Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: The Alex could be outfitted with a Chobham armour shell that offered extra protection. Its data would be used for the GM Custom. The Chobham armour design would be used to reinforce the body of the GM Cannon II. Both of these later GM's appear in "Gundam 0083", further bridging the gap between the original series and "Zeta Gundam".

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: In the movie trilogy's trailer, it shows the Gundam Mk. II launched with a Long Beam Rifle, but flies separately with G-Defenser, which shows Gundam Mk. II has an ability to use Long Beam Rifle on its own, though Emma did not fire a single shot in Mk. II mode.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: The appearance of the unit is not limited to Gundam series. RX-78-2 Gundam is one of the basic units that appear in the "Super Robot Wars" series, ever since the first game for the Game Boy. The RX-78-2 also makes multiple cameo appearances in the anime "Sgt. Frog".

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: The current Bandai Universal Century models' label copyright classification also uses the head of the Gundam as its icon.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: Pepsi released several series of Pepsi bottles with special-edition bottle caps featuring miniature statues of various mobile suits from the many Gundam anime released over the years. The RX-78 was one of three of these designs (the other two being both the normal Zaku and Char's red Zaku) to have multiple miniatures released during the first promotional campaign, including both a full-body sculpture and a sculpture of its bust.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: On October 23, 2000, Japan included the RX-78 Gundam and Amuro Ray in the 20th Century Stamp Series. This mobile suit and other notable machines from various "Gundam" series were also recognized in the second set of "Anime Heroes and Heroines" stamps, released in 2005. Other franchises and series included were "Pokémon", "Galaxy Express 999", and "Detective Conan".

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: The RX-78-2 Gundam & 2 Medea transport planes were featured in a fire fighting poster in Japan. The RX-78-2 was equipped with water spraying equipment instead of weapons.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: According to Gundam-san 4 koma comic, the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution appearance is influenced by the RX-78-2 Gundam.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: Pocky released a series called "Pocky Gunpla Bag" that contains a small plastic model in it. One of them is the RX-78-2 Gundam. The target customers of this product is 30-year-old male.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: In 2008, an ink and wash painting of Gundam drawn by Hisashi (天明屋 尚) in 2005 was sold in the Christie's auction held in Hong Kong with a price of $600,000 (USD).

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: The RX-78-2 Gundam appeared in Steven Spielberg's film "Ready Player One" (2018), where one of the protagonists controls a full size Gundam replica during the climactic battle in a virtual reality environment, where it, and its ally The Iron Giant is used to battle the antagonist's Mechagodzilla.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: The Gundam was featured on the online series "Death Battle" and was pitted up against the Autobot leader Optimus Prime and lost due to the Autobot being more skilled, having far superior feats and better weapons.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: On March 5, it was announced that the life size RX 78-2 Gundam will be replaced by another life size statue of the RX 0 Unicorn Gundam from "Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn".

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: A second statue based on the original Gundam was announced in late 2018 as part of the "Gundam global challenge" made to receive concepts for an animatronic version. The statue finished construction in 2020 and opened to the public on December 19, 2020

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: The RX-78-2 Gundam had a full 1:1 scale mock-up constructed for the theme park attraction "Gundam Crisis". It costs 800 yen to go into the attraction and the attraction is basically a game where the players have to complete about eight different missions within 8 minutes (1 minute per mission) in order to access the cockpit. If successful, players are shown a special, Gundam-related video inside the cockpit.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Gundam (fictional robot)

Context: The concept of Isuzu VX 2 official link is inspired by RX-178 Gundam Mk-II as concept design arts released in the Jan/Feb 1998, as seen in issue no. 71 of the magazine "Axis" published in Japan.

Question: 건담에서는 로봇을 무엇이라고 부르나요?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: The sultan has been ranked among the wealthiest individuals in the world. In 2008, "Forbes" estimated the sultan's total peak net worth at US$20 billion. After Queen Elizabeth II, the sultan is the world's second-longest reigning current monarch. On 5 October 2017, the sultan celebrated his Golden Jubilee to mark the 50th year of his reign on the throne.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: He became the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam on 5 October 1967, after his father abdicated. His coronation was held on 1 August 1968, and made him the "Yang di-Pertuan" (Head of State) of Brunei. Like his father, he has been knighted by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, of which Brunei was a protectorate until 1984.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: Bolkiah addressed the United Nations General Assembly on Brunei Darussalam's admission to the United Nations in September 1984. In 1991, he introduced a conservative ideology to Brunei called Melayu Islam Beraja ("Malay Islamic Monarchy", MIB), which presents the monarchy as the defender of the faith. He has recently favoured Brunei government democratisation and declared himself Prime Minister and President. In 2004, the Legislative Council, which had been dissolved since 1962, was reopened.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: As of October, 2009, Prince Jefri appears to have been allowed back to Brunei. He is not back in any official government role but retains all his royal titles and decorations and remains in the royal protocol order. He is seen at major national functions like the national teachers day celebrations, the sultan's birthday and at the National Day Celebrations. His most recent appearance was at The Legco (Legislative Council) opening ceremony in March 2012.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: As Prime Minister, Bolkiah has spearheaded legislation that would introduce the death penalty for homosexuality and adultery, by stoning, effective from 3 April 2019. This sparked international protests. The policy resulted in calls for boycotts of numerous companies owned by the Brunei Royal Family, notably the Dorchester Collection, a group of well-known hotels owned by the sultan in the US and Europe.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: In January 2013, the Royal College of General Practitioners designated the sultan the first Companion of the college for services to healthcare in Brunei and abroad. In April 2019, the RCGP withdrew this honour in light of new LGBT laws supported by the sultan which are not in concert with the organisation's values.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: The sultan once owned one of the largest private car collections in the world with about 2,500 cars which his brother Jefri Bolkiah bought for himself, the sultan and other members of the royal family to entertain their car passion. The car collection and Prince Jefri's other indulgences cost billions of US dollars, and ultimately landed him in trouble and the royal family in financial crisis. The car collection was left abandoned; most of the non-garaged cars were beyond saving, the rest were auctioned.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: The sultan holds an honorary commission in the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom as an Air Chief Marshal. He is also an Honorary Admiral of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom, a title given to him by Queen Elizabeth II when he took the salute at the passing out parade of the 2001 summer term at Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, the Royal Navy's officer-training school in the United Kingdom. He has an English residence at Binfield Manor in Berkshire.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: In April 2008, he was made an honorary member of the Indonesian Satgas Atbara Special Operations Unit. He holds the rank of Honorary Colonel Commandant of Pakistan's Special Service Group (SSG), awarded to him during his visit to the Pakistan Army's SSG headquarters at Cherat with effect from 3 Apr 2005. He possesses red beret and paratrooper wings of the Black Hawk paratroopers, presented to him by the Indian Army during his state visit to India.

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


Hassanal Bolkiah

Context: N.B. * "decoration founded by the sultan on 1 August 1968" ; ** = "decoration founded by the sultan on 15 August 1982"

Question: 2019년 브루나이의 지도자는 누구인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: The N Seoul Tower (), officially the YTN Seoul Tower and commonly known as Namsan Tower or Seoul Tower, is a communication and observation tower located on Nam Mountain in central Seoul, South Korea. The -tall tower marks the second highest point in Seoul.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: Built in 1969, the N Seoul Tower is South Korea's first general radio wave tower, providing TV and radio broadcasting in Seoul. Currently, the tower broadcasts signals for Korean media outlets, such as KBS, MBC, and SBS.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: When N Seoul Tower's original owner merged with CJ Corporation, it was renamed the N Seoul Tower (official name CJ Seoul Tower). YTN acquired it from CJ Corporation in 1999, and changed its name to YTN Seoul Tower. It has also been known as the Namsan Tower or Seoul Tower. It is also Korea's first general radio wave tower that holds transmissions antennas of KBS, MBC, SBS TV, FM, PBC, TBS, CBS, and BBS FM.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: N Seoul Tower, along with Changdeokgung Palace, was selected as one of the world's top 500 tourist destinations in Lonely Planet’s Ultimate Travel List, based on global travel expert evaluation and reader preference surveys.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: N Seoul Tower is divided into three main sections, including the N Lobby, N Plaza, and the N Tower. The N Plaza consists of two floors, while the N Tower consists of four floors.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: Plaza P0/B1 (Lobby): Includes: Entrance to Observatory, Information Desk, Alive Museum, Cafe, Children's Theater, Nursing room.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: The N Lobby holds the N Gift, N Sweetbar, BH Style, the Alive Museum, Memshot, Nursing Room, Information booth, a cafe, and entrance to observatory.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: Plaza P1: Includes: Ticket booth, Food Court, Light Garden, Grass Terrace, Souvenir Shop, Characters & Photos.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: In 2012, surveys conducted by Seoul City revealed foreign tourists ranked the N Seoul Tower as the number one tourist attraction. The N Seoul Tower is now also a symbol of Seoul.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: The N Seoul Tower is illuminated in blue from sunset to 23:00 (22:00 in winter) on days where the air quality in Seoul is 45 or less. During the spring of 2012, the Tower was lit up for 52 days, which is four days more than in 2011. The tower uses the latest LED technology to offer visitors a digital, cultural art experience through 'light art.' The N Seoul Tower puts on many different shows, including the "Reeds of Light" and "Shower of Light."

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: An exception to this is Earth Day. On Earth Day, lights were held nationwide to promote awareness of energy conservation. At 8 p.m KST. on that day, lights at N Seoul Tower on Namsan disappear into darkness.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: 'Love padlocks' is a common couple activity consists of the purchasing of a padlock and key, where initials, messages and symbols can be personally inscribed onto the surface of the lock with markers and pens. Securing the padlocks on the fences filled with locks of previous participants, the key is often thrown away as a symbol of everlasting love. This is similar to the love locks in Paris, France, on the Pont Neuf bridge.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


N Seoul Tower

Context: In 2008, the Teddy Bear Museum was opened at the Tower, with a -tall Christmas tree made with 300 teddy bears to celebrate its opening. It showcases teddy bears in the past, present, and future of Seoul, as well as teddy bears models in Seoul attractions, such as the Cheonggyecheon Stream, Myeongdong, Insadong, and Dongdaemun.

Question: 한국에서 사랑의 자물쇠가 가장 많은 곳은 어디인가?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: Shin and his band Muhangwedo debuted at the 1988 MBC Campus Music Festival, where the band won first place for the song "To You." He formed the experimental rock band N.EX.T in 1992. He was also known for hosting a radio show from 2001 to 2012.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: Shin Hae-chul was born on May 6, 1968. He enrolled in Sogang University in 1987, where he studied philosophy until he dropped out to focus on his music career.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: Shin formed the band Muhangwedo (Hangul: 무한궤도) in 1988 when he was a sophomore at Sogang University. The band received national attention when it appeared on the televised 1988 MBC Campus Music Festival, a singing competition for amateurs. Muhangwedo won first place for the song "To You" (그대에게) which was written by Shin. The band released one album, 1989's "When Our Lives Are Almost Over" (Hangul: 우리 앞의 생이 끝나갈 때).

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: Shin released his first solo album in 1990, which included a song that had an English rap, which was unconventional in the Korean music scene at the time. The album was a huge hit, leading to Shin rising to the top of Korean pop music charts and receiving multiple Korean pop music awards. His second solo album, Myself, was released in 1991, which was first album in Korea to have used midi. He also started a gig as a radio DJ on MBC FM.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: During this time he also did a one-time collaboration with singer Yoon Sang to form Nodance, wrote the original sound track for the Korean movie "Jungle Story", and was the DJ for the MBC FM radio program "FM Music City" from 1996 to 1997. In 1996, he created his own label, Big Bang Music.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: In 1997 N.EX.T. released a rock ballad single, "Here, I Stand for You" which sold 500,000 copies in South Korea. (The lyrics of this song are engraved on his tombstone). The band went on to release their fourth album "Lazenca: A Space Rock Opera" in November 1997, which was also the original sound track for the television animation series "Lazenca". The band split up after this- Shin went on to study music producing in London.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: Shin participated in special project in 2004, with the best musicians of Korea, the album named as <Tribute to Park Nohae's Collection of poems "The Dawn of Labor" 20th anniversary>. It is the first attempted project which the recordings dedicated to poetry in the history of Korean music. He worked with incredible passion in a short time. And he sang "Heaven" (Hangul: 하늘) with Psy on this album.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: Throughout his career Shin hosted several radio programs, including "Music City with Shin Hae Chul" and "GhostStation with Shin Hae Chul" After supporting and campaigning for the president Roh Moo-hyun in 2002 election, Mr. Shin hosts the popular "Ghost Nation" on MBC, a late-night radio program since 2003. His fans call him "Mawang" (마왕 'the Demon Lord').

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: On September 16, 2007, Shin ended "Ghost Nation". But he also announced that the broadcasting will be continuously served through the web, but no more broadcasting through MBC.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: He married Yoon Won-hee (윤원희) on September 29, 2002, just before the 2002 election. He released his first jazz album "The Songs for the One" in 2007, dedicated to his wife and daughter.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: Shin was found to be suffering from prosopagnosia, on a TV show (MBC Goldfish) in which he made a guest appearance. After that, he hosted a brand-new TV comedy debate program "100-second Debate" (since May 2007), with a similar format of the MBC's "100 Minute Debate". On July 29, 2007, he appeared as a victim (guest) of Lee Kyung-kyu's "Hidden Camera".

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Shin Hae-chul

Context: Psy's song "Dream" was released in 2015 as a tribute to Shin. The lyrics were based on "talks with him about philosophy and death while drinking with him" which he answered "maybe all our lives might be a dream". Thus the profits from the particular song were planned to be donated to his bereaved family.

Question: N.EX.T의 리드보컬은 언제 사망했나요?


Plato

Context: Plato ( ; ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato was an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy. Plato is also considered the founder of Western political philosophy. His most famous contribution is the theory of Forms known by pure reason, in which Plato presents a solution to the problem of universals known as Platonism (also ambiguously called either Platonic realism or Platonic idealism). He is also the namesake of Platonic love and the Platonic solids.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Little is known about Plato's early life and education. He belonged to an aristocratic and influential family. According to a disputed tradition, reported by doxographer Diogenes Laërtius, Plato's father Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus. According to the ancient Hellenic tradition, Codrus was said to have been descended from the mythological deity Poseidon.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Besides Plato himself, Ariston and Perictione had three other children; two sons, Adeimantus and Glaucon, and a daughter Potone, the mother of Speusippus (the nephew and successor of Plato as head of the ). The brothers Adeimantus and Glaucon are mentioned in the "Republic" as sons of Ariston, and presumably brothers of Plato, though some have argued they were uncles. In a scenario in the "Memorabilia", Xenophon confused the issue by presenting a Glaucon much younger than Plato.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Ariston appears to have died in Plato's childhood, although the precise dating of his death is difficult. Perictione then married Pyrilampes, her mother's brother, who had served many times as an ambassador to the Persian court and was a friend of Pericles, the leader of the democratic faction in Athens. Pyrilampes had a son from a previous marriage, Demus, who was famous for his beauty. Perictione gave birth to Pyrilampes' second son, Antiphon, the half-brother of Plato, who appears in "Parmenides".

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Ambrose believed that Plato met Jeremiah in Egypt and was influenced by his ideas. Augustine initially accepted this claim, but later rejected it, arguing in "The City of God" that "Plato was born a hundred years after Jeremiah prophesied."

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato owned an estate at Iphistiadae, which by will he left to a certain youth named Adeimantus, presumably a younger relative, as Plato had an elder brother or uncle by this name.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Although Socrates influenced Plato directly as related in the dialogues, the influence of Pythagoras upon Plato, or in a broader sense, the Pythagoreans, such as Archytas also appears to have been significant. Aristotle claimed that the philosophy of Plato closely followed the teachings of the Pythagoreans, and Cicero repeats this claim: "They say Plato learned all things Pythagorean." It is probable that both were influenced by Orphism, and both believed in metempsychosis, transmigration of the soul.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Pythagoras held that all things are number, and the cosmos comes from numerical principles. He introduced the concept of form as distinct from matter, and that the physical world is an imitation of an eternal mathematical world. These ideas were very influential on Heraclitus, Parmenides and Plato.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: George Karamanolis notes thatNumenius accepted both Pythagoras and Plato as the two authorities one should follow in philosophy, but he regarded Plato's authority as subordinate to that of Pythagoras, whom he considered to be the source of all true philosophy—including Plato's own. For Numenius it is just that Plato wrote so many philosophical works, whereas Pythagoras' views were originally passed on only orally.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: In the dialogue "Timaeus" Plato associated each of the four classical elements (earth, air, water, and fire) with a regular solid (cube, octahedron, icosahedron, and tetrahedron respectively) due to their shape, the so-called Platonic solids. The fifth regular solid, the dodecahedron, was supposed to be the element which made up the heavens.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The two philosophers Heraclitus and Parmenides, following the way initiated by pre-Socratic Greek philosophers such as Pythagoras, depart from mythology and begin the metaphysical tradition that strongly influenced Plato and continues today.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The surviving fragments written by Heraclitus suggest the view that all things are continuously changing, or becoming. His image of the river, with ever-changing waters, is well known. According to some ancient traditions such as that of Diogenes Laërtius, Plato received these ideas through Heraclitus' disciple Cratylus, who held the more radical view that continuous change warrants scepticism because we cannot define a thing that does not have a permanent nature.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Parmenides adopted an altogether contrary vision, arguing for the idea of changeless Being and the view that change is an illusion. John Palmer notes "Parmenides' distinction among the principal modes of being and his derivation of the attributes that must belong to what must be, simply as such, qualify him to be seen as the founder of metaphysics or ontology as a domain of inquiry distinct from theology."

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: These ideas about change and permanence, or becoming and Being, influenced Plato in formulating his theory of Forms.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato's most self-critical dialogue is the "Parmenides", which features Parmenides and his student Zeno, who, following Parmenides' denial of change, argued forcefully through his paradoxes to deny the existence of motion.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato's "Sophist" dialogue includes an Eleatic stranger, a follower of Parmenides, as a foil for his arguments against Parmenides. In the dialogue, Plato distinguishes nouns and verbs, providing some of the earliest treatment of subject and predicate. He also argues that motion and rest both "are", against followers of Parmenides who say rest is but motion is not.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato was one of the devoted young followers of Socrates. The precise relationship between Plato and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: In Plato's dialogues, Socrates and his company of disputants had something to say on many subjects, including several aspects of metaphysics. These include religion and science, human nature, love, and sexuality. More than one dialogue contrasts perception and reality, nature and custom, and body and soul. Francis Cornford referred to the "twin pillars of Platonism" as being the theory of Forms on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the doctrine of immortality of the soul.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: "Platonism" and its theory of Forms (or theory of Ideas) denies the reality of the material world, considering it only an image or copy of the real world. The theory of Forms is first introduced in the "Phaedo" dialogue (also known as "On the Soul"), wherein Socrates refutes the pluralism of the likes of Anaxagoras, then the most popular response to Heraclitus and Parmenides, while giving the "Opposites Argument" in support of the Forms.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: According to this theory of Forms, there are at least two worlds: the apparent world of concrete objects, grasped by the senses, which constantly changes, and an unchanging and unseen world of Forms or abstract objects, grasped by pure reason (), which ground what is apparent.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: It can also be said there are three worlds, with the apparent world consisting of both the world of material objects and of mental images, with the "third realm" consisting of the Forms. Thus, though there is the term "Platonic idealism", this refers to Platonic Ideas or the Forms, and not to some platonic kind of idealism, an 18th-century view which sees matter as unreal in favour of mind. For Plato, though grasped by the mind, only the Forms are truly real.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato's Forms thus represent types of things, as well as properties, patterns, and relations, to which we refer as objects. Just as individual tables, chairs, and cars refer to objects in this world, 'tableness', 'chairness', and 'carness', as well as e. g. justice, truth, and beauty refer to objects in another world. One of Plato's most cited examples for the Forms were the truths of geometry, such as the Pythagorean theorem.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Aside from being immutable, timeless, changeless, and one over many, the Forms also provide definitions and the standard against which all instances are measured. In the dialogues Socrates regularly asks for the meaning – in the sense of intensional definitions – of a general term (e. g. justice, truth, beauty), and criticizes those who instead give him particular, extensional examples, rather than the quality shared by all examples.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: There is thus a world of perfect, eternal, and changeless meanings of predicates, the Forms, existing in the realm of Being outside of space and time; and the imperfect sensible world of becoming, subjects somehow in a state between being and nothing, that partakes of the qualities of the Forms, and is its instantiation.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: For Plato, as was characteristic of ancient Greek philosophy, the soul was that which gave life. See this brief exchange from the "Phaedo": "What is it that, when present in a body, makes it living? — A soul."

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Another hallmark of Plato's view of the soul is that it is what rules and controls a person's body. Plato uses this observation in the "Alcibiades" as evidence that people are their souls.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the afterlife. In the "Timaeus", Socrates locates the parts of the soul within the human body: Reason is located in the head, spirit in the top third of the torso, and the appetite in the middle third of the torso, down to the navel.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Furthermore, Plato evinces in multiple dialogues (such as the "Phaedo" and "Timaeus") a belief in the theory of reincarnation. Scholars debate whether he intends the theory to be literally true, however.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato also discusses several aspects of epistemology. More than one dialogue contrasts knowledge ("episteme") and opinion ("doxa"). Plato's epistemology involves Socrates (and other characters, such as Timaeus) arguing that knowledge is not empirical, and that it comes from divine insight. The Forms are also responsible for both knowledge or certainty, and are grasped by pure reason.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: In Plato's dialogues, Socrates always insists on his ignorance and humility, that he knows nothing, so-called "Socratic irony." Several dialogues refute a series of viewpoints, but offer no positive position, thus ending in "aporia".

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Several dialogues discuss ethics including virtue and vice, pleasure and pain, crime and punishment, and justice and medicine. Plato views "The Good" as the supreme Form, somehow existing even "beyond being".

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Socrates propounded a moral intellectualism which claimed nobody does bad on purpose, and to know what is good results in doing what is good; that knowledge is virtue. In the "Protagoras" dialogue it is argued that virtue is innate and cannot be learned.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Socrates presents the famous Euthyphro dilemma in the dialogue of the same name: "Is the pious (τὸ ὅσιον) loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" (10a)

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The dialogues also discuss politics. Some of Plato's most famous doctrines are contained in the "Republic" as well as in the "Laws" and the "Statesman". Because these opinions are not spoken directly by Plato and vary between dialogues, they cannot be straightforwardly assumed as representing Plato's own views.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Socrates asserts that societies have a tripartite class structure corresponding to the appetite/spirit/reason structure of the individual soul. The appetite/spirit/reason are analogous to the castes of society.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: According to this model, the principles of Athenian democracy (as it existed in his day) are rejected as only a few are fit to rule. Instead of rhetoric and persuasion, Socrates says reason and wisdom should govern. As Socrates puts it:

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: "Until philosophers rule as kings or those who are now called kings and leading men genuinely and adequately philosophize, that is, until political power and philosophy entirely coincide, while the many natures who at present pursue either one exclusively are forcibly prevented from doing so, cities will have no rest from evils... nor, I think, will the human race."

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Socrates describes these "philosopher kings" as "those who love the sight of truth" and supports the idea with the analogy of a captain and his ship or a doctor and his medicine. According to him, sailing and health are not things that everyone is qualified to practice by nature. A large part of the "Republic" then addresses how the educational system should be set up to produce these philosopher kings.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: According to Socrates, a state made up of different kinds of souls will, overall, decline from an aristocracy (rule by the best) to a timocracy (rule by the honourable), then to an oligarchy (rule by the few), then to a democracy (rule by the people), and finally to tyranny (rule by one person, rule by a tyrant). Aristocracy in the sense of government (politeia) is advocated in Plato's Republic. This regime is ruled by a philosopher king, and thus is grounded on wisdom and reason.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Scholars often view Plato's philosophy as at odds with rhetoric due to his criticisms of rhetoric in the "Gorgias" and his ambivalence toward rhetoric expressed in the "Phaedrus". But other contemporary researchers contest the idea that Plato despised rhetoric and instead view his dialogues as a dramatization of complex rhetorical principles.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The trial of Socrates and his death sentence is the central, unifying event of Plato's dialogues. It is relayed in the dialogues "Apology", "Crito", and "Phaedo". "Apology" is Socrates' defence speech, and "Crito" and "Phaedo" take place in prison after the conviction.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The theory of Forms is most famously captured in his Allegory of the Cave, and more explicitly in his analogy of the sun and the divided line. The Allegory of the Cave is a paradoxical analogy wherein Socrates argues that the invisible world is the most intelligible ("noeton") and that the visible world ("(h)oraton") is the least knowable, and the most obscure.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Socrates says in the "Republic" that people who take the sun-lit world of the senses to be good and real are living pitifully in a den of evil and ignorance. Socrates admits that few climb out of the den, or cave of ignorance, and those who do, not only have a terrible struggle to attain the heights, but when they go back down for a visit or to help other people up, they find themselves objects of scorn and ridicule.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: A ring which could make one invisible, the Ring of Gyges is proposed in the "Republic" by the character of Glaucon, and considered by the rest of the characters for its ethical consequences, whether an individual possessing it would be most happy abstaining or doing injustice.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: He also compares the soul ("psyche") to a chariot. In this allegory he introduces a triple soul composed of a charioteer and two horses. The charioteer is a symbol of the intellectual and logical part of the soul ("logistikon"), and the two horses represent the moral virtues ("thymoeides") and passionate instincts ("epithymetikon"), respectively, to illustrate the conflict between them.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Though Plato agreed with Aristotle that women were inferior to men, in the fourth book of the "Republic" the character of Socrates says this was only because of "nomos" or custom and not because of nature, and thus women needed "paidia", rearing or education to be equal to men. In the "merely probable tale" of the eponymous character in the "Timaeus", unjust men who live corrupted lives would be reincarnated as women or various animal kinds.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Thirty-five dialogues and thirteen letters (the "Epistles") have traditionally been ascribed to Plato, though modern scholarship doubts the authenticity of at least some of these. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The usual system for making unique references to sections of the text by Plato derives from a 16th-century edition of Plato's works by Henricus Stephanus known as Stephanus pagination.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: One tradition regarding the arrangement of Plato's texts is according to tetralogies. This scheme is ascribed by Diogenes Laërtius to an ancient scholar and court astrologer to Tiberius named Thrasyllus. The list includes works of doubtful authenticity (written in italic), and includes the Letters.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Early: "Apology", "Charmides", "Crito", "Euthyphro", "Gorgias", "Hippias Minor", "Hippias Major", "Ion", "Laches", "Lysis", "Protagoras"

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Middle: "Cratylus", "Euthydemus", "Meno", "Parmenides", "Phaedo", "Phaedrus", "Republic", "Symposium", "Theatetus"

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: While looked to for Plato's "mature" answers to the questions posed by his earlier works, those answers are difficult to discern. Some scholars indicate that the theory of Forms is absent from the late dialogues, its having been refuted in the "Parmenides", but there is not total consensus that the "Parmenides" actually refutes the theory of Forms.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Jowett mentions in his Appendix to Menexenus, that works which bore the character of a writer were attributed to that writer even when the actual author was unknown.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: (*) if there is no consensus among scholars as to whether Plato is the author, and (‡) if most scholars agree that Plato is "not" the author of the work.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: "Alcibiades I" (*), "Alcibiades II" (‡), "Clitophon" (*), "Epinomis" (‡), "Letters" (*), "Hipparchus" (‡), "Menexenus" (*), "Minos" (‡), "Lovers" (‡), "Theages" (‡)

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The following works were transmitted under Plato's name, most of them already considered spurious in antiquity, and so were not included by Thrasyllus in his tetralogical arrangement. These works are labelled as "Notheuomenoi" ("spurious") or "Apocrypha".

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: "Axiochus", "Definitions", "Demodocus", "Epigrams", "Eryxias", "Halcyon", "On Justice", "On Virtue", "Sisyphus".

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: In the first century AD, Thrasyllus of Mendes had compiled and published the works of Plato in the original Greek, both genuine and spurious. While it has not survived to the present day, all the extant medieval Greek manuscripts are based on his edition.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: During the early Renaissance, the Greek language and, along with it, Plato's texts were reintroduced to Western Europe by Byzantine scholars. In September or October 1484 Filippo Valori and Francesco Berlinghieri printed 1025 copies of Ficino's translation, using the printing press at the Dominican convent S.Jacopo di Ripoli. Cosimo had been influenced toward studying Plato by the many Byzantine Platonists in Florence during his day, including George Gemistus Plethon.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The 1578 edition of Plato's complete works published by Henricus Stephanus (Henri Estienne) in Geneva also included parallel Latin translation and running commentary by Joannes Serranus (Jean de Serres). It was this edition which established standard Stephanus pagination, still in use today.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: The most famous criticism of the Theory of Forms is the Third Man Argument by Aristotle in the "Metaphysics". Plato had actually already considered this objection with the idea of "large" rather than "man" in the dialogue "Parmenides", using the elderly Elean philosophers Parmenides and Zeno characters anachronistically to criticize the character of the younger Socrates who proposed the idea. The dialogue ends in "aporia".

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato's Academy mosaic was created in the villa of T. Siminius Stephanus in Pompeii, around 100 BC to 100 CE. "The School of Athens" fresco by Raphael features Plato also as a central figure. The Nuremberg Chronicle depicts Plato and others as anachronistic schoolmen.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so completely eclipsed that of Plato that the Scholastic philosophers referred to Aristotle as "the Philosopher". However, the study of Plato continued in the Byzantine Empire, the Caliphates during the Islamic Golden Age, and Spain during Golden age of Jewish culture.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: W. V. O. Quine dubbed the problem of negative existentials "Plato's beard". Noam Chomsky dubbed the problem of knowledge Plato's problem. One author calls the definist fallacy the Socratic fallacy.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Plato

Context: More broadly, platonism (sometimes distinguished from Plato's particular view by the lowercase) refers to the view that there are many abstract objects. Still to this day, platonists take number and the truths of mathematics as the best support in favour of this view. Most mathematicians think, like platonists, that numbers and the truths of mathematics are perceived by reason rather than the senses yet exist independently of minds and people, that is to say, they are discovered rather than invented.

Question: 플라톤은 몇 살에 사망했는가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin's mother was a factory worker and his father was a conscript in the Soviet Navy, serving in the submarine fleet in the early 1930s. Early in World War II, his father served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD. Later, he was transferred to the regular army and was severely wounded in 1942. Putin's maternal grandmother was killed by the German occupiers of Tver region in 1941, and his maternal uncles disappeared on the Eastern Front during World War II.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 1 September 1960, Putin started at School No. 193 at Baskov Lane, near his home. He was one of a few in the class of approximately 45 pupils who were not yet members of the Young Pioneer organization. At age 12, he began to practise sambo and judo. In his free time, he enjoyed reading the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Lenin. Putin studied German at Saint Petersburg High School 281 and speaks German as a second language.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin studied law at the Leningrad State University named after Andrei Zhdanov (now Saint Petersburg State University) in 1970 and graduated in 1975. His thesis was on "The Most Favored Nation Trading Principle in International Law". While there, he was required to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and remained a member until it ceased to exist in 1991.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin met Anatoly Sobchak, an assistant professor who taught business law, and who later became the co-author of the Russian constitution and of corruption schemes in France. Putin would be influential in Sobchak's career in Saint Petersburg, and Sobchak would be influential in Putin's career in Moscow.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In 1975, Putin joined the KGB and trained at the 401st KGB school in Okhta, Leningrad. After training, he worked in the Second Chief Directorate (counter-intelligence), before he was transferred to the First Chief Directorate, where he monitored foreigners and consular officials in Leningrad. In September 1984, Putin was sent to Moscow for further training at the Yuri Andropov Red Banner Institute.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Multiple reports have suggested Putin was sent by the KGB to New Zealand, allegedly working for some time undercover as, among at least one other alias, a Bata shoe salesman in central Wellington. From 1985 to 1990, he served in Dresden, East Germany, using a cover identity as a translator.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Unlike Putin's presence in East Germany, his time in New Zealand has never been confirmed by Russian security services, but corroborated through New Zealand eyewitness accounts and government records. Former Waitākere City mayor Bob Harvey and Prime Minister during the 1980s David Lange both alleged that Putin served in both Wellington and Auckland.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In May 1990, Putin was appointed as an advisor on international affairs to the mayor of Leningrad Anatoly Sobchak. In a 2017 interview with Oliver Stone, Putin said that he resigned from the KGB in 1991, following the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev, as he did not agree with what had happened and did not want to be part of the intelligence in the new administration. According to Putin's statements in 2018 and 2021, he may have worked as a private taxi driver to earn extra money, or considered such a job.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In March 1994, Putin was appointed as first deputy chairman of the Government of Saint Petersburg. In May 1995, he organized the Saint Petersburg branch of the pro-government Our Home – Russia political party, the liberal party of power founded by Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin. In 1995, he managed the legislative election campaign for that party, and from 1995 through June 1997, he was the leader of its Saint Petersburg branch.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 27 June 1997, at the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute, guided by rector Vladimir Litvinenko, Putin defended his Candidate of Science dissertation in economics, titled "The Strategic Planning of Regional Resources Under the Formation of Market Relations". This exemplified the custom in Russia whereby a young rising official would write a scholarly work in mid-career. Putin's thesis was plagiarized. Fellows at the Brookings Institution found that 15 pages were copied from an American textbook.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 25 July 1998, Yeltsin appointed Putin director of the Federal Security Service (FSB), the primary intelligence and security organization of the Russian Federation and the successor to the KGB.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 9 August 1999, Putin was appointed one of three first deputy prime ministers, and later on that day, was appointed acting prime minister of the Government of the Russian Federation by President Yeltsin. Yeltsin also announced that he wanted to see Putin as his successor. Later on that same day, Putin agreed to run for the presidency.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Yeltsin's main opponents and would-be successors were already campaigning to replace the ailing president, and they fought hard to prevent Putin's emergence as a potential successor. Following the Russian apartment bombings and the invasion of Dagestan by mujahideen, including the former KGB agents, based in the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Putin's law-and-order image and unrelenting approach to the Second Chechen War soon combined to raise his popularity and allowed him to overtake his rivals.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: While not formally associated with any party, Putin pledged his support to the newly formed Unity Party, which won the second largest percentage of the popular vote (23.3%) in the December 1999 Duma elections, and in turn supported Putin.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 31 December 1999, Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned and, according to the Constitution of Russia, Putin became Acting President of the Russian Federation. On assuming this role, Putin went on a previously scheduled visit to Russian troops in Chechnya.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 30 December 2000, yet another case against the prosecutor general was dropped "for lack of evidence", despite thousands of documents having been forwarded by Swiss prosecutors. On 12 February 2001, Putin signed a similar federal law which replaced the decree of 1999. A case regarding Putin's alleged corruption in metal exports from 1992 was brought back by Marina Salye, but she was silenced and forced to leave Saint Petersburg.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: While his opponents had been preparing for an election in June 2000, Yeltsin's resignation resulted in the presidential elections being held on 26 March 2000; Putin won in the first round with 53% of the vote.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The inauguration of President Putin occurred on 7 May 2000. He appointed the minister of finance, Mikhail Kasyanov, as prime minister.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The first major challenge to Putin's popularity came in August 2000, when he was criticized for the alleged mishandling of the "Kursk" submarine disaster. That criticism was largely because it took several days for Putin to return from vacation, and several more before he visited the scene.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Between 2000 and 2004, Putin set about the reconstruction of the impoverished condition of the country, apparently winning a power-struggle with the Russian oligarchs, reaching a 'grand bargain' with them. This bargain allowed the oligarchs to maintain most of their powers, in exchange for their explicit support for—and alignment with—Putin's government.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The Moscow theater hostage crisis occurred in October 2002. Many in the Russian press and in the international media warned that the deaths of 130 hostages in the special forces' rescue operation during the crisis would severely damage President Putin's popularity. However, shortly after the siege had ended, the Russian president enjoyed record public approval ratings—83% of Russians declared themselves satisfied with Putin and his handling of the siege.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In 2003, a referendum was held in Chechnya, adopting a new constitution which declares that the Republic of Chechnya is a part of Russia; on the other hand, the region did acquire autonomy. Chechnya has been gradually stabilized with the establishment of the Parliamentary elections and a Regional Government. Throughout the Second Chechen War, Russia severely disabled the Chechen rebel movement; however, sporadic attacks by rebels continued to occur throughout the northern Caucasus.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 14 March 2004, Putin was elected to the presidency for a second term, receiving 71% of the vote. The Beslan school hostage crisis took place on 1–3 September 2004; more than 330 people died, including 186 children.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 7 October 2006, Anna Politkovskaya, a journalist who exposed corruption in the Russian army and its conduct in Chechnya, was shot in the lobby of her apartment building, on Putin's birthday. The death of Politkovskaya triggered international criticism, with accusations that Putin had failed to protect the country's new independent media. Putin himself said that her death caused the government more problems than her writings.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In February 2007, at the Munich Security Conference Putin complained about the feeling of insecurity engendered by the dominant position in geopolitics of the United States, and observed that a former NATO official had made rhetorical promises not to expand into new countries in Eastern Europe.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In early 2007, "Dissenters' Marches" were organized by the opposition group The Other Russia, led by former chess champion Garry Kasparov and national-Bolshevist leader Eduard Limonov. Following prior warnings, demonstrations in several Russian cities were met by police action, which included interfering with the travel of the protesters and the arrests of as many as 150 people who attempted to break through police lines.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 12 September 2007, Putin dissolved the government upon the request of Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov. Fradkov commented that it was to give the President a "free hand" in the run-up to the parliamentary election. Viktor Zubkov was appointed the new prime minister.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In December 2007, United Russia—the governing party that supports the policies of Putin—won 64.24% of the popular vote in their run for State Duma according to election preliminary results. United Russia's victory in the December 2007 elections was seen by many as an indication of strong popular support of the then Russian leadership and its policies.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin was barred from a third consecutive term by the Constitution. First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was elected his successor. In a power-switching operation on 8 May 2008, only a day after handing the presidency to Medvedev, Putin was appointed Prime Minister of Russia, maintaining his political dominance.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin has said that overcoming the consequences of the world economic crisis was one of the two main achievements of his second premiership. The other was stabilizing the size of Russia's population between 2008 and 2011 following a long period of demographic collapse that began in the 1990s.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: At the United Russia Congress in Moscow on 24 September 2011, Medvedev officially proposed that Putin stand for the presidency in 2012, an offer Putin accepted. Given United Russia's near-total dominance of Russian politics, many observers believed that Putin was assured of a third term. The move was expected to see Medvedev stand on the United Russia ticket in the parliamentary elections in December, with a goal of becoming prime minister at the end of his presidential term.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: After the parliamentary elections on 4 December 2011, tens of thousands of Russians engaged in protests against alleged electoral fraud, the largest protests in Putin's time. Protesters criticized Putin and United Russia and demanded annulment of the election results. Those protests sparked the fear of a colour revolution in society. Putin allegedly organized a number of paramilitary groups loyal to himself and to the United Russia party in the period between 2005 and 2012.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 24 September 2011, while speaking at the United Russia party congress, Medvedev announced that he would recommend the party nominate Putin as its presidential candidate. He also revealed that the two men had long ago cut a deal to allow Putin to run for president in 2012. This switch was termed by many in the media as "Rokirovka", the Russian term for the chess move "castling".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In June 2013, Putin attended a televised rally of the All-Russia People's Front where he was elected head of the movement, which was set up in 2011. According to journalist Steve Rosenberg, the movement is intended to "reconnect the Kremlin to the Russian people" and one day, if necessary, replace the increasingly unpopular United Russia party that currently backs Putin.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In February 2014, Russia made several military incursions into Ukrainian territory. After the Euromaidan protests and the fall of Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, Russian soldiers without insignias took control of strategic positions and infrastructure within the Ukrainian territory of Crimea. Russia then annexed Crimea and Sevastopol after a referendum in which, according to official results, Crimeans voted to join the Russian Federation.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In October 2014, Putin addressed Russian security concerns in Sochi at the Valdai International Discussion Club.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: As of early August 2015, the OSCE observed over 21 such vehicles marked with the Russian military code for soldiers killed in action. According to "The Moscow Times", Russia has tried to intimidate and silence human-rights workers discussing Russian soldiers' deaths in the conflict. The OSCE repeatedly reported that its observers were denied access to the areas controlled by "combined Russian-separatist forces".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In October 2015, "The Washington Post" reported that Russia had redeployed some of its elite units from Ukraine to Syria in recent weeks to support Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. In December 2015, Putin admitted that Russian military intelligence officers were operating in Ukraine.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 30 September 2015, President Putin authorized Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war, following a formal request by the Syrian government for military help against rebel and jihadist groups.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In January 2017, a U.S. intelligence community assessment expressed high confidence that Putin personally ordered an influence campaign, initially to denigrate Hillary Clinton and to harm her electoral chances and potential presidency, then later developing "a clear preference" for Donald Trump. Trump consistently denied any Russian interference in the U.S. election, as did Putin in December 2016, March 2017, June 2017, and July 2017.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In September 2019, Putin's administration interfered with the results of Russia's nationwide regional elections and manipulated it by eliminating all candidates in the opposition. The event that was aimed at contributing to the ruling party, United Russia's victory, also contributed to inciting mass protests for democracy, leading to large-scale arrests and cases of police brutality.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 15 January 2020, Medvedev and his entire government resigned after Putin's 2020 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly. Putin suggested major constitutional amendments that could extend his political power after presidency. At the same time, on behalf of Putin, he continued to exercise his powers until the formation of a new government. Putin suggested that Medvedev take the newly created post of deputy chairman of the Security Council.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 15 March 2020, Putin instructed to form a Working Group of the State Council to counteract the spread of coronavirus. Putin appointed Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin as the head of the group.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Putin arranged the Russian army to send military medics, special disinfection vehicles and other medical equipment to Italy, which was the European country hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 24 March 2020, Putin visited a hospital in Moscow's Kommunarka, where patients with coronavirus are kept, where he spoke with them and with doctors. Putin began working remotely from his office at Novo-Ogaryovo. According to Dmitry Peskov, Putin passes daily tests for coronavirus, and his health is not in danger.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In June 2021, Putin said he was fully vaccinated against the disease with the Sputnik V vaccine, emphasising that while vaccinations should be voluntary, making them mandatory in some professions would slow down the spread of COVID-19. In September, Putin entered self-isolation after people in his inner circle tested positive for the disease.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin signed an executive order on 3 July 2020 to officially insert amendments into the Russian Constitution, allowing him to run for two additional six-year terms. These amendments took effect on 4 July 2020.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Since 11 July, protests have been held in the Khabarovsk Krai in Russia's Far East in support of arrested regional governor Sergei Furgal. The 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests have become increasingly anti-Putin. A July 2020 Levada poll found that 45% of surveyed Russians supported the protests.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 22 December 2020, Putin signed a bill giving lifetime prosecutorial immunity to Russian ex-presidents.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin met Iran President Ebrahim Raisi in January 2022 to lay the groundwork for a 20-year deal between the two nations.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In September 2021, Ukraine had conducted military exercises with NATO forces. The Kremlin warned that NATO expanding military infrastructure in Ukraine would cross "red lines" for Putin. Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied allegations that Russia was preparing for a possible invasion of Ukraine.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 21 February Putin spoke of the "historic, strategic mistakes" that were made when in 1991 the USSR "granted sovereignty" to other Soviet republics on "historically Russian land" and called the entire episode "truly fatal". He described Ukraine as being turned into the "anti-Russia" by the West.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 22 February, Putin televised a meeting of the Security Council of Russia over the annexation, during which the chief of the SVR, Sergey Naryshkin, was seen visibly to tremble while he "stutter[ed] uncomfortably" as Putin humiliated him publicly for "fumbling" in his response to the Russian President's questioning.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin's invasion was met with international condemnation. International sanctions were widely imposed against Russia, including against Putin personally. Following an emergency meeting of United Nations Security Council on 24 February, UN Secretary-General António Guterres said: "President Putin, in the name of humanity, bring your troops back to Russia."

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In response to what Putin called "aggressive statements" by the West, he put the Strategic Rocket Forces's nuclear deterrence units on high alert. U.S. intelligence agencies determined that Putin was "frustrated" by slow progress due to the unexpectedly strong Ukrainian defense, "directing unusual bursts of anger" at his inner circle.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 4 March, Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian military and its operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine. On 7 March, as a condition for ending the invasion, the Kremlin demanded Ukraine's neutrality, recognition of Crimea as Russian territory, and recognition of the self-proclaimed republics of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 16 March, Putin issued a warning to Russian "traitors" who he said the West wanted to use as a "fifth column" to destroy Russia. He said that Russians should undergo "natural and necessary self-cleansing of society" to rid themselves of "bastards" and pro-Western "traitors."

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 24 March, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution drafted by Ukraine and its allies which criticized Russia for creating a "dire" humanitarian situation and demanded aid access as well as the protection of civilians in Ukraine. 140 member states voted in favour, 38 abstained, and five voted against the resolution.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 28 March, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said he was "99.9 percent sure" that Putin thought the Ukrainians would welcome the invading forces with "flowers and smiles" while he opened the door to negotiations on the offer that Ukraine would henceforth be a non-aligned state. U.S. and European Union officials believe that Putin has been misinformed by his advisers about Russian military's performance in Ukraine and the effect of sanctions on Russia.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 11 April, "The Times of London" reported that Putin had purged 150 FSB careerists for misinforming him over the invasion, including Fifth Service chief Sergey Beseda and his deputy.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 27 April, Putin warned that any countries who "create a strategic threat to Russia" during the war can expect "retaliatory strikes" that would be "lightning-fast".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 14 May, Putin warned Finland that joining NATO would be a "mistake". According to the US Director of National Intelligence, Avril Haines, Putin could potentially turn to nuclear weapons if he perceived an "existential threat" to the Russian state or regime. He could regard a possible defeat in Ukraine as an existential threat to his regime.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 16 May, Putin hosted a CSTO meeting under the glare of the cameras. He failed to convince his fellow leaders that "neo-Nazism has long been rampant in the Ukraine," or materially to support his actions there.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin has repeatedly blamed the West and sanctions on Russia for the emerging global energy and food crises. He denied accusations that his armed forces are blocking Ukrainian grain exports from the Black Sea.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 9 June, on the 350th anniversary of the birth of Peter the Great, Putin described the land that had been conquered by Peter in the Great Northern War against Sweden as land being returned to Russia. He stated that when Saint Petersburg was founded on the conquered land, no other countries in Europe recognised it as Russian. He also compared the task facing Russia today to that of Peter's, without explicitly mentioning Ukraine.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin's domestic policies, particularly early in his first presidency, were aimed at creating a vertical power structure. On 13 May 2000, he issued a decree organizing the 89 federal subjects of Russia into seven administrative federal districts and appointed a presidential envoy responsible for each of those districts (whose official title is Plenipotentiary Representative).

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: This was seen by Putin as a necessary move to stop separatist tendencies and get rid of those governors who were connected with organised crime. This and other government actions effected under Putin's presidency have been criticized by many independent Russian media outlets and Western commentators as anti-democratic. In 2012, as proposed by Putin's successor, Dmitry Medvedev, the direct election of governors was re-introduced.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Sergey Guriyev, when talking about Putin's economic policy, divided it into four distinct periods: the "reform" years of his first term (1999–2003); the "statist" years of his second term (2004 – the first half of 2008); the world economic crisis and recovery (the second half of 2008–2013); and the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russia's growing isolation from the global economy, and stagnation (2014–present).

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In 2006, Putin launched an industry consolidation programme to bring the main aircraft-producing companies under a single umbrella organization, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). In September 2020, the UAC general director announced that the UAC will receive the largest-ever post-Soviet government support package for the aircraft industry in order to pay and renegotiate the debt.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: According to "Meduza", Putin has since 2007 predicted on a number of occasions that Russia will become one of the world's five largest economies. In 2013, he said Russia was one of the five biggest economies in terms of gross domestic product but still lagged behind other countries on indicators such as labour productivity.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In 2004, Putin signed the Kyoto Protocol treaty designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, Russia did not face mandatory cuts, because the Kyoto Protocol limits emissions to a percentage increase or decrease from 1990 levels and Russia's greenhouse-gas emissions fell well below the 1990 baseline due to a drop in economic output after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin personally supervises a number of protection programmes for rare and endangered animals in Russia, such as the Amur tiger, the white whale, the polar bear, and the snow leopard.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Human rights organizations and religious freedom advocates have criticized the state of religious freedom in Russia. In 2016, Putin oversaw the passage of legislation that prohibited missionary activity in Russia. Nonviolent religious minority groups have been repressed under anti-extremism laws, especially Jehovah's Witnesses.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov during his meeting with Putin on 5 December 2007, that 11 ships, including the aircraft carrier "Kuznetsov", would take part in the first major navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: While from the early 2000s Russia started placing more money into its military and defense industry, it was only in 2008 that full-scale Russian military reform began, aiming to modernize the Russian Armed Forces and make them significantly more effective. The reform was largely carried out by Defense Minister Serdyukov during Medvedev's presidency, under the supervision of both Putin, as the head of government, and Medvedev, as the commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Accordingly, U.S. President Donald Trump announced the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the treaty's provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers. This prompted Putin to state that Russia would not launch first in a nuclear conflict but that "an aggressor should know that vengeance is inevitable, that he will be annihilated, and we would be the victims of the aggression. We will go to heaven as martyrs".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin has also sought to increase Russian territorial claims in the Arctic and its military presence there. In August 2007, Russian expedition Arktika 2007, part of research related to the 2001 Russian territorial extension claim, planted a flag on the seabed at the North Pole. Both Russian submarines and troops deployed in the Arctic have been increasing.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In 2020, Putin signed a law on labelling individuals and organizations receiving funding from abroad as "foreign agents". The law is an expansion of "foreign agent" legislation adopted in 2012.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: As of June 2020, per Memorial Human Rights Center, there were 380 political prisoners in Russia, including 63 individuals prosecuted, directly or indirectly, for political activities (including Alexey Navalny) and 245 prosecuted for their involvement with one of the Muslim organizations that are banned in Russia. 78 individuals on the list, i.e. more than 20% of the total, are residents of Crimea.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In the early 2000s, Putin and his circle began promoting the idea in Russian media that they are the modern-day version of the 17th-century Romanov tsars who ended Russia's "Time of Troubles", meaning they claim to be the peacemakers and stabilizers after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In cultural and social affairs Putin has collaborated closely with the Russian Orthodox Church. Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, head of the Church, endorsed his election in 2012 stating Putin's terms were like "a miracle of God." Steven Myers reports, "The church, once heavily repressed, had emerged from the Soviet collapse as one of the most respected institutions... Now Kiril led the faithful directly into an alliance with the state."

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On abortion, Putin stated: "In the modern world, the decision is up to the woman herself." This put him at odds with the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2020, he supported efforts to reduce the number of abortions instead of prohibiting it.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin supported the 2020 Russian constitutional referendum, which passed and defined marriage as a relationship between one man and one woman in the Constitution of Russia.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Leonid Bershidsky analyzed Putin's interview with the "Financial Times" and concluded, "Putin is an imperialist of the old Soviet school, rather than a nationalist or a racist, and he has cooperated with, and promoted, people who are known to be gay."

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin spoke favorably of artificial intelligence in regards to foreign policy, "Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia, but for all humankind. It comes with colossal opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict. Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world."

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In 2012, Putin wrote an article in Indian newspaper "The Hindu", saying: "The Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became a truly historic step." India remains the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a historically strong strategic and diplomatic relationship.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Under Putin, Russia has maintained positive relations with the Asian states of SCO and BRICS, which include China, India, Pakistan, and post-Soviet states of Central Asia. In the 21st century, Sino-Russian relations have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically—the Treaty of Friendship, and the construction of the ESPO oil pipeline and the Power of Siberia gas pipeline formed a "special relationship" between the two great powers.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe frequently met each other to discuss the Japan–Russia territorial disputes. Putin also voiced his willingness of constructing a rail bridge between the two countries. Despite the amount of meetings, no agreement was signed before Abe's resignation in 2020.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The relations between Russia and the Philippines received a boost in 2016 as Putin forged closer bilateral ties with his Filipino counterpart, Rodrigo Duterte. Putin also has good relations with Malaysia and its then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, as well as with Bangladesh, signing a nuclear power deal with Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. Putin also made the first Russian or Soviet leader to visit North Korea, meeting Kim Jong-il in July 2000, shortly after a visit to South Korea.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin criticized violence in Myanmar against Rohingya minorities in 2017. Following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, Russia has pledged to boost ties with the Myanmar military regime.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Under Putin, the Kremlin has consistently stated that Russia has a sphere of influence and "privileged interests" over other Post-Soviet states, which are referred to as the "near abroad" in Russia. It has also been stated that the post-Soviet states are strategically vital to Russian interests. Some Russia experts have compared this concept to the Monroe Doctrine.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: A series of so-called colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states, namely the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004 and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticized the Rose and Orange revolutions, saying: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin allegedly declared at a NATO-Russia summit in 2008 that if Ukraine joined NATO Russia could contend to annex the Ukrainian East and Crimea. At the summit, he told US President George W. Bush that "Ukraine is not even a state!" while the following year Putin referred to Ukraine as "Little Russia". Following the Revolution of Dignity in March 2014, the Russian Federation annexed Crimea. According to Putin, this was done because "Crimea has always been and remains an inseparable part of Russia".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In August 2008, Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili attempted to restore control over the breakaway South Ossetia. However, the Georgian military was soon defeated in the resulting 2008 South Ossetia War after regular Russian forces entered South Ossetia and then other parts of Georgia, then also opened a second front in the other Georgian breakaway province of Abkhazia with Abkhazian forces.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Despite existing or past tensions between Russia and most of the post-Soviet states, Putin has followed the policy of Eurasian integration. Putin endorsed the idea of a Eurasian Union in 2011; the concept was proposed by the president of Kazakhstan in 1994. On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Union by 2015. The Eurasian Union was established on 1 January 2015.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Under Putin, Russia's relations have improved significantly with Uzbekistan, the second largest post-Soviet republic after Ukraine. This was demonstrated in Putin's visit to Tashkent in May 2000, after lukewarm relations under Yeltsin and Islam Karimov who had long distanced itself from Moscow. In another meeting in 2014, Russia agreed to write off Uzbek debt.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: A theme of a greater Soviet region, including the former USSR and many of its neighbors or imperial-era states⸺rather than just post-Soviet Russia⸺has been a consistent theme in Putin's May Day speeches.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The months following Putin's Munich Speech were marked by tension and a surge in rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. Both Russian and American officials, however, denied the idea of a new Cold War. Putin publicly opposed plans for the U.S. missile shield in Europe and presented President George W. Bush with a counterproposal on 7 June 2007 which was declined. Russia suspended its participation in the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty on 11 December 2007.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The NATO-led military intervention in Libya in 2011 prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Putin, who said that the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 is "defective and flawed", adding: "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades."

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: With the election of Trump, Putin's favorability in the U.S. increased. A Gallup poll in February 2017 revealed a positive view of Putin among 22% of Americans, the highest since 2003. Putin has stated that U.S.–Russian relations, already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War, have continued to deteriorate after Trump took office in January 2017.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 18 June 2020, "The National Interest" published a nine thousand word essay by Putin, titled "The Real Lessons of the 75th Anniversary of World War II". In the essay, Putin criticizes the Western historical view of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact as the start of World War II, stating that the Munich Agreement was the beginning.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In 2003, relations between Russia and the United Kingdom deteriorated when the United Kingdom granted political asylum to Putin's former patron, oligarch Boris Berezovsky. This deterioration was intensified by allegations that the British were spying and making secret payments to pro-democracy and human rights groups. A survey conducted in the United Kingdom in 2022 found Putin to be among the least popular foreign leaders, with 8% of British respondents holding a positive opinion.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The end of 2006 brought more strained relations in the wake of the death by polonium poisoning in London of former KGB and FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, who became an MI6 agent in 2003. In 2007, the crisis in relations continued with the expulsion of four Russian envoys over Russia's refusal to extradite former KGB bodyguard Andrei Lugovoi to face charges in the murder. Mirroring the British actions, Russia expelled UK diplomats and took other retaliatory steps.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin and his successor, Medvedev, enjoyed warm relations with Hugo Chávez of Venezuela. Much of this has been through the sale of military equipment; since 2005, Venezuela has purchased more than $4 billion worth of arms from Russia. In September 2008, Russia sent Tupolev Tu-160 bombers to Venezuela to carry out training flights. In November 2008, both countries held a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean. Earlier in 2000, Putin had re-established stronger ties with Fidel Castro's Cuba.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Amid calls to ban Putin from attending the 2014 G20 Summit, Prime Minister Tony Abbott said he would "shirtfront" (challenge) the Russian leader over the shooting down of MH17 by Russian backed rebels, which had killed 38 Australians. Putin denied responsibility for the killings. South Pacific Nations condemned Putin's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison said the invasion was "unprovoked, unjust and illegal" and labeled Putin a "thug".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern denounced Putin as a "bully". Fijian Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama tweeted "Fiji and our fellow Pacific Island Countries have united as nations of peace-loving people to condemn the conflict in Ukraine", while the Solomon Islands called Putin's war a "violation of the rule of law".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 16 October 2007, Putin visited Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit in Tehran, where he met with Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. This was the first visit of a Soviet or Russian leader to Iran since Joseph Stalin's participation in the Tehran Conference in 1943, and marked a significant event in Iran-Russia relations. At a press conference after the summit Putin said that "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programmes without any restrictions".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin was quoted as describing Iran as a "partner", though he expressed concerns over the Iranian nuclear programme.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In April 2008, Putin became the first Russian president who visited Libya. Putin condemned the foreign military intervention of Libya, he called UN resolution as "defective and flawed," and added "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades." Upon the death of Muammar Gaddafi, Putin called it as "planned murder" by the US, saying: "They showed to the whole world how he (Gaddafi) was killed," and "There was blood all over. Is that what they call a democracy?"

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: From 2000 to 2010, Russia sold around $1.5 billion worth of arms to Syria, making Damascus Moscow's seventh-largest client.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: During the Syrian civil war, Russia threatened to veto any sanctions against the Syrian government, and continued to supply arms to its regime.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin opposed any foreign intervention into Syrian civil war. In June 2012, in Paris, he rejected the statement of French president François Hollande who called on Bashar Al-Assad to step down. Putin echoed Assad's argument that anti-regime "militants" were responsible for much of the bloodshed. He also talked about previous NATO interventions and their results, and asked "What is happening in Libya, in Iraq? Did they become safer? Where are they heading? Nobody has an answer".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 11 September 2013, "The New York Times" published an op-ed by Putin urging caution against US intervention in Syria and criticizing American exceptionalism. Putin subsequently helped to arrange for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons. In 2015, he took a stronger pro-Assad stance and mobilized military support for the regime. Some analysts have summarized Putin as being allied with Shiites and Alawites in the Middle East.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In October 2019, Putin visited the United Arab Emirates, where six agreements were struck with Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed. One of them included shared investments between Russian sovereign wealth fund and the Emirati investment fund Mubadala. The two nations signed deals worth over $1.3bn, in energy, health and advance technology sectors.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 22 October 2021, Putin highlighted the "unique bond" between Russia and Israel during a meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The director of the Levada Center, Denis Volkov, stated in 2015 that drawing any conclusions from Russian poll results or comparing them to polls in democratic states was pointless as there is no real political competition in Russia, where, unlike in democratic states, Russian voters are not offered any "credible alternatives" and public opinion is primarily formed by state-controlled media which promotes those in power and discredits any alternative candidates.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In a June 2007 public opinion survey, Putin's approval rating was 81%, the second-highest of any leader in the world that year. In January 2013, at the time of the 2011–2013 Russian protests, Putin's approval rating fell to 62%, the lowest figure since 2000 and a ten-point drop over two years.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In May 2014, Putin's approval rating hit 83%, its highest since 2008. After EU and U.S. sanctions against Russian officials as a result of the crisis in Ukraine, Putin's approval rating reached 87%, in a survey published on 6 August 2014. In February 2015, based on new domestic polling, Putin was ranked the world's most popular politician. In June 2015, Putin's approval rating climbed to 89%, an all-time high. In 2016, his approval rating was 81%.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Observers saw Putin's high approval ratings in 2010's as a consequence of significant improvements in living standards, and Russia's reassertion of itself on the world scene during his presidency.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Despite high approval for Putin, public confidence in the Russian economy was low, dropping to levels in 2016 that rivaled the recent lows in 2009 at the height of the global economic crisis. Just 14% of Russians in 2016 said their national economy was getting better, and 18% said this about their local economies.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin's performance in reining in corruption is unpopular among Russians. "Newsweek" reported in June 2017 that "An opinion poll by the Moscow-based Levada Center indicated that 67 percent held Putin personally responsible for high-level corruption". Corruption is a significant problem in Russia.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In January 2019, the percentage of Russians trusting Putin hit a then-historic minimum – 33.4%. It declined to 31.7% in May 2019. This finding led to a dispute between the VCIOM and President's administration office, who accused it of incorrectly using an open question, after which VCIOM repeated the poll with a closed question getting 72.3%. Nonetheless, in April 2019 Gallup poll showed a record number of Russians (20%) willing to permanently emigrate from Russia.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In May 2020, amid the COVID-19 crisis, Putin's approval rating was 67.9%, measured by VCIOM when respondents were presented a list of names (closed question), and 27% when respondents were expected to name politicians they trust (open question). In a closed-question survey conducted by the Levada Center, Putin's approval rating was 59%. This has been attributed to continued post-Crimea economic stagnation but also an apathetic response to the pandemic crisis in Russia.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In another May 2021 Levada poll, 33% indicated Putin in response to "who would you vote for this weekend?" among Moscow respondents and 40% outside of Moscow. The Levada Center survey released in October 2021 found 53% of respondents saying they trusted Putin.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Some observers noted what they described as a "generational struggle" among Russians over perception of Putin's rule, with younger Russians more likely to be against Putin and his policies and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative presented by state-controlled media in Russia. Putin’s support among Russians aged 18–24 was only 20% in December 2020.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Polls conducted in November 2021 oin the wake of the failure of a Russian COVID-19 vaccination campaign indicated that distrust of Putin personally is one of the major contributing factors for vaccine hesitancy among citizens, with regional polls indicating numbers as low as 20–30% in the Volga Federal District.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In March 2022, 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavourable view of Putin, and 98% of Ukrainians – including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine – said they did not believe that any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia, according to Lord Ashcroft's polls which did not include Crimea and the separatist-controlled part of Donbas.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Assessments of Putin's character as a leader have evolved during his long reign. His shifting of Russia towards autocracy and weakening of the system of representative government advocated by Boris Yeltsin has met with criticism. Russian dissidents and world leaders now frequently characterise him as a "dictator". Others have offered favourable assessments of his impact on Russia.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Russia has suffered democratic backsliding during Putin's tenure. Freedom House has listed Russia as being "not free" since 2005. Experts do not generally consider Russia to be a democracy, citing purges and jailing of political opponents, curtailed press freedom, and the lack of free and fair elections. In 2004, Freedom House warned that Russia's "retreat from freedom marks a low point not registered since 1989, when the country was part of the Soviet Union."

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Russia as "authoritarian" since 2011, whereas it had previously been considered a "hybrid regime" (with "some form of democratic government" in place). According to political scientist Larry Diamond, writing in 2015, "no serious scholar would consider Russia today a democracy".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Following the jailing of the anti-corruption blogger and activist Alexei Navalny in 2018, "Forbes" wrote: "Putin's actions are those of a dictator... As a leader with failing public support, he can only remain in power by using force and repression that gets worse by the day." In November 2021, "The Economist" also noted that Putin had "shifted from autocracy to dictatorship".

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Numerous Kremlinologists have accused Putin of seeking to create a cult of personality around himself, an accusation that the Kremlin has denied. Some of Putin's activities have been criticised for being staged; outside of Russia, his macho image has been the subject of parody. Putin is believed to be self-conscious about his height, which has been estimated by Kremlin insiders at between tall but is usually given at .

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: There are many songs about Putin, and Putin's name and image are widely used in advertisement and product branding. Among the Putin-branded products are Putinka vodka, the PuTin brand of canned food, the "Gorbusha Putina" caviar, and a collection of T-shirts with his image. In 2015, his advisor Mikhail Lesin was found dead after "days of excessive consumption of alcohol", though his death was later ruled as the result of an accident.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In 2007, he was the "Time" Person of the Year. In 2015, he was No. 1 on the "Time's" Most Influential People List. "Forbes" ranked him the World's Most Powerful Individual every year from 2013 to 2016. He was ranked the second most powerful individual by "Forbes" in 2018.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin has produced many aphorisms and catch-phrases known as putinisms. Many of them were first made during his annual Q&A conferences, where Putin answered questions from journalists and other people in the studio, as well as from Russians throughout the country, who either phoned in or spoke from studios and outdoor sites across Russia. Putin is known for his often tough and sharp language, often alluding to Russian jokes and folk sayings.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin sometimes uses Russian criminal jargon (known as "fenya" in Russian), albeit not always correctly.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 28 July 1983, Putin married Lyudmila Shkrebneva, and they lived together in East Germany from 1985 to 1990. They have two daughters, Mariya Putina, born on 28 April 1985 in Saint Petersburg, then Leningrad and Yekaterina Putina, born on 31 August 1986 in Dresden, East Germany now Germany. An investigation by "Proekt" published in November 2020 alleged that Putin has another daughter, Elizaveta, also known as Luiza Rozova, (born in March 2003), with Svetlana Krivonogikh.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: In April 2008, the "Moskovsky Korrespondent" reported that Putin had divorced Lyudmila and was engaged to marry Olympic gold medalist Alina Kabaeva, a former rhythmic gymnast and Russian politician. The story was denied, and the newspaper was shut down shortly thereafter. Putin and Lyudmila continued to make public appearances together as spouses, while the status of his relationship with Kabaeva became a topic of speculation.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: On 6 June 2013, Putin and Lyudmila announced that their marriage was over; on 1 April 2014, the Kremlin confirmed that the divorce had been finalised. Kabaeva reportedly gave birth to a daughter by Putin in 2015; this report was denied. Kabaeva reportedly gave birth to twin sons by Putin in 2019. However, in 2022, Swiss media, citing the couple's Swiss gynecologist, wrote that on both occasions Kabaeva gave birth to a boy.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: Putin has two grandsons, born in 2012 and 2017, through Maria. He reportedly also has a granddaughter, born in 2017, through Katerina. His cousin, Igor Putin, was a director at Moscow-based Master Bank and was accused in a number of money-laundering scandals.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: According to the paper, the US$2 billion had been "secretly shuffled through banks and shadow companies linked to Putin's associates", such as construction billionaires Arkady and Boris Rotenberg, and Bank Rossiya, previously identified by the U.S. State Department as being treated by Putin as his personal bank account, had been central in facilitating this. It concludes that "Putin has shown he is willing to take aggressive steps to maintain secrecy and protect [such] communal assets."

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?


Vladimir Putin

Context: As president and prime minister, Putin has lived in numerous official residences throughout the country. These residences include: the Moscow Kremlin, Novo-Ogaryovo in Moscow Oblast, near Moscow, Bocharov Ruchey in Sochi, in Novgorod Oblast, and Riviera in Sochi.

Question: 2001년 러시아의 지도자는 누구인가?