Ernest Hemingway

Context: He maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida (in the 1930s) and in Cuba (in the 1940s and 1950s). He almost died in 1954 after two plane crashes on successive days, with injuries leaving him in pain and ill health for much of the rest of his life. In 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where, in mid-1961, he committed suicide.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway's mother, a well-known musician in the village, taught her son to play the cello despite his refusal to learn; though later in life he admitted the music lessons contributed to his writing style, evidenced for example in the "contrapuntal structure" of "For Whom the Bell Tolls". As an adult Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that he shared similar energies and enthusiasms.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Each summer the family traveled to Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan. There young Ernest joined his father and learned to hunt, fish, and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan, early experiences that instilled a life-long passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway returned home early in 1919 to a time of readjustment. Before the age of 20, he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation. As Reynolds explains, "Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee." He was not able to tell them how scared he had been "in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not."

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Carlos Baker, Hemingway's first biographer, believes that while Anderson suggested Paris because "the monetary exchange rate" made it an inexpensive place to live, more importantly it was where "the most interesting people in the world" lived. In Paris, Hemingway met American writer and art collector Gertrude Stein, Irish novelist James Joyce, American poet Ezra Pound (who "could help a young writer up the rungs of a career") and other writers.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the "Toronto Star" newspaper. He covered the Greco-Turkish War, where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna, and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany". He described also the retreat of the Greek army with civilians from East Thrace.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: "The Sun Also Rises" epitomized the post-war expatriate generation, received good reviews and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work". Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in "The Sun Also Rises" may have been "battered" but were not lost.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on "The Sun Also Rises". In early 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from "The Sun Also Rises". The couple were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pfeiffer in May.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: In 1937, Hemingway left for Spain to cover the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA), despite Pauline's reluctance to have him working in a war zone. He and Dos Passos both signed on to work with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens as screenwriters for "The Spanish Earth". Dos Passos left the project after the execution of José Robles, his friend and Spanish translator, which caused a rift between the two writers.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway moved his primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, just outside the newly built resort of Sun Valley, and moved his winter residence to Cuba. He had been disgusted when a Parisian friend allowed his cats to eat from the table, but he became enamored of cats in Cuba and kept dozens of them on the property. Descendants of his cats live at his Key West home.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: In 1947, Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. He was recognized for having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions", with the commendation that "through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat".

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: From the end of the year in 1955 to early 1956, Hemingway was bedridden. He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but then disregarded. In October 1956, he returned to Europe and met Basque writer Pio Baroja, who was seriously ill and died weeks later. During the trip, Hemingway became sick again and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis".

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Mary was sedated and taken to the hospital, returning home the next day where she cleaned the house and saw to the funeral and travel arrangements. Bernice Kert writes that it "did not seem to her a conscious lie" when she told the press that his death had been accidental. In a press interview five years later, Mary confirmed that he had shot himself.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral, officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed that the death had been accidental. An altar boy fainted at the head of the casket during the funeral, and Hemingway's brother Leicester wrote: "It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all." He is buried in the Ketchum cemetery.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: A memorial to Hemingway just north of Sun Valley is inscribed on the base with a eulogy Hemingway had written for a friend several decades earlier:

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Henry Louis Gates believes Hemingway's style was fundamentally shaped "in reaction to [his] experience of world war". After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization" by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th-century writers and by creating a style "in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action, and silences—a fiction in which nothing crucial—or at least very little—is stated explicitly."

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Hemingway's fiction often used grammatical and stylistic structures from languages other than English. Critics Allen Josephs, Mimi Gladstein, and Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera have studied how Spanish influenced Hemingway's prose, which sometimes appears directly in the other language (in italics, as occurs in "The Old Man and the Sea") or in English as literal translations. He also often used bilingual puns and crosslingual wordplay as stylistic devices.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Descriptions of food and drink feature prominently in many of Hemingway's works. In the short story "Big Two-Hearted River" Hemingway describes a hungry Nick Adams cooking a can of pork and beans and a can of spaghetti over a fire in a heavy cast iron pot. The primitive act of preparing the meal in solitude is a restorative act and one of Hemingway's narratives of post-war integration.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Almost exactly 35 years after Hemingway's death, on July 1, 1996, his granddaughter Margaux Hemingway died in Santa Monica, California. Margaux was a supermodel and actress, co-starring with her younger sister Mariel in the 1976 movie "Lipstick". Her death was later ruled a suicide, making her "the fifth person in four generations of her family to commit suicide".

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: Three houses associated with Hemingway are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places: the Ernest Hemingway Cottage on Walloon Lake, Michigan, designated in 1968; the Ernest Hemingway House in Key West, designated in 1968; and the Ernest and Mary Hemingway House in Ketchum, designated in 2015. His boyhood home, in Oak Park, Illinois, is a museum and archive dedicated to Hemingway. Hemingway's childhood home in Oak Park and his Havana residence were also converted into museums.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


Ernest Hemingway

Context: On April 5, 2021, "Hemingway", a three-episode, six-hour documentary, a recapitulation of Hemingway's life, labors, and loves, debuted on the Public Broadcasting System. It was co-produced and directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.

Question: في أي عام صدرت رواية وداعا للسلاح للكاتب الأمريكي إرنست هيمنجواي؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: The film was mostly shot in Italy. The dialogue is entirely in Hebrew, Latin, and reconstructed Aramaic. Although Gibson was initially against it, the film is subtitled.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: In Gethsemane, Jesus prays in the night while his disciples Peter, James, and John sleep. Satan appears to Jesus in a hooded ghost-like androgynous form, and tempts him. Jesus' sweat turns into blood and drips to the ground while a serpent emerges from Satan's guise. Hearing his disciples, he rebukes Satan by crushing the snake's head.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Bribed disciple Judas Iscariot leads a group of temple guards to the forest and betrays Jesus' identity. As the guards arrest Jesus, a fight erupts wherein Peter draws his dagger and slashes the ear of Malchus, one of the guards and a servant of the high priest Caiaphas. Jesus heals Malchus' injury while reprimanding Peter. As the disciples flee, the guards secure Jesus, and beat him during the journey to the Sanhedrin.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: As Jesus carries a heavy wooden cross along to Golgatha, a woman avoids the escort of soldiers and requests that Jesus wipe his face with her cloth, to which he consents. She offers Jesus a pot of water to drink but the guard hurls it away and dispels her. During the journey to Golgotha, Jesus is beaten by the guards until the unwilling Simon of Cyrene is forced into carrying the cross with him. At the end of their journey, with his mother Mary, Mary Magdalene, and others witnessing, Jesus is crucified.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: The film also refers to the Old Testament. The film begins with an epigraph from the Fourth Song of the Suffering Servant from Isaiah. In the opening scene set in the Garden of Gethsemane, Jesus crushes a serpent's head in direct visual allusion to Genesis 3:15. Throughout the film, Jesus quotes from the Psalms, beyond the instances recorded in the New Testament.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Many of the depictions in the film deliberately mirror traditional representations of the Passion in art. For example, the 14 Stations of the Cross are central to the depiction of the Via Dolorosa in "The Passion of the Christ." All the stations are portrayed except for the eighth station (Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem, a deleted scene on the DVD) and the fourteenth station (Jesus is laid in the tomb). Gibson was inspired by the representation of Jesus on the Shroud of Turin.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: At the suggestion of actress Maia Morgenstern, the Passover Seder is quoted early in the film. Mary asks "Why is this night different from other nights?", and Mary Magdalene replies with the traditional response: "Because once we were slaves, and we are slaves no longer."

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: The conflation of Mary Magdalene with the adulteress saved from stoning by Jesus has some precedent in tradition, and according to the director was done for dramatic reasons. The names of some characters in the film are traditional and extra-Scriptural, such as the thieves crucified alongside the Christ, Dismas and Gesmas (also Gestas).

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Gibson's film was released on Ash Wednesday, February 25, 2004. Icon Entertainment distributed the theatrical version of the film, and 20th Century Fox distributed the VHS/DVD/Blu-ray version of the film.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Gibson consulted several theological advisers during filming, including Fr. Jonathan Morris, and a local priest, Philip J. Ryan, who visited the set daily to provide counsel, Confession, and Holy Communion to Jim Caviezel, and Masses were celebrated for cast and crew in several locations. During filming, assistant director Jan Michelini was struck twice by lightning. Minutes later, Caviezel also was struck.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: A preliminary score was composed and recorded by Lisa Gerrard and Patrick Cassidy, but was incomplete at film's release. Jack Lenz was the primary musical researcher and one of the composers; several clips of his compositions have been posted online.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: In the Philippines, a majority-Catholic country, the film was released on March 31, 2004, rated PG-13 by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) and endorsed by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP).

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: In Malaysia, government censors initially banned it completely, but after Christian leaders protested, the restriction was lifted, but only for Christian audiences, allowing them to view the film in specially designated theaters. In Israel, the film was not banned. However, it never received theatrical distribution because no Israeli distributor would market it.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Despite the many controversies and refusals by some governments to allow the film to be viewed in wide release, "The Passion of the Christ" earned $612,054,428 worldwide. The film was also a relative success in certain countries with large Muslim populations, such as in Egypt, where it ranked 20th overall in its box office numbers for 2004. The film was the highest grossing non-English-language film of all time until 2017, when it was surpassed by "Wolf Warrior 2".

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: "The Passion Recut" was released in theaters on March 11, 2005, with five minutes of the most explicit violence deleted. Gibson explained his reasoning for this re-edited version:

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Despite the re-editing, the Motion Picture Association of America still deemed "The Passion Recut" too violent for PG-13, so its distributor released it as unrated. The shortened film showed for three weeks in 960 theaters for a box office total of $567,692, minuscule compared to the $612,054,428 of "The Passion".

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Although the original DVD release sold well, it contained no bonus features other than a trailer, which provoked speculation about how many buyers would wait for a special edition to be released. On January 30, 2007, a two-disc Definitive Edition was released in the North American markets, and March 26 elsewhere. It contains several documentaries, soundtrack commentaries, deleted scenes, outtakes, the 2005 unrated version, and the original 2004 theatrical version.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: On February 7, 2017, 20th Century Fox re-released the film on Blu-ray and DVD featuring both cuts, with the theatrical version being dubbed in English and Spanish; this marks the first time the film has ever been dubbed in another language.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: On April 17, 2011 (Palm Sunday), Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) presented the film at 7:30 p.m. ET/PT, with multiple showings scheduled. The network has continued to air the film throughout the year, and particularly around Easter.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: The June 2006 issue of "Entertainment Weekly" named "The Passion of the Christ" the most controversial film of all time, followed by Stanley Kubrick's "A Clockwork Orange" (1971). In 2010, "Time" listed it as one of the most "ridiculously violent" films of all time.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: On January 22, after speaking to Dziwisz, Navarro-Valls confirmed John Paul II had seen "The Passion of the Christ", and released the following official statement:

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: The film is a cinematographic transposition of the historical event of the Passion of Jesus Christ according to the accounts of the Gospel. It is a common practice of the Holy Father not to express public opinions on artistic works, opinions that are always open to different evaluations of aesthetic character.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: On January 22 in "The Wall Street Journal", Noonan addressed the question of why the issues being raised were not just "a tempest in a teapot" and she explained:

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Before the film was released, there were prominent criticisms of perceived antisemitic content in the film. It was for that reason that 20th Century Fox decided to pass on the film, informing New York Assemblyman Dov Hikind that a protest outside the News Corporation building made them decide against distributing the film. Hikind warned other companies that "they should not distribute this film. This is unhealthy for Jews all over the world."

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Additionally, the film's suggestion that the Temple's destruction was a direct result of the Sanhedrin's actions towards Jesus could also be interpreted as an offensive take on an event which Jewish tradition views as a tragedy, and which is still mourned by many Jews today on the fast day of Tisha B'Av.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Film critic Roger Ebert, who awarded "The Passion of the Christ" 4 out of 4 stars in his review for the "Chicago Sun-Times", denied allegations that the film was anti-semitic. Ebert described the film as "a powerful and important film, helmed by a man with a sincere heart and a warrior's sense of justice. It is a story filled with searing images and ultimately a message of redemption and hope." Ebert said "It also might just be the greatest cinematic version of the greatest story ever told."

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Bob Smithouser of Focus on the Family's Plugged In also believed that film was trying to convey the evils and sins of humanity rather than specifically targeting Jews, stating: "The anthropomorphic portrayal of Satan as a player in these events brilliantly pulls the proceedings into the supernatural realm—a fact that should have quelled the much-publicized cries of anti-Semitism since it shows a diabolical force at work beyond any political and religious agendas of the Jews and Romans."

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Moreover, senior officer at the Vatican Cardinal Darío Castrillón Hoyos, who had seen the film, addressed the matter so:

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: Asked by Bill O'Reilly if his movie would "upset Jews", Gibson responded "It's not meant to. I think it's meant to just tell the truth. I want to be as truthful as possible." In an interview for "The Globe and Mail", he added: "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation. The Papacy has condemned racism in any form...Jesus died for the sins of all times, and I'll be the first on the line for culpability."

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: "South Park" parodied the controversy in the episodes "Good Times with Weapons", "Up the Down Steroid" and "The Passion of the Jew", all of which aired just a few weeks after the film's release.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


The Passion of the Christ

Context: I wanted it to be shocking; and I wanted it to be extreme...So that they see the enormity of that sacrifice; to see that someone could endure that and still come back with love and forgiveness, even through extreme pain and suffering and ridicule. The actual crucifixion was more violent than what was shown on the film, but I thought no one would get anything out of it.

Question: من هو مخرج فيلم شغف المسيح ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: In Egypt, Muslims and Christians share a common history, national identity, ethnicity, race, culture, and language.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: In 2002, under the Mubarak government, Coptic Christmas (January 7) was recognized as an official holiday, though Christians complain of being minimally represented in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: However, most Christians refuted these figures, claiming they have been under-counted. Christians maintain that they represent up to 15 or even 25% of the Egyptian population. In 2017 state-owned newspaper Al Ahram claimed that the percentage of Christians ranged from 10 to 15%, similar to the range claimed by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: Recent self-identification surveys put the Christian percentage at around 10%, as found by Afrobarometer in 2016 (which estimated the country to be 10.3% Christian and 89.4% Muslim) and by Arab Barometer in 2019 (which estimated it to be 9.6% Christian and 90.3% Muslim).

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: There is a small but historically significant non-immigrant population of the Baháʼí Faith, with estimates in 2008 placing the number at around 2,000 people, along with a far smaller community of Jews, with an estimated 13 adherents in 2014 (down from 80,000 prior to the 1953 dissolution of the monarchy and persecution during the decades long Arab–Israeli conflict).

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: A varying number of Egyptians will openly identify as atheist and agnostic, since public expressions of irreligion risk harassment and legal sanctions; most sources estimate the number of Egyptian atheists who openly identify as such to be in the millions, see Atheism and agnosticism below.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: Egyptian state laws allow Muslim men to marry Christian or Jewish women but do not allow Christian or Jewish men to marry Muslim women.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: On January 1, 2011, at least 21 people were killed and 83 injured when a car bomb exploded outside a Coptic Christian church in Alexandria. On 7 May 2011, a church was burnt down in Cairo. Then on October 14, 2012 in the absence of security officials 2 Muslims from a group were killed after they tried to kidnap a woman from a Christian family.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: In January 2013 when the Muslim Brotherhood was in power, Christian nonprofit organization Open Doors ranked Egypt as the 25th most difficult place to be a Christian, on their annual World Watch List.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: Scholars estimate that Shia Muslims comprise 1 percent of the population. There are very small numbers of Dawoodi Bohra Muslims, Ahmadi Muslims, and expatriate members of various groups in Egypt

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: The Ahmadiyya movement in Egypt, which numbers up to 50,000 adherents in the country, was established in 1922 but has seen an increase in hostility and government repression as of the 21st century. The Al-Azhar University has denounced the Ahmadis and Ahmadis have been hounded by police along with other Muslim groups deemed to be deviant under Egypt's defamation laws. On 15 March 2010, nine Ahmadis were detained due to their adherence to the movement.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: Informal estimates about the Baháʼí population in Egypt suggest that, in 2006, there were approximately 2,000 Baháʼís resident in Egypt, though other estimates go as high as 6,900 adherents in 2010.

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Religion in Egypt

Context: During and since the 2011 Egyptian revolution tensions have remained high, including homes being burnt, though Baháʼís made ongoing efforts to contribute to the dialog. Since 2011 Baháʼís remain concerned, noting such things as a 2012 statement by a Salafi spokesman that "We will prosecute the Bahai's on charge of treason".

Question: متى بدأة المسيحية القبطية ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The main categories of causes of preterm birth are preterm labor induction and spontaneous preterm labor.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The exact cause of spontaneous preterm birth is difficult to determine and it may be caused by many different factors at the same time as labor is a complex process. Four different pathways have been identified that can result in preterm birth and have considerable evidence: precocious fetal endocrine activation, uterine overdistension (placental abruption), decidual bleeding, and intrauterine inflammation or infection.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Risk factors in the mother have been identified that are linked to a higher risk of a preterm birth. These include age (either very young or older), high or low body mass index (BMI), length of time between pregnancies, previous spontaneous (i.e., miscarriage) or surgical abortions, unintended pregnancies, untreated or undiagnosed celiac disease, fertility difficulties, heat exposure, and genetic variables.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Medications during pregnancy, living conditions, air pollution, smoking, illicit drugs or alcohol, infection, or physical trauma may also cause a preterm birth.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Air pollution: Living in an area with a high concentration of air pollution is a major risk factor for preterm labor, including living near major roadways or highways where vehicle emissions are high from traffic congestion or are a route for diesel trucks that tend to emit more pollution.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The use of fertility medication that stimulates the ovary to release multiple eggs and of IVF with embryo transfer of multiple embryos has been implicated as a risk factor for preterm birth. Often labor has to be induced for medical reasons; such conditions include high blood pressure, pre-eclampsia, maternal diabetes, asthma, thyroid disease, and heart disease.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The use of tobacco, cocaine, and excessive alcohol during pregnancy increases the chance of preterm delivery. Tobacco is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy and contributes significantly to low birth weight delivery. Babies with birth defects are at higher risk of being born preterm.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Passive smoking and/or smoking before the pregnancy influences the probability of a preterm birth. The World Health Organization published an international study in March 2014.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk preterm birth with an odds ratio of 1.9 and 95% confidence interval of 1.1–3.5.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The frequency of infection in preterm birth is inversely related to the gestational age. "Mycoplasma genitalium" infection is associated with increased risk of preterm birth, and spontaneous abortion.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Infectious microorganisms can be ascending, hematogeneous, iatrogenic by a procedure, or retrograde through the Fallopian tubes. From the deciduas they may reach the space between the amnion and chorion, the amniotic fluid, and the fetus. A chorioamnionitis also may lead to sepsis of the mother. Fetal infection is linked to preterm birth and to significant long-term handicap including cerebral palsy.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: It has been reported that asymptomatic colonization of the decidua occurs in up to 70% of women at term using a DNA probe suggesting that the presence of micro-organism alone may be insufficient to initiate the infectious response.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: A different review found that preterm births happened less for pregnant women who had routine testing for low genital tract infections than for women who only had testing when they showed symptoms of low genital tract infections. The women being routinely tested also gave birth to fewer babies with a low birth weight. Even though these results look promising, the review was only based on one study so more research is needed into routine screening for low genital tract infections.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Also periodontal disease has been shown repeatedly to be linked to preterm birth. In contrast, viral infections, unless accompanied by a significant febrile response, are considered not to be a major factor in relation to preterm birth.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: There is believed to be a maternal genetic component in preterm birth. Estimated heritability of timing-of-birth in women was 34%. However, the occurrence of preterm birth in families does not follow a clear inheritance pattern, thus supporting the idea that preterm birth is a non-Mendelian trait with a polygenic nature.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Fetal fibronectin (fFN) has become an important biomarker—the presence of this glycoprotein in the cervical or vaginal secretions indicates that the border between the chorion and deciduas has been disrupted. A positive test indicates an increased risk of preterm birth, and a negative test has a high predictive value. It has been shown that only 1% of women in questionable cases of preterm labor delivered within the next week when the test was negative.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Obstetric ultrasound has become useful in the assessment of the cervix in women at risk for premature delivery. A short cervix preterm is undesirable: A cervical length of less than 25 mm at or before 24 weeks of gestational age is the most common definition of cervical incompetence.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Adoption of specific professional policies can immediately reduce risk of preterm birth as the experience in assisted reproduction has shown when the number of embryos during embryo transfer was limited.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Women are identified to be at increased risk for preterm birth on the basis of their past obstetrical history or the presence of known risk factors. Preconception intervention can be helpful in selected patients in a number of ways. Patients with certain uterine anomalies may have a surgical correction (i.e. removal of a uterine septum), and those with certain medical problems can be helped by optimizing medical therapies prior to conception, be it for asthma, diabetes, hypertension, and others.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: In multiple pregnancies, which often result from use of assisted reproductive technology, there is a high risk of preterm birth. Selective reduction is used to reduce the number of fetuses to two or three.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: A number of agents have been studied for the secondary prevention of indicated preterm birth. Trials using low-dose aspirin, fish oil, vitamin C and E, and calcium to reduce preeclampsia demonstrated some reduction in preterm birth only when low-dose aspirin was used. Even if agents such as calcium or antioxidants were able to reduce preeclampsia, a resulting decrease in preterm birth was not observed.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: While antibiotics can get rid of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, this does not appear to change the risk of preterm birth. It has been suggested that chronic chorioamnionitis is not sufficiently treated by antibiotics alone (and therefore they cannot ameliorate the need for preterm delivery in this condition).

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Progestogens—often given in the form of vaginal progesterone or hydroxyprogesterone caproate—relax the uterine musculature, maintain cervical length, and possess anti-inflammatory properties; all of which invoke physiological and anatomical changes considered to be beneficial in reducing preterm birth. Two meta-analyses demonstrated a reduction in the risk of preterm birth in women with recurrent preterm birth by 40–55%.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: If a baby has cardiac arrest at birth and is before 23 weeks or less than 400 g attempts at resuscitation are not indicated.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: A Cochrane review from 2020 recommends the use of a single course of antenatal corticosteroids to accelerate fetal lung maturation in women at risk of preterm birth. Treatment with antenatal corticosteroids reduces the risk of perinatal death, neonatal death and respiratory distress syndrome and probably reduces the risk of IVH.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The routine administration of antibiotics to all women with threatened preterm labor reduces the risk of the baby to get infected with group B streptococcus and has been shown to reduce related mortality rates.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: When membranes rupture prematurely, obstetrical management looks for development of labor and signs of infection. Prophylactic antibiotic administration has been shown to prolong pregnancy and reduced neonatal morbidity with rupture of membranes at less than 34 weeks. Because of concern about necrotizing enterocolitis, amoxicillin or erythromycin has been recommended, but not amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav).

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The routine use of caesarean section for early delivery of infants expected to have very low birth weight is controversial, and a decision concerning the route and time of delivery probably needs to be made on a case-by-case basis.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Water can be carefully provided to prevent dehydration but not so much to increase risks of side effects.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: There is insufficient evidence for or against placing preterm stable twins in the same cot or incubator (co-bedding).

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Individualizing the nutrients and quantities used to fortify enteral milk feeds in infants born with very low birth weight may lead to better short-term weight gain and growth but the evidence is uncertain for longer term outcomes and for the risk of serious illness and death. This includes targeted fortification (adjusting the level of nutrients in response to the results of a test on the breast milk) and adjustable fortification (adding nutrients based on testing the infant).

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Multi-nutrient fortifier used to fortify human milk and formula has traditionally been derived from bovine milk. Fortifier derived from humans is available, however, the evidence from clinical trials is uncertain and it is not clear if there are any differences between human-derived fortifier and bovine-derived fortifier in terms of neonatal weight gain, feeding intolerance, infections, or the risk of death.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Since preterm infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease do not have a fully developed antireflux mechanism, deciding on the most effective approach for nutrition is important. It is not clear if continuous bolus intragastric tube feeding is more effective compared to intermittent bolus intragastric tube feeding for feeding preterm infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: For preterm infants who are born after 34 weeks of gestation ("late preterm infants") who are critically ill and cannot tolerate milk, there is some weak evidence that the infant may benefit from including amino acids and fats in the intravenous nutrition at a later time point (72 hours or longer from hospital admission) versus early (less than 72 hours from admission to hospital), however further research is required to understand the ideal timing of starting intravenous nutrition.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: In the U.S. where many neonatal infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25%. Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk for having subsequent serious chronic health problems as discussed below.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The earliest gestational age at which the infant has at least a 50% chance of survival is referred to as the limit of viability. As NICU care has improved over the last 40 years, the limit of viability has reduced to approximately 24 weeks. Most newborns who die, and 40% of older infants who die, were born between 20 and 25.9 weeks (gestational age), during the second trimester.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: As risk of brain damage and developmental delay is significant at that threshold even if the infant survives, there are ethical controversies over the aggressiveness of the care rendered to such infants. The limit of viability has also become a factor in the abortion debate.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Preterm infants usually show physical signs of prematurity in reverse proportion to the gestational age. As a result, they are at risk for numerous medical problems affecting different organ systems.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6%, while at 23 weeks it is 26%, 24 weeks 55% and 25 weeks about 72% as of 2016. With extensive treatment up to 30% of those who survive birth at 22 weeks survive longer term as of 2019. The chances of survival without long-term difficulties is less. Of those who survive following birth at 22 weeks 33% have severe disabilities. In the developed world overall survival is about 90% while in low-income countries survival rates are about 10%.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Despite the neurosensory, mental and educational problems studied in school age and adolescent children born extremely preterm, the majority of preterm survivors born during the early years of neonatal intensive care are found to do well and to live fairly normal lives in young adulthood. Young adults born preterm seem to acknowledge that they have more health problems than their peers, yet feel the same degree of satisfaction with their quality of life.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Beyond the neurodevelopmental consequences of prematurity, infants born preterm have a greater risk for many other health problems. For instance, children born prematurely have an increased risk for developing chronic kidney disease.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Preterm birth complicates the births of infants worldwide affecting 5% to 18% of births. In Europe and many developed countries the preterm birth rate is generally 5–9%, and in the U.S. it has even risen to 12–13% in the last decades.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: About 75% of nearly a million deaths due to preterm deliver would survive if provided warmth, breastfeeding, treatments for infection, and breathing support. Complications from preterm births resulted in 740,000 deaths in 2013, down from 1.57 million in 1990.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Preterm birth is a significant cost factor in healthcare, not even considering the expenses of long-term care for individuals with disabilities due to preterm birth. A 2003 study in the U.S. determined neonatal costs to be $224,400 for a newborn at 500–700 g versus $1,000 at over 3,000 g. The costs increase exponentially with decreasing gestational age and weight.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The 2007 Institute of Medicine report "Preterm Birth" found that the 550,000 premature babies born each year in the U.S. run up about $26 billion in annual costs, mostly related to care in neonatal intensive care units, but the real tab may top $50 billion.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: James Elgin Gill (born on 20 May 1987 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) was the earliest premature baby in the world, until that record was broken in 2004. He was 128 days premature (21 weeks 5 days gestation) and weighed . He survived.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: In 2014, Lyla Stensrud, born in San Antonio, Texas, U.S. became the youngest premature baby in the world. She was born at 21 weeks 4 days and weighed 410 grams (less than a pound). Kaashif Ahmad resuscitated the baby after she was born. As of November 2018, Lyla was attending preschool. She had a slight delay in speech, but no other known medical issues or disabilities.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: In May 2019, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women & Newborns in San Diego announced that a baby nicknamed "Saybie" had been discharged almost five months after being born at 23 weeks' gestation and weighing . Saybie was confirmed by Dr. Edward Bell of the University of Iowa, which keeps the Tiniest Babies Registry, to be the new smallest surviving premature baby in that registry.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The world's smallest premature boy to survive was born in February 2009 at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. Jonathon Whitehill was born at 25 weeks' gestation with a weight of . He was hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit for five months, and then discharged.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: In 2020, at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the worlds most premature baby was born. The baby, named Richard Hutchinson, was born at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on June 5, 2020, at 21 weeks 2 days gestation. At birth he weighed . He remained hospitalized until November 2020, when he was then discharged.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: Historical figures who were born prematurely include Johannes Kepler (born in 1571 at seven months' gestation), Isaac Newton (born in 1642, small enough to fit into a quart mug, according to his mother), Winston Churchill (born in 1874 at seven months' gestation), and Anna Pavlova (born in 1885 at seven months' gestation).

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


Preterm birth

Context: The evidence to support the use of osteopathic manipulations to provide benefit in neonatal care is weak.

Question: ما هو الطفل الخدج ؟


History of the Huns

Context: It is possible that the Huns were directly or indirectly responsible for the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and they have been directly or indirectly linked to the dominance of Turkic tribes on the Eurasian steppe following the fourth century.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: The Romans became aware of the Huns when the latter's invasion of the Pontic steppes forced thousands of Goths to move to the Lower Danube to seek refuge in the Roman Empire in 376, according to the contemporaneous Ammianus Marcellinus. There are also some indications that the Huns were already raiding Transcaucasia in the 360s and 370s. These raids eventually forced the Eastern Roman Empire and Sasanian Empire to jointly defend the passes through the Caucasus mountains.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: Hunnic attacks against Armenia would continue after this raid, with Armenian sources noting a Hunnic tribe known as the Xailandur as the perpetrators.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: Uldin, the first Hun identified by name in contemporary sources, is identified as the leader of the Huns in Muntenia (modern Romania east of the Olt River) in 400. It is unclear how much territory or how many tribes of Huns Uldin actually controlled, although he clearly controlled parts of Hungary as well as Muntenia. The Romans referred to him as a "regulus" (sub-king): he himself boasted of immense power.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: In 400, Gainas, rebellious former Roman "magister militum" fled into Uldin's territory with an army of Goths, and Uldin defeated and killed him, likely near Novae: he sent Gainas's head to Constantinople. Kim suggests that Uldin was interested in cooperating with the Romans while he expanded his control over Germanic tribes in the West. In 406, Hunnic pressure seems to have caused groups of Vandals, Suebi, and Alans to cross the Rhine into Gaul. Uldin's Huns raided Thrace in 404–405, likely in winter.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: Hunnic mercenaries had also formed Stilicho's bodyguard: Kim suggests they were a gift from Uldin. The guard was either killed with Stilicho, or is the same as an elite unit of 300 Huns who continued to fight for the Romans against Alaric even after Uldin's invasion.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: During this same time, probably between 405 and 408, the future Roman "magister militum" and opponent of Attila Flavius Aetius was a hostage living among the Huns.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: After Ruga's death, his nephews Attila and Bleda became the rulers of the Huns: Bleda appears to have ruled in the eastern portion of the empire, while Attila ruled the west. Kim believes that Bleda was the supreme king of the two. In 435, Bleda and Attila forced the Eastern Roman Empire to sign the Treaty of Margus, giving the Huns trade rights and increasing the annual tribute from the Romans. The Romans also agreed to hand over Hunnic refugees and fugitive tribes.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: In 444, tensions rose between the Huns and the Western Empire, and the Romans made preparations for war; however, the tensions appear to have resolved the following year through the diplomacy of Cassiodorus. The terms seem to have involved the Romans handing over some territory to the Huns on the Sava River and may also have been when Attila was made "magister militum" to draw a salary.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: Maenchen-Helfen argues that the Huns likely fought a war against the Longobards, living in modern Moravia, in 446, in which the Longobards successfully resisted Hunnic domination.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: In 450, Attila negotiated a new treaty with the Romans and agreed to withdraw from Roman lands; Heather believes that this was in order for him to plan an invasion of the Western Roman Empire. According to Priscus, Attila contemplated an invasion of Persia at this time as well. The treaty with Constantinople was abrogated shortly afterward by the new emperor Marcian, however, Attila was already occupied with his plans for the Western Empire and did not respond.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: Therefore, despite the collapse of the Western Hunnic Empire, Kim argues that the most important Barbarian leaders in Europe after Attila were all themselves Huns or were closely associated with Attila's empire.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: The tribe of Sabirs is sometimes identified in Byzantine sources as Huns, and Denis Sinor argues that they may have contained some Hunnic elements as well. Kim, however, identifies them with the Xianbei.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: Peter Golden argues that the Huns, and the migrations that are associated with them, resulted in the transformation of the Western Eurasian steppe from the territory of primarily Iranian-speaking nomads to Turkic-speaking ones, as Turkic speakers moved west from modern Mongolia.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


History of the Huns

Context: Other scholars have seen the Huns as less important in the end of Rome. J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen described the Hun's under Attila as "for a few years more than a nuisance to the Romans, though at no time a real danger". Other scholars such as J. B. Bury have in fact argued that the Huns held the Germanic tribes back and thus gave the empire a few more years of life.

Question: كم دامت امبراطورية الهون ؟


Influenza

Context: Influenza viruses comprise four species. Each of the four species is the sole member of its own genus, and the four influenza genera comprise four of the seven genera in the family "Orthomyxoviridae". They are:

Question: ماهي أشهر أنواع فيروس الإنفلونزا؟


Influenza

Context: IBV mainly infects humans but has been identified in seals, horses, dogs, and pigs. IBV does not have subtypes like IAV but has two antigenically distinct lineages, termed the B/Victoria/2/1987-like and B/Yamagata/16/1988-like lineages, or simply (B/)Victoria(-like) and (B/)Yamagata(-like). Both lineages are in circulation in humans, disproportionately affecting children. IBVs contribute to seasonal epidemics alongside IAVs but have never been associated with a pandemic.

Question: ماهي أشهر أنواع فيروس الإنفلونزا؟


Influenza

Context: IDV has been isolated from pigs and cattle, the latter being the natural reservoir. Infection has also been observed in humans, horses, dromedary camels, and small ruminants such as goats and sheep. IDV is distantly related to ICV. While cattle workers have occasionally tested positive to prior IDV infection, it is not known to cause disease in humans. ICV and IDV experience a slower rate of antigenic evolution than IAV and IBV. Because of this antigenic stability, relatively few novel lineages emerge.

Question: ماهي أشهر أنواع فيروس الإنفلونزا؟


Influenza

Context: Serological assays can be used to detect an antibody response to influenza after natural infection or vaccination. Common serological assays include hemagglutination inhibition assays that detect HA-specific antibodies, virus neutralization assays that check whether antibodies have neutralized the virus, and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assays. These methods tend to be relatively inexpensive and fast but are less reliable than nucleic-acid based tests.

Question: ماهي أشهر أنواع فيروس الإنفلونزا؟


Influenza

Context: A minor influenza pandemic occurred from 1847 to 1851 at the same time as the third cholera pandemic and was the first flu pandemic to occur with vital statistics being recorded, so influenza mortality was clearly recorded for the first time. Highly pathogenic avian influenza was recognized in 1878 and was soon linked to transmission to humans. By the time of the 1889 pandemic, which may have been caused by an H2N2 strain, the flu had become an easily recognizable disease.

Question: ماهي أشهر أنواع فيروس الإنفلونزا؟


United States Secretary of Education

Context: The United States secretary of education is the head of the U.S. Department of Education. The secretary serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States, and the federal government, on policies, programs, and activities related to all education in the United States. As a member of the Cabinet of the United States, the secretary is fifteenth in the line of succession to the presidency.

Question: من هو وزير التعليم في الولايات المتحدة حالياَ؟


United States Secretary of Education

Context: The current secretary of education is Miguel Cardona, who was confirmed by the Senate on March 1, 2021.

Question: من هو وزير التعليم في الولايات المتحدة حالياَ؟


United States Secretary of Education

Context: The United States secretary of education is a member of the president's Cabinet and is the fifteenth in the United States presidential line of succession. This secretary deals with federal influence over education policy, and heads the United States Department of Education.

Question: من هو وزير التعليم في الولايات المتحدة حالياَ؟


United States Secretary of Education

Context: The secretary is advised by the National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity, an advisory committee, on "matters related to accreditation and to the eligibility and certification process for institutions of higher education."

Question: من هو وزير التعليم في الولايات المتحدة حالياَ؟


United States Secretary of Education

Context: Prior to the creation of the Department of Education in 1979, Education was part of the ambit of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Question: من هو وزير التعليم في الولايات المتحدة حالياَ؟


United States Secretary of Education

Context: As of , there are eight living former secretaries of education (with all secretaries that have served since 1990 still living), the oldest being Richard Riley (served 1993-2001, born 1933). The most recent secretary of education to die and most recent serving secretary of education to die was Lauro Cavazos (served 1988-1990, born 1927) on March 15, 2022.

Question: من هو وزير التعليم في الولايات المتحدة حالياَ؟


Huawei

Context: During the 1980s, the Chinese government tried to modernize the country's underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure. A core component of the telecommunications network was telephone exchange switches, and in the late 1980s, several Chinese research groups endeavoured to acquire and develop the technology, usually through joint ventures with foreign companies.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Ren sought to reverse engineer and steal foreign technologies with local researchers. It is notable that China has borrowed liberally from Qualcomm and other industry leaders (PBX as an example) in order to enter the market. At a time when all of China's telecommunications technology was imported from abroad, Ren hoped to build a domestic Chinese telecommunication company that could compete with, and ultimately replace, foreign competitors.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: During its first several years the company's business model consisted mainly of reselling private branch exchange (PBX) switches imported from Hong Kong. Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research and development to manufacture its own technologies. By 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: The company's first major breakthrough came in 1993 when it launched its C&C08 program controlled telephone switch. It was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, the company gained market share and made its way into the mainstream market.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In the 1990s Canadian telecom giant Nortel outsourced production of their entire product line to Huawei. They subsequently outsourced much of their product engineering to Huawei as well.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Another major turning point for the company came in 1996 when the government in Beijing adopted an explicit policy of supporting domestic telecommunications manufacturers and restricting access to foreign competitors. Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 1997, Huawei won a contract to provide fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa. Later that year, Huawei launched wireless GSM-based products and eventually expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS. In 1999, the company opened a research and development (R&D) centre in Bengaluru, India to develop a wide range of telecom software.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In May 2003, Huawei partnered with 3Com on a joint venture known as H3C, which was focused on enterprise networking equipment. It marked 3Com's re-entrance into the high-end core routers and switch market, after having abandoned it in 2000 to focus on other businesses. 3Com bought out Huawei's share of the venture in 2006 for US$882 million.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 2004, Huawei signed a $10 billion credit line with China Development Bank to provide low-cost financing to customers buying its telecommunications equipment to support its sales outside of China. This line of credit was tripled to $30 billion in 2009.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 2005, Huawei's foreign contract orders exceeded its domestic sales for the first time. Huawei signed a global framework agreement with Vodafone. This agreement marked the first time a telecommunications equipment supplier from China had received Approved Supplier status from Vodafone Global Supply Chain. Huawei also signed a contract with British Telecom to deploy its multi-service access network (MSAN) and the transmission equipment for its 21st Century Network (21CN).

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 2007, Huawei began a joint venture with U.S. security software vendor Symantec Corporation, known as Huawei Symantec, which aimed to provide end-to-end solutions for network data storage and security. Huawei bought out Symantec's share in the venture in 2012, with "The New York Times" noting that Symantec had fears that the partnership "would prevent it from obtaining United States government classified information about cyber threats".

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In July 2010, Huawei was included in the Global Fortune 500 2010 list published by the U.S. magazine "Fortune" for the first time, on the strength of annual sales of US$21.8 billion and net profit of US$2.67 billion.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In October 2012, it was announced that Huawei would move its UK headquarters to Green Park, Reading, Berkshire.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei also has expanding operations in Ireland since 2016. As well as a headquarters in Dublin, it has facilities in Cork and Westmeath.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Its Irish operations include communications, administration, marketing, consumer business and sales functions.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: The company also partners key Science Foundation Ireland centres such as Connect, Insight, Adapt and Lero.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In September 2017, Huawei created a Narrowband IoT city-aware network using a "one network, one platform, N applications" construction model utilizing 'Internet of things' (IoT), cloud computing, big data, and other next-generation information and communications technology, it also aims to be one of the world's five largest cloud players in the near future.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In April 2019, Huawei established the Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC) at Cyberjaya, Malaysia, which is Huawei's first training centre outside of China.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: By 2018, Huawei had sold 200 million smartphones. They reported that strong consumer demand for premium range smart phones helped the company reach consumer sales in excess of $52 billion in 2018.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei announced worldwide revenues of $105.1 billion for 2018, with a net profit of $8.7 billion. Huawei's Q1 2019 revenues were up 39% year-over-year, at US$26.76 billion.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: By the second quarter of 2020, Huawei had become the world's top smartphone seller, overtaking Samsung for the first time.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Guo Ping is the Chairman of Huawei Device, Huawei's mobile phone division. Huawei's Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer is Zhou Daiqi who is also Huawei's Communist Party Committee Secretary. Their Chief legal officer is Song Liuping.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 2016, German camera company Leica has established a partnership with Huawei, and Leica cameras will be co-engineered into Huawei smartphones, including the P and Mate Series. The first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera was the Huawei P9.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In November 2019, Huawei partners with Devialet and unveiled a new specifically designed speaker, the Sound X.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In October 2020, Huawei released its own mapping service, Petal Maps, which was developed in partnership with Dutch navigation device manufacturer TomTom.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei announced its Enterprise business in January 2011 to provide network infrastructure, fixed and wireless communication, data center, and cloud computing for global telecommunications customers.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei offers mobile and fixed softswitches, plus next-generation home location register and Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystems (IMS). Huawei sells xDSL, passive optical network (PON) and next-generation PON (NG PON) on a single platform. The company also offers mobile infrastructure, broadband access and service provider routers and switches (SPRS). Huawei's software products include service delivery platforms (SDPs), BSSs, Rich Communication Suite and digital home and mobile office solutions.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei Global Services provides telecommunications operators with equipment to build and operate networks as well as consulting and engineering services to improve operational efficiencies. These include network integration services such as those for mobile and fixed networks; assurance services such as network safety; and learning services, such as competency consulting.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei's Devices division provides white-label products to content-service providers, including USB modems, wireless modems and wireless routers for mobile Wi-Fi, embedded modules, fixed wireless terminals, wireless gateways, set-top boxes, mobile handsets and video products. Huawei also produces and sells a variety of devices under its own name, such as the IDEOS smartphones, tablet PCs and Huawei Smartwatch.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei is the second-biggest smartphone maker in the world, after Samsung, as of the first quarter of 2019. Their portfolio of phones includes both high-end smartphones, its Huawei Mate series and Huawei P series, and cheaper handsets that fall under its Honor brand.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In January 2015, Huawei discontinued the "Ascend" brand for its flagship phones, and launched the new P series with the Huawei P8. Huawei also partnered with Google to build the Nexus 6P in 2015.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In May 2018, Huawei stated that they will no longer allow unlocking the bootloader of their phones to allow installing third party system software or security updates after Huawei stops them.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: The current models in the P and Mate lines, the Mate 40, Mate 40 Pro, Mate 40 5G, Mate 40 Pro 5G, P40, P40 Pro, Mate 30, Mate 30 Pro, Mate 30 5G, Mate 30 Pro 5G, P30, P30 Pro, Mate 20, Mate 20 Pro and Mate 20 X were released in 2018 and 2019.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 2016, Huawei entered the laptop markets with the release of its Huawei MateBook series of laptops. They have continued to release laptop models in this series into 2020 with their most recent models being the MateBook X Pro and Matebook 13 2020.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: The HUAWEI MatePad Pro, launched in November 2019. Huawei is number one in the Chinese tablet market and number two globally as of 4Q 2019.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: The Huawei Watch is an Android Wear-based smartwatch developed by Huawei. It was announced at 2015 Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015, and was released at Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin on 2 September 2015. It is the first smartwatch produced by Huawei. Their latest watch, the Huawei Watch GT 2e, was launched in India in May, 2020.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei provides a suite of products for the automobile industry under its Intelligent Automotive Solution Business Unit (IAS BU), including:

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In December 2021, the AITO M5 was unveiled as the first vehicle to be developed in cooperation with Huawei. The model was developed mainly by Seres and is essentially a restyled Seres SF5 crossover. The model was sold under a new brand called AITO, which stands for “Adding Intelligence to Auto” and uses Huawei DriveONE and HarmonyOS, while the Seres SF5 used Huawei DriveONE and HiCar.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei has also secured collaboration with other automakers including BAIC Motor, Changan Automobile and GAC Group. BAIC's Arcfox Alpha-S reportedly uses Huawei ADS.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Emotion UI (EMUI) is a ROM/OS developed by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and based on Google's Android Open Source Project (AOSP). EMUI is pre-installed on most Huawei Smartphone devices and its subsidiaries the Honor series. The latest version of EMUI is EMUI 11.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: The company has twenty one R&D institutes in countries including China, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Finland, France, Belgium, Germany, Colombia, Sweden, Ireland, India, Russia, Israel, and Turkey.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei also funds research partnerships with universities such as the University of British Columbia, the University of Waterloo, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Guelph, and Université Laval.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In November 2019, the Chinese ambassador to Denmark, in meetings with high-ranking Faroese politicians, directly linked Huawei's 5G expansion with Chinese trade, according to a sound recording obtained by Kringvarp Føroya. According to "Berlingske", the ambassador threatened with dropping a planned trade deal with the Faroe Islands, if the Faroese telecom company Føroya Tele did not let Huawei build the national 5G network. Huawei said they did not knоw about the meetings.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: A 2012 White House-ordered security review found no evidence that Huawei spied for China and said instead that security vulnerabilities on its products posed a greater threat to its users. The details of the leaked review came a week after a US House Intelligence Committee report which warned against letting Huawei supply critical telecommunications infrastructure in the United States.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei has been at the center of espionage allegations over Chinese 5G network equipment. In 2018, the United States passed a defense funding bill that contained a passage barring the federal government from doing business with Huawei, ZTE, and several Chinese vendors of surveillance products, due to security concerns. The Chinese government has threatened economic retaliation against countries that block Huawei's market access.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Similarly in November 2018, New Zealand blocked Huawei from supplying mobile equipment to national telecommunications company Spark New Zealand's 5G network, citing a "significant network security risk" and concerns about China's National Intelligence Law.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 2019, a report commissioned by the Papua New Guinea (PNG) National Cyber Security Centre, funded by the Australian government, alleged that a data center built by Huawei for the PNG government contained exploitable security flaws. Huawei responded that the project "complies with appropriate industry standards and the requirements of the customer." The Government of Papua New Guinea has called the data centre a 'failed investment' and attempted to have the loan cancelled.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In February 2020, US government officials claimed that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials in carrier equipment like antennas and routers since 2009.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In mid July 2020, Andrew Little, the Minister in charge of New Zealand's signals intelligence agency the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), announced that New Zealand would not join the United Kingdom and United States in banning Huawei from the country's 5G network.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Following the 2020 China–India skirmishes, India announced that Huawei would be blocked from participating in the country's 5G network for national security reasons.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In May 2022, Canada's industry minister Francois-Philippe Champagne announced that Canada will ban Huawei from the country's 5G network, in an effort to protect the safety and security of Canadians, as well as to protect Canada's infrastructure.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Nortel's chief security officer Brian Shields discovered then-Nortel CEO Mike S. Zafirovski's computer and company profile were compromised by hackers working for the Chinese government, likely on behalf of Huawei. This suspected industrial espionage allowed Huawei to quickly advance its product development.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 2019, Huawei's chief legal officer stated "In the past 30 years, no court has ever concluded that Huawei engaged in malicious IP theft...no company can become a global leader by stealing from others."

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Documents leaked in 2019 revealed that Huawei "secretly helped the North Korean government build and maintain the country's commercial wireless network," possibly in violation of international sanctions.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Huawei has assisted in the surveillance and mass detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps, resulting in sanctions by the United States Department of State. Huawei also tested a facial recognition AI that recognizes ethnicity-specific features to alert government authorities of members of an ethnic group. In January 2021, it was reported that Huawei previously filed a patent with the China National Intellectual Property Administration for a technology to identify Uyghur pedestrians.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In 2019, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, a think tank often described as hawkish in Australian media, accused Huawei of assisting in the mass detention of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang internment camps. Huawei technology used by the Xinjiang internal security forces for data analysis, and companies supplying Huawei operating in the Xinjiang region are accused of using forced labour. However, Huawei denied these reports.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In August 2018, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) was signed into law, containing a provision that banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the U.S. federal government, citing security concerns. Huawei filed a lawsuit over the act in March 2019, alleging it to be unconstitutional because it specifically targeted Huawei without granting it a chance to provide a rebuttal or due process.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: The May 2019 ban on Huawei was partial: it did not affect most non-American produced chips, and the Trump administration granted a series of extensions on the ban in any case, with another 90-day repreive issued in May 2020. In May 2020, the U.S. extended the ban to cover semiconductors customized for Huawei and made with U.S. technology. In August 2020, the U.S. again extended the ban to a blanket ban on all semiconductor sales to Huawei. The blanket ban took effect in September 2020.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: Before the 15 September 2020 deadline, Huawei was in "survival mode" and stockpiled "5G mobile processors, Wifi, radio frequency and display driver chips and other components" from key chip suppliers and manufacturers, including Samsung, SK Hynix, TSMC, MediaTek, Realtek, Novatek, and RichWave. Even in 2019, Huawei spent $23.45 billion on the stockpiling of chips and other supplies in 2019, up 73% from 2018.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Huawei

Context: In September 2019, Huawei began offering the Linux distribution Deepin as a pre-loaded operating system on selected Matebook models in China.

Question: من هو مؤسس شركة هواوي؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In the history of medicine, "Islamic medicine" is the science of medicine developed in the Middle East, and usually written in Arabic, the "lingua franca" of Islamic civilization.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Medieval Islamic physicians largely retained their authority until the rise of medicine as a part of the natural sciences, beginning with the Age of Enlightenment, nearly six hundred years after their textbooks were opened by many people. Aspects of their writings remain of interest to physicians even today.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Medicine was a central part of medieval Islamic culture. This period was called the Golden Age of Islam and lasted from the eighth century to the fourteenth century. The economic and social levels of the patient determined to a large extent the type of care sought, and the expectations of the patients varied along with the approaches of the practitioners.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The adoption by the newly forming Islamic society of the medical knowledge of the surrounding, or newly conquered, "heathen" civilizations had to be justified as being in accordance with the beliefs of Islam. Early on, the study and practice of medicine was understood as an act of piety, founded on the principles of "Imaan" (faith) and "Tawakkul" (trust).

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Muhammad's opinions on health issues and habits in regard to the leading of a healthy life were collected early on and edited as a separate corpus of writings under the title "Ṭibb an-Nabī" ("The Medicine of the Prophet"). In the 14th century, Ibn Khaldun, in his work "Muqaddimah" provides a brief overview over what he called "the art and craft of medicine", separating the science of medicine from religion:

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Despite Muhammad's advocacy of medicine, Islam hindered development in human anatomy, regarding the human body as sacred. Only later, when Persian traditions have been integrated to Islamic thought, Muslims developed treatises about human anatomy.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The "Prophetic medicine" was rarely mentioned by the classical authors of Islamic medicine, but lived on in the materia medica for some centuries. In his "Kitab as-Ṣaidana" (Book of Remedies) from the 10./11. century, Al-Biruni refers to collected poems and other works dealing with, and commenting on, the materia medica of the old Arabs.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The most famous physician was Al-Ḥariṯ ben-Kalada aṯ-Ṯaqafī, who lived at the same time as the prophet. He is supposed to have been in touch with the Academy of Gondishapur, perhaps he was even trained there. He reportedly had a conversation once with Khosrow I Anushirvan about medical topics.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: These sources testify to the fact that the physicians of the emerging Islamic society were familiar with the classical medical traditions already at the times of the Umayyads. The medical knowledge likely arrived from Alexandria, and was probably transferred by Syrian scholars, or translators, finding its way into the Islamic world.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: An important source from the second half of the 8th century is Jabir ibn Hayyans "Book of Poisons". He only cites earlier works in Arabic translations, as were available to him, including Hippocrates, Plato, Galen, Pythagoras, and Aristotle, and also mentions the Persian names of some drugs and medical plants.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In 825, the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun founded the House of Wisdom (; "Bayt al-Hikma") in Baghdad, modelled after the Academy of Gondishapur. Led by the Christian physician Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and with support by Byzance, all available works from the antique world were translated, including Galen, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy and Archimedes.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: It is currently understood that the early Islamic medicine was mainly informed directly from Greek sources from the Academy of Alexandria, translated into the Arabic language; the influence of the Persian medical tradition seems to be limited to the materia medica, although the Persian physicians were familiar with the Greek sources as well.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: One of the first books which were translated from Greek into Syrian, and then into Arabic during the time of the fourth Umayyad caliph Marwan I by the Jewish scholar Māsarĝawai al-Basrĩ was the medical compilation "Kunnāš", by Ahron, who lived during the 6th century. Later on, Hunayn ibn Ishaq provided a better translation.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The physician Paul of Aegina lived in Alexandria during the time of the Arab expansion. His works seem to have been used as an important reference by the early Islamic physicians, and were frequently cited from Rhazes up to Avicenna. Paul of Aegina provides a direct connection between the late Hellenistic and the early Islamic medical science.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The earliest known translation from the Syrian language is the "Kunnāš" of the scholar Ahron (who himself had translated it from the Greek), which was translated into the Arabian by Māsarĝawai al-Basrĩ in the 7th century. [Syriac-language, not Syrian, who were Nestorians] physicians also played an important role at the Academy of Gondishapur; their names were preserved because they worked at the court of the Abbasid caliphs.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: In his work "Firdaus al-Hikma" (The Paradise of Wisdom), Al-Tabari uses only a few Persian medical terms, especially when mentioning specific diseases, but a large number of drugs and medicinal herbs are mentioned using their Persian names, which have also entered the medical language of Islamic medicine. As well as al-Tabari, Rhazes rarely uses Persian terms, and only refers to two Persian works: "Kunnāš fārisi" und "al-Filāha al-fārisiya".

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: al-Tabarī devotes the last 36 chapters of his "Firdaus al-Hikmah" to describe the Indian medicine, citing Sushruta, Charaka, and the "Ashtanga Hridaya" (Sanskrit: अष्टांग हृदय, ; "The eightfold Heart"), one of the most important books on Ayurveda, translated between 773 and 808 by Ibn-Dhan. Rhazes cites in "al-Hawi" and in "Kitab al-Mansuri" both Sushruta and Charaka besides other authors unknown to him by name, whose works he cites as "min kitab al-Hind", „an Indian book".

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Meyerhof suggested that the Indian medicine, like the Persian medicine, has mainly influenced the Arabic "materia medica", because there is frequent reference to Indian names of herbal medicines and drugs, which were unknown to the Greek medical tradition. Whilst Syrian physicians transmitted the medical knowledge of the ancient Greeks, most likely Persian physicians, probably from the Academy of Gondishapur, were the first intermediates between the Indian and the Arabic medicine

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The authority of the great physicians and scientists of the Islamic Golden age has influenced the art and science of medicine for many centuries. Their concepts and ideas about medical ethics are still discussed today, especially in the Islamic parts of our world. Their ideas about the conduct of physicians, and the doctor–patient relationship are discussed as potential role models for physicians of today.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Al-Tamimi, the physician (d. 990) became renown for his skills in compounding medicines, especially theriac, an antidote for poisons. His works, many of which no longer survive, are cited by later physicians. Taking what was known at the time by the classical Greek writers, Al-Tamimi expanded on their knowledge of the properties of plants and minerals, becoming "avant garde" in his field.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The "kitab-al Hawi fi al-tibb" ("al-Hawi" "الحاوي", Latinized: "The Comprehensive book of medicine", "Continens Liber", "The Virtuous Life") was one of al-Razi's largest works, a collection of medical notes that he made throughout his life in the form of extracts from his reading and observations from his own medical experience.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: "Al-Hawi" remained an authoritative textbook on medicine in most European universities, regarded until the seventeenth century as the most comprehensive work ever written by a medical scientist. It was first translated into Latin in 1279 by Faraj ben Salim, a physician of Sicilian-Jewish origin employed by Charles of Anjou.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The "al-Kitab al-Mansuri" (الكتاب المنصوري في الطب, Latinized: "Liber almansoris", "Liber medicinalis ad Almansorem") was dedicated to "the Samanid prince Abu Salih al-Mansur ibn Ishaq, governor of Rayy."

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The book contains a comprehensive encyclopedia of medicine in ten sections. The first six sections are dedicated to medical theory, and deal with anatomy, physiology and pathology, materia medica, health issues, dietetics, and cosmetics. The remaining four parts describe surgery, toxicology, and fever. The ninth section, a detailed discussion of medical pathologies arranged by body parts, circulated in autonomous Latin translations as the "Liber Nonus".

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The book was first translated into Latin in 1175 by Gerard of Cremona. Under various titles ("Liber (medicinalis) ad Almansorem"; "Almansorius"; "Liber ad Almansorem"; "Liber nonus") it was printed in Venice in 1490, 1493, and 1497. Amongst the many European commentators on the Liber nonus, Andreas Vesalius paraphrased al-Razi's work in his "Paraphrases in nonum librum Rhazae", which was first published in Louvain, 1537.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Another work of al-Razi is called the "Kitab Tibb al-Muluki" ("Regius"). This book covers the treatments and cures of diseases and ailments, through dieting. It is thought to have been written for the noble class who were known for their gluttonous behavior and who frequently became ill with stomach diseases.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Until the discovery of Tabit ibn Qurras earlier work, al-Razi's treatise on smallpox and measles was considered the earliest monograph on these infectious diseases. His careful description of the initial symptoms and clinical course of the two diseases, as well as the treatments he suggests based on the observation of the symptoms, is considered a masterpiece of Islamic medicine.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Other works include "A Dissertation on the causes of the Coryza which occurs in the spring when roses give forth their scent", a tract in which al-Razi discussed why it is that one contracts coryza or common cold by smelling roses during the spring season, and "Bur’al Sa’a" ("Instant cure") in which he named medicines which instantly cured certain diseases.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Avicenna's medicine became the representative of Islamic medicine mainly through the influence of his famous work "al-Canon fi al Tibb" ("The Canon of Medicine"). The book was originally used as a textbook for instructors and students of medical sciences in the medical school of Avicenna. The book is divided into 5 volumes:

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The first volume is a compendium of medical principles, the second is a reference for individual drugs, the third contains organ-specific diseases, the fourth discusses systemic illnesses as well as a section of preventive health measures, and the fifth contains descriptions of compound medicines. The "Canon" was highly influential in medical schools and on later medical writers.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: "Ibn Buṭlān", otherwise known as Yawānīs al-Mukhtār ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAbdūn al-Baghdādī, was an Arab physician who was active in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age. He is known as an author of the "Taqwim al-Sihhah" ("The Maintenance of Health" تقويم الصحة), in the West, best known under its Latinized translation, Tacuinum Sanitatis (sometimes Taccuinum Sanitatis).

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The work treated matters of hygiene, dietetics, and exercise. It emphasized the benefits of regular attention to the personal physical and mental well-being. The continued popularity and publication of his book into the sixteenth century is thought to be demonstration of the influence that Arabic culture had on early modern Europe.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: It is claimed that an important advance in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology was made by Ibn al-Nafis, but whether this was discovered via human dissection is doubtful because "al-Nafis tells us that he avoided the practice of dissection because of the shari'a and his own 'compassion' for the human body".

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Ahmad ibn Abi al-Ash'ath, a famous physician from Mosul, Iraq, described the physiology of the stomach in a live lion in his book "al-Quadi wa al-muqtadi". He wrote:

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Ahmad ibn Abi al-Ash'ath observed the physiology of the stomach in a live lion in 959. This description preceded William Beaumont by almost 900 years, making Ahmad ibn al-Ash'ath the first person to initiate experimental events in gastric physiology.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Unfortunately, Al-Baghdadi's discovery did not gain much attention from his contemporaries, because the information is rather hidden within the detailed account of the geography, botany, monuments of Egypt, as well as of the famine and its consequences. He never published his anatomical observations in a separate book, as had been his intention.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The hospital was not just a place to treat patients: it also served as a medical school to educate and train students. Basic science preparation was learned through private tutors, self-study and lectures. Islamic hospitals were the first to keep written records of patients and their medical treatment. Students were responsible in keeping these patient records, which were later edited by doctors and referenced in future treatments.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: During this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the Abbasid Caliphate. In 931 AD, Caliph Al-Muqtadir learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error. He immediately ordered his muhtasib Sinan ibn Thabit to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination. From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: During the medieval time period Hippocratic treatises became used widespread by medieval physicians, due to the treatises practical form as well as their accessibility for medieval practicing physicians. Hippocratic treatises of Gynecology and Obstetrics were commonly referred to by Muslim clinicians when discussing female diseases. The Hippocratic authors associated women's general and reproductive health and organs and functions that were believed to have no counterparts in the male body.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Infertility was viewed as an illness, one that could be cured if the proper steps were taken. Unlike the easement of pain, infertility was not an issue that relied on the patient's subjective feeling. A successful treatment for infertility could be observed with the delivery of a child. Therefore, this allowed the failures of unsuccessful methods for infertility treatment to be explained objectively by Arab medical experts.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Medieval Islam's receptiveness to new ideas and heritages helped it make major advances in medicine during this time, adding to earlier medical ideas and techniques, expanding the development of the health sciences and corresponding institutions, and advancing medical knowledge in areas such as surgery and understanding of the human body, although many Western scholars have not fully acknowledged its influence (independent of Roman and Greek influence) on the development of medicine.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Through the establishment and development of hospitals, ancient Islamic physicians were able to provide more intrinsic operations to cure patients, such as in the area of ophthalmology. This allowed for medical practices to be expanded and developed for future reference.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: The contributions of the two major Muslim philosophers and physicians, Al-Razi and Ibn Sina, provided a lasting impact on Muslim medicine. Through their compilation of knowledge into medical books they each had a major influence on the education and filtration of medical knowledge in Islamic culture.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

Context: Additionally there were some iconic contributions made by women during this time, such as the documentation: of female doctors, physicians, surgeons, wet nurses, and midwives.

Question: من هو أشهر صيدلي عربي في التاريخ ؟


Kassandra (TV series)

Context: Kassandra lasted 150 episodes between October 1992 and May 1993, and it achieved a worldwide amount of success outside Venezuela. It was extremely successful in its later airings, especially in United States, Romania, Greece, Italy, Russia, former Eastern Bloc nations, former Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, as well as the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia. In 2008, the show was also remade in Russia as "Принцесса цирка" ("Princess of the Circus").

Question: ما هي الشركة المنتجة لمسلسل كاساندرا؟


Kassandra (TV series)

Context: Coraima Torres, Osvaldo Ríos & Henry Soto starred as protagonists with Nury Flores, Alexander Milic, Loly Sánchez & Erika Madina as the antagonists.

Question: ما هي الشركة المنتجة لمسلسل كاساندرا؟


Kassandra (TV series)

Context: Years go by. Finally, one day the circus returns and so does Kassandra, who has grown to be a beautiful young woman. According to Gypsy tradition, the woman who raised Kassandra, her supposed grandmother, promised her hand in matrimony when she was an infant to Randu, a rough young man who is now the leader of the tribe.

Question: ما هي الشركة المنتجة لمسلسل كاساندرا؟


Kassandra (TV series)

Context: During the first night of the Gypsies' arrival to town, while Randu dances with his future wife, Kassandra's eyes wander to another man. Their eyes meet and become locked in a strong mutual attraction. The man who stares is Luis David, one of Herminia's twin sons. Later the two talk below the starry sky, in the loneliness of the mountainside where they share a magical moment. The following day however, Luis David leaves town without a word.

Question: ما هي الشركة المنتجة لمسلسل كاساندرا؟


Hezbollah

Context: Hezbollah (; ', , also transliterated Hizbullah or Hizballah"', among others) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, led by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah since 1992. Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council, and its political wing is the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese Parliament.

Question: من هو مؤسس حزب الله اللبناني ؟


Hezbollah

Context: Either the entire organization or only its military wing has been designated a terrorist organization by several countries, including by the European Union and, since 2017, also by most member states of the Arab League, with two exceptions – Lebanon, where Hezbollah is the most powerful political party, and Iraq. Russia does not view Hezbollah as a "terrorist organization" but as a "legitimate socio-political force".

Question: من هو مؤسس حزب الله اللبناني ؟


Hezbollah

Context: In 1982, Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran primarily to harass the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Its leaders were followers of Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 Revolutionary Guards that arrived from Iran with permission from the Syrian government, which occupied Lebanon's eastern highlands, permitted their transit to a base in the Bekaa valley which was in occupation of Lebanon at the time.

Question: من هو مؤسس حزب الله اللبناني ؟