Yuan dynasty

Context: Foreign observers took note of Yuan printing technology. Marco Polo documented the Yuan printing of paper money and almanac pamphlets called "tacuini". The vizier Rashid-al-Din recognized that printing was a valuable technological breakthrough, and expressed regret that the Mongol experiment with printing paper money had failed in the Muslim world. Rashid-al-Din's view was not shared by other chroniclers in the Middle East, who were critical of the experiment's disruptive impact on the Il-khanate.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Hans and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: Genghis Khan and the following Yuan emperors forbade Islamic practices like Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on Muslims, and other restrictive degrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret. Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves" and demanded that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method. Circumcision was also forbidden. Jews were also affected and forbidden by the Mongols to eat Kosher.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: The Muslims in the semu class revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion, but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding. Some Muslim communities had the name in Chinese meaning "barracks" and also meaning "thanks"; many Hui Muslims claim it is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was named in thanks by the Hans for assisting them.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: During the Ming conquest of Yunnan, Muslim generals Mu Ying and Lan Yu led Muslim troops loyal to the Ming dynasty against Mongol and Muslim troops loyal to the Yuan dynasty.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: The Mongols had employed foreigners long before the reign of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty. But during Kublai's reign a hierarchy of reliability was introduced in China. The population was divided into the following classes:

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: Partner merchants and non-Mongol overseers were usually either immigrants or local ethnic groups. Thus, in China they were Uighur Buddhists, Turkestani and Persian Muslims, and Christians. Foreigners from outside the Mongol Empire entirely, such as the Polo family, were everywhere welcomed.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: Japanese historians like Uematsu, Sugiyama and Morita criticized the perception that a four-class system existed under Mongol rule and Funada Yoshiyuki questioned the very existence of the Semu as a class.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: Many Tusi chiefdoms and kingdoms in southwestern China which existed before the Mongol invasions were allowed to retain their integrity as vassals of the Yuan dynasty after surrendering, including the Kingdom of Dali, the Han Chinese Yang family ruling the Chiefdom of Bozhou with its seat at the castle Hailongtun, Chiefdom of Lijiang,

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: Chiefdom of Shuidong, Chiefdom of Sizhou, Chiefdom of Yao'an, Chiefdom of Yongning and Mu'ege. As were Korea under Mongol rule and the Kingdom of Qocho.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: The Han Chinese nobles Duke Yansheng and Celestial Masters continued possessing their titles in the Yuan dynasty since the previous dynasties.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: The territory of the Yuan dynasty was divided into the Central Region () governed by the Central Secretariat and places under control of various provinces () or Branch Secretariats (), as well as the region under the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: Branch Secretariats or simply provinces, were provincial-level administrative organizations or institutions, though they were not exactly provinces in modern sense. There were 11 "regular" provinces in Yuan dynasty, and their administrations were subordinated to the Central Secretariat.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: Below the level of provinces, the largest political division was the circuit (), followed by lù (), fǔ () and zhōu (). These are three kinds of prefecture-like divisions. The lowest political division was the county ().

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


Yuan dynasty

Context: This government structure at the provincial level was later inherited and modified by the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Question: 원나라는 언제 폐망했나요?


John Adams

Context: As the French and Indian War began in 1754, Adams, aged nineteen, began to struggle with his responsibility in the conflict as many of his contemporaries joined the war for money. Adams later said, "I longed more ardently to be a Soldier than I ever did to be a Lawyer", recognizing that he was the first of his family to "[degenerate] from the virtues of the house so far as not to have been an officer in the militia".

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: In 1756, Adams began reading law under James Putnam, a leading lawyer in Worcester. In 1758, he earned an A.M. from Harvard, and in 1759 was admitted to the bar. He developed an early habit of writing about events and impressions of men in his diary; this included James Otis Jr.'s 1761 legal argument challenging the legality of British writs of assistance, allowing the British to search a home without notice or reason. Otis's argument inspired Adams to the cause of the American colonies.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: Adams's absence from home was hard on Abigail, who was left alone to care for the family. She still encouraged her husband in his task, writing: "You cannot be, I know, nor do I wish to see you an inactive Spectator, but if the Sword be drawn I bid adieu to all domestick felicity, and look forward to that Country where there is neither wars nor rumors of War in a firm belief that thro the mercy of its King we shall both rejoice there together."

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: After negotiating the loan with the Dutch, Adams was re-appointed as the American commissioner to negotiate the war-ending treaty, the Treaty of Paris. Vergennes and France's minister to the United States, Anne-César de La Luzerne, disapproved of Adams, so Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, and Henry Laurens were appointed to collaborate with Adams, although Jefferson did not initially go to Europe and Laurens was posted to the Dutch Republic following his imprisonment in the Tower of London.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: Adams was appointed the first American ambassador to Great Britain in 1785. When a counterpart assumed that Adams had family in England, Adams replied, "Neither my father or mother, grandfather or grandmother, great grandfather or great grandmother, nor any other relation that I know of, or care a farthing for, has been in England these one hundred and fifty years; so that you see I have not one drop of blood in my veins but what is American."

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: While in London Adams wrote his three-volume "A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America". It was a response to those he had met in Europe who criticized the government systems of the American states.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: Although his term started on March 4, 1789, Adams did not begin serving as Vice President of the United States until April 21, because he did not arrive in New York in time.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: In the end, Adams won the presidency by a narrow margin, receiving 71 electoral votes to 68 for Jefferson, who became the vice president; Pinckney finished in third with 59 votes, and Burr came in fourth with 30. The balance of the Electoral College votes were dispersed among nine other candidates. This is the only election to date in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: Adams was sworn into office as the nation's second president on March 4, 1797, by Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth. As president, he followed Washington's lead in using the presidency to exemplify republican values and civic virtue, and his service was free of scandal. Adams spent much of his term at his Massachusetts home Peacefield, preferring the quietness of domestic life to business at the capital. He ignored the political patronage and office-seekers which other officeholders utilized.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: It quickly became apparent that due to Washington's advanced age, Hamilton was the army's "de facto" commander. He exerted effective control over the War Department, taking over supplies for the army. Meanwhile, Adams built up the Navy, adding six fast, powerful frigates, most notably the USS "Constitution".

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: Fries and two other leaders were arrested, found guilty of treason, and sentenced to hang. They appealed to Adams requesting a pardon. The cabinet unanimously advised Adams to refuse, but he instead granted the pardon, using as justification the argument that the men had instigated a mere riot as opposed to a rebellion. In his pamphlet attacking Adams before the election, Hamilton wrote that "it was impossible to commit a greater error."

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: As president, Adams proudly avoided war, but deeply split his party in the process. Historian Ron Chernow writes that "the threat of Jacobinism" was the one thing that united the Federalist Party, and that Adams's elimination of it unwittingly contributed to the party's demise.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: Adams's leadership on naval defense has sometimes led him to be called the "father of the American Navy." In July 1798, he signed into law An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, which authorized the establishment of a government-operated marine hospital service. In 1800, he signed the law establishing the Library of Congress.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: With the Federalist Party deeply split over his negotiations with France, and the opposition Republican Party enraged over the Alien and Sedition Acts and the expansion of the military, Adams faced a daunting reelection campaign in 1800. The Federalist congressmen caucused in the spring of 1800 and nominated Adams and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. The Republicans nominated Jefferson and Burr, their candidates in the previous election.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: Daughter Abigail ("Nabby") was married to Representative William Stephens Smith, but she returned to her parents' home after the failure of the marriage; she died of breast cancer in 1813.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: As the two men became older, the letters grew fewer and further between. There was also important information that each man kept to himself. Jefferson said nothing about his construction of a new house, domestic turmoil, slave ownership, or poor financial situation, while Adams did not mention the troublesome behavior of his son Thomas, who had failed as a lawyer and become an alcoholic, resorting afterwards to living primarily as a caretaker at Peacefield.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: On July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Adams died at Peacefield at approximately 6:20 pm. His last words included an acknowledgement of his longtime friend and rival: "Thomas Jefferson survives." Adams was unaware that Jefferson had died several hours before.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: John and Abigail Adams's crypt at United First Parish Church in Quincy, Massachusetts, also contains the bodies of John Quincy and Louisa Adams.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: Adams first saw the new United States Constitution in late 1787. To Jefferson, he wrote that he read it "with great satisfaction." Adams expressed regret that the president would be unable to make appointments without Senate approval and over the absence of a Bill of Rights. "Should not such a thing have preceded the model?" he asked.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: According to Luke Mayville, Adams synthesized two strands of thought: practical study of past and present governments, and Scottish Enlightenment thinking concerning individual desires expressed in politics. Adams's conclusion was that the great danger was that an oligarchy of the wealthy would take hold to the detriment of equality. To counter that danger, the power of the wealthy needed to be channeled by institutions, and checked by a strong executive.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: But historian Gordon S. Wood (2017) writes, "Although both Jefferson and Adams denied the miracles of the Bible and the divinity of Christ, Adams always retained a respect for the religiosity of people that Jefferson never had; in fact, Jefferson tended in private company to mock religious feelings."

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


John Adams

Context: In his retirement years, Adams moved away from some of the Puritan sentiments of his youth and closer to more mainstream Enlightenment religious ideals. He blamed institutional Christianity for causing much suffering but continued to be an active Christian while maintaining that religion was necessary for society. He became a Unitarian, rejecting the divinity of Jesus.

Question: 미국의 제 2대 대통령은 누구인가요?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected. The award can be given to a maximum of three recipients per year. It consists of a gold medal, a diploma, and a cash grant.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: The Nobel Laureates in chemistry are selected by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the laureates remain. This slow and thorough process, is arguably what gives the prize its importance.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice, some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim – founded or not.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: The nominations are screened by committee, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: The award in chemistry requires the significance of achievements being recognized is "tested by time". In practice it means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. As a downside of this approach, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a Prize, as the discoverers may have died by the time the impact of their work is realized.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: A Chemistry Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it. The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Context: In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995–2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. Atomic physics, particle physics, cell biology, and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while molecular chemistry was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period.

Question: 최초로 노벨 물리학상을 받은 사람은 누구인가?


Athens

Context: During the medieval period, the name of the city was rendered once again in the singular as . Variant names included Setines, Satine, and Astines, all derivations involving false splitting of prepositional phrases. King Alphonse X of Castile gives the pseudo-etymology 'the one without death/ignorance'. In Ottoman Turkish, it was called آتينا "Ātīnā", and in modern Turkish, it is "Atina".

Question: 그리스에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Athens

Context: After the establishment of the modern Greek state, and partly due to the conservatism of the written language, again became the official name of the city and remained so until the abandonment of Katharevousa in the 1970s, when Ἀθήνα, "Athína", became the official name. Today it is often simply called "ī protévousa" ; 'the capital'.

Question: 그리스에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Athens

Context: For the Athenians the most popular way of dividing the downtown is through its neighbourhoods such as Pagkrati, Ambelokipi, Goudi, Exarcheia, Patissia, Ilissia, Petralona, Plaka, Anafiotika, Koukaki, Kolonaki and Kypseli, each with its own distinct history and characteristics.

Question: 그리스에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Athens

Context: International links are provided by a number of private companies. National and regional bus links are provided by KTEL from two InterCity Bus Terminals ; Kifissos Bus Terminal A and Liosion Bus Terminal B, both located in the north-western part of the city. "Kifissos" provides connections towards Peloponnese, North Greece, West Greece and some Ionian Islands, whereas "Liosion" is used for most of Central Greece.

Question: 그리스에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Athens

Context: In 2018, the airport handled 24,135,736 passengers, a huge increase over the last 4 years. In 2014, the airport handled 15,196,369 passengers, an increase of 21.2% over the previous year of 2013. Of those 15,196,369 passengers, 5,267,593 passed through the airport for domestic flights, and 9,970,006 passengers travelled through for international flights. Beyond the dimensions of its passenger capacity, ATH handled 205,294 total flights in 2007, or approximately 562 flights per day.

Question: 그리스에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Athens

Context: Beginning in the 1920s, modern architecture including Bauhaus and Art Deco began to exert an influence on almost all Greek architects, and buildings both public and private were constructed in accordance with these styles. Localities with a great number of such buildings include Kolonaki, and some areas of the centre of the city; neighbourhoods developed in this period include Kypseli.

Question: 그리스에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Athens

Context: Restaurants, tavernas and bars can be found in the entertainment hubs in Plaka and the Trigono areas of the historic centre, the inner suburbs of Gazi and Psyrri are especially busy with nightclubs and bars, while Kolonaki, Exarchia, Metaxourgeio, Koukaki and Pangrati offer more of a cafe and restaurant scene. The coastal suburbs of Microlimano, Alimos and Glyfada include many tavernas, beach bars and busy summer clubs.

Question: 그리스에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Athens

Context: During the first three years of preparations, the International Olympic Committee had expressed concern over the speed of construction progress for some of the new Olympic venues. In 2000, the Organising Committee's president was replaced by Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, who was the president of the original Bidding Committee in 1997. From that point forward, preparations continued at a highly accelerated, almost frenzied pace.

Question: 그리스에서 가장 큰 도시는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In 1908, a large deposit of copper ore was discovered in Outokumpu, in Northern Karelia. Outokumpu (OTK) was established to develop the now-exhausted mine. In the 1940s, OTK developed the flash smelting process for smelting copper.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: From 1986 to 1988 Outokumpu participated in a stainless steel cartel; it was caught in 1990, but not fined.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: From 1988 to 2001 Outokumpu and the Swedish company Boliden participated in a cartel for copper tubing in the European market.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In 2001 "Avesta Sheffield"—which was formed from a 1991 merger of "British Steel Stainless" with the Swedish firm "Avesta" (as in Avesta Municipality)—merged with Outokumpu, forming the third-largest stainless steel producing company in the world at the time. The new company named "AvestaPolarit", headquartered in Stockholm, was jointly owned by Outokumpu and the Corus Group of Swedish institutional investors.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In September 2001, Outokumpu's plant construction branch Outokumpu Technology bought the German Lurgi Metallurgie in Frankfurt.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In December 2003 and September 2004, the EC fined Outokumpu €36.14 million for its copper tubing cartel activity.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In 2004, Outokumpu bought the shares owned by Corus, so AvestaPolarit became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Outokumpu Group, delisted from the Helsinki and Stockholm stock exchanges, and only Outokumpu remained, headquartered in Espoo.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In 2005, Outokumpu sold its copper branch, Outokumpu Copper, except for the copper tube and brass division, which as of 2011, is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Materials known as Luvata International, and OTK's zinc branch merged with the Swedish company Boliden. At the same time Outokumpu sold all Boliden shares.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: On 31 March 2008, the cold rolling mill in Sheffield was closed in a company-wide 10% fixed cost reduction plan. The melt shop in Sheffield continues producing material for long steel products. In April 2008 OTK exited the copper business by selling its remaining copper tube and brass division to Cupori Group Oy.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: On 31 January 2012, Outokumpu announced it would buy Inoxum, the stainless steel division of German ThyssenKrupp, for 2.7 billion euros. At the time, Finnish state capital controlled 40% of Outokumpu.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In November 2012, the European Commission found this acquisition would have created an EU market dominance for cold-rolled stainless steel flat products with Outokumpu market share above 50%. The EC cleared the merger on the condition that the Italian Inoxum subsidiary (AST) was excluded from the deal, and OTK acquired Inoxum in December 2012. Through Inoxum, Outokumpu acquired stainless steel mills in China, Mexico, Bochum, Germany, Werdohl, Germany, and in Alabama, USA.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In July 2014, Outokumpu agreed to settle with Boliden and engineering group IMI, who had sued OTK in 2012 to cover Boliden's losses from the lawsuit over price-fixing of copper tubing.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In March 2017, employing 100 people, the company opened its global service center in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In April 2020, Outokumpu named former Posti CEO Heikki Malinen as the next chief executive of the company.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: Kemi mine in Keminmaa near Tornio provides chromite, the raw material for chrome, needed to make stainless steel. In 2012, the quantity of chromite was estimated to a depth of one kilometer, totalling some 105 million tonnes.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: Avesta Sheffield was acquired 2001 and consists of a stainless steel mill with melting shop, hot rolling for heavy plates, hot rolling for 2000 mm width coils by Steckel mill and cold rolling mills. Avesta developed special stainless steel grades, high-alloy austenitic and duplex grades, optimized for good formability, weldability and high corrosion resistance.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: Avesta has a long history in steelmaking, as does Sheffield in the UK where stainless steel was invented.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: Thin Strip Nyby (see also Nyby bruk) produces cold rolled stainless steel, concentrating on special grades, part of the Special Coil business line. Nyby Ironworks in Torshälla was founded in 1829 by Adolf Zethelius, but ironworking on the site is first documented in the 15th century when the Bishop of nearby Strängnäs founded hammer forges by the waterfall near Nyby.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: The Sheffield facility includes a melt shop, continuous casting, a bar finishing facility and rod mill which are part of OTK's Long Products business, also a stocking, processing and distribution center. Production includes stainless steel in coil, plate, sheet, coiled rod, bar and rebar forms; semi-finished products including slab, bloom, billet and ingot are also manufactured.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: Outokumpu's UK acquisitions derived from the works created in 1950 as a joint venture between Firth Vickers (see Firth and Vickers) and Samuel Fox and Company for cold rolling stainless steel, established at Shepcote Lane, Sheffield, originally manufactured under the Staybrite brand. In 1967 the industry was nationalized into the British Steel Corporation. Outokumpu's original three sites in the UK were in Sheffield, Stocksbridge, and Blackburn.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: In 2005 the cold rolling and finishing units, Coil Products Sheffield on Shepcote Lane were closed, with the loss of over 600 jobs. Production ceased in the first half of 2006. The company continued the melting shop, special strip cold rolling and finishing, bar rolling, and UK distribution. At the end of March 2008 the Stocksbridge site production ceased after 80 years, with work transferring to its Meadowhall site.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Outokumpu

Context: Outokumpu has an integrated stainless steel mill in Calvert, Alabama involved in melting and rolling coil; a plant in Wildwood, Florida which produces pipes and tubes; a bar product plant in Richburg, South Carolina; and a cold rolling mill in San Luis Potosí (Mexico) which manufactures coil, strip, sheet, circles and plate.

Question: 스테인레스를 가장 많이 생산하는 나라는 어디인가?


Nazi Party

Context: , the informal and originally derogatory term for a party member, abbreviates the party's name ( ), and was coined in analogy with (pronounced ), an abbreviation of (member of the rival Social Democratic Party of Germany). Members of the party referred to themselves as (National Socialists), but some did occasionally embrace the colloquial (so Leopold von Mildenstein in his article series published in in 1934). The term (party member) was commonly used among Nazis, with its corresponding feminine form .

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The term was in use before the rise of the party as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backward peasant, an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, a shortened version of Ignatius, which was a common name in the Nazis' home region of Bavaria. Opponents seized on this, and the long-existing , to attach a dismissive nickname to the National Socialists.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: In 1933, when Adolf Hitler assumed power in the German government, the usage of "Nazi" diminished in Germany, although Austrian anti-Nazis continued to use the term, and the use of "Nazi Germany" and "Nazi regime" was popularised by anti-Nazis and German exiles abroad. Thereafter, the term spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, the term is not considered slang and has such derivatives as Nazism and denazification.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: Hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member (he was in fact the seventh executive member of the party's central committee and he would later wear the Golden Party Badge number one). Anton Drexler drafted a letter to Hitler in 1940—which was never sent—that contradicts Hitler's later claim:

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The Nazi Party was banned on 9 November 1923; however, with the support of the nationalist Völkisch-Social Bloc (), it continued to operate under the name "German Party" ( or DP) from 1924 to 1925. The Nazis failed to remain unified in the DP, as in the north, the right-wing Volkish nationalist supporters of the Nazis moved to the new German Völkisch Freedom Party, leaving the north's left-wing Nazi members, such as Joseph Goebbels retaining support for the party.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The votes that the Nazis received in the 1932 elections established the Nazi Party as the largest parliamentary faction of the Weimar Republic government. Hitler was appointed as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The National Socialist Programme was a formulation of the policies of the party. It contained 25 points and is therefore also known as the "25-point plan" or "25-point programme". It was the official party programme, with minor changes, from its proclamation as such by Hitler in 1920, when the party was still the German Workers' Party, until its dissolution.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: At the top of the Nazi Party was the party chairman (""), who held absolute power and full command over the party. All other party offices were subordinate to his position and had to depend on his instructions. In 1934, Hitler founded a separate body for the chairman, Chancellery of the Führer, with its own sub-units.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: Below the Führer's chancellery was first the "Staff of the Deputy Führer", headed by Rudolf Hess from 21 April 1933 to 10 May 1941; and then the "Party Chancellery" (), headed by Martin Bormann.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: Directly subjected to the Führer were the ("Reich Leader(s)"—the singular and plural forms are identical in German), whose number was gradually increased to eighteen. They held power and influence comparable to the Reich Ministers' in Hitler's Cabinet. The eighteen formed the "Reich Leadership of the Nazi Party" (), which was established at the so-called Brown House in Munich. Unlike a , a did not have individual geographic areas under their command, but were responsible for specific spheres of interest.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The Nazi Party had a number of party offices dealing with various political and other matters. These included:

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: A vast system of Nazi Party paramilitary ranks developed for each of the various paramilitary groups. This was part of the process of with the paramilitary and auxiliary groups swallowing existing associations and federations after the Party was flooded by millions of membership applications.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The Hitler Youth was a paramilitary group divided into an adult leadership corps and a general membership open to boys aged fourteen to eighteen. The League of German Girls was the equivalent group for girls.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: Certain nominally independent organisations had their own legal representation and own property, but were supported by the Nazi Party. Many of these associated organisations were labour unions of various professions. Some were older organisations that were nazified according to the policy after the 1933 takeover.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The employees of large businesses with international operations such as Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, and Commerzbank were mostly party members. All German businesses abroad were also required to have their own Nazi Party liaison men, which enabled the party leadership to obtain updated and excellent intelligence on the actions of the global corporate elites.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: While the Nazis maintained the nominal existence of state and regional governments in Germany itself, this policy was not extended to territories acquired after 1937. Even in German-speaking areas such as Austria, state and regional governments were formally disbanded as opposed to just being dis-empowered.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The and (state or province) were further sub-divided into (counties) headed by a , which were in turn sub-divided into (cells) and (blocks), headed by a and respectively.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The numbering is not based on any official former ranking, but merely listed alphabetically. that were simply renamed without territorial changes bear the designation RN in the column "later became." that were divided into more than one bear the designation D in the column "later became." that were merged with other (or occupied territory) bear the designation M in the column "together with."

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The irregular Swiss branch of the Nazi Party also established a number of Party in that country, most of them named after their regional capitals. These included , , , and . The (East Switzerland) combined the territories of three cantons: St. Gallen, Thurgau and Appenzell.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: Nazi members with military ambitions were encouraged to join the Waffen-SS, but a great number enlisted in the and even more were drafted for service after World War II began. Early regulations required that all members be non-political and any Nazi member joining in the 1930s was required to resign from the Nazi Party.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: However, this regulation was soon waived and full Nazi Party members served in the in particular after the outbreak of World War II. The Reserves also saw a high number of senior Nazis enlisting, with Reinhard Heydrich and Fritz Todt joining the , as well as Karl Hanke who served in the army.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The British historian Richard J. Evans wrote that junior officers in the army were inclined to be especially zealous National Socialists with a third of them having joined the Nazi Party by 1941. Reinforcing the work of the junior leaders were the National Socialist Leadership Guidance Officers, which were created with the purpose of indoctrinating the troops for the "war of extermination" against Soviet Russia. Among higher-ranking officers, 29% were NSDAP members by 1941.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: In 1926, the party formed a special division to engage the student population, known as the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB). A group for university lecturers, the National Socialist German University Lecturers' League (NSDDB), also existed until July 1944.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: The National Socialist Women's League was the women's organization of the party and by 1938 it had approximately 2 million members.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: Party members who lived outside Germany were pooled into the (NSDAP/AO, "Foreign Organization"). The organisation was limited only to so-called "Imperial Germans" (citizens of the German Empire); and "Ethnic Germans" (), who did not hold German citizenship were not permitted to join.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


Nazi Party

Context: was a branch of the Nazi Party founded in 1919, created for Germans with status. It is not to be confused with the post-war right-wing , which was founded in 1949.

Question: 나치는 언제 해산했나요?


President of Greece

Context: According to Article 32 the Greek Constitution, the president is elected for a five-year term by the Hellenic Parliament in a special session at least a month before the incumbent's term expires. Voting takes place in two phases, each maximally of three ballots, separated by no more than five days.

Question: 2018년 그리스 대통령은 누구인가요?


President of Greece

Context: The first and second ballots require a supermajority of 200 out of the 300-person body, dropping to 180 on the third. The fourth ballot requires a simple majority of 151 votes. The fifth and last ballot is then contested between the two candidates with the most votes and decided by a relative majority.

Question: 2018년 그리스 대통령은 누구인가요?


President of Greece

Context: Before taking office, the president must recite an oath in front of the Parliament according to the Article 33, paragraph 2 of the Greek Constitution:

Question: 2018년 그리스 대통령은 누구인가요?


President of Greece

Context: The official residence of the president of Greece is the Presidential Mansion, formerly the New Royal Palace, in central Athens.

Question: 2018년 그리스 대통령은 누구인가요?


President of Greece

Context: The current Third Hellenic Republic () was established in 1974 during the period of "metapolitefsi", after the end of the Greek junta which had controlled Greece since the coup d'état of 21 April 1967.

Question: 2018년 그리스 대통령은 누구인가요?


President of Greece

Context: After the fall of the junta and the return to civilian rule under Konstantinos Karamanlis in August 1974, the legal and constitutional acts of the military regime were deemed invalid, and a new referendum was held on 8 December 1974, which confirmed the abolition of the monarchy. In the interim, Gizikis, remained in office as President. After the plebiscite, he was succeeded by the first elected president, Michail Stasinopoulos.

Question: 2018년 그리스 대통령은 누구인가요?


President of Greece

Context: A new constitution, promulgated on 11 June 1975, declared Greece a "presidential parliamentary democracy" (or "republic" – the Greek δημοκρατία can be translated both ways). This constitution, revised in 1985, 2001, 2008 and 2019, is still in force today.

Question: 2018년 그리스 대통령은 누구인가요?


History of China

Context: A bronze tomahawk with a blade of meteoric iron excavated near the city of Gaocheng in Shijiazhuang (now Hebei province) has been dated to the 14th century BC.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: An Iron Age culture of the Tibetan Plateau has tentatively been associated with the Zhang Zhung culture described in early Tibetan writings.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: A series of thirty-one kings reigned over the Shang dynasty. During their reign, according to the "Records of the Grand Historian", the capital city was moved six times. The final (and most important) move was to Yin in around 1300 BC which led to the dynasty's golden age. The term Yin dynasty has been synonymous with the Shang dynasty in history, although it has lately been used to refer specifically to the latter half of the Shang dynasty.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: The Zhou established two capitals Zongzhou (near modern Xi'an) and Chengzhou (Luoyang), moving between them regularly. The Zhou alliance gradually expanded eastward into Shandong, southeastward into the Huai River valley, and southward into the Yangtze River valley.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: Conflict in this period occurred both between and within states. Warfare between states forced the surviving states to develop better administrations to mobilize more soldiers and resources. Within states there was constant jockeying between elite families. For example, the three most powerful families in the Jin state—Zhao, Wei and Han—eventually overthrew the ruling family and partitioned the state between them.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: The Hundred Schools of Thought of classical Chinese philosophy began blossoming during this period and the subsequent Warring States period. Such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded, partly in response to the changing political world. The first two philosophical thoughts would have an enormous influence on Chinese culture.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: After further political consolidation, seven prominent states remained by the end of the 5th century BC, and the years in which these few states battled each other are known as the Warring States period. Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC, he was largely a figurehead and held little real power.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: As neighboring territories of these warring states, including areas of modern Sichuan and Liaoning, were annexed, they were governed under the new local administrative system of commandery and prefecture. This system had been in use since the Spring and Autumn period, and parts can still be seen in the modern system of Sheng and Xian (province and county).

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: The state of Qin became dominant in the last century of this period. Qin conquered the state of Shu in the Chengdu Plain, and eventually drove Chu from its home in the Han River valley. Qin copied the administrative reforms of the other states to become a powerhouse. The final expansion in this period began during the reign of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. His unification of the other six powers enabled him to proclaim himself the First Emperor (Qin Shi Huang).

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: Qin's conquest and colonization of the Yangzi Valley played an important role in bringing this area under the control of Chinese empires.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: Emperor Wu also dispatched a series of military campaigns against the Baiyue tribes. The Han annexed Minyue in 135 BC and 111 BC, Nanyue in 111 BC, and Dian in 109 BC. Migration and military expeditions led to the cultural assimilation of the south. It also brought the Han into contact with kingdoms in Southeast Asia, introducing diplomacy and trade.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: After Emperor Wu, the empire slipped into gradual stagnation and decline. Economically, the state treasury was strained by excessive campaigns and projects, while land acquisitions by elite families gradually drained the tax base. Various consort clans exerted increasing control over strings of incompetent emperors and eventually the dynasty was briefly interrupted by the usurpation of Wang Mang.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: By the 2nd century, the empire declined amidst land acquisitions, invasions, and feuding between consort clans and eunuchs. The Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in AD 184, ushering in an era of warlords. In the ensuing turmoil, three states tried to gain predominance in the period of the Three Kingdoms, since greatly romanticized in works such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: In 266, the Jin dynasty overthrew the Wei and later unified the country in 280, but this union was short-lived.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: The Tang dynasty was a golden age of Chinese civilization, a prosperous, stable, and creative period with significant developments in culture, art, literature, particularly poetry, and technology. Buddhism became the predominant religion for the common people. Chang'an (modern Xi'an), the national capital, was the largest city in the world during its time.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: The prosperity of the early Tang dynasty was abetted by a centralized bureaucracy. The government was organized as "Three Departments and Six Ministries" to separately draft, review, and implement policies. These departments were run by royal family members and landed aristocrats, but as the dynasty wore on, were joined or replaced by scholar officials selected by imperial examinations, setting patterns for later dynasties.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: The dynasty continued to flourish under the rule of Empress Wu Zetian, the only empress regnant in Chinese history, and reached its zenith during the long reign of Emperor Xuanzong, who oversaw an empire that stretched from the Pacific to the Aral Sea with at least 50 million people. There were vibrant artistic and cultural creations, including works of the greatest Chinese poets, Li Bai and Du Fu.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: The advances in civilization during the Song dynasty came to an abrupt end following the devastating Mongol conquest, during which the population sharply dwindled, with a marked contraction in economy. Despite viciously halting Mongol advance for more than three decades, the Southern Song capital Hangzhou fell in 1276, followed by the final annihilation of the Song standing navy at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: The Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368, who proclaimed himself as the Hongwu Emperor. The capital was initially set at Nanjing, and was later moved to Beijing from Yongle Emperor's reign onward.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: Urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: In 1556, during the rule of the Jiajing Emperor, the Shaanxi earthquake killed about 830,000 people, the deadliest earthquake of all time.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: By the end of Qianlong Emperor's long reign in 1796, the Qing Empire was at its zenith. The Qing ruled more than one-third of the world's population, and had the largest economy in the world. By area it was one of the largest empires ever.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: Political and intellectual ferment waxed strong throughout the 1920s and 1930s. According to Patricia Ebrey:

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


History of China

Context: Human Rights Watch says that they have been used to indoctrinate Uyghurs and other Muslims since 2017 as part of a "people's war on terror", a policy announced in 2014. The camps have been criticized by the governments of many countries and human rights organizations for alleged human rights abuses, including mistreatment, rape, and torture, with some of them alleging genocide.

Question: 세상에서 가장 역사가 긴 나라는 어디인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad's father, Hafez, was born to an impoverished rural family of Alawite background and rose through the Ba'ath Party ranks to take control of the Syrian branch of the Party in the 1970 Corrective Revolution, culminating in his rise to the Syrian presidency. Hafez promoted his supporters within the Ba'ath Party, many of whom were also of Alawite background. After the revolution, Alawite strongmen were installed while Sunnis, Druze, and Ismailis were removed from the army and Ba'ath party.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: The younger Assad had five siblings, three of whom are deceased. A sister named Bushra died in infancy. Assad's youngest brother, Majd, was not a public figure and little is known about him other than he was intellectually disabled, and died in 2009 after a "long illness".

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Unlike his brothers Bassel and Maher, and second sister, also named Bushra, Bashar was quiet, reserved and lacked interest in politics or the military. The Assad children reportedly rarely saw their father, and Bashar later stated that he only entered his father's office once while he was president. He was described as "soft-spoken", and according to a university friend, he was timid, avoided eye contact and spoke in a low voice.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad received his primary and secondary education in the Arab-French al-Hurriya School in Damascus. In 1982, he graduated from high school and then studied medicine at Damascus University.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: To establish his credentials in the military, Bashar entered the military academy at Homs in 1994 and was propelled through the ranks to become a colonel of the elite Syrian Republican Guard in January 1999. To establish a power base for Bashar in the military, old divisional commanders were pushed into retirement, and new, young, Alawite officers with loyalties to him took their place.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Parallel to his military career, Bashar was engaged in public affairs. He was granted wide powers and became head of the bureau to receive complaints and appeals of citizens, and led a campaign against corruption. As a result of this campaign, many of Bashar's potential rivals for president were put on trial for corruption. Bashar also became the President of the Syrian Computer Society and helped to introduce the internet in Syria, which aided his image as a moderniser and reformer.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: After the death of Hafez al-Assad on 10 June 2000, the Constitution of Syria was amended. The minimum age requirement for the presidency was lowered from 40 to 34, which was Bashar's age at the time. Assad was then confirmed president on 10 July 2000, with 97.29% support for his leadership. In line with his role as President of Syria, he was also appointed the commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces and Regional Secretary of the Ba'ath Party.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Immediately after he took office, a reform movement made cautious advances during the Damascus Spring, which led to the shut down of Mezzeh prison and the declaration of a wide-ranging amnesty releasing hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood affiliated political prisoners. However, security crackdowns commenced again within the year. Many analysts stated that reform under Assad had been inhibited by the "old guard", members of the government loyal to his late father.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: During the war on terror, Assad allied his country with the West. Syria was a major site of extraordinary rendition by the CIA of al-Qaeda suspects, who were interrogated in Syrian prisons.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Soon after Assad assumed power, he "made Syria's link with Hezbollah—and its patrons in Tehran—the central component of his security doctrine", and in his foreign policy, Assad is an outspoken critic of the United States, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 27 May 2007, Assad was approved for another seven-year term in a referendum on his presidency, with 97.6% of the votes supporting his continued leadership. Opposition parties were not allowed in the country and Assad was the only candidate in the referendum.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Mass protests in Syria began on 26 January 2011. Protesters called for political reforms and the reinstatement of civil rights, as well as an end to the state of emergency which had been in place since 1963. One attempt at a "day of rage" was set for 4–5 February, though it ended uneventfully. Protests on 18–19 March were the largest to take place in Syria for decades, and the Syrian authority responded with violence against its protesting citizens.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: The U.S. imposed limited sanctions against the Assad government in April 2011, followed by Barack Obama's executive order as of 18 May 2011 targeting Bashar Assad specifically and six other senior officials. On 23 May 2011, the EU foreign ministers agreed at a meeting in Brussels to add Assad and nine other officials to a list affected by travel bans and asset freezes. On 24 May 2011, Canada imposed sanctions on Syrian leaders, including Assad.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 20 June, in response to the demands of protesters and foreign pressure, Assad promised a national dialogue involving movement toward reform, new parliamentary elections, and greater freedoms. He also urged refugees to return home from Turkey, while assuring them amnesty and blaming all unrest on a small number of saboteurs. Assad blamed the unrest on "conspiracies" and accused the Syrian opposition and protestors of "fitna", breaking with the Syrian Ba'ath Party's strict tradition of secularism.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In July 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Assad had "lost legitimacy" as President. On 18 August 2011, Barack Obama issued a written statement that urged Assad to "step aside".

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In August, the cartoonist Ali Farzat, a critic of Assad's government, was attacked. Relatives of the humourist told media outlets that the attackers threatened to break Farzat's bones as a warning for him to stop drawing cartoons of government officials, particularly Assad. Farzat was hospitalised with fractures in both hands and blunt force trauma to the head.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Since October 2011, Russia, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, repeatedly vetoed Western-sponsored draft resolutions in the UN Security Council that would have left open the possibility of UN sanctions, or even military intervention, against the Assad government.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: By the end of January 2012, it was reported by Reuters that over 5,000 civilians and protesters (including armed militants) had been killed by the Syrian army, security agents and militia (Shabiha), while 1,100 people had been killed by "terrorist armed forces".

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 10 January 2012, Assad gave a speech in which he maintained the uprising was engineered by foreign countries and proclaimed that "victory [was] near". He also said that the Arab League, by suspending Syria, revealed that it was no longer Arab. However, Assad also said the country would not "close doors" to an Arab-brokered solution if "national sovereignty" was respected. He also said a referendum on a new constitution could be held in March.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 15 July 2012, the International Committee of the Red Cross declared Syria to be in a state of civil war, as the nationwide death toll for all sides was reported to have neared 20,000.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 6 January 2013, Assad, in his first major speech since June, said that the conflict in his country was due to "enemies" outside of Syria who would "go to Hell" and that they would "be taught a lesson". However, he said that he was still open to a political solution saying that failed attempts at a solution "does not mean we are not interested in a political solution."

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2015, several members of the Assad family died in Latakia under unclear circumstances. On 14 March, an influential cousin of Assad and founder of the shabiha, Mohammed Toufic al-Assad, was assassinated with five bullets to the head in a dispute over influence in Qardaha—the ancestral home of the Assad family. In April 2015, Assad ordered the arrest of his cousin Munther al-Assad in Alzirah, Latakia. It remains unclear whether the arrest was due to actual crimes.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In January 2016, Putin stated that Russia was supporting Assad's forces and was ready to back anti-Assad rebels as long as they were fighting ISIL.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 22 January 2016, the "Financial Times", citing anonymous "senior western intelligence officials", claimed that Russian general Igor Sergun, the director of GRU, the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, had shortly before his sudden death on 3 January 2016 been sent to Damascus with a message from Vladimir Putin asking that President Assad step aside. The "Financial Times"' report was denied by Putin's spokesman.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: It was reported in December 2016 that Assad's forces had retaken half of rebel-held Aleppo, ending a 6-year stalemate in the city. On 15 December, as it was reported government forces were on the brink of retaking all of Aleppo—a "turning point" in the civil war, Assad celebrated the "liberation" of the city, and stated, "History is being written by every Syrian citizen."

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 30 August 2020, the First Hussein Arnous government was formed, which included a new Council of Ministers.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: A 2007 law required internet cafés to record all the comments users post on chat forums. Websites such as Arabic Wikipedia, YouTube, and Facebook were blocked intermittently between 2008 and February 2011.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2010, Syria banned face veils at universities. Following the Syrian uprising in 2011, Assad partially relaxed the veil ban.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: "Foreign Policy" magazine released an editorial on Assad's position in the wake of the 2011 protests:

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In a February 2015 interview with the BBC, Assad described accusations that the Syrian Arab Air Force used barrel bombs as "childish", stating that his forces have never used these types of "barrel" bombs and responded with a joke about not using "cooking pots" either. The BBC Middle East editor conducting the interview, Jeremy Bowen, later described Assad's statement regarding barrel bombs as "patently not true".

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Nadim Shehadi, the director of The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, stated that "In the early 1990s, Saddam Hussein was massacring his people and we were worried about the weapons inspectors," and claimed that "Assad did that too. He kept us busy with chemical weapons when he massacred his people."

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In September 2015, France began an inquiry into Assad for crimes against humanity, with French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius stating "Faced with these crimes that offend the human conscience, this bureaucracy of horror, faced with this denial of the values of humanity, it is our responsibility to act against the impunity of the killers".

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In March 2016, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs led by New Jersey Rep. Chris Smith called on the Obama administration to create a war crimes tribunal to investigate and prosecute violations "whether committed by the officials of the Government of Syria or other parties to the civil war".

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In April 2017, there was a sarin chemical attack on Khan Sheikhoun that killed more than 80 people. The attack prompted U.S. President Donald Trump to order the U.S. military to launch 59 missiles at a Syrian airbase. Several months later, a joint report from the United Nations and international chemical weapons inspectors found the attack was the work of the Assad regime.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In April 2018, an alleged chemical attack occurred in Douma, prompting the U.S. and its and allies to accuse Assad of violating international laws and initiating the 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs. Both Syria and Russia denied the involvement of the Syrian government at this time.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In an investigative report about the Tadamon Massacre, Proffesors Uğur Ümit Üngör and Annsar Shahhoud, found witnesses who attested that Assad gave orders for the Syrian Military Intelligence to direct the Shabiha to kill civilians, in what is the first known association between the regime and the militia.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq despite a long-standing animosity between the Syrian and Iraqi governments. Assad used Syria's seat in one of the rotating positions on the United Nations Security Council to try to prevent the invasion of Iraq.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: The U.S commander of the coalition forces in Iraq, George W. Casey Jr., accused Assad of providing funding, logistics, and training to insurgents in Iraq to launch attacks against U.S. and allied forces occupying Iraq. Iraqi leaders such as former national security advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie and former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have accused Assad of harbouring and supporting Iraqi militants.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: At the outset of the Arab Spring, Syrian state media focused primarily upon Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, demonising him as pro-U.S. and comparing him unfavourably with Assad. Assad told "The Wall Street Journal" in this same period that he considered himself "anti-Israel" and "anti-West", and that because of these policies he was not in danger of being overthrown.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In late-November 2016, some Arab media outlets reported Egyptian pilots arrived in mid-November to Syria to help the Syrian government in its fight against the Islamic State and Al Nusra front. This came after Sisi publicly stated he supports the Syrian military in the civil war in Syria. However, several days later, Egypt officially denied it has a military presence in Syria.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 5 March 2005, Assad announced that Syrian forces would begin its withdrawal from Lebanon in his address to the Syrian parliament. Syria completed its full withdrawal from Lebanon on 30 April 2005.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In May 2015, Lebanese politician Michel Samaha was sentenced to four-and-a-half years in jail for his role in a terrorist bomb plot that he claimed Assad was aware of.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: The United States, the European Union, the March 14 Alliance, and France accuse Assad of providing support to militant groups active against Israel and opposition political groups. The latter category would include most political parties other than Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In a speech about the 2006 Lebanon War in August 2006, Assad said that Hezbollah had "hoisted the banner of victory", hailing its actions as a "successful resistance."

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In April 2008, Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussing a peace treaty for a year. This was confirmed in May 2008, by a spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. As well as the treaty, the future of the Golan Heights was being discussed. Assad was quoted in "The Guardian" as telling the Qatari paper:

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: ... there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new U.S. president takes office. The U.S. was the only party qualified to sponsor any direct talks, [Assad] told the paper, but added that the Bush administration "does not have the vision or will for the peace process. It does not have anything."

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: According to leaked American cables, Assad called Hamas an "uninvited guest" and said "If you want me to be effective and active, I have to have a relationship with all parties. Hamas is Muslim Brotherhood, but we have to deal with the reality of their presence," comparing Hamas to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood which was crushed by his father, Hafez al-Assad. He also said Hamas would disappear if peace was brought to the Middle East.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In February 2011, Assad backed an initiative to restore ten synagogues in Syria, which had a Jewish community numbering 30,000 in 1947, but only 200 Jews by 2011.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad met with U.S. scientists and policy leaders during a science diplomacy visit in 2009, and he expressed interest in building research universities and using science and technology to promote innovation and economic growth.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: While hosting an 8 March 2015 delegation from North Korea led by North Korean Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Sin Hong Chol, Assad stated that Syria and North Korea were being "targeted" because they are "among those few countries which enjoy real independence".

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: According to Syrian opposition sources, North Korea has sent army units to fight on behalf of Assad in the Syrian civil war.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2001, Assad condemned the September 11 attacks. In 2003, Assad said in an interview with a Kuwaiti newspaper that he doubted the organization of al-Qaeda even existed. He was quoted as saying, "Is there really an entity called al-Qaeda? Was it in Afghanistan? Does it exist now?" He remarked about Osama bin Laden, commenting: "[he] cannot talk on the phone or use the Internet, but he can direct communications to the four corners of the world? This is illogical."

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In October 2014, U.S. Vice President Joe Biden stated that Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had "poured hundreds of millions of dollars and tens of thousands of tons of weapons into anyone who would fight against Al-Assad, except that the people who were being supplied were al-Nusra, and al Qaeda, and the extremist elements of jihadis coming from other parts of the world."

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: During the interview with Jeremy Bowen in February 2015, Assad noted that the sources of the extreme ideology of Islamic State (ISIS) and other al-Qaeda affiliate groups are the Wahabbism that has been supported by kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad condemned the November 2015 Paris attacks, but added that France's support for Syrian rebel groups had contributed to the spread of terrorism, and rejected sharing intelligence on terrorist threats with French authorities unless France altered its foreign policy on Syria.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: During the civil war, the Druze in Syria have primarily sought to remain neutral, "seeking to stay out of the conflict", while according to others over half support the Assad government despite its relative weakness in Druze areas. The "Sheikhs of Dignity" movement, which had sought to remain neutral and to defend Druze areas, blamed the government after its leader Sheikh Wahid al-Balous was assassinated and led to large scale protests which left six government security personnel dead.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2014, the Christian Syriac Military Council, the largest Christian organization in Syria, allied with the Free Syrian Army opposed to Assad, joining other Syrian Christian militias such as the Sutoro who had joined the Syrian opposition against the Assad government.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko has expressed confidence that Syria will eliminate the current crisis and continue under the leadership of President al-Assad "the fight against terrorism and foreign interference in its internal affairs".

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In order to promote their image and media-portrayal overseas, Bashar al-Assad and his wife Asma al-Assad hired United States- and United Kingdom-based PR firms and consultants. In particular, these secured photoshoots for Asma al-Assad with fashion and celebrity magazines, including "Vogue"s March 2011 "A Rose in the Desert". These firms included Bell Pottinger and Brown Lloyd James, with the latter being paid $5,000 a month for their services.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In October 2014, 27,000 photographs depicting torture committed by the Assad government were put on display at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lawyers were hired to write a report on the images by the British law firm Carter-Ruck, which in turn was funded by the Government of Qatar.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In November 2014, the Quilliam Foundation reported that a propaganda campaign, which they claimed had the "full backing of Assad", spread false reports about the deaths of Western-born jihadists in order to deflect attention from the government's alleged war crimes. Using a picture of a Chechen fighter from the Second Chechen War, pro-Assad media reports disseminated to Western media outlets, leading them to publish a false story regarding the death of a non-existent British jihadist.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In 2015, Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war in support of Assad, and on 21 October 2015, Assad flew to Moscow and met with Russian president Vladimir Putin, who said regarding the civil war: "this decision can be made only by the Syrian people. Syria is a friendly country. And we are ready to support it not only militarily but politically as well."

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad speaks fluent English and basic conversational French, having studied at the Franco-Arab al-Hurriyah school in Damascus.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: In December 2000, Assad married Asma Akhras, a British citizen of Syrian origin from Acton, London. In 2001, Asma gave birth to their first child, a son named Hafez after the child's grandfather Hafez al-Assad. Their daughter Zein was born in 2003, followed by their second son Karim in 2004. In January 2013, Assad stated in an interview that his wife was pregnant; however, there were no later reports of them having a fourth child.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: Assad's sister, Bushra al-Assad, and mother, Anisa Makhlouf, left Syria in 2012 and 2013, respectively, to live in the United Arab Emirates. Makhlouf died in Damascus in 2016.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Bashar al-Assad

Context: On 8 March 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Assad and his wife both tested positive for COVID-19 according to the presidential office. They were reported to be in good health with "minor symptoms". On 30 March, it was announced that both had recovered and tested negative for the disease.

Question: 2019년 시리아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge (Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's conception of gradual geological change, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire, before going to the University of Edinburgh Medical School (at the time the best medical school in the UK) with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. Darwin found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so he neglected his studies. He learned taxidermy in around 40 daily hour-long sessions from John Edmonstone, a freed black slave who had accompanied Charles Waterton in the South American rainforest.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christ's College, Cambridge, to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country parson. As Darwin was unqualified for the "Tripos", he joined the "ordinary" degree course in January 1828. He preferred riding and shooting to studying.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: During the first few months of Darwin's enrollment at Christ's College, his second cousin William Darwin Fox was still studying there. Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to entomology and influencing him to pursue beetle collecting. He did this zealously, and had some of his finds published in James Francis Stephens' "Illustrations of British entomology" (1829–32).

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile in 1835 and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel-beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising. FitzRoy began writing the official "Narrative" of the "Beagle" voyages, and after reading Darwin's diary he proposed incorporating it into the account. Darwin's "Journal" was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on geology and natural history.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In Cape Town, South Africa, Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that, if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the Falkland Islands fox were correct, "such facts undermine the stability of Species", then cautiously added "would" before "undermine". He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Without telling Darwin, extracts from his letters to Henslow had been read to scientific societies, printed as a pamphlet for private distribution among members of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and reported in magazines, including "The Athenaeum". Darwin first heard of this at Cape Town, and at Ascension Island read of Sedgwick's prediction that Darwin "will have a great name among the Naturalists of Europe".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to arrange expert classification of his collections, and prepare his own research for publication. Questions of how to combine his diary into the "Narrative" were resolved at the end of the month when FitzRoy accepted Broderip's advice to make it a separate volume, and Darwin began work on his "Journal and Remarks".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a "wren" was in the finch group. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands. The two rheas were distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: The strain took a toll, by June he was being laid up for days on end with stomach problems, headaches and heart symptoms. For the rest of his life, he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and other symptoms, particularly during times of stress, such as attending meetings or making social visits. The cause of Darwin's illness remained unknown, and attempts at treatment had only ephemeral success.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: On 23 June, he took a break and went "geologising" in Scotland. He visited Glen Roy in glorious weather to see the parallel "roads" cut into the hillsides at three heights. He later published his view that these were marine raised beaches, but then had to accept that they were shorelines of a proglacial lake.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding, and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected", thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory". He later called his theory natural selection, an analogy with what he termed the "artificial selection" of selective breeding.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: On 29 January, Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection "by which to work", as his "prime hobby". His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals, finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory. For fifteen years this work was in the background to his main occupation of writing on geology and publishing expert reports on the "Beagle" collections, in particular, the barnacles.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: FitzRoy's long delayed "Narrative" was published in May 1839. Darwin's "Journal and Remarks" got good reviews as the third volume, and on 15 August it was published on its own. Early in 1842, Darwin wrote about his ideas to Charles Lyell, who noted that his ally "denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: By July, Darwin had expanded his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely. In November, the anonymously published sensational best-seller "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" brought wide interest in transmutation. Darwin scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but carefully reviewed his own arguments. Controversy erupted, and it continued to sell well despite contemptuous dismissal by scientists.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In an attempt to improve his chronic ill health, Darwin went in 1849 to Dr. James Gully's Malvern spa and was surprised to find some benefit from hydrotherapy. Then, in 1851, his treasured daughter Annie fell ill, reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary, and after a long series of crises she died.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Though Darwin saw no threat, on 14 May 1856 he began writing a short paper. Finding answers to difficult questions held him up repeatedly, and he expanded his plans to a "big book on species" titled "Natural Selection", which was to include his "note on Man". He continued his researches, obtaining information and specimens from naturalists worldwide including Wallace who was working in Borneo.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: The last word was the only variant of "evolved" in the first five editions of the book. "Evolutionism" at that time was associated with other concepts, most commonly with embryological development. Darwin first used the word evolution in "The Descent of Man" in 1871, before adding it in 1872 to the 6th edition of "The Origin of Species".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: The first review asked, "If a monkey has become a man–what may not a man become?" It said this should be left to theologians as being too dangerous for ordinary readers. Amongst early favourable responses, Huxley's reviews swiped at Richard Owen, leader of the scientific establishment Huxley was trying to overthrow.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In April, Owen's review attacked Darwin's friends and condescendingly dismissed his ideas, angering Darwin, but Owen and others began to promote ideas of supernaturally guided evolution. Patrick Matthew drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species, but he had not developed the idea.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published "On the Origin of Species" as an abstract of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant studies.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin's book "The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication" (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called "angina pectoris" which then meant coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure", there has since been speculation about the causes of long-term problems with the health of Charles Darwin.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: He died at Down House on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma "I am not the least afraid of death—Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me". While she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis "It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at Downe, but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton. The funeral, held on Wednesday 26 April, was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: As Alfred Russel Wallace put it, Darwin had "wrought a greater revolution in human thought within a quarter of a century than any man of our time – or perhaps any time", having "given us a new conception of the world of life, and a theory which is itself a powerful instrument of research; has shown us how to combine into one consistent whole the facts accumulated by all the separate classes of workers, and has thereby revolutionised the whole study of nature".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Most scientists were now convinced of evolution as descent with modification, though few agreed with Darwin that natural selection "has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: During "the eclipse of Darwinism" scientists explored alternative mechanisms, then Ronald Fisher incorporated Mendelian genetics in "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection", leading to population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis which continues to develop. Scientific discoveries have confirmed and validated Darwin's key insights.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Geographical features were given his name, both during the "Beagle" voyage (notably Darwin Sound and Mount Darwin) and after it. Darwin Harbour, named by his former shipmates, became the location of Darwin, the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin's name was given, formally or informally, to numerous plants and animals. He had collected many of them on the voyage. Some names were given later, for example, tanagers found in the Galápagos Islands became popularly known as "Darwin's finches" in 1947.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin's children, now eminent, preserved his memory. In 1887 Francis Darwin published "Life and Letters" with his own reminiscences of his father, an autobiography Darwin had written for his family (edited to spare the sensitivities of Darwin's widow Emma), and correspondence. More volumes of correspondence followed.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: The Shrewsbury School building, which Darwin attended as a boy, became the Free Library. A seated statue of Darwin was installed outside it, and unveiled in 1897.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: The Linnean Society of London began awards of the Darwin–Wallace Medalin 1908, to mark fifty years from the joint reading on 1 July 1858 of papers by Darwin and Wallace publishing their theory. Further awards were made in 1958 and 2008, since 2010 the medal awards have been annual.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In June 1909, more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in Cambridge to commemorate Darwin's centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of "On the Origin of Species".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin College, a postgraduate college at Cambridge University founded in 1964, is named after the Darwin family. From 2000 to 2017, UK £10 banknotes issued by the Bank of England featured Darwin's portrait printed on the reverse, along with a hummingbird and HMS "Beagle".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In 2009 worldwide events were arranged for the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of "On the Origin of Species", and subsequently Darwin Day became an annual celebration. Marking his bicentenary, a statue of Darwin as a young man was placed in a courtyard of his alma mater, Christ's College, Cambridge.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and Annie's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children. Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from inbreeding due to the close family ties he shared with his wife and cousin, Emma Wedgwood.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: He examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of outcrossing in many species. Despite his fears, most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Of his surviving children, George, Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society, distinguished as astronomer, botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted. Another son, Leonard, went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: By his return, he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid. In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species, he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma, whose beliefs similarly came from intensive study and questioning.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: The "Lady Hope Story", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. He grew up in a family of Whig reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported electoral reform and the emancipation of slaves. Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: He thought men's eminence over women was the outcome of sexual selection, a view disputed by Antoinette Brown Blackwell in her 1875 book "The Sexes Throughout Nature".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics. Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer's 1851 book "Social Statics" based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: . Darwin was eminent as a naturalist, geologist, biologist, and author. After a summer as a physician's assistant (helping his father) and two years as a medical student, he went to Cambridge for the ordinary degree to qualify as a clergyman; he was also trained in taxidermy.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: . Robert FitzRoy was to become known after the voyage for biblical literalism, but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyell's ideas, and they met before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America. FitzRoy's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in Patagonia recorded his opinion that the plains were raised beaches, but on return, newly married to a very religious lady, he recanted these ideas.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In "On the Origin of Species" Darwin mentioned human origins in his concluding remark that "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In "Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory" he referred to sexual selection: "I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man, which are so strongly marked; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences, chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind, but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous."

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: . See, for example, the song "A lady fair of lineage high" from Gilbert and Sullivan's "Princess Ida", which describes the descent of man (but not woman!) from apes.

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: In the "Descent of Man", he mentioned the similarity of Fuegians' and Edmonstone's minds to Europeans' when arguing against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species".

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


Charles Darwin

Context: He rejected the ill-treatment of native people, and for example wrote of massacres of Patagonian men, women, and children, "Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just war, because it is against barbarians. Who would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized country?"

Question: 찰스 다윈은 언제 출생했나요?


FIFA World Cup

Context: The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the "" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia.

Question: 프랑스는 몇 번의 월드컵을 개최하였는가?


FIFA World Cup

Context: The current format involves a qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament phase, 32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over about a month.

Question: 프랑스는 몇 번의 월드컵을 개최하였는가?


FIFA World Cup

Context: As of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, twenty-one final tournaments have been held and a total of 79 national teams have competed. The trophy has been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, France, and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain, with one title each.

Question: 프랑스는 몇 번의 월드컵을 개최하였는가?


FIFA World Cup

Context: The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world, as well as the most widely viewed and followed single sporting event in the world. The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match, a ninth of the entire population of the planet.

Question: 프랑스는 몇 번의 월드컵을 개최하였는가?


FIFA World Cup

Context: After FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure.

Question: 프랑스는 몇 번의 월드컵을 개최하였는가?


FIFA World Cup

Context: At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official competition. Planned by The Football Association (FA), England's football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team) won the gold medals. They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

Question: 프랑스는 몇 번의 월드컵을 개최하였는가?


FIFA World Cup

Context: In 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a "world football championship for amateurs", and took responsibility for managing the event. This paved the way for the world's first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, contested by Egypt and 13 European teams, and won by Belgium. Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928. Those were also the first two open world championships, as 1924 was the start of FIFA's professional era.

Question: 프랑스는 몇 번의 월드컵을 개최하였는가?


FIFA World Cup

Context: Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments, FIFA, with President Jules Rimet as the driving force, again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics. On 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself. With Uruguay now two-time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930, FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament.

Question: 프랑스는 몇 번의 월드컵을 개최하였는가?