History of writing

Context: Writing was long thought to have been invented in a single civilization, a theory named "monogenesis". Scholars believed that all writing originated in ancient Sumer (in Mesopotamia) and spread over the world from there via a process of cultural diffusion. According to this theory, the concept of representing language by written marks, though not necessarily the specifics of how such a system worked, was passed on by traders or merchants traveling between geographical regions.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: However, the discovery of the scripts of ancient Mesoamerica, far away from Middle Eastern sources, proved that writing had been invented more than once. Scholars now recognize that writing may have independently developed in at least four ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia (between 3400 and 3100 BCE), Egypt (around 3250 BCE), China (1200 BCE), and lowland areas of Southern Mexico and Guatemala (by 500 BCE).

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Regarding ancient Egypt, several scholars have argued that "the earliest solid evidence of Egyptian writing differs in structure and style from the Mesopotamian and must therefore have developed independently. The possibility of 'stimulus diffusion' from Mesopotamia remains, but the influence cannot have gone beyond the transmission of an idea."

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Regarding China, it is believed that ancient Chinese characters are an independent invention because there is no evidence of contact between ancient China and the literate civilizations of the Near East, and because of the distinct differences between the Mesopotamian and Chinese approaches to logography and phonetic representation.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Debate surrounds the Indus script of the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilisation, the Rongorongo script of Easter Island, and the Vinča symbols dated around 5500 BCE. All are undeciphered, and so it is unknown if they represent authentic writing, proto-writing, or something else.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: The Sumerian archaic (pre-cuneiform) writing and Egyptian hieroglyphs are generally considered the earliest true writing systems, both emerging out of their ancestral proto-literate symbol systems from 3400–3100 BCE, with earliest coherent texts from about 2600 BCE. The Proto-Elamite script is also dated to the same approximate period.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: There are considered to be three writing criteria for all writing systems. Firstly, writing must be complete: it must have a purpose or some sort of meaning to it, and a point must be made or communicated in the text. Secondly, all writing systems must have some sort of symbols which can be made on some sort of surface, whether physical or digital. Lastly, the symbols used in the writing system must mimic spoken word/speech, in order for communication to be possible.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: The greatest benefit of writing is that it provides the tool by which society can record information consistently and in greater detail, something that could not be achieved as well previously by spoken word. Writing allows societies to transmit information and to share and preserve knowledge.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: The origins of writing appear during the start of the pottery-phase of the Neolithic, when clay tokens were used to record specific amounts of livestock or commodities. These tokens were initially impressed on the surface of round clay envelopes and then stored in them. The tokens were then progressively replaced by flat tablets, on which signs were recorded with a stylus. Actual writing is first recorded in Uruk, at the end of the 4th millennium BCE, and soon after in various parts of the Near East.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Scholars make a reasonable distinction between prehistory and history of early writing but have disagreed concerning when prehistory becomes history and when proto-writing became "true writing". The definition is largely subjective. Writing, in its most general terms, is a method of recording information and is composed of graphemes, which may, in turn, be composed of glyphs.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: The emergence of writing in a given area is usually followed by several centuries of fragmentary inscriptions. Historians mark the "historicity" of a culture by the presence of coherent texts in the culture's writing system(s).

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: A conventional "proto-writing to true writing" system follows a general series of developmental stages:

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: In the Old World, true writing systems developed from neolithic writing in the Early Bronze Age (4th millennium BCE).

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: The first writing systems of the Early Bronze Age were not a sudden invention. Rather, they were a development based on earlier traditions of symbol systems that cannot be classified as proper writing, but have many of the characteristics of writing. These systems may be described as "proto-writing". They used ideographic or early mnemonic symbols to convey information, but it probably directly contained no natural language.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: These systems emerged in the early Neolithic period, as early as the 7th millennium BCE, and include:

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Even after the Neolithic, several cultures went through an intermediate stage of proto-writing before they used proper writing. The quipu of the Incas (15th century CE), sometimes called "talking knots", may have been such a system. Another example is the pictographs invented by Uyaquk before the development of the Yugtun syllabary for the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language in about 1900.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Writing emerged in many different cultures in the Bronze Age. Examples are the cuneiform writing of the Sumerians, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Cretan hieroglyphs, Chinese logographs, Indus script, and the Olmec script of Mesoamerica. The Chinese script likely developed independently of the Middle Eastern scripts around 1600 BCE. The pre-Columbian Mesoamerican writing systems (including Olmec and Maya scripts) are also generally believed to have had independent origins.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Writing was very important in maintaining the Egyptian empire, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of scribes. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train as scribes, in the service of temple, royal (pharaonic), and military authorities.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Egyptian scholar Gamal Mokhtar argued that the inventory of hieroglyphic symbols derived from "fauna and flora used in the signs [which] are essentially African" and in "regards to writing, we have seen that a purely Nilotic, hence African origin not only is not excluded, but probably reflects the reality" although he acknowledged the geographical location of Egypt made it a receptacle for many influences.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Since the 1990s, the discoveries of glyphs at Abydos, dated to between 3400 and 3200 BCE, may challenge the classical notion according to which the Mesopotamian symbol system predates the Egyptian one, although Egyptian writing does make a sudden appearance at that time, while on the contrary Mesopotamia has an evolutionary history of sign usage in tokens dating back to circa 8000 BCE. These glyphs, found in tomb U-J at Abydos are written on ivory and are likely labels for other goods found in the grave.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: The undeciphered Proto-Elamite script emerges from as early as 3100 BCE. It is believed to have evolved into Linear Elamite by the later 3rd millennium and then replaced by Elamite Cuneiform adopted from Akkadian.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Markings and symbols found at various sites of the Indus Valley civilisation have been labelled as the Indus script citing the possibility that they were used for transcribing the Harappan language. Whether the script, which was in use from about 3500–1900 BCE, constitutes a Bronze Age writing script (logographic-syllabic) or proto-writing symbols is debated as it has not yet been deciphered. It is analyzed to have been written from right-to-left or in boustrophedon.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Anatolian hieroglyphs are an indigenous hieroglyphic script native to western Anatolia, used to record the Hieroglyphic Luwian language. It first appeared on Luwian royal seals from the 14th century BCE.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones and bronze from the late Shang dynasty. The earliest of these is dated to around 1200 BCE.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Cretan hieroglyphs are found on artifacts of Crete (early-to-mid-2nd millennium BCE, MM I to MM III, overlapping with Linear A from MM IIA at the earliest). Linear B, the writing system of the Mycenaean Greeks, has been deciphered while Linear A has yet to be deciphered. The sequence and the geographical spread of the three overlapping, but distinct, writing systems can be summarized as follows:

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: A stone slab with 3,000-year-old writing, the Cascajal Block, was discovered in the Mexican state of Veracruz, and is an example of the oldest script in the Western Hemisphere, preceding the oldest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BCE.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: Of several pre-Columbian scripts in Mesoamerica, the one that appears to have been best developed, and has been fully deciphered, is the Maya script. The earliest inscriptions which are identifiably Maya date to the 3rd century BCE, and writing was in continuous use until shortly after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores in the 16th century CE. Maya writing used logograms complemented by a set of syllabic glyphs: a combination somewhat similar to modern Japanese writing.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: According to Vakhtang Licheli, head of the Institute of Archaeology of the State University, "The writings on the two altars of the temple are really well preserved. On the one altar several letters are carved in clay while the second altar's pedestal is wholly covered with writings." The finding was made by unpaid students. In 2016 Grakliani Hill inscriptions were taken to Miami Laboratory for Beta analytic radiocarbon dating which found that the inscriptions were made in .

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: With the collapse of the Roman authority in Western Europe, literary development became largely confined to the Eastern Roman Empire and the Persian Empire. Latin, never one of the primary literary languages, rapidly declined in importance (except within the Roman Catholic Church). The primary literary languages were Greek and Persian, though other languages such as Syriac and Coptic were important too.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


History of writing

Context: There is no very definite statement as to the material which was in most common use for the purposes of writing at the start of the early writing systems. In all ages it has been customary to engrave on stone or metal, or other durable material, with the view of securing the permanency of the record. Metals, such as stamped coins, are mentioned as a material of writing; they include lead, brass, and gold. There are also references to the engraving of gems, such as with seals or signets.

Question: পৃথিবীর সর্বাধিক প্রাচীন লিপি কোনটি ?


Cantinflas

Context: As a pioneer of the cinema of Mexico, Moreno helped usher in its golden era. In addition to being a business leader, he also became involved in Mexico's tangled and often dangerous labor politics. His reputation as a spokesperson for the downtrodden gave his actions authenticity and became important in the early struggle against "charrismo", the one-party government's practice of co-opting and controlling unions.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: Moreover, his character Cantinflas, whose identity became enmeshed with his own, was examined by media critics, philosophers, and linguists, who saw him variously as a danger to Mexican society, a bourgeois puppet, a verbal innovator, and a picaresque underdog.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: Mario Fortino Alfonso Moreno Reyes was born in Santa María la Redonda neighbourhood of Mexico City, and grew up in the tough neighbourhood of Tepito. He was one of eight children born to Pedro Moreno Esquivel, an impoverished mail carrier, and María de la Soledad Reyes Guízar (from Cotija, Michoacán). The others were Pedro, José ("Pepe"), Eduardo, Esperanza, Catalina, Enrique, and Roberto.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: He made it through difficult situations with the quick wit and street smarts that he would later apply in his films. His comic personality led him to a circus tent show, and from there to legitimate theatre and film.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: He married Valentina Ivanova Zubareff, of Russian ethnicity, on 27 October 1936 and remained with her until her death in January 1966. A son was born to Moreno in 1961 by another woman; the child was adopted by Valentina Ivanova and was named Mario Arturo Moreno Ivanova, causing some references to erroneously refer to him as "Cantinflas' adopted son". Moreno Ivanova died on 15 May 2017, of a presumed heart attack.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: In 1961, Cantinflas appeared with Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson at shopping centers and supermarkets in San Antonio, Texas, to support the successful Democratic nominee to the United States House of Representatives for Texas' 20th congressional district, Henry B. Gonzalez, who defeated his Republican challenger, John W. Goode. Gonzalez was the first Hispanic elected to the Texas State Senate and as a U.S. congressman from Texas.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: "Ni sangre, ni arena" ("Neither Blood, nor Sand" a play on words on the bullfighter/gladiator phrase "Blood and Sand"), the 1941 bullfighting film, broke box-office records for Mexican-made films throughout Spanish-speaking countries. In 1942, Moreno teamed up with Reachi, Miguel M. Delgado, and Jaime Salvador to produce a series of parodies, including El Circo, an interpretation of Chaplin's "The Circus".

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: On 30 August 1953, Cantinflas began performing his theatrical work "Yo Colón" ("I, Columbus") in the "Teatro de los Insurgentes", the same theatre that had earlier been embroiled in a controversy over a Diego Rivera mural incorporating Cantinflas and the Virgin of Guadalupe. Critics, including the PAN and archbishop Luis María Martínez, called the mural blasphemous, and it was eventually painted without the image of the Virgin.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: A life long smoker, Cantinflas died of lung cancer on 20 April 1993 in Mexico City. Thousands appeared on a rainy day for his funeral. The ceremony was a national event, lasting three days. He was honored by many heads of state and the United States Senate, which held a moment of silence for him. His ashes lay at the crypt of the Moreno Reyes family, in the "Panteón Español" ("Spanish Cemetery") in Mexico City.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: A 20-year legal battle followed between Mario Moreno Ivanova, Cantinflas' son and heir to his estate, and the actor's blood nephew Eduardo Moreno Laparade over the control of 34 films made by Cantinflas. The nephew claimed his uncle gave him a written notice, Moreno Ivanova argued that he was the direct heir of Cantinflas and that the rights belonged to him. In 2014, Eduardo Moreno Laparade won the rights at the Mexican Supreme Court to 39 films and the name.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: At the same time, there was another legal battle between Columbia Pictures and Moreno Ivanova over control of these films. Columbia claimed that it had bought the rights to the 34 films four decades earlier, although the court noted several discrepancies in the papers. Moreno Ivanova wanted the rights to the films to remain his, and more generally Mexico's, as a national treasure. On 2 June 2001 the eight-year battle was resolved with Columbia retaining ownership over the 34 disputed films.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: In the visual arts, Mexican artists such as Rufino Tamayo and Diego Rivera painted Cantinflas as a symbol of the Mexican everyman.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: Although Cantinflas never achieved the same success in the United States as in Mexico, he was honored with a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6438 Hollywood Boulevard. He earned two Golden Globe nominations (winning one) for best actor and the Mexican Academy of Film Lifetime Achievement Award. His handprints have been imbedded onto the Paseo de las Luminarias for his work in motion pictures.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: The Mario Moreno "Cantinflas" Award is handed out annually for entertainers who "represent the Latino community with the same humor and distinction as the legendary Mario Moreno "Cantinflas" and who, like Cantinflas, utilizes his power to help those most in need".

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: Moreno's life is the subject of the biographical film "Cantinflas" (2014, directed by Sebastian del Amo). It stars Óscar Jaenada, who portrays a young Mario Moreno attempting to gain respect and make a living as an actor, and award-winning actor Michael Imperioli as Mike Todd, an American film-producer struggling to film his masterpiece.

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: The film is centered in Moreno's personal life, and in the development of Todd's Golden Globe Award-winning 1956 film "Around the World in 80 Days".

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Cantinflas

Context: Monsiváis interprets Moreno's portrayals in terms of the importance of the spoken word in the context of Mexico's "reigning illiteracy" (70% in 1930). Particularly in the film "El analfabeto", ("The Illiterate"), "Cantinflas is the illiterate who takes control of the language by whatever means he can".

Question: মারিও ফোর্তিনো আলফন্সো মোরেনো রেয়েস সান্তা মারিয়া লা নির্মিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের নাম কী ?


Liver

Context: The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, and the production of hormones.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: It is not known how to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term, although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term. Artificial livers have not been developed to promote long-term replacement in the absence of the liver. , liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs approximately and has a width of about . There is considerable size variation between individuals, with the standard reference range for men being and for women . It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The liver is connected to two large blood vessels: the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta via the celiac trunk, whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas. These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as liver sinusoids, which then lead to lobules.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Terminology related to the liver often starts in "hepat-" from ἡπατο-, from the Greek word for liver.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above – a right and a left lobe - and four parts when viewed from below (left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes).

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The falciform ligament makes a superficial division of the liver into a left and right lobe. From below, the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one in front of the other. A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves. This line is called Cantlie's line.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver, which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections. An important anatomical landmark, the porta hepatis, divides this left portion into four segments, which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: On the diaphragmatic surface, apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm, the liver is covered by a thin, double-layered membrane, the peritoneum, that helps to reduce friction against other organs. This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm. The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: These peritoneal ligaments are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints, and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance, though they serve as surface landmarks. The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The visceral surface or inferior surface is uneven and concave. It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis. The fossa of gall bladder lies to the right of the quadrate lobe, occupied by the gallbladder with its cystic duct close to the right end of porta hepatis.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs. Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. The one in front is a shallow colic impression, formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The suprarenal impression is a small, triangular, depressed area on the liver. It is located close to the right of the fossa, between the bare area and the caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left of the gastric impression. This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right of this is a rounded eminence, the tuber omentale, which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the lesser omentum.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The hilum of the liver is described in terms of three "plates" that contain the bile ducts and blood vessels. The contents of the whole plate system are surrounded by a sheath. The three plates are the "hilar plate", the "cystic plate" and the "umbilical plate" and the plate system is the site of the many anatomical variations to be found in the liver.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: At birth, the liver comprises roughly 4% of body weight and weighs on average about . Over the course of further development, it will increase to but will only take up 2.5–3.5% of body weight.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes. The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions, usually in combination with other systems and organs. Currently, no artificial organ or device is capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver. Some functions can be carried out by liver dialysis, an experimental treatment for liver failure. The liver also accounts for about 20% of resting total body oxygen consumption.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule. The central veins coalesce into hepatic veins, which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct, or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, also known as the ampulla of Vater.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The liver is responsible for the breakdown of insulin and other hormones. The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation, facilitating its excretion into bile.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: the hepatic sinuses, is about 450 milliliters, or almost 10 percent of the body's total blood volume. When high pressure

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: in the hepatic veins and sinuses. This occurs especially in cardiac failure with peripheral congestion. Thus, in effect, the liver is a large, expandable, venous organ capable of acting as a valuable blood reservoir in times of excess blood volume and capable of supplying extra blood in times of diminished blood volume.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Because the pores in the hepatic sinusoids are very permeable and allow ready passage of both fluid and proteins into the perisinusoidal space, the lymph draining from the liver usually has a protein concentration of about 6 g/dl, which is only slightly less than the protein concentration of plasma.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Also, the high permeability of the liver sinusoid epithelium allows large quantities of lymph to form. Therefore, about half of all the lymph formed in the body under resting conditions arises in the liver.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The oxidative capacity of the liver decreases with aging, and therefore any medications that require oxidation (for instance, benzodiazepines) are more likely to accumulate to toxic levels. However, medications with shorter half-lives, such as lorazepam and oxazepam, are preferred in most cases when benzodiazepines are required in regard to geriatric medicine.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes. It can be palpated in a liver span measurement.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The diagnosis of liver disease is made by liver function tests, groups of blood tests, that can readily show the extent of liver damage. If infection is suspected, then other serological tests will be carried out. A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness, and some form of imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan may also be needed.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Sometimes a liver biopsy will be necessary, and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the rib cage. This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek Titan Prometheus who was chained to a rock in the Caucasus where, each day, his liver was devoured by an eagle, only to grow back each night. The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the liver's remarkable capacity for self-repair.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge, England in 1963 and 1967, respectively.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, and autoimmune hepatitis. Less commonly, liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure, in which liver failure occurs rapidly over a period of days or weeks.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Liver allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury. Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person's liver is removed (hepatectomy) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20 percent of an adult's liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: These four meanings were used in preceding ancient Afro-Asiatic languages such as Akkadian and Ancient Egyptian preserved in classical Ethiopic Ge'ez language.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The Humr are one of the tribes in the Baggara ethnic group, native to southwestern Kordofan in Sudan who speak "Shuwa" (Chadian Arabic), make a non-alcoholic drink from the liver and bone marrow of the giraffe, which they call "umm nyolokh". They claim it is intoxicating (Arabic سكران "sakran"), causing dreams and even waking hallucinations. Anthropologist Ian Cunnison accompanied the Humr on one of their giraffe-hunting expeditions in the late 1950s, and noted that:

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: It is said that a person, once he has drunk "umm nyolokh", will return to giraffe again and again. Humr, being Mahdists, are strict abstainers [from alcohol] and a Humrawi is never drunk ("sakran") on liquor or beer. But he uses this word to describe the effects which "umm nyolokh" has upon him.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Cunnison, on the other hand, writing in 1958 found it hard to believe in the literal truth of the Humr's assertion that the drink was intoxicating:

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: I can only assume that there is no intoxicating substance in the drink, and that the effect it produces is simply a matter of convention, although it may be brought about subconsciously.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The study of entheogens in general – including entheogens of animal origin (e.g. hallucinogenic fish and toad venom) – has, however, made considerable progress in the sixty-odd years since Cunnison's report; the idea that some intoxicating substance might reside in giraffe livers may no longer be as far-fetched as it seemed to Cunnison. However, to date, proof (or disproof) still waits on detailed analyses of the organ and the beverage made from it.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Certain Tungusic peoples of northeast Asia formerly prepared a type of arrow poison from rotting animal livers, which was, in later times, also applied to bullets. Russian anthropologist S. M. Shirokogoroff wrote that:

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: Formerly the using of poisoned arrows was common. For instance, among the Kumarčen, [a subgroup of the Oroqen] even in recent times, a poison was used which was prepared from decaying liver.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: [Note] This has been confirmed by the Kumarčen. I am not competent to judge as to the chemical conditions of production of poison which is not destroyed by the heat of explosion. However, the Tungus themselves compare this method [of poisoning ammunition] with the poisoning of arrows.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: The liver is found in all vertebrates and is typically the largest internal organ. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates, though its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form.

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Liver

Context: An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate "Amphioxus". Although it performs many functions of a liver, it is not considered a "true" liver but rather a "homolog" of the vertebrate liver. The amphioxus hepatic caecum produces the liver-specific proteins vitellogenin, antithrombin, plasminogen, alanine aminotransferase, and insulin/Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

Question: পূর্ণবয়স্ক মানুষের যকৃতের ওজন কত হয় ?


Matiur Rahman (military pilot)

Context: Matiur Rahman (29 October 1941 - 20 August 1971) was a flight lieutenant of Pakistan Air Force and a recipient of Bir Sreshtho, Bangladesh's highest military gallantry award for his actions during the Liberation War of Bangladesh.

Question: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ ফ্লাইট লেফটেন্যান্ট মতিউর রহমানের মায়ের নাম কী ?


Matiur Rahman (military pilot)

Context: Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman smuggled the family of Group Captain Taher Quddus on Royal Saudi Arabian C-130 transport plane bound for Riyadh during the liberation war of Bangladesh.

Question: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ ফ্লাইট লেফটেন্যান্ট মতিউর রহমানের মায়ের নাম কী ?


Matiur Rahman (military pilot)

Context: There is a docudrama based on Matiur's life named Ognibolaka where Bangladeshi film actor Riaz has acted in the role of Matiur and television actress Tarin played the role of his wife Mili.

Question: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ ফ্লাইট লেফটেন্যান্ট মতিউর রহমানের মায়ের নাম কী ?


Matiur Rahman (military pilot)

Context: There is also a Bengali film named "Ostistte Amar Desh" based on Matiur's life, directed by "Khiljir Hayat Khan". His wife "Mili Rahman" was the co-writer of this film and also acted in it.

Question: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ ফ্লাইট লেফটেন্যান্ট মতিউর রহমানের মায়ের নাম কী ?


Matiur Rahman (military pilot)

Context: Bangladesh Air Force Base Matiur Rahman at Jessore is also named after him. Bangladesh Air Force also gives out a trophy named after him for best performance in the flying training. Birshreshto Matiur Rahman trophy (a.k.a. Golden Pen award), named after him, is also awarded for the best Individual Research Paper of Air Wing in Defence Services Command and Staff College. Dining halls in the Cadet Colleges of Bangladesh are also named after him.

Question: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ ফ্লাইট লেফটেন্যান্ট মতিউর রহমানের মায়ের নাম কী ?


Avatar

Context: Avatar (, ; ), is a concept within Hinduism that in Sanskrit literally means "descent". It signifies the material appearance or incarnation of a deity on Earth. The relative verb to "alight, to make one's appearance" is sometimes used to refer to any guru or revered human being.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Incarnation concepts that are in some aspects similar to "avatar" are also found in Buddhism, Christianity, and other religions.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The scriptures of Sikhism include the names of numerous Hindu gods and goddesses, but it rejected the doctrine of savior incarnation and endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev, that formless eternal god is within the human heart, and man is his own savior.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The Sanskrit noun ("" ; ) is derived from the Sanskrit prefix "ava-" (down) and the root (to cross over). These roots trace back, states Monier-Williams, to "-taritum", "-tarati", "-rītum". It's cognate to "away" in English, which is root from PIE "*au-" means "off, away".

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati actually means 'Divine Descent' in his commentaries of The Shrimad Bhagavatam and The Bramha Samhita (mentioned in Brahmavaivarta Purana).

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Neither the Vedas nor the Principal Upanishads ever mention the word "avatar" as a noun. The verb roots and form, such as , appear in ancient post-Vedic Hindu texts, but as "action of descending", but not as an incarnated person (avatara). The related verb is, states Paul Hacker, used with double meaning, one as action of the divine descending, another as "laying down the burden of man" suffering from the forces of evil.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The Vishnu avatars appear in Hindu mythology whenever the cosmos is in crisis, typically because evil has grown stronger and has thrown the cosmos out of its balance. The avatar then appears in a material form, to destroy evil and its sources, and restore the cosmic balance between the ever-present forces of good and evil.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The most known and celebrated avatars of Vishnu, within the Vaishnavism traditions of Hinduism, are Krishna, Rama, Narayana and Vasudeva. These names have extensive literature associated with them, each has its own characteristics, legends and associated arts. The Mahabharata, for example, includes Krishna, while the Ramayana includes Rama.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The Bhagavata Purana describes Vishnu's avatars as innumerable, though ten of his incarnations, the Dashavatara, are celebrated therein as his major appearances. The ten major Vishnu avatars are mentioned in the Agni Purana, the Garuda Purana and the Bhagavata Purana;

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The ten best known avatars of Vishnu are collectively known as the "Dashavatara" (a Sanskrit compound meaning "ten avatars"). Five different lists are included in the Bhagavata Purana, where the difference is in the sequence of the names. Freda Matchett states that this re-sequencing by the composers may be intentional, so as to avoid implying priority or placing something definitive and limited to the abstract.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The Bhagavata Purana also goes on to give an alternate list, wherein it numerically lists out 23 Vishnu avatars in chapter 1.3.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Avatars like Hayagriva, Hamsa and Garuda are also mentioned in the Pancharatra making a total of forty-six avatars. However, despite these lists, the commonly accepted number of ten avatars for Vishnu was fixed well before the 10th century CE. Madhvacharya also regards Gautama Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Vishnu is Purushavatara. The Matsya, Kurma, and Vamana avatars of Vishnu are Lilavataras. A "Purnarupa" in this classification, is when Vishnu manifests completely along with his qualities and powers. In Bengal Vaishnavism, Krishna is the "Purnarupa". In Shaivism, Bhairava is the purnarupa of Shiva.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: 24 avatars of Vishnu are mentioned in Bachitar Natak's composition in Dasam Granth, the second scripture of Sikhism written by Guru Gobind Singh:

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The Guru Granth Sahib reverentially includes the names of numerous Hindu deities, including Vishnu avatars such as Krishna, Hari, and Rama, as well those of Devi as Durga.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Dasam Granth has three major compositions, one each dedicated to avatars of Vishnu (Chaubis avatar) and Brahma. However, Sikhism rejects the doctrine of savior incarnation, and only accepts the abstract "nirguna" formless god. The Sikh Gurus endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev (≈1270 – 1350 CE) that formless eternal god is within the human heart and man is his own savior.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Although Puranic scriptures contain occasional references to avatars of Shiva, the avatar doctrine is neither universally accepted nor commonly adopted in Shaivism. The views on the doctrine of incarnation has been one of the significant doctrinal differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism, in addition to their differences on the role of householder life versus monastic life for spiritual release. Shaivism is a transcendental theology, where man, with the help of his Guru, is his own savior.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


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Context: The vanara god Hanuman who helped Rama (the Vishnu avatar) is considered by some to be the eleventh avatar of Rudra (Shiva). Some regional deities like Khandoba are also believed by some to be avatars of Shiva.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Shesha and his avatars (Balarama and Lakshmana) are occasionally linked to Shiva. Adi Shankara, the formulator of Advaita Vedanta, is also occasionally regarded as an avatar of Shiva.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


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Context: In Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh mentioned two avatars of Rudra: Dattatreya Avatar and Parasnath Avatar.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Avatars are also observed in Shaktism, the sect dedicated to the worship of the Goddess (Devi), but they do not have universal acceptance in the sect. The Devi Bhagavata Purana describes the descent of Devi avatars to punish the wicked and defend the righteous as – much as the Bhagavata Purana does with the avatars of Vishnu.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


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Context: Nilakantha, an 18th-century commentator on the Devi Bhagavata Purana – which includes the Devi Gita – says that various avatars of the Goddess includes Shakambhari and even the masculine Krishna and Rama – generally thought to be Vishnu's avatars. Parvati, Lakshmi and Saraswati are main goddesses worshipped as Devi avatars.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


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Context: Devi is popular in her form as Parvati. In Devi Mahatmya she is seen as the Goddess Mahakali, and in Uma Samhita, she is seen as Devi herself. Regarding her incarnations, it varies per sect in Hinduism. She could be all Goddesses as said in Shaivism and some main Shatism interpretations like the Sri kula and Kali Kula families, or just a form of Devi in some other Shaktism interpretations and many Vaishnava interpretations. With this in mind, Parvati's forms include:

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: All of these incarnations helped provide security to the world and even brought Shiva into the participation of worldly affairs.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: In Dasam Granth, second scriptures of Sikhs written by Guru Gobind Singh, mentioned seven Brahma Avatars.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: According to the Skanda Purana, Brahma incarnated himself as Yajnavalkya in response to a curse from Shiva.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: The Linga Purana declares that Ganesha incarnates to destroy demons and to help the gods and pious people. The two Upapuranas – Ganesha Purana and Mudgala Purana – detail the avatars of Ganesha. Both these upapuranas are core scriptures of the Ganapatya sect – exclusively dedicated to Ganesha worship.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Avatar

Context: Jhulelal, the Iṣṭa-devatā (most-revered deity) of Sindhi Hindus, is considered the incarnation of the Varuna.

Question: হিন্দু ধর্মমতে গণেশের কয়টি অবতার ?


Mirik

Context: Mirik is a small town and a Notified Area of Darjeeling district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the Mirik subdivision. The name "Mirik" comes from the Lepcha words "Mir-Yok" meaning "place burnt by fire".

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: Mirik Bazar began a commercial centre of the region where people from the surrounding villages and tea gardens came to trade and buy their necessities. The present lake area was a marshland with thick growth of "sweet flag" (Acorus calamus, locally called "bojho"). A playground stood in the present garden area where the British officers played polo.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: Mirik has an average elevation of . The highest point is the Boker Monastery at about . Mirik lake at about is the lowest point. Mirik is northwest of Siliguri city and south-southwest of Darjeeling town.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: Mirik subdivision. The name "Mirik" comes from the Lepcha words "Mir-Yok" meaning "place burnt by fire".

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: The 2011 Census of India recorded a population of 11,513 in Mirik Notified Area (i.e., urban unit). 5688 were males and 5825 were females. Mirik rural area (under 6 gram panchayats) recorded a total population of 46,374. Males numbered 23,394 and females 22,980.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: As per the 2001 Census of India, Mirik urban area had a total population of 9141. Males numbered 4619 and females 4522. Mirik rural area had a total population of 42,237. Males numbered 21,112 and females 21,125. The decadal growth rate of population (1991–2001) was -1.33.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: The urban hub at Mirik is administered by a Municipality/Notified Area with nine wards while the outlying rural villages are taken care of by Mirik community development block, which has six Gram Panchayats: Chenga Panighata, Pahilagaon School Dara–I, Pahilagaon School Dara–II, Soureni–I, Soureni–II and Duptin.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: There is a government Primary Health Centre at Mirik with six general physicians and one dentist. There are no specialist doctors but there is an optometrician. There are several medical shops at Krishnanagar and one pathological lab cum optical shop. There are few more medicine shops at Mirik Bazar.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in West Bengal, the area under Mirik municipality and Mirik block will be part of the Kurseong Assembly Constituency of West Bengal. Kurseong Assembly Constituency is an assembly segment of the Darjeeling Lok Sabha Constituency.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: Bagdogra (IATA airport code IXB) south of Mirik is the nearest airport and New Jalpaiguri adjacent to Siliguri is the nearest railway station.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: Shared taxis are operated from Mirik by Mirik Tours & Travels (Krishnanagar). Taxis are available for internal transportation within Mirik to travel from Mirik Lake (Krishnanagar) to Mirik Bazar at Rs. 15 per head.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: There are also many home stays that have started sprouting in the region owing to the large number of tourists who flock in.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Mirik

Context: Other financial institutes like Postal Savings, NABARD, Bandhan Finance, and Customer Service Points of private financial institutions are available.

Question: সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠ থেকে মিরিকের গড় উচ্চতা কত ?


Graph theory

Context: Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: In one restricted but very common sense of the term, a graph is an ordered pair formula_1 comprising:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: In the edge formula_4, the vertices formula_5 and formula_6 are called the endpoints of the edge. The edge is said to join formula_5 and formula_6 and to be incident on formula_5 and on formula_6. A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. Multiple edges, not allowed under the definition above, are two or more edges that join the same two vertices.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges, a graph is an ordered triple formula_11 comprising:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: In an undirected simple graph of order "n", the maximum degree of each vertex is and the maximum size of the graph is .

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: The edges of an undirected simple graph permitting loops formula_28 induce a symmetric homogeneous relation ~ on the vertices of formula_28 that is called the adjacency relation of formula_28. Specifically, for each edge formula_31, its endpoints formula_5 and formula_6 are said to be adjacent to one another, which is denoted formula_5 ~ formula_6.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: In one restricted but very common sense of the term, a directed graph is an ordered pair formula_1 comprising:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges, a directed graph is an ordered triple formula_11 comprising:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: The edges of a directed simple graph permitting loops formula_28 is a homogeneous relation ~ on the vertices of formula_28 that is called the "adjacency relation" of formula_28. Specifically, for each edge formula_31, its endpoints formula_5 and formula_6 are said to be "adjacent" to one another, which is denoted formula_5 ~ formula_6.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Graphs can be used to model many types of relations and processes in physical, biological, social and information systems. Many practical problems can be represented by graphs. Emphasizing their application to real-world systems, the term "network" is sometimes defined to mean a graph in which attributes (e.g. names) are associated with the vertices and edges, and the subject that expresses and understands real-world systems as a network is called network science.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Graphs and networks are excellent models to study and understand phase transitions and critical phenomena.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Removal of nodes or edges leads to a critical transition where the network breaks into small clusters which is studied as a phase transition. This breakdown is studied via percolation theory.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Likewise, graph theory is useful in biology and conservation efforts where a vertex can represent regions where certain species exist (or inhabit) and the edges represent migration paths or movement between the regions. This information is important when looking at breeding patterns or tracking the spread of disease, parasites or how changes to the movement can affect other species.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Graph theory is also used in connectomics; nervous systems can be seen as a graph, where the nodes are neurons and the edges are the connections between them.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: In mathematics, graphs are useful in geometry and certain parts of topology such as knot theory. Algebraic graph theory has close links with group theory. Algebraic graph theory has been applied to many areas including dynamic systems and complexity.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: In particular, the term "graph" was introduced by Sylvester in a paper published in 1878 in "Nature", where he draws an analogy between "quantic invariants" and "co-variants" of algebra and molecular diagrams:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: "[…] Every invariant and co-variant thus becomes expressible by a "graph" precisely identical with a Kekuléan diagram or chemicograph. […] I give a rule for the geometrical multiplication of graphs, "i.e." for constructing a "graph" to the product of in- or co-variants whose separate graphs are given. […]" (italics as in the original).

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: The first textbook on graph theory was written by Dénes Kőnig, and published in 1936. Another book by Frank Harary, published in 1969, was "considered the world over to be the definitive textbook on the subject", and enabled mathematicians, chemists, electrical engineers and social scientists to talk to each other. Harary donated all of the royalties to fund the Pólya Prize.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: The autonomous development of topology from 1860 and 1930 fertilized graph theory back through the works of Jordan, Kuratowski and Whitney. Another important factor of common development of graph theory and topology came from the use of the techniques of modern algebra. The first example of such a use comes from the work of the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff, who published in 1845 his Kirchhoff's circuit laws for calculating the voltage and current in electric circuits.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: The introduction of probabilistic methods in graph theory, especially in the study of Erdős and Rényi of the asymptotic probability of graph connectivity, gave rise to yet another branch, known as "random graph theory", which has been a fruitful source of graph-theoretic results.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: A graph is an abstraction of relationships that emerge in nature; hence, it cannot be coupled to a certain representation. The way it is represented depends on the degree of convenience such representation provides for a certain application. The most common representations are the visual, in which, usually, vertices are drawn and connected by edges, and the tabular, in which rows of a table provide information about the relationships between the vertices within the graph.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Graphs are usually represented visually by drawing a point or circle for every vertex, and drawing a line between two vertices if they are connected by an edge. If the graph is directed, the direction is indicated by drawing an arrow. If the graph is weighted, the weight is added on the arrow.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: A graph drawing should not be confused with the graph itself (the abstract, non-visual structure) as there are several ways to structure the graph drawing. All that matters is which vertices are connected to which others by how many edges and not the exact layout. In practice, it is often difficult to decide if two drawings represent the same graph. Depending on the problem domain some layouts may be better suited and easier to understand than others.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: The pioneering work of W. T. Tutte was very influential on the subject of graph drawing. Among other achievements, he introduced the use of linear algebraic methods to obtain graph drawings.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Graph drawing also can be said to encompass problems that deal with the crossing number and its various generalizations. The crossing number of a graph is the minimum number of intersections between edges that a drawing of the graph in the plane must contain. For a planar graph, the crossing number is zero by definition. Drawings on surfaces other than the plane are also studied.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: There are other techniques to visualize a graph away from vertices and edges, including circle packings, intersection graph, and other visualizations of the adjacency matrix.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: List structures include the edge list, an array of pairs of vertices, and the adjacency list, which separately lists the neighbors of each vertex: Much like the edge list, each vertex has a list of which vertices it is adjacent to.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: The distance matrix, like the adjacency matrix, has both its rows and columns indexed by vertices, but rather than containing a 0 or a 1 in each cell it contains the length of a shortest path between two vertices.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: There is a large literature on graphical enumeration: the problem of counting graphs meeting specified conditions. Some of this work is found in Harary and Palmer (1973).

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: A common problem, called the subgraph isomorphism problem, is finding a fixed graph as a subgraph in a given graph. One reason to be interested in such a question is that many graph properties are "hereditary" for subgraphs, which means that a graph has the property if and only if all subgraphs have it too.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Unfortunately, finding maximal subgraphs of a certain kind is often an NP-complete problem. For example:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: One special case of subgraph isomorphism is the graph isomorphism problem. It asks whether two graphs are isomorphic. It is not known whether this problem is NP-complete, nor whether it can be solved in polynomial time.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: A similar problem is finding induced subgraphs in a given graph. Again, some important graph properties are hereditary with respect to induced subgraphs, which means that a graph has a property if and only if all induced subgraphs also have it. Finding maximal induced subgraphs of a certain kind is also often NP-complete. For example:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Still another such problem, the minor containment problem, is to find a fixed graph as a minor of a given graph. A minor or subcontraction of a graph is any graph obtained by taking a subgraph and contracting some (or no) edges. Many graph properties are hereditary for minors, which means that a graph has a property if and only if all minors have it too. For example, Wagner's Theorem states:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: A similar problem, the subdivision containment problem, is to find a fixed graph as a subdivision of a given graph. A subdivision or homeomorphism of a graph is any graph obtained by subdividing some (or no) edges. Subdivision containment is related to graph properties such as planarity. For example, Kuratowski's Theorem states:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Another class of problems has to do with the extent to which various species and generalizations of graphs are determined by their "point-deleted subgraphs". For example:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Many problems and theorems in graph theory have to do with various ways of coloring graphs. Typically, one is interested in coloring a graph so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color, or with other similar restrictions. One may also consider coloring edges (possibly so that no two coincident edges are the same color), or other variations. Among the famous results and conjectures concerning graph coloring are the following:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: For constraint frameworks which are strictly compositional, graph unification is the sufficient satisfiability and combination function. Well-known applications include automatic theorem proving and modeling the elaboration of linguistic structure.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: There are numerous problems arising especially from applications that have to do with various notions of flows in networks, for example:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Covering problems in graphs may refer to various set cover problems on subsets of vertices/subgraphs.

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


Graph theory

Context: Many problems involve characterizing the members of various classes of graphs. Some examples of such questions are below:

Question: গ্রাফ তত্ত্ব কত সালে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ?


South-East Asian theatre of World War II

Context: The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II consisted of the campaigns of the Pacific War in Burma, India, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Indochina, Malaya and Singapore between 1941 to 1945.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: In 1942, Madras City was attacked by a Mitsubishi Rufe, (the Zero's seaplane version) operating from the carrier which dropped a single bomb near the St. George Fort. The physical damage was negligible, though the public response was major and the city was evacuated because of fears of subsequent Japanese bombing and invasion. Many rich families from Madras moved permanently to the hill stations in fear.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: Also in 1942 in preparation for a possible Japanese invasion of India, the British began improvements to the Kodaikanal-Munnar Road to facilitate its use as an evacuation route from Kodaikanal along the southern crest of the Palani Hills to Top Station. Existing roads then continued to Munnar and down to Cochin where British ships would be available for evacuation out of India.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands (8,293 km² on 139 islands) are a group of islands situated in the Bay of Bengal at about 780 miles from Kolkata (known at the time as Calcutta), 740 miles from Chennai (known at the time as Madras) and 120 miles from Cape Nargis in Burma. On 23 March 1942 a Japanese invasion force seized the islands and occupied them until the end of the war.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: One of the major logistical efforts of the war was "flying the Hump" over the Himalayas and the building of the Ledo Road from India to China as a replacement for the Burma Road.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: Qualification: For operations against Japanese aircraft and naval units by squadrons based in Ceylon during the Japanese attacks of April 1942.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: Qualification: For operations during the 14th Army's advance from Imphal to Rangoon, the coastal amphibious assaults, and the Battle of Pegu Yomas, August 1944 to August 1945.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: The earliest successes were gained by mine laying and submarine warfare. The Japanese minesweeping capability was never great, and when confronted with new types of mines they did not adapt quickly. Japanese shipping was driven from the Burmese coast using this type of warfare. British submarines based in British Ceylon operated against Japanese shipping.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: It was only after the war in Europe was clearly coming to an end that large British forces were dispatched to the Indian Ocean again. Following the neutralisation of the German fleet in late 1943 and early 1944, forces from the Home Fleet were released, and the success of Operation Overlord in June meant even more craft could be sent, including precious amphibious assault shipping.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: During late 1944, as more British aircraft carriers came into the area a series of strikes were flown against oil targets in Sumatra, such as Operation Meridian. was lent for the first attack by the United States. The oil installations were heavily damaged by the attacks, aggravating the Japanese fuel shortages due to the American blockade. The final attack was flown as the carriers were heading for Sydney to become the British Pacific Fleet.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: After the departure of the main battle forces the Indian Ocean was left with escort carriers and older battleships as the mainstay of its naval forces. Nevertheless, during those months important operations were launched in the recapture of Burma, including landings on Ramree and Akyab and near Rangoon.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: India Command was responsible for British India, British Ceylon, and for some of the time Burma. The Far East Command based in Singapore was responsible for Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore and other British Far East possessions including, for some of the time, Burma.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: However, advances made by the Japanese over the next month split the ABDA forces in two. After transferring the forces in Burma to the India Command, on 25 February 1942 Wavell resigned as commander of the ABDA and resumed his position of CinC of the Army of India. Responsibility for the South West Pacific Area passed to US General Douglas MacArthur as "Supreme Allied Commander South West Pacific".

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: From February 1942 until November 1943 the India Command was responsible for the South East Asian Theatre. General Wavell was made Viceroy of India and General Claude Auchinleck became Commander-in-Chief of the India Command on 20 June 1943. In August 1943 the Allies formed a new South East Asian Command to take over strategic responsibilities for the theatre.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: The reorganisation of the theatre command took about two months. On 4 October Winston Churchill appointed Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten supreme Allied commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC). The American General Joseph Stilwell was the first deputy supreme Allied commander. On 15 November, Auchinleck handed over responsibility for the conduct of operations against the Japanese in the theatre to Mountbatten.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: The initial land forces operational area for SEAC included India, Burma, British Ceylon and Malaya. Operations were also mounted in Japanese-occupied Sumatra, Thailand and French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos).

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: In October 1944, CBI was split into US Forces China Theater (USFCT) and India-Burma Theater (USFIBT).

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: On 15 August 1945 responsibility for the rest of the Dutch East Indies was transferred from the South West Pacific Area to SEAC.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: British 11th Army Group ( November 1943 – 12 November 1944) was on paper the main Commonwealth army force in South East Asia which directed

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Context: On 12 November 1944 the 11th Army Group was redesignated Allied Land Forces South East Asia, still under SEAC, because it was felt that an inter-Allied command was better than the purely British headquarters. Command problems with General Stilwell and his interactions with the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff had precipitated the change.

Question: বার্মা অভিযান যুদ্ধ কোন মাসে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Gabriele Veneziano

Context: Veneziano's work led to intense research to try to explain the strong force by a field theory of strings about one fermi in length. The rise of quantum chromodynamics, a rival explanation of the strong force, led to a temporary loss of interest in string theories until the 1980s when interest was revived.

Question: স্ট্রিং তত্ত্বটি কোন দেশের বৈজ্ঞানিক আবিষ্কার করেন ?


Gabriele Veneziano

Context: In 1991, he published a paper that shows how an inflationary cosmological model can be obtained from string theory, thus opening the door to a description of string cosmological pre-big bang scenarios.

Question: স্ট্রিং তত্ত্বটি কোন দেশের বৈজ্ঞানিক আবিষ্কার করেন ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The Rashidun Caliphate () was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was ruled by the first four successive caliphs of Muhammad after his death in 632 CE (11 AH). During its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in West Asia.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: After Muhammad's death in June 632, a gathering of the Ansar (), the natives of Medina, took place in the "Saqifah" (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later become the subject of debate.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: With the bounty secured from conquest, Umar was able to support its faith in material ways: the companions of Muhammad were given pensions on which to live, allowing them to pursue religious studies and exercise spiritual leadership in their communities and beyond. Umar is also remembered for establishing the Islamic calendar; it is lunar-like the Arabian calendar, but the origin is set in 622, the year of the Hijra when Muhammad emigrated to Medina.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: While Umar was leading the morning prayers in 644, he was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. He appointed Suhayb ibn Sinan to lead the prayers.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Before Umar died, he appointed a committee of six men to decide on the next caliph and charged them with choosing one of their own numbers. All of the men, like Umar, were from the tribe of Quraysh.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The committee narrowed down the choices to two: Uthman and Ali. Ali was from the Banu Hashim clan (the same clan as Muhammad) of the Quraish tribe, and he was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad and had been one of his companions from the inception of his mission. Uthman was from the Umayyad clan of the Quraish. He was the second cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad and one of the early converts of Islam. Uthman was ultimately chosen.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Uthman reigned for twelve years as a caliph. During the first half of his reign, he was the most popular caliph among all the Rashiduns, while in the latter half of his reign he met increasing opposition, led by the Egyptians and concentrated around Ali, who would albeit briefly, succeed Uthman as caliph.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Despite internal troubles, Uthman continued the wars of conquest started by Umar. The Rashidun army conquered North Africa from the Byzantines and even raided Spain, conquering the coastal areas of the Iberian peninsula, as well as the islands of Rhodes and Cyprus. Also, coastal Sicily was raided in 652. The Rashidun army fully conquered the Sasanian Empire, and its eastern frontiers extended up to the lower Indus River.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Uthman's most lasting project was the final compilation of the Qur'an. Under his authority diacritics were written with Arabic letters so that non-native speakers of Arabic could easily read the Qur'an.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Following Uthman's assassination, Muhammad's cousin Ali () was elected caliph by the rebels and townspeople of Medina. He transferred the capital to Kufa, a garrison city in Iraq. Soon thereafter, Ali dismissed several provincial governors, some of whom were relatives of Uthman, and replaced them with trusted aides, such as Malik al-Ashtar and Salman the Persian.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: In 661, Ali was assassinated by Ibn Muljam as part of a Kharijite plot to assassinate all the different Islamic leaders in an attempt to end the civil war, but the Kharijites failed to assassinate Mu'awiya and 'Amr ibn al-'As.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The Rashidun Caliphate expanded steadily; within the span of 24 years, a vast territory was conquered comprising Mesopotamia, the Levant, parts of Anatolia, and most of the Sasanian Empire.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Unlike the Sasanian Persians, the Byzantines, after losing Syria, retreated back to Anatolia. As a result, they also lost Egypt to the invading Rashidun army, although the civil wars among the Muslims halted the war of conquest for many years, and this gave time for the Byzantine Empire to recover.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Abu Ubaida ordered the Muslim commanders to withdraw from all the conquered areas, return the tributes they had previously gathered, and move towards Yarmuk. Heraclius's army also moved towards Yarmuk, but the Muslim armies reached it in early July 636, a week or two before the Byzantines. Khalid's mobile guard defeated the Christian Arab auxiliaries of the Roman army in a skirmish.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Khalid was recognized and eventually, Caliph Umar ibn Al Khattab came and Jerusalem surrendered in April 637. Abu Ubaida sent Amr bin al-As, Yazid bin Abu Sufyan, and Sharjeel bin Hassana back to their areas to reconquer them; most submitted without a fight. Abu Ubaida himself, along with Khalid, moved to northern Syria to reconquer it with a 17,000-man army. Khalid, along with his cavalry, was sent to Hazir and Abu Ubaidah moved to the city of Qasreen.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Khalid defeated a strong Byzantine army at the Battle of Hazir and reached Qasreen before Abu Ubaidah. The city surrendered to Khalid, and soon after, Abu Ubaidah arrived in June 637. Abu Ubaidah then moved against Aleppo, with Khalid, as usual, commanding the cavalry. After the Battle of Aleppo the city finally agreed to surrender in October 637.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The truce that followed allowed a short respite and made it possible for Constans II to hold on to the western portions of Armenia. In 654–655, on the orders of Uthman, an expedition prepared to attack Constantinople, but this plan was not carried out due to the civil war that broke out in 656.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The Taurus Mountains in Turkey marked the western frontiers of the Rashidun Caliphate in Anatolia during Caliph Uthman's reign.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The ease with which this valuable province was wrenched from the Byzantine Empire appears to have been due to the treachery of Cyrus, prefect of Egypt and Patriarch of Alexandria, and the incompetence of the Byzantine generals, as well as the loss of most of the Byzantine troops in Syria. Cyrus had persecuted the local Coptic Christians. He was one of the authors of monothelism, a seventh-century heresy, and some supposed him to have been a secret convert to Islam.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: In 645, during Uthman's reign, the Byzantines briefly regained Alexandria, but it was retaken by Amr in 646. In 654 an invasion fleet sent by Constans II was repulsed. After this, no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: After the withdrawal of the Byzantines from Egypt, the Exarchate of Africa declared its independence. Under its exarch, Gregory the Patrician, its dominions extended from the borders of Egypt to Morocco. Abdullah ibn Sa'ad sent raiding parties to the west, resulting in considerable booty and encouraging Sa'ad to propose a campaign to conquer the Exarchate.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The non-Muslim monotheists—Jews, Zoroastrians, and Christians—in conquered lands were called "dhimmis" (the protected people). Those who accepted Islam were treated in a similar manner to other Muslims and were given equivalent rights in legal matters. Non-Muslims were given legal rights according to their faiths' law except where it conflicted with Islamic law.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: "Dhimmis" were allowed to "practice their religion, and to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy" and were guaranteed their personal safety and security of property, but only in return for paying tax and acknowledging Muslim rule. "Dhimmis" were also required to pay the "jizya".

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The Rashidun caliphs had placed special emphasis on relatively fair and just treatment of the "dhimmis", which were also provided 'protection' by the Caliphate and were not expected to fight. Sometimes, particularly when there were not enough qualified Muslims, "dhimmis" were given important positions in the government.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Caliph Umar has been reported to have said: "O Muslims, straighten me with your hands when I go wrong", and at that instance, a Muslim man stood up and said, "O Amir al-Mu'minin (Leader of the Believers) if you are not straightened by our hands we will use our sword to straighten you!". Hearing this Caliph Umar said "Alhamdulillah (Praise be to Allah) I have such followers."

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: In his testament Umar had instructed his successor, Uthman, not to make any change in the administrative setup for one year after his death, which Uthman honored; however, after the expiration of the moratorium, he made Egypt one province and created a new province comprising North Africa. He also consolidated Syria, previously divided into two provinces, into one.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: During Ali's reign, with the exception of Syria (which was under Muawiyah I's control) and Egypt (lost during the latter years of his caliphate to the rebel troops of Amr ibn Al-A'as), the remaining ten provinces were under his control, with no change in administrative organization.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The provinces were further divided into districts. Each of the 100 or more districts of the empire, along with the main cities, were administered by a governor ("Wāli"). Other officers at the provincial level were:

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: In some districts there were separate military officers, though the governor was in most cases the commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The officers were appointed by the Caliph. Every appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment, an instrument of instructions was issued to regulate the conduct of the governors. On assuming office, the Governor was required to assemble the people in the main mosque, and read the instrument of instructions before them.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Caliph Umar himself followed the above postulates strictly. During the reign of Uthman the state became more economically prosperous than ever before; the allowance of the citizens was increased by 25%, and the economic condition of the ordinary person was more stable, which led Caliph Uthman to revoke the second and third postulates of the oath.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The judicial administration, like the rest of the administrative structure of the Rashidun Caliphate, was set up by Umar, and it remained basically unchanged throughout the duration of the Caliphate. In order to provide adequate and speedy justice for the people, justice was administered according to the principles of Islam.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Accordingly, "Qadis" (judges) were appointed at all administrative levels. The "Qadis" were chosen for their integrity and learning in Islamic law. Wealthy men and men of high social status, compensated highly by the Caliphate, were appointed in order to make them resistant to bribery or undue influence based on social position. The "Qadis" also were not allowed to engage in trade. Judges were appointed in sufficient numbers to staff every district with at least one.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The four Rashidun caliphs were chosen by a small electoral body consisting of prominent members of the Quraysh called (, ).

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Sunni Islamic lawyers have commented on when it is permissible to disobey, impeach or remove rulers in the Caliphate. This is usually when the rulers are not meeting public responsibilities obliged upon them under Islam.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Islamic lawyers have commented that when the rulers refuse to step down via successful impeachment through the Majlis, becoming dictators through the support of a corrupt army, the majority, upon agreement, has the option to launch a revolution against them. Many noted that this option is only exercised after factoring in the potential cost of life.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The following hadith establishes the principle of rule of law in relation to nepotism and accountability:

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Various Islamic lawyers do, however, place multiple conditions, and stipulations—e.g., the poor cannot be penalised for stealing out of poverty—before executing such a law, making it very difficult to reach such a stage. It is well known that, during a time of drought during the Rashidun caliphate, capital punishments were suspended until the effects of the drought passed.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Islamic jurists later formulated the concept of the rule of law, the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land. A Qadi (Islamic judge) was also not allowed to discriminate on the grounds of religion, gender, colour, kinship or prejudice. There were also a number of cases where caliphs had to appear before judges as they prepared to deliver their verdict.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: According to Noah Feldman, a law professor at Harvard University, the legal scholars and jurists who once upheld the rule of law were replaced by a law governed by the state due to the codification of Sharia by the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: "Bait-ul-Maal" (lit., "the house of money") was the department that dealt with the revenues and all other economic matters of the state. In the time of Muhammad, there was no permanent Bait-ul-Mal or public treasury. Whatever revenues or other amounts were received were distributed immediately. There were no salaries to be paid, and there was no state expenditure, thereby making a public treasury unnecessary.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: After consulting the Companions, Umar decided to establish the central Treasury at Medina. Abdullah bin Arqam was appointed as the Treasury Officer. He was assisted by Abdur Rahman bin Awf and Muiqib. A separate Accounts Department was also set up to maintain spending records.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Later treasuries were set up in the provinces. After meeting the local expenditure the provincial treasuries were required to remit the surplus revenue to the central treasury at Medina. According to Yaqubi the salaries and stipends charged to the central treasury amounted to over 30 million dirhams.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: A separate building was constructed for the royal treasury, the "bait ul maal", which, in large cities, was protected by as many as 400 guards.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Most historical accounts state that, among the Rashidun caliphs, Uthman was the first to strike coins; some accounts, however, state that Umar was the first to do so. When Persia was conquered, three types of coins were current there: the Baghli, of eight dang; Tabari of four dang; and Maghribi of three dang. Umar (or Uthman, according to some accounts) first struck an Islamic dirham of six dang.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: "Zakāt" () is the Islamic equivalent of a luxury tax. It was taken from the Muslims in the amount of 2.5% of their dormant wealth ("viz.", that over a certain amount unused for a year) to give to the poor. All and only those persons whose annual wealth exceeded a minimum level (nisab) were collected from. The "nisab" did not include one's primary residence, primary transportation, a moderate amount of woven jewelry, etc. "Zakāt" is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: "Jizya" or "jizyah" (; Ottoman Turkish: cizye). It was a per capita tax imposed on able bodied non-Muslim men of military age since non-Muslims did not have to pay zakāt. Slaves, women, children, monks, the old, the sick, hermits and the poor were all exempt. It is important to note that, in addition to the exemptions, some needy non-Muslims were given stipends by the state.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: "Fay" was the income from State land, whether an agricultural land or a meadow or land with any natural mineral reserves.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: "Ghanimah" or "Khums" represented war booty, four-fifths of which was distributed among serving soldiers, while one-fifth was allotted to the state.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: After the Battle of Yarmouk and Battle of al-Qadisiyyah the Muslims won heavy spoils, filling the coffers at Medina. The problem before Umar was what to do with this money. Someone suggested that the money should be kept in the treasury as a reserve for public expenditures. However, this view was not acceptable to the general body of Muslims. Accordingly, a consensus was reached to distribute whatever was received during a year to the citizens.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The next question was what system should be adopted for distribution. One suggestion was to distribute it equally on an ad hoc basis. Others objected that, as the spoils were considerable, the proposal would make the people very rich. It was therefore agreed that, instead of ad hoc division, the amount of the allowance to the stipend should be determined beforehand and this allowance should be paid regardless of the amount of the spoils.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: On the amount of the allowance there were two opinions. Some held that it should be the same for all Muslims. Umar, on the other hand, believed that the allowance should be graduated according to one's merit with reference to Islam.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Then the question arose as to what basis should be used for placing some above others. Some suggested that the Caliph should first get the highest allowance, with the remaining allowances graduating downward from that. Umar rejected the proposal and decided to start with the clan of Muhammad.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The evaluation greatly contributed to the prosperity of the citizens as trade increased, and their contributions to the "bait al maal" increased accordingly.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The mosques were not merely places for offering prayers, but also community centers where the faithful gathered to discuss problems of social and cultural importance. During the caliphate of Umar, as many as four thousand mosques were constructed extending from Persia in the east to Egypt in the west. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi and Masjid al-Haram were enlarged first during the reign of Umar and then during the reign of Uthman ibn Affan, who not only expanded them but also beautified them on a large scale.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: Military cantonments were constructed at strategic points. Special stables were provided for cavalry, which could accommodate as many as 4,000 horses. Special pasture grounds were provided and maintained for "Bait-ul-Mal" animals.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The stark differences in these two views has led to sectarian tension that has even culminated in violence.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The Rashidun Military was the primary arm of the Islamic armed forces of the seventh century, serving alongside the Rashidun navy. The army maintained a very high level of discipline, strategic prowess, and organization, along with the motivation and initiative of the officer corps. For much of its history, this army was one of the most powerful and effective military forces throughout the region. At the height of the Rashidun Caliphate, the maximum size of the army was around 100,000 troops.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The Rashidun army was divided into infantry and light cavalry. Reconstructing the military equipment of early Muslim armies is problematic. Compared with Roman armies or later medieval Muslim armies, the range of visual representation is very small, often imprecise. Physically, very little material evidence has survived, and much of it is difficult to date. The soldiers wore iron and bronze segmented helmets from Iraq, of Central Asian type.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The Rashidun army was, in quality and strength, below the standard set by the Sasanian and Byzantine armies. Khalid ibn al-Walid was the first general of the Rashidun Caliphate to successfully conquer foreign lands. During his campaign against the Sasanian Empire (Iraq, 633–634) and the Byzantine Empire (Syria, 634–638), Khalid developed brilliant tactics that he used effectively against both enemy armies.

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Rashidun Caliphate

Context: The early caliphate naval conquest managed to mark long time legacy of Islamic maritime enterprises from the Conquest of Cyprus, the famous Battle of the Masts up to of their successor states such as the area Transoxiana from area located in between the Jihun River(Oxus/Amu Darya) and Syr Darya, to Sindh (present day Pakistan), by Umayyad, naval cove of privateer in La Garde-Freinet by Cordoban Emirate, and the Sack of Rome by the Aghlabids in later era

Question: রাশিদুন খিলাফতের প্রথম খলিফার নাম কী ?


Psychology

Context: A professional practitioner or researcher involved in the discipline is called a psychologist. Some psychologists can also be classified as behavioral or cognitive scientists. Some psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior. Others explore the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: After the war, new institutions were created although some psychologists, because of their Nazi affiliation, were discredited. Alexander Mitscherlich founded a prominent applied psychoanalysis journal called "Psyche". With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Mitscherlich established the first clinical psychosomatic medicine division at Heidelberg University. In 1970, psychology was integrated into the required studies of medical students.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: In some places, governments legally regulate who can provide psychological services or represent themselves as a "psychologist." The APA defines a psychologist as someone with a doctoral degree in psychology.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: Evolutionary psychology approaches thought and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective. This perspective suggests that psychological adaptations evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments. Evolutionary psychologists attempt to find out how human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, the results of natural selection or sexual selection over the course of human evolution.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?


Psychology

Context: A tenet of behavioral research is that a large part of both human and lower-animal behavior is learned. A principle associated with behavioral research is that the mechanisms involved in learning apply to humans and non-human animals. Behavioral researchers have developed a treatment known as behavior modification, which is used to help individuals replace undesirable behaviors with desirable ones.

Question: মনোবিজ্ঞান শব্দটির ইংরেজি পরিভাষা কী ?