Solid-state battery

Context: High interfacial resistance between a cathode and solid electrolyte has been a long-standing problem for all-solid-state batteries.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: The interfacial instability of the electrode-electrolyte has always been a serious problem in solid state batteries. After solid state electrolyte contacts with electrode, the chemical and/or electrochemical side reactions at the interface usually produce a passivated interface, which impedes the diffusion of Li+ across the electrode-SSE interface. Upon high-voltage cycling, some SSEs may undergo oxidative degradation.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Solid lithium (Li) metal anodes in solid-state batteries are replacement candidates in lithium-ion batteries for higher energy densities, safety, and faster recharging times. Such anodes tend to suffer from the formation and the growth of Li dendrites.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Dendrites penetrate the separator between the anode and the cathode causing short circuits. This causes overheating, which may result in fires or explosions from thermal runaway. Li dendrites reduce coulombic efficiency.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Dendrites commonly form during electrodeposition during charge and discharge. Li ions combine with electrons at the anode surface as the battery charges - forming a layer of lithium metal. Ideally, the lithium deposition occurs evenly on the anode. However, if the growth is uneven, dendrites form. The component of Li dendrites was confirmed as LixCy, Li2O, and LixCyOz in 2018.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) was found to be the most effective strategy for inhibiting dendrite growth and increasing cycling performance. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) may prevent dendrite growth, although this remains speculative. A 2018 study identified nanoporous ceramic separators that block Li dendrite growth up to critical current densities.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: A common failure mechanism in solid-state batteries is mechanical failure through volume changes in the anode and cathode during charge and discharge due to the addition and removal of Li-ions from the host structures.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Cathodes will typically consist of active cathode particles mixed with SSE particles to assist with ion conduction. As the battery charges/discharges, the cathode particles change in volume typically on the order of a few percent. This volume change leads to the formation of interparticle voids which worsens contact between the cathode and SSE particles, resulting in a significant loss of capacity due to the restriction in ion transport.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Where formula_2 is the gas constant, formula_3 is temperature, formula_4 is the uniaxial strain rate, formula_5 is the creep stress, and for lithium metal formula_6, formula_7, formula_8. Additionally, at lower temperatures below 248 K and at faster-strain rates, lithium metal has been shown to strain harden, indicating a transition from creep-dominated behavior to glide-dominated behavior.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: They may avoid the use of dangerous or toxic materials found in commercial batteries, such as organic electrolytes.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Because most liquid electrolytes are flammable and solid electrolytes are nonflammable, solid-state batteries are believed to have lower risk of catching fire. Fewer safety systems are needed, further increasing energy density at the module or cell pack level. Recent studies show that heat generation inside is only ~20-30% of conventional batteries with liquid electrolyte under thermal runaway.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Solid-state battery technology is believed to allow for faster charging. Higher voltage and longer cycle life are also possible.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Anode materials: Li is favored because of its storage properties, alloys of Al, Si and Sn are also suitable as anodes.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


Solid-state battery

Context: Cathode materials: require having light weight, good cyclical capacity and high energy density. Usually include LiCoO2, LiFePO4, TiS2, V2O5and LiMnO2.

Question: Kuka on löytänyt elektrolyytit?


List of islands of Greece

Context: Greece has many islands, with estimates ranging from somewhere around 1,200 to 6,000, depending on the minimum size to take into account. The number of inhabited islands is variously cited as between 166 and 227.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan suurin saari pinta-alaltaan?


List of islands of Greece

Context: This article excludes the Peloponnese, which has technically been an island since the construction of the Corinth Canal in 1893, but is rarely considered to be an island.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan suurin saari pinta-alaltaan?


List of islands of Greece

Context: The following are the largest Greek islands listed by surface area. The table includes all islands of over .

Question: Mikä on Kreikan suurin saari pinta-alaltaan?


List of islands of Greece

Context: This list includes Argo-Saronic islands, which are located in the Saronic Gulf. The largest Argo-Saronic island is Salamis. The main islands are in bold. Uninhabited islands are indicated, including those that may have been inhabited in the past:

Question: Mikä on Kreikan suurin saari pinta-alaltaan?


List of islands of Greece

Context: The Cyclades islands comprise around 220 islands and islets. The main islands are indicated in bold below.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan suurin saari pinta-alaltaan?


List of islands of Greece

Context: There are 164 total Dodecanese Islands of which 26 are inhabited. There are 12 main islands, as listed in bold below:

Question: Mikä on Kreikan suurin saari pinta-alaltaan?


List of islands of Greece

Context: The 30 islands in the Sporades are listed below with the four major islands in bold. The largest Sporades island is Skyros.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan suurin saari pinta-alaltaan?


List of islands of Greece

Context: Islands in the Ionian Sea are listed below. The seven largest and most popular islands are listed in bold.

Question: Mikä on Kreikan suurin saari pinta-alaltaan?


Captain Pronin

Context: Each episode begins with the depiction of the "Morning in a Pine Forest" painting that turns into the Joint Venture Filmpotrebsoyuz Pictures logo, a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer parody with a roaring bear, which then throws a surrounding ring off, exploding the screen and revealing the episode's real title.

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: The series follows the adventures of a Russian detective, Captain Pronin. After being raised and trained by his grandfather Major Pronin, he now serves in the police department (Militsiya) of post-Soviet Russia. By virtue of his office, Captain Pronin is engaged on missions to fight crime, wherein his extraordinary abilities and a fair bit of luck help him to emerge unscathed from tough battles with delinquents.

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: The series' executive producers are L. Varentsova for the first three episodes, with co-executive producer L.Zarita in the first episode, and T. Aristova for the last episode.

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: The series has the main cameraman Ernst Gaman, and the different sound engineers Vitaly Azarovsky, Nelly Kudrina, Sergey Kozlov, Oleg Solomonov; and editors Ludmila Ruban, Olga Chekalina (also, a co-editor for the first episode), L. Afanasyeva, and T. Ivankova for each single episode. The script editors are G. Komarova for the first two episodes, and Alice Feodoridi for the last two episodes.

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: The "Captain Pronin" series has one regular cast member, Igor Vernik, and intermediate members like Vsevolod Abdulov, Rogvold Sukhoverko, and Aleksandr Pozharov, who made significant contributions to voice acting.

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: Igor Vernik provided the voice of Captain Pronin in all episodes, except Pronin's singing in "Captain Pronin 4" with accordion performance of "Aria of Mr. X" from Emmerich Kalman's operetta "The Circus Princess".

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: Vsevolod Abdulov provided the voices of Swistunov, Ninja, James Bond, Major Pronin in "Captain Pronin – Major Pronin's Grandson"; all characters, except Captain Pronin, in "Captain Pronin 2"; Navigator, Examination Committee Member, Green Space Pirate, Sirius Soldier in "Captain Pronin 3".

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: Rogvold Sukhoverko provided the voices of the main antagonists, the Chief and the Commander, in "Captain Pronin – Major Pronin's Grandson" and "Captain Pronin 3"; and minor characters, as Examination Committee Chairman and Red Space Pirate, in "Captain Pronin 3".

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: Aleksandr Pozharov provided the voices of Myshyakovich in "Captain Pronin – Major Pronin's Grandson", and of the Director in "Captain Pronin 4".

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: The female voices were provided by T. Sergeyevna in "Captain Pronin – Major Pronin's Grandson", by Lyudmila Ilyina in "Captain Pronin 3", and by an uncredited voice actress in "Captain Pronin 4".

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: Also, V. Belov and Vladimir Nikitin (not credited) performed the voice acting for "Captain Pronin 4".

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: The theme song "Captain Pronin – Superstar" was performed by the Russian band Car-Man, while the lyrics were written by the band's leader, Sergey Lemokh. The song is played over the credits of the whole series, sometimes featuring the voice of Igor Vernik at the end, and in the chase scenes of "Captain Pronin 2" and "Captain Pronin 3". Besides that, the product placement of Car-Man and Sergey Lemokh appears throughout the series, whereas Segey Lemokh made an animated cameo in "Captain Pronin 2".

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: The series' main composer is Taras Buhevsky, except the third cartoon, "Captain Pronin in Space", where the composer is Igor Yefremov.

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: The "Captain Pronin" series was rated above average by the audience of the film review portal KinoPoisk, where the first film, "Captain Pronin – Major Pronin's Grandson", holds 6.6 out of 10, "Captain Pronin 2" holds 6.4 out of 10, "Captain Pronin 3" holds 6.2 out of 10, and "Captain Pronin 4" holds 5.7 out of 10.

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: On May 24, 2010, Won James Won's band member Tikhon Kubov compiled a list of 50 Soviet/Russian "weirdness and bizarreness" animated cartoons for the web magazine "Сhewbakka". It features the series' second film "Captain Pronin in America", which was described by him as a "real trash", and a "[Russian] answer to """.

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Captain Pronin

Context: Krupny Plan released two cartoon compilations, "Cartoon Collection 47", on VHS in 1999, and, "Film, Film, Film", on DVD in 2006, which feature the complete series of "Captain Pronin".

Question: Kuka on kirjoittanut venäläisen Aamu mäntymetsässä tarinan?


Hayreddin Barbarossa

Context: Hayreddin Barbarossa (, original name: Khiḍr; ), also known as Hızır Hayrettin Pasha, and simply Hızır Reis (c. 1466/1478 – 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman corsair and later admiral of the Ottoman Navy. Barbarossa's naval victories secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid 16th century.

Question: Miten Barbarossa kuoli?


Interim Peace

Context: To protest the Moscow Peace Treaty, two ministers resigned and Prime Minister Ryti was forced to form a new cabinet right away. To achieve better national consensus, all parties except the right extremist IKL participated in the cabinet.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: Although the peace treaty was signed, the state of war was not revoked because of the widening world war, the difficult food supply situation, and the poor shape of the Finnish military. Censorship was not abolished and was used to suppress critics of the Moscow peace treaty and the most blatantly anti-Soviet comments.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: After the fall of France, in late June, the Finnish ambassador in Stockholm heard from the diplomatic sources that Britain could soon be forced to negotiate peace with Germany. The experience from World War I emphasized the importance of close and friendly relations with the victors, and accordingly the courting of Nazi Germany was stepped up still further.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: On June 14, Soviet bombers shot down the Finnish passenger plane Kaleva, while en route from Tallinn to Helsinki. All nine passengers and crew perished.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: President Kallio suffered a stroke on August 28, after which he was unable to work, but when he presented his resignation November 27, the Soviet Union reacted by announcing that if Mannerheim, Tanner, Kivimäki, Svinhufvud or someone of their ilk were chosen president, it would be considered a breach of the Moscow peace treaty.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: All of this reminded the public heavily of how the Baltic Republics had been occupied and annexed only a few months earlier. It was no wonder that the average Finn feared that the Winter War had produced only a short delay of the same fate.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: During the nickel negotiations the Foreign Office pressured the license owning British-Canadian company to "temporarily" release the license and offered diplomatic support to Soviet attempts to gain control of the mine with the precondition that no ore would be shipped to Germany.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: Ryti, Mannerheim, Minister of Defence Walden and chief of staff Heinrichs decided October 23 that information concerning Finnish defence plans of Lappland could be given to the Wehrmacht to gain goodwill, even with the risk that they could be forwarded to the Soviet Union.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: According to German reports, the ore body of Kolosjoki mines had a value of over 1 billion Reichsmark, and it could fulfil the demand for nickel in the Third Reich for 20 years. Later on, at the end of 1940, the Germans raised their estimate of the Kolosjoki nickel reserves four times larger.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: When Finnish military intelligence spotted troop movements on the Soviet side of the border, Mannerheim proposed on January 23 1941 a partial mobilization, but Ryti and Rangell didn't accept. Ambassador Kivimäki reported on January 24 1941 that Germany was conscripting new age classes, and it was unlikely that they were needed against Britain.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: Finnish Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Heinrichs visited Berlin on January 30–February 3, officially giving a lecture about Finnish experiences in the Winter War, but also including discussions with Halder. During the discussions Halder speculated about a possible German assault on the Soviet Union and Heinrichs informed him about Finnish mobilization limits and defence plans with and without German or Swedish participation.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: Race issues were sources of particular concern: the Finns were not viewed favourably by the Nazi race theorists. By active participation on Germany's side, Finnish leaders hoped for a more independent position in post-war Europe, through the removal of the Soviet threat and the incorporation of the related Finnish peoples of neighbouring Soviet areas, especially Karelia. This view gained increasing popularity in the Finnish leadership, and also in the press, during the spring of 1941.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: Heinrichs' group returned on May 28 and reported their discussions to Mannerheim, Walden and Ryti. And on May 30 Ryti, Witting, Walden, Kivimäki, Mannerheim, Heinrichs, Talvela and Aaro Pakaslahti from Foreign Ministry had a meeting where they accepted the results of those negotiations with a list of some prerequisites: a guarantee of Finnish independence, the pre-Winter War borders (or better), continuing grain deliveries, and that Finnish troops would not cross the border before a Soviet incursion.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: An airfield in Utti was evacuated by Finnish planes on June 18 and the Germans were allowed to use it for refuelling from June 19. German reconnaissance planes were stationed at Tikkakoski, near Jyväskylä, on June 20.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: Individual Soviet artillery batteries started to shoot at Finnish positions from Hanko early in the morning, so the Finnish commander sought permission to return fire, but before the permission was granted, Soviet artillery had stopped shooting.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Interim Peace

Context: To keep a close eye on their opponents, both parties—and also the Germans—performed active air reconnaissance over the border, but no air fights ensued.

Question: Missä välirauha solmittiin?


Corpus cavernosum penis

Context: A corpus cavernosum penis (singular) (literally "cave-like body" of the penis, plural corpora cavernosa) is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection.

Question: Kuinka monta paisuvaiskudoksesta muodostuvaa paisuvaista miehellä on?


Corpus cavernosum penis

Context: Such a corpus is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female; the body of the clitoris that contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa with a recognisably similar structure.

Question: Kuinka monta paisuvaiskudoksesta muodostuvaa paisuvaista miehellä on?


Corpus cavernosum penis

Context: The male anatomy has no vestibular bulbs, but instead a corpus spongiosum, a smaller region along the bottom of the penis, which contains the urethra and forms the glans penis.

Question: Kuinka monta paisuvaiskudoksesta muodostuvaa paisuvaista miehellä on?


Corpus cavernosum penis

Context: Blood can leave the erectile tissue only through a drainage system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum. The expanding spongy tissue presses against a surrounding dense tissue (tunica albuginea) constricting these veins, preventing blood from leaving. The penis becomes rigid as a result. The glans penis, the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum, remains more malleable during erection because its tunica albuginea is much thinner than elsewhere in the penis.

Question: Kuinka monta paisuvaiskudoksesta muodostuvaa paisuvaista miehellä on?


Effects unit

Context: An effects unit or effects pedal is an electronic device that alters the sound of a musical instrument or other audio source through audio signal processing.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Common effects include distortion/overdrive, often used with electric guitar in electric blues and rock music; dynamic effects such as volume pedals and compressors, which affect loudness; filters such as wah-wah pedals and graphic equalizers, which modify frequency ranges; modulation effects, such as chorus, flangers and phasers; pitch effects such as pitch shifters; and time effects, such as reverb and delay, which create echoing sounds and emulate the sound of different spaces.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Musicians, audio engineers and record producers use effects units during live performances or in the studio, typically with electric guitar, bass guitar, electronic keyboard or electric piano. While effects are most frequently used with electric or electronic instruments, they can be used with any audio source, such as acoustic instruments, drums, and vocals.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: An effects unit is also called an "effect box", "effects device", "effects processor" or simply an "effect". The abbreviation "F/X" or "FX" is sometimes used. A pedal-style unit may be called a "stomp box", "stompbox", "effects pedal" or "pedal". Unprocessed audio coming into an effects unit is referred to as "dry", while the processed audio output is referred to as "wet".

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: A "controller" or "effects management system" lets the musician create multiple effect chains, so they can select one or several chains by tapping a single switch. The switches are usually organized in a row or a simple grid.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: It is common to put compression, wah and overdrive pedals at the start of the chain; modulation (chorus, flanger, phase shifter) in the middle; and time-based units (delay/echo, reverb at the end. When using many effects, unwanted noise and hum can be introduced into the sound. Some performers use a noise gate pedal at the end of a chain to reduce unwanted noise and hum introduced by overdrive units or vintage gear.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Rackmount effects units are typically built in a thin metal chassis with "rack ears" designed to be screw-mounted into the rack rails of a 19-inch rack that is standard to the music technology industry. Rackmount effects have a standardized 19-inch width, and height of 1 or more rack unit(s). Devices that are less than 19 inches wide can sometimes be made rackmount-compatible via special rackmount adapters.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: A rackmount effects unit may contain electronic circuitry identical to a stompbox's, although its circuits are typically more complex. Unlike stompboxes, rackmounts usually have several different types of effects. Rackmount effects units are controlled by knobs, switches or buttons on their front panel, and often remote-controllable by a MIDI digital control interface or pedal-style "foot controller".

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: A tabletop unit is a type of multi-effects device that sits on a desk and is controlled manually. One such example is the Pod guitar amplifier modeler. Digital effects designed for DJs are often sold in tabletop models, so that the units can be placed alongside a DJ mixer, turntables and scratching gear.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Since the 2000s, guitar amplifiers began having built-in multi-effects units or digital amplifier modeling effects. Bass amplifiers are less likely to have built-in effects, although some may have a compressor/limiter or fuzz bass effect. Bass amps from the 1980s sometimes included built-in bass chorus.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Instruments with built-in effects include Hammond organs, electronic organs, electronic pianos and digital synthesizers. Built-in effects for keyboard typically include reverb, chorus and, for Hammond organ, vibrato. Many "clonewheel organs" include an overdrive effect. Occasionally, acoustic-electric and electric guitars will have built-in effects, such as a preamp or equalizer.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Distortion was not an effect originally intended by amplifier manufacturers, but could often easily be achieved by "overdriving" the power supply in early tube amplifiers. In the 1950s, guitarists began deliberately increasing gain beyond its intended levels to achieve "warm" distorted sounds. Among the first musicians to experiment with distortion were Willie Johnson of Howlin' Wolf, Goree Carter, Joe Hill Louis, Ike Turner, Guitar Slim, and Chuck Berry.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Effects and effects units—stompboxes in particular—have been celebrated by pop and rock musicians in album titles, songs and band names. The Big Muff, a fuzzbox manufactured by Electro-Harmonix, is commemorated by the Depeche Mode song "Big Muff" and the Mudhoney EP "Superfuzz Bigmuff". Nine Inch Nails, Pink Floyd, George Harrison, They Might Be Giants and Joy Division are among the many musicians who have referenced effects units in their music.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Distortion, overdrive, and fuzz effects units add a "warm", "gritty", or "fuzzy" character to an audio signal by re-shaping or "clipping" it, which distorts the shape of its wave form by flattening its peaks, creating "warm" sounds by adding harmonics or "gritty" sounds by adding inharmonic overtones. Distortion effects are sometimes called "gain" effects, as distorted guitar sounds were first achieved by increasing the electric power supply, e.g. gain, to tube amplifiers.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: While distortion effects units produce perfectly flattened peaks or "hard" clipping, overdrive effects units produce "soft" tube-like distortion by compressing the sine wave without completely flattening it. Much like guitar tube amplifiers, overdrive effects units are capable of producing "clean" sounds at quieter volumes and distorted "warm" sounds at louder volumes.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Notable examples of distortion and overdrive effects units include the Boss DS-1 Distortion, Ibanez Tube Screamer, Marshall ShredMaster, MXR Distortion +, and Pro Co RAT.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Notable examples of fuzz effect units include the: Arbiter Fuzz Face, Electro-Harmonix Big Muff, Shin-ei Companion FY-2, Univox Super-Fuzz, Vox Tone Bender, Z.Vex Fuzz Factory.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: While distortion effect units are most associated with electric and bass guitar, they are also commonly used on keyboard instruments (i.e. synthesizers, combo and tonewheel organs, electric piano), as well as drums and vocals. Distortion and overdrive effects units may either be transistor-based or digital.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Also called volume and amplitude effects, dynamics effects modify the volume of an instrument. Dynamics effects were among the first effects introduced to guitarists.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Boost/volume pedal": A boost or "clean boost" pedal amplifies the volume of an instrument by increasing the amplitude of its audio signal. These units are generally used for "boosting" volume during solos and preventing signal loss in long "effects chains". A guitarist switching from rhythm guitar to lead guitar for a guitar solo may use a boost to increase the volume of their solo.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Compressor": Compressors make loud sounds quieter and quiet sounds louder by decreasing or "compressing" the dynamic range of an audio signal. A compressor is often used to stabilize volume and smooth a note's "attack" by dampening its onset and amplifying its sustain. A compressor can also function as a limiter with extreme settings of its controls.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Filter effects alter the frequency content of an audio signal that passes through them by either boosting or weakening specific frequencies or frequency regions.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Equalizer": An equalizer is a set of linear filters that strengthen ("boost") or weaken ("cut") specific frequency regions. While basic home stereos often have equalizers for two bands, to adjust bass and treble, professional graphic equalizers offer much more targeted control over the audio frequency spectrum. Audio engineers use highly sophisticated equalizers to eliminate unwanted sounds, make an instrument or voice more prominent, and enhance particular aspects of an instrument's tone.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Wah-wah": A wah-wah pedal creates vowel-like sounds by altering the frequency spectrum produced by an instrument—i.e., how loud it is at each separate frequency—in what is known as a "spectral glide" or "sweep".

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: The device is operated by a foot treadle that opens and closes a potentiometer. Wah-wah pedals are often used by funk and rock guitarists.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Auto-wah": A filter effect that is controlled by the volume of the input signal. The most common filter type used for this effect pedal is the low-pass filter, although many pedal designs include a toggle for band-pass or high-pass filters as well. Additionally, most envelope filters pedal boxes can switch between a down filter mode and an up filter. This effect is commonly used in funk, reggae and jam band music.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Envelope filter effects: Musitronics Mu-Tron III, Electro-Harmonix Q-Tron Plus, DOD Envelope Filter 440

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Modulation", in general electronics, means the altering of signal strength. In audio devices, modulation is a control feature that varies the strength of some effect over time to alter tonal properties. Some modulation effects mix ("modulate") an instrument's audio signal with a signal generated by the effect called a carrier wave. Other modulation effects split an instrument's audio signal in two, altering one portion of the signal and mixing it with the unaltered portion.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Chorus": Chorus pedals mimic the effect choirs and string orchestras produce naturally, by having slight variations in timbre and pitch, by mixing sounds with slight differences in timbre and pitch. A chorus effect splits the instrument-to-amplifier audio signal, and adds a slight delay and frequency variations or "vibrato" to part of the signal while leaving the rest unaltered. A well-known usage of chorus is the lead guitar in "Come As You Are" by Nirvana.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Chorus effects: Boss CE-1 Chorus Ensemble, Electro-Harmonix Small Clone, TC Electronic Stereo Chorus.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Phaser": A phaser or "phase shifter" creates a slight rippling effect—amplifying some aspects of the tone while diminishing others—by splitting an audio signal in two and altering the phase of one portion. Three well-known examples of phaser are the two handed tapping part on the Van Halen instrumental "Eruption" and the keyboard parts on Billy Joel's "Just the Way You Are" and Paul Simon's "Slip Slidin' Away".

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Ring modulator": A ring modulator produces a resonant, metallic sound by mixing an instrument's audio signal with a carrier wave generated by the device's internal oscillator. The original sound wave is suppressed and replaced by a "ring" of inharmonic higher and lower pitches or "sidebands". A notable use of ring modulation is the guitar in the Black Sabbath song "Paranoid".

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Slicer": Combines a modulation sequence with a noise gate or envelope filter to create a percussive and rhythmic effect like a helicopter.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Pitch/frequency effects modify pitch by altering the frequency of a sound wave or sound signal or adding new harmonies.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: A harmonizer is a type of sophisticated pitch shifter that combines the altered pitch with the original pitch to create a two note harmony based on the original pitch, or even with some pedals, three note harmony. Some hamonizers are able to create chorus-like effects by adding very tiny shifts in pitch.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Time-based effects delay the sound signal, add reverb or echos, or, if a long delay is possible, enable musicians to record "loops".

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Delay/echo": Delay/echo units produce an echo effect by adding a duplicate instrument-to-amplifier electrical signal to the original signal at a slight time-delay. The effect can either be a single echo called a "slap" or "slapback", or multiple echos. A well-known use of delay is the lead guitar in the U2 song "Where the Streets Have No Name", and also the opening riff of "Welcome to the Jungle" by Guns N' Roses.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Delay effects: Boss DD-3 Digital Delay, MXR Carbon Copy, Electro-Harmonix Deluxe Memory Man, Line 6 DL4, Roland RE-201.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Later EBow models, such as the plus Ebow, contain a mode slide switch on the back, which allows the player to either produce just sustain or overtone feedback in addition to sustain.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Pedals such as the Boss DF-2 and FB-2 use an internally generated signal matched to the pitch of the guitar that can be sustained indefinitely by depressing the pedal.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Many compressor pedals are often also marketed as "sustainer pedals". As a note is sustained, it loses energy and volume due to diminishing vibration in the string. The compressor pedal boosts its electrical signal to the specified dynamic range, slightly prolonging the duration of the note. This, combined with heavy distortion and the close proximity of the guitar and the speaker cabinet, can lead to infinite sustain at higher volumes.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Envelope follower": An envelope follower activates an effect once a designated volume is reached. One effect that uses an envelope follower is the "auto-wah", which produces a "wah" effect depending on how loud or soft the notes are being played.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Pitch correction/vocal effects": Pitch correction effects use signal-processing algorithms to re-tune faulty intonation in a vocalist's performance or create unusual vocoder-type vocal effects. One of the best known examples of this is Autotune, a software program and effect unit which can be used to both correct pitch (it moves a pitch to the nearest semitone), and add vocal effects. Some stompbox-style vocal pedals contain multiple effects, such as reverb and pitch correction.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Simulators": Simulators enable electric guitars to mimic the sound of other instruments such as acoustic guitar, electric bass and sitar. Pick up simulators used on guitars with single-coil pick ups replicate the sound of guitars with humbucker pick ups, or vice versa. A de-fretter is a bass guitar effect that simulates the sound of a fretless bass. The effect uses an envelope-controlled filter and voltage-controlled amplifier to "soften" a note's attack both in volume and timbre.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: "Bitcrusher filters": Bitcrushers rely on conversion of the audio signal into a digital format (ADC) and the reduction of sound fidelity by utilising bit (and sometimes sample) rates low enough to cause significant colouration and filtering within the audible frequency range.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: The "Korg Kaoss Pad" is a small touchpad MIDI controller, sampler, and effects processor for audio and musical instruments, made by Korg. The Kaoss Pad's touchpad can be used to control its internal effects engine, which can be applied to a line-in signal or to samples recorded from the line-in. Effects types include pitch shifting, distortion, filtering, wah-wah, tremolo, flanging, delay, reverberation, auto-panning, gating, phasing, and ring modulation.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Effects unit

Context: Some boutique pedal manufacturers include: BJFE, Pete Cornish, Emlyn Crowther, Death By Audio, Robert Keeley, Roger Linn, Roger Mayer, Strymon, T-Rex Engineering, ToadWorks and Z.Vex Effects.

Question: Kuka on kehittänyt efektipedaalit?


Finnish mythology

Context: Finnish mythology is a commonly applied description of the folklore of Finnish paganism, of which a modern revival is practiced by a small percentage of the Finnish people. It has many features shared with Estonian and other Finnic mythologies, but also shares some similarities with neighbouring Baltic, Slavic and, to a lesser extent, Norse mythologies.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: Finnish mythology survived within an oral tradition of mythical poem-singing and folklore well into the 19th century.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: Of the animals, the most sacred was the bear, whose real name was never uttered out loud, lest his kind be unfavorable to the hunting. The bear ("karhu" in Finnish) was seen as the embodiment of the forefathers, and for this reason it was called by many circumlocutions: "mesikämmen" ("mead-paw"), "otso" ("browed one"), "kontio" ("dweller of the land"), "metsän kultaomena" ("the golden apple of the forest") but not a god.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: The world was believed to have been formed out of a bird's egg or eggs. The species of the bird and the number of eggs varies between different stories. In the Kalevala the bird is a pochard that lays seven eggs (six of gold and one of iron); examples from other stories include a swallow, a loon and a mythical giant eagle, "kokko". The sky was believed to be the upper cover of the egg; alternately it was seen as a tent, which was supported by a column at the north pole, below the north star.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: The movement of the stars was explained to be caused by the sky-dome's rotation around the North Star and itself. A great whirl was caused at the north pole by the rotation of a column of sky. Through this whirl souls could go to the outside of the world to the land of dead, Tuonela.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: Earth was believed to be flat. At the edges of Earth was Lintukoto, "the home of the birds", a warm region in which birds lived during the winter. The Milky Way is called Linnunrata, "the path of the birds", because the birds were believed to move along it to Lintukoto and back. In Modern Finnish usage, the word "lintukoto" means an imaginary happy, warm and peaceful paradise-like place.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: Birds also had other significance. Birds brought a human's soul to the body at the moment of birth, and took it away at the moment of death. In some areas, it was necessary to have a wooden bird-figure nearby to prevent the soul from escaping during sleep. This Sielulintu, "the soul-bird", protected the soul from being lost in the paths of dreams.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: Waterfowl are very common in tales, and also in stone paintings and carvings, indicating their great significance in the beliefs of ancient Finns.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: Ukko ("old man") was a god of the sky, weather, and the crops. The Finnish word for thunder, "ukkonen" (little Ukko) or "ukonilma" (Ukko's weather), is derived from his name. In the Kalevala he is also called "ylijumala" (overgod, Supreme God), as he is the god of things of the sky. He makes all his appearances in myths solely by natural effects when invoked.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


Finnish mythology

Context: Ukko's origins are probably in Baltic Perkons and the older Finnish sky god Ilmarinen. While Ukko took Ilmarinen's position as the Sky God, Ilmarinen's destiny was to turn into a smith-hero, or the god of the rock. In the epic poetry of the Kalevala, Ilmarinen is credited with forging the stars on the dome of the sky and the magic mill of plenty, the Sampo.

Question: Kuka on kuuluisin suomalaisen mytologian tietäjä?


House of Tudor

Context: The Tudors descended from King Edward III on Henry VII's mother's side from John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, one of the children of the 14th century English prince John of Gaunt, the third surviving son of Edward III. Beaufort's mother was Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's descendants from his first marriage, the House of Lancaster, during the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses. However the descent from the Beauforts, did not necessarily render Henry Tudor (Henry VII) heir to the throne, nor did the fact that his father's mother, Catherine of Valois, had been a Queen of England (although, this did make Henry VII the son of King Henry VI's half-brother).

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: "The above-listed individuals with well-defined sides are coloured with red borders for Lancastrians and blue for Yorkists (Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, aka Warwick the Kingmaker, his relatives, and George Plantagenet changed sides, so they are represented with a purple border)"

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: Henry Tudor had, however, something that the others did not. He had an army which defeated the last Yorkist king, Richard III, in the field of battle and the support of powerful nobles to take the crown by right of conquest. How Richard III had come to the throne proved controversial, even among powerful Yorkists.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, and his son by Elizabeth of York, Henry VIII, eliminated other claimants to the throne, including his first cousin once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, and her family. Only Reginald Pole survived, but he was a cardinal in the Catholic Church, with no heirs. He later became Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII's Catholic daughter, Mary I.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: On 1 November 1455, John Beaufort's granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, married Henry VI's maternal half-brother Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. It was his father, Owen Tudor (), who abandoned the Welsh patronymic naming practice and adopted a fixed surname. When he did, he did not choose, as was generally the custom, his father's name, Maredudd, but chose that of his grandfather, Tudur ap Goronwy, instead.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: This name is sometimes given as "Tewdwr", the Welsh form of Theodore, but Modern Welsh "Tudur", Old Welsh "Tutir" is originally not a variant but a different and completely unrelated name, etymologically identical with Gaulish "Toutorix", from Proto-Celtic "*toutā" "people, tribe" and "*rīxs" "king" (compare Modern Welsh "tud" "territory" and "rhi" "king" respectively), corresponding to Germanic Theodoric.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: Owen Tudor was one of the bodyguards for the queen dowager Catherine of Valois, whose husband, Henry V, had died in 1422. Evidence suggests that the two were secretly married in 1429. The two sons born of the marriage, Edmund and Jasper, were among the most loyal supporters of the House of Lancaster in its struggle against the House of York.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: and was married to Lady Margaret Beaufort, the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, the progenitor of the house of Lancaster; Jasper became Earl of Pembroke on 23 November 1452. Edmund died on 3 November 1456. On 28 January 1457, his widow Margaret, who had just attained her fourteenth birthday, gave birth to a son, Henry Tudor, at her brother-in-law's Pembroke Castle.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII, spent his childhood at Raglan Castle, the home of William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, a leading Yorkist. Following the murder of Henry VI and death of his son, Edward, in 1471, Henry became the person upon whom the Lancastrian cause rested. Concerned for his young nephew's life, Jasper Tudor took Henry to Brittany for safety.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: Henry VII limited his involvement in European politics. He went to war only twice: once in 1489 during the Breton crisis and the invasion of Brittany, and in 1496–1497 in revenge for Scottish support of Perkin Warbeck and for the Scottish invasion of northern England. Henry VII made peace with France in 1492 and the war against Scotland was abandoned because of the Western Rebellion of 1497. Henry VII came to peace with James IV in 1502, paving the way for the marriage of his daughter Margaret.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: on 29 November 1530 on his journey to the Tower of London saved him from the public humiliation and inevitable execution he would have suffered upon his arrival at the Tower.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: Henry died on 28 January 1547. His will had reinstated his daughters by his annulled marriages to Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn to the line of succession. Edward, his nine-year-old son by Jane Seymour, succeeded as Edward VI of England. Unfortunately, the young King's kingdom was usually in turmoil between nobles who were trying to strengthen their own positions in the kingdom by using the Regency in their favour.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: Elizabeth I, who was staying at Hatfield House at the time of her accession, rode to London to the cheers of both the ruling class and the common people.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: The House of Tudor survives through the female line, first with the House of Stuart, which occupied the English throne for most of the following century, and then the House of Hanover, via James' granddaughter Sophia. Queen Elizabeth II, a member of the House of Windsor, is a direct descendant of Henry VII.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: The Welsh Dragon supporter honoured the Tudors' Welsh origins. The most popular symbol of the house of Tudor was the Tudor rose (see top of page). When Henry Tudor took the crown of England from Richard III in battle, he brought about the end of the Wars of the Roses between the House of Lancaster (whose badge was a red rose) and the House of York (whose badge was a white rose). He married Elizabeth of York to bring all factions together.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: On his marriage, Henry adopted the Tudor Rose badge conjoining the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. It symbolized the Tudor's right to rule as well the uniting of the kingdom after the Wars of the Roses. It has been used by every English, then British, monarch since Henry VII as a royal badge.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


House of Tudor

Context: The Tudors' claim to the throne combined the Lancastrian claim in their descent from the Beauforts and the Yorkist claim by the marriage of Henry VII to the heiress of Edward IV.

Question: Mistä Tudor-suku on tunnettu?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Mont-Saint-Michel (; Norman: "Mont Saint Miché"; ; ) is a tidal island and mainland commune in Normandy, France.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: The island lies approximately one kilometre () off the country's north-western coast, at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches and is in area. The mainland part of the commune is in area so that the total surface of the commune is . , the island had a population of 29.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Mont-Saint-Michel and its surrounding bay were inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979 for its unique aesthetic and importance as a medieval Christian site. It is visited by more than 3 million people each year. Over 60 buildings within the commune are protected in France as "monuments historiques".

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Now a rocky tidal island, the Mont occupied dry land in prehistoric times. As sea levels rose, erosion reshaped the coastal landscape, and several outcrops of granite emerged in the bay, having resisted the wear and tear of the ocean better than the surrounding rocks. These included Lillemer, the Mont Dol, Tombelaine (the island just to the north), and Mont Tombe, later called Mont Saint-Michel.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Mont-Saint-Michel consists of leucogranite which solidified from an underground intrusion of molten magma about 525 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, as one of the younger parts of the Mancellian granitic batholith. (Early studies of Mont Saint-Michel by French geologists sometimes describe the leucogranite of the Mont as "granulite", but this granitic meaning of granulite is now obsolete.)

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: The tides vary greatly, at roughly between highest and lowest water marks. Popularly nicknamed "St. Michael in peril of the sea" by medieval pilgrims making their way across the flats, the mount can still pose dangers for visitors who avoid the causeway and attempt the hazardous walk across the sands from the neighbouring coast.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Polderisation and occasional flooding have created salt marsh meadows that were found to be ideally suited to grazing sheep. The well-flavoured meat that results from the diet of the sheep in the "pré salé" (salt meadow) makes "agneau de pré-salé" (salt meadow lamb) a local specialty that may be found on the menus of restaurants that depend on income from the many visitors to the mount.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: On 22 July 2014, the new bridge by architect Dietmar Feichtinger was opened to the public. The light bridge allows the waters to flow freely around the island and improves the efficiency of the now operational dam. The project, which cost €209 million, was officially opened by President François Hollande.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: On rare occasions, tidal circumstances produce an extremely high "supertide". The new bridge was completely submerged on 21 March 2015 by the highest sea level, for a once-in-18-years-occurrence, as crowds gathered to snap photos.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Mont-Saint-Michel was used in the sixth and seventh centuries as an Armorican stronghold of Gallo-Roman culture and power until it was ransacked by the Franks, thus ending the trans-channel culture that had stood since the departure of the Romans in 460. From roughly the fifth to the eighth century, Mont Saint-Michel belonged to the territory of Neustria and, in the early ninth century, was an important place in the marches of Neustria.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Before the construction of the first monastic establishment in the 8th century, the island was called "Mont Tombe" (). According to a legend, the archangel Michael appeared in 708 to Aubert of Avranches, the bishop of Avranches, and instructed him to build a church on the rocky islet.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: In 1067 the monastery of Mont Saint-Michel gave its support to William the Conqueror in his claim to the throne of England. This he rewarded with properties and grounds on the English side of the Channel, including a small island off the southwestern coast of Cornwall which was modelled after the Mount and became a Norman priory named St Michael's Mount of Penzance.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Mont Saint-Michel and its bay were added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979, and it was listed with criteria such as cultural, historical, and architectural significance, as well as human-created and natural beauty.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Charles VI is credited with adding major fortifications to the abbey-mount, building towers, successive courtyards, and strengthening the ramparts.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: The islet belongs to the French commune of Le Mont-Saint-Michel, in the département of Manche, in Normandy. Population (1999): 46. The nearest significant town, with an SNCF train station, is Pontorson, with a population of slightly over 4000. Le Mont-Saint-Michel belongs to the Organization of World Heritage Cities.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Up to 20,000 people visit the city during the summer months. Among the 43 inhabitants , 5 were monks and 7 nuns.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Since 24 June 2001, following the appeal addressed to them in 2000 by Bishop Jacques Fihey, Bishop of Coutances and Avranches, a community of monks and nuns of the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem, sent from the mother-house of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais in Paris, have been living as a community on Mont Saint-Michel. They replaced the Benedictine monks who returned to the Mount in 1966. They are tenants of the centre for national monuments and are not involved in the management of the abbey.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: In 2012, the community undertook the renovation of a house on the Mount, the Logis Saint-Abraham, which is used as a guest house for pilgrims on retreat.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: The Mont-Saint-Michel has long "belonged" to some families who shared the businesses in the town and succeeded to the village administration. Tourism is almost the sole source of income of the commune. Tourism brings about $63 million to the small island. There are about fifty shops for 3 million tourists. Only about 25 people sleep every night on the Mount (monks included), except for those in hotels. The main institutions are shared by:

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Historically, Mont Saint-Michel was the Norman counterpart of St Michael's Mount in Cornwall, UK, which was given to the Benedictines, religious order of Mont-Saint-Michel, by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century. The two mounts share the same tidal island characteristics and the same conical shape, though St Michael's Mount is much smaller.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: During the medieval period, pilgrims walked from Italy, Germany, and England as well as other parts of France. Such devotees were known as Miquelots. Modern pilgrims can follow the same routes. Ten hiking trails have been created that enable pilgrims from various European countries to retrace the path their ancestors may have taken during a medieval pilgrimage.

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Mont-Saint-Michel

Context: Mont-Saint-Michel served as an artistic inspiration for a number of works. In Peter Jackson's 2003 film "", Gondor's capital city, Minas Tirith, was modelled on Mont Saint-Michel. Likewise, the town and castle in the Disney hit "Tangled" were based on Mont-Saint-Michel, as was the design of "Dark Souls" location New Londo Ruins. One of the Aphex Twin's songs from his album Drukqs is also named after this place and its connection with Saint Michaels Mount

Question: Minä vuosina Mont Saint-Michel luostari oli toiminnassa?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Sephardi Jews (, ; ), also known as Sephardic Jews or Sephardim, and referred to by modern scholars as Hispanic Jews,

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The name Sephardi means "Spanish" or "Hispanic", derived from Sepharad (), a Biblical location. The location of the biblical Sepharad points to Spain.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" may be translated as plural ; "sefardí" or ; ; "sefardita" or ; ; ; ; ; ; , "Sephardites"; , "Sefardi"; Serbian, Judaeo-Spanish: "Sefaradies/Sefaradim"; and , "Safārdiyyūn".

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In the narrower ethnic definition, a Sephardi Jew is one descended from the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula in the late 15th century, immediately prior to the issuance of the Alhambra Decree of 1492 by order of the Catholic Monarchs in Spain, and the decree of 1496 in Portugal by order of King Manuel I.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Ethnic Sephardic Jews have had a presence in North Africa and various parts of the Mediterranean and Western Asia due to their expulsion from Spain. There have also been Sephardic communities in South America and India.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The term "Sephardi" in the broad sense, describes the "nusach" (Hebrew language, "liturgical tradition") used by Sephardi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A "nusach" is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers. Sephardim traditionally pray using "Minhag Sefarad."

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The term "Nusach Sefard" or "Nusach Sfarad" does not refer to the liturgy generally recited by Sephardim proper or even Sephardi in a broader sense, but rather to an alternative Eastern European liturgy used by many Hasidim, who are Ashkenazi.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Additionally, Ethiopian Jews, whose branch of practiced Judaism is known as Haymanot, have been included under the oversight of Israel's already broad Sephardic Chief Rabbinate.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The divisions among Sephardim and their descendants today are largely a result of the consequences of the royal edicts of expulsion. Both the Spanish and Portuguese edicts ordered their respective Jewish residents to choose one of three options:

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In the case of the Alhambra Decree of 1492, the primary purpose was to eliminate Jewish influence on Spain's large converso population, and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted in the 14th century as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391. They and their Catholic descendants were not subject to the Decree or to expulsion, yet were surveilled by the Spanish Inquisition. British scholar Henry Kamen has said that

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: From these regions, many late migrated again, this time to the non-Iberian territories of the Americas. Additional to all these Sephardic Jewish groups are the descendants of those New Christian conversos who either remained in Iberia, or moved from Iberia directly to the Iberian colonial possessions in what are today the various Latin American countries. For historical reasons and circumstances, most of the descendants of this group of conversos never formally returned to the Jewish religion.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: All these sub-groups are defined by a combination of geography, identity, religious evolution, language evolution, and the timeframe of their reversion (for those who had in the interim undergone a temporary nominal conversion to Catholicism) or non-reversion back to Judaism.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: These Sephardic sub-groups are separate from any pre-existing local Jewish communities they encountered in their new areas of settlement. From the perspective of the present day, the first three sub-groups appeared to have developed as separate branches, each with its own traditions.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In earlier centuries, and as late as the editing of the "Jewish Encyclopedia" at the beginning of the 20th century, the Sephardim were usually regarded as together forming a continuum. The Jewish community of Livorno, Italy acted as the clearing-house of personnel and traditions among the first three sub-groups; it also developed as the chief publishing centre.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Some Sephardim went further east to West Asian territories of the Ottoman Empire, settling among the long-established Arabic-speaking Jewish communities in Damascus and Aleppo in Syria, as well as in the Land of Israel, and as far as Baghdad in Iraq. Although technically Egypt was a North African Ottoman region, those Jews who settled Alexandria are included in this group, due to Egypt's cultural proximity to the West Asian provinces.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Thus, the Jewish communities in Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt are part of Spanish Jewish origin and they are counted as Sephardim proper. The great majority of the Jewish communities in Iraq, and all of those in Iran, Eastern Syria, Yemen, and Eastern Turkey, are descendants of pre-existing indigenous Jewish populations. They adopted Sephardic rite and traditions through cultural diffusion, and are properly termed Mizrahi Jews.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Modern DNA research has affirmed these classifications. For instance, Syrian Jews, while clustering within the various world Jewish groups (where most Jewish groups cluster closely together at large compared to non-Jews), are most closely related to the Sephardim proper counterparts in other regions of Sephardic settlement, rather than to the Mizrahi Jews who are geographically closest to them.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In recent times, principally after 1948, most Eastern Sephardim have since relocated to Israel, and others to the US and Latin America.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Several of the Moroccan Jews emigrated back to the Iberian Peninsula to form the core of the Gibraltar Jews.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In the 19th century, modern Spanish, French and Italian gradually replaced Haketia and Judeo-Arabic as the mother tongue among most Moroccan Sephardim and other North African Sephardim.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In recent times, with the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, principally after the creation of Israel in 1948, most North African Sephardim have relocated to Israel (total pop. est. 1,400,000 in 2015), and most others to France (361,000) and the US (300,000), as well as other countries. As of 2015 there was a significant community still in Morocco (10,000).

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: North African Sephardim still also often carry common Spanish surnames, as well as other specifically Sephardic surnames from 15th century Spain with Arabic or Hebrew language origins (such as Azoulay, Abulafia, Abravanel) which have since disappeared from Spain when those that stayed behind as conversos adopted surnames that were solely Spanish in origin. Other North African Sephardim have since also translated their Hispanic surnames into local languages or have modified them to sound local.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Western Sephardim (also known more ambiguously as "Spanish and Portuguese Jews", "Spanish Jews", "Portuguese Jews" and "Jews of the Portuguese Nation") are the community of Jewish ex-conversos whose families initially remained in Spain and Portugal as ostensible New Christians, that is, as Anusim or "forced [converts]". Western Sephardim are further sub-divided into an Old World branch and a New World branch.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Henry Kamen and Joseph Perez estimate that of the total Jewish origin population of Spain at the time of the issuance of the Alhambra Decree, those who chose to remain in Spain represented the majority, up to 300,000 of a total Jewish origin population of 350,000. Furthermore, a significant number returned to Spain in the years following the expulsion, on condition of converting to Catholicism, the Crown guaranteeing they could recover their property at the same price at which it was sold.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Discrimination against this large community of conversos nevertheless remained, and those who secretly practiced the Jewish faith specifically suffered severe episodes of persecution by the Inquisition. The last episode of persecution occurred in the mid-18th century. External migrations out of the Iberian peninsula coincided with these episodes of increased persecution by the Inquisition.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: New World Western Sephardim, on the other hand, are the descendants of those Jewish-origin New Christian conversos who accompanied the millions of Old Christian Spaniards and Portuguese that emigrated to the Americas. More specifically, New World Western Sephardim are that Western Sephardim whose converso ancestors migrated to various of the non-Iberian colonies in the Americas in whose jurisdictions they could return to Judaism.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: New World Western Sephardim are juxtaposed to yet another group of descendants of conversos who settled in the Iberian colonies of the Americas who could not revert to Judaism. These comprise the related but distinct group known as Sephardic Bnei Anusim (see the section below).

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: All of the oldest congregations in the non-Iberian colonial possessions in the Americas were founded by Western Sephardim, many who arrived in the then Dutch-ruled New Amsterdam, with their synagogues being in the tradition of "Spanish and Portuguese Jews".

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In the United States in particular, Congregation Shearith Israel, established in 1654, in today's New York City, is the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States. Its present building dates from 1897. Congregation Jeshuat Israel in Newport, Rhode Island, is dated to sometime after the arrival there of Western Sephardim in 1658 and prior to the 1677 purchase of a communal cemetery, now known as Touro Cemetery. See also List of the oldest synagogues in the United States.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The intermittent period of residence in Portugal (after the initial fleeing from Spain) for the ancestors of many Western Sephardim (whether Old World or New World) is a reason why the surnames of many Western Sephardim tend to be Portuguese variations of common Spanish surnames, though some are still Spanish.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Among a few notable figures with roots in Western Sephardim are the current president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, and former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Benjamin N. Cardozo. Both descend from Western Sephardim who left Portugal for the Netherlands, and in the case of Nicolás Maduro, from the Netherlands to Curaçao, and ultimately Venezuela.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Sephardic Bnei Anusim consists of the contemporary and largely nominal Christian descendants of assimilated 15th century Sephardic anusim. These descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Jews forced or coerced to convert to Catholicism remained, as conversos, in Iberia or moved to the Iberian colonial possessions across various Latin American countries during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Jewish Agency for Israel estimates the Sephardic Bnei Anusim population to number in the millions. Their population size is several times larger than the three Jewish-integrated Sephardi descendant sub-groups combined, consisting of Eastern Sephardim, North African Sephardim, and the ex-converso Western Sephardim (both New World and Old World branches).

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Although numerically superior, Sephardic Bnei Anusim is, however, the least prominent or known sub-group of Sephardi descendants. Sephardic Bnei Anusim are also more than twice the size of the total world Jewish population as a whole, which itself also encompasses Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews and various other smaller groups.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In Castile, Aranda de Duero, Ávila, Alba de Tormes, Arévalo, Burgos, Calahorra, Carrión de los Condes, Cuéllar, Herrera del Duque, León, Medina del Campo, Ourense, Salamanca, Segovia, Soria, and Villalón were home to large Jewish communities or "aljamas". Aragon had substantial Jewish communities in the Calls of Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Valencia and Palma (Majorca), with the Girona Synagogue serving as the centre of Catalonian Jewry

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The first Jews to leave Spain settled in what is today Algeria after the various persecutions that took place in 1391.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Spanish Jews who chose to leave Spain instead of converting dispersed throughout the region of North Africa known as the Maghreb. In those regions, they often intermingled with the already existing Mizrahi Arabic-speaking communities, becoming the ancestors of the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, and Libyan Jewish communities.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Today, around 50,000 recognized Jews live in Spain, according to the Federation of Jewish Communities in Spain. The tiny Jewish community in Portugal is estimated between 1,740 and 3,000 people. Although some are of Ashkenazi origin, the majority are Sephardic Jews who returned to Spain after the end of the protectorate over northern Morocco. A community of 600 Sephardic Jews live in Gibraltar.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In 2011 Rabbi Nissim Karelitz, a leading rabbi and Halachic authority and chairman of the Beit Din Tzedek rabbinical court in Bnei Brak, Israel, recognized the entire community of Sephardi descendants in Palma de Mallorca, the Chuetas, as Jewish. They number approximately 18,000 people or just over 2% of the entire population of the island.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Of the Bnei Anusim community in Belmonte, Portugal, some officially returned to Judaism in the 1970s. They opened a synagogue, "Bet Eliahu", in 1996. The Belmonte community of Bnei Anusim as a whole, however, have not yet been granted the same recognition as Jews that the Chuetas of Palma de Majorca achieved in 2011.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In 1924, the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera approved a decree to enable Sephardi Jews to obtain Spanish nationality. Although the deadline was originally the end of 1930, diplomat Ángel Sanz Briz used this decree as the basis for giving Spanish citizenship papers to Hungarian Jews in the Second World War to try to save them from the Nazis.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Today, Spanish nationality law generally requires a period of residency in Spain before citizenship can be applied for. This had long been relaxed from ten to two years for Sephardi Jews, Hispanic Americans, and others with historical ties to Spain. In that context, Sephardi Jews were considered to be the descendants of Spanish Jews who were expelled or fled from the country five centuries ago following the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In 2015 the Government of Spain passed Law 12/2015 of 24 June, whereby Sephardi Jews with a connection to Spain could obtain Spanish nationality by naturalization, without the usual residency requirement. Applicants must provide evidence of their Sephardi origin and some connection with Spain, and pass examinations on the language, government, and culture of Spain.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Sephardic citizenship law was set to expire in October 2018 but was extended for an additional year by the Spanish government.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Law states that Spanish citizenship will be granted to "those Sephardic foreign nationals who prove that [Sephardic] condition and their special relationship with our country, even if they do not have legal residence in Spain, whatever their [current] ideology, religion or beliefs."

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The connection with Spain can be established, if kinship with a family on a list of Sephardic families in Spain is not available, by proving that Spanish history or culture have been studied, proof of charitable, cultural, or economic activities associated with Spanish people, or organizations, or Sephardic culture.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In what appeared to be a reciprocal gesture, Natan Sharansky, chairman of the quasi-governmental Jewish Agency for Israel, said "the state of Israel must ease the way for their return", referring to the millions of descendants of conversos around Latin America and Iberia. Some hundreds of thousands maybe exploring ways to return to the Jewish people. .

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In April 2013 Portugal amended its Law on Nationality to confer citizenship to descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews who were expelled from the country five centuries ago following the Portuguese Inquisition.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The amended law gave descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews the right to become Portuguese citizens, wherever they lived, if they "belong to a Sephardic community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal." Portugal thus became the first country after Israel to enact a Jewish Law of Return.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In a reciprocal response to the Portuguese legislation, Michael Freund, Chairman of Shavei Israel told news agencies in 2015 that he "call[s] on the Israeli government to embark on a new strategic approach and to reach out to the [Sephardic] Bnei Anousim, people whose Spanish and Portuguese Jewish ancestors were compelled to convert to Catholicism more than five centuries ago."

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: By July 2017 the Portuguese government had received about 5,000 applications, mostly from Brazil, Israel, and Turkey. 400 had been granted, with a period between application and resolution of about two years. In 2017 a total of 1,800 applicants had been granted Portuguese citizenship. By February 2018, 12,000 applications were in process.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The most typical traditional language of Sephardim is Judeo-Spanish, also called Judezmo or "Ladino". It is a Romance language derived mainly from Old Castilian (Spanish), with many borrowings from Turkish, and to a lesser extent from Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, and French.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Until recently, two different dialects of Judeo-Spanish were spoken in the Mediterranean region: Eastern Judeo-Spanish (in various distinctive regional variations) and Western or North African Judeo-Spanish (also known as Ḥakitía). The latter was once spoken, with little regional distinction, in six towns in Northern Morocco. Because of later emigration, it was also spoken by Sephardim in Ceuta and Melilla (Spanish cities in North Africa), Gibraltar, Casablanca (Morocco), and Oran (Algeria).

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Judæo-Portuguese was used by Sephardim — especially among the Spanish and Portuguese Jews. The pidgin forms of Portuguese spoken among slaves and their Sephardic owners were an influence in the development of Papiamento and the Creole languages of Suriname.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Other Romance languages with Jewish forms, spoken historically by Sephardim, include Judeo-Catalan. Often underestimated, this language was the main language used by the Jewish communities in Catalonia, Balearic Isles and the Valencian region. The Gibraltar community has had a strong influence on the Gibraltar dialect Llanito, contributing several words to this English/Spanish patois.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Other languages associated with Sephardic Jews are mostly extinct, "i.e.", formerly spoken by some Sephardic communities in Italy. Judeo-Arabic and its dialects have been a large vernacular language for Sephardim who settled in North African kingdoms and Arabic-speaking parts of the Ottoman Empire. Low German (Low Saxon), formerly used as the vernacular by Sephardim around Hamburg and Altona in Northern Germany, is no longer in use as a specifically Jewish vernacular.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The precise origins of the Jewish communities of the Iberian peninsula are unclear. There is fragmentary and inconclusive evidence of a Jewish presence on the Iberian Peninsula dating from pre-Roman times. More substantial references date from the Roman period.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Among the earliest records that may refer specifically to Jews in the Iberian peninsula during the Roman period is Paul's Epistle to the Romans. Scholars such as Josephus Flavius have taken Paul's intention to go to Hispania to preach the gospel (Romans 15:24, 28) to indicate the presence of Jewish communities there, as well as the fact that Herod Antipas's banishment by Caligula in the year 39 may have been to Hispania.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: From a slightly later period, "Midrash Rabbah" (Leviticus Rabba § 29.2), and "Pesikta de-Rav Kahana" ("Rosh Hashanna"), both, make mention of the Jewish Diaspora in Spain (Hispania) and their eventual return.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Perhaps the most direct and substantial of early references are the several decrees of the Council of Elvira, convened in the early 4th century, which address proper Christian behavior with regard to the Jews of Hispania.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Barbarian invasions brought most of the Iberian peninsula under Visigothic rule by the early 5th century. Other than in their contempt for Trinitarian Christians, the Arian Visigoths were largely uninterested in the religious creeds within their kingdom. It was not until 506, when Alaric II (484–507) published his "Brevarium Alaricianum" (Breviary of Alaric) (wherein he adopted the laws of the ousted Romans), that a Visigothic king concerned himself with the Jews.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: With the victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711, the lives of the Sephardim changed dramatically. Though Islamic law placed restrictions on "dhimmis" (non-Muslim members of monotheistic faiths), the coming of the Moors was by and large welcomed by the Jews of Iberia.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Both Muslim and Christian sources claim that Jews provided valuable aid to the Muslim conquerors. Once captured, the defense of Cordoba was left in the hands of Jews, and Granada, Malaga, Seville, and Toledo were left to a mixed army of Jews and Moors. Although in some towns Jews may have been helpful to Muslim success, because of the small numbers they were of limited impact.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: By the 9th century, some members of the Sephardic community felt confident enough to take part in proselytizing amongst Christians. This included the heated correspondences sent between Bodo Eleazar, a former Christian deacon who had converted to Judaism in 838, and the Bishop of Córdoba Paulus Albarus, who had converted from Judaism to Christianity. Each man, using such epithets as "wretched compiler", tried to convince the other to return to his former faith, to no avail.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Golden Age is most closely identified with the reign of Abd al-Rahman III (882–942), the first independent Caliph of Cordoba, and in particular with the career of his Jewish councilor, Hasdai ibn Shaprut (882–942). Within this context of cultural patronage, studies in Hebrew, literature, and linguistics flourished.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Hasdai benefitted world Jewry not only indirectly by creating a favorable environment for scholarly pursuits within Iberia, but also by using his influence to intervene on behalf of foreign Jews: in his letter to Byzantine Princess Helena, he requested protection for the Jews under Byzantine rule, attesting to the fair treatment of the Christians of "al-Andalus", and perhaps indicating that such was contingent on the treatment of Jews abroad.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: One notable contribution to Christian intellectualism is Ibn Gabirol's neo-Platonic "Fons Vitae" ("The Source of Life;" "Mekor Hayyim"). Thought by many to have been written by a Christian, this work was admired by Christians and studied in monasteries throughout the Middle Ages, though the work of Solomon Munk in the 19th century proved that the author of "Fons Vitae" was the Jewish ibn Gabirol.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In addition to contributions of original work, the Sephardim were active as translators. Mainly in Toledo, texts were translated between Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin. In translating the great works of Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek into Latin, Iberian Jews were instrumental in bringing the fields of science and philosophy, which formed much of the basis of Renaissance learning, into the rest of Europe.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: However, the Jews from the Muslim south were not entirely secure in their northward migrations. Old prejudices were compounded by newer ones. Suspicions of complicity with the Muslims were alive and well as Jews immigrated, speaking Arabic. However, many of the newly arrived Jews of the north prospered during the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The majority of Latin documentation regarding Jews during this period refers to their landed property, fields, and vineyards.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: In many ways life had come full circle for the Sephardim of "al-Andalus". As conditions became more oppressive during the 12th and 13th centuries, Jews again looked to an outside culture for relief. Christian leaders of reconquered cities granted them extensive autonomy, and Jewish scholarship recovered somewhat and developed as communities grew in size and importance. However, the Reconquista Jews never reached the same heights as had those of the Golden Age.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Among the Sephardim were many who were the descendants, or heads, of wealthy families and who, as "Marranos", had occupied prominent positions in the countries they had left. Some had been stated officials, others had held positions of dignity within the Church; many had been the heads of large banking-houses and mercantile establishments, and some were physicians or scholars who had officiated as teachers in high schools.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Their Spanish or Portuguese was a lingua franca that enabled Sephardim from different countries to engage in commerce and diplomacy.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Sephardic kehilla in Zamość in the 16th and 17th centuries was the one of its kind in the entire Poland of that time. It was an autonomous institution, and until the mid-17th century it was not under the authority of the highest organ of the Jewish self-government in the Republic of Poland - the Council of Four Lands.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Holocaust that devastated European Jewry and virtually destroyed its centuries-old culture also wiped out the great European population centers of Sephardi Jewry and led to the almost complete demise of its unique language and traditions. Sephardi Jewish communities from France and the Netherlands in the northwest to Yugoslavia and Greece in the southeast almost disappeared.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: On the eve of World War II, the European Sephardi community was concentrated in Southeastern Europe countries of Greece, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria. Its leading centers were in Salonika, Sarajevo, Belgrade, and Sofia. The experience of Jewish communities in those countries during the war varied greatly and depended on the type of regime under which they fell.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Jewish communities of Yugoslavia and northern Greece, including the 50,000 Jews of Salonika, fell under direct German occupation in April 1941 and bore the full weight and intensity of Nazi repressive measures from dispossession, humiliation, and forced labor to hostage-taking, and finally deportation to the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Jewish population of southern Greece fell under the jurisdiction of the Italians who eschewed the enactment of anti-Jewish legislation and resisted whenever possible German efforts to transfer them to occupied Poland, until the surrender of Italy on 8 September 1943 brought the Jews under German control.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Sephardi Jews in Bosnia and Croatia were ruled by a German-created Independent State of Croatia state from April 1941, which subjected them to pogrom-like actions before herding them into local camps where they were murdered side by side with Serbs and Roma (see Porajmos). The Jews of Macedonia and Thrace were controlled by Bulgarian occupation forces, which after rendering them stateless, rounded them up and turned them over to the Germans for deportation.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Finally, the Jews of Bulgaria proper were under the rule of a Nazi ally that subjected them to ruinous anti-Jewish legislation, but ultimately yielded to pressure from Bulgarian parliamentarians, clerics, and intellectuals not to deport them. More than 50,000 Bulgarian Jews were thus saved.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: The Jews in French North Africa were awarded French citizenship by 1870 Crémieux Decree. They were therefore considered part of the European pieds noirs community in spite of having been established in North Africa for many centuries, rather than subject to the Indigénat status imposed on their Muslim former neighbors. Most consequently moved to France in the late 1950s and early 1960s after Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria became independent, and they now make up a majority of the French Jewish community.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: A notable exception to the distinct Ashkenazi and Sephardi naming traditions is found among Dutch Jews, where Ashkenazim have for centuries followed the tradition otherwise attributed to Sephardim. See Chuts.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Since April 2013, Sephardim who are descendants of those expelled in the inquisition are entitled to claim Portuguese citizenship provided that they "belong to a Sephardic community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal". The amendment to Portugal's "Law on Nationality" was approved unanimously on 11 April 2013, and remains open to applications .

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: A similar law was approved in Spain in 2014 and passed in 2015. By the expiry date on 30 September 2019, Spain had received 127,000 applications, mostly from Latin America.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: "See also Sephardic Jewish surnames, Spanish and Portuguese names, List of Sephardic Jews, List of Iberian Jews"

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: During the medieval period, a considerable number of Ashkenazi Jews from historic "Ashkenaz" (France and Germany) had moved to study Kabbalah and Torah under the guidance of Sephardic Jewish Rabbis in Iberia. These Ashkenazi Jews who assimilated into the Sephardic society eventually gained the surnames "Ashkenazi" if they came from Germany and "Zarfati" if they came from France.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Sephardi Jews

Context: Sephardi-Ashkenazi relations have at times been tense and clouded by arrogance, snobbery and claims of racial superiority, with both sides claiming the inferiority of the other, based upon such features as physical traits and culture.

Question: Miten määritellään sefardijuutalaiset?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: Heisenberg also made contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was a principal scientist in the German nuclear weapons program during World War II. He was also instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He then became director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics from 1960 to 1970.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: Heisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: Werner Karl Heisenberg was born in Würzburg, Germany, to Kaspar Ernst August Heisenberg, and his wife, Annie Wecklein. His father was a secondary school teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only "ordentlicher Professor" (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: In 1919 Heisenberg arrived in Munich as a member of the "Freikorps" to fight the Bavarian Soviet Republic established a year earlier. Five decades later he recalled those days as youthful fun, like "playing cops and robbers and so on; it was nothing serious at all;" his duties were restricted to "seizing bicycles or typewriters from 'red' administrative buildings", and guarding suspected "red" prisoners.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: From 1920 to 1923, he studied physics and mathematics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien and at the Georg-August University of Göttingen with Max Born and James Franck and mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: At Göttingen, under Born, he completed his habilitation in 1924 with a "Habilitationsschrift" (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: In June 1922, Sommerfeld took Heisenberg to Göttingen to attend the Bohr Festival, because Sommerfeld had a sincere interest in his students and knew of Heisenberg's interest in Niels Bohr's theories on atomic physics. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures on quantum atomic physics and Heisenberg met Bohr for the first time, which had a lasting effect on him.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: Heisenberg's doctoral thesis, the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was on turbulence; the thesis discussed both the stability of laminar flow and the nature of turbulent flow. The problem of stability was investigated by the use of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, a fourth order linear differential equation for small disturbances from laminar flow. He briefly returned to this topic after World War II.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: In his youth he was a member and Scoutleader of the "Neupfadfinder", a German Scout association and part of the German Youth Movement. In August 1923 Robert Honsell and Heisenberg organized a trip to Finland with a Scout group of this association from Munich.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: In 1927, Heisenberg was appointed "ordentlicher Professor" (professor ordinarius) of theoretical physics and head of the department of physics at the University of Leipzig; he gave his inaugural lecture there on 1 February 1928. In his first paper published from Leipzig, Heisenberg used the Pauli exclusion principle to solve the mystery of ferromagnetism.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: In early 1929, Heisenberg and Pauli submitted the first of two papers laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, Heisenberg went on a lecture tour of China, Japan, India, and the United States. In the spring of 1929, he was a visiting lecturer at the University of Chicago, where he lectured on quantum mechanics.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?


Werner Heisenberg

Context: These two successes, and the continuing failure of the Bohr–Sommerfeld model to explain the outstanding problem of the anomalous Zeeman effect, led Heisenberg to use the virtual oscillator model to try to calculate spectral frequencies. The method proved too difficult to immediately apply to realistic problems, so Heisenberg turned to a simpler example, the anharmonic oscillator.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti suhteellisuus teoriaa?