Still life

Context: Similar still life, more simply decorative in intent, but with realistic perspective, have also been found in the Roman wall paintings and floor mosaics unearthed at Pompeii, Herculaneum and the Villa Boscoreale, including the later familiar motif of a glass bowl of fruit. Decorative mosaics termed "emblema", found in the homes of rich Romans, demonstrated the range of food enjoyed by the upper classes, and also functioned as signs of hospitality and as celebrations of the seasons and of life.

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Still life

Context: By the 16th century, food and flowers would again appear as symbols of the seasons and of the five senses. Also starting in Roman times is the tradition of the use of the skull in paintings as a symbol of mortality and earthly remains, often with the accompanying phrase "Omnia mors aequat" (Death makes all equal). These vanitas images have been re-interpreted through the last 400 years of art history, starting with Dutch painters around 1600.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: The development of oil painting technique by Jan van Eyck and other Northern European artists made it possible to paint everyday objects in this hyper-realistic fashion, owing to the slow drying, mixing, and layering qualities of oil colours. Among the first to break free of religious meaning were Leonardo da Vinci, who created watercolour studies of fruit (around 1495) as part of his restless examination of nature, and Albrecht Dürer who also made precise coloured drawings of flora and fauna.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: The horticultural explosion was of widespread interest in Europe and artist capitalized on that to produce thousands of still-life paintings. Some regions and courts had particular interests. The depiction of citrus, for example, was a particular passion of the Medici court in Florence, Italy. This great diffusion of natural specimens and the burgeoning interest in natural illustration throughout Europe, resulted in the nearly simultaneous creation of modern still-life paintings around 1600.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: At the turn of the century the Spanish painter Juan Sánchez Cotán pioneered the Spanish still life with austerely tranquil paintings of vegetables, before entering a monastery in his forties in 1603, after which he painted religious subjects.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: He who produces perfect landscapes is above another who only produces fruit, flowers or seafood. He who paints living animals is more estimable than those who only represent dead things without movement, and as man is the most perfect work of God on the earth, it is also certain that he who becomes an imitator of God in representing human figures, is much more excellent than all the others ...".

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: Around 1600 flower paintings in oils became something of a craze; Karel van Mander painted some works himself, and records that other Northern Mannerist artists such as Cornelis van Haarlem also did so. No surviving flower-pieces by them are known, but many survive by the leading specialists, Jan Brueghel the Elder and Ambrosius Bosschaert, both active in the Southern Netherlands.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: Flemish and Dutch artists also branched out and revived the ancient Greek still life tradition of "trompe-l'œil", particularly the imitation of nature or "mimesis", which they termed "bedriegertje" ("little deception"). In addition to these types of still life, Dutch artists identified and separately developed "kitchen and market" paintings, breakfast and food table still life, vanitas paintings, and allegorical collection paintings.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: A special genre of still life was the so-called pronkstilleven (Dutch for 'ostentatious still life'). This style of ornate still-life painting was developed in the 1640s in Antwerp by Flemish artists such as Frans Snyders and Adriaen van Utrecht. They painted still lifes that emphasized abundance by depicting a diversity of objects, fruits, flowers and dead game, often together with living people and animals. The style was soon adopted by artists from the Dutch Republic.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: The Netherlandish production of still lifes was enormous, and they were very widely exported, especially to northern Europe; Britain hardly produced any itself. German still life followed closely the Dutch models; Georg Flegel was a pioneer in pure still life without figures and created the compositional innovation of placing detailed objects in cabinets, cupboards, and display cases, and producing simultaneous multiple views.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: In Catholic Italy and Spain, the pure vanitas painting was rare, and there were far fewer still-life specialists. In Southern Europe there is more employment of the soft naturalism of Caravaggio and less emphasis on hyper-realism in comparison with Northern European styles. In France, painters of still lifes ("nature morte") were influenced by both the Northern and Southern schools, borrowing from the vanitas paintings of the Netherlands and the spare arrangements of Spain.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: The end of the eighteenth century and the fall of the French monarchy closed the doors on Vallayer-Coster's still-life 'era' and opened them to her new style of florals. It has been argued that this was the highlight of her career and what she is best known for. However, it has also been argued that the flower paintings were futile to her career. Nevertheless, this collection contained floral studies in oil, watercolour and gouache.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: The first four decades of the 20th century formed an exceptional period of artistic ferment and revolution. Avant-garde movements rapidly evolved and overlapped in a march towards nonfigurative, total abstraction. The still life, as well as other representational art, continued to evolve and adjust until mid-century when total abstraction, as exemplified by Jackson Pollock's drip paintings, eliminated all recognizable content.

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Still life

Context: The century began with several trends taking hold in art. In 1901, Paul Gauguin painted "Still Life with Sunflowers", his homage to his friend Van Gogh who had died eleven years earlier. The group known as Les Nabis, including Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard, took up Gauguin's harmonic theories and added elements inspired by Japanese woodcuts to their still-life paintings. French artist Odilon Redon also painted notable still life during this period, especially flowers.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: Paul Cézanne found in still life the perfect vehicle for his revolutionary explorations in geometric spatial organization. For Cézanne, still life was a primary means of taking painting away from an illustrative or mimetic function to one demonstrating independently the elements of colour, form, and line, a major step towards Abstract art. Additionally, Cézanne's experiments can be seen as leading directly to the development of Cubist still life in the early 20th century.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: When 20th-century American artists became aware of European Modernism, they began to interpret still-life subjects with a combination of American realism and Cubist-derived abstraction. Typical of the American still-life works of this period are the paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe, Stuart Davis, and Marsden Hartley, and the photographs of Edward Weston. O'Keeffe's ultra-closeup flower paintings reveal both the physical structure and the emotional subtext of petals and leaves in an unprecedented manner.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Still life

Context: In Mexico, starting in the 1930s, Frida Kahlo and other artists created their own brand of Surrealism, featuring native foods and cultural motifs in their still-life paintings.

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Still life

Context: A significant contribution to the development of still-life painting in the 20th century was made by Russian artists, among them Sergei Ocipov, Victor Teterin, Evgenia Antipova, Gevork Kotiantz, Sergei Zakharov, Taisia Afonina, Maya Kopitseva, and others.

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Still life

Context: By contrast, the rise of Photorealism in the 1970s reasserted illusionistic representation, while retaining some of Pop's message of the fusion of object, image, and commercial product. Typical in this regard are the paintings of Don Eddy and Ralph Goings.

Question: Чем пейзаж отличается от натюрморта?


Circumnavigation

Context: Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical body (e.g. a planet or moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: The first recorded circumnavigation of the Earth was the Magellan–Elcano expedition, which sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Since the rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years. Today, the challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, and less conventional methods.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: The word "circumnavigation" is a noun formed from the verb "circumnavigate", from the past participle of the Latin verb "circumnavigare", from "circum" "around" + "navigare" "to sail" (see further Navigation § Etymology).

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: Thomas Cavendish completed his circumnavigation between 1586 and 1588 in record time - in two years and 49 days; nine months faster than Drake. It was also the first deliberately planned voyage of the globe.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: For the wealthy, long voyages around the world, such as was done by Ulysses S. Grant, became possible in the 19th century, and the two World Wars moved vast numbers of troops around the planet. However, it was the rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century that made circumnavigation, when compared to the Magellan–Elcano expedition, quicker and safer.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: For around the world sailing records, there is a rule saying that the length must be at least 21,600 nautical miles calculated along the shortest possible track from the starting port and back that does not cross land and does not go below 63°S. It is allowed to have one single waypoint to lengthen the calculated track. The equator must be crossed.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: The solo wind powered circumnavigation record of 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes and 35 seconds was established by François Gabart on the maxi-multihull sailing yacht MACIF and completed on 7 December 2017. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: In 1960, the American nuclear-powered submarine USS "Triton" circumnavigated the globe in 60 days, 21 hours for Operation Sandblast.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: The current circumnavigation record in a powered boat of 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes was established by a voyage of the wave-piercing trimaran "Earthrace" which was completed on 27 June 2008. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Panama Canal, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea route in a westerly direction.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: The first aerial circumnavigation of the planet was flown in 1924 by aviators of the U.S. Army Air Service in a quartet of Douglas World Cruiser biplanes.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: Since the development of commercial aviation, there are regular routes that circle the globe, such as Pan American Flight One (and later United Airlines Flight One). Today planning such a trip through commercial flight connections is simple.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: The first lighter-than-air aircraft of any type to circumnavigate under its own power was the rigid airship LZ 127 "Graf Zeppelin", which did so in 1929.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: Aviation records take account of the wind circulation patterns of the world; in particular the jet streams, which circulate in the northern and southern hemispheres without crossing the equator. There is therefore no requirement to cross the equator, or to pass through two antipodal points, in the course of setting a round-the-world aviation record. Thus, for example, Steve Fossett's global circumnavigation by balloon was entirely contained within the southern hemisphere.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: For powered aviation, the course of a round-the-world record must start and finish at the same point and cross all meridians; the course must be at least long (which is approximately the length of the Tropic of Cancer). The course must include set control points at latitudes outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: In ballooning, which is totally at the mercy of the winds, the requirements are even more relaxed. The course must cross all meridians, and must include a set of checkpoints which are all outside of two circles, chosen by the pilot, having radii of and enclosing the poles (though not necessarily centred on them).

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: The first person to fly in space, Yuri Gagarin, also became the first person to complete an orbital spaceflight in the Vostok 1 spaceship within 2 hours in 1961.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: Flight started at 63° E and ended 45° E longitude; thus Gagarin did not circumnavigate Earth completely.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: Gherman Titov in the Vostok 2 was the first human to circumnavigate Earth in spaceflight and made 17.5 orbits.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: According to adjudicating bodies "Guinness World Records" and Explorersweb, Jason Lewis completed the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe on 6 October 2007. This was part of a thirteen-year journey entitled Expedition 360.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: In 2012, Turkish-born American adventurer Erden Eruç completed the first entirely "solo" human-powered circumnavigation, travelling by rowboat, sea kayak, foot and bicycle from 10 July 2007 to 21 July 2012, crossing the equator twice, passing over 12 antipodal points, and logging in 1,026 days of travel time, excluding breaks.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


Circumnavigation

Context: National Geographic lists Colin Angus as being the first to complete a global circumnavigation. However, his journey did not cross the equator or hit the minimum of two antipodal points as stipulated by the rules of "Guinness World Records" and AdventureStats by Explorersweb.

Question: За сколько дней можно объехать землю?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Commander James Bond is a character created by the British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is the protagonist of the "James Bond" series of novels, films, comics and video games. Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections. His final two books—"The Man with the Golden Gun" (1965) and "Octopussy and The Living Daylights" (1966)—were published posthumously.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: As a spin-off from the original literary work, "Casino Royale", a television adaptation was made, "Casino Royale", in which Bond was depicted as an American agent. A comic strip series also ran in the "Daily Express" newspaper. There have been twenty-seven Bond films; seven actors have played Bond in these films.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: The central figure in Ian Fleming's work is the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the "Secret Service". Bond is also known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Fleming based his creation on a number of individuals which he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war". Among those types were his brother, Peter, whom Fleming worshipped and who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: In 2016, a BBC Radio 4 documentary explored the possibility that the character of Bond was created by 20th Century author and mentor to Fleming, Phyllis Bottome in her 1946 novel, "The Lifeline". Distinct similarities between the protagonist in "The Lifeline", Mark Chalmers, and Bond have been highlighted by spy writer Nigel West.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: In 2018, it was reported that the name could have emerged from a former member of the Special Operations Executive, James Charles Bond, who had, according to released military records, served under Fleming.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Bond's code number—007—was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligence's key achievements of First World War: the breaking of the German diplomatic code. One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075, and which was one of the factors that led to the US entering the war.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Only once in the series does Fleming have a partner for Bond in his flat, with the arrival of Tiffany Case, following Bond's mission to the US in "Diamonds Are Forever". By the start of the following book, "From Russia, With Love", Case has left to marry an American. Bond is married only once, in "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", to Teresa "Tracy" di Vicenzo, but their marriage ends tragically when she is killed on their wedding day by Bond's nemesis Ernst Stavro Blofeld.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: In the penultimate novel of the series, "You Only Live Twice", Bond suffers from amnesia and has a relationship with an Ama diving girl, Kissy Suzuki. As a result of the relationship, Kissy becomes pregnant, although she does not reveal this to Bond before he leaves the island.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett noted that, "within the first few pages [of "Casino Royale"] Ian had introduced most of Bond's idiosyncrasies and trademarks", which included his looks, his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits. The full details of Bond's martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it "The Vesper", after his love interest Vesper Lynd.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Regarding non-alcoholic drinks, Bond eschews tea, calling it "mud" and blaming it for the downfall of the British Empire. He instead prefers to drink strong coffee.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Bond subsequently purchases a Bentley Mark VI drophead coupé, using the money he won from Hugo Drax at Blades. This car is also painted battleship grey and has dark blue upholstery. Fleming refers to this car as a 1953 model, even though the last year for the mark was 1952. It is possible the 1953 year refers to the coachwork, which in this case would probably make it a Graber-bodied car.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: According to academic Jeremy Black, Bond is written as a complex character, even though he was also often the voice of Fleming's prejudices. Throughout Fleming's books, Bond expresses racist, sexist and homophobic attitudes. The output of these prejudices, combined with the tales of Bond's actions, led journalist Yuri Zhukov to write an article in 1965 for the Soviet daily newspaper "Pravda", describing Bond's values:

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Gardner stated that he wanted "to bring Mr Bond into the 1980s", although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them. Even though Gardner kept the ages the same, he made Bond grey at the temples as a nod to the passing of the years. Other 1980s effects also took place, with Bond smoking low-tar cigarettes and becoming increasingly health conscious.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: After Gardner and Benson had followed Amis, there was a gap of six years until Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the one hundredth anniversary of Ian Fleming's birth. The book—entitled "Devil May Care"—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Faulks ignored the timeframe established by Gardner and Benson and instead reverted to that used by Fleming and Amis, basing his novel in the 1960s; he also managed to use a number of the cultural touchstones of the sixties in the book. Faulks was true to Bond's original character and background too, and provided "a Flemingesque hero" who drove a battleship grey 1967 T-series Bentley.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: On 26 May 2011 American writer Jeffery Deaver, commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications, released "Carte Blanche". Deaver restarted the chronology of Bond, separate from the timelines of any of the previous authors, by stating he was born in 1980; the novel also saw Bond in a post-9/11 agency, independent of either MI5 or MI6.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Whilst the chronology changed, Deaver included a number of elements from the Fleming novels, including Bond's tastes for food and wine, his gadgets and "the rather preposterous names of some of the female characters".

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: In 2013 the William Boyd-written continuation novel "Solo" was released; it ignored Deaver's new timeframe and was set in 1969.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: In September 2015 the author Anthony Horowitz released "Trigger Mortis"; a novel containing material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. It is set in 1957, two weeks after the events of Fleming's novel "Goldfinger".

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: In May 2018 Horowitz released "Forever and a Day"; again containing unreleased material from Fleming. It is set in 1950, before the events of "Casino Royale", and thoroughly details the events leading up to Bond's promotion to 00-status, and becoming the character he is by the original Fleming novel.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Horowitz has also announced his third Bond novel, entitled "With a Mind to Kill", to be released in 2022.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: In 2005, the author and comedian Charlie Higson released "SilverFin", the first of five novels and one short story in the life of a young James Bond; his final work was the short story "A Hard Man to Kill", released as part of the non-fiction work "", the companion book to the Young Bond series. Young Bond is set in the 1930s, which would fit the chronology with that of Fleming.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Higson stated that he was instructed by the Fleming estate to ignore all other interpretations of Bond, except the original Fleming version. As the background to Bond's childhood, Higson used Bond's obituary in "You Only Live Twice" as well as his own and Fleming's childhoods. In forming the early Bond character, Higson created the origins of some of Bond's character traits, including his love of cars and fine wine.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: Adaptations of Bond started early in Fleming's writings, with CBS paying him $1,000 ($ in dollars) to adapt his first novel, "Casino Royale", into a one-hour television adventure; this was broadcast on 21 October 1954. The Bond character, played by Barry Nelson, was changed to "Card Sense" Jimmy Bond, an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence".

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


James Bond (literary character)

Context: In 1957 the "Daily Express" newspaper adapted Fleming's stories into comic strip format. In order to help the artists, Fleming commissioned a sketch to show how he saw Bond; illustrator John McLusky considered Fleming's version too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.

Question: В честь кого Ян Флеминг дал имя Джеймсу Бонду?


Alan Friedman

Context: From 1979 to 1993 he worked for the "Financial Times" of London, as a columnist on bonds, a banking correspondent and a foreign correspondent in Italy and the United States. His professional relationship with the "International Herald Tribune" and RAI made way, in 1999, to a joint venture for the co-production of the weekly programmes "World Business/Pianeta Economia" (Planet Economy), produced by FBC.

Question: Кто автор биографии Берлускони?


Alan Friedman

Context: He was recognized as the journalist who led the report on the Iraqgate scandal in 1991 that connected the CIA with the supply of non-U.S. origin weapons to Saddam Hussein.

Question: Кто автор биографии Берлускони?


Alan Friedman

Context: In February 2014, his new book "Ammazziamo il Gattopardo" (Let's Murder the Leopard) was serialised with an excerpt in The Financial Times of London.

Question: Кто автор биографии Берлускони?


Alan Friedman

Context: He received the "America Award" of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2014 and, on September 6, 2014, he was awarded the Premio Cesare Pavese, an Italian literary award, for his book Ammazziamo il Gattopardo.

Question: Кто автор биографии Берлускони?


Alan Friedman

Context: He is currently a columnist for the Italian newspaper La Stampa and frequently makes appearances as an economic and political commentator in the broadcast media.

Question: Кто автор биографии Берлускони?


Buru

Context: Buru (formerly spelled Boeroe, Boro, or Bouru) is the third largest island within the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. It lies between the Banda Sea to the south and Seram Sea to the north, west of Ambon and Seram islands. The island belongs to Maluku province and includes the Buru and South Buru regencies. Their administrative centers, Namlea and Namrole, respectively, have ports and the largest towns of the island. There is a military airport at Namlea which supports civilian cargo transportation.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Buru island lies between two seas of the Pacific Ocean – Seram Sea () on the north and Banda Sea () to the south and west. To the east, it is separated by the Manipa Strait () from Seram Island (). With an area of , Buru is the third largest among the Maluku Islands () after Halmahera and Seram.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Buru is shaped like an oval, elongated from west to east. The maximum length is about from east to west and from north to south. The coastline is smooth, with the only indentation being Kayeli Bay located on the eastern coast. The bay also has a smooth, oval shape. It extends into the island to 8–12 km and has a maximum width of 17 km; the width decreases to 9 km at the mouth; the coastal length of the bay is about 50 km. At the northern part of the mouth stands Namlea, the largest town of the island.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: The highest point on the island () is the peak of Mount Kapalatmada (also called Kepala Madan, Kepalat Mada or Ghegan). Off the coast of Buru there are several smaller islands; those permanently inhabited are Ambelau (the largest, about 10 km in diameter, located about 20 km south-east of Buru) and Tengah (). The largest uninhabited islands are Fogi (), Oki () and Tomahu ().

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: The island is mostly mountainous, especially in the central and western parts. Of the 9,505 km2 of the island area, 1,789 km2 lie 900 m above mean sea level, 872 km2 above 1,200 m and 382 km2 above 1,500 m. Flat areas are located in narrow strips near the coast and along the banks of river Apo. There they form a valley of the same name. Much of the island is covered with tropical rain forest.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Primary forests constitute 60% of the island, and are mostly found in the areas of Air Buaya and Waeapo. There is only 0.51% of secondary forests, in the district Batabual, and 0.9% of mangroves, at Waeapo, Air Buaya, Batabual and Namlea. A significant part of the island (23.10%) is taken by shrubs, and only 5.83% is open land, which is spread over most districts of Buru.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: The island belongs to the Indonesian province of Maluku (). Until 1999, it was part of the Central Maluku Regency () and then became a separate regency of the same name. In 2008, it was split into Buru Regency () and South Buru Regency ().

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Buru Regency has an area of 7,595.58 km2 and the administrative center at Namlea. It is divided into 10 districts: Namlea (center in Namlea), Waeapo (center – Waenetat), Waplau (center – Waplau), Batubual (center – Ilath), Teluk Kaiely (centre - Kaiely), Waelata (centre - Basakak), Lolong Guba (centre - Kubalahin), Lilialy (centre - Sawa), Air Buaya (center – Air Buaya) and Fena Leisela (center – Wamlana). The governor (Regent or , as of October 2009) is Husni Hentihu and Vice Regent is Ramli Umasugi.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Religious composition of the population is heterogeneous: the number of islanders practising Sunni Islam (90%) and Christianity (10%) and the rest – mainly residents of remote mountain areas – still follow traditional local cults or do not have a clear religious affiliation. . The economical crisis of the 1990s resulted in frequent conflicts among Buru people over religious grounds. So within a few days in December 1999, 43 people were killed and at least 150 houses burned in the Wainibe village.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: One of the first mentions of Buru occurred in the Nagarakretagama – an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, the ruler of the Majapahit Kingdom, dating back to 1365. The island appears in the third line of 15th song in the list of lands subordinate to Majapahit under the name Hutan Kadali.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: In the 16th–17th centuries Buru was claimed by the rulers of Ternate island and by the Portuguese; both claims were, however, symbolic, as neither party controlled the island, but only visited it on trade matters. More active were Makassar people from Sulawesi island, who had built fortifications on Buru and forced the natives to grow valuable spices, such as clove.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: The presence among the ancestors of the tribal aristocracy and interaction with the Dutch colonial administration resulted in a special position for the Kayeli over the next centuries, who claimed the role of indigenous elite of the island. In particularly, they requested donations from each clan of Buru, which could be rice, millet, coconuts, sago, sweet potatoes and tobacco, as well as supplying men to work exclusively for the Kayeli rajas.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: The demise of Kayeli dominance began in the 1880s, when the leaders of Leliali, Wae Sama and Fogi clans moved significant parts of their ethnic groups to their original settlements; they were joined in the early 1900s by Tagalisa. By then, many other of the original 13 Kayeli villages were either abandoned or had lost their rajas. By about 1910, the leading role of the Kayeli clan had almost disappeared.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: From the spring of 1942 to the summer of 1945, the entire Dutch East Indies, including Buru, were occupied by the Japanese army. During this period, the island was raided by the bombers of the Allies aiming to incapacitate the Japanese military infrastructure, in particular the airport at Namlea, the major town of Buru.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: One of the prisoners was a prominent Indonesian writer, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, who spent 14 years (1965–1979) in prison, mostly on Buru, and wrote there many of his novels. Those included a large part of "Buru Quartet", in particular its first part "This Earth of Mankind". Until 1975, Toer was deprived of writing tools. He committed his novels to memory and was reciting them to his cellmates, partly relying on their memory.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: During the late 1970s, a number of transmigrants from Java arrived at Buru. These transmigrants, along with the political prisoners, established thousands of hectares of rice fields on the island and built irrigation systems in the Waeapo River alluvial plain, significantly increasing local rice production and making it the largest rice producer in the Maluku Islands.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Economic development of the island was depressed in the late 1990s as a result of the national and regional crisis. The growth resumed in the early 2000s, however, unemployment remains high (9.92% of the population in 2008), and more than 37% of islanders are living below the national poverty line ().

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Animal farming is of secondary importance, but its role is gradually increasing. The major animals are cows (41,349 animals ), buffalo (3,699), chickens (more than 1,346,000), ducks (195,000), sheep (26,950), domestic pigs (1,276) and horses (497). In 2008, there were 410 fishing enterprises with the annual catch of 3,891 tonnes of fish and seafood. The major commercial species are tuna (900 tonnes), sardines (420 tonnes) and mackerel (385 tonnes).

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: The industry employs only about 2,700 islanders and contributes about 7% to the GDP. Among the 537 enterprises registered in 2008, 482 were engaged in processing of agricultural products and 44 in engineering, chemicals and repair. In January 2010, the Ministry of Industry of Indonesia has approved a plan to build major cement plants on the island. The expansion of tourism is hindered by the lack of infrastructure on the island.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Apart from agriculture and engineering, other significant economic areas are trade, hotel industry and catering (19.19% of GDP in 2008), custom services (12.74%), transport and communication (3.10%), construction (3.13%), financial sector (2.64%) and energy and water (0.49%).

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Buru is linked with other parts of Indonesia via sea routes and has two main ports in Namlea and Namrole. With 866 registered cargo and passenger vessels, the average transport rate in 2008 was 400 tonnes per day. Speedboats "Bahari Express" run daily between Namlea and the capital of Maluku Province, Ambon (distance 160 km, travel time three hours).

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: By agreement between the administration of Buru district and local military authorities, the military airfield at Namlea (runway 750 meters) is used for air transportation. Aircraft CASA C-212 Aviocar make 96 passenger flights a year between Namlea and several towns of Maluku. In 2007, construction began of a civil airport near the villages of Suva and Namrole, about 30 km south-west of Namlea.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: In absence of railways, most local transportation occurs via the roads. In 2008, their total length was 1,310 km, of which 278 km was covered with asphalt, 282 km with gravel and the rest were laid in soil. The construction project of a modern, highway across the island, connecting its two major towns of Namlea and Namrole and several other towns is delayed due to underfunding. There is a regular long-distance bus service supported by a park of 18 units.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: , the medical system of the island was in a poor state due to underfunding and lack of qualified medical personnel. There were 2 hospitals and 16 clinics, 5 of which were first-aid clinics and 11 were serving non-emergency patients who could arrive there on their own. The medical staff consisted of 22 doctors (two with the medical degree), 65 obstetricians and 303 nurses. The authorities plan to increase the number of medical facilities and staff by 2–4 times by 2012.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Buru

Context: Most of the published studies on the history, culture and languages of the island were conducted in the 1980s out by spouses Charles E. Grimes and Barbara Dix Grimes – Australian missionaries and ethnographers and active members of SIL International (they should not be confused with Joseph E. Grimes and Barbara F. Grimes, Charles' parents, also known Australian ethnographers). They have also completed translation of the Bible to Buru language, which was started by the early Dutch missionaries.

Question: Чем знаменит остров Буру?


Temple Mount

Context: The concept of the "Har haBayīt" – commonly translated as "Temple Mount" in English – gained prominence in the first century CE, after the destruction of the Second Temple. Although the term "Har haBayīt" was first used in the books of Micah (4:1) and Jeremiah (26:18) – literally as "Mount of the House" – it was not used again in the later books of the Hebrew Bible or in the New Testament. The term "Har haBayīt" is used throughout the Mishnah and later Talmudic texts.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: In 2014, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) issued a press release urging journalists not to use the term "Temple Mount" when referring to the site. In 2017, it was reported that Waqf officials harassed archeologists such as Gabriel Barkay and tour guides who used the term at the site. According to Jan Turek and John Carman, in modern usage, the term Temple Mount can potentially imply support for Israeli control of the site.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: During the period of Ottoman rule ( early 16th century to 1917), the wider compound began to also be referred to as the Haram al-Sharif, or "al-Ḥaram ash-Sharīf" (), which translates as the "Noble Sanctuary". It mirrors the terminology of the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Recent scholarship has begun to use a "strictly neutral term": Sacred Esplanade or Holy Esplanade. A notable example of this usage is the 2009 work "", written as a joint undertaking by 21 Jewish, Muslim and Christian scholars. In recent years, the term is also used by the UN and its subsidiary organs.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The Temple Mount has historical and religious significance for all three of the major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. It has particular religious significance for Judaism and Islam.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: In 1217, Spanish Rabbi Judah al-Harizi found the sight of the Muslim structures on the mount profoundly disturbing. "What torment to see our holy courts converted into an alien temple!" he wrote.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: In Christian art, the circumcision of Jesus was conventionally depicted as taking place at the Temple, even though European artists until recently had no way of knowing what the Temple looked like and the Gospels do not state that the event took place at the Temple.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Though some Christians believe that the Temple will be reconstructed before, or concurrent with, the Second Coming of Jesus (also see dispensationalism), pilgrimage to the Temple Mount is not viewed as important in the beliefs and worship of most Christians. The New Testament recounts a story of a Samaritan woman asking Jesus about the appropriate place to worship, Jerusalem (as it was for the Jews) or Mount Gerizim (as it was for the Samaritans), to which Jesus replies:

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: This has been construed to mean that Jesus dispensed with physical location for worship, which was a matter rather of spirit and truth.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Muslims view the site as being one of the earliest and most noteworthy places of worship of God. For a few years, in the early stages of Islam, Muhammad instructed his followers to face the Mount while praying.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The site is important to Muslims as being the site of the "Farthest Mosque" (mentioned in the Quran as the location of Muhammad's miraculous Night Journey) to heaven:

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The "hadith", a collection of the sayings of Muhammad, confirm the location of al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem:

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Muslim interpretations of the Quran agree that the Mount is the site of the Temple originally built by Solomon, considered a prophet in Islam, that was later destroyed.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: After the construction, Muslims believe, the temple was used for the worship of the one God by many prophets of Islam, including Jesus. Other Muslim scholars have used the Torah (called in Arabic) to expand on the details of the temple.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The historical significance of al-Aqsa Mosque in Islam is further emphasized by the fact that Muslims turned towards al-Aqsa when they prayed for a period of 16 or 17 months after migration to Medina in 624; it thus became the "qibla" ("direction") that Muslims faced for prayer. Muhammad later prayed towards the Kaaba in Mecca after receiving a revelation during a prayer session in the Masjid al-Qiblatayn. The "qibla" was relocated to the Kaaba where Muslims have been directed to pray ever since.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The hill is believed to have been inhabited since the 4th millennium BCE. Assuming colocation with the biblical Mount Zion, its southern section would have been walled at the beginning of the second millennium BCE, in around 1850 BCE, by Canaanites who established a settlement there (or in the vicinity) named Jebus. Jewish tradition identifies it with Mount Moriah where the binding of Isaac took place.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The city of Aelia Capitolina was built in 130 CE by the Roman emperor Hadrian, and occupied by a Roman colony on the site of Jerusalem, which was still in ruins from the First Jewish Revolt in 70 CE. "Aelia" came from Hadrian's "nomen gentile", "Aelius", while "Capitolina" meant that the new city was dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus, to whom a temple was built overlapping the site of the former second Jewish temple, the Temple Mount.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: From the first through the seventh centuries Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, gradually became the predominant religion of Palestine and under the Byzantines Jerusalem itself was almost completely Christian, with most of the population being Jacobite Christians of the Syrian rite.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Emperor Constantine I promoted the Christianization of Roman society, giving it precedence over pagan cults. One consequence was that Hadrian's Temple to Jupiter on the Temple Mount was demolished immediately following the First Council of Nicea in 325 CE on orders of Constantine.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The Bordeaux Pilgrim, who visited Jerusalem in 333–334, during the reign of Emperor Constantine I, wrote that "There are two statues of Hadrian, and, not far from them, a pierced stone to which the Jews come every year and anoint. They mourn and rend their garments, and then depart." The occasion is assumed to have been Tisha b'Av, since decades later Jerome related that that was the only day on which Jews were permitted to enter Jerusalem.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: During his excavations in the 1930s, Robert Hamilton uncovered portions of a multicolor mosaic floor with geometric patterns inside al-Aqsa mosque, but didn't publish them. The date of the mosaic is disputed: Zachi Dvira considers that they are from the pre-Islamic Byzantine period, while Baruch, Reich and Sandhaus favor a much later Umayyad origin on account of their similarity to a known Umayyad mosaic.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: For Muslims, the importance of the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque makes Jerusalem the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. The mosque and shrine are currently administered by a Waqf (an Islamic trust). The various inscriptions on the Dome walls and the artistic decorations imply a symbolic eschatological significance of the structure.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: In 1187, once he retook Jerusalem, Saladin removed all traces of Christian worship from the Temple Mount, returning the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque to their original purposes. It remained in Muslim hands thereafter, even during the relatively short periods of Crusader rule following the Sixth Crusade.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: There are several Mamluk buildings on and around the Haram esplanade, such as the late 15th-century al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa and Sabil (fountain) of Qaitbay. The Mamluks also raised the level of Jerusalem's Central or Tyropoean Valley bordering the Temple Mount from the west by constructing huge substructures, on which they then built on a large scale. The Mamluk-period substructures and over-ground buildings are thus covering much of the Herodian western wall of the Temple Mount.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Following the Ottoman conquest of Palestine in 1516, the Ottoman authorities continued the policy of prohibiting non-Muslims from setting foot on the Temple Mount until the early 19th century, when non-Muslims were again permitted to visit the site.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: In 1867, a team from the Royal Engineers, led by Lieutenant Charles Warren and financed by the Palestine Exploration Fund (P.E.F.), discovered a series of tunnels near the Temple Mount. Warren secretly excavated some tunnels near the Temple Mount walls and was the first one to document their lower courses. Warren also conducted some small scale excavations inside the Temple Mount, by removing rubble that blocked passages leading from the Double Gate chamber.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Between 1922 and 1924, the Dome of the Rock was restored by the Islamic Higher Council. The Zionist movement at the time was strongly opposed to any notion that the Temple itself might be rebuilt. Indeed, its armed wing, the Haganah militia, assassinated a Jewish man when his plan to blow up the Islamic sites on the Haram came to their attention in 1931.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Jordan undertook two renovations of the Dome of the Rock, replacing the leaking, wooden inner dome with an aluminum dome in 1952, and, when the new dome leaked, carrying out a second restoration between 1959 and 1964.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Neither Israeli Arabs nor Israeli Jews could visit their holy places in the Jordanian territories during this period.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: On 7 June 1967, during the Six-Day War, Israeli forces advanced beyond the 1949 Armistice Agreement Line into West Bank territories, taking control of the Old City of Jerusalem, inclusive of the Temple Mount.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Between 1992 and 1994, the Jordanian government undertook the unprecedented step of gilding the dome of the Dome of the Rock, covering it with 5000 gold plates, and restoring and reinforcing the structure. The Salah Eddin minbar was also restored. The project was paid for by King Hussein personally, at a cost of $8 million. The Temple Mount remains, under the terms of the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty, under Jordanian custodianship.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: On September 28, 2000, Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount. He toured the site, together with a Likud party delegation and a large number of Israeli riot police. The visit was seen as a provocative gesture by many Palestinians, who gathered around the site. Demonstrations quickly turned violent, with rubber bullets and tear gas being used. This event is often cited as one of the catalysts of the Second Palestinian Intifada.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Although the 1949 Armistice Agreement called for "resumption of the normal functioning of the cultural and humanitarian institutions on Mount Scopus and free access thereto; free access to the Holy Places and cultural institutions and use of the cemetery on the Mount of Olives.", in practice, wire and concrete barriers were the reality. Cultural and religious sites in both sides of the city were destroyed and neglected and the Jewish community barred from its sacred places.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Until 2000, non-Muslim visitors could enter the Dome of the Rock, al-Aqsa Mosque and the Islamic Museum by getting a ticket from the . This procedure ended when the Second Intifada erupted. Fifteen years later, negotiation between Israel and Jordan might result in reopening of those sites once again.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: During Temple times, entry to the Mount was limited by a complex set of purity laws. Persons suffering from corpse uncleanness were not allowed to enter the inner court. Non-Jews were also prohibited from entering the inner court of the Temple. A hewn stone measuring and engraved with Greek uncials was discovered in 1871 near a court on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem in which it outlined this prohibition:

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Translation: "Let no foreigner enter within the parapet and the partition which surrounds the Temple precincts. Anyone caught [violating] will be held accountable for his ensuing death." Today, the stone is preserved in Istanbul's Museum of Antiquities.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Rabbinical consensus in the post-1967 period, held that it is forbidden for Jews to enter any part of the Temple Mount, and in January 2005 a declaration was signed confirming the 1967 decision.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: In December 2013, the two Chief Rabbis of Israel, David Lau and Yitzhak Yosef, reiterated the ban on Jews entering the Temple Mount. They wrote, "In light of [those] neglecting [this ruling], we once again warn that nothing has changed and this strict prohibition remains in effect for the entire area [of the Temple Mount]". In November 2014, the Sephardic chief rabbi Yitzhak Yosef, reiterated the point of view held by many rabbinic authorities that Jews should not visit the Mount.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: On the occasion of an upsurge in Palestinian knifing attacks on Israelis, associated with fears that Israel was changing the status quo on the Mount, the Haredi newspaper Mishpacha ran a notification in Arabic asking 'their cousins', Palestinians, to stop trying to murder members of their congregation, since they were vehemently opposed to ascending the Mount and consider such visits proscribed by Jewish law.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The large courtyard ("sahn") can host more than 400,000 worshippers, making it one of the largest mosques in the world.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The upper platform was built around the peak of the Temple Mount, carrying the Dome of the Rock; the peak just breaches the floor level of the upper platform within the Dome of the Rock, in the shape of a large limestone outcrop, which is part of the bedrock. Beneath the surface of this rock there is a cave known as the Well of Souls, originally accessible only by a narrow hole in the rock itself; the Crusaders hacked open an entrance to the cave from the south, by which it can now be entered.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: There is also a smaller domed building on the upper platform, slightly to the east of the Dome of the Rock, known as the Dome of the Chain — traditionally the location where a chain once rose to heaven.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Several stairways rise to the upper platform from the lower; that at the northwest corner is believed by some archaeologists be part of a much wider monumental staircase, mostly hidden or destroyed, and dating from the Second Temple era.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The lower platform – which constitutes most of the surface of the Temple Mount – has at its southern end al-Aqsa Mosque, which takes up most of the width of the Mount. Gardens take up the eastern and most of the northern side of the platform; the far north of the platform houses an Islamic school.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The lower platform also houses an ablution fountain (known as "al-Kas"), originally supplied with water via a long narrow aqueduct leading from the so-called "Solomon's Pools" near Bethlehem, but now supplied from Jerusalem's water mains.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: There are several cisterns beneath the lower platform, designed to collect rain water as a water supply. These have various forms and structures, seemingly built in different periods, ranging from vaulted chambers built in the gap between the bedrock and the platform, to chambers cut into the bedrock itself. Of these, the most notable are (numbering traditionally follows Wilson's scheme):

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: In the process of investigating Cistern 10, Warren discovered tunnels that lay "under" the Triple Gate passageway. These passages lead in erratic directions, some leading beyond the southern edge of the Temple Mount (they are at a depth below the base of the walls); their purpose is currently unknown – as is whether they predate the Temple Mount – a situation not helped by the fact that apart from Warren's expedition no one else is known to have visited them.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Altogether, there are six major sealed gates and a postern, listed here counterclockwise, dating from either the Roman/Herodian, Byzantine, or Early Muslim periods:

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: East of and joined to the triple gate passageway is a large vaulted area, supporting the southeastern corner of the Temple Mount platform – which is substantially above the bedrock at this point – the vaulted chambers here are popularly referred to as Solomon's Stables. They were used as stables by the Crusaders, but were built by Herod the Great – along with the platform they were built to support.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The existing four minarets include three near the Western Wall and one near the northern wall. The first minaret was constructed on the southwest corner of the Temple Mount in 1278. The second was built in 1297 by order of a Mameluk king, the third by a governor of Jerusalem in 1329, and the last in 1367.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: The complex is bordered on the south and east by the outer walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. On the north and west it is bordered by two long porticos ("riwaq"), built during the Mamluk period.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: In July 2007 the Muslim religious trust which administers the Mount began digging a , trench from the northern side of the Temple Mount compound to the Dome of the Rock in order to replace 40-year-old electric cables in the area. Israeli archaeologists accused the waqf of a deliberate act of cultural vandalism.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Knesset Member Danny Danon visited the Temple Mount in accordance with rabbinical views of Jewish Law on the ninth of the Hebrew Month of Av, which commemorates the destruction of both the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem. The Knesset Member condemned the conditions imposed by Muslims upon religious Jews at the site and vowed to work to improve conditions.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Temple Mount shooting: Three men from the Israeli-Arab city of Umm al-Fahm opened fire on two Israeli Druze policemen at the Lions' Gate. Gun attacks have been unusual at the Temple Mount in recent decades.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Temple Mount

Context: Following the July 14 attack, the site was shut down, and reopened on July 16 with metal detector-equipped checkpoints, spurring calls for protests by Muslim leaders associated with the site.

Question: Что находится на Храмовой горе в Иерусалиме на 2019 год?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk married a mathematics teacher, Antonina Mykhailivna Mishura, in 1957. First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993, Barbara Bush (wife of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush), described Antonina in her memoirs: "She was the nicest young woman, a math teacher with absolutely no interest in politics".

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk went to a vocational school before studying Marxist political economy at Kyiv University. He graduated at 24 and became a political economy teacher in Chernivtsi, in southwest Ukraine, before entering politics. Kravchuk joined the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1958 and rose through the ranks of the party and of its "agitprop" department.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: He became a member of the Ukrainian Communist Party Bureau in 1989, and on 23 July 1990, became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, becoming the republic's nominal head of state. On 24 October 1990, the monopoly of the Communist Party of Ukraine on power was abolished, and thus, Kravchuk became not only the nominal, but also the actual head of the republic.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Following the Act of Declaration of Independence Kravchuk was vested with presidential powers, thus becoming both "de facto" and "de jure" head of state. Later that year, on 5 December 1991, voters formally elected him president in Ukraine's first presidential election. On the same day, the voters voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Soviet Union—a move which Kravchuk now fully supported. This made Kravchuk the first head of state of independent Ukraine.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: On 25 February 1992, as President of Ukraine, Kravchuk, issued Presidential decree 98/92 "About the changes in the system of central bodies of executive power of Ukraine".

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk achieved and strengthened the formal sovereignty of the country. He took a pro-European stance, developing relations with the West and signing a cooperation accord with the European Union. The Kravchuk administration walked a tight rope between escalation of Ukrainian–Russian tensions and a policy of cooperation with Moscow.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk refused to retain the common armed forces and currency inside the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 2 July 1993, the Ukrainian parliament approved the statement; 'Ukraine advocates the creation of an all-embracing international system of universal and all-European security and considers participation [therein] a basic component of its national security'.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Ukraine and Russia argued over many issues, including how the Soviet Navy's Black Sea Fleet should be divided. In May 1992, Russia's Supreme Soviet voted to declare the Soviet government's 1954 grant of Crimea to Ukraine an illegal act. Ukraine opposed this decision. The status of the Russian Black Sea Fleet's presence in Sevastopol and the Crimea was not resolved by a 20-year lease agreement until 1997, three years after Kravchuk left office.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Under Kravchuk's leadership, Ukraine's economy slumped as corruption linked to privatization of Soviet-era industry thrived. Ukraine's economic woes caused a decline in Kravchuk's political popularity, sparking governmental infighting. Political tension reached a point in the fall of 1993 that the then-prime minister, Leonid Kuchma, resigned. By 1994, in less than three years of Kravchuk's presidency, the country's GDP had shrunk by 40 percent.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk ran for a second term as president in 1994 but was defeated by his former Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma, with his loss being attributed to the rampant graft and the stagnant economy.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Soon after his defeat in 1994, Kravchuk joined the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) (SDPU(o)). He served as a member of the Verkhovna Rada from 1994 until 2006.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: In February 2003, Oleksandr Moroz, the leader of Ukraine's Socialist Party, accused Kravchuk and other 300 public high-ranked officials of being members of the Freemasons.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: During the 2004 presidential elections Kravchuk actively supported the candidacy of Viktor Yanukovych, and was a member of the Yanukovych team that negotiated with the opposition in the aftermath of that disputed election. In November 2004 he told the media that he was afraid that the resulting crisis would cause the disintegration of the country, intensifying movements for certain regions of Ukraine to join other countries.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: In July 2020, Kravchuk was chosen to represent Ukraine at the Trilateral Contact Group (formed to facilitate a diplomatic resolution to the war in the Donbass region), being appointed to replace Leonid Kuchma. He maintained this position until February 2022.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk was married to Antonina Mykhailivna Kravchuk. The couple married in 1957. She rarely attended official events with her husband.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk and his wife had one child, Oleksandr Leonidovych Kravchuk (born 1959), president of the State Company "Nafkom-Ahro" and the former FC Nafkom Brovary. Kravchuk had two grandchildren and one great-granddaughter. After Kravchuk stopped working for the Ukrainian state, he lived in a state-owned dacha in Koncha-Zaspa.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk had heart surgery in June 2021. He was reportedly in ill health by this time. On 29 June 2021, the first president of Ukraine missed the solemn meeting of the Verkhovna Rada on the occasion of Constitution Day due to heart surgery. After surgery, the head of the Trilateral Contact Group was placed in intensive care and connected to a ventilator. In July, the media reported that Leonid Kravchuk had been in intensive care for a month.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: On 10 May 2022, a family member told the Ukrainian News Agency that Kravchuk had died at the age of 88 in Germany, after a long illness. His death was also confirmed by unnamed officials in Kyiv, as well as Andriy Yermak, head of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's office. He died a week after Stanislav Shushkevich, another signatory to the Belovezh Accords, died in Minsk. On 11 May, President Volodymyr Zelensky issued a decree establishing the Kravchuk Prize in his memory.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: His funeral ceremony took place on 17 May at the Ukrainian House in Kyiv, and was attended by President Zelensky and First Lady Olena Zelenska as well as three former presidents of Ukraine: Leonid Kuchma, Viktor Yushchenko, and Petro Poroshenko. In addition, guests included his wife Antonina, Mayor Vitali Klitschko of Kyiv, Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov, and former politicians Oleksandr Kuzmuk, Oleksandr Moroz, and Mustafa Dzhemilev. He was buried at Baikove Cemetery.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Leonid Kravchuk

Context: Kravchuk's presidency is considered to be one of the best in Ukrainian history by social poll rankings. He is often associated as a key figure in achieving Ukraine's independence and in giving up Ukraine's nuclear arsenal.

Question: Какой партии принадлежал первый президент независимой Украины?


Religion in Russia

Context: Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion of the country, and, besides it, Old Believers and Lutheranism also have had a considerable role in the multiethnic history of Russia. Evangelicalism and Catholicism (among Russians) are relatively recent additions to Christianity in Russia.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: In 2012, 58,800,000 people or 41% of the total population of Russia declared to believe in the Russian Orthodox Church. It was the religion of 21% to 40% of the population in most of the federal subjects of the country, with peaks of 41% to over 60% in Western Russia, including 41% to 60% in Yamalia and Perm Krai and over 60% in Kursk Oblast (69%), Voronezh Oblast (62%), Lipetsk Oblast (71%), Tambov Oblast (78%), Penza Oblast (63%), Ulyanovsk Oblast (61%), Mordovia (69%) and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (69%).

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: Catholicism was the religion of 140,000 Russian citizens, about 0.1% of the total population, in 2012. They are concentrated in Western Russia with numbers ranging between 0.1% and 0.7% in most of the federal subjects of that region. The number of "ethnic Catholics" in Russia, that is to say Poles and Germans, and smaller minorities, is continually declining due to deaths, emigration, and secularisation. At the same time there has been a discrete rise of ethnic Russian converts to the Catholic Church.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: People who considered themselves Christians without affiliation to any church or denomination formed 4.1% (5,900,000) of the population, with numbers ranging between 1% to 8% in most of Russia's federal subjects, and over 8% only in Nenetia (14%), North Ossetia–Alania (10%), Tver Oblast (9%) and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (9%). Jehovah's Witnesses were estimated to have 255,000 believers in Russia in the mid-2000s.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: Islam is the second largest religion in Russia after Orthodox Christianity. It is the historically dominant religion among some Caucasian ethnic groups (notably the Chechens, the Ingush and the Adyghe), and some Turkic peoples (notably the Tatars and the Bashkirs).

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: The federal subjects of Russia with an Islamic absolute majority—more than 50%—were Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan (82.6%), Kabardino-Balkaria (55.4%) and Tatarstan (55%). Significant percentages (over 5%) were found in Karachay-Cherkessia (48.0%), Bashkortostan (38.6%), Yamalia (17.4%), Astrakhan Oblast (14.6%), Adygea (12.6%), Orenburg Oblast (13.9%) and Yugra (10.9%).

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: There are Rodnover groups that mix Finnic and Slavic elements, while other Rodnover organisations also cater to people who follow Scandinavian (Heathen) and Greek (Hellenic) traditions.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: Tengrism and Turco-Mongol shamanic religions are found primarily in Siberia and the Russian Far East. In 2012, 13% of the inhabitants of the Altai Republic believed in indigenous religions—which include Burkhanism or "White Faith"—, like 13% in Yakutia, 8% in Tuva, 3% in Kalmykia, between 2% and 3% in Khakassia, Buryatia and Kamchatka. The "Arena Atlas" did not count the population of Chukotka, where much of the Chukchi practise their indigenous religion.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: Buddhism in Russia is almost exclusively of the Tibetan Vajrayana schools, especially Gelug but increasingly also Nyingma and Kagyu (Diamond Way Buddhism). There are many Russian converts, and the newer schools have been often criticised by representatives of the Gelug as the result of a Russianised ("Rossiysky") Buddhism and of Western Buddhist missionaries.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: Hinduism, especially in the forms of Krishnaism, Vedism and Tantrism, but also in other forms, has gained a following among Russians since the end of the Soviet period, primarily through the missionary work of itinerant gurus and swamis, and organisations like the International Society for Krishna Consciousness and the Brahma Kumaris. The Tantra Sangha originated in Russia itself. The excavation of an ancient idol representing Vishnu in the Volga region in 2007 fueled the interest for Hinduism in Russia.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: Hinduism in Russia was practised by 140,000 people, or 0.1% of the total population, in 2012. It constituted 2% of the population in the Altai Republic, 0.5% in Samara Oblast, 0.4% in Khakassia, Kalmykia, Bryansk Oblast, Kamchatka, Kurgan Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, 0.3% in Sverdlovsk Oblast, 0.2% to 0.3% in Yamalia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Rostov Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast, and 0.1% to 0.2% in other federal subjects.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Religion in Russia

Context: In 2011, a group linked to the Russian Orthodox Church demanded a ban of the "Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is", the book of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, in Tomsk Oblast, on charge of extremism. The case was eventually dismissed by the federal judge on 28 December 2011.

Question: Сколько приверженцев ислама проживало в России в 2018?


Video game development

Context: Mainstream commercial PC and console games are generally developed in phases: first, in pre-production, pitches, prototypes, and game design documents are written; if the idea is approved and the developer receives funding, then full-scale development begins. The development of a complete game usually involves a team of 20–100 individuals with various responsibilities, including designers, artists, programmers, and testers.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: An average development budget for a multiplatform game is US$18-28M, with high-profile games often exceeding $40M.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: All but the smallest developer companies work on several titles at once. This is necessary because of the time taken between shipping a game and receiving royalty payments, which may be between 6 and 18 months. Small companies may structure contracts, ask for advances on royalties, use shareware distribution, employ part-time workers and use other methods to meet payroll demands.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Console manufacturers, such as Microsoft, Nintendo, or Sony, have a standard set of technical requirements that a game must conform to in order to be approved. Additionally, the game concept must be approved by the manufacturer, who may refuse to approve certain titles.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Most modern PC or console games take from three to five years to complete., where as a mobile game can be developed in a few months. The length of development is influenced by a number of factors, such as genre, scale, development platform and number of assets.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The industry expanded significantly at the time, with the arcade video game sector alone (representing the largest share of the gaming industry) generating higher revenues than both pop music and Hollywood films combined. The home video game industry, however, suffered major losses following the video game crash of 1983. In 1984 Jon Freeman warned in "Computer Gaming World":

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Chris Crawford and Don Daglow in 1987 similarly advised prospective designers to write games as a hobby first, and to not quit their existing jobs early. The home video game industry was revitalized soon after by the widespread success of the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: In 2000 a 12 to 36 month development project was funded by a publisher for US$1M–3M. Additionally, $250k–1.5M were spent on marketing and sales development. In 2001, over 3000 games were released for PC; and from about 100 games turning profit only about 50 made significant profit. In the early 2000s it became increasingly common to use middleware game engines, such as Quake engine or Unreal engine.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: In the early 2000s, also mobile games started to gain popularity. However, mobile games distributed by mobile operators remained a marginal form of gaming until the Apple App Store was launched in 2008.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: In 2005, a mainstream console video game cost from US$3M to $6M to develop. Some games cost as much as $20M to develop. In 2006 the profit from a console game sold at retail was divided among parties of distribution chain as follows: developer (13%), publisher (32%), retail (32%), manufacturer (5%), console royalty (18%). In 2008 a developer would retain around 17% of retail price and around 85% if sold online.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Since the third generation of consoles, the home video game industry has constantly increased and expanded. The industry revenue has increased at least five-fold since the 1990s. In 2007, the software portion of video game revenue was $9.5 billion, exceeding that of the movie industry.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The Apple App Store, introduced in 2008, was the first mobile application store operated directly by the mobile platform holder. It significantly changed the consumer behaviour more favourable for downloading mobile content and quickly broadened the markets of mobile games.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: In the past several years, many developers opened and many closed down. Each year a number of developers are acquired by larger companies or merge with existing companies. For example, in 2007 Blizzard Entertainment's parent company, Vivendi Games merged with Activision. In 2008 Electronic Arts nearly acquired Take-Two Interactive. In 2009 Midway Games was acquired by Time-Warner and Eidos Interactive merged with Square Enix.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: A video game publisher is a company that publishes video games that they have either developed internally or have had developed by an external video game developer. As with book publishers or publishers of DVD movies, video game publishers are responsible for their product's manufacturing and marketing, including market research and all aspects of advertising.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: They usually finance the development, sometimes by paying a video game developer (the publisher calls this external development) and sometimes by paying an internal staff of developers called a studio. Consequently, they also typically own the IP of the game. Large video game publishers also distribute the games they publish, while some smaller publishers instead hire distribution companies (or larger video game publishers) to distribute the games they publish.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Other functions usually performed by the publisher include deciding on and paying for any license that the game may utilize; paying for localization; layout, printing, and possibly the writing of the user manual; and the creation of graphic design elements such as the box design.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Large publishers may also attempt to boost efficiency across all internal and external development teams by providing services such as sound design and code packages for commonly needed functionality.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Because the publisher usually finances development, it usually tries to manage development risk with a staff of producers or project managers to monitor the progress of the developer, critique ongoing development, and assist as necessary. Most video games created by an external video game developer are paid for with periodic advances on royalties. These advances are paid when the developer reaches certain stages of development, called milestones.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Independent video game developers create games without a publisher and may choose to digitally distribute their games.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: A game artist is a visual artist who creates video game art. The art production is usually overseen by an "art director" or "art lead", making sure their vision is followed. The art director manages the art team, scheduling and coordinating within the development team.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The artist's job may be 2D oriented or 3D oriented. "2D artists" may produce concept art, sprites, textures, environmental backdrops or terrain images, and user interface. "3D artists" may produce models or meshes, animation, 3D environment, and cinematics. Artists sometimes occupy both roles.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: A level designer is a person who creates levels, challenges or missions for video games using a specific set of programs. These programs may be commonly available commercial 3D or 2D design programs, or specially designed and tailored level editors made for a specific game.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Sound engineers are technical professionals responsible for sound effects and sound positioning. They are sometimes involved in creating haptic feedback, as was the case with the Returnal game sound team at PlayStation Studios Creative Arts' in London.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: They sometimes oversee voice acting and other sound asset creation. Composers who create a game's musical score also comprise a game's sound team, though often this work is outsourced.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The quality assurance is carried out by game testers. A game tester analyzes video games to document software defects as part of a quality control. Testing is a highly technical field requiring computing expertise, and analytic competence.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The testers ensure that the game falls within the proposed design: it both works and is entertaining.This involves testing of all features, compatibility, localization, etc. Although, necessary throughout the whole development process, testing is expensive and is often actively utilized only towards the completion of the project.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Game development is a software development process, as a video game is software with art, audio, and gameplay. Formal software development methods are often overlooked. Games with poor development methodology are likely to run over budget and time estimates, as well as contain a large number of bugs. Planning is important for individual and group projects alike.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Overall game development is not suited for typical software life cycle methods, such as the waterfall model.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: One method employed for game development is agile development. It is based on iterative prototyping, a subset of software prototyping. Agile development depends on feedback and refinement of game's iterations with gradually increasing feature set. This method is effective because most projects do not start with a clear requirement outline. A popular method of agile software development is Scrum.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Another successful method is Personal Software Process (PSP) requiring additional training for staff to increase awareness of project's planning. This method is more expensive and requires commitment of team members. PSP can be extended to Team Software Process, where the whole team is self-directing.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Game development usually involves an overlap of these methods. For example, asset creation may be done via waterfall model, because requirements and specification are clear, but gameplay design might be done using iterative prototyping.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The concept documentation can be separated into three stages or documents—high concept, pitch and concept; however, there is no industry standard naming convention, for example, both Bethke (2003) and Bates (2004) refer to "pitch document" as "game proposal", yet Moore, Novak (2010) refers to "concept document" as "game proposal".

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The late stage of pre-production may also be referred to as "proof of concept", or "technical review" when more detailed game documents are produced.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: "High concept" is a brief description of a game. The high concept is the one-or two-sentence response to the question, "What is your game about?".

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: A "pitch", "concept document", proposal document, or "game proposal" is a short summary document intended to present the game's selling points and detail why the game would be profitable to develop.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Verbal pitches may be made to management within the developer company, and then presented to publishers. A written document may need to be shown to publishers before funding is approved. A game proposal may undergo one to several "green-light meetings" with publisher executives who determine if the game is to be developed. The presentation of the project is often given by the game designers. Demos may be created for the pitch; however may be unnecessary for established developers with good track records.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: If the developer acts as its own publisher, or both companies are subsidiaries of a single company, then only the upper management needs to give approval.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: "Concept document", "game proposal", or "game plan" is a more detailed document than the pitch document. This includes all the information produced about the game. This includes the high concept, game's genre, gameplay description, features, setting, story, target audience, hardware platforms, estimated schedule, marketing analysis, team requirements, and risk analysis.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Prototypes are often meant only to act as a proof of concept or to test ideas, by adding, modifying or removing some of the features. Most algorithms and features debuted in a prototype may be ported to the game once they have been completed.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Often prototypes need to be developed quickly with very little time for up-front design (around 15 to 20 minutes of testing). Therefore, usually very prolific programmers are called upon to quickly code these testbed tools. RAD tools may be used to aid in the quick development of these programs. In case the prototype is in a physical form, programmers and designers alike will make the game with paper, dice, and other easy to access tools in order to make the prototype faster.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: A successful development model is iterative prototyping, where design is refined based on current progress. There are various technology available for video game development

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Mainstream production is usually defined as the period of time when the project is fully staffed. Programmers write new source code, artists develop game assets, such as, sprites or 3D models. Sound engineers develop sound effects and composers develop music for the game. Level designers create levels, and writers write dialogue for cutscenes and NPCs. Game designers continue to develop the game's design throughout production.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Game design is an essential and collaborative process of designing the content and rules of a game, requiring artistic and technical competence as well as writing skills. Creativity and an open mind is vital for the completion of a successful video game.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: During development, the game designer implements and modifies the game design to reflect the current vision of the game. Features and levels are often removed or added. The art treatment may evolve and the backstory may change. A new platform may be targeted as well as a new demographic. All these changes need to be documented and disseminated to the rest of the team. Most changes occur as updates to the design document.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The programming of the game is handled by one or more game programmers. They develop prototypes to test ideas, many of which may never make it into the final game. The programmers incorporate new features demanded by the game design and fix any bugs introduced during the development process. Even if an off-the-shelf game engine is used, a great deal of programming is required to customize almost every game.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: During development, artists make art assets according to specifications given by the designers. Early in production, concept artists make concept art to guide the artistic direction of the game, rough art is made for prototypes, and the designers work with artists to design the visual style and visual language of the game. As production goes on, more final art is made, and existing art is edited based on player feedback.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Sound effect production is the production of sounds by either tweaking a sample to a desired effect or replicating it with real objects. Sound effects include UI sound design, which effectively conveys information both for visible UI elements and as an auditory display. It provides sonic feedback for in-game interfaces, as well as contributing to the overall game aesthetic. Sound effects are important and impact the game's delivery.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Quality assurance of a video game product plays a significant role throughout the development cycle of a game, though comes more significantly into play as the game nears completion. Unlike other software products or productivity applications, video games are fundamentally meant to entertain, and thus the testing of video games is more focused on the end-user experience rather than the accuracy of the software code's performance, which leads to differences in how game software is developed.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: There are other factors simply inherent to video games that can make testing difficult. This includes the use of randomized gameplay systems, which require more testing for both game balance and bug tracking than more linearized games, the balance of cost and time to devote to testing as part of the development budget, and assuring that the game still remains fun and entertaining to play as changes are made to it.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: Commercial game development projects may be required to meet milestones set by publisher. Milestones mark major events during game development and are used to track game's progress. Such milestones may be, for example, "first playable", "alpha", or "beta" game versions. Project milestones depend on the developer schedules.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: There is no industry standard for defining milestones, and such vary depending on publisher, year, or project. Some common milestones for two-year development cycle are as follows:

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: The "first playable" is the game version containing representative gameplay and assets, this is the first version with functional major gameplay elements. It is often based on the prototype created in pre-production. Alpha and first playable are sometimes used to refer to a single milestone, however large projects require first playable before feature complete alpha. First playable occurs 12 to 18 months before code release. It is sometimes referred to as the "Pre-Alpha" stage.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: "Alpha" is the stage when key gameplay functionality is implemented, and assets are partially finished. A game in alpha is "feature complete", that is, game is playable and contains all the major features. These features may be further revised based on testing and feedback. Additional small, new features may be added, similarly planned, but unimplemented features may be dropped. Programmers focus mainly on finishing the codebase, rather than implementing additions.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: "Code freeze" is the stage when new code is no longer added to the game and only bugs are being corrected. Code freeze occurs three to four months before code release.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?


Video game development

Context: "Beta" is feature and asset complete version of the game, when only bugs are being fixed. This version contains no bugs that prevent the game from being shippable. No changes are made to the game features, assets, or code. Beta occurs two to three months before code release.

Question: В какой стране разработали The Walking Dead: The Game?