Persian language

Context: The first academy for the Persian language was founded on 20 May 1935, under the name "Academy of Iran". It was established by the initiative of Reza Shah Pahlavi, and mainly by Hekmat e Shirazi and Mohammad Ali Foroughi, all prominent names in the nationalist movement of the time.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The following are some languages closely related to Persian, or in some cases are considered dialects:

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: However, in Dari, the archaic distinction of and (respectively known as "Yā-ye majhūl" and "Yā-ye ma'rūf") is still preserved as well as the distinction of and (known as "Wāw-e majhūl" and "Wāw-e ma'rūf"). On the other hand, in standard Tajik, the length distinction has disappeared, and merged with and with . Therefore, contemporary Afghan Dari dialects are the closest to the vowel inventory of Early New Persian.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: According to most studies on the subject (e.g. Samareh 1977, Pisowicz 1985, Najafi 2001), the three vowels traditionally considered long (, , ) are currently distinguished from their short counterparts (, , ) by position of articulation rather than by length. However, there are studies (e.g. Hayes 1979, Windfuhr 1979) that consider vowel length to be the active feature of the system, with , , and phonologically long or bimoraic and , , and phonologically short or monomoraic.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: There are also some studies that consider quality and quantity to be both active in the Iranian system (such as Toosarvandani 2004). That offers a synthetic analysis including both quality and quantity, which often suggests that Modern Persian vowels are in a transition state between the quantitative system of Classical Persian and a hypothetical future Iranian language, which will eliminate all traces of quantity and retain quality as the only active feature.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The length distinction is still strictly observed by careful reciters of classic-style poetry for all varieties (including Tajik).

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Suffixes predominate Persian morphology, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number. There is no grammatical gender in modern Persian, and pronouns are not marked for natural gender. In other words, in Persian, pronouns are gender neutral. When referring to a masculine or a feminine subject the same pronoun is used (pronounced "ou", ū).

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Normal declarative sentences are structured as "(S) (PP) (O) V": sentences have optional subjects, prepositional phrases, and objects followed by a compulsory verb. If the object is specific, the object is followed by the word "rā" and precedes prepositional phrases: "(S) (O + "rā") (PP) V".

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Persian makes extensive use of word building and combining affixes, stems, nouns and adjectives. Persian frequently uses derivational agglutination to form new words from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by compounding – two existing words combining into a new one.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The vast majority of modern Iranian Persian and Dari text is written with the Arabic script. Tajiki, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by Russian and the Turkic languages of Central Asia, is written with the Cyrillic script in Tajikistan (see Tajik alphabet). There also exist several romanization systems for Persian.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: There are several letters generally only used in Arabic loanwords. These letters are pronounced the same as similar Persian letters. For example, there are four functionally identical letters for (), three letters for (), two letters for (), two letters for ().

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Historically, there was also a special letter for the sound . This letter is no longer used, as the -sound changed to , e.g. archaic > 'language'

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters of the Arabic alphabet. For example, "alef with hamza below" ( ) changes to "alef" ( ); words using various hamzas get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that becomes ) even though the latter has been accepted in Arabic since the 80s; and "teh marbuta" ( ) changes to "heh" ( ) or "teh" ( ).

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: However, in shape and form is the traditional Arabic style that continues in the Nile Valley, namely, Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The International Organization for Standardization has published a standard for simplified transliteration of Persian into Latin, ISO 233-3, titled "Information and documentation – Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters – Part 3: Persian language – Simplified transliteration" but the transliteration scheme is not in widespread use.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Another Latin alphabet, based on the Common Turkic Alphabet, was used in Tajikistan in the 1920s and 1930s. The alphabet was phased out in favor of Cyrillic in the late 1930s.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: Fingilish is Persian using ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is most commonly used in chat, emails and SMS applications. The orthography is not standardized, and varies among writers and even media (for example, typing 'aa' for the phoneme is easier on computer keyboards than on cellphone keyboards, resulting in smaller usage of the combination on cellphones).

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Persian language

Context: The Cyrillic script was introduced for writing the Tajik language under the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin alphabet that had been used since the October Revolution and the Persian script that had been used earlier. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian script were banned in the country.

Question: Сколько человек говорит на Перси́дском язы́ке в мире на март 2019?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In 1892, Weizmann left for Germany to study chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute of Darmstadt. To earn a living, he worked as a Hebrew teacher at an Orthodox Jewish boarding school. In 1894, he moved to Berlin to study at the Technische Hochschule Berlin.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: Weizmann married Vera Khatzmann, with whom he had two sons. The elder son, Benjamin (Benjie) Weizmann (1907–1980), settled in Ireland and became a dairy farmer.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: His nephew Ezer Weizman, son of his brother Yechiel, a leading Israeli agronomist, became commander of the Israeli Air Force and also served as President of Israel.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: Chaim Weizmann is buried beside his wife in the garden of his home at the Weizmann estate, located on the grounds of the Weizmann Institute, named after him.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In 1899, he was awarded a PhD in organic chemistry. That year, he joined the Organic Chemistry Department at the University of Geneva. In 1901, he was appointed assistant lecturer at the University of Geneva.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In 1904, he moved to the United Kingdom to teach at the Chemistry Department of the University of Manchester as a senior lecturer. He joined Clayton Aniline Company in 1905 where the director Charles Dreyfus introduced him to Arthur Balfour, then Prime Minister. Weizmann would later achieve fame through his work on bacterial fermentation and go on to become the first president of Israel.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In 1910, he became a British citizen when Winston Churchill as Home Secretary signed his papers, and held his British nationality until 1948, when he renounced it to assume his position as President of Israel. Chaim Weizmann and his family lived in Manchester for about 30 years (1904–1934), although they temporarily lived at 16 Addison Road in London during World War I.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In Britain, he was known as Charles Weizmann, a name under which he registered about 100 research patents. At the end of World War II, it was discovered that the SS had compiled a list in 1940 of over 2,800 people living in Britain, which included Weizmann, who were to have been immediately arrested after an invasion of Britain had the ultimately abandoned Operation Sea Lion been successful.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: His efforts led in 1934 to the creation of the Daniel Sieff Research Institute (later renamed the Weizmann Institute of Science), which was financially supported by an endowment by Israel Sieff in memory of his late son. Weizmann actively conducted research in the laboratories of this institute, primarily in the field of organic chemistry. He offered the post of director of the institute to Nobel Prize laureate Fritz Haber, but took over the directorship himself after Haber's death en route to Palestine.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: During World War II, he was an honorary adviser to the British Ministry of Supply and did research on synthetic rubber and high-octane gasoline.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: On 31 October 1917, Chaim Weizmann became president of the British Zionist Federation; he worked with Arthur Balfour to obtain the Balfour Declaration.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: A founder of so-called Synthetic Zionism, Weizmann supported grass-roots colonization efforts as well as high-level diplomatic activity. He was generally associated with the centrist General Zionists and later sided with neither Labour Zionism on the left nor Revisionist Zionism on the right. In 1917, he expressed his view of Zionism in the following words,

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: At the War Cabinet meeting of 4 October, chaired by Lloyd George and with Balfour present, Lord Curzon also opposed this "barren and desolate" place as a home for Jews. In a third memo Montagu labelled Weizmann a "religious fanatic". Montagu believed in assimilation and saw his principles being swept from under by the new policy stance. Montagu, a British Jew, had learnt debating skills as India Secretary, and Liberalism from Asquith, who also opposed Zionism.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: I think it was in Bombay recently, that there had been trouble and the Moslems had been flogged. I am not advocating flogging, but what is the difference between a Moslem in Palestine and a Moslem in Bombay? There they flog them, and here they save their faces. This, interpreted in terms of Moslem mentality, means: "The British are weak; we shall succeed if we make ourselves sufficiently unpleasant. We shall succeed in throwing the Jews into the Mediterranean.'

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: Weizmann made very clear in his autobiography that the failure of the international Zionist movement (between the wars) to encourage all Jews to act decisively and efficiently in great enough numbers to migrate to the Jerusalem area was the real cause for the call for a Partition deal. A deal on Partition was first formally mentioned in 1936 but not finally implemented until 1948. Again, Weizmann blamed the Zionist movement for not being adequate during the best years of the British Mandate.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: The evacuation of Jewish communities in Poland, Hungary and Romania was to take place over a ten-year period. However, the British government vetoed it, and the World Zionist Organization's chairman, Chaim Weizmann, dismissed it.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: On 29 August 1939, Weizmann sent a letter to Neville Chamberlain, stating in part: "I wish to confirm in the most explicit manner the declarations which I and my colleagues have made during the last month and especially in the last week: that the Jews stand by Great Britain and will fight on the side of the democracies." The letter gave rise to a conspiracy theory, promoted in Nazi propaganda, that he had made a "Jewish declaration of war" against Germany.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In 1942, Weizmann was invited by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to work on the problem of synthetic rubber. Weizmann proposed to produce butyl alcohol from maize, then convert it to butylene and further to butadiene, which is a basis for rubber. According to his memoirs, these proposals were barred by the oil companies.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In 1939, a conference was established at St James's Palace when the government drew up the May 1939 White Paper which severely curtailed any spending in the Jewish Home Land. Yishuv was put back to the lowest priority. At the outbreak of war the Jewish Agency pledged its support for the British war effort against Nazi Germany. They raised the Jewish Brigade into the British Army, which took years to come to fruition. It authenticated the news of the Holocaust reaching the allies.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In May 1942, the Zionists met at Biltmore Hotel in New York, US; a convention at which Weizmann pressed for a policy of unrestricted immigration into Palestine. A Jewish Commonwealth needed to be established, and latterly Churchill revived his backing for this project.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: In his presidential statement at the last Zionist congress that he attended at Basel on 9 December 1946 he said: "Massada, for all its heroism, was a disaster in our history; It is not our purpose or our right to plunge to destruction in order to bequeath a legend of martyrdom to posterity; Zionism was to mark the end of our glorious deaths and the beginning of a new path leading to life."

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: Two days after the proclamation of the State of Israel, Weizmann succeeded Ben-Gurion as chairman of the Provisional State Council, a collective presidency that held office until Israel's first parliamentary election, in February 1949.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: On 2 July 1948, a new kibbutz was founded facing the Golan Heights (Syrian) overlooking the Jordan River, only 5 miles from Syrian territory. Their forces had already seized Kibbutz "Mishmar Ha-Yarden". The new kibbutz was named (President's Village) "Kfar Ha-Nasi".

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: President Weizmann lived at Rehovot, where he regularly received the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion into his garden. He was denied any actualisation of the political role he had hoped for by the Left, and had to be consoled with the Weizmann Institute's successes.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Chaim Weizmann

Context: When Weizmann died on 9 November 1952, he was buried at Rehovot. He was acknowledged as a patriot long before Israel had even begun to exist. "The greatest Jewish emissary to the Gentile world..." was one academic verdict.

Question: Как звали первого президента Израиля?


Winter War

Context: Negotiations continued throughout 1938 without results. The Finnish reception of Soviet entreaties was decidedly cool, as the violent collectivisation and purges in Stalin's Soviet Union resulted in a poor opinion of the country. Most of the Finnish communist elite in the Soviet Union had been executed during the Great Purge, further tarnishing the Soviets' image in Finland. Meanwhile, Finland was attempting to negotiate a military co-operation plan with Sweden and hoping to jointly defend Åland.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: In 2013, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at a meeting with military historians that the Soviets had launched the Winter War to "correct mistakes" made in determining the border with Finland after 1917. Opinion on the scale of the initial Soviet invasion decision is divided. The puppet Finnish communist government and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocols are used as proof by those who argue that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: Commander of the Leningrad Military District Kiril Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns. The command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command (later known as Stavka), directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman), Nikolai Kuznetsov, Joseph Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov. In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front". Semyon Timoshenko was chosen Army Commander to break the Mannerheim Line.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: In battles from Ladoga Karelia to the Arctic port of Petsamo, the Finns used guerrilla tactics. The Red Army was superior in numbers and material, but Finns used the advantages of speed, manoeuvre warfare and economy of force. Particularly on the Ladoga Karelia front and during the Battle of Raate Road, the Finns isolated smaller portions of numerically superior Soviet forces. With Soviet forces divided into smaller groups, the Finns dealt with them individually and attacked from all sides.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: The Soviet advance was stopped at the Mannerheim Line. Red Army troops suffered from poor morale and a shortage of supplies, eventually refusing to participate in more suicidal frontal attacks. The Finns, led by General Harald Öhquist, decided to launch a counter-attack and encircle three Soviet divisions into a "motti" near Viipuri on 23 December. Öhquist's plan was bold; however it failed. The Finns lost 1,300 men, and the Soviets were later estimated to have lost a similar number.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: In North Karelia, Soviet forces were outmanoeuvred at Ilomantsi and Lieksa. The Finns used effective guerrilla tactics, taking special advantage of their superior skiing skills and snow-white layered clothing and executing surprise ambushes and raids. By the end of December, the Soviets decided to retreat and transfer resources to more critical fronts.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: The Finnish area of Lapland, bestriding the Arctic Circle, is sparsely developed, with little daylight and persistent snow-cover during winter; the Finns expected nothing more than raiding parties and reconnaissance patrols. Instead, the Soviets sent full divisions. On 11 December, the Finns rearranged the defence of Lapland and detached the Lapland Group from the North Finland Group. The group was placed under the command of Kurt Wallenius.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: Soviet aircraft bombed Finnish vessels and harbours and dropped mines into Finnish seaways. Still, only five merchant ships were lost to Soviet action. World War II, which had started before the Winter War, proved more costly for the Finnish merchant vessels, with 26 lost due to hostile action in 1939 and 1940.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: Finnish coastal artillery batteries defended important harbours and naval bases. Most batteries were left over from the Imperial Russian period, with guns being the most numerous. Finland attempted to modernise its old guns and installed a number of new batteries, the largest of which featured a gun battery on the island of Kuivasaari in front of Helsinki, originally intended to block the Gulf of Finland to Soviet ships with the help of batteries on the Estonian side.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: Coastal artillery had a greater effect on land by reinforcing defence in conjunction with army artillery. Two sets of fortress artillery made significant contributions to the early battles on the Karelian Isthmus and in Ladoga Karelia. These were located at Kaarnajoki on the Eastern Isthmus and at Mantsi on the northeastern shore of Lake Ladoga. The fortress of Koivisto provided similar support from the southwestern coast of the Isthmus.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: Finland officially refused overtures from the anti-Soviet Russian All-Military Union (ROVS) for aid. Nevertheless, Mannerheim eventually agreed to establish a small Russian detachment ("Russkaya narodnaya armiya", RNA) of 200 men after being introduced to Boris Bazhanov, a high-ranking ROVS member, in person in January 1940. The project was deemed top secret, and was under the auspices of the intelligence division of the Finnish army headquarters.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: The Soviet General Staff Supreme Command ("Stavka") met in April 1940, reviewed the lessons of the Finnish campaign and recommended reforms. The role of frontline political commissars was reduced, and old-fashioned ranks and forms of discipline were reintroduced. Clothing, equipment and tactics for winter operations were improved. Not all of the reforms had been completed when Germans initiated Operation Barbarossa 14 months later.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Winter War

Context: The Winter War laid bare the disorganisation and ineffectiveness of the Red Army and that of the Allies. The Anglo-French Supreme War Council was unable to formulate a workable plan, revealing its unsuitability to make effective war in either Britain or France. This failure led to the collapse of the Third Daladier Government in France and the nomination of Paul Reynaud as the new Prime Minister of France.

Question: Какой итог советско-финской войны?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov has adopted a macho image where he frequently poses with guns and military garb, as well as displaying his opulent wealth. The Kadyrov family has enriched itself considerably during its rule of the Chechen Republic. The Russian Federation dispenses extensive funding to the Chechen government. The distinction between the Chechen government and Kadyrov are blurred.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: During the First Chechen War, together with his father, he fought against Russian armed forces. After the war, Ramzan was the personal driver and bodyguard of his father Akhmad, who became the separatist mufti of Chechnya.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The Kadyrovite militia was formed during the First Chechen War when Akhmad Kadyrov declared jihad against Russia.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The Kadyrov family defected to the Russian side at the beginning of the Second Chechen War in 1999. Since then, Kadyrov led his militia with support from Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) (including service ID cards) becoming the head of the Chechen Presidential Security Service. The militia later became known as the Kadyrovites.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After his father, the then President, was assassinated on 9 May 2004, Ramzan was appointed as the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic on 10 May 2004.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: When his sister was detained by the Dagestan police in January 2005, Kadyrov and some 150 armed men drove to the Khasavyurt City Police (GOVD) building. According to the city mayor, Kadyrov's men surrounded the GOVD, forcing its duty officers against a wall, and assaulted them, after which they left the building with Zulay Kadyrova, "victoriously shooting in the air."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Following a car accident in November 2005, in which Chechnya's prime minister Sergey Abramov was injured, Kadyrov was appointed as the caretaker prime minister on 18 November 2005. He immediately proceeded to implement elements of Sharia law, such as declaring a ban on gambling and alcohol production.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 1 March 2006, Sergey Abramov resigned from the position of prime minister and told Itar-Tass news agency that he did so "on the condition that Ramzan Kadyrov lead the Chechen government." This was followed by a decree of Kadyrov forcing women to wear headscarves; he also rejected a federal appropriation of the republic's budget, demanding more money, and called for all federal forces but the border guards to be withdrawn.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic by Alkhanov on 4 March 2006. Shortly after taking office, Kadyrov approved a project to erect a presidential palace on a plot by the Sunzha River in ruined downtown Grozny. The project, which was also to include a five-star hotel and recreational facilities, was estimated to cost around 1.5 billion rubles ($54 million USD) to build.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The following week, several Russian newspapers reported that a worsening security situation in Chechnya was lessening the likelihood that Kadyrov would replace Alu Alkhanov as the republic's president. Other media, however, reported that Kadyrov continued to strengthen his position at Alkhanov's expense. He was also elected as the Chair of the Chechen Peoples' Assembly in late-October 2006.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 5 February 2007, Kadyrov said he did not aspire to become the Chechen president; however, he criticised Alkhanov. Kadyrov also claimed the war in Chechnya was ultimately finished, with "all informal armed groups eliminated". Alkhanov, for his part, criticised "the cult of personality and idealisation of one person", a clear reference to Kadyrov, whose enormous portraits are prominently displayed in Grozny.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: A Russian daily, "Gazeta", reported that according to a poll conducted by the independent Levada Center, only 33 percent of Russians believe that Kadyrov can be trusted, while 35 percent believed that he cannot. Asked whether they thought Kadyrov could normalise the situation in Chechnya and end the bloodshed there, 31 percent said yes and 38 percent said no.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After the car-bomb attack on Yunus-bek Yevkurov, president of the neighbouring Republic of Ingushetia on 22 June 2009, Kadyrov claimed that the Kremlin had ordered him to fight insurgents there, and during his subsequent visit to the republic on 24 June pledged ruthless vengeance.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In late December 2009, Kadyrov claimed that remaining rebels were getting financed by "The West"; "I officially declare this: those who destroyed the Soviet Union, those who want to destroy the Russian Federation, they stand behind them". He also suggested that Russia should attack Georgia and Ukraine "It's Russia's private affliction; why should we always suffer if we can eradicate this for good?". In early August 2010, Kadyrov had claimed that there were only 70 Islamist militants left in Chechnya.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In February 2011, he invited the players of Brazil's 2002 FIFA World Cup winning team to play a match against a Chechen football team led by Kadyrov. The Brazilian team was named as Brazil XI. In addition, Ruud Gullit was hired by Kadyrov to train FC Terek Grozny.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: An assassination attempt on Kadyrov and a parliament member Adam Delimkhanov was thwarted on 23 October 2009 by the police. Chechen Deputy interior minister Roman Edilov said the police shot dead the driver of a speeding car loaded with a 200-litre tank after firing warning shots shortly before Kadyrov was to arrive at a construction site. The driver of the car was later identified as a militant leader (so-called Urus-Martan emir Beslan Bashtayev).

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Said-Emi Khizriev, who played a role in organising the attack, was killed by Russian police who tried to arrest him in the Michurin village in Grozny. Khizriev planned and took part in explosions at two gas stations in Gudermes in the spring of the previous year, as well as in an armed attack at a sport club in the city.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: As reported by the Caucasian Knot, an independent human rights resource, on 5 February 2009, "in the course of his meeting in Grozny with Ramzan Ampukaev, representative of the Chechen Diaspora in Europe, Ramzan Kadyrov invited former militants, now living in Europe, to come back home":

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2010, two large scale attacks were carried out by Chechen insurgents, one in Kadyrov's home-village Tsentoroy and the other on Chechen Parliament in Grozny. The assault on Tsentoroy which occurred on 29 August is considered to have "shattered" the image of Kadyrov's unshakeable rule in Chechnya, as it was the first time in six years that his seemingly impregnable village had come under attack.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov was nominated to a second term as president (now referred to as Head of the Chechen Republic) by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 28 February 2011 and was unanimously elected for a second term by the Chechen Parliament on 5 March 2011. After his election, he stated that he was going to continue the current course of reviving the republic's economy and society.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov was sworn in as head of the republic on 5 April 2011. In November 2012, he visited Azerbaijan to sign intergovernmental agreements. In December 2012, he ordered the closure of the newspaper "Kadyrov's Path" after one of its reporters asked Putin a question about the violence once focused in Chechnya spreading to other republics and followed it up by asking about the fate of a local radio station. Kadyrov had reportedly taken a disliking to the question asked by the reporter to Putin.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov termed former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych's ouster as a "coup d'état" and a deliberate attempt to exert pressure on Russia through Ukraine, however at the same time placed the blame on Yanukovych for the situation in Ukraine. On 28 February 2014, he affirmed his readiness to dispatch peacekeepers and a consignment of humanitarian aid to Crimea.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After the 2014 Grozny bombing, in which ISIL's hand was suspected, he said that he might block internet in Chechnya as anyone could easily find and listen to a sermon by a jihadist. After Kadyrov went on a tirade against ISIL on Instagram for threatening Russia, ISIL commander Omar al-Shishani put a $5 million bounty on him.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov announced on 27 February 2016 that he would step down at the end of his second term, which was set to expire on 5 April. However, he later decided to run in the elections that were to be held that September. Putin appointed him as the acting head of Chechnya until the elections in a decree signed on 25 March.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov launched his reality show titled "The Team" with the first episode being aired by Channel One on 30 June. People from across Russia were invited by Kadyrov to register for the contest. The winner of the contest will go on to become head of Chechnya's Agency for Strategic Development.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: During an interview aired on 27 November 2017, Kadyrov stated that he was ready to resign as Head of the Chechen Republic, calling it his "dream" as he found the responsibility to be "too heavy". He announced on 5 December that no Chechen athletes will participate under a neutral flag at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After an attack on the Church of Archangel Michael in Grozny on 19 May 2018, Kadyrov stated that he had personally overseen the operation to eliminate the attackers. On 26 September, he signed an agreement with Yunus-bek Yevkurov, the Head of Ingushetia, resolving the border dispute between the two Russian republics. The agreement seen as grossly unfair to Ingushestia ignited widespread protests eventually leading to resignation of Yevkurov on 24 June 2019.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov was given the rank of major general in July 2020, through an executive order of the Russian President. He added on his blog that he had been transferred from Ministry of Internal Affairs to the National Guard of Russia.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 26 May 2022 Kadyrov threatened Poland. He was apparently upset by the Polish supply of weapons to Ukraine.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2006, the production of Chechnya's industry increased by 11.9%. In 2007, the rate of growth was 26.4%.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In February 2010, head of the British delegation of the Human Rights Group Lord Judd, formerly "bitterly critical of the Russian authorities for the situation in Chechnya", pointed out a striking change for the better in the Russian North Caucasus republic. Judd said that changes which occurred since his visit as a member of PACE delegation in 2000 were "so overwhelming that sometimes you forget about what happened here until quite recently".

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: For example, the fleet of official vehicles in Chechnya accounts for half of all official vehicles in all Northern Caucasus republics. Public funds are being funnelled through Akhmad Kadyrov Foundation, which—while being registered as a charity—has never produced or published any financial reports as required by Russian law.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2020 Proekt.media published an in-depth analysis of business operations of Kadyrov and Adam Delimkhanov who are allegedly running multi-million dollar businesses in Moscow through a proxy provided by businessman Pavel Krotov.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov stated in December 2009 that he had personally helped many of the murder victims and their families and was not their enemy. "I don't want to kill, who did I fight? I fought terrorists. Who did I protect? I protected the whole of Russia so that people in Moscow or St. Petersburg...could live in peace. They accuse me of killing women and children. It's not true."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov has previously encouraged extrajudicial killings of homosexual men by family members as an alternative to law enforcement – in some cases, gay men in prison have been released early specifically to enable their murder by relatives.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In an interview with HBO's "Real Sports" aired on 18 July, Kadyrov said, "We don't have those kind of people here. We don't have any gays. If there are any take them to Canada. Praise be to God. Take them far from us so we don't have them at home. To purify our blood, if there are any here, take them."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Asked about the accusations of systematic torture, Kadyrov said, "They made it up. They are devils. They are for sale. They are subhuman. God damn them for slandering us."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In response, Kadyrov mocked the sanctions on his Instagram account. "A sleepless night is waiting for me." He further stated, "I can be proud that I'm out of favor with the special services of the USA," and added, "In fact, the USA cannot forgive me for dedicating my whole life to the fight against foreign terrorists among which there are bastards of America's special services."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: President Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov called the sanctions "illegal" and "unfriendly" stating, "We consider these sanctions illegal, we consider them unfriendly, and we do not agree with them." He also stated that it was highly probable that Russia would retaliate by accusing U.S. officials or citizens of rights violations and banning them from the country.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2004, Kadyrov had a conversation with the "Novaya Gazeta" journalist Anna Politkovskaya. One of his assistants said to her, "Someone ought to have shot you back in Moscow, right on the street, like they do in your Moscow". Ramzan then repeated after him, "You're an enemy. To be shot..." He is alleged by some observers to be behind her murder.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 21 April 2020, the US government funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty stated that it had complained to Russian authorities after Kadyrov had threatened to punish their North Caucasus bureau chief Aslan Doukaev over an article against his government's restrictive coronavirus lockdown measures against farmers in an online video.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The ambassador of United States to Russia, John J. Sullivan, condemned Kadyrov's threats against Milashina and Aslan Doukaev, stating that freedom of press was a pillar of democracy. In a joint statement, French Human Rights Ambassador-at-Large François Croquette and the German Commissioner for Human Rights Policy Bärbel Kofler called Kadyrov's threats against Milashina unacceptable and urged Russia to investigate.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In August 2016, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Kadyrov had posted nearly 8,000 pictures on Instagram, which made him the online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing, and social networking service's "most prolific political strongman."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: "The New York Times" called Kadyrov's Instagram account "bizarre if strangely compelling", and "Newsweek" said it was "flashy." In a 2015 article, "The New York Times" said that Kadyrov was "Instagram-addicted."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In May 2015, Kadyrov gave a stern televised lecture to a group of Chechen men and women who were accused of using the WhatsApp messaging service to comment on the impending marriage of local police chief to a teenage girl some three decades younger than him. The wedding had been widely discussed across Russia on reports that the young woman, Kheda Goylabiyeva, was being coerced into marriage with the chief, Nazhud Guchigov.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: "Behave like Chechens", Kadyrov was reported as telling the assemblage of about a dozen people standing in the marbled courtyard of a building that seemed to be his government palace. "Honor of the family is the most important thing. Don't write such things any more. You, men, keep your women away from WhatsApp." In its coverage of the incident, "The New York Times" reported:

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: "Lock them in, do not let them go out, and they will not post anything", Mr. Kadyrov said in a video to a sheepish group of men and women who kept their arms folded across their chests and their eyes firmly on the ground during the harangue.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In December 2015, a female Chechen social worker criticised Kadyrov in an audio message posted on WhatsApp, after her boss tried to force her to put aside some money as collateral for her next month's payment. Three days after posting the message, she appeared on Grozny TV along with her husband, where she was publicly berated by Kadyrov as well as parliament speaker Daudov, presidential administration head Islam Kadyrov and her boss. The couple apologised on live television for her message.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov responded in English, according to "The New York Times" along with a doctored photo of Oliver wearing a Putin T-shirt, captioned, in part, "I am tired of jokes. I want to care for cats in Chechnya. By the way, Putin is our leader."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov stated that he found his Russian-language Instagram and Facebook accounts were not working on 23 December 2017, and he never received a response from Instagram after sending a request for service support. His English-language Instagram account remained unaffected however. Kadyrov accused them of bowing to pressure from United States after he was sanctioned.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: He wrote on Telegram in response, "Instagram's move, which still wants to pretend it is independent from officials of Washington is weird." He added, "They wanted to stir my indignation, but were wrong, and this is the only thing which pleases me in actions Instagram and their patrons in the White House are undertaking. I have planned already to quit the network. But I thought I could fail my friends and subscribers, as on Instagram and Facebook I have more than 4 million followers."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The Speaker of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin stated that the decision by Facebook and Instagram to suspend Kadyrov's accounts violated his rights, stating, "They are afraid of a public conversation and the truth. Such decision cannot be explained in another way… The thing is that to read bloggers in social networks one needs to be their subscribers. By deleting an account, they deprive citizens of their right to know about bloggers’ opinion and to communicate with them."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Russia's telecommunications overseer Roskomnadzor on 26 December asked Facebook to explain why they had suspended his accounts. Facebook issued a statement on 28 December that it did so after he was sanctioned by United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control as these came under trade sanctions.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 3 November 2009, a horse owned by Kadyrov, Mourilyan, came third in the Melbourne Cup winning about US$380,000 in prize money. The leader of the Australian Greens, Senator Bob Brown, immediately called for the Government of Australia to quarantine the prize money until assurances are received as to how the money will be used. Concerns had been previously raised that the Melbourne Cup could be used to launder money by overseas individuals.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2009, Kadyrov stated his approval of honor killings of seven women, based on the belief that they were engaging in adultery. In an interview with David Scott of HBO, he condoned honor killings of homosexuals in July 2017 stating, "If we have [gay] people here, I'm telling you officially their relatives won't let them be because of our faith, our mentality, customs, traditions. Even if it's punishable under the law, we would still condone it."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: After the Boston Marathon bombing, Kadyrov expressed sadness for the victims but denied the suspects had any ties to his region in a statement on his Instagram. He suggested that the suspects were products of American upbringing. Kadyrov accused the CIA of framing Dzokhar Tsarnaev on 18 March 2015, after he was handed a death sentence for the Boston Marathon Bombing and said that they could not have conducted the bombing without CIA's knowledge.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: On 31 January 2016, Kadyrov posted a video of Russian opposition politicians Mikhail Kasyanov and Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza in the crosshairs of a gun on his Instagram blog. In a few days, after multiple complaints, Instagram removed the video prompting Kadyrov to criticize the decision: "This is the much-boasted freedom of speech in America! You can write anything but cannot touch those American dogs, those friends of the Congress and the State Department".

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The report contained 20 questions which Yashin had invited Kadyrov to answer but was refused. Kadyrov dismissed the report calling it "nothing but idle chatter" and posted it on his social network accounts before its release. His spokesman filed a request with the Russian Prosecutor General and the Investigative Committee for Yashin to be arrested for the report saying it contained slander and insults against Kadyrov.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: A conference of Islamic scholars funded by the Tabah foundation in the United Arab Emirates, was convened by Kadyrov in Grozny in late August 2016. The conference was attended by notable Islamic scholars including the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, Ahmed el-Tayeb; Grand Mufti of Egypt, Shawki Allam; ex-Grand Mufti of Egypt Ali Gomaa, Usama al-Azhari who is the religious adviser to Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi; Habib Ali al-Jifri and the mufti of Damascus Abdul Fattah al-Bizm.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: A mixed martial arts tournament involving children was held as an "exhibition fight" on 4 October during the "Grand Prix Akhmat 2016" in Grozny and broadcast on Match TV. Three of Kadyrov's sons, all of them aged under 12, fought in the tournament with Kadyrov sitting in the audience and none of the fighters wearing any protective gear. One of the fights ended with a technical knockout. Kadyrov posted images of the bouts on his Instagram account.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The event caused an outcry especially against Kadyrov allowing his children to compete in the tournament. Fedor Emelianenko, the president of Russian MMA Union, criticised the event as "inexcusable", stating that rules stipulate fighters under the age of 21 have to wear protective gear while children under the age of 12 are not allowed to compete. Vadim Finkelstein, the head of MMA promotion M-1 Global backed Fedor's comments.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Dmitry Peskov, the spokesperson for President Putin, stated that the fact that one of the fights between the children finished with a technical knockout was “a reason for the appropriate oversight agencies to inquire about this incident.” Deputy Minister of Sports Pavel Kolobkov stated that participation of children under the age of 12 in MMA competitions was illegal while stating that the incident was being investigated. Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko also stated that the event will be investigated.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In an interview with HBO's "Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel" in July 2017, Kadyrov denied that there had been anti-gay purges in Chechnya, while claiming that there were no gay men in Chechnya. He further stated that if there were any, they should be sent to Canada. He said that gay people were "not human".

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov commented about Russia's nuclear arsenal and tensions between the United States and Russia. He said that "America is not really a strong enough state for us to regard it as an enemy of Russia, we have a strong government and are a nuclear state." He added, "Even if our government was completely destroyed, our nuclear missiles would be automatically deployed. We will put the whole world on its knees and screw it from behind."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In September 2017, Kadyrov condemned the persecution of Muslims in Myanmar and organized a rally in Grozny in support of persecuted Rohingya people. Kadyrov had pledged to "oppose Russia’s position" if it "supports" Aung San Suu Kyi's government in Myanmar.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In June 2019, Kadyrov, in an Instagram video, told residents of Dagestan to not insult Chechnya or Chechens online amidst controversy over a piece of land of the republic being labeled as belonging to Chechnya, threatening to torture whoever insulted the honor of Chechens. He also warned the people to remove any such comments, otherwise they would have to answer to the Chechen law enforcement agencies.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: During a government function organized for medium and small-scale businesses in November 2019, Kadryov called for online users insulting someone's honor to be killed, arrested or intimidated per a BBC Russian Service translation. He stated in the same speech that he didn't call for targeting law-abiding citizens, but the others were "crooks, traitors, tattletales and schizophrenics of all stripes."

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov's spokesman Alvi Karimov denied the accuracy of BBC's translation, however "Meduza"'s translation found that it painted an accurate picture. The speech was broadcast on a state-owned TV channel. Dmitry Peskov stated that his remarks won't be investigated by the Russian government as it was the job of the police.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov graduated with a degree in law from the Makhachkala Institute of Business and Law in 2004. In 2006, he defended his thesis at Dagestan State Technical University to obtain a Candidate of Sciences degree in economics. In 2015, he defended his thesis at Dagestan State University to obtain a Doctor of Sciences degree in economics.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Medni launched her fashion line called "Firdaws" in March 2012 in Dubai. Aishat presented her own fashion collection in March 2017 and took over her mother's fashion enterprise Firdaws. She was appointed the first deputy culture minister of Chechnya in September 2020 by her father.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: According to a 2021 investigation by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, Kadyrov has a second wife named Fatima Khazuyeva. Kadyrov reportedly met Khazuyeva when she was fourteen years old at a 2006 beauty pageant. He reportedly has a third wife, a singer and dancer named Aminat Akhmadova.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov enjoys boxing, and is the owner of Fight Club Akhmat, a professional sports club that focuses on Boxing and mixed martial arts.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: The Russian Federation funnels money to the Kadyrov family. The distinction between the Chechen government and Kadyrov are blurred. In 2015, Chechnya received around 57 billion roubles a year from Moscow (about £550m). The family gets money through the Akhmad Kadyrov Fund, a non-transparent foundation headed by Kadyrov’s mother, Ayman.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: In 2011, the foundation (which describes itself as a charity) funded Kadyrov's lavish 35-year birthday party, which featured celebrities such as Seal, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Vanessa-Mae and Hilary Swank. Journalists have been targeted by Kadyrov's regime for reporting on his opulence.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov is a noted collector of sports cars. He owns a Lamborghini Reventón, one of only 20 sold. He is known for his extensive collection of Chechen daggers. When journalist Marianna Maksimovskaya asked him where the money for the live-televised celebration was coming from, he reportedly laughed and said "Allah gives it to us", before adding: "I don't know, it comes from somewhere." Kadyrov has also been linked to the ownership of a private jet.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Ramzan Kadyrov

Context: Kadyrov's family members own luxurious real estate in Moscow. Two of his wives own property valued at $8 million in total, which is more than twice Kadyrov's declared salary since 2008.

Question: Кто является президентов Чече́нской Респу́блики в 2019?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Currently, the emperor of Japan is the only remaining head of state in the world with the monarchical title of "Emperor". The Imperial House of Japan is the oldest in the world. The historical origins of the emperors lie in the late Kofun period of the 3rd–6th centuries AD, but according to the traditional account of the "Kojiki" (finished 712) and "Nihon Shoki" (finished 720), Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu, who was said to be a direct descendant of Amaterasu.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Since the mid-nineteenth century, the Imperial Palace has been called , later , and is on the former site of Edo Castle in the heart of Tokyo (the current capital of Japan). Earlier, emperors resided in Kyoto (the ancient capital) for nearly eleven centuries. The Emperor's Birthday (currently 23 February) is a national holiday.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: The emperor's powers are limited only to important ceremonial functions. of the Constitution stipulates that the Emperor "shall perform only such acts in matters of state as are provided for in the Constitution and he shall not have powers related to government." It also stipulates that "the advice and approval of the Cabinet shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state" (Article 3). Article 4 also states that these duties can be delegated by the Emperor as provided for by law.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: While the emperor formally appoints the prime minister to office, Article 6 of the Constitution requires him to appoint the candidate "as designated by the Diet", without giving the emperor the right to decline appointment.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: The emperor's other duties are laid down in Article 7 of the Constitution, where it is stated that "the Emperor, with the advice and approval of the Cabinet, shall perform the following acts in matters of state on behalf of the people." In practice, all of these duties are exercised only in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet:

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Regular ceremonies of the emperor with a constitutional basis are the Imperial Investitures "(Shinninshiki)" in the Tokyo Imperial Palace and the Speech from the Throne ceremony in the House of Councillors in the National Diet Building. The latter ceremony opens ordinary and extra sessions of the Diet. Ordinary sessions are opened each January and also after new elections to the House of Representatives. Extra sessions usually convene in the autumn and are opened then.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Although the emperor has been a symbol of continuity with the past, the degree of power exercised by the emperor has varied considerably throughout Japanese history.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: In the early 7th century, the emperor had begun to be called the . The title of emperor was borrowed from China, being derived from Chinese characters, and was retroactively applied to the legendary Japanese rulers who reigned before the 7th–8th centuries AD.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: According to the traditional account of the Nihon Shoki, Japan was founded by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. However most modern scholars agree that Jimmu and the nine first emperors are mythical.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: The growth of the samurai class from the 10th century gradually weakened the power of the imperial family over the realm, leading to a time of instability. Emperors are known to have come into conflict with the reigning shogun from time to time. Some instances, such as Emperor Go-Toba's 1221 rebellion against the Kamakura shogunate and the 1336 Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo, show the power struggle between the Imperial Court in Kyoto and the military governments of Japan.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: There have been six non-imperial families who have controlled Japanese emperors: the Soga (530s–645), the Fujiwara (850s–1070), the Taira (1159–1180s), the Minamoto and Kamakura Bakufu (1192–1333), the Ashikaga (1336–1565), and the Tokugawa (1603–1867). However, every shogun from the Minamoto, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa families had to be officially recognized by the emperors, who were still the source of sovereignty, although they could not exercise their powers independently from the shogunate.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: On November 9, 1867, after nearly 700 years, the shogunate was dissolved and Tokugawa Yoshinobu formally stepped down to restore Emperor Meiji to nominal full power. The Meiji Constitution was adopted on February 11, 1889. The emperor of Japan became an active ruler with considerable political power over foreign policy and diplomacy which was shared with an elected Imperial Diet. The Japanese subjects gained many rights and duties.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: The constitution described the emperor (in Article 4) as: "the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty", and he “exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution”. His rights included to sanction and promulgate laws, to execute them and to exercise "supreme command of the Army and the Navy". The liaison conference created in 1893 also made the emperor the leader of the Imperial General Headquarters.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: In State Shinto, the emperor was believed to be an (a kami or living deity). Following Japan's surrender, the Allies issued the Shinto Directive separating church and state within Japan. In 1946, Hirohito was forced to proclaim the Humanity Declaration, but the declaration excludes the word (manifest kami or incarnation of a god), instead the unusual word . As such, some experts doubt whether his divinity was renounced. Jean Herbert said it would be inadmissible to deny its divine origin.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa) was excluded from the postwar Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. Scholars dispute the power he had and the role he played during WWII. Hirohito's reign from 1926 until his death in 1989 makes him the longest-lived and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, the second longest-reigning monarch in the world (after the Thai king Bhumibol Adulyadej).

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: By 1979, Emperor Shōwa was the only monarch in the world with the monarchical title "emperor." Emperor Shōwa was the longest-reigning historical monarch in Japanese's history and the world's longest reigning monarch until surpassed by King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand in July 2008.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: The first recorded instance of the name "Nihon" was between 665 and 703 during the Asuka period. This was several centuries after the start of the current imperial line. The various names of Japan do not affect the status of the emperor as head of state.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Emperors, including his family, had to get an education at Gakushuin University by the Meiji Constitution.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: In English, the term "mikado" ( or ), literally meaning "the honorable gate" (i.e. the gate of the imperial palace, which indicates the person who lives in and possesses the palace; compare Sublime Porte, an old term for the Ottoman government), was once used (as in "The Mikado", a 19th-century operetta), but this term is now obsolete.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Hirohito, as usually called in English outside Japan, was never referred to by his name in Japan. He was given posthumous name "Shōwa Tennō" after his death, which is the only name that Japanese speakers currently use when referring to him.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Throughout history, Japanese emperors and noblemen appointed a spouse to the position of chief wife, rather than just keeping a harem or an assortment of female attendants.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Of the eight reigning empresses of Japan, none married or gave birth after ascending the throne. Some of them, being widows, had produced children before their reigns. In the succession, children of the empress were preferred over sons of secondary consorts. Thus it was significant which quarters had preferential opportunities in providing chief wives to imperial princes, i.e. supplying future empresses.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Japanese monarchs have been, as much as others elsewhere, dependent on making alliances with powerful chiefs and with other monarchs. Many such alliances were sealed by marriages. However, in Japan such marriages soon became incorporated as elements of tradition which controlled the marriages of later generations, though the original practical alliance had lost its real meaning. A repeated pattern saw an imperial son-in-law under the influence of his powerful non-imperial father-in-law.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: During the succession rite (senso, 践祚), possessing the jewel Yasakani no Magatama, the sword Kusanagi and the mirror Yata no Kagami are a testament of the legitimate serving emperor.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Millennia ago, the Japanese imperial family developed its own peculiar system of hereditary succession. It has been non-primogenitural, more or less agnatic, based mostly on rotation. Today, Japan uses strict agnatic primogeniture, which was adopted from Prussia, by which Japan was greatly influenced in the 1870s.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: The controlling principles and their interaction were apparently very complex and sophisticated, leading to even idiosyncratic outcomes. Some chief principles apparent in the succession have been:

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Historically, the succession to the Chrysanthemum Throne has always passed to descendants in male line from the imperial lineage. Generally, they have been males, though over the reign of one hundred monarchs there have been nine women (one pre-historical and eight historical) as emperor on eleven occasions.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Succession is now regulated by laws passed by the National Diet. The current law excludes women from the succession. A change to this law had been considered until Princess Kiko gave birth to Prince Hisahito.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Another proposed plan is to allow unmarried men from the abolished collateral branches of the imperial family to rejoin through adoption or marriage. This would be an emergency measure to ensure stable succession. It does not revise the Imperial Household Law. This does not restore the royalty of the 11 collateral branches of the Imperial House that were abolished in October 1947.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Crown Prince Akishino was formally declared first in line to the chrysanthemum throne on November 8, 2020.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: During the Kofun period, so-called "archaic funerals" were held for the dead emperors, but only the funerary rites from the end of the period, which the chronicles describe in more detail, are known. They were centered around the rite of the "mogari" (), a provisional depository between death and permanent burial.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Emperor of Japan

Context: Empress Jitō was the first Japanese imperial personage to be cremated (in 703). After that, with a few exceptions, all emperors were cremated up to the Edo period. For the next 350 years, in-ground burial became the favoured funeral custom. Until 1912, the emperors were usually buried in Kyoto. From Emperor Taishō onward, the emperors have been buried at the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Tokyo.

Question: Какой император Японии правил дольше всех на 2019 год?


Astoria–Megler Bridge

Context: The bridge is 14 miles (23 km) from the mouth of the river at the Pacific Ocean. The bridge is in length, and was the final segment of U.S. Route 101 to be completed between Olympia, Washington, and Los Angeles, California.

Question: Как называется самый длинный мост через реку Колумбия?


Astoria–Megler Bridge

Context: Ferry service between Astoria and the Washington side of the Columbia River began in 1926. The Oregon Department of Transportation purchased the ferry service in 1946. This ferry service did not operate during inclement weather and the half-hour travel time caused delays. In order to allow faster and more reliable crossings near the mouth of the river, a bridge was planned. The bridge was built jointly by the Oregon Department of Transportation and Washington State Department of Transportation.

Question: Как называется самый длинный мост через реку Колумбия?


Astoria–Megler Bridge

Context: The south end is at beside what used to be the toll plaza, at the end of a inclined ramp which goes through a full 360° loop while gaining elevation over land to provide almost of clearance over the shipping channel. The north end is at and connects directly to SR 401. Since most of the northern portion of the bridge is over shallow, non-navigable water, it is low to the water.

Question: Как называется самый длинный мост через реку Колумбия?


Astoria–Megler Bridge

Context: Repainting the bridge was planned for May 2009 through 2011 and budgeted at $20 million, to be shared by the states of Oregon and Washington. A four-year planned paint stripping and repainting project was planned for March 2012 through December 2016.

Question: Как называется самый длинный мост через реку Колумбия?


Astoria–Megler Bridge

Context: The bridge itself is featured prominently in the movies "Short Circuit", "Kindergarten Cop", "Free Willy" and "The Goonies". It stands in for the doomed fictional Madison Bridge in Irwin Allen's 1979 made-for-TV disaster movie "The Night the Bridge Fell Down". Songwriter Sufjan Stevens most likely references the bridge in his song "Should Have Known Better" off his 2015 album "Carrie & Lowell" as a metaphor for dealing with his grief from the death of his mother.

Question: Как называется самый длинный мост через реку Колумбия?


Battlecruiser

Context: The cost of this cruiser arms race was significant. In the period 1889–1896, the Royal Navy spent £7.3 million on new large cruisers. From 1897 to 1904, it spent £26.9 million. Many armoured cruisers of the new kind were just as large and expensive as the equivalent battleship.

Question: В какой войне впервые участвовали крейсеры?


Battlecruiser

Context: While the "Invincible"s were to fill the same role as the armoured cruisers they succeeded, they were expected to do so more effectively. Specifically their roles were:

Question: В какой войне впервые участвовали крейсеры?


Battlecruiser

Context: For most of the combatants, capital ship construction was very limited during the war. Germany finished the "Derfflinger" class and began work on the . The "Mackensen"s were a development of the "Derfflinger" class, with 13.8-inch guns and a broadly similar armour scheme, designed for .

Question: В какой войне впервые участвовали крейсеры?


Battlecruiser

Context: Through the 1920s and 1930s only Britain and Japan retained battlecruisers, often modified and rebuilt from their original designs. The line between the battlecruiser and the modern fast battleship became blurred; indeed, the Japanese "Kongō"s were formally redesignated as battleships after their very comprehensive reconstruction in the 1930s.

Question: В какой войне впервые участвовали крейсеры?


Battlecruiser

Context: In the late 1930s navies began to build capital ships again, and during this period a number of large commerce raiders and small, fast battleships were built that are sometimes referred to as battlecruisers. Germany and Russia designed new battlecruisers during this period, though only the latter laid down two of the 35,000-ton . They were still on the slipways when the Germans invaded in 1941 and construction was suspended. Both ships were scrapped after the war.

Question: В какой войне впервые участвовали крейсеры?


Battlecruiser

Context: Returning to Japan after the Battle of Leyte Gulf, "Kongō" was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine on 21 November 1944. "Haruna" was moored at Kure, Japan when the naval base was attacked by American carrier aircraft on 24 and 28 July. The ship was only lightly damaged by a single bomb hit on 24 July, but was hit a dozen more times on 28 July and sank at her pier. She was refloated after the war and scrapped in early 1946.

Question: В какой войне впервые участвовали крейсеры?


IUCN Red List

Context: Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London), the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and many Specialist Groups within the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List.

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated at least every ten years, or every five years if possible. This is done in a peer reviewed manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups, which are Red List Authorities responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class (Aves).

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: The number of species which have been assessed for the Red List has been increasing over time. As of 2019, of 105,000 species surveyed, 28,338 are considered at risk of extinction because of human activity, in particular overfishing, hunting and land development.

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: The 1964 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants used the older pre-criteria Red List assessment system. Plants listed may not, therefore, appear in the current Red List. IUCN advise that it is best to check both the online Red List and the 1997 plants Red List publication.

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 subspecies, varieties, aquatic stocks, and subpopulations.

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four [mammals] at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as Data Deficient.

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups, specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported".

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: In the IUCN Red List, "threatened" embraces the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: In the 2001 framework, "Near Threatened" and "Least Concern" became their own categories, while "Conservation Dependent" was removed and its contents merged into "Near Threatened".

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: The tag of "possibly extinct" (PE) is used by Birdlife International, the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List. BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild (e.g. Spix's macaw).

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data. These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List. The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria.

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


IUCN Red List

Context: In the November 2002 issue of Trends in Ecology & Evolution, an article suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect exploitation of natural resources.

Question: Сколько животных занесено в Красную книгу на 2019 год?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: Falciparum malaria was familiar to the ancient Greeks, who gave the general name ("pyretós") "fever". Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BCE) gave several descriptions on tertian fever and quartan fever. It was prevalent throughout the ancient Egyptian and Roman civilizations. It was the Romans who named the disease "malaria"—"mala" for bad, and "aria" for air, as they believed that the disease was spread by contaminated air, or miasma.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: Humans are the intermediate hosts in which asexual reproduction occurs, and female anopheline mosquitos are the definitive hosts harbouring the sexual reproduction stage.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: Infection in humans begins with the bite of an infected female "Anopheles" mosquito. Out of about 460 species of "Anopheles" mosquito, more than 70 species transmit falciparum malaria. "Anopheles gambiae" is one of the best known and most prevalent vectors, particularly in Africa.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: Within the erythrocyte, the parasite metabolism depends on the digestion of haemoglobin. The clinical symptoms of malaria such as fever, anemia, and neurological disorder are produced during the blood stage.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: At the schizont stage, the parasite replicates its DNA multiple times and multiple mitotic divisions occur asynchronously. Cell division and multiplication in the erythrocyte is called erythrocytic schizogony. Each schizont forms 16-18 merozoites. The red blood cells are ruptured by the merozoites. The liberated merozoites invade fresh erythrocytes. A free merozoite is in the bloodstream for roughly 60 seconds before it enters another erythrocyte.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: The duration of one complete erythrocytic schizogony is approximately 48 hours. This gives rise to the characteristic clinical manifestations of falciparum malaria, such as fever and chills, corresponding to the synchronous rupture of the infected erythrocytes.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: Some merozoites differentiate into sexual forms, male and female gametocytes. These gametocytes take roughly 7–15 days to reach full maturity, through the process called gametocytogenesis. These are then taken up by a female "Anopheles" mosquito during a blood meal.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: The time of appearance of the symptoms from infection (called incubation period) is shortest for "P. falciparum" among "Plasmodium" species. An average incubation period is 11 days, but may range from 9 to 30 days. In isolated cases, prolonged incubation periods as long as 2, 3 or even 8 years have been recorded. Pregnancy and co-infection with HIV are important conditions for delayed symptoms. Parasites can be detected from blood samples by the 10th day after infection (pre-patent period).

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: "P. falciparum" works via sequestration, a process by which group of infected RBCs are clustered, which is not exhibited by any other species of malarial parasites. The mature schizonts change the surface properties of infected erythrocytes, causing them to stick to blood vessel walls (cytoadherence). This leads to obstruction of the microcirculation and results in dysfunction of multiple organs, such as the brain in cerebral malaria.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: The reappearance of falciparum symptom, a phenomenon called recrudescence, is often seen in surviving individuals. Recrudescence can occur even after successful antimalarial medication. It may take a few months or even several years. In some individuals, it takes as along as three years. In isolated cases, the duration can reach or exceed 10 years. It is also a common incident among pregnant women.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: According to WHO guidelines 2010, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the recommended first-line antimalarial treatments for uncomplicated malaria caused by "P. falciparum". WHO recommends combinations such as artemether/lumefantrine, artesunate/amodiaquine, artesunate/mefloquine, artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: For adults, intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) artesunate is recommended. Quinine is an acceptable alternative if parenteral artesunate is not available.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: For children, especially in the malaria-endemic areas of Africa, artesunate IV or IM, quinine (IV infusion or divided IM injection), and artemether IM are recommended.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: Parenteral antimalarials should be administered for a minimum of 24 hours, irrespective of the patient's ability to tolerate oral medication earlier. Thereafter, complete treatment is recommended including complete course of ACT or quinine plus clindamycin or doxycycline.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: RTS,S is the only candidate as malaria vaccine to have gone through clinical trials. Analysis of the results of the phase III trial (conducted between 2011 and 2016) revealed a rather low efficacy (20-39% depending on age, with up to 50% in 5–17-month aged babies), indicating that the vaccine will not lead to full protection and eradication.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


Plasmodium falciparum

Context: On October 6, 2021, the World Health Organization recommended malaria vaccination for children at risk.

Question: Какой паразит самый опасный для жизни человека?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Scant remains point to early human settlements east of the Caspian Sea, possibly including Neanderthals, although the archaeology of the region as a whole is underresearched.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Bronze Age and Iron Age finds support the probability of advanced civilizations in the area including finds associated with a society known to scholars as the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) – near the modern cities of Mary (previously Merv), Djeitun and Gonur Tepe.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: By 2000 BCE, Indo-European peoples had settled throughout the region. Most of the present-day Turkmenistan was occupied by BMAC-related societies and the Dahae (also known as the Daae, Dahā, Daoi and similar names) – a tribal confederation located immediately east of the Caspian. The Massagetae and Scythians were also present, immediately north of BMAC and the Dahae.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Excavations at Nisa have revealed substantial buildings, mausoleums and shrines, many inscribed documents, and a looted treasury. Many Hellenistic art works have been uncovered, as well as a large number of ivory rhytons, the outer rims decorated with Iranian subjects or classical mythological scenes.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: During the 4th to early 7th century CE, much of the population was already in settlements around the fertile river valleys along the Amu Darya, and Merv and Nisa became centers of sericulture (the raising of silkworms). A busy caravan route, connecting Tang Dynasty China and the city of Baghdad (in modern Iraq), passed through Merv. Thus, the city of Merv constituted an important prize for any conqueror.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Merv achieved some political spotlight in February 748 when Abu Muslim (d. 750) declared a new Abbasid dynasty at Merv, and set out from the city to conquer Iran and Iraq and establish a new capital at Baghdad. Abu Muslim was famously challenged by the goldsmith of Merv to do the right thing and not make war on fellow Muslims. The goldsmith was put to death.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: The Seljuk empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen became independent tribal federation.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In 1157, the rule of Seljuks dynasty came to an end in the province of Khorasan. The Turkic rulers of Khiva took control of the area of Turkmenistan, under the title of Khwarezmshahs in 1221, central Asia suffered a disastrous invasion by Mongol warriors who swept across the region from their base in eastern Asia.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Small, semi-independent states arose under the rule of the region's tribal chiefs later in the 14th century. In the 1370s, Amir Timur (also known as Tamerlane), one of the greatest conquerors in human history, captured Turkmen states once more and established the short lived Timurid Empire, which collapsed after Timur's death in 1405, when Turkmens became independent once again.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: As a whole, the 14th to 16th centuries was a period in which the Turkmen's dislocation due to the Mongol invasions gave way to new political groupings which became tribal groupings which have continued to modern day.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: By 1894, Imperial Russia had taken control of almost all of Turkmenistan except around part of Konye-Urgench was in Khiva and around part of Charju was in Emirate of Bukhara.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In the 1950s, the 1,375 kilometre long Qaraqum Canal was built. Draining the Amu-Darya river, it enabled huge areas to be opened for cotton production. It also greatly diminished the inflow of water to the Aral Sea, resulting in an ecological catastrophe.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Turkmenistan was not among the most economically developed Soviet republics, with a largely agrarian economy. This is despite exploration and exploitation of enormous oil and gas resources – discovery of 62 trillion cubic feet Dawletabad gas field in the 1960s became the largest gas field find in the world outside Russia and Middle East.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Niyazov was the main proponent of Turkmenistan's constitutional neutrality. Under this policy, Turkmenistan does not participate in any military alliance and does not contribute to United Nations monitoring forces. This in fact means an internal isolation of Turkmenistan from world politics.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In late 2004, Niyazov met with former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to discuss an oil contract in Turkmenistan for a Canadian corporation. In March 2005, news of this meeting caused an uproar amongst opposition circles in Canada, who claimed the affair could damage Chrétien's legacy.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In 2005, Niyazov announced that his country would downgrade its links with the Commonwealth of Independent States, a loose alliance of post-Soviet states. He furthermore promised free and fair elections by 2010 in a move that surprised many Western observers.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Niyazov acknowledged having heart disease in November 2006. On December 21, 2006, Niyazov died unexpectedly, leaving no heir-apparent and an unclear line of succession. A former deputy prime minister rumored to be the illegitimate son of Niyazov, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, became acting president. Under the constitution the Chairman of the People's Council, Öwezgeldi Ataýew, should have succeeded to the post. Ataýew was accused of crimes and removed from office.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In an election on February 11, 2007, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow was elected president with 89% of the vote and 95% turnout, although the election was condemned by outside observers.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: However, Berdimuhamedow is criticized for building a personality cult of his own (albeit a modest one compared to his predecessor's). For example, he is the only person whose first name is used in government press releases; other officials always have their first names abbreviated to a single letter. He is also sometimes called the "Turkmen leader" by his country's press. Additionally, while his regime is somewhat less heavy-handed than Niyazov's, it is still rigidly authoritarian.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: On March 19, 2007, Berdimuhamedow reversed one of Niyazov's most unpopular decrees by giving pensions back to 100,000 elderly people whose pensions Niyazov had slashed in the face of an unspecified budget crisis.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: On March 20, in a decision of significant symbolic weight in the ongoing rejection of Niyazov's personality cult, he abolished the power of the president to rename any landmarks, institutions, or cities.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: On March 31, 2007, the 20th Congress of the Halk Maslahaty began in the city of Mary. New laws relating to agricultural efficiency were passed, and it was decreed that school teachers' wages would soon rise by 40%.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: On May 12, Russia and Turkmenistan announced that they had reached an agreement to build a new natural gas pipeline from Turkmenistan to Russia, via Kazakhstan. This has led to speculation that the European Union will become more energy-dependent on Russia, which buys Turkmen gas at below-market prices, and that as a result Russia's political influence in Eastern Europe may increase.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: On May 16, in what was described as one of his boldest moves up to that time, Berdimuhamedow sacked a high-ranking security official who had been instrumental in building and maintaining the late president Niyazov's extensive cult of personality. According to official Turkmen news media, Akmyrat Rejepow, the head of the presidential security service, was removed from office by presidential decree and transferred to "another job." The nature of this job was not specified.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: On June 14, Berdimuhamedow re-opened the Turkmen Academy of Sciences, which had been shut down by his predecessor. According to reports, as of June 25 Berdimuhamedow had also ordered the closure of the International Fund of Saparmurat Niyazov, the former Turkmenbashi's personal private fund, and stated his intent to begin a series of reforms in the military.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: Berdimuhamedow celebrated his 50th birthday on June 29, 2007. He was awarded the Watan Order (Order of the Motherland) for his "outstanding achievements" – a gold and diamond pendant weighing about 1 kilogram. The President also published his biography and held a gala birthday celebration. The government also issued 400 gold and silver coins decorated with the president's portrait.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In 2008, Berdimuhamedow restored the Latin-based names of the months and traditional Persian and Turkic days of the week (Niyazov had renamed them after himself and his mother, among other things), and announced plans to move the infamous gold rotating statue of Niyazov from Ashgabat's central square. He has not, however, moved toward Western-style democracy.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In September 2008, a new constitution was accepted by the People's Council. Parliamentary elections under this new constitution were held on December 14, 2008.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In December 2008, Berdimuhamedow announced changes to the national anthem, which involved removing the repeated references to former President Niyazov. The new version was to take effect on December 21, the second anniversary of Niyazov's death.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: In February 2017, president Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov was re-elected for a third term in office, after receiving 97.69 percent of all votes according to official results, following a tightly controlled and largely ceremonial election. He continued to rule as authoritarian strongman.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


History of Turkmenistan

Context: On 19 March 2022, Serdar Berdimuhamedov was sworn in as Turkmenistan’s new president to succeed his father. He was declared the winner of the March 12 presidential election.

Question: Когда Тамерла́н завоевал Русь?


Akhenaten

Context: Akhenaten was all but lost to history until the late-19th-century discovery of Amarna, or Akhetaten, the new capital city he built for the worship of Aten. Furthermore, in 1907, a mummy that could be Akhenaten's was unearthed from the tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings by Edward R. Ayrton. Genetic testing has determined that the man buried in KV55 was Tutankhamun's father, but its identification as Akhenaten has since been questioned.

Question: Как звали при рождении фараона Эхнатона?


Akhenaten

Context: The future Akhenaten was born Amenhotep, a younger son of pharaoh Amenhotep III and his principal wife Tiye. Akhenaten had an elder brother, crown prince Thutmose, who was recognized as Amenhotep III's heir. Akhenaten also had four or five sisters: Sitamun, Henuttaneb, Iset, Nebetah, and possibly Beketaten. Thutmose's early death, perhaps around Amenhotep III's thirtieth regnal year, meant that Akhenaten was next in line for Egypt's throne.

Question: Как звали при рождении фараона Эхнатона?


Akhenaten

Context: Some historians have tried to determine who was Akhenaten's tutor during his youth, and have proposed scribes Heqareshu or Meryre II, the royal tutor Amenemotep, or the vizier Aperel. The only person we know for certain served the prince was Parennefer, whose tomb mentions this fact.

Question: Как звали при рождении фараона Эхнатона?


Akhenaten

Context: Some historians, such as William F. Albright, Edel Elmar, and Gerhard Fecht, propose that Akhenaten's name is misspelled and mispronounced. These historians believe "Aten" should rather be "Jāti," thus rendering the pharaoh's name Akhenjāti or Aḫanjāti (pronounced ), as it could have been pronounced in Ancient Egypt.

Question: Как звали при рождении фараона Эхнатона?