Google Books

Context: August 2007: Google announced that it would digitize up to 500,000 both copyrighted and public domain items from Cornell University Library. Google would also provide a digital copy of all works scanned to be incorporated into the university's own library system.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: September 2007: Google added a feature that allows users to share snippets of books that are in the public domain. The snippets may appear exactly as they do in the scan of the book, or as plain text.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: September 2007: Google debuted a new feature called "My Library" which allows users to create personal customized libraries, selections of books that they can label, review, rate, or full-text search.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: May 2008: Microsoft tapered off and planned to end its scanning project, which had reached 750,000 books and 80 million journal articles.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: October 2008: A settlement was reached between the publishing industry and Google after two years of negotiation. Google agreed to compensate authors and publishers in exchange for the right to make millions of books available to the public.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: October 2008: The HathiTrust "Shared Digital Repository" (later known as the HathiTrust Digital Library) is launched jointly by the Committee on Institutional Cooperation and the 11 university libraries in the University of California system, all of which were Google partner libraries, in order to archive and provide academic access to books from their collections scanned by Google and others.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: November 2008: Google reached the 7 million book mark for items scanned by Google and by their publishing partners. 1 million were in full preview mode and 1 million were fully viewable and downloadable public domain works. About five million were out of print.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: February 2009: Google launched a mobile version of Google Book Search, allowing iPhone and Android phone users to read over 1.5 million public domain works in the US (and over 500,000 outside the US) using a mobile browser. Instead of page images, the plain text of the book is displayed.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: May 2009: At the annual BookExpo convention in New York, Google signaled its intent to introduce a program that would enable publishers to sell digital versions of their newest books direct to consumers through Google.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: December 2009: A French court shut down the scanning of copyrighted books published in France, saying this violated copyright laws. It was the first major legal loss for the scanning project.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: May 2010: It was reported that Google would launch a digital book store called Google Editions. It would compete with Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Apple and other electronic book retailers with its own e-book store. Unlike others, Google Editions would be completely online and would not require a specific device (such as kindle, Nook, or iPad).

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: August 2010: It was announced that Google intends to scan all known existing 129,864,880 books within a decade, amounting to over 4 billion digital pages and 2 trillion words in total.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: December 2010: Google launched the Ngram Viewer, which collects and graphs data on word usage across its book collection.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: March 2011: A federal judge rejected the settlement reached between the publishing industry and Google.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: November 2013: Ruling in "Authors Guild v. Google", US District Judge Denny Chin sides with Google, citing fair use. The authors said they would appeal.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: October 2015: The appeals court sided with Google, declaring that Google did not violate copyright law. According to the New York Times, Google has scanned more than 25 million books.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: April 2016: The US Supreme Court declined to hear the Authors Guild's appeal, which means the lower court's decision stood, and Google would be allowed to scan library books and display snippets in search results without violating the law.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: Despite winning the decade-long litigation in 2017, "The Atlantic" has said that Google has "all but shut down its scanning operation." In April 2017, "Wired" reported that there were only a few Google employees working on the project, and new books were still being scanned, but at a significantly lower rate. It commented that the decade-long legal battle had caused Google to lose its ambition.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: In 2015 Authors Guild filed another appeal against Google to be considered by the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York. Google won the case unanimously based on the argument that they were not showing people the full texts but instead snippets, and they are not allowing people to illegally read the book. In a report, courts stated that they did not infringe on copyright laws, as they were protected under the fair use clause.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: Authors Guild tried again in 2016 to appeal the decision and this time took their case to be considered by the Supreme Court. The case was rejected, leaving the Second Circuit's decision on the case intact, meaning that Google did not violate copyright laws. This case also set a precedent for other similar cases in regards to fair use laws, as it further clarified the law and expanded it. Such clarification affects other scanning projects similar to Google.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: In December 2009, Chinese author Mian Mian filed a civil lawsuit for $8,900 against Google for scanning her novel, "Acid Lovers". This is the first such lawsuit to be filed against Google in China. Also, in November that year, the China Written Works Copyright Society (CWWCS) accused Google of scanning 18,000 books by 570 Chinese writers without authorization. Google agreed on Nov 20 to provide a list of Chinese books it had scanned, but the company refused to admit having "infringed" copyright laws.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: In March 2007, Thomas Rubin, associate general counsel for copyright, trademark, and trade secrets at Microsoft, accused Google of violating copyright law with their book search service. Rubin specifically criticized Google's policy of freely copying any work until notified by the copyright holder to stop.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: Google licensing of public domain works is also an area of concern due to using of digital watermarking techniques with the books. Some published works that are in the public domain, such as all works created by the U.S. Federal government, are still treated like other works under copyright, and therefore locked after 1922.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


History of transgender people in the United States

Context: One of the first documented inhabitants of the American colonies to challenge binary gender roles was Thomas(ine) Hall, a servant who, in the 1620s, alternately dressed in both men's and women's clothing. Hall is likely to have been intersex, and was ordered by the Virginia court to wear both a man's breeches and a woman's apron and cap at the same time.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Joseph Lobdell (born in 1829 as Lucy Ann Lobdell) lived as a man for sixty years and due to this was arrested and incarcerated in an insane asylum. He was, however, able to marry a woman.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Transgender studies in Europe, especially Germany, began to percolate back to the United States in the late 1800s. Writer Edward Charles Spitzka reminded American readers of Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, governor of colonial New York remembered for cross-dressing.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Murray Hall (1841–1901) was a politician in New York City for almost twenty-five years. After Hall's death, it was discovered that he had been assigned female at birth. Hall had been married twice and had an adopted daughter. Although his most recent wife had predeceased him, his daughter was described as "terribly shocked. She said she always believed her foster father was a man, and never heard her foster mother say anything that would lead her to suspect otherwise."

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Some cases are known of immigrants changing their gender identity upon arrival in the United States, especially trans men. One notable case is that of Frank Woodhull, who lived for around 15 years as a man and was discovered to have been "posing as a man" during processing at Ellis Island in 1908.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: The 1950s and 1960s saw some of the first transgender organizations and publications, but law and medicine did not respond favorably to growing awareness of transgender people.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: The most famous American transgender person of the time was Christine Jorgensen, who in 1952 became the first widely publicized person to have undergone sex reassignment surgery (in this case, male to female), creating a worldwide sensation. However, she was denied a marriage license in 1959 when she attempted to marry a man, and her fiancé lost his job when his engagement to Christine became public knowledge.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Virginia Prince, a transgender person who began living full time as a woman in San Francisco in the 1940s, developed a widespread correspondence network with transgender people throughout Europe and the United States by the 1950s. She worked closely with Alfred Kinsey to bring the needs of transgender people to the attention of social scientists and sex reformers.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 1952, using Virginia Prince's correspondence network for its initial subscription list, a handful of other transgender people in Southern California launched "Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress", which published two issues. The Society that launched the journal also only briefly existed in Southern California.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: The Cooper Donuts Riot was a May 1959 incident in Los Angeles, in which transgender women, lesbian women, drag queens, and gay men rioted, one of the first LGBT uprisings in the US. The incident was sparked by police harassment of LGBT people at a 24-hour café called Cooper Donuts.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In the late 1960s in New York, Mario Martino founded the Labyrinth Foundation Counseling Service, which was the first transgender community-based organization that specifically addressed the needs of transsexual men.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: The collective responded in turn by publicly defending Stone in various feminist publications of the time. Stone continued as a member of the collective and continued to record Olivia artists until political dissension over her transgender status, exacerbated by Janice's book, culminated in 1979 in the threat of a boycott of Olivia products. After long debate, Stone left the collective and returned to Santa Cruz.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: By the late 1970s, despite increasing recognition in medical circles, the battle for acceptance was far from won and some of the reverses of this period included the dissolution of some of the first transsexual advocacy groups including the NTCU, and the loss of support in both gay and feminist circles.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 1980, transgender people were officially classified by the American Psychiatric Association as having "gender identity disorder".

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: The term "transgender" as an umbrella term to refer to all gender non-conforming people became more commonplace in the late 1980s. In 1987 Sandy Stone, an American transgender woman, published the essay "", in response to the anti-transsexual book "The Transsexual Empire".<ref name="https://www.buzzfeed.com"></ref> Her essay has been cited as the origin of transgender studies.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 1991 a transgender woman named Nancy Burkholder was removed from the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival when security guards realized she was transgender. After that there were demonstrations against the Festival's women-born-women only policy. These demonstrations were known as Camp Trans. The final Michigan Womyn's Music Festival was held in 2015.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: 1991 was also the year of the first Southern Comfort Conference, a major transgender conference that takes place annually in Atlanta, Georgia. It is the largest, most famous, and pre-eminent such conference in the United States.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Following her divorce in 2015, Caitlyn Jenner came out in a television interview as a transgender woman. On June 1, 2015, Caitlyn Jenner (formerly Bruce Jenner) revealed her new name, Caitlyn, and her use of female pronouns officially. Many news sources have described Jenner as the most famous openly transgender American.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: There were also two firsts for transgender people in sports in the 2010s. Kye Allums became the first openly transgender athlete to play NCAA basketball in 2010. Allums is a transgender man who played on George Washington University's women's team. In 2012 Keelin Godsey became the first openly transgender contender for the U.S. Olympic team, but he failed to qualify and did not go to the Olympics.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Another significant change for transgender people occurred in 2013 when the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was released. This edition eliminated the term "gender identity disorder", which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "gender dysphoria", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Sarah McBride was a speaker at the Democratic National Convention in July 2016, becoming the first openly transgender person to address a major party convention in American history.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2016 Lambda Literary Foundation established an annual scholarship in honor of trans woman Bryn Kelly, a Lambda Literary Fellow who committed suicide in January 2016. She was the first male to female transgender Fellow.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Also in 2017, the Trump administration, through the Department of Justice, reversed the Obama-era policy which used Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to protect transgender employees from discrimination. The Supreme Court ruled in June 2020 that Title VII includes protections for gay and transgender employees.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Also in 2017, "The Advocate" named "Transgender Americans" as its "Person of the Year", and listed Danica Roem (a transgender woman) as a finalist.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: On June 14, 2020, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, the Brooklyn Liberation March, took place; it stretched from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, Brooklyn, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants, and focused on supporting black trans lives.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: "Bostock v. Clayton County", , was a landmark Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled (on June 15, 2020) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because of their gender identity (or sexual orientation). A plaintiff in the case was Aimee Stephens, an openly transgender woman.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Sandy Stone is an openly transgender woman whose essay, titled "The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto", and published in 1987 in response to the anti-transsexual book "Transsexual Empire", has been cited as the origin of transgender studies.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2012 Campus Pride, founded in 2001, issued its first list of the most welcoming places for trans students to go to college.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Also in 2014 Mount Holyoke College became the first Seven Sisters college to accept openly transgender students.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Also in 2014, "Transgender Studies Quarterly", the first non-medical academic journal devoted to transgender issues, began publication, with two openly transgender coeditors, Susan Stryker and Paisley Currah.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2016 guidance was issued by the Departments of Justice and Education stating that schools which receive federal money must treat a student's gender identity as their sex (for example, in regard to bathrooms). However, this policy was revoked in 2017.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2019, University of Tennessee graduate Hera Jay Brown became the first transgender woman to be selected for a Rhodes Scholarship. Two non-binary scholars were also selected for the 2020 class.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 1971, Paula Grossman was fired from her 14-year position as an elementary music teacher in Bernards Township, New Jersey after coming out as transgender. She never returned to teaching and died in 2003.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2012, Kylar Broadus, founder of the Trans People of Color Coalition of Columbia, Missouri, spoke to the Senate in favor of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. His speech was the first-ever Senate testimony from an openly transgender witness.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In February 2007, Norman Spack co-founded Boston Children's Hospital's Gender Management Service (GeMS) clinic; it is America's first clinic to treat transgender children.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2009, America's professional association of endocrinologists established best practices for transgender children that included prescribing puberty-suppressing drugs to preteens followed by hormone therapy beginning at about age 16. In 2012 the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry echoed these recommendations.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2011, the Center of Excellence for Transgender Health published the first-ever protocols for transgender primary care.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Also in 2011, the Veterans Health Administration issued a directive stipulating that all transgender and intersex veterans are entitled to the same level of care "without discrimination" as other veterans, consistent across all Veterans Administration healthcare facilities.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2012, the American Psychiatric Association issued official position statements supporting the care and civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2013, the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was released. This edition eliminated the term "gender identity disorder", which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "gender dysphoria", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Also in 2013, at the request of a panel of endocrinologists, "U.S. News and World Report", for the first time in its hospital rankings, assigned additional points to hospitals that had programs designed to meet the needs of transgender youth.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2017, the Defense Health Agency for the first time approved payment for sex reassignment surgery for an active-duty U.S. military service member. The patient, an infantry soldier who identifies as a woman, had already begun a course of treatment for gender reassignment. The procedure, which the treating doctor deemed medically necessary, was performed on November 14 at a private hospital, since military hospitals lack the requisite surgical expertise.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Legal issues regarding transgender persons in the United States began in 1966 with "Mtr. of Anonymous v. Weiner", concerning a person who wanted their birth certificate name and sex updated following sex reassignment surgery. Changes to passports, licenses, birth certificates, and other official documents remained a theme from the 60s through 2010, when the State Department allowed gender on U.S. passports to be altered.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Other major themes in transgender-related legislation or regulatory action included provisions to protect against discrimination in housing, employment, health care, public restroom usage, the military, insurance coverage, and other areas of public life. On January 25, 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order which revoked the transgender military ban.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2014 the American Medical Association adopted a policy stating that transgender people should not be required to undergo genital surgery in order to update legal identification documents, including birth certificates.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Also in 2014, Facebook introduced dozens of options for users to specify their gender, including a custom gender option, as well as allowing users to select between three pronouns: "him", "her" or "their". Later that year Facebook added a gender-neutral option for users to use when identifying family members, for example Parent (gender neutral) and Child (gender neutral).

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: Also in 2014, Google Plus introduced a new gender category called "Custom", which generates a freeform text field and a pronoun field, and also provides users with an option to limit who can see their gender.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2018, "Transgender Health" reported that a transgender woman in the United States breastfed her adopted baby; this was the first known case of a transgender woman breastfeeding.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 1993 Brandon Teena, a transgender man, was raped and murdered in Nebraska. In 1999 he became the subject of a biopic entitled "Boys Don't Cry", starring Hilary Swank as Brandon Teena, for which Swank won an Academy Award.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: The Transgender Day of Remembrance was founded in 1998 by Gwendolyn Ann Smith, an American transgender graphic designer, columnist, and activist, to memorialize the murder of transgender woman Rita Hester in Massachusetts in 1998. The Transgender Day of Remembrance is held every year on November 20 and now memorializes all those murdered due to transphobic hate and prejudice.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2002 Gwen Araujo, a transgender woman, was murdered in California by four cisgender men after they discovered she was transgender. The case made international news and became a rallying cause for the transgender and ultimately the larger LGBT community. The events of the case, including both criminal trials, were portrayed in a television movie, "".

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2008 Angie Zapata, a transgender woman, was murdered in Greeley, Colorado. Allen Andrade was convicted of first-degree murder and committing a bias-motivated crime, because he killed her after he learned that she was transgender. Andrade was the first person in the US to be convicted of a hate crime involving a transgender victim. Angie Zapata's story and murder were featured on Univision's "Aqui y Ahora" television show on November 1, 2009.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2015, 21 transgender women were murdered, most being women of color. In 2016, the death toll reached 21 just through September, placing 2016 on pace to be the deadliest year on record.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In 2017, then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that he had instructed federal authorities to review murders of transgender people that occurred recently, to see if they were hate crimes or if there was one person or group responsible for them. Earlier that year, in March, six Democratic lawmakers had written a letter on the subject to the Department of Justice.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Context: In March and April 2020, four transgender women were killed in Puerto Rico, the body of two victims found in a charred car.

Question: متى تم إجراء أول عملية تحول جنسي ؟


Taylor Swift (album)

Context: Retrospective reviews have remained favorable toward Swift's early songwriting abilities. Maura Johnston from "Pitchfork" described the album as an honest record about teenage perspectives, which set Swift apart from the manufactured albums that "weighed down former teen sensations". Jonathan Bradley from "Billboard" lauded how Swift captured immediate emotions and feelings with "details... so sharp at so small a scale".

Question: ما هو أول ألبوم لتايلور سويفت؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: The first attacks by Arab ships on Sicily, then part of the Byzantine Empire, occurred in 652 under the Rashidun Caliphate of Uthman. These were Arab warriors directed by the Governor of Syria, Muawiyah I, and led by Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj of the Kinda tribe, and they remained on the island for several years. Olympius, the Byzantine exarch of Ravenna, came to Sicily to oust the invaders but failed.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: A second Arab expedition to Sicily occurred in 669. This time, a strong, ravaging force consisting of 200 ships from Alexandria attacked the island. They sacked Syracuse, Sicily and returned to Egypt after a month of pillaging. After the Arab conquest of North Africa (completed around 700), attacks from Arab fleets repeated in 703, 728, 729, 730, 731, 733, and 734. The last two Arab assaults were met with substantial Byzantine resistance.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: The first true conquest expedition was launched in 740. In that year, Habib ibn Abi Obeida al-Fihri, who had participated in the 728 attack, successfully captured Syracuse. Though ready to conquer the whole island, the expedition was forced to return to Tunisia by a Berber revolt. A second attack in 752 aimed only to sack Syracuse again.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: In 836, Muslim ships helped their ally, Andrew II of Naples, when he was besieged by Beneventan troops, and with Neapolitan support Messina was also conquered in 842 by Muhammad Abul Abbas of Sicily, who later established the Emirate of Bari. In 845, Modica also fell, and the Byzantines suffered a crushing defeat near Butera, losing about 10,000 men. Lentini was conquered in 846, and Ragusa followed in 848.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: As Ibrahim was forced to abdicate in Tunis, he decided to lead in person the operations in southern Italy. Taormina, the last main Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, fell on August 1, 902. Messina and other cities opened their gates to avoid a similar massacre. Ibrahim's army also marched on southern Calabria, besieging Cosenza. Ibrahim died of dysentery on October 24. His grandson stopped the military campaign and returned to Sicily.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: The island was governed by a Fatimid emir for the following 20 years. In 937, the Berbers of Agrigento revolted again but after two resounding successes were decisively beaten at the gates of Palermo. An army was then sent by the new Fatimid caliph, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, to besiege Agrigento twice until it fell on November 20, 940. The revolt was totally suppressed in 941 with many of the prisoners sold as slaves and Governor Khalil boasting to have killed 600,000 people in his campaigns.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: The emirate reached its cultural peak under the emirs Ja'far (983–985) and Yusuf al-Kalbi (990–998), both patrons of the arts. The latter's son Ja'far was instead a cruel and violent lord who expelled the Berbers from the island after an unsuccessful revolt against him. In 1019, another uprising in Palermo was successful, and Ja'far was exiled to Africa and replaced by his brother al-Akhal (1019–1037).

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: With the support of the Fatimids, al-Akhal defeated two Byzantine expeditions in 1026 and 1031. His attempt to raise a heavy tax to pay his mercenaries caused a civil war. Al-Akhal asked the Byzantines for support while his brother abu-Hafs, leader of the rebels, received troops from the Zirid Emir of Ifriqiya, al-Muizz ibn Badis, which were commanded by his son Abdallah.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: In 1038, a Byzantine army under George Maniaces crossed the strait of Messina. This included a corps of Normans which saved the situation in the first clash against the Muslims from Messina. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his conquest of the latter, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: In 1002 a last attempt of Saracen conquest was stopped, when a Venetian fleet defeated Muslims besieging Bari.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: In 880 or 881, Pope John VIII, who encouraged a vigorous policy against the Muslim pirates and raiders, rescinded his grant of Traetto to Docibilis I of Gaeta and gave it instead to Pandenulf of Capua. As Patricia Skinner relates:

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: [Pandenolf] began to attack Gaeta's territory, and in retaliation against the pope Docibilis unleashed a group of Arabs from Agropoli near Salerno on the area around Fondi. The pope was "filled with shame" and restored Traetto to Docibilis. Their agreement seems to have sparked off a Saracen attack on Gaeta itself, in which many Gaetans were killed or captured. Eventually peace was restored and the Saracens made a permanent settlement on the mouth of the Garigliano river.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: In 898 the Abbey of Farfa was sacked by "Saracens", who burned it to the ground. Abbot Peter of Farfa managed to organise the community's escape and salvaged its library and archives. In 905, the monastery was again attacked and destroyed by "Saracens". Other areas of historical Saracen presence in central and southern Italy include, Saracinesco, Ciciliano and Nocera Inferiore.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: In 1480, an Ottoman Turkish fleet invaded Otranto, landing nearby the city and capturing it along with its fort. Pope Sixtus IV called for a crusade, and a massive force was built up by Ferdinand I of Naples, among them notably troops of Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus, despite frequent Italian quarreling at the time. The Neapolitan force met with the Turks in 1481, thoroughly annihilating them and recapturing Otranto.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: In 1537, the famous Turkish corsair and Ottoman admiral Barbarossa tried again to conquer Otranto and the Fortress of Castro, but the Turks were eventually repulsed from the city.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


History of Islam in southern Italy

Context: Pozzuoli and Castellamare in the Bay of Naples were attacked in 1548; Ischia in 1544; Reggio in Calabria in 1594 (cathedral destroyed); and Vieste, Vasto and Manfredonia were raided and sacked in 1554, 1560, and 1620 respectively.

Question: متى وصل الاسلام إلى جزيرة صقلية؟


Context: The offices of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities are located next door to the official residence of the President of Israel and the Council for Higher Education in Israel in Albert Einstein Square in Jerusalem.

Question: متى تأسست الأكاديمية الإسرائيلية للعلوم؟


Context: In the sciences, the Academy funds projects on the geology, flora, and fauna of Israel, and facilitates the participation of Israeli scientists in research at international projects, such as high-energy physics at CERN and synchrotron radiation at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Israel has the highest concentration of scientists and engineers in the world. The academy funds a number of prestigious awards in the sciences including the Alon Prize.

Question: متى تأسست الأكاديمية الإسرائيلية للعلوم؟


Context: In the humanities, research is funded into the study of the Tanakh and Talmud, Jewish history, Jewish philosophy, Jewish art, and the Hebrew language, as well as Hebrew prose and poetry.

Question: متى تأسست الأكاديمية الإسرائيلية للعلوم؟


Context: The Academy has observer status at the European Science Foundation, and runs exchange programs with the British Royal Society, the British Academy, the Swedish Academy, and the National Research Council of Singapore.

Question: متى تأسست الأكاديمية الإسرائيلية للعلوم؟


Greeks

Context: The Greeks or Hellenes (; , "Éllines" ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, namely Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora (), with Greek communities established around the world.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: In recent times, most ethnic Greeks live within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: The Greeks speak the Greek language, which forms its own unique branch within the Indo-European family of languages, the Hellenic. They are part of a group of classical ethnicities, described by Anthony D. Smith as an "archetypal diaspora people".

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: In 1600 BC, the Mycenaean Greeks borrowed from the Minoan civilization its syllabic writing system (Linear A) and developed their own syllabic script known as Linear B, providing the first and oldest written evidence of Greek. The Mycenaeans quickly penetrated the Aegean Sea and, by the 15th century BC, had reached Rhodes, Crete, Cyprus and the shores of Asia Minor.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: While the Greeks of the classical era understood themselves to belong to a common Hellenic genos, their first loyalty was to their city and they saw nothing incongruous about warring, often brutally, with other Greek city-states. The Peloponnesian War, the large scale civil war between the two most powerful Greek city-states Athens and Sparta and their allies, left both greatly weakened.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: Most of the feuding Greek city-states were, in some scholars' opinions, united by force under the banner of Philip's and Alexander the Great's Pan-Hellenic ideals, though others might generally opt, rather, for an explanation of "Macedonian conquest for the sake of conquest" or at least conquest for the sake of riches, glory and power and view the "ideal" as useful propaganda directed towards the city-states.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: The Hellenistic civilization was the next period of Greek civilization, the beginnings of which are usually placed at Alexander's death. This Hellenistic age, so called because it saw the partial Hellenization of many non-Greek cultures, extending all the way into India and Bactria, both of which maintained Greek cultures and governments for centuries. The end is often placed around conquest of Egypt by Rome in 30 BC, although the Indo-Greek kingdoms lasted for a few more decades.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: In the Indo-Greek and Greco-Bactrian kingdoms, Greco-Buddhism was spreading and Greek missionaries would play an important role in propagating it to China. Further east, the Greeks of Alexandria Eschate became known to the Chinese people as the Dayuan.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations, and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promote a robust Roman national identity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks self-identified as Romans (Greek: "Rhōmaîoi"). By that time, the name "Hellenes" denoted pagans but was revived as an ethnonym in the 11th century.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: These Byzantine Greeks were largely responsible for the preservation of the literature of the classical era. Byzantine grammarians were those principally responsible for carrying, in person and in writing, ancient Greek grammatical and literary studies to the West during the 15th century, giving the Italian Renaissance a major boost. The Aristotelian philosophical tradition was nearly unbroken in the Greek world for almost two thousand years, until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: To the Slavic world, the Byzantine Greeks contributed by the dissemination of literacy and Christianity. The most notable example of the later was the work of the two Byzantine Greek brothers, the monks Saints Cyril and Methodius from the port city of Thessalonica, capital of the theme of Thessalonica, who are credited today with formalizing the first Slavic alphabet.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: The movement of the Greek enlightenment, the Greek expression of the Age of Enlightenment, contributed not only in the promotion of education, culture and printing among the Greeks, but also in the case of independence from the Ottomans, and the restoration of the term "Hellene". Adamantios Korais, probably the most important intellectual of the movement, advocated the use of the term "Hellene" (Έλληνας) or "Graikos" (Γραικός) in the place of "Romiós", that was seen negatively by him.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. Herodotus gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: The Greeks today are a nation in the meaning of an "ethnos", defined by possessing Greek culture and having a Greek mother tongue, not by citizenship, race, and religion or by being subjects of any particular state. In ancient and medieval times and to some extent today the Greek term was "genos", which also indicates a common ancestry.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: In the Hesiodic "Catalogue of Women", Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of the Hellenes. According to the Parian Chronicle, when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the (Γραικοί) were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes in his "Meteorologica" that the Hellenes were related to the Graikoi.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: As markets changed and they became more established, some families grew their operations to become shippers, financed through the local Greek community, notably with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers. With economic success, the Diaspora expanded further across the Levant, North Africa, India and the USA.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: In the 20th century, many Greeks left their traditional homelands for economic reasons resulting in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Canada, Germany, and South Africa, especially after the Second World War (1939–1945), the Greek Civil War (1946–1949), and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: While official figures remain scarce, polls and anecdotal evidence point to renewed Greek emigration as a result of the Greek financial crisis. According to data published by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany in 2011, 23,800 Greeks emigrated to Germany, a significant increase over the previous year. By comparison, about 9,000 Greeks emigrated to Germany in 2009 and 12,000 in 2010.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: Greek-speaking Muslims live mainly outside Greece in the contemporary era. There are both Christian and Muslim Greek-speaking communities in Lebanon and Syria, while in the Pontus region of Turkey there is a large community of indeterminate size who were spared from the population exchange because of their religious affiliation.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: Byzantine Greek art, which grew from the Hellenistic classical art and adapted the pagan motifs in the service of Christianity, provided a stimulus to the art of many nations. Its influences can be traced from Venice in the West to Kazakhstan in the East. In turn, Greek art was influenced by eastern civilizations (i.e. Egypt, Persia, etc.) during various periods of its history.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: Notable cinema or theatre actors include Marika Kotopouli, Melina Mercouri, Ellie Lambeti, Academy Award winner Katina Paxinou, Alexis Minotis, Dimitris Horn, Thanasis Veggos, Manos Katrakis and Irene Papas. Alekos Sakellarios, Karolos Koun, Vasilis Georgiadis, Kostas Gavras, Michael Cacoyannis, Giannis Dalianidis, Nikos Koundouros and Theo Angelopoulos are among the most important directors.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: Among the most significant modern-era architects are Stamatios Kleanthis, Lysandros Kaftanzoglou, Anastasios Metaxas, Panagis Kalkos, Anastasios Orlandos, the naturalized Greek Ernst Ziller, Dimitris Pikionis and urban planners Stamatis Voulgaris and George Candilis.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: Significant engineers and automobile designers include Nikolas Tombazis, Alec Issigonis and Andreas Zapatinas.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: The pre-1978 (and first) flag of Greece, which features a Greek cross ("crux immissa quadrata") on a blue background, is widely used as an alternative to the official flag, and they are often flown together. The national emblem of Greece features a blue escutcheon with a white cross surrounded by two laurel branches. A common design involves the current flag of Greece and the pre-1978 flag of Greece with crossed flagpoles and the national emblem placed in front.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: Another highly recognizable and popular Greek symbol is the double-headed eagle, the imperial emblem of the last dynasty of the Eastern Roman Empire and a common symbol in Asia Minor and, later, Eastern Europe. It is not part of the modern Greek flag or coat-of-arms, although it is officially the insignia of the Greek Army and the flag of the Church of Greece. It had been incorporated in the Greek coat of arms between 1925 and 1926.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: The European enlightenment and the democratic, liberal and nationalistic ideas of the French Revolution was a crucial factor to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence and the establishment of the modern Greek state.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: Notable modern Greek politicians include Ioannis Kapodistrias, founder of the First Hellenic Republic, reformist Charilaos Trikoupis, Eleftherios Venizelos, who marked the shape of modern Greece, social democrats Georgios Papandreou and Alexandros Papanastasiou, Konstantinos Karamanlis, founder of the Third Hellenic Republic, and socialist Andreas Papandreou.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: A 2021 study on the genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations showed that modern Greeks are genetically similar to 2000 BC Aegeans from northern Greece.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Greeks

Context: A study from 2013 for prediction of hair and eye colour from DNA of the Greek people showed that the self-reported phenotype frequencies according to hair and eye colour categories was as follows: 119 individuals – hair colour, 11 blond, 45 dark blond/light brown, 49 dark brown, 3 brown red/auburn and 11 had black hair; eye colour, 13 with blue, 15 with intermediate (green, heterochromia) and 91 had brown eye colour.

Question: أين سكن الاغريق ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: The medication paracetamol (INN) ( or ), also known as acetaminophen (USAN) , is sold around the world under a number of different brand names. Common brand names include Tylenol, Excedrin, Calpol, and Panadol.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: Tylenol is a brand of drugs advertised for reducing pain, reducing fever, and relieving the symptoms of allergies, cold, cough headache, and influenza. The active ingredient of its original flagship product is paracetamol. The brand name "Tylenol" is owned by McNeil Consumer Healthcare, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. As of 2017 the brand was used in Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, Lebanon, Myanmar, Oman, Philippines, Portugal, Switzerland, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: Calpol is a brand of children's medicine sold in the UK, Ireland, India, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Kenya, Malta and the Philippines. The main product is a paracetamol suspension, branded as "Calpol Infant Suspension". It is usually a coloured syrup with a sweet taste, and is used to treat fever and pain. In 2016 it was the second biggest selling branded over-the-counter medication sold in Great Britain, with sales of £66.3 million.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: Calpol also comes in a form containing ibuprofen, marketed under the name Calprofen. Calpol is a common cause of accidental child poisoning because of its pleasant taste. Calpol Night, a product containing paracetamol and an anti-histamine, was listed for use from 2+ months. However, this was changed and it is now only considered suitable for children over the age of 6 years.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: "Panadol Extra", an S2 pharmacy-only medicine in Australia, combines 65 mg of caffeine with 500 mg of paracetamol per tablet. Caffeine may improve the analgesic effect of paracetamol. Studies have reached conflicting conclusions regarding the clinical significance of this incremental pain relief.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: "Panadol Osteo" and "Panadol Extend Tablets" are modified-release formulations of paracetamol. "Panadol Osteo" is marketed in Australia and New Zealand; its immediate to sustained release ratio is 33% to 66%.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: "Panadol Rapid Handipak" is "Panadol Rapid" packaged in a slim container of ten 500 mg caplets, designed to appeal to Australian women who are 20 to 35 years of age.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: "Panadol Cold and Catarrh" contains three active ingredients: paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride as a nasal decongestant, and chlorpheniramine maleate to prevent certain allergies.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Paracetamol brand names

Context: "Panadol Cold and Flu" and "Panadol Fever and Congestion" both combine paracetamol with phenylephrine hydrochloride as a nasal decongestant.

Question: من هي الشركة المنتجة لعقار البنادول ؟


Synovial membrane

Context: Where the underlying subintima is loose, the intima sits on a pliable membrane, giving rise to the term "synovial membrane".

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: This membrane, together with the cells of the intima, provides something like an inner tube, sealing the synovial fluid from the surrounding tissue (effectively stopping the joints from being squeezed dry when subject to impact, such as running).

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: Just beneath the intima, most synovium has a dense net of fenestrated small blood vessels that provide nutrients not only for synovium but also for the avascular cartilage.

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: In any one position, much of the cartilage is close enough to get nutrition directly from the synovium.

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: Some areas of cartilage have to obtain nutrients indirectly and may do so either from diffusion through cartilage or possibly by 'stirring' of synovial fluid.

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: The surface of synovium may be flat or may be covered with finger-like projections or villi, which, it is presumed, help to allow the soft tissue to change shape as the joint surfaces move one on another.

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: The synovial fluid can be thought of as a specialised fluid form of synovial extracellular matrix rather than a secretion in the usual sense. The fluid is transudative in nature which facilitates continuous exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolites between blood and synovial fluid. This is especially important since it is the major source of metabolic support for articular cartilage. Under normal conditions synovial fluid contain <100/mL of leucocytes in which majority are monocytes.

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: The intimal cells are of two types, fibroblast-like synoviocytes or type B cells and macrophage-like synovial cells. Surface cells have no basement membrane or junctional complexes denoting an epithelium despite superficial resemblance.

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: Although a biological joint can resemble a man-made joint in being a hinge or a ball and socket, the engineering problems that nature must solve are very different because the joint works within an almost completely solid structure, with no wheels or nuts and bolts.

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: In general, the bearing surfaces of manmade joints interlock, as in a hinge. This is rare for biological joints (although the badger's jaw interlocks).

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: More often the surfaces are held together by cord-like ligaments. Virtually all the space between muscles, ligaments, bones, and cartilage is filled with pliable solid tissue. The fluid-filled gap is at most only a twentieth of a millimetre thick. This means that synovium has certain rather unexpected jobs to do. These may include:

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Synovial membrane

Context: The word "synovium" is related to the word "synovia" in its sense meaning "synovial fluid". The latter was coined by Paracelsus. More information is given at "Synovial fluid § Etymology and pronunciation".

Question: ما هو الغشاء الزلالي؟


Intrauterine device

Context: The use of IUDs increased within the United States from 0.8% in 1995 to 7.2% from the period of 2006 to 2014. The use of IUDs as a form of birth control dates from the 1800s. A previous model known as the Dalkon shield was associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). However, current models do not affect PID risk in women without sexually transmitted infections during the time of insertion.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: IUDs primarily work by preventing fertilization. The progestogen released from hormonal IUDs mainly works by thickening the cervical mucus, preventing sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes. IUDs may also function by preventing ovulation from occurring but this only occurs partially.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: Copper IUDs do not contain any hormones, but release copper ions, which are toxic to sperm. They also cause the uterus and fallopian tubes to produce a fluid that contains white blood cells, copper ions, enzymes, and prostaglandins, which is also toxic to sperm. The very high effectiveness of copper-containing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies they may also act by preventing implantation of the blastocyst.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: The types of intrauterine devices available, and the names they go by, differ by location. In the United States, there are two types available:

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: The WHO ATC labels both copper and hormonal devices as IUDs. In the United Kingdom, there are more than 10 different types of copper IUDs available. In the United Kingdom, the term "IUD" refers only to these copper devices. Hormonal intrauterine contraception is labeled with the term "intrauterine system" (IUS).

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: Advantages of the copper IUD include its ability to provide emergency contraception up to five days after unprotected sex. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available. It works by preventing fertilization or implantation but does not affect already implanted embryos. It contains no hormones, so it can be used while breastfeeding, and fertility returns quickly after removal.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: Copper IUDs also last longer and are available in a wider range of sizes and shapes compared to hormonal IUDs. Disadvantages include the possibility of heavier menstrual periods and more painful cramps.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: Inert IUDs are not yet approved for use in the United States, UK, or Canada. In China, where IUDs are the most common form of contraception, copper IUD production replaced inert IUD production in 1993. However, as of 2008, the most common IUD used by immigrants presenting to Canadian clinics for removal of IUDs placed in China was still the SSR. Because the SSR has no string for removal, it can present a challenge to healthcare providers unfamiliar with IUD types not available in their region.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: The progestin released by hormonal IUDs primarily acts locally; use of Mirena results in much lower systemic progestin levels than other very-low-dose progestogen only contraceptives.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: Regardless of IUD type, there are some potential side effects that are similar for all IUDs. Some of these side effects include bleeding pattern changes, expulsion, pelvic inflammatory disease (especially in the first 21 days after insertion), and rarely uterine perforation. A small probability of pregnancy remains after IUD insertion, and when it occurs there's a greater risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: IUDs with progestogen confer an increased risk of ovarian cysts, and IUDs with copper confer an increased risk of heavier periods.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: Menstrual cup companies recommend that women with IUDs who are considering using menstrual cups should consult with their gynecologists before use. There have been rare cases in which women using IUDs dislodged them when removing their menstrual cups, however, this can also happen with tampon use.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: During the insertion procedure, health care providers use a speculum to find the cervix (the opening to the uterus), pinch the cervix to stabilize it open with a tenaculum, and then use an insertion device to place the IUD in the uterus. The insertion device goes through the cervix. The procedure itself, if uncomplicated, should take no more than five to ten minutes.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: Generally, the removal is uncomplicated and reported to be not as painful as the insertion because there is no instrument that needs to go through the cervix. This process requires the health care provider to find the cervix with a speculum and then use ring forceps, which only go into the vagina, to grasp the IUD strings and then pull the IUD out.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: To implement the two-child policy, the government announced that IUD-removals would be paid for by the government. IUD removals are free for women "who are allowed to have another child" (see one-child policy) or "who cannot continue to have the IUD for health reasons."

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: In the United States, the price of an IUD may range from $0 to $1,300. The price includes medical exams, insertion, and follow-up visits.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Intrauterine device

Context: Under the Affordable Care Act, most insurance plans are required to cover all forms of birth control, including IUDs, although they may not cover all IUD brands.

Question: متى أجريت أول عملية لزراعة اللولب في الرحم؟


Royal Academy of Turku

Context: The first printing shop in Finland was established at the academy in 1642. The printer was Peder Walde.

Question: من أسس أكاديمية توركو الملكية في فنلندا؟


Royal Academy of Turku

Context: There are two universities in Turku today: the Swedish-speaking Åbo Akademi University (founded in 1918) and the Finnish-speaking University of Turku (1920), which both sometimes may claim an academic tradition at the location since the 17th century, in spite of a break for almost a century.

Question: من أسس أكاديمية توركو الملكية في فنلندا؟


Vietnam

Context: A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like Phan Bội Châu, Phan Châu Trinh, Phan Đình Phùng, Emperor Hàm Nghi, and Hồ Chí Minh fighting or calling for independence. This resulted in the 1930 Yên Bái mutiny by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to communism.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: In July 1945, the Allies had decided to divide Indochina at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China to receive the Japanese surrender in the north while Britain's Lord Louis Mountbatten received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: The general secretary of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation. The prime minister is the head of government, presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and worker and trade unionist parties.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (, chữ Hán: ). There are also five municipalities (), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: Provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities (, 'city under province'), townships () and counties (), which are in turn subdivided into towns () or communes ().

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: Centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts () and counties, which are further subdivided into wards ().

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and aquaculture was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: The most visited destinations in Vietnam is the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8 million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6 million and Hạ Long, including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4 million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most visited cities in the world. Vietnam is home to eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In 2018, "Travel + Leisure" ranked Hội An as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: Vietnam's energy sector is dominated largely by the state-controlled Vietnam Electricity Group (EVN). As of 2017, EVN made up about 61.4% of the country's power generation system with a total power capacity of 25,884 MW. Other energy sources are PetroVietnam (4,435 MW), Vinacomin (1,785 MW) and 10,031 MW from build–operate–transfer (BOT) investors.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: Most of Vietnam's power is generated by either hydropower or fossil fuel power such as coal, oil and gas, while diesel, small hydropower and renewable energy supplies the remainder. The Vietnamese government had planned to develop a nuclear reactor as the path to establish another source for electricity from nuclear power. The plan was abandoned in late 2016 when a majority of the National Assembly voted to oppose the project due to widespread public concern over radioactive contamination.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: The household gas sector in Vietnam is dominated by PetroVietnam, which controls nearly 70% of the country's domestic market for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Since 2011, the company also operates five renewable energy power plants including the Nhơn Trạch 2 Thermal Power Plant (750 MW), Phú Quý Wind Power Plant (6 MW), Hủa Na Hydro-power Plant (180 MW), Dakdrinh Hydro-power Plant (125 MW) and Vũng Áng 1 Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW).

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: According to statistics from British Petroleum (BP), Vietnam is listed among the 52 countries that have proven crude oil reserves. In 2015 the reserve was approximately 4.4 billion barrels ranking Vietnam first place in Southeast Asia, while the proven gas reserves were about 0.6 trillion cubic metres (tcm) and ranking it third in Southeast Asia after Indonesia and Malaysia.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


Vietnam

Context: Vietnam's minority groups speak a variety of languages, including: Tày, Mường, Cham, Khmer, Chinese, Nùng and Hmong. The Montagnard peoples of the Central Highlands also speak a number of distinct languages, some belonging to the Austroasiatic and others to the Malayo-Polynesian language families. In recent years, a number of sign languages have developed in the major cities.

Question: ما هي العملة الرسمية في فيتنام؟


John Hay

Context: After Lincoln's death, Hay spent several years at diplomatic posts in Europe, then worked for the "New-York Tribune" under Horace Greeley and Whitelaw Reid. Hay remained active in politics, and from 1879 to 1881 served as Assistant Secretary of State. Afterward, he remained in the private sector, until President McKinley, for whom he had been a major backer, made him Ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1897. Hay became Secretary of State the following year.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Milton Hay's firm was one of the most prestigious in Illinois. Lincoln maintained offices next door and was a rising star in the new Republican Party. Hay recalled an early encounter with Lincoln:

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Hay was not a supporter of Lincoln for president until after his nomination in 1860. Hay then made speeches and wrote newspaper articles boosting Lincoln's candidacy. When Nicolay, who had been made Lincoln's private secretary for the campaign, found he needed help with the huge amounts of correspondence, Hay worked full-time for Lincoln for six months.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Hay and Nicolay accompanied Lincoln to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, for the dedication of the cemetery there, where were interred many of those who fell at the Battle of Gettysburg. Although they made much of Lincoln's brief Gettysburg Address in their 1890 multi-volume biography of Lincoln, Hay's diary states "the President, in a firm, free way, with more grace than is his wont, said his half-dozen lines of consecration."

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: According to Kushner and Sherrill, "Lincoln's death was for Hay a personal loss, like the loss of a father ... Lincoln's assassination erased any remaining doubts Hay had about Lincoln's greatness." In 1866, in a personal letter, Hay deemed Lincoln, "the greatest character since Christ". Taliaferro noted that "Hay would spend the rest of his life mourning Lincoln ... wherever Hay went and whatever he did, Lincoln would "always" be watching".

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: From May to October 1879, Hay set out to reconfirm his credentials as a loyal Republican, giving speeches in support of candidates and attacking the Democrats. In October, President and Mrs. Hayes came to a reception at Hay's Cleveland home. When Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W. Seward resigned later that month, Hay was offered his place and accepted, after some hesitancy because he was considering running for Congress.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: After 1881, Hay did not again hold public office until 1897. Amasa Stone committed suicide in 1883; his death left the Hays very wealthy. They spent several months in most years traveling in Europe. The Lincoln biography absorbed some of Hay's time, the hardest work being done with Nicolay in 1884 and 1885; beginning in 1886, portions began appearing serially, and the was published in 1890.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: In the post-election speculation as to who would be given office under McKinley, Hay's name figured prominently, as did that of Whitelaw Reid; both men sought high office in the State Department, either as secretary or one of the major ambassadorial posts. Reid, in addition to his vice-presidential run, had been Minister to France under Harrison. Reid, an asthmatic, handicapped himself by departing for Arizona Territory for the winter, leading to speculation about his health.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Reaction in Britain to Hay's appointment was generally positive, with George Smalley of "The Times" writing to him, "we want a man who is a true American yet not anti-English". Hay secured a Georgian house on Carlton House Terrace, overlooking Horse Guards Parade, with 11 servants. He brought with him Clara, their own silver, two carriages, and five horses. Hay's salary of $17,000 "did not even begin to cover the cost of their extravagant lifestyle".

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: In its early days, Hay described the war "as necessary as it is righteous". In July, writing to former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, who had gained wartime glory by leading the Rough Riders volunteer regiment, Hay made a description of the war for which, according to Zeitz, he "is best remembered by many students of American history":

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: John Hay was sworn in as Secretary of State on September 30, 1898. He needed little introduction to Cabinet meetings, and sat at the President's right hand. Meetings were held in the Cabinet Room of the White House, where he found his old office and bedroom each occupied by several clerks. Now responsible for 1,300 federal employees, he leaned heavily for administrative help on his old friend Alvey Adee, the second assistant.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Hay accompanied McKinley on his nationwide train tour in mid-1901, during which both men visited California and saw the Pacific Ocean for the only times in their lives. The summer of 1901 was tragic for Hay; his older son Adelbert, who had been consul in Pretoria during the Boer War and was about to become McKinley's personal secretary, died in a fall from a New Haven hotel window.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: The deaths of his son and of McKinley were not the only griefs Hay suffered in 1901—on September 26, John Nicolay died after a long illness, as did Hay's close friend Clarence King on Christmas Eve.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: As President and Secretary of State, the two men took pains to cultivate a cordial relationship. Roosevelt read all ten volumes of the Lincoln biography and in mid-1903, wrote to Hay that by then "I have had a chance to know far more fully what a really great Secretary of State you are". Hay for his part publicly praised Roosevelt as "young, gallant, able, [and] brilliant", words that Roosevelt wrote that he hoped would be engraved on his tombstone.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Hay never fully recovered from the death of his son Adelbert, writing in 1904 to his close friend Lizzie Cameron that "the death of our boy made my wife and me old, at once and for the rest of our lives". Gale described Hay in his final years as a "saddened, slowly dying old man".

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: After the course of treatment, Hay went to Paris and began to take on his workload again by meeting with the French foreign minister, Théophile Delcassé. In London, King Edward VII broke protocol by meeting with Hay in a small drawing room, and Hay lunched with Whitelaw Reid, ambassador in London at last. There was not time to see all who wished to see Hay on what he knew was his final visit.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Although unusual among the many books inspired by the labor unrest of the late 1870s in taking the perspective of the wealthy, it was the most successful of them, and was a sensation, gaining many favorable reviews. It was also attacked as an anti-labor polemic with an upper-class bias. There were many guesses as to authorship, with the supposed authors ranging from Hay's friend Henry Adams to New York Governor Grover Cleveland, and the speculation fueled sales.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Hay began his part of the writing in 1876; the work was interrupted by illnesses of Hay, Nicolay, or family members, or by Hay's writing of "The Bread-Winners". By 1885, Hay had completed the chapters on Lincoln's early life, and they were submitted to Robert Lincoln for approval. Sale of the serialization rights to "The Century" magazine, edited by Hay's friend Richard Gilder, helped give the pair the impetus to bring what had become a massive project to an end.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Taliaferro suggests that "if Hay put any ... indelible stamp on history, perhaps it was that he demonstrated how the United States ought to comport itself. He, not Roosevelt, was the adult in charge when the nation and the State Department attained global maturity." He quotes John St. Loe Strachey, "All that the world saw was a great gentleman and a great statesman doing his work for the State and for the President with perfect taste, perfect good sense, and perfect good humour".

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


John Hay

Context: Hay brought about more than 50 treaties, including the Canal-related treaties, and settlement of the Samoan dispute, as a result of which the United States secured what became known as American Samoa. In 1900, Hay negotiated a treaty with Denmark for the cession of the Danish West Indies. That treaty failed in the Danish parliament on a tied vote.

Question: بماذا عرف جون هاي ؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The plan to regenerate central Scotland's canals and reconnect Glasgow with Edinburgh was led by British Waterways with support and funding from seven local authorities, the Scottish Enterprise Network, the European Regional Development Fund, and the Millennium Commission. Planners decided early on to create a dramatic 21st-century landmark structure to reconnect the canals, instead of simply recreating the historic lock flight.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The two canals served by the wheel were previously connected by a series of 11 locks. With a difference in height, it required of water per run and took most of a day to pass through the flight.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: By the 1930s these had fallen into disuse, and the locks were dismantled in 1933. The Forth and Clyde Canal closed at the end of 1962, and by the mid-1970s the Union Canal was filled in at both ends, rendered impassable by culverts in two places and run in pipes under a housing estate. The British Waterways Board (BWB) came into existence on 1 January 1963, the day the Forth and Clyde Canal was closed, with the objective of finding a broad strategy for the future of canals in the United Kingdom.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The BWB had made an earlier plan for the reopening of the canal link, which comprehensively covered the necessary work. In 1994, the BWB announced its plan to bid for funding, which was submitted in 1995 on behalf of the Millennium Link Partnership. The plans called for the canals to be opened to their original operating dimensions, with of headroom above the water. The whole project had a budget of £78 million.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: On 14 February 1997, the Commission announced it would support the Link with £32 million of funding, 42% of the project cost. The Wheel and its associated basin was priced at £17 million, more than a fifth of the total budget. Another £46 million had to be raised in the next two years before construction could commence, with contributions from BWB, seven local councils, Scottish Enterprise, and private donations being augmented by £8.6 million from the European Regional Development Fund.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: Diagrams of gear systems that had been proposed in the very first concepts were modelled by Kettle using his 8-year-old daughter's Lego. Drawings and artist impressions were shown to clients and funders. The visitor centre was designed by another RMJM architect, Paul Stallan.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: Inspirations for the design include a double-headed Celtic axe (a bearded axe), the propeller of a ship and the ribcage of a whale. Kettle described the Wheel as "a beautiful, organic flowing thing, like the spine of a fish," and the Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland described it as "a form of contemporary sculpture."

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: In March 1999 Donald Dewar, the Secretary of State for Scotland, cut the first sod of turf to begin work at lock 31 on the Forth and Clyde Canal. Over 1000 people were employed in the construction of the wheel, which has been designed to last for at least 120 years.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The ground on which the wheel is built was previously used as an open cast fire clay mine, a coal mine, and a tar works, resulting in contamination of the canal with tar and mercury. of loosely packed backfill from the mining operations containing large sandstone boulders was not considered adequately solid foundation for the size of the structure, so deep foundations with thirty concrete piles socketed onto the bedrock were used.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: Due to the changing load as the wheel rotates in alternating directions, some sections experience total stress reversals. In order to avoid fatigue that could lead to cracks, sections were bolted rather than welded, using over 14,000 bolts and 45,000 bolt holes.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The aqueduct, engineered by Arup, was originally described as "unbuildable", but was eventually realised using rebar. The original plans also showed the canal being built straight through the Antonine Wall, but this was changed after a petition in favour of two locks and a tunnel under the wall.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The wheel has an overall diameter of and consists of two opposing arms extending beyond the central axle and taking the shape of a Celtic-inspired, double-headed axe. Two sets of these axe-shaped arms are connected to a diameter central axle of length . Two diametrically opposed water-filled caissons, each with a capacity of , are fitted between the ends of the arms.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: Each of the two caissons is wide, and can hold up to four canal boats. The wheel raises or lowers boats a total of , and two subsequent locks raise or lower boats another .

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: Watertight doors at each end match doors located on the upper structure and lower dock pit. Due to space concerns, where a normal hinged door would dramatically reduce the useful length of the caisson, vertically rising hinged doors were chosen. The doors are raised from a recess in the base of the caisson and powered by a hydraulic lance when docked.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The area housing the machinery to drive the wheel is located in the final pillar of the aqueduct, and contains seven chambers connected by ladders. Access is by a door located at ground level or an entrance halfway up the tower with a gantry crane to facilitate the installation of equipment.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The caissons are required to turn with the wheel in order to remain level. Whilst the weight of the caissons on the bearings is generally sufficient to rotate them, a gearing mechanism using three large identically sized gears connected by two smaller ones ensures that they turn at precisely the correct speed and remain correctly balanced.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The docking-pit is a drydock-like port isolated from the lower canal basin by means of watertight gates and kept dry by means of water pumps. When the wheel stops with its arms in the vertical position it is possible for boats to enter and exit the lower caisson when the gates are open without flooding the docking-pit. The space below the caisson is empty.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: Without the docking-pit, the caissons and extremities of the arms of the wheel would be immersed in water at the lower canal basin each time the wheel rotated. The buoyancy of the lower caisson would make it more difficult to turn the wheel.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: A visitor centre is located on the east side of the lower basin. Boat trips on the wheel depart approximately once an hour. Since the wheel opened, around 5.5 million people have visited and 1.3 million have taken a boat trip, with around 400,000 people visiting the wheel annually.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Falkirk Wheel

Context: The wheel has been mentioned on Smithsonian Channel in the United States twice since 2017. The first was "Aerial Britain" when the episode covered Scotland in 2017. The second was "How Did They Build That?" as part of the "Artic Structure and Auditoria" episode which aired in 2021.

Question: في اي مدينة توجد عجلة فالكيرك؟


Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region

Context: The Iraqi Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party was established in 1951 or 1952. Some historians claim that the Iraqi Regional Branch was established by Abd ar Rahman ad Damin and Abd al Khaliq al Khudayri in 1947 after their return from the founding congress of the Ba'ath Party held in Damascus, Syria the same year. In another version, Fuad al-Rikabi established the Iraqi Regional Branch in 1948 with Sa'dun Hamadi, a Shia Muslim, but became secretary of the Regional Command in 1952.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: The assassins planned to ambush Qasim at Al-Rashid Street on 7 October 1959. One man was to kill those sitting in the back of the car, the rest would kill those in front. During the ambush, Hussein began shooting prematurely, which disorganised the whole operation. Qasim's chauffeur was killed and Qasim was hit in the arm and shoulder. The assassins thought they had killed him and quickly retreated to their headquarters, but Qasim survived.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: Abdul Salam Arif became the president of Iraq and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr became prime minister after taking power in February 1963. Ali Salih al-Sa'di, secretary-general of the Regional Command of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, became deputy prime minister and Minister of Interiora post he lost on 11 May. Despite not being prime minister, al-Sadi had effective control over the Iraqi Ba'ath Party. Seven out of nine members supported his leadership in the party's Regional Command.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: The Syrian state and its Ba'ath Party criticised the fall of al-Bakr's first government but relented when they discovered that some members of the Iraqi cabinet were Ba'ath Party members. However, the remaining Ba'athists were slowly removed from office. The Syrian Revolutionary Command Council responded by abrogating the Military Unity Charter on 26 April 1964, ending the bilateral unification process between Iraq and Syria.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: Several major infrastructures were laid down to assist the country's growth, and the Iraqi oil industry was nationalised with help from the Soviet Union. Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, signed the bilateral Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in 1972.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: The new Constitution of Iraq, approved by a referendum on 15 October 2005, reaffirmed the Ba'ath Party ban, stating that "No entity or program, under any name, may adopt racism, terrorism, the calling of others infidels, ethnic cleansing, or incite, facilitate, glorify, promote, or justify thereto, especially the Saddamist Ba'ath in Iraq and its symbols, regardless of the name that it adopts. This may not be part of the political pluralism in Iraq."

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: Some or many of its members in the Iraqi Ba'ath Party who were purged and dismissed went on to join Al-Qaeda in Iraq in which eventually morphed into the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: According to Abu Muhammad, a Ba'ath Party spokesman from al-Douri's faction, on the eve of Saddam's death, "Comrade Izzat has been leading the [Ba'ath] party's political and resistance factions since 2003, but it is a matter of protocol and internal regulation to appoint him officially as the party's secretary-general." Al-Douri was elected the party's secretary-general in early January.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: On 2 January 2012, the Organizations of Central Euphrates and the South (OCES), believed to be headed by Hamed Manfi al-Karafi, issued a statement condemning sectarianism within the party, specifically criticizing al-Douri's faction. The OCES condemned the leadership's decision of creating a primary Sunni leadership and a reserve Shiite leadership.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: The Regional Command (RC) () was the Iraqi Regional Branch highest decision-making organ. Throughout its history, the RC has normally had 19-21 members. When in power, the Directorate of Security Affairs was responsible for the security of the president and the senior members of the Regional Command. The Regional Congress was (in theory) the "de jure" decision-making organ on Iraqi regional affairs when in session, but was (in practice) a tool in control of the Regional Command.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Context: The functions and responsibilities of the secretariat were drawn up in a detailed manner. The Office of the President issued a directive to formulate its hierarchy, and the functions of the sections and departments were clearly defined. The secretariat encompassed all party branches. This system led to the bureaucratisation of the party, and decision-making was often cumbersome and inefficient. This inefficiency meant that Saddam could govern without fearing any rivals.

Question: متى سقط  حزب البعث؟


Scurvy

Context: Treatment is with vitamin C supplements taken by mouth. Improvement often begins in a few days with complete recovery in a few weeks. Sources of vitamin C in the diet include citrus fruit and a number of vegetables, including red peppers, broccoli, and tomatoes. Cooking often decreases the residual amount of vitamin C in foods.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Scurvy is one of the accompanying diseases of malnutrition (other such micronutrient deficiencies are beriberi and pellagra) and thus is still widespread in areas of the world depending on external food aid.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Although rare, there are also documented cases of scurvy due to poor dietary choices by people living in industrialized nations.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Collagen is a primary structural protein in the human body, necessary for healthy blood vessels, muscle, skin, bone, cartilage, and other connective tissues.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Defective connective tissue leads to fragile capillaries, resulting in abnormal bleeding, bruising, and internal hemorrhaging.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Collagen is an important part of bone, so bone formation is also affected. Teeth loosen, bones break more easily, and once-healed breaks may recur.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Scott's 1902 Antarctic expedition used lightly fried seal meat and liver, whereby complete recovery from incipient scurvy was reported to have taken less than two weeks.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Scurvy will improve with doses of vitamin C as low as 10 mg per day though doses of around 100 mg per day are typically recommended. Most people make a full recovery within 2 weeks.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Symptoms of scurvy have been recorded in Ancient Egypt as early as 1550 BCE. In Ancient Greece, the physician Hippocrates (460-370 BCE) described symptoms of scurvy, specifically a "swelling and obstruction of the spleen."

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: The knowledge that consuming foods containing vitamin C is a cure for scurvy has been repeatedly forgotten and rediscovered into the early 20th century.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In the 13th century, the Crusaders frequently suffered from scurvy. In the 1497 expedition of Vasco da Gama, the curative effects of citrus fruit were already known and confirmed by Pedro Álvares Cabral and his crew in 1507.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: The Portuguese planted fruit trees and vegetables in Saint Helena, a stopping point for homebound voyages from Asia, and left their sick, who had scurvy and other ailments, to be taken home by the next ship if they recovered.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In 1500, one of the pilots of Cabral's fleet bound for India noted that in Malindi, its king offered the expedition fresh supplies such as lambs, chickens, and ducks, along with lemons and oranges, due to which "some of our ill were cured of scurvy".

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Unfortunately, these travel accounts did not stop further maritime tragedies caused by scurvy, first because of the lack of communication between travelers and those responsible for their health, and because fruits and vegetables could not be kept for long on ships.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In 1536, the French explorer Jacques Cartier, exploring the St. Lawrence River, used the local natives' knowledge to save his men who were dying of scurvy. He boiled the needles of the arbor vitae tree (eastern white cedar) to make a tea that was later shown to contain 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams. Such treatments were not available aboard ship, where the disease was most common.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In February 1601, Captain James Lancaster, while sailing to Sumatra, landed on the northern coast of Madagascar specifically to obtain lemons and oranges for his crew to stop scurvy. Captain Lancaster conducted an experiment using four ships under his command. One ship's crew received routine doses of lemon juice while the other three ships did not receive any such treatment. As a result, members of the non-treated ships started to contract scurvy, with many dying as a result.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: During the Age of Exploration (between 1500 and 1800), it has been estimated that scurvy killed at least two million sailors. Jonathan Lamb wrote: "In 1499, Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170; In 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230;...all mainly to scurvy."

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In 1579, the Spanish friar and physician Agustin Farfán published a book in which he recommended oranges and lemons for scurvy, a remedy that was already known in the Spanish Navy.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In 1593, Admiral Sir Richard Hawkins advocated drinking orange and lemon juice as a means of preventing scurvy.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In 1614, John Woodall, Surgeon General of the East India Company, published "The Surgion's Mate" as a handbook for apprentice surgeons aboard the company's ships. He repeated the experience of mariners that the cure for scurvy was fresh food or, if not available, oranges, lemons, limes, and tamarinds. He was, however, unable to explain the reason why, and his assertion had no impact on the prevailing opinion of the influential physicians of the age, that scurvy was a digestive complaint.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Apart from ocean travel, even in Europe, until the late Middle Ages, scurvy was common in late winter, when few green vegetables, fruits and root vegetables were available. This gradually improved with the introduction from the Americas of potatoes; by 1800, scurvy was virtually unheard of in Scotland, where it had previously been endemic.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In 2009, a handwritten household book authored by a Cornishwoman in 1707 was discovered in a house in Hasfield, Gloucestershire, containing a " for the Scurvy" amongst other largely medicinal and herbal recipes. The recipe consisted of extracts from various plants mixed with a plentiful supply of orange juice, white wine or beer.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In 1734, Leiden-based physician Johann Bachstrom published a book on scurvy in which he stated, "scurvy is solely owing to a total abstinence from fresh vegetable food, and greens; which is alone the primary cause of the disease", and urged the use of fresh fruit and vegetables as a cure.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: It was not until 1747 that James Lind formally demonstrated that scurvy could be treated by supplementing the diet with citrus fruit, in one of the first controlled clinical experiments reported in the history of medicine. As a naval surgeon on HMS "Salisbury", Lind had compared several suggested scurvy cures: hard cider, vitriol, vinegar, seawater, oranges, lemons, and a mixture of balsam of Peru, garlic, myrrh, mustard seed and radish root. In "A Treatise on the Scurvy" (1753)

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: During the 18th century, scurvy killed more British sailors than wartime enemy action. It was mainly by scurvy that George Anson, in his celebrated voyage of 1740–1744, lost nearly two-thirds of his crew (1,300 out of 2,000) within the first 10 months of the voyage. The Royal Navy enlisted 184,899 sailors during the Seven Years' War; 133,708 of these were "missing" or died from disease, and scurvy was the leading cause.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In March 1795, it was reported that the "Suffolk" had arrived in India after a four-month voyage without a trace of scurvy and with a crew that was healthier than when it set out. The effect was immediate. Fleet commanders clamoured also to be supplied with lemon juice, and by June the Admiralty acknowledged the groundswell of demand in the navy and agreed to a proposal from the Sick and Hurt Board that lemon juice and sugar should in future be issued as a daily ration to the crews of all warships.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: It took a few years before the method of distribution to all ships in the fleet had been perfected and the supply of the huge quantities of lemon juice required to be secured, but by 1800, the system was in place and functioning. This led to a remarkable health improvement among the sailors and consequently played a critical role in gaining the advantage in naval battles against enemies who had yet to introduce the measures.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: Scurvy was not only a disease of seafarers. The only colonists of Australia suffered greatly because of the lack of fresh fruit and vegetables in the winter. There the disease was called Spring fever or Spring disease and described an often fatal condition associated with skin lesions, bleeding gums and lethargy. It was eventually identified as scurvy and the remedies already in use at sea implemented.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: The surgeon-in-chief of Napoleon's army at the Siege of Alexandria (1801), Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, wrote in his memoirs that the consumption of horse meat helped the French to curb an epidemic of scurvy. The meat was cooked but was freshly obtained from young horses bought from Arabs, and was nevertheless effective. This helped to start the 19th-century tradition of horse meat consumption in France.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: The plant "Cochlearia officinalis", also known as "common scurvygrass", acquired its common name from the observation that it cured scurvy, and it was taken on board ships in dried bundles or distilled extracts. Its very bitter taste was usually disguised with herbs and spices; however, this did not prevent scurvygrass drinks and sandwiches from becoming a popular fad in the UK until the middle of the nineteenth century, when citrus fruits became more readily available.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: The belief that scurvy was fundamentally a nutritional deficiency, best treated by consumption of fresh food, particularly fresh citrus or fresh meat, was not universal in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and thus sailors and explorers continued to suffer from scurvy into the 20th century. For example, the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1899 became seriously affected by scurvy when its leader, Adrien de Gerlache, initially discouraged his men from eating penguin and seal meat.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟


Scurvy

Context: In the resulting confusion, a new hypothesis was proposed, following the new germ theory of disease – that scurvy was caused by ptomaine, a waste product of bacteria, particularly in tainted tinned meat.

Question: هل يسبب نفص فيتامين سي تساقط الشعر؟