Ancient Roman architecture

Context: Apart from the triumphal columns in the imperial cities of Rome and Constantinople, other types of buildings such as temples, thermae, basilicas and tombs were also fitted with spiral stairways. Their notable absence in the towers of the Aurelian Wall indicates that although used in medieval castles, they did not yet figure prominently in Roman military engineering. By late antiquity, separate stair towers were constructed adjacent to the main buildings, as in the Basilica of San Vitale.

Question: ماذا يسمى الطراز المعماري الروماني ؟


Siege of Acre (1189–1191)

Context: On 4 October, Saladin moved to the east of the city to confront Guy's camp. The Crusader army had grown to 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry through reinforcements by the end of September. A Christian fleet of at least 102 ships blockaded the city. The Muslim army consisted of troops from Egypt, Turkestan, Syria, and Mesopotamia.

Question: متى وقعت معركة مرج عكا؟


Siege of Acre (1189–1191)

Context: During the autumn, more European Crusaders arrived, allowing Guy to blockade Acre by land. News of the imminent arrival of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa reached the Crusaders, which not only raised the morale of the Christian soldiers, but also compelled Saladin to bring in so many more troops that he was able to surround both not the city and the Crusader camp in two separate sieges.

Question: متى وقعت معركة مرج عكا؟


Siege of Acre (1189–1191)

Context: Leopold of Austria left shortly after the capture of the city, after quarrelling with Richard: as the surviving leader of the German Imperial contingent, he had demanded the same position as Philip and Richard, but had been rejected and his flag torn down from the ramparts of Acre. On 31 July, Philip also returned home, to settle the succession in Vermandois and Flanders, and Richard was left solely in charge of the Christian expeditionary forces.

Question: متى وقعت معركة مرج عكا؟


Siege of Acre (1189–1191)

Context: The Kingdom of Jerusalem was now relatively secure, with its new capital at Acre, from which a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast was ruled. This second incarnation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem endured for another century.

Question: متى وقعت معركة مرج عكا؟


Islam in the United States

Context: One of the earliest accounts of Islam's possible presence in North America dates to 1528, when a Moroccan slave, called Mustafa Azemmouri, was shipwrecked near present-day Galveston, Texas. He and three Spanish survivors subsequently traveled through much of the American southwest and the Mexican interior before reaching Mexico City.

Question: متي إنتشر الاسلام في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: Kamala Harris is the 49th and current vice president of the United States. She is the first African American, first Asian American, and first female occupant of the office. She assumed office on January 20, 2021.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: The first two vice presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both of whom gained the office by virtue of being runners-up in presidential contests, presided regularly over Senate proceedings and did much to shape the role of Senate president. Several 19th-century vice presidents—such as George Dallas, Levi Morton, and Garret Hobart—followed their example and led effectively, while others were rarely present.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: Thomas R. Marshall, the 28th vice president, lamented: "Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea; the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again." His successor, Calvin Coolidge, was so obscure that Major League Baseball sent him free passes that misspelled his name, and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge's Washington residence was evacuated.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: The stature of the vice presidency grew again while Richard Nixon was in office (1953–1961). He attracted the attention of the media and the Republican Party, when Dwight Eisenhower authorized him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence. Nixon was also the first vice president to formally assume temporary control of the executive branch, which he did after Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24, 1955, ileitis in June 1956, and a stroke in November 1957.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: Another factor behind the rise in prestige of the vice presidency was the expanded use of presidential preference primaries for choosing party nominees during the 20th century. By adopting primary voting, the field of candidates for vice president was expanded by both the increased quantity and quality of presidential candidates successful in some primaries, yet who ultimately failed to capture the presidential nomination at the convention.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: Four sitting vice presidents have been elected president, most recently George H. W. Bush in 1988. Likewise, two former vice presidents have won the presidency, Richard Nixon in 1968 and Joe Biden in 2020. Also, in recent decades three incumbent vice presidents lost in close elections: Nixon in 1960, Hubert Humphrey in 1968 and Al Gore in 2000. Additionally, former vice president Walter Mondale lost in 1984. In total, 15 vice presidents have become president.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: Since 1949, the vice president has legally been a member of the National Security Council. Harry Truman, having not been told about any war or post-war plans during his vice presidency (notably the Manhattan Project), recognized that upon assuming the presidency a vice president needed to be already informed on such issues. Modern vice presidents have also been included in the president's daily intelligence briefings and frequently participate in meetings in the Situation Room with the president.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: To be constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation's vice president, a person must, according to the Twelfth Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in ). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must:

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of vice president under the following conditions:

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: The vice presidential candidates of the major national political parties are formally selected by each party's quadrennial nominating convention, following the selection of the party's presidential candidate. The official process is identical to the one by which the presidential candidates are chosen, with delegates placing the names of candidates into nomination, followed by a ballot in which candidates must receive a majority to secure the party's nomination.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: There has been only one vice presidential contingent election since the process was created by the Twelfth Amendment. It occurred on February 8, 1837, after no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes cast for vice president in the 1836 election. By a 33–17 vote, Richard M. Johnson (Martin Van Buren's running mate) was elected the nation's ninth vice president over Francis Granger (William Henry Harrison's and Daniel Webster's running mate).

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: of the Constitution allows for the removal of federal officials, including the vice president, from office for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors". No vice president has ever been impeached.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: Prior to the ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: As a result, when one occurred, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Between 1812 and 1965, the vice presidency was vacant on sixteen occasions, as a result of seven deaths, one resignation, and eight cases of the vice president succeeding to the presidency. With the vacancy that followed the succession of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1963, the nation had been without a vice president for a cumulative total of 37 years.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: Had it not been for this new constitutional mechanism, the vice presidency would have remained vacant after Agnew's resignation; the speaker of the House, Carl Albert, would have become Acting President when Nixon resigned under the terms of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: The vice president's salary is $235,100. The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on their position as president of the Senate. The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: The three-story Queen Anne style mansion was built in 1893 on the grounds of the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., to serve as residence for the superintendent of the Observatory. In 1923, the residence was reassigned to be the home of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), which it was until it was turned over to the office of the vice president fifty years later.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: The vice president is supported by personnel in the Office of the Vice President of the United States. The office was created in the Reorganization Act of 1939, which included an "office of the Vice President" under the Executive Office of the President. Salary for the staff is provided by both legislative and executive branch appropriations, in light of the vice president's roles in each branch.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: In the modern era, the vice president makes use of at least four different office spaces. These include an office in the West Wing, a ceremonial office in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building near where most of the vice president's staff works, the Vice President's Room on the Senate side of the United States Capitol for meetings with members of Congress, and an office at the vice president's residence.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: There are five living former vice presidents; the most recent death of a former vice president was that of Walter Mondale (1977–1981), on April 19, 2021. The living former vice presidents, in order of service, are:

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Vice President of the United States

Context: Unlike former presidents, whose pension is fixed at the same rate, regardless of their time in office, former vice presidents receive their retirement income based on their role as president of the Senate. Additionally, since 2008, each former vice president and their immediate family is entitled (under the Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008) to Secret Service protection for up to six months after leaving office, and again temporarily at any time thereafter if warranted.

Question: ما هي مدة الولاية الدستورية للرئيس في الولايات المتحدة ؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: Umm Kulthum (, , also spelled "Oum Kalthoum" in English; born Fatima Ibrahim es-Sayyid el-Beltagi, ; 31 December 1898 – 3 February 1975) was an Egyptian singer, songwriter, and film actress active from the 1920s to the 1970s. She was given the honorific title "" ('Star of the East'). She is considered a national icon in her native Egypt; she has been dubbed "The Voice of Egypt", the "Lady of Arabic Song" and "Egypt's Fourth Pyramid".

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: In 1934, Umm Kulthum sang for the inaugural broadcast of Radio Cairo, the state station. From then on onwards, she performed at a concert on every first Thursday of a month for forty years. Her influence kept growing and expanding beyond the artistic scene: the reigning royal family would request private concerts and even attend her public performances.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: Following the revolution, the Egyptian musicians guild of which she became a member (and eventually president) rejected her because she had sung for the then-deposed King Farouk of Egypt. When Nasser discovered that her songs were banned from being aired on the radio, he reportedly said something to the effect of "What are they, crazy? Do you want Egypt to turn against us?" Later, Nasser would schedule his speeches so they would not interfere with the radio performances of Umm Kulthum.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: Umm Kulthum was also known for her continuous contributions to works supporting the Egyptian military efforts. Until 1972, for about half a century she gave at least one monthly concert. Umm Kulthum's monthly concerts were renowned for their ability to clear the streets of some of the world's most populous cities as people rushed home to tune in.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: Her songs deal mostly with the universal themes of love, longing and loss. A typical Umm Kulthum concert consisted of the performance of two or three songs over a period of three to four hours. These performances are in some ways reminiscent of the structure of Western opera, consisting of long vocal passages linked by shorter orchestral interludes. However, Umm Kulthum was not stylistically influenced by opera, and she sang solo most of her career.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: The reason for the separation is not clear. It is speculated that this was due in part to the popular failure of the movie "Aida", in which Umm Kulthum sings mostly Qasabgi's compositions, including the first part of the opera. Qasabgi was experimenting with Arabic music, under the influence of classical European music, and was composing a lot for Asmahan, a singer who immigrated to Egypt from Syria and was the only serious competitor for Umm Kulthum before Asmahan's death in a car accident in 1944.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: Simultaneously, Umm Kulthum started to rely heavily on a younger composer who joined her artistic team a few years earlier: Riad Al-Sunbati. While Sonbati was evidently influenced by Qasabgi in those early years, the melodic lines he composed were more lyrical and more acceptable to Umm Kulthum's audience. The result of collaborations with Rami/Sonbati and al-Tunisi/Ahmad was a populist and popular repertoire that had lasting appeal for the Egyptian audience.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: Her songs took on more a soul-searching quality in 1967 following the defeat of Egypt during the Six-Day War. Hadeeth el Rouh ["sermon of the soul"], which is a translation from the poet Mohammad Iqbal's "Shikwa", set up a very reflective tone. Generals in the audience are said to have been left in tears. Following the formation of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 1971, she staged several concerts upon invitation of its first president Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan to celebrate the event.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: She is referenced at length in the lyrics of the central ballad "Omar Sharif" in the musical "The Band's Visit". A pearl necklace with 1,888 pearls, which she received from Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, is exhibited at the Louvre in Abu Dhabi. Even 40 years after her death, at 10PM on the first Thursday of each month, Egyptian radio stations would broadcast only her music in her memory.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Umm Kulthum

Context: In January 2019, at the Winter in Tantora festival in Al-'Ula, a live concert was performed for the first time with her "appearing as a hologram with accompaniment by an orchestra and bedecked in flowing, full-length gowns as she had when debuting in the 1920s." Hologram concerts featuring her have been organized also by the Egyptian Minister of Culture Inas Abde-Dayem in Cairo and the Dubai Opera.

Question: ما نوع صوت أم كلثوم؟


Tawakkol Karman

Context: Women should stop being or feeling that they are part of the problem and become part of the solution. We have been marginalized for a long time, and now is the time for women to stand up and become active without needing to ask for permission or acceptance. This is the only way we will give back to our society and allow for Yemen to reach the great potentials it has.

Question: من هي أول إمراة عربية حصلت على جائزة النوبل؟


Tawakkol Karman

Context: Our party needs the youth but the youth also need the parties to help them organise. Neither will succeed in overthrowing this regime without the other. We don't want the international community to label our revolution an Islamic one.

Question: من هي أول إمراة عربية حصلت على جائزة النوبل؟


Tawakkol Karman

Context: After a week of protests I was detained by the security forces in the middle of the night. This was to become a defining moment in the Yemeni revolution: media outlets reported my detention and demonstrations erupted in most provinces of the country; they were organised by students, civil society activists and politicians. The pressure on the government was intense, and I was released after 36 hours in a women's prison, where I was kept in chains.

Question: من هي أول إمراة عربية حصلت على جائزة النوبل؟


Tawakkol Karman

Context: Saleh signed the Gulf Cooperation Council's plan 23 November 2011 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saleh would transfer his powers to Vice President Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi to start a political transition, according to the terms of the agreement.

Question: من هي أول إمراة عربية حصلت على جائزة النوبل؟


Tawakkol Karman

Context: She has given scholarships to promising students from Yemen to study at Istanbul Aydın University at undergraduate and postgraduate level, in conjunction with the MBI Al Jaber Foundation.

Question: من هي أول إمراة عربية حصلت على جائزة النوبل؟


Tawakkol Karman

Context: On 6 May 2020, Facebook appointed her to its oversight board. Following her appointment, she was subjected to Saudi Arabian harassment in its media. In response, she stated that she hoped that she would not end up like Jamal Khashoggi.

Question: من هي أول إمراة عربية حصلت على جائزة النوبل؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: When isolation is applied to a community or a geographic area it is known as a "cordon sanitaire". Reverse isolation of a community, to protect its inhabitants from coming into contact with an infectious disease, is known as protective sequestration.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Contagious diseases can spread to others through various forms. Four types of infectious disease transmission can occur:

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created various levels of disease isolation (also described "precaution"). These precautions are also reviewed and revised by the CDC.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: "Transmission-based precautions" are additional infection control precautions – over and above universal/standard precautions – and the latest routine infection prevention and control practices applied for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens. The latter require additional control measures to effectively prevent transmission. There are three types of transmission-based precautions:

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: According to the CDC, isolation is the act of separating a sick individual with a contagious disease from healthy individuals without that contagious disease in order to protect the general public from exposure of a contagious disease.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Special equipment is used in the management of patients in the various forms of isolation. These most commonly include items of personal protective equipment (gowns, masks, and gloves) and engineering controls (positive pressure rooms, negative pressure rooms, laminar air flow equipment, and various mechanical and structural barriers). Dedicated isolation wards may be pre-built into hospitals, or isolation units may be temporarily designated in facilities in the midst of an epidemic emergency.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Contact isolation is used to prevent the spread of diseases that can be spread through contact with open wounds. Health care workers making contact with a patient on contact isolation are required to wear gloves, and in some cases, a gown.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Respiratory isolation is used for diseases that are spread through particles that are exhaled. Those having contact with or exposure to such a patient are required to wear a mask.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Reverse isolation is a way to prevent a patient in a compromised health situation from being contaminated by other people or objects. It often involves the use of laminar air flow and mechanical barriers (to avoid physical contact with others) to isolate the patient from any harmful pathogens present in the external environment.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Strict isolation is used for diseases spread through the air and in some cases by contact. Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Those who are kept in strict isolation are often kept in a special room at the facility designed for that purpose. Such rooms are equipped with a special lavatory and caregiving equipment, and a sink and waste disposal are provided for workers upon leaving the area.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Self-isolation, seclusion or home isolation is the act of quarantining oneself to prevent infection of oneself or others, either voluntarily or to comply with relevant regulations or guidance. The practice became notable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key features are:

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: * separating oneself from other peoplefor example, trying not to be in the same room as other people at the same time

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: * asking friends, family members or delivery services to carry out errands, such as getting groceries, medicines or other shopping

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: The Irish Health Service Executive recommends regularly monitoring symptoms and not disposing of rubbish until the self-isolation ends, warning also that "self-isolation can be boring or frustrating. It may affect your mood and feelings. You may feel low, worried or have problems sleeping. You may find it helps to stay in touch with friends or relatives by phone or on social media."

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: The UK Government states that anyone who is self-isolating should "not go to work, school, or public areas, and do not use public transport or taxis.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Nobody should go out even to buy food or other essentials, and any exercise must be taken within your home". As of March 2020 UK employers may provide sick pay to support self-isolation. Citizens Advice says that people on zero-hours contracts can also receive sick pay. For the purposes of people who have traveled to the UK, "self-isolate" and "self-isolation" are legally defined terms whose meaning is set out in the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Although a majority of health care professionals advocate for disease isolation as an effective means of reducing disease transmission, some health care professionals are concerned with implementing such control protocols given the possible negative consequences on patients. Patients isolated with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) can also be negatively impacted by having less documented care/bedside visits from attending and residents.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Isolation (health care)

Context: Disease isolation serves as an important method to protect the general community from disease, especially in a hospital or community-wide outbreak. However, this intervention poses an ethical question on rights of the individual versus rights of the general community.

Question: لماذا يعتبر مصطلح مكافحة العدوى مهماً في المستشفيات ؟


Third Servile War

Context: The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last in a series of slave rebellions against the Roman Republic known as the Servile Wars. This third rebellion was the only one that directly threatened the Roman heartland of Italy. It was particularly alarming to Rome because its military seemed powerless to suppress it.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: For the most part, slaves were treated harshly and oppressively during the Roman republican period. Under Republican law, a slave was property, not a person. Owners could abuse, injure or even kill their own slaves without legal consequence. While there were many grades and types of slaves, the lowest—and most numerous—grades who worked in the fields and mines were subject to a life of hard physical labor.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: These escaped slaves were able to defeat a small force of troops sent after them from Capua, and equip themselves with captured military equipment as well as their gladiatorial weapons. Sources are somewhat contradictory on the order of events immediately following the escape, but they generally agree that this band of escaped gladiators plundered the region surrounding Capua, recruited many other slaves into their ranks, and eventually retired to a more defensible position on Mount Vesuvius.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: As the revolt and raids were occurring in Campania, which was a vacation region of the rich and influential in Rome, and the location of many estates, the revolt quickly came to the attention of Roman authorities. They initially viewed the revolt more as a major crime wave than an armed rebellion.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: With these victories, more and more slaves flocked to the Spartacan forces, as did "many of the herdsmen and shepherds of the region", swelling their ranks to some 70,000. The rebel slaves spent the winter of 73–72 BC training, arming and equipping their new recruits, and expanding their raiding territory to include the towns of Nola, Nuceria, Thurii and Metapontum.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: The victories of the rebel slaves did not come without a cost. At some time during these events, one of their leaders, Oenomaus, was lost—presumably in battle—and is not mentioned further in the histories.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: Many popular modern accounts of the war claim that there was a factional split in the escaped slaves between those under Spartacus, who wished to escape over the Alps to freedom, and those under Crixus, who wished to stay in southern Italy to continue raiding and plundering. This appears to be an interpretation of events based on the following: the regions that Florus lists as being raided by the slaves include Thurii and Metapontum, which are geographically distant from Nola and Nuceria.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: This indicates the existence of two groups: Lucius Gellius eventually attacked Crixus and a group of some 30,000 followers who are described as being separate from the main group under Spartacus. Plutarch describes the desire of some of the escaped slaves to plunder Italy, rather than escape over the Alps. While this factional split is not contradicted by classical sources, there does not seem to be any direct evidence to support it.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: Fictional accounts sometimes portray the rebelling slaves as ancient Roman freedom fighters, struggling to change a corrupt Roman society and to end the Roman institution of slavery. Although this is not contradicted by classical historians, no historical account mentions that the goal of the rebel slaves was to end slavery in the Republic, nor do any of the actions of rebel leaders, who themselves committed numerous atrocities, seem specifically aimed at ending slavery.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: Even classical historians, who were writing only years after the events themselves, seem to be divided as to what the motives of Spartacus were. Appian and Florus write that he intended to march on Rome itself—although this may have been no more than a reflection of Roman fears. If Spartacus did intend to march on Rome, it was a goal he must have later abandoned. Plutarch writes that Spartacus merely wished to escape northwards into Cisalpine Gaul and disperse his men back to their homes.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: It is not certain that the slaves were a homogeneous group under the leadership of Spartacus, although this is implied by the Roman historians. Certainly other slave leaders are mentioned—Crixus, Oenomaus, Gannicus, and Castus—and it cannot be told from the historical evidence whether they were aides, subordinates, or even equals leading groups of their own and traveling in convoy with Spartacus' people.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: At this point, there is a divergence in the classical sources as to the course of events which cannot be reconciled until the entry of Marcus Licinius Crassus into the war. The two most comprehensive (extant) histories of the war by Appian and Plutarch detail very different events. Neither account directly contradicts the other but simply reports different events, ignoring some events in the other account and reporting events that are unique to that account.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: Appian claims that Spartacus executed some 300 captured Roman soldiers to avenge the death of Crixus, forcing them to fight each other to the death as gladiators. Following this victory, Spartacus pushed northwards with his followers (some 120,000) as fast as he could travel, "having burned all his useless material, killed all his prisoners and butchered his pack-animals in order to expedite his movement".

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: Plutarch only mentions the decimation of 50 legionaries of one cohort as punishment after Mummius' defeat in the first confrontation between Crassus and Spartacus. Regardless of events, Crassus' treatment of his legions proved that "he was more dangerous to them than the enemy" and spurred them on to victory rather than running the risk of displeasing their commander.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: Hearing of the approach of Pompey, Spartacus tried to negotiate with Crassus to bring the conflict to a close before Roman reinforcements arrived. When Crassus refused, Spartacus and his army broke through the Roman fortifications and headed up the Bruttium peninsula with Crassus's legions in pursuit. The legions managed to catch a portion of the rebels – under the command of Gannicus and Castus – separated from the main army, killing 12,300.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: Even though Spartacus had lost many men, Crassus' legions had also suffered greatly. The Roman forces under the command of a cavalry officer named Lucius Quinctius were destroyed when some of the escaped slaves turned to meet them. The rebel slaves were not a professional army and had reached their limit. They were unwilling to flee any farther and groups of men were breaking away from the main force to independently attack Crassus's legions.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: With discipline breaking down, Spartacus turned his forces around and brought his entire strength to bear on the legions. In this last stand, the Battle of the Silarius River, Spartacus' forces were routed, the vast majority of them being killed on the battlefield. All the ancient historians stated that Spartacus was also killed on the battlefield but his body was never found.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: Pompey and Crassus reaped political benefit for having put down the rebellion; both returned to Rome with their legions and refused to disband them, instead camping outside Rome. Both men stood for the consulship of 70 BC, even though Pompey was ineligible because of his youth and lack of service as praetor or quaestor. Both men were elected consul for 70 BC, partly due to the implied threat of their armed legions encamped outside the city.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Third Servile War

Context: It is difficult to determine the extent to which the events of this war contributed to changes in the use and legal rights of Roman slaves. The end of the Servile Wars seems to have coincided with the end of the period of the most prominent use of slaves in Rome and the beginning of a new perception of slaves within Roman society and law. The Third Servile War was the last servile war and Rome did not see another slave uprising of this magnitude again.

Question: متى إندلعت ثورة العبيد الثالثة ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Hussein was born in Amman on 14 November 1935 to Crown Prince Talal and Princess Zein al-Sharaf. Hussein was the eldest among his siblings, three brothers and two sistersPrincess Asma, Prince Muhammad, Prince Hassan, Prince Muhsin, and Princess Basma. During one cold Ammani winter, his baby sister Princess Asma died from pneumonia, an indication of how poor his family was thenthey could not afford heating in their house.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Hussein's maternal grandmother, Widjan Hanim, was the daughter of Shakir Pasha who was the Ottoman governor of Cyprus.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: The young prince started his elementary education in Amman. He was then educated at Victoria College in Alexandria, Egypt. He proceeded to Harrow School in England, where he befriended his second cousin Faisal II of Iraq, who was also studying there. Faisal was then King of Hashemite Iraq, but was under regency since he was the same age as Hussein.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: A three-man regency council made up of the prime minister and heads of the Senate and the House of Representatives was appointed until he became 18 (by the Muslim calendar). Meanwhile, Hussein pursued further study at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He was enthroned on 2 May 1953, the same day that his cousin Faisal II assumed his constitutional powers as king of Iraq.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Egyptian President Nasser received an outpouring of support from the Arab public after the Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal was signed in September 1955, and his popularity in Jordan skyrocketed following the nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956; his actions were seen as a powerful stance against Western imperialism. Hussein was also supportive of the moves. The coinciding events in Egypt had Jordanian leftist opposition parties leaning greatly towards Nasser.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: On 22 November 1967 the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved resolution 242, which became one of Jordan's foreign policy cornerstones. It denounced acquisition of territory by force and called on Israel to withdraw from territories occupied in the 1967 war. Israel rejected the resolution. Hussein restarted talks with Israeli representatives throughout 1968 and 1969, but the talks went nowhereShlaim claims the Israelis stalled and that Hussein refused to cede any West Bank territory.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Jordan allowed the fedayeen to leave for Lebanon through Syria, an event that led to the Lebanese Civil War in 1975. The Black September Organization was founded the same year, named after the conflict. The organization claimed responsibility for the assassination of Jordanian prime minister Wasfi Tal in 1971, and the highly publicized 1972 Munich massacre against Israeli athletes.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Clashes between Israeli forces and Palestinian militant groups in Gaza and the West Bank surfaced. Hussein's wife, Queen Noor, later claimed her husband was having trouble sleeping: "Everything he had worked for all his life, every relationship he had painstakingly built on trust and respect, every dream of peace and prosperity he had had for Jordan's children, was turning into a nightmare. I really did not know how much more Hussein could take."

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Hussein's flag-draped coffin, accompanied by honor guard troops wearing Keffiyeh, was taken on a 90-minute procession through the streets of the capital city of Amman. An estimated 800,000 Jordanians braved chilly winds to bid their leader farewell. Riot police were stationed along the nine-mile-long route to try to hold back the crowds who scrambled for a glimpse of the coffin.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Hussein established the Al-Amal medical center in 1997, a clinic specializing in cancer treatment in Jordan. Renamed in 2002 to the King Hussein Cancer Center in honor of the late King, the center is a leading medical facility in the region, treating around 4,000 patients each year.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: The King disliked paperwork, and had no solid view for the economy. He was dubbed the "fundraiser-in-chief": throughout his reign he managed to obtain foreign aid from different sources, leaving a legacy of a foreign aid-dependent Jordan. British aid in the early 1950s, American aid from 1957 onwards, Gulf aid in the 1960s and 1970s, Arab League and Iraqi aid in the early 1980s, and, after formalizing peace with Israel, American aid in the 1990s.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: In 1977, Bob Woodward of "The Washington Post" reported that King Hussein received funds from the CIA for 20 years. This money was used by the King to establish an intelligence service but was nevertheless criticized for being handled away from the government's supervision.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Hussein was an enthusiastic ham radio operator and an Honorary Member of The Radio Society of Harrow and a life member of the American Radio Relay League. He was popular in the amateur radio community and insisted that fellow operators refer to him without his title. His call sign was JY1, which inspired the name for Jordan's first cube-sat satellite, the JY1-SAT, which was launched in 2018.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Hussein was a trained pilot, flying both airplanes and helicopters as a hobby. In a 1999 interview Henry Kissinger described being flown by Hussein, saying that "...he was a daring pilot, and he would be zooming along at treetop level, and my wife, in order to be politely insistent would say, 'You know I didn't know helicopters could fly so low.' 'Oh!' said the King, 'They can fly lower!' and went below tree top level just skimming along on the ground. That really aged me rapidly."

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: Hussein was also an avid fan of motorcycles. The cover of the paperback version of Queen Noor's book "" features a photo of the King and Queen riding a Harley-Davidson motorcycle. The King was also a fan of race-car driving, water sports, skiing, and tennis.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Hussein of Jordan

Context: From an affair with the American Jewish actress Susan Cabot Hussein had an alleged illegitimate son, Timothy. Susan and Timothy were supported for many years out of the royal privy purse. In 1986 Timothy killed his mother. Timothy served a prison sentence for involuntary manslaughter and died in 2003.

Question: متى تولى الحُسَيْنُ بْنُ طَلالٍ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللّهِ بْنُ الحُسَيْنِ الهاشِمِيِّ القُرَشِيِّ الحكم ؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: As part of Napoleon's plans to invade England, the French and Spanish fleets combined to take control of the English Channel and provide the Grande Armée safe passage. The allied fleet, under the command of French Admiral Villeneuve, sailed from the port of Cádiz in the south of Spain on 18 October 1805. They encountered the British fleet under Lord Nelson, recently assembled to meet this threat, in the Atlantic Ocean along the southwest coast of Spain, off Cape Trafalgar.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The victory confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century, and was achieved in part through Nelson's departure from prevailing naval tactical orthodoxy.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: When the Third Coalition declared war on France, after the short-lived Peace of Amiens, Napoleon renewed his determination to invade Britain. To do so, he needed to ensure that the Royal Navy would be unable to disrupt the invasion flotilla, which would require control of the English Channel.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The main French fleets were at Brest in Brittany and at Toulon on the Mediterranean coast. Other ports on the French Atlantic coast harboured smaller squadrons. France and Spain were allied, so the Spanish fleet based in Cádiz and Ferrol was also available.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The British possessed an experienced and well-trained corps of naval officers. By contrast, some of the best officers in the French navy had either been executed or had left the service during the early part of the French Revolution.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Vice-Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve had taken command of the French Mediterranean fleet following the death of Latouche Treville. There had been more competent officers, but they had either been employed elsewhere or had fallen from Napoleon's favour. Villeneuve had shown a distinct lack of enthusiasm for facing Nelson and the Royal Navy after the French defeat at the Battle of the Nile in 1798.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Napoleon's naval plan in 1805 was for the French and Spanish fleets in the Mediterranean and Cádiz to break through the blockade and join forces in the Caribbean. They would then return, assist the fleet in Brest to emerge from the blockade, and together clear the English Channel of Royal Navy ships, ensuring a safe passage for the invasion barges.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Calder intercepted the French resulting in an inconclusive engagement during the Battle of Cape Finisterre in which two of the Spanish ships were captured. Villeneuve abandoned his plan and sailed back to Ferrol in northern Spain. There he received orders from Napoleon to return to Brest according to the main plan.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Napoleon's invasion plans for Britain depended on having a sufficiently large number of ships of the line before Boulogne in France. This would require Villeneuve's force of 33 ships to join Vice-Admiral Ganteaume's force of 21 ships at Brest, along with a squadron of five ships under Captain Allemand, which would have given him a combined force of 59 ships of the line.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: When Villeneuve set sail from Ferrol on 10 August, he was under orders from Napoleon to sail northward toward Brest. Instead, he worried that the British were observing his manoeuvres, so on 11 August, he sailed southward towards Cádiz on the southwestern coast of Spain. With no sign of Villeneuve's fleet, on 25 August, the three French army corps' invasion force near Boulogne broke camp and marched into Germany, where it was later engaged. This ended the immediate threat of invasion.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The same month, Admiral Lord Nelson returned home to Britain after two years of duty at sea. He remained ashore for 25 days and was warmly received by his countrymen. Word reached Britain on 2 September about the combined French and Spanish fleet in Cádiz harbour. Nelson had to wait until 15 September before his ship, HMS "Victory", was ready to sail.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: On 15 August, Cornwallis decided to detach 20 ships of the line from the fleet guarding the English Channel to sail southward to engage the enemy forces in Spain. This left the Channel short of large vessels, with only 11 ships of the line present. This detached force formed the nucleus of the British fleet at Trafalgar. This fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral Calder, reached Cádiz on 15 September. Nelson joined the fleet on 28 September to take command.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The British fleet used frigates (faster, but too fragile for the line of battle), to keep a constant watch on the harbour, while the main force remained out of sight, approximately 50 miles (80 km) west of the shore. Nelson's hope was to lure the combined Franco-Spanish force out and engage it in a decisive battle. The force watching the harbour was led by Captain Blackwood, commanding HMS "Euryalus". His squadron of seven ships comprised five frigates, a schooner, and a brig.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: At this point, Nelson's fleet badly needed provisioning. On 2 October, five ships of the line, HMS "Queen", "Canopus", "Spencer", "Zealous", "Tigre", and the frigate HMS "Endymion" were dispatched to Gibraltar under Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Louis for supplies.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: On 16 September, Napoleon gave orders for the French and Spanish ships at Cádiz to put to sea at the first favourable opportunity, join with seven Spanish ships of the line then at Cartagena, go to Naples and land the soldiers they carried to reinforce his troops there, then fight decisively if they met a numerically inferior British fleet.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Nelson was careful to point out that something had to be left to chance. Nothing is sure in a sea battle, so he left his captains free from all hampering rules by telling them that "No captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside that of the enemy." In short, circumstances would dictate the execution, subject to the guiding rule that the enemy's rear was to be cut off and superior force concentrated on that part of the enemy's line.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Admiral Villeneuve himself expressed his belief that Nelson would use some sort of unorthodox attack, presciently speculating that Nelson would drive right at his line. But his long game of cat and mouse with Nelson had worn him down, and he was suffering from a loss of nerve. Fearing that his inexperienced officers would be unable to maintain formation in more than one group, he chose to keep the single line that became Nelson's target.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: At 5:40 a.m. on 21 October, the British were about 21 miles (34 km) to the northwest of Cape Trafalgar, with the Franco-Spanish fleet between the British and the Cape. About 6 a.m., Nelson gave the order to prepare for battle. At 8 a.m., the British frigate "Euryalus", which had been keeping watch on the Combined Fleet overnight, observed the British fleet still "forming the lines" in which it would attack.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: By 11 a.m. Nelson's entire fleet was visible to Villeneuve, drawn up in two parallel columns. The two fleets would be within range of each other within an hour. Villeneuve was concerned at this point about forming up a line, as his ships were unevenly spaced in an irregular formation drawn out nearly five miles (8 km) long as Nelson's fleet approached.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: As the British drew closer, they could see that the enemy was not sailing in a tight order, but in irregular groups. Nelson could not immediately make out the French flagship as the French and Spanish were not flying command pennants.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Nelson was outnumbered and outgunned, the enemy totalling nearly 30,000 men and 2,568 guns to his 17,000 men and 2,148 guns. The Franco-Spanish fleet also had six more ships of the line, and so could more readily combine their fire. There was no way for some of Nelson's ships to avoid being "doubled on" or even "trebled on".

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: As the two fleets drew closer, anxiety began to build among officers and sailors; one British sailor described the approach thus: "During this momentous preparation, the human mind had ample time for meditation, for it was evident that the fate of England rested on this battle".

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The battle progressed largely according to Nelson's plan. At 11:45, Nelson sent the flag signal, "England expects that every man will do his duty".

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The term "England" was widely used at the time to refer to the United Kingdom; the British fleet included significant contingents from Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Unlike the photographic depiction above, this signal would have been shown on the mizzen mast only and would have required 12 lifts.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Just before his column engaged the allied forces, Collingwood said to his officers: "Now, gentlemen, let us do something today which the world may talk of hereafter." Because the winds were very light during the battle, all the ships were moving extremely slowly, and the foremost British ships were under heavy fire from several of the allied ships for almost an hour before their own guns could bear.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The second ship in the British lee column, "Belleisle", was engaged by "L'Aigle", "Achille", "Neptune", and "Fougueux"; she was soon completely dismasted, unable to manoeuvre and largely unable to fight, as her sails blinded her batteries, but kept flying her flag for 45 minutes until the following British ships came to her rescue.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: "Victory"s gunners were called on deck to fight boarders, and she ceased firing. The gunners were forced back below decks by French grenades. As the French were preparing to board "Victory", "Temeraire", the second ship in the British windward column, approached from the starboard bow of "Redoutable" and fired on the exposed French crew with a carronade, causing many casualties.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: At 13:55, the French Captain Lucas of "Redoutable", with 99 fit men out of 643 and severely wounded himself, surrendered. The French "Bucentaure" was isolated by "Victory" and "Temeraire", and then engaged by HMS "Neptune", , and "Conqueror"; similarly, "Santísima Trinidad" was isolated and overwhelmed, surrendering after three hours.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Spanish military garrisons and civilians set out to rescue survivors from the numerous shipwrecks scattered along the Andalusian coast. British prize crews were captured and given good treatment. On 27 October, Collingwood offered the governor of Cádiz to put his Spanish wounded prisoners ashore and set them free. The governor and Gravina offered in exchange to release their British prisoners, who boarded the British fleet. The French would later join this humanitarian agreement.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: When Rosily arrived in Cádiz, he found only five French ships, rather than the 18 he was expecting. The surviving ships remained bottled up in Cádiz until 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain. The French ships were then seized by the Spanish forces and put into service against France.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: HMS "Victory" made her way to Gibraltar for repairs, carrying Nelson's body. She put into Rosia Bay, Gibraltar and after emergency repairs were carried out, returned to Britain. Many of the injured crew were taken ashore at Gibraltar and treated in the Naval Hospital. Men who subsequently died from injuries sustained at the battle are buried in or near the Trafalgar Cemetery, at the south end of Main Street, Gibraltar.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: One Royal Marine officer was killed on board "Victory"; Captain Charles Adair. Royal Marine Lieutenant Lewis Buckle Reeve was seriously wounded and laid next to Nelson.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Vice-Admiral Villeneuve was taken prisoner aboard his flagship and taken back to Britain. After his parole in 1806, he returned to France, where he was found dead in his inn room during a stop on the way to Paris, with six stab wounds in the chest from a dining knife. It was officially recorded that he had committed suicide.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: The Royal Navy proceeded to dominate the sea until the Second World War. Although the victory at Trafalgar was typically given as the reason at the time, modern historical analyses suggest that relative economic strength was an important underlying cause of British naval mastery.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: London's Trafalgar Square was named in honour of Nelson's victory; at the centre of the square there is the Nelson's Column, with a statue of Nelson on top. It was finished in 1843.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: In 2005 a series of events around the UK, part of the "Sea Britain" theme, marked the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar. The 200th anniversary of the battle was also commemorated on six occasions in Portsmouth during June and July, at St Paul's Cathedral (where Nelson is entombed), in Trafalgar Square in London in October ("T Square 200"), and across the UK.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: Lieutenant John Lapenotière's historic voyage in HMS "Pickle" bringing the news of the victory from the fleet to Falmouth and thence by post chaise to the Admiralty in London was commemorated by the inauguration of The Trafalgar Way and further highlighted by the New Trafalgar Dispatch celebrations from July to September in which an actor played the part of Lapenotière and re-enacted parts of the historic journey.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Battle of Trafalgar

Context: On the actual anniversary day, 21 October, naval manoeuvres were conducted in Trafalgar Bay near Cádiz involving a combined fleet from Britain, Spain, and France. Many descendants of people present at the battle, including members of Nelson's family, were at the ceremony.

Question: ما هي الأطراف التي تنازعت في معركة طرف الغار؟


Great Lakes

Context: Lakes Huron and Michigan are sometimes considered a single lake, called Lake Michigan–Huron, because they are one hydrological body of water connected by the Straits of Mackinac. The straits are wide and deep; the water levels rise and fall together, and the flow between Michigan and Huron frequently reverses direction.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: The lakes were originally fed by both precipitation and meltwater from glaciers which are no longer present. In modern times, only about 1% of volume per year is "new" water, originating from rivers, precipitation, and groundwater springs. In the post-glacial period, evaporation, and drainage have generally been balanced, making the levels of the lakes relatively constant.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: Fluctuation of the water levels in the lakes has been observed since records began in 1918. The water level of Lake Michigan–Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century Recent lake levels include record low levels in 2013 in Lakes Superior, Erie, and Michigan-Huron, followed by record high levels in 2020 in the same lakes. The water level in Lake Ontario has remained relatively constant in the same time period, hovering around the historical average level.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: The lake levels are affected primarily by changes in regional meteorology and climatology. The outflows from lakes Superior and Ontario are regulated, while the outflows of Michigan-Huron and Erie are not regulated at all. Ontario is the most tightly regulated, with its outflow controlled by the Moses-Saunders Power Dam, which explains its consistent historical levels.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: Named for the inhabitants of the area, the Wyandot (or "Hurons"), by the first French explorers . The Wyandot originally referred to the lake by the name "", a word which has been variously translated as "Freshwater Sea", "Lake of the Hurons", or simply "lake".

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: English translation of the French term ' "upper lake", referring to its position north of Lake Huron. The indigenous Ojibwe call it ' (from Ojibwe ' "big, large, great"; ' "water, lake, sea"). Popularized in French-influenced transliteration as "Gitchigumi" as in Gordon Lightfoot's 1976 story song "The Wreck of the "Edmund Fitzgerald"", or "Gitchee Gumee" as in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 epic poem, "The Song of Hiawatha").

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: Köppen climate classification Dfa (in southern areas) and Dfb (in northern parts) with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry, cold Arctic systems, mild Pacific air masses from the west, and warm, wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico. The lakes have a moderating effect on the climate; they can also increase precipitation totals and produce lake effect snowfall.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: While the organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes, the deep waters contain organisms found only in deep, cold lakes of the northern latitudes. These include the delicate opossum shrimp (order mysida), the deepwater scud (a crustacean of the order amphipoda), two types of copepods, and the deepwater sculpin (a spiny, large-headed fish).

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: By 1801, the New York Legislature found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early 19th century, the government of Upper Canada found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario's tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed, but enforcement remained difficult.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: On both sides of the Canada–United States border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments have multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. Concerns by the mid-19th century included obstructions in the rivers which prevented salmon and lake sturgeon from reaching their spawning grounds. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25% in general fish harvests by 1875. The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: Diatoms acquire inorganic carbon through passive diffusion of and , and use carbonic anhydrase mediated active transport to speed up this process. Large diatoms require more carbon uptake than smaller diatoms. There is a positive correlation between the surface area and the chlorophyll concentration of diatom cells.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Great Lakes

Context: The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 19th century was transporting immigrants. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their position on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants. After railroads and surface roads developed, the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and, except for ferries and a few foreign cruise ships, have now vanished.

Question: ما هي أكبر بحيرات العالم مساحة؟


Contemporary dance

Context: Other pioneers of contemporary dance (the offspring of modern and postmodern) include Ruth St. Denis, Doris Humphrey, Mary Wigman, Pina Bausch, Francois Delsarte, Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Paul Taylor, Rudolph von Laban, Loie Fuller, José Limón and Marie Rambert.

Question: متى تم إنشاء الرقص المعاصر ؟


Contemporary dance

Context: Dance techniques and movement philosophies employed in contemporary dance may include Contemporary ballet, Dance improvisation, Interpretive dance, Lyrical dance, Modern dance styles from United States such as Graham technique, Humphrey-Weidman technique and Horton technique, Modern dance of Europe Bartenieff Fundamentals and the dance technique of Isadora Duncan (also see Free dance).

Question: متى تم إنشاء الرقص المعاصر ؟


Contemporary dance

Context: Contemporary dancers train using contemporary dance techniques as well as non-dance related practices such as Pilates, Yoga, the acting practice of Corporeal mime - Étienne Decroux technique and somatic practices such as Alexander technique, Feldenkrais Method, Sullivan Technique and Franklin-Methode, American contemporary techniques such as José Limón technique and Hawkins technique and Postmodern dance techniques such as Contact improvisation and Cunningham technique, and Release technique.

Question: متى تم إنشاء الرقص المعاصر ؟


Contemporary dance

Context: Some well-known choreographers and creators of contemporary dance created schools and techniques of their own. Paul Taylor developed a dance technique called Taylor technique, which is now taught at modern dance schools like The Ailey School in New York City.

Question: متى تم إنشاء الرقص المعاصر ؟


Contemporary dance

Context: Reflecting the situation in society at large, contemporary dance is increasingly incorporating overtly technological elements, and, in particular, robots. Robotics engineer/dancer Amy LaViers, for example, has incorporated cell phones in a contemporary dance piece calling attention to the issues surrounding our ever-increasing dependence on technology.

Question: متى تم إنشاء الرقص المعاصر ؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: By 2005, Marvel Entertainment had begun planning to produce its own films independently and distribute them through Paramount Pictures. In June 2007, Marvel Studios raised secured funding from a seven-year, $525million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch. Marvel's plan was to release individual films for their main characters and then merge them in a crossover film.

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: At any given time, Marvel Studios has future films planned five to six years out from what they have announced. By April 2014, additional storylines were planned through 2028, with MCU films through 2032 being planned by April 2022. Disney has scheduled additional release dates for unannounced Marvel Studios films on November 3, 2023, as well as February 16, May 3, July 26, and November 8, 2024.

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: By April 2021, a fourth "Captain America" film was in development, with a script co-written by Malcolm Spellman and Dalan Musson. The duo previously served as head writer and a staff writer, respectively, on the Disney+ series "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier" (2021). Anthony Mackie joined by August 2021, to headline the film reprising his role as Sam Wilson / Captain America. The film will explore the effects of becoming Captain America on Wilson.

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: In December 2021, a sequel to "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings" (2021) was announced to be in development, with Destin Daniel Cretton returning to write and direct. Simu Liu was expected to return as Shang-Chi by the following month.

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: By June 2022, a "Thunderbolts" film was in development, with Jake Schreier attached to direct and Eric Pearson writing the screenplay. Filming is expected to begin in mid-2023. Actors who had portrayed villain-type characters in past MCU projects were expected to be part of the film.

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: Marvel Studios is working on an unknown project with Scarlett Johansson, who will serve as a producer.

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: In March 2008, Marvel Studios presold the US cable broadcast rights to FX for five of their films, including "Iron Man" and "The Incredible Hulk", for four years. FX also acquired the rights to "Iron Man 3" in May 2013. In September 2014, TNT acquired the US cable broadcast rights to five Marvel Studios films, beginning with "Avengers: Age of Ultron", for broadcast two years after their theatrical release.

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: The films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe have been nominated for awards including 135 Saturn awards, of which won 36.

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Context: These projects were in development as films from Marvel Studios before becoming television series under Marvel Television:

Question: متى تم إنتاج آخر أفلام سلسلة أفنجرز؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: The Merchant of Venice is a 2004 romantic drama film based on Shakespeare's play of the same name. It is the first full-length sound film in English of Shakespeare's playother versions are videotaped productions which were made for television, including John Sichel's 1973 version and Jack Gold's 1980 BBC production.

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: A co-production between the United Kingdom, Italy, and Luxembourg, "The Merchant of Venice" was screened non-competitively at the 61st edition of the Venice Film Festival on 4 September 2004 in what was touted as its world premiere (the film was in fact screened 3 September 2004 at the Telluride Film Festival).

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: At Venice, all ships bearing Antonio's goods are reported lost at sea, leaving him unable to satisfy the bond. Shylock is determined to exact revenge from Christians after his daughter Jessica flees his home to convert to Christianity and elope with the Christian Lorenzo, taking a substantial amount of Shylock's wealth with her. With the bond at hand, Shylock has Antonio arrested and brought before court.

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: At Belmont, Portia and Bassanio have just been married, along with his friend Gratiano and Portia's handmaid Nerissa. He receives a letter telling him that Antonio has defaulted on his loan from Shylock. Shocked, Bassanio and Gratiano leave for Venice immediately, with money from Portia, to save Antonio's life. Unbeknown to Bassanio and Gratiano, Portia and Nerissa leave Belmont to seek the counsel of Portia's cousin, Bellario, a lawyer, at Padova.

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: At the very moment Shylock is about to cut Antonio with his knife, Portia points out a flaw in the contract. The bond only allows Shylock to remove the flesh, not blood, of Antonio. If Shylock were to shed any drop of Antonio's blood in doing so, his "lands and goods" will be forfeited under Venetian laws.

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: Bassanio does not recognize his disguised wife. He offers to give him/her a present. First she declines, but after he insists, Portia requests his ring and his gloves. He gives the gloves away without a second thought, but gives the ring only after much persuasion from Antonio, as earlier in the play he promised his wife never to lose it, sell it or give it away.

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: At Belmont, Portia and Nerissa taunt their husbands before revealing they were really the lawyer and his clerk in disguise.

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: After all the other characters make amends, all ends happily (except for Shylock) as Antonio learns that three of his ships have returned safely after all.

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

Context: In 2005, the film had a Royal Premiere in the presence of Prince Charles and received a BAFTA nomination for Best Costume Design.

Question: من هو الممثل الذي قام تمثيل دور التاجر الجشع في فيلم تاجر البندقية؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: Winds are mostly from the north and northwest in the winter, blowing gently at in northern and central areas and near the coast. From March to May, violent thunderstorms, called northwesters by local English speakers, produce winds of up to . During the intense storms of the early summer and late monsoon season, southerly winds of more than cause waves to crest as high as in the Bay of Bengal, which brings disastrous flooding to coastal areas.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: Cold weather is unusual in Bangladesh. When temperatures decrease to or less, people without warm clothing and living in inadequate homes may die from the cold.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: The second system is the Padma-Ganges, which is divided into two sections: a segment, the Ganges, which extends from the western border with India to its confluence with the Jamuna some west of Dhaka, and a segment, the Padma, which runs from the Ganges-Jamuna confluence to where it joins the Meghna River at Chandpur. The Padma-Ganges is the central part of a deltaic river system with hundreds of rivers and streams—some in length—flowing generally east or west into the Padma.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: The third network is the Surma-Meghna River System, which courses from the northeastern border with India to Chandpur, where it joins the Padma. The Surma-Meghna, at by itself the longest river in Bangladesh, is formed by the union of six lesser rivers. Below the city of Kalipur it is known as the Meghna. When the Padma and Meghna join, they form the fourth river system—the Padma-Meghna—which flows to the Bay of Bengal.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: This mighty network of four river systems flowing through the Bangladesh Plain drains an area of some . The numerous channels of the Padma-Meghna, its distributaries, and smaller parallel rivers that flow into the Bay of Bengal are referred to as the Mouths of the Ganges. Like the Jamuna, the Padma-Meghna and other estuaries on the Bay of Bengal are also known for their many chars.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: The Ganga–Brahmaputra rivers contribute nearly 1000 million tons/yr of sediment. The sediment contributed from these two rivers forms the Bengal Delta and Submarine fan, a vast structure that extends from Bangladesh to the south of the Equator which is up to 16.5 km thick, and contains at least 1130 trillion tonnes of sediment accumulating over the last 17 million years at an average rate of 665 million tons/yr. The Bay of Bengal used to be deeper than the Mariana Trench, the present deepest ocean point.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: Water resources management, including gravity flow irrigation, flood control, and drainage, were largely the responsibility of the Bangladesh Water Development Board. Other public sector institutions, such as the Bangladesh Krishi Bank, the Bangladesh Rural Development Board, the Bangladesh Bank, and the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation were also responsible for the promotion and development of minor irrigation works in the private sector through government credit mechanisms.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 2,262 km2 of tidal flats in Bangladesh and is therefore ranked 14th in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there. The analysis showed that the tidal flats of the Meghna River estuary have undergone considerable geomorphological change over a 33-year period, from 1984 to 2016, now only occurring in 17.1% of their initial extent despite expanding in area by 20.6%.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: "highest point:" Mowdok Taung in the Mowdok range at 1052 m (at N 21°47'12" E 92°36'36"), "NOT" Keokradong (883 m not 1,230 m) or Tazing Dong (985 m not 1,280 m as sometimes reported)

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: Much of the country is submerged by floodwater in the monsoon season (and traditional settlements and agriculture are adapted to this); damaging floods occur when rivers rise higher than normal; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) and storm surges; droughts; riverbank erosion along the country's major rivers and in the Meghna estuary; earthquakes; possibly tsunamis.

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Geography of Bangladesh

Context: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Question: ما هي مساحة بنغلاديش؟


Pakistan–United States skirmishes

Context: Pakistan has previously coordinated with the U.S. on missile strikes but the U.S. has since conducted strikes without informing Pakistani authorities. Pakistani troops were then ordered to counteract. Several specific actions developed, although no serious diplomatic spats on either side have been reported yet. The actions are listed below.

Question: متي شنة الولايات المتحدة الحرب علي باكستان؟


Pakistan–United States skirmishes

Context: Pakistani troops fired warning shots into the air to deter Afghan troops from entering Pakistan. It occurred on the Afghan side of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border close to Angoor Ada, some 30 kilometers from Wana, the main town in South Waziristan in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.

Question: متي شنة الولايات المتحدة الحرب علي باكستان؟


Pakistan–United States skirmishes

Context: Thirty minutes later, two gunships attempted to cross the border again at the same place. Pakistani regular and Frontier Corps troops fired warning shots into the air and away from the helicopters, causing the helicopters to turn back without attacking any targets in Pakistan.

Question: متي شنة الولايات المتحدة الحرب علي باكستان؟


Pakistan–United States skirmishes

Context: On 30 September 2010. U.S. helicopters entered Pakistani airspace after ground troops determined that a mortar attack by militants in Pakistan was imminent, according to the Coalition. Pakistani Frontier Corps troops manning the Mandata Kadaho border post fired warning shots, and the helicopters responded by firing two missiles that destroyed the post. Three soldiers were killed and another three wounded. Pakistan responded by closing a key NATO supply route for eleven days.

Question: متي شنة الولايات المتحدة الحرب علي باكستان؟


Mars

Context: Mars is approximately half the diameter of Earth, with a surface area only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land. Mars is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of Earth's mass, resulting in about 38% of Earth's surface gravity. The red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron(III) oxide, or rust. It can look like butterscotch; other common surface colors include golden, brown, tan, and greenish, depending on the minerals present.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: It is thought that, during the Solar System's formation, Mars was created as the result of a random process of run-away accretion of material from the protoplanetary disk that orbited the Sun. Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by its position in the Solar System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points, such as chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur, are much more common on Mars than Earth; these elements were probably pushed outward by the young Sun's energetic solar wind.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: The geological history of Mars can be split into many periods, but the following are the three primary periods:

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Geological activity is still taking place on Mars. The Athabasca Valles is home to sheet-like lava flows created about 200 Mya. Water flows in the grabens called the Cerberus Fossae occurred less than 20 Mya, indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions. The "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter" has captured images of avalanches.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: The "Phoenix" lander returned data showing Martian soil to be slightly alkaline and containing elements such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and chlorine. These nutrients are found in soils on Earth, and they are necessary for growth of plants. Experiments performed by the lander showed that the Martian soil has a basic pH of 7.7, and contains 0.6% of the salt perchlorate, concentrations that are toxic to humans.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: In November 2016, NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region. The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior. During observations from 2018 through 2021, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter spotted indications of water, probably subsurface ice, in the Valles Marineris canyon system.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Although better remembered for mapping the Moon, Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer were the first areographers. They began by establishing that most of Mars's surface features were permanent and by more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Features on Mars are named from a variety of sources. Albedo features are named for classical mythology. Craters larger than roughly 50 km are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have contributed to the study of Mars. Smaller craters are named for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than 100,000. Large valleys are named for the word "Mars" or "star" in various languages; small valleys are named for rivers.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Because Mars has no oceans and hence no "sea level", a zero-elevation surface had to be selected as a reference level; this is called the "areoid" of Mars, analogous to the terrestrial geoid. Zero altitude was defined by the height at which there is of atmospheric pressure. This pressure corresponds to the triple point of water, and it is about 0.6% of the sea level surface pressure on Earth (0.006 atm).

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: For mapping purposes, the United States Geological Survey divides the surface of Mars into thirty cartographic quadrangles, each named for a classical albedo feature it contains.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Compared to Earth, its higher concentration of atmospheric CO2 and lower surface pressure may be why sound is attenuated more on Mars, where natural sources are rare apart from the wind. Using acoustic recordings collected by the "Perseverance" rover, researchers concluded that the speed of sound there is approximately 240 m/s for frequencies below 240 Hz, and 250 m/s for those above.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Mars has the largest dust storms in the Solar System, reaching speeds of over . These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Mars's average distance from the Sun is roughly , and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days. The solar day (or sol) on Mars is only slightly longer than an Earth day: 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds. A Martian year is equal to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: The axial tilt of Mars is 25.19° relative to its orbital plane, which is similar to the axial tilt of Earth. As a result, Mars has seasons like Earth, though on Mars they are nearly twice as long because its orbital period is that much longer. In the present day epoch, the orientation of the north pole of Mars is close to the star Deneb.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Mars has a relatively pronounced orbital eccentricity of about 0.09; of the seven other planets in the Solar System, only Mercury has a larger orbital eccentricity. It is known that in the past, Mars has had a much more circular orbit. At one point, 1.35 million Earth years ago, Mars had an eccentricity of roughly 0.002, much less than that of Earth today. Mars's cycle of eccentricity is 96,000 Earth years compared to Earth's cycle of 100,000 years.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: The lack of a magnetosphere and the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a challenge: the planet has little heat transfer across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the solar wind and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead sublimes to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: From the surface of Mars, the motions of Phobos and Deimos appear different from that of the Moon. Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just 11 hours. Deimos, being only just outside synchronous orbitwhere the orbital period would match the planet's period of rotationrises as expected in the east but slowly.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude, the tidal forces from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit. In about 50 million years, it could either crash into Mars's surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Mars may have moons smaller than in diameter, and a dust ring is predicted to exist between Phobos and Deimos.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: , Mars is host to fourteen functioning spacecraft. Eight are in orbit": 2001 Mars Odyssey", "Mars Express", "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter", "MAVEN", "Mars Orbiter Mission", "ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter", the "Hope" orbiter, and the "Tianwen-1" orbiter. Another six are on the surface: the "InSight" lander, the Mars Science Laboratory "Curiosity" rover, the "Perseverance" rover, the "Ingenuity" helicopter, the "Tianwen-1" lander, and the "Zhurong" rover.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: With the presence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is possible to practice astronomy from Mars. Although Mars's moon Phobos appears about one-third the angular diameter of the full moon on Earth, Deimos appears more or less star-like, looking only slightly brighter than Venus does from Earth.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Various phenomena seen from Earth have also been observed from Mars, such as meteors and auroras. The apparent sizes of the moons Phobos and Deimos are sufficiently smaller than that of the Sun; thus, their partial "eclipses" of the Sun are best considered transits (see transit of Deimos and Phobos from Mars). Transits of Mercury and Venus have been observed from Mars. A transit of Earth will be seen from Mars on 10 November 2084.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth's atmosphere.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible, which occur every couple of years. Even more notable are the perihelic oppositions of Mars, which are distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion, making it even closer to Earth.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Mars

Context: The seasonal changes (consisting of the diminishing of the polar caps and the dark areas formed during Martian summer) in combination with the canals led to speculation about life on Mars, and it was a long-held belief that Mars contained vast seas and vegetation. As bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight "canali" were observed. During observations in 1909 by Antoniadi with an telescope, irregular patterns were observed, but no "canali" were seen.

Question: كم عدد اقمار كوكب الكريخ؟


Venezuela

Context: Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of , and its population was estimated at 28 million in 2019. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, an expedition led by Alonso de Ojeda visited the Venezuelan coast. The stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the Italian navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, Italy, so he named the region "Veneziola", or "Little Venice". The Spanish version of "Veneziola" is "Venezuela".

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work "Summa de geografía", he states that the crew found indigenous people who called themselves the "Veneciuela." Thus, the name "Venezuela" may have evolved from the native word.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: Previously, the official name was "Estado de Venezuela" (1830–1856), "República de Venezuela" (1856–1864), "Estados Unidos de Venezuela" (1864–1953), and again "República de Venezuela" (1953–1999).

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: After the conquest, the population dropped markedly, mainly through the spread of new infectious diseases from Europe. Two main north–south axes of pre-Columbian population were present, who cultivated maize in the west and manioc in the east. Large parts of the "llanos" were cultivated through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: In 1498, during his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus sailed near the Orinoco Delta and landed in the Gulf of Paria. Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater which deflected his course eastward, Columbus expressed in a letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that he must have reached Heaven on Earth (terrestrial paradise):

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: The colors of the Venezuelan flag are yellow, blue, and red: the yellow stands for land wealth, the blue for the sea that separates Venezuela from Spain, and the red for the blood shed by the heroes of independence.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: The most powerful man in the military "junta" (1948–1958) was Pérez Jiménez (though Chalbaud was its titular president) and was suspected of being behind the death in office of Chalbaud, who died in a bungled kidnapping in 1950. When the junta unexpectedly lost the election it held in 1952, it ignored the results and Pérez Jiménez was installed as president, where he remained until 1958.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: The military dictator Pérez Jiménez was forced out on 23 January 1958. In an effort to consolidate a young democracy, the three major political parties (Acción Democrática (AD), COPEI and Unión Republicana Democrática (URD), with the notable exception of the Communist Party of Venezuela), signed the Puntofijo Pact power-sharing agreement. The two first parties would dominate the political landscape for four decades.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: A collapse in confidence in the existing parties led to Chávez being elected president in 1998 and the subsequent launch of a "Bolivarian Revolution", beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela. Chávez also initiated Bolivarian missions, programs aimed at helping the poor.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt following popular demonstrations by his opponents, but he returned to power after two days as a result of demonstrations by poor Chávez supporters in Caracas and actions by the military.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: Chávez survived several further political tests, including an August 2004 recall referendum. He was elected for another term in December 2006 and re-elected for a third term in October 2012. However, he was never sworn in for his third period, due to medical complications. Chávez died on 5 March 2013 after a nearly two-year fight with cancer. The presidential election that took place on Sunday, 14 April 2013, was the first since Chávez took office in 1999 in which his name did not appear on the ballot.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: Poverty and inflation began to increase into the 2010s. Nicolás Maduro was elected in 2013 after the death of Chavez. Chavez picked Maduro as his successor and appointed him vice president in 2013. Maduro was elected president in a shortened election in 2013 following Chavez's death.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: In January 2016, President Maduro decreed an "economic emergency", revealing the extent of the crisis and expanding his powers. In July 2016, Colombian border crossings were temporarily opened to allow Venezuelans to purchase food and basic household and health items in Colombia. In September 2016, a study published in the Spanish-language "Diario Las Américas" indicated that 15% of Venezuelans are eating "food waste discarded by commercial establishments".

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: Close to 200 riots had occurred in Venezuelan prisons by October 2016, according to Una Ventana a la Libertad, an advocacy group for better prison conditions. The father of an inmate at Táchira Detention Center in Caracas alleged that his son was cannibalized by other inmates during a month-long riot, a claim corroborated by an anonymous police source but denied by the Minister of Correctional Affairs.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: In December 2017, President Maduro declared that leading opposition parties would be barred from taking part in the following year's presidential vote after they boycotted mayoral polls.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: In January 2019 the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States (OAS) approved a resolution "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term as of the 10th of January of 2019".

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟


Venezuela

Context: In August 2019, United States President Donald Trump signed an executive order to impose a total economic embargo against Venezuela. In March 2020, the Trump administration indicted Maduro and several Venezuelan officials, including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Tribunal, on charges of drug trafficking, narcoterrorism, and corruption.

Question: متى إندلعة الحرب الأهلية في فنزويلا ؟