Madeira

Context: The settlement involved people from all over the kingdom. It was from the Algarve that some of the early settlers set out. Many came with the important task of the landlord system employment. Servants, squires, knights and noblemen are identified as the ones who secured the beginning of the settlement. Later on, settlers came from the north of Portugal, namely from the region of Entre Douro and Minho, who intervened specifically in the organization of the agricultural area.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Majority of settlers were fishermen and peasant farmers, who willingly left Portugal for a new life on the islands, a better one, they hoped, than was possible in a Portugal which had been ravaged by the Black Death and where the best farmlands were strictly controlled by the nobility.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: To have minimum conditions for the development of agriculture on the island, the settlers had to chop down part of the dense forest and build a large number of water channels, called “levadas”, to carry the abundant waters on the north coast to the south coast of the island.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Initially, the settlers produced wheat for their own sustenance but later began to export wheat to mainland Portugal.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Sugarcane production was the primary engine of the island's economy which quickly afforded the Funchal metropolis economic prosperity. The production of sugar cane attracted adventurers and merchants from all parts of Europe, especially Italians, Basques, Catalans, and Flemish. This meant that, in the second half of the fifteenth century, the city of Funchal became a mandatory port of call for European trade routes.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Slaves were used during the island's period of sugar trade to cultivate sugar cane alongside paid workers, though slave owners were only a small minority of the Madeiran population, and those who did own slaves owned only a few. Slaves consisted of Guanches from the nearby Canary islands, captured Berbers from the conquest of Ceuta and West Africans after further exploration of the African coast.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Until the first half of the sixteenth century, Madeira was one of the major sugar markets of the Atlantic. Apparently it is in Madeira that, in the context of sugar production, slave labour was applied for the first time. The colonial system of sugar production was put into practice on the island of Madeira, on a much smaller scale, and later transferred, on a large scale, to other overseas production areas.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Later on, this small scale of production was completely outmatched by Brazilian and São Tomean plantations. Madeiran sugar production declined in such a way that it was not enough for domestic needs, so that sugar was imported to the island from other Portuguese colonies. Sugar mills were gradually abandoned, with few remaining, which gave way to other markets in Madeira.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: In the 17th century, as Portuguese sugar production was shifted to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important commodity product became its wine. Sugar plantations were replaced by vineyards, originating in the so-called ‘Wine Culture’, which acquired international fame and provided the rise of a new social class, the Bourgeoisie.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: As a result of a high demand for the season, there was a need to prepare guides for visitors. The first tourist guide of Madeira appeared in 1850 and focused on elements of history, geology, flora, fauna and customs of the island.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Regarding hotel infrastructures, the British and the Germans were the first to launch the Madeiran hotel chain. The historic Belmond Reid's Palace, opened in 1891 and is still open to this day.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Barbary corsairs from North Africa, who enslaved Europeans from ships and coastal communities throughout the Mediterranean region, captured 1,200 people in Porto Santo in 1617.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The British first amicably occupied the island in 1801 whereafter Colonel William Henry Clinton became governor. A detachment of the 85th Regiment of Foot under Lieutenant-colonel James Willoughby Gordon garrisoned the island.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: After the Peace of Amiens, British troops withdrew in 1802, only to reoccupy Madeira in 1807 until the end of the Peninsular War in 1814. In 1846 James Julius Wood wrote a series of seven sketches of the island. In 1856, British troops recovering from cholera, and widows and orphans of soldiers fallen in the Crimean War, were stationed in Funchal, Madeira.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: During the Great War on 3 December 1916, a German U-boat, , captained by Max Valentiner, entered Funchal harbour on Madeira. "U-38" torpedoed and sank three ships, bringing the war to Portugal by extension. The ships sunk were:

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: After attacking the ships, "U-38" bombarded Funchal for two hours from a range of about . Batteries on Madeira returned fire and eventually forced "U-38" to withdraw.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: On 12 December 1917, two German U-boats, "SM U-156" and "SM U-157" (captained by Max Valentiner), again bombarded Funchal. This time the attack lasted around 30 minutes. The U-boats fired 40 shells. There were three fatalities and 17 wounded; a number of houses and Santa Clara church were hit.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Charles I (Karl I), the last Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was exiled to Madeira after the war. Determined to prevent an attempt to restore Charles to the throne, the Council of Allied Powers agreed he could go into exile on Madeira because it was isolated in the Atlantic and easily guarded. He died there on 1 April 1922 and his coffin lies in a chapel of the Church of Our Lady of Monte.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Two species of birds are endemic to Madeira, the Trocaz pigeon and the Madeira firecrest. In addition to these are several extinct species which may have died out soon after the islands were settled, the Madeiran scops owl, two rail species, "Rallus adolfocaesaris" and "R. lowei", and two quail species, "Coturnix lignorum" and "C. alabrevis", and the Madeiran wood pigeon, a subspecies of the widespread common wood pigeon and which was last seen in the early 20th century.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The island of Madeira is wet in the northwest, but dry in the southeast. In the 16th century the Portuguese started building levadas or aqueducts to carry water to the agricultural regions in the south. Madeira is very mountainous, and building the levadas was difficult and often convicts or slaves were used. Many are cut into the sides of mountains, and it was also necessary to dig of tunnels, some of which are still accessible.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Two of the most popular levadas to hike are the "Levada do Caldeirão Verde" and the "Levada do Caldeirão do Inferno", which should not be attempted by hikers prone to vertigo or without torches and helmets. The "Levada do Caniçal" is a much easier walk, running from Maroços to the "Caniçal Tunnel". It is known as the "mimosa levada", because "mimosa" trees, (the colloquial name for invasive acacia) are found all along the route.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Due to its distinct geography, economy, social and cultural situation, as well as the historical autonomic aspirations of the Madeiran island population, the Autonomous Regions of Madeira was established in 1976. Although it is a politico-administrative autonomic region the Portuguese constitution specifies both a regional and national connection, obliging their administrations to maintain democratic principles and promote regional interests, while still reinforcing national unity.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: As defined by the Portuguese constitution and other laws, Madeira possesses its own political and administrative statute and has its own government. The branches of Government are the Regional Government and the Legislative Assembly, the later being elected by universal suffrage, using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The president of the Regional Government is appointed by the Representative of the Republic according to the results of the election to the legislative assemblies.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Madeira is also an Outermost Region (OMR) of the European Union, meaning that due to its geographical situation, it is entitled to derogation from some EU policies despite being part of the European Union.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: It forms part of the European Union customs area, the Schengen Area and the European Union Value Added Tax Area.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Administratively, Madeira (with a population of 251,060 inhabitants in 2021) and covering an area of is organised into eleven municipalities:

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Funchal is the capital and principal city of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, located along the southern coast of the island of Madeira. It is a modern city, located within a natural geological "amphitheatre" composed of vulcanological structure and fluvial hydrological forces. Beginning at the harbour (Porto de Funchal), the neighbourhoods and streets rise almost , along gentle slopes that helped to provide a natural shelter to the early settlers.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The island was settled by Portuguese people, especially farmers from the Minho region, meaning that Madeirans (), as they are called, are ethnically Portuguese, though they have developed their own distinct regional identity and cultural traits.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The region of Madeira and Porto Santo has a total population of just under 256,060, the majority of whom live on the main island of Madeira 251,060 where the population density is ; meanwhile only around 5,000 live on the Porto Santo island where the population density is .

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: About 247,000 (96%) of the population are Catholic and Funchal is the location of the Catholic cathedral.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: In 1846, when a famine struck Madeira over 6,000 of the inhabitants migrated to British Guiana. In 1891 they numbered 4.3% of the population. In 1902 in Honolulu, Hawaii there were 5,000 Portuguese people, mostly Madeirans. In 1910 this grew to 21,000.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: There are several large Madeiran communities around the world, such as the number in the UK, including Jersey, the Portuguese British community mostly made up of Madeirans celebrate Madeira Day.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 4.9 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.4% of Portugal's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 22,500 euros or 75% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 71% of the EU average.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Tourism is an important sector in the region's economy, contributing 20% to the region's GDP, providing support throughout the year for commercial, transport and other activities and constituting a significant market for local products. The share in Gross Value Added of hotels and restaurants (9%) also highlights this phenomenon. The island of Porto Santo, with its beach and its climate, is entirely devoted to tourism.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Visitors are mainly from the European Union, with German, British, Scandinavian and Portuguese tourists providing the main contingents. The average annual occupancy rate was 60.3% in 2008, reaching its maximum in March and April, when it exceeds 70%.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Whale watching has become very popular in recent years. Many species of dolphins, such as common dolphin, spotted dolphin, striped dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, short-finned pilot whale, and whales such as Bryde's whale, Sei whale, fin whale, sperm whale, beaked whales can be spotted near the coast or offshore.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: In 2011, renewable energy formed 26.5% of the electricity used in Madeira. By 2020, half of Madeira's energy will come from renewable energy sources. This is due to the planned completion of the Pico da Urze / Calheta pumped storage hydropower plant, rated at 30MW.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Battery technologies are being tested to minimise Madeira's reliance on fossil fuel imports. Renault SA and EEM piloted the Sustainable Porto Santo—Smart Fossil Free Island project on Porto Santo to demonstrate how fossil fuels can be entirely replaced with renewable energy.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The Islands have two airports, Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport and Porto Santo Airport, on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo respectively. From Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport the most frequent flights are to Lisbon. There are also direct flights to over 30 other airports in Europe and nearby islands.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Transport between the two main islands is by plane, or ferries from the Porto Santo Line, the latter also carrying vehicles. Visiting the interior of the islands is now easy thanks to construction of the "Vias Rápidas", major roads that cross the island. Modern roads reach all points of interest on the islands.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Funchal has an extensive public transportation system. Bus companies, including Horários do Funchal, which has been operating for over a hundred years, have regularly scheduled routes to all points of interest on the island.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Folklore music in Madeira is widespread and mainly uses local musical instruments such as the machete, rajao, brinquinho and cavaquinho, which are used in traditional folkloric dances like the .

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Because of the geographic situation of Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean, the island has an abundance of fish of various kinds. The species that are consumed the most are espada (black scabbardfish), blue fin tuna, white marlin, blue marlin, albacore, bigeye tuna, wahoo, spearfish, skipjack tuna and many others are found in the local dishes as they are found along the coast of Madeira. Espada is often served with banana. Bacalhau is also popular, as it is in Portugal.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Traditional pastries in Madeira usually contain local ingredients, one of the most common being "mel de cana", literally "sugarcane honey" (molasses). The traditional cake of Madeira is called "Bolo de Mel", which translates as (Sugarcane) "Honey Cake" and according to custom, is never cut with a knife, but broken into pieces by hand. It is a rich and heavy cake. The cake commonly known as "Madeira cake" in England is named after Madeira wine.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Malasadas are a local confection which are mainly consumed during the Carnival of Madeira. Pastéis de nata, as in the rest of Portugal, are also very popular.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Milho frito is a popular dish in Madeira that is similar to the Italian dish polenta fritta. Açorda Madeirense is another popular local dish.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Madeira is known for the high quality of its cherimoya fruits. The Annona Festival is traditional and held annually in the parish of Faial. This event encourages the consumption of this fruit and its derivatives, such as liqueurs, puddings, ice cream and smoothies.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: A local beer called Coral is produced by the Madeira Brewery, which dates from 1872. It has achieved 2 Monde Selection Grand Gold Medals, 24 Monde Selection Gold Medals and 2 Monde Selection Silver Medals. Other alcoholic drinks are also popular in Madeira, such as the locally created Poncha, Niquita, Pé de Cabra, Aniz, as well as Portuguese drinks such as Macieira Brandy, Licor Beirão.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Laranjada is a type of carbonated soft drink with an orange flavour, its name being derived from the Portuguese word "laranja" ("orange"). Launched in 1872 it was the first soft drink to be produced in Portugal, and remains very popular to the present day. Brisa drinks, a brand name, are also very popular and come in a range of flavours.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: There is a coffee culture in Madeira. As in mainland Portugal, popular coffee-based drinks include Garoto, Galão, Bica, Café com Cheirinho, Mazagran, Chinesa.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: Football is the most popular sport in Madeira and the island was indeed the first place in Portugal to host a match, organised by British residents in 1875. The island is the birthplace of international star Cristiano Ronaldo and is home to two prominent Primeira Liga teams, C.S. Marítimo - the only island team to win a national championship - and C.D. Nacional.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: As well as football, the island is also home to professional sports teams in basketball (CAB Madeira) and handball (Madeira Andebol SAD, who were runners up in the 2019 European Challenge Cup). Madeira was also the host of the 2003 World Handball Championship.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Madeira

Context: The annual Rally Vinho da Madeira is considered one of the biggest sporting events on the island whilst other popular sporting activities include golf at one of the island's two courses (plus one on Porto Santo), surfing, scuba diving, and hiking.

Question: Milloin Madeira on saanut autonomisen tittelin?


Karl Barth

Context: Karl Barth (; ; – ) was a Swiss Calvinist theologian. Barth is well-known in theology for his landmark commentary "The Epistle to the Romans", his involvement in the Confessing Church, including his authorship of the Barmen Declaration, and especially his unfinished multi-volume theological summa the "Church Dogmatics" (published between 1932–1967). Barth's influence expanded well beyond the academic realm to mainstream culture, leading him to be featured on the cover of "Time" on 20 April 1962.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: In August 1914, Karl Barth was dismayed to learn that his venerated teachers including Adolf von Harnack had signed the "Manifesto of the Ninety-Three German Intellectuals to the Civilized World"; as a result, Barth concluded he could not follow their understanding of the Bible and history any longer.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: In 1962, Barth visited the United States and lectured at Princeton Theological Seminary, the University of Chicago, the Union Theological Seminary and the San Francisco Theological Seminary. He was invited to be a guest at the Second Vatican Council. At the time Barth's health did not permit him to attend. However, he was able to visit the Vatican and be a guest of the pope in 1967, after which he wrote the small volume ("At the Threshold of the Apostles").

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Barth was featured on the cover of the 20 April 1962 issue of "Time" magazine, an indication that his influence had reached out of academic and ecclesiastical circles and into mainstream American religious culture. Pope Pius XII is often claimed to have said Barth was "the greatest theologian since Thomas Aquinas," though Fergus Kerr observes that "there is never chapter and verse for the quotation" and it is sometimes attributed to Pope Paul VI instead.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Barth died on 10 December 1968, at his home in Basel, Switzerland. The evening before his death, he had encouraged his lifelong friend Eduard Thurneysen that he should not be downhearted, "For things are ruled, not just in Moscow or in Washington or in Peking, but things are ruled – even here on earth—entirely from above, from heaven above.”

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Karl Barth's most significant theological work is his summa theology titled the "Church Dogmatics", which contains Barth's doctrine of the word of God, doctrine of God, doctrine of reconciliation and doctrine of redemption. Barth is most well known for reorienting all theological discussion around Jesus.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: One major objective of Barth is to recover the doctrine of the Trinity in theology from its putative loss in liberalism. His argument follows from the idea that God is the object of God's own self-knowledge, and revelation in the Bible means the self-unveiling to humanity of the God who cannot be discovered by humanity simply through its own intuition. God's revelation comes to man 'vertically from above' ().

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: One of the most influential and controversial features of Barth's Dogmatics was his doctrine of election ("Church Dogmatics" II/2). Barth's theology entails a rejection of the idea that God chose each person to either be saved or damned based on purposes of the Divine will, and it was impossible to know why God chose some and not others.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Barth argued that previous perspectives on sin and salvation, influenced by strict Calvinist thinking, sometimes misled Christians into thinking that predestination set up humanity such that the vast majority of human beings were foreseen to disobey and reject God, with damnation coming to them as a matter of fate.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Barth's view of salvation is centrally Christological, with his writings stating that in Jesus Christ the reconciliation of all of mankind to God has essentially already taken place and that through Christ man is already elect and justified.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Barth, in the words of a later scholar, went a "significant step beyond traditional theology" in that he argued against more conservative strains of Protestant Christianity in which damnation is seen as an absolute certainty for many or most people. To Barth, Christ's grace is central.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Some theologians have suggested that Karl Barth's greatest contributions to theology may be summarized on one sheet of paper, but others have argued that is impossible to reduce his published works in such a way. Some of Karl Barth's best ideas include the following loci:

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Charlotte von Kirschbaum was Barth's theological academic colleague for more than three decades. George Hunsinger summarizes the influence of von Kirschbaum on Barth's work: "As his unique student, critic, researcher, adviser, collaborator, companion, assistant, spokesperson, and confidante, Charlotte von Kirschbaum was indispensable to him. He could not have been what he was, or have done what he did, without her."

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: In John Updike's "Roger's Version", Roger Lambert is a professor of religion. Lambert is influenced by the works of Karl Barth. That is the primary reason that he rejects his student's attempt to use computational methods to understand God.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Harry Mulisch's "The Discovery of Heaven" makes mentions of Barth's "Church Dogmatics", as does David Markson's "The Last Novel". In the case of Mulisch and Markson, it is the ambitious nature of the "Church Dogmatics" that seems to be of significance. In the case of Updike, it is the emphasis on the idea of God as "Wholly Other" that is emphasized.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: In Marilynne Robinson's "Gilead", the preacher John Ames reveres Barth's "Epistle to the Romans" and refers to it as his favorite book other than the Bible.

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: Whittaker Chambers cites Barth in nearly all his books: "Witness" (p. 507), "Cold Friday" (p. 194), and "Odyssey of a Friend" (pp. 201, 231).

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Karl Barth

Context: In Flannery O'Connor's letter to Brainard Cheney, she said "I distrust folks who have ugly things to say about Karl Barth. I like old Barth. He throws the furniture around."

Question: Mikä oli Barmenin teologisen julistuksen tarkoitus?


Rudolf Holsti

Context: Later in life, Holsti taught at Stanford University, after he moved to United States with his two sons: Kalevi and Olavi Holsti (both respected political scientists in their own right). He maintained a healthy correspondence with president Herbert Hoover, and the prime minister and president of Finland. He died on August 3, 1945 at Palo Alto Hospital while undergoing surgery to repair a hernia. His wife Liisa died of tuberculosis on July 22, 1951.

Question: Minä vuonna Eino Rudolf Woldemar Holsti on syntynyt?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The first-generation Ford Mustang was manufactured by Ford from March 1964 until 1973. The introduction of the Mustang created a new class of automobiles known as the pony cars. The Mustang’s styling, with its long hood and short deck, proved wildly popular and inspired a host of competition.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: It was initially introduced on April 17, 1964, as a hardtop and convertible with the fastback version put on sale in August 1964. At the time of its introduction, the Mustang, sharing its platform with the Falcon, was slotted into a compact car segment.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: With each revision, the Mustang saw an increase in overall dimensions and in engine power. The 1971 model saw a drastic redesign to its predecessors. After an initial surge, sales were steadily declining, as Ford began working on a new generation Mustang. With the onset of the 1973 oil crisis, Ford was prepared, having already designed the smaller Mustang II for the 1974 model year. This new car had no common components with preceding models.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: As Lee Iacocca's assistant general manager and chief engineer, Donald N. Frey was the head engineer for the Mustang project — supervising the development of the Mustang in a record 18 months from September 1962 to April 1964. — while Iacocca himself championed the project as Ford Division general manager.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Drawing on inspiration from the mid-engined Ford Mustang I concept vehicle, Lee Iacocca ordered development of a new "small car" to vice-president of design at Ford, Eugene Bordinat.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Bordinat tasked Ford's three design studios (Ford, Lincoln-Mercury, and Advanced Design) to create proposals for the new vehicle.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The design teams had been given five goals for the design of the Mustang: It would seat four, have bucket seats and a floor mounted shifter, weigh no more than and be no more than in length, sell for less than , and have multiple power, comfort, and luxury options.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The Ford design studio ultimately produced the winning design in the intramural contest, under Project Design Chief Joe Oros and his team of L. David Ash, Gale Halderman, John Foster and George Schumaker. This design was called the Cougar by the design team.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: L. David Ash is often credited with the actual styling of the Mustang. Ash, in a 1985 interview speaking of the origin of the Mustang design, when asked the degree of his contribution, said:

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Gale Halderman, in a 2002 interview with Collectible Automobile, spoke of the Mustang's evolution through the Ford design studio:

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The idea for a fastback originated with Joe Oros as well, and was designed in Charlie Phaneuf's studio. Haldeman recalls:

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Nationwide survey of owners by "Popular Mechanics" included many complaints about leg room. Fuel economy for the base V8 was good for the period, with a test by Popular Mechanics rating the optional 260 cubic inch engine with automatic transmission acheving at a steady .

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: When Ford wanted to introduce the Mustang in Germany, they discovered that the Krupp company had already registered the name for a truck. The German company offered to sell the rights for US$10,000. Ford refused and removed Mustang badges from exported units, instead, they named the cars T-5 (a pre-production Mustang project name) for the German market until 1979 when Krupp copyrights expired.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Changes for the 1968 model increased safety with a two-spoke energy-absorbing steering wheel, along with newly introduced shoulder belts. Other changes included front and rear side markers, "FORD" lettering removed from the hood, rearview mirror moved from frame to windshield, a V8 engine was now available, and C-Stripe graphics were added.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The California Special Mustang, or GT/CS, was visually based on the Shelby model and was only sold in Western states. Its sister, the 'High Country Special', was sold in Denver, Colorado. While the GT/CS was only available as a coupe, the 'High Country Special' model was available in fastback and convertible configurations during the 1966 and 1967 model years, and as a coupe for 1968.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The 1968 Ford Mustang GT Fastback got a popularity boost after it was featured in the 1968 film "Bullitt", starring Steve McQueen. In the film, McQueen drove a modified 1968 Mustang GT 2+2 Fastback chasing a Dodge Charger through the streets of San Francisco.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: On January 10, 2020, the car that was driven by McQueen, later owned by Robert Kiernan, and subsequently by his son Sean, was sold at Mecum Auctions for a record price of $3.7 million, including auction fees.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The Boss 302 was created to meet Trans Am rules and featured distinctive hockey-stick stripes, while the understated Boss 429 was created to homologate the Boss 429 engine (based on the new Ford 385 series engine) for NASCAR use. The two Boss models received fame on the track and street. A total of 1,628 Boss 302's and 859 Boss 429's were sold through 1969 - making these vehicles somewhat rare.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: A new "luxury" model became available starting for 1969, available in only the hardtop body style. The 'Grande' featured a soft ride, of extra sound deadening, as well as a deluxe interior with simulated wood trim. It was popular with buyers with 22,182 units sold through 1969.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Amidst other special editions, the 1969 Mustang E was offered for those desiring high mpg. The 1969 Limited Edition Mustang E was a rare (about 50 produced) fastback special model designed for economy. It came with a six-cylinder engine (), a high stall torque converter for the standard automatic transmission, and a low, 2.33:1 rear axle ratio. Mustang E lettering on the rear quarters identified the special Mustang E. Air conditioning was not available on the 'E' model.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The Mustang GT was discontinued in 1969 due to poor sales versus the success of the new Mach 1 with only 5396 GT models sold that year.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: A new Thriftpower I6 engine with filled the gap between the existing Thriftpower I6 and the V8 engine line-up.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Ford made 96 'Mustang Twister Special' cars for Ford's Kansas City District Sales Office in late 1969. The Twister Specials were Grabber Orange Mach 1s with special decals. Ford also made a few 'Sidewinders', which were built in Dearborn, shipped to Omaha, and sold in Iowa and Nebraska. They were available in Grabber Green, Grabber Blue, Calypso Coral, and Yellow. The stripes came in the trunk to be installed by dealers.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Introduced in September 1970, the 1971 Mustang was green-lighted by Ford's new president, Semon "Bunkie" Knudsen, formerly of General Motors. Again, the revised model grew in size, gaining 3 inches in width in order to accommodate Ford's big block V8 without need for an extensive suspension redesign.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: As before there were three body styles offered: Hardtop (available in base or Grande trim), SportsRoof (available in base or Mach 1 trim), and convertible (no specific trim packages available).

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The new 1971 hardtop featured a prominent "tunnelback" rear window design with flowing rear pillars, a completion of the styling exercise of the outgoing model. Hardtops with 'Grande' trim gained a vinyl roof and Grande badges on the C-pillars.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: An additional edition, the Spring Special, was available between March and May 1971, which added Mach 1 styling cues (side stripes, tu-tone paint, urethane bumper, honeycomb grill with sportlamps) to the hardtop.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: SportsRoof models were available in base configurations in addition to the Mach 1 and Boss 351 sport/performance options.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The Mach 1s were available with two-tone paint schemes, optional hockey-stick stripes, NACA (NASA) hood scoops (functional on 999 ordered with Ram Air), color-keyed side mirrors, and additional sports/performance options. All Mach 1 models came stock with urethane front bumpers and an alternate grille equipped with amber sportlights. Though the Mach 1 is often associated with the NACA hood (a no-cost option) and other styling cues, base Mach 1s could be had with the standard hood and the 302 2V engine.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Boss 351 models were similar in appearance to the Mach 1, and included a larger black-out hood than Mach 1's, front and rear spoilers, dual exhaust with no rear valance cutouts, and chrome bumpers paired with the sportlamp grille.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Convertibles were equipped with a power top and a glass rear window. The 1973 models were the last Mustangs available as a convertible until the 1983 model year. Convertibles featured no unique exterior visual package of their own during their first year of introduction.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Due to tightening emissions regulations, the Boss 351 edition and optional 429 big block were dropped after 1971, leaving the variants as the largest available engines for 1972 (and 1973).

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Exterior differences were virtually unchanged, though all 1972 models were revised with "Fasten Seat Belt" warning lamps on the right side dash panel. The "Decor Group" exterior trim package was also revised, allowing coupe and convertible owners to option their car with two-tone lower body paint, plus the honeycomb sportlamp grille from the Mach 1/Boss 351 and the Mach 1's urethane bumper.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: A commemorative Olympic Sprint Edition (also available on the Pinto and Maverick) was released between March and June of this year. Sprint editions were available in Hardtop and Sportsroof variants, and featured white paint schemes with light blue accents and USA shield decals on the rear quarter panels. An additional 50 Sprint convertibles were produced exclusively for the 1972 National Cherry Blossom Parade in Washington D.C.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: 1973 brought some mild restyling. The urethane front bumper became standard and was enlarged in accordance with new NHTSA standards. All Mustang models had their sportlamps replaced with vertical turn signals, as the new bumper covered the previous turn signal locations in the front valance. Both a Mach 1 and base grille were offered, with differing insert patterns.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Mach 1 decals were also revised in 1972 for 1973 models, and the previous hockey stick side stripes of 1971–1972 models became an option on hardtops and convertibles with the addition of the 'Exterior Decor Group'. Magnum 500 wheels, previously optional, were superseded by forged aluminum 5-hole wheels.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: The 1973 model year Mustang was the final version of the original pony car, as the model name migrated to the economy, Ford Pinto-based Mustang II the next year.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: A small number of Mexican-produced cars were manufactured with the 'GT-351' trim package, under license by Shelby de Mexico. Additionally, 14 Shelby Europa vehicles were modified and decaled by Belgian Shelby dealer Claude Dubois for European clientele.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: Automakers in the U.S. switched from gross to net power and torque ratings in 1972 (coinciding with the introduction of low-compression engines); thus, it is difficult to compare power and torque ratings between 1971 and 1972.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: In 1964, Mustang sales started with 22,000 orders taken on the first day at the World's Fair and around the country. In the first two years of production, three Ford Motor Company plants in Milpitas, California; Dearborn, Michigan; and Metuchen, New Jersey produced almost 1.3 million Mustangs.

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Ford Mustang (first generation)

Context: From 1965, the Mustang was also made at the La Villa plant in Mexico. Initially, only the hardtop with a V8 engine (initially the 289, the 351 was added in 1970). The Mach 1 fastback was added in 1973..

Question: Milloin Ford Mustang mallia on aloitettu rakentamaan?


Pietism

Context: Pietism (), also known as Pietistic Lutheranism, is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with an emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life. It is also related to its non-Lutheran (but largely Lutheran-descended) Radical Pietism offshoot that either diversified or spread into various denominations or traditions, and has also had a contributing influence over the interdenominational Evangelical Christianity movement.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: Whereas Pietistic Lutherans stayed within the Lutheran tradition, adherents of a related movement known as Radical Pietism believed in separating from the established Lutheran Churches. Some of the theological tenets of Pietism also influenced other traditions of Protestantism, inspiring the Anglican priest John Wesley to begin the Methodist movement and Alexander Mack to begin the Anabaptist Brethren movement.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: Pietism (in lower case spelling) is also used to refer to an "emphasis on devotional experience and practices", or an "affectation of devotion", "pious sentiment, especially of an exaggerated or affected nature", not necessarily connected with Lutheranism or even Christianity.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: Pietistic Lutherans meet together in conventicles, "apart from Divine Service in order to mutually encourage piety". They believe "that any true Christian could point back in his or her life to an inner struggle with sin that culminated in a crisis and ultimately a decision to start a new, Christ-centered life." Pietistic Lutherans emphasize following "biblical divine commands of believers to live a holy life and to strive for holy living, or sanctification".

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: The 19th century saw a revival of confessional Lutheran doctrine, known as the neo-Lutheran movement. This movement focused on a reassertion of the identity of Lutherans as a distinct group within the broader community of Christians, with a renewed focus on the Lutheran Confessions as a key source of Lutheran doctrine. Associated with these changes was a renewed focus on traditional doctrine and liturgy, which paralleled the growth of Anglo-Catholicism in England.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: The party, termed the "Repristination Movement", was chiefly distinguished by its opposition to an independent scientific study of theology, its principal theological leader being Hengstenberg and its chief literary organ, the "Evangelische Kirchenzeitung".

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: Pietism also had a strong influence on contemporary artistic culture in Germany; though unread today, the Pietist Johann Georg Hamann held a strong influence in his day. Pietist belief in the power of individual meditation on the divine – a direct, individual approach to the ultimate spiritual reality of God – was probably partly responsible for the uniquely metaphysical, idealistic nature of German Romantic philosophy.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: In Denmark, Pietistic Lutheranism became popular in 1703. There, the faithful were organized into conventicles that "met for prayer and Bible reading".

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: Pietistic Lutheranism entered Sweden in the 1600s after the writings of Johann Arndt, Philipp Jakob Spener, and August Hermann Francke became popular. Pietistic Lutheranism gained patronage under Archbishop Erik Benzelius, who encouraged the Pietistic Lutheran practices.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: Laestadian Lutheranism, a form of Pietistic Lutheranism, continues to flourish in Scandinavia, where Church of Sweden priest Lars Levi Laestadius spearheaded the revival in the 19th century.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: This work produced a great impression throughout Germany. While large numbers of orthodox Lutheran theologians and pastors were deeply offended by Spener's book, many other pastors immediately adopted Spener's proposals.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: As a distinct movement, Pietism had its greatest strength by the middle of the 18th century; its very individualism in fact helped to prepare the way for the Enlightenment ("Aufklärung"), which took the church in an altogether different direction. Yet some claim that Pietism contributed largely to the revival of Biblical studies in Germany and to making religion once more an affair of the heart and of life and not merely of the intellect.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: R. J. Hollingdale, who translated Friedrich Nietzsche's "Thus Spake Zarathustra" into English, argued that a number of the themes of the work (especially "amor fati") originated in the Lutheran Pietism of Nietzsche's childhood – Nietzsche's father, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, was a Lutheran pastor who supported the Pietist movement.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: In 1900, the Church of the Lutheran Brethren was founded and it adheres to Pietist Lutheran theology, emphasizing a personal conversion experience.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: In England in the late 19th and early 20th century, the Nonconformist Protestant denominations, such as the Methodists, Baptists and Congregationalists, formed the base of the Liberal Party. David Hempton states, "The Liberal Party was the main beneficiary of Methodist political loyalties."

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: Pietism was a major influence on John Wesley and others who began the Methodist movement in 18th-century Great Britain. John Wesley was influenced significantly by Moravians (e.g., Zinzendorf, Peter Boehler) and Pietists connected to Francke and Halle Pietism. The fruit of these Pietist influences can be seen in the modern American Methodists and members of the Holiness movement.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: Pietism had an influence on American religion, as many German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, New York, and other areas. Its influence can be traced in Evangelicalism. Balmer says that:

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: The Merton Thesis is an argument about the nature of early experimental science proposed by Robert K. Merton. Similar to Max Weber's famous claim on the link between Protestant ethic and the capitalist economy, Merton argued for a similar positive correlation between the rise of Protestant Pietism and early experimental science. The Merton Thesis has resulted in continuous debates.

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Pietism

Context: The most extensive and current edition on Pietism is the four-volume edition in German, covering the entire movement in Europe and North America

Question: Millä vuosisadalla pietismi syntyi?


Deutsche Physik

Context: Deutsche Physik (, "German Physics") or Aryan Physics () was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s which had the support of many eminent physicists in Germany. The term was taken from the title of a four-volume physics textbook by Nobel Laureate Philipp Lenard in the 1930s.

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti kvanttimekaniikkaa?


Deutsche Physik

Context: "Deutsche Physik" was opposed to the work of Albert Einstein and other modern theoretically based physics, which was disparagingly labeled "Jewish physics" ().

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti kvanttimekaniikkaa?


Deutsche Physik

Context: When the Nazis entered the political scene, Lenard quickly attempted to ally himself with them, joining the party at an early stage. With another physics Nobel laureate, Johannes Stark, Lenard began a core campaign to label Einstein's Relativity as "Jewish Physics".

Question: Miksi arjalainen fysiikka vastusti kvanttimekaniikkaa?


Little brown bat

Context: It has few natural predators, but may be killed by raptors such as owls, as well as terrestrial predators such as raccoons. Other sources of mortality include diseases such as rabies and white-nose syndrome. White-nose syndrome has been a significant cause of mortality since 2006, killing over one million little brown bats by 2011. In the Northeastern United States, population loss has been extreme, with surveyed hibernacula (caves used for hibernation) averaging a population loss of 90%.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: Humans frequently encounter the little brown bat due to its habit of roosting in buildings. Colonies in buildings are often considered pests because of the production of waste or the concern of rabies transmission. Little brown bats rarely test positive for rabies, however. Some people attempt to attract little brown bats to their property, but not their houses, by installing bat houses.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat was described as a new species in 1831 by American naturalist John Eatton Le Conte.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: Within its family, the Vespertilionidae (vesper bats), the little brown bat is a member of the subfamily Myotinae, which contains only the mouse-eared bats of genus "Myotis". Based on a 2007 study using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, it is part of a Nearctic clade of mouse-eared bats. Its sister taxon is the Arizona myotis, "M. occultus".

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: As of 2005, five subspecies of the little brown bat are recognized: "M. l. lucifugus", "M. l. alascensis", "M. l. carissima", "M. l. pernox", and "M. l. relictus". Formerly, the Arizona myotis and southeastern myotis ("M. austroriparius") were also considered subspecies ("M. l. occultus" and "M. l. austroriparius"), but both are now recognized as full species.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: In a 2018 study by Morales and Carstens, they concluded that the five subspecies are independent, paraphyletic lineages, meaning that grouping them together excludes other lineages with the same common ancestor, and therefore each warrant specific status.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: It has a relatively short snout and a gently sloped forehead. It lacks a sagittal crest, which can be used to distinguish it from the Arizona myotis. Its skull length is . The braincase appears nearly circular though somewhat flattened when viewed from the back. Its ears are long, while the tragi, or cartilaginous flaps that project in front of the ear openings, are long. The tragi are blunt at the tips and considered of medium length for a mouse-eared bat.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat is dichromatic and its eyesight is likely sensitive to ultraviolet and red light, based on a genetic analysis that discovered that the genes SWS1 and M/LWS were present and functional. Its ability to see ultraviolet light may be useful in capturing insects, as 80% of nocturnal moths' wings reflect UV light. It is unclear if or how seeing red light is advantageous for this species. It is adapted to see best in low-light conditions. It lacks eyeshine.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat lacks a vomeronasal organ. Relative to frugivorous bat species such as the Jamaican fruit bat, it has small eyes and a reduced olfactory epithelium. Instead, it has a more sophisticated system of echolocation, suggesting that reliance on echolocation decreases the need for orientation via sight or smell.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: In the winter time, it enters a prolonged state of torpor known as hibernation. To conserve energy, it limits how frequently it arouses from torpor, with individuals existing in uninterrupted torpor for up to 90 days. Arousal is the most energetically costly phase of torpor, which is why individuals do so infrequently. Despite the energy-saving mechanism of hibernation, individuals lose a quarter of their pre-hibernation body mass during the winter.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: It is a very long-lived species relative to its body size. In the wild, individuals have been documented living up to 34 years.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The average lifespan, however, is around 6.5 years. Males and females have high annual survival rates (probability of surviving another year), though survival rates vary by sex and region. One colony documented in Ontario had a male survival rate of 81.6% and a female survival rate of 70.8%; a colony in southern Indiana had survival rates of 77.1% and 85.7% for males and females, respectively.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat is a colonial species, with hibernating colonies consisting of up to 183,500 individuals, though the average colony size is little more than 9,000. Historically, individuals within these colonies were highly aggregated and densely clustered together, though the disease white-nose syndrome is making solitary hibernation more common.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: During the spring and summer, maternity colonies of almost all female individuals form. These colonies usually consist of several hundred bats. Outside of these maternity colonies, adult males and non-reproductive females will roost by themselves or in small aggregations. Maternity colonies begin to break apart in late summer.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: Individuals typically emerge from their roosts at dusk, foraging for 1.5–3 hours before stopping to roost. A second foraging bout usually occurs later in the night, ending at dawn.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: Based on documenting one individual flying in a wind tunnel, it flies at approximately ; this increased to when flying over the surface of water.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: Home range size is variable; in one study of 22 females in Canada, pregnant females had an average home range of and lactating females had an average of .

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: It produces calls that are high intensity frequency modulated (FM) and that last from less than one millisecond (ms) to about 5 ms and have a sweep rate of 80–40 kHz, with most of their energy at 45 kHz. Individuals emit approximately 20 calls per second when in flight.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: It consumes a variety of arthropod species, including insects and spiders. Prey species include beetles, flies, mayflies, true bugs, ants, moths, lacewings, stoneflies, and caddisflies.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: It also consumes mosquitoes, with one study documenting that, across twelve colonies in Wisconsin, 71.9% of all little brown bat guano (feces) samples contained mosquito DNA.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: An often-mentioned statement is that "bats can eat 1000 mosquitoes per hour." While the little brown bat does consume mosquitoes and has high energetic needs, the study that is the basis for this claim was an experiment in which individuals were put into rooms full of either mosquitoes or fruit flies. For a duration up to 31 minutes, they captured an average of 1.5–5.7 mosquitoes per minute.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The individual most efficient at catching fruit flies caught an average of 14.8 per minute for 15 minutes.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: Extrapolating these numbers results in conclusions that it can eat approximately 340 mosquitoes per hour, or 890 fruit flies. However, there is no assurance that individuals forage with such high efficiencies for long periods of time, or that prey is dense enough in natural settings to allow capture rates observed in enclosed areas.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat likely has few predators. Known predators include owls such as the eastern screech owl, northern saw-whet owl, and the great horned owl. Raccoons are also opportunistic predators of the little brown bat, picking individuals off the cave walls of their hibernacula (caves used for hibernation) or eating individuals that have fallen to the cave floor.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The presence of helminth parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of the little brown bat is most common in the spring and fall and least common in the summer. Digenetic trematodes are the most common of these parasites, with the more common of these species including "Ototrema schildti" and "Plagiorchis vespertilionis".

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat lives throughout much of North America. In the north, its range extends as far west as Alaska and across much of Canada to Labrador. In the south, its range extends to Southern California and across the northern parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Historically, the largest known aggregations of this species occurred in the karstic regions of the Eastern United States.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat roosts in sheltered places during the day. These roosts can include human structures or natural structures such as tree hollows, wood piles, rocky outcrops, or, occasionally, caves. Species of trees used for roosting include quaking aspen, balsam poplar, oak, and maple. It prefers roosts that are warm and dark. For maternity colonies, females prefer roosts that are .

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat hibernates in caves or old mines. Females migrate up to hundreds of kilometers from their summer ranges to reach these hibernacula. It prefers hibernacula in which the relative humidity is greater than 90% and ambient temperatures are above the freezing point. Preferred hibernacula also maintain a constant temperature throughout the winter.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: The little brown bat forages along the edges of vegetated habitat. It also forages along the edges of bodies of water or streams. In one study in the Canadian province of Alberta, its foraging activity was significantly higher in old-growth forest than would be expected based on its relative availability.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: From 2006 to 2011, over one million little brown bats died from the disease in the Northeastern United States, with winter hibernacula populations declining up to 99%. As of 2017, hibernacula counts for little brown bats in the Northeast had declined by an average of 90%.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: White-nose syndrome first appeared in New York in 2006; it has steadily diffused from eastern New York, though, until recently, remaining east of the Rocky Mountains. In March 2016, white-nose syndrome was detected on a little brown bat in King County, Washington, representing a jump from the previous westernmost extent of the disease in any bat species.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: In 2010, Frick et al. predicted a 99% chance of local extinction of little brown bats by the year 2026.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: They also predicted that the pre-white-nose syndrome population of 6.5 million individuals could be reduced to as few as 65,000 (1%) via the disease outbreak. Despite heavy declines, the species has avoided extinction in the Northeast through the persistence of small, localized populations. While the mortality rate of the disease is very high, some individuals that are exposed do survive.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: Because they are often found in proximity to humans, the little brown bat and the not-closely related big brown bat are the two bat species most frequently submitted for rabies testing in the United States. Little brown bats infrequently test positive for the rabies virus; of the 586 individuals submitted for testing across the United States in 2015, the most recent data available as of 2018, 16 (2.7%) tested positive for the virus.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Little brown bat

Context: Little brown bats are vulnerable near moving vehicles on roads, either foraging or crossing. Bats can easily be pulled into the slipstreams of faster moving vehicles. When little brown bats cross roads, they approach the road using canopy tree cover and avoid crossing where there is no cover. When the cover is lower, bats cross roads lower.

Question: Ovatko pikkuruskosiipat erittäin uhanalaisia?


Renaissance art

Context: In Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the sculpture of Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni Pisano, working at Pisa, Siena and Pistoia shows markedly classicising tendencies, probably influenced by the familiarity of these artists with ancient Roman sarcophagi. Their masterpieces are the pulpits of the Baptistery and Cathedral of Pisa.

Question: Miten renessanssin taide määritellään?


Renaissance art

Context: In Naples, the painter Antonello da Messina began using oil paints for portraits and religious paintings at a date that preceded other Italian painters, possibly about 1450. He carried this technique north and influenced the painters of Venice. One of the most significant painters of Northern Italy was Andrea Mantegna, who decorated the interior of a room, the Camera degli Sposi for his patron Ludovico Gonzaga, setting portraits of the family and court into an illusionistic architectural space.

Question: Miten renessanssin taide määritellään?


Renaissance art

Context: The painters of the Low Countries in this period included Jan van Eyck, his brother Hubert van Eyck, Robert Campin, Hans Memling, Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes. Their painting developed partly independently of Early Italian Renaissance painting, and without the influence of a deliberate and conscious striving to revive antiquity.

Question: Miten renessanssin taide määritellään?


Renaissance art

Context: Britain was very late to develop a distinct Renaissance style and most artists of the Tudor court were imported foreigners, usually from the Low Countries, including Hans Holbein the Younger, who died in England. One exception was the portrait miniature, which artists including Nicholas Hilliard developed into a distinct genre well before it became popular in the rest of Europe. Renaissance art in Scotland was similarly dependent on imported artists, and largely restricted to the court.

Question: Miten renessanssin taide määritellään?


Nuclear navy

Context: The US had several nuclear cruisers. The cruisers were the USS "Bainbridge", USS "California", USS "Long Beach", USS "Truxtun", USS "South Carolina", USS "Virginia", USS "Texas", USS "Mississippi", and USS "Arkansas". The "Long Beach" was deemed too expensive and was decommissioned in 1995 instead of receiving its third nuclear refueling and proposed upgrade. It was sold for scrap in 2012 at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Currently the United States does not have any nuclear cruisers.

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: Russia has four s, though only one is active, the other three being laid up. The command ship "SSV-33 Ural", based on the "Kirov" class, is also laid up. Seven civilian nuclear icebreakers remain in service: four of six s, the two "Taymyr"-class icebreakers "Taymyr" and "Vaygach", and the LASH carrier and container ship .

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: By 2003 the U.S. Navy had accumulated over 5,400 "reactor years" of accident-free experience, and operated more than 80 nuclear-powered ships.

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, (1900–1986), of the United States Navy, known as "father of the nuclear navy"

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: was an electrical engineer by training, and was the primary architect who implemented this daring concept, and believed that it was the natural next phase for the way military vessels could be propelled and powered. The challenge was to reduce the size of a nuclear reactor to fit on board a ship or submarine, as well as to encase it sufficiently so that radiation hazards would not be a safety concern.

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: Leading nuclear physicist Philip Abelson (1913–2004) turned his attention under the guidance of Ross Gunn to applying nuclear power to naval propulsion. Their early efforts at Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) provided an early glimpse at what was to become the nuclear Navy.

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: At the present time, many important vessels in the United States Navy are powered by nuclear reactors. All submarines and aircraft carriers are nuclear-powered. Several cruisers were nuclear-powered but these have all been retired.

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: United States naval reactors are given three-character designations consisting of a letter representing the ship type the reactor is designed for, a consecutive generation number, and a letter indicating the reactor's designer. The ship types are "A" for aircraft carrier, "C" for cruiser, "D" for destroyer, and "S" for submarine. The designers are "W" for Westinghouse, "G" for General Electric, "C" for Combustion Engineering, and "B" for Bechtel. Examples are S5W, D1G, A4W, and D2W.

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: Most information concerning United States naval reactors is not secret—see Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information.

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Nuclear navy

Context: While not all of these were reactor accidents, they have a major impact on nuclear marine propulsion and the global politics because they happened to nuclear vessels. Only four Soviet nuclear submarines accidentally sank with nuclear weapons on board and remain on the sea floor to this day.

Question: Minkä nimisiä ovat Yhdysvaltojen ydinkäyttöiset lentotukialukset?


Criminology

Context: Criminology (from Latin , "accusation", and Ancient Greek , "-logia", from λόγος "logos" meaning: "word, reason") is the study of crime and deviant behaviour. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists, political scientists, economists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, biologists, social anthropologists, as well as scholars of law.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Criminologists are the people working and researching the study of crime and society's response to crime. Some criminologists examine behavioral patterns of possible criminals. Generally, criminologists conduct research and investigations, developing theories and analyzing empirical patterns.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: In the mid-18th century, criminology arose as social philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law. The term "criminology" was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as "." Later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term "." Paul Topinard's major work appeared in 1879.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: From 1900 through to 2000 this field of research underwent three significant phases in the United States: (1) Golden Age of Research (1900–1930) which has been described as a multiple-factor approach, (2) Golden Age of Theory (1930–1960) which endeavored to show the limits of systematically connecting criminological research to theory, and (3) a 1960–2000 period, which was seen as a significant turning point for criminology.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: There were three main schools of thought in early criminological theory, spanning the period from the mid-18th century to the mid-twentieth century: Classical, Positivist, and Chicago. These schools of thought were superseded by several contemporary paradigms of criminology, such as the sub-culture, control, strain, labelling, critical criminology, cultural criminology, postmodern criminology, feminist criminology and others discussed below.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: The Classical school arose in the mid-18th century and has its basis in utilitarian philosophy. Cesare Beccaria, author of "On Crimes and Punishments" (1763–64), Jeremy Bentham (inventor of the "panopticon"), and other philosophers in this school argued:

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: This school developed during a major reform in penology when society began designing prisons for the sake of extreme punishment. This period also saw many legal reforms, the French Revolution, and the development of the legal system in the United States.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Biological positivism is the belief that these criminals and their criminal behavior stem from "chemical imbalances" or "abnormalities" within the brain or the DNA due to basic internal "defects".

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Psychological Positivism is the concept that criminal acts or the people doing said crimes do them because of internal factors driving them. It differs from biological positivism which says criminals are born criminals, whereas the psychological perspective recognizes the internal factors are results of external factors such as, but not limited to, abusive parents, abusive relationships, drug problems, etc.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Social Positivism, which is often referred to as Sociological Positivism, discusses the thought process that criminals are produced by society. This school claims that low income levels, high poverty/unemployment rates, and poor educational systems create and fuel criminals and crimes.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: The notion of having a criminal personality is derived from the school of thought of psychological positivism. It essentially means that parts of an individual's personality have traits that align with many of those possessed by criminals, such as neuroticism, anti-social tendencies, aggressive behaviors, and other factors. There is evidence of correlation, but not causation, between these personality traits and criminal actions.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Chicago school sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to studying cities and postulated that urban neighborhoods with high levels of poverty often experience a breakdown in the social structure and institutions, such as family and schools. This results in social disorganization, which reduces the ability of these institutions to control behavior and creates an environment ripe for deviant behavior.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Other researchers suggested an added social-psychological link. Edwin Sutherland suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older, more experienced criminals with whom they may associate.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Theoretical perspectives used in criminology include psychoanalysis, functionalism, interactionism, Marxism, econometrics, systems theory, postmodernism, genetics, neuropsychology, evolutionary psychology, etc.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: This theory is applied to a variety of approaches within the bases of criminology in particular and in sociology more generally as a conflict theory or structural conflict perspective in sociology and sociology of crime. As this perspective is itself broad enough, embracing as it does a diversity of positions.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Following the Chicago school and strain theory, and also drawing on Edwin Sutherland's idea of differential association, sub-cultural theorists focused on small cultural groups fragmenting away from the mainstream to form their own values and meanings about life.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Albert K. Cohen tied anomie theory with Sigmund Freud's reaction formation idea, suggesting that delinquency among lower-class youths is a reaction against the social norms of the middle class. Some youth, especially from poorer areas where opportunities are scarce, might adopt social norms specific to those places that may include "toughness" and disrespect for authority. Criminal acts may result when youths conform to norms of the deviant subculture.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin suggested that delinquency can result from a differential opportunity for lower class youth. Such youths may be tempted to take up criminal activities, choosing an illegitimate path that provides them more lucrative economic benefits than conventional, over legal options such as minimum wage-paying jobs available to them.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: British sub-cultural theorists focused more heavily on the issue of class, where some criminal activities were seen as "imaginary solutions" to the problem of belonging to a subordinate class. A further study by the Chicago school looked at gangs and the influence of the interaction of gang leaders under the observation of adults.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Sociologists such as Raymond D. Gastil have explored the impact of a Southern culture of honor on violent crime rates.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: A simple example: Someone wants a big yacht but does not have the means to buy one. If the person cannot exert self-control, he or she might try to get the yacht (or the means for it) in an illegal way, whereas someone with high self-control will (more likely) either wait, deny themselves of what want or seek an intelligent intermediate solution, such as joining a yacht club to use a yacht by group consolidation of resources without violating social norms.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Social bonds, through peers, parents, and others can have a countering effect on one's low self-control. For families of low socio-economic status, a factor that distinguishes families with delinquent children, from those who are not delinquent, is the control exerted by parents or chaperonage. In addition, theorists such as David Matza and Gresham Sykes argued that criminals are able to temporarily neutralize internal moral and social-behavioral constraints through techniques of neutralization.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: At the other side of the spectrum, criminologist Lonnie Athens developed a theory about how a process of brutalization by parents or peers that usually occurs in childhood results in violent crimes in adulthood. Richard Rhodes' "Why They Kill" describes Athens' observations about domestic and societal violence in the criminals' backgrounds. Both Athens and Rhodes reject the genetic inheritance theories.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: With this perspective, crime prevention or reduction measures can be devised to increase the effort required to commit the crime, such as target hardening. Rational choice theories also suggest that increasing risk and likelihood of being caught, through added surveillance, law enforcement presence, added street lighting, and other measures, are effective in reducing crime.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Such rational choice theories, linked to neoliberalism, have been at the basics of crime prevention through environmental design and underpin the Market Reduction Approach to theft by Mike Sutton, which is a systematic toolkit for those seeking to focus attention on "crime facilitators" by tackling the markets for stolen goods that provide motivation for thieves to supply them by theft.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Aggressive behavior has been associated with abnormalities in three principal regulatory systems in the body: serotonin systems, catecholamine systems, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Abnormalities in these systems also are known to be induced by stress, either severe, acute stress or chronic low-grade stress.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: In 1968, young British sociologists formed the National Deviance Conference (NDC) group. The group was restricted to academics and consisted of 300 members. Ian Taylor, Paul Walton and Jock Young – members of the NDC – rejected previous explanations of crime and deviance. Thus, they decided to pursue a new Marxist criminological approach. In "The New Criminology", they argued against the biological "positivism" perspective represented by Lombroso, Hans Eysenck and Gordon Trasler.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: According to the Marxist perspective on crime, "defiance is normal – the sense that men are now consciously involved ... in assuring their human diversity." Thus Marxists criminologists argued in support of society in which the facts of human diversity, be it social or personal, would not be criminalized. They further attributed the processes of crime creation not to genetic or psychological facts, but rather to the material basis of a given society.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: According to Rod Earle, Convict Criminology started in the United States after the major expansion of prisons in the 1970s, and the U.S still remains the main focus for those who study convict criminology.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Queer criminology is a field of study that focuses on LGBT individuals and their interactions with the criminal justice system. The goals of this field of study are as follows:

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Relative deprivation involves the process where an individual measures his or her own well-being and materialistic worth against that of other people and perceive that they are worse off in comparison. When humans fail to obtain what they believe they are owed, they can experience anger or jealousy over the notion that they have been wrongly disadvantaged.

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Criminology

Context: Both the positivist and classical schools take a consensus view of crime: that a crime is an act that violates the basic values and beliefs of society. Those values and beliefs are manifested as laws that society agrees upon. However, there are two types of laws:

Question: Luetaanko kriminologia yhteiskuntatieteisiin?


Soviet Union

Context: Between the end of World War II in 1945 and its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet Union had maintained its status as one of two superpowers vis-à-vis the United States. It was sometimes referred to informally as the "Soviet Empire" in relation to its exercising of hegemony across Europe as well as worldwide with a combination of military and economic strength; proxy conflicts and influence in the Third World; and funding of scientific research, especially in space technology and weaponry.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The word "soviet" is derived from the Russian word "sovet" (), meaning "council", "assembly", "advice", ultimately deriving from the proto-Slavic verbal stem of "vět-iti" ("to inform"), related to Slavic "věst" ("news"), English "wise", the root in "ad-vis-or" (which came to English through French), or the Dutch "weten" ("to know"; cf. "wetenschap" meaning "science"). The word "sovietnik" means "councillor".

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Some organizations in Russian history were called "council" (). In the Russian Empire, the State Council which functioned from 1810 to 1917 was referred to as a Council of Ministers after the revolt of 1905.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The Soviet Union, similarly to Russia, had the world's longest border, measuring over , or circumferences of Earth. Two-thirds of it was a coastline. The country bordered (from 1945 to 1991): Norway, Finland, the Baltic Sea, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, the Black Sea, Turkey, Iran, the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. The Bering Strait separated the country from the United States, while the La Pérouse Strait separated it from Japan.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The Soviet Union's highest mountain was Communism Peak (now Ismoil Somoni Peak) in Tajik SSR, at . It also included most of the world's largest lakes; the Caspian Sea (shared with Iran), and Lake Baikal in Russia, the world's largest and deepest freshwater lake.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: A spontaneous popular uprising in Petrograd, in response to the wartime decay of Russia's economy and morale, culminated in the February Revolution and the toppling of Nicholas II and the imperial government in March 1917. The tsarist autocracy was replaced by the Russian Provisional Government, which intended to conduct elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly and to continue fighting on the side of the Entente in World War I.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: On 1 February 1924, the USSR was recognized by the United Kingdom. The same year, a Soviet Constitution was approved, legitimizing the December 1922 union.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In 1928, Stalin introduced the first five-year plan for building a socialist economy. In place of the internationalism expressed by Lenin throughout the Revolution, it aimed to build Socialism in One Country. In industry, the state assumed control over all existing enterprises and undertook an intensive program of industrialization. In agriculture, rather than adhering to the "lead by example" policy advocated by Lenin, forced collectivization of farms was implemented all over the country.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Famines ensued as a result, causing deaths estimated at three to seven million; surviving kulaks were persecuted, and many were sent to Gulags to do forced labor. Social upheaval continued in the mid-1930s. Despite the turmoil of the mid-to-late 1930s, the country developed a robust industrial economy in the years preceding World War II.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In the same year, the USSR, in fulfilment of its agreement with the Allies at the Yalta Conference, denounced the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1945 and invaded Manchukuo and other Japan-controlled territories on 9 August 1945. This conflict ended with a decisive Soviet victory, contributing to the unconditional surrender of Japan and the end of World War II.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Stalin died on 5 March 1953. Without a mutually agreeable successor, the highest Communist Party officials initially opted to rule the Soviet Union jointly through a troika headed by Georgy Malenkov. This did not last, however, and Nikita Khrushchev eventually won the ensuing power struggle by the mid-1950s. In 1956, he denounced Joseph Stalin and proceeded to ease controls over the party and society. This was known as de-Stalinization.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Moscow considered Eastern Europe to be a critically vital buffer zone for the forward defence of its western borders, in case of another major invasion such as the German invasion of 1941. For this reason, the USSR sought to cement its control of the region by transforming the Eastern European countries into satellite states, dependent upon and subservient to its leadership. As a result, Soviet military forces were used to suppress an anti-communist uprising in Hungary in 1956.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In the late 1950s, a confrontation with China regarding the Soviet rapprochement with the West, and what Mao Zedong perceived as Khrushchev's revisionism, led to the Sino–Soviet split. This resulted in a break throughout the global Marxist–Leninist movement, with the governments in Albania, Cambodia and Somalia choosing to ally with China.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Following the ousting of Khrushchev, another period of collective leadership ensued, consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as general secretary, Alexei Kosygin as Premier and Nikolai Podgorny as Chairman of the Presidium, lasting until Brezhnev established himself in the early 1970s as the preeminent Soviet leader.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In 1968, the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact allies invaded Czechoslovakia to halt the Prague Spring reforms. In the aftermath, Brezhnev justified the invasion and previous military interventions as well as any potential military interventions in the future by introducing the Brezhnev Doctrine, which proclaimed any threat to socialist rule in a Warsaw Pact state as a threat to all Warsaw Pact states, therefore justifying military intervention.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Brezhnev presided throughout "détente" with the West that resulted in treaties on armament control (SALT I, SALT II, Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty) while at the same time building up Soviet military might.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In late 1979, the Soviet Union's military intervened in the ongoing civil war in neighboring Afghanistan, effectively ending a détente with the West.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Two developments dominated the decade that followed: the increasingly apparent crumbling of the Soviet Union's economic and political structures, and the patchwork attempts at reforms to reverse that process. Kenneth S. Deffeyes argued in "Beyond Oil" that the Reagan administration encouraged Saudi Arabia to lower the price of oil to the point where the Soviets could not make a profit selling their oil, and resulted in the depletion of the country's hard currency reserves.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The analysis of the succession of states for the 15 post-Soviet states is complex. The Russian Federation is seen as the legal "continuator" state and is for most purposes the heir to the Soviet Union. It retained ownership of all former Soviet embassy properties, and also inherited the Soviet Union's UN membership, with its permanent seat on the Security Council.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Similar situation occurred with restitution of cultural property. Although on 14 February 1992 Russia and other former Soviet republics signed agreement "On the return of cultural and historic property to the origin states" in Minsk, it was halted by Russian State Duma that had eventually passed "Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation" which made restitution currently impossible.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania consider themselves as revivals of the three independent countries that existed prior to their occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940. They maintain that the process by which they were incorporated into the Soviet Union violated both international law and their own law, and that in 1990–1991 they were reasserting an independence that still legally existed.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: There are additionally six states that claim independence from the other internationally recognised post-Soviet states but possess limited international recognition: Abkhazia, Artsakh, Donetsk, Luhansk, South Ossetia and Transnistria. The Chechen separatist movement of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, the Gagauz separatist movement of the Gagauz Republic and the Talysh separatist movement of the Talysh-Mughan Republic lack any international recognition.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The Marxist-Leninist leadership of the Soviet Union intensely debated foreign policy issues and changed directions several times. Even after Stalin assumed dictatorial control in the late 1920s, there were debates, and he frequently changed positions.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: During the country's early period, it was assumed that Communist revolutions would break out soon in every major industrial country, and it was the Soviet responsibility to assist them. The Comintern was the weapon of choice. A few revolutions did break out, but they were quickly suppressed (the longest lasting one was in Hungary)—the Hungarian Soviet Republic—lasted only from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919. The Russian Bolsheviks were in no position to give any help.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin ordered Marxist-Leninist parties across the world to strongly oppose non-Marxist political parties, labor unions or other organizations on the left. Stalin reversed himself in 1934 with the Popular Front program that called on all Marxist parties to join together with all anti-Fascist political, labor, and organizational forces that were opposed to fascism, especially of the Nazi variety.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In 1939, half a year after the Munich Agreement, the USSR attempted to form an anti-Nazi alliance with France and Britain. Adolf Hitler proposed a better deal, which would give the USSR control over much of Eastern Europe through the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In September, Germany invaded Poland, and the USSR also invaded later that month, resulting in the partition of Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: Up until his death in 1953, Joseph Stalin controlled all foreign relations of the Soviet Union during the interwar period. Despite the increasing build-up of Germany's war machine and the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet Union did not cooperate with any other nation, choosing to follow its own path. However, after Operation Barbarossa, the Soviet Union's priorities changed. Despite previous conflict with the United Kingdom, Vyacheslav Molotov dropped his post war border demands.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: There were three power hierarchies in the Soviet Union: the legislature represented by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, the government represented by the Council of Ministers, and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the only legal party and the final policymaker in the country.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: However, in practice the degree of control the party was able to exercise over the state bureaucracy, particularly after the death of Stalin, was far from total, with the bureaucracy pursuing different interests that were at times in conflict with the party. Nor was the party itself monolithic from top to bottom, although factions were officially banned.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: The judiciary was not independent of the other branches of government. The Supreme Court supervised the lower courts (People's Court) and applied the law as established by the constitution or as interpreted by the Supreme Soviet. The Constitutional Oversight Committee reviewed the constitutionality of laws and acts. The Soviet Union used the inquisitorial system of Roman law, where the judge, procurator, and defence attorney collaborate to establish the truth.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In the post-war period, the Soviet Army was directly involved in several military operations abroad. These included the suppression of the uprising in East Germany (1953), Hungarian revolution (1956) and the invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968). The Soviet Union also participated in the war in Afghanistan between 1979 and 1989.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: As for Lunar space program; USSR only had a program on automated spacecraft launches; with no crewed spacecraft used; passing on the "Moon Race" part of Space Race.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?


Soviet Union

Context: In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union managed to build the "Mir" orbital station. It was built on the construction of "Salyut" stations and its only role was civilian-grade research tasks.

Question: Miksi Neuvostoliitolla oli talousongelmia?