, might have resulted from the marriage, but it can not be confirmed; according to Plutarch, Tigranes II "put to death the successors of Seleucus, and [carried] off their wives and daughters into captivity". Thus, it is possible that Cleopatra Selene had a daughter captured by Tigranes II.

Question: 클레오파트라는 언제 결혼했나요?


History of Seoul

Context: The history of Seoul can be traced back as far as 18 BC, although humans have occupied the area now known as Seoul since Paleolithic Age. It has been the capital of numerous kingdoms on the Korean Peninsula since it was established.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: All of these sites are in the south of the Han River, and do not belong to the historic Seoul district (centered in modern-day Jongno District), which is well in the north of the river.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: As the Three Kingdoms competed for this strategic region of the Korean Peninsula, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in 475 and from Goguryeo to the Silla in 553.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: Silla soon gained full control of the city and then the peninsula, and during the Unified Silla period, "Hanyang" (한양; ) first referred to a district in the city, and later the city itself.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: It was thought that the kingdom that controlled the Han River valley would also have strategic control of the whole peninsula, because it was a center of transportation.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: In 1104, King Sukjong of the Goryeo Dynasty built a palace near present day Gyeongbokgung, which was then referred to as "Namgyeong" (남경; ) or "Southern Capital". Seoul grew into a full-scale city with political significance during this time.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: After World War II and Korea's liberation, the city took its present name of "Seoul". When the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was declared, the new state adopted the city as its capital. In 1949, Seoul administrative area expanded to Ui-dong to the north, and Guro-dong and Daerim-dong to the south, recombining some areas which were annexed from original Seoul to Goyang County in 1914.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: In 1950, the Korean War broke out and Seoul changed hands between the North Korean forces and South Korean forces four times, leaving the city largely destroyed at the end of the war. One estimate of the extensive damage states that at least 191,000 buildings, 55,000 houses, and 1,000 factories lay in ruins. In addition, there were a flood of refugees from the North, swelling the city's population to an estimated 2.5 million persons. More than half of them were homeless.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: The government considered moving its capital city to Yeongdeungpo and Bupyeong, which are south of the Han River.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: Following the war, Seoul became the focus of an immense reconstruction and modernization effort. Rapid economic growth achieved during the industrialization of the 1960s and 1970s raised living standards of residents considerably in Seoul.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: High-rise office buildings and apartments began sprouting throughout the city during the construction boom of the 1980s. Pollution and traffic jams became major issues as urbanization in the country accelerated and more and more people began moving to Seoul and its surrounding areas. Despite a green belt established around the city to prevent urban sprawl, the Seoul metropolitan area soon became the third largest in the world in terms of population and one of the most crowded.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: Seoul was the host city of the 1988 Summer Olympics as well as one of the venues of the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: In 1995, the boundary between Seoul and Gwangmyeong rearrangement was implemented, merging parts of Cheolsan 3-dong, Gwangmyeong in the Geumcheon District of Seoul. Around the time of the 1995 municipal annexation in South Korea, the government once seriously considered a division of Seoul into several municipal or metropolitan cities, but the division plan foundered as it would be expected to cause serious problems in aspects of metropolitan governance in Seoul.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


History of Seoul

Context: Sejong City was founded in 2007 as part of efforts to relocate the national capital. It was created from territory of South Chungcheong and North Chungcheong provinces to ease congestion in Seoul and encourage investment in the country's central region. Since 2012, the Government of South Korea has relocated numerous ministries and agencies to Sejong, but many still reside in other cities - namely Seoul where the National Assembly, the Blue House and many important government bodies remain.

Question: 서울은 언제 수도로 지정되었는가?


John S. Middleton

Context: The Middleton family descends from John Middleton, who, in 1857, founded John Middleton Co., a Philadelphia retail tobacco shop that evolved into a manufacturer and marketer of pipe tobacco and cigars.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: Middleton graduated from the Haverford School in 1973. He was a wrestler at Amherst College from where he graduated "magna cum laude" in 1977 with his bachelor's degree in economics. He then attended Harvard Business School, graduating in 1979 with his Master of Business Administration.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: Middleton is married to Leigh Middleton, and they have two children, Frances "Francie" Fields, and film and television producer John Powers Middleton.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: Middleton began working at his family's cigar business at age 16. After graduating from Harvard Business School, he returned home to work at John Middleton Inc. where his father put him on the company's board. Under Middleton, the company bought four tobacco brands from R.J. Reynolds in 1987, transforming the company into a major corporate interest in the pipe tobacco industry, and facilitating the subsequent growth of its packaged-cigar business.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: Middleton is the president of Bradford Holdings, the parent company whose subsidiaries have included John Middleton Inc., Double Play Inc. (the corporate entity that holds his stake in the Phillies) and McIntosh Inns.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: Middleton bought a 15 percent stake in the Phillies for $18 million in 1994. He has been elected chairman of its partners’ Advisory Board annually since 1998.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: When Phillies' chairman David Montgomery took a medical leave of absence in 2014, Middleton assumed a more active role, overseeing on-field and business performance, and increased his shareholding to 48 percent. In 2015, Middleton became the public face of the Phillies' ownership group. Middleton committed that the Phillies would have a greater focus on analytics, which influenced the hiring of Andy MacPhail as president, and Matt Klentak as general manager.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: At the November 2016 MLB owners’ meeting, Middleton was elected the Phillies’ control person by the thirty clubs, making him the primary person accountable to the commissioner's office for the Phillies' operations and compliance with MLB rules.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: Middleton and his wife, Leigh, share philanthropic involvement in several organizations, including the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Penn Medicine, the Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church, the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Project HOME.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: In 2012, the Middletons announced a gift of more than $16.2 million to the Philadelphia School District, Philadelphia Youth Network, Philadelphia Academies and Drexel University for career and technical education.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: In 2013, the Middletons pledged $30 million to Project HOME in an effort to end chronic homelessness by doubling the number of its apartments for homeless people, opening a new medical center and leveraging additional public and private funds.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: The Middletons received the 2013 Philadelphia Award, in 2014, for their philanthropic works in the Philadelphia area, directed towards education, homelessness, and workforce development projects.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


John S. Middleton

Context: Middleton serves as a member of the board of trustees of Amherst College, which awarded him its Medal for Eminent Service in 2004, in recognition of his dedication to the college.

Question: 필라델피아 필리스의 구단주는 누구인가요?


France and the United Nations

Context: France has been a member of the United Nations (UN) since its foundation in 1945 and is one of the five nations, alongside China, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States, that holds a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), which is responsible for maintaining international peace and security.

Question: 프랑스는 언제 UN에 가입했나요?


France and the United Nations

Context: Despite today being one of the ‘Big Five’, the five states who are permanent members of the UNSC and hold veto power, France was largely left out of the planning process for the new international organisation tasked with maintaining peace post-WWII, and was only reluctantly added later after most of the planning was done.

Question: 프랑스는 언제 UN에 가입했나요?


France and the United Nations

Context: As a charter member of the United Nations and one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, France plays an active and integral role in many areas of UN activity. Further, French is one of the two working languages of the UN Secretariat, the other being English.

Question: 프랑스는 언제 UN에 가입했나요?


France and the United Nations

Context: France has been a key stakeholder in recent calls for UN reform to make the organization more efficient and more representative of the current world order which has changed immensely since the end of WWII when UN structures were established. Multilateralism is now under the threat of power politics and France has been vocal about the need to fix this through reform of the UN. There are 3 main areas of reform France has proposed or supported over the last decade.

Question: 프랑스는 언제 UN에 가입했나요?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: The city, as well as Petaling Jaya and a few other cities in Malaysia is well connected with the RM31 billion MRT system. Residents of the city can also travel to other parts of Malaysia through KL Sentral.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur is one of the leading cities in the world for tourism and shopping, the 6th most-visited city in the world in 2019. The city houses three of the world's ten largest shopping malls.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur ranks 70th in the world and second in Southeast Asia for Economist Intelligence Unit's Global Liveability Ranking and ninth in ASPAC and second in Southeast Asia for KPMG's Leading Technology Innovation Hub 2021. Kuala Lumpur was named World Book Capital 2020 by UNESCO.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: It has also been proposed that Kuala Lumpur was originally named Pengkalan Lumpur ("muddy landing place") in the same way that Klang was once called Pengkalan Batu ("stone landing place"), but became corrupted into Kuala Lumpur. Another theory says that it was initially a Cantonese word, "lam-pa", meaning 'flooded jungle' or 'decayed jungle'. There is no firm contemporary evidence for these suggestions other than anecdotes. The name may also be a corrupted form of an earlier forgotten name.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur expanded considerably in the 20th century. It was in 1895, but was extended to encompass in 1903. By the time it became a municipality in 1948 it had expanded to , and then to in 1974 as a Federal Territory.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: The geography of Kuala Lumpur is characterised by the huge Klang Valley, bordered by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east, several minor ranges in the north and the south, and the Strait of Malacca in the west. Kuala Lumpur is a Malay term that translates to "muddy confluence" and is located at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Floods are frequent in Kuala Lumpur after heavy downpours, especially in the city centre, because irrigation structure lags behind the intense development in the city. Smoke from forest fires in nearby Sumatra sometimes casts a haze over the region, and is a major source of pollution, along with open burning, motor vehicle emissions, and construction.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur was administered by a corporation sole called the Federal Capital Commissioner from April 1, 1961, until it was awarded city status in 1972, after which executive power transferred to the Lord Mayor ("Datuk Bandar"). Thirteen mayors have been appointed since then. The current mayor is Datuk Mahadi Che Ngah, who has been in office since October 1, 2020.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur's eleven parliamentary constituencies, with estimated population and percentage of the total, are congruent with administrative subdivisions under the authority of the Kuala Lumpur City Hall authority. These 11 districts can be divided into 29 subdistricts.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur is home to the Parliament of Malaysia. The federal Constitution stipulates the three branches of the Malaysian government: the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branches. The Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara (Upper House / House of Senate) and Dewan Rakyat (Lower House / House of Representatives).

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Other important economic activities in the city are education and health services. Kuala Lumpur also has advantages stemming from the high concentration of educational institutions that provide a wide-ranging of courses. Numerous public and private medical specialist centres and hospitals in the city offer general health services, and a wide range of specialist surgery and treatment that caters to locals and tourists.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur alone has 66 shopping malls and is the retail and fashion hub of both Malaysia and Southeast Asia. Shopping in Malaysia contributed RM7.7 billion (US$2.26 billion) or 20.8 percent of the RM31.9 billion tourism receipts in 2006.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Suria KLCC is one of Malaysia's premier upscale shopping destinations due to its location beneath the Petronas Twin Towers.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Apart from shopping complexes, Kuala Lumpur has designated numerous zones in the city to market locally manufactured products such as textiles, fabrics and handicrafts. The Chinatown of Kuala Lumpur, commonly known as Petaling Street, is one of them. Chinatown features many pre-independence buildings with Straits Chinese and colonial architectural influences.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Since 2000, the Malaysian Ministry of Tourism introduced a mega sale event for shopping in Malaysia. The mega sale event is held three times a year – in March, May and December – in which all shopping malls are encouraged to participate to boost Kuala Lumpur as a leading shopping destination in Asia which has been maintained until present with new mega sales.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur is the most populous city in Malaysia, with a population of 1.98 million in the city proper . It has a population density of , and is the most densely populated administrative district in Malaysia. Residents of the city are colloquially known as KLites. Kuala Lumpur is also the centre of the wider Klang Valley metropolitan area covering Petaling Jaya, Klang, Subang Jaya, Puchong, Shah Alam, and Gombak, with an estimated metropolitan population of 7.25 million .

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur's heterogeneous populace includes the country's three major ethnic groups: the Malays, the Chinese and the Indians, although the city also has a mix of different cultures including Eurasians, Kadazans, Ibans and other indigenous races from around Malaysia.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Birth rates in Kuala Lumpur have declined and resulted in a lower proportion of young people – the proportion of those below 15 years old fell from 33% in 1980 to slightly less than 27% in 2000. On the other hand, the working age group of 15–59 increased from 63% in 1980 to 67% in 2000. The elderly age group, 60 years old and above has increased from 4% in 1980 and 1991 to 6% in 2000.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur is pluralistic and religiously diverse. The city has many places of worship catering to the multi-religious population. Islam is practised primarily by the Malays, the Indian Muslim communities and a small number of Chinese Muslims. Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism are practised mainly among the Chinese. Indians traditionally adhere to Hinduism. Some Chinese and Indians also subscribe to Christianity.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: As of the 2010 Census, the population of Kuala Lumpur was 46.4% Muslim, 35.7% Buddhist, 8.5% Hindu, 5.8% Christian, 1.4% of unknown affiliations, 1.1% Taoist or Chinese religion adherent, 0.6% follower of other religions, and 0.5% non-religious.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur is one of the three states where less than 50% of the population are self-identified Muslims, the other two being Penang and Sarawak.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: There are three forest reserves within the city, the Bukit Nanas Forest Reserve in the city centre, the oldest gazetted forest reserve in the country , Bukit Sungai Putih Forest Reserve () and Bukit Sungai Besi Forest Reserve (). Bukit Nanas, in the heart of the city centre, is one of the oldest virgin forests in the world within a city. These residual forest areas are home to a number of fauna species, particularly monkeys, treeshrews, pygmy goats, budgerigars, squirrels and birds.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: According to government statistics, Kuala Lumpur has a literacy rate of 97.5% in 2000, the highest rate in any state or territory in Malaysia. In Malaysia, Malay is the language of instruction for most subjects while English is a compulsory subject, but , English was still the language of instruction for mathematics and the natural sciences for certain schools. Some schools provide instruction in Mandarin and Tamil for certain subjects.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur is home to the University of Malaya (UM). Established in 1949, it is the oldest university in Malaysia, and one of the oldest in the region. It was ranked the best university in Malaysia, the 22nd-best in Asia, and third in Southeast Asia in QS World University Rankings 2019. In recent years, the number of international students at the University of Malaya has risen, as a result of increasing efforts made to attract them.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Greater Kuala Lumpur covers an even more extensive selection of universities including several international branches such as Monash University Malaysia Campus, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and Xiamen University Malaysia.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur holds the Malaysia International Gourmet Festival annually. Another event hosted annually by the city is the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week, which includes international brands and local designers. Also, Kuala Lumpur was designated as the World Book Capital for 2020 by UNESCO.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur also is becoming the centre for new media, innovation and creative industry development in the region and hosts the international creative industry event Kreative.Asia, which gathers local, regional and international experts in the creative industry who are involved in the creation, development and delivery of interactive content, arts, community and applications. Kuala Lumpur is at the forefront of the convergence of media, art, culture and communications.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Kuala Lumpur has numerous parks, gardens and open spaces for recreational purposes. Total open space for recreational and sport facilities land use in the city has increased significantly by 169.6 percent from in 1984 to in 2000.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?


Kuala Lumpur

Context: Football is one of the most popular sports in Kuala Lumpur. The Merdeka Tournament is mainly held at Stadium Merdeka. The Stadium Negara is also located right next to it which is also one of the oldest indoor stadiums in the country. The city is also the home of Kuala Lumpur City, which plays in the Malaysia Super League.

Question: 쿠알라룸푸르에는 몇 개의 대학이 있는가?