Jihadism

Context: During the Soviet-Afghan war in the 1980s, many Muslims received calls for a "jihad" against atheists. Mujahideen were recruited from various countries, including Egypt, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. The conflict gradually turned from one against occupation to one seen as a "jihad".

Question: Kuinka Jihadismiä harjoitetaan nyky päivänä?


Scientific theory

Context: The meaning of the term "scientific theory" (often contracted to "theory" for brevity) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of "theory". In everyday speech, "theory" can imply an explanation that represents an unsubstantiated and speculative guess, whereas in science it describes an explanation that has been tested and is widely accepted as valid.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Albert Einstein described two types of scientific theories: "Constructive theories" and "principle theories". Constructive theories are constructive models for phenomena: for example, kinetic theory. Principle theories are empirical generalisations such as Newton's laws of motion.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Typically for any theory to be accepted within most academia there is one simple criterion. The essential criterion is that the theory must be observable and repeatable. The aforementioned criterion is essential to prevent fraud and perpetuate science itself.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions. The relevance and specificity of those predictions determine how potentially useful the theory is. A would-be theory that makes no observable predictions is not a scientific theory at all. Predictions not sufficiently specific to be tested are similarly not useful. In both cases, the term "theory" is not applicable.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: These qualities are certainly true of such established theories as special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, plate tectonics, the modern evolutionary synthesis, etc.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Note that the term "theory" would not be appropriate for describing untested but intricate hypotheses or even scientific models.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Once all of the criteria have been met, it will be widely accepted by scientists (see scientific consensus) as the best available explanation of at least some phenomena. It will have made predictions of phenomena that previous theories could not explain or could not predict accurately, and it will have resisted attempts at falsification. The strength of the evidence is evaluated by the scientific community, and the most important experiments will have been replicated by multiple independent groups.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: In some cases, two or more theories may be replaced by a single theory that explains the previous theories as approximations or special cases, analogous to the way a theory is a unifying explanation for many confirmed hypotheses; this is referred to as "unification" of theories. For example, electricity and magnetism are now known to be two aspects of the same phenomenon, referred to as electromagnetism.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: A common misconception is that scientific theories are rudimentary ideas that will eventually graduate into scientific laws when enough data and evidence have been accumulated. A theory does not change into a scientific law with the accumulation of new or better evidence. A theory will always remain a theory; a law will always remain a law. Both theories and laws could potentially be falsified by countervailing evidence.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Theories and laws are also distinct from hypotheses. Unlike hypotheses, theories and laws may be simply referred to as scientific fact.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: However, in science, theories are different from facts even when they are well supported. For example, evolution is both a theory and a fact.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: The phrase "the received view of theories" is used to describe this approach. Terms commonly associated with it are "linguistic" (because theories are components of a language) and "syntactic" (because a language has rules about how symbols can be strung together). Problems in defining this kind of language precisely, e.g., are objects seen in microscopes observed or are they theoretical objects, led to the effective demise of logical positivism in the 1970s.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: The semantic view of theories, which identifies scientific theories with models rather than propositions, has replaced the received view as the dominant position in theory formulation in the philosophy of science. A model is a logical framework intended to represent reality (a "model of reality"), similar to the way that a map is a graphical model that represents the territory of a city or country.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Several commentators have stated that the distinguishing characteristic of theories is that they are explanatory as well as descriptive, while models are only descriptive (although still predictive in a more limited sense). Philosopher Stephen Pepper also distinguished between theories and models, and said in 1948 that general models and theories are predicated on a "root" metaphor that constrains how scientists theorize and model a phenomenon and thus arrive at testable hypotheses.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: An assumption (or axiom) is a statement that is accepted without evidence. For example, assumptions can be used as premises in a logical argument. Isaac Asimov described assumptions as follows:

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: ...it is incorrect to speak of an assumption as either true or false, since there is no way of proving it to be either (If there were, it would no longer be an assumption). It is better to consider assumptions as either useful or useless, depending on whether deductions made from them corresponded to reality...Since we must start somewhere, we must have assumptions, but at least let us have as few assumptions as possible.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Several philosophers and historians of science have, however, argued that Popper's definition of theory as a set of falsifiable statements is wrong because, as Philip Kitcher has pointed out, if one took a strictly Popperian view of "theory", observations of Uranus when first discovered in 1781 would have "falsified" Newton's celestial mechanics. Rather, people suggested that another planet influenced Uranus' orbit—and this prediction was indeed eventually confirmed.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Kitcher agrees with Popper that "There is surely something right in the idea that a science can succeed only if it can fail." He also says that scientific theories include statements that cannot be falsified, and that good theories must also be creative. He insists we view scientific theories as an "elaborate collection of statements", some of which are not falsifiable, while others—those he calls "auxiliary hypotheses", are.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Like other definitions of theories, including Popper's, Kitcher makes it clear that a theory must include statements that have observational consequences. But, like the observation of irregularities in the orbit of Uranus, falsification is only one possible consequence of observation. The production of new hypotheses is another possible and equally important result.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: The concept of a scientific theory has also been described using analogies and metaphors. For instance, the logical empiricist Carl Gustav Hempel likened the structure of a scientific theory to a "complex spatial network:"

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: A theory is something other than myself. It may be set out on paper as a system of rules, and it is the more truly a theory the more completely it can be put down in such terms. Mathematical theory reaches the highest perfection in this respect. But even a geographical map fully embodies in itself a set of strict rules for finding one's way through a region of otherwise uncharted experience. Indeed, all theory may be regarded as a kind of map extended over space and time.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: A scientific theory can also be thought of as a book that captures the fundamental information about the world, a book that must be researched, written, and shared. In 1623, Galileo Galilei wrote:

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Philosophy [i.e. physics] is written in this grand book—I mean the universe—which stands continually open to our gaze, but it cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and interpret the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometrical figures, without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: The book metaphor could also be applied in the following passage, by the contemporary philosopher of science Ian Hacking:

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Scientific theory

Context: Note that many fields of inquiry do not have specific named theories, e.g. developmental biology. Scientific knowledge outside a named theory can still have a high level of certainty, depending on the amount of evidence supporting it. Also note that since theories draw evidence from many fields, the categorization is not absolute.

Question: Mitä tieteellinen teoria tekee?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: Pastorius suffered from drug addiction and mental health issues and, despite his widespread acclaim, over the latter part of his life he had problems holding down jobs due to his unreliability. In frequent financial difficulties, he was often homeless in the mid-1980s. He died in 1987 as a result of injuries sustained in a beating outside a South Florida after-hours nightclub.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: Since his death in 1987, his work has continued to be widely influential. He was elected to the "DownBeat" Hall of Fame in 1988 and was the subject of the 2014 documentary film "Jaco".

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: He played drums until he injured his wrist playing football when he was thirteen. The damage was severe enough to warrant corrective surgery and inhibited his ability to play the drums.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: By 1968–1969 at age of 17, Pastorius began appreciating jazz and had saved enough money to buy an upright bass. Its deep, mellow tone appealed to him, though it strained his finances. He had difficulty maintaining the instrument, which he attributed to the humidity in Florida. When he woke one day to find it had cracked, he traded it for a 1962 Fender Jazz Bass.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: After bassist Alphonso Johnson left Weather Report, Zawinul asked Pastorius to join the band. Pastorius made his band debut on the album "Black Market" (Columbia, 1976), in which he shared the bass chair with Johnson. Pastorius was fully established as sole band bass player for the recording of "Heavy Weather" (Columbia, 1977), which contained the Grammy-nominated hit "Birdland".

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: During his time with Weather Report, Pastorius began abusing alcohol and illegal drugs, which exacerbated existing mental problems and led to erratic behavior. He left Weather Report in 1982 because of clashes with tour commitments for his other projects, plus a growing dissatisfaction with Zawinul's synthesized and orchestrated approach to the band's music.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: In 1982, Pastorius toured with Word of Mouth as a 21-piece big band. While in Japan, to the alarm of his band members, he shaved his head, painted his face black, and threw his bass guitar into Hiroshima Bay. He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in late 1982 after the tour. Pastorius had shown signs of bipolar disorder before his diagnosis, but these signs were dismissed as eccentricities, character flaws, and by Pastorius himself as a normal part of his freewheeling personality.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: The club employee faced a charge of second-degree murder. He pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to twenty-two months in prison and five years' probation. After serving four months in prison, he was paroled for good behavior.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: Pastorius played a number of Fender Jazz Basses over the years, but the most famous was a 1962 Jazz Bass that he called the Bass of Doom. When he was 21, Pastorius acquired the bass, which was modified by removing the frets. It is unclear when the frets were removed, as his recollections varied over the years. One story is that he used a common butter knife to remove the frets, and sealed the fretboard with epoxy resin.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: Fender began offering a fretless version of their standard Jazz Bass in the mid-1980s, and in 1999 began offering the "Fender Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass" in their Artist series, and Custom Shop series. These instruments were modelled on the Bass of Doom, with the Custom Shop version featuring a fretboard sealed with epoxy resin. In the 2000s Fender's budget brand Squier offered the "Squier Vintage Modified Fretless Jazz Bass" which was also reminiscent of Jaco's instrument.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: Since the 1980s other companies have offered fretless basses similar to, or modelled on, the Bass of Doom, such as Tokai and Edwards.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: Pastorius used the "Variamp" EQ (equalization) controls on his two Acoustic 360 amplifiers (made by the Acoustic Control Corporation) to boost the midrange frequencies, thus accentuating the natural growling tone of his fretless passive Fender Jazz Bass and roundwound string combination. He also controlled his tone color with a rackmount MXR digital delay unit that fed a second Acoustic amp rig.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: Pastorius received two Grammy Award nominations in 1977 for his self-titled debut album: one for Best Jazz Performance by a Group and one for Best Jazz Performance by a Soloist ("Donna Lee"). In 1978, he received a Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Performance by a Soloist for his work on Weather Report's album "Heavy Weather".

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: "Bass Player" magazine gave him second place on a list of the one hundred greatest bass players of all time, behind James Jamerson. After his death in 1987, he was voted, by readers of "Down Beat" magazine, to its Hall of Fame, joining bassists Jimmy Blanton, Ray Brown, Ron Carter, Charles Mingus, Charlie Haden, and Milt Hinton.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: Many musicians have composed songs in his honour, such as Pat Metheny's "Jaco" on the album "Pat Metheny Group" (1978), "Mr. Pastorius" by Marcus Miller on Miles Davis's album "Amandla", and Rod Argent's "Pastorius Mentioned" on his 1978 album "Moving Home". Others who have dedicated compositions to him include Randy Brecker, Eliane Elias, Chuck Loeb, John McLaughlin, Bob Moses, Ana Popović, Dave Samuels, and the Yellowjackets.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: He has been called "arguably the most important and ground-breaking electric bassist in history" and "perhaps the most influential electric bassist today".

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Jaco Pastorius

Context: William C. Banfield, director of Africana Studies, Music and Society at Berklee College, described Pastorius as one of the few original American virtuosos who defined a musical movement, in addition to Jimi Hendrix, Louis Armstrong, Thelonious Monk, Charlie Christian, Bud Powell, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, John Coltrane, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Charles Mingus, and Wes Montgomery.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Jaco Pastorius on syntynyt?


Rick Riordan

Context: Riordan has created several successful book series. "Tres Navarre", an adult mystery series about a Texas private eye, won the Shamus, Anthony, and Edgar Awards.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Rick Riordan syntyi?


Rick Riordan

Context: His Percy Jackson and the Olympians series features the titular twelve-year-old who discovers he is the modern-day son of the ancient Greek god Poseidon. Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film rights and released a in 2010. Following the success of "Percy Jackson", Riordan created The Kane Chronicles, which features a modern-day Egyptian pantheon and two new sibling protagonists, Sadie and Carter Kane. Riordan also created a sequel series to Percy Jackson, The Heroes of Olympus.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Rick Riordan syntyi?


Rick Riordan

Context: Riordan also helped create the children's book series The 39 Clues. He authored several of its books, including "The Maze of Bones", which topped "The New York Times" Best Seller list on September 28, 2008. He also wrote the introduction to the Puffin Classics edition of Roger Lancelyn Green's "Tales of the Greek Heroes", in which he states that the book influenced him to write his Greek mythology series.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Rick Riordan syntyi?


Rick Riordan

Context: In 2022, Riordan co-wrote the pilot for the "Percy Jackson and the Olympians" series on Disney+ and is executive producer for the show.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Rick Riordan syntyi?


Rick Riordan

Context: In September 2016, Disney-Hyperion announced a new Rick Riordan imprint. The imprint is called "Rick Riordan Presents" and was launched in March 2018. It is headed by Riordan's editor, Stephanie Owens Lurie.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Rick Riordan syntyi?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: CF is most common among people of Northern European ancestry and affects about one out of every 3,000 newborns. About one in 25 people is a carrier. It is least common in Africans and Asians. It was first recognized as a specific disease by Dorothy Andersen in 1938, with descriptions that fit the condition occurring at least as far back as 1595. The name "cystic fibrosis" refers to the characteristic fibrosis and cysts that form within the pancreas.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: In addition to typical bacterial infections, people with CF more commonly develop other types of lung diseases. Among these is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, in which the body's response to the common fungus "Aspergillus fumigatus" causes worsening of breathing problems. Another is infection with "Mycobacterium avium" complex, a group of bacteria related to tuberculosis, which can cause lung damage and do not respond to common antibiotics.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Mucus in the paranasal sinuses is equally thick and may also cause blockage of the sinus passages, leading to infection. This may cause facial pain, fever, nasal drainage, and headaches. Individuals with CF may develop overgrowth of the nasal tissue (nasal polyps) due to inflammation from chronic sinus infections. Recurrent sinonasal polyps can occur in 10% to 25% of CF patients. These polyps can block the nasal passages and increase breathing difficulties.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Cardiorespiratory complications are the most common causes of death (about 80%) in patients at most CF centers in the United States.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: In addition, protrusion of internal rectal membranes (rectal prolapse) is more common, occurring in as many as 10% of children with CF, and it is caused by increased fecal volume, malnutrition, and increased intra–abdominal pressure due to coughing.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: In addition to the pancreas problems, people with CF experience more heartburn, intestinal blockage by intussusception, and constipation. Older individuals with CF may develop distal intestinal obstruction syndrome, which occurs when feces becomes thick with mucus (inspissated) and can cause bloating, pain, and incomplete or complete bowel obstruction.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Thickened secretions also may cause liver problems in patients with CF. Bile secreted by the liver to aid in digestion may block the bile ducts, leading to liver damage. Impaired digestion or absorption of lipids can result in steatorrhea. Over time, this can lead to scarring and nodularity (cirrhosis). The liver fails to rid the blood of toxins and does not make important proteins, such as those responsible for blood clotting. Liver disease is the third-most common cause of death associated with CF.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Around 5–7% of people experience liver damage severe enough to cause symptoms: typically gallstones causing biliary colic.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: The pancreas contains the islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for making insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood glucose. Damage to the pancreas can lead to loss of the islet cells, leading to a type of diabetes unique to those with the disease. This cystic fibrosis-related diabetes shares characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and is one of the principal nonpulmonary complications of CF.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Vitamin D is involved in calcium and phosphate regulation. Poor uptake of vitamin D from the diet because of malabsorption can lead to the bone disease osteoporosis in which weakened bones are more susceptible to fractures.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: In addition, the evidence is increasing that genetic modifiers besides "CFTR" modulate the frequency and severity of the disease. One example is mannan-binding lectin, which is involved in innate immunity by facilitating phagocytosis of microorganisms. Polymorphisms in one or both mannan-binding lectin alleles that result in lower circulating levels of the protein are associated with a threefold higher risk of end-stage lung disease, as well as an increased burden of chronic bacterial infections.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Up to one in 25 individuals of Northern European ancestry is considered a genetic carrier. The disease appears only when two of these carriers have children, as each pregnancy between them has a 25% chance of producing a child with the disease. Although only about one of every 3,000 white newborns has CF, more than 900 mutations of the gene that causes CF are known. Current tests look for the most common mutations.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: The mutations screened by the test vary according to a person's ethnic group or by the occurrence of CF already in the family. More than 10 million Americans, including one in 25 white Americans, are carriers of one mutation of the CF gene. CF is present in other races, though not as frequently as in white individuals. About one in 46 Hispanic Americans, one in 65 African Americans, and one in 90 Asian Americans carry a mutation of the CF gene.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Several mutations in the "CFTR" gene can occur, and different mutations cause different defects in the CFTR protein, sometimes causing a milder or more severe disease. These protein defects are also targets for drugs which can sometimes restore their function. ΔF508-CFTR gene mutation, which occurs in >90% of patients in the U.S., creates a protein that does not fold normally and is not appropriately transported to the cell membrane, resulting in its degradation.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Other mutations result in proteins that are too short (truncated) because production is ended prematurely. Other mutations produce proteins that do not use energy (in the form of ATP) normally, do not allow chloride, iodide, and thiocyanate to cross the membrane appropriately, and degrade at a faster rate than normal. Mutations may also lead to fewer copies of the CFTR protein being produced.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: The protein created by this gene is anchored to the outer membrane of cells in the sweat glands, lungs, pancreas, and all other remaining exocrine glands in the body.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: People with CF have less thiocyanate and hypothiocyanite in their saliva and mucus (Banfi et al.). In the case of milder forms of CF, transepithelial potential difference measurements can be helpful. CF can also be diagnosed by identification of mutations in the CFTR gene.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: In many cases, a parent makes the diagnosis because the infant tastes salty. Immunoreactive trypsinogen levels can be increased in individuals who have a single mutated copy of the "CFTR" gene (carriers) or, in rare instances, in individuals with two normal copies of the "CFTR" gene. Due to these false positives, CF screening in newborns can be controversial.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: By 2010 every US state had instituted newborn screening programs and , 21 European countries had programs in at least some regions.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Women who are pregnant or couples planning a pregnancy can have themselves tested for the "CFTR" gene mutations to determine the risk that their child will be born with CF. Testing is typically performed first on one or both parents and, if the risk of CF is high, testing on the fetus is performed. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends all people thinking of becoming pregnant be tested to see if they are a carrier.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: During pregnancy, testing can be performed on the placenta (chorionic villus sampling) or the fluid around the fetus (amniocentesis). However, chorionic villus sampling has a risk of fetal death of one in 100 and amniocentesis of one in 200; a recent study has indicated this may be much lower, about one in 1,600.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Economically, for carrier couples of cystic fibrosis, when comparing preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) with natural conception (NC) followed by prenatal testing and abortion of affected pregnancies, PGD provides net economic benefits up to a maternal age around 40 years, after which NC, prenatal testing, and abortion have higher economic benefit.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Antibiotics by mouth such as ciprofloxacin or azithromycin are given to help prevent infection or to control ongoing infection. The aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. tobramycin) used can cause hearing loss, damage to the balance system in the inner ear or kidney failure with long-term use. To prevent these side-effects, the amount of antibiotics in the blood is routinely measured and adjusted accordingly.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: All these factors related to the antibiotics use, the chronicity of the disease, and the emergence of resistant bacteria demand more exploration for different strategies such as antibiotic adjuvant therapy. Currently, no reliable clinical trial evidence shows the effectiveness of antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis and "Burkholderia cepacia" complex or for the use of antibiotics to treat nontuberculous mycobacteria in people with CF.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Denufosol, an investigational drug, opens an alternative chloride channel, helping to liquefy mucus. Whether inhaled corticosteroids are useful is unclear, but stopping inhaled corticosteroid therapy is safe. There is weak evidence that corticosteroid treatment may cause harm by interfering with growth. Pneumococcal vaccination has not been studied . , there is no clear evidence from randomized controlled trials that the influenza vaccine is beneficial for people with cystic fibrosis.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Ursodeoxycholic acid, a bile salt, has been used, however there is insufficient data to show if it is effective.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: It is uncertain whether vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation have any effect on eye and skin problems caused by vitamin A deficiency.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: There is no strong evidence that people with cystic fibrosis can prevent osteoporosis by increasing their intake of vitamin D.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: For people with vitamin E deficiency and cystic fibrosis, there is evidence that vitamin E supplementation may improve vitamin E levels, although it is still uncertain what effect supplementation has on vitamin E‐specific deficiency disorders or on lung function.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Robust evidence regarding the effects of vitamin K supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis is lacking as of 2020.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Various studies have examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for people with cystic fibrosis but the evidence is uncertain whether it has any benefits or adverse effects.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: For children, preliminary studies show massage therapy may help people and their families' quality of life.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Some lung infections require surgical removal of the infected part of the lung. If this is necessary many times, lung function is severely reduced. The most effective treatment options for people with CF who have spontaneous or recurrent pneumothoraces is not clear.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Newborns with intestinal obstruction typically require surgery, whereas adults with distal intestinal obstruction syndrome typically do not. Treatment of pancreatic insufficiency by replacement of missing digestive enzymes allows the duodenum to properly absorb nutrients and vitamins that would otherwise be lost in the feces. However, the best dosage and form of pancreatic enzyme replacement is unclear, as are the risks and long-term effectiveness of this treatment.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: So far, no large-scale research involving the incidence of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in adults with cystic fibrosis has been conducted. This is likely because the vast majority of people with cystic fibrosis do not live long enough to develop clinically significant atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Bisphosphonates taken by mouth or intravenously can be used to improve the bone mineral density in people with cystic fibrosis. When taking bisphosphates intravenously, adverse effects such as pain and flu-like symptoms can be an issue. The adverse effects of bisphosphates taken by mouth on the gastrointestinal tract are not known.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Poor growth may be avoided by insertion of a feeding tube for increasing food energy through supplemental feeds or by administration of injected growth hormone.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Sinus infections are treated by prolonged courses of antibiotics. The development of nasal polyps or other chronic changes within the nasal passages may severely limit airflow through the nose, and over time reduce the person's sense of smell. Sinus surgery is often used to alleviate nasal obstruction and to limit further infections. Nasal steroids such as fluticasone propionate are used to decrease nasal inflammation.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Physical exercise is usually part of outpatient care for people with cystic fibrosis. Aerobic exercise seems to be beneficial for aerobic exercise capacity, lung function and health-related quality of life; however, the quality of the evidence was poor.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Due to the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics, ototoxicity is common. Symptoms may include "tinnitus, hearing loss, hyperacusis, aural fullness, dizziness, and vertigo".

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: The prognosis for cystic fibrosis has improved due to earlier diagnosis through screening and better treatment and access to health care. In 1959, the median age of survival of children with CF in the United States was six months.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: In 2010, survival is estimated to be 37 years for women and 40 for men. In Canada, median survival increased from 24 years in 1982 to 47.7 in 2007. In the United States those born with CF in 2016 have an predicted life expectancy of 47.7 when cared for in specialty clinics.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: In the US, of those with CF who are more than 18 years old as of 2009, 92% had graduated from high school, 67% had at least some college education, 15% were disabled, 9% were unemployed, 56% were single, and 39% were married or living with a partner.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Chronic illnesses can be difficult to manage. CF is a chronic illness that affects the "digestive and respiratory tracts resulting in generalized malnutrition and chronic respiratory infections". The thick secretions clog the airways in the lungs, which often cause inflammation and severe lung infections. If it is compromised, it affects the quality of life of someone with CF and their ability to complete such tasks as everyday chores.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Furthermore, there are many ways to enhance the quality of life in CF patients. Exercise is promoted to increase lung function. Integrating an exercise regimen into the CF patient's daily routine can significantly improve quality of life. No definitive cure for CF is known, but diverse medications are used, such as mucolytics, bronchodilators, steroids, and antibiotics, that have the purpose of loosening mucus, expanding airways, decreasing inflammation, and fighting lung infections, respectively.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Cystic fibrosis is diagnosed equally in males and females. For reasons that remain unclear, data have shown that males tend to have a longer life expectancy than females, though recent studies suggest this gender gap may no longer exist, perhaps due to improvements in health care facilities. A recent study from Ireland identified a link between the female hormone estrogen and worse outcomes in CF.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: The distribution of CF alleles varies among populations. The frequency of ΔF508 carriers has been estimated at one in 200 in northern Sweden, one in 143 in Lithuanians, and one in 38 in Denmark. No ΔF508 carriers were found among 171 Finns and 151 Saami people. ΔF508 does occur in Finland, but it is a minority allele there. CF is known to occur in only 20 families (pedigrees) in Finland.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: The ΔF508 mutation is estimated to be up to 52,000 years old. Numerous hypotheses have been advanced as to why such a lethal mutation has persisted and spread in the human population. Other common autosomal recessive diseases such as sickle-cell anemia have been found to protect carriers from other diseases, an evolutionary trade-off known as heterozygote advantage. Resistance to the following have all been proposed as possible sources of heterozygote advantage:

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: CF is supposed to have appeared about 3,000 BC because of migration of peoples, gene mutations, and new conditions in nourishment. Although the entire clinical spectrum of CF was not recognized until the 1930s, certain aspects of CF were identified much earlier. Indeed, literature from Germany and Switzerland in the 18th century warned ("Woe to the child who tastes salty from a kiss on the brow, for he is cursed and soon must die"), recognizing the association between the salt loss in CF and illness.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: In the 19th century, Carl von Rokitansky described a case of fetal death with meconium peritonitis, a complication of meconium ileus associated with CF. Meconium ileus was first described in 1905 by Karl Landsteiner. In 1936, Guido Fanconi described a connection between celiac disease, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, and bronchiectasis.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: The first linkage between CF and another marker (Paroxonase) was found in 1985 by Hans Eiberg, indicating that only one locus exists for CF. In 1988, the first mutation for CF, ΔF508 was discovered by Francis Collins, Lap-Chee Tsui, and John R. Riordan on the seventh chromosome. Subsequent research has found over 1,000 different mutations that cause CF.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: People with CF may be listed in a disease registry that allows researchers and doctors to track health results and identify candidates for clinical trials.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Gene therapy has been explored as a potential cure for CF. Results from clinical trials have shown limited success , and using gene therapy as routine therapy is not suggested. A small study published in 2015 found a small benefit.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Cystic fibrosis

Context: Elexacaftor/ivacaftor/tezacaftor was approved in the United States in 2019 for cystic fibrosis. This combination of previously developed medicines is able to treat up to 90% of people with cystic fibrosis. This medications restores some effectiveness of the CFTR protein so that it can work as an ion channel on the cell's surface.

Question: Millaisia oireita mukoviskidoosi aiheuttaa?


Phenomenography

Context: While being an established methodological approach in education for several decades, phenomenography has now been applied rather extensively in a range of diverse disciplines such as environmental management, computer programming, workplace competence, and internationalization practices.

Question: Milloin fenomenografia kehitettiin?


Phenomenography

Context: Phenomenography's ontological assumptions are subjectivist: the world exists and different people construct it in different ways and from a non-dualist viewpoint (viz., there is only one world, one that is ours, and one that people experience in many different ways). Phenomenography's research object has the character of knowledge; therefore its ontological assumptions are also epistemological assumptions.

Question: Milloin fenomenografia kehitettiin?


Phenomenography

Context: Its emphasis is on description. Its data collection methods typically include semi-structured interviews with a small, purposive sample of subjects, with the researcher "working toward an articulation of the interviewee’s reflections on experience that is as complete as possible". Description is important because our knowledge of the world is a matter of meaning and of the qualitative similarities and differences in meaning as it is experienced by different people.

Question: Milloin fenomenografia kehitettiin?


Phenomenography

Context: The process of phenomenographic analysis is strongly iterative and comparative. It involves continual sorting and resorting of data and ongoing comparisons between the data and the developing categories of description, as well as between the categories themselves.

Question: Milloin fenomenografia kehitettiin?


Phenomenography

Context: Phenomenography is not phenomenology. Phenomenographers adopt an empirical orientation and they investigate the experiences of others. The focus of interpretive phenomenology is upon the essence of the phenomenon, whereas the focus of phenomenography is upon the essence of the experiences and the subsequent perceptions of the phenomenon.

Question: Milloin fenomenografia kehitettiin?


Color motion picture film

Context: Color motion picture film refers both to unexposed color photographic film in a format suitable for use in a motion picture camera, and to finished motion picture film, ready for use in a projector, which bears images in color.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: During 1930s the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced. These also used black-and-white film to photograph multiple color-filtered source images, but the final product was a multicolored print that did not require special projection equipment. Before 1932, when three-strip Technicolor was introduced, commercialized subtractive processes used only two color components and could reproduce only a limited range of color.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Later color films were standardized into two distinct processes: Eastman Color Negative 2 chemistry (camera negative stocks, duplicating interpositive and internegative stocks) and Eastman Color Positive 2 chemistry (positive prints for direct projection), usually abbreviated as ECN-2 and ECP-2. Fuji's products are compatible with ECN-2 and ECP-2.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Film was the dominant form of cinematography until the 2010s, when it was largely replaced by digital cinematography.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: The first motion pictures were photographed using a simple homogeneous photographic emulsion that yielded a black-and-white image—that is, an image in shades of gray, ranging from black to white, corresponding to the luminous intensity of each point on the photographed subject. Light, shade, form and movement were captured, but not color.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: With color motion picture film, information about the color of the light at each image point is also captured. This is done by analyzing the visible spectrum of color into several regions (normally three, commonly referred to by their dominant colors: red, green and blue) and recording each region separately.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Current color films do this with three layers of differently color-sensitive photographic emulsion coated on one strip of film base. Early processes used color filters to photograph the color components as completely separate images (e.g., three-strip Technicolor) or adjacent microscopic image fragments (e.g., Dufaycolor) in a one-layer black-and-white emulsion.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: The earliest motion picture stocks were orthochromatic, and recorded blue and green light, but not red. Recording all three spectral regions required making film stock panchromatic to some degree. As orthochromatic film stock hindered color photography in its beginnings, the first films with color in them used aniline dyes to create artificial color. Manual-colored films appeared in 1895 with Thomas Edison's manual-painted "Annabelle's Dance" for his Kinetoscope viewers.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Many early filmmakers from the first ten years of film also used this method to some degree. George Méliès offered manual-painted prints of his own films at an additional cost over the black-and-white versions, including the visual-effects pioneering "A Trip to the Moon" (1902). The film had various parts of the film painted frame-by-frame by twenty-one women in Montreuil in a production-line method.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: A more common technique emerged in the early 1910s known as film tinting, a process in which either the emulsion or the film base is dyed, giving the image a uniform monochromatic color. This process was popular during the silent era, with specific colors employed for certain narrative effects (red for scenes with fire or firelight, blue for night, etc.).

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: A complementary process, called toning, replaces the silver particles in the film with metallic salts or mordanted dyes. This creates a color effect in which the dark parts of the image are replaced with a color (e.g., blue and white rather than black and white). Tinting and toning were sometimes applied together.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: In the United States, St. Louis engraver Max Handschiegl and cinematographer Alvin Wyckoff created the Handschiegl Color Process, a dye-transfer equivalent of the stencil process, first used in "Joan the Woman" (1917) directed by Cecil B. DeMille, and used in special effects sequences for films such as "The Phantom of the Opera" (1925).

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Eastman Kodak introduced its own system of pre-tinted black-and-white film stocks called Sonochrome in 1929. The Sonochrome line featured films tinted in seventeen different colors including Peachblow, Inferno, Candle Flame, Sunshine, Purple Haze, Firelight, Azure, Nocturne, Verdante, Aquagreen, Caprice, Fleur de Lis, Rose Doree, and the neutral-density Argent, which kept the screen from becoming excessively bright when switching to a black-and-white scene.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Between 1900 and 1935, dozens of natural color systems were introduced, although only a few were successful.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: William Friese-Greene invented another additive color system called Biocolour, which was developed by his son Claude Friese-Greene after William's death in 1921. William sued George Albert Smith, alleging that the Kinemacolor process infringed on the patents for his Bioschemes, Ltd.; as a result, Smith's patent was revoked in 1914. Both Kinemacolor and Biocolour had problems with "fringing" or "haloing" of the image, due to the separate red and green images not fully matching up.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: The first truly successful subtractive color process was William van Doren Kelley's Prizma, an early color process that was first introduced at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City on 8 February 1917. Prizma began in 1916 as an additive system similar to Kinemacolor.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: The invention of Prizma led to a series of similarly printed color processes. This bipack color system used two strips of film running through the camera, one recording red, and one recording blue-green light. With the black-and-white negatives being printed onto duplitized film, the color images were then toned red and blue, effectively creating a subtractive color print.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Leon Forrest Douglass (1869–1940), a founder of Victor Records, developed a system he called Naturalcolor, and first showed a short test film made in the process on 15 May 1917 at his home in San Rafael, California. The only feature film known to have been made in this process, "Cupid Angling" (1918)—starring Ruth Roland and with cameo appearances by Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks—was filmed in the Lake Lagunitas area of Marin County, California.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: The process was later refined through the incorporation of dye imbibition, which allowed for the transferring of dyes from both color matrices into a single print, avoiding several problems that had become evident with the cemented prints and allowing multiple prints to be created from a single pair of matrices.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Gasparcolor, a single-strip 3-color system, was developed in 1933 by the Hungarian chemist Dr. Bela Gaspar.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: The real push for color films and the nearly immediate changeover from black-and-white production to nearly all color film were pushed forward by the prevalence of television in the early 1950s. In 1947, only 12 percent of American films were made in color. By 1954, that number rose to over 50 percent. The rise in color films was also aided by the breakup of Technicolor's near monopoly on the medium.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: In 1947, the United States Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Technicolor for monopolization of color cinematography (even though rival processes such as Cinecolor and Trucolor were in general use). In 1950, a federal court ordered Technicolor to allot a number of its three-strip cameras for use by independent studios and filmmakers. Although this certainly affected Technicolor, its real undoing was the invention of Eastmancolor that same year.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Eastman Kodak manufactures film in 54-inch (1,372 mm) wide rolls. These rolls are then slit into various sizes (70 mm, 65 mm, 35 mm, 16 mm) as needed.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Color motion picture film

Context: Fuji films also integrated tabular grains in their SUFG (Super Unified Fine Grain) films. In their case, the SUFG grain is not only tabular, it is hexagonal and consistent in shape throughout the emulsion layers. Like the T-grain, it has a larger surface area in a smaller grain (about one-third the size of traditional grain) for the same light sensitivity. In 2005, Fuji unveiled their Eterna 500T stock, the first in a new line of advanced emulsions, with Super Nano-structure Σ Grain Technology.

Question: Kuka kehitti värilliset elokuvat?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Advertising restrictions typically shift advertising spending to unrestricted media. Banned on television, ads move to print; banned in all conventional media, ads shift to sponsorships; banned as in-store advertising and packaging, advertising shifts to shill (undisclosed) marketing reps, sponsored online content, viral marketing, and other stealth marketing techniques.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Another method of evading restrictions is to sell less-regulated nicotine products instead of the ones for which advertising is more regulated. For instance, while TV ads of cigarettes are banned in the United States, similar TV ads of e-cigarettes are not.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: The most effective media are usually banned first, meaning advertisers need to spend more money to advertise to the same number of people. Comprehensive bans can make it impossible to effectively substitute other forms of advertising, leading to actual falls in consumption. However, skillful use of allowed media can increase advertising exposure; the exposure of U.S. children to nicotine advertising is increasing as of 2018.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Tobacco companies have also funded "anti-smoking" groups. One such organization, funded by Lorillard, enters into exclusive sponsorship agreements with sports organisations. This means that no other anti-smoking campaigns are allowed to be involved with the sporting organisation. Such sponsorships have been criticised by health groups.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: There is more exposure to industry-sponsored "antismoking" ads than to antismoking ads run by public health agencies.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: With the restrictions placed on general advertising and sponsorship, tobacco companies have moved to new promotions to establish new customers and maintain existing ones. For example, Altria, known formerly as Philip Morris Companies, has a strategy of growth by "promotions that build brand equity through adult consumer experiences". The intent is to reinforce brand loyalty by building consumer communities.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Unpaid content on Facebook, created and sponsored by tobacco companies, is widely used to advertise nicotine-containing products, with photos of the products, "buy now" buttons and a lack of age restrictions, in contravention of ineffectively enforced Facebook policies.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Another example is Marlboro's "Outwit the West", a "by-invitation if you're a smoker" four-member team-based 'competition' with a series of cryptic brain teasers. The top twenty teams get invited to the Marlboro ranch, a location where it's "okay to smoke" and food, drinks and activities are paid for by the company. The team with the most correct answers shares a one million dollar prize. Thousands of teams participate.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: More generally, Marlboro has been using its mailing database (estimated at 26 million in 2005) to promote directly with giveaways and general invitations to the Marlboro Ranch. Reinforcement is provided by branded products and by peers.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Owning tobacco-branded merchandise is a risk factor for addiction. Its sale and display has therefore been restricted in some jurisdictions.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Some mini motorcycles have a cigarette or other tobacco trademark applied; such branded mini-motorcycles have been found in New Zealand in breach of tobacco advertising legislation.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Sponsorship has widely been used to circumvent bans on conventional advertising. Sponsors benefit from placing their advertising at sporting events, naming events after themselves, and recruiting political support from sporting agencies.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Nicotine use is frequently shown in movies, historically often in return for six-figure (US$) sponsorship deals. More money is paid for a star actor to be shown using nicotine. Smokers in movies are generally healthier, more successful, and younger than actual smokers. Health effects, including coughing and addiction, are shown or mentioned in only a few percent of cases, and are less likely to be mentioned in films targeted at younger viewers.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: The Russian parliament banned non-essential smoking scenes in movies in 2001. The Indian government announced a ban on tobacco use and ads in Indian movies and TV in 2005, but backed down after lobbying by the film industry and the Information and Broadcasting Ministry.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Voluntary self-regulation is typically used as a last resort to deter government regulation. Universal Pictures has a "Policy Regarding Tobacco Depictions in Films". In films anticipated to be released in the United States with a G, PG or PG-13 rating, smoking incidents (depiction of tobacco smoking, tobacco-related signage or paraphernalia) appear only when there is a substantial reason for doing so. In that case, the film is released with a health warning in end credits, DVD packaging, etc.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Since May 2007, the Motion Picture Association of America may give a film glamorizing smoking or depicting pervasive smoking outside of a historic or other mitigating context a higher rating.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: There have also been moves to reduce the depiction of protagonists smoking in television shows, especially those aimed at children. For example, Ted Turner took steps to remove or edit scenes that depict characters in cartoons such as "Tom and Jerry", "The Flintstones" and "Scooby-Doo", which are shown on his Cartoon Network and Boomerang television channels.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Video game content rating systems have also looked at the usage of tobacco in video games; a video game depicting the use of tobacco may have a higher rating.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Through the arrangement, the Marlboro brand in was legally visible prominently on the cars, jumpsuits and pit crew at three races:

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: After a brief stint as the title sponsor for the USAC Championship Trail in 1971, Marlboro joined the sport of Indy car racing in 1986.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Other major tobacco sponsors in the sport during the 1980s through 2000s included Players Ltd., KOOL, and Hollywood. Smokeless tobacco companies also sponsored several entries, with Foyt in a long-term association with Copenhagen, and Skoal also appearing on cars during the 1980s.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In addition, R. J. Reynolds sponsored its own car for three years with Camel colors. It was driven by Jimmy Spencer.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: On 5 February 2003, R. J. Reynolds informed NASCAR that their five-year extension to sponsor NASCAR's premier division signed in July 2002 could be dissolved because of economic concerns at the company.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: On 19 June 2003, NASCAR announced at the NASDAQ MarketSite a new deal with Nextel Communications starting in the 2004 season, as the familiar red was replaced with Nextel yellow (Nextel's new colours were announced after the deal had been signed) and by the end of the first season, it was acquired by Sprint. Starting in September 2005, NASCAR began replacing Nextel logos with Sprint logos started appearing in reference to the new sponsor.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: When the advertising was rebranded with the Sprint banner, the Turn 11 bridge at Watkins Glen International was rebranded, with new Sprint advertising featuring the tagline "Sprint ahead".

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Smaller tobacco companies not covered by the Master Settlement Agreement have attempted sponsorship for portions of the season or circuits. Bailey's, a small tobacco company based in Virginia, featured in 2005 sponsorship of selected races for the Bobby Hamilton Racing team based in Tennessee, and has been the longtime sponsor of the Bailey's 300 at Martinsville Speedway for late model race cars in the region which race at NASCAR-sanctioned tracks.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Under the Master Settlement Agreement, NASCAR was forced to implement a minimum age of 18 in 2002 for the three national series, as they were often paired with each other or other national motorsport series at race meets. Notably, Kyle Busch was ejected from a Truck Series race at Fontana in 2001 for being underage, as the CART race that weekend featured Marlboro, Kool, and Player's sponsorships.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In 2013, with tobacco all but out of North American motorsport, NASCAR changed the minimum age to 16 in the Truck Series for any circuit 1.25 miles or shorter, along with Canadian Tire Motorsports Park, similar to rules in regional series. Two drivers, Chase Elliott and Erik Jones, won at 17 years of age in 2013. Cole Custer, 16, won in 2014.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In 2005, GlaxoSmithKline, manufacturer of Goody's Headache Powder, a NASCAR sponsor since 1977, expanded their long-term sponsorship by adding their Nicorette brand of smoking cessation product as a NASCAR official sponsor, and signed with Chip Ganassi Racing and also longtime Goody's Headache Powder (another GSK brand) spokesman and former smoker, Richard Petty would lead their "Commit to Quit" program.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: GSK changed its marketing program in 2006, moving to other brands with Ganassi Racing, while Jeff Gordon became GSK's Nicorette leader, with a Nicorette car for two races.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Snooker was badly hit by the British ban on tobacco sponsorship, with several tournaments losing their financial backers. These included:

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: The World Snooker Championship was given special dispensation from the European Union directive until 2005. The Masters went without any sponsorship in 2004, before receiving the backing of Rileys Club the following year. Some players spoke out against the ban, worried that the game would not be able to survive without the financial backing of the tobacco companies.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Various sports have relied on sponsorship money from tobacco companies, both for the participants and for competitions. In the United Kingdom, tobacco companies moved into the expanding world of sports sponsorship on a major scale after television advertising of cigarettes was banned in 1965, with the intent of getting round the ban and gaining a de facto free plug for a mass TV audience.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: The European Union and World Health Organization (WHO) have both specified that the advertising of tobacco should not be allowed. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which came into effect on 27 February 2005, requires that all of the 168 countries that agreed to the treaty ban tobacco advertising unless their constitution forbade it.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In South Africa, the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act bans all advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Tobacco advertising on Hong Kong television was outlawed on 1 December 1990, when the territory was still a British colony. However, some sporting events were still allowed to be sponsored by tobacco companies until it was abandoned by the government in July 1999. It took some years before it was removed from buses and trams until it was completely banned in November 2009.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In Indonesia, tobacco advertising is still allowed, but showing the cigarette packaging and smoking activities is outlawed. Broadcast of tobacco advertising on Indonesian television is only allowed from 9:30 pm until 5:00 am local time. Warnings on cigarette packaging are shown, as of 2018 old warning was replaced by "Because smoking, I suffered throat cancer" (). Recent warnings also include 18+ signs and a quitline.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In 2014, the Indonesian government halted the branding of cigarettes as "light", "mild", "ultra light", "extra mild", "low tar", "slim", "special", "full flavour" or "premium" on all smoking packages and has decided to place graphic images on the cigarette packs to show the adverse long-term effects of excessive smoking. However, cigarette brands as L.A. Lights, A Mild, Djarum Black Slim, Dunhill Filter, and Win Mild Premium, and many more already used some words above.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In Bangladesh, tobacco advertising is prohibited in all print and electronic media, including at the point-of-sale. Free and discounted tobacco products are prohibited, but internet tobacco sales and tobacco products bearing non-tobacco brand names are allowed. Although sponsorship by the tobacco industry is not completely prohibited, publicity of the sponsorship is prohibited.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In 2002, the Pakistani government restricted tobacco advertising in all media; point-of-sale advertising is still legal, but there are some restrictions regarding size. Some cigarette companies used to provide free cigarettes to patrons of tobacco shops; that, too, was forbidden in the 2010 regulations. The government have also banned the sale of tobacco to underage people in an effort to crack down on underage smoking.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In the Philippines, tobacco advertising is still allowed, but is now limited to point-of-sale and sari-sari store advertising and promotions in other establishments like restaurants, bars and in select billiard halls. Websites that feature tobacco (like Marlboro) are only limited to smokers 18 years old and above, and minors are not allowed to visit the website.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Singapore similarly requires cigarette manufacturers to print images of mouths, feet and blood vessels adversely affected by smoking.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Article 9 of Taiwan's Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act prohibits any form of advertising for any form of tobacco product. Taiwan also prohibits other forms of tobacco promotion, such as "using tobacco products as gift or prize for the sale of other products or for the promotion of other events", or "packaging tobacco products together with other products for sale". Depending on the specific violation, Article 26 penalizes violators with fines ranging from NTD 100,000 to NTD 2,500,000 for each violation.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In the United Arab Emirates, tobacco advertisements are forbidden under federal anti-tobacco law No 15 of 2009, effective from 21 January 2014.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In 2003, the European Union halted the branding of cigarettes as "light" or "mild", saying that this misleads consumers about the dangers of smoking. Stark health warnings such as "Smoking Kills" must now cover at least 30% of the front of each packet and 40% of the back, and an even greater area where messages are printed in more than one national language.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Within the European Union only Germany and Bulgaria still permit billboards advertising tobacco use. Tobacco smoking is still advertised in special magazines, during sporting events, in filling stations and shops, and in more rare cases on television. Some nations, including the UK and Australia, have begun anti-smoking advertisements to counter the effects of tobacco advertising.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Some countries, like Finland and Greece, had outlawed tobacco advertising on television and radio prior to the ban in 1991.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: As a result of the enactment of the 2016 plain tobacco packaging bill, France became the second country in the world in January 2017, after Australia, to require tobacco products to be sold in plain packaging.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Tobacco advertising on radio, television and billboards is illegal. In July 2000 the Irish government stopped advertising and sponsorship by the tobacco industry. In July 2009, in-store tobacco advertising and displays of tobacco were made illegal – Ireland being the first country in the EU (and third in the world, after Canada and Iceland) to do so. Ireland plans to adopt the Australian model of plain-packaged cigarettes which is due to begin in September 2017.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Although the United Kingdom is no longer an EU member country, the relevant EU directives banning tobacco advertising are implemented in the United Kingdom, in addition to UK laws restricting tobacco advertising.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: The first calls to restrict advertising came in 1962 from the Royal College of Physicians, who highlighted the health problems and recommended stricter laws on the sale and advertising of tobacco products. In 1971, an agreement between the government and the tobacco industry saw the inclusion of health warnings on all cigarette packets. All television commercials for cigarettes were banned on 1 August 1965, although commercials for loose tobacco and cigars continued until 1991.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: As part of their 1997 general election campaign, the Labour Party led by Tony Blair pledged to ban all advertising of tobacco products. When it was not included in their manifesto, it was introduced by Liberal Democrat peer Tim Clement-Jones and was passed as the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002, which banned most remaining forms of advertising according to the following timescale:

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: While cigarette vending machines were still allowed in licensed premises (until 1 October 2011 in England, 1 February 2012 in Wales, 1 March 2012 in Northern Ireland and 29 April 2013 in Scotland when a full ban came into force) they were only allowed to display a picture of what was available (one image per brand) and no advertisements could be included on the machine.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Finally, cigarette vending machines were then banned in public areas of all British pubs, clubs and restaurants, with a fine of £2,500 for non-compliance.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Famous UK tobacco advertising campaigns have included "You're never alone with a Strand" (a disastrous campaign which led to Strand Cigarettes being taken off the market) and "Happiness is a cigar called Hamlet".

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In Italy, advertising of tobacco products has been banned since 1962, though ad in magazines remained legal since the late-1970s; with a few subsequent changes to the law in 1983 and 2004.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Tobacco advertising is only allowed in special tobacco stores, selling more than 90 kinds of tobacco products. This limits to only textual advertisement. Outside advertisement is not allowed. Inside the tobacco store, a limited amount of advertising is allowed. Salesmen can promote brands inside these stores, however their promotional material only contains dummy-cigarettes. Any other kind of advertising is a serious offence under Dutch law.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In Serbia, tobacco advertising on television, on billboards and in printed media is banned, but advertisements for cigarettes are found within shops and kiosks.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Smokeless tobacco ads, on the other hand, remained on the air until a ban took effect on 28 August 1986. Even further restrictions took effect under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Since 1984, cigarette companies have been forced to place Surgeon General's warnings on all cigarette packs and advertisements because of the passing of the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: After 1971, most tobacco advertising was done in magazines, newspapers, and on billboards. Since the introduction of the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, all packaging and advertisements must display a health warning from the Surgeon General. In November 2003, tobacco companies and magazine publishers agreed to cease the placement of advertisements in school library editions of four magazines with a large group of young readers: "Time, People", "Sports Illustrated", and "Newsweek".

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Passed in 1997, the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement bans outdoor, billboard, and public transportation advertising of cigarettes in 46 states. It also prohibits tobacco advertising that targets young people, the usage of cartoons (such as the Marlboro Man or Joe Camel) in particular. In the states which have not signed the agreement, billboards are a major venue of cigarette advertising (10% of Michigan billboards advertised alcohol and tobacco, according to the Detroit Free Press).

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Nearly 20 years before the passing of the act, in 1969, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Canada's national broadcasting service eliminated all tobacco advertising on both its radio and TV networks.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Since this law came into effect in 2009, all cigarette packages in Mexico contain health warnings and graphic images, created and approved by the Secretariat of Health, that must cover 50% of the pack.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In 1972 the federal government introduced mandatory health warnings for radio and television cigarette advertisements. In September 1976 a total ban on tobacco and cigarette advertisements on TV and radio commenced. In December 1989 tobacco advertising was banned from all locally produced print media; this left only cinema, billboard and sponsorship advertising as the only forms of direct tobacco advertising.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: in Australia, most cigarette packaging carried graphic images of the effects of smoking as well as information about the names and numbers of chemicals and annual death rates. Television ads included video footage of smokers struggling to breathe in hospital. Since then, the number of smokers has been reduced by one quarter.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In April 2010, the Australian government announced plans to prohibit the use of tobacco industry logos, colours, brand imagery or promotional text of tobacco product packaging from 2012, requiring that brand names and product names be displayed in a standard drab brown colour, font style and position in a policy known as "plain packaging". This legislation, the Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011, was challenged in the High Court by multiple tobacco manufacturers on the

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: grounds that it exceeded the legislative capacity of Parliament by virtue of section 51 of the Constitution of Australia. This challenge was dismissed by the High Court.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Tobacco advertising in New Zealand was outlawed with the passage of the Smokefree Amendment Act 1990.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Prior to this, in 1963 advertisements for tobacco products were withdrawn from radio and television. A decade later in 1973, cigarette advertising was banned on billboards and in cinemas, and print media advertising was restricted to half a newspaper page.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In 1995 all remaining tobacco advertising and sponsorship was banned except for point-of-sale advertising and some tobacco sponsorship exemptions. Point-of-sale advertising ceased on 11 December 1998.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Upon point-of-sale advertising being finally banned in New Zealand there are other examples of tobacco advertising that will still remain. These include the use of tobacco packets as advertisements, exempted tobacco sponsorships, tobacco advertising and sponsorship in imported magazines and on cable television as well as the usual tobacco imagery in movies and television.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Health warnings – generally graphic images of the harmful effects of smoking – are also placed on all tobacco products.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: In 2005 the European Union launched the "For a life without tobacco" campaign in all its constituent countries to help people quit smoking.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: The Marlboro Man was one of the most successful cigarette advertising campaigns, lasting from the 1960s to the 1990s. The Marlboro brand was promoted by various cowboys, with Wayne McLaren posing for some promotional photographs in 1976. He died of lung cancer in 1992, having appeared in a television spot showing him in a hospital bed. That image was juxtaposed with him during the promotional shoot, with a voiceover warning about the dangers of smoking.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Regulation of nicotine marketing

Context: Some countries have required that tobacco products be sold in standardized plain, dark brown packaging with warning labels. There is evidence that this reduces both smoking prevalence and misperceptions that some cigarettes ("light", "low-tar", etc.) are less harmful than others.

Question: Milloin tupakka tuotteiden mainostaminen loppui F1?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Charles Ponzi (, ; born Carlo Pietro Giovanni Guglielmo Tebaldo Ponzi; March 3, 1882 – January 15, 1949) was an Italian swindler and con artist who operated in the U.S. and Canada. His aliases included "Charles Ponci", "Carlo", and "Charles P. Bianchi".

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Ponzi may have been inspired by the scheme of William F. Miller (also known as "520% Miller"), a Brooklyn bookkeeper who in 1899 used a similar deception to take in $1 million (approximately $35 million in 2022).

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: In 1907, after some years of failing to do well in the U.S., Ponzi moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada and became an assistant teller in the newly opened Banco Zarossi, a bank located on Saint Jacques Street started by Luigi "Louis" Zarossi to service the influx of Italian immigrants arriving in the city. By this time, Ponzi had a winning personality and spoke English, Italian, and French, which Zuckoff says helped him get the job at Banco Zarossi.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Ponzi set up a small office at 27 School Street, Boston, in the summer of 1919 attempting to sell business ideas to contacts in Europe. He received a letter from a company in Spain asking about the advertising catalog which included an international reply coupon (IRC), leading Ponzi to find a weakness in the system which, at least in principle, gave him an opportunity to make money.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Seeing an opportunity, Ponzi quit his job as a translator to set his IRC scheme in motion, but needed a large capital outlay to buy IRCs at lower performing European currencies. He first tried to borrow money from banks including the Hanover Trust Company, but they were not convinced and its manager, Chmielinski turned him down.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: In January 1920, Ponzi started his own company, the "Securities Exchange Company", to promote the scheme. In the first month, 18 people invested in his company with a total of $1,800. He paid them promptly, the very next month, with the money obtained from the newer set of investors.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Even though Ponzi's company was bringing in fantastic sums of money each day, the simplest financial analysis would have shown that the operation was running at a large loss. As long as money kept flowing in, existing investors could be paid with the new money. This was the only method Ponzi had to continue providing returns to existing investors, as he made no effort to generate legitimate profits.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Ponzi's rapid rise naturally drew suspicion. When a Boston financial writer suggested there was no way Ponzi could legally deliver such high returns in a short period of time, Ponzi sued for libel and won $500,000 in damages. As libel law at the time placed the burden of proof on the writer and publisher, this effectively neutralized any serious probes into his dealings for some time.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Nonetheless, there were still signs of his eventual ruin. Joseph Daniels, a Boston furniture dealer who had given Ponzi furniture which he could not afford to pay for, sued Ponzi to cash in on the gold rush. The lawsuit was unsuccessful, but it did prompt people to begin asking how Ponzi could have gone from being penniless to being a millionaire in a short span of time. There was a run on the Securities Exchange Company, as some investors decided to pull out. Ponzi paid them and the run stopped.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: On July 26, the "Post" started a series of articles that asked hard questions about the operation of Ponzi's money machine. The paper contacted Clarence Barron, the financial journalist who headed Dow Jones & Company, to examine Ponzi's scheme. Barron observed that though Ponzi was offering fantastic returns on investments, Ponzi himself was not investing with his own company.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: On August 11, it all came crashing down for Ponzi. First, the "Post" came out with a front-page story about his criminal activities in Montreal 13 years earlier, including his forgery conviction and his role at Zarossi's scandal-ridden bank. That afternoon, Bank Commissioner Allen seized Hanover Trust due to numerous irregularities. The commissioner thus inadvertently foiled Ponzi's plan to "borrow" funds from the bank vaults as a last resort in the event all other efforts to obtain funds failed.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: The news brought down five other banks in addition to Hanover Trust. Ponzi's investors were practically wiped out, receiving less than 30 cents to the dollar. They lost about $20 million in 1920 dollars (approximately $ million in dollars). By comparison, Bernie Madoff's similar scheme that collapsed in 2008 cost his investors about $18 billion, 53 times the losses of Ponzi's scheme.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: In the meantime, government investigators tried to trace Ponzi's convoluted accounts to figure out how much money he had taken and where it had gone. They never managed to untangle it and could conclude only that millions had gone through his hands.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Ponzi was released in 1934. With the release came an immediate order to have him deported to Italy. He asked for a full pardon from Massachusetts Governor Joseph B. Ely. However, on July 13, Ely turned the appeal down. Ponzi's charismatic confidence had faded, and when he left the prison gates, he was met by an angry crowd. He told reporters before he left, "I went looking for trouble, and I found it." On October 7, Ponzi was officially deported.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Rose stayed in the U.S. and divorced Ponzi in 1937. She had not wanted to leave Boston, and Ponzi was in no position to support her in any event.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: In Italy, Ponzi jumped from scheme to scheme, but little came of them. He eventually got a job in Brazil as an agent for Ala Littoria, the Italian state airline. During World War II, however, the airline's operation in the country was shut down after the British intelligence services intervened and Brazil sided with the Allies. During that time, Ponzi also wrote his autobiography.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Ponzi spent the last years of his life in poverty, working occasionally as a translator. His health deteriorated and in 1941 a heart attack left him considerably weakened. His eyesight began failing, and by 1948 he was almost completely blind. A brain hemorrhage paralyzed his left leg and arm. Ponzi died in a charity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, the Hospital São Francisco de Assis of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, on January 18, 1949.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: Supported by his last and only friend, Francisco Nonato Nunes, a barber who spoke English and had notions of Italian, Ponzi granted one last interview to an American reporter, telling him, "Even if they never got anything for it, it was cheap at that price. Without malice aforethought, I had given them the best show that was ever staged in their territory since the landing of the Pilgrims! It was easily worth fifteen million bucks to watch me put the thing over."

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


Charles Ponzi

Context: A fourth-season episode of Comedy Central's Drunk History, "Scoundrels," included the story of Ponzi and McMasters, with Jesse Plemons portraying Ponzi and Ed Helms portraying McMasters, with an inebriated Chris Romano recounting the story.

Question: Mistä Charles Ponzi oli kotoisin?


History of the United States Constitution

Context: The United States Constitution has served as the supreme law of the United States since taking effect in 1789. The document was written at the 1787 Philadelphia Convention and was ratified through a series of state conventions held in 1787 and 1788. Since 1789, the Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times; particularly important amendments include the ten amendments of the United States Bill of Rights and the three Reconstruction Amendments.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The era of the Declaration of Independence is sometimes called the "Continental Congress" period. John Adams famously estimated as many as one-third of those resident in the original thirteen colonies were patriots. Scholars such as Gordon Wood describe how Americans were caught up in the Revolutionary fervor and excitement of creating governments, societies, a new nation on the face of the earth by rational choice as Thomas Paine declared in "Common Sense".

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The First Continental Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. It agreed that the states should impose an economic boycott on British trade, and drew up a petition to King George III, pleading for redress of their grievances and repeal of the Intolerable Acts. It did not propose independence or a separate government for the states.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Supreme Court in Penhallow v. Doane's Administrators (1795), and again in Ware v. Hylton (1796), ruled on the federal government's powers prior to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1788. It said that Congress exercised powers derived from the people, expressly conferred through the medium of state conventions or legislatures, and, once exercised, those powers were "impliedly ratified by the acquiescence and obedience of the people".

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Articles of Confederation was approved by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. It came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. Over the previous four years it had been used by Congress as a "working document" to administer the early United States government and win the Revolutionary War.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Congress of the Confederation, as defined in the Articles of Confederation, was the sole organ of the national government; there was no national court to interpret laws nor an executive branch to enforce them. Governmental functions, including declarations of war and calls for an army, were voluntarily supported by each state, in full, partly, or not at all.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Massachusetts legislature was one of the five against paper money. It imposed a tightly limited currency and high taxes. Without paper money veterans without cash lost their farms for back taxes. This triggered Shays' Rebellion to stop tax collectors and close the courts. Troops quickly suppressed the rebellion, but nationalists like George Washington warned, "There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set fire to."

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The conference's success encouraged James Madison to introduce a proposal in the Virginia General Assembly for further debate of interstate issues. With Maryland's agreement, on January 21, 1786, Virginia invited all the states to attend another interstate meeting later that year in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss the trade barriers between the various states.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Annapolis Convention, formally titled "A Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government", convened at George Mann's Tavern on September 11, 1786. Delegates from five states gathered to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and establish standard rules and regulations. At the time, each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority in these matters.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Appointed delegates from four states either arrived too late to participate or otherwise decided not attend. Because so few states were present, delegates did not deem "it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission." However, they did adopt a report calling for another convention of the states to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation. They desired that Constitutional Convention take place in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Twelve state legislatures, Rhode Island being the only exception, sent delegates to convene at Philadelphia in May 1787. While the resolution calling the Convention specified that its purpose was to propose amendments to the Articles, through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that the Convention would propose a Constitution with a fundamentally new design.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The Congress of the Confederation endorsed a plan to revise the Articles of Confederation on February 21, 1787. It called on each state legislature to send delegates to a convention "'for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation' in ways that, when approved by Congress and the states, would 'render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union.'"

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: George Washington arrived on time, Sunday, the day before the scheduled opening. For the entire duration of the Convention, Washington was a guest at the home of Robert Morris, Congress' financier for the American Revolution and a Pennsylvania delegate. Morris entertained the delegates lavishly. William Jackson, in two years to be the president of the Society of the Cincinnati, had been Morris' agent in England for a time; and he won election as a non-delegate to be the convention secretary.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: The convention was scheduled to open May 14, but only Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations were present. The Convention was postponed until a quorum of seven states gathered on Friday the 25th. George Washington was elected the Convention president, and Chancellor (judge) George Wythe (Va) was chosen Chair of the Rules Committee. The rules of the Convention were published the following Monday.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?


Context: Nathaniel Gorham (MA) was elected Chair of the "Committee of the Whole". These were the same delegates in the same room, but they could use informal rules for the interconnected provisions in the draft articles to be made, remade and reconnected as the order of business proceeded. The Convention officials and adopted procedures were in place before the arrival of nationalist opponents such as John Lansing (NY) and Luther Martin (MD). By the end of May, the stage was set.

Question: Milloin USA perustulaki kirjoitettiin?