FC Bayern Munich

Context: Hitzfeld returned as a trainer in January 2007, but Bayern finished the 2006–07 season in fourth position, thus failing to qualify for the Champions League for the first time in more than a decade. Additional losses in the DFB-Pokal and the DFB-Ligapokal left the club with no honours for the season.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: For the 2007–08 season, Bayern made drastic squad changes to help rebuild. They signed a total of eight new players and sold, released or loaned out nine of their players. Among new signings were 2006 World Cup stars such as Franck Ribéry, Miroslav Klose and Luca Toni. Bayern went on to win the Bundesliga in convincing fashion, leading the standings on every single week of play, and the DFB-Pokal against Borussia Dortmund.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: On 27 April 2021, Bayern announced that Flick would be leaving at the end of the season, at his request, and that RB Leipzig manager Julian Nagelsmann would become the new manager, effective 1 July. According to multiple reports, Bayern paid Leipzig €25m, a world record for a manager, as compensation for Nagelsmann's services. It was later announced that Flick was leaving to take charge of the German national team of which he had previously been the assistant coach under manager Joachim Löw.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Under new coach Julian Nagelsmann, Bayern have completed the feat of winning 10 consecutive Bundesliga titles following a 3–1 Der Klassiker win.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The club's away kit has had a wide range of colours over the years, including white, black, blue, and gold-green. Bayern also features a distinct international kit. During the 2013–14 season, Bayern used an all-red home kit with a Bavarian flag diamond watermark pattern, a "Lederhosen" inspired white and black "Oktoberfest" away kit, and an all navy blue international kit.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: In the 1980s and 1990s, Bayern used a special away kit when playing at 1. FC Kaiserslautern, representing the Brazilian colours blue and yellow, a superstition borne from the fact that the club found it hard to win there.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Bayern's crest has changed several times. Originally it consisted of the stylised letters F, C, B, M, which were woven into one symbol. The original crest was blue. The colours of Bavaria were included for the first time in 1954. The crest from 1919 to 1924 denotes "Bayern FA", whereby "FA" stands for "Fußball-Abteilung", i.e., Football Department; Bayern then was integrated into TSV Jahn Munich and constituted its football department.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The modern version of the crest has changed from the 1954 version in several steps. While the crest consisted of a single colour only for most of the time, namely blue or red, the current crest is blue, red, and white. It has the colours of Bavaria in its centre, and FC Bayern München is written in white on a red ring enclosing the Bavarian colours.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Bayern played its first training games at the Schyrenplatz in the centre of Munich. The first official games were held on the Theresienwiese. In 1901, Bayern moved to a field of its own, located in Schwabing at the Clemensstraße. After joining the Münchner Sport-Club (MSC) in 1906, Bayern moved in May 1907 to MSC's ground at the Leopoldstraße. As the crowds gathering for Bayern's home games increased at the beginning of the 1920s, Bayern had to switch to various other premises in Munich.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The stadium's most prominent feature is the translucent outer layer, which can be illuminated in different colors for impressive effects. Red lighting is used for Bayern home games and white for German national team home games.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: In May 2012, Bayern opened a museum about its history, FC Bayern Erlebniswelt, inside the Allianz Arena.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: FC Bayern Munich are the world's largest football club in terms of members. The Red Ladies are Bayern Munich's first and only international all-female supporter club with over 200 members. They are known for being super fans and creating a safe community for women to talk about the club.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Stern des Südens is the song which fans sing at FCB home games. In the 1990s they also used to sing "FC Bayern, Forever Number One". Another notable song is "Mia San Mia" (Bavarian for "we are who we are") which is a famous motto of the club as well. A renowned catchphrase for the team is ""Packmas" which is a Bavarian phrase for the German "Packen wir es"", which means "let's do it". The team's mascot is called "Berni" since 2004.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The club also has a number of high-profile supporters, among them Pope Benedict XVI, Boris Becker, Wladimir Klitschko, Horst Seehofer and Edmund Stoiber, former Minister-President of Bavaria.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Bayern also enjoys a strong rivalry with the 1. FC Kaiserslautern, originating in parts from a game in 1973, when Bayern lost 7–4 after leading 4–1, but also from the two clubs competing for German championship honours at various times in the Bundesliga as well as the city of Kaiserslautern together with the surrounding Palatinate having been part of Bavaria until a plebiscite after the end of the Second World War.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: As a result of Bayern's appearance in the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, the club's brand value has reached US$786 million, up 59 per cent from the previous year. Among European teams, this is ahead of Real Madrid's US$600 million and behind first-placed Manchester United, whose brand is valued at US$853 million. In 2013, Bayern overtook Manchester United to take first place in brand valuation.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Bayern's financial report for the 2018–19 season reported revenue of €750.4 million and an operating profit of €146.1 million. Post-tax profits were €52.5 million which meant that this was Bayern's 27th consecutive year with a profit.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: In 2022, FC Bayern announced the opening of an international office in Bangkok; marking their third such branch office.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: In March 2020, Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund, RB Leipzig, and Bayer Leverkusen, the four German UEFA Champions League teams for the 2019/20 season, collectively gave €20 million to Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga teams that were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: In mid 2013, Bayern was the first club to give financial support to the Magnus Hirschfeld National Foundation. The foundation researches the living environment LGBT people, and developed an education concept to facilitate unbiased dealing with LGBT themes in football.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: In 2016, FC Bayern received the Nine Values Cup, an award of the international children's social programme Football for Friendship.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: FC Bayern Munich headquarters and training facility is called Säbener Straße and it is located in the Untergiesing-Harlaching borough of Munich. The first team and the reserve team train at the facility. There are five grass pitches, two of which have undersoil heating, two artificial grass fields, a beach volleyball court and a multi-functional sports hall.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The players' quarters opened in 1990 and were reconstructed after the 2007–08 season on suggestions by then new coach, Jürgen Klinsmann, who took inspiration from various major sports clubs. The quarters are now called the performance centre and feature weights and fitness areas, a massage unit, dressing rooms, the coaches' office, and a conference room with screening facilities for video analysis. A café, a library, an e-Learning room, and a family room are also included.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Until August 2017, the Youth House was located at the headquarters at Säbener Straße. The Youth House housed up to 14 young talents aged 15 to 18 from outside of Munich. Former residents of the Youth House include Bastian Schweinsteiger, David Alaba, Owen Hargreaves, Michael Rensing, Holger Badstuber and Emre Can.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Bayern is historically the most successful team in German football, as they have won the most championships and the most cups. They are also Germany's most successful team in international competitions, having won fourteen trophies. Bayern is the only club to have won all three major European competitions, have won three consecutive European Cups and won the treble twice.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: Bayern Munich has completed all available Trebles (seasonal treble, domestic treble and European treble).

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The football competitions, which consist of a single match involving only two teams (for example, the UEFA Super Cup or DFL Supercup) are generally not counted as part of a treble.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: At his farewell game, Oliver Kahn was declared honorary captain of Bayern Munich. The players below are part of the FC Bayern Munich Hall of Fame.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: On 3 November 2019, Bayern sacked Niko Kovač after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt and appointed Hansi Flick as a coach. Initially, Flick was installed as caretaker coach only, however on 15 November, after Flick's team had won 4–0 against Borussia Dortmund, Bayern announced that Flick would be in charge at least until Christmas 2019. Later on, Flick signed a new contract until 2023.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The youth academy has produced some of Europe's top football players, including Thomas Hitzlsperger, Owen Hargreaves, Philipp Lahm, Bastian Schweinsteiger and Thomas Müller. On 1 August 2017, the FC Bayern Campus became the new home of the youth teams. It consists of ten teams, with the youngest being under 9. Jochen Sauer is the FC Bayern Campus director and Bayern legend coach Hermann Gerland is the sporting director.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The senior football department was founded in 2002, making it the youngest division of the club, and consists of five teams. The division is intended to enable senior athletes to participate in the various senior citizen competitions in Munich.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The FC Bayern AllStars were founded in summer 2006, and consists of former Bayern players, including Klaus Augenthaler, Raimond Aumann, Andreas Brehme, Paul Breitner, Hans Pflügler, Stefan Reuter, Paulo Sérgio, and Olaf Thon. The team is coached by Wolfgang Dremmler, and plays matches with other senior teams around the world. For organisational reasons, the team can only play a limited number of games annually.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The basketball department was founded in 1946, and currently contains 26 teams, including four men's teams, three women's teams, sixteen youth teams, and three senior teams. The men's team are three-time German champions, having won in 1954, 1955, and 2014. The team also won the German Basketball Cup in 1968. The team plays its home games at the Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle, located in the Sendling-Westpark borough of Munich.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The bowling department emerged from SKC Real-Isaria in 1983 and currently consists of five teams. Directly next to the well-known club building of the football department, the team plays at the bowling alley of the Münchner Kegler-Verein. The first team plays in the second highest division of the Münchner Spielklasse Bezirksliga.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The department was created in 1908 and consists of nine teams, including seven men's teams and two women's teams. The men's team, which currently plays in the Chess Bundesliga following promotion in 2013 from the 2. Bundesliga Ost, was nine-time German Champion from 1983 to 1995. The team also won the European Chess Club Cup in 1992. The women currently play in the 2. Bundesliga with their biggest successes being promotion to the Frauenbundesliga in 2016 and 2018.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The handball department was founded in 1945, and consists of thirteen teams, including three men's teams, two women's teams, five boys teams, two girls teams, and a mixed youth team. The first men's team plays in the Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern, while the women's first teams plays in the Bezirksliga Oberbayern.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The refereeing department was established in 1919 and is currently the largest football refereeing division in Europe, with 110 referees, with 2 of them women. The referees mainly officiate amateur games in the local Munich leagues.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The table tennis department was founded in 1946 and currently has 220 members. The club currently has fourteen teams, including eight men's teams, a women's team, three youth teams, and two children teams. The women's first team is currently playing in the Landesliga Süd/Ost, while the men's first team plays in the 3. Bundesliga Süd. The focus of the department is on youth support.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The baseball division existed during the 1960s and 1970s, during which the team won two German championships in 1962 and 1969.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: From 1966 to 1969, Bayern had an ice hockey team, which completed two seasons in the Eishockey-Bundesliga.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


FC Bayern Munich

Context: The gymnastics department was founded in 1974 and was most successful in the 1980s. During this time, the team won four German championships in 1983, 1986, 1987, and 1988. In 2014, the division was dissolved.

Question: Monennenko liigamestaruutensa Bayern München voitti toukokuussa 2019?


Hogwarts

Context: Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry () is a fictional British boarding school of magic for students aged eleven to eighteen, and is the primary setting for the first six books in J. K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series and serves as a major setting in the Wizarding World universe.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: About three hundred years after the school was founded, the Triwizard Tournament was established as an interscholastic competition among the three most prestigious magical schools in Europe: Hogwarts, Beauxbatons, and Durmstrang. The tournament continued for six centuries before being discontinued. An attempt was made in the 1994-95 school year to revive the tournament, but the consequential death of Cedric Diggory resulted in its permanent discontinuation.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Letters to Muggle-born witches and wizards, who may not be aware of their powers and are unfamiliar with the concealed wizarding world, are delivered in person by a member of Hogwarts staff, who then explains to the parents or guardians about magical society, and reassures them regarding this news.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Though the school is in Great Britain, its catchment area is the wider British Isles, as Irish students can also attend.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: The primary mode of transport to Hogwarts is the Hogwarts Express that students take at the start of each school year. Students board the train from the also fictional and hidden Platform 9¾ at King's Cross station in London. The train arrives at Hogsmeade station near Hogwarts, some time after nightfall.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: After the Sorting Hat sings a song, each student in turn is seated upon the stool in front of the rest of the student body. The Hat is placed on the student's head, whereupon it examines his or her mind and assigns them to one of the four Houses based on abilities, personality, and preferences. After the Sorting Ceremony, the students and teachers enjoy a feast, prepared by the Hogwarts house-elves. If Dumbledore is feeling cheerful, he will lead the students in singing the school song.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: The translators of the books' foreign editions had difficulty translating the "house" concept; in countries where this system does not exist, no word could adequately convey the importance of belonging to a house, the loyalty owed to it, and the pride taken in prizes won by the house.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Hufflepuff values hard work, patience, justice, and loyalty. The house mascot is the badger, and canary yellow and black (or golden yellow and graphite in the "Fantastic Beasts" films) are its colours. During the books, the Head of this house is the Herbology Professor Pomona Sprout, and the house ghost is the Fat Friar. According to Rowling, Hufflepuff corresponds roughly to the element of earth. The founder of this house is Helga Hufflepuff.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Ravenclaw values intelligence, learning, wisdom and wit. The house mascot is an eagle and the house colours are blue and bronze (blue and silver in the "Harry Potter" and "Fantastic Beasts" films and on the ties and scarves). During the books, the head of this house is the Charms teacher, Professor Filius Flitwick, and the house ghost is the Grey Lady. According to Rowling, Ravenclaw corresponds roughly to the element of air. The founder of this house is Rowena Ravenclaw.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Being a school of magic, many subjects at Hogwarts differ from the studies of a typical school. Some subjects, such as History of Magic, derive from non-wizard – or muggle – subjects, but many others, such as charms and apparition classes, are unique to the wizarding world.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: The day begins at Hogwarts with breakfast in the Great Hall. Students sit at their own House table and can eat and socialise, or finish homework. The Headmaster or Headmistress eats with the professors at the High Table placed at the far end of the hall. During breakfast, owls bring in the students' post, generally consisting of "The Daily Prophet", letters from parents or friends, or packages from home. A bell signals the start of the first class of the morning at 9 am.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: The house-elves at Hogwarts amongst other duties provide all food to students and staff. They cook a wide variety of dishes especially at the feasts. The various dishes are prepared in the kitchens directly below the Great Hall. Within the kitchen are four long tables directly aligned with the house tables in the great hall above. At meal times the food is magically transported up, appearing directly in front of the students.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: In the summer before their fifth year, two fifth year students from each House are picked to be prefects, which grants them privileges and responsibilities and disciplinary responsibilities. The leaders of the student body, the Head Boy and Head Girl, are drawn from the seventh year students. Prefects have the authority to give detentions for infractions.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: A huge, rambling, quite scary-looking castle, with a jumble of towers and battlements. Like the Weasleys' house, it isn't a building that Muggles could build, because it is supported by magic.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Hogwarts is on the shore of a lake, sometimes called the Black Lake. In that lake are merpeople, Grindylows, and a giant squid. The giant squid does not attack humans and sometimes acts as a lifeguard when students are in the lake. The castle and its grounds are home to many secret areas as well as well-known and well-used places.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Accessed by entering a trapdoor in the forbidden corridor on the third floor, and protected by a gauntlet of seven magical challenges set up by the teachers.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: In his second year at Hogwarts, Harry uses Parseltongue to open the chamber and destroys the diary containing the embodied memory of a 16-year-old Tom Riddle from his own days at Hogwarts and also slays the basilisk. It is later revealed that the diary was a Horcrux.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: When Tom Riddle opened the Chamber, Myrtle was sulking in a stall after being teased by student Olive Hornby. She opened the door, intending to tell him to leave, but died immediately upon meeting the Basilisk's gaze and decided to become a ghost to revenge on Hornby. Her bathroom remains operational, but is rarely used by students because of Myrtle's disagreeable presence and her habit of flooding it when she is distraught.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: A further link between two vanishing cabinets, one in the school and the other in Borgin and Burkes in Knockturn Alley presumably works until "Chamber of Secrets" when Peeves (persuaded by Nearly Headless Nick) smashes the Hogwarts cabinet. The passage is reopened in "Half-Blood Prince" when Draco Malfoy fixes the cabinet. This passage is not shown on the Marauder's Map as it is not part of the castle itself.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Besides passages in and out of the school, there are also numerous short-cuts that lead from one part of the castle to another. These are often concealed in such fashions as a tapestry which hides a hole in the wall.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: On the seventh floor opposite an enormous tapestry depicting Barnabas the Barmy attempting to train trolls for the ballet, the Room of Requirement appears only when someone is in need of it. To make it appear, one must walk past its hidden entrance three times while concentrating on what is needed. The room will then appear, outfitted with whatever is required. To the Hogwarts house-elves, it is also known as the Come and Go Room.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Due to the Room of Requirement not being in a fixed location, it is one of the select locations in Hogwarts that does not appear on the Marauder's Map.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: The Forbidden Forest is a large, dark enchanted forest in the boundaries of the school grounds. It is usually referred to simply as "the Forest" and in the film series as the "Dark Forest". It is strictly forbidden to all students, except during Care of Magical Creatures lessons and, on rare occasions, detentions.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Among the plant species within the Forest are trees such as beech, oak, pine, sycamore, yew and knotgrass and thorn undergrowth. Though the Forest is vastly dense and wild, there are a few paths and clearings. Hagrid, who frequently travels into the Forest for various reasons, mostly makes these trails. The Forest is also home to an assortment of creatures, many of them dangerous.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: In 2017, a Forbidden Forest expansion was added to the Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter, enabling fans to explore it for the first time.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: The Hogwarts Express is a train that carries pupils non-stop from Platform at King's Cross station in London to Hogsmeade Station, near Hogwarts. Prefects of the school ride in a separate carriage near the front of the train. The compartments on the train appear to be lettered; in "Half-Blood Prince", the "Slug Club" meets in compartment C.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: The train began use in the 1850s. Before that, pupils used to reach Hogwarts on brooms or enchanted carriages.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Several model trains have been made of the Hogwarts Express. An 00 gauge is produced by Hornby, though this is of a Castle Class locomotive rather than the Hall Class used in the films. A three-rail H0 gauge model is produced by Märklin, and a two-rail H0/00 was produced in the early 2000s by Bachmann. Several now-discontinued L gauge models have been produced by LEGO. Lionel has released an O gauge set in their 2007 catalogue and a G gauge set for 2008.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Rowling has suggested that she may have inadvertently taken the name from the hogwort plant ("Croton capitatus"), which she had seen at Kew Gardens some time before writing the series, although the names "The Hogwarts" and "Hoggwart" appear in the 1954 Nigel Molesworth book "How to Be Topp" by Geoffrey Willans. The name "Hogwart" also appears in the 1986 Labyrinth fantasy film.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Most exterior scenes were shot on location at Alnwick Castle, but views of the exterior of the entire school were created from shots of Durham Cathedral with a digital spire added to the towers. Durham Cathedral also served as a set for Hogwarts interiors.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: A scale model was created for exterior shots of the entire school. Models of Alnwick Castle and Durham Cathedral were also built to create more integration between the model and on location shots. It took a team of 86 artists and crew members 74 years worth of man hours to complete the model.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Hogwarts school was voted as the 36th best Scottish educational establishment in a 2008 online ranking, outranking Edinburgh's Loretto School. According to a director of the Independent Schools Network Rankings, it was added to the schools listing "for fun" and was then voted on.

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Hogwarts

Context: Most translations keep the name 'Hogwarts', transcribing it if necessary. For example, in Arabic it is transcribed as = "Hūghwūrts", in Russian as = "Khogvarts", in Japanese as = "Hoguwātsu", in Bengali as = "Hogowarts", in Greek as = "Hóguarts", and in simplified Chinese as = "Huògéwòcí".

Question: Mihin tupaan Severus Kalkaros kuuluu?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: Wagner wrote the libretto and music over the course of about twenty-six years, from 1848 to 1874. The four parts that constitute the "Ring" cycle are, in sequence:

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: Wagner's title is most literally rendered in English as "The Ring of the Nibelung". The Nibelung of the title is the dwarf Alberich, and the ring in question is the one he fashions from the Rhine Gold. The title therefore denotes "Alberich's Ring".

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: The scale and scope of the story is epic. It follows the struggles of gods, heroes, and several mythical creatures over the eponymous magic ring that grants domination over the entire world. The drama and intrigue continue through three generations of protagonists, until the final cataclysm at the end of "Götterdämmerung".

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: "The Ring" has been the subject of myriad interpretations. For example, George Bernard Shaw, in "The Perfect Wagnerite", argues for a view of "The Ring" as an essentially socialist critique of industrial society and its abuses. Robert Donington in "Wagner's Ring And Its Symbols" interprets it in terms of Jungian psychology, as an account of the development of unconscious archetypes in the mind, leading towards individuation.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: However, Wagner relaxed some aspects of his self-imposed restrictions somewhat as the work progressed. As George Bernard Shaw sardonically (and slightly unfairly) noted of the last opera "Götterdämmerung":

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: "Das Rheingold" requires one bass drum, one onstage harp and 18 onstage anvils. "Die Walküre" requires one snare drum, one D clarinet (played by the third clarinettist), and an on-stage steerhorn. "Siegfried" requires one onstage cor anglais and one onstage horn. "Götterdämmerung" requires a tenor drum, as well as five onstage horns and four onstage steerhorns, one of them to be blown by Hagen.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: In November 1853, Wagner began the composition draft of "Das Rheingold". Unlike the verses, which were written as it were in reverse order, the music would be composed in the same order as the narrative. Composition proceeded until 1857, when the final score up to the end of act 2 of "Siegfried" was completed. Wagner then laid the work aside for twelve years, during which he wrote "Tristan und Isolde" and "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg".

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: On King Ludwig's insistence, and over Wagner's objections, "special previews" of "Das Rheingold" and "Die Walküre" were given at the National Theatre in Munich, before the rest of the "Ring". Thus, "Das Rheingold" premiered on 22 September 1869, and "Die Walküre" on 26 June 1870. Wagner subsequently delayed announcing his completion of "Siegfried" to prevent this work also being premiered against his wishes.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: In 1882, London impresario Alfred Schulz-Curtius organized the first staging in the United Kingdom of the "Ring" cycle, conducted by Anton Seidl and directed by Angelo Neumann.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: The first production of the "Ring" in Italy was in Venice (the place where Wagner died), just two months after his 1883 death, at La Fenice.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: The first Australasian "Ring" (and "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg") was presented by the Thomas Quinlan company Melbourne and Sydney in 1913.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: The "Ring" is a major undertaking for any opera company: staging four interlinked operas requires a huge commitment both artistically and financially; hence, in most opera houses, production of a new "Ring" cycle will happen over a number of years, with one or two operas in the cycle being added each year. The Bayreuth Festival, where the complete cycle is performed most years, is unusual in that a new cycle is almost always created within a single year.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: Early productions of the "Ring" cycle stayed close to Wagner's original Bayreuth staging. Trends set at Bayreuth have continued to be influential. Following the closure of the Festspielhaus during the Second World War, the 1950s saw productions by Wagner's grandsons Wieland and Wolfgang Wagner (known as the 'New Bayreuth' style), which emphasised the human aspects of the drama in a more abstract setting.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: In 2003 the first production of the cycle in Russia in modern times was conducted by Valery Gergiev at the Mariinsky Opera, Saint Petersburg, designed by George Tsypin. The production drew parallels with Ossetian mythology.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: The Royal Danish Opera performed a complete "Ring" cycle in May 2006 in its new waterfront home, the Copenhagen Opera House. This version of the "Ring" tells the story from the viewpoint of Brünnhilde and has a distinct feminist angle. For example, in a key scene in "Die Walküre", it is Sieglinde and not Siegmund who manages to pull the sword Nothung out of a tree. At the end of the cycle, Brünnhilde does not die, but instead gives birth to Siegfried's child.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: San Francisco Opera and Washington National Opera began a co-production of a new cycle in 2006 directed by Francesca Zambello. The production uses imagery from various eras of American history and has a feminist and environmentalist viewpoint. Recent performances of this production took place at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C. in April/May 2016, featuring Catherine Foster and Nina Stemme as Brünnhilde, Daniel Brenna as Siegfried, and Alan Held as Wotan.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: Los Angeles Opera presented its first "Ring" cycle in 2010 directed by Achim Freyer. Freyer staged an abstract production that was praised by many critics but criticized by some of its own stars. The production featured a raked stage, flying props, screen projections and special effects.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: Opera Australia presented the "Ring" cycle at the State Theatre in Melbourne, Australia, in November 2013, directed by Neil Armfield and conducted by Pietari Inkinen. "Classical Voice America" heralded the production as "one of the best Rings anywhere in a long time." The production was presented again in Melbourne from 21 November to 16 December 2016 starring Lise Lindstrom, Stefan Vinke, Amber Wagner and Jacqueline Dark.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: Orchestral versions of the "Ring" cycle, summarizing the work in a single movement of an hour or so, have been made by Leopold Stokowski, Lorin Maazel ("Der Ring ohne Worte") (1988) and Henk de Vlieger ("The Ring: an Orchestral Adventure"), (1991).

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: English-Canadian comedian and singer Anna Russell recorded a twenty-two-minute version of the "Ring" for her album "Anna Russell Sings! Again?" in 1953, characterized by camp humour and sharp wit.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: Produced by the Ridiculous Theatrical Company, Charles Ludlam's 1977 play "Der Ring Gott Farblonjet" was a spoof of Wagner's operas. The show received a well-reviewed 1990 revival in New York at the Lucille Lortel Theatre.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Der Ring des Nibelungen

Context: In 1991, Seattle Opera premiered a musical comedy parody of the Ring Cycle called Das Barbecü, with book and lyrics by Jim Luigs and music by Scott Warrender. It follows the outline of the cycle's plot but shifts the setting to Texas ranch country. It was later produced off-broadway and elsewhere around the world.

Question: Millä kielellä ensimmäinen Nibelungin sormus -ooppera on esitetty?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The system consists of 2 lines, serving a total of 25 stations. It has a total length of . It is the predominant rail link between the suburbs of East Helsinki and the western suburbs in the city of Espoo and downtown Helsinki.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The line passes under Helsinki Central Station, allowing passengers to transfer to and from the Helsinki commuter rail network, including trains on the Ring Rail Line to Helsinki Airport.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Although no official decision to build a system along the lines proposed by Castrén was ever made, several provisions for a light rail metro system were made during the 1950s–1960s, including separate lanes on the Kulosaari and Naurissaari bridges, and space for a metro station in the 1964 extension of Munkkivuori shopping center. The RM 1, HM V and RM 3 trams built for the Helsinki tram system in the late 1950s were also equipped to be usable on the possible light rail metro lines.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Construction of a testing track from the depot in Roihupelto to Herttoniemi was begun in 1969 and finished in 1971. The first prototype train, units M1 and M2, arrived from the Valmet factory in Tampere on 10 November 1971, with further four units (M3–M6) arriving the following year. Car M1 burned in the metro depot in 1973.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The Metro did not immediately win the approval from inhabitants of eastern Helsinki, whose direct bus links to the city centre had now been turned into feeder lines for the Metro. Within six months of the Metro's official opening, a petition signed by 11,000 people demanded the restoration of direct bus links. Subsequently, the timetables of the feeder services were adjusted and opposition to the Metro mostly died down.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: On 1 March 1983 the Metro was extended in the west to Kamppi. The Sörnäinen station, between Hakaniemi and Kulosaari, was opened on 1 September 1984.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The Metro was extended eastwards in the late 1980s, with the Kontula and Myllypuro stations opened in 1986, and the Mellunmäki station following in 1989. The construction of a westwards expansion begun in 1987 with tunneling works from Kamppi towards Ruoholahti. The Ruoholahti metro station was opened on 16 August 1993.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Another new station followed: the Kaisaniemi station, between Rautatientori and Hakaniemi, was opened on 1 March 1995. It had in fact been decided on already in 1971, and the station cavern had been carved out of the rock during the original tunneling works, but a lack of funds had pushed back the station's completion.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: On 31 August 1998, after four years of construction, the final section of the original plan was completed, with the opening of a three-station fork from Itäkeskus to Vuosaari.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The second generation of Metro trains to be used in passenger service (the M200 class) were delivered in 2000 and 2001 by Bombardier. These trains are based on Deutsche Bahn's Class 481 EMUs used on the Berlin S-Bahn network.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: On 25 September 2006, the city council of Espoo approved, after decades of debate, planning, and controversy, the construction of a western extension of the Metro. Metro trains began to run to Matinkylä in late 2017. (See section The future below.)

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: On 1 January 2007, Kalasatama station, between the Sörnäinen and Kulosaari stations, was opened. It serves the new "Sörnäistenranta-Hermanninranta" (Eastern Harbour) area, a former port facility that will be redeveloped as its functions are moved to the new Port of Vuosaari in the east of the city.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: After 8 November 2009, the Rautatientori station, under the Central Railway Station, was closed to the public because a burst water pipe flooded it. After renovations, the station reopened for public use on 15 February 2010. The lifts were still under renovation, but they also reopened for service on 21 June 2010. On 23rd August 2019 heavy rain caused again water damage on the Rautatientori station. The station was opened in a few days but the lifts remained closed until 17 March 2020.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The construction of the Western extension from Ruoholahti to Matinkylä in Espoo was approved by the Espoo city council in 2006. Construction began in 2009 and the extension was opened on 18 November 2017. This first stage of the extension was long, with eight new stations, two in Helsinki and six in Espoo and was built entirely in a tunnel excavated in bedrock.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: After first stage of the Western extension opened the bus lines in Southern Espoo were reconfigured as feeder lines to either Matinkylä or Tapiola metro stations instead of terminating at Kamppi in the centre of Helsinki.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The Helsinki metro system consists of 25 stations. The stations are located along a Y shape, where the main part runs from the Matinkylä through the center of the city towards the eastern suburbs. The line forks at the Itäkeskus metro station. 16 of the network's stations are located below ground; all eight of those stations located above ground are in Helsinki.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Trains are generally operated as Matinkylä–Vuosaari or Tapiola–Mellunmäki with some services running Matinkylä–Mellunmäki depending on the time of day. There is a rush-hour interval of minutes in the central section of Tapiola–Itäkeskus. The metro trains stop at every station, and the names of the stations are announced in both Finnish and Swedish (with the exceptions of Central Railway Station, University of Helsinki and Aalto University, which are also announced in English).

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The metro is designed as a core transport facility, which means that extensive feeder bus transport links are provided between the stations and the surrounding districts. Taking a feeder bus to the metro is often the only option to get to the city centre from some districts. For example, since the construction of the metro, all daytime bus routes from the islands of Laajasalo terminate at the Herttoniemi metro station with no through routes from Laajasalo to the centre of Helsinki.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The Helsinki Metro is operated as three lines notionally called M1, M2 and M2M although these designations only appear on some trains and not at all on platform displays.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Some stations are located above ground level, making the metro system more friendly to passengers with mobility problems. Most sub-surface stations have no stairs, and one can access them from the street level via escalators or lifts.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The trains themselves have no steps, and the platforms are always at the same level as the train floor.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Passenger safety instructions are inside train carriages above the doors and stations at ticket hall and platforms. These instructions direct passengers to use emergency phones and also include an emergency phone number to traffic center. There is emergency-stop handles at platforms, which are used to stop the train either arriving or departing in cases such as person trapped between doors, or person fallen onto track. There are emergency brake handles inside the carriage next to the door.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Especially for people with visual impairments, all platforms have a yellow line marking the safe area on platform. Additionally, there are fire extinguishers on trains and in stations.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The trains on the Helsinki Metro are technologically quite similar to trains on the VR commuter rail network, which serves the northern and western suburbs of Helsinki. The track gauge is (broad gauge), as in all Finnish railway traffic. The electricity used by the metro trains is a 750-volt direct current drawn from an electricity track (also known as third rail) on the side of the metro tracks. Trains can be formed into 4- or 6-car sets (from 2-car twin sets).

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The normal speed of the metro trains is inside the tunnels and on the open portion of the network. The points have a maximum structural speed of either or . Technically the M200 and M100 series would be capable of doing and , respectively, but they have been restricted to .

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The maintenance and storage depot for the metro system is at Roihupelto, between the stations of Siilitie and Itäkeskus. The depot is connected to the metro line from both the east and western directions, with a third platform at Itäkeskus used for alighting passengers before returning to the depot. Both heated and unheated undercover storage areas are provided so that trains are ready for use without a lengthy heating period.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: In 2012 the old depot link was closed and partially removed when a new 2 km metro link line was built from the then present end at Vuosaari metro station, to the VR harbour railway in the new Vuosaari harbour. The old link line will be rebuilt for the light rail-based Jokeri line upgrade, scheduled for 2016 onwards.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The decision to fund the construction of the second stage, from Matinkylä to Kivenlahti, was taken by the Espoo city council and the state of Finland in 2014. Construction began in late 2014. This stage of extension is long and includes five new stations and a new depot in Sammalvuori. All of the track, including the depot, will be built in tunnels. The line is projected to open for passenger traffic in 2023.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Proposals also exist for the line to be extended even further east into central Sipoo, possibly as far as to Sibbesborg, to an envisioned new city centre there.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: A second Metro line from Laajasalo via Kamppi to Pasila north of the city centre, and possibly onwards to Helsinki-Vantaa Airport, is also in the planning stages. This is being taken into consideration in city plans and has been discussed by the city assembly, but does not look likely to be seriously planned before the mid-2030s at the earliest. To prepare for this eventuality, a platform level for a crossing line was already excavated during the original construction of the Kamppi station.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The Ring Rail Line, which connects the airport to the rail network, began service in 2015. The current plans commissioned by the city recommend the extension of the tram network, instead of the metro, to Laajasalo. Thus construction of a second metro line along the Laajasalo–Kamppi–Airport route appears unlikely.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: On 17 May 2006 the Helsinki city council decided that the current, manually driven metro trains would be replaced by automatic ones, operated without drivers. This project was cancelled in 2015 but the western extension was planned with this driverless operation in mind and the stations were built shorter than the existing ones which meant that the maximum train length for the whole system had to be reduced in 2017 when the western extension opened.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The system is planned to be automated eventually as the old M100 trains are approaching the end of their effective service lifespan.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: There is a plan to extend the Vuosaari section of the line to the new Vuosaari harbour (see section The depot above).

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: A new station is being planned in Roihupelto, between Siilitie and Itäkeskus, to serve a possible future suburb.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: In addition to the metro stations already in operation, forward-looking design has led to a number of extra facilities being constructed in case they are needed in the future.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The current metro station lies in an east-west direction but there is a second metro station beneath it that was excavated at the same time of construction in 1981. This second station is perpendicular (north-south) to the first one and has platforms 100 m in length, slightly shorter than those above. Tunnels designed to eventually connect the two sets of lines curve off from the west-end of Kamppi. See also: Helsingin Sanomat published side elevation plan and photograph of second level.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: Two station boxes were constructed in Hakaniemi. Intended for future expansion, the second is now unused. The unused area was subsequently designated for use as part of the mainline Helsinki City Rail Loop.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: According to the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority (HSL) yearly report for 2019, the metro system had a total of 92.6 million passengers. According to the yearly report for 2003, the total turnover for the metro division of Helsinki City Transport (HKL) was €16.9 million and it made a profit of €3.8 million.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: The Metro is by far the cheapest form of transport in Helsinki to operate, with a cost of only €0.032 per passenger kilometre. The same figure for the second cheapest form – trams – was €0.211.

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Helsinki Metro

Context: In 2002, the Metro used 39.8 GWh of electricity, though the figure was rising (from 32.2 GWh in 2001). This equals 0.10 kWh per passenger kilometre, and compares favourably with Helsinki's trams (which used 0.19 kWh per passenger kilometre in 2002).

Question: Milloin Helsingin metro rakennettiin?


Electronic cigarette

Context: An electronic cigarette is an electronic device that simulates tobacco smoking. It consists of an atomizer, a power source such as a battery, and a container such as a cartridge or tank. Instead of smoke, the user inhales vapor. As such, using an e-cigarette is often called "vaping". The atomizer is a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution called e-liquid. E-cigarettes are activated by taking a puff or pressing a button. Some look like traditional cigarettes, and most versions are reusable.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: E-cigarettes create an aerosol, often called vapor, made of liquid particulate matter. The vapor is composed primarily of propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine and flavors. It often also contains traces of nitrosamines, other toxicants, carcinogens, heavy metals, and metal nanoparticles. Its exact composition varies, and depends on several things including user behavior.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: For people trying to quit smoking with medical help, e-cigarettes have a higher quit rate than normal nicotine replacement therapy. For others, e-cigarettes do not raise quit rates.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: An electronic cigarette consists of an atomizer, a power source such as a battery, and a container for the e-liquid such as a cartridge or tank.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: The mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes is called e-liquid. E-liquid formulations vary widely. A typical e-liquid comprises propylene glycol and glycerin (95%), and flavorings, nicotine, and other additives (5%). The flavorings may be natural, artificial, or organic. Over 80 chemicals such as formaldehyde and metallic nanoparticles have been found in the e-liquid. There are many e-liquid manufacturers, and more than 15,000 flavors.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In the US, under Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules, e-liquids must comply with manufacturing standards. Industry standards are published by the American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA). EU standards are in the EU Tobacco Products Directive.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Since their entrance to the market around 2003, e-cigarette use has risen rapidly. In 2011 there were about 7 million adult e-cigarette users globally, rising to 68 million in 2020 compared with 1.1 billion cigarette smokers. There was a further rise to 82 million in 2021. The rise was thought to be due to targeted marketing, their lower cost compared to cigarettes, and that e-cigarettes are safer than tobacco.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: E-cigarette use is highest in China, the US, and Europe, with China having the most e-cigarette users.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: There are varied reasons for e-cigarette use. Most users are trying to quit smoking, but a large proportion of use is recreational or as a way to get around smoke-free laws. Many people vape because they believe vaping is safer than smoking. The choice of flavors and lower price compared to cigarettes are both important factors.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Other motivations include reducing tobacco odors and stains, and some e-cigarettes appeal to technophiles who want to customize their devices.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In the context of drugs, the gateway hypothesis is that using less harmful drugs can lead to more harmful ones. There is good evidence that vaping is a "gateway" to smoking as well as an "exit ramp" from smoking. Mentally ill people, who as a group are more susceptible to nicotine addiction, are at particularly high risk of this.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Worldwide, increasing numbers of young people are vaping. With access to e-cigarettes, young people's tobacco use has dropped by about 75%.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Most young e-cigarette users have never smoked, but there is a substantial minority who both vape and smoke. Young people who would not smoke are vaping. Young people who smoke tobacco or marijuana, or who drink alcohol, are much more likely to vape. Among young people who have tried vaping, most used a flavored product the first time.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Vaping correlates with smoking among young people, even in those who would otherwise be unlikely to smoke. Experimenting with vaping encourages young people to continue smoking. A 2015 study found minors had little resistance to buying e-cigarettes online. Teenagers may not admit to using e-cigarettes, but use, for instance, a hookah pen. As a result, self-reporting may be lower in surveys.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In one of the few studies identified, a 2015 survey of 316 pregnant women in a Maryland clinic found that the majority had heard of e-cigarettes, 13% had used them, and 0.6% were current daily users. These findings are of concern because the dose of nicotine delivered by e-cigarettes can be as high or higher than that delivered by traditional cigarettes.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: According to the CDC, E-cigarettes are not safe during pregnancy. "Although the aerosol of e-cigarettes generally has fewer harmful substances than cigarette smoke, e-cigarettes and other products containing nicotine are not safe to use during pregnancy. Nicotine is a health danger for pregnant women and developing babies and can damage a developing baby's brain and lungs. Also, some of the flavorings used in e-cigarettes may be harmful to a developing baby."

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Harm reduction refers to any reduction in harm from a prior level. Harm minimization strives to reduce harms to the lowest achievable level. When a person does not want to quit nicotine, harm minimization means striving to eliminate tobacco exposure by replacing it with vaping. E-cigarettes can reduce smokers' exposure to carcinogens and other toxic chemicals found in tobacco.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: A small number of studies have looked at whether using e-cigarettes reduces the number of cigarettes smokers consume. E-cigarette use may decrease the number of cigarettes smoked, but smoking just one to four cigarettes daily greatly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease compared to not smoking. The extent to which decreasing cigarette smoking with vaping leads to quitting is unknown.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: It is unclear whether e-cigarettes are only helpful for particular types of smokers. Vaping with nicotine may reduce tobacco use among daily smokers. Whether vaping is effective for quitting smoking may depend on whether it was used as part of an effort to quit.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In October 2021, researchers at Johns Hopkins University reported over 2,000 unknown chemicals in the vape clouds that they tested from Vuse, Juul, Blu and Mi-Salt vape devices.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In 2019–2020, there was an outbreak of vaping-related lung illness in the US and Canada, primarily related to vaping THC with vitamin E acetate.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In 1927, Joseph Robinson applied for a patent for an electronic vaporizer to be used with medicinal compounds. The patent was approved in 1930 but the device was never marketed. In 1930, the United States Patent and Trademark Office reported a patent stating, "for holding medicinal compounds which are electrically or otherwise heated to produce vapors for inhalation." In 1934 and 1936, further similar patents were applied for.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In the UK, where most vaping uses refillable sets and e-liquid, there is now support from the National Health Service, and other medical bodies now embrace the use of e-cigarettes as a viable way to quit smoking. This has contributed to record numbers of people vaping, with current vapers over 3.6 million as of June 2021.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Consumers have shown passionate support for e-cigarettes that other nicotine replacement products did not receive. They have a mass appeal that could challenge combustible tobacco's market position.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: A popular vaporizer used by American youth is Juul. Close to 80% of respondents in a 2017 Truth Initiative study aged 15–24 reported using Juul also used the device in the last 30 days. Teenagers use the verb "Juuling" to describe their use of Juul, and Juuling is the subject of many memes on social media. Students have commented on Twitter about using Juul in class.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In November 2020, the New Zealand government passed a vaping regulation that requires vape stores to register as specialist vape retailers before they can sell e-cigarettes, the wider range of flavoured e-liquids, and other related vaping products. Vaping products are required to be notified by the government before they can be sold to ensure that the products are following safety requirements and ingredients in liquids do not contain prohibited substances.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: , 95% of e-cigarette devices were made in China, mainly in Shenzhen. Chinese companies' market share of e-liquid is low. In 2014, online and offline sales starting increases. Since combustible cigarettes are relatively inexpensive in China a lower price may not be large factor in marketing vaping products over there.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: In Canada, e-cigarettes had an estimated value of 140 million CAD in 2015. There are numerous e-cigarette retail shops in Canada. A 2014 audit of retailers in four Canadian cities found that 94% of grocery stores, convenience stores, and tobacconist shops which sold e-cigarettes sold nicotine-free varieties only, while all vape shops stocked at least one nicotine-containing product.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: By 2015 the e-cigarette market had only reached a twentieth of the size of the tobacco market in the UK. In the UK in 2015 the "most prominent brands of cigalikes" were owned by tobacco companies, however, with the exception of one model, all the tank types came from "non-tobacco industry companies". Yet some tobacco industry products, while using prefilled cartridges, resemble tank models.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: France's e-cigarette market was estimated by Groupe Xerfi to be €130 million in 2015. Additionally, France's e-liquid market was estimated at €265 million. In December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year. Industry organization Fivape said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduced demand.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Compared to traditional cigarettes, reusable e-cigarettes do not create waste and potential litter from every use in the form of discarded cigarette butts. Traditional cigarettes tend to end up in the ocean where they cause pollution,

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: though once discarded they undergo biodegradation and photodegradation. Although some brands have begun recycling services for their e-cigarette cartridges and batteries, the prevalence of recycling is unknown.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: E-cigarettes that are not reusable contribute to the problem of electronic waste, which can create a hazard for people and other organisms. If improperly disposed of, they can release heavy metals, nicotine, and other chemicals from batteries and unused e-liquid.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: A July 2018–April 2019 garbology study found e-cigarette products composed 19% of the waste from all traditional and electronic tobacco and cannabis products collected at 12 public high schools in Northern California.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: Other devices to deliver inhaled nicotine have been developed. They aim to mimic the ritual and behavioral aspects of traditional cigarettes.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


Electronic cigarette

Context: British American Tobacco, through their subsidiary Nicoventures, licensed a nicotine delivery system based on existing asthma inhaler technology from UK-based healthcare company Kind Consumer. In September 2014 a product based on this named Voke obtained approval from the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.

Question: Kuka kehitti sähkötupakan?


James K. Polk

Context: Polk's three major programs during his governorship; regulating state banks, implementing state internal improvements, and improving education all failed to win the approval of the legislature. His only major success as governor was his politicking to secure the replacement of Tennessee's two Whig U.S. senators with Democrats. Polk's tenure was hindered by the continuing nationwide economic crisis that had followed the Panic of 1837 and which had caused Van Buren to lose the 1840 election.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Party troubles were a third concern. Polk and Calhoun made peace when a former South Carolina congressman, Francis Pickens visited Tennessee and came to Columbia for two days and to the Hermitage for sessions with the increasingly ill Jackson. Calhoun wanted the "Globe" dissolved, and that Polk would act against the 1842 tariff and promote Texas annexation. Reassured on these points, Calhoun became a strong supporter.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: While his domestic aims represented continuity with past Democratic policies, successful completion of Polk's foreign policy goals would represent the first major American territorial gains since the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Polk devoted the second half of his speech to foreign affairs, and specifically to expansion. He applauded the annexation of Texas, warning that Texas was no affair of any other nation, and certainly none of Mexico's. He spoke of the Oregon Country, and of the many who were migrating, pledging to safeguard America's rights there and to protect the settlers.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: As well as appointing Cabinet officers to advise him, Polk made his sister's son, J. Knox Walker, his personal secretary, an especially important position because, other than his slaves, Polk had no staff at the White House. Walker, who lived at the White House with his growing family (two children were born to him while living there), performed his duties competently through his uncle's presidency. Other Polk relatives visited at the White House, some for extended periods.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: The annexation resolution signed by Tyler gave the president the choice of asking Texas to approve annexation, or reopening negotiations; Tyler immediately sent a messenger to the U.S. representative in Texas, Andrew Jackson Donelson, choosing the former option. Thus, Polk's first major decision in office was whether to recall Tyler's courier to Texas.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: In July 1845, a convention ratified annexation, and thereafter voters approved it. In December 1845, Polk signed a resolution annexing Texas, and it became the 28th state. Mexico had broken diplomatic relations with the United States on passage of the joint resolution in March 1845; annexation increased tensions with that nation, which had never recognized Texan independence.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Taylor's instructions were to repel any incursion by Mexico north of the Rio Grande when the Texas boundary line had been de facto at the Nueces River. Initially, his army did not advance further than Corpus Christi, at the mouth of the Nueces. On January 13, 1846, Polk ordered Taylor to proceed to the Rio Grande, though it took him time to prepare for the march. Polk was convinced that sending Taylor to the Nueces Strip would provoke war; even if it did not, he was prepared to have Congress declare it.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: The House overwhelmingly approved a resolution declaring war and authorizing the president to accept 50,000 volunteers into the military. Some of those voting in favor were unconvinced that the U.S. had just cause to go to war, but feared to be deemed unpatriotic. In the Senate, war opponents led by Calhoun also questioned Polk's version of events. Nonetheless, the House resolution passed the Senate in a 40–2 vote, with Calhoun abstaining, marking the beginning of the Mexican–American War.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Frustrated by a lack of progress in negotiations, Polk ordered Trist to return to Washington, but the diplomat, when the notice of recall arrived in mid-November 1847, ignored the order, deciding to remain and writing a lengthy letter to Polk the following month to justify his decision. Polk considered having Butler, designated as Scott's replacement, forcibly remove him from Mexico City. Though outraged by Trist's defiance, Polk decided to allow him some time to negotiate a treaty.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: One of Polk's last acts as president was to sign the bill creating the Department of the Interior (March 3, 1849). This was the first new cabinet position created since the early days of the Republic. Polk had misgivings about the federal government usurping power over public lands from the states. Nevertheless, the delivery of the legislation on his last full day in office gave him no time to find constitutional grounds for a veto, or to draft a sufficient veto message, so he signed the bill.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Despite Polk's anger at Buchanan, he eventually offered the Secretary of State the seat, but Buchanan, after some indecision, turned it down. Polk subsequently nominated Robert Cooper Grier of Pittsburgh, who won confirmation. Justice Woodbury died in 1851, but Grier served until 1870 and in the slavery case of "Dred Scott v. Sandford" (1857) wrote an opinion stating that slaves were property and could not sue.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Polk appointed eight other federal judges, one to the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, and seven to various United States district courts.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Honoring his pledge to serve only one term, Polk declined to seek re-election. At the 1848 Democratic National Convention, Lewis Cass led on every ballot, though it was not until the fourth that he attained a two-thirds vote. William Butler, who had replaced Winfield Scott as the commanding general in Mexico City, won the vice-presidential nomination. The 1848 Whig National Convention nominated Zachary Taylor for president and former congressman Millard Fillmore of New York for vice president.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Polk's time in the White House took its toll on his health. Full of enthusiasm and vigor when he entered office, Polk left the presidency exhausted by his years of public service. He left Washington on March 6 for a pre-arranged triumphal tour of the South, to end in Nashville. Polk had two years previously arranged to buy a house there, afterwards dubbed Polk Place, that had once belonged to his mentor, Felix Grundy.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Polk's funeral was held at the McKendree Methodist Church in Nashville. Following his death, Sarah Polk lived at Polk Place for 42 years and died on August 14, 1891, at the age of 87. Their house, Polk Place, was demolished in 1901, a decade after Sarah's death.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Polk's remains have been moved twice. After his death, he was buried in what is now Nashville City Cemetery, due to a legal requirement related to his infectious disease death. Polk was then moved to a tomb on the grounds of Polk Place (as specified in his will) in 1850.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: On March 4, 2017, new tombstones for three of his slaves, Elias Polk, Mary Polk and Matilda Polk, were placed in the Nashville City Cemetery. Elias and Mary Polk both survived slavery, dying in the 1880s; Matilda Polk died still in slavery in 1849, at the age of about 110.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


James K. Polk

Context: Harry S. Truman called Polk "a great president. Said what he intended to do and did it." Bergeron noted that the matters that Polk settled, he settled for his time. The questions of the banking system, and of the tariff, which Polk had made two of the main issues of his presidency, were not significantly revised until the 1860s. Similarly, the Gadsden Purchase, and that of Alaska (1867), were the only major U.S. expansions until the 1890s.

Question: Minä vuonna James Knox Polk on syntynyt?


Minas Geraes-class battleship

Context: The "Minas Geraes" class, spelled "Minas Gerais" in some sources, consisted of two battleships built for the Brazilian Navy in the early twentieth century. Named and , the ships were intended to be Brazil's first step towards becoming an international power, and they consequently initiated a South American naval arms race.

Question: Milloin Mineas Geraes tilattiin?


Minas Geraes-class battleship

Context: An entirely new design incorporating the latest dreadnought technology was drawn up by J.R. Perrett, the head of Elswick Ordnance Company, and approved by the Brazilian government on 20 February 1907. Argentina and Chile immediately annulled the 1902 treaty that had ended their naval arms race, and both planned to expand their own navies, though Chile was delayed by a financial depression in 1907 and a major earthquake the next year.

Question: Milloin Mineas Geraes tilattiin?


Minas Geraes-class battleship

Context: The start of work on "Minas Geraes" meant that Brazil had become the third country—behind the United Kingdom and the United States but ahead of major powers such as Germany, France, Russia and Japan—to have a dreadnought under construction.

Question: Milloin Mineas Geraes tilattiin?


Minas Geraes-class battleship

Context: Despite the speculation, the United States quickly began courting Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, US naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".

Question: Milloin Mineas Geraes tilattiin?


Minas Geraes-class battleship

Context: Both ships were decommissioned after the war, "São Paulo" on 2 August 1947 and "Minas Geraes" on 31 December 1952. The former was sold to a British shipbreaker and was towed out of Rio de Janeiro on 20 September 1951. When north of the Azores in a strong storm, the tow line snapped. Though multiple searches were mounted by American and British aircraft, the ship was never found. "Minas Geraes" was sold to an Italian company in 1953 and towed to Genoa from 11 March 1954 to 22 April.

Question: Milloin Mineas Geraes tilattiin?


Minas Geraes-class battleship

Context: The two ships of the "Minas Geraes" class were overall, at the waterline, and between perpendiculars. They had a beam of , a mean draft of , a maximum draft of , a normal displacement of 18,976 long tons (19,281 t), and a displacement of 20,900 long tons (21,200 t) at full load. At the beginning of their careers, the ships were crewed by about 900 men.

Question: Milloin Mineas Geraes tilattiin?


Minas Geraes-class battleship

Context: "Minas Geraes" and "São Paulo" were originally armed with twelve 12-inch/45 caliber, twenty-two 4.7-inch/50 caliber, eighteen 3-pounders and eight 1-pounder naval guns. The main battery was arranged with four superfiring turrets, two each fore and aft, and two placed "en echelon". The 4.7-inch secondary guns were placed in casemates along the side of the ship.

Question: Milloin Mineas Geraes tilattiin?


Minas Geraes-class battleship

Context: The main armor belt was Krupp cemented and nine inches (230 mm) thick, but narrowed to six and three inches (150 and 76 mm) closer to each end of the ships. The barbettes were protected by nine-inch armor, while the turret had a twelve-inch (300 mm) front, eight-inch (200 mm) sides, and a two- to three-inch (51 to 76 mm) top, and the conning tower had twelve-inch armor. The deck armor had multiple decks of one-and-a-half to two inches (38 to 51 mm), one inch (25 mm), and one inch.

Question: Milloin Mineas Geraes tilattiin?


Hermas (freedman)

Context: The statement that Hermas wrote during his brother's Pius pontificate may similarly be an inference from the fact that it was in a list of popes, against the name of Pius, that the writer found the information that Hermas was that pope's brother. He may have been an elder brother of the pope.

Question: Kuka Hermas on?


Hermas (freedman)

Context: "The Shepherd" has been viewed as an allegory, similar to "Pilgrim's Progress". Apparent autobiographical points "...may be fact, or pure fiction, or fiction founded upon fact." It is not even certain that the writer's name was really Hermas.

Question: Kuka Hermas on?


Hermas (freedman)

Context: The hagiographer Alban Butler (1710–1773) wrote in his "Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints" under May 9,

Question: Kuka Hermas on?


Jane Goodall

Context: Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, "My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares." Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she obtained a PhD in ethology. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a bachelor's degree. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the "Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees", detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or "Take Care") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend, CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Goodall credits the 1986 "Understanding Chimpanzees" conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled "Reason for Hope" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. "I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings."

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice "cruel" and "traumatic" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the "Statues for Equality" project.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: In her foreword to the 2017 book "The Intelligence of the Cosmos" by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: "we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power."

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Goodall wrote in 1993: "When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism."

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: On 3 March 2022, in celebration of Women's History Month and International Women's Day, The Lego Group issued set number 40530, "A Jane Goodall Tribute," depicting a Jane Goodall minifigure and three chimpanzees in an African forest scene.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Jane Goodall

Context: On December 31, 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.

Question: Missä maassa Jane Goodall on tutkinut simpansseja?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The Corvette is currently the only two-seat sports car produced by a major domestic auto manufacturer and it serves as Chevrolet's halo vehicle. The Vette has become an American icon.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The Corvette has become widely known as "America's Sports Car." "Automotive News" wrote that after being featured in the early 1960s television show "Route 66", "the Corvette became synonymous with freedom and adventure," ultimately becoming both "the most successful concept car in history and the most popular sports car in history."

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The 1954 model year vehicles could be ordered in Pennant Blue, Sportsman Red, Black, or Polo White; 3,640 were built and sold slowly.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The 1955 model offered a V8 engine as an option. Despite the poor sales of the Corvette at the time, the brand new V-8 was an overwhelmingly popular option. Only 6 of the 1955 models were produced with the inline-six. With a large inventory of unsold 1954 models, GM limited production to 700 for 1955. With the new V8, the 0–60 mph time improved by 1.5 seconds, and saw three new competitors called the Ford Thunderbird and the Studebaker Speedster introduced that same year, and the larger Chrysler C-300.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The 1958 Corvette received a body and interior freshening which included a longer front end with quad headlamps, bumper exiting exhaust tips, a new steering wheel, and a dashboard with all gauges mounted directly in front of the driver. For 1958 only were 1958 hood louvers and twin trunk spears. The 1959–60 model years had few changes except a decreased amount of body chrome and more powerful engine offerings.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: Engines and chassis components were mostly carried over from the C2, but the body and interior were new. The engine replaced the old as the base engine in 1969, but power remained at . 1969 was the only year for a C3 to optionally offer either a factory-installed side exhaust or a normal rear exit with chrome tips. The all-aluminum ZL1 engine was also new for 1969; the special big-block engine was listed at , but was reported to produce and propelled a ZL1 through the 1/4 mile in 10.89 seconds.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: There was an extended production run for the 1969 model year due to a lengthy labor strike, which meant sales were down on the 1970 models, to 17,316. 1970 small-block power peaked with the optional high compression, high-revving LT-1 that produced . The 427 big-block was enlarged to with a rating. The ZR-1 special package was an option available on the 1970 through 1972 model years, and included the LT-1 engine combined with special racing equipment. Only 53 ZR-1's were built.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: September 1984 through 1988 Corvettes were available with a "4+3" transmission designed by Doug Nash - a 4-speed manual coupled to an automatic overdrive on the top three gears. It was devised to help the Corvette meet U.S. fuel economy standards. Since 1981 (when it was last offered), a manual transmission returned to the Corvette starting with production in late 1984. The transmission proved to be problematic and was replaced by a modern ZF 6-speed manual transmission in 1989.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: Chevrolet released the Grand Sport (GS) version in 1996 to mark the end of production of the C4 Corvette. The Grand Sport moniker was a nod to the original Grand Sport model produced in 1963. A total of 1,000 GS Corvettes were produced, 810 as coupes and 190 as convertibles. The 1996 GS came with the high-performance LT4 V8, producing and . The Grand Sport came only in Admiral Blue with a white stripe down the middle, black wheels, and two red stripes on the front left wheel arch.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: An all new LS1 aluminum engine (Gen III small block) featured individual ignition coils for each cylinder, and aluminum block and pistons. It was initially rated at and , but was increased to in the 2001 edition. The new engine, combined with the new body, was able to achieve up to 28 mpg on the highway.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: For its first year, the C5 was available only as a coupe, although the new platform was designed from the ground up to be a convertible, which returned in 1998, followed by the fixed-roof coupe (FRC) in 1999. One concept for the FRC was for it to be a stripped-down model with a possible V6 engine (nicknamed in-house as the "Billy Bob"). By 2000, FRC plans laid the groundwork for the return in 2001 of the Z06, an RPO option not seen since Zora's 1963 race-ready Corvette.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The ZR1 was formally announced in a December 2007 press statement by General Motors, where it was revealed that their target of per had been reached by a new "LS9" engine with an Eaton-supercharged 6.2-liter engine producing and . The LS9 engine was the most powerful to be put into a GM production sports car. Its top speed was .

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: Beginning with the 2011 model year, buyers of the Corvette Z06 and ZR1 were offered the opportunity to assist in the build of their engines. Titled the "Corvette Engine Build Experience," buyers paid extra to be flown to the Wixom, Michigan Performance Build Center. Participants helped the assembly line workers build the V8 engine, then took delivery of the car at the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, KY, near the Corvette final assembly point.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The last C6 Corvette was manufactured in February 2013. In May 2013, a federal investigation of problems with more than 100,000 C6 lighting systems was announced.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: Development for the seventh generation Corvette started in 2007. Originally set to be introduced for the 2011 model year, its introduction was delayed for three years. It was finally released for the 2014 model year. Mid-engine and rear-engine layouts had been considered, but the front-engine, rear-wheel drive (RWD) platform was chosen to keep production costs lower.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The Motley Fool reports that Chevrolet could be earning $10,000 or more in gross profit for every Corvette it sells. GM's profit on sales is separate from the profits made by the individual dealerships selling the cars to the public.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: Chevrolet announced the C7 Z06 at the 2014 Detroit Auto Show. The 2015 Z06 Corvette has 650 hp from the supercharged LT4 aluminum 6.2 L V8 engine.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The new generation Corvette resurrected the "Stingray" name. Originally spelled "Sting Ray" on 1963 through 1967 models and "Stingray" from 1969 until 1976.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?