Digimon

Context: By March 2001, Bandai had sold approximately video games worldwide, including 400,000 in Japan. In February 2010, a website for the MMORPG "Digimon Battle Online" was launched. On September 22, 2011, online game publisher Joymax announced the release of an MMORPG game called "Digimon Masters", which was developed by the Korean publisher DIGITALIC. In June 2021 it was announced that they were developing a new MMORPG titled "Digimon Super Rumble".

Question: Minä vuonna Digimon -animesarja on julkaistu Suomessa?


Digimon

Context: In 2011, a new entry in the "Digimon World" series was announced after a seven-year hiatus, titled "". The game would be released in Japan on July 19, 2012, followed by an enhanced version for Nintendo 3DS released in 2013.

Question: Minä vuonna Digimon -animesarja on julkaistu Suomessa?


Digimon

Context: ' was first released in Japan in 2015. It would be the first game in the "Digimon Story" series to be released in North America under its original title; "Digimon World DS" and "Digimon World Dawn and Dusk" were originally marketed as entries in the "Digimon World" series, with the latter game being the last to be released in the West for nine years until "Cyber Sleuths release on February 2, 2016.

Question: Minä vuonna Digimon -animesarja on julkaistu Suomessa?


Digimon

Context: There have also been several mobile games. "Digimon Linkz" was active from March 2016 to July 2019, and was similar to the "Story" games in that the player raised digimon in a farm and fought enemies using team of three of their digimon. It was succeeded by "Digimon ReArise", which launched June 2018 in Japan and October 2019 in America.

Question: Minä vuonna Digimon -animesarja on julkaistu Suomessa?


Myyrmanni bombing

Context: The Finnish National Bureau of Investigation investigated the event as six accounts of murder, one account of aggravated criminal mischief and one account of an explosives offence. The case was closed in January 2003 without any indictments as Gerdt was the sole suspect. Gerdt's motive for the bombing was not ascertained during the investigation. There was no evidence found that Gerdt had links to any outside groups or to any international terrorist organizations.

Question: Kuka oli Myyrmannin räjäytyksen takana?


Myyrmanni bombing

Context: The bombing was especially shocking for Finland and the other Nordic countries, where bombings are extremely rare.

Question: Kuka oli Myyrmannin räjäytyksen takana?


Myyrmanni bombing

Context: On October 15, 2002, a national day of mourning was held throughout Finland. Some government buildings were closed, a moment of silence was held in the Parliament and flags ordered to be flown at half staff. The shopping center was closed for repairs for nearly three weeks before re-opening later in October.

Question: Kuka oli Myyrmannin räjäytyksen takana?


History of beer

Context: Beer is one of the oldest drinks humans have produced. The first chemically confirmed barley beer dates back to the 5th millennium BC in modern-day Iran, and was recorded in the written history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and spread throughout the world.

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History of beer

Context: As almost any cereal containing certain sugars can undergo spontaneous fermentation due to wild yeasts in the air, it is possible that beer-like drinks were independently developed throughout the world soon after a tribe or culture had domesticated cereal. Chemical tests of ancient pottery jars reveal that beer was produced as far back as about 7,000 years ago in what is today Iran. This discovery reveals one of the earliest known uses of fermentation and is the earliest evidence of brewing to date.

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History of beer

Context: In Mesopotamia, the oldest evidence of beer is believed to be a 6,000-year-old Sumerian tablet depicting people consuming a drink through reed straws from a communal bowl. A 3,900-year-old Sumerian poem honouring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing, contains the oldest surviving beer recipe, describing the production of beer from bread made from barley.

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History of beer

Context: In China, residue on pottery dating from around 5,000 years ago shows beer was brewed using barley and other grains.

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History of beer

Context: The invention of bread and beer has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization. The earliest chemically confirmed barley beer to date was discovered at Godin Tepe in the central Zagros Mountains of Iran, where fragments of a jug, from between 5,400 and 5,000 years ago was found to be coated with beerstone, a by-product of the brewing process.

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History of beer

Context: Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe as far back as 5,000 years ago, and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale.

Question: Minä vuonna olut ensimmäisen kerran keksitty?


History of beer

Context: Today, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion liters (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006.

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History of beer

Context: The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic Natufians for ritual feasting, at the Raqefet Cave in the Carmel Mountains near Haifa in Israel.

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History of beer

Context: The first written records of brewing come from Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq), with the oldest in the Sumerian language from approximately 4,000 BC. These include early evidence of beer in the 3,900-year-old Sumerian poem honoring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing, which contains the oldest surviving beer recipe, describing the production of beer from barley via bread.

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History of beer

Context: Approximately 5,000 years ago, workers in the city of Uruk were paid by their employers in beer. Beer is also mentioned in the "Epic of Gilgamesh", in which the 'wild man' Enkidu is given beer to drink. "... he ate until he was full, drank seven pitchers of beer, his heart grew light, his face glowed and he sang out with joy."

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History of beer

Context: In February 2019, archaeologists from Mola Headland Infrastructure and experts from Highways England found evidence of first Iron Age beer dated back over 2,000 years during road works in Cambridgeshire. In February 2021, archaeologists found a 5,000-old beer factory in Abydos, Egypt, dating back to the reign of King Narmer, Early Dynastic Period.

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History of beer

Context: "It's a well-known fact that ancient populations used the beer-making process to purify water and create a safe source of hydration, but this is potentially the earliest physical evidence of that process taking place in the UK", said archaeologist Steve Sherlock.

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History of beer

Context: Confirmed written evidence of ancient beer production in Armenia can be obtained from Xenophon in his work Anabasis (5th century BC) when he was in one of the ancient Armenian villages in which he wrote:

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History of beer

Context: Beer became vital to all the grain-growing civilizations of Eurasian and North African antiquity, including Egypt—so much so that in 1868 James Death put forward a theory in "The Beer of the Bible" that the manna from heaven that God gave the Israelites was a bread-based, porridge-like beer called "wusa".

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History of beer

Context: The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. Early traces of beer and the brewing process have been found in ancient Babylonia as well. At the time, brewers were women as well, but also priestesses. Some types of beers were used especially in religious ceremonies. In 2100 BC, the Babylonian king Hammurabi included regulations governing tavern keepers in his law code for the kingdom.

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History of beer

Context: In Ancient India, the Vedas and Ramayana mention a beer-like drink called "sura" consumed during the Vedic Period (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE). It was the favourite of the god Indra. Kautilya has also mentioned two intoxicating beverages made from rice called "Medaka" and "Prasanna".

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History of beer

Context: Beer was part of the daily diet of Egyptian pharaohs over 5,000 years ago. Then, it was made from baked barley bread, and was also used in religious practices. During the building of the Great Pyramids in Giza, Egypt, each worker got a daily ration of four to five liters of beer, which served as both nutrition and refreshment that was crucial to the pyramids' construction.

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History of beer

Context: In Europe during the Middle Ages, a brewers' guild might adopt a patron saint of brewing. Arnulf of Metz (c. 582–640) and Arnulf of Oudenburg (c. 1040–1087) were recognized by some French and Flemish brewers. Belgian brewers, too, venerated Arnulf of Oudenburg (aka Arnold of Soissons), who is also recognized as the patron saint of hop-pickers. Christian monks built breweries, to provide food, drink, and shelter to travelers and pilgrims.

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History of beer

Context: Charlemagne, Frankish king and ruler of the Holy Roman Empire during the 8th century, considered beer to be an important part of living, and is often thought to have trained some brewers himself.

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History of beer

Context: English ale and beer brewing were carried out separately, no brewer being allowed to produce both. The Brewers Company of London stated "no hops, herbs, or other like thing be put into any ale or liquore wherof ale shall be made – but only liquor (water), malt, and yeast." This comment is sometimes misquoted as a prohibition on hopped beer. However, hopped beer was opposed by some:

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History of beer

Context: In Europe, beer brewing largely remained a home activity in medieval times. By the 14th and 15th centuries, beermaking was gradually changing from a family-oriented activity to an artisan one, with pubs and monasteries brewing their own beer for mass consumption.

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History of beer

Context: Most beers until relatively recent times were top-fermented. Bottom-fermented beers were discovered by accident in the 16th century after beer was stored in cool caverns for long periods; they have since largely outpaced top-fermented beers in terms of volume. For further discussion of bottom-fermented beers, see Pilsner and Lager.

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History of beer

Context: The production of alcoholic drink from cooked rice converted by microbes continues to this day, and some classify the different varieties of Chinese 米酒 (Mǐjiǔ) and Japanese sake as beer since they are made from converted starch rather than fruit sugars. However, this is a debatable point, and such drinks are generally referred to as "rice wine" or "sake" which is really the generic Chinese and Japanese word for all alcoholic drinks.

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History of beer

Context: Asia's first brewery was incorporated in 1855 (although it was established earlier) by Edward Dyer at Kasauli in the Himalayan Mountains in India under the name Dyer Breweries. The company still exists and is known as Mohan Meakin, today comprising a large group of companies across many industries.

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History of beer

Context: Following significant improvements in the efficiency of the steam engine in 1765, industrialization of beer became a reality. Further innovations in the brewing process came about with the introduction of the thermometer in 1760 and hydrometer in 1770, which allowed brewers to increase efficiency and attenuation.

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History of beer

Context: Prior to the late 18th century, malt was primarily dried over fires made from wood, charcoal, or straw, and after 1600, from coke.

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History of beer

Context: In general, none of these early malts would have been well shielded from the smoke involved in the kilning process, and consequently, early beers would have had a smoky component to their flavors; evidence indicates that maltsters and brewers constantly tried to minimize the smokiness of the finished beer.

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History of beer

Context: Writers of the period describe the distinctive taste derived from wood-smoked malts, and the almost universal revulsion it engendered. The smoked beers and ales of the West Country were famous for being undrinkable – locals and the desperate excepted. This is from "Directions for Brewing Malt Liquors" (1700):

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History of beer

Context: In most parts of the West, their malt is so stenched with the Smoak of the Wood, with which 'tis dryed, that no Stranger can endure it, though the inhabitants, who are familiarized to it, can swallow it as the Hollanders do their thick Black Beer Brewed with Buck Wheat.

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History of beer

Context: An even earlier reference to such malt was recorded by William Harrison, in his "Description of England", 1577:

Question: Minä vuonna olut ensimmäisen kerran keksitty?


History of beer

Context: In some places it [malt] is dried at leisure with wood alone, or straw alone, in other with wood and straw together, but, of all, the straw-dried is the most excellent. For the wood-dried malt, when it is brewed, beside that the drink is higher of colour, it doth hurt and annoy the head of him that is not used thereto, because of the smoke. Such also as use both indifferently do bark, cleave, and dry their wood in an oven, thereby to remove all moisture that should procure the fume ...

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History of beer

Context: The invention of the drum roaster in 1817 by Daniel Wheeler allowed for the creation of very dark, roasted malts, contributing to the flavour of porters and stouts. Its development was prompted by a British law of 1816 forbidding the use of any ingredients other than malt and hops. Porter brewers, employing a predominantly pale malt grist, urgently needed a legal colourant. Wheeler's patent malt was the solution.

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History of beer

Context: Louis Pasteur's 1857 discovery of yeast's role in fermentation led to brewers developing methods to prevent the souring of beer by undesirable microorganisms.

Question: Minä vuonna olut ensimmäisen kerran keksitty?


History of beer

Context: In 1912, the use of brown bottles began to be used by "Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company" of Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States. This innovation has since been accepted worldwide and prevents harmful rays from destroying the quality and stability of beer.

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History of beer

Context: Many European nations have unbroken brewing traditions dating back to the earliest historical records. Beer is an especially important drink in countries such as Belgium, Germany, Austria, Ireland, the UK (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland), France, the Scandinavian countries, Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain and others having strong and unique brewing traditions with their own history, characteristic brewing methods, and styles of beer.

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History of beer

Context: In some parts of the world, breweries that had begun as a family business by Germans or other European émigrés grew into large companies, often passing into hands with more concern for profits than traditions of quality, resulting in a degradation of the product.

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History of beer

Context: In 1953, New Zealander Morton Coutts developed the technique of continuous fermentation. Coutts patented his process, which involves beer flowing through sealed tanks, fermenting under pressure, and never coming into contact with the atmosphere, even when bottled. His process was introduced in the US and UK, but is now used for commercial beer production only in New Zealand.

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History of beer

Context: Modern breweries now brew many types of beer, ranging from ancient styles such as the spontaneously-fermented lambics of Belgium; the lagers, dark beers, wheat beers and more of Germany; the UK's stouts, milds, pale ales, bitters, golden ale and new modern American creations such as chili beer, cream ale, and double India pale ales.

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History of beer

Context: Today, the brewing industry is a huge global business, consisting of several multinational companies, and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. Advances in refrigeration, international and transcontinental shipping, marketing and commerce have resulted in an international marketplace, where the consumer has literally hundreds of choices between various styles of local, regional, national and foreign beers.

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History of beer

Context: The Finnish epic Kalevala, collected in written form in the 19th century but based on oral traditions many centuries old, devotes more lines to the origin of beer and brewing than it does to the origin of mankind.

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History of beer

Context: The mythical Flemish king Gambrinus (from Jan Primus (John I)), is sometimes credited with the invention of beer.

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History of beer

Context: In Egyptian mythology, the immense blood-lust of the fierce lioness goddess Sekhmet was only sated after she was tricked into consuming an extremely large amount of red-coloured beer (believing it to be blood): she became so drunk that she gave up slaughter altogether and became docile.

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History of beer

Context: In Norse mythology the sea god Ægir, his wife Rán, and their nine daughters, brewed ale (or mead) for the gods. In the "Lokasenna", it is told that Ægir would host a party where all the gods would drink the beer he brewed for them. He made this in a giant kettle that Thor had brought. The cups in Ægir's hall were always full, magically refilling themselves when emptied. Ægir had two servants in his hall to assist him; Eldir [Fire-Kindler] and Fimafeng [Handy].

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History of beer

Context: In Nart sagas, Satanaya (Ubykh , Adyghe , Ossetian ), the mother of the Narts, a fertility figure and matriarch, invented beer.

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History of beer

Context: The word "beer" comes from old Germanic languages, and is with variations used in continental Germanic languages, "bier" in German and Dutch, but not in Nordic languages. The word was imported into the British Isles by tribes such as the Saxons. It is disputed where the word originally comes from.

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History of beer

Context: Many other languages have borrowed the Dutch/German word, such as French "bière", Italian "birra", Romanian "bere" and Turkish "bira". The Nordic languages have "öl"/"øl", related to the English word "ale". Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan have words that evolved from Latin "cervisia", originally of Celtic origin. Slavic languages use "pivo" with small variations, based on a pre-Slavic word meaning "drink" and derived from the verb meaning "to drink".

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History of beer

Context: Chuvash "pora" its r-Turkic counterpart, which may ultimately be the source of the Germanic beer-word.

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Organic compound

Context: In chemical nomenclature, an organyl group, frequently represented by the letter R, refers to any monovalent substituent whose open valence is on a carbon atom.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such as carbides, carbonates (excluding carbonate esters), simple oxides of carbon (for example, CO and CO2), and cyanides are considered inorganic. Different forms (allotropes) of pure carbon, such as diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes are also excluded because they are simple substances composed of only a single element and therefore are not generally considered to be chemical "compounds".

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Vitalism was a widespread conception that substances found in organic nature are formed from the chemical elements by the action of a "vital force" or "life-force" ("vis vitalis") that only living organisms possess.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: In the 1810s, Jöns Jacob Berzelius argued that a regulative force must exist within living bodies. Berzelius also contended that compounds could be distinguished by whether they required any organisms in their synthesis (organic compounds) or whether they did not (inorganic compounds). Vitalism taught that formation of these "organic" compounds were fundamentally different from the "inorganic" compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulations in laboratories.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Although vitalism has been discredited, scientific nomenclature retains the distinction between "organic" and "inorganic" compounds. The modern meaning of "organic compound" is any compound that contains a significant amount of carbon—even though many of the organic compounds known today have no connection to any substance found in living organisms. The term "carbogenic" has been proposed by E. J. Corey as a modern alternative to "organic", but this neologism remains relatively obscure.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: The organic compound -isoleucine molecule presents some features typical of organic compounds: carbon–carbon bonds, carbon–hydrogen bonds, as well as covalent bonds from carbon to oxygen and to nitrogen.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Metal complexes with organic ligands but no carbon-metal bonds (e.g., Cu(OAc)2) are not considered organometallic; instead they are classed as "metalorganic". Likewise, it is also unclear whether metalorganic compounds should automatically be considered organic.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: A slightly broader definition of organic compound includes all compounds bearing C-H or C-C bonds. This would still exclude urea. Moreover, this definition still leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-halogen compounds. For example, CF4 and CCl4 would be considered by this rule to be "inorganic", whereas CF3H, CHCl3, and C2Cl6 would be organic, though these compounds share many physical and chemical properties.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Organic compounds may be classified in a variety of ways. One major distinction is between natural and synthetic compounds. Organic compounds can also be classified or subdivided by the presence of heteroatoms, e.g., organometallic compounds, which feature bonds between carbon and a metal, and organophosphorus compounds, which feature bonds between carbon and a phosphorus.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Another distinction, based on the size of organic compounds, distinguishes between small molecules and polymers.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be more expensive to produce artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and, in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, lipids and fatty acids, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, lectins, vitamins, and fats and oils.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Compounds that are prepared by reaction of other compounds are known as "synthetic". They may be either compounds that are already found in plants/animals or those artificial compounds that do not occur naturally.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Most polymers (a category that includes all plastics and rubbers) are organic synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: Many organic compounds—two examples are ethanol and insulin—are manufactured industrially using organisms such as bacteria and yeast. Typically, the DNA of an organism is altered to express compounds not ordinarily produced by the organism. Many such biotechnology-engineered compounds did not previously exist in nature.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Organic compound

Context: The main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry, UV/Vis Spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

Question: Mistä orgaaniset yhdisteet tehdään?


Gabriel Lippmann

Context: Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (16 August 1845 – 13 July 1921) was a Franco-Luxembourgish physicist and inventor, and Nobel laureate in physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference. His parents were French Jews.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Gabriel Lippmann syntyi?


Gabriel Lippmann

Context: One of Lippmann's early discoveries was the relationship between electrical and capillary phenomena which allowed him to develop a sensitive capillary electrometer, subsequently known as the Lippmann electrometer which was used in the first ECG machine. In a paper delivered to the Philosophical Society of Glasgow on 17 January 1883, John G. M'Kendrick described the apparatus as follows:

Question: Missä kaupungissa Gabriel Lippmann syntyi?


Gabriel Lippmann

Context: Above all, Lippmann is remembered as the inventor of a method for reproducing colours by photography, based on the interference phenomenon, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1908.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Gabriel Lippmann syntyi?


Gabriel Lippmann

Context: The interference phenomenon in optics occurs as a result of the wave propagation of light. When light of a given wavelength is reflected back upon itself by a mirror, standing waves are generated, much as the ripples resulting from a stone dropped into still water create standing waves when reflected back by a surface such as the wall of a pool. In the case of ordinary incoherent light, the standing waves are distinct only within a microscopically thin volume of space next to the reflecting surface.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Gabriel Lippmann syntyi?


Gabriel Lippmann

Context: In 1895, Lippmann evolved a method of eliminating the personal equation in measurements of time, using photographic registration, and he studied the eradication of irregularities of pendulum clocks, devising a method of comparing the times of oscillation of two pendulums of nearly equal period.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Gabriel Lippmann syntyi?


Gabriel Lippmann

Context: Lippmann also invented the coelostat, an astronomical tool that compensated for the Earth's rotation and allowed a region of the sky to be photographed without apparent movement.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Gabriel Lippmann syntyi?


Gabriel Lippmann

Context: In Luxembourg City an Institute for fundamental scientific research was named after Lippmann ("Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann") which merged on 1 January 2015 with another major research centre to form the new Luxembourg Institute for Science and Technology (LIST).

Question: Missä kaupungissa Gabriel Lippmann syntyi?


Gabriel Lippmann

Context: Lippmann married the daughter of the novelist Victor Cherbuliez in 1888. He died on 13 July 1921 aboard the steamer "France" while en route from Canada.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Gabriel Lippmann syntyi?


Italian lira

Context: The term originates from "libra", the largest currency unit of the Carolingian monetary system used in Western Europe since the 8th century CE. From the same unit was derived the French "livre tournois", the predecessor to both the French franc and Italian lira.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1999 the lira became officially a national subunit of the euro at the rate of €1 = Lit.1,936.27, before being finally replaced by euro coins and banknotes in 2002.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: The Carolingian monetary system divided the "libra" into 20 "solidi" (singular: "solidus") or 240 "denari" (singular: "denarius"). These units translate in Italian to "lira", "soldo" & "denaro"; in French to "livre", "sou" & "denier"; and in English to pound, shilling & penny.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In France, the "franc" referred to a coin worth one "livre tournois". This term was adopted in various Gallo-Italic languages in north-western Italy to also refer to the Italian lira.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: The name of the currency could also be written in full as a prefix or a suffix (e.g., Lire 100,000 or 100,000 lire).

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy first introduced the Italian lira in 1807 at par with the French franc, worth 4.5 grams of fine silver or 0.29032 gram of fine gold (gold-silver ratio 15.5). Despite the kingdom's demise in 1814, this new lira would eventually replace the currencies of the different Italian states until their unification in 1861, replacing, among others:

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1865, Italy formed part of the Latin Monetary Union in which the lira was set as equal to, among others, the French, Belgian and Swiss francs. The U.S. dollar was worth approximately 5.18 Italian lire until 1914.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: The lira was the official unit of currency in Italy until 1 January 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (the lira was officially a national subunit of the euro until the rollout of euro coins and notes in 2002). Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on 28 February 2002. The conversion rate was Lit.1,936.27 to the euro.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: All lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, and all post-World War II coins, were exchanged by the Bank of Italy up to 6 December 2011. Originally, Italy's central bank pledged to redeem Italian coins and banknotes until 29 February 2012, but this was brought forward to 6 December 2011.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1861, coins were minted in Florence, Milan, Naples and Turin in denominations of c.1, c.2, c.5, c.10 and c.50, Lira 1, Lire 2, Lire 5, Lire 10 and Lire 20, with the lowest four in copper, the highest two in gold and the remainder in silver. In 1863, silver coins below Lire 5 were debased from 90% to 83.5% and silver c.20 coins were introduced. Minting switched to Rome in the 1870s.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: Apart from the introduction in 1894 of cupro-nickel (later nickel) c.20 coins and of nickel c.25 pieces in 1902, the coinage remained essentially unaltered until the First World War.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1919, with the purchasing power of the lira reduced to one fifth of that of 1914, the production of all earlier coin types except for the nickel c.20 halted, and smaller, copper c.5 and c.10 and nickel c.50 coins were introduced, followed by nickel Lira 1 and Lire 2 pieces in 1922 and 1923, respectively. In 1926, silver Lire 5 and Lire 10 coins were introduced, equal in size and composition to the earlier Lira 1 and Lire 2 coins. Silver Lire 20 coins were added in 1927.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1936, the last substantial issue of silver coins was made, whilst, in 1939, moves to reduce the cost of the coinage led to copper being replaced by aluminium bronze and nickel by stainless steel. All production of coinage halted in 1943.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1943 the AM-lira was issued, in circulation in Italy after the landing in Sicily on the night between 9 and 10 July 1943. After 1946, the AM-lira ceased to be the currency of employment and was used along with normal notes, until 3 June 1950.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1977, aluminium-bronze Lire 200 coins were introduced, followed in 1982 by the bimetallic Lire 500. This was the first bi-metallic coin to be produced for circulation, minted using a system patented by IPZS. It was also the first to feature the value in braille.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: Coins still being minted for circulation at the time of the changeover to euro (in 2000 and 2001 only lire for collectors coins sets were minted) were:

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: The Bank of Italy began producing paper money in 1896. To begin with, Lire 50, Lire 100, Lire 500 and Lire 1,000 notes were issued. In 1918–1919, Lire 25 notes were also issued but no other denominations were introduced until after the Second World War.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1943, the invading Allies introduced notes in denominations of Lira 1, Lire 2, Lire 5, Lire 10, Lire 50, Lire 100, Lire 500 and Lire 1,000. These were followed in 1944 by a series of Biglietti di Stato for Lira 1, Lire 2, Lire 5 and Lire 10, which circulated until replaced by coins in the late 1940s. The Bank of Italy introduced 5,000 lire and 10,000 lire notes in 1947 and 1948, respectively.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 1951, the government again issued notes, this time simply bearing the title "Repubblica Italiana". Denominations were of Lire 50 and Lire 100 (replacing the Bank of Italy notes) and they circulated until coins of these denominations were introduced in the mid-1950s. In 1966, Lire 500 notes were introduced (again replacing Bank of Italy notes) which were produced until replaced in 1982 by a coin.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: Lire 50,000 and Lire 100,000 notes were introduced by the Bank of Italy in 1967, followed by Lire 2,000 notes in 1973, Lire 20,000 notes in 1975 and Lire 500,000 notes in 1997.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In the mid-1970s, when coinage was in short supply, Italian banks issued "miniassegni" in several low denominations. Technically bearer cheques, they were printed in the form of banknotes and were generally accepted as substitute legal currency.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: The Vatican lira (plural "lire") was the official unit of the Vatican City State. It was at par with the Italian lira under the terms on the concordat with Italy. Italian lira notes and coins were legal tender in the Vatican City, and vice versa. Specific Vatican coins were minted in Rome, and were legal tender also in Italy and San Marino.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: The Vatican City switched to the euro along with Italy and San Marino. As with old Vatican lira coins, the Vatican City has its own set of euro coins.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: The Sammarinese lira (plural "lire") was the official unit of San Marino. Like the Vatican lira, the Sammarinese lira was at par with the Italian lira.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: Italian lira notes and coins were legal tender in San Marino (and vice versa). Specific Sammarinese coins were minted in Rome, and were legal tender in Italy, as well as the Vatican City.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: San Marino switched to the euro along with Italy and the Vatican City. As with old Sammarinese lira coins, the country has its own set of euro coins.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: Miniassegni (singular: "miniassegno") were a type of notgeld that circulated in Italy in the late 1970s in place of change, as in that period small-denomination coins were scarce and were often substituted with candy, stamps, telephone tokens, or even public transport tickets. The first miniassegni made their appearance in December 1975, and were subsequently issued by many banks; they had nominal values of Lire 50, Lire 100, Lire 150, Lire 200, Lire 250, Lire 300 and Lire 350.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Italian lira

Context: In 2005, the Lega Nord launched a campaign to reintroduce the lira as a parallel currency. In 2014, Beppe Grillo, leader of the Five Star Movement, also raised the same point.

Question: Minä vuosina Italiassa oli Italian liira?


Encomienda

Context: "Encomiendas" have often been characterized by the geographical displacement of the enslaved and breakup of communities and family units, but in New Spain, the "encomienda" ruled the free vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: The "encomienda" system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution. The "encomenderos" did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the "encomendero"; native lands were to remain in the possession of their communities. This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the New World belonged to this crown and not to the Catholic monarchs as a whole.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: The first grantees of the "encomienda" system, called "encomenderos", were usually conquerors who received these grants of labour by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving "encomiendas" in New Spain (Mexico) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: In the New World, the Crown granted "conquistadores" as "encomendero", which is the right to extract labour and tribute from natives who were under Spanish rule. Columbus established the "encomienda" system after his arrival and settlement on the island of Hispaniola requiring the natives to pay tributes or face brutal punishments. Tributes were required to be paid in gold. However, during this time gold was scarce.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: The status of humans as wards of the trustees under the "encomienda" system served to "define the status of the Indian population": the natives legally were free men, not slaves or serfs, but some Spaniards treated them as poorly as slaves.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: Philip II enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to establish the "encomienda" in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles ("principalía"). They used the "encomienda" to gain ownership of large expanses of land, many of which (such as Makati) continue to be owned by affluent families.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: In Mexico, viceroy Antonio de Mendoza decided against implementing the reform, citing local circumstances and the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order." The "encomienda" system was ended legally in 1720, when the crown attempted to abolish the institution. The "encomenderos" were then required to pay remaining "encomienda" labourers for their work.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: The "encomiendas" became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the "adelantado" of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army planning to stage a rebellion. Upon hearing this, the "adelantado" captured the "caciques" involved and had most of them hanged.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: Later, a chieftain named Guarionex laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the Ciguana people under his leadership. Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: As noted, the change of requiring the "encomendado" to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labour or power. The "Codice Osuna", one of many colonial-era Aztec codices (indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in Nahuatl, there is evidence that the indigenous were well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by individual "encomenderos" and those held by the Crown.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: The liberation of thousands of Native Americans held in bondage throughout the Spanish empire by the new viceroy, Blasco Núñez Vela, on his journey to Peru, led to his eventual murder and armed conflict between the "encomenderos" and the Spanish crown which ended with the execution of those "encomenderos" involved.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: In most of the Spanish domains acquired in the 16th century the "encomienda" phenomenon lasted only a few decades. However, in Peru and New Spain the "encomienda" institution lasted much longer.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Encomienda

Context: In Chiloé Archipelago in southern Chile, where the "encomienda" had been abusive enough to unleash a revolt in 1712, the "encomienda" was abolished in 1782. In the rest of Chile it was abolished in 1789, and in the whole Spanish empire in 1791.

Question: Mitä encomienda tarkoittaa?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Eddie Jerome Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American singer, musician, and songwriter best known as the lead vocalist and one of four guitarists of the rock band Pearl Jam. He also appeared as a guest vocalist in Temple of the Dog, the one-off tribute band dedicated to the late singer Andrew Wood.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Vedder is known for his powerful baritone vocals. He was ranked number 7 on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time", based on a readers' poll compiled by "Rolling Stone".

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: In 2007, Vedder released his first solo album as a soundtrack for the film "Into the Wild" (2007). His second album, "Ukulele Songs," and a live DVD titled "Water on the Road" were released in 2011. His third solo album "Earthling" was released in 2022.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Vedder was born Edward Louis Severson III in the Chicago suburb of Evanston, Illinois, on December 23, 1964, to Karen Lee Vedder and Edward Louis Severson Jr. His parents divorced in 1965 when Vedder was an infant. His mother soon remarried to a man named Peter Mueller. Vedder was raised believing that Mueller was his biological father, and he went by the name Edward Mueller for a time. Vedder's ancestry includes Norwegian (Severson) and Dutch, German, and Danish (Vedder).

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Pearl Jam was formed in 1990 by Ament, Gossard, and McCready, who then recruited Vedder and three different drummers in sequence. The band originally took the name Mookie Blaylock, but was forced to change it when they signed to Epic Records in 1991, instead calling their debut album "Ten" after Blaylock's jersey number.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Vedder uses the pseudonym "Jerome Turner" on Pearl Jam records for his non-musical contributions such as design and artwork. He has also used the pseudonym "Wes C. Addle" ("West Seattle").

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Vedder released his second solo album titled "Ukulele Songs", a collection of original songs and covers performed on the ukulele, on May 31, 2011. The first single from the album, "Longing to Belong", was released through digital retailers on March 21. A live DVD titled "Water on the Road", featuring live performances from two shows in Washington, D.C. during Vedder's 2008 solo tour, was released the same day as "Ukulele Songs".

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: In his spare time, Vedder is a surfer and active in surf-related conservation efforts, most notably The Surfrider Foundation. Vedder shows his support for environmental activism by sporting an Earth First! tattoo on his right calf. The logo is of a pipe wrench crossed with a stone hammer.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Vedder is a gun control activist and has performed at benefit anti-gun violence concerts and participated on the 2019 Gun Sense Forum.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Vedder is known to use a Mike Lull - modified, vintage Fender Telecaster that features a single coil and a P - 90 pickup, as well as various stickers as a tribute to The Who; furthermore, he is known to use three vintage Fender Tweed amplifiers (including a 1959 Deluxe and a 1957 Custom Twin). His two main acoustic guitars are a 1930s - era Martin 00-17 and a vintage Gibson Pete Townshend Signature SJ - 200.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Lamenting the constant waning of rock 'n roll from the music scene, Bono, in 2017, expounded that "Rage" is the fundamental component of rock 'n roll and said, "Some great rock’n’roll tends to have that, which is why the Who were such a great band. Or Pearl Jam. Eddie has that rage."

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Vedder has been ranked at number 7 on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time", compiled by "Rolling Stone". Loudwire put him at number 35 on their Top 66 Hard Rock + Heavy Metal Frontmen of all time. He has been ranked at number 5 on a list of "Singer with the Most Unique Voice", compiled by Rolling Stone.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Other singers like Roger Daltrey of the Who and Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden have praised him for his singing ability. Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 23 on their list of the "Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time". His solo album Into the Wild was ranked at no. 20 on the list of "Top 20 Rock 'n' Roll Solo Albums" by Consequence of Sound.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: Vedder attended San Dieguito High School, now called San Dieguito Academy. Vedder donated proceeds from a 2006 Pearl Jam concert in San Diego toward the construction of a theater for the school in the name of his former drama teacher, Clayton E. Liggett. Liggett was Vedder's mentor in high school. Vedder wrote the song "Long Road" (from "Merkin Ball") upon hearing of Liggett's death in 1995.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: While surfing with Tim Finn in New Zealand on March 25, 1995, Vedder was carried off the coast and had to be rescued by lifeguards. He also has paddled outrigger canoes on occasion and in 2005 was nearly lost at sea trying to paddle from Moloka'i to Oahu.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Eddie Vedder

Context: The singer is also a great admirer of the late American science fiction author Kurt Vonnegut. During an interview with "Uncut Magazine", he stated that the novel "Cat's Cradle" is his favorite book of all time.

Question: Kuka on Pearl Jamin laulaja ja johtohahmo?


Guild Wars

Context: The NCSoft crossover game "Master X Master" featured Rytlock from "Guild Wars 2" as a playable character.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: Players use a 3D avatar to interact with the world around them. The game predominantly features a third-person perspective but also has the option of first-person. These characters are able to walk/run and interact with other characters through chat. They can also perform actions such as fighting and picking up objects, as well as interacting with special objects.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: The maximum level for character development is capped at 20—by this point, the character will also have reached 170 attribute points. Players may also choose to do certain quests to gain another 30 attribute points, making the maximum points available 200. Experience can still be gained and is used to learn more skills or buy consumable items throughout the game.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: There are over a thousand skills in the game that can be acquired by the character over time, but players may only use and equip up to 8 of them at any one time. This introduces levels of strategy, in which one must have a careful selection of skills that work well with one another and with teammates in order to survive.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: The core professions are Warrior, Monk, Elementalist, Ranger, Necromancer and Mesmer. The Assassin and Ritualist professions are exclusive to Guild Wars: Factions, which can be played along with the aforementioned core professions. The Paragon and Dervish professions are exclusive to Guild Wars: Nightfall, and can also be played with the core professions. Unlike the campaigns, Guild Wars: Eye of the North (the only expansion pack of the Guild Wars franchise) does not offer any new playable professions.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: Most skills have a governing attribute that determines its power and effect. These attributes are assigned using a number of "attribute points" similar to the point buy ability score generation system in "Dungeons & Dragons".

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: A player's ability to help the party is based on the way a player's "build" works. If the skills combine well, such as a hex spell that makes an enemy attack faster and then another one that makes him miss 75% of the time and take damage for each miss, then the build will work effectively.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: In PvE, monsters that are slain will generate gold and loot which can be traded or sold to players or NPCs. Unique or rare weapon designs are often found from defeating powerful monsters, or by opening treasure chests.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: In PvP, reputation in the form of "faction" is gained based on how well a player performs. "Balthazar faction" is gained by the number of wins that you and your team achieve, and for each unique kill. Most PvP in "Guild Wars" is fast-paced, while the transition period between games may take longer.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: Player versus Environment (PvE) missions of "Guild Wars" use several standard tropes of the MMORPG genre. Players explore the game-world, kill monsters, perform quests and complete missions to earn rewards and advance the story. Rewards include experience points, skill points, skills, gold, faction, reputation and items for the player character. Some of these rewards not only advance the particular character being played at the time, but also unlock features of the game account-wide.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: There are different types of PvE in "Guild Wars", and it is advisable to prepare a build to meet the challenges of each type:

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: Many competitive matches may be observed by players by means of an "observer mode". Important PvP matches such as matches in the "Hall of Heroes" or between highly rated guilds may be observed (after a delay of fifteen minutes) by others in order to see the tactics used by successful teams and attempt to learn or counter them. Guilds may additionally observe their own Guild Battles for a fixed period of time.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: As the name suggests, guilds are a core element of "Guild Wars", manifesting not only as social units but also being closely linked with the game mechanics. Although a player is not required to join a guild, it adds value to the gaming time and increases camaraderie. Often, joining a guild is a good way to get help from more experienced players as the in-game guild interface allows communication between guild members.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: In addition to membership in guilds, a player may be a guest of any number of other guilds. Guest privileges are limited to visiting the guild hall and participating in guild or alliance battles. An accepted invitation expires after 24 hours.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: The first campaign, "Guild Wars Prophecies" (originally named "Guild Wars"), was released on April 28, 2005. The "Prophecies" storyline is situated on the continent of "Tyria" and revolves around the "Flameseeker Prophecy", a prophecy made by an ancient dragon named Glint.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: The third campaign, "Guild Wars Nightfall", was released on October 27, 2006. "Nightfall" features the arid continent of Elona, joined to southern Tyria across a vast desert. "Nightfall" introduced heroes, advanced computer-controlled units that can be micro-managed by players, including the ability to customize their skill layout and equipment. The continent of Elona is heavily based on and influenced by North Africa.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: "Path of Fire" is the second expansion pack for "GW2" and was released on September 22, 2017. In this campaign, the Pact heroes pursue Balthazar and the elder dragon Kralkatorrik to Elona, the continent originally featured in "Nightfall". This expansion introduced mounts to the game. Content updates will be divided into both Season 4, which deals primarily with fighting Palawa Joko, and Season 5 of the Living World.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Guild Wars

Context: "End of Dragons" is the third expansion pack for "GW2" and was released on February 28, 2022. This campaign follows the Pact Heroes into the land of Cantha as they finish pursuing the remainder of the Elder Dragons.

Question: Minä vuonna Guild Wars 2 -peli on julkaistu?


Police officer

Context: The word "police" comes from the Greek , meaning government, which came to mean its civil administration. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer. A sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a shire. A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy.

Question: Mitä upseerin työnkuvaan kuuluu?


Police officer

Context: Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce the laws it creates. In "The Federalist" collection of articles and essays, James Madison wrote: "". These words apply to those who serve government, including police. A common nickname for a police officer is "cop"; derived from the verb sense "to arrest", itself derived from "to grab". Thus, "someone who captures", a "copper", was shortened to just "cop". It may also find its origin in the Latin , brought to English via the Old French .

Question: Mitä upseerin työnkuvaan kuuluu?


Police officer

Context: Some park rangers are commissioned as law enforcement officers and carry out a law-enforcement role within national parks and other back-country wilderness and recreational areas, whereas Military police perform law enforcement functions within the military.

Question: Mitä upseerin työnkuvaan kuuluu?


Police officer

Context: Promotion is not automatic and usually requires the candidate to pass some kind of examination, interview board or other selection procedure. Although promotion normally includes an increase in salary, it also brings with it an increase in responsibility and for most, an increase in administrative paperwork. There is no stigma in shunning promotion, as experienced line patrol officers are highly regarded.

Question: Mitä upseerin työnkuvaan kuuluu?


Police officer

Context: Dependent upon each agency, but generally after completing two years of service, officers may apply for specialist positions, such as detective, police dog handler, mounted police officer, motorcycle officer, water police officer, or firearms officer (in countries where police are not routinely armed).

Question: Mitä upseerin työnkuvaan kuuluu?


Police officer

Context: In some countries, including Singapore, police ranks are supplemented through conscription, similar to national service in the military. Qualifications may thus be relaxed or enhanced depending on the target mix of conscripts. Conscripts face tougher physical requirements in areas such as eyesight, but minimum academic qualification requirements are less stringent. Some join as volunteers, again via differing qualification requirements.

Question: Mitä upseerin työnkuvaan kuuluu?


Police officer

Context: There are numerous concerns affecting the safety and health of police officers, including occupational stress and death in the line of duty. On August 6, 2019, New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal announced the creation of the first U.S. state-wide program to support the mental health of police officers. The goal of the program is to train officers in emotional resiliency and to help destigmatize mental health problems.

Question: Mitä upseerin työnkuvaan kuuluu?


Police officer

Context: In the performance of their duties, police officers may act unlawfully, either deliberately or as a result of errors in judgment. Police accountability efforts strive to protect citizens and their rights by ensuring legal and effective law enforcement conduct, while affording individual officers the required autonomy, protection, and discretion. As an example, the use of body-worn cameras has been shown to reduce both instances of misconduct and complaints against officers.

Question: Mitä upseerin työnkuvaan kuuluu?


Developmental language disorder

Context: In the UK education system, the term s"peech, language and communication needs (SLCN)" is widely used, but this is far broader than DLD, and includes children with speech, language and social communication difficulties arising from a wide range of causes.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: The question of whether to refer to children's language problems as a 'disorder' was a topic of debate among the CATALISE consortium, but the conclusion was that 'disorder' conveyed the serious nature and potential consequences of persistent language deficits. It is also parallel with other neurodevelopmental conditions and consistent with diagnostic frameworks such as the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Where there are milder or more transient difficulties, 'language difficulties' may be a more appropriate term.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: DLD often co-occurs with milder neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown origin, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental dyslexia or developmental coordination disorder. These do not preclude a diagnosis of DLD, but should be noted as co-occurring conditions.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: One non-genetic factor that is known to have a specific impact on language development is being a younger sibling in a large family.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: It has long been noted that males are more affected by DLD than females, with a sex ratio of affected males-to-females around 3 or 4:1. However, the sex difference is much less striking in epidemiological samples, suggesting that similar problems may exist in females but are less likely to be detected. The reason for the sex difference is not well understood.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: Poor motor skills are commonly found in children with DLD. Standardized measures of motor ability confirm that children with DLD exhibit deficits in fine and gross motor skill, both simple and complex. These difficulties also extend to speech-motor ability, particularly with the control of their articulatory movements. Children with DLD have difficulty with motor sequence learning and may show deficits in other procedural motor processes as well.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: DLD is defined purely in behavioural terms: there is no biological test. There are three points that need to be met for a diagnosis of DLD:

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: For research and epidemiological purposes, specific cutoffs on language assessments have been used to document the first criterion. Tomblin et al. proposed the EpiSLI criterion, based on five composite scores representing performance in three domains of language (vocabulary, grammar, and narration) and two modalities (comprehension and production). Children scoring in the lowest 10% on two or more composite scores are identified as having language disorder.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: The second criterion, persistence of language problems, can be difficult to judge in a young child, but longitudinal studies have shown that difficulties are less likely to resolve for children who have poor language comprehension, rather than difficulties confined to expressive language. In addition, children with isolated difficulties in just one of the areas noted under 'subtypes' tend to make better progress than those whose language is impaired in several areas.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: Assessments that can be completed by a parent or teacher can be useful to identify children who may require more in-depth evaluation. The Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC–2) is a parent questionnaire suitable for assessing everyday use of language in children aged four years and above who can speak in sentences.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: In addition, there has been a move away from a focus solely on grammar and phonology toward interventions that develop children's social use of language, often working in small groups that may include typically developing as well as language-impaired peers.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Developmental language disorder

Context: Another way in contemporary remediation differ from the past is that parents are more likely to be directly involved, but this approach is largely used with preschool children, rather than those whose problems persist into school age.

Question: Kuinka monella prosentilla lapsista esiintyy kielihäiriöitä?


Haymarket affair

Context: The Haymarket Affair is generally considered significant as the origin of International Workers' Day held on May 1, and it was also the climax of the social unrest among the working class in America known as the Great Upheaval. According to labor historian William J. Adelman:

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: The site of the incident was designated a Chicago landmark in 1992, and a sculpture was dedicated there in 2004. In addition, the "Haymarket Martyrs' Monument" was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997 at the defendants' burial site in Forest Park.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: The rally began peacefully under a light rain on the evening of May 4. August Spies, Albert Parsons, and the Rev. Samuel Fielden spoke to a crowd estimated variously between 600 and 3,000 while standing in an open wagon adjacent to the square on Des Plaines Street. A large number of on-duty police officers watched from nearby.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: At about 10:30 pm, just as Fielden was finishing his speech, police arrived en masse, marching in formation towards the speakers' wagon, and ordered the rally to disperse. Fielden insisted that the meeting was peaceful. Police Inspector John Bonfield proclaimed:

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: I command you [addressing the speaker] in the name of the law to desist and you [addressing the crowd] to disperse.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: A home-made bomb with a brittle metal casing filled with dynamite and ignited by a fuse was thrown into the path of the advancing police. Its fuse briefly sputtered, and then the bomb exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan with flying metal fragments.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: The police assumed that an anarchist had thrown the bomb as part of a planned conspiracy; their problem was how to prove it. On the morning of May 5, they raided the offices of the "Arbeiter-Zeitung", arresting its editor August Spies, and his brother (who was not charged). Also arrested were editorial assistant Michael Schwab and Adolph Fischer, a typesetter. A search of the premises resulted in the discovery of the "Revenge Poster" and other evidence considered incriminating by the prosecution.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: At the last minute, when it was discovered that instructions for manslaughter had not been included in the submitted instructions, the jury was called back, and the instructions were given.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: The case was appealed in 1887 to the Supreme Court of Illinois, then to the United States Supreme Court where the defendants were represented by John Randolph Tucker, Roger Atkinson Pryor, General Benjamin F. Butler and William P. Black. The petition for "certiorari" was denied.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: After the appeals had been exhausted, Illinois Governor Richard James Oglesby commuted Fielden's and Schwab's sentences to life in prison on November 10, 1887. On the eve of his scheduled execution, Lingg committed suicide in his cell with a smuggled blasting cap which he reportedly held in his mouth like a cigar (the blast blew off half his face and he survived in agony for six hours).

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: Notwithstanding the convictions for conspiracy, no actual bomber was ever brought to trial, "and no lawyerly explanation could ever make a conspiracy trial without the main perpetrator seem completely legitimate." Historians such as James Joll and Timothy Messer-Kruse say the evidence points to Rudolph Schnaubelt, brother-in-law of Schwab, as the likely perpetrator.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: An extensive collection of documents relating to the Haymarket Affair and the legal proceedings related to it, The Haymarket Affair Digital Collection, has been created by the Chicago Historical Society

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: Historian Nathan Fine points out that trade-union activities continued to show signs of growth and vitality, culminating later in 1886 with the establishment of the Labor Party of Chicago.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: While admitting that none of the defendants was involved in the bombing, the prosecution made the argument that Lingg had built the bomb, and two prosecution witnesses (Harry Gilmer and Malvern Thompson) tried to imply that the bomb thrower was helped by Spies, Fischer and Schwab. The defendants claimed they had no knowledge of the bomber at all.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: Several activists, including Robert Reitzel, later hinted they knew who the bomber was. Writers and other commentators have speculated about many possible suspects:

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: Lingg, Spies, Fischer, Engel, and Parsons were buried at the German Waldheim Cemetery (later merged with Forest Home Cemetery) in Forest Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Schwab and Neebe were also buried at Waldheim when they died, reuniting the "Martyrs". In 1893, the "Haymarket Martyrs' Monument" by sculptor Albert Weinert was raised at Waldheim. Over a century later, it was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: Throughout the 20th century, activists such as Emma Goldman chose to be buried near the "Haymarket Martyrs' Monument" graves.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: In October 2016, a time capsule with materials relating to the Haymarket Affair was dug up in Forest Home Cemetery.

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Haymarket affair

Context: In 1992, the site of the speakers' wagon was marked by a bronze plaque set into the sidewalk, reading:

Question: Kuinka monta ihmistä vangittiin Haymarketin tapauksesta?


Baroque music

Context: The etymology of "baroque" is likely via French "baroque" (which originally meant a pearl of irregular shape), and from Portuguese "barroco" (“irregular pearl”); also related to Spanish "barrueco" and Italian "barocco." The term is of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly from Latin "verrūca" (“wart”) or possibly from Baroco, a technical term from scholastic logic.

Question: Mikä taiteen aikakausi oli renessanssin jälkeen?


Baroque music

Context: As late as 1960, there was still considerable dispute in academic circles, particularly in France and Britain, whether it was meaningful to lump together music as diverse as that of Jacopo Peri, Domenico Scarlatti, and Johann Sebastian Bach under a single rubric. Nevertheless, the term has become widely used and accepted for this broad range of music. It may be helpful to distinguish the Baroque from both the preceding (Renaissance) and following (Classical) periods of musical history.

Question: Mikä taiteen aikakausi oli renessanssin jälkeen?


Baroque music

Context: Throughout the Baroque era, new developments in music originated in Italy, after which it took up to 20 years before they were broadly adopted in rest of the Western classical music practice. For instance, Italian composers switched to the galant style around 1730, while German composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach largely continued to write in the baroque style up to 1750.

Question: Mikä taiteen aikakausi oli renessanssin jälkeen?


Baroque music

Context: One pre-eminent example of a court style composer is Jean-Baptiste Lully. He purchased patents from the monarchy to be the sole composer of operas for the French king and to prevent others from having operas staged. He completed 15 lyric tragedies and left unfinished "Achille et Polyxène". Lully was an early example of a conductor; he would beat the time with a large staff to keep his ensembles together.

Question: Mikä taiteen aikakausi oli renessanssin jälkeen?


Baroque music

Context: The work of George Frideric Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach and their contemporaries, including Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Georg Philipp Telemann, and others advanced the Baroque era to its climax.

Question: Mikä taiteen aikakausi oli renessanssin jälkeen?


Baroque music

Context: A characteristic of the Baroque form was the dance suite. Some dance suites by Bach are called partitas, although this term is also used for other collections of pieces. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were designed for listening, not for accompanying dancers. Composers used a variety of different dance movements in their dance suites. A dance suite often consists of the following movements:

Question: Mikä taiteen aikakausi oli renessanssin jälkeen?


Baroque music

Context: These four dance types (allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue) make up the majority of 17th-century suites; later suites interpolate one or more additional dances between the sarabande and gigue:

Question: Mikä taiteen aikakausi oli renessanssin jälkeen?


Baroque music

Context: Additionally, there are numerous other dance forms as well as other pieces that could be included in a suite, such as Polonaise, Loure, Scherzo, Air, etc.

Question: Mikä taiteen aikakausi oli renessanssin jälkeen?


Hilma Granqvist

Context: Hilma Natalia Granqvist (17 July 1890 Sipoo – 25 February 1972 Helsinki) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish anthropologist who conducted long field studies of Palestinians. She was a student of Edvard Westermarck.

Question: Milloin Hilma Granqvist tuli sosiaaliantropologi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Cognitive impairments in the prodromal stage become worse after first episode psychosis (after which they return to baseline and then remain fairly stable), making early intervention to prevent such transition of prime importance. Early treatment with cognitive behavioral therapies is the gold standard. Neurological soft signs of clumsiness and loss of fine motor movement are often found in schizophrenia, which may resolve with effective treatment of FEP.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: The genes CRHR1 and CRHBP are associated with the severity of suicidal behavior. These genes code for stress response proteins needed in the control of the HPA axis, and their interaction can affect this axis. Response to stress can cause lasting changes in the function of the HPA axis possibly disrupting the negative feedback mechanism, homeostasis, and the regulation of emotion leading to altered behaviors.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Living in an urban environment during childhood or as an adult has consistently been found to increase the risk of schizophrenia by a factor of two, even after taking into account drug use, ethnic group, and size of social group. A possible link between the urban environment and pollution has been suggested to be the cause of the elevated risk of schizophrenia.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Other risk factors of importance include social isolation, immigration related to social adversity and racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment, and poor housing conditions. Having a father older than 40 years, or parents younger than 20 years are also associated with schizophrenia. It has been suggested that apart from gene-environment interactions, environment-environment interactions also be taken into account as each environmental risk factor on its own is not enough.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Cannabis use may be a contributory factor in the development of schizophrenia, potentially increasing the risk of the disease in those who are already at risk. The increased risk may require the presence of certain genes within an individual. Its use is associated with doubling the rate. The use of more potent strains of cannabis having a high level of its active ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), increases the risk further. One of these strains is well known as skunk.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: It has been hypothesized that in some people, development of schizophrenia is related to intestinal tract dysfunction such as seen with non-celiac gluten sensitivity or abnormalities in the gut microbiota. A subgroup of persons with schizophrenia present an immune response to gluten differently from that found in people with celiac, with elevated levels of certain serum biomarkers of gluten sensitivity such as anti-gliadin IgG or anti-gliadin IgA antibodies.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Another theory links abnormal brain lateralization to the development of being left-handed which is significantly more common in those with schizophrenia. This abnormal development of hemispheric asymmetry is noted in schizophrenia. Studies have concluded that the link is a true and verifiable effect that may reflect a genetic link between lateralization and schizophrenia.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Bayesian models of brain functioning have been utilized to link abnormalities in cellular functioning to symptoms. Both hallucinations and delusions have been suggested to reflect improper encoding of prior expectations, thereby causing expectation to excessively influence sensory perception and the formation of beliefs. In approved models of circuits that mediate predictive coding, reduced NMDA receptor activation, could in theory result in the positive symptoms of delusions and hallucinations.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: In Australia the guideline for diagnosis is for six months or more with symptoms severe enough to affect ordinary functioning. In the UK diagnosis is based on having the symptoms for most of the time for one month, with symptoms that significantly affect the ability to work, study, or to carry on ordinary daily living, and with other similar conditions ruled out.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: The ICD criteria are typically used in European countries; the DSM criteria are used predominantly in the United States and Canada, and are prevailing in research studies. In practice, agreement between the two systems is high. The current proposal for the ICD-11 criteria for schizophrenia recommends adding self-disorder as a symptom.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: A major unresolved difference between the two diagnostic systems is that of the requirement in DSM of an impaired functional outcome. WHO for ICD argues that not all people with schizophrenia have functional deficits and so these are not specific for the diagnosis.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Another major change was to remove the importance previously given to Schneider's first-rank symptoms. DSM-5 still uses the listing of schizophreniform disorder but ICD-11 no longer includes it. DSM-5 also recommends that a better distinction be made between a current condition of schizophrenia and its historical progress, to achieve a clearer overall characterization.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: A dimensional assessment has been included in DSM-5 covering eight dimensions of symptoms to be rated (using the "Scale to Assess the Severity of Symptom Dimensions") – these include the five diagnostic criteria plus cognitive impairments, mania, and depression. This can add relevant information for the individual in regard to treatment, prognosis, and functional outcome; it also enables the response to treatment to be more accurately described.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Two of the negative symptoms – avolition and diminished emotional expression – have been given more prominence in both manuals.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Many people with schizophrenia may have one or more other mental disorders, such as panic disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, or substance use disorder. These are separate disorders that require treatment. When comorbid with schizophrenia, substance use disorder and antisocial personality disorder both increase the risk for violence. Comorbid substance use disorder also increases risk for suicide.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Antipsychotics are prescribed following a first-episode psychosis, and following remission a preventive maintenance use is continued to avoid relapse. However, it is recognised that some people do recover following a single episode and that long-term use of antipsychotics will not be needed but there is no way of identifying this group.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: About 30 to 50 percent of people with schizophrenia fail to accept that they have an illness or comply with their recommended treatment. For those who are unwilling or unable to take medication regularly, long-acting injections of antipsychotics may be used, which reduce the risk of relapse to a greater degree than oral medications. When used in combination with psychosocial interventions, they may improve long-term adherence to treatment.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Clozapine is associated with side effects that include weight gain, tiredness, and hypersalivation. More serious adverse effects include seizures, NMS, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) and its use needs careful monitoring. Studies have found that antipsychotic treatment following NMS and neutropenia may sometimes be successfully rechallenged (restarted) with clozapine.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: However, the risk of serious adverse effects from clozapine is low, and there are the beneficial effects to be gained of a reduced risk of suicide, and aggression. Typical antipsychotics and atypical risperidone can have a side effect of sexual dysfunction. Clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine are associated with beneficial effects on sexual functioning helped by various psychotherapies. Unwanted side effects cause people to stop treatment, resulting in relapses.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Most people with schizophrenia are not aggressive, and are more likely to be victims of violence rather than perpetrators. Schizophrenic people are commonly exploited and victimized by violent crime as part of a broader dynamic of social exclusion. People diagnosed with schizophrenia are also subject to forced drug injections, seclusion, and restraint at high rates.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: There is a higher than average suicide rate associated with schizophrenia estimated at around 5% to 6%, most often occurring in the period following onset or first hospital admission. Several times more (20 to 40%) attempt suicide at least once. There are a variety of risk factors, including male gender, depression, a high IQ, heavy smoking, and substance use. Repeated relapse is linked to an increased risk of suicidal behavior. The use of clozapine can reduce the risk of suicide, and of aggression.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: A strong association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking has been shown in worldwide studies. Smoking is especially high in those diagnosed with schizophrenia, with estimates ranging from 80 to 90% being regular smokers, as compared to 20% of the general population. Those who smoke tend to smoke heavily, and additionally smoke cigarettes with high nicotine content. Some propose that this is in an effort to improve symptoms. Among people with schizophrenia use of cannabis is also common.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Women with schizophrenia are half as likely to attend breast cancer screening compared to the general population. This is seen as one of the factors leading to shorter life expectancy.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Worldwide, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder. The frequency of schizophrenia varies across the world, within countries, and at the local and neighborhood level. This variation has been estimated to be fivefold. It causes approximately one percent of worldwide disability adjusted life years and resulted in 17,000 deaths in 2015.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: In 2000, WHO found the percentage of people affected and the number of new cases that develop each year is roughly similar around the world, with age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranging from 343 in Africa to 544 in Japan and Oceania for men, and from 378 in Africa to 527 in Southeastern Europe for women. About 1.1% of adults have schizophrenia in the United States. However, in areas of conflict this figure can rise to between 4.0 and 6.5%.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: The word "schizophrenia" translates as "splitting of the mind" and is Modern Latin from the Greek words "schizein" (σχίζειν, "to split") and "phrēn", (φρήν, "mind") Its use was intended to describe the separation of function between personality, thinking, memory, and perception.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: The term schizophrenia used to be associated with "split personality" by the general population but that usage went into decline when "split personality" became known as a separate disorder, first as "multiple personality disorder", and later as dissociative identity disorder. In 2002 in Japan the name was changed to "integration disorder", and in 2012 in South Korea, the name was changed to "attunement disorder".

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: From the 1960s until 1989, psychiatrists in the USSR and Eastern Bloc diagnosed thousands of people with sluggish schizophrenia, based on "the assumption that symptoms would later appear," because the removal of legal rights from disabled people made it a convenient way to confine political dissidents. The sluggish schizophrenia diagnosis has been discredited and internationally condemned.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Subtypes of schizophrenia classified as paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual type were difficult to distinguish between and are no longer recognized as separate conditions by DSM-5 (2013) or ICD-11.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: In the United States, the cost of schizophrenia – including direct costs (outpatient, inpatient, drugs, and long-term care) and non-healthcare costs (law enforcement, reduced workplace productivity, and unemployment) – was estimated to be $62.7 billion in 2002. In the UK the cost in 2016 was put at £11.8 billion per year with a third of that figure directly attributable to the cost of hospital and social care, and treatment.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: The book "A Beautiful Mind" chronicled the life of John Forbes Nash who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and went on to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. This was later made into the film with the same name. An earlier documentary was made with the title "A Brilliant Madness".

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: In 1964 a lengthy case study of three males diagnosed with schizophrenia who each had the delusional belief that they were Jesus Christ was published as a book. This has the title of "The Three Christs of Ypsilanti", and a film with the title "Three Christs" was released in 2020. Such religious delusions are a fairly common feature in psychoses including schizophrenia.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Media coverage relating to violent acts by people with schizophrenia reinforces public perception of an association between schizophrenia and violence. Such sensationalist reporting stigmatizes schizophrenia more than any other mental illness. In the UK guidelines are given for the reporting of different conditions. Its campaigns have shown a reduction in negative reporting.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: In contemporary films, schizophrenics are highly likely to be portrayed as a danger to others as opposed to a danger to themselves, though the opposite is true.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: Research into schizophrenia has used animal models, in particular rats, to evaluate different aspects of its development and pathology.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


Schizophrenia

Context: A 2015 Cochrane review found unclear evidence of benefit from brain stimulation techniques to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). Most studies focus on transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCM), and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Techniques based on focused ultrasound for deep brain stimulation could provide insight for the treatment of AVHs.

Question: Mikä on skitsofrenian synonyymi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: In the 19th century most physicists believed, incorrectly, that all of space was filled with a medium called the "Luminiferous aether" (or "ether"), a hypothetical substance which was thought necessary for the transmission of electromagnetic waves and to the propagation of light, which was believed to be impossible in "empty" space.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: "The New York Times" reported in June 1875 that Keely's new motive power was generated from cold water and air and evolved into a vapor "more powerful than steam, and considerably more economical". It reported that Keely refused to disclose what the vapor was or how it was generated until he had taken out patents in "all the countries of the globe which issue patent rights" which was estimated would cost around $30,000.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: On May 24 Keely filed his answer to the stockholders' equity suit. He admitted the truth of the complainants' bill regarding the contract, and added that although, due to "certain abstruse difficulties by reason of the nature and qualities of the said force", he had so far failed to bring his inventions into practical use, he believed he would ultimately succeed.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: In June 1882 a committee appointed by the Company's board of directors agreed that one William Boekel of Philadelphia was to be "instructed by Mr. Keely in the construction and operation of his inventions".

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: On August 28, 1883 at the monthly meeting of the Company's directors, it was announced that Keely's engine would be ready for operation around the first week in September, and that a final inspection of it by the Trustees would be conducted on August 29, at which the stockholders were expected to be present. When the inspection was made the following day, however, Keely said that it would not be ready for another six weeks.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: On October 29, 1883 it was reported that the Company's stockholders were to bring another suit against the inventor in the name of the company for "fulfilment of his many pledges". At a meeting of the Board of Directors the following day, Keely made a statement explaining his progress, saying that he was constructing a street chamber to hold his vapor and that when this was complete a demonstration would be given, and his explanation was voted "very satisfactory" by the directors.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: On the following day, Keely met with a reporter to whom he declared that his experimenting days were over and that complete success was close. He announced that his motor would be completed in less than two months and that he would then make a public exhibition of its powers.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: The vaporic gun failed to impress Lieutenant E.L. Zalinski, who had witnessed the demonstration. He told the President of the Keely Motor Company, A.R. Edey, that with the same apparatus he could perform the same experiments with compressed air, and go even further than Keely had gone. Edey said he would "speak about it to Mr. Keely," but the offer was not accepted. Zalinski said that none of the experiments at Sandy Hook showed that Keely had discovered a new force.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: On June 6, 1885 Keely gave what he called "an exhibition" of his motor at his workshop at North Twentieth Street, Philadelphia. Around 20 witnesses attended, including newspaper reporters, a mechanical engineer, and officers and stockholders of the Keely Motor Company. A reporter noticed a "large iron globular object" which he was told was a new engine which Keely was engaged in building.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: On March 26, 1886 Keely performed a demonstration before a committee of scientists and engineers from New York, where he obtained a pressure of 2,700 psi apparently by using a single pint of water, and then doubled the pressure by adding more water. Keely claimed that the "etheric force" by which these results were obtained would be utilized as fully as possible in the 25,000 hp engine on which he was then working.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: The stockholders of the Keely Motor Company met on December 14, 1887, and expressed their confidence in Keely's ultimate success. Keely did not attend the meeting, but supplied a report in which he reviewed his efforts and experiments since 1882 and announced that he had abandoned "etheric force" in favor of a new force which was unnamed but which he said was based on "vibratory sympathy".

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: Finally, on January 28, 1889 the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania handed down an opinion reversing the order committing Keely to prison for contempt, and ordered his discharge. The opinion declared that the order commanding Keely to "exhibit, explain, and operate his motor" was premature, and that the court had no right to enforce the order by committing Keely to jail for contempt.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: In June 1895 the trade journal "Electricity" published a challenge to Keely, in which they said that they would undertake to repeat every phenomenon produced by Keely within 60 days. Keely ignored this challenge.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?


John Ernst Worrell Keely

Context: After an absence of several years in England, Mrs Moore returned to the US to deal with litigation concerning her late husband's estate. Her advocacy of Keely and his inventions formed part of the case and she decided to strengthen her position by getting eminent physicists to examine his inventions. Among those invited were Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla, both of whom declined the opportunity for various reasons.

Question: Missä John Ernst Worrell Keely syntyi?