David Hume

Context: In 1749 he went to live with his brother in the countryside, although he continued to associate with the aforementioned Scottish Enlightenment figures.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume returned to Edinburgh in 1751. In the following year, the Faculty of Advocates hired him to be their Librarian, a job in which he would receive little to no pay, but which nonetheless gave him "the command of a large library". This resource enabled him to continue historical research for "The History of England". Hume's volume of "Political Discourses", written in 1749 and published by Kincaid & Donaldson in 1752, was the only work he considered successful on first publication.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: From 1763 to 1765, Hume was invited to attend Lord Hertford in Paris, where he became secretary to the British embassy. Hume was well received in Paris, and while there he met with Isaac de Pinto.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: In 1766, Hume left Paris to accompany Jean-Jacques Rousseau to England. Once there, he and Rousseau fell out, leaving Hume sufficiently worried about the damage to his reputation from the quarrel with Rousseau. So much so, that Hume would author an account of the dispute, titling it "A concise and genuine account of the dispute between Mr. Hume and Mr. Rousseau".

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: In 1767, Hume was appointed Under Secretary of State for the Northern Department. Here, he wrote that he was given "all the secrets of the Kingdom". In 1769 he returned to James' Court in Edinburgh, where he would live from 1771 until his death in 1776.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume's nephew and namesake, David Hume of Ninewells (1757–1838), was a co-founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783. He was a Professor of Scots Law at Edinburgh University and rose to be Principal Clerk of Session in the Scottish High Court and Baron of the Exchequer. He is buried with his uncle in Old Calton Cemetery.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Diarist and biographer James Boswell saw Hume a few weeks before his death from a form of abdominal cancer. Hume told him that he sincerely believed it a "most unreasonable fancy" that there might be life after death. Hume asked that his body be interred in a "simple Roman tomb", requesting in his will that it be inscribed only with his name and the year of his birth and death, "leaving it to Posterity to add the Rest".

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: David Hume died at the southwest corner of St. Andrew's Square in Edinburgh's New Town, at what is now 21 Saint David Street. A popular story, consistent with some historical evidence, suggests that the street was named after Hume.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: His tomb stands, as he wished it, on the southwestern slope of Calton Hill, in the Old Calton Cemetery. Adam Smith later recounted Hume's amusing speculation that he might ask Charon, Hades' ferryman, to allow him a few more years of life in order to see "the downfall of some of the prevailing systems of superstition". The ferryman replied, "You loitering rogue, that will not happen these many hundred years.… Get into the boat this instant."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Regardless of how boundless it may seem, a person's imagination is confined to the mind's ability to recombine the information it has already acquired from the body's sensory experience (the ideas that have been derived from impressions). In addition, "as our imagination takes our most basic ideas and leads us to form new ones, it is directed by three principles of association, namely, resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect":

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: The notion of causation is closely linked to the problem of induction. According to Hume, we reason inductively by associating constantly conjoined events. It is the mental act of association that is the basis of our concept of causation. At least three interpretations of Hume's theory of causation are represented in the literature:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: The logical positivist interpretation is that Hume analyses causal propositions, such as "A causes B", in terms of regularities in perception: "A causes B" is equivalent to "Whenever A-type events happen, B-type ones follow", where "whenever" refers to all possible perceptions. In his "Treatise of Human Nature", Hume wrote:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Power and necessity…are…qualities of perceptions, not of objects…felt by the soul and not perceiv'd externally in bodies.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: This view is rejected by sceptical realists, who argue that Hume thought that causation amounts to more than just the regular succession of events. Hume said that, when two events are causally conjoined, a necessary connection underpins the conjunction:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Shall we rest contented with these two relations of contiguity and succession, as affording a complete idea of causation? By no means…there is a "necessary connexion" to be taken into consideration.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Angela Coventry writes that, for Hume, "there is nothing in any particular instance of cause and effect involving external objects which suggests the idea of power or necessary connection" and "we are ignorant of the powers that operate between objects". However, while denying the possibility of knowing the powers between objects, Hume accepted the causal principle, writing: "I never asserted so absurd a proposition as that something could arise without a cause."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: It has been argued that, while Hume did not think that causation is reducible to pure regularity, he was not a fully fledged realist either. Simon Blackburn calls this a quasi-realist reading, saying that "Someone talking of cause is voicing a distinct mental set: he is by no means in the same state as someone merely describing regular sequences." In Hume's words, "nothing is more usual than to apply to external bodies every internal sensation, which they occasion".

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Empiricist philosophers, such as Hume and Berkeley, favoured the bundle theory of personal identity. In this theory, "the mind itself, far from being an independent power, is simply 'a bundle of perceptions' without unity or cohesive quality". The self is nothing but a bundle of experiences linked by the relations of causation and resemblance; or, more accurately, the empirically warranted idea of the self is just the idea of such a bundle. According to Hume:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: This view is supported by, for example, positivist interpreters, who have seen Hume as suggesting that terms such as "self", "person", or "mind" refer to collections of "sense-contents". A modern-day version of the bundle theory of the mind has been advanced by Derek Parfit in his "Reasons and Persons".

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: "Practical reason" relates to whether standards or principles exist that are also authoritative for all rational beings, dictating people's intentions and actions. Hume is mainly considered an anti-rationalist, denying the possibility for practical reason, although other philosophers such as Christine Korsgaard, Jean Hampton, and Elijah Millgram claim that Hume is not so much of an anti-rationalist as he is just a sceptic of practical reason.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Practical reason is also concerned with the value of actions rather than the truth of propositions, so Hume believed that reason's shortcoming of affecting morality proved that practical reason could not be authoritative for all rational beings, since morality was essential for dictating people's intentions and actions.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume's writings on ethics began in the 1740 "Treatise" and were refined in his "An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals" (1751). He understood "feeling", rather than "knowing", as that which governs ethical actions, stating that "moral decisions are grounded in moral sentiment." Arguing that reason cannot be behind morality, he wrote:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Morals excite passions, and produce or prevent actions. Reason itself is utterly impotent in this particular. The rules of morality, therefore, are not conclusions of our reason.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume's "moral sentimentalism" was shared by his close friend Adam Smith, and the two were mutually influenced by the moral reflections of their older contemporary, Francis Hutcheson. Peter Singer claims that Hume's argument that morals cannot have a rational basis alone "would have been enough to earn him a place in the history of ethics."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume's theory of ethics has been influential in modern-day meta-ethical theory, helping to inspire emotivism, and ethical expressivism and non-cognitivism, as well as Allan Gibbard's general theory of moral judgment and judgments of rationality.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Moreover, Hume goes on to argue that in order to be held morally responsible, it is required that our behaviour be caused or necessitated, for, as he wrote:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Actions are, by their very nature, temporary and perishing; and where they proceed not from some "cause" in the character and disposition of the person who performed them, they can neither redound to his honour, if good; nor infamy, if evil.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume describes the link between causality and our capacity to rationally make a decision from this an inference of the mind. Human beings assess a situation based upon certain predetermined events and from that form a choice. Hume believes that this choice is made spontaneously. Hume calls this form of decision making the liberty of spontaneity.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume's argument is supported by modern-day compatibilists such as R. E. Hobart, a pseudonym of philosopher Dickinson S. Miller. However, P. F. Strawson argued that the issue of whether we hold one another morally responsible does not ultimately depend on the truth or falsity of a metaphysical thesis such as determinism. This is because our so holding one another is a non-rational human sentiment that is not predicated on such theses.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: The best theologian he ever met, he used to say, was the old Edinburgh fishwife who, having recognized him as Hume the atheist, refused to pull him out of the bog into which he had fallen until he declared he was a Christian and repeated the Lord's prayer.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: A century later, the idea of order without design was rendered more plausible by Charles Darwin's discovery that the adaptations of the forms of life result from the natural selection of inherited characteristics. For philosopher James D. Madden, it is "Hume, rivaled only by Darwin, [who] has done the most to undermine in principle our confidence in arguments from design among all figures in the Western intellectual tradition".

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Finally, Hume discussed a version of the anthropic principle, which is the idea that theories of the universe are constrained by the need to allow for man's existence in it as an observer. Hume has his sceptical mouthpiece Philo suggest that there may have been many worlds, produced by an incompetent designer, whom he called a "stupid mechanic". In his "Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion", Hume wrote:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Many worlds might have been botched and bungled throughout an eternity, ere this system was struck out: much labour lost: many fruitless trials made: and a slow, but continued improvement carried on during infinite ages in the art of world-making.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: American philosopher Daniel Dennett has suggested that this mechanical explanation of teleology, although "obviously ... an amusing philosophical fantasy", anticipated the notion of natural selection, the 'continued improvement' being like "any Darwinian selection algorithm".

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: A wise man ... considers which side is supported by the greater number of experiments. ... A hundred instances or experiments on one side, and fifty on another, afford a doubtful expectation of any event; though a hundred uniform experiments, with only one that is contradictory, reasonably beget a pretty strong degree of assurance. In all cases, we must balance the opposite experiments ... and deduct the smaller number from the greater, in order to know the exact force of the superior evidence.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume discusses the testimony of those who report miracles. He wrote that testimony might be doubted even from some great authority in case the facts themselves are not credible: "[T]he evidence, resulting from the testimony, admits of a diminution, greater or less, in proportion as the fact is more or less unusual."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Despite all this, Hume observes that belief in miracles is popular, and that "the gazing populace… receive greedily, without examination, whatever soothes superstition, and promotes wonder."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Little appreciated is the voluminous literature either foreshadowing Hume, in the likes of Thomas Sherlock or directly responding to and engaging with Hume—from William Paley, William Adams, John Douglas, John Leland, and George Campbell, among others. Regarding the latter, it is rumoured that, having read Campbell's Dissertation, Hume remarked that "the Scotch theologue had beaten him."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume's "The History of England" was profoundly impacted by his Scottish background. The science of sociology, which is rooted in Scottish thinking of the eighteenth century, had never before been applied to British philosophical history. Because of his Scottish background, Hume was able to bring an outsider's lens to English history that the insulated English whigs lacked.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Historians have debated whether Hume posited a universal unchanging human nature, or allowed for evolution and development.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: The debate between Tory and the Whig historians can be seen in the initial reception to Hume's "History of England". The whig-dominated world of 1754 overwhelmingly disapproved of Hume's take on English history. In later editions of the book, Hume worked to "soften or expunge many villainous whig strokes which had crept into it."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume did not consider himself a pure Tory. Before 1745, he was more akin to an "independent whig." In 1748, he described himself as "a whig, though a very skeptical one." This description of himself as in between whiggism and toryism, helps one understand that his "History of England" should be read as his attempt to work out his own philosophy of history.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Robert Roth argues that Hume's histories display his biases against Presbyterians and Puritans. Roth says his anti-Whig pro-monarchy position diminished the influence of his work, and that his emphasis on politics and religion led to a neglect of social and economic history.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: The "History" became a best-seller and made Hume a wealthy man who no longer had to take up salaried work for others. It was influential for nearly a century, despite competition from imitations by Smollett (1757), Goldsmith (1771) and others. By 1894, there were at least 50 editions as well as abridgements for students, and illustrated pocket editions, probably produced specifically for women.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume expressed suspicion of attempts to reform society in ways that departed from long-established custom, and he counselled peoples not to resist their governments except in cases of the most egregious tyranny. However, he resisted aligning himself with either of Britain's two political parties, the Whigs and the Tories:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: My views of "things" are more conformable to Whig principles; my representations of "persons" to Tory prejudices.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: In the political analysis of philosopher George Holland Sabine, the scepticism of Hume extended to the doctrine of government by consent. He notes that "allegiance is a habit enforced by education and consequently as much a part of human nature as any other motive."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: In the 1770s, Hume was critical of British policies toward the American colonies and advocated for American independence. He wrote in 1771 that "our union with America…in the nature of things, cannot long subsist."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: In contrast to Locke, Hume believes that private property is not a natural right. Hume argues it is justified, because resources are limited. Private property would be an unjustified, "idle ceremonial," if all goods were unlimited and available freely. Hume also believed in an unequal distribution of property, because perfect equality would destroy the ideas of thrift and industry. Perfect equality would thus lead to impoverishment.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: David Hume anticipated modern monetarism. First, Hume contributed to the theory of quantity and of interest rate. Hume has been credited with being the first to prove that, on an abstract level, there is no quantifiable amount of nominal money that a country needs to thrive. He understood that there was a difference between "nominal" and "real" money.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Second, Hume has a theory of causation which fits in with the Chicago-school "black box" approach. According to Hume, cause and effect are related only through correlation. Hume shared the belief with modern monetarists that changes in the supply of money can affect consumption and investment.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Due to Hume's vast influence on contemporary philosophy, a large number of approaches in contemporary philosophy and cognitive science are today called "Humean."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: The writings of Thomas Reid, a Scottish philosopher and contemporary of Hume, were often critical of Hume's scepticism. Reid formulated his "common sense" philosophy, in part, as a reaction against Hume's views.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume influenced, and was influenced by, the Christian philosopher Joseph Butler. Hume was impressed by Butler's way of thinking about religion, and Butler may well have been influenced by Hume's writings.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Attention to Hume's philosophical works grew after the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in his "Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics" (1783), credited Hume with awakening him from his "dogmatic slumber."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: According to Arthur Schopenhauer, "there is more to be learned from each page of David Hume than from the collected philosophical works of Hegel, Herbart and Schleiermacher taken together."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: A. J. Ayer, while introducing his classic exposition of logical positivism in 1936, claimed:The views which are put forward in this treatise derive from…doctrines…which are themselves the logical outcome of the empiricism of Berkeley and David Hume.Albert Einstein, in 1915, wrote that he was inspired by Hume's positivism when formulating his theory of special relativity.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume's problem of induction was also of fundamental importance to the philosophy of Karl Popper. In his autobiography, "Unended Quest", he wrote: "Knowledge ... is "objective"; and it is hypothetical or conjectural. This way of looking at the problem made it possible for me to reformulate Hume's "problem of induction"." This insight resulted in Popper's major work "The Logic of Scientific Discovery". In his "Conjectures and Refutations", he wrote:

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: I approached the problem of induction through Hume. Hume, I felt, was perfectly right in pointing out that induction cannot be logically justified.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume's rationalism in religious subjects influenced, via German-Scottish theologian Johann Joachim Spalding, the German neology school and rational theology, and contributed to the transformation of German theology in the age of enlightenment. Hume pioneered a comparative history of religion, tried to explain various rites and traditions as being based on deception and challenged various aspects of rational and natural theology, such as the argument from design.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: According to philosopher Jerry Fodor, Hume's "Treatise" is "the founding document of cognitive science."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Hume engaged with contemporary intellectuals including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, James Boswell, and Adam Smith (who acknowledged Hume's influence on his economics and political philosophy).

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: Morris and Brown (2019) write that Hume is "generally regarded as one of the most important philosophers to write in English."

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


David Hume

Context: In September 2020, the David Hume Tower, a University of Edinburgh building, was renamed to 40 George Square; this was following a campaign led by students of the university to rename it, in objection to Hume's writings related to race.

Question: كيف ساهم دايفيد هيوم في تطوير الفلسفة الإسكتلندية ؟


Angel

Context: Abrahamic religions often depict angels as benevolent celestial intermediaries between God (or Heaven) and humanity. Other roles include protectors and guides for humans, and servants of God. Abrahamic religions describe angelic hierarchies, which vary by religion and sect. Some angels have specific names (such as Gabriel or Michael) or titles (such as seraph or archangel). Those expelled from Heaven are called fallen angels, distinct from the heavenly host.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Angels in art are usually shaped like humans of extraordinary beauty. They are often identified in Christian artwork with bird wings, halos, and divine light.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The word "angel" arrives in modern English from Old English "engel" (with a hard "g") and the Old French "angele". Both of these derive from Late Latin "angelus", which in turn was borrowed from Late Greek "angelos" (literally "messenger"). Τhe word's earliest form is Mycenaean "a-ke-ro", attested in Linear B syllabic script. According to the Dutch linguist R. S. P. Beekes, "ángelos" itself may be "an Oriental loan, like ἄγγαρος ("ángaros", 'Persian mounted courier')."

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The Torah uses the Hebrew terms (; "messenger of God"), (; "messenger of the Lord"), (; "sons of God") and (; "the holy ones") to refer to beings traditionally interpreted as angels. Later texts use other terms, such as (; "the upper ones").

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Michael D. Coogan notes that it is only in the late books that the terms "come to mean the benevolent semi-divine beings familiar from later mythology and art." Daniel is the biblical book to refer to individual angels by name, mentioning Gabriel in Daniel 9:21 and Michael in Daniel 10:13. These angels are part of Daniel's apocalyptic visions and are an important part of apocalyptic literature.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: In Daniel 7, Daniel receives a dream-vision from God. [...] As Daniel watches, the Ancient of Days takes his seat on the throne of heaven and sits in judgement in the midst of the heavenly court [...] an [angel] like a son of man approaches the Ancient One in the clouds of heaven and is given everlasting kingship.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Philo of Alexandria identifies the angel with the "Logos" inasmuch as the angel is the immaterial voice of God. The angel is something different from God himself, but is conceived as God's instrument.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Jewish philosopher Maimonides explained his view of angels in his "Guide for the Perplexed" II:4 and II

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Maimonides had a neo-Aristotelian interpretation of the Bible. Maimonides writes that to the wise man, one sees that what the Bible and Talmud refer to as "angels" are actually allusions to the various laws of nature; they are the principles by which the physical universe operates.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: In the New Testament, the existence of angels, just like that of demons, is taken for granted. They can intervene and intercede on behalf of humans. Angels protect the righteous (, ). They dwell in the heavens (, (), act as God's warriors () and worship God (). In the parable of the Rich man and Lazarus, angels behave as psychopomps. The Resurrection of Jesus features angels, telling the woman that Jesus is no longer in the tomb, but has risen from the dead.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Three separate cases of angelic interaction deal with the births of John the Baptist and Jesus. In Luke 1:11, an angel appears to Zechariah to inform him that he will have a child despite his old age, thus proclaiming the birth of John the Baptist. In Luke 1:26 Gabriel visits Mary in the Annunciation to foretell the birth of Jesus. Angels proclaim the birth of Jesus in the Adoration of the shepherds in Luke 2:10.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: According to Matthew 4:11, after Jesus spent 40 days in the desert, "...the Devil left him and, behold, angels came and ministered to him." In Luke 22:43 an angel comforts Jesus during the Agony in the Garden. In Matthew 28:5 an angel speaks at the empty tomb, following the Resurrection of Jesus and the rolling back of the stone by angels.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: In 1851 Pope Pius IX approved the Chaplet of Saint Michael based on the 1751 reported private revelation from archangel Michael to the Carmelite nun Antonia d'Astonac. In a biography of Gemma Galgani written by Germanus Ruoppolo, Galgani stated that she had spoken with her guardian angel.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Pope John Paul II emphasized the role of angels in Catholic teachings in his 1986 address titled "Angels Participate In History Of Salvation", in which he suggested that modern mentality should come to see the importance of angels.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: According to the Vatican's Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, "The practice of assigning names to the Holy Angels should be discouraged, except in the cases of Gabriel, Raphael and Michael whose names are contained in Holy Scripture."

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: "Forty Gospel Homilies" by Pope Gregory I (c. 540 – 12 March 604) noted angels and archangels. The Fourth Lateran Council's (1215) "Firmiter credimus" decree (issued against the Albigenses) declared that the angels were created beings and that men were created after them. The First Vatican Council (1869) repeated this declaration in "Dei Filius", the "Dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith".

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Thomas Aquinas (13th century) relates angels to Aristotle's metaphysics in his "Summa contra Gentiles", "Summa Theologica", and in "De substantiis separatis", a treatise on angelology. Although angels have greater knowledge than men, they are not omniscient, as Matthew 24:36 points out.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The New Church denominations that arose from the writings of theologian Emanuel Swedenborg have distinct ideas about angels and the spiritual world in which they dwell. Adherents believe that all angels are in human form with a spiritual body, and are not just minds without form. There are different orders of angels according to the three heavens, and each angel dwells in one of innumerable societies of angels. Such a society of angels can appear as one angel as a whole.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The Latter Day Saint movement views angels as the messengers of God. They are sent to mankind to deliver messages, minister to humanity, teach doctrines of salvation, call mankind to repentance, give priesthood keys, save individuals in perilous times, and guide humankind.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Most angelic visitations in the early Latter Day Saint movement were witnessed by Smith and Oliver Cowdery, who both said (prior to the establishment of the church in 1830) they had been visited by the prophet Moroni, John the Baptist, and the apostles Peter, James, and John. Later, after the dedication of the Kirtland Temple, Smith and Cowdery said they had been visited by Jesus, and subsequently by Moses, Elias, and Elijah.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Others who said they received a visit by an angel include the other two of the Three Witnesses: David Whitmer and Martin Harris. Many other Latter Day Saints, both in the early and modern church, have said they had seen angels, although Smith posited that, except in extenuating circumstances such as the restoration, mortals teach mortals, spirits teach spirits, and resurrected beings teach other resurrected beings.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: In Folk Islam, individual angels may be evoked in exorcism rites, whose names are engraved in talismans or amulets.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: In the commentaries of Proclus (4th century) on the Timaeus of Plato, Proclus uses the terminology of "angelic" ("aggelikos") and "angel" ("aggelos") in relation to metaphysical beings. According to Aristotle, just as there is a Prime Mover, so, too, must there be spiritual secondary movers.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The poetry of the holy scripture of the Sikhs – the Sri Guru Granth Sahib – figuratively mentions a messenger or angel of death, sometimes as Yam (ਜਮ – "Yam") and sometimes as Azrael (ਅਜਰਾਈਲੁ – "Ajraeel"):

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: According to the Kabbalah as described by the Golden Dawn there are ten archangels, each commanding one of the choirs of angels and corresponding to one of the Sephirot. It is similar to the Jewish angelic hierarchy.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: It is believed by Theosophists that nature spirits, elementals (gnomes, undines, sylphs, and salamanders), and fairies also can be observed when the third eye is activated. It is maintained by Theosophists that these less evolutionarily developed beings have never been previously incarnated as humans; they are regarded as being on a separate line of spiritual evolution called the "deva evolution"; eventually, as their souls advance as they reincarnate, it is believed they will incarnate as devas.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: It is asserted by Theosophists that all of the above-mentioned beings possess etheric bodies that are composed of "etheric matter", a type of matter finer and more pure that is composed of smaller particles than ordinary physical plane matter.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The Greek magical papyri, a set of texts forming into a completed grimoire that date somewhere between 100 BC and 400 AD, also list the names of the angels found in monotheistic religions, but they are presented as deities.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Numerous references to angels present themselves in the Nag Hammadi Library, in which they both appear as malevolent servants of the Demiurge and innocent associates of the aeons.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The Brahma Kumaris uses the term "angel" to refer to a perfect, or complete state of the human being, which they believe can be attained through a connection with God. It is expanded as a state of being rather that an entity.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The 4000 year old religion of Yazidism has angels who are servants of one God, and particularly reverences Melek Taûs, the angel shown in the form of a peacock.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: According to mainstream Christian theology, angels are wholly spiritual beings and therefore do not eat, excrete or have sex, and have no gender. Although their different roles, such as warriors for some archangels, may suggest a human gender, Christian artists were careful not to given them specific gender attributes, at least until the 19th century, when some acquire breasts for example.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The earliest known Christian image of an angel—in the "Cubicolo dell'Annunziazione" in the Catacomb of Priscilla (mid-3rd century)—is without wings. In that same period, representations of angels on sarcophagi, lamps and reliquaries also show them without wings, as for example the angel in the "Sacrifice of Isaac" scene in the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (although the side view of the Sarcophagus shows winged angelic figures).

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Angels are typically depicted in Mormon art as having no wings based on a quote from Joseph Smith ("An angel of God never has wings").

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: In terms of their clothing, angels, especially the Archangel Michael, were depicted as military-style agents of God and came to be shown wearing Late Antique military uniform. This uniform could be the normal military dress, with a tunic to about the knees, an armour breastplate and "pteruges", but was often the specific dress of the bodyguard of the Byzantine Emperor, with a long tunic and the "loros", the long gold and jewelled "pallium" restricted to the Imperial family and their closest guards.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: The basic military dress was shown in Western art into the Baroque period and beyond (see Reni picture above), and up to the present day in Eastern Orthodox icons. Other angels came to be conventionally depicted in long robes, and in the later Middle Ages they often wear the vestments of a deacon, a cope over a dalmatic. This costume was used especially for Gabriel in Annunciation scenes—for example the Annunciation in Washington by Jan van Eyck.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Angel

Context: Some types of angels are described as possessing more unusual or frightening attributes, such as the fiery bodies of the Seraphim, and the wheel-like structures of the Ophanim.

Question: هل الملائكة حقيقة أم خيال ؟


Arabian Gulf Cup

Context: The Arabian Gulf Cup (, "Kass Al-Khaleej Al-Arabi"), often referred to simply as the Gulf Cup, is a biennial football competition governed by the Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation for its eight member nations. The history of the competition has also seen it held every three to four years due to political or organisational problems.

Question: ماهي أكثر دولة خليجية متوجة بكأس الخليج؟


Arabian Gulf Cup

Context: In 2017, the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, cut diplomatic ties with Qatar. In July 2019, the AGCFF announced that the 24th edition of the Arabian Gulf Cup will be held in Doha. In October 2019, the three countries also announced to boycott the tournament. Later in November 2019, the three countries announced to take part in the 24th edition of the Arabian Gulf Cup tournament to be hosted by Qatar.

Question: ماهي أكثر دولة خليجية متوجة بكأس الخليج؟


Arabian Gulf Cup

Context: A major point that helped Qatar improve the competition was the fact that Al Jazeera Sports, the leading sports channel in Western Asia, and North Africa is based in Doha. Al Jazeera Sports won broadcasting rights to the 2004, and exclusively in the 19th Arabian Gulf Cup in 2009 after a deal ending in million, and dramatically reformed the Arabian Gulf Cup by hosting numerous talk shows and documentaries, on top of filming in HD and perfecting camerawork of matches.

Question: ماهي أكثر دولة خليجية متوجة بكأس الخليج؟


Arabian Gulf Cup

Context: The tournament marked the presence of some of the most influential personalities of the football world, including FIFA President, Sepp Blatter, and UEFA president, Michel Platini. The FIFA Executive Committee has also put on their October 4, 2013 meeting agenda to hear the proposal for the Arabian Gulf Cup to be included in the international match calendar.

Question: ماهي أكثر دولة خليجية متوجة بكأس الخليج؟


Arabian Gulf Cup

Context: Note: This table excludes eleven annulled games from 1972 (Bahrain were ejected from the competition), 1982 (Iraq were forced to withdraw due to the political situation in the country), and 1990 (Iraq were ejected from the competition).

Question: ماهي أكثر دولة خليجية متوجة بكأس الخليج؟


Baghdad

Context: The name Baghdad is pre-Islamic, and its origin is disputed. The site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia. By the 8th century CE, several villages had developed there, including a Persian hamlet called "Baghdad", the name which would come to be used for the Abbasid metropolis.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: A few authors have suggested older origins for the name, in particular the name "Bagdadu" or "Hudadu" that existed in Old Babylonian (spelled with a sign that can represent both "bag" and "hu"), and the Babylonian Talmudic name of a place called "Baghdatha". Some scholars suggested Aramaic derivations.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: When the Abbasid caliph, Al-Mansur, founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name Madinat al-Salaam or "City of Peace". This was the official name on coins, weights, and other official usage, although the common people continued to use the old name. By the 11th century, "Baghdad" became almost the exclusive name for the world-renowned metropolis.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sassanians, which was located some to the southeast. Today, all that remains of Ctesiphon is the shrine town of Salman Pak, just to the south of Greater Baghdad. Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed Seleucia, the first capital of the Seleucid Empire, which had earlier replaced the city of Babylon.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: According to the traveler Ibn Battuta, Baghdad was one of the largest cities, not including the damage it has received. The residents are mostly Hanbal. Baghdad is also home to the grave of Abu Hanifa where there is a cell and a mosque above it. The Sultan of Baghdad, Abu Said Bahadur Khan, was a Tatar king who embraced Islam.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: The bricks used to make the city were on all four sides. Abu Hanifah was the counter of the bricks and he developed a canal, which brought water to the work site for both human consumption and the manufacture of the bricks. Marble was also used to make buildings throughout the city, and marble steps led down to the river's edge.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Baghdad was a hectic city during the day and had many attractions at night. There were cabarets and taverns, halls for backgammon and chess, live plays, concerts, and acrobats. On street corners, storytellers engaged crowds with tales such as those later told in Arabian Nights.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: The roundness points to the fact that it was based on Arabic script. The two designers who were hired by Al-Mansur to plan the city's design were Naubakht, a Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious, and Mashallah, a Jew from Khorasan, Iran.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Several estimates suggest that the city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak. Many of the "One Thousand and One Nights" tales, widely known as the "Arabian Nights", are set in Baghdad during this period. It would surpass even Constantinople in prosperity and size.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: By the 10th century, the city's population was between 1.2 million and 2 million. Baghdad's early meteoric growth eventually slowed due to troubles within the Caliphate, including relocations of the capital to Samarra (during 808–819 and 836–892), the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and periods of political domination by the Iranian Buwayhids (945–1055) and Seljuk Turks (1055–1135).

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: At this point, Baghdad was ruled by the Ilkhanate, a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire, ruling from Iran. In August 1393, Baghdad was occupied by the Central Asian Turkic conqueror Timur ("Tamerlane"), by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: In 1401, Baghdad was again sacked, by Timur. When his forces took Baghdad, he spared almost no one, and ordered that each of his soldiers bring back two severed human heads. Baghdad became a provincial capital controlled by the Mongol Jalayirid (1400–1411), Turkic Kara Koyunlu (1411–1469), Turkic Ak Koyunlu (1469–1508), and the Iranian Safavid (1508–1534) dynasties.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: In 1534, Baghdad was captured by the Ottoman Turks. Under the Ottomans, Baghdad continued into a period of decline, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and Iranian Safavids, which did not accept the Sunni control of the city. Between 1623 and 1638, it returned to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague and cholera, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East. The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century, under a Mamluk government. Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by Ali Rıza Pasha in 1831. From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by Mehmed Namık Pasha. The Nuttall Encyclopedia reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Baghdad and southern Iraq remained under Ottoman rule until 1917, when they were captured by the British during World War I. In 1920, Baghdad became the capital of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia, with several architectural and planning projects commissioned to reinforce this administration. After receiving independence in 1932, the city became capital of the Kingdom of Iraq.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: The city's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950. On 14 July 1958, members of the Iraqi Army, under Abd al-Karim Qasim, staged a coup to topple the Kingdom of Iraq. King Faisal II, former Prime Minister Nuri as-Said, former Regent Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, members of the royal family, and others were brutally killed during the coup. Many of the victim's bodies were then dragged through the streets of Baghdad.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: In August 2010, Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid, was appointed to design a new headquarters for the Central Bank in Baghdad. Initial talks about the project were held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 14

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: August 2010, in the presence of the Central Bank Governor Sinan Al Shabibi. On 2 February 2012, Zaha Hadid joined Sinan Al Shabibi at a ceremony in London to sign the agreement between the Central Bank of Iraq and Zaha Hadid Architects for the design stages of the new CBI Headquarters building. The construction was postponed in 2015 due to economical problems, but started again in 2019.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Winter temperatures are typical of hot desert climates. From December through February, Baghdad has maximum temperatures averaging , though highs above are not unheard of. Lows below freezing occur a couple of times per year on average.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Annual rainfall, almost entirely confined to the period from November through March, averages approximately , but has been as high as and as low as . On 11 January 2008, light snow fell across Baghdad for the first time in 100 years. Snowfall was again reported on 11 February 2020, with accumulations across the city.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the Tigris river. The Tigris splits Baghdad in half, with the eastern half being called "Risafa" and the Western half known as "Karkh". The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low-lying, being of quaternary alluvial origin due to the periodic large floods which have occurred on the river.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: The nine districts are subdivided into 89 smaller neighborhoods which may make up sectors of any of the districts above. The following is a "selection" (rather than a complete list) of these neighborhoods:

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Baghdad is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups including Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Yazidis, Shabakis, Armenians and Mandaeans. The majority of the citizens are Muslims with minorities of Christians, Yezidis and Mandeans also present. There are many religious centers distributed around the city including mosques, churches and Mashkhannas cultic huts.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Masjid Al-Kadhimain is a shrine that is located in the Kādhimayn suburb of Baghdad. It contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth Twelver Shi'ite Imams, Musa al-Kadhim and Muhammad at-Taqi respectively, upon whom the title of "Kādhimayn" ("Two who swallow their anger") was bestowed. Many Shi'ites travel to the mosque from far away places to commemorate those imams.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: In the Kadhimiya district of Baghdad, was the house of Baháʼu'lláh, (Prophet Founder of the Baha'i Faith) also known as the "Most Great House" (Bayt-i-Azam) and the "House of God," where Baháʼu'lláh mostly resided from 1853 to 1863. It is considered a holy place and a place of pilgrimage by Baha'i's according to their "Most Holy Book". On the 23rd of June 2013, the house was destroyed under unclear circumstances.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Baghdad accounts for 22.2% of Iraq's population and 40% of the country's gross domestic product (PPP).

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Baghdad was once one of the main destinations in the country and the region with a wealth of cultural attractions. Tourism has diminished since the Iraq-Iran war and later during the US invasion, but in recent years Baghdad has become a main tourist destination although it is still facing challenges.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: There are numerous historic, scientific and artistic museums in Baghdad which include, Iraq Museum, Baghdadi Museum, Natural History Museum and several others.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Baghdad is known for its famous Mutanabbi street which is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literacy and intellectual community. The annual International Book Fair in Baghdad is a well known to the international publishing world as a promising publishing event in the region after years of instability.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: In October 2008, the Baghdad Metro resumed service. It connects the center to the southern neighborhood of Dora.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: Iraqi Airways, the national airline of Iraq, has its headquarters on the grounds of Baghdad International Airport in Baghdad.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: The Mustansiriya Madrasah was established in 1227 by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir. The name was changed to Al-Mustansiriya University in 1963. The University of Baghdad is the largest university in Iraq and the second largest in the Arab world. Prior to the Gulf War, multiple international schools operated in Baghdad, including:

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


Baghdad

Context: During US occupation of Iraq, AFN Iraq ("Freedom Radio") broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad, among other locations. There is also a private radio station called "Dijlah" (named after the Arabic word for the Tigris River) that was created in 2004 as Iraq's first independent talk radio station. Radio Dijlah offices, in the Jamia neighborhood of Baghdad, have been attacked on several occasions.

Question: متى تأسست بغداد ؟


The Godfather (film series)

Context: Many actors were rumoured to be cast in the film: Robert De Niro, Andy García and Talia Shire were suggested to be reprising their roles. Leonardo DiCaprio was discussed as being cast as a young Sonny Corleone.

Question: في أي عام صدر الجزء الأول لفيلم العراب ؟


The Godfather (film series)

Context: The films appear in many "Top" film lists, such as AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, "Time" magazine's All-Time 100 Movies, the IMDb top 250, , and James Berardinelli's Top 100. "The Godfather Trilogy" was ranked at No. 5 in "Empire" magazine's "The 33 Greatest Movie Trilogies" in 2010. "The Independent" ranked it at No. 6 on its list of "10 greatest movie trilogies of all time". Screen Rant ranked it at No. 4 on its list of "The Best Movie Trilogies Of All Time".

Question: في أي عام صدر الجزء الأول لفيلم العراب ؟


The Godfather (film series)

Context: The three films together were nominated for a total of 20 Golden Globe Awards, of which they won five.

Question: في أي عام صدر الجزء الأول لفيلم العراب ؟


The Godfather (film series)

Context: Compilations were created by Coppola and editors Barry Malkin and Walter Murch, with two released to home media:

Question: في أي عام صدر الجزء الأول لفيلم العراب ؟


The Godfather (film series)

Context: A side-scrolling shooter, "The Godfather" (1991), was the first video game based on the series. "The Godfather: The Game" (2006) was based on the first film. Duvall, Caan, and Brando supplied voiceovers and their likenesses, but Pacino did not. Francis Ford Coppola openly voiced his disapproval of the game. "The Godfather II" (2009) was based on the second film. A mobile game, "The Godfather: Family Dynasty" (2017), was released for iOS and Android devices.

Question: في أي عام صدر الجزء الأول لفيلم العراب ؟


Sensodyne

Context: Sensodyne is a brand name of toothpaste and mouthwash targeted at people with sensitive teeth. Sensodyne is owned by GSK which expected to be replaced by Haleon from 18 July 2022 and is marketed under the name Shumitect in Japan.

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Sensodyne

Context: Sensodyne toothpastes work in different ways depending on the product's active ingredient—potassium nitrate, strontium acetate/chloride.

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Sensodyne

Context: Potassium nitrate: The potassium ion hyperpolarizes the nerve and stops it from firing. The nerve impulses are thus desensitized and there is no pain.

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Sensodyne

Context: Strontium acetate and strontium chloride: These compounds share a similar chemical structure to calcium. Strontium based toothpastes (acetate and chloride) are therefore able to replace some of the lost calcium and block the exposed tubules in the dentinal tissue. This helps prevent the movement of the fluid within the tubules in response to a sensitivity stimulus that could otherwise cause tooth pain.

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Sensodyne

Context: Some Sensodyne products contain calcium sodium phosphosilicate CSPS (Novamin), which appears to help with tooth sensitivity. A randomized clinical trial published in 2015 demonstrated that dentifrices containing 5% CSPS may have the potential to mineralize and occlude the dentine in the oral environment. Sensodyne products sold in the United States do not contain calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Novamin).

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Sensodyne

Context: By 1925, manufacturing dental care products had become the company's focus. Leonard N. Block followed his father into the family business which relocated to Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1938.

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Sensodyne

Context: In 2000, Block Drug was purchased by Smith Kline Beecham P.L.C., which became GlaxoSmithKline (NYSE:GSK).

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Sensodyne

Context: The toothpaste was first marketed in 1961 as a desensitising toothpaste based on a strontium chloride formulation. In 1980, Sensodyne launched a new toothpaste containing potassium nitrate, a mild local sedative.

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Sensodyne

Context: In 2007, GlaxoSmithKline tracked down counterfeit producers of Sensodyne after a consumer in Panama noted diethylene glycol, a poisonous ingredient commonly found in antifreeze, on the label of his toothpaste.

Question: متى تأسست شركة سنسوداين؟


Cloud storage

Context: Cloud storage services may be accessed through a colocated cloud computing service, a web service application programming interface (API) or by applications that use the API, such as cloud desktop storage, a cloud storage gateway or Web-based content management systems.

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: In 1983, CompuServe offered its consumer users a small amount of disk space that could be used to store any files they chose to upload.

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: Cloud storage is based on highly virtualized infrastructure and is like broader cloud computing in terms of interfaces, near-instant elasticity and scalability, multi-tenancy, and metered resources. Cloud storage services can be used from an off-premises service (Amazon S3) or deployed on-premises (ViON Capacity Services).

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: There are three types of cloud storage: a hosted object storage service, file storage, and block storage. Each of these cloud storage types offer their own unique advantages.

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: Examples of object storage services that can be hosted and deployed with cloud storage characteristics include Amazon S3, Oracle Cloud Storage and Microsoft Azure Storage, object storage software like Openstack Swift, object storage systems like EMC Atmos, EMC ECS and Hitachi Content Platform, and distributed storage research projects like OceanStore and VISION Cloud.

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: Examples of file storage services include Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) and Qumulo Core, used for applications that need access to shared files and require a file system. This storage is often supported with a Network Attached Storage (NAS) server, used for large content repositories, development environments, media stores, or user home directories.

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: A block storage service like Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) is used for other enterprise applications like databases and often require dedicated, low latency storage for each host. This is comparable in certain respects to direct attached storage (DAS) or a storage area network (SAN).

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: There are several options available to avoid security issues. One option is to use a private cloud instead of a public cloud. Another option is to ingest data in encrypted format where the key is held within on-premise infrastructure. To this end, access is often by use of on-premise cloud storage gateways that have options to encrypt the data prior of transfer.

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: Companies are not permanent and the services and products they provide can change. Outsourcing data storage to another company needs careful investigation and nothing is ever certain. Contracts set in stone can be worthless when a company ceases to exist or its circumstances change. Companies can:

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: Hybrid cloud storage can be used to supplement an organization's internal storage resources, or it can be used as the primary storage infrastructure. In either case, hybrid cloud storage can provide organizations with greater flexibility and scalability than traditional on-premises storage infrastructure.

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Cloud storage

Context: There are several benefits to using hybrid cloud storage, including the ability to cache frequently used data on-site for quick access, while inactive cold data is stored off-site in the cloud. This can save space, reduce storage costs and improve performance. Additionally, hybrid cloud storage can provide organizations with greater redundancy and fault tolerance, as data is stored in both on-premises and cloud storage infrastructure.

Question: من مخترع نظام التخزين السحابي أو الكلود ؟


Saponification

Context: Fat in a corpse converts into adipocere, often called "grave wax". This process is more common where the amount of fatty tissue is high and the agents of decomposition are absent or only minutely present.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: The saponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat sample. Soap makers formulate their recipes with a small deficit of lye to account for the unknown deviation of saponification value between their oil batch and laboratory averages.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: The hydroxide anion of the salt reacts with the carbonyl group of the ester. The immediate product is called an orthoester.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: The alkoxide ion is a strong base so the proton is transferred from the carboxylic acid to the alkoxide ion, creating an alcohol:

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: In a classic laboratory procedure, the triglyceride trimyristin is obtained by extracting it from nutmeg with diethyl ether. Saponification to the soap sodium myristate takes place using NaOH in water. Treating the soap with hydrochloric acid gives myristic acid.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: The reaction of fatty acids with base is the other main method of saponification. In this case, the reaction involves neutralization of the carboxylic acid. The neutralization method is used to produce industrial soaps such as those derived from magnesium, the transition metals, and aluminium. This method is ideal for producing soaps that are derived from a single fatty acid, which leads to soaps with predictable physical properties, as required by many engineering applications.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: Lithium derivatives of 12-hydroxystearate and other fatty acids are important constituents of lubricating greases. In lithium-based greases, lithium carboxylates are thickeners. "Complex soaps" are also common, these being combinations of more than one acid salt, such as azelaic or acetic acid.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: Fires involving cooking fats and oils (classified as class K (US) or F (Australia/Europe/Asia)) burn hotter than most flammable liquids, rendering a standard class B extinguisher ineffective. Such fires should be extinguished with a wet chemical extinguisher. Extinguishers of this type are designed to extinguish cooking fats and oils through saponification. The extinguishing agent rapidly converts the burning substance to a non-combustible soap.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: Saponification can occur in oil paintings over time, causing visible damage and deformation. Oil paints are composed of pigment molecules suspended in an oil-binding medium. Heavy metal salts are often used as pigment molecules, such as in lead white, red lead, and zinc white. If those heavy metal salts react with free fatty acids in the oil medium, metal soaps may form in a paint layer that can then migrate outward to the painting's surface.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: Saponification in oil paintings was described as early as 1912. It is believed to be widespread, having been observed in many works dating from the fifteenth through the twentieth centuries; works of different geographic origin; and works painted on various supports, such as canvas, paper, wood, and copper. Chemical analysis may reveal saponification occurring in a painting's deeper layers before any signs are visible on the surface, even in paintings centuries old.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Saponification

Context: Saponification does not occur in all oil paintings and many details are unresolved. At present, retouching is the only known restoration method.

Question: ماهي المادة المذيب لي الزيوت والشحوم في الصابون ؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: During the Yugoslav Wars, the aim of Republika Srpska (a Serb-controlled territory in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) was unification with the rest of what were considered Serb lands — the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK, in Croatia), Republic of Serbia and Republic of Montenegro – in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The United Serb Republic was a project to unify of RS and RSK before annexation by the "mother-state of Serbia".

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: On 12 September 1996, Republika Srpska president Biljana Plavšić called for its secession and unification with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; since that contravened the Dayton Agreement, however, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe compelled her to retract her recommendation. Propaganda appeared that year supporting a Bosniak state.

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: Although the Bosnian Serbs were viewed as "anti-Dayton" shortly after the war, they have been staunch supporters of the Dayton Agreement and RS preservation since 2000. The Bosniak Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina has called for the abolition of RS. In 2003, Aleksandar Jokic wrote that an international policy partitioning Kosovo and joining Republika Srpska with Serbia and Montenegro offered "long-term security and stability for the region".

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: On 15 June 2006, a demonstration was held in Banja Luka supporting a Republika Srpska independence referendum if Kosovo became independent. The following year, an open letter demanding an independence referendum was presented to the Republika Srpska National Assembly. In 2007, the Bosniak and Bosnian Croat members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina called for the abolition of their ethnic entities. In 2007, According to Walid Phares, Republika Srpska should have the same status as Kosovo.

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: According to a November 2010 poll of Bosnian Serbs by the Brussels-based Gallup Balkan Monitor, 88 percent would support a referendum on Republika Srpska's independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina. RS proposed a 2011 referendum on possibly leaving Bosnian institutions, which was defused by the EU.

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: In 2012, Dodik predicted Republika Srpska's independence. In 2013, there were discussions on the matter. Former CIA Balkans chief Steven Meyer said in 2013 and 2014 that he believed that Republika Srpska would become independent in time, that Bosnia and Herzegovina exists only on paper, and the people should decide for themselves.

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: In December 2016, High Representative Valentin Inzko said that "separatism" (an RS independence referendum) would force international "intervention". According to Inzko, the international community would never recognize an independent RS; although he had the power to replace Dodik, those "times have passed. Today we need domestic solutions and responsibility".

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: In May 2017, Steven Meyer (considering the possible creation of Greater Albania) said that Bosnia and Herzegovina was "far from a united country" and predicted a deteriorating relationship with RS. In July, he reiterated that "it remains a country in name only; a fiction that is real only in the minds of outdated, mostly mid-level American—and some European—diplomats."

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: In June and September 2017, Dodik said that plans for a 2018 independence referendum had been dropped.

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Proposed secession of Republika Srpska

Context: Presidency member Bakir Izetbegović threatened war in November of that year if Republika Srpska opted for independence, saying that Bosnia and Herzegovina should recognize the independence of Kosovo. On 22 November 2017, the issue was examined on RTV BN's "Globalno".

Question: في أي عام أعلنت جمهورية صرب البوسنة  إنفصالها عن البوسنة والهرسك؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Most Jewish Israelis refer to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War as the War of Independence, while most Arab citizens refer to it as al-Nakba (the catastrophe), a reflection of differences in perception of the purpose and outcomes of the war.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In 1965 a radical independent Arab group called "al-Ard" forming the Arab Socialist List tried to run for Knesset elections. The list was banned by the Israeli Central Elections Committee.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In 1966, martial law was lifted completely, and the government set about dismantling most of the discriminatory laws, while Arab citizens were granted the same rights as Jewish citizens under law.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: After the 1967 Six-Day War, Arab citizens were able to contact Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip for the first time since the establishment of the state. This along with the lifting of military rule, led to increased political activism among Arab citizens.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The 1980s saw the birth of the Islamic Movement. As part of a larger trend in the Arab World, the Islamic Movement emphasized moving Islam into the political realm. The Islamic movement built schools, provided other essential social services, constructed mosques, and encouraged prayer and conservative Islamic dress. The Islamic Movement began to affect electoral politics particularly at the local level.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Many Arab citizens supported the First Intifada and assisted Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, providing them with money, food, and clothes. A number of strikes were also held by Arab citizens in solidarity with Palestinians in the occupied territories.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: During the 2006 Lebanon War, Arab advocacy organizations complained that the Israeli government had invested time and effort to protect Jewish citizens from Hezbollah attacks, but had neglected Arab citizens. They pointed to a dearth of bomb shelters in Arab towns and villages and a lack of basic emergency information in Arabic. Many Israeli Jews viewed the Arab opposition to government policy and sympathy with the Lebanese as a sign of disloyalty.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In January 2007 the first non-Druze Arab minister in Israel's history, Raleb Majadele, was appointed minister without portfolio (Salah Tarif, a Druze, had been appointed a minister without portfolio in 2001). The appointment was criticized by the left, which felt it was an attempt to cover up the Labor Party's decision to sit with Yisrael Beiteinu in the government, and by the right, who saw it as a threat to Israel's status as a Jewish state.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis widespread protests and riots intensified across Israel, particularly in cities with large Arab populations. In Lod, rocks were thrown at Jewish apartments and some Jewish residents were evacuated from their homes by the police. Synagogues and a Muslim cemetery were vandalized. Communal violence including "riots, stabbings, arson, attempted home invasions and shootings" was reported from Beersheba, Rahat, Ramla, Lod, Nasiriyah, Tiberias, Jerusalem, Haifa and Acre.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The national language and mother tongue of Arab citizens, including the Druze, is Arabic and the colloquial spoken language is of the Palestinian Arabic dialect. Knowledge and command of Modern Standard Arabic varies.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In 2020; Jerusalem had the largest number of Muslim residents (346,000) in Israel, who comprise 21.1% of the Muslim population in Israel, and around 36.9% of the city's residents. Rahat, had the second largest number of Muslim residents (71,300) in Israel, while Umm Al-Fahm and Nazareth had around 56,000 and 55,600 residents, respectively. The eleven towns of the Triangle area are home to approximately 250,000 Israeli Muslims.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Traditionally settled communities of Muslim Arabs comprise about 70% of the Arab population in Israel. In 2010, the average number of children per mother was 3.84, dropping from 3.97 in 2008. The Muslim population is mostly young: 42% of Muslims are under the age of 15. The median age of Muslim Israelis is 18, while the median age of Jewish Israelis is 30. The percentage of people over 65 is less than 3% for Muslims, compared with 12% for the Jewish population.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Approximately 40–50% of Bedouin citizens of Israel live in 39–45 unrecognized villages that are not connected to the electrical grid and water mains. A study published by the Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in 2017 found that Bedouins has the lowest achievements in the Arab sector on all indices: bagrut scores, rates of college graduates, and fields of employment. As they tend to be the least educated.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: During the British Mandate for Palestine, the Druze did not embrace the rising Arab nationalism of the time or participate in violent confrontations. In 1948, many Druze volunteered for the Israeli army and no Druze villages were destroyed or permanently abandoned. Since the establishment of the state, the Druze have demonstrated solidarity with Israel and distanced themselves from Arab and Islamic radicalism. Druze citizens serve in the Israel Defense Forces.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: From 1957, the Israeli government formally recognized the Druze as a separate religious community, and are defined as a distinct ethnic group in the Israeli Ministry of Interior's census registration. While the Israeli education system is basically divided into Hebrew and Arabic speaking schools, the Druze have autonomy within the Arabic speaking branch. Israeli Druze are Arabic in language and culture, and their mother tongue is the Arabic Language.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The relationship of Arab citizens to the State of Israel is often fraught with tension and can be regarded in the context of relations between minority populations and state authorities elsewhere in the world. Arab citizens consider themselves to be an indigenous people. The tension between their Palestinian Arab national identity and their identity as citizens of Israel was famously described by an Arab public figure as: "My state is at war with my nation".

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Arabs living in East Jerusalem, occupied and administered by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967, are a special case. Although they hold Israeli ID cards, most are permanent residents since few accepted Israel's offer of citizenship after the war's end, refusing to recognize its sovereignty, and most maintain close ties with the West Bank. As permanent residents, they are eligible to vote in Jerusalem's municipal elections, although only a small percentage takes advantage of this right.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The remaining Druze population of the Golan Heights, occupied and administered by Israel in 1967, are considered permanent residents under the Golan Heights Law of 1981. Few have accepted full Israeli citizenship and the vast majority consider themselves citizens of Syria.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: 46% of the country's Arabs (622,400 people) live in predominantly Arab communities in the north. In Nazareth was the largest Arab city, with a population of , roughly 40,000 of whom are Muslim. Shefa-'Amr has a population of approximately and the city is mixed with sizable populations of Muslims, Christians, and Druze.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Jerusalem, a mixed city, has the largest overall Arab population. Jerusalem housed 332,400 Arabs in 2016 (37.7% of the city's residents) and together with the local council of Abu Ghosh, some 19% of the country's entire Arab population.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: 14% of Arab citizens live in the Haifa District predominantly in the Wadi Ara region. Here is the largest Muslim city, Umm al-Fahm, with a population of . Baqa-Jatt is the second largest Arab population center in the district. The city of Haifa has an Arab population of 10%, much of it in the Wadi Nisnas, Abbas and Halissa neighborhoods. Wadi Nisnas and Abbas neighborhoods, are largely Christian, Halisa and Kababir are largely Muslim.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: 10% of the country's Arab population resides in the Central District of Israel, primarily the cities of Tayibe, Tira, and Qalansawe as well as the mixed cities of Lod and Ramla which have mainly Jewish populations.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Of the remaining 11%, 10% live in Bedouin communities in the northwestern Negev. The Bedouin city of Rahat is the only Arab city in the Southern District and it is the third largest Arab city in Israel.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The remaining 1% of the country's Arab population lives in cities that are almost entirely Jewish, such as Nazareth Illit with an Arab population of 22% and Tel Aviv-Yafo, 4%.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In February 2008, the government announced that the first new Arab city would be constructed in Israel. According to Haaretz, "[s]ince the establishment of the State of Israel, not a single new Arab settlement has been established, with the exception of permanent housing projects for Bedouins in the Negev". The city, Givat Tantur, was never constructed even after 10 years.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Arabs make up the majority of the population of the "heart of the Galilee" and of the areas along the Green Line including the Wadi Ara region. Bedouin Arabs make up the majority of the northeastern section of the Negev.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Israeli historian Benny Morris stated in 2004 that, while he strongly opposes expulsion of Israeli Arabs, in case of an "apocalyptic" scenario where Israel comes under total attack with non-conventional weapons and comes under existential threat, an expulsion might be the only option. He compared the Israeli Arabs to a "time bomb" and "a potential fifth column" in both demographic and security terms and said they are liable to undermine the state in time of war.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: A study showed that in 2010, Jewish birthrates rose by 31% and 19,000 diaspora Jews immigrated to Israel, while the Arab birthrate fell by 2%.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Some Israeli politicians advocate land-swap proposals in order to assure a continued Jewish majority within Israel. A specific proposal is that Israel transfer sovereignty of part of the Arab-populated Wadi Ara area (west of the Green Line) to a future Palestinian state, in return for formal sovereignty over the major Jewish settlement "blocks" that lie inside the West Bank east of the Green Line.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Avigdor Lieberman of Yisrael Beiteinu, the fourth largest faction in the 17th Knesset, is one of the foremost advocates of the transfer of large Arab towns located just inside Israel near the border with the West Bank (e.g. Tayibe, Umm al-Fahm, Baqa al-Gharbiyye), to the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority in exchange for Israeli settlements located inside the West Bank.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In October 2006, Yisrael Beiteinu formally joined in the ruling government's parliamentary coalition, headed by Kadima. After the Israeli Cabinet confirmed Avigdor Lieberman's appointment to the position of "minister for strategic threats", Labour Party representative and science, sport and culture minister Ophir Pines-Paz resigned his post. In his resignation letter to Ehud Olmert, Pines-Paz wrote: "I couldn't sit in a government with a minister who preaches racism."

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The Lieberman Plan caused a stir among Arab citizens of Israel. Various polls show that Arabs in Israel do not wish to move to the West Bank or Gaza if a Palestinian state is created there. In a survey conducted by Kul Al-Arab among 1,000 residents of Um Al-Fahm, 83 percent of respondents opposed the idea of transferring their city to Palestinian jurisdiction, while 11 percent supported the proposal and 6 percent did not express their position.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: A minority of Arabs join and vote for Zionist parties; in the 2006 elections 30% of the Arab vote went to such parties, up from 25% in 2003, though down on the 1999 (31%) and 1996 elections (33%). Left-wing parties (i.e. Labor Party and Meretz-Yachad, and previously One Nation) are the most popular parties amongst Arabs, though some Druze have also voted for right-wing parties such as Likud and Yisrael Beiteinu, as well as the centrist Kadima.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Palestinian Arabs sat in the state's first parliamentary assembly in 1949. In 2011, 13 of the 120 members of the Israeli Parliament are Arab citizens, most representing Arab political parties, and one of Israel's Supreme Court judges is a Palestinian Arab.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The 2015 elections included 18 Arab members of Knesset. Along with 13 members of the Joint List, there were five Arab parliamentarians representing Zionist parties, which is more than double their number in the previous Knesset.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In the public employment sphere, by the end of 2002, 6% of 56,362 Israeli civil servants were Arab. In January 2004, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon declared that every state-run company must have at least one Arab citizen of Israel on its board of directors.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Arab citizens of Israel have been elected to every Knesset, and currently hold 17 of its 120 seats. The first female Arab MP was Hussniya Jabara, a Muslim Arab from central Israel, who was elected in 1999.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The appointment of Majadele was criticized by far-right Israelis, some of whom are also within the Cabinet, but this drew condemnation across the mainstream Israeli political spectrum. Meanwhile, Arab lawmakers called the appointment an attempt to "whitewash Israel's discriminatory policies against its Arab minority".

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In 2011, Jamal Hakroush became the first Muslim Arab deputy Inspector-General in the Israeli Police. He has previously served as district commander of two districts.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In 2007, Ra'adi Sfori became the first Arab citizen of Israel to be elected as a JNF director, over a petition against his appointment. The court upheld the JNF's appointment, explaining, "As this is one director among a large number, there is no chance he will have the opportunity to cancel the organization's goals."

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel is an extra-parliamentary umbrella organization that represents Arab citizens of Israel at the national level. It is "the top representative body deliberating matters of general concern to the entire Arab community and making binding decisions." While it enjoys "de facto" recognition from the State of Israel, it lacks official or "de jure" recognition from the state for its activities in this capacity.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Ta'ayush is "a grassroots movement of Arabs and Jews working to break down the walls of racism and segregation by constructing a true Arab-Jewish partnership."

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The Regional Council of Unrecognized Villages is a body of unofficial representatives of the unrecognized villages throughout the Negev region in the south.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: An Israeli Central Elections Committee ruling which allowed the Progressive List for Peace to run for the Knesset in 1988 was challenged based on this amendment, but the committee's decision was upheld by the Israeli Supreme Court, which ruled that the PLP's platform calling for Israel to become "a state of all its citizens" does not violate the ideology of Israel as the State of the Jewish people, and thus section 7(a) does not apply.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In 2009, United Arab List – Ta'al and Balad were disqualified, on grounds that they do not recognize the State of Israel and call for armed conflict against it. The Supreme Court overturned the committee's decision by a majority of eight to one.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Israel's Declaration of Independence called for the establishment of a Jewish state with equality of social and political rights, irrespective of religion, race, or sex.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The rights of citizens are guaranteed by a set of basic laws (Israel does not have a written constitution). Although this set of laws does not explicitly include the term "right to equality", the Israeli Supreme Court has consistently interpreted "Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty" and "Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994)" as guaranteeing equal rights for all Israeli citizens.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: A 2004 report by Mossawa, an advocacy center for Palestinian-Arab citizens of Israel, states that since the events of October 2000, 16 Arabs had been killed by security forces, bringing the total to 29 victims of "institutional violence" in four years. Ahmed Sa'adi, in his article on "The Concept of Protest and its Representation by the Or Commission", states that since 1948 the only protestors to be killed by the police have been Arabs.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Arabic was until July 2018 one of Israel's official languages. The use of Arabic increased significantly following Supreme Court rulings in the 1990s. defines Hebrew as the official language of the State and gives the Arabic language a special status.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Some Arab politicians have requested a reevaluation of the Israeli flag and national anthem, arguing that the Star of David at the flag's center is an exclusively Jewish symbol, and Hatikvah does not represent Arab citizens, since it speaks of the Jewish people's desire to return to their homeland. The High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel and the National Committee for the Heads of the Arab Local Authorities in Israel stated in 2006,

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Michael Oren, the former Israeli ambassador to the United Nations, has argued that since the Seal of Solomon (Star of David) is also considered to be an Islamic symbol, Arab citizens of Israel should be able to feel the same sense of loyalty to the flag as Jewish citizens do.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In Israel, Independence Day takes place on 5 Iyar according to the Hebrew calendar, which means it falls on different dates every year under the Gregorian calendar. Arab citizens of Israel generally mark al-Nakba both on this day, and on 15 May, as do other Palestinians. Druze soldiers, however, were present at Israel's first Independence Day Parade in 1949, and there have since been parades for Druze and Circassians, as well as special events for Bedouins, on Independence Day.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Defenders of the Citizenship and Entry Law say it is aimed at preventing terrorist attacks and preserving the "Jewish character" of Israel by restricting Arab immigration. The new bill was formulated in accordance with Shin Bet statistics showing that involvement in terror attacks declines with age. This newest amendment, in practice, removes restrictions from half of the Palestinian population requesting legal status through marriage in Israel. This law was upheld by a High Court decision in 2006.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Although this law theoretically applies to all Israelis, it has disproportionately affected Arab citizens of Israel; Arabs are far more likely to have Palestinian spouses than other Israelis. Thus the law has been widely considered discriminatory and the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has unanimously approved a resolution saying that the Israeli law violated an international human rights treaty against racism.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The Or Commission report also states that activities by Islamic organizations may be using religious pretenses to further political aims. The commission describes such actions as a factor in 'inflaming' the Muslim population in Israel against the authorities, and cites the al-Sarafand mosque episode, with Muslims' attempts to restore the mosque and Jewish attempts to stop them, as an example of the 'shifting of dynamics' of the relationship between Muslims and the Israeli authorities.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government had done "little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens".

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Human Rights Watch has charged that cuts in veteran benefits and child allowances based on parents' military service discriminate against Arab children: "The cuts will also affect the children of Jewish ultra-orthodox parents who do not serve in the military, but they are eligible for extra subsidies, including educational supplements, not available to Palestinian Arab children."

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: According to "the Guardian", in 2006 just 5% of civil servants were Arabs, many of them hired to deal with other Arabs, despite the fact that Arab citizens of Israel comprise 20% of the population.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Although the Bedouin infant mortality rate is still the highest in Israel, and one of the highest in the developed world, "The Guardian" reports that in the 2002 budget, Israel's health ministry allocated Arab communities less than 1% of its budget for healthcare facility development.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In March 2010, a report released by several Israeli civil rights groups stated that the current Knesset was "the most racist in Israeli history" with 21 bills proposed in 2008 and 2009 that would discriminate against the country's Arab minority.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: A preliminary report commissioned by Israel's Courts Administration and the Israel Bar Association found in 2011 that Israeli Arabs are more likely than Israeli Jews to be convicted of crimes after being charged, more likely to be given custodial sentences, and were given longer sentences. It did not account for "mitigating or aggravating circumstances, prior criminal record and the convict's gender".

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: According to Ishmael Khaldi, an Arab citizen of Israel and the nation's first high-ranking Muslim in the Israeli foreign service, while Israeli society is far from perfect, minorities in Israel fare far better than any other country in the Middle East. He wrote:

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: A 2015 survey found that 82% of Israeli Muslims, 87% of Israeli Druze, and 88% of Israeli Christians would be uncomfortable with a child of theirs marrying a Jew. 97% of Israeli Jews would be uncomfortable if a child of theirs married a Muslim and 89% would be uncomfortable if a child of theirs married a Christian.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: When the Muslim news presenter Lucy Aharish married Jewish-Israeli actor Tsahi HaLevi, their marriage led to a public controversy, with Oren Hazan criticizing it as "assimilation", and many Knesset members, including other government officials, congratulating the couple and writing their colleagues off as "racist".

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The Mossawa Center – an advocacy organization for Arabs in Israel – blames the Knesset of discrimination against Arabs, citing a 75% increase in discriminatory and racist bills submitted to the Knesset in the year 2009. According to the report, 11 bills deemed by the center to be "discriminatory and racist" were placed on the legislature's table in 2007, while 12 such bills were initiated in 2008. However, in 2009 a full 21 bills deemed discriminatory by the Mossawa Center were discussed in the Knesset.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: The reports categorizes as "racist" proposals such as giving academic scholarships to soldiers who served in combat units, and a bill to revoke government funding from organizations acting "against the principles of the State". The Coalition Against Racism and the Mossawa Center said that the proposed legislation seeks to de-legitimize Israel's Arab citizens by decreasing their civil rights.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In 2011, Nazareth had over 20 Arab-owned high-tech companies, mostly in the field of software development. According to the "Haaretz" newspaper the city has been called the "Silicon Valley of the Arab community" in view of its potential in this sphere.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: Inequality in the allocation of public funding for Jewish and Arab needs, and widespread employment discrimination, present significant economic hurdles for Arab citizens of Israel. On the other hand, the Minorities at Risk (MAR) group states that "despite obvious discrimination, Israeli Arabs are relatively much better off economically than neighboring Arabs."

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟


Arab citizens of Israel

Context: In July 2006, the Government categorized all Arab communities in the country as 'class A' development areas, thus making them eligible for tax benefits. This decision aims to encourage investments in the Arab sector.

Question: من هو أول عضو عربي في الكنيست الإسرائيلي ؟