Sahara

Context: Spain captured present-day Western Sahara after 1874, although Rio del Oro remained largely under Sahrawi influence. In 1912, Italy captured parts of what was to be named Libya from the Ottomans. To promote the Roman Catholic religion in the desert, Pope Pius IX appointed a delegate Apostolic of the Sahara and the Sudan in 1868; later in the 19th century his jurisdiction was reorganized into the Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara.

Question: Mihin valtioilla Sahara kuuluu?


Sahara

Context: Egypt became independent of Britain in 1936, although the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 allowed Britain to keep troops in Egypt and to maintain the British-Egyptian condominium in the Sudan. British military forces were withdrawn in 1954.

Question: Mihin valtioilla Sahara kuuluu?


Sahara

Context: Most of the Saharan states achieved independence after World War II: Libya in 1951; Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia in 1956; Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger in 1960; and Algeria in 1962. Spain withdrew from Western Sahara in 1975, and it was partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco. Mauritania withdrew in 1979; Morocco continues to hold the territory (see Western Sahara conflict).

Question: Mihin valtioilla Sahara kuuluu?


Sahara

Context: Tuareg people in Mali rebelled several times during the 20th century before finally forcing the Malian armed forces to withdraw below the line demarcating Azawad from southern Mali during the 2012 rebellion. Islamist rebels in the Sahara calling themselves al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb have stepped up their violence in recent years.

Question: Mihin valtioilla Sahara kuuluu?


Sahara

Context: A number of Trans-African highways have been proposed across the Sahara, including the Cairo–Dakar Highway along the Atlantic coast, the Trans-Sahara Highway from Algiers on the Mediterranean to Kano in Nigeria, the Tripoli – Cape Town Highway from Tripoli in Libya to N'Djamena in Chad, and the Cairo – Cape Town Highway which follows the Nile. Each of these highways is partially complete, with significant gaps and unpaved sections.

Question: Mihin valtioilla Sahara kuuluu?


Sahara

Context: The people of the Sahara are of various origins. Among them the Amazigh including the Tuareg, various Arabized Amaziɣ groups such as the Hassaniya-speaking Sahrawis, whose populations include the Znaga, a tribe whose name is a remnant of the pre-historic Zenaga language. Other major groups of people include the: Toubou, Nubians, Zaghawa, Kanuri, Hausa, Songhai, Beja, and Fula/Fulani (; ).

Question: Mihin valtioilla Sahara kuuluu?


Borat

Context: Controversy surrounded the film prior to its release, and after the film's release, some participants spoke against, and even sued, its creators. It was denounced by the government of Kazakhstan and was banned in almost all Arab countries. The film was released on DVD in March 2007.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: In September 2020, a sequel, titled "Borat Subsequent Moviefilm", was officially confirmed to have been secretly filmed, completed, and screened, a few weeks after Baron Cohen was spotted driving a pick-up truck in character as Borat around Los Angeles. The sequel was released on 23 October 2020, by Amazon Studios.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: At the behest of the Kazakh Ministry of Information, reporter Borat Sagdiyev leaves Kazakhstan for the "US and A", the "Greatest Country in the World", to make a documentary about American society and culture. He leaves behind his wife, Oksana; his companions are his producer, Azamat Bagatov, and a pet hen.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: In Atlanta, Borat finds a hotel but is kicked out when he offends the front desk worker. Staying at a bed-and-breakfast, Borat and Azamat are stunned to learn their hosts are Jewish. The two escape after throwing money at two woodlice, believing they are their hosts transformed. Borat attempts to buy a handgun to defend himself, but is turned away because he is not an American citizen, so he buys a bear instead.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: An etiquette coach suggests Borat attend a private dinner at an eating club in the South. During the dinner, he offends the other guests when he lets Luenell, an African-American prostitute, into the house and as a result, they are both kicked out. Borat befriends Luenell, who invites him into a relationship with her, but he tells her that he is in love with someone else. Borat then visits an antique shop, in which he clumsily breaks various Confederate heritage items.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: At a hotel, Borat sees Azamat masturbating over a picture of Pamela Anderson. An angry Borat accidentally reveals his real motive for traveling to California. Azamat becomes livid at Borat's deception, and the situation escalates into a nude brawl which spills out into the hallway, a crowded elevator, and then into a packed convention ballroom.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Azamat abandons Borat, taking his passport, all of their money, and the bear. Borat's truck runs out of fuel, and he begins to hitchhike to California. He is soon picked up by drunken fraternity brothers from the University of South Carolina. On learning the reason for his trip, they show him the "Pam and Tommy" sex tape which reveals that she is not a virgin. Despondent, Borat burns the "Baywatch" booklet and, by mistake, his return ticket to Kazakhstan.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Borat visits Luenell and they return to Kazakhstan together. They bring several American customs and traditions back to his village, including the apparent conversion of the people to Christianity (the Kazakh version of which includes crucifixion and torturing of Jews) and the introduction of computer-based technology, such as iPods, laptop computers and a high-definition television.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Except for Borat, Azamat, Luenell, and Pamela Anderson, none of the characters are portrayed by actors. Most scenes in the film were unscripted. In most cases, the film's participants were given no warning on what they would be taking part in except for being asked to sign release forms agreeing not to take legal action against the film's producers.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Principal photography was already underway in January 2005, when Baron Cohen caused a near riot in what would ultimately be the rodeo scene in the final cut of the film. An interview with Baron Cohen by "Rolling Stone" indicated that more than 400 hours of footage had been shot for the film.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: "Borat" was previewed at the 2006 Comic-Con International in San Diego, California, on 21 July 2006. Its first screening to a paying audience was during the 2006 Traverse City Film Festival, where it won the Excellence in Filmmaking Award.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: In Israel, a proposed poster depicting Borat in a sling bikini was rejected by the film's advertising firm in favour of one showing him in his usual suit. The film helped popularize the term "mankini".

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The film opened at No. 1 in the box office, maintaining first place for two weeks straight. The film earned more in the second week ($28,269,900) than in the first ($26,455,463), due to an expansion onto 2,566 screens.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: One negative review came from American critic Joe Queenan, who went as far as to call Baron Cohen an "odious twit". In an article for "Slate", writer Christopher Hitchens offered a counter-argument to suggestions of anti-Americanism in the film. Hitchens suggested instead that the film demonstrated amazing tolerance by the film's unknowing subjects, especially citing the reactions of the guests in the Southern dinner scene to Borat's behaviour.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: By posting scenes from the film on YouTube, "Borat" was also exposed by viral communication. This triggered discussions on different national identities (Kazakh, American, Polish, Romanian, Jewish, British) that Baron Cohen had used in creating the Borat character.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: In the United Kingdom, "Borat" opened at No. 1, with an opening weekend gross of £6,242,344 ($11,935,986), the 43rd best opening week earnings in the UK as of March 2007. Since its release, "Borat" has grossed over $260 million worldwide.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Cindy Streit, Borat's etiquette consultant, subsequently hired high-profile attorney Gloria Allred, who demanded that the California Attorney General investigate fraud allegedly committed by Baron Cohen and the film's producers.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The "Salon" Arts & Entertainment site quotes the Behars (a Jewish couple at whose guest house Borat and Azamat stay) as calling the film "outstanding", referring to Baron Cohen as "very lovely and very polite" and a "genius". "The Boston Globe" also interviewed the couple, saying they considered the film more anti-Muslim than anti-Semitic and had feared that Baron Cohen and his ensemble might be filming pornography in the house.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The feminists from Veteran Feminists of America (VFA) felt that they had been duped, having "sensed something odd was going on" before and during the interview with Borat. "The Guardian" later reported at least one of the women felt that the film was worth going to see at the cinema.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The "New York Post" had reported in November 2006 that Pamela Anderson filed for divorce from her husband Kid Rock after he reacted unfavourably to the film during a screening. "The Post"s article specifically claimed he had said of her role in the film, "You're nothing but a whore! You're a slut! How could you do that movie?" In an interview on "The Howard Stern Show", Anderson confirmed that Rock was upset by her appearance in the film, but did not confirm that this was the cause of the separation.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Two of the University of South Carolina fraternity brothers who appeared in the film, Justin Seay and Christopher Rotunda, sued the producers, claiming defamation. The suit by Seay and Rotunda was dismissed in February 2007. The students had also sought an injunction to prevent the DVD release of the film, which was denied.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Another lawsuit was filed by a South Carolina resident who said he was accosted by Baron Cohen (as Borat) in the bathroom at a restaurant in downtown Columbia, with the actor allegedly making comments regarding the individual's genitals, without signing any legal waiver. The lawsuit also sought to have the footage excluded from any DVD releases and removed from Internet video sites.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The Macedonian Romani singer Esma Redžepova sued the film's producers, seeking €800,000 because the film used her song "Chaje Šukarije" without her permission. Afterwards, Redžepova won a €26,000 compensation, since it turned out that Baron Cohen had received permission from her production house to use the song, which she had not been notified about.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Felix Cedeno, a 31-year-old American, sued 20th Century Fox for $2.25 million, after he was filmed as part of a scene where a live chicken fell out of Borat's suitcase on the subway. Cedeno later dropped the suit and received nothing.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Jeffrey Lemerond, who was shown running and yelling, "Get away" as Borat attempted to hug strangers on a New York street, filed a legal case claiming his image was used in the film illegally, and that he suffered "public ridicule, degradation and humiliation" as a result. The case was dismissed.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Baron Cohen reacted to these suits by commenting: "Some of the letters I get are quite unusual, like the one where the lawyer informed me I'm about to be sued for $100,000 and at the end says, 'P.S. Loved the movie. Can you sign a poster for my son Jeremy?'"

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The European Center for Antiziganism Research, which works against negative attitudes toward Romani people, filed a complaint with German prosecutors on 18 October 2006, based on Borat's references to Gypsies in his film. The complaint accuses him of defamation and inciting violence against an ethnic group. As a consequence, 20th Century Fox declared that it would remove all parts referring to Romani people from trailers shown on German television as well as on the film's website.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Before the release of the film, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) released a statement expressing concern over Borat's characteristic anti-Semitism. Both Baron Cohen (who is Jewish) and the ADL have stated that the film uses Borat to expose prejudices felt or tolerated by others, but the ADL expressed concern that some audiences might remain oblivious to this aspect of the film's humor, while "some may even find it reinforcing their bigotry".

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The film was banned in the entire Arab world except for Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates (which released the film heavily censored). Yousuf Abdul Hamid, a film censor for Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, called the film "vile, gross and extremely ridiculous". The censor said that he and his colleagues had walked out on their screening before it had finished, and that only half an hour of the film would be left once all the offensive scenes were removed.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The soundtrack for "Borat" was released on the iTunes Store on 24 October 2006, and in shops on 31 October 2006. The album included music from the film, five tracks entitled "Dialoguing excerpt from moviefilm", as well as the controversial anti-Semitic song "In My Country There Is Problem" from "Da Ali G Show".

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: The folk music included in the soundtrack has no connection to the authentic music of Kazakhstan. The album features songs by Romani and Balkan artists (mostly Emir Kusturica and Goran Bregovic) and includes music by Erran Baron Cohen, founding member of ZOHAR Sound System and brother of "Borat" star Sacha Baron Cohen, as well as songs sung by Sacha Baron Cohen himself in character as Borat.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: In 2009, the film "Brüno" was released. Co-written, co-produced by, and starring Baron Cohen, the film was based on another of his characters: Brüno, a gay Austrian fashion reporter. Universal Studios is reported to have produced the film with a budget of $42 million.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Rupert Murdoch announced in early February 2007 that Baron Cohen had signed on to do another Borat film with Fox. However, this was contradicted by an interview in which Baron Cohen himself stated that Borat was to be discontinued, as he was now too recognizable to prevent detection as he did in the original film and on "Da Ali G Show". A spokesman for Fox later said that it was too early to begin planning such a film, although they were open to the idea.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Baron Cohen subsequently announced that he was "killing off" the characters of Borat and Ali G because they were now so famous he could no longer trick people. Even though he decided to retire the characters, on 26 February 2014, he brought them back for the FXX series "", a collection of the sketches from all 18 episodes of "Da Ali G Show", including new footage of Baron Cohen in-character as Ali G, who is portrayed as the presenter of the show.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: Baron Cohen revived the character of Borat in December 2015 on the late night talk show "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" to premiere the new trailer for his movie "Grimsby".

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


Borat

Context: In September 2020, a direct sequel, titled "Borat Subsequent Moviefilm", was officially confirmed to have been secretly filmed, completed and screened during the COVID-19 pandemic a few weeks after Baron Cohen was spotted driving a pick-up truck in character as Borat around Los Angeles. That same month, Amazon Studios acquired distribution rights to the film and released it on 23 October 2020.

Question: Milloin Borat julkaistiin?


IRC bot

Context: An IRC bot is a set of scripts or an independent program that connects to Internet Relay Chat as a client, and so appears to other IRC users as another user. An IRC bot differs from a regular client in that instead of providing interactive access to IRC for a human user, it performs automated functions.

Question: Voiko IRC-botti toimia ilman jatkuvaa ylläpitoa?


IRC bot

Context: Bots are not always welcome. Some IRC networks forbid the usage of bots. One of the reasons for doing so is that each nickname connected to the network increases the size of the network database which is being kept in sync across all servers. Allowing for bots in large networks can cause a relevant amount of network traffic overhead which needs to be financed and may even lead to netsplits.

Question: Voiko IRC-botti toimia ilman jatkuvaa ylläpitoa?


Pekka Rinne

Context: Rinne is Nashville's franchise leader in wins and shutouts, and is a four-time NHL All-Star. He also holds the record for the most NHL wins by a Finnish-born goaltender. Rinne is one of only 12 NHL goaltenders to score a goal in either the regular season or the playoffs.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: Rinne was developed in Kärpät, playing predominantly for their junior team between 2000 and 2003, and for their men's team in championship-winning years 2004 and 2005, mostly as a backup to Niklas Bäckström.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: Rinne appeared in two NHL games with Nashville during the 2005–06 season. He compiled a record of 1–1–0 with a .900 save percentage and a goals against average (GAA) of 3.80.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: Following Dan Ellis's stellar performance for Nashville in the 2007–08 season, starter Chris Mason was traded to the St. Louis Blues and Rinne was called up to serve as backup to Ellis for the subsequent 2008–09 season.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: On 25 September 2012, Rinne joined Belarusian club Dinamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) due to the impending 2012–13 NHL lockout. However, he left Dinamo in December and returned to the Predators at the end of the lockout in January 2013 to begin the shortened, 48-game 2012–13 season.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: In May 2013, Rinne had a hip arthroscopy. The hip then became infected on 24 October 2013, leaving Rinne off the ice and undergoing rigorous rehabilitation for the remainder of 2013. He returned to action on 5 March 2014 against the Pittsburgh Penguins, allowing three goals in a 3–1 loss.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: Rinne was a nominee for the 2015 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy, which eventually went to veteran player Jaromír Jágr. Rinne was also a Vezina Trophy finalist in 2015, marking his third career nomination for the award; he lost to the Montreal Canadiens' Carey Price.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: On 14 March 2015, Rinne became the fastest goaltender, in terms of games played, to record 30 wins in 39 games since the NHL adopted the shootout, and just the third goaltender in the NHL's expansion era to record 30 wins in 39 games or less.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: On 3 November 2018, Rinne signed a two-year, $10 million contract extension with Nashville. That night, as was the case in 2011, Rinne posted a 26-save shutout over the visiting Boston Bruins in Nashville.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: On 9 January 2020, Rinne became the 12th goaltender in NHL history and the second goaltender in Predators history to score a goal, doing so against the Chicago Blackhawks by shooting the puck into the empty net from behind his team's goal line with less than 22 seconds left in the game.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: On 10 May 2021, in the final game of the 2020–21 season, Rinne posted a 30-save shutout in a 5–0 win over the Carolina Hurricanes. It was his 369th career win, tying him for 19th all-time with Tom Barrasso. It was also his 60th career shutout, passing Evgeni Nabokov for 19th all-time on that list as well.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: On 13 July 2021, Rinne announced his retirement from professional hockey. The Predators also announced that Rinne's number 35 jersey would be retired on 24 February 2022, making him the first player in team history to receive the honor.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: In May 2014, Rinne was named to the All-Star Team and selected as the Most Valuable Player of the 2014 IIHF World Championship as Finland claimed the silver medal. Rinne also participated in the 2015 IIHF World Championship the following year and was named the tournament's best goaltender, setting a new International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) record for minutes played without allowing a goal.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: In March 2016, Rinne was named to Finland's 2016 World Cup of Hockey roster. He played in one out of three tournament games and in two out of three pre-tournament games.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: Rinne utilized the popular butterfly style of goaltending, dropping to his knees early and using his leg pads to block low shot attempts. At 6' 5" (1.96m), Rinne was the among the tallest goaltenders in the league, which gave him tremendous reach with his stick and leg pads. For a tall goaltender, he utilized great footwork, had a great glove hand, but played with a smaller stick than most goaltenders did.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: Rinne is the son of Jukka and Helena Rinne, and he has two sisters, Anna and Päivi. As a child, Rinne idolized John Vanbiesbrouck.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Pekka Rinne

Context: Rinne was engaged to "" contestant Kirsi Lehtosaari in April 2013. Lehtosaari reported in engagement announcements that living in a music city like Nashville helped her aspiration to become a pop star. She planned to continue her music interests in Nashville until the end of Rinne's NHL career. Rinne, likewise, planned to return to Finland after his retirement. However, their engagement was called-off around July 2015.

Question: Kuka on menestynein Oulun Kärppien kasvatti?


Impala

Context: The first attested English name, in 1802, was palla or pallah, from the Tswana ' 'red antelope'; the name "impala", also spelled "impalla" or "mpala", is first attested in 1875. Its Afrikaans name, ' 'red buck', is also sometimes used in English.

Question: Kasvaako pala-antiloopille sarvet?


Impala

Context: The scientific generic name "Aepyceros" ( ‘high-horned’) comes from Ancient Greek (', 'high, steep') + (', 'horn'); the specific name "melampus" ( ‘black-foot’) from (', 'black') + (', 'foot').

Question: Kasvaako pala-antiloopille sarvet?


Impala

Context: Up to six subspecies have been described, although only two are generally recognised on the basis of mitochondrial data. Though morphologically similar, the subspecies show a significant genetic distance between them, and no hybrids between them have been reported.

Question: Kasvaako pala-antiloopille sarvet?


Impala

Context: Of the subspecies, the black-faced impala is significantly larger and darker than the common impala; melanism is responsible for the black colouration. Distinctive of the black-faced impala is a dark stripe, on either side of the nose, that runs upward to the eyes and thins as it reaches the forehead. Other differences include the larger black tip on the ear, and a bushier and nearly 30% longer tail in the black-faced impala.

Question: Kasvaako pala-antiloopille sarvet?


Impala

Context: The impala has a special dental arrangement on the front lower jaw similar to the toothcomb seen in strepsirrhine primates, which is used during allogrooming to comb the fur on the head and the neck and remove ectoparasites.

Question: Kasvaako pala-antiloopille sarvet?


Impala

Context: Imapala show high frequency of defensive behaviours towards flying insects. This is probably the reason for Vale 1977 and Clausen et al 1998 only finding trace levels of feeding by "Glossina" (tsetse fly) upon impala.

Question: Kasvaako pala-antiloopille sarvet?


Impala

Context: "Theileria" of impala in Kenya are not cross infectious to cattle: Grootenhuis et al 1975 were not able to induce cattle infection and Fawcett et al 1987 did not find it naturally occurring.

Question: Kasvaako pala-antiloopille sarvet?


Problem of universals

Context: The problem of universals is an ancient question from metaphysics that has inspired a range of philosophical topics and disputes: Should the properties an object has in common with other objects, such as color and shape, be considered to exist beyond those objects? And if a property exists separately from objects, what is the nature of that existence?

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: The problem of universals relates to various inquiries closely related to metaphysics, logic, and epistemology, as far back as Plato and Aristotle, in efforts to define the mental connections a human makes when they understand a property such as shape or color to be the same in nonidentical objects.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Universals are qualities or relations found in two or more entities. As an example, if all cup holders are "circular" in some way, "circularity" may be considered a universal property of cup holders. Further, if two daughters can be considered "female offspring of Frank", the qualities of being "female", "offspring", and "of Frank", are universal properties of the two daughters. Many properties can be universal: being human, red, male or female, liquid or solid, big or small, etc.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Philosophers agree that human beings can talk and think about universals, but disagree on whether universals exist in reality beyond mere thought and speech.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: The problem of universals is considered a central issue in traditional metaphysics and can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle's philosophy, particularly in their attempt to explain the nature and status of forms. These philosophers explored the problem through predication.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: One of the first nominalist critiques of Plato's realism was that of Diogenes of Sinope, who said "I've seen Plato's cups and table, but not his cupness and tableness."

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: The problem was introduced to the medieval world by Boethius, by his translation of Porphyry's Isagoge. It begins:

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: "I shall omit to speak about genera and species, as to whether they subsist (in the nature of things) or in mere conceptions only; whether also if subsistent, they are bodies or incorporeal, and whether they are separate from, or in, sensibles, and subsist about these, for such a treatise is most profound, and requires another more extensive investigation".

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Boethius mostly stayed close to Aristotle in his thinking about universals. Realism's biggest proponents in the Middle Ages, however, came to be Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus. Aquinas argued that both the essence of a thing and its existence were clearly distinct; in this regard he is also Aristotelian.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Furthermore, Duns Scotus wrote about this problem in his own commentary ("Quaestiones") on Porphyry's "Isagoge", as Boethius had done. Scotus was interested in how the mind forms universals, and he believed this to be 'caused by the intellect'. This intellect acts on the basis that the nature of, say, 'humanity' that is found in other humans and also that the quality is attributable to other individual humans.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: The opposing view to realism is one called nominalism, which at its strongest maintains that universals are verbal constructs and that they do not inhere in objects or pre-exist them. Therefore, universals in this view are something which are peculiar to human cognition and language. The French philosopher and theologian Roscellinus (1050–1125) was an early, prominent proponent of this view. His particular view was that universals are little more than vocal utterances ("voces").

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: However, he then proceeds to state that Berkeley's position is factually wrong by stating the following:

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: In other words, we may be "temporarily unconscious" of whether an image is white, black, yellow or purple and concentrate our attention on the fact that it is a man and on just those attributes necessary to identify it as a man (but not as any particular one). It may then have the significance of a universal of manhood.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: William James learned pragmatism, this way of understanding an idea by its practical effects, from his friend Peirce, but he gave it new significance – which was not to Peirce's taste: he came to complain that James had "kidnapped" the term and eventually to call himself a "pragmaticist" instead. Although James certainly agreed with Peirce and against Berkeley that general ideas exist as a psychological fact, he was a nominalist in his ontology:

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: There are at least three ways in which a realist might try to answer James' challenge of explaining the reason why universal conceptions are more lofty than those of particulars: the moral–political answer, the mathematical–scientific answer, and the anti-paradoxical answer. Each has contemporary or near-contemporary advocates.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: The moral or political response is given by the conservative philosopher Richard M. Weaver in "Ideas Have Consequences" (1948), where he describes how the acceptance of "the fateful doctrine of nominalism" was "the crucial event in the history of Western culture; from this flowed those acts which issue now in modern decadence".

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Roger Penrose contends that the foundations of mathematics can't be understood without the Platonic view that "mathematical truth is absolute, external and eternal, and not based on man-made criteria ... mathematical objects have a timeless existence of their own..."

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Nominalists often argue this view by claiming that nominalism can account for all the relevant phenomena, and therefore—by Occam's razor, and its principle of simplicity—nominalism is preferable, since it posits fewer entities. Different variants and versions of nominalism have been endorsed or defended by many, including Chrysippus, Ibn Taymiyyah, William of Ockham, Ibn Khaldun, Rudolf Carnap, Nelson Goodman, David Lewis, H. H. Price, and D. C. Williams.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Conceptualism is a position that is meshed between realism and nominalism. Conceptualists believe that universals can indeed be real, but only existing as concepts within the mind. Conceptualists argue that the "concept" of universals are not mere "inventions but are reflections of similarities among particular things themselves." For example, the concept of 'man' ultimately reflects a similarity amongst Socrates and Kant.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Transcendental idealist philosopher Immanuel Kant posited that universals are not real, but are ideas in the mind of rational beings. Transcendental idealists do not reject universals as arbitrary names; rather, they treat universals as fundamental categories of pure reason (or as secondary concepts derived from those fundamental categories). Universals, in transcendental idealism, are intrinsically tied to the rationality of the subject making the judgment.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Problem of universals

Context: Thus, for transcendental idealists, the problem of universals is only tangentially a metaphysical problem; it is more of a problem of psychology and epistemology. Kant's position has been interpreted as a conceptualist one.

Question: Miten universaali ongelma määritellään?


Bran Castle

Context: Bran Castle (; ; ) is a castle in Bran, southwest of Brașov. It is a national monument and landmark in Transylvania. The fortress is on the Transylvanian side of the historical border with Wallachia, on road DN73.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: Commonly known outside Transylvania as Dracula's Castle, it is marketed as the home of the title character in Bram Stoker's "Dracula". There is no evidence that Stoker knew anything about this castle, which has only tangential associations with Vlad the Impaler, voivode of Wallachia, the putative inspiration for Dracula. Stoker's description of Dracula's crumbling fictional castle also bears no resemblance to Bran Castle.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: The castle is now a museum dedicated to displaying art and furniture collected by Queen Marie. Tourists can see the interior on their own or by a guided tour. At the bottom of the hill is a small open-air museum exhibiting traditional Romanian peasant structures (cottages, barns, water-driven machinery, etc.) from the Bran region.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: In 1212, the Teutonic Order built the wooden castle of Dietrichstein as a fortified position in the Burzenland at the entrance to a mountain pass through which traders had travelled for more than a millennium. This castle was destroyed by the Mongols in 1242.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: The original name of the castle, Dietrichstein or "lapis Theoderici" in Latin, lit. "Dietrich's Stone", seems to have been derived from the "Comthur" (Commander) and regional Preceptor, "frater Theodericus", mentioned in a 1212 document. This Dietrich is the probable builder of the castle. A 1509 document confirms that the Törzburg county had once belonged to Commander Dietrich of the Teutonic Order.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: In 2005 the Romanian government passed a law allowing restitution claims on properties illegally expropriated, such as Bran, and thus a year later ownership of the castle was awarded to American Dominic von Habsburg, the son and heir of Princess Ileana.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: On 18 May 2006, after a period of legal proceedings, the castle was legally returned to heirs of the Habsburg family. However, the Romanian state, through the Ministry of Culture, was also to administer it for the next three years.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: On 18 May 2009 administration of Bran Castle was transferred from the government to Archduke Dominic and his sisters, Baroness Maria Magdalena of Holzhausen and Elisabeth Sandhofer. On 1 June 2009 the Habsburgs opened the refurbished castle to the public as the first private museum in the country and presented in collaboration with Bran village a joint strategic concept to maintain their prominent role in the Romanian tourist circuit and to safeguard the economic base in the region.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: Though many myths have been connected to Vlad III in connection with the Dracula myth, most historians agree that Vlad III Dracula never set foot in Castle Bran, which was neither a friendly place for Vlad III to visit nor under his rule. It was believed that he was imprisoned in Castle Bran after he was captured by the Hungarians in 1462, but historians now conclude that he was actually imprisoned in a fortress in Budapest.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: Bran Castle is not mentioned in the novel "Dracula", and the novel's description of the castle does not match Bran Castle. The claimed connection between the castle and the Dracula legend is tourism-driven.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Bran Castle

Context: During Stoker's research on the region of Transylvania, he came across accounts of the brutal atrocities committed by Vlad III. He directly used the name Dracula after reading on the subject, but his inspiration for Dracula was not solely based upon the historical figure. Instead it was largely due to American cinema that Vlad III is considered the primary source of inspiration for the character Count Dracula.

Question: Missä tarujen Draculan linna sijaitsee?


Weight on bit

Context: Weight on bit (WOB), as expressed in the oil industry, is the amount of downward force exerted on the drill bit and is normally measured in thousands of pounds.

Question: Kuinka paljon kuolain painaa?


Parliament of Cambodia

Context: The National Assembly holds legislative power. In addition to the general law-making power, the National Assembly has specific powers regarding the national budget, taxes, administrative accounts, laws on general amnesty, international treaties and conventions, declarations of war, and the formation of the Royal Government.

Question: Kuinka monta paikkaa Kambodžan kaksikamarisen parlamentin alahuoneeseen kuuluu?


Geography of Argentina

Context: The geography of Argentina describes the geographic features of Argentina, a country located in Southern South America. Bordered by the Andes in the west and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, neighbouring countries are Chile to the west, Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, and Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: With a population of more than 42.1 million, Argentina ranks as the world's 32nd most populous country as of 2010.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Argentina's provinces are divided in 7 zones regarding climate and terrain. From North to South, West to East:

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: In Argentina, the fluvial net is integrated by many systems of different economic relevance, which could be measured by their amount of flow and navigability. Water flow relevance is based on its potential to be used for irrigation and as a source of energy. Depending on where the water streams drain, rivers and creeks could be classified into three different kinds of watersheds:

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: On the other hand, lakes and lagoons are permanent accumulations of water over impervious depressions. Their difference is mainly based on their extension and depth. They are very important for stream regulation, as a source of energy, tourist attraction and its ichthyologic wealth. In Argentina, all major lakes are in Patagonia (Carlevari and Carlevari, 2007).

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Major rivers in Argentina include the Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Río Negro, Salado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná. The latter two flow together before meeting the Atlantic Ocean, forming the estuary of the Río de la Plata. Regionally important rivers are the Atuel and Mendoza in the homonymous province, the Chubut in Patagonia, the Río Grande in Jujuy, and the San Francisco River in Salta.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 3,091 km2 of tidal flats in Argentina, making it the 9th ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Argentina is subject to a variety of climates. The north of the country, including latitudes in and below the Tropic of Capricorn, is characterized by very hot, wet summers (which result in a lot of swamp lands) with mild drier winters, and is subject to periodic droughts during the winter season.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Central Argentina has hot summers with tornadoes and thunderstorms (in western Argentina producing some of the world's largest hail), and cool winters. The southern regions have warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall, especially in mountainous zones. Higher elevations at all latitudes experience cooler conditions.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Argentina borders five countries. Its largest and second largest international borders are the: Argentina–Chile border, which is long and Argentina–Paraguay border which is long.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: The National Parks of Argentina make up a network of thirty national parks in Argentina. The parks cover a very varied set of terrains and biotopes, from Baritú National Park on the northern border with Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego National Park in the far south of the continent (see List of national parks of Argentina).

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: Five further national parks were declared in 1937 in Patagonia and the service planned new towns and facilities to promote tourism and education. Six more were declared by 1970.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Geography of Argentina

Context: The headquarters of the National Park Service are in downtown Buenos Aires, on Santa Fe Avenue. A library and information center are open to the public. The administration also covers the national monuments, such as the Petrified Forest, and natural and educational reserves.

Question: Mikä on Brasilijan jälkeen suurin Etelä-Amerikan valtio?


Wappinger

Context: The Wappinger () were an Eastern Algonquian Munsee-speaking Native American people from what is now southern New York and western Connecticut.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: At the time of first contact in the 17th century they were primarily based in what is now Dutchess County, New York, but their territory included the east bank of the Hudson in what became both Putnam and Westchester counties south to the western Bronx and northern Manhattan Island. To the east they reached to the Connecticut River Valley, and to the north the Roeliff Jansen Kill in southernmost Columbia County, New York, marked the end of their territory.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Their nearest allies were the Mohican to the north, the Montaukett to the southeast on Long Island, and the remaining New England tribes to the east. Like the Lenape, the Wappinger were highly decentralized as a people. They formed numerous loosely associated bands that had established geographic territories.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: The Wequaesgeek, a Wappinger people living along the lower Hudson River near today's New York City, were among the very first to be recorded encountering European adventurers and traders when Henry Hudson's "Half Moon" appeared in 1609.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Following the war, what was left of a combined Mohican and Wappinger community in Stockbridge, Massachusetts left for Oneida County in western New York to join the Oneida people there. There they were joined by the remnants of the Munsee, forming the Stockbridge-Munsee tribe.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: From that time the Wappinger ceased to have an independent name in history, and their people intermarried with others. Their descendants were subsequently relocated to a Stockbridge-Munsee reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin. The tribe operates a casino there, and in 2010 was awarded two tiny parcels suitable for casinos in New York State in return for dropping larger land claims there.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: The totem (or emblem) of the Wappinger was the “enchanted wolf”, with the right paw raised defiantly. By one account they shared this totem with the Mohicans.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: The origin of the name "Wappinger" is unknown. While the present-day spelling was used as early as 1643, countless alternate phonetic spellings were also used by early European settlers well into the late 19th century. Each linguistic group tended to transliterate Native American names according to their own languages. Among these spellings and terms are:

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Wappink, Wappings, Wappingers, Wappingoes, Wawpings, Pomptons, Wapings, Opings, Opines, Massaco, Menunkatuck, Naugatuck, Nochpeem, Wangunk Wappans, Wappings, Wappinghs, Wapanoos, Wappanoos, Wappinoo, Wappenos, Wappinoes, Wappinex, Wappinx, Wapingeis, Wabinga, Wabingies, Wapingoes, Wapings, Wappinges, Wapinger and Wappenger.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Anthropologist Ives Goddard suggests the Munsee language-word "wápinkw", used by the Lenape and meaning "opossum", might be related to the name Wappinger. No evidence supports the folk etymology of the name coming from a word meaning "easterner," as suggested by Edward Manning Ruttenber in 1906 and John Reed Swanton in 1952.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: The Wappinger were most closely related to the Munsee, a large subgroup of the Lenape people. All three were among the Eastern Algonquian-speaking subgroup of the Algonquian peoples. They spoke using very similar Lenape languages, with the Wappinger dialect most closely related to the Munsee language.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Their nearest allies were the Mohican to the north, the Montaukett to the southeast on Long Island, and the remaining New England tribes to the east. Like the Lenape, the Wappinger were highly decentralized as a people. They formed approximately 18 loosely associated bands that had established geographic territories.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: The first contact with Europeans came in 1609, when Henry Hudson's expedition reached this area on the "Half Moon". The total population of the Wappinger people at that time has been estimated at between 3,000 and 13,200 individuals.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Robert Juet, an officer on the "Half Moon", provides an account in his journal of some of the lower Hudson Valley Native Americans. In his entries for September 4 and 5, 1609, he says:

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: "This day the people of the country came of us, seeming very glad of our , and brought tobacco, and gave us of it for knives and beads. They in skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire , and are very ...They have great store of maize or Indian whereof they make good bread. The country is full of great and tall .

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: This day [September 5, 1609] many of the people came , some in mantles of feathers, and some in of divers sorts of good . Some women also came to us with . They had red copper pipes and other things of copper they did wear about their . At night they went on land , so wee rode very quite, but durst not trust them" (Juet 1959:28).

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Dutch navigator and colonist David Pieterz De Vries recorded another description of the Wappinger who resided around Fort Amsterdam:

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: As the Dutch began to settle in the area, they pressured the Connecticut Wappinger to sell their lands and seek refuge with other Algonquian-speaking tribes. The western bands, however, stood their ground amidst rising tensions.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Allied with their trading partners, the powerful Mohawk of the Iroquois nations in central and western New York, the Dutch defeated the Wappinger by 1645. The Mohawk and Dutch killed more than 1500 Wappinger during the two years of the war. This was a devastating toll for the Wappinger.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: In 1765, the remaining Wappinger in Dutchess County sued the Philipse family for control of the Philipse Patent land but lost. In the aftermath the Philipses raised rents on the European-American tenant farmers, sparking colonist riots across the region.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: "frauds and abuses of Indian lands...complained of in the American colonies, and in this colony in particular." And that, "the conduct of the lieutenant-governor and the council...does carry with it the colour of great prejudice and partiality, and of an intention to intimidate these Indians from prosecuting their claims."

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Many Wappinger served in the Stockbridge Militia during the American Revolution. Nimham, his son and heir Abraham, and some forty warriors were killed or mortally wounded in the Battle of Kingsbridge in the Bronx on August 30, 1778. It proved an irrevocable blow to the tribe, which had also been decimated by European diseases.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: From that time the Wappinger ceased to have an independent name in history, and their people intermarried with others. A few scattered remnants still remained. As late as 1811, a small band was recorded as having a settlement on a low tract of land by the side of a brook, under a high hill in the northern part of the Town of Kent in Putnam County.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: Later in the early 19th century, the Stockbridge-Munsee in New York were forced to remove to Wisconsin. Today, members of the federally recognized Stockbridge-Munsee Nation reside mostly there on a reservation, where they operate a casino. In 2010 the tribe was awarded two tiny parcels suitable for casinos in New York State in return for dropping larger land claims there.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Wappinger

Context: While Edward Manning Ruttenber suggested in 1872 that there had been a Wappinger Confederacy, as did anthropologist James Mooney in 1910, Ives Goddard contests their view. He writes that no evidence supports this idea.

Question: Mihin wappinger-intiaanit menehtyivät?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: that is, this orbital contains its full complement of two electrons, which the alkaline earth metals readily lose to form cations with charge +2, and an oxidation state of +2.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in nature, although radium occurs only through the decay chain of uranium and thorium and not as a primordial element. There have been experiments, all unsuccessful, to try to synthesize element 120, the next potential member of the group.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: As with other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their electronic configuration, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior:

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group. The chemistry of radium is not well-established due to its radioactivity; thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: All the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their valence shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: The alkaline earth metals all react with the halogens to form ionic halides, such as calcium chloride (), as well as reacting with oxygen to form oxides such as strontium oxide (). Calcium, strontium, and barium react with water to produce hydrogen gas and their respective hydroxides (magnesium also reacts, but much more slowly), and also undergo transmetalation reactions to exchange ligands.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Compared to their neighbors in the periodic table, alkaline earth metals tend to have more stable isotopes, as they possess an even number of protons and for any given even isobar the even-even nuclides are usually more stable than the odd-odd nuclei.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: All elements except beryllium were isolated by electrolysis of molten compounds. Magnesium, calcium, and strontium were first produced by Humphry Davy in 1808, whereas beryllium was independently isolated by Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy in 1828 by reacting beryllium compounds with potassium. In 1910, radium was isolated as a pure metal by Curie and André-Louis Debierne also by electrolysis.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Magnesium was first produced by Humphry Davy in England in 1808 using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide. Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Davy's first suggestion for a name was magnium, but the name magnesium is now used.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: In 1790, physician Adair Crawford discovered ores with distinctive properties, which were named "strontites" in 1793 by Thomas Charles Hope, a chemistry professor at the University of Glasgow, who confirmed Crawford's discovery. Strontium was eventually isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy by electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride and mercuric oxide. The discovery was announced by Davy on 30 June 1808 at a lecture to the Royal Society.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Beryllium occurs in the earth's crust at a concentration of two to six parts per million (ppm), much of which is in soils, where it has a concentration of six ppm. Beryllium is one of the rarest elements in seawater, even rarer than elements such as scandium, with a concentration of 0.2 parts per trillion. However, in freshwater, beryllium is somewhat more common, with a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Magnesium and calcium are very common in the earth's crust, being respectively the fifth- eighth-most-abundant elements. None of the alkaline earth metals are found in their elemental state. Common magnesium-containing minerals are carnallite, magnesite, and dolomite. Common calcium-containing minerals are chalk, limestone, gypsum, and anhydrite.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Strontium is the fifteenth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust. The principal minerals are celestite and strontianite. Barium is slightly less common, much of it in the mineral barite.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Radium, being a decay product of uranium, is found in all uranium-bearing ores. Due to its relatively short half-life, radium from the Earth's early history has decayed, and present-day samples have all come from the much slower decay of uranium.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: In general, strontium carbonate is extracted from the mineral celestite through two methods: by leaching the celestite with sodium carbonate, or in a more complicated way involving coal.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: To produce barium, barite (impure barium sulfate) is converted to barium sulfide by carbothermic reduction (such as with coke). The sulfide is water-soluble and easily reacted to form pure barium sulfate, used for commercial pigments, or other compounds, such as barium nitrate. These in turn are calcined into barium oxide, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with aluminium. The most important supplier of barium is China, which produces more than 50% of world supply.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Magnesium has many uses. It offers advantages over other structural materials such as aluminium, but magnesium's usage is hindered by its flammability. Magnesium is often alloyed with aluminium, zinc and manganese to increase it strength and corrosion resistance. Magnesium has many other industrial applications, such as its role in the production of iron and steel, and in the Kroll process for production of titanium.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Calcium is used as a reducing agent in the separation of other metals such as uranium from ore. It is a major component of many alloys, especially aluminium and copper alloys, and is also used to deoxidize alloys. Calcium has roles in the making of cheese, mortars, and cement.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Strontium and barium have fewer applications than the lighter alkaline earth metals. Strontium carbonate is used in the manufacturing of red fireworks. Pure strontium is used in the study of neurotransmitter release in neurons. Radioactive strontium-90 finds some use in RTGs, which utilize its decay heat. Barium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter to remove gases. Barium sulfate has many uses in the petroleum industry, and other industries.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Anhydrous calcium chloride is a hygroscopic substance that is used as a desiccant. Exposed to air, it will absorb water vapour from the air, forming a solution. This property is known as deliquescence.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Ca, Sr and Ba readily react with water to form hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Be and Mg are passivated by an impervious layer of oxide. However, amalgamated magnesium will react with water vapour.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: The table below presents the colours observed when the flame of a Bunsen burner is exposed to salts of alkaline earth metals. Be and Mg do not impart colour to the flame due to their small size.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Disodium phosphate is a very selective reagent for magnesium ions and, in the presence of ammonium salts and ammonia, forms a white precipitate of ammonium magnesium phosphate.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Ca2+ forms a white precipitate with ammonium oxalate. Calcium oxalate is insoluble in water, but is soluble in mineral acids.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: All ions of alkaline earth metals form white precipitate with ammonium carbonate in the presence of ammonium chloride and ammonia.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: The alkaline earth metal oxides are formed from the thermal decomposition of the corresponding carbonates.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: The oxides exhibit basic character: they turn phenolphthalein red and litmus, blue. They react with water to form hydroxides in an exothermic reaction.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: They are generated from the corresponding oxides on reaction with water. They exhibit basic character: they turn phenolphthalein pink and litmus, blue. Beryllium hydroxide is an exception as it exhibits amphoteric character.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Ca and Mg are found in nature in many compounds such as dolomite, aragonite, magnesite (carbonate rocks).

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Calcium and magnesium ions are found in hard water. Hard water represents a multifold issue. It is of great interest to remove these ions, thus softening the water. This procedure can be done using reagents such as calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium phosphate. A more common method is to use ion-exchange aluminosilicates or ion-exchange resins that trap Ca2+ and Mg2+ and liberate Na+ instead:

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms. They are involved in more than one role, with, for example, magnesium or calcium ion pumps playing a role in some cellular processes, magnesium functioning as the active center in some enzymes, and calcium salts taking a structural role, most notably in bones.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: Beryllium and radium, however, are toxic. Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems; it has no known role in living organisms and, when encountered by them, is usually highly toxic. Radium has a low availability and is highly radioactive, making it toxic to life.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


Alkaline earth metal

Context: The chemistry of element 120 is predicted to be closer to that of calcium or strontium instead of barium or radium. This noticeably contrasts with periodic trends, which would predict element 120 to be more reactive than barium and radium. This lowered reactivity is due to the expected energies of element 120's valence electrons, increasing element 120's ionization energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii.

Question: Miten määritellään maa-alkalimetallit?


English Opening

Context: Opening theoreticians who write on the English Opening divide it into three broad categories, generally determined by Black's choice of defensive setup.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: The Symmetrical Defence (classified A30–39 in "ECO") is 1...c5, and is so named because both of the c-pawns are advanced two squares, maintaining symmetry. Note that Black can reach the Symmetrical Defence through many move orders by deferring ...c5, and often does. For example, 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 (or 2.Nf3) c5.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: Similar to the Open Sicilian, an early d2–d4 for White can arise on the third move in the Symmetrical Defence with 2.Nf3, where Black has chosen one of 2...Nc6, 2...e6, 2...d6, or 2...g6.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: After 3.d4, the game usually continues with 3...cxd4 4.Nxd4. The games can give a large variety of positional and tactical ideas, and can transpose into variants of the Open Sicilian involving the Maróczy Bind, such as the Accelerated Dragon, Taimanov, Kan, or Kalashnikov Variations, if White plays e4 in a later move. If Black manages to play d5 before White plays e4, then the game could transpose into variants of the Queen's Gambit Declined.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: There are several types of positions that can arise from the Symmetrical Defence. Among the ideas are:

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: The Reversed Sicilian (classified A20–29 in ) is another broad category of defence, introduced by the response 1...e5. Note again, that Black can delay playing ...e5, for example 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.Nf3 e5 whereupon even though ...e5 has been delayed, once it is played the defence is classified as a Reversed Sicilian.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: After 1...e5, White has Black's position in the Sicilian but with an extra tempo. This is often called the Reversed Sicilian, though others call it the King's English. Bruce Leverett, writing the English chapter in "MCO-14", stated, "It is natural to treat the English as a Sicilian reversed, but the results are often surprising—main lines in the Sicilian Defence correspond to obscure side variations in the English, and vice versa."

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: If White plays an early d4, the game will usually transpose into either the Queen's Gambit or an Indian Defence.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: For example, after 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 g6 3.d4 d5 the game has transposed into the Grünfeld Defence, usually reached by the move order 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: White can, however, also play 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 g6 3.e4, making it impossible for Black to reach a Grünfeld, instead more or less forcing them into lines of the King's Indian Defence with 3...d6. Black also cannot force a Grünfeld with 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 d5, since White can deviate with 3.cxd5 Nxd5 4.g3, a line played several times by Mikhail Botvinnik in 1958, in his final match for the world championship with Vasily Smyslov.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: Instead of playing an early d4, White can also play Nf3 and fianchetto the (g3 and Bg2), transposing into a Réti Opening.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: Also, after 1.c4 c6, White can transpose into the Polish Opening, Outflank Variation, by playing 2.b4, which can be used as a surprise weapon if Black does not know very much about the Polish Opening.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: The "Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings" has classified the English Opening under the codes A10 through A39:

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: The English Opening is used by Professor Moriarty in the film "" as he and Holmes discuss their competing plans over a game of chess. Both Holmes and Moriarty eventually play the final moves blindfolded by citing out the last moves in descriptive notation (rather than algebraic, as the former was contemporary in the late 19th century), ending in Holmes checkmating Moriarty, just as Watson foils Moriarty's plans.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


English Opening

Context: 1.c4 is also used in "Pawn Sacrifice" by Bobby Fischer in the climactic game six of the 1972 World Chess Championship versus Boris Spassky.

Question: Mikä on englantilaisen avauksen tai englantilaisen pelin avaussiirto?


Thrash metal

Context: The genre emerged in the early 1980s as musicians began fusing the double bass drumming and complex guitar stylings of the new wave of British heavy metal (NWOBHM) with the speed and aggression of hardcore punk. Philosophically, thrash metal developed as a backlash against both the conservatism of the Reagan era and the much more moderate, pop-influenced and widely accessible heavy metal subgenre of glam metal which also developed concurrently in the 1980s.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, instead of using conventional single scale based riffing. For example, the intro riff of Metallica's "Master of Puppets" (the title track of the namesake album) is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: Void is hailed as one of the earliest examples of hardcore/heavy metal crossover, whose chaotic musical approach is often cited as particularly influential. Their 1982 split LP with fellow Washington band The Faith showed both bands exhibiting quick, fiery, high-speed punk rock. It has been argued that those recordings laid the foundation for early thrash metal, at least in terms of selected tempos.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: In Latin America this genre also gained a lot of strength, and its creation is also attributed to it, since it began to gain popularity due to the dictatorships that many countries faced at that time, with bands like: V8 (1979) with their debut albums "Demo 1982" or "Luchando por el metal", and (1980) from Argentina, Transmetal (1987) from México, also the band Massakre (1985) in Chile.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: The term "thrash metal" was first used in the music press by "Kerrang!" magazine's journalist Malcolm Dome while making a reference to another of the "Big Four", Anthrax (who, like Metallica, formed in 1981), and their song "Metal Thrashing Mad". Prior to this, Metallica frontman James Hetfield referred to his band's sound as speed metal or power metal.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: To the north, Canada produced influential thrash and speed metal bands such as Annihilator, Anvil, Exciter, Razor, Sacrifice and Voivod.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: From 1987 to 1989, Overkill released "Taking Over", "Under the Influence" and "The Years of Decay", three albums considered their best. Each of the "Big Four" of thrash metal bands released albums in 1988: Slayer released "South of Heaven", Megadeth released "So Far, So Good... So What!", Anthrax released "State of Euphoria" while Metallica's "...And Justice for All" spawned the band's first video and Top 40 hit, the World War I–themed song "One".

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: Several albums, some of which had come to be known as technical thrash metal, were released in 1991, including Overkill's "Horrorscope", Heathen's "Victims of Deception", Dark Angel's "Time Does Not Heal", Sepultura's "Arise", Coroner's "Mental Vortex", Prong's "Prove You Wrong" and Forced Entry's "As Above, So Below".

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: Staying away from this new commercial mainstream of groove metal, metalcore and specially nu metal, the second wave of black metal emerged as an opposed underground music scene, initially in Norway. This crop of new bands differenced themselves of the "first wave" by totally distilled black metal from the combined origins with thrash metal, but they preserved from all this subgenres the emphasis on atmosphere over rhythm.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: Groove metal takes the intensity and sonic qualities of thrash metal and plays them at mid-tempo, with most bands making only occasional forays into fast tempo, but since the early 1990s it started to favor a more death metal–derived sound. Thrash metal with stronger punk elements is called crossover thrash. Its overall sound is more punk-influenced than traditional thrash metal, but has more heavy metal elements than hardcore punk and thrashcore.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thrash metal

Context: Thrash metal emerged predominantly from a handful of regional scenes, each of which was generally distinguished by the unique characteristics of its bands.

Question: Mikä oli ensimmäinen trash metal -tyylinen bändi?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin Shinawatra (; ; ; Chinese: 丘達新; ; born 26 July 1949), is a Thai businessman, politician and visiting professor. He served in the Thai Police from 1973 to 1987, and was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 2001 to 2006.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin declared a "war on drugs" in which more than 2,500 people were killed. Thaksin's government launched programs to reduce poverty, expand infrastructure, promote small and medium-sized enterprises, and extend universal healthcare coverage. Thaksin took a strong-arm approach against the separatist insurgency in the Muslim southern provinces.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: His decision to sell shares in his corporation for more than a billion tax-free dollars generated considerable controversy. A citizens' movement against Thaksin, called People's Alliance for Democracy or "Yellow Shirts", launched mass protests, accusing him of corruption, abuse of power, and autocratic tendencies. Thaksin called snap elections that were boycotted by the opposition and invalidated by the Constitutional Court.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin's great-grandfather, Seng Saekhu, was an immigrant from Meizhou, Guangdong, China, who arrived in Siam in the 1860s and settled in Chiang Mai in 1908. His eldest son, Chiang Saekhu, was born in Chanthaburi in 1890 and married a Thai woman named Saeng Samana. Chiang's eldest son, Sak, adopted the Thai surname "Shinawatra" in 1938 because of the country's anti-Chinese movement, and the rest of the family also adopted it.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin was born in San Kamphaeng, Chiang Mai Province. He is a Theravada Buddhist. He lived in the village of San Kamphaeng until he was 15, then moved to Chiang Mai to study at Montfort College. At 16, he helped run one of his father's cinemas.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In 1987 Thaksin resigned from the police. He then marketed a romance drama called "Baan Sai Thong", which became a popular success in theatres. In 1988, he joined Pacific Telesis to operate and market the PacLink pager service, a modest success, though Thaksin later sold his shares to establish his own paging company.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In 1989, he launched IBC, a cable television company. At that time, Thaksin had a good relationship with Chalerm Yoobumrung, the minister of the Prime Minister's Office, who was in charge of Thai press and media. It is a question whether Chalerm granted the right to Thaksin to establish IBC to benefit his close friend, seeing that the project had been denied by the previous administration. However, it turned out to be a money loser and he eventually merged the company with the CP Group's UTV.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In 1989, Thaksin established a data networking service, Shinawatra DataCom, today known as Advanced Data Network and owned by AIS and TOT. Many of Thaksin's businesses were later consolidated as Shin Corporation.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Advanced Info Service (AIS) was given a monopoly contract by Thaksin's military contacts in 1986 and used the GSM-900 frequency band. AIS grew rapidly and became the largest mobile phone operator in Thailand.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In 1990, Thaksin founded Shinawatra Satellite, which has developed and operated four Thaicom communications satellites.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In 1999, the Shinawatra family spent some one billion baht establishing Shinawatra University in Pathum Thani. It offers international programs in engineering, architecture, and business management, though it ranks quite low in international rankings.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In 2000, Thaksin acquired the ailing iTV television station from the Crown Property Bureau, Nation Multimedia Group, and Siam Commercial Bank.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Twelve years later, after Thaksin was removed from power, Chamlong Srimuang expressed regret at getting "such a corrupt person" into politics. The PDP soon withdrew from the government over the Sor Por Kor 4-01 land reform corruption scandal, causing the government of Chuan Leekpai to collapse.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Chamlong, strongly criticised for mishandling internal PDP politics in the last days of the Chuan-government, retired from politics and hand-picked Thaksin as new PDP leader. Thaksin ran for election for the first time for the constitutional tribunal and lost.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin joined the government of Banharn Silpa-Archa and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Bangkok traffic. In May 1996, he and four other PDP ministers quit the Banharn Cabinet (while retaining their MP seats), prompting a Cabinet reshuffle. Many have claimed that Thaksin's move was designed to help give Chamlong Srimuang a boost in the June 1996 Bangkok Governor elections, which Chamlong returned from retirement to contest. But Chamlong lost to Bhichit Rattakul, an independent.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Chamlong's failure to buttress the PDP's failing power base in Bangkok amplified divisions in the PDP, particularly between Chamlong's "temple" faction and Thaksin's. Soon afterwards, Chamlong announced he was retiring again from politics.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin and the PDP pulled out of the Banharn-government in August 1996. In a subsequent no-confidence debate, the PDP gave evidence against the Banharn government, and in September 1996 Banharn dissolved Parliament.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin announced he would not run in the subsequent November 1996 elections but would remain as leader of the PDP. It suffered a fatal defeat in the elections, winning only one seat, and soon imploded, with most members resigning.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: On 15 August 1997, Thaksin became Deputy Prime Minister in Chavalit Yongchaiyudh's government, after the Thai baht was floated and devalued on 2 July 1997, sparking the Asian financial crisis. He held the position for only three months, leaving on 14 November when Chavalit resigned.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: During a censure debate on 27 September 1997, Democrat Suthep Thaugsuban accused Thaksin of profiting from insider information about the government's decision to float the baht, but the next Democrat party-led government did not investigate the accusations.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: During this period, Thaksin also served on the Asia Advisory Board of the Washington, D.C. based Carlyle Group until he resigned upon becoming Prime Minister in 2001.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: With a populist platform often attributed to Somkid, TRT promised universal access to healthcare, a three-year debt moratorium for farmers, and one million baht locally managed development funds for all Thai villages.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin Shinawatra was the first prime minister of Thailand to complete a full term in office, and his rule is generally agreed to have been one of the most distinctive in the country's modern history. He initiated many eye-catching policies that distinguished him from his predecessors. They affected the economy, public health, education, energy, social order, drug suppression and international relations. He gained one re-election victory.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin's most effective policies were reducing rural poverty and the introduction of universal healthcare, allowing him to gather the hitherto-neglected support of the rural poor, especially in the populous northeast.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: His cabinet consisted of a broad coalition of academics, former student leaders, and former leaders of the Palang Dharma Party, including Prommin Lertsuridej, Chaturon Chaisang, Prapat Panyachatraksa, Surapong Suebwonglee, Somkid Jatusripitak, Surakiart Sathirathai, and Sudarat Keyuraphan. Traditional regional power brokers also flocked to his government.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: However, his government was increasingly accused of dictatorship, demagogy, corruption, conflicts of interest, human rights offences, acting undiplomatically, using legal loopholes and displaying hostility towards a free press. A highly controversial leader, he has also been the target of numerous allegations of lèse majesté, treason, usurping religious and royal authority, selling assets to international investors, and religious desecration.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin's government designed its policies to appeal to the rural majority, initiating programs like village-managed microcredit development funds, low-interest agricultural loans, direct injections of cash into village development funds (the SML scheme), infrastructure development, and the One Tambon One Product (OTOP) rural, small, and medium enterprise development program.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin's economic policies helped Thailand recover from the 1997 Asian financial crisis and substantially reduce poverty. GDP grew from 4.9 trillion baht in 2001 to 7.1 trillion baht in 2006. Thailand repaid its debts to the International Monetary Fund two years ahead of schedule.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Critics say Thaksinomics is little more than a Keynesian-style economic stimulus policy re-branded. Others claimed that the policies got the rural poor "hooked on Thaksin's hand-outs."

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin helped legalise Thailand's massive underground lottery system numbers game (Thai: หวย) to be run by the Government Lottery Office. Lottery sales of approximately 70 billion baht (US$2 billion) were used for social projects, including the "One District, One Scholarship" program. The Thaksin government also privatised MCOT, a large television and radio broadcaster.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: After the 2006 coup, many of Thaksin's economic policies were ended, the OTOP program was rebranded, the Government Lottery Office's program was deemed illegal, and the government nationalised several media outlets and energy companies. However, economists from the Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) published a report indicating that many of the populist policies had not boosted the economy and some were by coincidence.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: According to World Bank Thailand has recentralized rather than decentralized during his administration.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Other intended policy changes included learning reform and related curricular decentralisation, mostly through greater use of holistic education and less use of rote learning.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin was one of the first supporters of Nicholas Negroponte's One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, with the Thai Ministry of Education committing to purchase 600,000 units. The junta later cancelled the project.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin also initiated the controversial "One District, One Dream School" project, aimed at developing the quality of schools to ensure that every district had at least one high-quality school. It was criticised, with claims that the only beneficiaries were Thaksin and companies selling computers and educational equipment. Many schools fell deeply into debt in implementing the project, receiving inadequate financial support from the central government.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In addition, he altered the state university entrance system, which had relied exclusively on nationally standardised exams. Thaksin pushed for greater weighting of senior high-school grades in the hope of focusing students on classroom learning rather than private entrance exam tutoring.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: From 2001 to 2004, the number of people living with HIV/AIDS as well as the overall prevalence rate "noticeably declined".

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Bhumibol also asked the commander of the police to investigate the killings. Police Commander Sant Sarutanond reopened investigations into the deaths, and again claimed that few of the deaths were at the hands of the police.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: The war on drugs was widely criticised by the international community. Thaksin requested that the UN Commission on Human Rights send a special envoy to evaluate the situation, but said in an interview, "The United Nations is not my father. I am not worried about any UN visit to Thailand on this issue."

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: A resurgence in violence began in 2001 in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand with their Muslim, ethnic Malay majority. There is much controversy about the causes of this escalation. Attacks after 2001 concentrated on police, the military, and schools, but civilians (including Buddhist monks) are also regular targets. Thaksin was widely criticised for his management of the situation.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Of three key controversial incidents, the first was the Army's storming of the Krue Se Mosque, where protesters had holed up and were killed.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In a third incident, Muslim lawyer Somchai Neelapaijit disappeared, allegedly abducted and killed by police for his role in defending alleged insurgents who claimed to have been tortured. Despite witness testimony and forensic evidence during the court of police investigations and court trials, all allegations against police said to be involved were dropped and the enforced disappearance case closed.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin announced an escalation of military and police activity in the region. In July 2005, Thaksin enacted an Emergency Decree to manage the three troubled provinces. Several human rights organisations expressed their concerns that the decree might be used to violate civil liberties.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In March 2005, Thaksin established the National Reconciliation Commission, chaired by former Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun to oversee efforts to bring peace to the troubled South. In its final report in June 2006, the commission proposed introducing elements of Islamic law and making Pattani-Malay (Yawi) an official language in the region along with Thai. The Thaksin administration assigned a government committee to study the report, but nothing came of it.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin blamed Malaysia's jungle that has occasionally been used to train Islamic militants to cause violence in the south and Indonesia for being an inspiration to the militants.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: The restructuring was designed to streamline the bureaucracy and focus it on performance and results. New ministries were carved out in Social and Human Security Development, Tourism and Sports, Natural Resources and Environment, Information and Communication Technology, and Culture.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin transformed the role of provincial governors to that of active policy managers. Historically, central government ministries operated in the provinces through field offices headed by senior officials who reported back to Bangkok, while the Interior Ministry appointed provincial governors whose role was largely ceremonial.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: The Thaksin era also saw the opening of a number of government one-stop service centres to reduce red tape for anything from investment to utilities and ID-card processing.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin initiated negotiations for several free trade agreements with China, Australia, Bahrain, India, and the US. The latter especially was criticised, with claims that high-cost Thai industries could be wiped out.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thailand joined the US-led invasion of Iraq, sending a 423-strong humanitarian contingent. It withdrew its troops on 10 September 2004. Two Thai soldiers died in Iraq in an insurgent attack.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin announced that Thailand would forsake foreign aid, and work with donor countries to assist in the development of neighbours in the Greater Mekong Sub-region.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin was repeatedly attacked for acting undiplomatically with foreign leaders and the international community. Besides his famous swipe at the UN (see The 'war on drugs' above), there were also allegations of gaffes at international meetings.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin was keen to position Thailand as a regional leader, initiating various development projects in poorer neighbouring countries like Laos. More controversially, he established close, friendly ties with the Burmese dictatorship, including extending the impoverished country a 4 billion baht credit line so it could conclude a satellite telecom deal with his family business.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin energetically supported his former foreign minister Surakiart Sathirathai's somewhat improbable campaign to become UN Secretary General.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Despite debate and long abandonment of the plan due to the stability of the ground for the location of the airport, the Thaksin government pushed to complete the construction of the new Suvarnabhumi International Airport. The airport was opened a week after Thaksin's government was overthrown.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: After the 2006 coup, the military junta-appointed Assets Examination Committee froze Thaksin's assets based on charges of policy corruption.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Transparency International reported that Thailand's reputation for transparency among business executives improved somewhat during the years of the Thaksin government. In 2001, Thailand's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) score was 3.2 (ranked 61), whilst in 2005, the CPI was 3.8 (ranked 59).

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: In 2008 Thaksin was sentenced to two years' imprisonment "in absentia" over a corrupt land deal. In a ruling that made him the first Thai politician ever to be convicted of corruption committed while prime minister, Thaksin was found to have violated conflict of interest rules in helping his wife buy land from a state agency at a seemingly low price.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin's government was accused of exerting political influence in its crackdown on unlicensed community radio stations, and Thaksin brought defamation lawsuits against critical journalists.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Under the slogans "Four Years of RepairFour years of Reconstruction" and "Building Opportunities", Thaksin and the TRT won landslide victories in February 2005 elections, winning 374 of 500 seats in parliament. The election had the highest voter turnout in Thai history. But his second term was soon beset by protests, with claims that he presided over a "parliamentary dictatorship".

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: The political crisis was catalysed by accusations published by media mogul and popular talk show host Sondhi Limthongkul, a former Thaksin supporter who had broken with him. These included accusations that Thaksin:

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Protests followed the Shin Corporation sale, led by the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD), whose leaders included Chamlong and Sondhi. Numbers soon swelled to tens of thousands occupying the area around Government House in Bangkok.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin announced the dissolution of parliament on 24 February 2006. General elections were scheduled for 2 April.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin was attacked for calling for snap elections, which in effect prevented any member of parliament from changing parties. In an editorial, "The Nation" noted it that, "It fails to take into consideration a major fallacy of the concept [of democracy], particularly in a less-developed democracy like ours, in which the impoverished, poorly informed masses are easily manipulated by people of his ilk. And Thaksin's manipulation has been well documented."

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin's TRT Party won the widely boycotted elections, gaining 462 seats in parliament, with a ratio of yes-voters to no-voters of 16:10, not counting non-voters.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: However, by-elections were needed for 40 TRT candidates who failed to win the minimum 20 percent required by the 1997 Constitution in uncontested races. The Democrat Party refused to contest them and, along with the PAD, petitioned the Central Administrative Court to cancel them. Chamlong Srimuang declared that the PAD would ignore the elections and "go on rallying until Thaksin resigns and Thailand gets a royally appointed prime minister".

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: Thaksin had announced on 4 April 2006 that he would not accept the post of prime minister after parliament reconvened, but would continue as caretaker prime minister until then. He then delegated his functions to caretaker Deputy Prime Minister Chidchai Wannasathit, moved out of Government House, and went on vacation.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?


Thaksin Shinawatra

Context: On 8 May 2006, the Constitutional Court ruled 8–6 to invalidate the April elections based on the awkward positioning of voting booths. The ruling was called a landmark case in "judicial activism". The Democrat Party, which had boycotted the April elections, said they were now ready to contest an October election.

Question: Milloin Thai Rak Thai on perustettu?