Intelligent transportation system

Context: Traffic flow radar uses a "side-fire" technique to look across all traffic lanes in a narrow band to count the number of passing vehicles and estimate traffic density.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: For stopped vehicle detection (SVD) and automatic incident detection, 360 degree radar systems are used as they scan all lanes along large stretches of road. Radar is reported to have better performance over longer ranges than other technologies. SVD radar will be installed on all Smart motorways in the UK.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: The data from the different sensing technologies can be combined in intelligent ways to determine the traffic state accurately. A data fusion based approach that utilizes the road side collected acoustic, image and sensor data has been shown to combine the advantages of the different individual methods.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: The EC funded project SafeTRIP is developing an open ITS system that will improve road safety and provide a resilient communication through the use of S-band satellite communication. Such platform will allow for greater coverage of the Emergency Call Service within the EU.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of a camera and a vehicle-monitoring device, is used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a speed limit or some other road legal requirement and automatically ticket offenders based on the license plate number. Traffic tickets are sent by mail. Applications include:

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: "Road operators, infrastructure, vehicles, their drivers and other road users will cooperate to deliver the most efficient, safe, secure and comfortable journey. The vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure co-operative systems will contribute to these objectives beyond the improvements achievable with stand-alone systems."

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS World Congress) is an annual trade show to promote ITS technologies. ERTICO– ITS Europe, ITS America and ITS AsiaPacific sponsor the annual ITS World Congress and exhibition. Each year the event takes place in a different region (Europe, Americas or Asia-Pacific). The first ITS World Congress was held in Paris in 1994.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: New mobility and smart transportation models are emerging globally. Bike sharing, car sharing and scooter sharing schemes like Lime or Bird are continuing to gain popularity; electric vehicle charging schemes are taking off in many cities; the connected car is a growing market segment; while new, smart parking solutions are being used by commuters and shoppers all over the world. All these new models provide opportunities for solving last mile issues in urban areas.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: Mobile operators are becoming a significant player in these value chains (beyond providing just connectivity). Dedicated apps can be used to take mobile payments, provide data insights and navigation tools, offer incentives and discounts, and act as a digital commerce medium.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: These new mobility models call for high monetization agility and partner management capabilities. A flexible settlements and billing platform enables revenues to be shared quickly and easily and provides an overall better customer experience. As well as a better service, users can also be rewarded by discounts, loyalty points and rewards, and engaged via direct marketing.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: The Network of National ITS Associations is a grouping of national ITS interests. It was officially announced 7 October 2004 in London. The secretariat is at ERTICO – ITS Europe.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: ERTICO – ITS Europe is a public/private partnership promoting the development and deployment of ITS. They connect public authorities, industry players, infrastructure operators, users, national ITS associations and other organisations together. The ERTICO work programme focuses on initiatives to improve transport safety, security and network efficiency whilst taking into account measures to reduce environmental impact.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Intelligent transportation system

Context: In the United States, each state has an ITS chapter that holds a yearly conference to promote and showcase ITS technologies and ideas. Representatives from each Department of Transportation (state, cities, towns, and counties) within the state attend this conference.

Question: Milloin liikennetelematiikka keksittiin?


Wingbox

Context: The wingbox of a fixed-wing aircraft refers to the primary load-carrying structure of the wing, which forms the structural centre of the wings and also the attachment point for other wing components such as leading edge flaps, trailing edge flaps and wing-tip devices. The wingbox continues beyond the visible wing roots and interfaces with the fuselage in the "centre wingbox," which forms the structural core of an aircraft.

Question: Mikä siipilaatikko on?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Ibn ʿArabī (, ; full name: , ; 1165–1240), nicknamed al-Qushayrī (, ) and Sulṭān al-ʿĀrifīn (, , 'Sultan of the Knowers'), was an Arab Andalusian Muslim scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher, extremely influential within Islamic thought. Out of the 850 works attributed to him, some 700 are authentic while over 400 are still extant. His cosmological teachings became the dominant worldview in many parts of the Muslim world.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: He is renowned among practitioners of Sufism by the honorific titles ash-Shaykh al-Akbar ( , 'the Greatest Shaykh'; from here the Akbariyya or "Akbarian" school derives its name) and Muḥyī ad-Dīn ( , 'Renewer of the Faith') Ibn ʿArabī, and was considered a saint. In medieval Europe, he was known as "Doctor Maximus" ('Greatest Teacher').

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: 'Abū 'Abdullāh Muḥammad ibn 'Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn `Arabī al-Ḥātimī aṭ-Ṭāʾī () was a Sufi mystic, poet, and Arab philosopher from the Tayy tribe born in Murcia, Al-Andalus on the 17th of Ramaḍān 560 AH (28 July 1165 AD).

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Ibn Arabi was Sunni, although his writings on the Twelve Imams were also popularly received among Shia. It is debated whether or not he ascribed to the Zahiri "madhab" which was later merged with the Hanbali school.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: After his death, Ibn Arabi's teachings quickly spread throughout the Islamic world. His writings were not limited to the Muslim elites, but made their way into other ranks of society through the widespread reach of the Sufi orders. Arabi's work also popularly spread through works in Persian, Turkish, and Urdu. Many popular poets were trained in the Sufi orders and were inspired by Arabi's concepts.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Others scholars in his time like al-Munawi, Ibn 'Imad al-Hanbali and al-Fayruzabadi all praised Ibn Arabi as "A righteous friend of Allah and faithful scholar of knowledge", "the absolute mujtahid without doubt" and "the imam of the people of shari'a both in knowledge and in legacy, the educator of the people of the way in practice and in knowledge, and the shaykh of the shaykhs of the people of truth though spiritual experience ("dhawq") and understanding".

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: As a young man Ibn Arabi became secretary to the governor of Seville. He married Maryam, a woman from an influential family.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: In the year 1206 Ibn Arabi visited Jerusalem, Mecca and Egypt. It was his first time that he passed through Syria, visiting Aleppo and Damascus.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Later in 1207 he returned to Mecca where he continued to study and write, spending his time with his friend Abū Shujā bin Rustem and family, including Niẓām.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: The next four to five years of Ibn Arabi's life were spent in these lands and he also kept travelling and holding the reading sessions of his works in his own presence.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: On 22 Rabī‘ al-Thānī 638 AH (8 November 1240) at the age of seventy-five, Ibn Arabi died in Damascus.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: On an extant manuscript of Ibn Ḥazm, as transmitted by Ibn ʿArabī, Ibn ʿArabī gives an introduction to the work where he describes a vision he had:

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Goldziher says, “The period between the sixth (hijri) and the seventh century seems also to have been the prime of the Ẓāhirite school in Andalusia.”

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Ibn Arabi did delve into specific details at times, and was known for his view that religiously binding consensus could only serve as a source of sacred law if it was the consensus of the first generation of Muslims who had witnessed revelation directly.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Ibn Arabi also expounded on Sufi Allegories of the Sharia building upon previous work by Al-Ghazali and al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: The doctrine of perfect man ("Al-Insān al-Kāmil") is popularly considered an honorific title attributed to Muhammad having its origins in Islamic mysticism, although the concept's origin is controversial and disputed. Arabi may have first coined this term in referring to Adam as found in his work "Fusus al-hikam", explained as an individual who binds himself with the Divine and creation.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Taking an idea already common within Sufi culture, Ibn Arabi applied deep analysis and reflection on the concept of a perfect human and one's pursuit in fulfilling this goal. In developing his explanation of the perfect being, Ibn Arabi first discusses the issue of oneness through the metaphor of the mirror.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: Ibn Arabi further explained the perfect man concept using at least twenty-two different descriptions and various aspects when considering the Logos. He contemplated the Logos, or "Universal Man", as a mediation between the individual human and the divine essence.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: His best-known book, entitled 'al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya' (The Meccan Victories or Illuminations) which begins with a statement of doctrine (belief) about which al-Safadi (d. 764/1363) said: "I saw (read) that (al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya) from beginning to end. It consists of the doctrine of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari without any difference (deviation) whatsoever."

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: The "Fuṣūṣ" was first critically edited in Arabic by 'Afīfī (1946) that become the standard in scholarly works. Later in 2015, Ibn al-Arabi Foundation in Pakistan published the Urdu translation, including the new critical of Arabic edition.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Ibn Arabi

Context: In the Turkish television series "", Ibn Arabi was portrayed by Ozman Sirgood. In 2017, Saudi Arabian novelist Mohammed Hasan Alwan won the International Prize for Arabic Fiction for his novel "A Small Death", a fictionalized account of Ibn Arabi's life.

Question: Montako teosta Ibn Arabi teki?


Voima (1952 icebreaker)

Context: "Voima" was extensively refitted in 1978–1979. , she is the oldest and smallest state-owned icebreaker in service in Finland. Originally, "Voima" was scheduled to be replaced by a new icebreaker by the winter of 2015–16. However, in 2016 it was decided to extend her operational lifetime by at least ten years with another refit.

Question: Milloin jäänmurtaja Voima laskettiin vesille?


Voima (1952 icebreaker)

Context: During the refit, the hull of "Voima" was painted bright red in order to improve the ship's visibility in fog. However, the experiment was not continued after the first five-year period, and in the mid-1980s she was painted back to the traditional colors.

Question: Milloin jäänmurtaja Voima laskettiin vesille?


Voima (1952 icebreaker)

Context: Following the reorganization of the Finnish Maritime Administration in 2004, the ownership and management of the state-owned vessels was transferred to a newly founded state-owned enterprise, Finstaship. Since 2010, the Finnish state-owned icebreakers have been owned and operated by the state-owned shipping company Arctia through its subsidiary, Arctia Icebreaking. However, the management of "Voima" has been separated to a separate subsidiary company, "Jäänmurtaja Voima Oy".

Question: Milloin jäänmurtaja Voima laskettiin vesille?


Voima (1952 icebreaker)

Context: , "Voima" is the oldest and smallest state-owned icebreaker in service in Finland. She is also technically the oldest icebreaker in the world still in active service, although after her extensive refit in the late 1970s not much remains of the ship launched in 1952.

Question: Milloin jäänmurtaja Voima laskettiin vesille?


Voima (1952 icebreaker)

Context: The propeller shafts that connect the propulsion motors to the four-bladed steel propellers and the rudder stock all have a diameter of . The bow propellers weigh while the bigger stern propellers have a diameter of and weigh each. Both the propellers and the propeller shafts were retained in the refit. The original steering arrangement, a single center rudder mounted at the sternpost, was also retained although newer icebreakers have twin rudders for improved manoeuvrability.

Question: Milloin jäänmurtaja Voima laskettiin vesille?


Bishop

Context: Some Pentecostal churches have bishops who oversee congregations, though they do not claim apostolic succession.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The English term "bishop" derives from the Greek word "epískopos", meaning "overseer" in Greek, the early language of the Christian Church. However, the term "epískopos" did not originate in Christianity. In Greek literature, the term had been used for several centuries before the advent of Christianity. It later transformed into the Latin "episcopus", Old English "biscop", Middle English "bisshop" and lastly "bishop".

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In the early Christian era the term was not always clearly distinguished from" presbýteros" (literally: "elder" or "senior", origin of the modern English word "priest"), but is used in the sense of the order or office of bishop, distinct from that of presbyter, in the writings attributed to Ignatius of Antioch. (died c. 110).

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In Timothy and Titus in the New Testament a more clearly defined episcopate can be seen. We are told that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in Crete to oversee the local church. Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches. Eventually the head or "monarchic" bishop came to rule more clearly, and all local churches would eventually follow the example of the other churches and structure themselves after the model of the others with the one bishop in clearer charge, though the role of the body of presbyters remained important.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Eventually, as Christendom grew, bishops no longer directly served individual congregations. Instead, the metropolitan bishop (the bishop in a large city) appointed priests to minister each congregation, acting as the bishop's delegate.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "Blessed be God, who has granted unto you, who are yourselves so excellent, to obtain such an excellent bishop." — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 1:1

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "and that, being subject to the bishop and the presbytery, ye may in all respects be sanctified." — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 2:1

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "For your justly renowned presbytery, worthy of God, is fitted as exactly to the bishop as the strings are to the harp." — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 4:1

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "Do ye, beloved, be careful to be subject to the bishop, and the presbyters and the deacons." — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 5:1

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "Plainly therefore we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself" — Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 6:1.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "the bishop presiding after the likeness of God and the presbyters after the likeness of the council of the Apostles, with the deacons also who are most dear to me, having been entrusted with the diaconate of Jesus Christ" — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 6:1.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "Therefore as the Lord did nothing without the Father, [being united with Him], either by Himself or by the Apostles, so neither do ye anything without the bishop and the presbyters." — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 7:1.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "Be obedient to the bishop and to one another, as Jesus Christ was to the Father [according to the flesh], and as the Apostles were to Christ and to the Father, that there may be union both of flesh and of spirit." — Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians 13:2.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "In like manner let all men respect the deacons as Jesus Christ, even as they should respect the bishop as being a type of the Father and the presbyters as the council of God and as the college of Apostles. Apart from these there is not even the name of a church." — Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallesians 3:1.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "follow your bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, and the presbytery as the Apostles; and to the deacons pay respect, as to God's commandment" — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 8:1.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "He that honoureth the bishop is honoured of God; he that doeth aught without the knowledge of the bishop rendereth service to the devil" — Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnans 9:1.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: As the Church continued to expand, new churches in important cities gained their own bishop. Churches in the regions outside an important city were served by Chorbishop, an official rank of bishops. However, soon, presbyters and deacons were sent from bishop of a city church. Gradually priests replaced the chorbishops. Thus, in time, the bishop changed from being the leader of a single church confined to an urban area to being the leader of the churches of a given geographical area.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Clement of Alexandria (end of the 2nd century) writes about the ordination of a certain Zachæus as bishop by the imposition of Simon Peter Bar-Jonah's hands. The words bishop and ordination are used in their technical meaning by the same Clement of Alexandria. The bishops in the 2nd century are defined also as the only clergy to whom the ordination to priesthood (presbyterate) and diaconate is entrusted: "a priest (presbyter) lays on hands, but does not ordain." ("cheirothetei ou cheirotonei")

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: At the beginning of the 3rd century, Hippolytus of Rome describes another feature of the ministry of a bishop, which is that of the "Spiritum primatus sacerdotii habere potestatem dimittere peccata": the primate of sacrificial priesthood and the power to forgive sins.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The efficient organization of the Roman Empire became the template for the organisation of the church in the 4th century, particularly after Constantine's Edict of Milan. As the church moved from the shadows of privacy into the public forum it acquired land for churches, burials and clergy. In 391, Theodosius I decreed that any land that had been confiscated from the church by Roman authorities be returned.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: As well as being Archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire after the 9th century, bishops generally served as chancellors to medieval monarchs, acting as head of the "justiciary" and chief chaplain. The Lord Chancellor of England was almost always a bishop up until the dismissal of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey by Henry VIII. Similarly, the position of Kanclerz in the Polish kingdom was always held by a bishop until the 16th century.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In modern times, the principality of Andorra is headed by Co-Princes of Andorra, one of whom is the Bishop of Urgell and the other, the sitting President of France, an arrangement that began with the Paréage of Andorra (1278), and was ratified in the 1993 constitution of Andorra.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The office of the Papacy is inherently held by the sitting Roman Catholic Bishop of Rome. Though not originally intended to hold temporal authority, since the Middle Ages the power of the Papacy gradually expanded deep into the secular realm and for centuries the sitting Bishop of Rome was the most powerful governmental office in Central Italy. In modern times, the Pope is also the sovereign Prince of Vatican City, an internationally recognized micro-state located entirely within the city of Rome.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In France, prior to the Revolution, representatives of the clergy — in practice, bishops and abbots of the largest monasteries — comprised the First Estate of the Estates-General. This role was abolished after separation of Church and State was implemented during the French Revolution.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In 2001, Peter Hollingworth, AC, OBE – then the Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane – was controversially appointed Governor-General of Australia. Although Hollingworth gave up his episcopal position to accept the appointment, it still attracted considerable opposition in a country which maintains a formal separation between Church and State.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Bishops form the leadership in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, certain Lutheran Churches, the Anglican Communion, the Independent Catholic Churches, the Independent Anglican Churches, and certain other, smaller, denominations.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: As well as traditional diocesan bishops, many churches have a well-developed structure of church leadership that involves a number of layers of authority and responsibility.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, High Church Lutheranism, and Anglicanism, only a bishop can ordain other bishops, priests, and deacons.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In the Eastern liturgical tradition, a priest can celebrate the Divine Liturgy only with the blessing of a bishop. In Byzantine usage, an antimension signed by the bishop is kept on the altar partly as a reminder of whose altar it is and under whose omophorion the priest at a local parish is serving. In Syriac Church usage, a consecrated wooden block called a thabilitho is kept for the same reasons.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The pope, in addition to being the Bishop of Rome and spiritual head of the Catholic Church, is also the Patriarch of the Latin Rite. Each bishop within the Latin Rite is answerable directly to the Pope and not any other bishop except to metropolitans in certain oversight instances. The pope previously used the title "Patriarch of the West", but this title was dropped from use in 2006 a move which caused some concern within the Eastern Orthodox Communion as, to them, it implied wider papal jurisdiction.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican cathedrals there is a special chair set aside for the exclusive use of the bishop. This is the bishop's "cathedra" and is often called the throne. In some Christian denominations, for example, the Anglican Communion, parish churches may maintain a chair for the use of the bishop when he visits; this is to signify the parish's union with the bishop.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The title of archbishop or metropolitan may be granted to a senior bishop, usually one who is in charge of a large ecclesiastical jurisdiction. He may, or may not, have provincial oversight of suffragan bishops and may possibly have auxiliary bishops assisting him.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Ordination of a bishop, and thus continuation of apostolic succession, takes place through a ritual centred on the imposition of hands and prayer.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Old Catholic and some Lutheran bishops claim to be part of the continuous sequence of ordained bishops since the days of the apostles referred to as apostolic succession.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: There is a mutual recognition of the validity of orders amongst Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Old Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Church of the East churches.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Some provinces of the Anglican Communion have begun ordaining women as bishops in recent decades – for example, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Cuba. The first woman to be consecrated a bishop within Anglicanism was Barbara Harris, who was ordained in the United States in 1989. In 2006, Katharine Jefferts Schori, the Episcopal Bishop of Nevada, became the first woman to become the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In the African Methodist Episcopal Church, "Bishops are the Chief Officers of the Connectional Organization. They are elected for life by a majority vote of the General Conference which meets every four years."

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In each Annual Conference, United Methodist bishops serve for four-year terms, and may serve up to three terms before either retirement or appointment to a new Conference. United Methodist bishops may be male or female, with Marjorie Matthews being the first woman to be consecrated a bishop in 1980.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The collegial expression of episcopal leadership in the United Methodist Church is known as the Council of Bishops. The Council of Bishops speaks to the Church and through the Church into the world and gives leadership in the quest for Christian unity and interreligious relationships. The Conference of Methodist Bishops includes the United Methodist "Council of Bishops" plus bishops from affiliated autonomous Methodist or United Churches.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: John Wesley consecrated Thomas Coke a "General Superintendent", and directed that Francis Asbury also be consecrated for the United States of America in 1784, where the Methodist Episcopal Church first became a separate denomination apart from the Church of England. Coke soon returned to England, but Asbury was the primary builder of the new church. At first he did not call himself bishop, but eventually submitted to the usage by the denomination.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Notable bishops in United Methodist history include Coke, Asbury, Richard Whatcoat, Philip William Otterbein, Martin Boehm, Jacob Albright, John Seybert, Matthew Simpson, John S. Stamm, William Ragsdale Cannon, Marjorie Matthews, Leontine T. Kelly, William B. Oden, Ntambo Nkulu Ntanda, Joseph Sprague, William Henry Willimon, and Thomas Bickerton.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The New Apostolic Church (NAC) knows three classes of ministries: Deacons, Priests and Apostles. The Apostles, who are all included in the apostolate with the Chief Apostle as head, are the highest ministries.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Of the several kinds of priest...ministries, the bishop is the highest. Nearly all bishops are set in line directly from the chief apostle. They support and help their superior apostle.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In 2002, the general convention of the Pentecostal Church of God came to a consensus to change the title of their overseer from general superintendent to bishop. The change was brought on because internationally, the term "bishop" is more commonly related to religious leaders than the previous title.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The title "bishop" is used for both the general (international leader) and the district (state) leaders. The title is sometimes used in conjunction with the previous, thus becoming general (district) superintendent/bishop.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "The "elders" (Greek, presbuteros) or "bishops" (episkopos) were the most important officers of the church. The term elder means older one, implying dignity and respect. His position was similar to that of the one who had supervision of the synagogue. The term bishop means "overseer". Paul used these terms interchangeably, equating elders with overseers or bishops (Acts 20:17,; Titus 1:5, 7).

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: "Those who held this position supervised the newly formed churches. Elder referred to the status or rank of the office, while bishop denoted the duty or responsibility of the office—"overseer". Since the apostles also called themselves elders (1 Peter 5:1; 2 John 1; 3 John 1), it is apparent that there were both local elders and itinerant elders, or elders at large. But both kinds of elder functioned as shepherds of the congregations."

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: In some smaller Protestant denominations and independent churches, the term "bishop" is used in the same way as "pastor", to refer to the leader of the local congregation, and may be male or female. This usage is especially common in African-American churches in the US.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: While not considered orthodox Christian, the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica uses roles and titles derived from Christianity for its clerical hierarchy, including bishops who have much the same authority and responsibilities as in Catholicism.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The Salvation Army does not have bishops but has appointed leaders of geographical areas, known as Divisional Commanders. Larger geographical areas, called Territories, are led by a Territorial Commander, who is the highest-ranking officer in that Territory.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses do not use the title ‘Bishop’ within their organizational structure, but appoint elders to be overseers (to fulfill the role of oversight) within their congregations.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The HKBP of Indonesia, the most prominent Protestant denomination in Indonesia, uses the term "ephorus" instead of "bishop".

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Traditionally, a number of items are associated with the office of a bishop, most notably the mitre, crosier, and ecclesiastical ring. Other vestments and insignia vary between Eastern and Western Christianity.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Anglican bishops generally make use of the mitre, crosier, ecclesiastical ring, purple cassock, purple zucchetto, and pectoral cross. However, the traditional choir dress of Anglican bishops retains its late mediaeval form, and looks quite different from that of their Catholic counterparts; it consists of a long rochet which is worn with a chimere.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: The leader of the Buddhist Churches of America (BCA) is their bishop, which since April 23, 2020 is Marvin Harada. The Japanese title for the bishop of the BCA is "sochō", although the English title is favored over the Japanese. When it comes to many other Buddhist terms, the BCA chose to keep them in their original language (terms such as "sangha" and "dana"), but with some words (including "sochō"), they changed/translated these terms into English words.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Between 1899 and 1944, the BCA held the name Buddhist Mission of North America. The leader of the Buddhist Mission of North America was called "kantoku" (superintendent/director) between 1899 and 1918. In 1918 the "kantoku" was promoted to bishop "(sochō)". However, according to George J. Tanabe, the title "bishop" was in practice already used by Hawaiian Shin Buddhists (in Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii) even when the official title was "kantoku".

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Bishop

Context: Tenrikyo is a Japanese New Religion with influences from both Shinto and Buddhism. The leader of the Tenrikyo North American Mission has the title of bishop.

Question: Mikä on piispan tärkein työtehtävä?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The Capitoline Wolf (Italian: "Lupa Capitolina") is a bronze sculpture depicting a scene from the legend of the founding of Rome. The sculpture shows a she-wolf suckling the mythical twin founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus. According to the legend, when King Numitor, grandfather of the twins, was overthrown by his brother Amulius in Alba Longa, the usurper ordered them to be cast into the Tiber River. They were rescued by a she-wolf that cared for them until a herdsman, Faustulus, found and raised them.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The image of the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus is a symbol of Rome since ancient times, and one of the most recognizable icons of ancient mythology. The sculpture has been housed since 1471 in the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Campidoglio (the ancient Capitoline Hill), Rome, Italy, and many replicas are in various places around the world.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The sculpture is somewhat larger than life-size, standing high and long. The wolf is depicted in a tense, watchful pose, with alert ears and glaring eyes, which are watching for danger. By contrast, the human twins – executed in a completely different style – are oblivious to their surroundings, absorbed by their suckling.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating were carried out at the [[University of Salento]] in February 2007 to resolve the question. The results revealed with an accuracy of 95.4% that the sculpture was crafted between the 11th and 12th centuries AD.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: A 2019 radiocarbon study, based on organic residues in the casting cores recovered from the inner part of the statue, "firmly anchor[s] the statue to the XI-XII centuries CE, in the Middle Ages."

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: However, a recent study by John Osborne at the [[British School at Rome]] concluded that the radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates were totally inconsistent. He pointed out that metal from which the wolf is made is of the Etruscan type using copper from Sardinia and that there is no sign of the adulteration common in mediaeval times, and that on the balance of probabilities, the wolf should be considered to be Etruscan.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: When the sculpture was first erected it is unclear, but a number of mediaeval references mention a "wolf" standing in the Pope's [[Lateran Palace]]. In the 10th-century "[[Chronicon]]" of [[Benedict of Soracte]], the monk chronicler writes of the institution of a supreme court of justice "in the Lateran Palace, in the place called the Wolf, viz, the mother of the Romans." Trials and executions "at the Wolf" are recorded from time to time until 1438.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: [[File:Capitoline Wolf statue in Hamilton Gardens.jpg|thumb|Capitoline Wolf in Hamilton Gardens, Hamilton, New Zealand]]

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: [[File:Capitoline she-wolf - Eden Park, Cincinnati - DSC03903.JPG|thumb|Capitoline she-wolf in Eden Park, Cincinnati, Ohio|left|alt=Capitoline she-wolf - Eden Park, Cincinnati - DSC03903.JPG]]

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: [[File:Sienese She-Wolf at Siena Duomo.jpg|thumb|Capitoline Wolf at [[Siena Duomo]]. According to a legend [[Siena]] was founded by [[Senius and Aschius]], two sons of Remus. When they fled [[Rome]], they took the statue of the She-wolf to Siena, which became the symbol of the town.]]

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The Capitoline Wolf was used on both the [[emblem]] and the [[poster]] for the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] in Rome. The Roman football club [[A.S. Roma]] uses it in its emblem as well.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: It was used as the logo for [[Artie Ripp|Artie Ripp's]] record label [[Artie Ripp#Family Productions|Family Productions]], which in 1971 released [[Billy Joel|Billy Joel's]] first album as a solo artist, "[[Cold Spring Harbor (album)|Cold Spring Harbor]]". Due to contractual obligations, it continued to appear on numerous Joel albums even after he was subsequently signed to [[Columbia Records]].

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The programme of conservation undertaken in the 1990s resulted in an exhibition devoted to the "Lupa Capitolina" and her iconography.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: [[Anthony Mann]]'s 1964 epic film "[[The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)|The Fall of the Roman Empire]]" prominently features an enlarged replica prop of the Capitoline Wolf as a republican symbol at the back of the Senate House, where, historically, the altar and statue of [[Victoria (mythology)|Victory]] would have stood.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The 1976 TV series "[[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]]" also features the statue in its depiction of the interior of the Senate House.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: In the 2009 film "[[Agora (film)|Agora]]", set in 5th-century [[Alexandria]], the Capitoline Wolf—complete with the del Pollaiolo twins—can be seen in the prefect's palace. This is visible in the scene before [[Hypatia]]'s capture, directly behind her character.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: In Rick Riordan's "[[The Son of Neptune]]", Lupa is the wolf that trains all demigods who wish to enter Camp Jupiter. She trains [[Percy Jackson]] and is mentioned that she trained [[Jason Grace]] also. It is also possible that she trained [[Frank Zhang]], [[Hazel Levesque]], and [[Reyna Avila Ramirez-Arellano]]. Although she is stern and tough, she still has a soft side.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: In the first episode of the American television programme "[[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|The Addams Family]]", a mirror-image sculpture of the Capitoline Wolf is on display in the Addams's living room. It can be seen standing atop a table, just to the right of the main staircase.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The [[Boston Latin School]] uses an image on the cover of their agenda book as well as being the official school emblem.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The Capitoline Wolf is used in Romania and Moldova as a symbol of the Latin origin of its inhabitants and in some major cities there are replicas of the original statue given as a gift from Italy at the beginning of the 20th century.

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Capitoline Wolf

Context: The Capitoline Wolf is reimagined in "[[Look at Me (new Capitoline Wolf)]]", a 2011 [[Installation art|installation]] by [[Poland|Polish]] artist [[Paweł Wocial]].

Question: Milloin capitoliumin susi valmistui?


Topology

Context: In mathematics, topology (from the Greek words , and ) is concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing holes, opening holes, tearing, gluing, or passing through itself.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: The motivating insight behind topology is that some geometric problems depend not on the exact shape of the objects involved, but rather on the way they are put together. For example, the square and the circle have many properties in common: they are both one dimensional objects (from a topological point of view) and both separate the plane into two parts, the part inside and the part outside.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: In one of the first papers in topology, Leonhard Euler demonstrated that it was impossible to find a route through the town of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) that would cross each of its seven bridges exactly once. This result did not depend on the lengths of the bridges or on their distance from one another, but only on connectivity properties: which bridges connect to which islands or riverbanks. This Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem led to the branch of mathematics known as graph theory.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Similarly, the hairy ball theorem of algebraic topology says that "one cannot comb the hair flat on a hairy ball without creating a cowlick." This fact is immediately convincing to most people, even though they might not recognize the more formal statement of the theorem, that there is no nonvanishing continuous tangent vector field on the sphere. As with the "Bridges of Königsberg", the result does not depend on the shape of the sphere; it applies to any kind of smooth blob, as long as it has no holes.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: To deal with these problems that do not rely on the exact shape of the objects, one must be clear about just what properties these problems rely on. From this need arises the notion of homeomorphism. The impossibility of crossing each bridge just once applies to any arrangement of bridges homeomorphic to those in Königsberg, and the hairy ball theorem applies to any space homeomorphic to a sphere.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Intuitively, two spaces are homeomorphic if one can be deformed into the other without cutting or gluing. A traditional joke is that a topologist cannot distinguish a coffee mug from a doughnut, since a sufficiently pliable doughnut could be reshaped to a coffee cup by creating a dimple and progressively enlarging it, while shrinking the hole into a handle.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Homeomorphism can be considered the most basic topological equivalence. Another is homotopy equivalence. This is harder to describe without getting technical, but the essential notion is that two objects are homotopy equivalent if they both result from "squishing" some larger object.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Letter topology has practical relevance in stencil typography. For instance, Braggadocio font stencils are made of one connected piece of material.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Their work was corrected, consolidated and greatly extended by Henri Poincaré. In 1895, he published his ground-breaking paper on "Analysis Situs", which introduced the concepts now known as homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Modern topology depends strongly on the ideas of set theory, developed by Georg Cantor in the later part of the 19th century. In addition to establishing the basic ideas of set theory, Cantor considered point sets in Euclidean space as part of his study of Fourier series. For further developments, see point-set topology and algebraic topology.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: The 2022 Abel Prize was awarded to Dennis Sullivan "for his groundbreaking contributions to topology in its broadest sense, and in particular its algebraic, geometric and dynamical aspects".

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: The term "topology" also refers to a specific mathematical idea central to the area of mathematics called topology. Informally, a topology tells how elements of a set relate spatially to each other. The same set can have different topologies. For instance, the real line, the complex plane, and the Cantor set can be thought of as the same set with different topologies.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: If is a topology on , then the pair is called a topological space. The notation may be used to denote a set endowed with the particular topology . By definition, every topology is a -system.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: The members of are called "open sets" in . A subset of is said to be closed if its complement is in (that is, its complement is open). A subset of may be open, closed, both (a clopen set), or neither. The empty set and itself are always both closed and open. An open subset of which contains a point is called a neighborhood of .

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: General topology is the branch of topology dealing with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation of most other branches of topology, including differential topology, geometric topology, and algebraic topology. Another name for general topology is point-set topology.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Differential topology is the field dealing with differentiable functions on differentiable manifolds. It is closely related to differential geometry and together they make up the geometric theory of differentiable manifolds.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Geometric topology is a branch of topology that primarily focuses on low-dimensional manifolds (that is, spaces of dimensions 2, 3, and 4) and their interaction with geometry, but it also includes some higher-dimensional topology. Some examples of topics in geometric topology are orientability, handle decompositions, local flatness, crumpling and the planar and higher-dimensional Schönflies theorem.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: In high-dimensional topology, characteristic classes are a basic invariant, and surgery theory is a key theory.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Low-dimensional topology is strongly geometric, as reflected in the uniformization theorem in 2 dimensions – every surface admits a constant curvature metric; geometrically, it has one of 3 possible geometries: positive curvature/spherical, zero curvature/flat, and negative curvature/hyperbolic – and the geometrization conjecture (now theorem) in 3 dimensions – every 3-manifold can be cut into pieces, each of which has one of eight possible geometries.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: 2-dimensional topology can be studied as complex geometry in one variable (Riemann surfaces are complex curves) – by the uniformization theorem every conformal class of metrics is equivalent to a unique complex one, and 4-dimensional topology can be studied from the point of view of complex geometry in two variables (complex surfaces), though not every 4-manifold admits a complex structure.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Occasionally, one needs to use the tools of topology but a "set of points" is not available. In pointless topology one considers instead the lattice of open sets as the basic notion of the theory, while Grothendieck topologies are structures defined on arbitrary categories that allow the definition of sheaves on those categories, and with that the definition of general cohomology theories.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Topological data analysis uses techniques from algebraic topology to determine the large scale structure of a set (for instance, determining if a cloud of points is spherical or toroidal). The main method used by topological data analysis is to:

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Several branches of programming language semantics, such as domain theory, are formalized using topology. In this context, Steve Vickers, building on work by Samson Abramsky and Michael B. Smyth, characterizes topological spaces as Boolean or Heyting algebras over open sets, which are characterized as semidecidable (equivalently, finitely observable) properties.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Topology is relevant to physics in areas such as condensed matter physics, quantum field theory and physical cosmology.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: A topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT) is a quantum field theory that computes topological invariants.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: Although TQFTs were invented by physicists, they are also of mathematical interest, being related to, among other things, knot theory, the theory of four-manifolds in algebraic topology, and to the theory of moduli spaces in algebraic geometry. Donaldson, Jones, Witten, and Kontsevich have all won Fields Medals for work related to topological field theory.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: The topological classification of Calabi–Yau manifolds has important implications in string theory, as different manifolds can sustain different kinds of strings.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: In cosmology, topology can be used to describe the overall shape of the universe. This area of research is commonly known as spacetime topology.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: In condensed matter a relevant application to topological physics comes from the possibility to obtain one-way current, which is a current protected from backscattering. It was first discovered in electronics with the famous quantum Hall effect, and then generalized in other areas of physics, for instance in photonics by F.D.M Haldane.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: The possible positions of a robot can be described by a manifold called configuration space. In the area of motion planning, one finds paths between two points in configuration space. These paths represent a motion of the robot's joints and other parts into the desired pose.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Topology

Context: In order to create a continuous join of pieces in a modular construction, it is necessary to create an unbroken path in an order which surrounds each piece and traverses each edge only once. This process is an application of the Eulerian path.

Question: Milloin Topologian käsite keksittiin?


Vehicle

Context: A vehicle (from ) is a machine that transports people or cargo. Vehicles include wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles (motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses), railed vehicles (trains, trams), watercraft (ships, boats, underwater vehicles), amphibious vehicles (screw-propelled vehicles, hovercraft), aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, aerostats) and spacecraft.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed or skied. ISO 3833-1977 is the standard, also internationally used in legislation, for road vehicles types, terms and definitions.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Locomotion consists of a means that allows displacement with little opposition, a power source to provide the required kinetic energy and a means to control the motion, such as a brake and steering system. By far, most vehicles use wheels which employ the principle of rolling to enable displacement with very little rolling friction.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: It is essential that a vehicle have a source of energy to drive it. Energy can be extracted from external sources, as in the cases of a sailboat, a solar-powered car, or an electric streetcar that uses overhead lines. Energy can also be stored, provided it can be converted on demand and the storing medium's energy density and power density are sufficient to meet the vehicle's needs.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Human power is a simple source of energy that requires nothing more than humans. Despite the fact that humans cannot exceed for meaningful amounts of time, the land speed record for human-powered vehicles (unpaced) is , as of 2009 on a recumbent bicycle.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: The most common type of energy source is fuel. External combustion engines can use almost anything that burns as fuel, whilst internal combustion engines and rocket engines are designed to burn a specific fuel, typically gasoline, diesel or ethanol.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Electrified rails and overhead cables are a common source of electrical energy on subways, railways, trams, and trolleybuses.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Solar energy is a more modern development, and several solar vehicles have been successfully built and tested, including Helios, a solar-powered aircraft.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Nuclear power is a more exclusive form of energy storage, currently limited to large ships and submarines, mostly military. Nuclear energy can be released by a nuclear reactor, nuclear battery, or repeatedly detonating nuclear bombs. There have been two experiments with nuclear-powered aircraft, the Tupolev Tu-119 and the Convair X-6.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Mechanical strain is another method of storing energy, whereby an elastic band or metal spring is deformed and releases energy as it is allowed to return to its ground state. Systems employing elastic materials suffer from hysteresis, and metal springs are too dense to be useful in many cases.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Flywheels store energy in a spinning mass. Because a light and fast rotor is energetically favorable, flywheels can pose a significant safety hazard. Moreover, flywheels leak energy fairly quickly and affect a vehicle's steering through the gyroscopic effect. They have been used experimentally in gyrobuses.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Wind energy is used by sailboats and land yachts as the primary source of energy. It is very cheap and fairly easy to use, the main issues being dependence on weather and upwind performance. Balloons also rely on the wind to move horizontally. Aircraft flying in the jet stream may get a boost from high altitude winds.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Compressed gas is currently an experimental method of storing energy. In this case, compressed gas is simply stored in a tank and released when necessary. Like elastics, they have hysteresis losses when gas heats up during compression.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Gravitational potential energy is a form of energy used in gliders, skis, bobsleds and numerous other vehicles that go down hill. Regenerative braking is an example of capturing kinetic energy where the brakes of a vehicle are augmented with a generator or other means of extracting energy.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: When needed, the energy is taken from the source and consumed by one or more motors or engines. Sometimes there is an intermediate medium, such as the batteries of a diesel submarine.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Compressed gas motors have been used on some vehicles experimentally. They are simple, efficient, safe, cheap, reliable and operate in a variety of conditions. One of the difficulties met when using gas motors is the cooling effect of expanding gas. These engines are limited by how quickly they absorb heat from their surroundings. The cooling effect can, however, double as air conditioning. Compressed gas motors also lose effectiveness with falling gas pressure.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Ion thrusters are used on some satellites and spacecraft. They are only effective in a vacuum, which limits their use to spaceborne vehicles. Ion thrusters run primarily off electricity, but they also need a propellant such as caesium, or more recently xenon. Ion thrusters can achieve extremely high speeds and use little propellant; however they are power-hungry.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: The mechanical energy that motors and engines produce must be converted to work by wheels, propellers, nozzles, or similar means.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Aside from converting mechanical energy into motion, wheels allow a vehicle to roll along a surface and, with the exception of railed vehicles, to be steered. Wheels are ancient technology, with specimens being discovered from over 5000 years ago. Wheels are used in a plethora of vehicles, including motor vehicles, armoured personnel carriers, amphibious vehicles, airplanes, trains, skateboards and wheelbarrows.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Nozzles are used in conjunction with almost all reaction engines. Vehicles using nozzles include jet aircraft, rockets and personal watercraft. While most nozzles take the shape of a cone or bell, some unorthodox designs have been created such as the aerospike. Some nozzles are intangible, such as the electromagnetic field nozzle of a vectored ion thruster.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Continuous track is sometimes used instead of wheels to power land vehicles. Continuous track has the advantages of a larger contact area, easy repairs on small damage, and high maneuverability. Examples of vehicles using continuous track are tanks, snowmobiles and excavators. Two continuous tracks used together allow for steering. The largest vehicle in the world, the Bagger 288, is propelled by continuous tracks.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Similarly to propeller vehicles, some vehicles use wings for propulsion. Sailboats and sailplanes are propelled by the forward component of lift generated by their sails/wings. Ornithopters also produce thrust aerodynamically. Ornithopters with large rounded leading edges produce lift by leading-edge suction forces.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Paddle wheels are used on some older watercraft and their reconstructions. These ships were known as paddle steamers. Because paddle wheels simply push against the water, their design and construction is very simple. The oldest such ship in scheduled service is the Skibladner. Many pedalo boats also use paddle wheels for propulsion.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Screw-propelled vehicles are propelled by auger-like cylinders fitted with helical flanges. Because they can produce thrust on both land and water, they are commonly used on all-terrain vehicles. The ZiL-2906 was a Soviet-designed screw-propelled vehicle designed to retrieve cosmonauts from the Siberian wilderness.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: All or almost all of the useful energy produced by the engine is usually dissipated as friction; so minimising frictional losses is very important in many vehicles. The main sources of friction are rolling friction and fluid drag (air drag or water drag).

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Wheels have low bearing friction and pneumatic tyres give low rolling friction. Steel wheels on steel tracks are lower still.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Friction is desirable and important in supplying traction to facilitate motion on land. Most land vehicles rely on friction for accelerating, decelerating and changing direction. Sudden reductions in traction can cause loss of control and accidents.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Parachutes are used to slow down vehicles travelling very fast. Parachutes have been used in land, air and space vehicles such as the ThrustSSC, Eurofighter Typhoon and Apollo Command Module. Some older Soviet passenger jets had braking parachutes for emergency landings. Boats use similar devices called sea anchors to maintain stability in rough seas.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: To further increase the rate of deceleration or where the brakes have failed, several mechanisms can be used to stop a vehicle. Cars and rolling stock usually have hand brakes that, while designed to secure an already parked vehicle, can provide limited braking should the primary brakes fail. A secondary procedure called forward-slip is sometimes used to slow airplanes by flying at an angle, causing more drag.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: Motor vehicle and trailer categories are defined according to the following international classification:

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: While the Community type-approval system allows manufacturers to benefit fully from internal market opportunities, worldwide technical harmonization in the context of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) offers a market beyond European borders.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Vehicle

Context: The driver of a motor vehicle is typically required to hold a valid driver's license while driving on public lands, whereas the pilot of an aircraft must have a license at all times, regardless of where in the jurisdiction the aircraft is flying.

Question: Montako ajoneuvoluokkaa EU:ssa on käytössä?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: Starting in 2021, he served as the team principal of Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT, replacing Tommi Mäkinen.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: Latvala began driving when he was eight years old, after receiving a Ford Escort from his father Jari Latvala, also a rally driver and 1994 national champion in the Group N class. At the age of ten, Latvala started practicing with an Opel Ascona on a frozen lake.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: Latvala's first world rally was the 2002 Rally Great Britain at the age of 17. He finished in 17th position with a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VI. In 2003, Latvala competed in four WRC events with a Ford Focus WRC, finishing tenth at the Acropolis Rally, 17th at the Rallye Deutschland, 14th at the Neste Oil Rally Finland and tenth at the Rally Great Britain.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: After his fourth place in Germany, the third place in Japan and the two fourth places in France and Spain, Latvala managed to finish the season on the podium in Wales. His third place brought him the second place in the overall classification behind record-champion Loeb.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: For 2013, Latvala signed a contract with the new Volkswagen WRC team, announced on October 17. He described Ford's decision to end its works programme as the key factor that influenced his decision to change teams. The Finn claimed a win at Greece, and collected seven podiums in 13 races, ranking third in points teammate Ogier and Ford driver Neuville.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: Following Volkswagen's withdrawal from the WRC, Latvala and co-driver Miikka Anttila joined the Toyota Gazoo factory team for the 2017 season. He claimed a win at Sweden, second place finishes at Monte Carlo and Italy, and a fourth place finish at Corsica. He finished fourth in points, behind Ford drivers Ogier and Ott Tänak, and Hyundai driver Neuville.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: For 2019, Jari-Matti remained with the Toyota Gazoo Racing Team. He scored a podium in two events; third place at his home rally in Finland, after colliding with a loose rock during the event. Then third place again at the next round in Germany. Latvala finished the season in 7th position, his lowest since 2007.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: The 2020 driver announcements meant Jari-Matti was struggling to find a seat with Toyota. Failure to secure a deal with M-Sport Ford forced him to look at other options. Latvala is confirmed for two events, Sweden and Finland, in a privately-run Toyota Yaris WRC, while looking to finance a further three events at rallying's top level. He is registered under the Latvala Motorsport banner, with Juho Hänninen confirmed as co-driver.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Jari-Matti Latvala

Context: Jari-Matti Latvala also manages the private enterprise Latvala Motorsport with his wife and family, administered from a custom-built location in Tuuri. This is home to a museum of rally cars from his personal collection, memorabilia and official merchandise, a rentable business auditorium, and a rally simulator. The facility is open to the public during the summer months.

Question: Kuinka monta kertaa Jari-Matti Latvala on voittanut rallikisan?


Black cat

Context: A black cat is a domestic cat with black fur that may be a mixed or specific breed, or a common domestic cat of no particular breed. The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognizes 22 cat breeds that can come with solid black coats. The Bombay breed is exclusively black. All-black fur pigmentation is slightly more prevalent in male cats than female cats. Most black cats have golden irises due to their high melanin pigment content. In popular myths, witches are believed to be associated with black cats.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: Any cat whose fur is a single color, including black, is known as a "solid" or "self". A "solid black" cat may be coal black, grayish black, or brownish black. Most solid-colored cats result from a recessive gene that suppresses the tabby pattern. Sometimes the tabby pattern is not completely suppressed; faint markings may appear in certain lights, even on a solid black cat. A cat having black fur with white roots is known as a "black smoke".

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: Black cats can also "rust" in sunlight, the coat turning a lighter brownish-red shade. Eumelanin, the pigment that is required to produce the black fur, is somewhat fragile, so the rusting effect can be more pronounced in cats that frequently spend time in the sun. A rarer situation that can also cause rusting is a deficiency of the amino acid tyrosine, which is required to produce eumelanin.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: In addition to the Bombay, the Cat Fanciers' Association allows solid black as a color option in 21 other breeds. The color description for those breeds is:

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: "Black": dense coal black, sound from roots to tip of fur. Free from any tinge of rust on the tips. Nose leather: black. Paw pads: black or brown.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: The superstitions surrounding black cats varies from culture to culture, but black cats have positive associations in the Celtic nations and Japanese folklore. Black cats were sacred in Celtic mythology. Scottish lore holds that a black cat's arrival at a new home signifies prosperity, while Welsh lore states that a black cat brings good health:

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: However, both the Gaels and Celtic Britons had traditions of feral and sometimes malevolent black cats. In Scottish mythology, a fairy known as the Cat sìth takes the form of a black cat, while in Welsh mythology the monstrous Cath Palug grew from a black kitten. In England, as with other Germanic cultures, some areas would associate black cats with witches and bad luck.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: In contrast, the supernatural powers ascribed to black cats were sometimes viewed positively; for example, sailors considering a "ship's cat" would want a black one because it would bring good luck. Sometimes, fishermen's wives would keep black cats at home too, in the hope that they would be able to use their influence to protect their husbands at sea (see Ship's cat).

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: In the folklore of Chiloé of southern Chile, black cats are an important element that is needed when hunting for the treasure of the carbunclo.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: In the early days of television in the United States, many stations located on VHF channel 13 used a black cat as a mascot in order to make sport of being located on an "unlucky" channel number.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: Since the 1880s, the color black has been associated with anarchism. The black cat, in an alert, fighting stance was later adopted as an anarchist symbol.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: More specifically, the black cat—often called the "sab cat" or "sabo-tabby"—is associated with anarcho-syndicalism, a branch of anarchism that focuses on labor organizing, including the use of wildcat strikes.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: When the Space Shuttle program naming system for missions was reworked to avoid a Space Transportation System (STS)-13, some sourced this to superstition and Apollo 13. The crew for what would have been STS-13 (what turned out to be STS-41C) made a humorous mission patch that included a black cat and a number 13. The mission was successful and even landed on Friday the 13th. The other main reason for the new numbering system was to better accommodate a much higher number of launches.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: The UK Government has adopted several cats from Battersea Dogs & Cats Home as mousers. Gladstone is known as Chief Mouser of HM Treasury. India, also known as Willie, was a presidential cat owned by George W. Bush and Laura Bush who lived with them at the White House.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: Trim sailed with Matthew Flinders as he mapped the coastline of Australia between 1801 and 1803. Trim now accompanies him on several statues in Australia and England. Hodge (fl. ) was a cat belonging to Samuel Johnson. Most of what is known about Hodge comes from James Boswell's biography and a statue of Hodge stands outside Dr Johnson's House.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Black cat

Context: Oscar the "bionic" cat had his back legs sliced off by a combine harvester whilst sleeping in a field in Jersey. He was flown to the UK and received prosthetic limbs in an innovative operation in 2010.

Question: Kuka kehitti Sabo-Tabbyn?


Finnish language

Context: Finnish is a member of the Finnic group of the Uralic family of languages. The Finnic group also includes Estonian and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea and in Russia's Republic of Karelia.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Finnish demonstrates an affiliation with other Uralic languages (such as Hungarian) in several respects including:

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the Ural Mountains region and/or the bend of the middle Volga. The strong case for Proto-Uralic is supported by common vocabulary with regularities in sound correspondences, as well as by the fact that the Uralic languages have many similarities in structure and grammar.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: The Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States classifies Finnish as a level III language (of 4 levels) in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: There are also forms of Finnish spoken by diasporas in Siberia, by the Siberian Finns and in America, where American Finnish is spoken by Finnish Americans.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Today, Finnish is one of two official languages of Finland (the other being Swedish), and has been an official language of the European Union since 1995. However, the Finnish language did not have an official status in the country during the period of Swedish rule, which ended in 1809. After the establishment of Grand Duchy of Finland, and against the backdrop of the Fennoman movement, the language obtained its official status in the Finnish Diet of 1863.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Others revised Agricola's work later, striving for a more systematic writing system. Along the way, Finnish lost several fricative consonants in a process of sound change. The sounds and disappeared from the language, surviving only in a small rural region in Western Finland. In the standard language, however, the effect of the lost sounds is thus:

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Modern Finnish punctuation, along with that of Swedish, uses the colon (:) to separate the stem of a word and its grammatical ending in some cases, for example after acronyms, as in "in the EU". (This contrasts with some other alphabetic writing systems, which would use other symbols, such as e.g. apostrophe, hyphen.) Since suffixes play a prominent role in the language, this use of the colon is quite common.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: In 1853 Daniel Europaeus published the first Swedish-Finnish dictionary, and between 1866 and 1880 Elias Lönnrot compiled the first Finnish-Swedish dictionary. In the same period, Antero Warelius conducted ethnographic research and, among other topics, he documented the geographic distribution of the Finnish dialects.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: The Kven language is spoken in Finnmark and Troms, in Norway. Its speakers are descendants of Finnish emigrants to the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Kven is an official minority language in Norway.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: The Eastern dialects consist of the widespread Savonian dialects () spoken in Savo and nearby areas, and the South-Eastern dialects now spoken only in Finnish South Karelia. The South Karelian dialects () were previously also spoken on the Karelian Isthmus and in Ingria. The Karelian Isthmus was evacuated during World War II and refugees were resettled all over Finland. Most Ingrian Finns were deported to various interior areas of the Soviet Union.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Palatalization, a common feature of Uralic languages, had been lost in the Finnic branch, but it has been reacquired by most of these languages, including Eastern Finnish, but not Western Finnish. In Finnish orthography, this is denoted with a "j", e.g. "water", cf. standard .

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: The language spoken in those parts of Karelia that have not historically been under Swedish or Finnish rule is usually called the Karelian language, and it is considered to be more distant from standard Finnish than the Eastern dialects. Whether this language of Russian Karelia is a dialect of Finnish or a separate language is sometimes disputed.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: The first known written account in Helsinki slang is from the 1890 short story "Hellaassa" by young Santeri Ivalo (words that do not exist in, or deviate from, the standard spoken Finnish of its time are in "italics"):

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Kun minä eilen illalla palasin "labbiksesta", tapasin "Aasiksen" kohdalla "Supiksen", ja niin me laskeusimme tänne "Espikselle", jossa oli mahoton hyvä "piikis". Mutta me mentiin "Studikselle" suoraan "Hudista" tapaamaan, ja jäimme sinne pariksi tunniksi, kunnes ajoimme "Kaisikseen".

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: The orthography of informal language follows that of the formal. However, in signalling the former in writing, syncope and sandhi – especially internal – may occasionally amongst other characteristics be transcribed, e.g. . This never occurs in the standard variety.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Note that there are noticeable differences between dialects. Also note that here the formal language does not mean a language spoken in formal occasions but the standard language which exists practically only in written form.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: The phoneme inventory of Finnish is moderately small, with a great number of vocalic segments and a restricted set of consonant types, both of which can be long or short.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Finnish monophthongs show eight vowel qualities that contrast in duration, thus 16 vowel phonemes in total. Vowel allophony is quite restricted. Vowel phonemes are always contrastive in word-initial syllables; for non-initial syllable, see morphophonology below. Long and short vowels are shown below.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Finnish has a consonant inventory of small to moderate size, where voicing is mostly not distinctive, and fricatives are scarce. Finnish has relatively few non-coronal consonants. Consonants are as follows, where consonants in parentheses are found either only in a few recent loans or are allophones of other phonemes.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Almost all consonants have phonemic short and long (geminated) forms, although length is only contrastive in consonants word-medially.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Consonant clusters are mostly absent in native Finnish words, except for a small set of two-consonant sequences in syllable codas, e.g. "rs" in . However, because of a number of recently adopted loanwords that have them, e.g. from Swedish , meaning "ostrich", clusters have been integrated to the modern language to different degrees.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: A feature of Finnic phonology is the development of labial and rounded vowels in non-initial syllables, as in the word . Proto-Uralic had only "a" and "i" and their vowel harmonic allophones in non-initial syllables; modern Finnish allows other vowels in non-initial syllables, although they are uncommon compared to "a", "ä" and "i".

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Characteristic features of Finnish (common to some other Uralic languages) are vowel harmony and an agglutinative morphology; owing to the extensive use of the latter, words can be quite long.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Finnish has several morphophonological processes that require modification of the forms of words for daily speech. The most important processes are vowel harmony and consonant gradation.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Consonant gradation is a partly nonproductive lenition process for P, T and K in inherited vocabulary, with the oblique stem "weakened" from the nominative stem, or vice versa. For example, "precise" has the oblique stem , as in "of the precise". There is also another gradation pattern, which is older, and causes simple elision of T and K in suffixes. However, it is very common since it is found in the partitive case marker: if V is a single vowel, V+ → Va, e.g. * → .

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Finnish is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals. However, Finnish is not generally considered polysynthetic, its morpheme-to-word ratio being somewhat lower than a prototypical polysynthetic language (e.g., Yup'ik).

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Nouns may be suffixed with the markers for the aforementioned accusative case and partitive case, the genitive case, eight different locatives, and a few other oblique cases. The case affix must be added not only to the head noun, but also to its modifiers; e.g. , literally "big-in house-in". Possession is marked with possessive suffixes; these suffixes appear on nouns and pronouns alike (Finnish possessive pronouns are thus not suppletive like English "her").

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Finnish has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses derivational suffixes to a greater extent. As an example, take the word "a book", from which one can form derivatives "a letter" (of the alphabet), "a piece of correspondence, a letter", "a library", "an author", "literature", "to write", "a writer", "a scribe, a clerk", "in written form", "to write down, register, record", "a font", and many others.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Here are some of the more common such suffixes. Which of each pair is used depends on the word being suffixed in accordance with the rules of vowel harmony.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Over the course of many centuries, the Finnish language has borrowed many words from a wide variety of languages, most from neighbouring Indo-European languages. Owing to the different grammatical, phonological and phonotactic structure of the Finnish language, loanwords from Indo-European have been assimilated.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Especially words dealing with administrative or modern culture came to Finnish from Swedish, sometimes reflecting the oldest Swedish form of the word ( – , "law";  – , "province";  – , "bishop";  – , "potato"), and many more survive as informal synonyms in spoken or dialectal Finnish (e.g. , from Swedish , "girl", usually in Finnish).

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Some Slavic loanwords are old or very old, thus hard to recognize as such, and concern everyday concepts, e.g. "bean", "border" and "priest". Notably, a few religious words such as ("Bible") are borrowed from Old East Slavic, which indicates language contact preceding the Swedish era. This is mainly believed to be result of trade with Novgorod from the 9th century on and Russian Orthodox missions in the east in the 13th century.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Most recently, and with increasing impact, English has been the source of new loanwords in Finnish. Unlike previous geographical borrowing, the influence of English is largely cultural and reaches Finland by many routes, including international business, music, film and TV (foreign films and programmes, excluding ones intended for a very young audience, are shown subtitled), literature, and the Web – the latter is now probably the most important source of all non-face-to-face exposure to English.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: "plastic" (from "to mould, form or model, e.g. from clay"; compare "plastic" from Ancient Greek () "mouldable, fit for moulding")

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Neologisms are actively generated by the Language Planning Office and the media. They are widely adopted. One would actually give an old-fashioned or rustic impression using forms such as (computer) or (calculator) when the neologism is widely adopted.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: The most commonly used Finnish word in English is , which has also been loaned to many other languages.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Excerpt from Väinö Linna's (The Unknown Soldier); these words were also inscribed in the 20 mark note.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: "The sun smiled down on them. It wasn't angry – no, not by any means. Maybe it even felt some sort of sympathy for them. Rather dear, those boys."

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Professor J. R. R. Tolkien, although better known as an author, had a keen interest in languages from a young age, and became a professional philologist, becoming Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University. He described his first encounter with Finnish was:

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: "like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before. It quite intoxicated me..."

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


Finnish language

Context: Aspects of Finnish, particularly its sound, were a strong influence on Quenya, one of the languages constructed by Tolkien spoken by the Elves. Within his fantasy writings set in the world of Middle-earth, Quenya is a highly revered language and is to his world as Latin is to modern Europe; he often referred to it as "elf-Latin". However, Quenya lacks consonant gradation and vowel harmony – two remarkable aspects of Finnish grammar.

Question: Kuka keksi Suomen kielen?


List of Formula One drivers

Context: This list includes all drivers who have entered a World Championship race, including participants of the Indianapolis 500 between and when it was part of the World Championship (although not being run according to Formula One rules).

Question: Kuinka monen eri maan kansalainen ajaa Formula 1 -kisassa vuonna 2019?


List of Formula One drivers

Context: This list is accurate as of the . Drivers who only participated in Friday practice and who were not actually entered for the race are not included.

Question: Kuinka monen eri maan kansalainen ajaa Formula 1 -kisassa vuonna 2019?


Expansion of the universe

Context: As an effect of general relativity, the expansion of the universe is different from the expansions and explosions seen in daily life. It is a property of the universe as a whole and occurs throughout the universe, rather than happening just to one part of the universe. Therefore, unlike other expansions and explosions, it cannot be observed from "outside" of it; it is believed that there is no "outside" to observe from.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: In 1912, Vesto Slipher discovered that light from remote galaxies was redshifted, which was later interpreted as galaxies receding from the Earth. In 1922, Alexander Friedmann used Einstein field equations to provide theoretical evidence that the universe is expanding.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: Swedish astronomer Knut Lundmark was the first person to find observational evidence for expansion in 1924. According to Ian Steer of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database of Galaxy Distances, "Lundmark's extragalactic distance estimates were far more accurate than Hubble's, consistent with an expansion rate (Hubble constant) that was within 1% of the best measurements today."

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: In 1927, Georges Lemaître independently reached a similar conclusion to Friedmann on a theoretical basis, and also presented observational evidence for a linear relationship between distance to galaxies and their recessional velocity. Edwin Hubble observationally confirmed Lundmark's and Lemaître's findings in 1929. Assuming the cosmological principle, these findings would imply that all galaxies are moving away from each other.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: No field responsible for cosmic inflation has been discovered. However such a field, if found in the future, would be scalar. The first similar scalar field proven to exist was only discovered in 2012–2013 and is still being researched. So it is not seen as problematic that a field responsible for cosmic inflation and the metric expansion of space has not yet been discovered.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: The proposed field and its quanta (the subatomic particles related to it) have been named "inflaton". If this field did not exist, scientists would have to propose a different explanation for all the observations that strongly suggest a metric expansion of space has occurred, and is still occurring much more slowly today.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: To understand the metric expansion of the universe, it is helpful to discuss briefly what a metric is, and how metric expansion works.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: The metric expansion of space is described using the mathematics of metric tensors. The coordinate system we use is called "comoving coordinates", a type of coordinate system that takes account of time as well as space and the speed of light, and allows us to incorporate the effects of both general and special relativity.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: In October 2018, scientists presented a new third way (two earlier methods, one based on redshifts and another on the cosmic distance ladder, gave results that do not agree), using information from gravitational wave events (especially those involving the merger of neutron stars, like GW170817), of determining the Hubble Constant, essential in establishing the rate of expansion of the universe.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: At cosmological scales, the present universe conforms to Euclidean space, what cosmologists describe as "geometrically flat", to within experimental error.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: Consequently, the rules of Euclidean geometry associated with Euclid's fifth postulate hold in the present universe in 3D space. It is, however, possible that the geometry of past 3D space could have been highly curved. The curvature of space is often modeled using a non-zero Riemann curvature tensor in Curvature of Riemannian manifolds. Euclidean "geometrically flat" space has a Riemann curvature tensor of zero.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: "Geometrically flat" space has 3 dimensions and is consistent with Euclidean space. However, spacetime on the other hand, is 4 dimensions; it is not flat according to Einsten's general theory of relativity. Einstein's theory postulates that "matter and energy curve spacetime, and there are enough matter and energy lying around to provide for curvature."

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: In part to accommodate such different geometries, the expansion of the universe is inherently general relativistic. It cannot be modeled with special relativity alone: though such models exist, they are at fundamental odds with the observed interaction between matter and spacetime seen in our universe.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: Even if the overall spatial extent is infinite and thus the universe cannot get any "larger", we still say that space is expanding because, locally, the characteristic distance between objects is increasing. As an infinite space grows, it remains infinite.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: The expansion of space is sometimes described as a force that acts to push objects apart. Though this is an accurate description of the effect of the cosmological constant, it is not an accurate picture of the phenomenon of expansion in general.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: In addition to slowing the overall expansion, gravity causes local clumping of matter into stars and galaxies. Once objects are formed and bound by gravity, they "drop out" of the expansion and do not subsequently expand under the influence of the cosmological metric, there being no force compelling them to do so.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: There is no difference between the inertial expansion of the universe and the inertial separation of nearby objects in a vacuum; the former is simply a large-scale extrapolation of the latter.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: At the end of the early universe's inflationary period, all the matter and energy in the universe was set on an inertial trajectory consistent with the equivalence principle and Einstein's general theory of relativity and this is when the precise and regular form of the universe's expansion had its origin (that is, matter in the universe is separating because it was separating in the past due to the inflaton field).

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: The expansion of space is often illustrated with conceptual models that show only the size of space at a particular time, leaving the dimension of time implicit.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?


Expansion of the universe

Context: In the "ant on a rubber rope model" one imagines an ant (idealized as pointlike) crawling at a constant speed on a perfectly elastic rope that is constantly stretching. If we stretch the rope in accordance with the ΛCDM scale factor and think of the ant's speed as the speed of light, then this analogy is numerically accurate – the ant's position over time will match the path of the red line on the embedding diagram above.

Question: Kuinka nopeasti avaruus laajenee?