Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In the early Fifties a Greek nationalist group was formed called the "Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston" (EOKA, or "National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters"). Their objective was to drive the British out of the island first, and then to integrate the island with Greece. EOKA wished to remove all obstacles from their path to independence, or union with Greece.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The first Turk to be killed by EOKA on 21 June 1955 was a policeman. EOKA also killed Greek Cypriot leftists. After the September 1955 Istanbul Pogrom, EOKA started its activity against Turkish Cypriots.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: British rule lasted until 1960 when the island was declared an independent state under the London-Zurich agreements. The agreement created a foundation for the Republic of Cyprus by the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities, although the republic was seen as a necessary compromise between the two reluctant communities.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The 1960 Constitution of the Cyprus Republic proved unworkable however, lasting only three years. Greek Cypriots wanted to end the separate Turkish Cypriot municipal councils permitted by the British in 1958, made subject to review under the 1960 agreements. For many Greek Cypriots these municipalities were the first stage on the way to the partition they feared. The Greek Cypriots wanted "enosis", integration with Greece, while Turkish Cypriots wanted "taksim", partition between Greece and Turkey.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Resentment also rose within the Greek Cypriot community because Turkish Cypriots had been given a larger share of governmental posts than the size of their population warranted. In accordance with the constitution 30% of civil service jobs were allocated to the Turkish community despite being only 18.3% of the population. Additionally, the position of vice president was reserved for the Turkish population, and both the president and vice president were given veto power over crucial issues.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: 700 Turkish residents of northern Nicosia, among them women and children, were taken hostage. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots, destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The British "Daily Telegraph" later called it an "anti Turkish pogrom".

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In the spring of 1974, Greek Cypriot intelligence discovered that EOKA-B was planning a coup against President Makarios which was sponsored by the military junta of Athens.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: On 2 July 1974, Makarios wrote an open letter to President Gizikis complaining bluntly that 'cadres of the Greek military regime support and direct the activities of the 'EOKA-B' terrorist organisation'. He also ordered that Greece remove some 600 Greek officers in the Cypriot National Guard from Cyprus. The Greek Government's immediate reply was to order the go-ahead of the coup. On 15 July 1974 sections of the Cypriot National Guard, led by its Greek officers, overthrew the government.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to Paphos, where the British managed to retrieve him by Westland Whirlwind helicopter in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from Akrotiri to Malta in a Royal Air Force Armstrong Whitworth Argosy transport aircraft and from there to London by de Havilland Comet the next morning.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In the meantime, Nikos Sampson was declared provisional president of the new government. Sampson was an ultra-nationalist, pro-"Enosis" combatant who was known to be fanatically anti-Turkish and had taken part in violence against Turkish civilians in earlier conflicts.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The Sampson regime took over radio stations and declared that Makarios had been killed; but Makarios, safe in London, was soon able to counteract these reports. The Turkish-Cypriots were not affected by the coup against Makarios; one of the reasons was that Ioannides did not want to provoke a Turkish reaction.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: According to American diplomat James W. Spain, on the eve of the Turkish invasion US president Richard Nixon sent a letter to

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Bülent Ecevit that was not just reminiscent of Lyndon B. Johnson's letter to İsmet İnönü in the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, but even harsher. However, Nixon's letter never reached the hands of the Turkish prime minister, and no one ever heard anything about it.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Turkey invaded Cyprus on Saturday, 20 July 1974. Heavily armed troops landed shortly before dawn at Kyrenia (Girne) on the northern coast meeting resistance from Greek and Greek Cypriot forces. Ankara said that it was invoking its right under the Treaty of Guarantee to protect the Turkish Cypriots and guarantee the independence of Cyprus.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: By the time the UN Security Council was able to obtain a ceasefire on 22 July the Turkish forces were in command of a narrow path between Kyrenia and Nicosia, 3% of the territory of Cyprus,

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: On 20 July, the 10,000 inhabitants of the Turkish Cypriot enclave of Limassol surrendered to the Cypriot National Guard. Following this, according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot. 1,300 Turkish Cypriots were confined in a prison camp afterwards. The enclave in Famagusta was subjected to shelling and the Turkish Cypriot town of Lefka was occupied by Greek Cypriot troops.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, the prisoners of war taken at this stage and before the second invasion included 385 Greek Cypriots in Adana, 63 Greek Cypriots in the Saray Prison and 3,268 Turkish Cypriots in various camps in Cyprus.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: On the night of 21 to 22 July 1974, a battalion of Greek commandos was transported to Nicosia from Crete in a clandestine airlift operation.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: On 23 July 1974 the Greek military junta collapsed mainly because of the events in Cyprus. Greek political leaders in exile started returning to the country. On 24 July 1974 Constantine Karamanlis returned from Paris and was sworn in as Prime Minister. He kept Greece from entering the war, an act that was highly criticised as an act of treason. Shortly after this Nikos Sampson renounced the presidency and Glafcos Clerides temporarily took the role of president.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In the process, many Greek Cypriots became refugees. The number of refugees is estimated to be between 140,000 and 160,000.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The ceasefire line from 1974 separates the two communities on the island, and is commonly referred to as the Green Line.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: After the conflict, Cypriot representatives and the United Nations consented to the transfer of the remainder of the 51,000 Turkish Cypriots that had not left their homes in the south to settle in the north, if they wished to do so.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Turkey was found guilty by the European Commission of Human Rights for displacement of persons, deprivation of liberty, ill treatment, deprivation of life and deprivation of possessions. The Turkish policy of violently forcing a third of the island's Greek population from their homes in the occupied North, preventing their return and settling Turks from mainland Turkey is considered an example of ethnic cleansing.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In 1976 and again in 1983, the European Commission of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of repeated violations of the European Convention of Human Rights. Turkey has been condemned for preventing the return of Greek Cypriot refugees to their properties. The European Commission of Human Rights reports of 1976 and 1983 state the following:

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Numerous atrocities against the Turkish Cypriot community were committed during the invasion of the island. In the Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974. The United Nations described the massacre as a crime against humanity, by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen." In the Tochni massacre, 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The "Washington Post" covered another news of atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived."

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts. 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The issue of missing persons in Cyprus took a new turn in the summer of 2007 when the UN-sponsored Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) began returning remains of identified missing individuals to their families (see end of section).

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: According to a Greek Cypriot claim, since 1974, at least 55 churches have been converted into mosques and another 50 churches and monasteries have been converted into stables, stores, hostels, or museums, or have been demolished. According to the government spokesman of the "de facto" Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, this has been done to keep the buildings from falling into ruin.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Greek Cypriots have claimed that the invasion and subsequent actions by Turkey have been diplomatic ploys, furthered by ultranationalist Turkish militants to justify expansionist Pan-Turkism. They have also criticised the perceived failure of Turkish intervention to achieve or justify its stated goals (protecting the sovereignty, integrity, and independence of the Republic of Cyprus), claiming that Turkey's intentions from the beginning were to create the state of Northern Cyprus.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Greek Cypriots condemn the brutality of the Turkish invasion, including but not limited to the high levels of rape, child rape and torture. Greek Cypriots emphasise that in 1976 and 1983 Turkey was found guilty by the European Commission of Human Rights of repeated violations of the European Convention of Human Rights.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Greek Cypriots have also claimed that the second wave of the Turkish invasion that occurred in August 1974, even after the Greek Junta had collapsed on 24 July 1974 and the democratic government of the Republic of Cyprus had been restored under Glafkos Clerides, did not constitute a justified intervention as had been the case with the first wave of the Turkish invasion that led to the Junta's collapse.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The stationing of 40,000 Turkish troops on Northern Cyprus after the invasion in violation of resolutions by the United Nations has also been criticised.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The United Nations Security Council Resolution 353, adopted unanimously on 20 July 1974, in response to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the Council demanded the immediate withdrawal of all foreign military personnel present in the Republic of Cyprus in contravention of paragraph 1 of the United Nations Charter.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The United Nations Security Council Resolution 360 adopted on 16 August 1974 declared their respect for the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus, and formally recorded its disapproval of the unilateral military actions taken against it by Turkey.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In Resolution 573, the Council of Europe supported the legality of the first wave of the Turkish invasion that occurred in July 1974, as per Article 4 of the Guarantee Treaty of 1960, which allows Turkey, Greece, and the United Kingdom to unilaterally intervene militarily in failure of a multilateral response to crisis in Cyprus.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Greek Cypriots who were unhappy with the United States not stopping the Turkish invasion took part in [[1974 anti-American riots in Cyprus|protests and riots]] in front of the American embassy. Ambassador [[Rodger Davies]] was assassinated during the protests by a sniper from the extremist [[EOKA-B]] group.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: [[File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|thumb|[[Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], an entity recognised only by Turkey]]

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In the following year UN resolution 550 (1984) condemned the "exchange of Ambassadors" between Turkey and the TRNC and went on to add that the Security Council "considers attempts to settle any part of [[Varosha (Famagusta)|Varosha]] by people other than its inhabitants as inadmissible and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the United Nations".

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: Neither Turkey nor the TRNC have complied with the above resolutions and Varosha remains uninhabited. In 2017, Varosha's beach was opened to be exclusively used by Turks (Turkish-Cypriots and Turkish nationals).

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: On 22 July 2010, United Nations' International Court of Justice decided that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence". In response to this non-legally-binding direction, German Foreign Minister [[Guido Westerwelle]] said it "has nothing to do with any other cases in the world" including Cyprus, whereas some researchers stated the decision of ICJ provided the Turkish Cypriots an option to be used.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: [[File:Proposed flag of the United Cyprus Republic.svg|thumb|right|Proposed flag of the United Republic of Cyprus under the [[Annan Plan]]]]

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: The United Nations Security Council decisions for the immediate unconditional withdrawal of all foreign troops from Cyprus soil and the safe return of the refugees to their homes have not been implemented by Turkey and the TRNC. Turkey and TRNC defend their position, stating that any such withdrawal would have led to a resumption of intercommunal fighting and killing.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: [[File:Pro-TRNC demonstration in Sarayönü North Nicosia.jpg|thumb|[[Sarayönü Square|Atatürk Square]], North Nicosia]]

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Context: In a report prepared by Mete Hatay on behalf of PRIO (Peace Research Institute Oslo), it was estimated that the number of Turkish mainlanders in the north who have been granted the right to vote is 37,000. This figure however excludes mainlanders who are married to Turkish Cypriots or adult children of mainland settlers as well as all minors. The report also estimates the number of Turkish mainlanders who have not been granted the right to vote, whom it labels as "transients", at a further 105,000.

Question: Miksi Kreikan sotilashallitus perustettiin?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: Ivan Betskoy reorganized the academy into a de facto government department; it supervised matters concerning art throughout the country, distributing orders and awarding ranks to artists. The academy vigorously promoted the principles of Neoclassicism by sending the most notable Russian painters abroad, in order to learn the ancient and Renaissance styles of Italy and France. It also had its own sizable collection of choice artworks intended for study and copying.

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: In 1893, Imperial Academy of Arts was divided into the Academy of Arts itself, which was responsible for all the artistic work in the Russian Empire, and the Higher Art School of the Academy of Arts, which dealt only with academic affairs. The initiator of the reform was the vice-president of the Academy, Count Ivan Ivanovich Tolstoy.

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: The Big Gold Medal, which granted the right to a foreign pensioner (from three to six years), was awarded in a competition to which the most talented graduates of the Academy were allowed to complete their studies, awarded to the beginning of the competition with the small gold medal of the Academy "«For Success in Drawing»".

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: Graduates who received a large gold medal remained at the Academy of Arts for another year; they were provided with a separate workshop, materials for work and a generous cash allowance.

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: Those admitted to the competition were obliged to execute the "«program»", to draw a picture according to the program (creative task), one for all, approved by the Council of the Academy of Arts. The task, most often on a historical theme, was made in such a way that the participant showed all the professional skills and knowledge that he mastered during his studies.

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: The national academy has stayed in Moscow. In 1991 it was renamed the Russian Academy of Arts. The old academy's art collection, which included major works by Poussin, David and Ingres, was removed to the Hermitage Museum across the river.

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: During the Soviet era, academies were free of tuition fees as they were financed by the government, but admission was intensely competitive. Many would-be students would apply to the Academy for as many as six or seven years in a row without success. With just twenty places available and thousands of applicants, the competition was brutal.

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: Well-known graduates of Ilya Repin Leningrad Institute for Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1930–1950s include:

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: The Russian Academy of Arts has been headquartered in Moscow since 1947. Its current president is Zurab Tsereteli and its vice-president is Tair Salakhov.

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Imperial Academy of Arts

Context: The historic building on the Neva River in St. Petersburg is used for the "Repin Institute of Arts" (in Russian: ), full name: "Ilya Repin St. Petersburg State Academic Institute for Painting, Sculpture and Architecture", in honor of one of its well-known alumni. It is also called the St. Petersburg State Academic Institute of Fine Arts, Sculpture and Architecture (as on its website).

Question: Minä vuonna Repin-instituutti on perustettu?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Operation Market Garden was an Allied military operation during the Second World War fought in the Netherlands from 17 to 25 September 1944. Its objective was to create a salient into German territory with a bridgehead over the River Rhine, creating an Allied invasion route into northern Germany. This was to be achieved by two sub-operations: Seizing nine bridges with combined U.S. and British airborne forces (Market) followed by land forces swiftly following over the bridges (Garden).

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Highway 69 (later nicknamed "Hell's Highway") leading through the planned route was two lanes wide, partly raised above a surrounding flat terrain of polder or floodplain. The ground on either side of the highway was in places too soft to support tactical vehicle movement and there were numerous dikes and drainage ditches. Dikes tended to be topped by trees or large bushes, and roads and paths were lined with trees. In early autumn this meant that observation would be seriously restricted.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The Germans counter attacked the Nijmegen salient on September 30 but failed to retake any of the allied gains. The Allies, nevertheless, had failed to cross the Rhine, and the river remained a barrier to their advance into Germany until offensives at Remagen, Oppenheim, and Rees and Wesel in March 1945. The failure of Operation Market Garden to form a foothold over the Rhine ended Allied hopes of finishing the war in Europe by Christmas 1944.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Before D-Day, to disrupt German logistics efforts, the Allies spent considerable effort in bombing the French rail network, although aware this would also affect their own operations in the event of a breakout. The plan of Overlord had foreseen this, and it called for the exploitation of the ports in Brittany to move the supply points forward as the armies moved.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: On 4 September, Montgomery's troops captured the massive port of Antwerp virtually intact, but the Scheldt Estuary leading to it was still under German control. Some argued that the capture of Le Havre and Antwerp made the original plan of clearing French ports further south unnecessary. Antwerp could have been opened sooner by the Canadian Army if Montgomery had given priority to clearing the approaches, but Eisenhower and Montgomery persisted with the original plans to capture many of the French ports.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Eisenhower stated his belief that advance on a broad front would soon provoke German forces to collapse. He allegedly told Montgomery why a "single thrust" toward Berlin was not going to be accepted.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: What you're proposing is this – if I give you all the supplies you want, you could go straight to Berlin – right straight (500 miles) to Berlin? Monty, you're nuts. You can't do it. What the hell[?] ... If you try a long column like that in a single thrust you'd have to throw off division after division to protect your flanks from attack.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Tedder however recorded at the time that "the advance to Berlin was not discussed as a serious issue, nor do I think it was so intended".

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Nevertheless, Eisenhower consented to Operation Market Garden, giving it "limited priority" in terms of supplies – and only as part of an advance on a broad front. Eisenhower promised that aircraft and trucks would deliver 1,000 tons of supplies per day. In vain, Montgomery complained about this to the Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff (VCIGS) in London, Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Nye.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: To deliver its 36 battalions of airborne infantry and their support troops to the continent, the First Allied Airborne Army had under its operational control the 14 groups of IX Troop Carrier Command, and after 11 September the 16 squadrons of 38 Group (an organization of converted bombers providing support to resistance groups) and a transport formation, 46 Group.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The combined force had 1,438 C-47/Dakota transports (1,274 USAAF and 164 RAF) and 321 converted RAF bombers. The Allied glider force had been rebuilt after Normandy until by 16 September it numbered 2,160 CG-4A Waco gliders, 916 Airspeed Horsas (812 RAF and 104 U.S. Army) and 64 General Aircraft Hamilcars. The U.S. had only 2,060 glider pilots available, so that none of its gliders would have a co-pilot but would instead carry an extra passenger.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: After one week preparations were declared complete. The planning and training for the airborne drops at Sicily and Normandy had taken months. One United States Air Force historian noted that 'Market' was the only large airborne operation of the war in which the USAAF "had no training program, no rehearsals, almost no exercises, and a...low level of tactical training."

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Gavin was skeptical of the plan. In his diary he wrote, "It looks very rough. If I get through this one I will be very lucky." He was also highly critical of Browning, writing that he "...unquestionably lacks the standing, influence and judgment that comes from a proper troop experience... his staff was superficial... Why the British units fumble along... becomes more and more apparent. Their tops lack the know-how, never do they get down into the dirt and learn the hard way."

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Garden consisted primarily of XXX Corps and was initially spearheaded by the Guards Armoured Division, with the 43rd Wessex and 50th Northumbrian Infantry Divisions in reserve. They were expected to arrive at the south end of the 101st Airborne Division's area on the first day, the 82nd's by the second day and the 1st's by the fourth day at the latest. The airborne divisions would then join XXX Corps in the breakout from the Arnhem bridgehead.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: They faced the same disadvantage as the British at Arnhem in dropping many miles from their objective. If they had attacked earlier they would have faced only a dozen German bridge guards. By the time the 508th attacked, troops of the 10th SS Reconnaissance Battalion were arriving. The attack failed, leaving the Nijmegen bridge in German hands.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Capturing this bridge was vital. Unlike some of the bridges to the south which were over smaller rivers and canals that could be bridged by engineering units, the Nijmegen and Arnhem bridges crossed two arms of the Rhine that could not be bridged easily. If either of the Nijmegen or Arnhem bridges were not captured and held, the advance of XXX Corps would be blocked and Operation Market Garden would fail.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: This had grave consequences. Five hours after the initial landing, feeling that the British were tied down in Arnhem, the Reconnaissance Battalion of the 9th SS Panzer Division was able to cross the Arnhem bridge and drive to Nijmegen and the bridge over the Waal branch of the Rhine. No British airborne unit was at the bridge.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Arnhem veteran Tom Hicks of 1st Parachute Squadron of the Royal Engineers described the problems the paratroops faced: "They (the Germans) had guns that out-ranged ours. We had no artillery with us so they could just lay off and pick you off kind of thing. If we wanted to get a gun out of action we had to send a patrol out, do it man to man kind of thing."

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Horrocks had expected that the Irish Guards would have been able to advance the to Eindhoven within two-three hours; however, they had only covered . The operation was already starting to fall behind schedule. In Valkenswaard engineers were moved up to construct a Class 40 Bailey bridge over a stream, which was completed within 12 hours.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Allied weather forecasters correctly predicted that England would be covered in fog on the morning of 18 September. The Second Lift was postponed for three hours and thick low clouds began to develop over the southern part of the battle zone, spreading during the day over the area, hampering supply and air support (Seven of the next eight days had poor weather and all air operations were cancelled on 22 and 24 September).

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions pushed towards the Arnhem bridge during the early hours and had made good progress but they were frequently halted in skirmishes as soon as it became light. With their long and unwieldy columns having to halt to beat off attacks whilst the troops in front carried on unaware, the Germans delayed segments of the two battalions, fragmented them and mopped up the remnants.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Early in the day the 9th SS Reconnaissance Battalion (sent south the day before) concluded it was not needed in Nijmegen and returned to Arnhem. Though aware of the British troops at the bridge, it attempted to cross by force and was beaten back with heavy losses, including its commanding officer, SS-Hauptsturmführer Viktor Gräbner.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: At 16:00 hours the British 4th Parachute Brigade's withdrawal was supported by the arrival of 35 gliders containing a portion of the 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade and its anti-tank battery, who were deployed in a Landing Zone still controlled by the enemy, which killed all but a small contingent of the reinforcements. While the drop of the remainder of the Polish paratroopers was postponed due to dense fog, its commander General Sosabowski was parachuted into Driel.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The 1st and 5th Battalions, Coldstream Guards, were attached to the division. A supply attempt by 35 C-47s (out of 60 sent) was unsuccessful; the supplies were dropped from a high altitude and could not be recovered. Bad weather over English bases prevented the scheduled big glider mission carrying the 325th Glider Infantry Regiment from taking off, ending any hope for the scheduled reinforcements for the 82nd Airborne.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: At 09:50 the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment was going forward to Wijchen, to attack the Edithbridge from its south end. The bridge was secured. After this fierce engagement they pushed on to the traffic bridge south of Wijchen. Another fierce engagement followed and this bridge was secured.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The Germans overcame pockets of resistance throughout the day, gaining control of the northern bridge approaches and permitting reinforcements to cross the span and reinforce units further south near Nijmegen. The remaining British troops continued to fight on, some with just fighting knives but by early Thursday morning almost all had been taken prisoner. The last radio message broadcast from the bridge – "Out of ammo, God save the King" – was heard only by German radio intercept operators.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Further west, the remnants of the 1st Airborne Division were gathering at Oosterbeek for their last stand; those already there were not seriously challenged by the enemy that day. To the east of the village, the 1st, 3rd and 11th Parachute Battalions and the 2nd South Staffordshires were organized into a defensive position. In desperate fighting later in the day, they repulsed an enemy attack which threatened to cut the division off from the Rhine and seal the fate of the bridgehead.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: In the woods to the west of Oosterbeek the 4th Parachute Brigade fought its way towards the divisional perimeter but was attacked by German troops supported by artillery, mortars and tanks, (some mounting flame-throwers). The brigade had many casualties and the 10th Battalion reached Oosterbeek in the early afternoon with only 60 men.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: In the rear, the 156th Parachute Battalion fought off numerous enemy attacks before counter-attacking; the Germans did not know they were fighting men who were in full retreat. The battalion, down to 150 men, mounted a bayonet charge to capture a hollow in the ground in the woods where they were pinned down by enemy attacks for the next eight hours. Towards the end of the day, 75 men fixed bayonets, broke through the German lines and retreated to the Allied pocket at Oosterbeek.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: British Army officer Robert Kershaw interviewed 10th SS Panzer Division commander Heinz Harmel in the 1980s for his book "It Never Snows in September". Harmel stated:

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The four panzers (Carrington's Grenadier tank troop) who crossed the bridge made a mistake when they stayed in the village of Lent. If they had carried on their advance, it would have been all over for us.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Sergeant Peter Robinson, of the Guards Armoured Division who led the charge in his tank over the Nijmegen road bridge stated:

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The British 43rd Wessex Division had moved up in order to relieve the Guards Armoured Division. Elements of the 43rd took Oosterhout from the Germans on 22 September, and then gained Opheusden and Doodewaard the following day but they were unable to push the frontline any further.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: While much of the corridor was firmly in Allied hands, German counterattacks were still being mounted along its length. During the previous night, two mixed armoured formations on either side of Highway 69 attacked between Veghel and Grave; one group managed to cut the highway and prevent any further advance to Arnhem.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: To the south several more German attacks from their position astride the road were stopped but the road was still cut. XXX Corps then sent a unit of the Guards Armoured Division south and re-took the road. The rest of the force to the north continued to wait for infantry to move up, still only a few kilometres south of Arnhem.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The 325th GIR was finally delivered to reinforce the 82nd Airborne, originally planned for 19 September, and while it was immediately 75% effective, arrived far too late to affect the battle in that sector.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Also on 19 September, Captain Lionel Queripel of the 10th Parachute Battalion, though injured in the face and both arms, personally remained as a solitary rear guard after ordering his men to withdraw, over their protests. He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: On 25 September, Major Robert Henry Cain, also of the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, "showed superb gallantry. His powers of endurance and leadership were the admiration of all his fellow officers and stories of his valour were being constantly exchanged amongst the troops. His coolness and courage under incessant fire could not be surpassed." Major Cain was the only Victoria Cross recipient to survive the battle.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Two American soldiers received the Medal of Honor, both posthumously. On 19 September, Private First Class Joe E. Mann of the 101st Airborne Division, under attack and injured in both arms, "which were bandaged to his body... yelled "grenade" and threw his body over the grenade, and as it exploded, he died."

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: For gallantry during Operation Market Garden, two units received the highest Dutch military award, the Military Order of William. On 8 October 1945, the US 82nd Airborne Division was awarded the Knights 4th class honour by HM Queen Wilhelmina. The division was also allowed to add "Nijmegen 1944" to her battle honors.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: On 31 May 2006, HM Queen Beatrix awarded the Knights 4th class honour to the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: British forces from 50th Division then launched a counter-attack on October 4 and 5 recapturing most of the lost ground, and in addition captured the villages of Bemmel and Haalderen, giving extra strength to hold the bridgehead. The 10th SS Division suffered such grievous losses that it was incapable of any offensive action.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: On 7 October, Arnhem bridge was finally bombed and destroyed by Martin B-26 Marauders of 344th Bomb Group, USAAF. Now unable to ferry heavy equipment across the river, the Germans were unable to mount any further attacks.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Von Rundstedt gave permission for Model to abandon the Arnhem bridgehead, and thus was reduced to small outposts. In November, the Germans flooded the island.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: A precarious timetable at the mercy of the weather resulted in the 101st Airborne Division being without its artillery for two days, the 82nd Airborne without its artillery for a day and without its glider infantry regiment for four days, and the British 1st Airborne Division without its fourth brigade until the fifth day. The more time required to complete the air drops, the longer each division had to devote forces to defending the drop and landing zones, weakening their offensive power.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The commander of XXX Corps advocated another course of action. About to the west was another bridge at Rhenen, which he predicted would be undefended, because of all the efforts being directed on Oosterbeek. This was true, but the corps was never authorised to take the bridge; if it had, it is almost certain they would have crossed unopposed into the rear of the German lines. By this time, it appears that Montgomery was more concerned with the German assaults on Market Garden's lengthy "tail".

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Eisenhower wrote to Urquhart: "In this war there has been no single performance by any unit that has more greatly inspired me or more highly excited my admiration, than the nine days action of your division between 17 and 26 September".

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Montgomery predicted that "in years to come it will be a great thing for a man to be able to say: 'I fought at Arnhem'."

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: CBS war correspondent Bill Downs, who was assigned to Montgomery's campaign since the Normandy invasion, famously said of Nijmegen that it was "...a single, isolated battle that ranks in magnificence and courage with Guam, Tarawa, Omaha Beach...a story that should be told to the blowing of bugles and the beating of drums for the men whose bravery made the capture of this crossing over the Waal River possible."

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Both Churchill and Montgomery claimed that the operation was nearly or 90% successful, although in Montgomery's equivocal acceptance of responsibility for failure he blames lack of support, and also refers to the Battle of the Scheldt which was undertaken by Canadian troops not involved in Market Garden.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: In 1948, Eisenhower wrote that "The attack began well and unquestionably would have been successful except for the intervention of bad weather." Eisenhower was isolated in the SHAEF HQ at Granville, which did not even have radio or telephone links, so his staff were largely ignorant of the details of the operation. Bedell Smith's objections were brushed aside by Montgomery, as were those of Montgomery's chief of staff Freddie de Guingand who went to England on sick leave.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Responsibility for the failure "began with Eisenhower and extended to Montgomery, Brereton, Browning, and, on the ground side, Dempsey and Horrocks, neither of whom ... galvanised their tank units while there was still time to have seized and held Arnhem bridge". D'Este notes that Montgomery's admission of a mistake was unique: "the only admission of failure by a senior Allied commander".

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: "My country can never again afford the luxury of another Montgomery success," stated Bernhard, the Prince of the Netherlands.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: In February 1945, Allied forces in Operation Veritable advanced from the Groesbeek heights which had been taken during Market Garden, and into Germany, crossing the Rhine in March during Operation Plunder. As a result of Operation Plunder, the city of Arnhem was finally liberated by I Canadian Corps on 14 April 1945 after two days of fighting. A surrender of the remaining German forces in the west of the Netherlands was signed on 5 May.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: A tragic consequence of the operation's failure was the Dutch famine of 1944–45, also known as the 'Hunger Winter'. During the battle Dutch railway workers, incited by the Dutch government in London, went on strike in order to aid the Allied assault. In retribution Germany forbade food transportation, and in the following winter more than twenty thousand Dutch citizens starved to death.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The prized Arnhem bridge for which the British had fought so hard did not survive the war. As the front line stabilised south of the Rhine, B-26 Marauders of 344th Bomb Group, USAAF destroyed it on 7 October to deny its use to the Germans. It was replaced with a bridge of similar appearance in 1948 and renamed John Frost Bridge (John Frostbrug) on 17 December 1977.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: There are a number of monuments in the Eindhoven - Nijmegen - Arnhem corridor. A memorial near Arnhem reads:

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: Several museums in the Netherlands are dedicated to Operation Market Garden, including the Freedom Museum in Groesbeek, Wings of Liberation Museum Park in Best (near Eindhoven) and Airborne Museum Hartenstein in Oosterbeek. Annually there is a commemorative walk in Oosterbeek on the first Saturday of September which attracts tens of thousands of participants.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: On 16 September 1994, 101st Airborne veterans unveiled a "Monument for the Dutch" in Sint-Oedenrode. The monument is a gift from the veterans to the civilians who fought alongside of the U.S. troops, much to the surprise and relief of the U.S. soldiers. The inscription on the monument is in English and reads "Dedicated to the people of the Corridor by the veterans of the 101st Airborne Division, in grateful appreciation of their courage, compassion and friendship".

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The "Airborne trail" is a 225 km footpath from Lommel to Arnhem, created as a permanent reminder of Operation Market-Garden by the Dutch hiking association "Ollandse Lange Afstand Tippelaars" (OLAT). It was officially opened in September 2004, during the festivities marking the 60th anniversary of the Liberation.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


Operation Market Garden

Context: The village of Somerby in Leicestershire has a memorial hall dedicated to the men of the 10th battalion who were based there and who did not return. Each year there is a parade in their honour led by the Seaforth Highlanders.

Question: Kuinka monta sotilasta osallistui operaatio Market Gardeniin?


History of skiing

Context: The seal hunters at the Gulf of Bothnia had developed a special long ski to sneak into shooting distance to the seals' breathing holes, though the ski was useful in moving in the packed ice in general and was made especially long, 3–4 meters, to protect against cracks in the ice. This is called skredstång in Swedish.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: Around 1850, artisans in Telemark, Norway, invent the cambered ski. This ski arches up in the middle, under the binding, which distributes the skier's weight more evenly across the length of the ski. Earlier plank-style skis had to be thick enough not to bow downward and sink in the snow under the skier's weight. Norheim's ski was also the first with a sidecut that narrowed the ski underfoot while the tip and tail remained wider. This enabled the ski to flex and turn more easily.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: In 1950, Howard Head introduced the Head Standard, constructed by sandwiching aluminum alloy around a plywood core. The design included steel edges (invented in 1928 in Austria,) and the exterior surfaces were made of phenol formaldehyde resin which could hold wax. This hugely successful ski was unique at the time in having been designed for the recreational market, rather than for racing.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: 1962: a fibreglass ski, Kneissl's White Star, was used by Karl Schranz to win two gold medals at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships. By the late '60s, fibreglass had mostly replaced aluminum.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: In 1937, Hjalmar Hvam broke his leg skiing, and while recuperating from surgery, invented the Saf-Ski toe binding.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: Ski boots were leather winter boots, held to the ski with leather straps. As skiing became more specialized, so too did ski boots, leading to the splitting of designs between those for alpine skiing and cross-country skiing.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: Modern skiing developed as an all-around sport with uphill, downhill, and cross-country portions. The introduction of the cable binding started a parallel evolution of binding and boot. Boots with the sole extended rearward to produce a flange for the cable to firmly latch became common, as did designs with semi-circular indentations on the heel for the same purpose.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: With the introduction of ski lifts, the need for skiing to get to the top of the hill was eliminated, and a much stiffer design was preferred, providing better control over the ski when sliding downhill.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: Johannes Scheffer in Argentoratensis Lapponiæ (History of Lapland) in 1673 probably gave the first recorded instruction for ski wax application He advised skiers to use pine tar pitch and rosin. Ski waxing was also documented in 1761.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


History of skiing

Context: Early skiers used one long pole or spear. The first depiction of a skier with two ski poles dates to 1741. In 1959 Ed Scott introduced the large-diameter, tapered shaft, lightweight aluminum ski pole.

Question: Mistä maasta muinaissuksi on löydetty?


New England

Context: The physical geography of New England is diverse. Southeastern New England is covered by a narrow coastal plain, while the western and northern regions are dominated by the rolling hills and worn-down peaks of the northern end of the Appalachian Mountains. The Atlantic fall line lies close to the coast, which enabled numerous cities to take advantage of water power along the many rivers, such as the Connecticut River, which bisects the region from north to south.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The earliest known inhabitants of New England were Native American who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages. Prominent tribes included the Abenakis, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, Pequots, Mohegans, Narragansetts, Pocumtucks, and Wampanoag. Prior to the arrival of European colonists, the Western Abenakis inhabited what is modern New Hampshire, New York and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock in present-day Maine.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: As early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the New World, trading metal, glass, and cloth for local beaver pelts.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: On April 10, 1606, King James I of England issued a charter for the Virginia Company, which comprised the London Company and the Plymouth Company. These two privately funded ventures were intended to claim land for England, to conduct trade, and to return a profit. In 1620, the Pilgrims arrived on the "Mayflower" and established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, beginning the history of permanent European colonization in New England.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The New England Colonies were settled primarily by farmers who became relatively self-sufficient. Later, New England's economy began to focus on crafts and trade, aided by the Puritan work ethic, in contrast to the Southern colonies which focused on agricultural production while importing finished goods from England.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: European colonization in the region also led to the enslavement of Native Americans, particularly in the aftermath of conflicts between Indians and colonists such as the Pequot War and King William's War. Up until 1700, Native Americans comprised a majority of the non-white labor force in colonial New England.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: After the dissolution of the Dominion of New England, the colonies of New England ceased to function as a unified political unit but remained a defined cultural region. There were often disputes over territorial jurisdiction, leading to land exchanges such as those regarding the Equivalent Lands and New Hampshire Grants.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: By 1784, all of the states in the region had taken steps towards the abolition of slavery, with Vermont and Massachusetts introducing total abolition in 1777 and 1783, respectively. The nickname "Yankeeland" was sometimes used to denote the New England area, especially among Southerners and the British.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Politically, the region often disagreed with the rest of the country. Massachusetts and Connecticut were among the last refuges of the Federalist Party, and New England became the strongest bastion of the new Whig Party when the Second Party System began in the 1830s. The Whigs were usually dominant throughout New England, except in the more Democratic Maine and New Hampshire. Leading statesmen hailed from the region, including Daniel Webster.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Many notable literary and intellectual figures were New Englanders, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, George Bancroft, and William H. Prescott.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The Connecticut River Valley became a crucible for industrial innovation, particularly the Springfield Armory, pioneering such advances as interchangeable parts and the assembly line which influenced manufacturing processes all around the world. From early in the nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth, the region surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts and Hartford, Connecticut served as the United States' epicenter for advanced manufacturing, drawing skilled workers from all over the world.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England as a whole was the most industrialized part of the U.S. By 1850, the region accounted for well over a quarter of all manufacturing value in the country and over a third of its industrial workforce. It was also the most literate and most educated region in the country.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: On the subject of securities laws in the early 1930s in response to the Great Depression, Boston figured prominently. Three Harvard professors, Felix Frankfurter, Benjamin V. Cohen and James M. Landis, drafted both the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., the first chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, was from Boston.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The Democrats appealed to factory workers and especially Catholics, pulling them into the New Deal coalition and making the once-Republican region into one that was closely divided. However, the enormous spending on munitions, ships, electronics, and uniforms during World War II caused a burst of prosperity in every sector.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England's long rolling hills, mountains, and jagged coastline are glacial landforms resulting from the retreat of ice sheets approximately 18,000 years ago, during the last glacial period.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England is geologically a part of the New England province, an exotic terrane region consisting of the Appalachian Mountains, the New England highlands and the seaboard lowlands. The Appalachian Mountains roughly follow the border between New England and New York. The Berkshires in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and the Green Mountains in Vermont, as well as the Taconic Mountains, form a spine of Precambrian rock.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The Appalachians extend northwards into New Hampshire as the White Mountains, and then into Maine and Canada. Mount Washington in New Hampshire is the highest peak in the Northeast, although it is not among the ten highest peaks in the eastern United States. It is the site of the second highest recorded wind speed on Earth, and has the reputation of having the world's most severe weather.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The climate of New England varies greatly across its span from northern Maine to southern Connecticut:

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and western Massachusetts have a humid continental climate (Dfb in Köppen climate classification). In this region the winters are long and cold, and heavy snow is common (most locations receive of snow annually in this region). The summer's months are moderately warm, though summer is rather short and rainfall is spread through the year.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: During the 20th century, urban expansion in regions surrounding New York City has become an important economic influence on neighboring Connecticut, parts of which belong to the New York metropolitan area. The U.S. Census Bureau groups Fairfield, New Haven and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut together with New York City and other parts of New York and New Jersey as a combined statistical area.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: In 2020, New England had a population of 15,116,205, a growth of 4.6% from 2010. Massachusetts is the most populous state with 7,029,917 residents, while Vermont is the least populous state with 643,077 residents. Boston is by far the region's most populous city and metropolitan area.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: According to the 2006–08 American Community Survey, 48.7% of New Englanders were male and 51.3% were female. Approximately 22.4% of the population were under 18 years of age; 13.5% were over 65 years of age. The six states of New England have the lowest birth rate in the U.S.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: According to the 2014 American Community Survey, the top ten largest reported European ancestries were the following: Irish: 19.2% (2.8 million), English (includes "American" ancestry): 16.7% (2.4 million), Italian: 13.6% (2.0 million), French and French Canadian: 13.1% (1.9 million), German: 7.4% (1.1 million), Polish: 4.9% (roughly 715,000), Portuguese: 3.2% (467,000), Scottish: 2.5% (370,000), Russian: 1.4% (206,000), and Greek: 1.0% (152,000).

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: As of 2014, approximately 87% of New England's inhabitants were born in the U.S., while over 12% were foreign-born. 35.8% of foreign-born residents were born in Latin America, 28.6% were born in Asia, 22.9% were born in Europe, and 8.5% were born in Africa.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Greater Boston, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4.8 million, while over half the population of New England falls inside Boston's Combined Statistical Area of over 8.2 million.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The region underwent a long period of deindustrialization in the first half of the 20th century, as traditional manufacturing companies relocated to the Midwest, with textile and furniture manufacturing migrating to the South. In the late-20th century, an increasing portion of the regional economy included high technology, military defense industry, finance and insurance services, and education and health services. As of 2018, the GDP of New England was $1.1 trillion.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England exports food products ranging from fish to lobster, cranberries, potatoes, and maple syrup. About half of the region's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment. Granite is quarried at Barre, Vermont, guns made at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Saco, Maine, submarines at Groton, Connecticut, surface naval vessels at Bath, Maine, and hand tools at Turners Falls, Massachusetts.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: In 2017, Boston was ranked as having the ninth-most competitive financial center in the world and the fourth-most competitive in the United States. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank and a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation specializes in asset management and custody services and is based in the city.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Boston is also a printing and publishing center. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered there, along with Bedford-St. Martin's and Beacon Press. The city is also home to the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay and the Seaport Hotel and Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The General Electric Corporation announced its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Boston Seaport District from Fairfield, Connecticut, in 2016, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education. The city also holds the headquarters to several major athletic and footwear companies, including Converse, New Balance and Reebok. Rockport, Puma and Wolverine World Wide have headquarters or regional offices just outside the city.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Hartford is the historic international center of the insurance industry, with companies such as Aetna, Conning & Company, The Hartford, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, The Phoenix Companies and Hartford Steam Boiler based in the city, and The Travelers Companies and Lincoln National Corporation have major operations in the city. It is also home to the corporate headquarters of U.S. Fire Arms Mfg. Co., United Technologies, and Virtus Investment Partners.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Fairfield County, Connecticut, has a large concentration of investment management firms in the area, most notably Bridgewater Associates (one of the world's largest hedge fund companies), Aladdin Capital Management and Point72 Asset Management. Moreover, many international banks have their North American headquarters in Fairfield County, such as NatWest Group and UBS.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Agriculture is limited by the area's rocky soil, cool climate, and small area. Some New England states, however, are ranked highly among U.S. states for particular areas of production. Maine is ranked ninth for aquaculture, and has abundant potato fields in its northeast part. Vermont is fifteenth for dairy products, and Connecticut and Massachusetts seventh and eleventh for tobacco, respectively. Cranberries are grown in Massachusetts' Cape Cod-Plymouth-South Shore area, and blueberries in Maine.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The region is mostly energy-efficient compared to the U.S. at large, with every state but Maine ranking within the ten most energy-efficient states; every state in New England also ranks within the ten most expensive states for electricity prices. Wind power, mainly from offshore sources, is expected to gain market share in the 2020s.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: As of December 2016, the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with the lowest unemployment rate, 2.1%, was Burlington-South Burlington, Vermont; the MSA with the highest rate, 4.9%, was Waterbury, Connecticut.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England town meetings were derived from meetings held by church elders, and are still an integral part of government in many New England towns. At such meetings, any citizen of the town may discuss issues with other members of the community and vote on them. This is the strongest example of direct democracy in the U.S. today, and the strong democratic tradition was even apparent in the early 19th century, when Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in "Democracy in America":

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: By contrast, James Madison wrote in "Federalist No. 55" that, regardless of the assembly, "passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason. Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob." The use and effectiveness of town meetings is still discussed by scholars, as well as the possible application of the format to other regions and countries.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: State and national elected officials in New England recently have been elected mainly from the Democratic Party. The region is generally considered to be the most liberal in the United States, with more New Englanders identifying as liberals than Americans elsewhere. In 2010, four of six of the New England states were polled as the most liberal in the United States.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama carried all six New England states by 9 percentage points or more. He carried every county in New England except for Piscataquis County, Maine, which he lost by 4% to Senator John McCain (R-AZ). Pursuant to the reapportionment following the 2010 census, New England collectively has 33 electoral votes.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The following table presents the vote percentage for the popular-vote winner for each New England state, New England as a whole, and the United States as a whole, in each presidential election from 1900 to 2020, with the vote percentage for the Republican candidate shaded in red and the vote percentage for the Democratic candidate shaded in blue:

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States and the world. Harvard College was the first such institution, founded in 1636 at Cambridge, Massachusetts, to train preachers. Yale University was founded in Saybrook, Connecticut, in 1701, and awarded the nation's first doctoral (PhD) degree in 1861. Yale moved to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1718, where it has remained to the present day.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: At the pre-college level, New England is home to a number of American independent schools (also known as private schools). The concept of the elite "New England prep school" (preparatory school) and the "preppy" lifestyle is an iconic part of the region's image.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England is home to some of the oldest public schools in the nation and was the first region in the United States to implement universal compulsory schooling. Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in America and was attended by several signatories of the Declaration of Independence. Hartford Public High School is the second oldest operating high school in the U.S.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: There are several academic journals and publishing companies in the region, including "The New England Journal of Medicine", Harvard University Press and Yale University Press. Some of its institutions lead the open access alternative to conventional academic publication, including MIT, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Maine. The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston publishes the "New England Economic Review".

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Many of the first European colonists of New England had a maritime orientation toward whaling (first noted about 1650) and fishing, in addition to farming. New England has developed a distinct cuisine, dialect, architecture, and government. New England cuisine has a reputation for its emphasis on seafood and dairy; clam chowder, lobster, and other products of the sea are among some of the region's most popular foods.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England maintains a distinct cuisine and food culture. Early foods in the region were influenced by Native American and English cuisines. The early colonists often adapted their original cuisine to fit with the available foods of the region. New England staples reflect the convergence of American Indian and Pilgrim cuisine, such as johnnycakes, succotash, cornbread and various seafood recipes. The Wabanaki tribal nations made nut milk.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Portuguese cuisine is an important element in the annual Feast of the Blessed Sacrament in New Bedford, Massachusetts, the largest ethnic heritage festival in New England.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Acadian and Québécois culture are included in music and dance in much of rural New England, particularly Maine. Contra dancing and country square dancing are popular throughout New England, usually backed by live Irish, Acadian or other folk music. Fife and drum corps are common, especially in southern New England and more specifically Connecticut, with music of mostly Celtic, English, and local origin.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England was an important center of American classical music for some time. The First New England School of composers was active between 1770 and 1820, and the Second New England School about a century later. Prominent modernist composers also come from the region, including Charles Ives and John Adams. Boston is the site of the New England Conservatory, Boston Conservatory at Berklee, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: NESN broadcasts the Boston Red Sox baseball and Boston Bruins hockey throughout the region, save for Fairfield County, Connecticut. Connecticut also receives the YES Network, which broadcasts the games of the New York Yankees and Brooklyn Nets as well as SportsNet New York (SNY), which broadcasts New York Mets games.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: NBC Sports Boston broadcasts the games of the Boston Celtics, New England Revolution and Boston Cannons to all of New England except Fairfield County.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: While most New England cities have daily newspapers, "The Boston Globe" and "The New York Times" are distributed widely throughout the region. Major newspapers also include "The Providence Journal", "Portland Press Herald", and "Hartford Courant", the oldest continuously published newspaper in the U.S.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Boston was the center of the American publishing industry for some years, largely on the strength of its local writers and before it was overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century. Boston remains the home of publishers Houghton Mifflin and Pearson Education, and it was the longtime home of literary magazine "The Atlantic Monthly". Merriam-Webster is based in Springfield, Massachusetts. "Yankee" is a magazine for New Englanders based in Dublin, New Hampshire.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Since the turn of the millennium, Boston and the greater New England region have been home to the production of numerous films and television series, thanks in part to tax incentive programs put in place by local governments to attract filmmakers to the region.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Notable actors and actresses that have come from the New England area include Ben Affleck, Matt Damon, Chris Evans, Ryan O’Neal, Amy Poehler, Elizabeth Banks, Steve Carell, Ruth Gordon, John Krasinski, Edward Norton, Mark Wahlberg and Matthew Perry. Many films and television series have been produced in and set in New England.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: The Boston Public Library is the largest public library in the region with over 8 million materials in its collection. The largest academic research library in the world is the Harvard Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The W. E. B. Du Bois Library of the University of Massachusetts Amherst is the tallest academic library in the world.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England has a strong heritage of athletics, and many internationally popular sports were invented and codified in the region, including basketball, volleyball, and American football.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Volleyball was invented in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895 by William G. Morgan. Morgan was an instructor at a YMCA and wanted to create an indoor game for his athletes. The game was based on badminton and was spread as a sport through YMCA facilities. The international Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Rowing, sailing, and yacht racing are also popular events in New England. The Head of the Charles race is held on the Charles River in October every year and attracts over 10,000 athletes and over 200,000 spectators each year. Sailing regattas include the Newport Bermuda Race, the Marblehead to Halifax Ocean Race, and the Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race. The "New York Times" considers the Newport and Marblehead races to be among the most prestigious in the world.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: New England is represented in professional soccer by the New England Revolution, an inaugural team of the Major League Soccer founded in 1994 and playing in Gillette Stadium which it shares with the New England Patriots. The Revolution have won a U.S. Open Cup and a SuperLiga Championship, and they have appeared in five MLS finals.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


New England

Context: Bus transportation is available in most urban areas and is governed by regional and local authorities. The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority and the MetroWest Regional Transit Authority are examples of public bus transportation which support more suburban and rural communities.

Question: Mihin osavaltioon Massachusetts rajoittuu rannikkoa lounaaseen mentäessä?


Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport

Context: RAF Santacruz was constructed in the 1930s. It was a bigger airfield than nearby Juhu Aerodrome and was home to several RAF squadrons during World War II from 1942 to 1947. The Airport covered an area of about and initially had three runways. The apron existed on the south side of runway 09/27, and the area, referred to today as the "Old Airport", houses, among others, maintenance hangars of Air India, Air Works India, Indamer Aviation Pvt Ltd, and MIAL's General Aviation Terminal.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: With the dawning of the jumbo jet era in the 1970s, Santacruz, despite several extensions, began suffering from insufficient operational capacity.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: A major fire gutted the International section of the terminal building on 21 September 1979, killing three passengers and shutting down the airport. A temporary departure extension or "Gulf Terminal" was made functional in October that year until the terminal was repaired.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Construction of the new international terminal at Sahar began in November 1977, and the first phase took three years to build. Sahar Terminal 2A, the first phase of the three-part terminal, was opened on 5 December 1980.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: In February 2021, the Adani Group acquired both GVK and Bidvest's stakes in MIAL, giving it a controlling interest in the venture.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: The increased air-side efficiencies resulted in CSMIA overtaking Gatwick Airport in March 2017 to become the world's busiest airport with only one operational runway at a time.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: MIAL was considering constructing a second parallel runway as part of its master plan. However, the construction of this runway would necessitate a large-scale relocation of either Air India's hangars and maintenance facilities or the airport's flight kitchens and the Sahar police station, among others, depending on its alignment. The parallel runway remains an active part of the expansion plan but in the meantime the cross runway is being upgraded as much as possible.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: India's second tallest air traffic control tower with a height of after Delhi Airport (101.9 m) stands in a section of the parking area opposite terminal 1B. The triangular three-dimensional structure with soft vertices that won the Hong Kong Building Information Modelling (BIM) Award for the year 2009, has six storeys commencing from . The tower was inaugurated on 18 October 2013 and took over operations on 1 January 2014.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: From the new tower, air traffic controllers are able to see beyond the thresholds of both runways. The tower and its associated technical block and mechanical plant building cover a total of . The cost of the fully equipped tower is estimated at 4 billion.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: The airport has two terminals for scheduled commercial passenger services: Terminal 1 at Santacruz for domestic flights and Terminal 2 at Sahar for both international and domestic flights. While both terminals use the same airside facilities, they are physically separated on the cityside, requiring a 15–20-minute (landside) drive between them. A dedicated General Aviation Terminal caters to passengers using private and non-scheduled flight operations.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: In the initial phase of development, the apron adjoining T2 provides a total of 48 stands including 3 Code F stands (for the A380). In the final phase of development a total of 38 Code E/F contact stands, 14 Code E/F remote stands and 20 Code C remote stands are provided (total 72 stands).

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: The terminal also houses the Niranta Airport Transit Hotel and the 32-room hotel is the first of its kind in the country. It is located on Level 1 of the terminal and rooms may be booked by passengers who have checked into the airport. IWG plc, operating under the brand "Regus" operates a shared workspace out of the terminal.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: After the demise of Jet Airways on 17 April 2019, other carriers launched additional domestic flights using slots vacated by Jet Airways. These flights were operated from T2. This arrangement resulted in some of the larger carriers having to operate domestic flights from both terminals. Hence, MIAL moved to streamline operations at both terminals in September 2019, shifting all domestic operations of AirAsia India and GoAir back to T1, while SpiceJet moved all of its domestic operations to T2.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: All vehicles arriving at T2 to pick up arriving passengers are routed via the Multi-Level Car Park and are charged a fee to counter traffic congestion at the airport. Four wheelers are charged a minimum fee of for 30 minutes in general parking and two-wheelers for 240 minutes.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: When the Sahar terminal was opened in the 1980s, the terminal at Santacruz reverted to being a domestic terminal. The terminal consisted of three structures, Terminals 1A, 1B, and 1C.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Terminal 2 of the airport is located at Sahar Village, in Vile Parle East. Designed by "Aéroports de Paris" and opened in January 1981, Terminal 2 was built in three modular phases as Terminals 2A, 2B, and 2C. Each module had a capacity of 2.5 million passengers. This terminal had an area of .

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: The terminal structure was laid out in a space-saving vertical arrangement with separate levels for arrivals and departures. An overpass on the city-side took passengers to the upper level departure forecourt.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: The original terminal was a convex shaped single concourse building with 14 Code E contact stands. The greater T2 apron also provided a further 15 Code D/E and 6 Code C remote stands. This gave a total of 35 stands on the existing apron.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: The departures section of 2A had 42 check-in counters, 18 more than in the international section at the Santacruz terminal. After completing customs and immigration formalities, the departing travellers were led down to a mezzanine floor where five elongated nodules connect the terminal with the aircraft via aerobridges.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Terminals 2B and 2C were decommissioned in February 2014 when the new T2 took over operations. They were demolished later that year, so that the remainder of the new T2 could be completed.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Apart from handling 65% of the international volumes at CSIA, MIAL also operates a Common User Domestic Cargo Facility. After taking over the redevelopment work of the airport in 2006, MIAL commissioned an offshore Common User Terminal (CUT) near the Marol pipeline as a temporary arrangement. In June 2016, MIAL opened a new domestic cargo CUT near the Western Express Highway in Vile Parle.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: The CUT has been outsourced to Concor Air Ltd. on a Build-operate-transfer basis. The terminal has the capacity to handle 300,000 metric tonnes of cargo annually and is built on an area of 60,000 square feet. The Cargo Terminal is an "elevated terminal structure" where all arriving domestic cargo is managed from the basement level while departing cargo is handled at the upper level. Air India and Blue Dart handle their own domestic cargo operations at their own terminals.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Blue Dart opened its dedicated cargo facility at Mumbai airport near Terminal 1 on 7 February 2019. The facility measures 4,300 square meters and has air-side and city-side access, allowing for faster transfer of shipments.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Vile Parle is a railway station on the Western line and Harbour line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network closest to both T1 and T2 of the airport.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Airport Road and Marol Naka are the stations on Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro system closest to Terminal T2.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Western Express Highway (WEH) is the station on Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro system closest to Terminal T1.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: The Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport Undertaking (BEST) operates air-conditioned buses to the Airport from Andheri railway station. The Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) runs bus services to the Airport from various nodes of Navi Mumbai.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro will run underground from Cuffe Parade to SEEPZ and serve CSMIA via three stations – one each at the Santacruz and Sahar terminals and one in the GVK SkyCity. It will reduce the commute time between Colaba and the airport to 40 minutes.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: In early 2012, the MMRDA held talks with MIAL to either construct or finance the construction of three of the line's stations. MIAL agreed to bear the cost of constructing the three stations, expected to total 777 crore, because of the potential increase in passenger convenience. However, CSIA placed conditions before MMRDA for the corridor;

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Context: MIAL specified that the commercial rights of the three stations it constructs will fully rest with the authority, and that revenue earned from any commercial activity on the premises would go to MIAL. It would undertake the design and civil construction of the stations, costing 600 crore, on its own, and would pay the estimated cost of electromechanical equipment (around 177 crore) to MMRDA in three equal instalments over three years.

Question: Minkä niminen on Mumbain lentokenttä?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1767, and lived with his mother at Shadwell. Jefferson also represented Albemarle County as a delegate in the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1769 until 1775. He pursued reforms to slavery, offering legislation in 1769 to allow masters to control emancipation of slaves, taking discretion away from the royal governor and General Court. He persuaded his cousin Richard Bland to spearhead the legislation's passage, but the reaction was strongly negative.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The British parliament passed the Intolerable Acts in 1774, and Jefferson wrote a resolution calling for a "Day of Fasting and Prayer" in protest, as well as a boycott of all British goods. His resolution was later expanded into "A Summary View of the Rights of British America", in which he argued that people have the right to govern themselves.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In 1768, Jefferson began constructing his primary residence Monticello (Italian for "Little Mountain") on a hilltop overlooking his plantation. He spent most of his adult life designing Monticello as architect and was quoted as saying, "Architecture is my delight, and putting up, and pulling down, one of my favorite amusements." Construction was done mostly by local masons and carpenters, assisted by Jefferson's slaves.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Martha's father John Wayles died in 1773, and the couple inherited 135 slaves, , and the estate's debts. The debts took Jefferson years to satisfy, contributing to his financial problems.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: After working as secretary of state (1790–93), he returned to Monticello and initiated a remodeling based on the architectural concepts which he had acquired in Europe. The work continued throughout most of his presidency and was completed in 1809.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: He sought out John Adams, an emerging leader of the Congress. They became close friends and Adams supported Jefferson's appointment to the Committee of Five formed to draft a declaration of independence in furtherance of the Lee Resolution passed by the Congress, which declared the United Colonies independent. The committee initially thought that Adams should write the document, but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson consulted with other committee members over the next seventeen days and drew on his proposed draft of the Virginia Constitution, George Mason's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, and other sources. The other committee members made some changes, and a final draft was presented to Congress on June 28, 1776.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: At the start of the Revolution, Jefferson was a colonel and was named commander of the Albemarle County Militia on September 26, 1775. He was then elected to the Virginia House of Delegates for Albemarle County in September 1776, when finalizing a state constitution was a priority.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: For nearly three years, he assisted with the constitution and was especially proud of his Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, which forbade state support of religious institutions or enforcement of religious doctrine. The bill failed to pass, as did his legislation to disestablish the Anglican Church, but both were later revived by James Madison.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson was elected governor for one-year terms in 1779 and 1780. He transferred the state capital from Williamsburg to Richmond, and introduced measures for public education, religious freedom, and revision of inheritance laws.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: In April of the same year, his daughter Lucy died at age one. A second daughter of that name was born the following year, but she died at age three.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson had Patsy educated at the Pentemont Abbey. In 1786, he met and fell in love with Maria Cosway, an accomplished—and married—Italian-English musician of 27. They saw each other frequently over a period of six weeks. She returned to Great Britain, but they maintained a lifelong correspondence.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The second major issue was the capital's permanent location. Hamilton favored a capital close to the major commercial centers of the Northeast, while Washington, Jefferson, and other agrarians wanted it located to the south. After lengthy deadlock, the Compromise of 1790 was struck, permanently locating the capital on the Potomac River, and the federal government assumed the war debts of all thirteen states.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Historian Ron Chernow claims that "the theoretical damage of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions was deep and lasting, and was a recipe for disunion", contributing to the American Civil War as well as later events. Washington was so appalled by the resolutions that he told Patrick Henry that, if "systematically and pertinaciously pursued", the resolutions would "dissolve the union or produce coercion."

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The transition proceeded smoothly, marking a watershed in American history. As historian Gordon S. Wood writes, "it was one of the first popular elections in modern history that resulted in the peaceful transfer of power from one 'party' to another."

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Jefferson pardoned several of those imprisoned under the Alien and Sedition Acts. Congressional Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which removed nearly all of Adams's "midnight judges" from office. A subsequent appointment battle led to the Supreme Court's landmark decision in "Marbury v. Madison", asserting judicial review over executive branch actions. Jefferson appointed three Supreme Court justices: William Johnson (1804), Henry Brockholst Livingston (1807), and Thomas Todd (1807).

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: Most thought that this was an exceptional opportunity, despite Republican reservations about the Constitutional authority of the federal government to acquire land. Jefferson initially thought that a Constitutional amendment was necessary to purchase and govern the new territory; but he later changed his mind, fearing that this would give cause to oppose the purchase, and he, therefore, urged a speedy debate and ratification. On October 20, 1803, the Senate ratified the purchase treaty by a vote of 24–7.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?


Thomas Jefferson

Context: The expedition lasted from May 1804 to September 1806 (see Timeline) and obtained a wealth of scientific and geographic knowledge, including knowledge of many Indian tribes.

Question: Kuinka monta sisarusta Thomas Jeffersonilla oli?