Crimean War

Context: For the campaign of 1856, Britain and France planned an attack on the main base of the Russian Navy in the Baltic sea – Kronstadt. The attack was to be carried out using armoured floating batteries. The use of the latter proved to be highly effective in attacking the sea fortress of Kinburn on the Black sea in 1855. Undoubtedly, this threat contributed on the part of Russia the decision on the conclusion of peace on unfavourable terms.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: In late 1854, a squadron of three British warships led by HMS "Miranda" left the Baltic for the White Sea, where they shelled Kola (which was destroyed) and the Solovki.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The Anglo-French forces in the Far East also made several small landings on Sakhalin and Urup, one of the Kuril Islands.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: In addition, a 1,000-strong Greek Volunteer Legion was formed in the Danubian Principalities in 1854 and later fought at Sevastopol.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: A peasant revolt that began in the Vasylkiv county of Kiev Governorate (province) in February 1855 spread across the whole Kiev and Chernigov governorates, with peasants refusing to participate in corvée labour and other orders of the local authorities and, in some cases, attacking priests who were accused of hiding a decree about the liberation of the peasants.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: France, which had sent far more soldiers to the war and suffered far more casualties than Britain had, wanted the war to end, as did Austria.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Negotiations began in Paris in February 1856 and were surprisingly easy. France, under the leadership of Napoleon III, had no special interests in the Black Sea and so did not support the harsh British and Austrian proposals.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Some members of the Russian intelligentsia saw defeat as a pressure to modernise their society. Grand Duke Constantine, a son of the Tsar, remarked:

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: After being defeated in the Crimean War, Russia feared that Russian Alaska would be easily captured in any future war with the British; therefore, Alexander II opted to sell the territory to the United States.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Historian Norman Rich argues that the war was not an accident, but was sought out by the determination of the British and French not to allow Russia an honourable retreat. Both insisted on a military victory to enhance their prestige in European affairs when a non-violent peaceful political solution was available. The war then wrecked the Concert of Europe, which had long kept the peace.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Turkish historian Candan Badem wrote, "Victory in this war did not bring any significant material gain, not even a war indemnity. On the other hand, the Ottoman treasury was nearly bankrupted due to war expenses". Badem adds that the Ottomans achieved no significant territorial gains, lost the right to a navy in the Black Sea, and failed to gain status as a great power.. Further, the war gave impetus to the union of the Danubian principalities and ultimately to their independence.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The war also marked the demise of the first phase of the Concert of Europe, the balance-of-power system that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and had included France, Russia, Prussia, Austria and the United Kingdom. From 1854 to 1871, the Concert of Europe concept was weakened, leading to the crises that were the unifications of Germany and of Italy, before a resurgence of great power conferences.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The view of "diplomatic drift" as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W. Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: More recently, historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy the fledgling Russian Navy, which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and that the war was also a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into Western Europe.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: In 1870, Prussia persuaded Russia to remain neutral in the Franco-Prussian war. Bismarck, having declared it impossible to keep 100 million Russians in a humiliated position without sovereign rights to their Black Sea coastline, supported Russia against the Treaty of Paris, and in return, Prussia achieved freedom of action against France in 1870–71 and inflicted a crushing defeat on it.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Leo Tolstoy wrote a few short sketches on the Siege of Sevastopol, collected in "The Sevastopol Sketches". The stories detail the lives of the Russian soldiers and citizens in Sevastopol during the siege. Because of this work, Tolstoy has been called the world's first war correspondent.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Historian R. B. McCallum points out the war was enthusiastically supported by the British populace as it was happening, but the mood changed very dramatically afterwards. Pacifists and critics were unpopular but:

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The war also employed modern military tactics, such as trenches and blind artillery fire. The use of the Minié ball for shot, coupled with the rifling of barrels, greatly increased the range and the damage caused by the allied weapons.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The British Army system of sale of commissions came under great scrutiny during the war, especially in connection with the Battle of Balaclava, which saw the ill-fated Charge of the Light Brigade. This scrutiny later led to the abolition of the sale of commissions.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: During the Crimean war, the first use of steam armoured ships in the military history took place. Three "Dévastation"-class floating batteries were successfully used against the sea fortress of Kinburn in the autumn of 1855. The direct initiator of this military innovation was the French Emperor Napoleon III. The military threat of the use of this new weapon in the campaign of 1856 contributed to Russia's acceptance of the unfavourable conditions of the Paris treaty of 1856.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Michael Faraday received a proposal from the British government to develop chemical weapons for use in the siege of Sevastopol. Faraday categorically refused and publicly condemned the proposal and his position contributed to the rejection of the development and use of these weapons during the Crimean war.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The Crimean War was a contributing factor in the Russian abolition of serfdom in 1861: Tsar Alexander II (Nicholas I's son and successor) saw the military defeat of the Russian serf-army by free troops from Britain and France as proof of the need for emancipation. The Crimean War also led to the realisation by the Russian government of its technological inferiority, in military practices as well as weapons.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Meanwhile, Russian military medicine saw dramatic progress: Nikolay I. Pirogov, known as the father of Russian field surgery, developed the use of anaesthetics, plaster casts, enhanced amputation methods, and five-stage triage in Crimea, among other things.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The war also led to the establishment of the Victoria Cross in 1856 (backdated to 1854), the British Army's first universal award for valour. 111 medals were awarded.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The British issued the Crimea Medal with five clasps, and the Baltic Medal, as well as valour medals, including the newly created Distinguished Conduct Medal, the Turkish Crimea Medal, the French did not issue a campaign medal, issuing Médaille militaire and Legion of Honour for bravery, Sardinia also issued a medal. Russia issued a Defence of Sevastopol, and a Crimean War medal.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: William was the son of William VIII of Aquitaine by his third wife, Hildegarde of Burgundy. His birth was a cause of great celebration at the Aquitanian court, but the Church at first considered him illegitimate because of his father's earlier divorces and his parents' consanguinity. This obliged his father to make a pilgrimage to Rome soon after his birth to seek Papal approval of his third marriage and the young William's legitimacy.

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: In 1094, William married Philippa, the daughter and heiress of William IV of Toulouse. By Philippa, William had two sons and five daughters, including his eventual successor, William X. His second son, Raymond, eventually became the Prince of Antioch in the Holy Land, and his daughter Agnes married firstly Aimery V of Thouars and then Ramiro II of Aragon, reestablishing dynastic ties with that ruling house.

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: William was excommunicated a second time for "abducting" the Viscountess Dangereuse ("Dangerosa"), the wife of his vassal Aimery I de Rochefoucauld, Viscount of Châtellerault. The lady, however, appears to have been a willing party in the matter. He installed her in the Maubergeonne tower of his castle in Poitiers (leading to her nickname "La Maubergeonne"), and, as related by William of Malmesbury, even painted a picture of her on his shield.

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: Between 1120 and 1123 William joined forces with the Kingdoms of Castile and León. Aquitanian troops fought side by side with Castilians in an effort to take Cordoba. During his sojourn in Spain, William was given a rock crystal vase by a Muslim ally that he later bequeathed to his granddaughter Eleanor. The vase probably originated in Sassanid Persia in the seventh century.

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: In 1122, William lost control of Toulouse, Philippa's dower land, to Alfonso Jordan, the son and heir of Raymond IV, who had taken Toulouse after the death of William IV. He did not trouble to reclaim it. He died on 10 February 1127, aged 56, after suffering a short illness. His nickname, "the Troubadour", was only applied in the nineteenth century. In contemporary documents the only nickname he occasionally bears is "the Younger" (Latin "junior"), to distinguish him from his father.

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: It is possible, however, that at least in part it is not based on facts, but on literal interpretation of his songs, written in first person; in Song 5, for example, he describes how he deceived two women.

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: In a striking departure from the typical attitude toward women in the period, William seems to have held at least one woman in particularly high esteem, composing several poems in homage to this woman, who he refers to as "midons" (master):

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: His frankness, wit, and vivacity caused scandal and won admiration at the same time. He is among the first Romance vernacular poets of the Middle Ages, one of the founders of a tradition that would culminate in Dante, Petrarch, and François Villon. Ezra Pound mentions him in "Canto VIII":

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: William was a man who loved scandal and no doubt enjoyed shocking his audiences. In fact, William granted large donations to the church, perhaps to regain the pope's favour. He also added to the palace of the counts of Poitou (which had stood since the Merovingian era), later added to by his granddaughter Eleanor of Aquitaine and surviving in Poitiers as the Palace of Justice to this day.

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: One of William's poems, possibly written at the time of his first excommunication, since it implies his son was still a minor, is partly a musing on mortality: "Pos de chantar m'es pres talenz" ("Since I have the desire to sing,/I'll write a verse for which I'll grieve"). It concludes:

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: Orderic Vitalis refers to William composing songs (c. 1102) upon his return from the Crusade of 1101. These might be the first "Crusade songs":

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Context: Then the Poitevin duke many times related, with rhythmic verses and witty measures, the miseries of his captivity, before kings, magnates, and Christian assemblies.

Question: 기엠 9세의 모국어는 무엇인가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: Sun's chief legacy is his political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: Mínzú (民族主義, Mínzúzhǔyì) or nationalism (independence from foreign domination), Mínquán (民權主義, Mínquánzhǔyì) or "rights of the people" (sometimes translated as "democracy"), and Mínshēng (民生主義, Mínshēngzhǔyì) or people's livelihood (sometimes translated as "communitarianism" or "welfare").

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: Sun Deming was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang. His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangdong. He had a cultural background of Hakka and Cantonese. His father owned very little land and worked as a tailor in Macau, and as a journeyman and a porter. After finishing primary education, he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: In the early 1880s, Sun Mei had sent his brother to ʻIolani School, which was under the supervision of the Church of Hawai'i and directed by an Anglican prelate named Alfred Willis, with the language of instruction being English. At the school, a young Sun Wen first came in contact with Christianity. In his work, Schriffin speculated that Christianity was to have a great influence on Sun's future political career.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: During the Qing-dynasty rebellion around 1888, Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers who were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: Sun traveled by way of Canada to Japan to began his exile there, he arrived in Yokohama on 16 August 1897 and met with the Japanese politician Tōten Miyazaki. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian opposition to Western imperialism. While in Japan, Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce, then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: On 22 October 1900, Sun ordered the launch of the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong. This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising. This time, Sun appealed to the triads for help. This uprising was also a failure. Miyazaki, who participated in the revolt with Sun, wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title "33-year dream" () in 1902.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: Sun's speech on Yaowarat Street was commemorated by the street later being named "Sun Yat Sen Street" or "Soi Sun Yat Sen" () in his honour.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo to form the unified group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China. By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: On 1 December 1907, Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam. The uprising failed after seven days of fighting. In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising. In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin-lian uprising and Hekou uprising.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps. Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution. However, by 19 July 1910, the Tongmenghui headquarters had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities. It is also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese "daily" newspaper, the Kwong Wah Yit Poh in December 1910.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: On 27 April 1911, revolutionary Huang Xing led a "Second Guangzhou Uprising" known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster; the bodies of only 72 revolutionaries were found. The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution also known as the "Chinese Revolution" to overthrow the last Emperor Puyi. After this event, 10 October became known as the commemoration of Double Ten Day.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: With the Soviets' help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north. He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the First United Front.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: In 1924 Sun appointed his brother-in-law T. V. Soong to set up the first Chinese Central bank called the Canton Central Bank. To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT. However Sun was not without some opposition as there was the Canton volunteers corps uprising against him.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: Following this the body then was preserved in mineral oil and taken to the Temple of Azure Clouds, a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside of Beijing. He also left a () penned by Wang Jingwei, which had a widespread influence in the subsequent development of the Republic of China and Taiwan.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: A personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Chinese Muslim Generals and Imams participated in this cult of personality and one party state, with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake God. Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used among Hui Muslims to justify Chiang Kai-shek's rule over China.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), which discharge the functions of the president.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: The State will take over all the large enterprises; we shall encourage and protect enterprises which may reasonably be entrusted to the people; the nation will possess equality with other nations; every Chinese will be equal to every other Chinese both politically and in his opportunities of economic advancement.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: Sun's first concubine, the Hong Kong-born Chen Cuifen, lived in Taiping, Perak (now in Malaysia) for 17 years. The couple adopted a local girl as their daughter. Cuifen subsequently relocated to China, where she died.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: During Sun's exile in Japan, he had relationship with two Japanese women: 15-year-old Haru Asada, who he took as a concubine up to her death in 1902; and another 15-year-old in Kaoru Otsuki, who Sun married in 1905 and abandoned the next year. Otsuki ended up bearing one child named Fumiko Miyagawa for Sun.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: On 25 October 1915 in Japan, Sun married Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters. Soong Ching-ling's father was the American-educated Methodist minister Charles Soong, who made a fortune in banking and in printing of Bibles. Although Charles had been a personal friend of Sun, he was enraged when Sun announced his intention to marry Ching-ling because while Sun was a Christian he kept two wives, Lu Muzhen and Kaoru Otsuki. Soong viewed Sun's actions as running directly against their shared religion.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: In Russia, a village in Mikhaylovsky District of Primorsky Krai was named in honor of him. There are streets named after him in Astrakhan, Ufa and Aldan. There was a street that was named after Sun in the Russian city of Omsk until 2005 when it was renamed in honor of the recipient of the title Hero of Soviet Union Mikhail Ivanovich Leonov.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: Sun's US citizen Hawaii birth certificate that show he was not born in the ROC, but instead born in the US was on public display at the American Institute in Taiwan on US Independence day 4 July 2011.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: A street named "Tôn Dật Tiên" (Sino-Vietnamese name for Sun Yat-Sen) is located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: The "Trail of Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh" was established in 2019, based on the book "Road to Revolution: Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh".

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: In late 2011, the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China, unveiled, in a Lion Dance Blessing ceremony, a memorial statue of Sun outside the Chinese Museum in Melbourne's Chinatown, on the spot where their traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance always ends.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: The plaque shown earlier in this article is by Dora Gordine, and is situated on the site of Sun's lodgings in London in 1896, 8 Grays Inn Place. There is also a blue plaque commemorating Sun at The Kennels, Cottered, Hertfordshire, the country home of the Cantlies where Sun came to recuperate after his rescue from the legation in 1896.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: A street named Sun Yat-Sen Avenue is located in Markham, Ontario. This is the first such street name outside of Asia.

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Sun Yat-sen

Context: In 2011, there is also a Mandopop group called "Zhongsan Road 100" () known for singing the song "Our Father of the Nation" ().

Question: 중국 초대 대통령은 누군가요?


Justice League (film)

Context: Steppenwolf attacks an Atlantean outpost to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry into action. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box for the group, revealing that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone's body after an accident almost cost him his life. Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman, not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf's invasion but also to restore hope to humanity.

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: After the battle, Bruce and Diana agree to set up a base of operations for the team, with room for more members. As the team establishes, Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a heroine; Barry acquires a job in Central City's police department, impressing his father; Victor continues to enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs; Arthur continues protecting people on the seas; Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent and as protector of Earth.

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor has escaped from Arkham Asylum and recruits Slade Wilson to form a league of their own.

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: The film held its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on November 13, 2017, and was released in the United States on November 17, 2017.

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: "Justice League" grossed $229 million in the United States and Canada and $428.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $657.9 million. It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million. Up against an estimated break-even point of as much as $750 million, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that the film lost the studio around $60 million. Due to the film losing the studio money, the movie was deemed a "box office bomb" or "flop".

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: "Justice League" received mixed reviews. It was praised for the performances but was criticized for its action sequences, pacing, and CGI, as well as its thin plot, and the underdeveloped villain. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, and those by PostTrak gave the film an 85% overall positive score (average 4 out of 5 stars) and a 69% "definite recommend."

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: "Wonder Woman" director Patty Jenkins particularly disliked "Justice League" because the film itself seemed to contradict her film, as both she and Zack Snyder worked together to keep continuity between their films, in details like not changing Wonder Woman's costume, but Joss Whedon reshot the film to the point the characters were not being portrayed as previously shown in past films.

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: "Justice League" was short-listed as a potential candidate for the 90th Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, along with another DCEU film, "Wonder Woman". However, neither film made it to the final list of nominations.

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: After previously declining an offer to direct the first film, "Wonder Woman" director Patty Jenkins noted she is open to directing a "Justice League" sequel.

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Justice League (film)

Context: In August 2021, DC Films producer Charles Roven stated that a "Justice League" sequel was still possible, though it would be several years away.

Question: 배트맨 비긴즈 영화는 한국에서 총 얼마나 벌어들였나요?


Megan's Law

Context: Individual states decide what information will be made available and how it should be disseminated. For example, they disseminate the information via social media platforms such as Facebook. Commonly included information is the offender's name, picture, address, incarceration date, and offense of conviction. The information is often displayed on free public websites, but can be published in newspapers, distributed in pamphlets, or through various other means.

Question: 신상공개제도는 언제부터 시작되었는가?


Megan's Law

Context: The New Jersey law became model for federal legislation, introduced in the House of Representatives by Congressman Dick Zimmer. On May 17, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed federal Megan's Law, an amendment to the Jacob Wetterling Act, that set the guidelines for the state statutes, requiring states to notify the public, although officials could decide how much public notification is necessary, based on the level of danger posed by an offender.

Question: 신상공개제도는 언제부터 시작되었는가?


Megan's Law

Context: Opponents of Megan's Law, like Women Against Registry, National Association for Rational Sexual Offense Laws, and Human Rights Watch, have called the law overbroad and an invitation to vigilante violence.

Question: 신상공개제도는 언제부터 시작되었는가?


Star

Context: Stars can form orbital systems with other astronomical objects, as in the case of planetary systems and star systems with two or more stars. When two such stars have a relatively close orbit, their gravitational interaction can significantly impact their evolution. Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure, such as a star cluster or a galaxy.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The word "star" ultimately derives from the Proto-Indo-European root "h₂stḗr" also meaning star, but further analyzable as h₂eh₁s- ("to burn", also the source of the word "ash") + -tēr (agentive suffix). Compare Latin stella, Greek aster, German Stern. Some scholars believe the word is a borrowing from Akkadian "istar" (venus), however some doubt that suggestion. Star is cognate (shares the same root) with the following words: asterisk, asteroid, astral, constellation, Esther.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Historically, stars have been important to civilizations throughout the world. They have been part of religious practices, used for celestial navigation and orientation, to mark the passage of seasons, and to define calendars.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The oldest accurately dated star chart was the result of ancient Egyptian astronomy in 1534 BC. The earliest known star catalogues were compiled by the ancient Babylonian astronomers of Mesopotamia in the late 2nd millennium BC, during the Kassite Period (c. 1531 BC–1155 BC).

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The first star catalogue in Greek astronomy was created by Aristillus in approximately 300 BC, with the help of Timocharis. The star catalog of Hipparchus (2nd century BC) included 1,020 stars, and was used to assemble Ptolemy's star catalogue. Hipparchus is known for the discovery of the first recorded "nova" (new star). Many of the constellations and star names in use today derive from Greek astronomy.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: According to Josep Puig, the Andalusian astronomer Ibn Bajjah proposed that the Milky Way was made up of many stars that almost touched one another and appeared to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction from sublunary material, citing his observation of the conjunction of Jupiter and Mars on 500 AH (1106/1107 AD) as evidence.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The Italian astronomer Geminiano Montanari recorded observing variations in luminosity of the star Algol in 1667. Edmond Halley published the first measurements of the proper motion of a pair of nearby "fixed" stars, demonstrating that they had changed positions since the time of the ancient Greek astronomers Ptolemy and Hipparchus.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The science of stellar spectroscopy was pioneered by Joseph von Fraunhofer and Angelo Secchi. By comparing the spectra of stars such as Sirius to the Sun, they found differences in the strength and number of their absorption lines—the dark lines in stellar spectra caused by the atmosphere's absorption of specific frequencies. In 1865, Secchi began classifying stars into spectral types. The modern version of the stellar classification scheme was developed by Annie J. Cannon during the early 1900s.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: With the exception of rare events such as supernovae and supernova imposters, individual stars have primarily been observed in the Local Group, and especially in the visible part of the Milky Way (as demonstrated by the detailed star catalogues available for our

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: galaxy) and its satellites. Individual stars such as Cepheid variables have been observed in the M87 and M100 galaxies of the Virgo Cluster, as well as luminous stars in some other relatively nearby galaxies. With the aid of gravitational lensing, a single star (named Icarus) has been observed at 9 billion light-years away.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The concept of a constellation was known to exist during the Babylonian period. Ancient sky watchers imagined that prominent arrangements of stars formed patterns, and they associated these with particular aspects of nature or their myths. Twelve of these formations lay along the band of the ecliptic and these became the basis of astrology. Many of the more prominent individual stars were given names, particularly with Arabic or Latin designations.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: As well as certain constellations and the Sun itself, individual stars have their own myths. To the Ancient Greeks, some "stars", known as planets (Greek πλανήτης (planētēs), meaning "wanderer"), represented various important deities, from which the names of the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were taken. (Uranus and Neptune were Greek and Roman gods, but neither planet was known in Antiquity because of their low brightness. Their names were assigned by later astronomers.)

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Although stellar parameters can be expressed in SI units or Gaussian units, it is often most convenient to express mass, luminosity, and radii in solar units, based on the characteristics of the Sun. In 2015, the IAU defined a set of "nominal" solar values (defined as SI constants, without uncertainties) which can be used for quoting stellar parameters:

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The solar mass M⊙ was not explicitly defined by the IAU due to the large relative uncertainty (10−4) of the Newtonian gravitational constant G. Since the product of the Newtonian gravitational constant and solar mass

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: together (GM⊙) has been determined to much greater precision, the IAU defined the "nominal" solar mass parameter to be:

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The nominal solar mass parameter can be combined with the most recent (2014) CODATA estimate of the Newtonian gravitational constant G to derive the solar mass to be approximately 1.9885 × 1030 kg. Although the exact values for the luminosity, radius, mass parameter, and mass may vary slightly in the future due to observational uncertainties, the 2015 IAU nominal constants will remain the same SI values as they remain useful measures for quoting stellar parameters.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Large lengths, such as the radius of a giant star or the semi-major axis of a binary star system, are often expressed in terms of the astronomical unit—approximately equal to the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun (150 million km or approximately 93 million miles). In 2012, the IAU defined the astronomical constant to be an exact length in meters: 149,597,870,700 m.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Stars condense from regions of space of higher matter density, yet those regions are less dense than within a vacuum chamber. These regions—known as "molecular clouds"—consist mostly of hydrogen, with about 23 to 28 percent helium and a few percent heavier elements. One example of such a star-forming region is the Orion Nebula. Most stars form in groups of dozens to hundreds of thousands of stars.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Massive stars in these groups may powerfully illuminate those clouds, ionizing the hydrogen, and creating H II regions. Such feedback effects, from star formation, may ultimately disrupt the cloud and prevent further star formation.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: All stars spend the majority of their existence as "main sequence stars", fueled primarily by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium within their cores. However, stars of different masses have markedly different properties at various stages of their development. The ultimate fate of more massive stars differs from that of less massive stars, as do their luminosities and the impact they have on their environment. Accordingly, astronomers often group stars by their mass:

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The formation of a star begins with gravitational instability within a molecular cloud, caused by regions of higher density—often triggered by compression of clouds by radiation from massive stars, expanding bubbles in the interstellar medium, the collision of different molecular clouds, or the collision of galaxies (as in a starburst galaxy). When a region reaches a sufficient density of matter to satisfy the criteria for Jeans instability, it begins to collapse under its own gravitational force.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Early stars of less than 2 are called T Tauri stars, while those with greater mass are Herbig Ae/Be stars. These newly formed stars emit jets of gas along their axis of rotation, which may reduce the angular momentum of the collapsing star and result in small patches of nebulosity known as Herbig–Haro objects.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: These jets, in combination with radiation from nearby massive stars, may help to drive away the surrounding cloud from which the star was formed.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Early in their development, T Tauri stars follow the Hayashi track—they contract and decrease in luminosity while remaining at roughly the same temperature. Less massive T Tauri stars follow this track to the main sequence, while more massive stars turn onto the Henyey track.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Stars spend about 90% of their existence fusing hydrogen into helium in high-temperature and high-pressure reactions in the core region. Such stars are said to be on the main sequence, and are called dwarf stars. Starting at zero-age main sequence, the proportion of helium in a star's core will steadily increase, the rate of nuclear fusion at the core will slowly increase, as will the star's temperature and luminosity.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The Sun, for example, is estimated to have increased in luminosity by about 40% since it reached the main sequence 4.6 billion (4.6 × 109) years ago.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Every star generates a stellar wind of particles that causes a continual outflow of gas into space. For most stars, the mass lost is negligible. The Sun loses 10−14 every year, or about 0.01% of its total mass over its entire lifespan. However, very massive stars can lose 10−7 to 10−5 each year, significantly affecting their evolution. Stars that begin with more than 50 can lose over half their total mass while on the main sequence.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: During their helium-burning phase, a star of more than 9 solar masses expands to form first a blue and then a red supergiant. Particularly massive stars may evolve to a Wolf-Rayet star, characterised by spectra dominated by emission lines of elements heavier than hydrogen, which have reached the surface due to strong convection and intense mass loss, or from stripping of the outer layers.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The final stage occurs when a massive star begins producing iron. Since iron nuclei are more tightly bound than any heavier nuclei, any fusion beyond iron does not produce a net release of energy.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: A supernova explosion blows away the star's outer layers, leaving a remnant such as the Crab Nebula. The core is compressed into a neutron star, which sometimes manifests itself as a pulsar or X-ray burster. In the case of the largest stars, the remnant is a black hole greater than 4 . In a neutron star the matter is in a state known as neutron-degenerate matter, with a more exotic form of degenerate matter, QCD matter, possibly present in the core.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The blown-off outer layers of dying stars include heavy elements, which may be recycled during the formation of new stars. These heavy elements allow the formation of rocky planets. The outflow from supernovae and the stellar wind of large stars play an important part in shaping the interstellar medium.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The evolution of binary and higher-order star systems is intensely researched since so many stars have been found to be members of binary systems. Around half of Sun-like stars, and an even higher proportion of more massive stars, form in multiple systems and this may greatly influence such phenomena as novae and supernovae, the formation of certain types of star, and the enrichment of space with nucleosynthesis products.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Many stars are observed and most or all may have originally formed in gravitationally bound, multiple-star systems. This is particularly true for very massive O and B class stars, 80% of which are believed to be part of multiple-star systems. The proportion of single star systems increases with decreasing star mass, so that only 25% of red dwarfs are known to have stellar companions. As 85% of all stars are red dwarfs, more than two thirds of stars in the Milky Way are likely single red dwarfs.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: In a 2017 study of the Perseus molecular cloud, astronomers found that most of the newly formed stars are in binary systems. In the model that best explained the data, all stars initially formed as binaries, though some binaries later split up and leave single stars behind.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The nearest star to the Earth, apart from the Sun, is Proxima Centauri, away. Travelling at the orbital speed of the Space Shuttle, , it would take about 150,000 years to arrive. This is typical of stellar separations in galactic discs. Stars can be much closer to each other in the centres of galaxies and in globular clusters, or much farther apart in galactic halos.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Almost everything about a star is determined by its initial mass, including such characteristics as luminosity, size, evolution, lifespan, and its eventual fate.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Most stars are between 1 billion and 10 billion years old. Some stars may even be close to 13.8 billion years old—the observed age of the universe. The oldest star yet discovered, HD 140283, nicknamed Methuselah star, is an estimated 14.46 ± 0.8 billion years old. (Due to the uncertainty in the value, this age for the star does not conflict with the age of the universe, determined by the Planck satellite as 13.799 ± 0.021).

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The more massive the star, the shorter its lifespan, primarily because massive stars have greater pressure on their cores, causing them to burn hydrogen more rapidly. The most massive stars last an average of a few million years, while stars of minimum mass (red dwarfs) burn their fuel very slowly and can last tens to hundreds of billions of years.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: When stars form in the present Milky Way galaxy, they are composed of about 71% hydrogen and 27% helium, as measured by mass, with a small fraction of heavier elements. Typically the portion of heavy elements is measured in terms of the iron content of the stellar atmosphere, as iron is a common element and its absorption lines are relatively easy to measure. The portion of heavier elements may be an indicator of the likelihood that the star has a planetary system.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The disks of most stars are much too small in angular size to be observed with current ground-based optical telescopes, and so interferometer telescopes are required to produce images of these objects. Another technique for measuring the angular size of stars is through occultation. By precisely measuring the drop in brightness of a star as it is occulted by the Moon (or the rise in brightness when it reappears), the star's angular diameter can be computed.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Stars range in size from neutron stars, which vary anywhere from 20 to in diameter, to supergiants like Betelgeuse in the Orion constellation, which has a diameter about 1,000 times that of the Sun with a much lower density.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The motion of a star relative to the Sun can provide useful information about the origin and age of a star, as well as the structure and evolution of the surrounding galaxy. The components of motion of a star consist of the radial velocity toward or away from the Sun, and the traverse angular movement, which is called its proper motion.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Young, rapidly rotating stars tend to have high levels of surface activity because of their magnetic field. The magnetic field can act upon a star's stellar wind, functioning as a brake to gradually slow the rate of rotation with time. Thus, older stars such as the Sun have a much slower rate of rotation and a lower level of surface activity. The activity levels of slowly rotating stars tend to vary in a cyclical manner and can shut down altogether for periods of time. During

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: with 100–150 times as much mass as the Sun, will have a lifespan of only several million years. Studies of the most massive open clusters suggests as a rough upper limit for stars in the current era of the universe. This

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: represents an empirical value for the theoretical limit on the mass of forming stars due to increasing radiation pressure on the accreting gas cloud. Several stars in the R136 cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud have been measured with larger masses, but

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: it has been determined that they could have been created through the collision and merger of massive stars in close binary systems, sidestepping the 150 limit on massive star formation.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: to the complete absence of elements heavier than lithium in their composition. This generation of supermassive population III stars is likely to have existed in the very early universe (i.e., they are observed to have a high redshift), and may have started the production of chemical elements heavier than hydrogen that are needed for the later formation of planets and life. In June 2015, astronomers reported evidence for Population III stars in the Cosmos Redshift 7 galaxy at .

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: With a mass only 80 times that of Jupiter (), 2MASS J0523-1403 is the smallest known star undergoing nuclear fusion in its core. For

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: stars with metallicity similar to the Sun, the theoretical minimum mass the star can have and still undergo fusion at the core, is estimated to be about 75 . When the metallicity is very low, the minimum star size seems to be about 8.3% of the solar mass, or about 87 . Smaller bodies called brown dwarfs, occupy a poorly defined grey area between stars and gas giants.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The combination of the radius and the mass of a star determines its surface gravity. Giant stars have a much lower surface gravity than do main sequence stars, while the opposite is the case for degenerate, compact stars such as white dwarfs. The surface gravity can influence the appearance of a star's spectrum, with higher gravity causing a broadening of the absorption lines.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The stellar temperature will determine the rate of ionization of various elements, resulting in characteristic absorption lines in the spectrum. The surface temperature of a star, along with its visual absolute magnitude and absorption features, is used to classify a star (see classification below).

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Massive main sequence stars can have surface temperatures of 50,000 K. Smaller stars such as the Sun have surface temperatures of a few thousand K. Red giants have relatively low surface temperatures of about 3,600 K; but they have a high luminosity due to their large exterior surface area.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The energy produced by stars, a product of nuclear fusion, radiates to space as both electromagnetic radiation and particle radiation. The particle radiation emitted by a star is manifested as the stellar wind, which

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: streams from the outer layers as electrically charged protons and alpha and beta particles. A steady stream of almost massless neutrinos emanate directly from the star's core.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The production of energy at the core is the reason stars shine so brightly: every time two or more atomic nuclei fuse together to form a single atomic nucleus of a new heavier element, gamma ray photons are released from the nuclear fusion product. This energy is converted to other forms of electromagnetic energy of lower frequency, such as visible light, by the time it reaches the star's outer layers.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The luminosity of a star is the amount of light and other forms of radiant energy it radiates per unit of time. It has units of power. The luminosity of a star is determined by its radius and surface temperature. Many stars do not radiate uniformly across their entire surface. The rapidly rotating star Vega, for example, has a higher energy flux (power per unit area) at its poles than along its equator.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots. Small, "dwarf" stars such as our Sun generally have essentially featureless disks with only small starspots. "Giant" stars have much larger, more obvious starspots, and

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: they exhibit strong stellar limb darkening. That is, the brightness decreases towards the edge of the stellar disk. Red dwarf flare stars such as UV Ceti may possess prominent starspot features.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The apparent brightness of a star is expressed in terms of its apparent magnitude. It is a function of the star's luminosity, its distance from Earth, the extinction effect of interstellar dust and gas, and the altering of the star's light as it passes through Earth's atmosphere. Intrinsic or absolute magnitude is directly related to a star's luminosity, and is the apparent magnitude a star would be if the distance between the Earth and the star were 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years).

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Both the apparent and absolute magnitude scales are logarithmic units: one whole number difference in magnitude is equal to a brightness variation of about 2.5 times (the 5th root of 100 or approximately 2.512). This means that a first magnitude star (+1.00) is about 2.5 times brighter than a second magnitude (+2.00) star, and about 100 times brighter than a sixth magnitude star (+6.00). The faintest stars visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions are about magnitude +6.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: On both apparent and absolute magnitude scales, the smaller the magnitude number, the brighter the star; the larger the magnitude number, the fainter the star. The brightest stars, on either scale, have negative magnitude numbers. The variation in brightness (Δ"L") between two stars is calculated by subtracting the magnitude number of the brighter star ("m"b) from the magnitude number of the fainter star ("m"f), then using the difference as an exponent for the base number 2.512; that is to say:

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Relative to both luminosity and distance from Earth, a star's absolute magnitude ("M") and apparent magnitude ("m") are not equivalent; for example, the bright star Sirius has an apparent magnitude of −1.44, but it has an absolute magnitude of +1.41.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The most luminous known stars have absolute magnitudes of roughly −12, corresponding to 6 million times the luminosity of the Sun. Theoretically, the least luminous stars are at the lower limit of mass at which stars are capable of supporting nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the core; stars just above this limit have been located in the NGC 6397 cluster. The faintest red dwarfs in the cluster are absolute magnitude 15, while a 17th absolute magnitude white dwarf has been discovered.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The current stellar classification system originated in the early 20th century, when stars were classified from "A" to "Q" based on the strength of the hydrogen line. It was thought that the hydrogen line strength was a simple linear function of temperature. Instead, it was more complicated: it strengthened with increasing temperature, peaked near 9000 K, and then declined at greater temperatures. The classifications were since reordered by temperature, on which the modern scheme is based.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: There is additional nomenclature in the form of lower-case letters added to the end of the spectral type to indicate peculiar features of the spectrum. For example, an ""e" can indicate the presence of emission lines; "m" represents unusually strong levels of metals, and "var"" can mean variations in the spectral type.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: White dwarf stars have their own class that begins with the letter "D". This is further sub-divided into the classes "DA", "DB", "DC", "DO", "DZ", and "DQ", depending on the types of prominent lines found in the spectrum. This is followed by a numerical value that indicates the temperature.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Variable stars have periodic or random changes in luminosity because of intrinsic or extrinsic properties. Of the intrinsically variable stars, the primary types can be subdivided into three principal groups.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: During their stellar evolution, some stars pass through phases where they can become pulsating variables. Pulsating variable stars vary in radius and luminosity over time, expanding and contracting with periods ranging from minutes to years, depending on the size of the star. This category includes Cepheid and Cepheid-like stars, and long-period variables such as Mira.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Eruptive variables are stars that experience sudden increases in luminosity because of flares or mass ejection events. This group includes protostars, Wolf-Rayet stars, and flare stars, as well as giant and supergiant stars.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: Stars can vary in luminosity because of extrinsic factors, such as eclipsing binaries, as well as rotating stars that produce extreme starspots. A notable example of an eclipsing binary is Algol, which regularly varies in magnitude from 2.1 to 3.4 over a period of 2.87 days.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: In addition to hydrostatic equilibrium, the interior of a stable star will maintain an energy balance of thermal equilibrium. There is a radial temperature gradient throughout the interior that results in a flux of energy flowing toward the exterior. The outgoing flux of energy leaving any layer within the star will exactly match the incoming flux from below.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The photosphere is that portion of a star that is visible to an observer. This is the layer at which the plasma of the star becomes transparent to photons of light. From here, the energy generated at the core becomes free to propagate into space. It is within the photosphere that sun spots, regions of lower than average temperature, appear.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: From the corona, a stellar wind of plasma particles expands outward from the star, until it interacts with the interstellar medium. For the Sun, the influence of its solar wind extends throughout a bubble-shaped region called the heliosphere.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: When nuclei fuse, the mass of the fused product is less than the mass of the original parts. This lost mass is converted to electromagnetic energy, according to the mass–energy equivalence relationship formula_3. A variety of nuclear fusion reactions take place in the cores of stars, that depend upon their mass and composition.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: The hydrogen fusion process is temperature-sensitive, so a moderate increase in the core temperature will result in a significant increase in the fusion rate. As a result, the core temperature of main sequence stars only varies from 4 million kelvin for a small M-class star to 40 million kelvin for a massive O-class star.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: In the Sun, with a 16-million-kelvin core, hydrogen fuses to form helium in the proton–proton chain reaction:

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: There are a couple other paths, in which He and He combine to form Be, which eventually (with the addition of another proton) yields two He, a gain of one.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: where γ is a gamma ray photon, νe is a neutrino, and H and He are isotopes of hydrogen and helium, respectively. The energy released by this reaction is in millions of electron volts. Each individual reaction produces only a tiny amount of energy, but because enormous numbers of these reactions occur constantly, they produce all the energy necessary to sustain the star's radiation output. In comparison, the combustion of two hydrogen gas molecules with one oxygen gas molecule releases only 5.7 eV.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: In more massive stars, helium is produced in a cycle of reactions catalyzed by carbon called the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: In evolved stars with cores at 100 million kelvin and masses between 0.5 and 10 , helium can be transformed into carbon in the triple-alpha process that uses the intermediate element beryllium:

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


Star

Context: In massive stars, heavier elements can be burned in a contracting core through the neon-burning process and oxygen-burning process. The final stage in the stellar nucleosynthesis process is the silicon-burning process that results in the production of the stable isotope iron-56. Any further fusion would be an endothermic process that consumes energy, and so further energy can only be produced through gravitational collapse.

Question: 관측 가능한 가장 큰 별은 무엇인가?\


HIV

Context: The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual intercourse if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: The term viral tropism refers to the cell types a virus infects. HIV can infect a variety of immune cells such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and microglial cells. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and CD4+ T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells' membrane and also with chemokine co-receptors.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: T-tropic strains of HIV-1, or syncytia-inducing strains (SI; now called X4 viruses) replicate in primary CD4+ T cells as well as in macrophages and use the "α"-chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for entry.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be transitional strains of HIV-1 and thus are able to use both CCR5 and CXCR4 as co-receptors for viral entry.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: Some people are resistant to certain strains of HIV. For example, people with the CCR5-Δ32 mutation are resistant to infection by the R5 virus, as the mutation leaves HIV unable to bind to this co-receptor, reducing its ability to infect target cells.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: The HIV virion enters macrophages and CD4+ T cells by the adsorption of glycoproteins on its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the target cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: After HIV has bound to the target cell, the HIV RNA and various enzymes, including reverse transcriptase, integrase, ribonuclease, and protease, are injected into the cell. During the microtubule-based transport to the nucleus, the viral single-strand RNA genome is transcribed into double-strand DNA, which is then integrated into a host chromosome.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: HIV can infect dendritic cells (DCs) by this CD4-CCR5 route, but another route using mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors such as DC-SIGN can also be used. DCs are one of the first cells encountered by the virus during sexual transmission. They are currently thought to play an important role by transmitting HIV to T cells when the virus is captured in the mucosa by DCs. The presence of FEZ-1, which occurs naturally in neurons, is believed to prevent the infection of cells by HIV.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: HIV-1 entry, as well as entry of many other retroviruses, has long been believed to occur exclusively at the plasma membrane. More recently, however, productive infection by pH-independent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis of HIV-1 has also been reported and was recently suggested to constitute the only route of productive entry.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: The integrated viral DNA may then lie dormant, in the latent stage of HIV infection. To actively produce the virus, certain cellular transcription factors need to be present, the most important of which is NF-"κ"B (nuclear factor kappa B), which is upregulated when T cells become activated. This means that those cells most likely to be targeted, entered and subsequently killed by HIV are those actively fighting infection.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: RNA can also be processed to produce mature messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In most cases, this processing involves RNA splicing to produce mRNAs that are shorter than the full-length genome. Which part of the RNA is removed during RNA splicing determines which of the HIV protein-coding sequences is translated.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: HIV-1 and HIV-2 appear to package their RNA differently. HIV-1 will bind to any appropriate RNA. HIV-2 will preferentially bind to the mRNA that was used to create the Gag protein itself.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: HIV differs from many viruses in that it has very high genetic variability. This diversity is a result of its fast replication cycle, with the generation of about 1010 virions every day, coupled with a high mutation rate of approximately 3 x 10−5 per nucleotide base per cycle of replication and recombinogenic properties of reverse transcriptase.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: HIV-2's closest relative is SIVsm, a strain of SIV found in sooty mangabees. Since HIV-1 is derived from SIVcpz, and HIV-2 from SIVsm, the genetic sequence of HIV-2 is only partially homologous to HIV-1 and more closely resembles that of SIVsm.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: Modern HIV testing is extremely accurate, when the window period is taken into consideration. A single screening test is correct more than 99% of the time. The chance of a false-positive result in a standard two-step testing protocol is estimated to be about 1 in 250,000 in a low risk population. Testing post-exposure is recommended immediately and then at six weeks, three months, and six months.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: The latest recommendations of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that HIV testing must start with an immunoassay combination test for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and p24 antigen. A negative result rules out HIV exposure, while a positive one must be followed by an HIV-1/2 antibody differentiation immunoassay to detect which antibodies are present. This gives rise to four possible scenarios:

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: HIV/AIDS research includes all medical research that attempts to prevent, treat, or cure HIV/AIDS, as well as fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent and AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research. This research includes behavioral health interventions, such as research into sex education, and drug development, such as research into microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases, HIV vaccines, and anti-retroviral drugs. Other medical research areas include the topics of pre-exposure prophylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis, circumcision and HIV, and accelerated aging effects.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs. In many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS is increasingly rare.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: HIV latency, and the consequent viral reservoir in CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, as well as macrophages, is the main barrier to eradication of the virus.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: This result is consistent with the conclusion presented by Anthony S. Fauci, the Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and his team in a viewpoint published in the "Journal of the American Medical Association", that U=U is an effective HIV prevention method when an undetectable viral load is maintained.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: Genital herpes (HSV-2) reactivation in those infected with the virus have an associated increase in CCR-5 enriched CD4+ T cells as well as inflammatory dendritic cells in the submucosa of the genital skin. Tropism of HIV for CCR-5 positive cells explains the two to threefold increase in HIV acquisition among persons with genital herpes. Daily antiviral (e.g. acyclovir) medication do not reduce the sub-clinical post reactivation inflammation and therefore does not confer reduced risk of HIV acquisition.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: The first news story on "an exotic new disease" appeared May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper "New York Native".

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa, and are believed to have transferred to humans (a process known as zoonosis) in the early 20th century.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


HIV

Context: HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.

Question: 에이즈는 언제 처음 발견되었는가?


LG Chem

Context: LG Chem Ltd. (Korean: LG화학), often referred to as LG Chemical, is the largest Korean chemical company and is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It was the 10th largest chemical company in the world by sales in 2017. It was first established as the Lucky Chemical Industrial Corporation, which manufactured cosmetics. It is now solely a business-to-business company (consumer products division was spun off into LG Household & Health Care).

Question: LG화학 창립연도는 언젠가요?


LG Chem

Context: LG Chem supplies display and optical films, polarizers, printed circuit materials, and toners. It also supplies LCD polarizers, which are multi-layer sheets of film applied to the top and bottom surfaces of TFT-LCD panels to transmit the light from the backlight unit through the panel, and 3D FPR (film-type patterned retarder) film, which enables three-dimensional viewing.

Question: LG화학 창립연도는 언젠가요?


LG Chem

Context: LG Chem completed development and began mass production of Korea's first lithium-ion batteries back in 1999. At the end of 2011, LG Chem was the world's third-largest maker with an annual production capacity of 1 billion cells. It is also a supplier of automotive battery for electric vehicles, such as the Ford Focus, Chevrolet Volt and Renault ZOE.

Question: LG화학 창립연도는 언젠가요?


LG Chem

Context: Both the Chevrolet Volt and the Ford Focus Electric initially used cells manufactured in Korea by parent LG Chem and then later switched to cells produced in LG Chem Michigan's Holland plant once it opened.

Question: LG화학 창립연도는 언젠가요?


LG Chem

Context: In September 2020, LG Chem unveiled its plan to publicly list its energy division under the name of LG Energy Solution by December.

Question: LG화학 창립연도는 언젠가요?


LG Chem

Context: On 7 May 2020, a gas leak incident that took place at the LG Polymer plant at Gopalapatnam on the outskirts of Visakhapatnam resulted in the death of 12 people, hospitalization of over 300 and around thousands falling sick. Nearly 3000 people were evacuated from villages in five-kilometre radius of the plant. The gas reportedly started leaking around 2:30am when the workers were preparing to reopen the plant after the lockdown ordered due COVID-19 pandemic was relaxed in the region.

Question: LG화학 창립연도는 언젠가요?


LG Chem

Context: On 19 May 2020, an alkylaluminum-based catalyst powder exploded due to high-pressure while being transported at the packing room of the LG Chem plant at Seosan. The explosion exposed the pyrophoric powder to the air, causing a fire. As a result, a 39-year-old researcher died and two more workers suffered second-degree burns.

Question: LG화학 창립연도는 언젠가요?


Language

Context: Human languages have the properties of productivity and displacement, and rely on social convention and learning.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: As an object of linguistic study, "language" has two primary meanings: an abstract concept, and a specific linguistic system, e.g. "French". The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who defined the modern discipline of linguistics, first explicitly formulated the distinction using the French word for language as a concept, as a specific instance of a language system, and for the concrete usage of speech in a particular language.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Another definition sees language as a formal system of signs governed by grammatical rules of combination to communicate meaning. This definition stresses that human languages can be described as closed structural systems consisting of rules that relate particular signs to particular meanings. This structuralist view of language was first introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, and his structuralism remains foundational for many approaches to language.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: A number of features, many of which were described by Charles Hockett and called design features set human language apart from communication used by non-human animals.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: The study of language, linguistics, has been developing into a science since the first grammatical descriptions of particular languages in India more than 2000 years ago, after the development of the Brahmi script. Modern linguistics is a science that concerns itself with all aspects of language, examining it from all of the theoretical viewpoints described above.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: The formal study of language is often considered to have started in India with Pāṇini, the 5th century BC grammarian who formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology. However, Sumerian scribes already studied the differences between Sumerian and Akkadian grammar around 1900 BC. Subsequent grammatical traditions developed in all of the ancient cultures that adopted writing.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: By introducing a distinction between diachronic and synchronic analyses of language, he laid the foundation of the modern discipline of linguistics. Saussure also introduced several basic dimensions of linguistic analysis that are still fundamental in many contemporary linguistic theories, such as the distinctions between syntagm and paradigm, and the Langue-parole distinction, distinguishing language as an abstract system ("langue"), from language as a concrete manifestation of this system ("parole").

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: The brain is the coordinating center of all linguistic activity; it controls both the production of linguistic cognition and of meaning and the mechanics of speech production. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the neurological bases for language is quite limited, though it has advanced considerably with the use of modern imaging techniques. The discipline of linguistics dedicated to studying the neurological aspects of language is called neurolinguistics.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: With technological advances in the late 20th century, neurolinguists have also incorporated non-invasive techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electrophysiology to study language processing in individuals without impairments.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Spoken language relies on human physical ability to produce sound, which is a longitudinal wave propagated through the air at a frequency capable of vibrating the ear drum. This ability depends on the physiology of the human speech organs. These organs consist of the lungs, the voice box (larynx), and the upper vocal tract – the throat, the mouth, and the nose. By controlling the different parts of the speech apparatus, the airstream can be manipulated to produce different speech sounds.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Consonants and vowel segments combine to form syllables, which in turn combine to form utterances; these can be distinguished phonetically as the space between two inhalations. Acoustically, these different segments are characterized by different formant structures, that are visible in a spectrogram of the recorded sound wave. Formants are the amplitude peaks in the frequency spectrum of a specific sound.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Some speech sounds, both vowels and consonants, involve release of air flow through the nasal cavity, and these are called "nasals" or "nasalized" sounds. Other sounds are defined by the way the tongue moves within the mouth such as the l-sounds (called "laterals", because the air flows along both sides of the tongue), and the r-sounds (called "rhotics").

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: By using these speech organs, humans can produce hundreds of distinct sounds: some appear very often in the world's languages, whereas others are much more common in certain language families, language areas, or even specific to a single language.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Secondary modes of language, by which a fundamental mode is conveyed in a different medium, include writing (including braille), sign (in manually coded language), whistling and drumming. Tertiary modes – such as semaphore, Morse code and spelling alphabets – convey the secondary mode of writing in a different medium. For some extinct languages that are maintained for ritual or liturgical purposes, writing may be the primary mode, with speech secondary.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: The rules by which signs can be combined to form words and phrases are called syntax or grammar. The meaning that is connected to individual signs, morphemes, words, phrases, and texts is called semantics. The division of language into separate but connected systems of sign and meaning goes back to the first linguistic studies of de Saussure and is now used in almost all branches of linguistics.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Thus, languages must have a vocabulary of signs related to specific meaning. The English sign "dog" denotes, for example, a member of the species "Canis familiaris". In a language, the array of arbitrary signs connected to specific meanings is called the lexicon, and a single sign connected to a meaning is called a lexeme. Not all meanings in a language are represented by single words. Often, semantic concepts are embedded in the morphology or syntax of the language in the form of grammatical categories.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Depending on modality, language structure can be based on systems of sounds (speech), gestures (sign languages), or graphic or tactile symbols (writing). The ways in which languages use sounds or signs to construct meaning are studied in phonology.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: In order to represent the sounds of the world's languages in writing, linguists have developed the International Phonetic Alphabet, designed to represent all of the discrete sounds that are known to contribute to meaning in human languages.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: In linguistics, the study of the internal structure of complex words and the processes by which words are formed is called morphology. In most languages, it is possible to construct complex words that are built of several morphemes. For instance, the English word "unexpected" can be analyzed as being composed of the three morphemes "un-", "expect" and "-ed".

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: The shared features of languages which belong to the same typological class type may have arisen completely independently. Their co-occurrence might be due to universal laws governing the structure of natural languages, "language universals", or they might be the result of languages evolving convergent solutions to the recurring communicative problems that humans use language to solve.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Linguists use the term "varieties" to refer to the different ways of speaking a language. This term includes geographically or socioculturally defined dialects as well as the jargons or styles of subcultures. Linguistic anthropologists and sociologists of language define communicative style as the ways that language is used and understood within a particular culture.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Throughout history a number of different ways of representing language in graphic media have been invented. These are called writing systems.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: All languages change as speakers adopt or invent new ways of speaking and pass them on to other members of their speech community. Language change happens at all levels from the phonological level to the levels of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and discourse. Even though language change is often initially evaluated negatively by speakers of the language who often consider changes to be "decay" or a sign of slipping norms of language usage, it is natural and inevitable.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: According to the "Ethnologue", 389 languages (nearly 6%) have more than a million speakers. These languages together account for 94% of the world's population, whereas 94% of the world's languages account for the remaining 6% of the global population.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Africa is home to a large number of language families, the largest of which is the Niger-Congo language family, which includes such languages as Swahili, Shona, and Yoruba. Speakers of the Niger-Congo languages account for 6.9% of the world's population. A similar number of people speak the Afroasiatic languages, which include the populous Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew language, and the languages of the Sahara region, such as the Berber languages and Hausa.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: Many projects aim to prevent or slow this loss by revitalizing endangered languages and promoting education and literacy in minority languages. Across the world, many countries have enacted specific legislation to protect and stabilize the language of indigenous speech communities. A minority of linguists have argued that language loss is a natural process that should not be counteracted, and that documenting endangered languages for posterity is sufficient.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Language

Context: The University of Waikato are using the Welsh language as a model for their Māori language revitalisation programme as they deem Welsh to be the world's leading example for the survival of languages. In 2019 a Hawaiian TV company Oiwi visited a Welsh language centre in Nant Gwrtheyrn, North Wales to help find ways of preserving their Ōlelo Hawaiʻi language.

Question: 지구상에는 몇 개의 언어가 존재하는가?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Between 1939 and 1945, Yeltsin received a primary education at Berezniki's Railway School Number 95. Academically, he did well at primary school and was repeatedly elected class monitor by fellow pupils. There, he also took part in activities organized by the Komsomol and Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization. This overlapped with Soviet involvement in the Second World War, during which Yeltsin's paternal uncle, Andrian, served in the Red Army and was killed.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: From 1945 to 1949, Yeltsin studied at the municipal secondary school number 1, also known as Pushkin High School. Yeltsin did well at secondary school, and there took an increasing interest in sport, becoming captain of the school's volleyball squad. He enjoyed playing pranks and in one instance played with a grenade, which blew off the thumb and index finger of his left hand. With friends, he would go on summer walking expeditions in the adjacent taiga, sometimes for many weeks.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: At the same time, Yeltsin's family was growing; in September 1956, he married Girina. She soon got work at a scientific research institute, where she remained for 29 years. In August 1957, their daughter Yelena was born, followed by a second daughter, Tatyana, in January 1960. During this period, they moved through a succession of apartments. On family holidays, Yeltsin took his family to a lake in northern Russia and to the Black Sea coast.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: On 10 September 1987, after a lecture from hard-liner Yegor Ligachyov at the Politburo for allowing two small unsanctioned demonstrations on Moscow streets, Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev who was holidaying on the Black Sea. When Gorbachev received the letter he was stunned – nobody in Soviet history had voluntarily resigned from the ranks of the Politburo. Gorbachev phoned Yeltsin and asked him to reconsider.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: A part of this power struggle was the opposition between power structures of the Soviet Union and the RSFSR. In an attempt to gain more power, on 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted a declaration of sovereignty. On 12 July 1990, Yeltsin resigned from the CPSU in a dramatic speech before party members at the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, some of whom responded by shouting "Shame!"

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Initially, Yeltsin promoted the retention of national borders according to the pre-existing Soviet state borders, although this left ethnic Russians as a majority in parts of northern Kazakhstan, eastern Ukraine, and areas of Estonia and Latvia.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: In December 1994, Yeltsin ordered the military invasion of Chechnya in an attempt to restore Moscow's control over the republic. Nearly two years later, Yeltsin withdrew federal forces from the devastated Chechnya under a 1996 peace agreement brokered by Alexander Lebed, Yeltsin's then-security chief. The peace deal allowed Chechnya greater autonomy but not full independence. The decision to launch the war in Chechnya dismayed many in the West. "Time" magazine wrote:

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Then, what was to be made of Boris Yeltsin? Clearly he could no longer be regarded as the democratic hero of Western myth. But had he become an old-style communist boss, turning his back on the democratic reformers he once championed and throwing in his lot with militarists and ultranationalists? Or was he a befuddled, out-of-touch chief being manipulated, knowingly or unwittingly, by—well, by whom exactly? If there was to be a dictatorial coup, would Yeltsin be its victim or its leader?

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: In late 1992, Yeltsin launched a programme of free vouchers as a way to give mass privatization a jump-start. Under the programme, all Russian citizens were issued vouchers, each with a nominal value of around 10,000 rubles, for the purchase of shares of select state enterprises. Although each citizen initially received a voucher of equal face value, within months the majority of them converged in the hands of intermediaries who were ready to buy them for cash right away.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: In 1995, as Yeltsin struggled to finance Russia's growing foreign debt and gain support from the Russian business elite for his bid in the 1996 presidential elections, the Russian president prepared for a new wave of privatization offering stock shares in some of Russia's most valuable state enterprises in exchange for bank loans. The programme was promoted as a way of simultaneously speeding up privatization and ensuring the government a cash infusion to cover its operating needs.'

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: On 5 December 1991, Senator Jesse Helms, ranking member of the Minority on the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, wrote to Yeltsin concerning U.S. servicemen who were POWs or MIAs: "The status of thousands and thousands of American servicemen who are held by Soviet and other Communist forces, and who were never repatriated after every major war this century, is of grave concern to the American people."

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Yeltsin campaigned energetically, dispelling concerns about his health, and maintained a high media profile. To boost his popularity, Yeltsin promised to abandon some of his more unpopular economic reforms, boost welfare spending, end the war in Chechnya, and pay wage and pension arrears. Yeltsin had benefited from the approval of a US$10.2 billion International Monetary Fund loan to Russia, which helped to keep his government afloat.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Yeltsin underwent emergency quintuple heart bypass surgery in November 1996, and remained in the hospital for months. During his presidency, Russia received US$40 billion in funds from the International Monetary Fund and other international lending organisations. However, his opponents allege that most of these funds were stolen by people from Yeltsin's circle and placed into foreign banks.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: On 15 May 1999, Yeltsin survived another attempt of impeachment, this time by the democratic and communist opposition in the State Duma. He was charged with several unconstitutional activities, including the signing of the Belovezha Accords dissolving the Soviet Union in December 1991, the coup-d'état in October 1993, and initiating the war in Chechnya in 1994. None of these charges received the two-thirds majority of the Duma required to initiate the process of impeachment of the president.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: With Pavel Borodin as the Kremlin property manager, Swiss construction firm Mabetex was awarded many important Russian government contracts. They were awarded the contracts to reconstruct, renovate and refurbish the former Russian Federation Parliament, the Russian Opera House, State Duma and the Moscow Kremlin.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: On 31 December 1999, Yeltsin issued a televised resignation speech. In it, he praised the advances in cultural, political, and economic freedom that his administration had overseen although apologised to Russia's people for "not making many of your and my dreams come true. What seemed simple to do proved to be excruciatingly difficult."

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: By some estimates, his approval ratings when leaving office were as low as 2%. Polling also suggests that a majority of the Russian population were pleased by Yeltsin's resignation.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Yeltsin suffered from heart disease during his first term as President of the Russian Federation, probably continuing for the rest of his life. He is known to have suffered heart problems in March 1990, just after being elected as a member of parliament. It was common knowledge that, in early 1996, he was recuperating from a series of heart attacks and, soon after, he spent months in hospital recovering from a quintuple bypass operation (see above).

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: In his memoirs, Yeltsin claimed no recollection of the event but did make a passing reference to the incident when he met Borg a year later at the World Circle Kabaddi Cup in Hamilton, Ontario, where the pair had been invited to present the trophy. He made a hasty withdrawal from the funeral of King Hussein of Jordan in February 1999 to use the facilities.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: After Yeltsin's death, Michiel Staal, a Dutch neurosurgeon, said that his team had been secretly flown to Moscow to operate on Yeltsin in 1999. Yeltsin suffered from an unspecified neurological disorder that affected his sense of balance, causing him to wobble as if in a drunken state; the goal of the operation was to reduce the pain.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Bill Clinton claimed that on a 1995 visit to Washington, Yeltsin was found on Pennsylvania Avenue, drunk, in his underwear and trying to hail a taxi cab in order to find pizza.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: In September 2005, Yeltsin underwent a hip operation in Moscow after breaking his femur in a fall while on holiday in the Italian island of Sardinia. On 1 February 2006, Yeltsin celebrated his 75th birthday.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Yeltsin died of congestive heart failure on 23 April 2007, aged 76. According to experts quoted by "Komsomolskaya Pravda", the onset of Yeltsin's condition began during his visit to Jordan between 25 March and 2 April. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery on 25 April 2007, following a period during which his body had lain in repose in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Yeltsin was the first Russian head of state in 113 years to be buried in a church ceremony, after Emperor Alexander III. He was survived by his wife, Naina Iosifovna Yeltsina, whom he married in 1956, and their two daughters Yelena and Tatyana, born in 1957 and 1960, respectively.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: President Putin declared the day of his funeral a national day of mourning, with the nation's flags flown at half-staff and all entertainment programs suspended for the day. Putin said, upon declaring 25 April 2007 a day of national mourning, that:

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: During the late Soviet period, Yeltsin's ideological worldview began to shift. Colton argued that populism and "a non-ethnic Russianism" had begun to enter Yeltsin's thinking while he was First Secretary of Sverdlovsk. In the late 1980s, Yeltsin told the Athens daily newspaper "Kathimerini" that "I regard myself as a social democrat", adding: "Those who still believe in communism are moving in the sphere of fantasy."

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Yeltsin had a high tolerance for alcohol, and by the 1980s he was drinking alcohol at or above the average for the party elite. Yeltsin's favorite writer was Anton Chekhov, although he also enjoyed the work of Sergei Yesenin and Alexander Pushkin. Colton described Yeltsin as having a "husky baritone" voice.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Doder and Branson noted that Yeltsin was "a hero for young Russians, a cult figure to those who were not necessarily anticommunists but who were filled with bitterness and apathy" from the Brezhnev years. They noted he was "ebullient, almost outrageously open", and also "charismatic". They added that Yeltsin presented himself as "a true working-class hero" when challenging the Soviet administration.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Evaluations of Yeltsin range from highly positive to highly negative, with not much in the middle. Former United States Ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul emphasizes the range pro and con:

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Colton suggested that "Yeltsin leaves nobody indifferent. He needs to be understood if we are to understand the age we inhabit". Aron characterised him as "Russia's first modern leader". Colton understood him as "a hero in history", albeit one who was "enigmatic and flawed". He expressed the view that Yeltsin was part of "the global trend away from authoritarianism and statism" that occurred in the 1990s, comparing him to Nelson Mandela, Lech Wałęsa, Václav Havel and Mikhail Gorbachev.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: In the years following his presidency, there was comparatively little interest among biographers and historians in researching Yeltsin's life.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: During his career as a figure in the Soviet Union, Yeltsin received ten medals and awards for his service to the state. In April 2008, a new memorial to Yeltsin was dedicated in Moscow's Novodevichy cemetery, to mixed reactions. At the memorial service, a military chorus performed Russia's national anthem – an anthem that was changed shortly after the end of Yeltsin's term, to follow the music of the old Soviet anthem, with lyrics reflecting Russia's new status.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: Ryabov, who was formerly a close ally of Yeltsin's, claimed that his actions in the 1990s revealed that he was a turncoat.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Boris Yeltsin

Context: In 2013, a memorial sculpture in relief, dedicated to Yeltsin, was erected on Nunne street, at the base of the Patkuli stairs in Tallinn, for his contribution to the peaceful independence of Estonia during 1990–1991.

Question: 러시아의 첫번째 대통령은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: Bolesław the Brave ( , ; 967 – 17 June 1025), less often known as Bolesław the Great (), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025. He was also Duke of Bohemia between 1003 and 1004 as Boleslaus IV.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: He was the son of Mieszko I of Poland by his wife, Dobrawa of Bohemia. According to a scholarly theory, Bolesław ruled Lesser Poland already during the last years of his father's reign. Mieszko I, who died in 992, divided Poland among his sons, but Bolesław expelled his father's last wife, Oda of Haldensleben, and his half-brothers and reunited Poland between 992 and 995.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: He was an able administrator who established the "Prince's Law" and built many forts, churches, monasteries and bridges. He introduced the first Polish monetary unit, the "grzywna", divided into 240 "denarii", and minted his own coinage. Bolesław I is widely considered one of Poland's most capable and accomplished Piast rulers.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?


Bolesław I the Brave

Context: Bolesław's mother, Dobrawa, died in 977; his widowed father married Oda of Haldensleben who had already been a nun. Around that time, Bolesław became the ruler of Lesser Poland, through it is not exactly clear in what circumstances. Jerzy Strzelczyk says that Bolesław received Lesser Poland from his father; Tadeusz Manteuffel states that he seized the province from his father with the local lords' support; and Henryk Łowmiański writes that his uncle, Boleslav II of Bohemia, granted the region to him.

Question: 폴란드 제 1대 국왕은 누구인가요?