Context: Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim engineer and inventor of various clocks, including the Elephant clock, wrote: "[T]he elephant represents the Indian and African cultures, the two dragons represents Chinese culture, the phoenix represents Persian culture, the water work represents ancient Greek culture, and the turban represents Islamic culture".

Question: 중국의 과학 기술을 받아들인 왕은 누구인가?


History of science and technology in China

Context: Johann Adam Schall published Yuan Jing Shuo, Explanation of the Telescope, in 1626, in Latin and Chinese. Schall's book referred to the telescopic observations of Galileo.

Question: 중국의 과학 기술을 받아들인 왕은 누구인가?


Context: The followers of the French physiocrat François Quesnay habitually referred to him as "the Confucius of Europe", and he personally identified himself with the Chinese sage. The doctrine and even the name of "Laissez-faire" may have been inspired by the Chinese concept of Wu wei. However, the economic insights of ancient Chinese political thought had otherwise little impact outside China in later centuries. Goethe, was known as "the Confucius of Weimar".

Question: 중국의 과학 기술을 받아들인 왕은 누구인가?


Context: Another prominent historian of science, Nathan Sivin, has argued that China indeed had a scientific revolution in the 17th century but it's just that we are still not able to really understand the scientific revolution that took place in China. Sivin suggests that we need to look at the scientific development in China on its own terms.

Question: 중국의 과학 기술을 받아들인 왕은 누구인가?


Context: In 2016, China became the country with the highest science output, as measured in publications. While the US had been the biggest producer of scientific studies until then, China published 426,000 studies in 2016 while the US published 409,000. However, the numbers are somewhat relative, as it also depends how authorship on international collaborations is counted (e.g. if one paper is counted per person or whether authorship is split among authors).

Question: 중국의 과학 기술을 받아들인 왕은 누구인가?


New Youth

Context: Chen published "A Letter to Youth" (Chinese: 敬告青年) in the first issue of September 15, 1915. The letter issued six challenges:

Question: 신청년 창립주는 누군가요?


New Youth

Context: The letter further emphasized the urgency of pursuing science and liberty in order to remove the twin chains of feudalism and ignorance from the general population.

Question: 신청년 창립주는 누군가요?


New Youth

Context: Mao Zedong, the founding father of the People's Republic of China, in his youth contributed articles against the oppression of women under Confucianism and on the importance of physical fitness. "The well-known quotation of Mao Zedong (1893-1976), cited above, which compares young people to the morning sun, claimed for youth the authority to define the nation’s future and endowed it with all the power to make changes that would revolutionize society."

Question: 신청년 창립주는 누군가요?


Hertzsprung–Russell diagram

Context: The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, abbreviated as H–R diagram, HR diagram or HRD, is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their stellar classifications or effective temperatures. The diagram was created independently in 1911 by Ejnar Hertzsprung and by Henry Norris Russell in 1913, and represented a major step towards an understanding of stellar evolution.

Question: 헤르츠스프룽-러셀 도표는 언제 고안된 도표인가요?


Hertzsprung–Russell diagram

Context: Russell's early (1913) versions of the diagram included Maury's giant stars identified by Hertzsprung, those nearby stars with parallaxes measured at the time, stars from the Hyades (a nearby open cluster), and several moving groups, for which the moving cluster method could be used to derive distances and thereby obtain absolute magnitudes for those stars.

Question: 헤르츠스프룽-러셀 도표는 언제 고안된 도표인가요?


Hertzsprung–Russell diagram

Context: There are several forms of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, and the nomenclature is not very well defined. All forms share the same general layout: stars of greater luminosity are toward the top of the diagram, and stars with higher surface temperature are toward the left side of the diagram.

Question: 헤르츠스프룽-러셀 도표는 언제 고안된 도표인가요?


Gettysburg National Tower

Context: The tower was built in 1974 on private land adjacent to the Gettysburg National Military Park by real-estate developer Thomas R. Ottenstein. It was opposed by many, including the National Park Service, historical preservationists, and locals. The governor of Pennsylvania at the time, Milton Shapp, led unsuccessful lawsuits against construction of the tower. The Park Service had no authority over the tower since it was not inside the park.

Question: 게티즈버그에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Gettysburg National Tower

Context: The tower had a patented hyperboloid design, which was checked by computer simulation on a CDC 6600 mainframe to verify its integrity. The bottom diameter was , it narrowed to in the middle, and spread outward for a top diameter of . The main pieces were assembled using the largest crane available at the time and were bolted together rather than welded. During the debate regarding the tower, its engineer, Joel Rosenblatt, argued that its design was significant enough for preservation in its own right.

Question: 게티즈버그에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Gettysburg National Tower

Context: Running up inside the hyperbolic lattice were elevators and a 520-step staircase leading to the observation decks. The observation area consisted of two air-conditioned indoor levels and two open-air decks at the very top, featuring binoculars and information about the historical significance of the sights. Ottenstein hailed it as a "classroom in the sky", but detractors said its size and visibility made it overly prominent.

Question: 게티즈버그에서 가장 높은 건물은 무엇인가?


Anglo-Zanzibar War

Context: The sultan's forces sustained roughly 500 casualties, while only one British sailor was injured. Sultan Khalid received asylum in the German consulate before escaping to German East Africa (in the mainland part of present Tanzania). The British quickly placed Sultan Hamoud in power at the head of a puppet government. The war marked the end of the Zanzibar Sultanate as a sovereign state and the start of a period of heavy British influence.

Question: 가장 빠른 시간에 끝난 전투는 무엇인가?


Anglo-Zanzibar War

Context: The year of Ali's ascension also saw the signing of the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty between Britain and Germany. This treaty officially demarcated the spheres of interest in East Africa and ceded Germany's rights in Zanzibar to the United Kingdom. This granted the British government more influence in Zanzibar, which they intended to use to eradicate slavery there, an objective they had held as early as 1804.

Question: 가장 빠른 시간에 끝난 전투는 무엇인가?


Anglo-Zanzibar War

Context: Meanwhile, Cave informed all other foreign consuls that all flags were to remain at half mast in honour of the late Hamad. The only one that did not was a large red flag flying from Khalid's palace. Cave also informed the consuls not to recognise Khalid as sultan, to which they agreed.

Question: 가장 빠른 시간에 끝난 전투는 무엇인가?


Anglo-Zanzibar War

Context: There were no further rebellions against British influence during the remaining 67 years of the protectorate.

Question: 가장 빠른 시간에 끝난 전투는 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: Munroe was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, and his father has worked as an engineer and marketer. He has two younger siblings, and was raised as a Quaker. He was a fan of comic strips in newspapers from an early age, starting off with "Calvin and Hobbes". After graduating from the Chesterfield County Mathematics and Science High School at Clover Hill, a Renaissance Program in Midlothian, Virginia, he graduated from Christopher Newport University in 2006 with a degree in physics.

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: Munroe had originally used xkcd as an instant messaging screenname because he wanted a name without a meaning so he would not eventually grow tired of it. He registered the domain name, but left it idle until he started posting his drawings, perhaps in September 2005. The webcomic quickly became very popular, garnering up to 70 million hits a month by October 2007. Munroe has said, "I think the comic that's gotten me the most feedback is actually the one about the stoplights".

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: In 2010, he published a collection of the comics. He has also toured the lecture circuit, giving speeches at places such as Google's Googleplex in Mountain View, California.

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: Munroe is the creator of the now defunct websites "The Funniest", "The Cutest", and "The Fairest", each of which presents users with two options and asks them to choose one over the other.

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: In October 2008, "The New Yorker" magazine online published an interview and "Cartoon Off" between Munroe and Farley Katz, in which each cartoonist drew a series of four humorous cartoons.

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: A sequel, "What If? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions", is scheduled to be published in September 2022.

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: Munroe's book "Thing Explainer", announced in May 2015 and published late that year, explains concepts using only the 1,000 most common English words. The book's publisher, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, saw these illustrations as potentially useful for textbooks, and announced in March 2016 that the next editions of their high-school-level chemistry, biology, and physics textbooks will include selected drawings and accompanying text from "Thing Explainer".

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: In February 2019, Munroe announced his upcoming book "How To", which was released in September of that year.

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


Randall Munroe

Context: His hobbies and interests include kite photography, in which cameras are attached to kites and photographs are then taken of the ground or buildings.

Question: 렌들 먼로의 첫 작품은 무엇인가?


KBO League

Context: The KBO League (), officially known as the Shinhan Bank SOL KBO League due to sponsorship reasons, is the highest level league of baseball in South Korea. The KBO League was founded with six franchises in 1982 and is the most popular sports league in South Korea. The Kia Tigers are the most successful team, having won 11 out of the 40 championships.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: Since the 2015 season, each team plays 144 games in the regular season, an increase from 128 games, along with the introduction of the KT Wiz to the league. Each team plays every other team 16 times. In general, Korean teams play six games a week, with every Monday off.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: In mid-July of every season, the best players participate in the KBO All-Star Game. The franchises participating are divided into two sets of teams: "Dream All-Stars" (Doosan, KT, Lotte, Samsung, and SSG) and "Nanum All-Stars" (Kia, Hanwha, LG, NC and Kiwoom).

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: The KBO League's season culminates in its championship series, known as the KBO Korean Series. Currently, the top five teams qualify for the post-season based on win–loss records. The lowest-qualifying teams face off in a step-ladder playoff system, where each winner then faces the next-highest team, culminating in the Korean Series against the top-ranked team.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: "Fourth-place team starts the series with a 1–0 lead and advances with one win or a tie, while the fifth-place team must win twice to advance."

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: Any playoff games ending in an official tie are replayed, thereby raising the possibility of a close series containing more than the scheduled five or seven games.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: The KBO League rules are essentially those of the American Major League Baseball (MLB). The designated hitter rule is universal in KBO.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: Traditionally, South Korean professional baseball games have a maximum number of extra innings before a game is declared an official tie. The KBO abolished this limit for the 2008 season, but it was reinstated in 2009, with a 12-inning limit imposed during the regular season, and a 15-inning limit for playoff games.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: The first Korean Series featured the Bears versus the Lions, with OB winning the championship 4-games-to-1, with a tie.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: The Haitai Tigers dominated the 1980s, winning the Korean Series five times — in 1983, 1986, and 1987 through 1989. They were led by pitcher Sun Dong-yol and infielders Kim Seong-han and Han Dae-hwa. Other KBO stars whose careers took off in the 1980s were sluggers Chang Jong-hoon and Lee Man-soo.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: Mid-season 1985, the Sammi Superstars were sold and became known as the Chungbo Pintos, and the full season expanded to 110 games. Because the Samsung Lions won both half-season pennants (with a still single-season record .706 winning percentage), the Lions won the title outright so no Korean Series was played that year.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: 1988 saw the Cheongbo Pintos change ownership again, becoming the Pacific Dolphins. In 1989 the KBO eliminated the two half-season pennants, moving to a single season of 120 games.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: In 1990, MBC Chungyong became the LG Twins and an eighth franchise was added, the Ssangbangwool Raiders, who represented the Jeollabuk-do region.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: From 1991 to 1998, the season increased to 126 games. The Lotte Giants won the Korean Series championship in 1992; the team has not won it since. There was little other change during this period except for a few major sponsors: in 1993 the Binggrae Eagles became the Hanwha Eagles, in 1996 the Pacific Dolphins became the Hyundai Unicorns, and in 1999 the OB Bears became the Doosan Bears.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: The 1998 Korean Series was won by the Hyundai Unicorns for the franchise's first championship in 16 years of existence. (The team would go on to win the championship in 2000, 2003, and 2004.)

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: In 1999 the season was expanded to 132 games, and the KBO separated into two divisions — the Dream League and the Magic League. The 1999 Dream League consisted of the Doosan Bears, the Lotte Giants, the Haitai Tigers, and the Hyundai Unicorns; the 1999 Magic League consisted of the Hanwha Eagles, the LG Twins, the Samsung Lions, and the Ssangbangwool Raiders. That year the Eagles — in their 14th season — won their franchise's first (and only) Korean Series championship, after 14 years in the KBO.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: In 2001, the KBO returned to a single-division format. The Haitai Tigers became the Kia Tigers. From 2000 to 2012, the length of the regular season fluctuated between 126 and 133 games.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: Despite its string of championships in the early 2000s, the Hyundai Unicorns franchise was disbanded in 2008. It was re-founded as the Woori Heroes and moved to Mok-dong in Seoul. In 2010, the team's naming rights were sold to Nexen Tire and the team was renamed the Nexen Heroes until the end of the 2018 season, when its naming rights were sold to Kiwoom Securities.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: The Samsung Lions were a powerful team in the 2010s, winning the championship four times during six straight appearances in the Korean Series (from 2010 to 2015). The Doosan Bears were also a powerhouse, appearing in the Korean Series six times in the decade (including five straight appearances from 2015 to 2019), winning it three times.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: Expansion resumed in the 2010s, with the addition of the NC Dinos, located in Changwon, which joined the league in 2013. It is the first team located in Changwon, the city having previously been the second home of the nearby Lotte Giants. The KBO played 128-game seasons in 2013–2014.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: In 2015, the KT Wiz became the league's tenth franchise. They play their home games in Suwon, which had not had a team since the Hyundai Unicorns' disbandment. Since 2015 the KBO has played a 144-game season each year, and has added a fifth team to the playoffs, with the introduction of the Wild Card game. In 2015 the league also increased the active roster size of each team, from 26 to 27 (of those, 25 may play in any one game).

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: After a number of seasons of inflated offensive production, the KBO introduced a new "dejuiced" baseball before the 2019 season. The results showed in a significant decrease in runs per game and home runs per game.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: American Jerry Royster was the first-ever non-Korean to take the helm of one of South Korea's professional baseball clubs when he was signed as manager of the Lotte Giants in 2007. (Royster served as the Giants' manager through the 2010 season.)

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: Over the league's history, more than 200 Americans have played in the KBO; other countries which have produced many current and former KBO players include the Dominican Republic (with more than 80 players), and Venezuela (with more than 20 players).

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: Most of games is currently aired by KBS2, KBS N SPORTS, MBC, MBC Sports+, SBS, SBS Sports, and SPOTV.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: In addition to these ballparks, the Lotte Giants play some games at Ulsan Munsu Baseball Stadium, the Samsung Lions at Pohang Baseball Stadium and the Hanwha Eagles at Cheongju Baseball Stadium.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: In 2016 season, a new national record of over 8 million attendance figures was set. There was massive increase of 1 million compared with previous season.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: The record was smashed again in 2017 season with over 8.4 million fans to their games during the regular season. Bears, Twins, Giants and Tigers all attracted over 1 million fans. The average game attendance was above 11,600 fans.

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


KBO League

Context: This increase in popularity has been accompanied by the building of larger and more modern ballparks to further enhance the fan experience and their expenditures during games, such as Gwangju-Kia Champions Field (2014), Gocheok Sky Dome (2016), Daegu Samsung Lions Park (2016), and Changwon NC Park (2019).

Question: 한국의 프로야구가 시작된 해는 언제인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: In 2008, a report by Cambridge Energy Research Associates stated that 2007 had been the year of peak gasoline usage in the United States, and that record energy prices would cause an "enduring shift" in energy consumption practices. According to the report, in April fuel consumption had been lower than a year before for the sixth straight month, suggesting 2008 would be the first year US usage declined in 17 years. The total annual distance driven in the US began declining in 2006.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: The average price in 2012 was , the highest ever yearly average . , the average price of gasoline was , with New York at for the highest in the US, and Colorado at for the lowest.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Finished motor gasoline amounts to 44% of the total US consumption of petroleum products. This corresponds to . , the cost of crude oil accounted for 62% of the cost of a gallon of gasoline in the United States while refining accounted for just 12%. Taxes and distribution/marketing accounted for 12% and 14% respectively.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: After Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, gas prices started rising to record high levels. In terms of the aggregate economy, increases in crude oil prices significantly predict the growth of real gross domestic product (GDP), but increases in natural gas prices do not.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: In August 2005, after the damages from Hurricane Katrina ran up gas prices, on August 30, a day after Katrina's landfall, prices in the spot market, which typically include a premium above the wellhead price, had surged past , and on 22 September 2005, the day before Rita's landfall, the spot price had risen to .

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: In the fifteen years prior to the 1973 oil crisis, gasoline prices in the U.S. had lagged well behind inflation.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Taxes are the next biggest contributor to gasoline prices at around 12%. In the United States, both state and federal taxes apply to gasoline. In addition, other taxes may be placed on gas including applicable state sales taxes, gross receipts taxes, oil inspection fees, underground storage tank fees and other miscellaneous environmental fees.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Distribution and marketing makes up the remaining 5%. The price of transporting crude oil to a refinery then gasoline to a point of distribution is passed on to the consumer. In addition the price to market the fuel brand is passed on.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Aside from this breakdown, many other factors affect gasoline prices. Extreme weather, war or natural disaster in areas where oil is produced can also in turn raise the price of a gallon of gasoline. Legislation by several states for cleaner burning fuel also affects certain areas' prices of gasoline.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Balance between supply and demand directly affects the price of gasoline. U.S. consumption of gasoline follows a seasonal pattern, where every year it is more expensive during the summer months when more people are driving. The long-term trend of consumption has been to increase year over year since 1950, with dips around the introduction of corporate average fuel economy standards and the 1979 energy crisis, the early 1990s recession and Gulf War, and the Great Depression.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Competitive petrol pricing in the UK is led by supermarkets with their own forecourts. Generally each supermarket tends to match the other's prices; the lead players being Asda, Tesco, Sainsbury's and Morrisons.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: A number of countries subsidize the cost of petrol/gasoline and other petroleum products. Subsidies make transport of people and goods cheaper, but discourage fuel efficiency. In some countries, the soaring cost of crude oil since 2003 has led to these subsidies being cut, moving inflation from the government debt to the general populace, sometimes resulting in political unrest.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Fuel subsidies are common in oil-rich nations. Countries with subsidized fuel include Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Burma, Kuwait, Bahrain, Trinidad and Tobago, Brunei, Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: In February 2010, the Iranian government implemented an energy price reform by which the energy subsidies were to be removed in five years; the most important price hike was in gasoline, as the price went up from 1000 rials ($0.10 US) to 4000 rials ($0.40 US) per litre, with a ration of 100 litres per month for private passenger cars (later reduced to 60 litres per month).

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: On 26 December 2010, the Bolivian government issued a decree removing subsidies which had fixed petrol/gasoline and diesel prices for the past seven years. Arguing that illegal exports (contraband) of gasoline and diesel fuel to neighboring countries by individuals for personal profit was harming the economy, Bolivia eliminated the subsidies and raised gasoline prices as much as 83%. After widespread labor strikes, the Bolivian government canceled all future planned price hikes.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: The price of gasoline based on the official USD to IRR rate is US$0.29/Litre in 2018 which is the second cheapest price in the world after Venezuela.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: In 2017, Mexico ended its oil industry subsidies, leading to increased prices and widespread protests throughout the country.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Trinidad and Tobago through its national energy agencies Petrotrin and Trinidad and Tobago National Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP) offers petroleum fuels at varying subsidised prices to the users within the country. Unleaded Gasoline is offered at two grades - Ron 91 at US$0.43/Litre and Ron 95 at US$0.91/Litre. Diesel is offered at US$0.24/Litre making this fuel some of the cheapest in the world.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: There are an estimated 791,086 cars in the country as at February 2015 and they consume 1.2 billion litres of liquid fuel annually

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: The Government of Trinidad and Tobago spent an estimated US$173.2 million in subsidies for gasoline and diesel in half year period October 2014 - March 2015.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: In 2021-22, gasoline and diesel prices surged in the United States, reaching record highs, as part of a larger trend of inflation. The average price of regular gasoline rose from $1.773 during the week of April 27, 2020, to $5 as of June 11, 2022, an all-time high. California led the nation in gas prices with an average gallon of regular gas in the state reaching $6.43 as of June 11, 2022.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: On May 30, 2020, government did announce a price increase to US$0.5 per liter which is the price until now Jun 4 2021, but with supply shortages at the service stations.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: With oil reaching over US$145 a barrel, Indonesia further increased prices on 24 May 2008 to Rp 6,000 (approx. US$0.65) per litre, and diesel to Rp 5,500 (approx. US$0.60) per litre, while kerosene was raised to Rp 2,500 (approx. US$0.28), moves which caused widespread protests. In addition, it was suggested that private car owners, who are wealthy in Indonesian terms, would eventually be excluded from subsidies entirely, with the cheap fuel limited to public transport and motorcycles.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: In June 2013, the government raised the price of low-octane gasoline 44% to 6,500 rupiah ($0.66) per liter and of diesel 22% to 5,500 rupiah per liter to help close a widening budget deficit. The move caused violent protest in some areas.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Furthermore, on November 18, 2014, the new government led by President Joko Widodo reallocated the government subsidy for gasoline and diesel into nation's infrastructure, education and health budget, hence raised the price of subsidized gasoline and diesel by Rp 2,000 each, so the price of gasoline and diesel became Rp 8,500 and Rp 7,500 respectively. This decision created inflation and protest throughout the archipelago.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: People have been encouraged to switch to LPG for cooking, as Indonesia is the world's largest exporter, whereas its oil industry is in decline, and it is now a net importer.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Malaysia had been subsidising gasoline since 1983. In 2014, Malaysia abolished fuel subsidies and began using a managed float system, in order to control the country's large current account deficit.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Wide protests on petrol price hikes have been frequent in the last decade. On 24 May 2012, the petrol price was hiked by ₹7.50, resulting prices in the range of ₹73–82 ($0.97–1.09) per liter all over the country.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

Context: Opposition had declared a bandh on 31 May 2012 across the country to protest against the price hike, which evoked mixed response amid incidents of stone pelting, arson and road blockades in some parts of the country.

Question: 세상에서 가장 비싼 기체는 무엇인가?


List of countries with overseas military bases

Context: Whilst the overall number of overseas military bases has fallen since 1945, the United States, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia and France still possess or utilize a substantial number. Smaller numbers of overseas military bases are operated by China, Iran, India, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates.

Question: 미국군이 위치한 나른 총 몇개인가?


Context: The United States has military bases in 85 countries and territories, i.e. outside its fifty states and District of Columbia. Countries with US bases include:

Question: 미국군이 위치한 나른 총 몇개인가?


History of Ireland

Context: What is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from references in Roman writings, Irish poetry, myth, and archaeology. While some possible Paleolithic tools have been found, none of the finds is convincing of Paleolithic settlement in Ireland. However a bear bone found in Alice and Gwendoline Cave, County Clare, in 1903 may push back dates for the earliest human settlement of Ireland to 10,500 BC. The bone shows clear signs of cut marks with stone tools and has been radiocarbon dated to 12,500 years ago.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The Céide Fields is an archaeological site on the north County Mayo coast in the west of Ireland, about

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: 7 kilometres northwest of Ballycastle, and the site is the most extensive Neolithic site in Ireland and contains the oldest known field systems in the world. Using various dating methods, it was discovered that the creation and development of the Céide Fields goes back some five and a half thousand years (~3500 BC).

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The hypothesis that the native Late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed Celtic influences has since been supported by some recent genetic research.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: In 60 AD, it is said that the Romans invaded Anglesey in Wales causing concerns across the Irish Sea, but there is a small controversy on if they even set foot into Ireland. The closest Rome got to conquering Ireland was in 80 AD, when, quote by Turtle Bunbury from the Irish Times, “Túathal Techtmar, the son of a deposed high king, who is said to have invaded Ireland from afar in order to regain his kingdom at about this time,” end quote.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Irish confederations (the Scoti) attacked and some settled in Britain during the Great Conspiracy of 367. In particular, the Dál Riata settled in western Scotland and the Western Isles.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Perhaps it was some of the latter returning home as rich mercenaries, merchants, or slaves stolen from Britain or Gaul, that first brought the Christian faith to Ireland. Some early sources claim that there were missionaries active in southern Ireland long before St. Patrick. Whatever the route, and there were probably many, this new faith was to have the most profound effect on the Irish.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Patrick is traditionally credited with preserving and codifying Irish laws and changing only those that conflicted with Christian practices. He is credited with introducing the Roman alphabet, which enabled Irish monks to preserve parts of the extensive oral literature. The historicity of these claims remains the subject of debate and there is no direct evidence linking Patrick with any of these accomplishments. The myth of Patrick, as scholars refer to it, was developed in the centuries after his death.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The first English involvement in Ireland took place in this period. Tullylease, Rath Melsigi and Maigh Eo na Saxain were founded by 670 for English students who wished to study or live in Ireland. In summer 684, an English expeditionary force sent by Northumbrian King Ecgfrith raided Brega.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred in 795 AD when Vikings from Norway looted the island. Early Viking raids were generally fast-paced and small in scale. These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two centuries of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout Ireland. Most of those early raiders came from western Norway.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: In 902 Máel Finnia mac Flannacain of Brega and Cerball mac Muirecáin of Leinster joined forces against Dublin, and "The heathens were driven from Ireland, i.e. from the fortress of Áth Cliath [Dublin]". They were allowed by the Saxons to settle in Wirral, England, but would however later return to retake Dublin.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The Vikings never achieved total domination of Ireland, often fighting for and against various Irish kings. The great High King of Ireland, Brian Boru, defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 which began the decline of Viking power in Ireland but the towns which Vikings had founded continued to flourish, and trade became an important part of the Irish economy.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Brian Boru, by more or less unifying Ireland, changed the High Kingship in the way that the High King would now have more power and control over the country and could manage the country's affairs. This led to prosperity for Ireland over the next few years. The Irish economy grew as international trade became more common. The towns founded by the Vikings continued to grow and thrive as centres of Irish trade and finance. They remain so to this day.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: One of Tairrdelbach's sons, Ruadhrí, would later go on to be High King himself. He was arguably the first High King without opposition, however, he would later abdicate following the Norman invasion of Ireland.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: With the authority of the papal bull Laudabiliter from Adrian IV, Henry landed with a large fleet at Waterford in 1171, becoming the first King of England to set foot on Irish soil. Henry awarded his Irish territories to his younger son John with the title "Dominus Hiberniae" ("Lord of Ireland"). When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as King John of England, the "Lordship of Ireland" fell directly under the English Crown.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The Normans initially controlled the entire east coast, from Waterford to eastern Ulster, and penetrated a considerable distance inland as well. The counties were ruled by many smaller kings. The first Lord of Ireland was King John, who visited Ireland in 1185 and 1210 and helped consolidate the Norman-controlled areas while ensuring that the many Irish kings swore fealty to him.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Throughout the thirteenth century, the policy of the English Kings was to weaken the power of the Norman Lords in Ireland. For example, King John encouraged Hugh de Lacy to destabilise and then overthrow the Lord of Ulster, before naming him as the first Earl of Ulster. The Hiberno-Norman community suffered from a series of invasions that ceased the spread of their settlement and power. Politics and events in Gaelic Ireland served to draw the settlers deeper into the orbit of the Irish.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Furthermore, unlike the Anglo-Normans, the Gaelic kings did not keep detailed estate inventories and accounts. Coupled with the absence of archaeological evidence to the contrary, this has tempted many scholars of medieval western Ireland to agree with the twelfth-century historian Giraldus Cambrensis who argued that the Gaelic kings did not build castles.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: By 1261 the weakening of the Normans had become manifest when Fineen MacCarthy defeated a Norman army at the Battle of Callann. The war continued between the different lords and earls for about 100 years, causing much destruction, especially around Dublin. In this chaotic situation, local Irish lords won back large amounts of land that their families had lost since the conquest and held them after the war was over.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The Black Death arrived in Ireland in 1348. Because most of the English and Norman inhabitants of Ireland lived in towns and villages, the plague hit them far harder than it did the native Irish, who lived in more dispersed rural settlements. After it had passed, Gaelic Irish language and customs came to dominate the country again. The English-controlled territory shrank to a fortified area around Dublin (the Pale), whose rulers had little real authority outside (beyond the Pale).

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The 17th century was perhaps the bloodiest in Ireland's history. Two periods of war (1641–53 and 1689–91) caused a huge loss of life. The ultimate dispossession of most of the Irish Catholic landowning class was engineered, and recusants were subordinated under the Penal Laws.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Largely in response to the 1798 rebellion, Irish self-government was ended altogether by the provisions of the Acts of Union 1800 (which abolished the Irish Parliament of that era).

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: In 1823 an enterprising Catholic lawyer, Daniel O'Connell, known in Ireland as 'The Liberator' began an ultimately successful Irish campaign to achieve emancipation and to be seated in the Parliament. This culminated in O'Connell's successful election in the Clare by-election, which revived the parliamentary efforts at reform.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Outside mainstream nationalism, a series of violent rebellions by Irish republicans took place in 1803, under Robert Emmet; in 1848 a rebellion by the Young Irelanders, most prominent among them, Thomas Francis Meagher; and in 1867, another insurrection by the Irish Republican Brotherhood. All failed, but "physical force nationalism" remained an undercurrent in the nineteenth century.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Home Rule became certain when in 1910 the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) under John Redmond held the balance of power in Commons and the third Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912. Unionist resistance was immediate with the formation of the Ulster Volunteers. In turn the Irish Volunteers were established to oppose them and enforce the introduction of self-government.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The Roman Catholic Church had a powerful influence over the Irish state for much of its history. The clergy's influence meant that the Irish state had very conservative social policies, forbidding, for example, divorce, contraception, abortion, pornography as well as encouraging the censoring and banning of many books and films. In addition, the Church largely controlled the State's hospitals, schools and remained the largest provider of many other social services.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: In the 1960s, Ireland underwent a major economic change under reforming Taoiseach (prime minister) Seán Lemass and Secretary of the Department of Finance T.K. Whitaker, who produced a series of economic plans. Free second-level education was introduced by Donogh O'Malley as Minister for Education in 1968. From the early 1960s, Ireland sought admission to the European Economic Community but, because 90% of exports were to the United Kingdom market, it did not do so until the UK did, in 1973.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: In 1937 when the Constitution of Ireland was introduced, the tricolour was formally confirmed as the national flag: "The national flag is the tricolour of green, white and orange." While the tricolour today is the official flag of Ireland, it is not an official flag in Northern Ireland although it is sometimes used unofficially.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: The only official flag representing Northern Ireland is the Union Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland however its use is controversial. The Ulster Banner is sometimes used unofficially as a de facto regional flag for Northern Ireland.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Since Partition, there has been no universally accepted flag to represent the entire island. As a provisional solution for certain sports fixtures, the Flag of the Four Provinces enjoys a certain amount of general acceptance and popularity.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: St Patrick's Saltire was formerly used to represent the island of Ireland by the all-island Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), before the adoption of the four-provinces flag. The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) uses the tricolour to represent the whole island.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Ireland has a very large historiography, contributed by scholars in Ireland, North America, and Britain. There has been both a standard interpretation and, since the late 1930s, a good deal of revisionism. One of the most important themes has always been Irish nationalism—what Alfred Markey, calls:

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: the received nationalist tale replete with heroes, villains and a host of stock elements, has a long history and has exercised a particularly important influence on the development of Irish identity.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: A great deal of attention has focused on the Irish revolutionary period, 1912–23. Starting in 2012 a series of conferences on "Reflecting on a decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912-1923: Historians and Public History" brought together hundreds of academics, teachers, and the general public.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: Ireland in some ways was the first acquisition of the British Empire. Marshall says historians continue to debate whether Ireland should be considered part of the British Empire. Recent work by historians pays special attention to continuing Imperial aspects of Irish history, Atlantic Ocean history, and the role of migration in forming the Irish diaspora across the Empire and North America.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


History of Ireland

Context: According to L.A. Clarkson in 1980, the 18th and 19th centuries are the best covered time frames. Recent research on 18th-century overseas trade and 19th-century agrarian conditions has broken the nationalist approach that traditionally structured Irish economic historiography. Understudied areas include economic growth and fluctuations, the labour market, capital formation and business, history. Except for emigration, little has been written on Ireland's external economic relations in the 19th century.

Question: 아일랜드의 독립은 언제 승인되었나요?


Taiga

Context: Taiga (; ; relates to Mongolic and Turkic languages), generally referred to in North America as a boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: The main tree species, the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary across the world. The taiga of North America is mostly spruce, Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce, pines and birch, Russian taiga has spruces, pines and larches depending on the region, while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Taiga in its current form is a relatively recent phenomenon, having only existed for the last 12,000 years since the beginning of the Holocene epoch, covering land that had been mammoth steppe or under the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Eurasia and under the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America during the Late Pleistocene.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz, it is not exclusively an alpine biome, and unlike subalpine forest, much of taiga is lowlands.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: The term "taiga" is not used consistently by all cultures. In the English language, "boreal forest" is used in the United States and Canada in referring to more southerly regions, while "taiga" is used to describe the more northern, barren areas approaching the tree line and the tundra. Hoffman (1958) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and how this differentiation distorts established Russian usage.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Climate change is a threat to taiga, and how the carbon dioxide absorbed or emitted should be treated by carbon accounting is controversial.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Taiga covers or 11.5% of the Earth's land area, second only to deserts and xeric shrublands. The largest areas are located in Russia and Canada. In Sweden taiga is associated with the Norrland terrain.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: After the permanent ice caps and tundra, taiga is the terrestrial biome with the lowest annual average temperatures, with mean annual temperature generally varying from . Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra. There are taiga areas of eastern Siberia and interior Alaska-Yukon where the mean annual reaches down to , and the lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Taiga has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons. would be a typical winter day temperature and an average summer day, but the long, cold winter is the dominant feature. This climate is classified as "Dfc", "Dwc", "Dsc", "Dfd" and "Dwd" in the Köppen climate classification scheme, meaning that the short summers (24 h average or more), although generally warm and humid, only last 1–4 months, while winters, with average temperatures below freezing, last 5–7 months.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between and . There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic "Cfc" climate with milder winters, whilst the extreme south and (in Eurasia) west of the taiga reaches into humid continental climates ("Dfb", "Dwb") with longer summers.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: According to some sources, the boreal forest grades into a temperate mixed forest when mean annual temperature reaches about . Discontinuous permafrost is found in areas with mean annual temperature below freezing, whilst in the "Dfd" and "Dwd" climate zones continuous permafrost occurs and restricts growth to very shallow-rooted trees like Siberian larch.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: The growing season, when the vegetation in the taiga comes alive, is usually slightly longer than the climatic definition of summer as the plants of the boreal biome have a lower temperature threshold to trigger growth than other plants. Some sources claim 130 days growing season as typical for the taiga.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: In Canada and Scandinavia, the growing season is often estimated by using the period of the year when the 24-hour average temperature is or more. For the Taiga Plains in Canada, growing season varies from 80 to 150 days, and in the Taiga Shield from 100 to 140 days.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Other sources define growing season by frost-free days. Data for locations in southwest Yukon gives 80–120 frost-free days. The closed canopy boreal forest in Kenozersky National Park near Plesetsk, Arkhangelsk Province, Russia, on average has 108 frost-free days.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: The longest growing season is found in the smaller areas with oceanic influences; in coastal areas of Scandinavia and Finland, the growing season of the closed boreal forest can be 145–180 days. The shortest growing season is found at the northern taiga–tundra ecotone, where the northern taiga forest no longer can grow and the tundra dominates the landscape when the growing season is down to 50–70 days, and the 24-hr average of the warmest month of the year usually is or less.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: High latitudes mean that the sun does not rise far above the horizon, and less solar energy is received than further south. But the high latitude also ensures very long summer days, as the sun stays above the horizon nearly 20 hours each day, or up to 24 hours, with only around 6 hours of daylight, or none, occurring in the dark winters, depending on latitude. The areas of the taiga inside the Arctic Circle have midnight sun in mid-summer and polar night in mid-winter.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: The taiga experiences relatively low precipitation throughout the year (generally annually, in some areas), primarily as rain during the summer months, but also as snow or fog. Snow may remain on the ground for as long as nine months in the northernmost extensions of the taiga biome.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: The area currently classified as taiga in Europe and North America (except Alaska) was recently glaciated. As the glaciers receded they left depressions in the topography that have since filled with water, creating lakes and bogs (especially muskeg soil) found throughout the taiga.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Taiga soil tends to be young and poor in nutrients, lacking the deep, organically enriched profile present in temperate deciduous forests. The colder climate hinders development of soil, and the ease with which plants can use its nutrients. The relative lack of deciduous trees, which drop huge volumes of leaves annually, and grazing animals, which contribute significant manure, are also factors. The diversity of soil organisms in the boreal forest is high, comparable to the tropical rainforest.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Fallen leaves and moss can remain on the forest floor for a long time in the cool, moist climate, which limits their organic contribution to the soil. Acids from evergreen needles further leach the soil, creating spodosol, also known as podzol, and the acidic forest floor often has only lichens and some mosses growing on it. In clearings in the forest and in areas with more boreal deciduous trees, there are more herbs and berries growing, and soils are consequently deeper.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Evergreen species in the taiga (spruce, fir, and pine) have a number of adaptations specifically for survival in harsh taiga winters, although larch, which is extremely cold-tolerant, is deciduous. Taiga trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of the thin soils, while many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening". The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, also help them shed snow.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Amiro et al. (2001) calculated the mean fire cycle for the period 1980 to 1999 in the Canadian boreal forest (including taiga) at 126 years. Increased fire activity has been predicted for western Canada, but parts of eastern Canada may experience less fire in future because of greater precipitation in a warmer climate.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Some of the larger cities situated in this biome are Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Yakutsk, Anchorage, Yellowknife, Tromsø, Luleå, and Oulu.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Large areas of Siberia's taiga have been harvested for lumber since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Previously, the forest was protected by the restrictions of the Soviet Forest Ministry, but with the collapse of the Union, the restrictions regarding trade with Western nations have vanished. Trees are easy to harvest and sell well, so loggers have begun harvesting Russian taiga evergreen trees for sale to nations previously forbidden by Soviet law.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the zone of latitude occupied by the boreal forest experienced some of the greatest temperature increases on Earth. Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures. In summer, the daily low temperature has increased more than the daily high temperature.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: The number of days with extremely cold temperatures (e.g., −20 to −40 °C (−4 to −40 °F) has decreased irregularly but systematically in nearly all the boreal region, allowing better survival for tree-damaging insects.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: In Siberia, the taiga is converting from predominantly needle-shedding larch trees to evergreen conifers in response to a warming climate. This is likely to further accelerate warming, as the evergreen trees will absorb more of the sun's rays. Given the vast size of the area, such a change has the potential to affect areas well outside of the region.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: In much of the boreal forest in Alaska, the growth of white spruce trees are stunted by unusually warm summers, while trees on some of the coldest fringes of the forest are experiencing faster growth than previously. Lack of moisture in the warmer summers are also stressing the birch trees of central Alaska.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: Recent years have seen outbreaks of insect pests in forest-destroying plagues: the spruce-bark beetle ("Dendroctonus rufipennis") in Yukon and Alaska; the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia; the aspen-leaf miner; the larch sawfly; the spruce budworm ("Choristoneura fumiferana"); the spruce coneworm.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: The taiga stores enormous quantities of carbon, more than the world's temperate and tropical forests combined, much of it in wetlands and peatland. In fact, current estimates place boreal forests as storing twice as much carbon per unit area as tropical forests. Wildfires could use up a significant part of the global carbon budget, so fire management at about 12 dollars per tonne of carbon not released is very cheap compared to the social cost of carbon.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Taiga

Context: For instance, in February 2010 the Canadian government established limited protection for 13,000 square kilometres of boreal forest by creating a new 10,700-square-kilometre park reserve in the Mealy Mountains area of eastern Canada and a 3,000-square-kilometre waterway provincial park that follows alongside the Eagle River from headwaters to sea.

Question: 타이가 지역에 사는 동물은 몇 종인가?


Triceratops

Context: "Triceratops" has been documented by numerous remains collected since the genus was first described in 1889 by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh. Specimens representing life stages from hatchling to adult have been found. As the archetypal ceratopsid, "Triceratops" is one of the most popular dinosaurs, and has been featured in film, postal stamps, and many other types of media.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: An earlier specimen, also recovered from the Lance Formation, was named "Agathaumas sylvestris" by Edward Drinker Cope in 1872. Originally identified as a hadrosaur, this specimen consists only of post-cranial remains and is only provisionally considered an example of "Triceratops".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: In 2009, John Scannella and Denver Fowler supported the separation of "T. prorsus" and "T. horridus" and noted that the two species are also separated stratigraphically within the Hell Creek Formation, indicating that they did not live together at the same time.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Some of the following species are synonyms, as indicated in parentheses ("="T. horridus"" or "="T. prorsus""). All the others are each considered a () because they are based on remains too poor or incomplete to be distinguished from pre-existing "Triceratops" species.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: The lower jaws were elongated and met at their tips in a shared epidentary bone, the core of the toothless lower beak. In the dentary bone, the tooth battery curved to the outside to meet the battery of the upper jaw. At the rear of the lower jaw, the articular bone was exceptionally wide, matching the general width of the jaw joint. "T. horridus" can be distinguished from "T. prorsus" by having a shallower snout.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: The largest Triceratops skull ever found was discovered in 1992 and excavated in 2003 in Dawson County, Montana, in the Hell Creek Formation. It is a 66-million-year-old male Triceratops skull, long, high and wide and weighing over . It has been dubbed 'Dragon King' and is understood to be the most expensive skull to ever trade privately.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Preserved skin of "Triceratops" is known from a specimen found in Wyoming, though it has not been formally published in the scientific literature. These consist of large ~ across hexagonal tubercles, along with larger ~ across tubercles with conical projections.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: In 1949, Charles M. Sternberg was the first to question this position, proposing instead that "Triceratops" was more closely related to "Arrhinoceratops" and "Chasmosaurus" based on skull and horn features, making "Triceratops" a chasmosaurine ("ceratopsine" in his usage) genus. He was largely ignored, with John Ostrom and later David Norman placing "Triceratops" within the Centrosaurinae.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: The cladogram below follows Longrich (2014), who named a new species of "Pentaceratops", and included nearly all species of chasmosaurine.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: These new finds have been vital in illustrating the origins of horned dinosaurs in general, suggesting an Asian origin in the Jurassic, and the appearance of truly horned ceratopsians by the beginning of the Late Cretaceous in North America.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: In phylogenetic taxonomy, the genus "Triceratops" has been used as a reference point in the definition of Dinosauria; dinosaurs have been designated as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of "Triceratops" and modern birds. Furthermore, the bird-hipped dinosaurs have been defined as those dinosaurs more closely related to "Triceratops" than to modern birds.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Analysis of the endocranial anatomy of "Triceratops" suggest its sense of smell was poor compared to that of other dinosaurs. Its ears were attuned to low frequency sounds given the short cochlear lengths recorded in an analysis by Sakagami "et al,". This same study also suggests that "Triceratops" held its head about 45 degrees to the ground; an angle which would showcase the horns and frill most effectively while simultaneously allowing the animal to take advantage of food through grazing.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: "Triceratops" were herbivorous, and because of their low slung head, their primary food was probably low growing vegetation, although they may have been able to knock down taller plants with their horns, beak, and bulk. The jaws were tipped with a deep, narrow beak, believed to have been better at grasping and plucking than biting.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: There has been much speculation over the functions of "Triceratops" head adornments. The two main theories have revolved around use in combat and in courtship display, with the latter now thought to be the most likely primary function.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Early on, Lull postulated that the frills may have served as anchor points for the jaw muscles to aid chewing by allowing increased size and thus power for the muscles. This has been put forward by other authors over the years, but later studies do not find evidence of large muscle attachments on the frill bones.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: The large frill also may have helped to increase body area to regulate body temperature. A similar theory has been proposed regarding the plates of "Stegosaurus", although this use alone would not account for the bizarre and extravagant variation seen in different members of the Ceratopsidae, which would rather support the sexual display theory.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Opinion has varied on the validity of a separate genus for "Nedoceratops". Scannella and Horner regarded it as an intermediate growth stage between "Triceratops" and "Torosaurus". Farke, in his 2011 redescription of the only known skull, concluded that it was an aged individual of its own valid taxon, "Nedoceratops hatcheri". Longrich and Fields also did not consider it a transition between "Torosaurus" and "Triceratops", suggesting that the frill holes were pathological.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: As described above, Scannella had argued in 2010 that "Nedoceratops" should be considered a synonym of "Triceratops". Farke (2011) maintained that it represents a valid distinct genus. Longrich agreed with Scannella about "Nedoceratops" and made a further suggestion: that the recently described "Ojoceratops" was likewise a synonym. The fossils, he argued, are indistinguishable from the "Triceratops horridus" specimens that were previously attributed to the defunct species "Triceratops serratus".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Longrich observed that another newly described genus, "Tatankaceratops", displayed a strange mix of characteristics already found in adult and juvenile "Triceratops". Rather than representing a distinct genus, "Tatankaceratops" could as easily represent a dwarf "Triceratops" or a "Triceratops" individual with a developmental disorder that caused it to stop growing prematurely.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Theropods from these formations include genera of dromaeosaurids, tyrannosaurids, ornithomimids, troodontids, avialans, and caenagnathids,

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Dromaeosaurids from the Hell Creek Formation are "Acheroraptor" and "Dakotaraptor". Indeterminate dromaeosaurs are known from other fossil formations. Common teeth previously referred to "Dromaeosaurus" and "Saurornitholestes" later were considered to be "Acheroraptor".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: The tyrannosaurids from the formation are "Nanotyrannus" and "Tyrannosaurus", although the former might be a junior synonym of the latter.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Among ornithomimids are the genera "Struthiomimus" as well as "Ornithomimus"; an undescribed animal named "Orcomimus" could be from the formation.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Troodontids are only represented by "Pectinodon" and "Paronychodon" in the Hell Creek Formation; with a possible species of "Troodon" from the Lance Formation.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: One species of coelurosaur is known from Hell Creek and similar formations by a single species, "Richardoestesia".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: The avialans known from the formation are "Avisaurus", multiple species of "Brodavis", and several other species of hesperornithoforms, as well as several species of true birds, including "Cimolopteryx".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Ornithischians are abundant in the Scollard, Laramie, Lance, Denver, and Hell Creek Formation. The main groups of ornithischians are ankylosaurians, ornithopods, ceratopsians, and pachycephalosaurians.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Three ankylosaurians are known: "Ankylosaurus", "Denversaurus", and possibly a species of "Edmontonia" or an undescribed genus.

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Multiple genera of ceratopsians are known from the formation other than "Triceratops", the leptoceratopsid "Leptoceratops", and the chasmosaurine ceratopsids "Torosaurus", "Nedoceratops" and "Tatankaceratops".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Ornithopods are common in the Hell Creek Formation, and are known from several species of the ornithopod "Thescelosaurus" and the hadrosaurid "Edmontosaurus".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Several pachycephalosaurians have been found in the Hell Creek Formation and in similar formations. Among them are the derived pachycephalosaurids "Stygimoloch", "Dracorex", "Pachycephalosaurus", "Sphaerotholus", and an undescribed specimen from North Dakota. The first two might be junior synonyms of "Pachycephalosaurus".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: Mammals are plentiful in the Hell Creek Formation. Groups represented include multituberculates, metatherians, and eutherians:

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: The multituberculates represented include "Paracimexomys"; the cimolomyids "Paressonodon", "Meniscoessus", "Essonodon", "Cimolomys", "Cimolodon", and "Cimexomys"; and the neoplagiaulacids "Mesodma", and "Neoplagiaulax".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: The metatherians are represented by the alphadontids "Alphadon", "Protalphodon", and "Turgidodon"; the pediomyids "Pediomys", "Protolambda", and "Leptalestes"; the stagodontid "Didelphodon"; the deltatheridiid "Nanocuris"; the herpetotheriid "Nortedelphys"; and the glasbiid "Glasbius".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Triceratops

Context: A few eutherians are known, being represented by "Alostera"; "Protungulatum"; the cimolestids "Cimolestes" and "Batodon"; the gypsonictopsid "Gypsonictops"; and the possible nyctitheriid "Paranyctoides".

Question: 트리케라톱스의 화석이 전시되어있는 박물관은 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: In the 1980s, Princeton Seminary enrolled about 900 students but today, the Seminary enrolls approximately 333 students. While around 26 percent of them are candidates for ministry specifically in the Presbyterian Church, the majority are completing such candidature in other denominations, pursuing careers in academia across a number of different disciplines, or receiving training for other, non-theological fields altogether.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: Seminarians hold academic reciprocity with Princeton University as well as the Westminster Choir College of Rider University, New Brunswick Theological Seminary, Jewish Theological Seminary, and the School of Social Work at Rutgers University. The institution also has an ongoing relationship with the Center of Theological Inquiry.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: The seminary was made famous during the 19th and early 20th centuries for its defense of Calvinistic Presbyterianism, a tradition that became known as Princeton Theology and greatly influenced Evangelicalism during the period. Some of the institution's figures active in this movement included Charles Hodge, B.B. Warfield, J. Gresham Machen, and Geerhardus Vos.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: In response to the increasing influence of theological liberalism in the 1920s and the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy at the institution, several theologians left to form the Westminster Theological Seminary under the leadership of J. Gresham Machen.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: In 2019, the Seminary announced that it would spend $27 million on "scholarships and other initiatives to address its historical ties to slavery".

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: Princeton Theological Seminary has been accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools (ATS) since 1938 and by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education since 1968.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: According to The Princeton Review, as of 2020 the gender breakdown of the student body falls into 60% identifying as male and 40% as female, with a total enrolment of 530.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: Built in 1834, Princeton Seminary's chapel was named to honor Samuel Miller, the second professor at the Seminary. It was designed in the Greek Revival style by Charles Steadman, who also designed the nearby Nassau Presbyterian Church. Originally located beside Alexander Hall, it was moved in 1933 toward the center of the campus, its steps now leading down onto the Seminary's main quad. Miller Chapel underwent a complete renovation in 2000, with the addition of the Joe R. Engle Organ.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: On January 25, 2022, the Board of Trustees of Princeton Seminary voted to rename Miller Chapel in light of Samuel Miller's direct ties to slavery. "This decision followed thoughtful deliberation by the Board of Trustees, and it is part of their commitment to the ongoing work of confession and repentance that was part of the historical audit on slavery."

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: In 2011, Princeton Theological Seminary's Office of Multicultural Relations and The Kaleidoscope Institute worked together to initiate an effort known as "Navigating the Waters," a program designed to promote cultural proficiency and diversity competency in faculty, staff, and students.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: The heart of the Abraham Kuyper Center for Public Theology is the Abraham Kuyper Collection of Dutch Reformed Protestantism in the library's Special Collections, which focuses on the theology and history of Dutch Reformed Protestantism since the nineteenth century and features a sizable assemblage of primary and secondary sources by and about Abraham Kuyper. The center maintains in partnership with the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam an online database of secondary literature about Abraham Kuyper.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: The center has also established an annual event organized to award the Abraham Kuyper Prize for Excellence in Reformed Theology and Public Life, during which the recipient delivers an address. The Abraham Kuyper Consultation, a series of further lectures, takes place on the following day.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: "Koinonia Journal" is published annually by doctoral students at Princeton Theological Seminary. The publication and its annual forum promote written and face-to-face interdisciplinary discussion about issues in theology and the study of religion. It is distributed to well over 100 libraries worldwide.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: "Princeton Theological Review" is a student-run, annual and online journal that exists to serve students within the Princeton Theological Seminary body as well as the wider theological community. It is distributed to well over 100 libraries worldwide.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: Acclaimed writer and theologian Frederick Buechner has long standing ties to Princeton Theological Seminary and the seminary has honored him with the creation of the Buechner Prize for Writing. Princeton sponsored and hosted the Buechner Writing Workshop in June 2015. Also, Princeton Theological Seminary has given copies of Buechner's "Telling the Truth" to students as part of their graduation.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Princeton Theological Seminary

Context: Prior to the creation of the office of President in 1902, the seminary was governed by the principal.

Question: 세상에서 가장 큰 신학교는 어디인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: According to the 2017 "Being Christian in Western Europe" survey by Pew, 58% of Italians consider religion to be very or somewhat important. Italy was the only country in the survey having more practising Christians than non-practising ones. Italy is the third European Union member in terms of highest weekly church attendance rates after Poland and Ireland.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: The 2012 "Global Religious Landscape" survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (an American think tank) found that 83.3% of Italy's residents were Christians, 12.4% were irreligious, atheist or agnostic, 3.7% were Muslims and 0.6% adhered to other religions.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: Finally, Eurostat's Eurobarometer survey in 2018 showed that 85.6% of Italy's population is Christian (78.9% Catholic, 4.6% orthodox Christians, 0.6% Protestants, 1.5% other Christians), while 2.6% belong to other religions and 11.7% are non-religious (7.5% atheists, 4.2% agnostics).

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: The headquarters of the 1.2-billion strong Catholic Church, the State of Vatican City (see also Holy See), is an enclave within the city of Rome and, thus, the Italian territory. The Church's world leader, the Pope, is the Bishop of Rome, hence the special relationship between Italians and the Church—and the latter's entanglement with Italian politics (see Lateran Treaty and the section below on religion and politics).

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: The current Pope is Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, who, before his election in 2013, is from Argentina and was the Archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1998 to his installation. Francis is the third non-Italian Pope in a row, after John Paul II (1978–2005) from Poland and Benedict XVI (2005–2013) from Germany.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: Most of the leading Catholic religious orders, including the Jesuits, the Salesians, the Franciscans, the Capuchin Franciscans, the Benedectines, the Dominicans, the Divine Word Missionaries, the Redemptorists, the Conventual Franciscans and the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, have their headquarters in Rome too.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: The Italian territory is divided into 225 Catholic dioceses (whose bishops have been organised, since 1952, in the politically influential Italian Episcopal Conference, CEI) and, according to Church statistics (which do not consider current active members), 96% of the country's population was baptised as Catholic.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: Italy's current President, Sergio Mattarella, and former Prime Minister, Matteo Renzi, have been AC and AGESCI leaders, respectively, while the current President of the CEI, Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, has been a long-time AGESCI assistant.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: The religious composition of the Italian population (2015 estimate: 60,795,612 people, including 55,782,575 Italian citizens and 5,014,037 foreign residents) is shown in the table below. The primary data source is the aforementioned CESNUR, which includes the data on foreign residents provided by Caritas Italiana.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: Due to the lack of a single, coherent and statistically accurate source, the figures are to be taken with a grain of salt and sums do not necessarily add up. The number of Catholics among Italian citizens is calculated using the latest Eurispes poll, released in January 2016: according to the survey 71.1% of Italians are Catholic. The numbers of Christians are consequently calculated, including that number and the data provided by CESNUR and Caritas Italiana.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: Religious denominations which have a relevant presence in the country, but for which there are no data, are included in the table.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: Religious practice, especially church attendance, is still high in Italy when compared to the average Western European country.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: After Italian unification, predominantly supported by secular and anti-clerical forces, and especially the capture of Rome in 1870 which marked the final defeat of the Papal States by the Kingdom of Italy and gave start to the so-called Roman Question over the temporal power of the Pope, Catholics largely self-excluded themselves from active politics. As a result, all the main political parties and parliamentary groupings were secular in character until the early 20th century.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: In 1905 the Italian Catholic Electoral Union was formed in order to coordinate the participation of Catholic voters in the Italian electoral contests. The party had minor but significant results and, under the so-called Gentiloni pact in 1913, it entered in alliance with the establishment Liberals.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: After World War I, Catholics organised the Italian People's Party, as part of the Christian democracy movement.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: During the Fascist regime, the Roman Question was settled through the Lateran Treaty, signed by the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy in 1929. These gave birth to the State of Vatican City. Fascism persecuted religious minorities: on 9 April 1935, Guido Buffarini Guidi outlawed the Pentecostal faith, and during 1938-1939 Jews were targeted by the infamous racial laws and later victims of a genocide in the context of the Holocaust.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: The Italian resistance movement saw the participation of Catholics, Protestants (Waldensians were especially active in the Action Party), and Jews (through the Jewish Brigade) alike. In 1943 a group of Catholics, including several former Populars and many members of Catholic Action (a widespread lay association), formed the aforementioned Christian Democracy party and, with Alcide De Gasperi, led the Italian provisional government since 1945.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in Italy

Context: After World War II, the Catholic Church, after some initial reservations (Pope Pius XII favoured a solution similar to that of the Church in Francoist Spain, while some cardinals wanted a plurality of Catholic parties, possibly including a communist one), actively supported De Gasperi's Christian Democracy, a Catholic-inspired but formally non-denominational party, and the so-called "political unity of Catholics". From 1946 to 1992 all Prime Ministers but two were Christian Democrats and Catholics.

Question: 이탈리아의 공식적인 종교는 무엇인가?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang was born in 181 in Yangdu County, Langya Commandery (present-day Yishui, Shandong Province). His family name, Zhuge, is a two-character Chinese compound family name. His father Zhuge Gui died when he was still young, and he was raised by Zhuge Xuan (a cousin of Zhuge Gui) in Yuzhang Commandery. When Zhuge Xuan was driven out of Yuzhang Commandery in 195, Zhuge Liang followed Zhuge Xuan to live with his friend, Liu Biao, the governor of Jing Province.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Huang Chengyan once told Zhuge Liang, "I heard that you're seeking a spouse. I've an ugly daughter with yellow hair and dark complexion, but her talent matches yours." Zhuge Liang agreed and married Huang Chengyan's daughter.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Xu Shu later recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei again, and Liu wanted to ask Xu to invite Zhuge to meet him. However, Xu Shu replied, "You must visit this man in person. He cannot be invited to meet you." Liu Bei succeeded in recruiting Zhuge Liang in 207 after paying three personal visits. This is contradicted in the later "Annotations" by Pei Songzhi which claim Zhuge Liang visited him first. Nonetheless, "Three visits to the cottage" () became a very famous classical reference in China.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Yi Zhongtian suggested that both the records in "Sanguozhi" and "Weilue" are the truth. The chronological order should be: Zhuge Liang approached Liu Bei first to demonstrate his wisdom. Liu Bei, now recognized Liang's talent, personally visited Liang three times to had further discussions.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms portrays Liu Bei's three visits with many fictional mystic events, and narrates that only at the third visit that Liu Bei managed to meet Zhuge Liang and listened to his Longzhong Plan. However the truth is, Liu Bei managed to meet Liang in all three visits, and there were probably more visits with further discussions of the Longzhong Plan before Zhuge Liang finally decided to officially offer his services.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang presented the Longzhong Plan to Liu Bei and left his residence to follow Liu. Afterwards, Liu Bei became very close to Zhuge Liang and often had discussions with him. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were displeased with their relationship and complained about it. Liu Bei explained, "Now that I have Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. I hope you'll stop making unpleasant remarks." Guan Yu and Zhang Fei then stopped complaining.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: In late 208, the allied armies of Liu Bei and Sun Quan scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Cao Cao retreated to Ye city, while Liu Bei proceeded to conquer territories in Jiangnan, covering most of southern Jing Province. Zhuge Liang was appointed Military Advisor General of the Household (). He was put in charge of governing Lingling (present day Yongzhou, Hunan), Guiyang and Changsha commanderies and collecting taxes to fund the military.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: After Liu Bei's death, Liu Shan ascended to the throne of Shu Han. He granted Zhuge Liang the title "Marquis of Wu District" () and created an office for him as a Chancellor. Not long later, Zhuge Liang was appointed Governor of Yi Province – the region which included most of Shu Han's territory.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: There are many attempts who tried to explain why Zhuge Liang refused to return the authority to Liu Shan. Yi Zhongtian proposed three reasons:

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Due to political turmoil, monetary systems at the end of the Han dynasty were in severe turbulence. When establishing themselves in the Yi Province, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, following the advice of Liu Ba, enacted successful monetary reforms. The new Shu Han currency was not only smoothly circulated within its borders, but also popular in the neighboring Jing province. Meanwhile, similar policies of Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Rui and Sun Quan were marred by difficulties and produced limited results.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang strongly supported the rule of law in Shu Han. Yi Zhongtian commented that "Rule of Laws" together with "Nominal rule of the Monarch and direct rule of the Chancellor" are two important legacy of Zhuge Liang which were pitifully forgotten by many people.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: After Liu Bei entered Yi province, Zhuge Liang, together with Fa Zheng, Liu Ba, Li Yan and Yi Ji, wrote the legal codes for Shu Han.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang also established "Discussion Bureau" mechanism to gather all the discussions of a certain policy, and encourage the magistrate to accept the criticisms of their subordinates to make a good decisions, and also to utilize all the talents of employees. Zhuge Liang carried out a meritocracy policy, promoted and assessed people based on what they did and could do rather than their fame or background.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: At the same time, the commanderies in Nanzhong rebelled against Shu, but Zhuge Liang did not send troops to suppress the revolt as Liu Bei's death was still recent. Liu Bei had been persuaded after his defeat by Lu Xun that an alliance with Wu was necessary. Zhuge sent Deng Zhi and Chen Zhen to make peace with Eastern Wu and reentered an alliance with Wu. Zhuge Liang would consistently send envoys to Wu to improve diplomatic relations between the two states.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Realising he had no chance to win, Meng Huo pledged allegiance to Shu, and was appointed by Zhuge Liang as governor of the region to keep the populace content and secure the southern Shu border. This would ensure that the future Northern Expeditions would proceed without internal disruptions. Rich and abundant resources acquired from Nanzhong were used to fund Shu's military and the state became more prosperous.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang, according to his dying wish, was buried on Mount Dingjun with a modest funeral and tomb, using no luxurious and expensive material. Liang was posthumously granted the title "Marquis Zhongwu" (忠武侯; literally "loyal and martial marquis") by Liu Shan. Zhuge Liang once wrote to Liu Shan promising that he would have a stoic life with no excessive and no luxurious assets as a model for the country. After Zhuge Liang's death, people had his property checked, which verified his claims.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: The death of Zhuge Liang was widely mourned by the Shu Han people. Initially, the mourning and worship for Zhuge Liang was done arbitrarily by the people since neither official temple nor legal worship protocol for Zhuge Liang had been established yet, which upset the public opinion. Hence in 263 a temple for Zhuge Liang was built in Mianyang, near his tomb.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang's ancestor, Zhuge Feng (), served as the Colonel-Director of Retainers during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Han dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui (), served as an assistant officer in Mount Tai Commandery in the late Han dynasty. Zhuge Liang's cousin-uncle, Zhuge Xuan, who raised Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Jun, served as the Administrator of Yuzhang Commandery before serving under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang had an elder brother, a younger brother, and two elder sisters. His elder brother, Zhuge Jin, served under the warlord Sun Quan and later in the state of Eastern Wu. His younger brother, Zhuge Jun (), served in the state of Shu Han. One of Zhuge Liang's sisters married Pang Shanmin, a cousin of Pang Tong, while the other sister married a member of the prominent Kuai family headed by Kuai Liang and Kuai Yue in Xiangyang Commandery.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang married the daughter of Huang Chengyan. She was a maternal niece of Liu Biao and Lady Cai because her mother (Huang Chengyan's wife) was Lady Cai's younger sister. Although her name was not recorded in history, she is commonly referred to by the name "Huang Yueying" in popular culture.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang had at least two sons. His elder son, Zhuge Zhan, served as a general in Shu and was killed in action during the Conquest of Shu by Wei. His younger son, Zhuge Huai (), lived as a commoner during the Jin dynasty. Zhuge Liang initially had no sons, so he adopted his nephew, Zhuge Qiao (Zhuge Jin's son). Zhuge Qiao served in Shu and died at a relatively young age. According to legend, Zhuge Liang had a daughter, Zhuge Guo (), but her existence is disputed by historians.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Qiao's son, Zhuge Pan (), returned to Eastern Wu after Zhuge Ke's death to continue Zhuge Jin's family line there. Zhuge Zhan had three sons. The eldest, Zhuge Shang, served Shu and was killed in action together with his father. The second, Zhuge Jing (), moved to Hedong Commandery in 264 with Zhuge Pan's son, Zhuge Xian (), and came to serve the Jin dynasty later. The youngest was Zhuge Zhi ().

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Dan, one of Zhuge Liang's cousins, served in the state of Cao Wei and masterminded the third of the Three Rebellions in Shouchun. He was killed after his defeat.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Although the invention of the repeating crossbow has often been attributed to Zhuge Liang, he had nothing to do with it. This misconception is based on a record attributing improvements to the multiple bolt crossbows to him.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang is also credited with constructing the Stone Sentinel Maze, an array of stone piles that is said to produce supernatural phenomena, located near Baidicheng.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: An early type of hot air balloon used for military signalling, known as the Kongming lantern, is also named after him. It was said to be invented by Zhuge Liang when he was trapped by Sima Yi in Pingyang. Friendly forces nearby saw the message on the lantern paper covering and came to Zhuge Liang's aid. Another belief is that the lantern resembled Zhuge Liang's headdress, so it was named after him.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang is also the subject of many Chinese literary works. A poem by Du Fu, a prolific Tang dynasty poet, was written in memory of Zhuge Liang whose legacy of unwavering dedication seems to have been forgotten in Du Fu's generation (judging by the description of Zhuge Liang' unkept temple). Some historians believe that Du Fu had compared himself with Zhuge Liang in the poem. The full text is:

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Du Fu's quatrain "Eightfold Battle Formation" () about Zhuge Liang's Stone Sentinel Maze, is collected in the "Three Hundred Tang Poems".

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: The phrase "The Han and the Evil do not stand together" () from the Later "Chu Shi Biao" is often used to draw a line in the sand and declare a situation where one cannot stand with evil. Notably, this phrase was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's favorite quote to invoke to justify his anti-communism ideology.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Another phrase "with deference and prudence, to the state of one's depletion; it's never finished until one's death" () from the Later "Chu Shi Biao" is often used to describe one's commitment and perseverance to strive to the utmost.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: One famous line of poem, "Who is the first, awakened from the Great Dream? As always, I'm the one who knows." (), was also attributed to Zhuge Liang.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: "Without modest simplicity, one cannot brighten volition; Without tranquility and serenity, one cannot reach far" (), a well-known maxim authored by Zhuge Liang, has been popular in educational institutions in China for thousands of years.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: The wisdom of Zhuge Liang was popularised by the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", written by Luo Guanzhong during the Ming dynasty. In it, Zhuge Liang is described to be able to perform fantastical achievements such as summoning advantageous winds and devising magical stone mazes.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: When Zhuge Liang fell critically ill during the Battle of Wuzhang Plains, he attempted to extend his lifespan by 12 years through a ritual. However, he failed when the ritual was disrupted by Wei Yan, who rushed in to warn him about the enemy's advance. Before his death, Zhuge Liang also passed his "24 Volumes on Military Strategy" () to Jiang Wei, who would continue his legacy and lead another eleven campaigns against the state of Cao Wei ().

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: There are many temples and shrines built to commemorate Zhuge Liang. Some of the most famous ones include the Temple of the Marquis of Wu in Chengdu, and the Temple of the Marquis of Wu in Baidicheng.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: In 760, when Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya, he had sculptures of Zhuge Liang and another nine famous historical military generals/strategists – Bai Qi, Han Xin, Li Jing, Li Shiji, Zhang Liang, Tian Rangju, Sun Tzu, Wu Qi and Yue Yi – placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang is also sometimes venerated as a door god at Chinese and Taoist temples, usually in partnership with Sima Yi of Wei.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang is the protagonist of the "seinen" anime and manga series, "Ya Boy Kongming!", where he is reborn in modern-day Tokyo shortly after his death.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Notable actors who have portrayed Zhuge Liang in Movie and television include: Adam Cheng, in "The Legendary Prime Minister – Zhuge Liang" (1985); Li Fazeng, in "Zhuge Liang" (1985); Tang Guoqiang, in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" (1994); Pu Cunxin, in "" (2008); Takeshi Kaneshiro, in "Red Cliff" (2008–09); Lu Yi, in "Three Kingdoms" (2010); Raymond Lam, in "Three Kingdoms RPG" (2012); Wang Luoyong, in The Advisors Alliance (2017).

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang is the protagonist in Koei's tactical role-playing game "Sangokushi Koumeiden", where he can die at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains, as he did historically, or proceed to restore the Han dynasty under Emperor Xian.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang appears in the turn-based strategy games "Civilization IV" and "Civilization V" as a great general along with Cao Cao.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang appears as a summonable Pseudo-Servant in the mobile game "Fate/Grand Order", with most of his skills portraying him as a skilled tactician.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang is featured in the sequel to Level-5's game and anime "", as well as Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Notably, both adaptations portray Zhuge Liang as a woman.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang is a legendary strategist in Creative Assembly's turn-based strategy game '. In another videogame also produced by Creative Assembly, ', a hot-air balloon unit used by Cathay (a faction based on China) was named after his courtesy name.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang appears as a playable character in a mobile game "Honkai Impact 3rd" portrayed as a woman and being a powerful support.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Zhuge Liang

Context: Zhuge Liang is the fable hero of scholar class in the mobile game Royal Chaos, where he deals great amount of Area of Effect (AOE) damage as well as skilled in deployment.

Question: 제갈량은 언제 사망했나요?


Seven Years' War

Context: The war ended with two separate treaties dealing with the two different theaters of war. The Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain ended the war in North America and for overseas territories taken in the conflict. The 1763 Treaty of Hubertusburg ended the war between Saxony, Austria and Prussia.

Question: 영국과 프랑스는 왜 전쟁이 일어났는가?


Seven Years' War

Context: The boundary between British and French possessions in North America was largely undefined in the 1750s. France had long claimed the entire Mississippi River basin. This was disputed by Britain. In the early 1750s the French began constructing a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley to assert their claim and shield the Native American population from increasing British influence.

Question: 영국과 프랑스는 왜 전쟁이 일어났는가?