Gondor

Context: The hot and dry region of South Gondor was by the time of the War of the Rings "a debatable and desert land", contested by the men of Harad.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: The topmost level also contained lodgings for the Steward of Gondor, the King's House, Merethrond the Hall of Feasts, barracks for the companies of the Guard of the Citadel, and other buildings for soldiers. In "The Return of the King", the hobbit Pippin Took was appointed to serve with the Guard.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: Some like Finduilas are of Númenórean descent, and still speak the Elvish language. Tolkien wrote about the city's protective sea-walls and described Belfalas as a "great fief". Prince Imrahil's castle is by the sea; Tolkien described him as "of high blood, and his folk also, tall men and proud with sea-grey eyes". Local tradition claimed that the line's forefather, Imrazôr the Númenórean had married an Elf, though the line remained mortal.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: The first people in the region were the Drúedain, a hunter-gatherer people of Men who arrive in the First Age. They were pushed aside by later settlers and came to live in the pine-woods of the Druadan Forest by the north-eastern White Mountains.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: The next people settled in the White Mountains, and became known as the Men of the Mountains. They built a subterranean complex at Dunharrow, later known as the Paths of the Dead, which extended through the mountain-range from north to south. They became subject to Sauron in the Dark Years. Fragments of pre-Númenórean languages survive in later ages in place-names such as "Erech", "Arnach", and "Umbar".

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: Both Elendil and Anárion were killed in the war, so Isildur conferred rule of Gondor upon Anárion's son Meneldil, retaining suzerainty over Gondor as High King of the Dúnedain. Isildur and his three elder sons were ambushed and killed by Orcs in the Gladden Fields. Isildur's remaining son Valandil did not attempt to claim his father's place as Gondor's monarch; the kingdom was ruled solely by Meneldil and his descendants until their line died out.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: During the early years of the Third Age, Gondor was victorious and wealthy, and kept a careful watch on Mordor, but the peace ended with Easterling invasions. Gondor established a powerful navy and captured the southern port of Umbar from the Black Númenóreans, becoming very rich.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: Without kings, Gondor was ruled by stewards for many generations, father to son; despite their exercise of power and hereditary status, they were never accepted as kings, or sat in the high throne. After several attacks by evil forces the province of Ithilien and the city of Osgiliath were abandoned. Later the forces of Gondor, led by Aragorn under the alias Thorongil, attacked Umbar and destroyed the Corsair fleet, allowing Denethor II to devote his attention to Mordor.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: Denethor sent his son Boromir to Rivendell for advice as war loomed. There, Boromir attended the Council of Elrond, saw the One Ring, and suggested it be used as a weapon to save Gondor. Elrond rebuked him, explaining the danger of such use, and instead, the hobbit Frodo was made ring-bearer, and a Fellowship, including Boromir, was sent on a quest to destroy the Ring.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: When Imrahil declined to send the entirety of Gondor's army against Mordor, Aragorn led a smaller army to the Black Gate of Mordor to distract Sauron from Frodo's quest. The hobbits succeeded, and with Sauron defeated, the war and the Third Age ended. The Great Gate was rebuilt with "mithril" and steel by Gimli and Dwarves from the Lonely Mountain. Aragorn's coronation was held on the Gateway, where he was pronounced King Elessar of both Gondor and Arnor, the sister kingdom in the north.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: The critic Jane Chance Nitzsche contrasts the "good and bad Germanic lords Théoden and Denethor", noting that their names are almost anagrams. She writes that both men receive the allegiance of a hobbit, but very differently: Denethor, Steward of Gondor, undervalues Pippin because he is small, and binds him with a formal oath, whereas Théoden, King of Rohan, treats Merry with love, which the hobbit responds to.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: Tolkien visited the Malvern Hills with C. S. Lewis, and recorded excerpts from "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" in Malvern in 1952, at George Sayer's home. Sayer wrote that Tolkien relived the book as they walked, comparing the Malvern Hills to the White Mountains of Gondor.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: Several locations in Gondor were featured in the 1982 role-playing game "Middle-earth Role Playing" game and its expansions.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Gondor

Context: Dol Amroth is referenced in the name of a rock spire in the Cascade Mountains by visitors who traversed the area west of Mount Buckindy in 1972 and applied a number of names from "The Lord of the Rings" to local peaks.

Question: Как называлась столица Средиземья?


Early history of video games

Context: The term "video game" has evolved over the decades from a purely technical definition to a general concept defining a new class of interactive entertainment. Technically, for a product to be a video game under early definitions, it needed to transmit a video signal to a display.

Question: Как называлась первая компьютерная игра?


Early history of video games

Context: This can (but not always) include a cathode ray tube (CRT), oscilloscope, liquid crystal display, vector-scan monitor, etc. This definition would preclude early computer games that outputted results to a printer or teletype rather than a display, as well as games that used static LCD graphics, for example Nintendo's Game & Watch, or most Tiger Electronics handhelds. From a technical standpoint, these would more properly be called "electronic games" or "computer games".

Question: Как называлась первая компьютерная игра?


Early history of video games

Context: At the beginning of the 1970s, video games existed almost entirely as novelties passed around by programmers and technicians with access to computers, primarily at research institutions and large companies. The history of video games transitioned into a new era early in the decade, however, with the rise of the commercial video game industry.

Question: Как называлась первая компьютерная игра?


Ukrainian language

Context: Latest research suggests that the process of divergence of Russian and Ukrainian/Belarusian took place from the 5th century to the 15th century.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Soviet scholars set the divergence between Ukrainian and Russian only at later time periods (14th through 16th centuries). According to this view, Old East Slavic diverged into Belarusian and Ukrainian to the west (collectively, the Ruthenian language of the 15th to 18th centuries), and Old East Slavic to the north-east, after the political boundaries of the Kievan Rus' were redrawn in the 14th century.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Some researchers, while admitting the differences between the dialects spoken by East Slavic tribes in the 10th and 11th centuries, still consider them as "regional manifestations of a common language" (see, for instance, the article by Vasyl Nimchuk).

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: In contrast, Ahatanhel Krymsky and Alexei Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the common spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak stated that the Novgorod dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kyivan Rus during the 11th–12th century, but

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: started becoming more similar to them around 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorod dialect and the common dialect speak by the other Kyivan Rus, whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from the dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Some Ukrainian features were recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic as far back as the language can be documented.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: As a result of close Slavic contacts with the remnants of the Scythian and Sarmatian population north of the Black Sea, lasting into the early Middle Ages, the appearance of the voiced fricative γ/г (romanized "h"), in modern Ukrainian and some southern Russian dialects is explained by the assumption that it initially emerged in Scythian and related eastern Iranian dialects, from earlier common Proto-Indo-European "*g" and "*gʰ".

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Significant contact with Tatars and Turks resulted in many Turkic words, particularly those involving military matters and steppe industry, being adopted into the Ukrainian language. Examples include "torba" (bag) and "tyutyun" (tobacco).

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The accepted chronology of Ukrainian divides the language into Old, Middle, and Modern Ukrainian. George Shevelov explains that much of this is based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments, and he further subdivides the MU period with Early and Late phases.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Ukraine annually marks the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language on November 9, the Eastern Orthodox feast day of Nestor the Chronicler.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: During the Khazar period, the territory of Ukraine was settled by Iranian (post-Scythian), Turkic (post-Hunnic, proto-Bulgarian), and Uralic (proto-Hungarian) tribes and Slavic tribes. Later, the Varangian ruler Oleg of Novgorod would seize Kyiv and establish the political entity of Kievan Rus'.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The era of Kyivan Rus is the subject of some linguistic controversy, as the language of much of the literature was purely or heavily Old Church Slavonic. Literary records from Kyivan Rus testify to substantial difference between Russian and Ruthenian form of the Ukrainian language as early as Kyivan Rus time.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Also according to Andrey Zaliznyak, the Novgorod dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kyivan Rus during the 11th–12th century, but

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: started becoming more similar to them around 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorod dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kyivan Rus, whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from the dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in Halychyna and Bukovyna, where Ukrainian was widely used in education and official documents. The suppression by Russia hampered the literary development of the Ukrainian language in Dnipro Ukraine, but there was a constant exchange with Halychyna, and many works were published under Austria and smuggled to the east.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the collapse of Austro-Hungary in 1918, Ukrainians were ready to openly develop a body of national literature, institute a Ukrainian-language educational system, and form an independent state (the Ukrainian People's Republic, shortly joined by the West Ukrainian People's Republic). During this brief independent statehood the stature and use of Ukrainian greatly improved.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: In the Russian Empire Census of 1897 the following picture emerged, with Ukrainian being the second most spoken language of the Russian Empire. According to the Imperial census's terminology, the Russian language ("Русскій") was subdivided into Ukrainian (Малорусскій, 'Little Russian'), what is known as Russian today (Великорусскій, 'Great Russian'), and Belarusian (Бѣлорусскій, 'White Russian').

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The following table shows the distribution of settlement by native language ("по родному языку") in 1897 in Russian Empire governorates ("guberniyas") that had more than 100,000 Ukrainian speakers.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: During the seven-decade-long Soviet era, the Ukrainian language held the formal position of the principal local language in the Ukrainian SSR. However, practice was often a different story: Ukrainian always had to compete with Russian, and the attitudes of the Soviet leadership towards Ukrainian varied from encouragement and tolerance to de facto banishment.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Western and most contemporary Ukrainian historians emphasize that the cultural repression was applied earlier and more fiercely in Ukraine than in other parts of the Soviet Union, and were therefore anti-Ukrainian; others assert that Stalin's goal was the generic crushing of any dissent, rather than targeting the Ukrainians in particular.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: This sequence of policy change was repeated in Western Ukraine when it was incorporated into Soviet Ukraine. In 1939, and again in the late 1940s, a policy of Ukrainianization was implemented. By the early 1950s, Ukrainian was persecuted and a campaign of Russification began.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The next part of the Soviet Ukrainian language policy divides into two eras: first, the Shelest period (early 1960s to early 1970s), which was relatively liberal towards the development of the Ukrainian language. The second era, the policy of Shcherbytsky (early 1970s to early 1990s), was one of gradual suppression of the Ukrainian language.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The Communist Party leader from 1963 to 1972, Petro Shelest, pursued a policy of defending Ukraine's interests within the Soviet Union. He proudly promoted the beauty of the Ukrainian language and developed plans to expand the role of Ukrainian in higher education. He was removed, however, after only a brief tenure, for being too lenient on Ukrainian nationalism.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The new party boss from 1972 to 1989, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, purged the local party, was fierce in suppressing dissent, and insisted Russian be spoken at all official functions, even at local levels. His policy of Russification was lessened only slightly after 1985.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The management of dissent by the local Ukrainian Communist Party was more fierce and thorough than in other parts of the Soviet Union. As a result, at the start of the Mikhail Gorbachev reforms perebudova and hlasnist’ (Ukrainian for "perestroika" and "glasnost"), Ukraine under Shcherbytsky was slower to liberalize than Russia itself.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Although Ukrainian still remained the native language for the majority in the nation on the eve of Ukrainian independence, a significant share of ethnic Ukrainians were russified. In Donetsk there were no Ukrainian language schools and in Kyiv only a quarter of children went to Ukrainian language schools.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The Russian language was the dominant vehicle, not just of government function, but of the media, commerce, and modernity itself. This was substantially less the case for western Ukraine, which escaped the artificial famine, Great Purge, and most of Stalinism. And this region became the center of a hearty, if only partial, renaissance of the Ukrainian language during independence.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Late 20th-century Russian politicians like Alexander Lebed and Mikhail Yuryev still claimed that Ukrainian is a Russian dialect.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Ethnic minorities, such as Romanians, Tatars and Jews usually use Russian as their lingua franca. But there are tendencies within these minority groups to use Ukrainian. The Jewish writer Olexander Beyderman from the mainly Russian-speaking city of Odessa is now writing most of his dramas in Ukrainian. The emotional relationship regarding Ukrainian is changing in southern and eastern areas.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Opposition to expansion of Ukrainian-language teaching is a matter of contention in eastern regions closer to Russia – in May 2008, the Donetsk city council prohibited the creation of any new Ukrainian schools in the city in which 80% of them are Russian-language schools.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: In 2019, the Law of Ukraine "to ensure the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the State language" was approved by the Ukrainian parliament, formalizing rules governing the usage of Ukrainian and introducing penalties for violations. For its enforcement the office of Language ombudsman was introduced.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Oleksa Horbach's 1951 study of argots analyzed historical primary sources (argots of professionals, thugs, prisoners, homeless, school children, etc.) paying special attention to etymological features of argots, word formation and borrowing patterns depending on the source-language (Church Slavonic, Russian, Czech, Polish, Romani, Greek, Romanian, Hungarian, German).

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: All the countries neighbouring Ukraine (except for Hungary) historically have regions with a sizable Ukrainian population and therefore Ukrainian language speakers. Ukrainian is an official minority language in Belarus, Romania, and Moldova.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Most of the countries where it is spoken are ex-USSR, where many Ukrainians have migrated. Canada and the United States are also home to a large Ukrainian population. Broken up by country (to the nearest thousand):

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Ukrainian is a fusional, nominative–accusative, satellite framed language. It exhibits T–V distinction, and is null-subject. The canonical word order of Ukrainian is SVO. Other word orders are common due to the free word order enabled by Ukrainian's inflectional system.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Ukrainian verbs come in aspect pairs: perfective, and imperfective. Pairs are usually formed by a prepositional prefix and occasionally a root change. The past tense agrees with its subject in number and gender (but "not" person), having developed from the perfect participle.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The Old East Slavic and Russian "o" in syllables ending in a consonant, often correspond to a Ukrainian "i", as in "pod" → "pid" (під, 'under'). Thus, in the declension of nouns, the "o" can re-appear when it is no longer located in a closed syllable, such as "rik" (рік, 'year') (nom): "rotsi" (loc) (році). Similarly, some words can have "і" in some cases when most of the cases have "o", for example "слово" (nominative singular), "слова" (nominative plural) but "слiв" (genitive plural).

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: A number of the consonants come in three forms: hard, soft (palatalized) and long, for example, , , and or , , and .

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Ukrainian is written in a version of Cyrillic, consisting of 33 letters, representing 38 phonemes; an apostrophe is also used. Ukrainian orthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme, although there are a number of exceptions. The orthography also has cases where the semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The phonemes and do not have dedicated letters in the alphabet and are rendered with the digraphs дз and дж, respectively. is equivalent to English "ds" in "pods", is equivalent to "j" in "jump".

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: On January 17, 1918, the Central Rada of Ukraine issued the "Main Rules of Ukrainian orthography", which, however, did not cover the entire scope of the language. On May 17, 1919, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences approved the "Main Rules of Ukrainian Orthography", which became the basis for all subsequent revisions and amendments.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: On July 23, 1925, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to organize a State Commission for the Organization of Ukrainian Spelling (State Spelling Commission). It included more than 20 academics from the USSR, who also expressed a desire to invite representatives of Western Ukraine: Stepan Smal-Stotskyi, Volodymyr Hnatiuk and Vasyl Simovych.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: In 1929, Hryhorii Holoskevych published the "Ukrainian Spelling Dictionary" (about 40,000 words), agreed with the full spelling produced by the State Spelling Commission and approved by the People's Commissar for Education (September 6, 1928).

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Some minor changes were made in the spelling of 1946 and 1959 (published the following year). It was connected with the document "The rules of Russian spelling and punctuation", published in 1956. From 1960 until 1990, the 1960 edition was the official standard.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Today, despite the existence of the official spelling of the Ukrainian language, it is not the only spelling standard in use. Even in Ukraine itself, many publishers and publications use other versions of the spelling, which either tend to "skrypnykivka", or else differ from the official rules of transmission of words of foreign origin.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: "The Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language", in 11 volumes, contains 253,000 entries. Lexical card catalog of the Ukrainian Institute of Language Studies has 6 million cards. As mentioned at the top of the article, Ukrainian is most closely related lexically to Belarusian, and is also closer to Polish than to Russian (for example, можливість, "mozhlyvist", "possibility", and Polish "możliwość", but Russian возможность, "vozmozhnost").

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The standard Ukrainian language which is based on the Kyiv–Poltava dialect has a plethora of false friends with the standard Russian language which is based on the Moscow dialect. Many people intentionally do or do not use them, causing their language shift into what is known as Surzhyk where the meaning of some words mimicking Russian could be understood out of context rather than their literal meaning in Ukrainian.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: Ukrainian has varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with other Slavic languages and is considered to be most closely related to Belarusian.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Ukrainian language

Context: The three verbs became conflated in East Slavic due to morphological overlap, in particular of *iměti "to have" and *jati "to take" as exemplified in the Middle Ukrainian homonymic imut’ from both iměti (< *jĭměti) and jati (< *jęti). Analogous grammaticalization of the type take ("to take", "to seize") > future is found in Chinese and Hungarian.

Question: Когда возник украинский язык?


Tutankhamun

Context: Tutankhamun ( 1341 BC – c. 1323 BC) was an Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th Dynasty (ruled c. 1332 – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology) during the New Kingdom of Egyptian history. His father is believed to be the pharaoh Akhenaten, identified as the mummy found in the tomb KV55. His mother is his father's sister, identified through DNA testing as an unknown mummy referred to as "The Younger Lady" who was found in KV35.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: An inscription from Hermopolis refers to "Tutankhuaten" as a "king's son", and he is generally thought to have been the son of Akhenaten, although some suggest instead that Smenkhkare was his father. Inscriptions from Tutankhamun's reign treat him as a son of Akhenaten's father, Amenhotep III, but that is only possible if Akhenaten's 17-year reign included a long co-regency with his father, a possibility that many Egyptologists once supported but is now being abandoned.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: Given his age, the king probably had advisers which presumably included Ay (who succeeded Tutankhamun) and General Horemheb, Ay's possible son in law and successor. Horemheb records that the king appointed him "lord of the land" as hereditary prince to maintain law. He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his temper flared.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: In 1980, James Harris and Kent Weeks conducted X-ray examinations of New Kingdom Pharaoh's crania and skeletal remains, which included the mummified remains of Tutankhamun. The authors determined that the royal mummies of the 18th Dynasty bore strong similarities to contemporary Nubians.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: A facial reconstruction of Tutankhamun was carried out in 2005 by the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities and "National Geographic". Three separate teams—Egyptian, French, and American—worked separately to approximate the face of the boy king. While the Egyptian and French teams knew their subject was Tutankhamun, the American team worked blind. All teams produced very similar results, but it was that of the French team that was ultimately cast in silicone.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: There are no surviving records of the circumstances of Tutankhamun's death; it has been the subject of considerable debate and major studies.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: Hawass and his team postulate that his death was likely the result of the combination of his multiple weakening disorders, a leg fracture, perhaps as the result of a fall, and a severe malarial infection. However, Timmann and Meyer have argued that sickle cell anemia better fits the pathologies exhibited by the king, a suggestion the Egyptian team has called "interesting and plausible."

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: After a systematic search, beginning in 1915, Carter discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. By February 1923 the antechamber had been cleared of everything but two sentinel statues. A day and time were selected to unseal the tomb with about twenty appointed witnesses that included Lord Carnarvon, several Egyptian officials, museum representatives and the staff of the Government Press Bureau. On 17 February 1923 at just after two o'clock, the seal was broken.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: For many years, rumors of a "curse of the pharaohs" (probably fueled by newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery) persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had entered the tomb. The most prominent was George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who died on 5 April 1923, five months after the discovery of the first step leading down to the tomb on 4 November 1922.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: The cause of Carnarvon's death was pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue). The Earl had been in an automobile accident in 1901 making him very unhealthy and frail. His doctor recommended a warmer climate so in 1903 the Carnarvons traveled to Egypt where the Earl became interested in Egyptology. Along with the stresses of the excavation, Carnarvon was already in a weakened state when an infection led to pneumonia.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: A study showed that of the 58 people who were present when the tomb and sarcophagus were opened, only eight died within a dozen years; Howard Carter died of lymphoma in 1939 at the age of 64. The last survivors included Lady Evelyn Herbert, Lord Carnarvon's daughter who was among the first people to enter the tomb after its discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years and died in 1980, and American archaeologist J.O. Kinnaman who died in 1961, 39 years after the event.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: Tutankhamun's fame is primarily the result of his well-preserved tomb and the global exhibitions of his associated artifacts. As Jon Manchip White writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's "The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun", "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's Pharaohs has become in death the most renowned".

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s. Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern neologism, "King Tut". Ancient Egyptian references became common in popular culture, including Tin Pan Alley songs; the most popular of the latter was "Old King Tut" by Harry Von Tilzer from 1923, which was recorded by such prominent artists of the time as Jones & Hare and Sophie Tucker. "King Tut" became the name of products, businesses, and the pet dog of U.S. President Herbert Hoover.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Tutankhamun

Context: The exhibition visited Australia for the first time, opening at the Melbourne Museum for its only Australian stop before Egypt's treasures returned to Cairo in December 2011.

Question: Из чего был сделан саркофаг Тутанхамона?


Geography of Argentina

Context: The geography of Argentina describes the geographic features of Argentina, a country located in Southern South America. Bordered by the Andes in the west and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, neighbouring countries are Chile to the west, Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, and Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: In terms of area, Argentina is the second largest country of South America after Brazil, and the 8th largest country in the world. Its total area is . Argentina claims a section of Antarctica (Argentine Antarctica) that is subject to the Antarctic Treaty. Argentina also asserts claims to several British South Atlantic islands.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: With a population of more than 42.1 million, Argentina ranks as the world's 32nd most populous country as of 2010.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Argentina's provinces are divided in 7 zones regarding climate and terrain. From North to South, West to East:

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: In Argentina, the fluvial net is integrated by many systems of different economic relevance, which could be measured by their amount of flow and navigability. Water flow relevance is based on its potential to be used for irrigation and as a source of energy. Depending on where the water streams drain, rivers and creeks could be classified into three different kinds of watersheds:

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: On the other hand, lakes and lagoons are permanent accumulations of water over impervious depressions. Their difference is mainly based on their extension and depth. They are very important for stream regulation, as a source of energy, tourist attraction and its ichthyologic wealth. In Argentina, all major lakes are in Patagonia (Carlevari and Carlevari, 2007).

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 3,091 km2 of tidal flats in Argentina, making it the 9th ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Argentina is subject to a variety of climates. The north of the country, including latitudes in and below the Tropic of Capricorn, is characterized by very hot, wet summers (which result in a lot of swamp lands) with mild drier winters, and is subject to periodic droughts during the winter season.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Central Argentina has hot summers with tornadoes and thunderstorms (in western Argentina producing some of the world's largest hail), and cool winters. The southern regions have warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall, especially in mountainous zones. Higher elevations at all latitudes experience cooler conditions.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Argentina borders five countries. Its largest and second largest international borders are the: Argentina–Chile border, which is long and Argentina–Paraguay border which is long.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: The National Parks of Argentina make up a network of thirty national parks in Argentina. The parks cover a very varied set of terrains and biotopes, from Baritú National Park on the northern border with Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego National Park in the far south of the continent (see List of national parks of Argentina).

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Five further national parks were declared in 1937 in Patagonia and the service planned new towns and facilities to promote tourism and education. Six more were declared by 1970.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Geography of Argentina

Context: The headquarters of the National Park Service are in downtown Buenos Aires, on Santa Fe Avenue. A library and information center are open to the public. The administration also covers the national monuments, such as the Petrified Forest, and natural and educational reserves.

Question: Какая самая протяженная река в Аргентине?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: The Chairman of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (), also called "Speaker" (), is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Russian parliament. His responsibilities include overseeing the day-to-day business of the State Duma presiding and maintaining order at the regular sessions of the parliament. The Speaker also chairs the Council of the Duma which includes representatives from all the parliamentary parties and determines the legislative agenda.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: The Speaker of the Duma may intervene and express his views but is supposed to be unbiased in his activities at the regular sessions of the parliament.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: It was restored after 76 years, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the constitutional crisis of 1993. The first Chairman of the State Duma after the restoration of the post was Ivan Rybkin.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: Since January 1995, the speaker of the State Duma is also a member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: According to the 101st article of the Russian Constitution and the Regulations of the State Duma, the Chairman is elected from among its members by secret ballot, using ballot papers of the candidates who have the right to nominate deputy associations and deputies. State Duma may decide to hold an open vote.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: Chairman of the State Duma in its sole discretion, to include in the draft procedure of work of the State Dumblebee questions:

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: Chairman of the State Duma or on behalf of one of his assistants represents the State Duma reports on the activities of the chamber over the past session about the project and the approximate program of legislative work of the State Duma for the current session. On these reports, the State Duma can make the decision.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: Chairman of the State Duma has the right to speak at a meeting of the State Duma on the issues attributed to its competence by the present Regulations, and issues within the jurisdiction of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Constitution, Federal constitutional laws and Federal laws. The Chairman of the State Duma for performance is given up to ten minutes.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: Chairman of the State Duma has the right to decide issues of expert, scientific, consultative and other support of legislative activity of the State Duma. On matters associated with the expert support of the legislative process in the State Duma and the improvement of the legislation of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the State Duma creates a Scientific Council for law-making.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Chairman of the State Duma

Context: As of 07 2022, there are three living former chairmen. The most recent death of a former chairman was that of Gennadiy Seleznyov (1996–2003) on 19 July 2015, aged 67.

Question: Кто был первым председателем Государственной Думы в России?


Motte-and-bailey castle

Context: In neighbouring Denmark, motte-and-bailey castles appeared somewhat later in the 12th and 13th centuries and in more limited numbers than elsewhere, due to the less feudal society. Except for a handful of mote and bailey castles in Norway, built in the first half of the 11th century and including the royal residence in Oslo, the design did not play a role further north in Scandinavia.

Question: Сколько замков в Нормандии?


Leo Klejn

Context: Lev Samuilovich Kleyn (; 1 July 1927 – 7 November 2019), better known in English as Leo Klejn, was a Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist.

Question: Какой университет основал Лев Самуи́лович Клейн?


Leo Klejn

Context: Klejn was born in Vitebsk, Belarus, to two Jewish physicians, Polish-born Stanislav Semenovich (originally Samuil Simkhovich) and Asya Moysseevna. Both of Klejn's grandparents were wealthy: one a factory owner, the other a highly ranked merchant. Stanislav Semenovich served as a medical officer in the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army during the Russian Civil War. By the end of the war he had joined the Red Army, but was never a member of the Communist Party.

Question: Какой университет основал Лев Самуи́лович Клейн?


Leo Klejn

Context: In 1941 both of Klejn's parents were drafted to serve in the Great Patriotic War, while the rest of the family were evacuated, first to Volokolamsk and then Egoryevsk near Moscow, and then to Yoshkar-Ola in the Mari ASSR. There Klejn worked on a collective farm before leaving school at the age of 16 and being attached to the 3rd Belorussian Front as a civilian. After the war the family settled in Grodno and Klejn studied for a year at a Railway Technical School.

Question: Какой университет основал Лев Самуи́лович Клейн?


Leo Klejn

Context: While still in high school Klejn created an underground liberal organisation called 'Prometheus'. This drew the attention of the KGB, but owing to the age of those involved there were no serious consequences.

Question: Какой университет основал Лев Самуи́лович Клейн?


Leo Klejn

Context: Klejn's first printed work was published in 1955; his first monograph in 1978. He participated in a series of archaeological fieldwork expeditions in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, the last 5 seasons as head of the expedition. These included excavations of early Rus' towns and Bronze Age and Scytho-Sarmatian barrows.

Question: Какой университет основал Лев Самуи́лович Клейн?


Leo Klejn

Context: A whole series of Klejn's books and articles on this subject are terminated by his Metaarchaeology of 2001 (in Russian Introduction to theoretical archaeology of 2004).

Question: Какой университет основал Лев Самуи́лович Клейн?


Leo Klejn

Context: Klejn has been one of the world's leading writers on theoretical archaeology, a term he coined, since the 1970s. According to Klejn, archaeological theories are programs of information processing based on a particular explanatory idea. Additionally, theories become methodology by stipulating a set of standard techniques.

Question: Какой университет основал Лев Самуи́лович Клейн?


Leo Klejn

Context: For a full bibliography (over 500 titles) see Archaeology.ru and to 2000 Arkheolog: Detectiv i myslitel' (Archaeologist: detective and thinker). Collection of studies devoted to 77th year of Lev Samuilovich Klejn (ed. by L. B. Vishniatsky, A. A. Kovalev, O. A. Schcheglova). S.Pb., publ. St.Petersburg University, 2004, 502 p. .

Question: Какой университет основал Лев Самуи́лович Клейн?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: The War of the Second Coalition (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on periodisation) was the second war on revolutionary France by most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and various German monarchies, though Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: Military planners in Paris understood that the Upper Rhine Valley, the south-western German territories, and Switzerland were strategically important for the defence of the Republic. The Swiss passes commanded access to northern Italy; consequently, the army that held those passes could move troops to and from northern and southern theatres quickly.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: The first military action under the alliance occurred on 29 November when Austrian General Karl Mack occupied Rome and restored Papal authority with a Neapolitan army.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: Napoleon himself invaded Syria from Egypt, but after a failed siege of Acre he retreated to Egypt, repelling a British-Turkish invasion. Alerted to the political and military crisis in France, he returned, leaving his army behind, and used his popularity and army support to mount a coup that made him First Consul, the head of the French government.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: Napoleon sent Moreau to campaign in Germany, and went himself to raise a new army at Dijon and march through Switzerland to attack the Austrian armies in Italy from behind.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: Moreau meanwhile invaded Bavaria and won a great battle against Austria at Hohenlinden. Moreau continued toward Vienna and the Austrians sued for peace. The result was the Armistice of Steyr on 25 December.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: In May 1800 Napoleon led his troops across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass into Italy in a military campaign against the Austrians. Narrowly avoiding defeat, he defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo. At first the Austrians won, but then Napoleon came back with another army and defeated them right back.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: Prior to the Acts of Union of July/August 1800, Ireland was a separate kingdom, with its own Parliament, held in a personal union with Great Britain under the Crown. In response to the 1798 United Irishmen revolt, it became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, effective 1 January 1801.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: The Austrians signed the Armistice of Treviso on 16 January, ending the war in northern Italy. On 9 February, they signed the Treaty of Lunéville for the entire Holy Roman Empire, basically accepting the terms of the previous Treaty of Campo Formio. In Egypt, the Ottomans and British invaded and finally compelled the French to surrender after the fall of Cairo and Alexandria.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: Britain continued the war at sea. A coalition of non-combatants including Prussia, Russia, Denmark, and Sweden joined to protect neutral shipping from Britain's blockade, resulting in Nelson's surprise attack on the Danish fleet in harbour at the Battle of Copenhagen.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: France and Spain invaded Portugal, in the War of Oranges, forcing Portugal to sign the Treaty of Badajoz (1801).

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: Russia formally made peace with France through the Treaty of Paris on 8 October, signing a secret alliance two days later.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


War of the Second Coalition

Context: In December 1801, France despatched the Saint-Domingue expedition to recapture the island, which had been independent since the 1791 Haitian Revolution. This included over 30,000 troops, many experienced and elite veterans but ended in catastrophic failure; by the end of 1802, an estimated 15,000 – 22,000 had died of disease and yellow fever, among them Napoleon's brother-in-law, General Charles Leclerc.

Question: Какой итог создания Второй коалиция?


Russia

Context: The first trace of a early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in western Siberia. The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at Kostyonki and Borshchyovo, and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years ago—both, respectively in western Russia. Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Nomadic pastoralism developed in the Pontic–Caspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. Remnants of these steppe civilizations were discovered in places such as Ipatovo, Sintashta, Arkaim, and Pazyryk, which bear the earliest known traces of horses in warfare. In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia. In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: In the 3rd to 4th centuries AD, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in Southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies, was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars. The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas until the 10th century.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in western Russia, and slowly but peacefully assimilated the native Finnic peoples.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the final blow being the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev, and the death of a major part of the population of Rus'. The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged the Russian principalities and ruled the southern and central expanses of Russia for over two centuries.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Galicia-Volhynia was eventually assimilated by the Kingdom of Poland, while the Novgorod Republic and Vladimir-Suzdal, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, established the basis for the modern Russian nation. Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240, as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle of the Ice in 1242.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow and helped by the Russian Orthodox Church, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Moscow gradually absorbed its parent Vladimir-Suzdal, and then surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. The reign of his son

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Alexander III (1881–1894) was less liberal but more peaceful. Under last Russian emperor, Nicholas II (1894–1917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War . The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms (Russian Constitution of 1906), including granting the freedoms of speech and assembly, the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the State Duma.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland, in accordance with a secret protocol within the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. The Soviet Union later invaded Finland, and occupied and annexed the Baltic states, as well as parts of Romania. On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World War II.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Following a diplomatic crisis with neighboring Georgia; the Russo-Georgian War took place during 1–12 August 2008, resulting in Russia imposing two unrecognized states in the territory of Georgia. It was the first European war of the 21st century.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia's vast landmass stretches over the easternmost part of Europe and the northernmost part of Asia. It spans the northernmost edge of Eurasia; and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, of over . Russia lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W, extending some east to west, and north to south. Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents, and has the same surface area as Pluto.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans, has links with a great number of seas. Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. The Diomede Islands, administered by Russia and the United States, are just apart; and Kunashir Island of the Kuril Islands is merely from Hokkaido, Japan.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics. About half of Russia's territory is forested, and it has the world's largest forest reserves, which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic, with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. It is structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government composed of three branches:

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forces—and there are also two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Airborne Troops. , the military have around a million active-duty personnel, which is the world's fifth-largest, and about 2–20 million reserve personnel. It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to be drafted for a year of service in the Armed Forces.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: The effectiveness of the Russian military has been questioned, in particular due to widespread corruption.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Human rights in Russia have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights groups. In particular, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia has been described as a kleptocracy. It was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021, ranking 136th out of 180 countries. Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. It impacts various aspects of life, including the economy, business, public administration, law enforcement, healthcare, and education.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia is the world's twentieth-largest exporter and importer. The oil and gas sector accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022, and up to 60% of its exports in 2019. In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP. Russia has one of the lowest levels of external debt among major economies, although its inequality of household income and wealth is one of the highest among developed countries.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits. Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia maintains the world's sixth-largest fishing industry; capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018. It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace. Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. The country's achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, "Sputnik 1", was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6. In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains, and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries, with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. It had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census, which rose to roughly 145.5 million as of 2022. Russia is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile).

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language. Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station, as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia's pre-school education system is highly developed and optional, some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive: first-degree courses usually take five years. The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University. There are ten highly prestigious across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations. Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female, due to its high male mortality rate. In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females), and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births).

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: The principle cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016. However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate is the biggest health issue in the country, as it remains one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade. Smoking is another health issue in the country. The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline, remains a significant social issue.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. Russian writers and philosophers have played an important role in the development of European thought. The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music, ballet, sport, painting, and cinema. The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Victory Day, which honors Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the End of World War II in Europe, is celebrated as an annual large parade in Moscow's Red Square; and marks the famous Immortal Regiment civil event. Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union; and Unity Day on 4 November, commemorating the 1612 uprising which marked the end of the Polish occupation of Moscow.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: There are many popular non-public holidays. Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January. Maslenitsa is an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday. Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space. Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, pianists Vladimir Horowitz, Sviatoslav Richter, and Emil Gilels, and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass, and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. The country has the world's highest vodka consumption, while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage. Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. Tea has also been a historically popular beverage in Russia.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Russia

Context: Football is the most popular sport in Russia. The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960, and reached the finals of Euro 1988. Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Question: Сколько официальных языков в России в апреле 2019 года?


Taejo of Goryeo

Context: Taejo of Goryeo (31 January 877 – 4 July 943), also known as Taejo Wang Geon (; ), was the founder of the Goryeo dynasty, which ruled Korea from the 10th to the 14th century. Taejo ruled from 918 to 943, achieving unification of the Later Three Kingdoms in 936.

Question: Сколько жен было у первого императора Когурё?


Taejo of Goryeo

Context: In 913, he was appointed as prime minister of the newly renamed Taebong. Its king, Gung Ye, whose leadership helped found the kingdom but who began to refer to himself as the Buddha, began to persecute people who expressed their opposition against his religious arguments. He executed many monks, then later even his own wife and two sons, and the public began to turn away from him. His costly rituals and harsh rule caused even more opposition.

Question: Сколько жен было у первого императора Когурё?


Taejo of Goryeo

Context: In the same year, Gyeon Hwon's oldest son, Gyeon Singeom (), led a coup with his brothers Yanggeom and Yonggeom, against their father, who favored their half-brother, Geumgang, as his successor to the throne. Gyeon Hwon was sent into exile and imprisoned in Geumsansa, but escaped to Goryeo and was treated like Taejo's father, who died just before his surrender.

Question: Сколько жен было у первого императора Когурё?


Taejo of Goryeo

Context: In 936, Wang led his final campaign against Singeom of Later Baekje. Singeom fought against Taejo, but facing much disadvantage and inner conflict, he surrendered to Taejo. Wang finally occupied Hubaekje formally, and unified the nation for the second time since Unified Silla; he ruled until 943, and died from disease.

Question: Сколько жен было у первого императора Когурё?


Taejo of Goryeo

Context: Taejo sought to bring even his enemies into his ruling coalition. He gave titles and land to rulers and nobles from the various countries he had defeated: Later Baekje, Silla, and also Balhae, which disintegrated around the same time. Thus he sought to secure stability and unity for his kingdom which had been lacking in the later years of Silla.

Question: Сколько жен было у первого императора Когурё?


Taejo of Goryeo

Context: The modern name of "Korea" is derived from the name "Goryeo," which itself is derived from "Goguryeo," to whose heritage (and by extension, territory) Wang Geon and his new kingdom laid claim. As the first ruler to more fully unite the people of the Korean Peninsula under a single state, many modern-day Koreans look to his example for applicability to the current state of division on the Korean Peninsula.

Question: Сколько жен было у первого императора Когурё?


Taejo of Goryeo

Context: During the early Goryeo dynasty, the title of crown prince () was only a peerage title for sons of the king; a separate title existed for the heir apparent ().

Question: Сколько жен было у первого императора Когурё?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: In November 2012, HRT's owners announced that they were looking to sell the team. When they were unable to find a buyer before the deadline of 30 November, the team was subsequently omitted from the entry list.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: Hispania recorded its first double finish at the with Chandhok finishing in front of Senna, albeit 3 and 4 laps down respectively. The team repeated this feat at the with Senna in 16th and Chandhok 17th, the last of the cars still running.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: The fifth start in Spain wasn't so successful for both Hispania drivers. Senna retired in the first corner after an accident, Chandhok remained on the track for 30 laps, then retired with a broken suspension. However the team's new test driver Christian Klien drove for the team in first practice.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: Hispania started well in Monaco, leapfrogging their rivals (Lotus and Virgin) at the start of the race. Senna later retired, but Chandhok was looking set to finish until he was involved in a frightening accident with Jarno Trulli who, when trying to overtake Chandhok, hit the side of the Hispania car and was sent over the top of it and into the barrier. Both drivers were unhurt. The crash almost cost Mark Webber the race win as he was following the pair closely when the accident occurred.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: In Turkey, the team's other test driver Sakon Yamamoto completed the first practice session, setting the slowest time of the session.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: In 2020, Chandhok claimed that the battle between Campos and Dallara over the chassis payment led to the teams' display car being raced all season without any upgrades. As a result, the only alteration made to the cars all year was the movement of side-mirrors inboard ahead of a sidepod-mirror ban in China.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: On 4 July 2011, it was announced that Thesan Capital, a Madrid-based investment company purchased a controlling stake in the team from owner Jose Ramon Carabante. Thesan Capital announced the team's operations would continue as they had before the purchase, and that they had no plans to change the team name or alter its operational structure. In a statement released to the media, Thesan Capital described their intentions as making the team "more Spanish" and settling the team within Spain.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: On 22 October 2011, a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix, Hispania announced that Karthikeyan would drive in place of Liuzzi rather than Ricciardo. Despite picking up damage in the first lap of the race, Karthikeyan managed to beat Ricciardo by 31.8 seconds in the race to finish 17th. Liuzzi returned to replace Karthikeyan for the final two races.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: On 21 November 2011, it was announced that Pedro de la Rosa had signed for the team on a two-year contract. On 14 December 2011, the team announced that team principal Colin Kolles was leaving, effective from the following day, "due to the new direction that the team has taken and the decision of the new management to move the team headquarters to Spain". He was replaced by Luis Pérez-Sala.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: On 12 November 2012, the team's owner Thesan Capital confirmed that they were in talks with several parties in regard to the sale of the Spanish outfit.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


HRT Formula 1 Team

Context: Czech driver Josef Král later stated that he had signed a contract to race for the Spanish team if it had made the grid for 2013.

Question: Одержала ли В каком году HRT F1 Team победу в старте Чемпионата мира в классе Формула-1?


14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)

Context: Ukrainian leaders of various political persuasions recognised the need for a trained armed force. The Germans had earlier considered the formation of an armed force made up of Slavic people, but they decided this to be unacceptable as they regarded Slavs as sub-humans ("untermenschen") compared to the Germanic Übermenschen master race. At the beginning of 1943, growing losses inclined Nazi leaders to alter their initial opinions.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Wächter approached the Ukrainian Central Committee, a nonpolitical social welfare organization headed by Volodymyr Kubiyovych which supported the idea of the formation of the division. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church demanded the presence of its chaplains in the division, which was usually not permitted by Germans. Thus the Ukrainian division along with the Bosnian one became notable exceptions.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: The creation of foreign SS units had been carried out previously in the name of fighting against communism; with French, Flemish, Waloon, Dutch, Latvian, Estonian, Croatian, and Belarusian units, among others, had been created. The creation of a Ukrainian SS division was perceived by many in Ukraine as a step towards the attainment of Ukrainian independence and attracted many volunteers.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: It also had the support of both the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. Among its members was a son of Mstyslav Skrypnyk, the Orthodox Bishop of Kyiv.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: In mid-February 1944, the division received an order to form a battle group known as SS Kampfgruppe Beyersdorff for action against Soviet and Polish partisans. It operated in the Zamość area together with elements of the 5th Regiment, while elements of the 4th Regiment were sent to the Brody area. The SS Kampfgruppe performed its duty well enough that it earned the rare praise of German Field Marshal Walter Model.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: In the early morning of 22 July, the 14th Fusilier battalion abandoned Bilye Kamin. The Brody pocket was now only long and wide. The German and Galician soldiers were instructed to attack with everything they had by moving forward until they broke through or were destroyed. Fighting was fierce and desperate. The German and Ukrainian soldiers surging south were able to overwhelm the Soviet and its infantry support, and to escape by the thousands. The remaining pocket collapsed by the evening of 22 July.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Despite the severity of the fighting, the division disintegrated having sustained enormous losses and having lost one regimental commander killed (Paul Herms Kdr WGR 31) and one wounded (Friedrich Dern kdr WHR 29) on 19 July causing Freitag to resign his command. Of the approximately 11,000 Galician soldiers deployed at Brody, about 3,000 were able to almost immediately re-enter the division. Approx 7,400 were posted as "Missing in combat".

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: The Germans rebuilt the division over two months using reserve units. From the end of September 1944, the division was used against the Slovak National Uprising.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Units of the 14th SS Division Galizien were sent to help quash the Slovakian rebellion. Various divisional battle groups (Kampfgruppen) were formed to actively search out and destroy Slovak partisans.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: There is plenty of evidence of considerable problems with the divisions ill discipline and misconduct from other sources. The divisional commander even requested powers to shoot Ukrainian SS members without trial because he considered their conduct to be so bad.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Dr Jan Korcek, the Slovak Military Historical Institute in Bratislava’s special authority on Nazi forces active during the Slovak National Uprising, details nine separate incidents where Slovak researchers held the 14th SS Division Galizien responsible for crimes against the Slovak population.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: The Slovak State Archives in Bratislava also have lots of useful background material that prove the war crimes of the SS Galicia in Slovakia. The Museum of the Slovak National Uprising in Banska Bystrica contains further proof of these events.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Members of the Ukrainian SS division, particularly those of the Kampfgruppe Wittenmayer of the Galician Division, were certainly involved in killings and reprisals against the civilian population. The Wittenmayer unit was involved in an attack on the village of Smrecany, burning down the village as a reprisal for allegedly helping the partisans.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: The only Nazi unit in Nizna Boca on the day of the massacre was the Wittenmayer unit. On the very day the civilians were massacred the report stated, “Kampfgruppe Wittenmayer in process of occupying Nizna Boca (10 km S of Krl. Lehota). Road between Rosenberg and Poprad therefore now free of the enemy. The Ukrainian volunteers of the 14 Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS used in the operation fought excellently.”

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: There is unequivocal evidence that that some units of the Galician Division in Slovakia did commit war crimes during their service for the Nazis and that there were serious problems with their discipline and conduct during their suppression of the Slovak National Uprising. Some of the Galician units were involved in terrible atrocities throughout their existence, in Brody district, in Poland and in Slovakia.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: The overall degree of criminality was less than that of Einsatzgruppe H or the Slovak collaborationist Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions. About 200 soldiers deserted from the division while it was in Slovakia; many joined the partisans.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: From 1 April until the end of the war, with a strength of 14,000 combat troops and 8,000 soldiers in a Training and Replacement Regiment, the division fought against the Red Army in the region of Graz in Austria

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Former soldiers of SS "Galizien" were allowed to immigrate to Canada and the United Kingdom in 1947. The names of about 8,000 men from the division who were admitted to the UK have been stored in the so-called "Rimini List". Despite several requests of various lobby groups, the details of the list have never been publicly released, however the list is available on line and the original

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: List is available for public inspection at the Schevchenko Archive in Linden Gardens London. In 2003 the anti-terrorist branch of Scotland Yard launched an investigation into people from the list by cross-referencing NHS patient, social security and pensions records; however, the order to release confidential medical records was met with outcry from civil liberties groups.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Polish witness accounts state that the soldiers were accompanied by Ukrainian nationalists (paramilitary unit under Włodzimierz Czerniawski's command), which included members of the UPA, as well as inhabitants of nearby villages who took property from households.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Estimates of victims range from 150, by Polish historian Grzegorz Motyka, to 250, according to the researchers of the Institute of History of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: Members of another SS-Galizien sub-unit also participated in the execution of Polish civilians in Palykorovy, located in the Lwów area (Lviv oblast) near Pidkamin (former Tarnopol Voivodeship). It is estimated that 365 ethnic Poles were murdered, including women and children.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: The Canadian "Commission of Inquiry on War Crimes" of October 1986, by the Honourable Justice Jules Deschênes concluded that in relation to membership in the Galicia Division:

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: The commission considered the International Military Tribunal's verdict at the Nuremberg Trials, at which the entire Waffen-SS organisation was declared a "criminal organization" guilty of war crimes. Also, in its conclusion, the Deschênes Commission only referred to the division as "14. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Galizische Nr.1)" but rejected such a principle.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: The 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) is today honored by many Ukrainian nationalists. Since 2010 every year on 28 April a march is held to celebrate the foundation of the division. In addition streets were named after the division in Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrains`koi Dyvizii Street) and Ternopil (Soldiers Division "Galicia" Street).

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: A monument to the division stands in St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Cemetery in the Canadian city of Oakville; according to the manager of the cemetery, the monument was probably erected in the 1980s. On 22 June 2020 the monument was vandalized when someone painted "Nazi war monument" on it. On 17 July of that year, it was announced by the Halton Regional Police that this was being investigated as a hate crime before being walked back soon after.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Context: There is also a monument to the division in St. Michael's Cemetery in Edmonton. In 2021 it was vandalized with "nazi monument" painted on one side and "14th Waffen SS" on the other.

Question: Сколько воинов было в диви́зии СС «Гали́ция»?


Renaissance

Context: The Renaissance ( , ) is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change. In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a "long Renaissance" may put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The term "rinascita" ('rebirth') first appeared in Giorgio Vasari's "Lives of the Artists" (c. 1550), anglicized as the "Renaissance" in the 1830s. The word has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance (8th and 9th centuries), Ottonian Renaissance (10th and 11th century), and the Renaissance of the 12th century.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in art, architecture, philosophy, literature, music, science, technology, politics, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand. Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia and Europe. Silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Muslim world, brought home during the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa and Venice.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Jules Michelet defined the 16th-century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The movement to reintegrate the regular study of Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts back into the Western European curriculum is usually dated to the 1396 invitation from Coluccio Salutati to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar Manuel Chrysoloras (c. 1355–1415) to teach Greek in Florence. This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars, from Basilios Bessarion to Leo Allatius.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The demographic decline due to the plague had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400. Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall. The survivors of the plague found not only that the prices of food were cheaper but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty. Epidemics ravaged cities, particularly children. Plagues were easily spread by lice, unsanitary drinking water, armies, or by poor sanitation. Children were hit the hardest because many diseases, such as typhus and congenital syphilis, target the immune system, leaving young children without a fighting chance. Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The Black Death caused greater upheaval to Florence's social and political structure than later epidemics. Despite a significant number of deaths among members of the ruling classes, the government of Florence continued to function during this period. Formal meetings of elected representatives were suspended during the height of the epidemic due to the chaotic conditions in the city, but a small group of officials was appointed to conduct the affairs of the city, which ensured continuity of government.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: In the Netherlands, a particularly vibrant artistic culture developed. The work of Hugo van der Goes and Jan van Eyck was particularly influential on the development of painting in Italy, both technically with the introduction of oil paint and canvas, and stylistically in terms of naturalism in representation. Later, the work of Pieter Brueghel the Elder would inspire artists to depict themes of everyday life.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Renaissance artists were not pagans, although they admired antiquity and kept some ideas and symbols of the medieval past. Nicola Pisano (c. 1220 – c. 1278) imitated classical forms by portraying scenes from the Bible. His "Annunciation", from the Baptistry at Pisa, demonstrates that classical models influenced Italian art before the Renaissance took root as a literary movement.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Applied innovation extended to commerce. At the end of the 15th century, Luca Pacioli published the first work on bookkeeping, making him the founder of accounting.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Another important development was in the "process" for discovery, the scientific method, focusing on empirical evidence and the importance of mathematics, while discarding much of Aristotelian science. Early and influential proponents of these ideas included Copernicus, Galileo, and Francis Bacon. The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: During the Renaissance, extending from 1450 to 1650, every continent was visited and mostly mapped by Europeans, except the south polar continent now known as Antarctica. This development is depicted in the large world map "Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula" made by the Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu in 1648 to commemorate the Peace of Westphalia.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain seeking a direct route to India of the Delhi Sultanate. He accidentally stumbled upon the Americas, but believed he had reached the East Indies.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: In 1606, the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon sailed from the East Indies in the VOC ship Duyfken and landed in Australia. He charted about 300 km of the west coast of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland. More than thirty Dutch expeditions followed, mapping sections of the north, west, and south coasts. In 1642–1643, Abel Tasman circumnavigated the continent, proving that it was not joined to the imagined south polar continent.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: By 1650, Dutch cartographers had mapped most of the coastline of the continent, which they named New Holland, except the east coast which was charted in 1770 by James Cook.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The long-imagined south polar continent was eventually sighted in 1820. Throughout the Renaissance it had been known as Terra Australis, or 'Australia' for short. However, after that name was transferred to New Holland in the nineteenth century, the new name of 'Antarctica' was bestowed on the south polar continent.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Leonardo Bruni was the first to use tripartite periodization in his "History of the Florentine People" (1442). Bruni's first two periods were based on those of Petrarch, but he added a third period because he believed that Italy was no longer in a state of decline. Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire" (1439–1453).

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: In the 15th century, the Renaissance spread rapidly from its birthplace in Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe. The invention of the printing press by German printer Johannes Gutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The word "Renaissance" is borrowed from the French language, where it means "re-birth". It was first used in the eighteenth century and was later popularized by French historian Jules Michelet (1798–1874) in his 1855 work, "Histoire de France" (History of France).

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: In 1533, a fourteen-year-old Caterina de' Medici (1519–1589), born in Florence to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino and Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, married Henry II of France, second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude. Though she became famous and infamous for her role in France's religious wars, she made a direct contribution in bringing arts, sciences, and music (including the origins of ballet) to the French court from her native Florence.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Other important figures of Hungarian Renaissance include Bálint Balassi (poet), Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos (poet), Bálint Bakfark (composer and lutenist), and Master MS (fresco painter).

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Culture in the Netherlands at the end of the 15th century was influenced by the Italian Renaissance through trade via Bruges, which made Flanders wealthy. Its nobles commissioned artists who became known across Europe. In science, the anatomist Andreas Vesalius led the way; in cartography, Gerardus Mercator's map assisted explorers and navigators. In art, Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting ranged from the strange work of Hieronymus Bosch to the everyday life depictions of Pieter Brueghel the Elder.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: The greatest monument of this style in the territory of the former Duchy of Pomerania is the Ducal Castle in Szczecin.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Renaissance trends from Italy and Central Europe influenced Russia in many ways. Their influence was rather limited, however, due to the large distances between Russia and the main European cultural centers and the strong adherence of Russians to their Orthodox traditions and Byzantine legacy.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: By the 17th century the influence of Renaissance painting resulted in Russian icons becoming slightly more realistic, while still following most of the old icon painting canons, as seen in the works of Bogdan Saltanov, Simon Ushakov, Gury Nikitin, Karp Zolotaryov, and other Russian artists of the era. Gradually the new type of secular portrait painting appeared, called "parsúna" (from "persona" – person), which was transitional style between abstract iconographics and real paintings.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: In the mid 16th-century Russians adopted printing from Central Europe, with Ivan Fyodorov being the first known Russian printer. In the 17th century printing became widespread, and woodcuts became especially popular. That led to the development of a special form of folk art known as lubok printing, which persisted in Russia well into the 19th century.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: Later Spanish Renaissance tended towards religious themes and mysticism, with poets such as Luis de León, Teresa of Ávila, and John of the Cross, and treated issues related to the exploration of the New World, with chroniclers and writers such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Bartolomé de las Casas, giving rise to a body of work, now known as Spanish Renaissance literature. The late Renaissance in Spain produced artists such as El Greco and composers such as Tomás Luis de Victoria and Antonio de Cabezón.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: More recently, some historians have been much less keen to define the Renaissance as a historical age, or even as a coherent cultural movement. The historian Randolph Starn, of the University of California Berkeley, stated in 1998:

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: There is debate about the extent to which the Renaissance improved on the culture of the Middle Ages. Both Michelet and Burckhardt were keen to describe the progress made in the Renaissance towards the modern age. Burckhardt likened the change to a veil being removed from man's eyes, allowing him to see clearly.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?


Renaissance

Context: It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization – historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science – but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.

Question: Сколько длилась эпоха Ренессанса в Европе?