Cold War

Context: In early 1948, following reports of strengthening "reactionary elements", Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia, the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures. The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point, set in motion a brief scare that war would occur, and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe, Greece, and Turkey. With the US assistance, the Greek military won its civil war. Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist–Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Although to an extent disinformation had always existed, the term itself was invented, and the strategy formalized by a black propaganda department of the Soviet KGB.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Based on the amount of top-secret Cold War archival information that has been released, historian Raymond L. Garthoff concludes there probably was parity in the quantity and quality of secret information obtained by each side. However, the Soviets probably had an advantage in terms of HUMINT (human intelligence or interpersonal espionage) and "sometimes in its reach into high policy circles." In terms of decisive impact, however, he concludes:

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: We also can now have high confidence in the judgment that there were no successful "moles" at the political decision-making level on either side. Similarly, there is no evidence, on either side, of any major political or military decision that was prematurely discovered through espionage and thwarted by the other side. There also is no evidence of any major political or military decision that was crucially influenced (much less generated) by an agent of the other side.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Clandestine atomic spies from the Soviet Union, who infiltrated the Manhattan Project at various points during WWII, played a major role in increasing tensions that led to the Cold War.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In addition to usual espionage, the Western agencies paid special attention to debriefing Eastern Bloc defectors. Edward Jay Epstein describes that the CIA understood that the KGB used "provocations", or fake defections, as a trick to embarrass Western intelligence and establish Soviet double agents. As a result, from 1959 to 1973, the CIA required that East Bloc defectors went through a counterintelligence investigation before being recruited as a source of intelligence.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: During the late 1970s and 1980s, the KGB perfected its use of espionage to sway and distort diplomacy. Active measures were "clandestine operations designed to further Soviet foreign policy goals", consisting of disinformation, forgeries, leaks to foreign media, and the channeling of aid to militant groups. Retired KGB Major General Oleg Kalugin, former head of Foreign Counter Intelligence for the KGB (1973–1979), described active measures as "the heart and soul of Soviet intelligence".

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In September 1947, the Soviets created Cominform to impose orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc. Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June, when the Tito–Stalin split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia, which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position and began accepting money from the United States.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Shortly thereafter, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949), one of the first major crises of the Cold War, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began the massive "Berlin airlift", supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In 1952, Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations, if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances, but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers. Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party. Radio and television organizations were state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local communist party. Soviet radio broadcasts used Marxist rhetoric to attack capitalism, emphasizing themes of labor exploitation, imperialism and war-mongering.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: American policymakers, including Kennan and John Foster Dulles, acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas. The United States, acting through the CIA, funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world. The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Widespread fears of another rise of German militarism necessitated the new military to operate within an alliance framework, under NATO command. In 1955, Washington secured full German membership of NATO. In May 1953, Beria, by then in a government post, had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany's incorporation into NATO. The events led to the establishment of the "Bundeswehr", the West German military, in 1955.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In 1953, changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War. Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January. During the last 18 months of the Truman administration, the American defense budget had quadrupled, and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: After the death of Joseph Stalin, Georgy Malenkov initially succeeded him as leader of the Soviet Union only to be quickly removed and replaced by Nikita Khrushchev. On 25 February 1956, Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin's crimes. As part of a new campaign of de-Stalinization, he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In spite of these threats, there were substantial hopes for détente when an upswing in diplomacy took place in 1959, including a two-week visit by Khrushchev to the US, and plans for a two-power summit for May 1960. The latter was disturbed by the U-2 spy plane scandal, however, in which Eisenhower was caught lying to the world about the intrusion of American surveillance aircraft into Soviet territory.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: While Stalin's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions, the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce. The Soviets, who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949, established a formal alliance therein, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. It stood opposed to NATO.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In 1957 Polish foreign minister Adam Rapacki proposed the Rapacki Plan for a nuclear free zone in central Europe. Public opinion tended to be favourable in the West, but it was rejected by leaders of West Germany, Britain, France and the United States. They feared it would leave the powerful conventional armies of the Warsaw Pact dominant over the weaker NATO armies.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In Guatemala, a banana republic, the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état ousted the left-wing President Jacobo Árbenz with material CIA support. The post-Arbenz government—a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas—repealed a progressive land reform law, returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company, set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism, and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: After 1956, the Sino-Soviet alliance began to break down. Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev criticized him in 1956, and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart, accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge. For his part, Khrushchev, disturbed by Mao's glib attitude toward nuclear war, referred to the Chinese leader as a "lunatic on a throne".

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: After this, Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino-Soviet alliance, but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal. The Chinese-Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war. Further on, the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao's China for leadership of the global communist movement. Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues:

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: The Sino-Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War, equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Second Vietnam War, and Sino-American rapprochement. The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general, and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Later, however, the US and USSR pursued some cooperation in space as part of détente, such as Apollo–Soyuz.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista's fall, but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Castro during the latter's trip to Washington, D.C. in April, leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place. Cuba began negotiating for arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960. In March of that year Eisenhower gave approval to CIA plans and funding to overthrow Castro.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post–World War II Germany. By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. However, hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a "loophole" in the system that existed between East Berlin and West Berlin, where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations, although the Cold War's first arms control agreement, the Antarctic Treaty, had come into force in 1961.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In 1964, Khrushchev's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him, but allowed him a peaceful retirement. Accused of rudeness and incompetence, John Lewis Gaddis argues that Khrushchev was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war and that Khrushchev had become an 'international embarrassment' when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In the course of the 1960s and 1970s, Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new, more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs. From the beginning of the post-war period, Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s, with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States, while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: The Vietnam War descended into a quagmire for the United States, leading to a decline in international prestige and economic stability, derailing arms agreements, and provoking domestic unrest. America's withdrawal from the war led it to embrace a policy of détente with both China and the Soviet Union.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In the 1973 oil crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cut their petroleum output. This raised oil prices and hurt Western economies, but helped the Soviet Union by generating a huge flow of money from its oil sales.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: At the same time, 1963–1965, American domestic politics saw the triumph of liberalism. According to historian Joseph Crespino:

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: However, Finland maintained capitalism unlike most other countries bordering the Soviet Union. Even though being a neighbor to the Soviet Union sometimes resulted in overcautious concern in foreign policy, Finland developed closer co-operation with the other Nordic countries and declared itself even more neutral in superpower politics, altrough in the later years, support for capitalism was even more widespread.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In 1968, a period of political liberalization took place in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring. An "Action Program" of reforms included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods, the possibility of a multiparty government, limitations on the power of the secret police, and potential withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In answer to the Prague Spring, on 20 August 1968, the Soviet Army, together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies, invaded Czechoslovakia. The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000. The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia, Romania, China, and from Western European communist parties.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In September 1968, during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine, in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism–Leninism with capitalism. During the speech, Brezhnev stated:

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism–Leninism in states like Poland, Hungary and East Germany, which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: On 24 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution succeeded in ousting Marcello Caetano and Portugal's right-wing "Estado Novo" government, sounding the death knell for the Portuguese Empire.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Independence was hastily granted to a number of Portuguese colonies, including Angola, where the disintegration of colonial rule was followed by a violent civil war.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: There were three rival militant factions competing for power in Angola, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA).

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: As a result of the Sino-Soviet split, tensions along the Chinese–Soviet border reached their peak in 1969, and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War. The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain an advantage over the Soviets as well.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In February 1972, Nixon achieved a stunning rapprochement with China, traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. At this time, the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States; meanwhile, the Vietnam War both weakened America's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s, tensions were beginning to ease.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Following his visit to China, Nixon met with Soviet leaders, including Brezhnev in Moscow. These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers, and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In the 1970s, the KGB, led by Yuri Andropov, continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov, who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms. Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World, particularly during political crises in the Middle East, Chile, Ethiopia, and Angola.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979, his efforts were undermined by the other events that year, including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution, which both ousted pro-US regimes, and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: The term "new Cold War" refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militant. Diggins says, "Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war, by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world." Cox says, "The intensity of this 'second' Cold War was as great as its duration was short."

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from ratification, imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR, and demanding a significant increase in military spending, and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. He described the Soviet incursion as "the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War".

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In December 1981, Poland's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. Mikhail Suslov, the Kremlin's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, resulting in a catastrophe for the Soviet economy.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: The Soviet Union had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of its gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep-seated structural problems in the Soviet system, which experienced at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980, positing that the invasion resulted in part from a "domestic crisis within the Soviet may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy up with the Soviet system, which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself. We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay".

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s. These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary, and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called "perestroika", or restructuring. Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment. These measures were intended to redirect the country's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: During 1988 it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies, along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels, represented a substantial economic drain. In addition, the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Bush and Gorbachev met at the Moscow Summit May 29–June 3, 1988 and the Governors Island Summit December 7, 1988.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan. In 1989, the Berlin Wall, the Inner German border and the Iron Curtain fell.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In February 1990, Gorbachev drafted the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and signed it on 12 September 1990; it allowed the German reunification, as the only alternative was a Tiananmen Square scenario. When the Berlin Wall came down, Gorbachev's "Common European Home" concept began to take shape.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: During the final summit in Moscow in July 1991, Gorbachev and George H. W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power. Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In the USSR itself, "glasnost" weakened the ideological bonds that held the Soviet Union together, and by February 1990, with the dissolution of the USSR looming, the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73-year-old monopoly on state power. At the same time the union's component republics declared their autonomy from Moscow, with the Baltic states withdrawing from the union entirely.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Gorbachev used force to keep the Baltics from breaking away. The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup in August 1991. A growing number of Soviet republics, particularly Russia, threatened to secede from the USSR. The Commonwealth of Independent States, created on 21 December 1991, was a successor entity to the Soviet Union. The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: US President George H. W. Bush expressed his emotions: "The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life, in our lives, is this: By the grace of God, America won the Cold War."

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Communist parties outside the Baltic states were not outlawed and their members were not prosecuted. Just a few places attempted to exclude even members of communist secret services from decision-making. In a number of countries, the communist party simply changed its name and continued to function.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Stephen Holmes of the University of Chicago argued in 1996 that decommunization, after a brief active period, quickly ended in near-universal failure. After the introduction of lustration, demand for scapegoats has become relatively low, and former communists have been elected for high governmental and other administrative positions. Holmes notes that the only real exception was former East Germany, where thousands of former Stasi informers have been fired from public positions.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Cumulative US military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion. Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate, as a share of gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers, millions died in the superpowers' proxy wars around the globe, most notably in eastern Asia. Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War; interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years.

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Cold War

Context: Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse, several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified. Historians commonly speak of three different approaches to the study of the Cold War: "orthodox" accounts, "revisionism", and "post-revisionism".

Question: 냉전은 언제 시작 되었는가?


Noh

Context: The kanji for means "skill", "craft", or "talent", particularly in the field of performing arts in this context. The word Noh may be used alone or with "gaku" (; entertainment, music) to form the word "nōgaku". Noh is a classical tradition that is highly valued by many today. When used alone, Noh refers to the historical genre of theatre that originated from "sarugaku" in the mid 14th century and continues to be performed today.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Konparu Zenchiku, who was the great-grandson of Bishaō Gon no Kami, the founder of the Konparu school, and the husband of Zeami's daughter, incorporated elements of waka (poetry) into Zeami's Noh and further developed it.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: By this period, among the five major schools of Noh, four were established: the Kanze school, established by Kan'ami and Zeami; the Hōshō school established by Kan'ami's eldest brother; the Konparu school; and the Kongō school. All of these schools were descendants of the "sarugaku" troupe from Yamato Province. The Ashikaga Shogunate supported only the Kanze school among the four schools.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: In this era, the Tokugawa shogunate appointed Kanze school as the head of the four schools. Kita Shichidayū (Shichidayū Chōnō), a Noh actor of the Konparu school who served Tokugawa Hidetada, founded the Kita school, which was the last established of the five major schools.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: In 1957 the Japanese Government designated "nōgaku" as an Important Intangible Cultural Property, which affords a degree of legal protection to the tradition as well as its most accomplished practitioners. The National Noh Theatre founded by the government in 1983 stages regular performances and organizes courses to train actors in the leading roles of "nōgaku". Noh was inscribed in 2008 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO as Nōgaku theatre.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Although the terms "nōgaku" and Noh are sometimes used interchangeably, the Japanese government's definition of "nōgaku" theatre encompasses both Noh plays and "kyōgen" plays. "Kyōgen" is performed in between Noh plays in the same space. Compared to Noh, ""kyōgen" relies less on the use of masks and is derived from the humorous plays of the "sangaku", as reflected in its comic dialogue."

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: The concept of "jo-ha-kyū" dictates virtually every element of Noh including compiling of a program of plays, structuring of each play, songs and dances within plays, and the basic rhythms within each Noh performance. "Jo" means beginning, "ha" means breaking, and "kyū" means rapid or urgent. The term originated in "gagaku", ancient courtly music, to indicate gradually increasing tempo and was adopted in various Japanese traditions including Noh, tea ceremony, poetry, and flower arrangement.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Zeami isolated nine levels or types of Noh acting from lower degrees which put emphasis on movement and violence to higher degrees which represent the opening of a flower and spiritual prowess.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: The Nohgaku Performers' Association ("Nōgaku Kyōkai"), to which all professionals are registered, strictly protects the traditions passed down from their ancestors (see "iemoto"). However, several secret documents of the Kanze school written by Zeami, as well as materials by Konparu Zenchiku, have been diffused throughout the community of scholars of Japanese theatre.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: A typical Noh play always involves the chorus, the orchestra, and at least one "shite" and one "waki" actor.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Noh performance combines a variety of elements into a stylistic whole, with each particular element the product of generations of refinement according to the central Buddhist, Shinto, and minimalist aspects of Noh's aesthetic principles.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: The traditional Noh stage ("butai") has complete openness that provides a shared experience between the performers and the audience throughout the performance. Without any proscenium or curtains to obstruct the view, the audience sees each actor even during the moments before they enter (and after they exit) the central "stage" ("honbutai", "main stage"). The theatre itself is considered symbolic and treated with reverence both by the performers and the audience.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: One of the most recognizable characteristic of Noh stage is its independent roof that hangs over the stage even in indoor theatres. Supported by four columns, the roof symbolizes the sanctity of the stage, with its architectural design derived from the worship pavilion ("haiden") or sacred dance pavilion ("kagura-den") of Shinto shrines. The roof also unifies the theatre space and defines the stage as an architectural entity.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: The pillars supporting the roof are named "shitebashira" (principal character's pillar), "metsukebashira" (gazing pillar), "wakibashira" (secondary character's pillar), and "fuebashira" (flute pillar), clockwise from upstage right respectively. Each pillar is associated with the performers and their actions.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: The stage is made entirely of unfinished "hinoki", Japanese cypress, with almost no decorative elements. The poet and novelist Tōson Shimazaki writes that "on the stage of the Noh theatre there are no sets that change with each piece. Neither is there a curtain. There is only a simple panel ("kagami-ita") with a painting of a green pine tree. This creates the impression that anything that could provide any shading has been banished. To break such monotony and make something happen is no easy thing."

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Noh actors wear silk costumes called "shozoku" (robes) along with wigs, hats, and props such as the fan. With striking colors, elaborate texture, and intricate weave and embroidery, Noh robes are truly works of art in their own right. Costumes for the "shite" in particular are extravagant, shimmering silk brocades, but are progressively less sumptuous for the "tsure," the "wakizure," and the "aikyōgen".

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: For centuries, in accordance with the vision of Zeami, Noh costumes emulated the clothing that the characters would genuinely wear, such as the formal robes for a courtier and the street clothing for a peasant or commoner. But in the late sixteenth century, the costumes became stylized with certain symbolic and stylistic conventions. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period, the elaborate robes given to actors by noblemen and "samurai" in the Muromachi period were developed as costumes.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: The musicians and chorus typically wear formal "montsuki" "kimono" (black and adorned with five family crests) accompanied by either "hakama" (a skirt-like garment) or "kami-shimo", a combination of "hakama" and a waist-coat with exaggerated shoulders. Finally, the stage attendants are garbed in virtually unadorned black garments, much in the same way as stagehands in contemporary Western theatre.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Set pieces in Noh such as the boats, wells, altars, and bells, are typically carried onto the stage before the beginning of the act in which they are needed. These props normally are only outlines to suggest actual objects, although the great bell, a perennial exception to most Noh rules for props, is designed to conceal the actor and to allow a costume change during the "kyōgen" interlude.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: The chant is not always performed "in character"; that is, sometimes the actor will speak lines or describe events from the perspective of another character or even a disinterested narrator. Far from breaking the rhythm of the performance, this is actually in keeping with the otherworldly feel of many Noh plays, especially in those characterized as "mugen".

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Of the roughly 2000 plays created for Noh that are known today, about 240 make up the current repertoire performed by the five existing Noh schools. The current repertoire is heavily influenced by the taste of aristocratic class in Tokugawa period and does not necessarily reflect popularity among the commoners. There are several ways to classify Noh plays.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: While "Genzai" Noh utilizes internal and external conflicts to drive storylines and bring out emotions, "Mugen" Noh focuses on utilizing flashbacks of the past and the deceased to invoke emotions.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: All Noh plays are divided by their themes into the following five categories. This classification is considered the most practical, and is still used in formal programming choices today. Traditionally, a formal 5-play program is composed of a selection from each of the groups.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: In addition to the above five, "Okina" (翁) (or "Kamiuta") is frequently performed at the very beginning of the program, especially at New Year, holidays, and other special occasions. Combining dance with Shinto ritual, it is considered the oldest type of Noh play.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Zeami and Zenchiku describe a number of distinct qualities that are thought to be essential to the proper understanding of Noh as an art form.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Noh is still regularly performed today in public theatres as well as private theatres mostly located in major cities. There are more than 70 Noh theatres throughout Japan, presenting both professional and amateur productions.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: Audience etiquette is generally similar to formal western theatre—the audience quietly watches. Surtitles are not used, but some audience members follow along in the libretto. Because there are no curtains on the stage, the performance begins with the actors entering the stage and ends with their leaving the stage. The house lights are usually kept on during the performances, creating an intimate feel that provides a shared experience between the performers and the audience.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: During the interval, tea, coffee, and "wagashi" (Japanese sweets) may be served in the lobby. In the Edo period, when Noh was a day-long affair, more substantial "makunouchi' bentō" (幕の内弁当, "between-acts lunchbox") were served. On special occasions, when the performance is over, お神酒 ("o-miki," ceremonial "sake") may be served in the lobby on the way out, as it happens in Shinto rituals.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Noh

Context: The audience is seated in front of the stage, to the left side of the stage, and in the corner front-left of stage; these are in order of decreasing desirability. While the "metsuke-bashira" pillar obstructs the view of the stage, the actors are primarily at the corners, not the center, and thus the two aisles are located where the views of the two main actors would be obscured, ensuring a generally clear view regardless of seating.

Question: 노를 최초로 공연한 사람은 누구인가?


Spotted hyena

Context: The spotted hyena is the largest extant member of the Hyaenidae. Adults measure in body length, and have a shoulder height of . Adult male spotted hyenas in the Serengeti weigh , while females weigh . Spotted hyenas in Zambia tend to be heavier, with males weighing on average , and females . Exceptionally large weights of and are known. It has been estimated that adult members of the now extinct Eurasian populations weighed .

Question: 하이에나과에는 현재 3속 4종의 동물이 포함되나요?


Spotted hyena

Context: Spotted hyenas are social animals that live in large communities (referred to as "clans") which can consist of at most 80 individuals. Group-size varies geographically; in the Serengeti, where prey is migratory, clans are smaller than those in the Ngorongoro Crater, where prey is sedentary. Spotted hyena clans are more compact and unified than wolf packs, but are not as closely knit as those of African wild dogs.

Question: 하이에나과에는 현재 3속 4종의 동물이 포함되나요?


Spotted hyena

Context: Though they readily take to water to catch and store prey, spotted hyenas will avoid crocodile-infested waters, and usually keep a safe distance from Nile crocodiles. Recent observations shows that African rock pythons can hunt adult spotted hyenas.

Question: 하이에나과에는 현재 3속 4종의 동물이 포함되나요?


Spotted hyena

Context: The spotted hyena has been hunted for its body parts for use in traditional medicine, for amusement, and for sport, though this is rare, as the species is generally not considered attractive. There is fossil evidence of humans in Middle Pleistocene Europe butchering and presumably consuming spotted hyenas. Such incidences are rare in modern Africa, where most tribes, even those known to eat unusual kinds of meat, generally despise hyena flesh.

Question: 하이에나과에는 현재 3속 4종의 동물이 포함되나요?


Spotted hyena

Context: Several authors during the Scramble for Africa attested that, despite its physical strength, the spotted hyena poses no danger to hunters when captured or cornered. It was often the case that native skinners refused to even touch hyena carcasses, though this was not usually a problem, as hyena skins were not considered attractive.

Question: 하이에나과에는 현재 3속 4종의 동물이 포함되나요?


Spotted hyena

Context: In modern times, the species faces spatial competition from more popular animals, especially large canids. Also, many captive individuals have not been closely examined to confirm their sexes, thus resulting in non-breeding pairs often turning out to be same-sexed individuals. As a result, many captive hyena populations are facing extinction.

Question: 하이에나과에는 현재 3속 4종의 동물이 포함되나요?


Spotted hyena

Context: During the 19th century, the species was frequently displayed in travelling circuses as oddities. Alfred Brehm wrote that the spotted hyena is harder to tame than the striped hyena, and that performing specimens in circuses were not up to standard. Sir John Barrow described how spotted hyenas in Sneeuberge were trained to hunt game, writing that they were "as faithful and diligent as any of the common domestic dogs".

Question: 하이에나과에는 현재 3속 4종의 동물이 포함되나요?


Tourism in Italy

Context: People have visited Italy for centuries, yet the first to visit the peninsula for tourist reasons were aristocrats during the Grand Tour, beginning in the 17th century, and flourishing in the 18th and the 19th century. This was a period in which European aristocrats, many of whom were British and French, visited parts of Europe, with Italy as a key destination. For Italy, this was in order to study ancient architecture, local culture and to admire the natural beauties.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: People have visited Italy for centuries, yet the first to visit the peninsula for touristic reasons were aristocrats during the Grand Tour, beginning in the 17th century, and flourishing in the 18th and the 19th century.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Real "tourism" only affected Italy in the second half of the 17th century, with the beginning of the Grand Tour. This was a period in which European aristocrats, many of whom were British, visited parts of Europe, with Italy as a key destination. For Italy, this was in order to study ancient architecture, local culture and to admire the natural beauties. The Grand Tour was in essence triggered by the book "Voyage to Italy", by Roman Catholic priest Richard Lassels, and published in 1670.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Like many other Europeans, Italians rely heavily on public transport. Italy is a relatively small country and distances are reduced.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Despite this, by the late-1970s and early-1980s, economic crises and political instability meant that there was a significant slump in the Italian tourist industry, as destinations in the Far East or South America rose in popularity. Yet, by the late-1980s and early-1990s, tourism saw a return to popularity, with cities such as Milan becoming more popular destinations. Milan saw a rise in tourists since it was ripening its position as a worldwide fashion capital.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Italy is part of the Northern Hemisphere. The country's total area is , of which is land and is water. Including islands, Italy has a coastline of on the Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ligurian Sea, Sea of Sardinia and Strait of Sicily, and borders shared with France (), Austria (), Slovenia () and Switzerland (). San Marino () and Vatican City (), both enclaves, account for the remainder.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The climate of Italy is influenced by the large body of water of the Mediterranean Sea that surrounds Italy on every side except the north. These seas constitute a reservoir of heat and humidity for Italy. Within the southern temperate zone, they determine a particular climate called Mediterranean climate with local differences due to the geomorphology of the territory, which tends to make its mitigating effects felt, especially in high pressure conditions.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Because of the length of the peninsula and the mostly mountainous hinterland, the climate of Italy is highly diverse. The inland northern areas of Italy (for example Turin, Milan, and Bologna) have a relatively cool, mid-latitude version of the Humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), while the coastal areas of Liguria and the peninsula south of Florence generally fit the Mediterranean climate profile (Köppen climate classification Csa).

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Regarding the national road network, in 2002 there were of serviceable roads in Italy, including of motorways, the so-called "autostrade", state-owned but privately operated by Atlantia.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The peaks of tourist flows in Italy are recorded in winter, due to the Christmas and New Year's Day holidays, in spring, due to the Easter holidays, and in summer, due to the favourable climate.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: For internal tourism, peaks of tourist flows are also recorded on the occasion of the three national civil holidays, the "Festa della liberazione" (25 April), the "Festa dei lavoratori" (1 May) and the "Festa della Repubblica" (2 June), as well as for three religious holidays, the "Ferragosto" (15 August), the "Ognissanti" (1 November) and the "Festa dell'Immacolata Concezione" (8 December).

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Italy overall had 420.63 million visitor nights in 2017, of which 210.66 million were of foreign guests (50.08 percent). With 37.04 million nights spent in hotels, hostels or clinics, the Metropolitan City of Venice has the most visitors.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: According to regional data, in 2019 tourism presences in Italy amounted to 436 million (216 million residents and 220 million non-residents).

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: With 71 million nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments, Veneto has the highest number of visitors and ranks sixth in Europe.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: In 2013, the value of the artistic and cultural heritage alone was estimated at 5.4% of Italian GDP, approximately €75.5 billion, capable of employing approximately 1.4 million workers. According to the Eurostat report of 2019, Italian tourism is first in Europe in terms of the number of jobs generated (4.2 million) and third for the average visitor expenditure and the share of revenues of the national sector compared to the European total (€48 billion, 12% of the total).

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Four different seas surround Italy in the Mediterranean Sea from three sides: the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea in the south, and the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea in the west. Including islands, Italy has a coastline of over . There are numerous famous coastal stretches.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The Italian Riviera includes nearly all of the coastline of Liguria, extending from the border with France near Ventimiglia eastwards to Capo Corvo, which marks the eastern end of the Gulf of La Spezia. Italian coasts also include the Amalfi Coast, Cilentan Coast, Cinque Terre, Coast of the Gods, Costa Verde, Riviera delle Palme, Riviera del Brenta, Costa Smeralda, and Trabocchi Coast, in addition to the bays Venetian Lagoon, Augusta Bay, Bay of Naples and Liscia di Vacca.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Notable beaches includes Baia Domizia in Sessa Aurunca and Cellole, Citara in Forio, Cala Fuili in Cala Gonone, Poetto in Cagliari, Spiaggia del Bacan in Venice, Cala Goloritze in Baunei, Baia delle Zagare in Vieste, Cavoli Beach in Elba, La Sorgente Beach in Portoferraio, Cala dei Gabbiani in Baunei, Cala Cipolla beach in Chia, Cauco Beach in Maiori.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Noteworthy seaside locations includes Taormina, Alghero, Positano, Otranto, Tropea, Porto Santo Stefano, Sirolo, Vieste, Sperlonga, Cesenatico, Sestri Levante, Vasto, Termoli, Maratea, Bibione, Muggia, Amalfi, Atrani, Camogli, Capo Rizzuto, Castiglioncello, Cefalù, Gallipoli, Lerici, Manarola, Monterosso al Mare, Pisciotta, Polignano a Mare, Portofino, Praiano, Ravello, Sciacca, Scilla, Sorrento, Vernazza.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Beaches and cliffs are dotted with various accommodation facilities, such as bathing establishments, hotels and restaurants, resorts, agritourism, night and day gathering centres, parks, piers and marinas, as well as numerous historic and artistic centres, which combine an interest in the bathing activities to those for leisure, nature and art.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The Italian seaports are docking points for cruise tourism. Italy is the leading cruise tourism destination in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian seaseaports most frequented by cruise passengers who sail the Mediterranean Sea are Civitavecchia, Genoa, Palermo, Bari, Naples, Savona, Trieste, Monfalcone, Taranto and La Spezia.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: There are more than 1000 lakes in Italy, the largest of which is Garda (). Other well-known subalpine lakes are Lake Maggiore (), whose most northerly section is part of Switzerland, Como (), one of the deepest lakes in Europe, Orta, Lugano, Iseo, and Idro. Other notable lakes in the Italian peninsula are Trasimeno, Bolsena, Bracciano, Vico, Varano and Lesina in Gargano and Omodeo in Sardinia.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: International lake tourism in Italy has been able to establish due to the sounding board created by some celebrities of the international jet set, well known by the general public. The purchase of a holiday residence along Lake Como by actor George Clooney was very publicized in 2001, as well as the marriage of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes in 2006 in the Castello Orsini-Odescalchi, along Lake Bracciano.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: In Italy, there is both winter and summer mountain tourism. Despite a not particularly harsh climate compared to other countries located at more northern latitudes, Italy manages to attract tourists who practice winter sports due to the presence of numerous mountain ranges (the percentage of mountainous territory is around 35%).

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Among these are the Alps, the highest mountain range in Europe, and the Apennines, equipped with numerous winter sports and accommodation facilities. In the north the most famous ski resorts are in the Dolomites and Cortina d'Ampezzo, as well as in the Valle d'Aosta, while in the center-south Abruzzo is the mountainous region with major ski resorts in Roccaraso, Ovindoli, Pescasseroli and Campo Felice.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The Brenta river is navigable from Padua to Venice, where it has its mouth. Another noteworthy Italian river is the Sile, which is navigable from Treviso to the mouth, which is located near Jesolo. Also important is the network of rivers and artificial canals are present between Friuli Venezia Giulia and the Venetian Lagoon, which is formed by of navigable canals. Also noteworthy is the Padana waterway, which connects Mantua to the sea via the Mincio river and the Po.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: As far as the navigable canals are concerned, worthy of note is the touristic navigation service of the Lombard Navigli, which is an urban transport network in the Milan area integrated by some lines of boats along these canals. The tourist lines connect the dock of Milan with numerous "comuni" that rise along the Naviglio Grande up to Abbiategrasso and Turbigo. Tourist navigation is also present along the Naviglio Martesana, in the stretch from Trezzo sull'Adda to Vaprio d'Adda.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The Marine Protected Areas of Italy restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, to protect natural resources or archaeological sites. There were twenty-seven such marine protected areas, and a further two "Submerged Archaeological Parks" (Italian: "parchi sommersi"); in 2018, two new marine protected areas were created. these areas help safeguard in total some of the seas around Italy as well as some of its coastline, corresponding to 12% of the Italian coasts.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Underwater tourism, both of a naturalistic type and linked to underwater archaeology, is also present. For the naturalistic underwater type, noteworthy seaside locations include the Portofino Marine Protected Area (located between the municipalities of Camogli, Portofino and Santa Margherita Ligure), the island of Giglio, the island of Capraia, and the Maddalena archipelago.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: For the underwater archeology type, noteworthy seaside locations include Taormina, Capo Passero, Ustica, Noto, Marettimo, Marzamemi, Santa Maria di Castellabate, Baiae, Gaiola, Ischia, Campi Flegrei, Pantelleria, Syracuse, Gnatia, Isole Tremiti, Manduria and Isola di Capo Rizzuto.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Notable Italian lakes that attract underwater tourism, both archaeological and naturalistic type, are Lake Iseo, Lake Como, Lake Garda, Lake Maggiore, Lake Idro, Lago di Levico, Lago di Lases, Lago di Tovel, Lago di Caldonazzo, Lago Grande and Lake of Capodacqua.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: In Milan the most important shopping streets are Via Montenapoleone, Via della Spiga, Via Manzoni, Corso Venezia, Via Sant'Andrea, Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Corso Buenos Aires, Corso di Porta Ticinese, Via Torino and Corso XXII Marzo, while in Florence they are Via de' Tornabuoni, Via dei Calzaiuoli, Via del Corso, Mercato di San Lorenzo and Via Santo Spirito.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: In Turin the most important shopping streets are Via Garibaldi, Contrada dei Guardinfanti, Galleria Subalpina, Via Roma, Piazza San Carlo, Piazza Carignano, Via Cesare Battisti, Piazza Carlo Alberto, Piazza Bodoni, Via Mazzini, Via Lagrange, Via Carlo Alberto, Piazza Carlo Felice, Via Po and Piazza Vittorio.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Shopping tourism in Italy is also aimed at outlet stores. The outlets that attract the most tourists are located in Serravalle Scrivia, Castel San Pietro Romano, Barberino di Mugello, Noventa di Piave and Marcianise.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Italy has one of the largest number of spas in the world, and are appreciated internationally for the quality and effectiveness of the services and treatments offered. This is also due to secondary volcanic phenomena that give rise to the emission of water, vapours and mud enriched by substances present in the Italian subsoil.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Its origins are very remote, it is known that the ancient Greeks had already discovered its healing properties, but the greatest admirers of antiquity were undoubtedly the ancient Romans who made it an aspect of their social life.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The most renowned Italian spas are located in the localities of Abano Terme, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Bibione, Chianciano Terme, Montepulciano, Saturnia, Montecatini Terme, Contursi Terme, Castellammare di Stabia, Bagni San Filippo, Sirmione, Bormio, Viterbo, Pantelleria, Vulcano, Montegrotto Terme, Pescantina, Salsomaggiore Terme and Ischia.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The "Cammino Celeste" ("Celestial Way") is also very popular with pilgrims. It is a network of pilgrimage routes that connects the places of worship of Aquileia in Italy, Maria Saal in Austria and Brezje in Slovenia with the Sanctuary of Monte Lussari, located in the Julian Alps in the Italian municipality of Tarvisio, made official as an international pilgrimage route in the summer of 2006. Its name derives from the union of the numerous places of ancient Marian devotion it passed through.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: In Italy, there are several protected areas of various types: natural, mountain or marine parks, regional or local parks, natural, wildlife or zoological reserves. In addition to this, there are numerous natural sites not necessarily protected by a park.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The flora of Italy was traditionally estimated to comprise about 5,500 vascular plant species. However, , 6,759 species are recorded in the "Data bank of Italian vascular flora". Italy has 1,371 endemic plant species and subspecies, which include Sicilian Fir, Barbaricina columbine, Sea marigold, Lavender cotton and Ucriana violet.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Italy has many botanical gardens and historic gardens, some of which are known outside the country. The Italian garden is stylistically based on symmetry, axial geometry and on the principle of imposing order over nature. It influenced the history of gardening, especially French gardens and English gardens. The Italian garden was influenced by Roman gardens and Italian Renaissance gardens.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Business tourism enlivens entrances to the country and constitutes a fundamental part of the sector. This type includes those who use the accommodation facilities for business trips or to participate in events related to the production or marketing of various goods developed within the most disparate economic sectors. By way of example, the following are reported:

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Traditions of Italy are some set of traditions, beliefs, values, and customs that belongs within the culture of Italian people. These traditions have influenced life in Italy for centuries, and are still practiced in our modern days.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Another traditional Italian sport that attracts tourists is the Calcio Fiorentino (also referred to as "calcio storico", "historic football"), an early form of football (soccer and rugby) that originated during the Middle Ages and is still played annually today in the Piazza Santa Croce in Florence. Other important Italian traditional competitions that attract tourists are the Palio di Asti, the Palio di Legnano, the Palio di Ferrara, the Giostra del Saracino and the Giostra della Quintana.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Italy is the country with the highest concentration in the world of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. , Italy has a total of 58 inscribed sites, making it the country with the most World Heritage Sites just above China (56). Out of Italy's 58 heritage sites, 53 are cultural and 5 are natural. 50% of the tourists who visit the UNESCO heritage sites in Italy are foreigners, and of these, 75% are in Italy for a cultural holiday.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The nightlife in Italy is attractive to both tourists and locals. Italy is known to have some of the best nightlife in the world. The best known Italian destinations for nightlife are:

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: This type of tourism disappeared in Italy in the 1950s due to changed political and social conditions, which favoured other types of tourism, such as "family" tourism. As a consequence, other Mediterranean cities (such as Mykonos, Ibiza and Sitges) took the place of the Italian ones for LGBT tourism.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The most visited amusement park in Italy is Gardaland, with 3 million visitors per year (2019).. Located in Castelnuovo del Garda, is adjacent to Lake Garda. The entire complex covers an area of , while the theme park alone measures . Gardaland is the eighth in Europe by the number of amusement park visitors (2019). In June 2005 Gardaland ranked fifth in the "Forbes" ranking of the top ten best amusement parks in the world.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Italy has experienced a conspicuous emigration to foreign countries following Italian unification, World War I and World War II. By 1980, it was estimated that about 25,000,000 Italians were residing outside Italy. It is estimated that the number of their descendants, who are called "oriundi", is about 80 million worldwide.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: This phenomenon has led to an important flow of tourists of Italian origin who visit the country and discover their roots. The trip to Italy of these tourists is mainly about knowing the places, the language, the cuisine and the people to which their ancestors belonged. In 2018, about 10 million tourists of Italian origin went to the country to rediscover their roots.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: A student exchange program is a program in which students from a secondary school (high school) or university study abroad at one of their institution's partner institutions. Italy is one of the destinations of secondary school students and university students participating in exchange programmes. Students who go to study in Italy also take advantage of their stay to visit the country.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Italy is one of the main destinations of the Erasmus Programme, fifth in Europe after Spain, Germany, France and the United Kingdom respectively. The Erasmus Programme is a European Union (EU) student exchange programme established in 1987. Erasmus+, or Erasmus Plus, is the new programme combining all the EU's current schemes for education, training, youth and sport, which was started in January 2014.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Home of the Italian Riviera, including Portofino, Sanremo, and of Cinque Terre. There are many historic cities in this part of Italy: Turin, the manufacturing capital of Italy, Milan, the business and fashion capital of the country and the important port of Genoa are the most popular tourist destinations of the area.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Other cities like Aosta, Bergamo, Brescia, Como and Mantua have a rich cultural heritage, which share the region's visitors with beautiful landscapes such as the lakes Garda (with Grottoes of Catullus and Gardone Riviera), Como (with Bellagio and Varenna) and Maggiore (with Borromean Islands and Angera). There are also important ski resorts like Sestriere, Courmayeur, Breuil-Cervinia, Livigno and Bormio.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: This part of Italy also boasts several important tourist attractions, such as the canal-filled city of Venice, the cities of Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Trento, Bolzano, Cremona, Bologna, Ferrara, Parma, Ravenna, Cesena, Rimini and Trieste.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: There are also several mountain ranges such as the Dolomites, the Carnic and Julian Alps and first-class ski resorts like Cortina d'Ampezzo and Madonna di Campiglio. These four regions offer much to see and do. The area has a unique cuisine, including wines and dishes such as Prosecco and Tiramisu in Veneto and Cotechino, Ragu and Parma ham in Emilia Romagna, San Daniele ham and D.O.C. wines in Valpolicella, Lake Garda, Valdobbiadene, Trentino and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Florence, regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, is Tuscany's most visited city, whereas nearby cities like Siena, Pisa, Arezzo and Lucca also have rich cultural heritage. Umbria's population is small but it has many important cities such as Perugia and Assisi. For similar reasons, Lazio and Tuscany are some of Italy's most visited regions and the main targets for Ecotourism.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: This area is known for its picturesque landscapes and attracts tourists from all over the world, including Italy itself. Pristine landscapes serve as one of the primary motivators for tourists to visit central Italy, although there are others, such as a rich history of art.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Southern Italy (also called Mezzogiorno) is well known for the cuisine, that offers a wide choice of food at lower prices. It is also known for the pairing of Mediterranean clime with the beautiful beaches of each region, an important element for local tourism. Naples is the most visited city in the area, and the ruins of Pompeii are the most visited sights.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Other important tourist destinations include the Amalfi Coast, Ravello, Benevento, Caserta, Salerno and Pozzuoli. The natural parks of Abruzzo, the greenest region in Europe, include the Abruzzo National Park, the National Park of Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga the Maiella National Park and Sirente-Velino Regional Park which attract thousands of visitors due to more than 30 protected Nature Reserves and the presence of 75% of all Europe's living species.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Apulia, which includes the historical cities of Lecce and Bari and villages composed of trulli; like Calabria it is famous for its coasts. Basilicata is very famous for so-called Sassi di Matera. The main city of Molise are Campobasso and Isernia, the most important sight is the Basilica of Castelpetroso. Calabria coasts are very appreciated by tourists; the capital city is Catanzaro but its most populated city is Reggio Calabria.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Sicily, the largest island in the country, is a diverse and popular tourist island, famous for its archaeology, seascape and unique Sicilian cuisine. There are many important cities such as Palermo, Messina, Catania. An important sight is Val di Noto which offers a lot of Late Baroque cities built after the catastrophic earthquake of 1693.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Sardinia is a large island some 250 kilometres west of the Italian coastline. It includes several popular tourist attractions and has several beaches and archaeological ruins.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Porto Cervo, located in Costa Smeralda, is a popular summer destination famous for its beaches and clubs among high-income earners.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: The city boasts several popular tourist attractions, such as the city's Duomo and Piazza, the Teatro alla Scala, the San Siro Stadium, the Vittorio Emanuele II Gallery, the Sforza Castle, the Pinacoteca di Brera and the Via Monte Napoleone. Most tourists visit sights such as Milan Cathedral, the Sforza Castle and the Teatro alla Scala, however, other main sights such as the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, the Navigli and the Brera district are less visited and prove to be less popular.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Florence is a city in Central-Northern Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion, and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor; furthermore, it is a major national economic centre, as well as a tourist and industrial hub. It is the 4th richest Italian city.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Although the city is facing some challenges (including an excessive number of tourists and problems caused by pollution, tide peaks and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings), Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has been ranked many times the most beautiful city in the world. It has been described by the "Times Online" as one of Europe's most romantic cities and by "The New York Times" as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Two factors in each of these locations are history and geography. The Roman Empire, Middle Ages, Renaissance and the following centuries of the history of Italy have left many cultural artifacts that attract tourists. Winter and summer tourism are present in many locations in the Alps and the Apennines, while seaside tourism is widespread in coastal locations along the Mediterranean Sea.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: Italy is home to fiftyeight UNESCO World Heritage Sites, more than any other country, including many entire cities such as Verona, Siena, Vicenza, Ferrara, San Gimignano, Urbino, Matera, Pompei, Noto and Siracusa. Ravenna hosts an unprecedented eight different internationally recognized sites.

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


Tourism in Italy

Context: "This article includes text copied from http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Italy, an article from "Wikivoyage" whose text is published under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 licence."

Question: 2018년 이탈리아에서 가장 많은 관광객이 찾은 도시는 무엇인가?


History of the Khitans

Context: The history of the Khitans dates back to the 4th century. The Khitan people dominated much of northern China, Manchuria and the Mongolian Plateau. They subsequently established the Liao dynasty and the Western Liao dynasty.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: From the 5th to the 8th centuries, the Khitans were dominated by the Turks and then the Uyghurs in the west, various Central Plain dynasties in the south, and Goguryeo in the east. Despite coming under the domination of other polities, the Khitans grew in power. Their rise was slow compared to others because they were frequently crushed by neighbouring powers—each employing the Khitan warriors when needed but ready to crush them when the Khitans became too powerful.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Following the collapse of the Tang dynasty in the early 10th century, they founded the Liao dynasty in 916. The Liao dynasty proved to be a significant power north of the Central Plain and it gradually expanded to occupy other territories including the Sixteen Prefectures. They eventually fell to the Jin dynasty in 1125, who subordinated and absorbed the Khitans to their military benefit.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: References to the Khitan people in Chinese sources date back to the 4th century. Ancestors of the Khitan were the Yuwen clan of the Xianbei; an ethnic group situated in the area covered by the modern Liaoning province. After their regime was conquered by the Murong clan the remnants scattered in the modern-day Inner Mongolia and mixed there with the original Mongolic population.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: They had been identified as a distinct ethnic group since paying tribute to the Northern Wei dynasty in the mid-6th century.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: During the time of the Chinese Tang dynasty, the Khitan people were vassals to the suzerain Tang or Turks, depending on the balance of power between the two, or the suzerain Uyghurs when they replaced the Turks as the main steppe power. Once the Uyghurs left their home in the Mongolian Plateau in 842 enough of a power vacuum was left to give the Khitan the opportunity to cast off the bonds of subordinacy. The Khitan occupied the areas vacated by the Uyghurs bringing them under their control.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: When the Sui dynasty was established in 581 when the Khitan were living in a period of internal military turmoil. Their tribes were fighting each other perhaps as a result of Sui Wendi strategy to increase tensions between nomads in order to create internal divisions. In 586 some Khitans tribes submitted to the Eastern Tujue (Turks) while others submitted to the Sui.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Notable Khitan raids on the Chinese Empire were record as early as the 7th century. In 605 they staged a large scale raid southward invading Sui territories (Northern modern Shanxi, Hebei). They were eventually crushed by a Sui general leading 20,000 Turkish cavalry.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Opposition rose because of the behaviour of Zhao Wenhui, who treated Khitan chieftains as his servants and refused to provide help during a famine that struck the Khitan area in 696. According to the "loose rein policy" the Tang Governor-general was supposed to provide famine relief. When Zhao Wenhui failed to do so, Li and Sun launched a Khitan rebellion in the fifth month of 696.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Li Jinzhong declared himself "Wushang Kehan" (無上可汗: "paramount khaghan") and killed Zhao Wenhui after capturing Yingzhou. Sun Wanrong assisted him as general who successfully led tens of thousands of troops marching southward and conquered several other towns of Tang dynasty.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Consequently, Turks broke away with Empress Wu (who handed the crown back to the royal clan of Tang in 705). Tang launched several campaigns against them from 700 to 714 and eventually the khanate of Turks was overthrown by Uighurs who was supported by Tang dynasty.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: The Turks played a major role in crushing a rebellion in military actions and in a strategic role as well. The Turks were to submit to China in 630 after their first Turkish Empire was crushed. In 679 during a period of Chinese internal political turmoil they revolted. They were defeated by Tang troops in 681 in a Pyrrhic victory, also, the remaining Eastern Turks reunited under Ilterish Qaghan (died 691) who was able to proclaim the rebirth of the Turkish empire without Tang's reaction.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: In the 710s the Khitan military chief Ketuyu (可突于) was so valiant and beloved by Khitan's commoners that the Khitan King Suogu (李娑固 Li Suogu, r. 718–720) became both jealous of him and in fear of a take-over. Accordingly, he plotted to assassinate Ketuyu. As is often the case the plot was disclosed and Ketuyu's troops attacked the King who fled to Yingzhou to get Chinese support.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Peaceful relations were restored and when Ketuyu made a second coup to face the new king Tuyu suspicions, the Tang court peacefully confirmed the newly enthroned king Shaogu (李邵固 Li Shaogu, 725–730) who on his side displayed respect for Tang's wishes of appeasement.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: In the third month of 732 the Khitan-Xi troops were defeated by the Prince of Xin'an and Ketuyu had to flee while Li Shi Suogao, the Xi king, betrayed him submitting to Tang with his 5,000 subjects getting the titles of the Prince of Guiyi (allegiance and righteousness) and prefect of Guiyi Zhou with the Xi allowed to settle in Youzhou under Chinese protection.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Ketuyu, seeing the Khitan forces exhausted by repetitive Tang campaigns, pretended to surrender in the twelfth month of 734 and was murdered, together with his puppet King Qulie (李屈列 Li Qulie 730–734), by his subordinate Li Guozhe (李過折). Li Guozhe was soon himself assassinated in favor of a Ketuyu clan restoration.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: While traditional scholars explain this Ketuyu Rebellion as a typically barbarian reaction modern historians are more cautious. Both the Chinese Liao expert Shu Fen and the Japanese Matsui Hitoshi are inclined to think that Chinese lenient policy encouraged Ketuyu's arrogance.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: The 730–734 war seems to have been the consequence of both Chinese revitalized foreign policy, Khitan internal turmoil and associated oppression of Ketuyu and the miscalculations made by him.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: By the 730s regional commanders already have largely autonomy of initiative to face neighbouring threats and accordingly boundary wars and rebellions are understood by many scholars as the full responsibility of local general commanders.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: As commander of the northeastern frontier in 744–755 An Lushan organised military operations against the Khitan-Xi nomads. His motivation was to curry favour with the Tang court and probably also to obtain more troops. He needed these for his subsequent campaigns to defeat what he saw as the enormous threat presented by the northeastern "babarians" amongst who the Khitan were the most significant. He may also have been motivated by thoughts of preparing for his future rebellion of 755–763.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: In the third month of 745 several Tang princesses were married to Khitan's leaders in a sign of appeasement. But for some reason the Khitans soon turned into an open rebellion against Tang in the ninth month of 745 killing the princesses and starting military operations. Huge previous pressures from An Lushan combined with the Chang'an courts praise for him may have been seen Khitan as presenting an impasse against which they eventually revolted.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: The continuous agitation of Khitans on the northeast of the Empire, maintained by An Lushan actions, provided An Lushan more and more support troops from Chang'an for his own power and ambitions growing to 160,000–200,000 men. This was caused by several factors:

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: The turning point came when An became worried about the post of Xuanzong-Li Linfu (An Lushan add "get their favor", but at the cost of relations with other officials). Noticing that the heart of the empire was without defenses An considered to plan a rebellion. He selected a dozen able generals and some 8,000 soldiers from amongst the surrendered Khitan, Xi, and Tongluo (同羅) tribesmen organizing them into an elite corps known as the "Yeluohe" (曵落河, "the brave").

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: When Li Linfu died and Yang Guozhong, a Yang clan member, replaced him as high chancellor An Lushan rose in rebellion with his armies and attacked the central power with Khitan, Xi and Turkish supporters.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: When the Turks were overthrown by the Uighurs in 745, the war-loving power of the Turks was replaced by the commerce-loving Uighurs. The control that the Uighurs had on the Khitans were of a different kind. Uighurs were focusing on economic exchanges, were the protectors of the diplomatic stability and left large political and internal freedom to their vassals. The Khitans used this to keep a peaceful environment helping to strengthen all their demographic, economic and structural force.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: The Liao dynasty was founded in 916 when Abaoji, posthumously known by his temple name as Emperor Taizu, was named the leader of the Khitan tribal confederation. The dynastic name "Great Liao" was proclaimed in 947 by his successor, the Emperor Taizong of Liao.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Though Abaoji died in 926 the dynasty would last nearly two more centuries. Five cities were designated as capitals during that dynasty. In addition to the supreme capital in the heartland of Khitan territory there were four regional capitals. One of which was Beijing which became a capital for the first time in its history. It was not the principle capital of the dynasty but rather was designated as the southern capital after the Khitan acquired the contentious Sixteen Prefectures in 935.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Abaoji introduced a number of innovations – some more successful than others. He divided the empire into two parts: one was governed based on nomadic models while the sedentary population was governed largely in accordance with Chinese techniques. Less successful was the attempted introduction of primogeniture in succession to the throne. Although he desired his eldest son to be heir he did not succeed Abaoji.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: Abaoji was "afraid that their use of Chinese advisers and administrative techniques would blur their own ethnic identity, the Khitan made a conscious effort to retain their own tribal rites, food, and clothing and refused to use the Chinese language, devising a writing system for their own language instead." The first of these two scripts was created in 920. The second, based on alphabetic principles, was created five years later.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: The Khitans were absorbed by the Jurchens and widely used in the following years of war to conquer the northern Song territories.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


History of the Khitans

Context: On the Eastern front, Khitans elements fled the Mongol offensives toward Korea. In 1216 the Khitans invaded Goryeo and defeated the Korean armies multiple times, even reaching the gates of the capital and raiding deep into the south, but were defeated by Korean General Kim Chwi-ryeo who pushed them back north to Pyongan, where the remaining Khitans were finished off by allied Mongol-Goryeo forces in 1219. These Khitans are possibly the origin of the Baekjeong.

Question: 요나라는 언제 성립하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic ("genetic variability"), species ("species diversity"), and ecosystem ("ecosystem diversity") level.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, and often referred to as the sixth mass extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity positively impacts human health in many ways, although a few negative effects are studied.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. and 2021–2030 as the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, According to a 2019 "Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services" by IPBES 25% of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction as the result of human activity. An October 2020 IPBES report found the same human actions which drive biodiversity loss have also resulted in an increase in pandemics.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: In 2020, the fifth edition of the UN's Global Biodiversity Outlook report, which served as a "final report card" for the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, a series of 20 objectives set out in 2010, at the beginning of the UN's Decade on Biodiversity, most of which were supposed to be reached by the end of the year 2020, stated that none of the targets – which concern the safeguarding of ecosystems, and the promotion of sustainability – have been fully met.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: "Biodiversity" is most commonly used to replace the more clearly-defined and long-established terms, species diversity and species richness.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region". An advantage of this definition is that it presents a unified view of the traditional types of biological variety previously identified:

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's definition was "Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e., molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...".

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Biodiversity can be defined genetically as the diversity of alleles, genes and organisms. They study processes such as mutation and gene transfer that drive evolution.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined "biological diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, "inter alia", terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Gaston & Spicer's definition in their book "Biodiversity: an introduction" is "variation of life at all levels of biological organization".

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines biodiversity as "the variability that exists among living organisms (both within and between species) and the ecosystems of which they are part."

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Biodiversity is not evenly distributed, rather it varies greatly across the globe as well as within regions. Among other factors, the diversity of all living things (biota) depends on temperature, precipitation, altitude, soils, geography and the presence of other species. The study of the spatial distribution of organisms, species and ecosystems, is the science of biogeography.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Diversity consistently measures higher in the tropics and in other localized regions such as the Cape Floristic Region and lower in polar regions generally. Rain forests that have had wet climates for a long time, such as Yasuní National Park in Ecuador, have particularly high biodiversity.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Generally, there is an increase in biodiversity from the poles to the tropics. Thus localities at lower latitudes have more species than localities at higher latitudes. This is often referred to as the latitudinal gradient in species diversity. Several ecological factors may contribute to the gradient, but the ultimate factor behind many of them is the greater mean temperature at the equator compared to that of the poles.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Even though terrestrial biodiversity declines from the equator to the poles, some studies claim that this characteristic is unverified in aquatic ecosystems, especially in marine ecosystems. The latitudinal distribution of parasites does not appear to follow this rule.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species that have experienced great habitat loss. The term hotspot was introduced in 1988 by Norman Myers. While hotspots are spread all over the world, the majority are forest areas and most are located in the tropics.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Accurately measuring differences in biodiversity can be difficult. Selection bias amongst researchers may contribute to biased empirical research for modern estimates of biodiversity. In 1768, Rev. Gilbert White succinctly observed of his Selborne, Hampshire ""all nature is so full, that that district produces the most variety which is the most examined.""

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Biodiversity is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution. The origin of life has not been established by science, however, some evidence suggests that life may already have been well-established only a few hundred million years after the formation of the Earth. Until approximately 2.5 billion years ago, all life consisted of microorganisms – archaea, bacteria, and single-celled protozoans and protists.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: It also appears that the diversity continues to increase over time, especially after mass extinctions.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Most biologists agree however that the period since human emergence is part of a new mass extinction, named the Holocene extinction event, caused primarily by the impact humans are having on the environment. It has been argued that the present rate of extinction is sufficient to eliminate most species on the planet Earth within 100 years.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: New species are regularly discovered (on average between 5–10,000 new species each year, most of them insects) and many, though discovered, are not yet classified (estimates are that nearly 90% of all arthropods are not yet classified). Most of the terrestrial diversity is found in tropical forests and in general, the land has more species than the ocean; some 8.7 million species may exist on Earth, of which some 2.1 million live in the ocean.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: "Ecosystem services are the suite of benefits that ecosystems provide to humanity." The natural species, or biota, are the caretakers of all ecosystems. It is as if the natural world is an enormous bank account of capital assets capable of paying life sustaining dividends indefinitely, but only if the capital is maintained.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: There have been many claims about biodiversity's effect on these ecosystem services, especially provisioning and regulating services. After an exhaustive survey through peer-reviewed literature to evaluate 36 different claims about biodiversity's effect on ecosystem services, 14 of those claims have been validated, 6 demonstrate mixed support or are unsupported, 3 are incorrect and 13 lack enough evidence to draw definitive conclusions.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Other sources have reported somewhat conflicting results and in 1997 Robert Costanza and his colleagues reported the estimated global value of ecosystem services (not captured in traditional markets) at an average of $33 trillion annually.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Since the Stone Age, species loss has accelerated above the average basal rate, driven by human activity. Estimates of species losses are at a rate 100–10,000 times as fast as is typical in the fossil record. Biodiversity also affords many non-material benefits including spiritual and aesthetic values, knowledge systems and education.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Agricultural diversity can be divided into two categories: intraspecific diversity, which includes the genetic variation within a single species, like the potato ("Solanum tuberosum") that is composed of many different forms and types (e.g. in the U.S. they might compare russet potatoes with new potatoes or purple potatoes, all different, but all part of the same species, "S. tuberosum").

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: The other category of agricultural diversity is called interspecific diversity and refers to the number and types of different species. Thinking about this diversity we might note that many small vegetable farmers grow many different crops like potatoes and also carrots, peppers, lettuce, etc.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Associated biodiversity can be damaging or beneficial. The beneficial associated biodiversity include for instance wild pollinators such as wild bees and syrphid flies that pollinate crops and natural enemies and antagonists to pests and pathogens. Beneficial associated biodiversity occurs abundantly in crop fields and provide multiple ecosystem services such as pest control, nutrient cycling and pollination that support crop production.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Monoculture was a contributing factor to several agricultural disasters, including the European wine industry collapse in the late 19th century and the US southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Although about 80 percent of humans' food supply comes from just 20 kinds of plants, humans use at least 40,000 species. Earth's surviving biodiversity provides resources for increasing the range of food and other products suitable for human use, although the present extinction rate shrinks that potential.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: The growing demand and lack of drinkable water on the planet presents an additional challenge to the future of human health. Partly, the problem lies in the success of water suppliers to increase supplies and failure of groups promoting the preservation of water resources. While the distribution of clean water increases, in some parts of the world it remains unequal. According to the World Health Organisation (2018), only 71% of the global population used a safely managed drinking-water service.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Some of the health issues influenced by biodiversity include dietary health and nutrition security, infectious disease, medical science and medicinal resources, social and psychological health. Biodiversity is also known to have an important role in reducing disaster risk and in post-disaster relief and recovery efforts.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: According to the United Nations Environment Programme a pathogen, like a virus, have more chances to meet resistance in a diverse population. Therefore, in a population genetically similar it expands more easily. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic had less chances to occur in a world with higher biodiversity.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Many industrial materials derive directly from biological sources. These include building materials, fibers, dyes, rubber, and oil. Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food. As a result, biodiversity loss is a significant risk factor in business development and a threat to long-term economic sustainability.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Popular activities such as gardening and fishkeeping strongly depend on biodiversity. The number of species involved in such pursuits is in the tens of thousands, though the majority do not enter commerce.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: The relationships between the original natural areas of these often exotic animals and plants and commercial collectors, suppliers, breeders, propagators and those who promote their understanding and enjoyment are complex and poorly understood. The general public responds well to exposure to rare and unusual organisms, reflecting their inherent value.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Philosophically it could be argued that biodiversity has intrinsic aesthetic and spiritual value to mankind "in and of itself". This idea can be used as a counterweight to the notion that tropical forests and other ecological realms are only worthy of conservation because of the services they provide.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: According to Mora and colleagues, the total number of terrestrial species is estimated to be around 8.7 million while the number of oceanic species is much lower, estimated at 2.2 million. The authors note that these estimates are strongest for eukaryotic organisms and likely represent the lower bound of prokaryote diversity. Other estimates include:

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?


Biodiversity

Context: Since the rate of extinction has increased, many extant species may become extinct before they are described. Not surprisingly, in the animalia the most studied groups are birds and mammals, whereas fishes and arthropods are the least studied animals groups.

Question: 식물 공동체인 숲은 지구 전체 면적의 몇퍼센트를 차지하나요?