Pan-Africanism

Context: The Pan-African Congress series of meetings followed the first Pan-African Conference in 1900 in London. A meeting of the Congress in 1919 in Paris (1st Pan-African Congress), 1921 in London (2nd Pan-African Congress), 1923 in London (3rd Pan-African Congress), 1927 in New York City (4th Pan-African Congress), and 1945 in Manchester (5th Pan-African Congress) advanced the issue of decolonisation in Africa.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: The Fifth Pan-African Congress was a significant gathering, which brought together anti-colonial activists from the African continent and the Diaspora. Women such as Amy Ashwood Garvey and Amy Jacques Garvey helped to organise the Congress meeting and played a crucial role in the conferences.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Nkrumah's pan-African principles intended for a union between the Independent African states upon a recognition of their commonality (i.e. suppression under imperialism). Pan-Africanism under Nkrumah evolved past the assumptions of a racially exclusive movement associated with black Africa, and adopted a political discourse of regional unity

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: In the years following 1958, Accra Conference also marked the establishment of a new foreign policy of non-alignment between the US and USSR, and the will to establish an "African Identity" in global affairs by advocating unity between the African States on international relations. "This would be based on the Bandung Declaration, the Charter of the UN and on loyalty to UN decisions."

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: In 1959, Nkrumah, President Sékou Touré of Guinea and President William Tubman of Liberia met at Sanniquellie and signed the Sanniquellie Declaration outlining the principles for the achievement of the unity of Independent African States whilst maintaining a national identity and autonomous constitutional structure. The Declaration called for a revised understanding of Pan-Africanism and the uniting of the Independent States.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: In 1962, Algeria gained independence from French colonial rule and Ahmed Ben Bella assumed Presidency. Ben Bella was a strong advocate for Pan-Africanism and an African Unity. Following the FLN's armed struggle for liberation, Ben Bella spoke at the UN and espoused for Independent Africa's role in providing military and financial support to the African liberation movements opposing apartheid and fighting Portuguese colonialism.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: After the death of Kwame Nkrumah in 1972, Muammar Gaddafi assumed the mantle of leader of the Pan-Africanist movement and became the most outspoken advocate of African Unity, like Nkrumah before him – for the advent of a "United States of Africa".

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: In the United States, the term is closely associated with Afrocentrism, an ideology of African-American identity politics that emerged during the civil rights movement of the 1960s to 1970s.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Pan-Africanism has seen the contribution of numerous female African activists throughout its lifespan despite the systemic lack of attention paid to them by scholars and male pan-Africanist alike.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Amy Jacques Garvey who founded the international newspaper The Negro World, was heavily involved in other Pan-Africanism organisations, such as the anti-colonial and anti-imperialist international African service Bureau. She also helped organise the Fifth Pan-African Congress. Amy Jacques Garvey used her platform to spread Pan-Africanism globally and used her position as editor for the Negro World to write a column dedicated to black women called ‘Our Women and what they think.’

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Claudia Jones was another pan-Africanist. In order to fight against racism towards black people in Britain, Jones set up the West Indian Gazette, which sought to cover topics such as the realities of South African apartheid and decolonisation. Notable male Pan-Africanists, such as Kwame Nkrumah, were influenced by Jones as she incorporated Marxist- Leninist philosophy into Pan-Africanism.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: In the Caribbean, Peggy Antrobus lobbied policymakers to highlight that Caribbean women were the poorest in the Caribbean and that UNICEF was the first international organization to draw attention to the negative impact of structural adjustment on the poor, particularly women.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: As originally conceived by Henry Sylvester Williams (although some historians credit the idea to Edward Wilmot Blyden), pan-Africanism referred to the unity of all continental Africa.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: During apartheid South Africa there was a Pan Africanist Congress led by Robert Sobukwe that dealt with the oppression of Africans in South Africa under Apartheid rule. Other pan-Africanist organisations include: Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, TransAfrica and the International People's Democratic Uhuru Movement.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Additionally, pan-Africanism is seen as an endeavour to return to what is deemed by its proponents as singular, traditional African concepts about culture, society, and values. Examples of this include Léopold Sédar Senghor's "Négritude" movement, and Mobutu Sese Seko's view of "Authenticité".

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: An important theme running through much pan-Africanist literature concerns the historical links between different countries on the continent and the benefits of cooperation as a way of resisting imperialism and colonialism.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: The UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) flag, is a tri-color flag consisting of three equal horizontal bands of (from top-down) red, black and green. The UNIA formally adopted it on August 13, 1920, during its month-long convention at Madison Square Garden in New York.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Variations of the flag have been used in various countries and territories in Africa and the Americas to represent Black Nationalist ideologies. Among these are the flags of Malawi, Kenya, South Sudan and Saint Kitts and Nevis. Several pan-African organizations and movements have also often employed the emblematic red, black and green tri-color scheme in variety of contexts.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Pan-Africanism has been accused of being a movement of the African educated bourgeoisie elite which doesn't concern the interests of ordinary Africans. Kenyan left-wing journalist Philip Ochieng wrote in 1971,

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Kwame Nkrumah was viewed with suspicion by many of his contemporaries, who regarded him as a "megalomaniac whose only real ambition is to rule the entire African continent". Most newly independent African countries opposed Nkrumah's desires for a politically unified Africa because they viewed it as a threat to their national sovereignty. Ivorian president Félix Houphouët-Boigny was a staunch opponent of Nkrumah, and the two came into conflict with each other.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Liberal supporters abandoned the CAA, and the federal government cracked down on its operations. In 1953 the CAA was charged with subversion under the McCarran Internal Security Act. Its principal leaders, including Robeson, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Alphaeus Hunton (1903–70), were subjected to harassment, indictments, and in the case of Hunton, imprisonment. Under the weight of internal disputes, government repression, and financial hardships, the Council on African Affairs disbanded in 1955.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Maafa is an aspect of pan-African studies. The term collectively refers to 500 years of suffering (including the present) of people of African heritage through slavery, imperialism, colonialism, and other forms of oppression. In this area of study, both the actual history and the legacy of that history are studied as a single discourse. The emphasis in the historical narrative is on African agents, as opposed to non-African agents.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Afrocentric pan-Africanism is espoused by Kwabena Faheem Ashanti in his book "The Psychotechnology of Brainwashing: Crucifying Willie Lynch". Another newer movement that has evolved from the early Afrocentric school is the Afrisecal movement or Afrisecaism of Francis Ohanyido, a Nigerian philosopher-poet. Black nationalism is sometimes associated with this form of Pan-Africanism.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Kawaida, a Swahili word meaning "usually", is a pan-Africanist nationalist and academic movement that was created during the height of the Black Power movement by Africana professor, author, and activist Maulana Karenga. The philosophy encourages the reclamation of traditional African thought with the belief it will empower Afro-descendants to sustain their fight against racism and other fundamental issues.

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Pan-Africanism

Context: Since the late 1970s, hip hop has emerged as a powerful force that has partly shaped black identity worldwide. In his 2005 article "Hip-hop Turns 30: Whatcha Celebratin' For?", Greg Tate describes hip-hop culture as the product of a pan-African state of mind. It is an "ethnic enclave/empowerment zone that has served as a foothold for the poorest among us to get a grip on the land of the prosperous".

Question: Mitä panafrikkalaisuus tarkoittaa?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv (, ), also known as Kharkov (, ), is the second-largest city and municipality in Ukraine. Located in the northeast of the country, it is the largest city of the historic Slobozhanshchyna region. Kharkiv is the administrative centre of Kharkiv Oblast and of the surrounding Kharkiv Raion. The latest population is

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with numerous museums, theatres and libraries, including the Annunciation and Dormition Cathedrals, the Derzhprom building in Freedom Square, and the National University of Kharkiv. Kharkiv was a host city for UEFA Euro 2012.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Industry plays a significant role in Kharkiv's economy, specialized primarily in machinery and electronics. There are hundreds of industrial facilities throughout the city, including the Morozov Design Bureau and the Malyshev Tank Factory (leaders in world tank production from the 1930s to the 1980s); Khartron (aerospace, nuclear power plants and automation electronics); Turboatom (turbines for hydro-, thermal- and nuclear-power plants); and Antonov (the multipurpose aircraft manufacturing plant).

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv was a major target of the Northeastern Ukraine offensive in Russia's invasion of Ukraine that began in February 2022. During the Battle of Kharkiv, the city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Cultural artifacts date back to the Bronze Age, as well as those of later Scythian and Sarmatian settlers. The site was part of the Chernyakhov culture during the 2nd to the 6th centuries. The Khazar fortress of "Verkhneye Saltovo" (8th to 10th centuries) was about east of the modern city, near Staryi Saltiv. During the 12th century, it was part of the territory of the Cumans.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The fortress was founded by re-settlers fleeing the war that engulfed Right-bank Ukraine in 1654 (see Khmelnytsky Uprising). Before that the region was a sparsely populated and part of the Cossack Hetmanate. The group of people came onto the banks of Lopan and Kharkiv rivers where an abandoned settlement stood. According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers was otaman Ivan Kryvoshlyk.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The fortress was named for the Kharkiv River. There is a folk etymology that connects the name of both the city and the river to a legendary cossack founder named "Kharko" (a diminutive form of the name Chariton, , or Zechariah, ).

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: J. B. Rudnyckyj in the 1950s established that the river name is attested earlier than the foundation of the fortress, in the late 16th century.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: At first the settlement was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a voivode from Chuhuiv to the east. The first appointed voivode from Moscow was Voyin Selifontov in 1656, who began to build a local ostrog (fort). At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were local cossacks, while Selifontov brought with him a Moscow garrison of another 70 soldiers.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: In 1689 the fortress was expanded to include the Intercession Cathedral and Monastery, which became a seat of a local church hierarch, the Protopope. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv in Kolomak, Ivan Mazepa was announced the Hetman of Ukraine. Kharkiv leading educational institution, the Collegium, was located next to the Intercession Cathedral. It was transferred from Bilhorod to Kharkiv in 1726.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Alexander Mikolajewicz Mickiewicz, brother of Adam Mickiewicz was a professor of law in the university, another celebrity Goethe searched for instructors for the school. In 1906 Ivan Franko received a doctorate in Russian linguistics here.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture. In 1812, the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. One of the first Prosvitas in Eastern Ukraine was also established in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by the lawyer Mykola Mikhnovsky in 1900.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: In January 1915 the Kharkiv Bolshevik organization was accounted of no more than 10 people. The Bolshevik organization in Kharkiv was revived after arrival of Aleksei Medvedev, Nikolay Lyakhin (Petrograd Bolsheviks) and Maksimov and Maria Skobeeva (Moscow Bolsheviks). Following the Russian defeat during Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive and start of the Great Retreat, to Kharkiv from Riga was evacuated a plant of the Public Company of Electricity () with 4,000 workers.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: When the Tsentralna Rada announced the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic in November 1917 it envisioned the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate to be part of it. In December 1917 Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine occupied by the Soviet troops of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko. The Bolsheviks in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13 December 1917. By February 1918 Bolshevik forces had captured much of Ukraine.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Prior to the formation of the Soviet Union, Bolsheviks established Kharkiv as the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition to the Ukrainian People's Republic with its capital of Kyiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: According to linguist George Shevelov, in the early 1920s the share of secondary schools teaching in the Ukrainian language was lower than the share of the Kharkiv Oblasts ethnic Ukrainian population, even though the Soviet Union had ordered that all schools in the Ukrainian SSR should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of its Ukrainization policy).

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: As the country's capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration. Derzhprom was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in the Soviet Union at the time with a height of . In the 1920s, a wooden radio tower was built on top of the building. The Roentgen Institute was established in 1931. During the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural constructivism.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: One of the best representatives of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the October Revolution. The same year on 7 November 1932, the building of Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: In 1928, the SVU (Union for the Freedom of Ukraine) process was initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia) building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: In the early 1930s, the Holodomor famine drove many people off the land into the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the city.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: In 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938. Blind Ukrainian street musicians Kobzars were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered by the NKVD.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: During April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish prisoners of Starobelsk camp were executed in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in Pyatykhatky forest (part of the Katyn massacre) on the outskirts of Kharkiv. The site also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested and shot in the 1937–38 Stalinist purges.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: During World War II, Kharkiv was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured by Nazi Germany on 24 October 1941. There was a disastrous Red Army offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February 1943. It was captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943. It was then finally retaken on 23 August 1943.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years preceding World War II, Kyiv was by population the smaller of the two.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv's Jewish community prided itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 15,000 Jews were killed and buried in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named Drobytsky Yar.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Before the occupation, Kharkiv's tank industries were evacuated to the Urals with all their equipment, and became the heart of Red Army's tank programs (particularly, producing the T-34 tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continued to produce tanks.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Of the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II, 120,000 became Ost-Arbeiter (slave worker) in Germany, 30,000 were executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: In the post-World War II period, many of the destroyed homes and factories were rebuilt. The city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of Stalinist Classicism.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: From 1961 to 1975, the Kharkov Highest Artillery School of Engineering existed for the RVSN (Strategic Rocket Forces).

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: An airport was built in 1954. Following the war, Kharkiv was the third largest scientific and industrial centre in the former USSR (after Moscow and Leningrad).

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: A well-known landmark of Kharkiv is the Freedom Square ("Ploshcha Svobody" formerly known as "Dzerzhinsky Square"), which is the ninth largest city square in Europe, and the 28th largest square in the world.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There is an underground rapid-transit system (metro) with about of track and 30 stations. The newest underground station, Peremoha, was opened on 19 August 2016. All the underground stations have very distinctive architecture.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv was a host city for UEFA Euro 2012, and hosted three group soccer matches at the reconstructed Metalist Stadium.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Many orthodox churches were built in Kharkiv in the 1990s and 2000s. For example, Church of Myrrh-bearing Women, Church of St. Vladimir, Church of St. Tamara, etc.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: In 2007, the city's Vietnamese minority built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with a monument to Ho Chi Minh.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Gorky Park was fully renovated in the 2000s, having a big number of modern attractions, a lake with lilies and sport facilities to play tennis, football, beach volleyball, and basketball.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Euromaidan protests in the winter of 2013–2014 against then president Viktor Yanukovych consisted of daily gatherings of about 200 protestors near the statue of Taras Shevchenko end were predominantly peaceful. Pro-Yanukovych demonstrations, held near the statue of Lenin, were similarly small.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring Donbass, where tensions led to armed conflict. On 2 March 2014, a Russian "tourist" from Moscow replaced the Ukrainian flag with a Russian flag on the Kharkiv regional state administration building. On 6 April 2014 pro-Russian protestors occupied the building and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the "Kharkov People's Republic".

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The uprising was quelled in less than two days due to rapid reaction of the Ukrainian security forces under then Ukrainian Interior Minister Arsen Avakov and Stepan Poltorak the then acting commander of the Ukrainian Internal Forces. A special forces unit from Vinnytsia was sent to the city to crush the separatists. Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: On 13 April, some pro-Russian protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration building. Later on 13 April, the building permanently returned to full Ukrainian control. Violent clashes resulted in the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian protesters.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The mayor of the city, Hennadiy Kernes, who supported the Orange Revolution but later joined the Party of Regions, decided to side with the Ukrainian government.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv returned to relative calm by 30 April. Relatively peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with "pro-Russian" rallies gradually diminishing and "pro-Ukrainian unity" demonstrations growing in numbers. On 28 September, activists dismantled Ukraine's largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian rally in the central square. Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv for joining Russia.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: From early November until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and a National Guard base. According to SBU investigator Vasyliy Vovk, Russian covert forces were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: On 8 January 2015 five men wearing balaclavas broke into an office of Station Kharkiv, a volunteer group aiding refugees from Donbass. Simultaneously with physical threats the men demanded to hear the political position of Station Kharkiv. After having been given an answer, the men apologized and left.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: On Sunday 22 February 2015, an improvised explosive device in 2015 killed four people and wounded nine during a march commemorating the Euromaidan victims. The authorities launched an 'anti-terrorist operation'. Kharkiv has experienced more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a Ukrainian flag in the city centre.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: On 23 September 2015, 200 people in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor Mykhailo Dobkin, and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The rioters asked the mayor, Hennadiy Kernes, to come out.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Until 18 July 2020, Kharkiv was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Kharkiv Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven, the city of Kharkiv was merged into Kharkiv Raion.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv's Mayor for ten years, Hennadiy Kernes, died on 17 December 2020 in Berlin of COVID-19. Ihor Terekhov of Kernes's party Kernes Bloc — Successful Kharkiv succeeded him in November 2021.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Kharkiv was the site of heavy fighting between the Ukrainian and Russian forces. On 27 February, the governor of Kharkiv Oblast Oleh Synyehubov claimed that Russian troops were repelled from Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: According to a 28 February 2022, report from Agroportal24h, the Kharkiv Tractor Plant (KhTZ), in the south east of the city, was destroyed and “engulfed in fire” by “massive shelling” from Russian forces. There is video purporting to record explosions and fire at the plant on 25 and 27 February 2022.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: On 4 March 2022, Human Rights Watch reported that on the fourth day of the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, 28 February 2022, Federation forces used cluster munitions in the KhTZ district, the Moskovskyi district and Shevchenkivskyi district of the city. The rights group—which noted the "inherently indiscriminate nature of cluster munitions and their foreseeable effects on civilians"—based its assessment on interviews and an analysis of 40 videos and photographs.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The battle for the city has been described as one of the deadliest battles in the invasion, with a Ukrainian presidential advisor describing it as the "Stalingrad of the 21st century."

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv is located at the banks of the Kharkiv, Lopan, and Udy rivers, where they flow into the Seversky Donets watershed in the north-eastern region of Ukraine.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Historically, Kharkiv lies in the Sloboda Ukraine region ("Slobozhanshchyna" also known as "Slobidshchyna") in Ukraine, in which it is considered to be the main city.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The approximate dimensions of city of Kharkiv are: from the North to the South — 24.3 km; from the West to the East — 25.2 km.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Based on Kharkiv's topography, the city can be conditionally divided into four lower districts and four higher districts.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The highest point above sea level in Pyatikhatky in Kharkiv is 202m, the lowest point above sea level in Novoselivka in Kharkiv is 94m.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv lies in the large valley of rivers of Kharkiv, Lopan', Udy, and Nemyshlya. This valley lies from the North West to the South East between the Mid Russian highland and Donetsk lowland. All the rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of Northern Donets. A special system of concrete and metal dams was designed and built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv has a large number of green city parks with a long history of more than 100 years with very old oak trees and many flowers. Gorky park, or Maxim Gorky Central Park for Culture and Recreation, is Kharkiv's largest public garden. The park has nine areas: children, extreme sports, family entertainment, a medieval area, entertainment center, French park, cable car, sports grounds, retro park.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification "Dfa"/"Dfb") with long, cold, snowy winters and warm to hot summers.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Mayor of Kharkiv and the City Council govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative powers as far as the government issues are concerned.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The City Council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues in Kharkiv. The representatives to the City Council are elected every four years.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: While Kharkiv is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv Oblast (province), the city affairs are managed by the Kharkiv Municipality. Kharkiv is a city of oblast subordinance.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts), till February 2016 they were named for people, places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with decommunization laws. Also, owing to this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November 2015.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There are many old and new religious buildings, associated with various denominations in Kharkiv. The St. Assumption Orthodox Cathedral was built in Kharkiv in the 1680s and re-built in 1820s-1830s. The St. Trinity Orthodox Church was built in Kharkiv in 1758–1764 and re-built in 1857–1861. The St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral, one of the tallest Orthodox churches in the world, was completed in Kharkiv on 2 October 1888.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Recently built churches include the St. Valentine Orthodox Church and the St. Tamara Orthodox Church.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv's Jewish population is estimated to be around 8,000 people. It is served by the old Kharkiv Choral Synagogue, which was fully renovated in Kharkiv in 1991–2016.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The 2016–2020 economic development strategy: "Kharkiv Success Strategy", is created in Kharkiv. Kharkiv has a diversified service economy, with employment spread across a wide range of professional services, including financial services, manufacturing, tourism, and high technology.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The International Economic Forum: Innovations. Investments. Kharkiv Innitiatives! is being conducted in Kharkiv every year.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The international industrial exhibitions are usually conducted at the Radmir Expohall exhibition center in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: During the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial production in Ukraine and a large centre of industry and commerce in the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s, the industry started to recover and adapt to market economy needs. The enterprises form machine-building, electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: State-owned industrial giants, such as Turboatom and Elektrotyazhmash occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g., turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the Antonov aircraft manufacturing plant. The Malyshev factory produces not only armoured fighting vehicles, but also harvesters. Khartron is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine and the former CIS.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: As of April 2018, there were 25,000 specialists in IT industry of the Kharkiv region, 76% of them were related to computer programming. Thus, Kharkiv accounts for 14% of all IT specialists in Ukraine and makes the second largest IT location in the country, right after the capital Kyiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Also, the number of active IT companies in the region to be 445, five of them employing more than 601 people. Besides, there are 22 large companies with the workers' number ranging from 201 to 600. More than half of IT-companies located in the Kharkiv region fall into "extra small" category with less than 20 persons engaged. The list is compiled with 43 medium (81-200 employers) and 105 small companies (21-80).

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Due to the comparably narrow market for IT services in Ukraine, the majority of Kharkiv companies are export-oriented with more than 95% of total sales generated overseas in 2017. Overall, the estimated revenue of Kharkiv IT companies will more than double from $800 million in 2018 to $1.85 billion by 2025. The major markets are North America (65%) and Europe (25%).

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv is also the headquarters of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, UkrSibbank, which has been part of the BNP Paribas group since December 2005.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University is the most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the efforts by Vasily Karazin in Kharkiv in 1804–1805. On , the Decree on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Roentgen Institute opened in 1931. It was a specialist cancer treatment facility with 87 research workers, 20 professors, and specialist medical staff. The facilities included chemical, physiology, and bacteriology experimental treatment laboratories. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: More than 17,000 faculty and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: A number of world-renowned scientific schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the theoretical physics school and the mathematical school.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There is the Kharkiv Scientists House in the city, which was built by A. N. Beketov, architect in Kharkiv in 1900. All the scientists like to meet and discuss various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There is the educational "Landau Center", which is named after Prof. L.D. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv is one of the main cultural centres in Ukraine. It is home to 20 museums, over 10 theatres and a number of art galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every year.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after N. V. Lysenko is the biggest theatre in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv Ukrainian Drama Theatre named after T. G. Shevchenko is popular among Ukrainian speaking people

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Kharkiv Academic Russian Drama Theatre named after A.S. Pushkin was recently renovated, and it is quite popular among locals.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Kharkiv Theatre of the Young Spectator (now the Theatre for Children and Youth) is one of the oldest theatres for children.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Kharkiv Puppet Theatre (The Kharkiv State Academic Puppet Theatre named after VA Afanasyev) is the first puppet theatre in the territory of Kharkiv. It was created in 1935.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Today, Kharkiv is often referred to as the "capital city" of Ukrainian science fiction and fantasy. It is home to a number of popular writers, such as H. L. Oldie, Alexander Zorich, Andrey Dashkov, Yuri Nikitin and Andrey Valentinov; most of them write in Russian and are popular in both Russia and Ukraine. The annual science fiction convention "Star Bridge" (Звёздный мост) has been held in Kharkiv since 1999.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There is the Kharkiv Philharmonic Society in the city. The leading group active in the Philharmonic is the Academic Symphony Orchestra. It has 100 musicians of a high professional level, many of whom are prize-winners in international and national competitions.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There is the Organ Music Hall in the city. The Organ Music Hall is situated at the Assumption Cathedral presently. The Rieger–Kloss organ was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. The new Organ Music Hall will be opened at the extensively renovated building of Kharkiv Philharmonic Society in Kharkiv in November 2016.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv sponsors the prestigious Hnat Khotkevych International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments, which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture two days before its opening.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: From 1907 to 2008, at least 86 feature films were shot in the city's territory and its region. The most famous is "Fragment of an Empire" (1929). Arriving in Leningrad, the main character, in addition to the usual pre-revolutionary buildings, sees the Gosprom - a symbol of a new era.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Kharkiv Lilacs international film festival is very popular among movie stars, makers and producers in Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There is a special alley with metal hand prints by popular movies actors at Shevchenko park in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv has been a home for many famous painters, including Ilya Repin, Zinaida Serebryakova, Henryk Siemiradzki, and Vasyl Yermilov. There are many modern arts galleries in the city: the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, the Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery among others.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Of the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: Dormition Cathedral, Annunciation Cathedral, Derzhprom building, Freedom Square, Taras Shevchenko Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, Choral Synagogue, T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children's narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: After the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea the monument to Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny in Sevastopol was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv contains numerous parks and gardens such as the Gor'ky park, Shevchenko park, Hydro park, Strelka park, Sarzhyn Yar and Feldman ecopark. The Gor'ky park is a common place for recreation activities among visitors and local people. The Shevchenko park is situated in close proximity to the V.N. Karazin National University. It is also a common place for recreation activities among the students, professors, locals and foreigners.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Ecopark is situated at circle highway around Kharkiv. It attracts kids, parents, students, professors, locals and foreigners to undertake recreation activities. Sarzhyn Yar is a natural ravine three minutes walk from "Botanichniy Sad" station. It is an old girder that now - is a modern park zone more than 12 km length. There is also a mineral water source with cupel and a sporting court.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There are a large number of broadcast and internet TV channels, AM/FM/PM/internet radio-stations, and paper/internet newspapers in Kharkiv. Some are listed below.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The city of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centres in Ukraine, which is connected to numerous other cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city. Kharkiv is one out of four Ukrainian cities with a subway system.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Being an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. Kharkiv's Metro is the city's rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes three different lines with 30 stations in total. The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers annually. Trolleybuses, trams (which celebrated its 100-year anniversary of service in 2006), and "marshrutkas" (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869, traffic was opened on the Kursk–Kharkiv–Azov line. Kharkiv's passenger railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed in the Second World War. A new Kharkiv railway station was built in 1952.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine and abroad by regular railway services. Regional trains known as elektrichkas connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv is served by Kharkiv International Airport. Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv Airport — Aeromost-Kharkiv — is not serving any regular destinations . The Kharkiv North Airport is a factory airfield and was a major production facility for Antonov aircraft company.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The Kharkiv International Marathon is considered as a prime international sportive event, attracting many thousands of professional sportsmen, young people, students, professors, locals and tourists to travel to Kharkiv and to participate in the international event.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: The most popular sport is football. The city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian national competitions. The most successful is "FC Dynamo Kharkiv" that won eight national titles back in the 1920s–1930s.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There is also a female football club WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv, which represented Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender for the national title.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Kharkiv also had some ice hockey clubs, MHC Dynamo Kharkiv, Vityaz Kharkiv, Yunost Kharkiv, HC Kharkiv, who competed in the Ukrainian Hockey Championship.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There are a men's volleyball teams, Lokomotyv Kharkiv and Yurydychna Akademіya Kharkiv, which performed in Ukraine and in European competitions.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Tennis is also a popular sport in Kharkiv. There are many professional tennis courts in the city. Elina Svitolina is a tennis player from Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: Horseriding as a sport is also popular among locals. There are large stables and horse riding facilities at Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Kharkiv

Context: There is a growing interest in cycling among locals. There is a large bicycles producer, Kharkiv Bicycle Plant within the city. Presently, the modern bicycle highway is under construction at the "Leso park" (Лісопарк) district in Kharkiv.

Question: Mikä on Harkovan väestöntiheys?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Strabo refers to the Carretanians as people "of the Iberian stock" living in the Pyrenees, who are distinct from either Celts or Celtiberians.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: In Greek and Roman antiquity, the name "Hesperia" was used for both the Italian and Iberian Peninsula; in the latter case "Hesperia Ultima" (referring to its position in the far west) appears as form of disambiguation from the former among Roman writers.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Whatever languages may generally have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for that of the Vascones, which was preserved as a language isolate by the barrier of the Pyrenees.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The modern phrase "Iberian Peninsula" was coined by the French geographer Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent on his 1823 work "Guide du Voyageur en Espagne". Prior to that date, geographers had used the terms 'Spanish Peninsula' or 'Pyrenaean Peninsula'.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited by members of the "Homo" genus for at least 1.2 million years as remains found in the sites in the Atapuerca Mountains demonstrate. Among these sites is the cave of Gran Dolina, where six hominin skeletons, dated between 780,000 and one million years ago, were found in 1994. Experts have debated whether these skeletons belong to the species "Homo erectus", "Homo heidelbergensis", or a new species called "Homo antecessor".

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: About 40,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans entered the Iberian Peninsula from Southern France. Haplogroup R1b is common in modern Portuguese and Spanish males. On the Iberian Peninsula, modern humans developed a series of different cultures, such as the Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures, some of them characterized by the complex forms of the art of the Upper Paleolithic.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: During the Neolithic expansion, various megalithic cultures developed in the Iberian Peninsula. An open seas navigation culture from the east Mediterranean, called the Cardium culture, also extended its influence to the eastern coasts of the peninsula, possibly as early as the 5th millennium BC. These people may have had some relation to the subsequent development of the Iberian civilization.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: In the Chalcolithic ( 3000 BC), a series of complex cultures developed that would give rise to the peninsula's first civilizations and to extensive exchange networks reaching to the Baltic, Middle East and North Africa. Around 2800 – 2700 BC, the Beaker culture, which produced the "Maritime Bell Beaker", probably originated in the vibrant copper-using communities of the Tagus estuary in Portugal and spread from there to many parts of western Europe.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Bronze Age cultures developed beginning  1800 BC, when the culture of Los Millares was followed by that of El Argar. During the Early Bronze Age, southeastern Iberia saw the emergence of important settlements, a development that has compelled some archeologists to propose that these settlements indicate the advent of state-level social structures. From this centre, bronze metalworking technology spread to other cultures like the Bronze of Levante, South-Western Iberian Bronze and Las Cogotas.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: In the Late Bronze Age, the urban civilisation of Tartessos developed in Southwestern Iberia, characterized by Phoenician influence and using the Southwest Paleohispanic script for its Tartessian language, not related to the Iberian language.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Pre-Celts and Celts migrated from Central Europe, thus partially changing the peninsula's ethnic landscape to Indo-European-speaking in its northern and western regions. In Northwestern Iberia (modern Northern Portugal, Asturias and Galicia), a Celtic culture developed, the Castro culture, with a large number of hill forts and some fortified cities.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: By the Iron Age, starting in the 7th century BC, the Iberian Peninsula consisted of complex agrarian and urban civilizations, either Pre-Celtic or Celtic (such as the Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Gallaeci, Astures, Celtici and others), the cultures of the Iberians in the eastern and southern zones and the cultures of the Aquitanian in the western portion of the Pyrenees.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over a period of several centuries. In the 8th century BC, the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Empúries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the east, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. The Greeks coined the name Iberia, after the river Iber (Ebro).

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Together with the presence of Phoenician and Greek epigraphy, a number of paleohispanic scripts developed in the Iberian Peninsula along the 1st millennium BC. The development of a primordial paleohispanic script antecessor to the rest of paleohispanic scripts (originally supposed to be a non-redundant semi-syllabary) derived from the Phoenician alphabet and originated in Southwestern Iberia by the 7th century BC has been tentatively proposed.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Hispania supplied the Roman Empire with silver, food, olive oil, wine, and metal. The emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Theodosius I, the philosopher Seneca the Younger, and the poets Martial and Lucan were born from families living on the Iberian Peninsula.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: During their 600-year occupation of the Iberian Peninsula, the Romans introduced the Latin language that influenced many of the languages that exist today in the Iberian peninsula.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Umayyad rulers faced a major Berber Revolt in the early 740s; the uprising originally broke out in North Africa (Tangier) and later spread across the peninsula. Following the Abbasid takeover from the Umayyads and the shift of the economic centre of the Islamic Caliphate from Damascus to Baghdad, the western province of al-Andalus was marginalised and ultimately became politically autonomous as independent emirate in 756, ruled by one of the last surviving Umayyad royals, Abd al-Rahman I.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Al-Andalus became a center of culture and learning, especially during the Caliphate of Córdoba. The Caliphate reached the height of its power under the rule of Abd-ar-Rahman III and his successor al-Hakam II, becoming then, in the view of Jaime Vicens Vives, "the most powerful state in Europe". Abd-ar-Rahman III also managed to expand the clout of Al-Andalus across the Strait of Gibraltar, waging war, as well as his successor, against the Fatimid Empire.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Between the 8th and 12th centuries, Al-Andalus enjoyed a notable urban vitality, both in terms of the growth of the preexisting cities as well as in terms of founding of new ones: Córdoba reached a population of 100,000 by the 10th century, Toledo 30,000 by the 11th century and Seville 80,000 by the 12th century.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Almoravids in the Iberian peninsula progressively relaxed strict observance of their faith, and treated both Jews and Mozarabs harshly, facing uprisings across the peninsula, initially in the Western part. The Almohads, another North-African Muslim sect of Masmuda Berber origin who had previously undermined the Almoravid rule south of the Strait of Gibraltar, first entered the peninsula in 1146.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: By the beginning of the 13th century, a power reorientation took place in the Iberian Peninsula (parallel to the Christian expansion in Southern Iberia and the increasing commercial impetus of Christian powers across the Mediterranean) and to a large extent, trade-wise, the Iberian Peninsula reorientated towards the North away from the Muslim World.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: During the Middle Ages, the monarchs of Castile and León, from Alfonso V and Alfonso VI (crowned "Hispaniae Imperator") to Alfonso X and Alfonso XI tended to embrace an imperial ideal based on a dual Christian and Jewish ideology.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The 1348–1350 bubonic plague devastated large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, leading to a sudden economic cessation. Many settlements in northern Castile and Catalonia were left forsaken. The plague marked the start of the hostility and downright violence towards religious minorities (particularly the Jews) as an additional consequence in the Iberian realms.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: During the Late Middle Ages, the Jews acquired considerable power and influence in Castile and Aragon.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: By the end of the 15th century (1490) the Iberian kingdoms (including here the Balearic Islands) had an estimated population of 6.525 million (Crown of Castile, 4.3 million; Portugal, 1.0 million; Principality of Catalonia, 0.3 million; Kingdom of Valencia, 0.255 million; Kingdom of Granada, 0.25 million; Kingdom of Aragon, 0.25 million; Kingdom of Navarre, 0.12 million and the Kingdom of Mallorca, 0.05 million).

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: For three decades in the 15th century, the "Hermandad de las Marismas", the trading association formed by the ports of Castile along the Cantabrian coast, resembling in some ways the Hanseatic League, fought against the latter, an ally of England, a rival of Castile in political and economic terms. Castile sought to claim the Gulf of Biscay as its own. In 1419, the powerful Castilian navy thoroughly defeated a Hanseatic fleet in La Rochelle.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: In the late 15th century, the imperial ambition of the Iberian powers was pushed to new heights by the Catholic Monarchs in Castile and Aragon, and by Manuel I in Portugal.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The change of relative supremacy from Portugal to the Hispanic Monarchy in the late 15th century has been described as one of the few cases of avoidance of the Thucydides Trap.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The aftermath of the intermittent 1640–1668 Portuguese Restoration War brought the House of Braganza as the new ruling dynasty in the Portuguese territories across the world (bar Ceuta), putting an end to the Iberian Union.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Iberian Peninsula encompasses 583,254 km2 and has very contrasting and uneven relief. The mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula are mainly distributed from west to east, and in some cases reach altitudes of approximately 3000 mamsl, resulting in the region having the second highest mean altitude (637 mamsl) in Western Europe.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: About three quarters of that rough octagon is the Meseta Central, a vast plateau ranging from 610 to 760 m in altitude. It is located approximately in the centre, staggered slightly to the east and tilted slightly toward the west (the conventional centre of the Iberian Peninsula has long been considered Getafe just south of Madrid). It is ringed by mountains and contains the sources of most of the rivers, which find their way through gaps in the mountain barriers on all sides.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The major rivers flow through the wide valleys between the mountain systems. These are the Ebro, Douro, Tagus, Guadiana and Guadalquivir. All rivers in the Iberian Peninsula are subject to seasonal variations in flow.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Iberian Peninsula features one of the largest Lithium deposits belts in Europe (an otherwise relatively scarce resource in the continent), scattered along the Iberian Massif's and . Also in the Iberian Massif, and similarly to other Hercynian blocks in Europe, the peninsula hosts some uranium deposits, largely located in the Central Iberian Zone unit.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Iberian Pyrite Belt, located in the SW quadrant of the Peninsula, ranks among the most important volcanogenic massive sulphide districts on Earth, and it has been exploited for millennia.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Iberian Peninsula's location and topography, as well as the effects of large atmospheric circulation patterns induce a NW to SE gradient of yearly precipitation (roughly from 2,000 mm to 300 mm).

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Iberian city network is dominated by 3 international metropolises (Madrid, Barcelona and Lisbon) and four regional metropolises (Valencia, Seville, Porto and Bilbao). The relatively weak integration of the network favours a competitive approach vis-à-vis the inter-relation between the different centres. Among these metropolises, Madrid stands out within the global urban hierarchy in terms of its status as a major service centre and enjoys the greatest degree of connectivity.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: According to Eurostat (2019), the metropolitan regions with a population over one million are listed as follows:

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula are distinct ecosystems. Although the various regions are each characterized by distinct vegetation, there are some similarities across the peninsula.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: While the borders between these regions are not clearly defined, there is a mutual influence that makes it very hard to establish boundaries and some species find their optimal habitat in the intermediate areas.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The endangered Iberian lynx ("Lynx pardinus") is a symbol of the Iberian mediterranean forest and of the fauna of the Iberian Peninsula altogether.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: A new "Podarcis" lizard species, "Podarcis virescens", was accepted as a species by the Taxonomic Committee of the "Societas Europaea Herpetologica" in 2020. This lizard is native to the Iberian Peninsula and found near rivers in the region.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The Iberian Peninsula is an important stopover on the East Atlantic flyway for birds migrating from northern Europe to Africa. For example, curlew sandpipers rest in the region of the Bay of Cádiz.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Other minority romance languages with some degree of recognition include the several varieties of Astur-leonese, collectively amounting to about 0.6 million speakers, and the Aragonese (barely spoken by the 8% of the 130,000 people inhabiting the Alto Aragón).

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: There are four points connecting the Portuguese and Spanish rail networks: Valença do Minho–Tui, Vilar Formoso–Fuentes de Oñoro, Marvão-Beirã–Valencia de Alcántara and Elvas–Badajoz.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: The prospect of the development (as part of a European-wide effort) of the Central, Mediterranean and Atlantic rail corridors is expected to be a way to improve the competitiveness of the ports of Tarragona, Valencia, Sagunto, Bilbao, Santander, Sines and Algeciras vis-à-vis the rest of Europe and the World.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Major industries include mining, tourism, small farms, and fishing. Because the coast is so long, fishing is popular, especially sardines, tuna and anchovies. Most of the mining occurs in the Pyrenees mountains. Commodities mined include: iron, gold, coal, lead, silver, zinc, and salt.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Iberian Peninsula

Context: Regarding their role in the global economy, both the microstate of Andorra and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar have been described as tax havens.

Question: Mihin maahan Iberia sijoittuu 2010-luvulla?


Green Day

Context: Green Day has sold more than 75 million records worldwide. The group has been nominated for 20 Grammy awards and has won five of them with Best Alternative Album for "Dookie", Best Rock Album for "American Idiot" and "21st Century Breakdown", Record of the Year for "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", and Best Musical Show Album for "".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: In 2010, a stage adaptation of "American Idiot" debuted on Broadway. The musical was nominated for three Tony Awards: Best Musical, Best Scenic Design, and Best Lighting Design, winning the latter two. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2015, their first year of eligibility. Members of the band have collaborated on the side projects Pinhead Gunpowder, The Network, Foxboro Hot Tubs, The Longshot, and The Coverups. They have also worked on solo careers.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: The other singles released from "Nimrod" were "Nice Guys Finish Last", "Hitchin' a Ride" and "Redundant". The band made a guest appearance in an episode of "King of the Hill", which aired in 1997. In late 1997 and most of 1998, Green Day embarked on a tour in support of "Nimrod". In 1999, guitarist Jason White began supporting the band during concerts as a rhythm guitarist.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: At the 2001 California Music Awards, Green Day won all eight of the awards for which the group was nominated. The group won the awards for Outstanding Album ("Warning"), Outstanding Punk Rock/Ska Album ("Warning"), Outstanding Group, Outstanding Male Vocalist, Outstanding Bassist, Outstanding Drummer, Outstanding Songwriter, and Outstanding Artist.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: The release of two compilation albums, "International Superhits!" and "Shenanigans", followed "Warning". "International Superhits!" and its companion collection of music videos, "International Supervideos!". "Shenanigans" contained some of the band's B-sides, including "Espionage", which was featured in the film "" and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: In the spring of 2002, Green Day co-headlined the Pop Disaster Tour with Blink-182, which was documented on the DVD "Riding in Vans with Boys".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: While touring for "American Idiot", the group filmed and recorded the two concerts at the Milton Keynes National Bowl in England. These recordings were released as a live CD and DVD called "Bullet in a Bible" on November 15, 2005. The DVD featured behind-the-scenes footage of the band, and showed how the band prepared to put on the show. The final shows of its 2005 world tour were in Sydney and Melbourne in Australia, on December 14 and 17, respectively.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: On August 1, 2005, Green Day announced that it had rescinded the master rights to its pre-"Dookie" material from Lookout! Records, citing a continuing breach of contract regarding unpaid royalties, a complaint shared with other Lookout! bands. On January 10, 2006, the band was awarded a People's Choice Award as favorite musical group or band.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: Green Day engaged in many other smaller projects in the time following the success of "American Idiot". In 2008, the group released a garage rock-inspired album under the name Foxboro Hot Tubs entitled "Stop Drop and Roll!!!" The Foxboro Hot Tubs went on a mini-tour during the same year to promote the record, hitting tiny Bay Area venues including the Stork Club in Oakland and Toot's Tavern in Crockett, California.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: Wal-Mart refused to carry the album as it contains a Parental Advisory sticker and requested that Green Day release a censored edition. The band members did not wish to change any lyrics on the album and responded by stating, "There's nothing dirty about our record... They want artists to censor their records in order to be carried in there. We just said no. We've never done it before. You feel like you're in 1953 or something."

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: During the Spike TV Video Game Awards 2009, it was announced that Green Day was set to have its own "Rock Band" video game titled ', as a follow-up to the last band specific "Rock Band" game, '. The game features the full albums of "Dookie", "American Idiot", and "21st Century Breakdown" as well as select songs from the rest of Green Day's discography.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: "Demolicious", a compilation album that contains alternate versions and demos of songs from "¡Uno!", "¡Dos!" and "¡Tré!" recorded during the studio sessions of these albums, was released on April 19, 2014, for Record Store Day. It also contains a previously unreleased song called "State of Shock" and an acoustic version of "Stay the Night", from "¡Uno!".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: Green Day performed its first concert in a year on April 16, 2015. The group first played a set as Sweet Children with John Kiffmeyer, followed by a set as Green Day. On April 18, 2015, Green Day were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Fall Out Boy.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: On April 24, 2015, Rob Cavallo revealed Green Day were recording a twelfth studio album. Cavallo claimed to have heard "five new songs that Billie has written and demoed", and that the fans should be "sure that when they do return, the music will be amazing". On December 24, 2015, Green Day released a Christmas song, "Xmas Time of the Year".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: Aaron Burgess at "Alternative Press" observed, "It's the first time in years Green Day haven't had all the answers. But as a statement on how it feels to fight, it's the closest to the truth they've ever gotten." Gwilym Mumford of "The Guardian" stated "[after their last few albums] the band have decided to get back to basics: "Revolution Radio" is their most focused work in years. Lead single Bang Bang sets the tone, with a caustic consideration of the fame-hungry psychosis of a mass shooter.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: The band released their second greatest hits compilation, "God's Favorite Band", on November 17, 2017. It contains 20 of their hits, along with two new tracks: a different version of the "Revolution Radio" track "Ordinary World", featuring country singer Miranda Lambert, and a previously unreleased song titled "Back in the USA".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: On April 6, 2020, Armstrong revealed that he had written six songs intending to record new music with the band once the COVID-19 pandemic had passed. On May 21, 2020, the band released a cover of Blondie's "Dreaming".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: In February 2021, Green Day announced a single, titled "Here Comes the Shock", which was later released on February 21, 2021. The band would release a remastered version of "Insomniac" in March for the belated 25th anniversary of the album's release, with bonus live tracks. On May 17, 2021, Green Day released the single "Pollyanna". Following this, on November 5, 2021, the band released the single "Holy Toledo!".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: "BBC Sessions", the fourth live album by Green Day, was released on December 10, 2021. On December 18, 2021 they put out a teaser video with the captions "RAK Studios. London, England. Green Day. 1972".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: On December 18, 2021, Green Day posted a teaser video with the captions "RAK Studios. London, England. Green Day. 1972".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: The band's 1991 album "Kerplunk" is one of the best-selling independent albums of all time, selling over 4.5 million copies worldwide. It was also listed in 100 greatest indie albums by Blender in 2007.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: Green Day has sold more than 90 million records worldwide making them one of the highest-selling artists of all time. The group has been nominated for 20 Grammy awards and has won five of them with Best Alternative Album for "Dookie", Best Rock Album for "American Idiot" and "21st Century Breakdown", Record of the Year for "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", and Best Musical Show Album for "".

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: In 2010, a stage adaptation of "American Idiot" debuted on Broadway. The musical was nominated for three Tony Awards: The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2015, their first year of eligibility.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: The band has been cited as an influence by a variety of artists, including Avril Lavigne, Fall Out Boy, Blink-182, Lady Gaga, Wavves, Fidlar, Tegan and Sara, Bowling for Soup and Sum 41.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: Green Day released a cover of the John Lennon song "Working Class Hero", which was featured on the album "". The band performed the song on the season finale of "American Idol". The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2008 but lost to The White Stripes' "Icky Thump". That summer, the band appeared in a cameo role in "The Simpsons Movie", where the band performs the show's theme song; Green Day's version was released as a single on July 23, 2007.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: Green Day served as executive producers of "" (2017), an extensive documentary film about the San Francisco Bay area punk scene from the late 1970s to the 1990s.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Green Day

Context: On July 7, 2017, about 20 minutes before Green Day headlined Mad Cool, a festival in Madrid, an acrobat fell about from a cage above the stage and died. Some fans were upset at the band and festival organizers for continuing the show, which was attended by about 35,000 people. On their website, Armstrong said the band did not know about the accident before their set, and likely would not have played if they had.

Question: Ketkä olivat Green Dayn perustaja jäsenet?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Robert Burgess Aldrich (August 9, 1918 – December 5, 1983) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. His notable credits include "Vera Cruz" (1954), "Kiss Me Deadly" (1955), "The Big Knife" (1955), "Autumn Leaves" (1956), "Attack" (1956), "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" (1962), "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte" (1964), "The Flight of the Phoenix" (1965), "The Dirty Dozen" (1967) and "The Longest Yard" (1974).

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Robert Burgess Aldrich was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, into a family of wealth and social prominence – "The Aldriches of Rhode Island". His father, Edward Burgess Aldrich (1871–1957) was a newspaper publisher and an influential operative in state Republican politics. His mother, Lora Elsie (née Lawson) of New Hampshire (1874–1931), died when Aldrich was 13 and was remembered with fondness by her son. Ruth Aldrich Kaufinger (1912–1987) was his elder sister and only sibling.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Among his notable ancestors were the American Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene and the theologian Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island Colony.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: His grandfather, Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, was a self-made millionaire and art investor. A Republican member of the U.S. Senate for thirty years (1881–1911), he was dubbed "General Manager of the Nation" by the press for his dominant role in framing federal monetary policy.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: As the only male heir to the Lawson-Aldrich family line, Aldrich was under considerable pressure to compete successfully with his numerous cousins in a family of high achievers.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Following family tradition and expectations, Aldrich was educated at Moses Brown School in Providence from 1933 to 1937. There he served as captain of the track and football teams and was elected president of his senior class.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Failing to matriculate to Yale due to mediocre grades, Aldrich attended the University of Virginia from 1937 to 1941, majoring in economics. He continued to excel in sports and played a leading role in campus clubs and fraternities.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: During the Great Depression, the adolescent Aldrich began to question the justice of his family's "politics and power" which clashed with his growing sympathies with left-wing social and political movements of the 1930s. Aldrich's disaffection from the Aldrich-Rockefeller right-wing social and political orientation contributed to a growing tension between father and son.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Having satisfactorily demonstrated his aptitude for a career in finance, Aldrich defied his father by dropping out of college in his senior year without taking a degree.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: At the age of 23, Aldrich began work at RKO Pictures as a production clerk, an entry-level position, after declining an offer through his Rockefeller connections to enter the studio as an associate producer.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: He married his first wife, Harriet Foster, a childhood sweetheart, shortly before he departed for Hollywood in May 1941.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Though the smallest of Hollywood's top studios, RKO could boast an impressive roster of directors (George Cukor, John Ford and Howard Hawks) as well as movie stars (Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn and the Marx Brothers). The 23-year-old Aldrich assumed his duties shortly after Orson Welles, at 26, signed a six-movie contract with RKO after the release of the widely acclaimed "Citizen Kane" (1941).

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: When the United States entered the Second World War in December 1941, Aldrich was inducted into the Air Force Motion Picture Unit, but quickly discharged when an old football injury disqualified him for military service. The film studios manpower shortage allowed Aldrich to win assignments as third or second-tier director's assistant to learn the basics of filmmaking.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Towards the end of the war, Aldrich had risen to first assistant director making comedy shorts with director Leslie Goodwins.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: In 1944, Aldrich departed RKO to begin free-lancing on feature films at other major studios, including Columbia, United Artists and Paramount.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: He also worked on "Pardon My Past" (1945, directed by Leslie Fenton) and "The Private Affairs of Bel Ami" (1947, directed by Albert Lewin).

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich approached these projects and directors with a fine discrimination, enabling him to learn from both their strengths and weaknesses.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich's association with The Enterprise Studios marks the most formative period of his apprenticeship. The production company offered a unique venue independent filmmakers welcoming socially conscious themes critical of authoritarian aspects of American society.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: While at Enterprise, Aldrich established both a professional and a personal affiliation with screenwriter and director Abraham Polonsky, a major figure in the Popular Front movement of the 1930s. Their respective films addressed the issue of an individual's often desperate struggle to resist destruction by an oppressive society.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: In 1948 Aldrich joined Polonsky and Garfield on the early noir film, "Force of Evil". The story concerns a Wall Street attorney turned mob lawyer (Garfield) who informs on his employers when they murder his brother. "Force of Evil"s cinematically excessive visuals and striking sound would later appear in Aldrich's films "Kiss Me Deadly" and "Twilight's Last Gleaming".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: At Enterprise, Aldrich also worked as an assistant director on "Arch of Triumph" (1948) and "No Minor Vices" (1948) for Lewis Milestone, "So This Is New York" (1948) for director Richard Fleischer and producer Stanley Kramer, and "Caught" (1949) for Max Ophüls.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: During his apprenticeship Aldrich developed a keen appreciation for the nexus between autonomous control over every element of picture production and achievement of his creative vision. He would forever strive for full control over his films.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: After the demise of The Enterprise Studios, Aldrich continued to be in much demand as an assistant director. He worked again for Lewis Milestone on "The Red Pony" (1949) at Republic, did "Red Light" (1949) for Roy Del Ruth, "A Kiss for Corliss" (1949) for Richard Wallace, "The White Tower" (1950) for Ted Tetzlaff, "M" (1951) and "The Prowler" (1951) for Joseph Losey, and "New Mexico" (1951) for Reis.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich was assistant to producer Harold Hecht on "Ten Tall Men" (1951), a French Foreign Legion action film starring Burt Lancaster. He worked as production manager on "When I Grow Up" (1951) for Sam Spiegel and production manager on "The Steel Trap" (1952) for Andrew L. Stone.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Hecht had enjoyed working with Aldrich on "Ten Tall Men" and used him on "The First Time" (1952), the feature directorial debut of Frank Tashlin.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich's most notable credit to date came on "Limelight" (1952), where he was assistant director to Charlie Chaplin. He was assistant on "Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd" (1952).

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: By 1952, the 34-year old assistant director, fully prepared to make his directorial debut, had no offers materializing in Hollywood. Eager to perform at a journeyman level he moved to New York City to join its television startups.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The infant industries' golden age of live broadcasts was in a primitive stage of organization and producers were pleased to enlist talent from the Hollywood film industry. More than merely a career move, television offered Aldrich an opportunity to apply the cinematic skills and concepts he had garnered during his eclectic education in movie-making to an entirely new medium.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Procter & Gamble hired Aldrich in 1952 to direct episodes of the anthology series, an early soap opera, "The Doctor" (later retitled "The Guest" in syndication) starring Warner Anderson. Shooting schedules were notoriously tight. Despite this, Aldrich routinely dedicated half or more of the allotted time to rehearsals, an immensely reassuring practice for the players, contributing to the efficient execution of the final live shoot.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Following "The Doctor", Aldrich resettled in Hollywood to complete twenty episodes of television's "China Smith" starring Dan Duryea, filmed on an even tighter timetable.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: He also filled in as director on TV's "Four Star Playhouse" and the "Schlitz Playhouse of Stars" ("The Pussyfootin' Rocks").

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: In December 1951 Irving Allen announced he had formed Warwick Productions with Albert Broccoli. He intended to make "The Gamma People" with Robert Aldrich. In August 1952 Allen announced that Aldrich would make his feature debut as director with "The Gamma People", to be shot in Europe in the winter from Aldrich's own script. Dick Powell was slated to star. However the film would not be made for several years, with Aldrich's involvement limited to working on the story.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich broke into feature films as a director when Herbert Baker, who had worked with Aldrich on "So This is New York", recommended the director to MGM who were looking for someone with a background in sports for a low-budget baseball film, "Big Leaguer" (1953).

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The film was not particularly successful so Aldrich returned to television, doing episodes of "Four Star Playhouse", several of which were written by Blake Edwards. He directed "The Witness", which starred Dick Powell, Strother Martin and Charles Bronson, and "The Bad Streak" with Charles Boyer.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich remained ambitious to work in features, and raised money for a low budget action film using many of the same sets and cast of "China Smith", including star Dan Duryea, called "World for Ransom" (1954). It was made for Plaza Productions and financed by Allied Artists; Aldrich produced and directed. The cinematographer was Joseph F. Biroc, who would shoot many of Aldrich's later features.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: "World for Ransom" was seen by Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster, who hired Aldrich to direct his first color film, "Apache" (1954), a Western starring Lancaster as an Apache fighter. It was made for Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released through United Artists. This film was a big hit, earning $6 million.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Hecht and Lancaster used Aldrich again on "Vera Cruz" (1954), a Western starring Gary Cooper and Lancaster. It was even more successful at the box office than "Apache", making $9 million, and firmly established Aldrich as a director.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The success of these movies enabled Aldrich to set up his own company, The Associates and Aldrich, and sign a deal with United Artists. Its first movie was to be "The Way We Are" by Jack Jevne about a woman who has an affair with a younger man. It was not immediately made.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Instead Aldrich produced and directed "Kiss Me Deadly" (1955), a "film noir" adapted by A. I. Bezzerides from a novel by Mickey Spillane starring Ralph Meeker as Mike Hammer. It was made for Parklane Productions, the independent company of Victor Saville who owned the rights, and released through United Artists.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich, and his company, then made "The Big Knife" (1955), based on a play by Clifford Odets. Aldrich directed and produced this film about a movie star played by Jack Palance.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The Associates and Aldrich Company made a second film, also based on a play and released through United Artists: "Attack" (1956), starring Palance and Lee Marvin.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The Associates announced numerous projects around this time, including "Tryanny", "Kinderspiel", "Potluck for Pomeroy", "Candidate for President" (by Don Weis) and "Machine for Chuparosa".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The Associates and Aldrich Company expanded to offer financing and distribution for other films. The only one that resulted was "The Ride Back" (1957) for UA. They wanted to make "The Build Up Boys" with Dana Andrews but the film did not eventuate.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: In between making "Big Knife" and "Attack" Aldrich directed the Joan Crawford melodrama "Autumn Leaves" (1956) (originally "The Way We Are"), which was a minor hit.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich worked on the original story for the thriller "The Gamma People" (1956), made for Columbia and Warwick Productions in England.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: In July 1956 Robert Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Columbia to make films through his own company. The first was to be "The Garment Jungle" (1957). The second was to be "Until Proven Guilty". He also acquired the John O'Hara story "Now We Know".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich started directing "Garment" but was fired towards the end of filming and replaced by Vincent Sherman.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: In March 1957 Aldrich sued Columbia for reneging on a promise to make a film of the play "Storm in the Sun", which he wanted to do with Crawford. The case was settled the following month.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich announced a range of projects – "Kinderspiel", "Pommeroy", "The Snipe Hunt", "Until Proven Guilty", "Now We Know" – but he found it difficult to get financing.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The Associates and Aldrich had the rights to the script for "" but ended up selling the project outright to Columbia.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich was unable to get a job until he had an offer from Hammer Films and Seven Arts to write and direct "Ten Seconds to Hell" (1959) in Germany, starring Palance and Jeff Chandler. While there, he was head of the jury at the 9th Berlin International Film Festival.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich stayed in Europe to make "The Angry Hills" (1959) for MGM in Greece for producer Raymond Stross, starring Robert Mitchum and based on the novel by Leon Uris. Aldrich had the film rewritten by Bezzerides, but then his cut of the film was re-edited by Stross. It was an unhappy experience for Aldrich and the film lost money.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich returned to Hollywood to direct episodes of "Hotel de Paree" ("Sundance Returns"), and "Adventures in Paradise".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: He directed a modern-day Western, "The Last Sunset" (1961), starring Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson, made for Douglas' company at Universal.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich then went back to Italy where he directed a Biblical spectacular, "Sodom and Gomorrah" (1962) for Joseph E. Levine. Aldrich disparaged the final film, which ended up costing $6 million.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Still at Warners, Aldrich wrote, produced and directed a comic Western with Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin, "4 for Texas" (1963). Made for Sam Productions, it had Charles Bronson, Victor Buono, Ursula Andress and Anita Ekberg in supporting roles. The film was reasonably popular at the box office, but Aldrich disliked working with Sinatra and the resulting film.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: He started with a follow up to "Baby Jane", "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte" (1964), made for the Associates and Aldrich at 20th Century Fox. Bette Davis starred as a Southern woman who lives in a mansion and thinks she is going insane. Davis was to be reunited with Joan Crawford, but Crawford left the film and was replaced by Olivia de Havilland. The movie was popular, though not as successful as "Baby Jane".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich stayed at Fox for his next film, the all-male action story "The Flight of the Phoenix" (1965), with James Stewart, Richard Attenborough and Peter Finch. The film was a commercial disappointment but eventually proved profitable.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich had his biggest hit to date with "The Dirty Dozen" (1967), produced by Kenneth Hyman's Seven Arts Productions and released through MGM. Starring Lee Marvin, Charles Bronson, Ernest Borgnine and John Cassavetes, the film was a massive success at the box office.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich stayed at MGM for "The Legend of Lylah Clare" (1968) starring Finch and Kim Novak, made for Aldrich's own company. It was a critical and commercial disappointment.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich sold his profit participation in "Dirty Dozen" to MGM for $1,350,000 and used the money to achieve a long-time dream – to buy his own studios, which he called the Aldrich Studios. He picked a facility at 201 North Occidental Boulevard, which had been in existence as a film studio since 1913, making Mary Pickford movies, and had recently been the basis of Sutherland Productions. Aldrich had made "The Big Knife" there.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: "My dream has always been to own my own studio", he said. "With the possible exception of the old Enterprise Studio back in '45 I've never seen a studio run the way it should. That's because everybody at Enterprise felt they could make a contribution

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: The studios were opened in August 1968. Along with Goldwyn, The Associates and Aldrich was the only major independent company with a studio in Hollywood. For the next few years he would make his movies there.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich's success with "The Dirty Dozen" led to the newly formed ABC Pictures offer the Associates and Aldrich Company a four-film contract. Aldrich announced they would be "The Killing of Sister George", "The Greatest Mother of Them All", "Whatever Happened to Aunt Alice" and "Too Late the Hero".

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich's first film for ABC was "The Killing of Sister George" (1968), adapted from by Lukas Heller from the play by Frank Marcus. It starred Beryl Reid and Susannah York and was notable for its frank depiction of a lesbian relationship. The movie was popular but because of its high cost lost money.

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?


Robert Aldrich

Context: Aldrich produced but did not direct "What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?" (1969), a psycho-biddy thriller in the vein of "Baby Jane" directed by Lee H. Katzin and starring Geraldine Page and Ruth Gordon. It also lost money. (Aldrich announced he would make a third "Whatever Happened to" film, "Whatever Happened to Dear Elva?" based on the novel "Goodbye, Dear Elva" by Elizabeth Fenwick. However no film was made.)

Question: Minkä ikäisenä Robert Aldrich kuoli?