Mont Blanc

Context: There is, however, significant variation in precipitation with altitude. For example, the village of Chamonix below Mont Blanc is at an elevation of approximately and receives around of annual precipitation, whilst the Col du Midi, which is at above sea level, receives significantly more, totalling . However, at an even higher altitude (near to the summit of Mont Blanc) precipitation is considerably less, with only around recorded, despite the latter measurements being taken at a height of .

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: Since 1760 Swiss naturalist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure began to go to Chamonix to observe Mont Blanc. He tried with the Courmayeur mountain guide Jean-Laurent Jordaney, a native of Pré-Saint-Didier, who accompanied De Saussure since 1774 on the Miage Glacier and on Mont Crammont.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The first recorded ascent of Mont Blanc (at the time neither within Italy nor France) was on 8 August 1786 by Jacques Balmat and the doctor Michel Paccard. This climb, initiated by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, who gave a reward for the successful ascent, traditionally marks the start of modern mountaineering. The first woman to reach the summit was Marie Paradis in 1808.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The 1860 act and attached maps are still legally valid for both the French and Italian governments. In the second half of the nineteenth century, on surveys carried out by a cartographer of the French army, Captain JJ Mieulet, a topographic map was published in France, which incorporated the summit into French territory, making the state border deviate from the watershed line, and giving rise to the differences with the maps published in Italy in the same period.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: NATO maps take data from the Italian national mapping agency, the Istituto Geografico Militare, which is based upon past treaties in force.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The first professional scientific investigations on the summit were conducted by the botanist–meteorologist Joseph Vallot at the end of the 19th century. He wanted to stay near the top of the summit to undertake detailed research, so he built his permanent cabin.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: In 1890, Pierre Janssen, an astronomer and the director of the Meudon astrophysical observatory, considered the construction of an observatory at the summit of Mont Blanc. Gustave Eiffel agreed to take on the project, provided he could build on a rock foundation, if found at a depth of less than below the ice. In 1891, the Swiss surveyor Imfeld dug two horizontal tunnels below the ice summit but found nothing solid. Consequently, the Eiffel project was abandoned.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: Despite this, the observatory was built in 1893. During the cold wave of January 1893, a temperature of was recorded on Mont Blanc, being the lowest ever recorded there.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: Levers attached to the ice supported the observatory. This worked to some extent until 1906 when the building started leaning heavily. The movement of the levers corrected the lean slightly, but three years later (two years after Janssen's death), a crevasse started opening under the observatory. It was abandoned. Eventually the building fell, and only the tower could be saved "in extremis".

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The mountain was the scene of two fatal air crashes; Air India Flight 245 in 1950 and Air India Flight 101 in 1966. Both planes were approaching Geneva Airport and the pilots miscalculated their descent; 48 and 117 people, respectively, died. The latter passengers included nuclear scientist Homi J. Bhabha, known as the "father" of India's nuclear programme.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: In 1946, a drilling project was initiated to carve a tunnel through the mountain. The Mont Blanc tunnel would connect Chamonix, France, and Courmayeur, Italy, and become one of the major transalpine transport routes between the two countries. In 1965, the tunnel opened to vehicle traffic with a length of .

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The summit of Mont Blanc is a thick, perennial ice-and-snow dome whose thickness varies. No exact and permanent summit elevation can therefore be determined, though accurate measurements have been made on specific dates.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: For a long time, its official elevation was . In 2002, the IGN and expert surveyors, with the aid of GPS technology, measured it to be .

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: After the 2003 heatwave in Europe, a team of scientists remeasured the height on 6 and 7 September. The team was made up of the glaciologist Luc Moreau, two surveyors from the GPS Company, three people from the IGN, seven expert surveyors, four mountain guides from Chamonix and Saint-Gervais and four students from various institutes in France. This team noted that the elevation was , and the peak was away from where it had been in 2002.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: After these results were published, more than 500 points were measured to assess the effects of climate change and the fluctuations in the height of the mountain at different points. Since then, the elevation of the mountain has been measured every two years.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The summit was measured again in 2005, and the results were published on 16 December 2005. The height was found to be , more than the previous recorded height. The rock summit was found to be at , some west of the ice-covered summit.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: From the summit of Mont Blanc on a clear day, the Jura, the Vosges, the Black Forest and the Massif Central mountain ranges can be seen, as well as the principal summits of the Alps.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: A French study on the especially risky "Goûter couloir, on the normal route on Mont Blanc" and necessary rescue operations found that, between 1990 and 2011, there were 74 deaths "between the Tête Rousse refuge (3,187 m) and the Goûter refuge (3,830 m)". There were 17 more in 2012–15, none in 2016, and 11 in 2017.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: Recent temperature rises and heatwaves, such as those of the summers of 2015 and 2018, have had significant impacts on many climbing routes across the Alps, including those on Mont Blanc. For example, in 2015, the Grand Mulets route, previously popular in the 20th century, was blocked by virtually impenetrable crevasse fields, and the Gouter Hut was closed by municipal decree for some days because of a very high rockfall danger, with some stranded climbers evacuated by helicopter.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: In 2016 a crevasse opened at high altitude, also indicating previously unobserved glacial movements. The new crevasse forms an obstacle to be scaled by climbing parties on the final part of the itinerary to the top shared by the popular Goûter Route and the Grand Mulets Route.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: In July 2014, an American entrepreneur and traveller Patrick Sweeney attempted to break the record with his nine-year-old son and 11-year-old daughter. They were caught in an avalanche, escaped death and decided not to pursue their attempt.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: In August 2014, an unknown Austrian climber with his 5-year-old son were intercepted by mountain gendarmes at and forced to turn back.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: On 5 August 2017, 9-year-old Hungarian twins and their mother were rescued from by helicopter while their father and family friend continued their summit attempt.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: The Mont Blanc massif is being put forward as a potential World Heritage Site because of its uniqueness and its cultural importance, considered the birthplace and symbol of modern mountaineering. It would require the three governments of Italy, France and Switzerland to request UNESCO for it to be listed.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: Mont Blanc is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world, and for this reason, some view it as threatened. Pro-Mont Blanc (an international collective of associations for the protection of Mont Blanc) published in 2002 the book "Le versant noir du mont Blanc" (The black hillside of Mont Blanc), which exposes current and future problems in conserving the site.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: In 2007, Europe's two highest toilets (at a height of 4,260 metres, 13,976 feet) were taken by helicopter to the top of Mont Blanc. They are also serviced by helicopter. They will serve 30,000 skiers and hikers annually, helping to alleviate the discharge of urine and faeces that spreads down the mountain face with the spring thaw, and turns it into 'Mont Marron'.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Mont Blanc

Context: Global warming has begun to melt glaciers and cause avalanches on Mont Blanc, creating more dangerous climbing conditions.

Question: Сколько человек поднялись на Монблан в 2018 году?


Kaja Foglio

Context: Kaja Foglio (born January 12, 1970) is a Seattle-based writer, artist, and publisher. Foglio co-won the first Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story in 2009 for "Girl Genius, Volume 8: Agatha Heterodyne and the Chapel of Bones", a series which went on to win two more Hugo Awards.

Question: Кто по национальности Кайя Фоглио?


Kaja Foglio

Context: Kaja, with Phil, founded Studio Foglio, LLC in 1995. The studio became the venue for her art prints, many of which have been produced as cards for . Kaja Foglio co-writes and illustrates the webcomic "Girl Genius" with Phil Foglio. She serves as the chief graphic designer and webmaster for the Studio Foglio and Airship Entertainment websites. Foglio also contributes to other projects, including providing the illustrations Barry Hughart's anthology of "The Chronicles of Master Li and Number Ten Ox".

Question: Кто по национальности Кайя Фоглио?


Kaja Foglio

Context: In 2009 the Foglios and their colorist, Cheyenne Wright, won the first Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story, for "Girl Genius, Volume 8: Agatha Heterodyne and the Chapel of Bones". In 2010, 2011 they won the Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story again. Having won the Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story for three years running, Kaja, Phil, and Cheyenne announced that, in order to show that the category was a "viable award", they refused nomination for the following year (2012).

Question: Кто по национальности Кайя Фоглио?


Przhevalskoye

Context: Przhevalskoye () is an urban locality (a settlement) in Demidovsky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located in the northwestern part of the oblast, on Lake Sapsho, northeast of the town of Demidov, the administrative center of the district. It is a terminus of the Demidov-Przhevalskoye Highway. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,683.

Question: Когда было основано Пржева́льское?


Przhevalskoye

Context: The settlement has been serving as a health resort since mineral waters were discovered in the 1970s, and a sanatorium (the largest in Smolensk Oblast was built in 1974.). Also in 1974, it was granted urban-type settlement status.

Question: Когда было основано Пржева́льское?


Przhevalskoye

Context: Przhevalskoye has a warm-summer humid continental climate ("Dfb" in the Köppen climate classification).

Question: Когда было основано Пржева́льское?


Przhevalskoye

Context: A paved road connects Przhevalskoye with Demidov, where it has access to R133 highway to Smolensk, Nevel via Velizh, and a road to Rudnya.

Question: Когда было основано Пржева́льское?


Tsushima Island

Context: Tsushima Reef, located in the bay between Tsushima and Iki Island, is the northernmost coral reef in the world, surpassing the Iki Island reef discovered in 2001. It is dominated by cool-tolerant stony or Scleractinian "Favia" corals but the observed settling of tropical "Acropora" coral is expected to provide an ongoing indicator for continuing global warming.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: The whole island is covered in forest and there are few plains. There are Yoshino cherry and "Chionanthus retusus".

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: Tourism, targeting mainly South Koreans, has recently made a great contribution to the islands' economy. The number of Korean tourists to the island increased greatly after the launching of a high-speed ferry service from Busan to the island in 1999. In 2008, 72,349 Koreans visited the island. Due to a drop in the value of the won, the number fell to 45,266 in 2009. Korean tourists generate an estimated ¥2.1 billion in revenue for the local economy and generate about 260 jobs on the island.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: Tsushima has been gaining popularity as a tourist destination thanks in large part to the samurai action-adventure stealth game "Ghost of Tsushima" that was released in 2020, with visitors keen to see some of the places featured in the game, as well as discover what the island is like in "real life". This includes trying local culinary specialties such as rokube noodles, ishiyaki, tonchan and anago conger eel.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: Tsushima city was established on 1 March 2004, from the merger of six towns on Tsushima Island: Izuhara, Mitsushima, and Toyotama (all from Shimoagata District), and Mine, Kamiagata, and Kamitsushima (all from Kamiagata District). It is the only city of Tsushima Subprefecture and encompasses the whole island.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: Tsushima Airport has flights to Fukuoka Airport (on All Nippon Airways and Oriental Air Bridge) and Nagasaki Airport (Oriental Air Bridge only).

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: Tsushima Province was controlled by officials called Tsushima no kuni no miyatsuko () until the Nara period, and then by the Abiru clan until the middle of the 13th century. The role and title of "Governor of Tsushima" was exclusively held by the Shōni clan for generations. However, since the Shōni actually resided in Kyūshū, it was the Sō clan, known subjects of the Shōni, who actually exerted control over these islands. The Sō clan governed Tsushima until the late 15th century.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: In 1587, Toyotomi Hideyoshi confirmed the Sō clan's possession of Tsushima. Sō Yoshitoshi (宗 義智, 1568 – 31 January 1615) was a Sō clan daimyō (feudal lord) of the island domain of Tsushima. In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu established a new shogunate; and Sō Yoshitoshi was officially granted Fuchū Domain (100,000 koku) in Tsushima Province.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: The Tsushima-Fuchū Domain shipyard was built in 1663 CE. There are still ruins of the shipyard on the island.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: In 1811, for cost reduction, representatives of the Tokugawa shogunate met at Tsushima with ambassadors from the Joseon king ("Joseon Tongsinsa").

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: An imperial ordinance in July 1899 established Izuhara, Sasuna, and Shishimi as open ports for trading with the United States and the United Kingdom.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: In 1973, one of the transmitters for the OMEGA-navigation system was built on Tsushima. It was dismantled in 1998.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Tsushima Island

Context: The Tsushima Fuchu domain became part of Izuhara Prefecture in 1871. In the same year, Izuhara Prefecture merged with Imari Prefecture, which was renamed Saga Prefecture on 29 May 1872. The island provinces of Tsushima and Iki were merged with the western half of the former province of Hizen and became modern-day Tsushima, Nagasaki Prefecture in 1872.

Question: Кому принадлежит Цусима в 2018?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The Hellenic Navy (HN; , abbreviated ΠΝ) is the naval force of Greece, part of the Hellenic Armed Forces. The modern Greek navy historically hails from the naval forces of various Aegean Islands, which fought in the Greek War of Independence. During the periods of monarchy (1833–1924 and 1936–1973) it was known as the Royal Hellenic Navy (, , abbreviated ΒΝ).

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The Hellenic Navy is a Green-water navy. The total displacement of the fleet is approximately 150,000 tons and it is the 22nd largest navy in the world by total number of vessels. The HN also operates a number of naval aviation units.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The motto of the Hellenic Navy is "Μέγα τὸ τῆς θαλάσσης κράτος" from Thucydides' account of Pericles' oration on the eve of the Peloponnesian War. This has been translated as "The rule of the sea is a great matter". The Hellenic Navy's emblem consists of an anchor in front of a crossed Christian cross and trident, with the cross symbolizing Greek Orthodoxy, and the trident symbolizing Poseidon, the god of the sea in Greek mythology. Pericles' words are written across the top of the emblem.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The history of the Hellenic Navy begins with the birth of modern Greece, and due to the maritime nature of the country, it has always featured prominently in modern Greece's military history.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: At the beginning of the Greek War of Independence, the naval forces of the Greeks consisted primarily of the merchant fleet of the Saronic islanders from Hydra, Spetsai and Poros and also the islanders of Psara and Samos. The fleet was of crucial importance to the success of the revolution. Its goal was to prevent as much as possible the Ottoman Navy from resupplying the isolated Ottoman garrisons and land reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire's Asian provinces.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: In 1831, Greece descended into anarchy with numerous areas, including Mani and Hydra, in revolt. It was during this revolt that the flagship "Hellas", docked at Poros, was set on fire by Admiral Andreas Miaoulis. Capodistrias was assassinated a few months after.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: During the 1850s, the more progressive elements of the navy won out and the fleet was augmented with more ships. In 1855, the first iron propeller-driven ships were ordered from England. These were the steamships ', "Pliksavra", ', and "Sfendoni".

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The Balkan Wars were followed by a rapid escalation in 1914 between Greece and the Ottoman Empire over the status of the islands of the eastern Aegean. Both governments embarked on a naval armaments race, with Greece purchasing the battleships and and the light cruiser as well as ordering two dreadnoughts, and and a number of destroyers. However, with the outbreak of the First World War, construction of the dreadnoughts stopped.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: After Greece's defeat, the 1920s and early 1930s were a politically turbulent period, with the economy in a bad state, so the Navy received no new units, apart from the modernization of four destroyers and the acquisition of six French submarines in 1927 and four Italian destroyers in 1929.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: In 1938, Greece ordered four modern "Greyhound"-class destroyers in British shipyards, making a serious step towards modernization. The outbreak of war in Europe, however, allowed only two to be delivered. Greece entered World War II with a navy consisting of two battleships, one armoured cruiser, one protected cruiser, fourteen destroyers, and six submarines.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: When Nazi Germany attacked Greece, the RHN suffered heavily at the hands of the Luftwaffe, with 25 ships, including the old battleship, now artillery training ship, "Kilkis" and the hulk of her sister "Lemnos", lost within a few days in April 1941. It was then decided to shift the remaining fleet (one cruiser – the famous – three destroyers and five submarines) to join up with the British Mediterranean Fleet at Alexandria.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: After World War II, the Royal Hellenic Navy was significantly strengthened by the concession of British and Italian ships. The organisation also changed in line with modern naval doctrines of that era after the entrance into NATO in 1952. At the beginning of the 1950s, US military aid formed the core of the country's armed forces. The Royal Hellenic Navy received the first "Bostwick"-class destroyers which took on the name "Beasts" (Θηρία), while withdrawing the British ones.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The next significant change was during the early 1970s, when Greece was the first Mediterranean naval force to order missile-equipped fast attack craft (Combattante II) and the Type 209 submarines, whereas US military aid continued in the form of FRAM II type destroyers. In 1979, the Hellenic Navy placed an order in the Netherlands for two modern Standard-class frigates (the ). These were the first acquisitions of new main surface vessels, rather than the use of second-hand ships, in almost four decades.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: Final decision was made in September 28 of 2021 and after many months of deliberations. During his visit to the French capital and his meeting with President Emmanuel Macron, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced the procurement of 3+1 French FDI-HN Frigates and 3+1 Gowind-HN class Corvettes in a €5 billion deal spreading to 2026, with the later class still being configured to meet the Hellenic Navy's needs.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: In April 2020 the Navy received the first four Mark V Special Operations Craft, ordered via the United States "Excess Defense Articles" programme. The craft are expected to be utilised by the Underwater Demolition Command.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The Hellenic Navy's fleet of warships and auxiliary boats is harboured in the two major HN naval bases at Salamis Island near Piraeus and at Souda Bay on the island of Crete. Internationally, the Navy used the prefix HS "(Hellenic Ship)" for its vessels.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The Hellenic Navy relies mainly on frigates as its primary surface heavy boats. The fleet consists of thirteen frigates. The types operated are the (Type: Meko-200HN) and the (Type: ). The "Elli" class frigates HS "Elli" and HS "Limnos" were sold to Greece during construction, the rest were bought directly from the Dutch Navy. The "Hydra" class vessels were constructed in Greece by Hellenic Shipyards Co., except from HS "Hydra" that was constructed by the German company Blohm and Voss based in Hamburg.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The Greek frigate HS "Psara" carries three reliquaries permanently on its onboard historical exhibition. Two contain the taxidermic hearts of Greek War of Independence heroes Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris and Admiral Andreas Miaoulis and one reliquary contains the remains of heroine Rear Admiral (posthumous) Laskarina Bouboulina. The frigate's exhibition can be visited when the ship opens to the public during National Holidays and celebrations.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Hellenic Navy

Context: The Hellenic Navy operates naval aviation units under the Navy Aviation Command, that resulted from the amalgamation of the "Navy Helicopter Command" and the "353rd Naval Cooperation Squadron", which was run jointly with the Hellenic Air Force.

Question: В каком порту базируется греческий военно-морской флот?


Russian cruiser Aurora

Context: On 27 and 28 May 1905 "Aurora" took part in the Battle of Tsushima, along with the rest of the Russian squadron. During the battle her captain, Captain 1st rank Eugene R. Yegoryev, and 14 crewmen were killed.

Question: В каком городе пришвартован крейсер "Аврора"?


Magic number (programming)

Context: In computer programming, the term magic number has multiple meanings. It could refer to one of the following:

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: Names chosen to be meaningful in the context of the program can result in code that is more easily understood by a maintainer who is not the original author (or even by the original author after a period of time). An example of an uninformatively-named constant is codice_1, while codice_2 is more descriptive.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: The problems associated with magic 'numbers' described above are not limited to numerical types and the term is also applied to other data types where declaring a named constant would be more flexible and communicative. Thus, declaring codice_3 is better than several occurrences of the 'magic value' codice_4 in a test suite.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: For example, if it is required to randomly shuffle the values in an array representing a standard pack of playing cards, this pseudocode does the job using the Fisher–Yates shuffle algorithm:

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: where codice_5 is an array object, the function codice_6 chooses a random integer between 1 and "x", inclusive, and codice_7 swaps the "i"th and "j"th entries in the array. In the preceding example, codice_8 is a magic number. It is considered better programming style to write the following:

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: In some contexts, the use of unnamed numerical constants is generally accepted (and arguably "not magic"). While such acceptance is subjective, and often depends on individual coding habits, the following are common examples:

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: The constants 1 and 0 are sometimes used to represent the boolean values True and False in programming languages without a boolean type, such as older versions of C. Most modern programming languages provide a codice_21 or codice_22 primitive type and so the use of 0 and 1 is ill-advised. This can be more confusing since 0 sometimes means programmatic success (when -1 means failure) and failure in other cases (when 1 means success).

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: In C and C++, 0 is sometimes used to represent the null pointer. As with boolean values, the C standard library includes a macro definition codice_23 whose use is encouraged. Other languages provide a specific codice_24 or codice_25 value and when this is the case no alternative should be used. The typed pointer constant codice_26 has been introduced with C++11.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: In Version Seven Unix, the header constant was not tested directly, but assigned to a variable labeled ux_mag and subsequently referred to as the magic number. Probably because of its uniqueness, the term magic number came to mean executable format type, then expanded to mean file system type, and expanded again to mean any type of file.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: Magic numbers are common in programs across many operating systems. Magic numbers implement strongly typed data and are a form of in-band signaling to the controlling program that reads the data type(s) at program run-time. Many files have such constants that identify the contained data. Detecting such constants in files is a simple and effective way of distinguishing between many file formats and can yield further run-time information.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: The Unix utility program codice_139 can read and interpret magic numbers from files, and the file which is used to parse the information is called "magic". The Windows utility TrID has a similar purpose.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: Magic numbers are common in API functions and interfaces across many operating systems, including DOS, Windows and NetWare:

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: It is possible to create or alter globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) so that they are memorable, but this is highly discouraged as it compromises their strength as near-unique identifiers. The specifications for generating GUIDs and UUIDs are quite complex, which is what leads to them being virtually unique, if properly implemented. They should only be generated by a reputable software tool.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: Microsoft Windows product ID numbers for Microsoft Office products sometimes end with codice_179 ("OFFICE"), such as {codice_180}, the product ID for the "Office 16 Click-to-Run Extensibility Component".

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: In the GUID Partition Table of the GPT partitioning scheme, BIOS Boot partitions use the special GUID {codice_182} which does not follow the GUID definition; instead, it is formed by using the ASCII codes for the string "codice_183" partially in little endian order.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: Since it is very unlikely, although possible, that a 32-bit integer would take this specific value, the appearance of such a number in a debugger or memory dump most likely indicates an error such as a buffer overflow or an uninitialized variable.

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: The prevalence of these values in Microsoft technology is no coincidence; they are discussed in detail in Steve Maguire's book "Writing Solid Code" from Microsoft Press. He gives a variety of criteria for these values, such as:

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Magic number (programming)

Context: Since they were often used to mark areas of memory that were essentially empty, some of these terms came to be used in phrases meaning "gone, aborted, flushed from memory"; e.g. "Your program is DEADBEEF".

Question: Что такое магическое число?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: Born to Russian peasants, Nikolai fought in World War II. After the war he moved to Kyiv and in 1965 wrote "The Thoughts and the Heart", selling millions of copies. He was the recipient of multiple awards.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: In 2008 Amosov was placed second in their ranking of "our greatest compatriots" by the viewers of the TV show The Greatest Ukrainians.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: In 1952, Amosov, as a prominent specialist in thoracic surgery, was invited to the Kyiv Institute of Tuberculosis, to guide specially created clinic of thoracic surgery.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: Here particularly fully revealed his many-sided talent of the surgeon and researcher, physiologist, and engineer, has been particularly fruitful scientific, organizational, practical, educational and social activities.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: Amosov was one of the initiators of the widespread introduction into our country surgery for diseases of the lungs, has made a lot of new developments in this problem. His research contributed to improving the treatment of diseases of the lungs. In 1961, Amosov was awarded Lenin Prize for the work of lung surgery.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: The clinic established by Amosov, produced about 7000 lung resections, more than 95000 operations for heart diseases, including about 36,000 operations with extra-corporeal blood circulation.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: In 1983 Amosov's cardiac surgery clinic was reorganized in Kyiv Research Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery and in the Ukrainian Republican cardiovascular surgical center. Each year, the institute fulfilled about 3000 heart operations, including over 1500 - with extra-corporeal blood circulation. Amosov was the first director of the Institute, and since 1988 - Honorary Director of the Institute.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: In 1955, Amosov created and headed the first in the USSR Chair of Thoracic Surgery for the postgraduate studies and later the Chair of Anesthesiology. These Chairs have prepared more than 700 specialists for Ukraine and other republics.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: In the 1989 Soviet Union legislative election he was elected into the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union as an independent candidate in Kyiv (he had declared his support for People's Movement of Ukraine). Amosov believed that the Western society should serve as an ideal for the USSR.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: Amosov is the author of more than 400 scientific publications including 19 monographs. Some monographs reprinted in the U.S., Japan, Germany and Bulgaria.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: 40 doctoral degrees and over 150 PhD's of sciences were presented in his Institute, many of them are chiefs of major scientific centers in Ukrainian SSR and other republics of the Soviet Union. It is noteworthy that under the leadership of Amosov, one of his disciples Victor Skumin discovered a previously unknown disease. Now it is called (a disorder of the central nervous system of some patients after a prosthetic heart valve).

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: N. Amosov was a member of the Presidium of the Board of the Ukrainian Society of surgeons and cardiologists, the International Association of surgeons and cardiologists, the International Association of Surgeons and the International Society of Cardiovascular Surgeons, International Society for Medical Cybernetics, Scientific Council on Cybernetics of Ukraine, member of the editorial boards of a number of domestic and foreign journals.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: His scientific work Amosov combined with a great social activity, was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union five times.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: Amosov is widely known as a writer. His novels and essays "The Thoughts and the Heart", "Notes from the Future", "PPG-2266. Field Surgeon Notes", "The Book of Happiness and Miseries", "Voices of the Times", "Artificial Intelligence", "My Health System" have been repeatedly published in Ukraine and abroad.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: By the order of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 128-p of 12 March 2003 the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine was named after Amosov.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: In 2003 a streets in Kyiv was named after Amosov and the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine established the Mykola Amosov Prize which is awarded for the significant scientific works in the field of the cardio-vascular surgery and transplantology.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


Nikolai Amosov

Context: Amosov was the recipient of multiple orders including Hero of Socialist Labour title, two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, two Orders of the Red Star, and Lenin Prize. In 2008 he was recognized as second after Yaroslav I the Wise among the Great Ukrainians by a public poll conducted for the TV show The Greatest Ukrainians.

Question: Когда родился Амосов?


North Caucasus Railway

Context: North Caucasus Railway () is a broad gauge Russian railway network that links the Sea of Azov (in the west) and Caspian Sea (in the east). It runs through ten federal subjects: Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Republic of Adygeya, Karachay–Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan, and Kalmykia. The headquarters are the North Caucasus Railway Administration Building in Rostov-on-Don.

Question: Какая протяженность Владикавказской железной дороги?


North Caucasus Railway

Context: The network comprises Grozny, Krasnodar, Makhachkala, Mineralnye Vody, and Rostov passenger and freight railways, as well as two children's railways (in Vladikavkaz and Rostov). , there were 6315.9 km of railtrack and 403 railway stations. The railway is operated by the Russian Railways and employs 80,757 people.

Question: Какая протяженность Владикавказской железной дороги?


North Caucasus Railway

Context: The Black Sea resorts of Sochi, Gelendzhik and Anapa are the principal passenger destinations on the railway. The Sochi line, running for many miles along the coast of the Black Sea, is especially busy in summer with regular extra direct express trains for holiday makers. The oil ports at Novorossiysk and Tuapse are significant destinations for rail freight traffic.

Question: Какая протяженность Владикавказской железной дороги?


North Caucasus Railway

Context: In 1937 the North Caucasus Railway was renamed after the Soviet party leader Sergo Ordzhonikidze but soon reverted to its traditional name. It was in the late 1950s that most of the railway network was electrified.

Question: Какая протяженность Владикавказской железной дороги?


Jump (magazine line)

Context: In August 2020, Shonen Jump had to stop the manga "Act-Age" after the arrest of its writer Tatsuya Matsuki for indecent behavior towards middle school girls.

Question: Кто был создателем журнала Weekly Shonen Jump?


Jump (magazine line)

Context: When the chapters of a manga series originally serialized in a "Jump" magazine are collected and published into "tankōbon" form, they are given different imprints depending on its original magazine or type of "tankōbon".

Question: Кто был создателем журнала Weekly Shonen Jump?


Jump (magazine line)

Context: Jump Comics+ is the "tankōbon" imprint for manga series originally released digitally-only on the "Shōnen Jump+" app and website. is an "aizōban" imprint formerly run by "Weekly Shōnen Jump". The "seinen manga" anthology "Super Jump" has taken hold of the line and publishes their manga under it. These manga volumes have expensive paper and new cover artwork. The Jump Comics Deluxe edition of "Rurouni Kenshin" has been released in English by Viz under the title "Rurouni Kenshin VIZBIG Edition".

Question: Кто был создателем журнала Weekly Shonen Jump?


Jump (magazine line)

Context: Jump Comics Digital is an additional imprint added to manga from any "Jump" magazine when it is published digitally. Jump Comics SQ. is the imprint for manga series originally run in the "Jump Square" magazine. was the imprint for manga originally serialized in the "V Jump" magazine, but they now use the Jump Comics imprint instead. is the imprint for series originally run in the "seinen manga" magazines "Weekly Young Jump", "Business Jump" and "Ultra Jump".

Question: Кто был создателем журнала Weekly Shonen Jump?


Jump (magazine line)

Context: , commonly referred to as J-Books, is a line of light novels and guidebooks run by "Weekly Shōnen Jump". J-Books has run almost ever since the manga Dr. Slump appeared in the 80's, the line is still running and had many series adapted for novels. Jump J-Book have been published in English by Viz Media under the name "SJ Fiction.

Question: Кто был создателем журнала Weekly Shonen Jump?


Jump (magazine line)

Context: is a "bunkoban" imprint run by "Weekly Shōnen Jump". "Bunkoban" editions have different cover artwork and different cheaper paper.

Question: Кто был создателем журнала Weekly Shonen Jump?


Jump (magazine line)

Context: The "Jump" media franchise includes the following video games, published by Bandai and Bandai Namco Entertainment:

Question: Кто был создателем журнала Weekly Shonen Jump?


Robert Richardson Sears

Context: Robert Richardson Sears (; August 31, 1908 – May 22, 1989) was an American psychologist who specialized in child psychology and the psychology of personality. He was the head of the psychology department at Stanford and later dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences there, continued the long-term I.Q. studies of Lewis Madison Terman at Stanford, and authored many pivotal papers and books on various aspects of psychology.

Question: Где родился Роберт Сирс?


Robert Richardson Sears

Context: After leaving Yale, Sears was first an instructor in psychology at the University of Illinois from 1932 to 1936 and at the same time was a clinical psychologist at the Institute for Juvenile Research there. He returned to Yale as an associate professor of psychology in 1936 and remained there until 1942.

Question: Где родился Роберт Сирс?


Robert Richardson Sears

Context: From 1949 until 1953 he directed the Laboratory of Human Development at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.

Question: Где родился Роберт Сирс?


Orlov Trotter

Context: The Orlov Trotter (also known as "Orlov;" Russian: орловский рысак) is a horse breed with a hereditary fast trot, noted for its outstanding speed and stamina. It is the most famous Russian horse. The breed was developed in Russia in the late 18th century by Count Alexei Orlov at his Khrenovskoy stud farm near the town of Bobrov (Voronezh Guberniya). The Orlovs emerged as the result of crossing various European mares (primarily of English, Dutch, Mecklenburg, and Danish breeding) with Arabian stallions.

Question: Какова высота в холке орловских рысаков?


Orlov Trotter

Context: The land that became Orlov's Khrenovsky stud farm was given to him by Catherine II (Catherine the Great) as a reward for his participation in the coup d'etat which brought her to the throne. The buildings were constructed by Giovanni Giliardi. The original estate was very large; the modern Khrenovsky stud area is fifteen times smaller than it was prior to the Bolshevik revolution.

Question: Какова высота в холке орловских рысаков?


Orlov Trotter

Context: The ancestor of all Orlov Trotters was the purebred grey Arabian stallion Smetanka. Orlov bought him in Turkey for the enormous sum of 60,000 rubles. Although he died the next year, he lived to sire five offspring. Among others he was crossed with Isabelline, a Danish mare from the Frederiksborg royal stud-farm, who foaled a stallion that was named Polkan (1778–1793).

Question: Какова высота в холке орловских рысаков?


Orlov Trotter

Context: Orlov was very protective of his bloodstock, and would sell only geldings (castrated stallions). Even when Tsar Alexander I asked Orlov to sell him several stallions, Orlov only agreed to sell geldings. This rule was maintained for twenty years after Orlov's death. Later, when the Khrenovsky stud farm belonged to the Russian Crown, Trotters were then openly sold to private stud-owners.

Question: Какова высота в холке орловских рысаков?


Orlov Trotter

Context: Due to its Arabian origins, many Orlovs are grey, at maturity, though all are born a darker colour at birth. (Grey horses are born dark and slowly lighten as they age until their hair coat is completely white.) At maturity, the colors of Orlovs are: grey (46%), black (28%), bay (20%) or chestnut (5%).

Question: Какова высота в холке орловских рысаков?


Yuri Khanon

Context: Yuri Khanon is "not" just a composer; he is also a writer, a philosopher, a painter, a studio pianist, and a botanist-selectionist. Khanon is author of libretto and texts of almost all his works. His grandfather was Mikhail Savoyarov, a comic actor and composer, who was very famous in St.Petersburg (Petrograd) on the eve of the Revolution of 1917.

Question: Где родился Юрий Ханон?


Yuri Khanon

Context: After 1992 Khanon ceased his public and TV appearances, as well as interviews and concerts, and stopped publishing his music works. Instead he decided, in his own words, "...to work and live in his own company ". Khanon never participated in any professional organizations and is notable for his independent ideas and reclusive way of life.

Question: Где родился Юрий Ханон?


Yuri Khanon

Context: Among Khanon's works for theatre the most famous is "The Middle Duo" ballet (the first part of his "Middle Symphony"), put on the stage in Mariinsky theatre in 1998 and short-listed for the Golden Mask Theatre Award in 2000, then put on the stage in Bolshoy Theatre and in New York City Ballet theatre in 2006. As a concert number "The Middle Duo" is performed around the world by almost all soloists of Russian ballet, though for 10 years Khanon's music has been used "without his permission".<br>

Question: Где родился Юрий Ханон?


Yuri Khanon

Context: «...Although Khanon calls Satie and Skryabin his teachers, it is not the music of these composers that attracts him but their tendency to link – some would say subordinate – their music to an idea. According to Khanon, a composer is an ideologist with regard to his musical material. Elements of play (both semantic and phonetic), paradox, the absurd and nonsense (word inversion and invention, pseudo-quotation and limerick) all lend Khanon's aesthetic a desire to outrage the listener…»

Question: Где родился Юрий Ханон?


Yuri Khanon

Context: Since 2006, Yuri Khanon switched to a special «reverse method» of creativity, when "«one score is written forward, and the other is simultaneously back to its complete destruction»". This is his Hermetic answer:

Question: Где родился Юрий Ханон?


Yuri Khanon

Context: Yuri Khanon worked for the cinema only for a short period between 1988 and 1991. He composed his first soundtrack (for "Days of Eclipse" by Alexander Sokurov) already as a Conservatory student.

Question: Где родился Юрий Ханон?


Yuri Khanon

Context: The film "Days of Eclipse" won the "Euro-Oscar" ("Felix Award") of the European Film Academy in November 1988 in West Berlin in the "Best Music" special nomination. In spite of his great success, after 1991 Yuri Khanon "never" returned to writing music for the cinema.

Question: Где родился Юрий Ханон?


Yuri Khanon

Context: "...For the first time in the history of music the narrator is not a biographer or a critic, not even a writer or a philosopher, but Alexander Skryabin’s counterpart and colleague and in a way a person of no less originality and uniqueness. This must explain why the memoir is absolutely free of banalities and literary cliché. Even ten years after his death, Skryabin is still a bosom friend of the author, a neighbour, an internal brother-in-arms…"<br>

Question: Где родился Юрий Ханон?


Sineus and Truvor

Context: According to the 12th-century Kievan "Primary Chronicle", a group of Varangian Rus' settled in Novgorod in 862 under the leadership of Rurik. Sineus established himself at Belo Ozero, on the shores of Lake Beloye, and Truvor at Izborsk, although archaeological findings have also suggested that his residence was in Pskov. Truvor and Sineus died shortly after the establishment of their territories, and Rurik consolidated these lands into his own territory, thus laying the foundations for Kievan Rus'.

Question: Сколько братьев было у Рюрика?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: Born in Leningrad in 1984, Pavlensky studied monumental art at the Saint Petersburg Art and Industry Academy. During his fourth year in the Academy, he took additional training at St. Petersburg Pro Arte Foundation for Culture and Arts ().

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: Pavlensky's "events" are inspired in part by Pussy Riot, as demonstrated in "Seam", and follow in the tradition of artists such as Chris Burden, the Viennese Actionists, and Moscow Actionists Oleg Kulik and Alexander Brener, Fluxus and Joseph Beuys.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: Pavlensky and Oksana Shalygina founded an independent online newspaper "Political Propaganda" in 2012, which was dedicated to contemporary art in political contexts, "overcoming cultural chauvinism, implemented by the government", feminism and gender equality.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: "Seam" is said to reference David Wojnarowicz's actions in Rosa von Praunheim's documentary "Silence = Death" (1990), in which Wojnarowicz had sewn his own lips shut in protest of the Reagan administration's lack of action against the AIDS epidemic.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: On November 14, 2012, Reuters published its list of the 98 best photos of the year which included Seam.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: On November 10, 2013, while sitting naked on the stone pavement in front of Lenin's Mausoleum on the Red Square, Moscow, Pavlensky hammered a large nail through his scrotum, affixing it to the stone pavement. His political art event coincided with the annual Russian Police Day. When the police arrived, they covered him with a blanket and later arrested him.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: "A naked artist, looking at his testicles nailed to the cobblestone is a metaphor of apathy, political indifference, and fatalism of Russian society," declared Pavlensky in his statement to the media.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: On February 23, 2014, Pavlensky organized an event called "Freedom" inspired by Maidan and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. The artist and his friends built an imitation barricade on Tripartite Bridge in Saint Petersburg, burned tires, and beat drums. The event was interrupted by Saint Petersburg police who arrested Pavlensky and his colleagues.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: On October 19, 2014, Pavlensky cut off his earlobe with a chef's knife while sitting naked on the roof of the infamous Serbsky Center to make visible political abuse of psychiatry in Russia. This art event was an homage to Van Gogh.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: The criminal case against Pavlensky was opened on November 9, 2015 under the "vandalism" section of Article 214 of the Russian criminal code. He was held in a psychiatric ward for a few weeks, and spent seven months in prison waiting for his trial.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: According to gallerist Marat Gelman, the action shows Pavlensky's "obvious symbolism". "The Lubyanka door is the gate of hell, the entrance into the world of absolute evil. And against the backdrop of hellfire is a lonely artist, waiting to be captured ... Pavlensky's figure at the door of the FSB in flames - very important symbol for today's Russia, both political and artistic."

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: On 8 June 2016, the Moscow criminal court declared Pavlensky guilty of vandalism and sentenced him to a fine of 500,000 rubles, which Pavlensky refused to pay.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: On 13 August 2016, Pavlensky gave a lecture in Odessa, Ukraine which ended with the inebriated Ukrainian journalist and screenwriter Vladimir Nestrenko instigating a fight that ended with his stabbing one of two security guards who tried to subdue him. The second of the two security guards suffered a fatal heart attack after the incident.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: In 2020, Pavlensky innovated with a new political art event called "Pornopolitics" for which he launched a website presented as "the first political porn platform". This action aims to expose the lies of civil servants, politicians, representatives of power who "impose puritanism on society while despising it".

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: On February 12, the artist published intimate videos and sexually connoted messages sent by the deputy and Paris mayoral candidate Benjamin Griveaux to a woman. Pavlensky explained that this material demonstrates "the hypocrisy" of the candidate who campaigned by putting forward "traditional family values". Benjamin Griveaux then withdrew from the mayoral elections. Pornopolitique.com was taken offline three days after the event.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: Pavlensky was arrested and placed in police custody with his partner Alexandra de Taddeo who was the recipient of the sexually explicit content.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: In 2012, Pavlensky participated in the alumni and students art exhibition "Oculus Two" organized by the Pro Arte Foundation.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: In 2013, in front of the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, he organized a street art exhibition titled "Ghosts of Identity", which came as a project of his "Political Propaganda" periodical.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: In 2017, Pavlensky participated in "Art Riot" at the Saatchi Gallery in London. This exhibition ranks among the top 10 of most popular contemporary art exhibitions of the year.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: In 2018, his work is exposed as part of the exhibition "Us or Chaos" at BPS22 and "Talking about a revolution" at 22Visconti.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: In 2018, Pack gallery presents his work as part of the exhibition "439754", his prison number at Fleury-Mérogis Prison, where he is detained.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: In November 2020 Pavlensky’s ex-partner Oksana Shalygina released a book and gave an interview to the website Wonderzine. She recounted experiencing severe physical abuse and sexual violence from Pavlensky.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: He was awarded the Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent in 2016. The Prize was later withdrawn after Pavlensky announced his intention to dedicate it (and its monetary award) to an insurgent group and then explicitly endorsed the use of violence as a valid method to combat government oppression.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: Pavlensky was also nominated for Russia's "Innovation" art prize in 2016, but was later barred by the National Centre for Contemporary Art on the grounds that he had broken the law, prompting four members of the jury to leave in protest.

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Petr Pavlensky

Context: On November 5, 2020, outside of the Federal Security Service (FSB) Pavel Krisevich "replicated the crucifixion of Jesus Christ while other activists in raincoats labeled “FSB” doused the surrounding area with a harmless burning liquid and scattered folders signifying criminal cases".

Question: В какую страну эмигрировал Павленский?


Cryptogram

Context: A cryptogram is a type of puzzle that consists of a short piece of encrypted text. Generally the cipher used to encrypt the text is simple enough that the cryptogram can be solved by hand. Substitution ciphers where each letter is replaced by a different letter or number are frequently used. To solve the puzzle, one must recover the original lettering. Though once used in more serious applications, they are now mainly printed for entertainment in newspapers and magazines.

Question: Когда появилась первая криптограмма?


Cryptogram

Context: Other types of classical ciphers are sometimes used to create cryptograms. An example is the book cipher where a book or article is used to encrypt a message.

Question: Когда появилась первая криптограмма?


Cryptogram

Context: The ciphers used in cryptograms were not originally created for entertainment purposes, but for real encryption of military or personal secrets.

Question: Когда появилась первая криптограмма?


Cryptogram

Context: Well-known examples of cryptograms in contemporary culture are the syndicated newspaper puzzles Cryptoquip and Cryptoquote, from King Features.

Question: Когда появилась первая криптограмма?


Cryptogram

Context: In a public challenge, writer J.M. Appel announced on September 28, 2014, that the table of contents page of his short story collection, "Scouting for the Reaper", also doubled as a cryptogram, and he pledged an award for the first to solve it.

Question: Когда появилась первая криптограмма?


Cryptogram

Context: Cryptograms based on substitution ciphers can often be solved by frequency analysis and by recognizing letter patterns in words, such as one letter words, which, in English, can only be "i" or "a" (and sometimes "o"). Double letters, apostrophes, and the fact that no letter can substitute for itself in the cipher also offer clues to the solution. Occasionally, cryptogram puzzle makers will start the solver off with a few letters.

Question: Когда появилась первая криптограмма?


Cryptogram

Context: The Zodiac Killer sent four cryptograms to police while he was still active. Despite much research and many investigations, only two of these have been translated, which was of no help in identifying the serial killer.

Question: Когда появилась первая криптограмма?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (, ; , ; 20 November 1976) was a Soviet agronomist and biologist. He was a strong proponent of Lamarckism, and he rejected Mendelian genetics in favor of his own idiosyncratic, pseudoscientific ideas later termed Lysenkoism.

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: In 1940, Lysenko became director of the Institute of Genetics within the USSR's Academy of Sciences, and he used his political influence and power to suppress dissenting opinions and discredit, marginalize, and imprison his critics, elevating his anti-Mendelian theories to state-sanctioned doctrine.

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: The son of Denis and Oksana Lysenko, Trofim Lysenko was born into a peasant family of Ukrainian ethnicity in Karlivka, Poltava Governorate (present-day Poltava Oblast, Ukraine) on 29 September 1898.

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: His experimental research in improved crop yields earned him the support of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, especially following the famine and loss of productivity resulting from crop failures and forced collectivization in several regions of the Soviet Union in the early 1930s.

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: Lysenko believed that in one generation of a hybridized crop, the desired individual could be selected, mated again and continue to produce the same desired product, not worrying about separation/segregation in future breeds. For that to work, he had to assume that after a lifetime of developing (acquiring) the best set of traits to survive, those were passed down to the next generation. That assumption disregarded the potential for variation or mutation.

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: Lysenko argued that there is not only competition, but also mutual assistance among individuals within a species, and that mutual assistance also exists between different species.

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: During the early and mid twentieth century the Soviet Union went through war and revolution. Political oppression caused tension within the state but also promoted the flourishing of science: this was possible due to the flow of resources and demand for results. Lysenko aimed to manipulate various plants such as wheat and peas to increase their production, quality, and quantity, while he impressed political officials with his success in motivating peasants to return to farming.

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: In 1964, physicist Andrei Sakharov spoke out against Lysenko in the General Assembly of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR:

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Trofim Lysenko

Context: After Lysenko's monopoly on biology and agronomy had ended, it took many years for these sciences to recover in Russia. Lysenko died in Moscow in 1976, and was ultimately interred in the Kuntsevo Cemetery, although the Soviet government refused to announce Lysenko's death for two days after the event and gave his passing only a small note in "Izvestia".

Question: Где учился Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Wilkins' work frequently led him into the thick of the fighting and during the Battle of the Hindenburg Line he assumed command of a group of American soldiers who had lost their officers in an earlier attack, directing them until support arrived. Wilkins was subsequently awarded a bar to his Military Cross in the 1919 Birthday Honours.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: After the war, Wilkins served in 1921–22 as an ornithologist aboard the "Quest" on the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition to the Southern Ocean and adjacent islands.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Wilkins in 1923 began a two-year study for the British Museum of the bird life of Northern Australia. This ornithology project occupied his life until 1925. His work was greatly acclaimed by the museum but derided by Australian authorities because of the sympathetic treatment afforded to Indigenous Australians and criticisms of the ongoing environmental damage in the country.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: In March 1927, Wilkins and pilot Carl Ben Eielson explored the drift ice north of Alaska, touching down upon it in Eielson's airplane in the first land-plane descent onto drift ice. Soundings taken at the landing site indicated a water depth of 16,000 feet, and Wilkins hypothesized from the experience that future Arctic expeditions would take advantage of the wide expanses of open ice to use aircraft in exploration.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Wilkins was the first recipient of the Samuel Finley Breese Morse Medal, which was awarded to him by the American Geographical Society in 1928. He was also awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Gold Medal the same year.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: On 15 April 1928, a year after Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic, Wilkins and Eielson made a trans-Arctic crossing from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Spitsbergen, arriving about 20 hours later on 16 April, touching along the way at Grant Land on Ellesmere Island. For this feat and his prior work, Wilkins was knighted, and during the ensuing celebration in New York, he met an Australian actress, Suzanne Bennett, whom he later married.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Now financed by William Randolph Hearst, Wilkins continued his polar explorations, flying over Antarctica in the "San Francisco". He named the island of Hearst Land after his sponsor, and Hearst thanked Wilkins by giving him and his bride a flight aboard "Graf Zeppelin".

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Wilkins described the planned expedition in his 1931 book "Under The North Pole", which "Wonder Stories" praised as "[as] exciting as it is epochal".

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: The expedition suffered losses before they even left New York Harbor. Quartermaster Willard Grimmer was knocked overboard and drowned in the harbor.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Soon after the commencement of the expedition the starboard engine broke down, and soon after that the port engine followed suit. On 14 June 1931 without a means of propulsion Wilkins was forced to send out an SOS and was rescued later that day by the USS "Wyoming". The "Nautilus" was towed to Ireland on 22 June 1931, and was taken to England for repairs.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: On 28 June the "Nautilus" was up and running and on her way to Norway to pick up the scientific contingent of their crew. By 23 August they had left Norway and were only 600 miles from the North Pole. It was at this time that Wilkins uncovered another setback. His submarine was missing its diving planes. Without diving planes he would be unable to control the "Nautilus" while submerged.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Wilkins was determined to do what he could without the diving planes. For the most part Wilkins was thwarted from discovery under the ice floes. The crew was able to take core samples of the ice, as well as testing the salinity of the water and gravity near the pole.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Wilkins had to acknowledge when his adventure into the Arctic was becoming too foolhardy when he received a wireless plea from Hearst which said, "I most urgently beg of you to return promptly to safety and to defer any further adventure to a more favorable time, and with a better boat."

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Wilkins ended the first expedition to the poles in a submarine and headed for England, but was forced to take refuge in the port of Bergen, Norway, because of a fierce storm that they encountered en route. The "Nautilus" suffered serious damage that made further use of the vessel unfeasible. Wilkins received permission from the United States Navy to sink the vessel off shore in a Norwegian fjord on 20 November 1931.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Despite the failure to meet his intended objective, he was able to prove that submarines were capable of operating beneath the polar ice cap, thereby paving the way for future successful missions.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: Wilkins became a student of "The Urantia Book" and supporter of the Urantia movement after joining the '70' group in Chicago in 1942. After the book's publication in 1955, he 'carried the massive work on his long travels, even to the Antarctic' and told associates that it was his religion.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Hubert Wilkins

Context: The Wilkins Sound, Wilkins Coast, the Wilkins Runway aerodrome and the Wilkins Ice Shelf in Antarctica are named after him, as are the airport at Jamestown, South Australia, and Sir Hubert Wilkins Road at Adelaide Airport. The majority of Wilkins' papers and effects are archived at The Ohio State University Byrd Polar Research Center.

Question: В каком возресте Сэр Джордж Хьюберт Уилкинс умер?


Carl Akeley

Context: Akeley was born in Clarendon, New York, and grew up on a farm, attending school for only three years. He learned taxidermy from David Bruce in Brockport, New York, and then entered an apprenticeship in taxidermy at Ward's Natural Science Establishment in Rochester, New York. While at Ward's Akeley also helped mount P.T. Barnum's Jumbo after the latter was killed in a railroad accident.

Question: Когда родился Карл И́тан Э́йкли?


Carl Akeley

Context: Akeley specialized in African mammals, particularly the gorilla and the elephant. As a taxidermist, he improved on techniques of fitting the skin over a carefully prepared and sculpted form of the animal's body, producing very lifelike specimens, with consideration of musculature, wrinkles, and veins. He also displayed the specimens in groups in a natural setting. Many animals that he preserved he had personally collected.

Question: Когда родился Карл И́тан Э́йкли?


Carl Akeley

Context: First and foremost, Akeley believed and was obsessively committed to the idea that taxidermy could produce mounted animals that look not just lifelike, but alive. Akeley was equally committed to presenting mounts in the context of their scientifically accurate environments and social interactions.

Question: Когда родился Карл И́тан Э́йкли?


Carl Akeley

Context: Akeley's techniques resulted in anatomically accurate, skinless manikins of an animal in lifelike actions and postures. The mannequin was extremely lightweight and hollow and made primarily of papier mache and wire mesh. Akeley based the mannequin on precise field measurements and photographs as well as his understanding of the animal's anatomy and behavior in its natural environment. After creating the mannequin, the hide and hooves were meticulously attached.

Question: Когда родился Карл И́тан Э́йкли?


Carl Akeley

Context: Akeley began his fifth journey to the Congo with the start of the dry season in late 1926. He died on November 18 of dysentery and was buried in Africa, just miles from where he encountered his first gorilla, the "Old Man of Mikeno".

Question: Когда родился Карл И́тан Э́йкли?


Carl Akeley

Context: His wife, Mary Jobe Akeley, married him two years before he died. He had previously been married to Delia J. Akeley (1875–1970) for nearly 20 years. Delia Akeley accompanied him on two of his biggest and most productive safaris to Africa in 1905 and again in 1909. Delia later returned to Africa twice under the auspices of the Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences. She organized and led both trips and lived for several months in the Ituri Forest with Pygmies.

Question: Когда родился Карл И́тан Э́йкли?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Wyatt's Rebellion was a popular uprising in England in 1554, named after Thomas Wyatt, one of its leaders. The rebellion arose out of concern over Queen Mary I's determination to marry Philip of Spain, which was an unpopular policy with the English. Queen Mary's overthrow was implied in the rebellion, although not expressly stated as a goal.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Beyond the beliefs of the leaders, the rebellion acted as a way for the lower classes to voice their frustrations. Specifically, yeomen, husbandmen, and urban workers were able to express social and economic frustrations through the rebellion. Though the unrest was not universal, it was symptomatic of a wide range of discontent among the English populace.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Other rebels included Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon, Sir Henry Isley, Lord John Grey of Wilton, Lord Thomas Grey (Henry Grey's brother), Sir William Thomas (Clerk of the Privy Council), Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton, Sir Nicholas Arnold and Sir William St Loe. Others involved included the French ambassador, Antoine de Noailles, who knew that a Spanish king on the throne of England was not in the best interests of France, and the mathematician Leonard Digges.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Each of the four leaders would raise rebellions in one of the four counties, and together they would converge on London, on 18 March 1554. They would then replace Mary with her half-sister Elizabeth, who would then marry Lord Devon. Meanwhile, a fleet of French ships would prevent Philip of Spain from reaching England.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Implementation of these plans was prevented when Simon Renard, the Holy Roman Empire's ambassador to England, suspected a plot. He informed the Lord Chancellor, Bishop Stephen Gardiner, who on 21 January arrested Devon, who revealed that there was indeed a rebellion planned. Under increased pressure of time, the planned rebellion was moved forward and went awry.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Only Wyatt succeeded in raising a substantial force. On 22 January 1554, he summoned a meeting of his friends at his castle of Allington, and 25 January was now fixed for the rising.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Elizabeth, meanwhile, had been summoned to Court and was held incommunicado, in mortal fear. The rising now seemed so formidable that the Queen and Council sent a deputation to Wyatt to ask for his terms. He demanded that the Tower of London should be surrendered to him, and the Queen put under his charge. The insolence of these demands turned an initially sympathetic London against Wyatt, and Mary was able to rally the capital to her cause on 1 February by delivering a rousing speech at the Guildhall.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Wyatt's army reached Southwark on 3 February. Mary's supporters occupied London Bridge in force, and the rebels were unable to penetrate into the city. Wyatt was driven from Southwark by the threats of Sir John Brydges, afterward Lord Chandos, who was prepared to fire on the suburb with the guns of the Tower.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Refusing to give up, the rebels marched to Kingston. The bridge there was also destroyed, but the rebels repaired it and crossed over. They met little resistance as they marched through the outskirts of London, but were stopped by the inhabitants of Ludgate. The rebel army then broke up.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: The rebellion had an unintended consequence of leading to the eventual execution of Lady Jane Grey. Though she had already been convicted, her execution had been suspended until her family's involvement with the rebellion. With her father and brother choosing to join the rebels, Lady Jane Grey's fate was all but concluded.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: Elizabeth was intensely interrogated and in danger of execution, but managed to be spared due to evasive and intelligent responses, in which she maintained she had been unaware of the planned uprising. Nothing could be proved, but the degree to which she was privy to the preparations has been questioned by modern scholars. Elizabeth remained imprisoned as a precautionary measure.

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Wyatt's rebellion

Context: The rebellion proved disastrous for the Wyatt family, as they lost their title and lands, including the family home, Allington Castle. However, when Elizabeth, herself a Protestant and distant relative of the Wyatt family, ascended the throne in 1558, she restored the family titles and lands. "Her action created a lasting suspicion that she and Wyatt the Younger had in fact colluded in a rebellion against her sister."

Question: Чем закончился заговор Томаса Уайатта?


Heydar Aliyev Park, Ganja

Context: The Heydar Aliyev Park Complex () is the largest urban park in Ganja, Azerbaijan located on an area of 450 hectares. It includes within its boundaries fountains and decorated garden plots, an amphitheater, “Triumphal arch”, Youth Center, Heydar Aliyev Center, Museum of Modern Art, a waterfall and an artificial lake in addition to thousands of trees. The Park Complex was opened in 2014.

Question: Когда был построен парк Гейдара Алиева?


Heydar Aliyev Park, Ganja

Context: The park was primarily founded as a “Memorial park” in March 1979 in the result of planting trees for the first time in the field called “Quru Qobu” of Yeni Ganja residential area by a group of people from Ganja during a rally. That Park started to be called “Heydar Park” dedicated to the late president of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev after he visited Ganja in 1980 as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan SSR and planted plane trees in this park.

Question: Когда был построен парк Гейдара Алиева?


Heydar Aliyev Park, Ganja

Context: The park contains more than 350 thousand trees and decorative plants, including Oriental plane, pine, spruce, tilia and fruit trees, as well as, 17 fountains, 32 decorated garden plots, a 4-step waterfall, and statues and monuments of outstanding Azerbaijani poets, writers and public figures, including statues to Nizami Ganjavi, Mahsati Ganjavi, Mirza Shafi Vazeh and Samad Vurghun. There is also a cycling road in 7 kilometers long passing throughout the Park complex.

Question: Когда был построен парк Гейдара Алиева?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: Renault, who were the defending Constructors' Champions proved to be uncompetitive with their R27 car taking them to third in the constructors' standings (after McLaren's disqualification from second). Renault achieved one podium during the season, with Heikki Kovalainen finishing second at the rain affected 2007 Japanese Grand Prix.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: This also marked the seventh and final season, since its reintroduction in 2001, in which the use of traction control was permitted in Formula One. Standardised electronic control units (ECUs) were mandated by the FIA from the season onwards, which prohibited teams from using this kind of technology.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: The following teams and drivers participated in the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship. Drivers' cars are numbered as per the official FIA 2007 entry list. All team details are as per the Formula 1 official website, except where noted. Note that there is no car number 13, as was the historical tradition. All teams competed with tyres supplied by Bridgestone.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: The 2005 and 2006 World Champion Fernando Alonso switched to McLaren after five years at Renault. Following the retirement of Michael Schumacher and Jacques Villeneuve, Alonso was the only driver on the grid in this season who had previously won a drivers' championship.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: Juan Pablo Montoya, who was a McLaren driver until the aftermath of the 2006 United States Grand Prix moved to the NASCAR Cup Series for 2007, effectively ending his Formula One career, as announced on 9 July 2006.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: On 15 November 2006, Super Aguri confirmed Anthony Davidson as Sakon Yamamoto's replacement. On 24 November 2006, McLaren confirmed Lewis Hamilton as their second driver.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: On 21 December 2006, Spyker confirmed Adrian Sutil as their first driver, replacing WTCC-bound Tiago Monteiro.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: On 8 October 2007, Williams driver Alexander Wurz announced his immediate retirement from Formula One racing. Williams test driver Kazuki Nakajima replaced Wurz for the Brazilian Grand Prix.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: Mild Seven confirmed that they would not renew their contract with Renault following its conclusion at the end of 2006 due to current European tobacco laws.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: British American Tobacco's Lucky Strike and 555 brands ceased to sponsor the Honda team, following which the team ran a sponsorless livery in 2007.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: Williams changed their engines from Cosworth to Toyota in a three-year deal until 2009. Contrary to speculation at the time, the engines were not rebadged as Lexus.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: Red Bull officially became an Austrian constructor by receiving an Austrian licence, though continued to operate from the same base in Britain.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: On 15 March 2007, Spyker announced their new title sponsor for the 2007 season: United Arab Emirates airline company Etihad Airways.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: On 29 August 2006, The FIA published a provisional calendar for the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship. The San Marino and European Grands Prix were excluded, although the European round would later make a comeback (see below). The final calendar (above), which confirmed that the San Marino Grand Prix would not return, was released on 18 October 2006.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: For the first time in nearly half a century, no German Grand Prix was held as a result of the circuits previously hosting a Grand Prix in Germany beginning to alternate in organizing the German Grand Prix. However, the promoter for the Hockenheim race controlled the rights to the descriptor "German Grand Prix" and an agreement could not be reached between them and the Nürburgring circuits for the naming rights. The Nürburgring event therefore retained its usual Grand Prix of Europe title.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: After twenty years of being hosted at the Honda-owned Suzuka Circuit since 1987, the Japanese Grand Prix moved to Toyota's rebuilt Fuji Speedway, a circuit that F1 had not raced at since .

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: The Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps returned after a one-year absence in 2006 due to track maintenance.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


2007 Formula One World Championship

Context: Felipe Massa topped the times on the first two days of testing. Massa's testing partner, Luca Badoer, took the fastest time on the third day, although interest was on the fact that double World Champion Mika Häkkinen joined Hamilton and de la Rosa at McLaren for a one-off test, although the Finnish driver was over three seconds slower than Badoer's time, completing 79 laps of the Spanish circuit.

Question: За какую команду выступал Ра́йкконен?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: Sergei Parajanov (; ; ; ; sometimes spelled Paradzhanov or Paradjanov; January 9, 1924 – July 20, 1990) was a Soviet film director of Armenian origin, screenwriter and artist who made seminal contribution to world cinema with his films "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors" and "The Color of Pomegranates". Parajanov is regarded by film critics, film historians, and filmmakers to be one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers in cinema history.

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: In 1948 he was convicted of homosexual acts (which were illegal at the time in the Soviet Union) with an MGB officer named Nikolai Mikava in Tbilisi. These charges were later proven false. He was sentenced to five years in prison, but was released under an amnesty after three months. In video interviews, friends and relatives contest the truthfulness of anything he was charged with. They speculate the punishment may have been a form of political retaliation for his rebellious views.

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: After his return from prison to Tbilisi, the close watch of Soviet censors prevented Parajanov from continuing his cinematic pursuits and steered him towards the artistic outlets he had nurtured during his time in prison. He crafted extraordinarily intricate collages, created a large collection of abstract drawings and pursued numerous other avenues of non-cinematic art, sewing more dolls and some whimsical suits.

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: Despite having studied film at the VGIK, Parajanov discovered his artistic path only after seeing Soviet director Andrei Tarkovsky's dreamlike first film "Ivan's Childhood".

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: Parajanov was highly appreciated by Tarkovsky himself in the biographical film "Voyage in Time" ("Always with huge gratitude and pleasure I remember the films of Sergei Parajanov which I love very much. His way of thinking, his paradoxical, poetical... ability to love the beauty and the ability to be absolutely free within his own vision"). In the same film Tarkovsky stated that Parajanov is one of his favorite filmmakers.

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: Italian filmmaker Michelangelo Antonioni stated that “The Color of Pomegranates by Parajanov, in my opinion one of the best contemporary film directors, strikes with its perfection of beauty.” Parajanov was also admired by American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola. French film director Jean-Luc Godard also stated that "In the temple of cinema, there are images, light, and reality. Sergei Parajanov was the master of that temple".

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: Despite having many admirers of his art, his vision did not attract many followers. "Whoever tries to imitate me is lost", he reportedly said. However, directors such as Theo Angelopoulos, Béla Tarr and Mohsen Makhmalbaf share Parajanov's approach to film as a primarily visual medium rather than as a narrative tool.

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: The Parajanov-Vartanov Institute was established in Hollywood in 2010 to study, preserve and promote the artistic legacies of Sergei Parajanov and Mikhail Vartanov.

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Sergei Parajanov

Context: Among his projects, there also were plans for adapting Longfellow's "The Song of Hiawatha", Shakespeare's "Hamlet", Goethe's "Faust", the Old East Slavic poem "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", but film scripts for these were never completed.

Question: Где учился Серге́й Ио́сифович Параджа́нов?


Siesta

Context: A siesta (from Spanish, pronounced and meaning "nap") is a short nap taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday meal. Such a period of sleep is a common tradition in some countries, particularly those in warm-weather zones. The "siesta" can refer to the nap itself, or more generally to a period of the day, generally between 2 and 5 PM. This period is used for sleep, as well as leisure, mid-day meals, or other activities.

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: Factors explaining the geographical distribution of the modern siesta are warm temperatures and heavy intake of food at the midday meal. Combined, these two factors contribute to the feeling of post-lunch drowsiness. In many countries that practice the siesta, the summer heat can be unbearable in the early afternoon, making a midday break at home welcome.

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: Thus, in many people, there is a dip when the drive for sleep has been building for hours and the drive for wakefulness has not yet started. This is, again quoting Czeisler, "a great time for a nap". The drive for wakefulness intensifies through the evening, making it difficult to get to sleep 2–3 hours before one's usual bedtime when the "wake maintenance zone" ends.

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: Taking a long lunch break including a nap is common in a number of Mediterranean, tropical, and subtropical countries. The "Washington Post" of 13 February 2007 reports at length on studies in Greece that indicate that those who nap have less risk of heart attacks.

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: In the United States, the United Kingdom, and a growing number of other countries, a short sleep has been referred to as a "power nap", a term coined by Cornell University social psychologist James Maas and recognized by other research scientists such as Sara Mednick as well as in the popular press. Siesta is also practiced in some still colder regions, such as Patagonia. The power nap is called "riposo" in Northern Italy and "pennichella" or "pisolino" in Southern Italy.

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: It used to be the custom in Russia, with Adam Olearius stating such was "the custom of the Countrey, where sleep is as necessary after Dinner as in the Night". One source of hostility toward False Dmitriy I was that he did not "...indulge in the siesta."

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: Einhard's "Life of Charlemagne" describes the emperor's summertime siestas: "In summer, after his midday meal, he would eat some fruit and take another drink; then he would remove his shoes and undress completely, just as he did at night, and rest for two or three hours."

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: India has culture of after lunch naps now diminishing with the inroads made by modern western work culture. Yoga advocates a small nap after lunch. It is called "Vam-Kukshi" (literally, lying down on one's left side). Lying on the left side has purported benefits for digestion and preventing food reflux.

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: English language media often conflate the siesta with the two to three hour lunch break which is characteristic of Spanish working hours, even though the working population is less likely to have time for a siesta and the two events are not necessarily connected. In fact, the average Spaniard works longer hours than almost all their European counterparts (typically 11-hour days, from 9am to 8pm).

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Siesta

Context: The siesta habit has been associated with a 37 percent reduction in coronary mortality, possibly due to reduced cardiovascular stress mediated by daytime sleep.

Question: Кем была придумана сиеста?


Zemfira

Context: Zemfira Talgatovna Ramazanova (, ; born 26 August 1976) is a Russian rock musician. She has been performing since 1998 and has been popular in Russia and other former Soviet republics. To date Zemfira has sold over 3 million records.

Question: Как назывался первый сингл Земфиры?


2S9 Nona

Context: The 2S9 Nona-S is an amphibious vehicle that can be propelled through the water by two rear water-jets. It is operated by a four-man crew comprising a commander, a driver/mechanic, a gunner, and a loader. The hull interior is separated into a command compartment, a fighting compartment and an engine compartment. A welded steel turret is located at the middle of the hull. The two-man turret has hatches for the gunner and loader respectively.

Question: Кем была разработана 2С9 или «Нона-С»?


Hludana

Context: Hludana (or Dea Hludana) is a Germanic goddess attested in five ancient Latin inscriptions from the Rhineland and Frisia, all dating from 197–235 AD.

Question: Кто был мужем Клейто?


Hludana

Context: There is no proven connection between Hludana and Holda. Jacob Grimm suggested in "Deutsche Mythologie" that Hludana was to be identified with the Norse earth-goddess Hlóðyn.

Question: Кто был мужем Клейто?


Blatnaya pesnya

Context: Blatnaya pesnya (, "criminals' song") or Blatnyak () is a genre of Russian song characterized by depictions of criminal subculture and the urban underworld which are often romanticized and have criminally-perverted humor in nature.

Question: Почему Одессу называют мамой?


Blatnaya pesnya

Context: During the Soviet era, the multi-ethnic port city of Odessa served as the center for "blatnaya pesnya", both literally and metaphorically. Odessa is a frequent subject in "blatnaya pesnya", and the city took on a mythical role as the cradle of Jewish gangster culture. "Blatnaya pesnya" are steeped in the mythology of Old Odessa, a city of excess, and a paradise for thieves, where a prominent Russian-Jewish culture was associated with both wealth and sin.

Question: Почему Одессу называют мамой?


Blatnaya pesnya

Context: The origins of this song genre are in nineteenth-century Russia, and its precedents include the songs of serfs and czarist political prisoners, as well as Bolshevik prison protest songs. Given the glorification of criminality in these songs, "blatnaya pesnya" are often compared to western gangster rap.

Question: Почему Одессу называют мамой?


Blatnaya pesnya

Context: During the 1970s, as Soviet immigrants came to New York City, Brighton Beach became the foremost Western center for the production and distribution of "blatnaya pesnya". These songs, along with other banned cultural products, made their way back to the USSR via sailors and diplomats, and several performers based in New York City became émigré stars in Russia, including Mikhail Shufutinsky and Willi Tokarev.

Question: Почему Одессу называют мамой?


Blatnaya pesnya

Context: Some notable performers of "blatnaya pesnya" include: Leonid Utyosov (21 March 1895 – 9 March 1982), Mikhail Krug (7 April 1962 – 30 June 2002), Vladimir Vysotsky (25 January 1938 – 25 July 1980), Arkady Severny (12 March 1939 – 12 April 1980), Alexander Rosenbaum (born 13 September 1951), Willi Tokarev (11 November 1934 – 4 August 2019), and Mikhail Shufutinsky (born 13 April 1948).

Question: Почему Одессу называют мамой?


Blatnaya pesnya

Context: Willi Tokarev became famous in the Soviet Union during the 1980s for his songs depicting life as a Russian émigré in New York City. Two of his songs that express the difficulty of assimilating to American society and the struggle to abandon the criminal way of life include "New Yorkskiy Taksist" ("New York Taxi Driver") from his 1981 album "V Shumnom Balagane" ("In a Noisy Saloon"), and "Nad Gudzonom" ("Over the Hudson") from his 1983 album of the same name.

Question: Почему Одессу называют мамой?


2S19 Msta

Context: The 2S19 Msta (, after the Msta River) is a 152.4 mm self-propelled howitzer designed by the Soviet Union, which entered service in 1989 as the successor to the 2S3 Akatsiya. The vehicle is based on the T-80 tank hull, but is powered by the T-72's diesel engine.

Question: Какова дальность выстрела «Мста-С»?


2S19 Msta

Context: The "Msta" is a howitzer designed for deployment either as an unarmored towed gun, or to be fitted in armored self-propelled artillery mountings. Current production of the towed model is designated "Msta-B", while the self-propelled model is the "Msta-S" (also known by the GRAU index 2S19).

Question: Какова дальность выстрела «Мста-С»?


2S19 Msta

Context: Development of the 2S19 started in 1980 under the project name "Ferma". The prototype was known as Ob'yekt 316. The 2S19's standard equipment consists of a semi-automatic laying system 1P22, an automatic loader, an NBC protection system, passive night vision device for the driver, a vehicle snorkel, a dozer blade, a smoke generator and 81mm smoke launchers, 1V116 intercom system and a 16 kW generator AP-18D. In 2008 the Russian armed forces ordered an improved model with an automated fire control system.

Question: Какова дальность выстрела «Мста-С»?


2S19 Msta

Context: Msta-S howitzers were used by Russian Army to deliver artillery strikes against Chechen separatists during the Second Chechen War.

Question: Какова дальность выстрела «Мста-С»?


2S19 Msta

Context: Msta-S howitzers have been used in the War in Donbass by the Ukrainian Army as well as pro-Russian separatists who captured one machine during the conflict.

Question: Какова дальность выстрела «Мста-С»?


2S19 Msta

Context: Russia recently offered its Msta-S 152 mm Howitzer to foreign countries, particularly in the Middle East. A demonstration was organised in 2020 by Rosoboronexport, the country's nodal agency for arms export, for representatives from various Middle Eastern countries.

Question: Какова дальность выстрела «Мста-С»?


Evgeni Malkin

Context: Malkin became engaged to Russian television personality Anna Kasterova in November 2015. Six months later on 31 May 2016 their first child, a son was born.

Question: Кто является спонсором хоккейного клуба «Металлург»?


Evgeni Malkin

Context: In November 2017, Malkin announced his membership of the PutinTeam social movement, launched by compatriot and fellow NHLer Alexander Ovechkin in support of President of Russia Vladimir Putin during the 2018 Russian presidential election. Malkin stated, "We just try to offer our support because, in 2018, we have the World Cup in Russia; they have elections, too."

Question: Кто является спонсором хоккейного клуба «Металлург»?