Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: His name as a writer was established with his first dramatic play, "Eugénie", which premiered at the Comédie-Française in 1767. This was followed in 1770 by another drama, "".

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: "Le Barbier" premiered in Paris in 1775. An English translation premiered in London a year later, and that was followed by performances in other European countries.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: Beaumarchais's final play, "La Mère", premiered in 1792 in Paris. In homage to the great French playwright Molière, Beaumarchais also dubbed "La Mère" "The Other "Tartuffe"".

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: All three Figaro plays enjoyed great success, and are still frequently performed today in theatres and opera houses.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: Before France officially entered the war in 1778, Beaumarchais played a major role in delivering French munitions, money and supplies to the American army. In order to secretly funnel aid to the rebels, he helped set up a fictitious business called Roderigue Hortalez and Company.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: Beaumarchais had dealt with Silas Deane, an acting member of the Committee of Secret Correspondence in the Second Continental Congress. For these services, the French Parliament reinstated Beaumarchais's civil rights in 1776. In 1778, Beaumarchais' hopes were fulfilled when the French government agreed to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance. France officially entered the American War of Independence soon after, followed by Spain in 1779 and the Dutch Republic in 1780.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: It was not long before Beaumarchais crossed paths again with the French legal system. In 1787, he became acquainted with Mme. Korman, who was implicated and imprisoned in an adultery suit, which was filed by her husband to expropriate her dowry. The matter went to court, with Beaumarchais siding with Mme. Korman, and M. Korman assisted by a celebrity lawyer, Nicolas Bergasse. On 2 April 1790, M. Korman and Bergasse were found guilty of calumny (slander), but Beaumarchais's reputation was also tarnished.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: Nevertheless, he pledged his services to the new republic. He attempted to purchase 60,000 rifles for the French Revolutionary army from Holland, but was unable to complete the deal.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: While he was out of the country, Beaumarchais was falsely declared an "émigré" (a loyalist of the old regime) by his enemies. He spent two and a half years in exile, mostly in Germany, before his name was removed from the list of proscribed émigrés. He returned to Paris in 1796, where he lived out the remainder of his life in relative peace. He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: In 1786, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed an opera, "Le nozze di Figaro", based on "The Marriage of Figaro", with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on the play. Several composers including Paisiello in 1782 wrote operas based on "The Barber of Seville". Although not received well at first, Rossini's 1816 version of "Barber" is his most successful work and still often performed. In 1966, Darius Milhaud composed an opera, "La mère coupable", based on "The Guilty Mother".

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Pierre Beaumarchais

Context: Beaumarchais was also the librettist for Antonio Salieri's opera "Tarare", which premiered in Paris in 1787.

Question: ボーマルシェのした事業は何


Philosophy

Context: In one general sense, philosophy is associated with wisdom, intellectual culture, and a search for knowledge. In this sense, all cultures and literate societies ask philosophical questions, such as "how are we to live" and "what is the nature of reality." A broad and impartial conception of philosophy, then, finds a reasoned inquiry into such matters as reality, morality, and life in all world civilizations.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Western philosophy is the philosophical tradition of the Western world, dating back to pre-Socratic thinkers who were active in 6th-century Greece (BCE), such as Thales ( – BCE) and Pythagoras ( – BCE) who practiced a 'love of wisdom' () and were also termed 'students of nature' ().

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Early modern philosophy in the Western world begins with thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes and René Descartes (1596–1650). Following the rise of natural science, modern philosophy was concerned with developing a secular and rational foundation for knowledge and moved away from traditional structures of authority such as religion, scholastic thought and the Church. Major modern philosophers include Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: The regions of the Fertile Crescent, Iran and Arabia are home to the earliest known philosophical wisdom literature.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: According to the assyriologist Marc Van De Mieroop, Babylonian philosophy was a highly developed system of thought with a unique approach to knowledge and a focus on writing, lexicography, divination, and law. It was also a bilingual intellectual culture, based on Sumerian and Akkadian.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: The various traditions of Gnosticism, which were influenced by both Greek and Abrahamic currents, originated around the first century and emphasized spiritual knowledge ("gnosis").

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Pre-Islamic Iranian philosophy begins with the work of Zoroaster, one of the first promoters of monotheism and of the dualism between good and evil. This dualistic cosmogony influenced later Iranian developments such as Manichaeism, Mazdakism, and Zurvanism.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Islamic philosophy is the philosophical work originating in the Islamic tradition and is mostly done in Arabic. It draws from the religion of Islam as well as from Greco-Roman philosophy. After the Muslim conquests, the translation movement (mid-eighth to the late tenth century) resulted in the works of Greek philosophy becoming available in Arabic.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Islamic thought also deeply influenced European intellectual developments, especially through the commentaries of Averroes on Aristotle. The Mongol invasions and the destruction of Baghdad in 1258 are often seen as marking the end of the Golden Age. Several schools of Islamic philosophy continued to flourish after the Golden Age, however, and include currents such as Illuminationist philosophy, Sufi philosophy, and Transcendent theosophy.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: The 19th- and 20th-century Arab world saw the "Nahda" movement (literally meaning 'The Awakening'; also known as the 'Arab Renaissance'), which had a considerable influence on contemporary Islamic philosophy.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Indian philosophy () refers to the diverse philosophical traditions that emerged since the ancient times on the Indian subcontinent. Indian philosophical traditions share various key concepts and ideas, which are defined in different ways and accepted or rejected by the different traditions. These include concepts such as "dhárma", "karma", "pramāṇa," "duḥkha, saṃsāra" and "mokṣa."

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: The schools which align themselves with the thought of the Upanishads, the so-called "orthodox" or "Hindu" traditions, are often classified into six "darśanas" or philosophies:Sānkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Mimāmsā and Vedānta.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: The doctrines of the Vedas and Upanishads were interpreted differently by these six schools of Hindu philosophy, with varying degrees of overlap. They represent a "collection of philosophical views that share a textual connection," according to Chadha (2015). They also reflect a tolerance for a diversity of philosophical interpretations within Hinduism while sharing the same foundation.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Hindu philosophers of the six orthodox schools developed systems of epistemology ("pramana") and investigated topics such as metaphysics, ethics, psychology ("guṇa"), hermeneutics, and soteriology within the framework of the Vedic knowledge, while presenting a diverse collection of interpretations. The commonly named six orthodox schools were the competing philosophical traditions of what has been called the "Hindu synthesis" of classical Hinduism.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: There are also other schools of thought which are often seen as "Hindu", though not necessarily orthodox (since they may accept different scriptures as normative, such as the Shaiva Agamas and Tantras), these include different schools of Shavism such as Pashupata, Shaiva Siddhanta, non-dual tantric Shavism (i.e. Trika, Kaula, etc.).

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Jain philosophy is one of the only two surviving "unorthodox" traditions (along with Buddhism). It generally accepts the concept of a permanent soul ("jiva") as one of the five "astikayas" (eternal, infinite categories that make up the substance of existence). The other four being "dhárma", "adharma", "ākāśa" ('space'), and "pudgala" ('matter'). Jain thought holds that all existence is cyclic, eternal and uncreated.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Some of the most important elements of Jain philosophy are the Jain theory of karma, the doctrine of nonviolence (ahiṃsā) and the theory of "many-sidedness" or Anēkāntavāda. The "Tattvartha Sutra" is the earliest known, most comprehensive and authoritative compilation of Jain philosophy.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: The dominant Buddhist philosophical traditions in East Asian nations are mainly based on Indian Mahayana Buddhism. The philosophy of the Theravada school is dominant in Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Because ignorance to the true nature of things is considered one of the roots of suffering ("dukkha"), Buddhist philosophy is concerned with epistemology, metaphysics, ethics and psychology. Buddhist philosophical texts must also be understood within the context of meditative practices which are supposed to bring about certain cognitive shifts. Key innovative concepts include the four noble truths as an analysis of "dukkha", "anicca" (impermanence), and "anatta" (non-self).

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: After the disappearance of Buddhism from India, some of these philosophical traditions continued to develop in the Tibetan Buddhist, East Asian Buddhist and Theravada Buddhist traditions.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Buddhism began arriving in China during the Han Dynasty, through a gradual Silk road transmission, and through native influences developed distinct Chinese forms (such as Chan/Zen) which spread throughout the East Asian cultural sphere.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: In the Modern era, Chinese thinkers incorporated ideas from Western philosophy. Chinese Marxist philosophy developed under the influence of Mao Zedong, while a Chinese pragmatism developed under Hu Shih. The old traditional philosophies also began to reassert themselves in the 20th century. For example, New Confucianism, led by figures such as Xiong Shili, has become quite influential. Likewise, Humanistic Buddhism is a recent modernist Buddhist movement.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: During the 20th century, the Kyoto School, an influential and unique Japanese philosophical school, developed from Western phenomenology and Medieval Japanese Buddhist philosophy such as that of Dogen.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: African philosophy is philosophy produced by African people, philosophy that presents African worldviews, ideas and themes, or philosophy that uses distinct African philosophical methods. Modern African thought has been occupied with Ethnophilosophy, that is, defining the very meaning of African philosophy and its unique characteristics and what it means to be African.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: In Mesoamerica, Nahua philosophy was an intellectual tradition developed by individuals called "tlamatini" ('those who know something') and its ideas are preserved in various Aztec codices and fragmentary texts. Some of these philosophers are known by name, such as Nezahualcoyotl, Aquiauhtzin, Xayacamach, Tochihuitzin coyolchiuhqui and Cuauhtencoztli. These authors were also poets and some of their work has survived in the original Nahuatl.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: In the early 1800s, some colleges and universities in the UK and the US began admitting women, producing more female academics. Nevertheless, U.S. Department of Education reports from the 1990s indicate that few women ended up in philosophy and that philosophy is one of the least gender-proportionate fields in the humanities, with women making up somewhere between 17% and 30% of philosophy faculty according to some studies.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Many philosophical debates that began in ancient times are still debated today. British philosopher Colin McGinn claims that no philosophical progress has occurred during that interval. Australian philosopher David Chalmers, by contrast, sees progress in philosophy similar to that in science. Meanwhile, Talbot Brewer, professor of philosophy at University of Virginia, argues that "progress" is the wrong standard by which to judge philosophical activity.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Philosophical questions can be grouped into various branches. These groupings allow philosophers to focus on a set of similar topics and interact with other thinkers who are interested in the same questions.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: These divisions are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive. (A philosopher might specialize in Kantian epistemology, or Platonic aesthetics, or modern political philosophy). Furthermore, these philosophical inquiries sometimes overlap with each other and with other inquiries such as science, religion or mathematics.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, studies what constitutes good and bad conduct, right and wrong values, and good and evil. Its primary investigations include exploring how to live a good life and identifying standards of morality. It also includes investigating whether there "is" a best way to live or a universal moral standard, and if so, how we come to learn about it. The main branches of ethics are normative ethics, meta-ethics and applied ethics.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. Epistemologists examine putative sources of knowledge, including perceptual experience, reason, memory, and testimony. They also investigate questions about the nature of truth, belief, justification, and rationality.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Philosophical skepticism, which raises doubts about some or all claims to knowledge, has been a topic of interest throughout the history of philosophy. It arose early in Pre-Socratic philosophy and became formalized with Pyrrho, the founder of the earliest Western school of philosophical skepticism. It features prominently in the works of modern philosophers René Descartes and David Hume and has remained a central topic in contemporary epistemological debates.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: One of the most notable epistemological debates is between empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism places emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience as the source of knowledge. Empiricism is associated with a posteriori knowledge, which is obtained through experience (such as scientific knowledge). Rationalism places emphasis on reason as a source of knowledge. Rationalism is associated with a priori knowledge, which is independent of experience (such as logic and mathematics).

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes and causation and the relationship between mind and body. Metaphysics includes cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety and ontology, the study of being, along with the philosophy of space and time.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Deductive reasoning is when, given certain premises, conclusions are unavoidably implied. Rules of inference are used to infer conclusions such as, modus ponens, where given “A” and “If A then B”, then “B” must be concluded.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Because sound reasoning is an essential element of all sciences, social sciences and humanities disciplines, logic became a formal science. Sub-fields include mathematical logic, philosophical logic, modal logic, computational logic and non-classical logics. A major question in the philosophy of mathematics is whether mathematical entities are objective and discovered, called mathematical realism, or invented, called mathematical antirealism.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Philosophy of language explores the nature, origins, and use of language. Philosophy of mind explores the nature of the mind and its relationship to the body, as typified by disputes between materialism and dualism. In recent years, this branch has become related to cognitive science.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: The philosophy of science explores the foundations, methods, history, implications and purpose of science. Many of its subdivisions correspond to specific branches of science. For example, philosophy of biology deals specifically with the metaphysical, epistemological and ethical issues in the biomedical and life sciences.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals (or families and clans) to communities including the state. It includes questions about justice, law, property and the rights and obligations of the citizen. Political philosophy, ethics, and aesthetics are traditionally linked subjects, under the general heading of value theory as they involve a normative or evaluative aspect.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Philosophy of religion deals with questions that involve religion and religious ideas from a philosophically neutral perspective (as opposed to theology which begins from religious convictions). Traditionally, religious questions were not seen as a separate field from philosophy proper, and the idea of a separate field only arose in the 19th century.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Issues include the existence of God, the relationship between reason and faith, questions of religious epistemology, the relationship between religion and science, how to interpret religious experiences, questions about the possibility of an afterlife, the problem of religious language and the existence of souls and responses to religious pluralism and diversity.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Metaphilosophy explores the aims, boundaries and methods of philosophy. It is debated as to whether metaphilosophy is a subject that comes prior to philosophy or whether it is inherently part of philosophy.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: In section thirteen of his "Lives and Opinions of the Eminent Philosophers", the oldest surviving history of philosophy (3rd century), Diogenes Laërtius presents a three-part division of ancient Greek philosophical inquiry:

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: In "Against the Logicians" the Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus detailed the variety of ways in which the ancient Greek philosophers had divided philosophy, noting that this three-part division was agreed to by Plato, Aristotle, Xenocrates, and the Stoics. The Academic Skeptic philosopher Cicero also followed this three-part division.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


Philosophy

Context: Recent efforts to avail the general public to the work and relevance of philosophers include the million-dollar Berggruen Prize, first awarded to Charles Taylor in 2016. Some philosophers argue that this professionalization has negatively affected the discipline.

Question: 哲学の起源はいつ


DNA paternity testing

Context: The DNA test is performed by collecting buccal (cheek) cells found on the inside of a person's cheek using a buccal or cheek swab. These swabs have wooden or plastic stick handles with a cotton on synthetic tip. The collector rubs the inside of a person's cheek to collect as many buccal cells as possible, which are then sent to a laboratory for testing. Samples from the alleged father or mother and the child would be needed.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: Advances in genetic testing have led to the ability to identify the biological father while the woman is still pregnant. There is a small amount of fetal DNA (cffDNA) present in the mother's blood during pregnancy. This allows for accurate fetal DNA paternity testing during pregnancy from a blood draw with no risk of miscarriage. Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: The DNA of an individual is the same in every somatic (nonreproductive) cell. Sexual reproduction brings the DNA of both parents together to create a unique combination of genetic material in a new cell, so the genetic material of an individual is derived from the genetic material of each parent in equal amounts; this genetic material is known as the nuclear genome of the individual, because it is found in the nucleus.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: Proving a relationship based on comparison of the mitochondrial genome is much easier than that based on the nuclear genome. However, testing the mitochondrial genome can prove only if two individuals are related by common descent through maternal lines only from a common ancestor and is, thus, of limited value (i.e., it could not be used to test for paternity).

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In testing the paternity of a male child, comparison of the Y chromosome can be used, since it is passed directly from father to son.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In the US, the AABB has regulations for DNA paternity and family relationship testing, but AABB accreditation is not required. DNA test results are legally admissible if the collection and the processing follows a chain of custody. Similarly in Canada, the SCC has regulations on DNA paternity and relationship testing, but this accreditation, while recommended, is not required.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: The DNA parentage test that follows strict chain of custody can generate legally admissible results that are used for child support, inheritance, social welfare benefits, immigration, or adoption purposes. To satisfy the chain-of-custody legal requirements, all tested parties have to be properly identified and their specimens collected by a third-party professional who is not related to any of the tested parties and has no interest in the outcome of the test.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: The quantum of evidence needed is clear and convincing evidence: that is, more evidence than an ordinary case in civil litigation, but less than beyond a reasonable doubt required to convict a defendant in a criminal case.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In recent years, immigration authorities in various countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France, and others, may accept DNA parentage test results from immigration petitioners and beneficiaries in a family-based immigration case when primary documents that prove biological relationship are missing or inadequate.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In the U.S., immigration applicants bear the responsibility of arranging and paying for DNA testing. The U.S. immigration authorities require that the DNA test, if pursued, be performed by one of the laboratories accredited by the AABB (formerly American Association of Blood Banks). Similarly, in Canada, the laboratory needs to be accredited by the Standards Council of Canada.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: Although paternity tests are more common than maternity tests, there may be circumstances in which the biological mother of the child is unclear: examples include cases of an adopted child attempting to reunify with his or her biological mother, potential hospital mix-ups, and in vitro fertilization where the laboratory may have implanted an unrelated embryo inside the mother.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: Other factors, such as new laws regarding reproductive technologies using donated eggs and sperm and surrogate mothers, can also mean that the female giving birth is not necessarily the legal mother of the child. For example, in Canada, the federal "Human Assisted Reproduction Act" provides for the use of hired surrogate mothers. The legal mother of the child may be the egg donor. Similar laws are in place in the United Kingdom and Australia.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In Brazil in 2019, two male identical twins were ordered to both pay maintenance for a child fathered by one of them, because the father could not be identified with DNA.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: Peace-of-mind parentage tests are widely available on the internet. For a parentage test (paternity or maternity) to be admissible for legal purposes, such as for changing a birth certificate, Family Law Court proceedings, visa/citizenship applications or child support claims, the process must comply with the "Family Law Regulations 1984" (Cth). Further, the laboratory processing the samples must be accredited by the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA).

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: Personal paternity-testing kits are available. The Standards Council of Canada regulates paternity testing in Canada whereby laboratories are ISO 17025-approved. In Canada, only a handful of labs have this approval, and it is recommended that testing is performed in these labs. Courts also have the power to order paternity tests during divorce cases.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In China, paternity testing is legally available to fathers who suspect their child is not theirs. Chinese law also requires a paternity test for any child born outside the one-child policy for the child to be eligible for a "hukou", or family registration record. Family tie formed by adoption can also only be confirmed by a paternity test. A large number of Chinese citizens seek paternity testing each year, and this has given rise to many unlicensed illegal testing centers being set up.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: DNA paternity testing is solely performed on decision of a judge in case of a judiciary procedure in order either to establish or contest paternity or to obtain or deny child support. Private DNA paternity testing is illegal, including through laboratories in other countries, and is punishable by up to a year in prison and a €15,000 fine. The French Council of State has described the law's purpose as upholding the "French regime of filiation" and preserving "the peace of families."

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: DNA paternity testing for personal knowledge is legal, and home test kits are available by mail from representatives of AABB- and ISO 17025-certified laboratories. DNA Paternity Testing for official purposes, such as sustento (child support) and inheritance disputes, must follow the Rule on DNA Evidence A.M. No. 06-11-5-SC, which was promulgated by the Philippine Supreme Court on October 15, 2007. Tests are sometimes ordered by courts when proof of paternity is required.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In Spain, peace-of-mind paternity tests are a "big business," partly due to the French ban on paternity testing, with many genetic testing companies being based in Spain.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In the 2018 case of Anderson V Spencer the Court of Appeal permitted for the very first time DNA samples taken from a Deceased person to be used for paternity testing.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: In the United States, paternity testing is fully legal, and fathers may test their children without the consent or knowledge of the mother. Paternity testing take-home kits are readily available for purchase, though their results are not admissible in court and are for personal knowledge only.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


DNA paternity testing

Context: Only a court-ordered paternity test may be used as evidence in court proceedings. If parental testing is being submitted for legal purposes, including immigration, testing must be ordered through a lab that has AABB accreditation for relationship DNA testing.

Question: 遺伝子検査が初めて行われたのはいつ？


Circumbinary planet

Context: A circumbinary planet is a planet that orbits two stars instead of one. The two stars orbit each other in a binary star system, while the planet typically orbits farther from the center of the system than either of the two stars, although planets in stable orbits around one of the two stars in a binary are known. Studies in 2013 showed that there is a strong hint that the planet and stars originate from a single disk.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: The first confirmed circumbinary planet was found orbiting the system PSR B1620-26, which contains a millisecond pulsar and a white dwarf and is located in the globular cluster M4. The existence of the third body was first reported in 1993, and was suggested to be a planet based on 5 years of observational data. In 2003 the planet was characterised as being 2.5 times the mass of Jupiter in a low eccentricity orbit with a semimajor axis of 23 AU.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: The first circumbinary planet around a main sequence star was found in 2005 in the system HD 202206: a Jupiter-size planet orbiting a system composed of a Sun-like star and a brown dwarf.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: In 2012 volunteers of the Planet Hunters project discovered PH1b (Planet Hunters 1 b), a circumbinary planet in a quadruple star system.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: In 2015, astronomers confirmed the existence of Kepler-453b, a circumbinary planet with orbital period of 240.5 days.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: A new planet, called Kepler-1647b, was announced on June 13, 2016. It was discovered using the Kepler telescope. The planet is a gas giant, similar in size to Jupiter which makes it the second largest circumbinary planet ever discovered, next to PSR B1620-26. It is located in the stars' habitable zone, and it orbits the star system in 1107 days, which makes it the longest period of any confirmed transiting exoplanet so far.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: A massive planet around this Low Mass X-ray Binary (LMXB) system was found by the method of periodic delay in X-ray eclipses.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: A large planet called TOI 1338 b, around 6.9 times as large as Earth and 1,300 light years away, was announced on January 6, 2020.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: Claims of a planet discovered via microlensing, orbiting the close binary pair MACHO-1997-BLG-41, were announced in 1999. The planet was said to be in a wide orbit around the two red dwarf companions, but the claims were later retracted, as it turned out the detection could be better explained by the orbital motion of the binary stars themselves.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: The Kepler results indicate circumbinary planetary systems are relatively common (as of October 2013 the spacecraft had found seven planets out of roughly 1000 eclipsing binaries searched).

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: There is a wide range of stellar configurations for which circumbinary planets can exist. Primary star masses range from 0.69 to 1.53 solar masses (Kepler-16 A & PH1 Aa), star mass ratios from 1.03 to 3.76 (Kepler-34 & PH1), and binary eccentricity from 0.023 to 0.521 (Kepler-47 & Kepler-34). The distribution of planet eccentricities, range from nearly circular e=0.007 to a significant e=0.182 (Kepler-16 & Kepler-34). No orbital resonances with the binary have been found.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: their interaction with the planet is strong enough that a deviation from Kepler's laws is noticeable after just one orbit.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: The axial tilt of Kepler-413b's spin axis might vary by as much as 30 degrees over 11 years, leading to rapid and erratic changes in seasons.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: Simulations show that it is likely that all of the circumbinary planets known prior to a 2014 study migrated significantly from their formation location with the possible exception of Kepler-47(AB)c.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: The minimum stable star to circumbinary planet separation is about 2–4 times the binary star separation, or orbital period about 3–8 times the binary period. The innermost planets in all the Kepler circumbinary systems have been found orbiting close to this radius. The planets have semi-major axes that lie between 1.09 and 1.46 times this critical radius. The reason could be that migration might become inefficient near the critical radius, leaving planets just outside this radius.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: Recently, it has been found that the distribution of the innermost planetary semi-major axes is consistent with a log-uniform distribution, taking into account the selection biases, where closer-in planets can be detected more easily. This questions the pile-up of planets near the stability limit as well as the dominance of planet migration.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: Most Kepler eclipsing binaries have periods less than 1 day but the shortest period of a Kepler eclipsing binary hosting a planet is 7.4 days (Kepler-47). The short-period binaries are unlikely to have formed in such a tight orbit and their lack of planets may be related to the mechanism that removed angular momentum allowing the stars to orbit so closely. One exception is the planet around an X-ray binary MXB_1658-298, which has an orbital period of 7.1 hrs.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: As of June 2016, all but one of the confirmed Kepler circumbinary planets are smaller than Jupiter. This cannot be a selection effect because larger planets are easier to detect. Simulations had predicted this would be the case.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: All the Kepler circumbinary planets are either close to or actually in the habitable zone. None of them are terrestrial planets, but large moons of such planets could be habitable. Because of the stellar binarity, the insolation received by the planet will likely be time-varying in a way quite unlike the regular sunlight Earth receives.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: Circumbinary planets are generally more likely to transit than planets around a single star. The probability when the planetary orbit overlaps with the stellar binary orbit has been obtained. For planets orbiting eclipsing stellar binaries (such as the detected systems), the analytical expression of the transit probability in a finite observation time has been obtained.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: HD 202206 is a Sun-like star orbited by two objects, one of 17 Mj and one of 2.4 Mj. The classification of HD 202206 b as a brown dwarf or "superplanet" is now clear. HD 202206 b is actually a red dwarf with 0.089 solar masses. The two objects could have both formed in a protoplanetary disk with the inner one becoming a superplanet, or the outer planet could have formed in a circumbinary disk.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: A dynamical analysis of the system further shows a 5:1 mean motion resonance between the planet and the brown dwarf.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Circumbinary planet

Context: These observations raise the question of how this system was formed, but numerical simulations show that a planet formed in a circumbinary disk can migrate inward until it is captured in resonance.

Question: 地球から一番近い 周連星惑星は何


Personal Communications Service

Context: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) describes personal communications services as a component of the IMT-2000 (3G) standard. PCS and the IMT-2000 standard of which PCS is a part do not specify a particular air interface and channel access method. Wireless service providers may deploy equipment using any of several air interface and channel access methods, as long as the network meets the service description characteristics described in the standard.

Question: 世界最古のパソコン通信サービスは何


Personal Communications Service

Context: PCS is launched in Hong Kong in 1997. It uses GSM technology at 1800MHz band, and can form dual band service with GSM at 900MHz.

Question: 世界最古のパソコン通信サービスは何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia ( ; ; or ) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the 20 regions of Italy. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia and immediately south of the French island of Corsica.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: It is one of the five Italian regions with some degree of domestic autonomy being granted by a special statute. Its official name, Autonomous Region of Sardinia, is bilingual in Italian and Sardinian: / . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city. The capital of the region of Sardinia — and its largest city — is Cagliari.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia's indigenous language and Algherese Catalan are referred to by both the regional and national law as two of Italy's twelve officially recognized linguistic minorities, albeit gravely endangered, while the regional law provides some measures to recognize and protect the aforementioned as well as the island's other minority languages (the Corsican-influenced Sassarese and Gallurese, and finally Tabarchino Ligurian).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Owing to the variety of Sardinia's ecosystems, which include mountains, woods, plains, stretches of largely uninhabited territory, streams, rocky coasts, and long sandy beaches, Sardinia has been metaphorically described as a micro-continent. In the modern era, many travelers and writers have extolled the beauty of its long-untouched landscapes, which retain vestiges of the Nuragic civilization.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The name Sardinia has pre-Latin roots. It comes from the pre-Roman ethnonym *"s(a)rd-", later romanised as (feminine ). It makes its first appearance on the Nora Stone, where the word "ŠRDN", or *"Šardana", testifies to the name's existence when the Phoenician merchants first arrived.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In Classical antiquity, Sardinia was called a number of names besides "Sardṓ" () or "Sardinia", like (the Latinised form of the Greek ), () and ().

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and before Cyprus), with an area of . It is situated between 38° 51' and 41° 18' latitude north (respectively Isola del Toro and Isola La Presa) and 8° 8' and 9° 50' east longitude (respectively Capo dell'Argentiera and Capo Comino). To the west of Sardinia is the Sea of Sardinia, a unit of the Mediterranean Sea; to Sardinia's east is the Tyrrhenian Sea, which is also an element of the Mediterranean Sea.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The nearest land masses are (clockwise from north) the island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia, the Balearic Islands, and Provence. The Tyrrhenian Sea portion of the Mediterranean Sea is directly to the east of Sardinia between the Sardinian east coast and the west coast of the Italian mainland peninsula. The Strait of Bonifacio is directly north of Sardinia and separates Sardinia from the French island of Corsica.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The coasts of Sardinia are long. They are generally high and rocky, with long, relatively straight stretches of coastline, many outstanding headlands, a few wide, deep bays, rias, many inlets and with various smaller islands off the coast.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia has few major rivers, the largest being the Tirso, long, which flows into the Sea of Sardinia, the Coghinas () and the Flumendosa (). There are 54 artificial lakes and dams that supply water and electricity. The main ones are Lake Omodeo and Lake Coghinas. The only natural freshwater lake is Lago di Baratz. A number of large, shallow, salt-water lagoons and pools are located along the coastline.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: During the year there is a major concentration of rainfall in the winter and autumn, some heavy showers in the spring and snowfalls in the highlands. The average temperature is between , with mild winters and warm summers on the coasts ( in January, in July), and cold winters and cool summers on the mountains ( in January, in July).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: During the late Chalcolithic the so-called Beaker culture, coming from various parts of Continental Europe, appeared in Sardinia. These new people predominantly settled on the west coast, where the majority of the sites attributed to them had been found. The Beaker culture was followed in the early Bronze Age by the Bonnanaro culture which showed both reminiscences of the Beaker and influences by the Polada culture.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: As time passed the different Sardinian populations appear to have become united in customs, yet remained politically divided into various small, tribal groupings, at times banding together against invading forces from the sea, and at others waging war against each other. Habitations consisted of round thatched stone huts.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: From about 1500 BC onwards, villages were built around a kind of round tower-fortress called "nuraghe" (usually pluralized as "nuraghes" in English and as "nuraghi" in Italian). These towers were often reinforced and enlarged with battlements. Tribal boundaries were guarded by smaller lookout Nuraghes erected on strategic hills commanding a view of other territories.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Nuraghes are not the only Nuragic buildings that stand in place, as there are several sacred wells around Sardinia and other buildings with religious purposes such as the Giants' grave (monumental collective tombs) and collections of religious buildings that probably served as destinations for pilgrimage and mass religious rites (e.g. "Su Romanzesu" near Bitti).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: According to some scholars, the Nuragic people(s) are identifiable with the Sherden, a tribe of the Sea Peoples.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In the 6th century BC, after the conquest of western Sicily, the Carthaginians planned to annex Sardinia. A first invasion attempt led by Malchus was foiled by the victorious Nuraghic resistance. However, from 510 BC, the southern and west-central part of the island were invaded a second time and came under Carthaginian rule.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 533, Sardinia returned to the rule of the Byzantine Empire when the Vandals were defeated by the armies of Justinian I under the General Belisarius in the Battle of Tricamarum, in their African kingdom; Belisarius sent his general Cyril to Sardinia to retake the island. Sardinia remained in Byzantine hands for the next 300 years aside from a short period in which it was invaded by the Ostrogoths in 551.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In the early 11th century, an attempt to conquer the island was made by the Moors based in the Iberian Peninsula. The only records of that war are from Pisan and Genoese chronicles. The Christians won but, after that, the previous Sardinian kingdom was undermined and subsequently divided into four smaller states: Cagliari ("Calari"), Arborea ("Arbaree"), Gallura, and Torres or Logudoro.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Whether this final transformation from imperial civil servant to independent sovereign bodies resulted from imperial abandonment or local assertion, by the 10th century, the so-called "Judges" ( / , a Byzantine administrative title) had emerged as the autonomous rulers of Sardinia. The title of "iudice" changed with the language and local understanding of the position, becoming the Sardinian "", essentially a king or sovereign, while "Judicate" () came to mean "State".

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Early medieval Sardinian political institutions evolved from the millennium-old Roman imperial structures with relatively little Germanic influence.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The history of the four Judicates would be defined by the contest for influence between the two Italian maritime powers of Genoa and Pisa, and later the ambitions of the Kingdom of Aragon.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Judicate of Logudoro (also called "Torres") was also allied to the Republic of Genoa and came to an end in 1259 after the death of the "" (queen) Adelasia. The territory was divided up between the Doria and Malaspina families of Genoa and the Bas-Serra family of Arborea, while the city of Sassari became a small republic, along the lines of the Italian city-states ("comuni"), confederated firstly with Pisa and then with Genoa.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Judicate of Gallura ended in the year 1288, when the last giudice, Nino Visconti (a friend of Dante Alighieri), was driven out by the Pisans, who occupied the territory.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Judicate of Arborea, having Oristano as its capital, had the longest life compared to the other kingdoms. Its later history is entwined with the attempt to unify the island into a single Sardinian state ("Republica sardisca" "Sardinian Republic" in Sardinian, "Nació sarda" or "sardesca" "Sardinian Nation" in Catalan) against their relatives and former Aragonese allies.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 1324, in alliance with the Kingdom of Arborea and following a military campaign that lasted a year or so, the Aragon Crown Prince Alfonso led an Aragonese army that occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with the allied city of Sassari, naming them "The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica". The kingdom was to remain a dominion of the Crown of Aragon (under the Kings of Spain from XVI century) until the Peace of Utrecht.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 1353, Peter IV of Aragon, following Aragonese customs, granted a parliament to the kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica, which was followed by some degree of self-government under a viceroy and judicial independence. This parliament, however, had limited powers. It consisted of high-ranking military commanders, the clergy and the nobility. The kingdom of Aragon also introduced the feudal system into the areas of Sardinia that it ruled.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Sardinian Judicates never adopted feudalism, and Arborea maintained its parliament, called the "Corona de Logu" "Crown of the Realm". In this parliament, apart from the nobles and military commanders, also sat the representatives of each township and village. The Corona de Logu exercised some control over the king: under the rule of the "bannus consensus" the king could be deposed or even executed if he did not follow the rules of the kingdom.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Broken the alliance with the Crown of Aragon, from 1353 to 1409, the Arborean giudici Marianus IV, Hugh III and Brancaleone Doria (husband of Eleanor of Arborea), succeeded in occupying all of Sardinia except the heavily fortified towns of the Castle of Cagliari and Alghero, which for years remained as the only Aragonese dominions in Sardinia (Sardinian–Aragonese war).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 1409, Martin I of Sicily, king of Sicily and heir to the crown of Aragon, defeated the Sardinians at the Battle of Sanluri. The battle was fought by about 20,000 Sardinian, Genoese and French knights, enrolled from their kingdom at a time when the population of Sardinia had been greatly depleted by the plague. Despite the Sardinian army outnumbering the Aragonese army, they were defeated.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The conquest of Sardinia by the Kingdom of Aragon meant the introduction of the feudal system throughout Sardinia. Thus Sardinia is probably the only European country where feudalism was introduced in the transition period from the Middle Ages to the early modern period, at a time when feudalism had already been abandoned by many other European countries.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 1469, the heir to Sardinia, Ferdinand II of Aragon, married Isabel of Castile, and the "Kingdom of Sardinia" (which was separated from Corsica) was to be inherited by their Habsburg grandson, Charles I of Spain, with the state symbol of the Four Moors. The successors of Charles I of Spain, in order to defend their Mediterranean territories from raids of the Barbary pirates, fortified the Sardinian shores with a system of coastal lookout towers, allowing the gradual resettlement of some coastal areas.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Kingdom of Sardinia remained Aragonese-Spanish for about 400 years, from 1323 to 1708, assimilating a number of Spanish traditions, customs and linguistic expressions, nowadays vividly portrayed in the folklore parades of Saint Efisio in Cagliari (1 May), the Cavalcade on Sassari (last but one Sunday in May), and the Redeemer in Nuoro (28 August). To this day Catalan is still spoken in the north-western city of Alghero (l'Alguer).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Many famines have been reported in Sardinia. According to Stephen L. Dyson and Robert J. Rowland, "The Jesuits of Cagliari recorded years during the late 16th century "of such hunger and so sterile that the majority of the people could sustain life only with wild ferns and other weeds" ... During the terrible famine of 1680, some 80,000 people, out of a total population of 250,000, are said to have died, and entire villages were devastated ... "

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 1708, as a consequence of the Spanish War of Succession, the rule of the Kingdom of Sardinia passed from King Philip V of Spain into the hands of the Austrians, who occupied the island. The Treaty of Utrecht granted Sardinia to the Austrians, but in 1717, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, minister of Philip V of Spain, reoccupied Sardinia.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 1718, with the Treaty of London, Sardinia was eventually handed over to the House of Savoy; this Alpine dynasty would go on to introduce the Italian language on the island forty years later in 1760, thereby starting a process of Italianization amongst the islanders.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 1798, the islet near Sardinia was attacked by the Tunisians and over 900 inhabitants were taken away as slaves. The final Muslim attack on the island was on Sant'Antioco on 16 October 1815, over a millennium since the first.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: During the First World War, the Sardinian soldiers of the Brigata Sassari distinguished themselves. It was the first and only regional military unit in Italy, since the people enrolled were only Sardinians. The brigade suffered heavy losses and earned four Gold Medals of Military Valor. Sardinia lost more young people than any other Italian region on the front, with 138 casualties per 1000 soldiers compared to the Italian average of 100 casualties.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: During the Second World War, Sardinia was an important air and naval base and was heavily bombed by the Allies, especially the city of Cagliari. German troops left the island on 8 September 1943, a few days after the Armistice of Cassibile, and retired to Corsica without fighting and bloodshed, after a bilateral agreement between the general Antonio Basso (Commander of the Armed Forces of Sardinia) and the German Karl Hans Lungerhausen, general of the 90th Panzergrenadier Division.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 1946, by popular referendum, Italy became a republic, with Sardinia being administered since 1948 by a special statute of autonomy. By 1951, malaria was successfully eliminated by the ERLAAS, Anti-malaric Regional Authority, and the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, which facilitated the commencement of the Sardinian tourist boom. With the increase in tourism, coal decreased in importance but Sardinia followed the Italian economic miracle.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: According to the ISTAT census of 2001, the literacy rate in Sardinia among people below 65 years old is 99.5 percent. Total literacy rate (including people over 65) is 98.2 percent.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Illiteracy rate among males below 65 years old is 0.24 percent and among women 0.25 percent; the number of women that annually graduate at secondary high schools and universities is about 10–20 percent higher than men. Sardinia has the 2nd highest rate of school drop-out in Italy.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia has two public universities: the University of Sassari and the University of Cagliari, founded in the 16th and 17th century. 48,979 students were enrolled at universities in 2007–08.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Small scale LNG terminals and a 404-km gas pipeline are under construction, and will be operative in 2018. They will decrease the current high cost of the electric power in the island.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Three main banks are headquartered in Sardinia. However, Banco di Sardegna and Banca di Sassari, both originally from Sassari.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The unemployment rate for the fourth quarter of 2008 was 8.6%; by 2012, the unemployment rate had increased to 14.6%. Its rise was due to the global financial crisis that hit Sardinian exports, mainly focused on refined oil, chemical products, and also mining and metallurgical products.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The unemployment rate dropped to 11.2% at the end of 2018, which is only 1.8 percentage points (pp) higher than the national average (9.4%) and 5.3pp lower than Southern Italian regions (16.5%), according to Italian National Institute of Statistics.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In the forests there is the cork oak, which grows naturally; Sardinia produces about 80% of Italian cork. The cork district, in the northern part of the Gallura region, around Calangianus and Tempio Pausania, is composed of 130 companies. Every year in Sardinia 200,000 quintals (20,000 tonnes) of cork are carved, and 40% of the end products are exported.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In fresh food, as well as artichokes, the production of tomatoes (including Camoni tomato) and citrus fruit are of a certain weight. Sardinia is the 5th Italian region for rice production, the main paddy fields are located in the Arborea Plain.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: There is little fishing (and no real maritime tradition), Portoscuso tunas are exported worldwide, but primarily to Japan.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The once prosperous mining industry is still active though restricted to coal (Nuraxi Figus, hamlet of Gonnesa), antimony (Villasalto), gold (Furtei), bauxite (Olmedo) and lead and zinc (Iglesiente, Nurra). The granite extraction represents one of the most flourishing industries in the northern part of the island. The Gallura granite district is composed of 260 companies that work in 60 quarries, where 75% of the Italian granite is extracted.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In Sardinia is located the DASS ("Distretto Aerospaziale della Sardegna"), a consortium of companies, research centers and universities focused on aerospace industry and research. The aerospace manufacturer Vitrociset, in Villaputzu, is involved in the production of the stealth multirole fighter Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Plans related to industrial conversion are in progress in the main industrial sites, like in Porto Torres, where seven research centres are developing the transformation from traditional fossil fuel related industry to an integrated production chain from vegetable oil using oleaginous seeds to bio-plastics.matrica green chemicals

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia is involved in the industrial production of the AIRPod, an innovative car powered by compressed air, with the first factory being built in Bolotana.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Sardinian economy is today focused on the overdeveloped tertiary sector (67.8% of employment), with commerce, services, information technology, public administration and especially on tourism (mainly seaside tourism), which represents the main industry of the island with 2,721 active companies and 189,239 rooms. In 2008 there were 2,363,496 arrivals (up 1.4% on 2007). In the same year, the airports of the island registered 11,896,674 passengers (up 1.24% on 2007).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Chinese multinational telecommunications equipment and systems companies ZTE and Huawei have development centers and innovation labs in Sardinia.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia has become Europe's first region to fully adopt the new Digital Terrestrial Television broadcasting standard. From 1 November 2008 TV channels are broadcast only in digital.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Air Italy (formerly known as Meridiana) was an airline headquartered in the airport of Olbia; it was founded as Alisarda in 1963 by the Aga Khan IV. The development of Alisarda followed the development of Costa Smeralda in the northeast part of the island, a well known vacation spot among billionaires and film actors worldwide.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The ferry companies operating on the island are Tirrenia di Navigazione, Moby Lines, Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries, Grandi Navi Veloci, SNAV, SNCM and CMN; they link the Sardinian seaports of Porto Torres, Olbia, Golfo Aranci, Arbatax, Santa Teresa Gallura, Palau and Cagliari with Civitavecchia, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Palermo, Trapani, Piombino in Italy, Marseille, Toulon, Bonifacio, Propriano and Ajaccio in France and Barcelona in Spain.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: A regional ferry company, the Saremar, links the main island to the islands of La Maddalena and San Pietro, and from 2011, also the port of Olbia with Civitavecchia and Porto Torres with Savona.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Public transport buses reach every town and village at least once a day; however, due to the low density of population, the smallest territories are reachable only by car. The Azienda Regionale Sarda Trasporti (ARST) is the public regional bus transport agency. Networks of city buses serve the main towns (Cagliari, Iglesias, Oristano, Alghero, Sassari, Nuoro, Carbonia and Olbia).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Sardinian railway system was developed starting from the 19th century by the Welsh engineer Benjamin Piercy.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The "Trenino Verde" ("Little Green Train") is a railway tourism service operated by ARST. Vintage railcars and steam locomotives run through the wildest parts of the island. They allow the traveller to have scenic views impossible to see from the main roads.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Nonetheless, the overall population estimate has remained relatively stable because of a considerable immigration flow, mainly from the Italian mainland, but also from Eastern Europe (esp. Romania), Africa and Asia.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Average life expectancy is slightly over 82 years (85 for women and 79.7 for men). Sardinia shares with the Japanese island of Okinawa the highest rate of centenarians in the world (22 centenarians/100,000 inhabitants).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia is the first discovered Blue Zone, a demographic and/or geographic area in the world with an oversize concentration of centenarians and supercentenarians.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In 2016 there were 50,346 foreign national residents, forming 3% of the total Sardinian population. The most represented nationalities were:

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia's most populated cities are Cagliari and Sassari. The Metropolitan City of Cagliari has 431,302 inhabitants, or about ¼ of the population of the entire island. Eurostat has identified in Sardinia two Functional Urban Areas: Cagliari, with 477,000 inhabitants, and Sassari, with 222,000 inhabitants.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia is one of the five Italian autonomous regions, along with the Aosta Valley, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Friuli Venezia Giulia and Sicily. Its particular statute, which in itself is a constitutional law, gives the region a limited degree of autonomy, entailing the right to carry out the administrative functions of the local body and to create its own laws in a strictly defined number of domains.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Since 2016, Sardinia is divided into four provinces (Nuoro, Oristano, Sassari, South Sardinia) and the metropolitan city of Cagliari.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Around 60% of all the military installations in Italy are in Sardinia, whose area is less than one-tenth of all the Italian territory and whose population is little more than the 2,5%. The island hosts in fact NATO joint forces and Israeli military forces, which use the island's territory to simulate war games; the Inter-service Test and Training Range of Salto di Quirra (PISQ) is one of the most important experimental

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: military training centres in Europe. The bases, used for manufacturing plants and military testing grounds, totally take up more than 350 km2 of the island's land, making Sardinia the most militarized region in Italy and the most militarized island in Europe.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Besides the land-occupying installations, where 80% of the military explosives in Italy are used, there are also other military structures located on the sea and along the coastline, roughly equivalent to 20000 km2 (little less than the island's surface), being made inaccessible to the civil population when military exercises are held.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Among the most notable military bases on the island are the Interagency Polygons in Quirra, Capo Teulada and Capo Frasca, used by Italian and NATO forces to test-fire ballistic missiles and weapons and by Italian and European Space Agency to test space vehicles and for orbital launches. Until 2008, the US navy also had a nuclear submarine base in the Maddalena Archipelago.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Depleted uranium and thorium dust from missile tests has been linked to an increase in cancers according to activists and local politicians. In the late 1980s, a high level of birth defects occurred near the Salto di Quirra weapons testing site after old munitions were destroyed.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia is the only autonomous region in Italy where its special Statute uses the term "popolo" (distinct people) to refer to its inhabitants. While this formula is also used by Veneto, which unlike Sardinia is an ordinary region, the Sardinian Statute is adopted with a constitutional law. In both cases, such term is not meant to imply any legal difference between Sardinians and any other citizen of the country.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Romans gave a new administrative structure to the whole island through the restructuring of several cities, the creation of new centers and the construction of many infrastructures of which the ruins remain, such as the palace of Re Barbaro in Porto Torres or the Roman Amphitheatre of Cagliari. Even from the early Christian and Byzantine epoch there are several testimonies throughout the territory both on the coasts and inside, especially linked to buildings of worship.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: A particular development had Romanesque architecture during the Judicates period. Starting from 1063 the Sardinian Judges (""), through substantial donations, had favored the arrival to the island of monks of different orders from various regions of Italy and France. These circumstances favored in turn the arrival to the island of workers from Pisa, Lombardy, Provence and Muslim Spain, giving rise to unprecedented artistic manifestations, marked by the fusion of these experiences.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Renaissance architecture, although poorly represented, includes notable examples such as the installation of the cathedral of San Nicola di Sassari (late Gothic but with a strong Renaissance influence), the church of Sant'Agostino di Cagliari (designed by Palearo Fratino), the church of Santa Caterina in Sassari (designed by Bernardoni, a pupil of Vignola).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: On the contrary, the Baroque architecture has found wide prominence, interesting examples are the Collegiata di Sant'Anna in Cagliari, the facade of the Cathedral of San Nicola in Sassari, the church of San Michele in Cagliari, as well as the cathedral of Cagliari, Ales and Oristano, rebuilt or modified between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: An interesting realization of eclectic style, derived from the union between revivalist and Art Nouveau models, appears to be the City hall of Cagliari, completed in the early twentieth century. The advent of fascism has strongly influenced architecture in Sardinia in the twenties and thirties: interesting achievements of that period are the new centers of Fertilia, Arborea and the city of Carbonia, one of the greatest examples of rationalist architecture.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Numerous findings of the typical statues of the Mother Goddess and pottery engraved with geometric designs testify the artistic expressions of the Pre-Nuragic peoples. Subsequently, the Nuragic civilization produced hundreds of bronze statuettes and the enigmatic stone statuary of the Giants of Mont'e Prama.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The union between the nuragic populations and the merchants coming from every part of the Mediterranean led to a refined production of gold artifacts, rings, earrings and jewelry of all kinds, but also votive steles and wall decorations. In addition to architecture linked to public works, the Romans introduced the mosaics and decorated the rich villas of the patricians with sculptures and paintings.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In the Middle Ages, during the Judicates period, the architecture of the churches were enriched with capitals, sarcophagi, frescoes, marble altars and later embellished with retables, paintings by important artists such as the Master of Castelsardo, Pietro Cavaro, Andrea Lusso, and the school of the so-called Master of Ozieri who was headed by Giovanni del Giglio and Pietro Giovanni Calvano, of Senese origin.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Megalithic building structures called nuraghes are scattered in great numbers throughout Sardinia. Su Nuraxi di Barumini is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Italian, which is the official language throughout Italy, is the most widely spoken language today, followed by the island's indigenous language, Sardinian ("sardu").

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sassarese ("sassaresu") and Gallurese ("gadduresu") are classified as Corso-Sardinian languages, therefore belonging to the Italo-Dalmatian branch rather than to the Sardinian one, and are spoken in the north.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Following the recent growth of the foreign-born population, the presence of other languages, principally Romanian, Arabic, Wolof and Chinese, is also expanding in some urban areas.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Colourful and of various and original forms, the Sardinian traditional clothes are a clear symbol of belonging to specific collective identities. Although the basic model is homogeneous and common throughout the island, each town or village has its own traditional clothing which differentiates it from the others.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Another unique instrument is the launeddas. Three reed-canes (two of them glued together with beeswax) produce distinctive harmonies, which have their roots many thousands of years ago, as demonstrated by the bronze statuettes from Ittiri, of a man playing the three reed canes, dated to 2000 BC.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Beyond this, the tradition of "cantu a chiterra" (guitar songs) has its origins in town squares, when artists would compete against one another. The most famous singer of this genre are Maria Carta and Elena Ledda.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinian culture is alive and well, and young people are actively involved in their own music and dancing. In 2004, BBC presenter Andy Kershaw travelled to the island with Sardinian music specialist Pablo Farba and interviewed many artists. His programme can be heard on BBC Radio 3. Sardinia has produced a number of notable jazz musicians such as Antonello Salis, Marcello Melis, and Paolo Fresu.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The main opera houses of the island are the Teatro Lirico in Cagliari and the Teatro Comunale in Sassari .

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Meat, dairy products, grains and vegetables constitute the most basic elements of the traditional Sardinian diet,

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: along with, to a lesser extent, seafoods such as rock lobster ("aligusta"), scampi, bottarga ("butàriga"), squid, and tuna.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Suckling pig ("porcheddu") and wild boar ("sirbone") are roasted on the spit or boiled in stews of beans and vegetables, thickened with bread.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Herbs such as mint and myrtle are used. Much Sardinian bread is made dry, which keeps longer than high-moisture breads.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Those are baked as well, including "civraxiu", "coccoi pintau", a highly decorative bread and "pistoccu" made with flour and water only, originally meant for herders, but often served at home with tomatoes, basil, oregano, garlic and a strong cheese. Traditional cheeses include pecorino sardo, pecorino romano, casizolu, ricotta and the casu marzu (notable for containing live insect larvae).

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Alcoholic beverages include many indigenous wines such as Cannonau, Malvasia, Vernaccia, Vermentino, various liquors like Abbardente, Filu Ferru and Mirto. Beer is the most drunk alcoholic beverage; Sardinia boasts the highest consumption per capita of beer in Italy (twice higher than the national average). Birra Ichnusa is the most commercialized beer produced in Sardinia.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Cagliari is home to Cagliari Calcio, which was founded in 1920 and play in Serie A, the Italian first division; it won the Italian Championship in the 1969–70 Serie A season, becoming the first club in Southern Italy to achieve such a result. Today, home matches are played at the Sardegna Arena.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The island's other major teams are Olbia's Olbia Calcio and Sassari's Torres Calcio; they both usually play in the national lower leagues. However the latter's women's team counterparts Torres Femminile are 7 times national champions.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Sardinian national football team has also joined CONIFA, a football federation for all associations outside FIFA.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sassari is home to Dinamo Basket Sassari, the only Sardinian professional basketball club playing in the Lega Basket Serie A, the highest level club competition in Italian professional basketball.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: It was founded in 1960, and is also known as Dinamo Banco di Sardegna thanks to a long sponsorship deal with the Sardinian bank. Since its promotion in Lega A in 2010, it has been enjoying the support of fans from Sassari and all over Sardinia with full-house matches on every game played at home. Dinamo Sassari achieved the highest titles in the Italian basketball in 2015, winning the Coppa Italia, the Supercoppa and the Italian basketball championship.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: In the Province of Sassari is the Mores motor racing circuit, the only FIA Circuit homologated by CSAI (Cars) and the IMF (Motorcycles), in Sardinia.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: On the island of Caprera is located the "Centro Velico Caprera", that is considered one of the largest school of sailing in the Mediterranean Sea, founded in 1967.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Yacht Club Costa Smeralda located in Porto Cervo and founded in 1967 is the main yachting club in the island.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: "Vento di Sardegna" (en: Wind of Sardinia) was a sailboat sponsored by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia. Its skipper, Andrea Mura, won the Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race in 2013 and in 2017, the Two Handed Transatlantic Race (Twostar) regatta in 2012 and the Route du Rhum.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Cagliari hosts regularly international regattas, such RC44 championship, Farr 40 World championship, Audi MedCup and Kite Championships. In view of the 36th America's Cup, scheduled to take place in New Zealand in 2021, "Luna Rossa Challenge" has chosen Cagliari as place for its preparation.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Four ski resorts are located on the Gennargentu Range at Separadorgiu, Monte Spada, S'Arena and Bruncu Spina, they are equipped with ski schools, chairlifts, skilifts and ski equipment hire.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: "S'Istrumpa", also known as Sardinian Wrestling, is a traditional Sardinian sport, officially recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee (C.O.N.I.) and the International Federation of Celtic Wrestling (I.F.C.W.). It shows similarities with the Scottish Backhold and the gouren. Istrumpa's wrestlers participate annually at the championships for Celtic wrestling stiles.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia boasts ancient equestrian traditions and is the Italian region with the highest number of horse riders (29% of population) and boasts also fine darts tradition, which many believe originated in the Sassari region of the country towards the end of the 15th century. In those days, the darts were carved from beech ("fagus") wood and the flights were feathers drawn from the indigenous purple swamphen (named in Italian "pollo sultano", "sultana bird"), famed for its spectacular violet-blue plumage.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Following an enormous reforestation plan Sardinia has become the Italian region with the largest forest extension. 1,213,250 hectares (12,132 km2) or 50% of the island is covered by forested areas. The "Corpo forestale e di vigilanza ambientale della Regione Sarda" is the Sardinian Forestry Corps. Sardinia is one of the regions in Italy which are most affected by forest fires during the summer.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The Regional Landscape Plan prohibits new building activities on the coast (except in urban centers), next to forests, lakes or other environmental or cultural sites and the Coastal conservation agency ensures the protection of natural areas on the Sardinian coast.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Renewable energies have increased noticeably in recent years, mainly wind power, favoured by the windy climate, but also solar power and biofuel, based on jatropha oil and colza oil. 586.8 megawatts of wind power capacity were installed on the island at the end of 2009.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia is home to a wide variety of rare or uncommon animals, such as several species of mammals, many of them belonging to an endemic subspecies: the Mediterranean monk seal, Sarcidano horse, Giara horse, albino donkey, Sardinian feral cat, mouflon, Sardinian long-eared bat, Sardinian deer, fallow deer, Sardinian fox ("Vulpes vulpes ichnusae"), Sardinian hare ("Lepus capensis mediterraneus"), wild boar ("Sus scrofa meridionalis"), edible dormouse and European pine marten.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Sardinia has four endemic subspecies of birds found nowhere else in the world: its great spotted woodpecker (ssp "harterti"), great tit (ssp "ecki"), common chaffinch (ssp "sarda"), and Eurasian jay (ssp "ichnusae"). It also shares a further 10 endemic subspecies of bird with Corsica. In some cases Sardinia is a delimited part of the species range. For example, the subspecies of hooded crow, "Corvus cornix" ssp "cornix" occurs in Sardinia and Corsica, but no further south.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Some birds of prey found here are the griffon vulture, common buzzard, golden eagle, long-eared owl, western marsh harrier, peregrine falcon, European honey buzzard, Sardinian goshawk ("Accipiter gentilis arrigonii"), Bonelli's eagle and Eleonora's falcon, whose name comes from Eleonor of Arborea, national heroine of Sardinia, expert in falconry.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The hundreds of lagoons and coastal lakes that dot the island are home for many species of wading birds, such as the greater flamingo.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Conversely, Sardinia lacks many species common on the European continent, such as the viper, wolf, bear and marmot.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: The island has also long been used for grazing flocks of indigenous Sardinian sheep. The Sardinian Anglo-Arab is a horse breed that was established in Sardinia, where it has been selectively bred for more than one hundred years.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Three different breeds of dogs are peculiar to Sardinia: the Sardinian Shepherd Dog, the Dogo Sardesco and the Levriero Sardo.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: There are 60 wildlife reserves, 5 W.W.F oases, 25 natural monuments and one Geomineral Park, preserved by UNESCO.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Sardinia

Context: Northern Sardinian Coasts are included in the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals, a Marine Protected Area, that covers a surface of about , aimed at the protection of marine mammals.

Question: イタリア、カリャリ市の主要産業は何


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Steve Jackson (born c. 1953) is an American game designer. His notable creations include the role-playing game "GURPS" and the card game "Munchkin".

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Steve Jackson is a 1974 graduate of Rice University, where he was a resident of Baker College before moving to Sid Richardson College when it opened in 1971. Jackson briefly attended the UT Law School, but left to pursue a career in game design.

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Jackson became interested in "Dungeons & Dragons", but found the various-sized dice irritating and the combat rules confusing and unsatisfying, and did not like the lack of tactics, so he designed "Melee" in response. Jackson joined the SCA to gain a better understanding of combat, but he soon became more interested and started fighting in SCA live-action combat as Vargskol, the Viking-Celt. Metagaming also published his game "Wizard".

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Jackson designed or co-designed many of the games published by SJ Games, including minigames such as "Car Wars" (1981) and "Illuminati" (1983), "Undead" (1981), and a published version of an informal game played on college campuses, called "". Jackson wanted to get into computer gaming software in the early 1980s, but instead wound up licensing gaming rights to Origin Systems, which produced games such as "Autoduel" (1985) and "Ogre" (1986).

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Jackson also designed the strategy card games "Munchkin" (2001) and "Ninja Burger" (2003), and the dice games "Zombie Dice" (2010) and "Cthulhu Dice" (2010), as well as Zombie Dice variants "Trophy Buck" (2011) and "Dino Hunt Dice" (2013).

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Jackson has exhibited his elaborate Chaos Machine at several science fiction or wargaming conventions, including the 2006 Worldcon.

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: On May 11, 2012, Steve Jackson's Kickstarter funding project for the 6th Edition of his "Ogre" game became the highest grossing boardgame project at Kickstarter, with 5,512 backers pledging a total of $923,680. The success of the "Ogre Designer's Edition" project prompted the launch of a second successful project - running from Nov 29, 2019, through Jan 6, 2020 - to help re-launch the popular "Car Wars" franchise as well.

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Jackson is often mistaken for Steve Jackson, a British gamebook and video game writer who co-founded Games Workshop. The confusion is exacerbated by the fact that while the UK Jackson was co-creator of the "Fighting Fantasy" gamebook series, the US Jackson also wrote three books in this series ("Scorpion Swamp", "Demons of the Deep", and "Robot Commando"), and the books did not acknowledge that this was a different 'Steve Jackson'.

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Jackson is an avid collector of Lego (especially pirate-themed ) sets. He has written a miniatures game that uses Pirate sets, "Evil Stevie's Pirate Game", and has run it at several conventions.

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Context: Jackson has combined his fondness for model trains and LEGO through the LEGO train community and has been an active member of several LEGO users groups including TBRR (Texas Brick Railroad) and the Texas LEGO Users Group.

Question: スティーブ・ジャクソン・ゲームズ社が最初に販売したゲームは何？


Chuck Hull

Context: In 1986, commercial rapid prototyping was started by Hull when he founded 3D Systems in Valencia, California. Hull realized that his concept was not limited to liquids and therefore gave it the generic name “stereolithography” (3D printing), and filed broad patent claims covering any “material capable of solidification” or “material capable of altering its physical state.”

Question: 3Dプリンターを発明したのは誰？


Chuck Hull

Context: Hull built up a patent portfolio covering many fundamental aspects of today's additive manufacturing technologies such as data preparation via triangulated models (STL file format) and slicing, and exposure strategies such as alternating hatch directions.

Question: 3Dプリンターを発明したのは誰？


Merger (politics)

Context: A merger, consolidation or amalgamation, in a political or administrative sense, is the combination of two or more political or administrative entities, such as municipalities (in other words cities, towns, etc.), counties, districts, etc., into a single entity. This term is used when the process occurs within a sovereign entity.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: Unbalanced growth or outward expansion of one neighbor may necessitate an administrative decision to merge (see urban sprawl). In some cases, common perception of continuity may be a factor in prompting such a process (see conurbation). Some cities (see below) that have gone through amalgamation or a similar process had several administrative sub-divisions or jurisdictions, each with a separate person in charge.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: In the early 1970s, the various towns, villages, and townships surrounding Metropolitan Toronto that were undergoing suburbanization were amalgamated into various new municipalities; among them Mississauga and Vaughan. Later, the provincial government of Mike Harris undertook an extensive province-wide program of municipal mergers between 1996 and 2002. The province had 815 municipalities in 1996; by 2002, this had been reduced to just 447. The list of municipalities in Ontario is updated regularly.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: The two previously independent cities Hankou and Wuchang, as well as the county of Hanyang, were merged into one city by the name Wuhan in 1927. Wuhan was named China's first direct-controlled municipality, and was intended to serve as the capital of China.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: In 1970, mergers brought the number of municipalities of Denmark from 1,098 to 277. In 2007, the (by then) 270 municipalities were consolidated into 98 municipalities, most of them the result of mergers.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: An ongoing series of mergers has reduced the number of municipalities of Finland from 432 in 2006 to 311 in 2017.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: The Kallikratis Plan replaced the 1033 municipalities and communities of Greece with 325 new municipalities in 2011.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: Budapest, the capital and largest city in Hungary, was formed from the merger of the cities of Buda and Pest across the river Danube in 1873.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: In 2003 the cities of Baqa al-Gharbiyye and Jatt joined to form the city of Baqa-Jatt, but the merger was dissolved in 2010.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: On 21 April 2018, The Negeri Sembilan state government declared of Seremban Municipal Council (MPS) and Nilai Municipal Council (MPN) were to become Seremban City Council (MBS) effective in January 2019.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: In November 2010, the Seven Councils of Auckland City: Auckland City Council, Manukau City Council, Waitakere City Council, North Shore City Council, Papakura District Council, Rodney District Council and most of Franklin District Council has seen amalgamated to form Auckland City Council.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


Merger (politics)

Context: Many rural municipalities of Sweden were merged in 1952; the number of them decreasing from 2,281 to 816. Another series of mergers, this time also including cities and market towns, reduced the total number of municipalities from roughly 1,000 in the early 1960s to 278 in 1974. As of 2013, Sweden has 290 municipalities.

Question: 市町村合併は何の目的でなされますか？


International Swaps and Derivatives Association

Context: It is headquartered in New York City, and has created a standardized contract (the ISDA Master Agreement) to enter into derivatives transactions. In addition to legal and policy activities, ISDA manages FpML (Financial products Markup Language), an XML message standard for the OTC Derivatives industry. ISDA has more than 925 members in 75 countries; its membership consists of derivatives dealers, service providers and end users.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: ISDA was initially created in 1985 as the International Swap Dealers Association and subsequently changed its name switching "Swap Dealers" to "Swaps and Derivatives". This change was made to focus more attention on their efforts to improve the more broad derivatives markets and away from strictly interest rate swap contracts.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: In 2009 a New York Times article mentioned that in 2005 the ISDA allowed rule changes to CDO payouts (Pay as You Go) that would benefit those who bet against (shorted) mortgage-backed securities, like Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank, and others.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: ISDA has offices in New York, London, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Washington D.C., Brussels and Singapore. It has more than 800 member firms from six continents. The current Chief Executive Officer is Scott O'Malia, who joined ISDA in 2009.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: According to "Financial Times" reporter Stacy-Marie Ishmael, the Master Agreement is "fundamental to, and provides a template for, the derivatives market."

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: ISDA has also drafted a Tahawwut Master Agreement in cooperation with the International Islamic Financial Market, with the aim of standardizing derivatives transactions under Islamic law.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: The ISDA Master Agreement was first published in 1992, and a second edition was published in 2002. The second edition was drafted in response to market difficulties in the late 1990s, and could be adopted either in a unified form or as standard form amendments to the first edition. Key changes in the second edition include:

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: On April 8, 2009, ISDA introduced further compulsory modifications known as the "Big Bang Protocol." The key changes introduced by this protocol include:

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: The Protocol also introduced more standardized terms in order to limit the scope of negotiation in individual CDS transactions, thus making individual contracts more fungible in trading.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: ISDA's report commissioned by the "UK Financial Services Authority on behalf of the international group of OTC derivative supervisors asked ISDA in October 2009 to conduct a broad market review of bilateral collateralization practices for OTC derivatives to facilitate better understanding of current market practice, especially as it relates to the different types of counterparties active in the market."

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: ISDA also produces a model "Netting Act" which can be adopted by jurisdictions where close-out netting does not work effectively at present.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: From 1998 until August 2014, ISDA was responsible for releasing a series of interest rate swap reference rates for four currencies (Euros, British pounds, Swiss francs, U.S. dollars) under the name ISDAfix. Following rate manipulation scandals, these rates are now administered by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). Further, the Swiss francs rate is no longer reported.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: ISDA has five Determinations Committees, each having jurisdiction over a specific region of the world (the Americas, Asia excluding Japan, Australia/New Zealand, EMEA and Japan). Each committee consists of ten voting dealers and five voting non-dealer asset managers. The committees make official, binding determinations regarding the existence of "credit events" and "succession events" (such as mergers), which may trigger obligations under a credit default swap contract.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: Since July 2009, the primary means of resolving a credit event is auction settlement, where holders of applicable instruments (as decided by the relevant determinations committee) auction their instruments to potential buyers at a set price.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: In March 2012, ISDA issued a statement declaring that Greece, through passing legislation that forces losses on all its private creditors, has triggered the payment on default insurance contracts, thus instigating a credit event. The ISDA said the use of "collective action clauses (CACs) to amend the terms of Greek law-governed bonds issued by The Hellenic Republic such [as] the right of all holders of the Affected Bonds to receive payments has been reduced."

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Context: ISDA also creates industry standards for derivatives and provides legal definitions of terms used in contracts. An example is the 1999 ISDA Credit Derivatives Definitions, which provide basic definitions for credit default swaps, total return swaps, credit linked notes and other credit derivative transactions.

Question: ISDAマスター契約を作成したのは誰？


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British monarch in 1902; it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce. Daimler occasionally used alternative technology: the Knight engine which it further developed in the early twentieth century and used from 1909 to 1935, the worm gear final drive fitted from 1909 until after the Second World War, and their patented fluid flywheel used in conjunction with a Wilson preselector gearbox from 1930 to the mid-1950s.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler tried to widen its appeal in the 1950s with a line of smaller cars at one end and opulent show cars at the other, stopped making Lanchesters, had a highly publicised removal of their chairman from the board, and developed and sold a sports car and a high-performance luxury saloon and limousine.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimler's motors. Simms, who had been born to English parents in Hamburg and raised by them there, became friends with Daimler, an Anglophile who had worked from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 at Beyer-Peacock in Gorton, Manchester.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition, Simms decided to open a motor car factory,

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: On 7 June 1895 Simms told the board of the Daimler Motor Syndicate that he intended to form The Daimler Motor Company Limited to acquire the British rights to the Daimler patents and to manufacture Daimler engines and cars in England. That month, he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent (10%) commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The sale of Daimler Motor Syndicate to Lawson's interests was completed by the end of November 1895. The shareholders of the Syndicate had made a profit of two hundred percent (200%) on their original investment.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Because of Daimler's financial difficulty in July 1897 Daimler began asking Lawson's Great Horseless Carriage Company to settle its accounts with them. In the same month, they refused to send working drawings of their 4 hp motor frame to DMG in Canstatt. Lack of co-operation with the Canstatt firm caused Simms to resign as Daimler's consulting engineer that month. Also in July 1897, the company sold their launch works at Eel Pie Island at a loss of seven £700 or more.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Ongoing difficulties with the Great Horseless Carriage Company and the British Motor Syndicate caused Lawson to resign from Daimler's board on 7 October 1897. He was replaced as chairman by Henry Sturmey, who at the time was five days into a motor tour in his personal Daimler from John O'Groats to Land's End. On arriving at Land's End on 19 October, Sturmey became the first person to make that journey in a motor car.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Simms, as a director of DMG, proposed a union between the Daimler Motor Company in Coventry and DMG in Cannstatt in mid-1900 but the reorganised company was not interested in the merger and turned the offer down.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Persistent financial troubles caused Daimler to be reorganised again in 1904. The previous company was wound up and a new company was formed to acquire the old one and pay its debts and winding-up costs.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Jenkinson, Daimler hired American electrical engineer Percy Martin as works manager and socialite Undecimus Stratton as the head of the London depot, and promoted Ernest Instone to general manager. Jenkinson was succeeded in 1906 by Edward Manville, a consulting electrical engineer.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された