Double (association football)

Context: Similarly, there were six occasions of clubs winning their League and the now defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (CWC). No club ever won the CWC as part of a recognised treble. In the case of 1. FC Magdeburg and Dynamo Kyiv, it is also worth noting that the domestic Championships they won are also now disbanded, due to German reunification and the disintegration of the Soviet Union respectively.

Question: من أكثر نادي في العالم فاز بالثنائية؟


Double (association football)

Context: Outside the UEFA confederation winning the Continental Double may be won in a calendar year, rather than a single season.

Question: من أكثر نادي في العالم فاز بالثنائية؟


Double (association football)

Context: A Domestic Cup Double consists of winning both domestic cup competitions in a single season or calendar year (for seasons when this double was won in conjunction with the league title see Domestic Treble). Examples include:

Question: من أكثر نادي في العالم فاز بالثنائية؟


Double (association football)

Context: There have been several occasions when a club has won its association's cup or league cup and a UEFA trophy but not its League title. For European cup doubles won in conjunction with the league title, see the treble.

Question: من أكثر نادي في العالم فاز بالثنائية؟


Double (association football)

Context: A combination of domestic league or cup and a lesser domestic or continental trophy may be won in the same season. Examples include (this list does not include doubles achieved as part of a treble):

Question: من أكثر نادي في العالم فاز بالثنائية؟


Double (association football)

Context: A national team cannot usually win a FIFA World Cup and their continental championship in the same year because they are usually not held in the same year (except for the Africa Cup of Nations until 2010), but one which wins both titles consecutively could be said to have "done the double".

Question: من أكثر نادي في العالم فاز بالثنائية؟


Manga

Context: Manga (Japanese: 漫画 ) are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, and the form has a long prehistory in earlier Japanese art. The term "manga" is used in Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning. Outside of Japan, the word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in the country.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in those places that speak Chinese ("manhua"), Korean ("manhwa"), English ("OEL manga"), and French ("manfra"), as well as in the nation of Algeria ("DZ-manga").

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: The word "manga" comes from the Japanese word 漫画, (katakana: ; hiragana: ) composed of the two kanji 漫 (man) meaning "whimsical or impromptu" and 画 (ga) meaning "pictures". The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, "manhwa", and the Chinese word "manhua".

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: In Japanese, "manga" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among English speakers, "manga" has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage of "anime" in and outside Japan. The term "ani-manga" is used to describe comics produced from animation cels.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, "shōnen" manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy, including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic action-adventure. Popular themes include science fiction, technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman, Batman, and Spider-Man generally did not become as popular.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls ("bishōjo") such as Belldandy from "Oh My Goddess!", stories where such girls and women surround the hero, as in "" and "Hanaukyo Maid Team", or groups of heavily armed female warriors ("sentō bishōjo")

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s, an assortment of explicit sexual material appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly continued into the English translations. In 2010, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government considered a bill to restrict minors' access to such content.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: In Japan, manga constituted an annual 40.6 billion yen (approximately US$395 million) publication-industry by 2007. In 2006 sales of manga books made up for about 27% of total book-sales, and sale of manga magazines, for 20% of total magazine-sales. The manga industry has expanded worldwide, where distribution companies license and reprint manga into their native languages.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: The Kyoto International Manga Museum maintains a very large website listing manga published in Japanese.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: Published from May 1935 to January 1941, "Manga no Kuni" coincided with the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). "Manga no Kuni" featured information on becoming a mangaka and on other comics industries around the world. "Manga no Kuni" handed its title to "Sashie Manga Kenkyū" in August 1940.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: Thanks to the advent of the internet, there have been new ways for aspiring mangaka to upload and sell their manga online. Before, there were two main ways in which a mangaka's work could be published: taking their manga drawn on paper to a publisher themselves, or submitting their work to competitions run by magazines.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: By 2007, the influence of manga on international comics had grown considerably over the past two decades. "Influence" is used here to refer to effects on the comics markets outside Japan and to aesthetic effects on comics artists internationally.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include Gollancz and Titan Books. Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the Tanoshimi line from Random House. In 2019 The British Museum held a mass exhibition dedicated to manga.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher Shogakukan opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: A number of artists in the United States have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga. As an early example, Vernon Grant drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Others include Frank Miller's mid-1980s "Ronin", Adam Warren and Toren Smith's 1988 "The Dirty Pair", Ben Dunn's 1987 "Ninja High School" and "Manga Shi 2000" from Crusade Comics (1997).

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: Francophone artists have also developed their own versions of manga ("manfra"), like Frédéric Boilet's "la nouvelle manga". Boilet has worked in France and in Japan, sometimes collaborating with Japanese artists.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: The Japanese manga industry grants a large number of awards, mostly sponsored by publishers, with the winning prize usually including publication of the winning stories in magazines released by the sponsoring publisher. Examples of these awards include:

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has awarded the International Manga Award annually since May 2007.

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


Manga

Context: Kyoto Seika University in Japan has offered a highly competitive course in manga since 2000. Then, several established universities and vocational schools (専門学校: "Semmon gakkou") established a .

Question: متى بدأت الكتب التصويرية لشخصيات الأنمي والمانجا؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Salinger's last published work, the novella "Hapworth 16, 1924," appeared in "The New Yorker" on June 19, 1965. Afterward, Salinger struggled with unwanted attention, including a legal battle in the 1980s with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release in the late 1990s of memoirs written by two people close to him: Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover; and his daughter Margaret Salinger.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Jerome David Salinger was born in Manhattan, New York, on January 1, 1919. His father, Sol Salinger, traded in Kosher cheese, and was from a family of Lithuanian-Jewish descent, his own father having been the rabbi for Adath Jeshurun Congregation in Louisville, Kentucky.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Salinger's mother, Marie (née Jillich), was born in Atlantic, Iowa, of German, Irish, and Scottish descent, "but changed her first name to Miriam to appease her in-laws" and considered herself Jewish after marrying Salinger's father. Salinger did not learn that his mother was not of Jewish ancestry until just after he celebrated his Bar Mitzvah. He had one sibling, an older sister, Doris (1912–2001).

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: In 1942, Salinger started dating Oona O'Neill, daughter of the playwright Eugene O'Neill. Despite finding her immeasurably self-absorbed (he confided to a friend that "Little Oona's hopelessly in love with little Oona"), he called her often and wrote her long letters. Their relationship ended when Oona began seeing Charlie Chaplin, whom she eventually married. In late 1941, Salinger briefly worked on a Caribbean cruise ship, serving as an activity director and possibly a performer.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: By the late 1940s, Salinger had become an avid follower of Zen Buddhism, to the point that he "gave reading lists on the subject to his dates" and arranged a meeting with Buddhist scholar D. T. Suzuki.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Mark David Chapman, who shot singer-songwriter John Lennon in December 1980, was obsessed with the book. His main motive was his frustration with Lennon's lifestyle and public statements, as well as delusions he suffered related to Holden Caulfield.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger tried Dianetics (the forerunner of Scientology), even meeting its founder L. Ron Hubbard, but according to Claire was quickly disenchanted with it. This was followed by an adherence to a number of spiritual, medical, and nutritional belief systems, including Christian Science, Edgar Cayce, homeopathy, acupuncture, and macrobiotics.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: The Salingers divorced in 1967, with Claire getting custody of the children. Salinger remained close to his family. He built a new house for himself across the road and visited frequently.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Salinger published "Franny and Zooey" in 1961, and "" in 1963. Each book contained two short stories or novellas published in "The New Yorker" between 1955 and 1959, and were the only stories Salinger had published since "Nine Stories." On the dust jacket of "Franny and Zooey," Salinger wrote, in reference to his interest in privacy: "It is my rather subversive opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity are the second most valuable property on loan to him during his working years."

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Salinger was romantically involved with television actress Elaine Joyce for several years in the 1980s. The relationship ended when he met Colleen O'Neill (b. June 11, 1959), a nurse and quiltmaker, whom he married around 1988. O'Neill, 40 years his junior, once told Margaret Salinger that she and Salinger were trying to have a child. They did not succeed.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: An unintended consequence of the lawsuit was that many details of Salinger's private life, including that he had spent the last 20 years writing, in his words, "Just a work of fiction ... That's all" became public in the form of court transcripts. Excerpts from his letters were also widely disseminated, most notably a bitter remark written in response to Oona O'Neill's marriage to Charlie Chaplin:

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: In 1995, Iranian director Dariush Mehrjui released the film "Pari", an unauthorized loose adaptation of "Franny and Zooey". The film could be distributed legally in Iran since it has no copyright relations with the United States, Salinger had his lawyers block a planned 1998 screening of it at Lincoln Center. Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering", explaining that he saw his film as "a kind of cultural exchange".

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: On October 23, 1992, "The New York Times" reported, "Not even a fire that consumed at least half his home on Tuesday could smoke out the reclusive J. D. Salinger, author of the classic novel of adolescent rebellion, "The Catcher in the Rye". Mr. Salinger is almost equally famous for having elevated privacy to an art form."

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Salinger died of natural causes at his home in New Hampshire on January 27, 2010. He was 91. His literary representative told "The New York Times" that Salinger had broken his hip in May 2009, but that "his health had been excellent until a rather sudden decline after the new year." His third wife and widow, Colleen O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, and Salinger's son Matt became the executors of his estate.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Salinger wrote all his life. His widow and son began preparing this work for publication after his death, announcing in 2019 that "all of what he wrote will at some point be shared" but that it was a major undertaking and not yet ready.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Salinger identified closely with his characters, and used techniques such as interior monologue, letters, and extended telephone calls to display his gift for dialogue.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also connect to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, including the "corrupting influence of Hollywood and the world at large", the disconnect between teenagers and "phony" adults, and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


J. D. Salinger

Context: In the mid-1960s, Salinger was drawn to Sufi mysticism through the writer and thinker Idries Shah's seminal work "The Sufis", as were others writers such as Doris Lessing and Geoffrey Grigson and the poets Robert Graves and Ted Hughes. As well as Shah, Salinger read the Taoist philosopher Lao Tse and the Hindu Swami Vivekananda who introduced the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world.

Question: متى عاش جيروم ديفيد سالينغ؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid and tomb of Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu. Built in the 26th century BC during a period of around 27 years, it is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. As part of the Giza pyramid complex, it borders present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Initially standing at , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Over time, most of the smooth white limestone casing was removed, which lowered the pyramid's height to the present . What is seen today is the underlying core structure. The base was measured to be about square, giving a volume of roughly , which includes an internal hillock.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The dimensions of the pyramid were high, a base length of , with a seked of palms (a slope of 51°50'40").

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Great Pyramid was built by quarrying an estimated 2.3 million large blocks weighing 6 million tonnes in total. The majority of stones are not uniform in size or shape and are only roughly dressed. The outside layers were bound together by mortar. Primarily local limestone from the Giza Plateau was used. Other blocks were imported by boat down the Nile: White limestone from Tura for the casing, and granite blocks from Aswan, weighing up to 80 tonnes, for the King's Chamber structure.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Historically the Great Pyramid had been attributed to Khufu based on the words of authors of classical antiquity, first and foremost Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus. However, during the middle ages a number of other people were credited with the construction of the pyramid as well, for example Joseph, Nimrod or king Saurid.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The cemeteries were actively expanded until the 6th dynasty and used less frequently afterwards. The earliest pharaonic name of seal impressions is that of Khufu, the latest of Pepi II. Worker graffiti was written on some of the stones of the tombs as well; for instance, "Mddw" (Horus name of Khufu) on the mastaba of Chufunacht, probably a grandson of Khufu.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: In 1936 Hassan uncovered a stela of Amenhotep II near the Great Sphinx of Giza which implies the two larger pyramids were still attributed to Khufu and Khafre in the New Kingdom. It reads: "He yoked the horses in Memphis, when he was still young, and stopped at the Sanctuary of Hor-em-akhet (the Sphinx). He spent a time there in going round it, looking at the beauty of the Sanctuary of Khufu and Khafra the revered."

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Great Pyramid has been determined to be about 4600 years old by two principal approaches: indirectly, through its attribution to Khufu and his chronological age, based on archaeological and textual evidence; and directly, via radiocarbon dating of organic material found in the pyramid and included in its mortar.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: In the past the Great Pyramid was dated by its attribution to Khufu alone, putting the construction of the Great Pyramid within his reign. Hence dating the pyramid was a matter of dating Khufu and the 4th dynasty. The relative sequence and synchronicity of events stands at the focal point of this method.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The majority of recent chronological estimates date Khufu and his pyramid roughly between 2700 and 2500 BC.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Circa 450 BC Herodotus attributed the Great Pyramid to Cheops (Hellenization of Khufu), yet erroneously placed his reign following the Ramesside period. Manetho, around 200 years later, composed an extensive list of Egyptian kings which he divided into dynasties, assigning Khufu to the 4th. However, after phonetic changes in the Egyptian language and consequently the Greek translation, "Cheops" had transformed into "Souphis" (and similar versions).

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Greaves, in 1646, reported the great difficulty of ascertaining a date for the pyramid's construction based on the lacking and conflicting historic sources. Because of the aforementioned differences in spelling, he didn't recognize Khufu on Manetho's king list (as transcribed by Africanus and Eusebius), hence he relied on Herodotus' incorrect account. Summating the duration of lines of succession, Greaves concluded the year 1266 BC to be the beginning of Khufu's reign.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Egyptian chronology continues to be refined and data from multiple disciplines have started to be factored in, such as luminescence dating, radiocarbon dating, and dendrochronology. For instance, Ramsey et al. included over 200 radiocarbon samples in their model.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Herodotus also described an inscription on the outside of the pyramid which, according to his translators, indicated the amount of radishes, garlic and onions that the workers would have eaten while working on the pyramid. This could be a note of restoration work that Khaemweset, son of Rameses II, had carried out. Apparently, Herodotus’ companions and interpreters could not read the hieroglyphs or deliberately gave him false information.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: By the close of the Middle Ages, the Great Pyramid had gained a reputation as a haunted structure. Others feared entering because it was home to animals like bats.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: A hillock forms the base on which the pyramids stands. It was cut back into steps and only a strip around the perimeter was leveled, which has been measured to be horizontal and flat to within . The bedrock reaches a height of almost above the pyramid base at the location of the Grotto.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Along the sides of the base platform a series of holes are cut in the bedrock. Lehner hypothesizes that they held wooden posts used for alignment. Edwards, among others, suggested the usage of water for evening the base, although it is unclear how practical and workable such a system would be.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks. Approximately 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite, and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Most of the blocks were quarried at Giza just south of the pyramid, an area now known as the Central Field.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The white limestone used for the casing originated from Tura ( south of Giza) and was transported by boat down the Nile. In 2013, rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered, written by a supervisor of the deliveries of limestone and other construction materials from Tura to Giza in the last known year of Khufu's reign.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby workers' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by thousands of conscript laborers.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Worker graffiti found at Giza suggest haulers were divided into "zau" (singular "za"), groups of 40 men, consisting of four sub-units that each had an "Overseer of Ten".

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: A construction management study conducted in 1999, in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists, had estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 13,200 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The first precise measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Flinders Petrie in 1880–1882, published as "The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh". Many of the casing-stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with high precision, with joints, on average, only wide. On the contrary, core blocks were only roughly shaped, with rubble inserted between larger gaps. Mortar was used to bind the outer layers together and fill gaps and joints.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The block height and weight tends to get progressively smaller towards the top. Petrie measured the lowest layer to be high, whereas the layers towards the summit barely exceed .

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The accuracy of the pyramid's perimeter is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only in length and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The completed design dimensions are measured to have originally been high by long at each of the four sides of its base. Ancient Egyptians used seked – how much run for one cubit of rise – to describe slopes. For the Great Pyramid a seked of palms was chosen, a ratio of 14 up to 11 in.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The sides of the Great Pyramid's base are closely aligned to the four geographic (not magnetic) cardinal directions, deviating on average 3 minutes and 38 seconds of arc. Several methods have been proposed for how the ancient Egyptians achieved this level of accuracy:

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques. One mystery of the pyramid's construction is its planning. John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions, laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1-to-1 scale. He writes that "such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means".

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The basalt blocks of the pyramid temple show "clear evidence" of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of in length. Romer suggests that this "super saw" may have had copper teeth and weighed up to . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle support and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil, cutting sand, emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks, which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The height of the horizontal layers is not uniform but varies considerably. The highest of the 203 remaining courses are towards the bottom, the first layer being the tallest at . Towards the top, layers tend to be only slightly over in height. An irregular pattern is noticeable when looking at the sizes in sequence, where layer height declines steadily only to rise sharply again.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The mortar was chemically analyzed and contains organic inclusions (mostly charcoal), samples of which were radiocarbon dated to 2871–2604 BC. It has been theorized that the mortar enabled the masons to set the stones exactly by providing a level bed.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: It has been suggested that some or all of the casing stones were cast in place, rather than quarried and moved, yet archaeological evidence and petrographic analysis indicate this was not the case.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Great Pyramid's pyramidion was already lost in antiquity, as Pliny the Elder and later authors report of a platform on its summit. Nowadays the pyramid is about shorter than it was when intact, with about 1,000 tonnes of material missing from the top.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: In 1874 a mast was installed on the top by the Scottish astronomer Sir David Gill who, whilst returning from work involving observing a rare Venus transit, was invited to survey Egypt and began by surveying the Great Pyramid. His results measuring the pyramid were accurate to within 1mm and the survey mast is still in place to this day.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Both the King's and Queen's Chamber have a pair of small "air-shafts". Above the King's Chamber are a series of five Relieving Chambers.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: A row of double chevrons diverts weight away from the entrance. Several of these chevron blocks are now missing, as the slanted faces they used to rest on indicate.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Numerous, mostly modern, graffiti is cut into the stones around the entrance. Most notable is a large, square text of hieroglyphs carved in honor of Frederick William IV, by Karl Richard Lepsius's Prussian expedition to Egypt in 1842.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: In 2016 the ScanPyramids team detected a cavity behind the entrance chevrons using muography, which was confirmed in 2019 to be a corridor at least long, running horizontal or sloping upwards (thus not parallel to the Descending Passage). Whether or not it connects to the Big Void above the Grand Gallery remains to be seen.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, which was long ago cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid. The entrance was forced into the 6th and 7th layer of the casing, about above the base. After running more-or-less straight and horizontal for it turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point but access is usually forbidden.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: From the original entrance, a passage descends through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it, ultimately leading to the Subterranean Chamber.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: It has a slanted height of 4 Egyptian feet (1.20 m; 3.9 ft) and a width of . Its angle of 26°26'46" corresponds to a ratio of 1 to 2 (rise over run).

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: After , the lower end of the Ascending Passage is reached; a in the ceiling, which is blocked by granite stones and might have originally been concealed. To circumvent these hard stones, a short tunnel was excavated that meets the end of the Robbers' Tunnel. This was expanded over time and fitted with stairs.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The passage continues to descend for another , now through bedrock instead of the pyramid superstructure. Lazy guides used to block off this part with rubble to avoid having to lead people down and back up the long shaft, until around 1902 when Covington installed a padlocked iron grill-door to stop this practice. Near the end of this section, on the west wall, is the connection to the vertical shaft that leads up to the Grand Gallery.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: A horizontal shaft connects the end of the Descending Passage to the Subterranean Chamber, It has a length of , width of and height of . A is located towards the end of the western wall, slightly larger than the tunnel, the ceiling of which is irregular and undressed.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Located about below base level, it measures roughly north-south by east-west, with an approximate height of .

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The western half of the room, apart from the ceiling, is unfinished, with trenches left behind by the quarry-men running east to west. A niche was cut into the northern half of the west wall. The only , through the Descending Passage, lies on the eastern end of the north wall.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Although seemingly known in antiquity, according to Herodotus and later authors, its existence had been forgotten in the middle ages until rediscovery in 1817, when Giovanni Caviglia cleared the rubble blocking the Descending Passage.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Opposing the entrance, a blind corridor runs straight south for and continues slight bent another , measuring about squared. A Greek or Roman character was found on its ceiling with the light of a candle, suggesting that the chamber had indeed been accessible during Classical antiquity.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Ludwig Borchardt suggested that the Subterranean Chamber was originally planned to be the burial place for pharaoh Khufu, but that it was abandoned during construction in favour of a chamber higher up in the pyramid.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Ascending Passage connects the Descending Passage to the Grand Gallery. It is long and of the same width and height as the shaft it originates from, although its angle is slightly lower at 26°6'.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Well Shaft (also known as the Service Shaft or Vertical Shaft) links the lower end of the Grand Gallery to the bottom of Descending Passage, about further down.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The purpose of the shaft is commonly explained as a ventilation shaft for the Subterranean Chamber and as an escape shaft for the workers who slid the blocking stones of the Ascending Passage into place.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Grotto is a natural limestone cave that was likely filled with sand and gravel before construction, before being hollowed out by looters. A granite block rests in it that likely originated from the portcullis that once sealed the King's Chamber.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Queen's Chamber is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid. It measures north-south, east-west, and has a pointed roof that apexes at tall. At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche high. The original depth of the niche was , but it has since been deepened by treasure hunters.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: At the upper end of the Gallery, on the eastern wall, there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: At the top of the gallery, there is a step onto a small horizontal platform where a tunnel leads through the Antechamber, once blocked by portcullis stones, into the King's Chamber.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: To verify and pinpoint the void, a team from Kyushu University, Tohoku University, the University of Tokyo and the Chiba Institute of Technology planned to rescan the structure with a newly developed muon detector in 2020. Their work was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The last line of defense against intrusion was a small chamber specially designed to house portcullis blocking stones, called the Antechamber. It is cased almost entirely in granite and is situated between the upper end of the Grand Gallery and the King's Chamber. Three slots for portcullis stones line the east and west wall of the chamber. Each of them is topped with a semi-circular groove for a log, around which ropes could be spanned.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The granite portcullis stones were approximately thick and were lowered into position by the aforementioned ropes which were tied through a series of four holes at the top of the blocks. A corresponding set of four vertical grooves are on the south wall of the chamber, recesses that make space for the ropes.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The walls consist of five courses of blocks that are uninscribed, as was the norm for burial chambers of the 4th dynasty. The stones are precisely fitted together. The facing surfaces are dressed to varying degrees, with some displaying remains of bosses not entirely cut away. The back sides of the blocks were only roughly hewn to shape, as was usual with Egyptian hard-stone facade blocks, presumably to save work.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The internal dimensions are roughly by , the external by , with a height of . The walls have a thickness of about . The sarcophagus is too large to fit around the corner between the Ascending and Descending Passages, which indicates that it must have been placed in the chamber before the roof was put in place.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The purpose of these shafts is not clear: They were long believed by Egyptologists to be shafts for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king's spirit to the heavens. Ironically, both shafts were fitted with ventilators in 1992 to reduce the humidity in the pyramid.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The idea that the shafts point towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies has been largely dismissed as the northern shaft follows a dog-leg course through the masonry and the southern shaft has a bend of approximately , indicating no intention to have them point to any celestial objects.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Above the roof of the King's Chamber are five compartments, named (from lowest upwards) "Davison's Chamber", "Wellington's Chamber", "Nelson's Chamber", "Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber", and "Campbell's Chamber".

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: They were presumably intended to safeguard the King's Chamber from the possibility of the roof collapsing under the weight of stone above, hence they are referred to as "Relieving Chambers".

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The granite blocks that divide the chambers have flat bottom sides but roughly shaped top sides, giving all five chambers an irregular floor, but a flat ceiling, with the exception of the uppermost chamber which has a pointed limestone roof.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured north to south and east to west, has almost entirely disappeared. Only some of the black basalt paving has remained. There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: The tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu, is located approximately east of the Great Pyramid. Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, although the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Three boat-shaped pits are located east of the pyramid. They are large enough in size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Two additional boat pits, long and rectangular in shape, were found south of the pyramid, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: During construction of this museum in the 1980s, the second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Authors Bob Brier and Hoyt Hobbs claim that "all the pyramids were robbed" by the New Kingdom, when the construction of royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings began. Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself "is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom", before the Arab caliph Al-Ma'mun entered the pyramid around 820 AD.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Great Pyramid of Giza

Context: Note: The spire of Lincoln Cathedral, versus other medieval cathedral spires, is an item of debate amongst experts. See List of tallest buildings and structures#History and Lincoln Cathedral for more information.

Question: من كم هرم تتألف أهرام الجيزة؟


Heart valve

Context: A heart valve is a one-way valve that allows blood to flow in one direction through the chambers of the heart. Four valves are usually present in a mammalian heart and together they determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart. A heart valve opens or closes according to differential blood pressure on each side.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: The four valves in the mammalian heart are two atrioventricular valves separating the upper atria from the lower ventricles – the mitral valve in the left heart, and the tricuspid valve in the right heart. The other two valves are at the entrance to the arteries leaving the heart these are the semilunar valves – the aortic valve at the aorta, and the pulmonary valve at the pulmonary artery.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: The pulmonary valve has left, right, and anterior cusps. The aortic valve has left, right, and posterior cusps. The tricuspid valve has anterior, posterior, and septal cusps; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: These are the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are situated between the atria and the ventricles and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole. They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae, which prevent the valves from inverting.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub, the first heart sound (S1). The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub, the second heart sound (S2).

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop's mitre (a type of hat). It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart. It is between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and stops the backflow of blood between the two.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: In the developing heart, the valves between the atria and ventricles, the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves, develop on either side of the atrioventricular canals. The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities. The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves. The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the septum intermedium.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: In general, the motion of the heart valves is determined using the Navier–Stokes equation, using boundary conditions of the blood pressures, pericardial fluid, and external loading as the constraints.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier–Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: The pressure drop, formula_1, across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate, Q, through the valve:

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: Usually, the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the Euler equations.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: Valvular heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves, and is primarily in two forms, either "regurgitation", (also "insufficiency", or "incompetence") where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction, or "stenosis", when a valve is narrow.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography, which is a form of ultrasound. Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired, or replaced with artificial heart valves. Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: The most common form of valvular anomaly is a congenital heart defect (CHD), called a bicuspid aortic valve. This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve. This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed, and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Heart valve

Context: Less common CHD's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia, and Ebstein's anomaly. Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle. Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve. Ebstein's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal.

Question: ماهي صمامات القلب الرئيسية ؟


Syrian Railways

Context: General Establishment of Syrian Railways (, , CFS) is the national railway operator for the state of Syria, subordinate to the Ministry of Transportation. It was established in 1956 and is headquartered in Aleppo. Syria's rail infrastructure has been severely compromised as a result of the ongoing conflict in the country.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: The Baghdad Railway had progressed as far as Aleppo by 1912, with the branch to Tripoli complete, by the start of World War I; and onwards to Nusaybin by October 1918. The Turks, who sided with Germany and the Central Powers, decided to recover the infrastructure south of Aleppo to the Lebanon in 1917. The Baghdad Railway created opportunity and problems for both sides, being unfinished but running just south of the then defined Syrian/Turkish border.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: Post war, the border was redrawn, and the railway was now north of the border. DHP reinstated the Tripoli line by 1921. From 1922 the Baghdad Railway was worked in succession by two French companies, who were liquidated in 1933 when the border was again redrawn, placing the Baghdad Railway section again in Syrian control. "Lignes Syriennes de Baghdad (LSB)" took over operations, a subsidiary of DHP.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: The next big developments in Syrian railways were due to the political manoeuvering leading up to and during World War II. As Turkey had sided with Germany in World War One, the Allies were concerned with poor transport in the area, and their ability to bring force on the Turks.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: Locomotives servicing the Allied war effort included the British R.A. Riddles designed WD Austerity 2-10-0, four of which post war went into Syrian service, designed CFS Class 150.6.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: Today, all network and trains are operated by CFS. Using all diesel-electric powered traction, the main routes prior to the Syrian Civil War were:

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: Prior to the war there was a proposal for a connection with Iraq between Dayr az Zawr and Al Qa’im. However, all international routes operated by Syrian Railways were suspended due to the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: The network is designed wholly around diesel-electric traction. For operational purposes CFS is divided into three regions: Central, Eastern and Northern. At the end of 2004 CFS employed around 12,400 staff.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: The result is that most passenger traffic has moved to air-conditioned coaches, and freight traffic dominates the operational trackage. The 2005 introduction of South Korean-built DMUs, where drivers were trained using a simulator, on the Damascus - Aleppo route, and the high traffic Aleppo - Latakia route where intermediate stations are bypassed, resulted in higher usage and occupancy levels.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: The only remaining section of narrow gauge line, running from a point on the outskirts of Damascus into Jordan, is operated by Hedjaz Jordan Railway.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: The only international connection was with Turkey, but that link was halted due to the Syrian Civil War. The link with Iraq, severed in the war of 2003, was restored for a time but closed again; there was a plan to reopen it in June 2009. In 2008 it was proposed to open a joint rolling stock factory with Turkish State Railways at Aleppo.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Syrian Railways

Context: Agatha Christie wrote the first part of her novel "Murder on the Orient Express" during her stay in room 203 in Baron Hotel in Aleppo.

Question: متى دشن أول خط سكة حديد بالحجاز؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: The majority of cancers are called non-hereditary or "sporadic cancers". About 30% of sporadic cancers do have some hereditary component that is currently undefined, while the majority, or 70% of sporadic cancers, have no hereditary component.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms "field cancerization" and "field defect" have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: In experimental evaluation of specific DNA repair deficiencies in cancers, many specific DNA repair deficiencies were also shown to occur in the field defects surrounding those cancers. The table below gives examples for which the DNA repair deficiency in a cancer was shown to be caused by an epigenetic alteration, and the somewhat lower frequencies with which the same epigenetically caused DNA repair deficiency was found in the surrounding field defect.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms. In a 1996 study of polyps less than 10mm in size found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years, 25% remained unchanged in size, 35% regressed or shrank in size and 40% grew in size.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: There are a number of theories of carcinogenesis and cancer treatment that fall outside the mainstream of scientific opinion, due to lack of scientific rationale, logic, or evidence base. These theories may be used to justify various alternative cancer treatments. They should be distinguished from those theories of carcinogenesis that have a logical basis within mainstream cancer biology, and from which conventionally testable hypotheses can be made.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: The most severe cases of dysplasia are referred to as "carcinoma in situ." In Latin, the term "in situ" means "in place"; "carcinoma in situ" refers to an uncontrolled growth of dysplastic cells that remains in its original location and has not shown invasion into other tissues. Carcinoma in situ may develop into an invasive malignancy and is usually removed surgically when detected.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: Just as a population of animals undergoes evolution, an unchecked population of cells also can undergo "evolution". This undesirable process is called somatic evolution, and is how cancer arises and becomes more malignant over time.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: In a 2000 article by Hanahan and Weinberg, the biological properties of malignant tumor cells were summarized as follows:

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: The role of iodine in marine fish (rich in iodine) and freshwater fish (iodine-deficient) is not completely understood, but it has been reported that freshwater fish are more susceptible to infectious and, in particular, neoplastic and atherosclerotic diseases, than marine fish. Marine elasmobranch fishes such as sharks, stingrays etc. are much less affected by cancer than freshwater fishes, and therefore have stimulated medical research to better understand carcinogenesis.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: One of the first oncogenes to be defined in cancer research is the ras oncogene. Mutations in the Ras family of proto-oncogenes (comprising H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras) are very common, being found in 20% to 30% of all human tumours. Ras was originally identified in the Harvey sarcoma virus genome, and researchers were surprised that not only is this gene present in the human genome but also, when ligated to a stimulating control element, it could induce cancers in cell line cultures.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: Mutations in proto-oncogenes can modify their expression and function, increasing the amount or activity of the product protein. When this happens, they become oncogenes, and, thus, cells have a higher chance of dividing excessively and uncontrollably. The chance of cancer cannot be reduced by removing proto-oncogenes from the genome, as they are critical for growth, repair and homeostasis of the body. It is only when they become mutated that the signals for growth become excessive.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: Despite nearly half of all cancers possibly involving alterations in p53, its tumor suppressor function is poorly understood. p53 clearly has two functions: one a nuclear role as a transcription factor, and the other a cytoplasmic role in regulating the cell cycle, cell division, and apoptosis.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: The Warburg hypothesis is the preferential use of glycolysis for energy to sustain cancer growth. p53 has been shown to regulate the shift from the respiratory to the glycolytic pathway.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: Development of cancer was proposed in 1971 to depend on at least two mutational events. In what became known as the Knudson two-hit hypothesis, an inherited, germ-line mutation in a tumor suppressor gene would cause cancer only if another mutation event occurred later in the organism's life, inactivating the other allele of that tumor suppressor gene.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: Knudson's two hit model has recently been challenged by several investigators. Inactivation of one allele of some tumor suppressor genes is sufficient to cause tumors. This phenomenon is called haploinsufficiency and has been demonstrated by a number of experimental approaches. Tumors caused by haploinsufficiency usually have a later age of onset when compared with those by a two hit process.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: Infection by "H. pylori" causes no symptoms in about 80% of those infected. About 75% of individuals infected with "H. pylori" develop gastritis. Thus, the usual consequence of "H. pylori" infection is chronic asymptomatic gastritis. Because of the usual lack of symptoms, when gastric cancer is finally diagnosed it is often fairly advanced. More than half of gastric cancer patients have lymph node metastasis when they are initially diagnosed.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: "H. pylori" also causes many epigenetic alterations linked to cancer development. These epigenetic alterations are due to "H. pylori"-induced methylation of CpG sites in promoters of genes and "H. pylori"-induced altered expression of multiple microRNAs.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: When the damage occurs in any area of changed cells, something different occurs. Each of the cells has the potential for growth. The changed cells will divide quicker when the area is damaged by physical, chemical, or viral agents. A vicious circle has been set up: Damaging the area will cause the changed cells to divide, causing a greater likelihood that they will experience knock-outs.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: This model of carcinogenesis is popular because it explains why cancers grow. It would be expected that cells that are damaged through radiation would die or at least be worse off because they have fewer genes working; viruses increase the number of genes working.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Carcinogenesis

Context: One thought is that we may end up with thousands of vaccines to prevent every virus that can change our cells. Viruses can have different effects on different parts of the body. It may be possible to prevent a number of different cancers by immunizing against one viral agent. It is likely that HPV, for instance, has a role in cancers of the mucous membranes of the mouth.

Question: ما هو الضرر الذي يلحقه مرض السرطان بالخلايا؟


Christian denomination

Context: Restorationism emerged after the Second Great Awakening and collectively affirms belief in a Great Apostasy, thus promoting a belief in restoring what they see as primitive Christianity. It includes Mormonism, Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, among others.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Since the reforms surrounding the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, the Roman Catholic Church has referred to Protestant Churches as ecclesial communities, while reserving the term "church" for apostolic churches, including the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches, as well as the Ancient and Assyrian Churches of the East . But some non-denominational Christians do not follow any particular branch, though they sometimes are regarded as Protestants.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Each group uses different terminology to discuss their beliefs. This section will discuss the definitions of several terms used throughout the article, before discussing the beliefs themselves in detail in following sections.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: A denomination within Christianity can be defined as a "recognized autonomous branch of the Christian Church"; major synonyms include "religious group, sect, Church," etc. "Church" as a synonym, refers to a "particular Christian organization with its own clergy, buildings, and distinctive doctrines"; "church" can also more broadly be defined as the entire body of Christians, the "Christian Church".

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The views of Protestant leaders differ greatly from those of the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the two largest Christian denominations. Each church makes mutually exclusive statements for itself to be the direct continuation of the church founded by Jesus Christ, from whom other denominations later broke away. These churches, and a few others, reject denominationalism.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Although Catholics reject branch theory, Pope Benedict XVI and Pope John Paul II used the "two lungs" concept to relate Catholicism with Eastern Orthodoxy.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Christianity has denominational families (or movements) and also has individual denominations (or communions). The difference between a denomination and a denominational family is sometimes unclear to outsiders. Some denominational families can be considered major branches. Groups that are members of a branch, while sharing historical ties and similar doctrines, are not necessarily in communion with one another.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Some groups count membership based on adult believers and baptized children of believers, while others only count adult baptized believers. Others may count membership based on those adult believers who have formally affiliated themselves with the congregation. In addition, there may be political motives of advocates or opponents of a particular group to inflate or deflate membership numbers through propaganda or outright deception.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Some Christians view denominationalism as a regrettable fact. As of 2011, divisions are becoming less sharp, and there is increasing cooperation between denominations, which is known as ecumenism. Many denominations participate in the World Council of Churches. Theological denominationalism ultimately denies reality to any apparent doctrinal differences among the "denominations", reducing all differences to mere matters "de nomina" ("of names").

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: A denomination in this sense is created when part of a church no longer feel they can accept the leadership of that church as a spiritual leadership due to a different view of doctrine or what they see as immoral behaviour, but the schism does not in any way reflect either group leaving the Church as a theoretical whole.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: This particular doctrine is rejected by Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy. In these churches, it is not possible to have a separation over doctrinal or leadership issues, and any such attempts automatically are a type of schism. Some Protestant groups reject denominationalism as well.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Christianity has not been a monolithic faith since the first century or Apostolic Age, if ever, and today there exist a large variety of groups that share a common history and tradition within and without mainstream Christianity. Christianity is the largest religion in the world (making up approximately one-third of the population) and the various divisions have commonalities and differences in tradition, theology, church government, doctrine, and language.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Catholic Church, due to their hierarchical structures, are not said to be made up of denominations, rather, they include kinds of regional councils and individual congregations and church bodies, which do not officially differ from one another in doctrine.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The first significant, lasting split in historic Christianity came from the Church of the East, who left following the Christological controversy over Nestorianism in 431 (the Assyrians in 1994 released a common Christological statement with the Catholic Church). Today, the Assyrian and Catholic Church view this schism as largely linguistic, due to problems of translating very delicate and precise terminology from Latin to Aramaic and vice versa (see Council of Ephesus).

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: There has been a statement that the Chalcedonian Creed restored Nestorianism, however this is refuted by maintaining the following distinctions associated with the "person" of Christ: two hypostases, two natures (Nestorian); one hypostasis, one nature (Monophysite); one hypostasis, two natures (Orthodox/Catholic).

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: In England, Henry VIII of England declared himself to be supreme head of the Church of England with the Act of Supremacy in 1531, founding the Church of England, repressing both Lutheran reformers and those loyal to the pope. Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury introduced the Reformation, in a form compromising between the Calvinists and Lutherans.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Old Catholic Church split from the Catholic Church in the 1870s because of the promulgation of the dogma of papal infallibility as promoted by the First Vatican Council of 1869–1870. The term 'Old Catholic' was first used in 1853 to describe the members of the See of Utrecht that were not under Papal authority. The Old Catholic movement grew in America but has not maintained ties with Utrecht, although talks are under way between independent Old Catholic bishops and Utrecht.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Liberal Catholic Church started in 1916 via an Old Catholic bishop in London, bishop Matthew, who consecrated bishop James Wedgwood to the Episcopacy. This stream has in its relatively short existence known many splits, which operate worldwide under several names.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: And finally the smallest Eastern Christian group founded in early 20th century is Byzantine Rite Lutheranism where accept Byzantine Rite as Church's liturgy while retaining their Lutheran traditions like Ukrainian Lutheran Church. It is considered part of Eastern Protestant denominational movement.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Anabaptist tradition, made up of the Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites, rejected the Roman Catholic and Lutheran doctrines of infant baptism; this tradition is also noted for its belief in pacifism. Many Anabaptists do not see themselves as Protestant, but a separate tradition altogether.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies. Data from the Pew Research Center has it that, as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult American Jews identify themselves as Christians, most as Protestants. According to the same data, most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement began on the American frontier during the Second Great Awakening (1790–1870) of the early 19th century. The movement sought to restore the church and "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the church of the New Testament." Members do not identify as Protestant but simply as Christian.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Other Christian groups originating during the Second Great Awakening including the Adventist movement, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and Christian Science, founded within fifty years of one another, all consider themselves to be restorative of primitive Christianity and the early church. Some Baptist churches with Landmarkist views have similar beliefs concerning their connection with primitive Christianity.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Spiritual Christianity, inclusive of the Molokans and Doukhobors emerged in Russia, each containing a unique tradition. The Doukhobor have maintained close association with Mennonite Anabaptist Christians and Quaker Christians due to analogous religious practices; all of these groups are furthermore collectively considered to be peace churches due to their belief in pacifism.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Protestant denominations have shown a strong tendency towards diversification and fragmentation, giving rise to numerous churches and movements, especially in Anglo-American religious history, where the process is cast in terms of a series of "Great Awakenings".

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: The most recent wave of diversification, known as the Fourth Great Awakening took place during the 1960s to 1980s and resulted in phenomena such as the Charismatic Movement, the Jesus movement, and a great number of parachurch organizations based in Evangelicalism.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Christian denomination

Context: Two movements, which are entirely unrelated in their founding, but share a common element of an additional Messiah (or incarnation of Christ) are the Unification Church and the Rastafari movement. These movements fall outside of traditional taxonomies of Christian groups, though both cite the Christian Bible as a basis for their beliefs.

Question: كم عدد الطوائف الكبرى المسيحية؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American actor. His films have grossed more than $5.4billion in North America and more than $9.3billion worldwide, making him the seventh-highest-grossing actor in North America. He is the recipient of various accolades, including the AFI Life Achievement Award and the Cecil B. DeMille Award, in addition to nominations for an Academy Award and four Golden Globe Awards. He has been a leading man in films of several genres.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Outside acting, Ford is a licensed pilot who has often assisted the emergency services in rescue missions near his home in Wyoming. He is also a dedicated environmental activist, having served as the inaugural Vice Chair of Conservation International since 1991. He is married to actress Calista Flockhart.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: In 2004, Ford declined a chance to star in the thriller "Syriana", later commenting that "I didn't feel strongly enough about the truth of the material and I think I made a mistake." The role eventually went to George Clooney, who won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his work. Prior to that, Ford had passed on a role in another Stephen Gaghan-written film, that of Robert Wakefield in "Traffic", which eventually went to Michael Douglas.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: In 2008, Ford enjoyed success with the release of "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull", the first Indiana Jones film in nineteen years and another collaboration with Lucas and Spielberg. The film received generally positive reviews and was the second highest-grossing film worldwide in 2008. Ford later said he would like to star in another sequel, "...if it didn't take another 20 years to digest."

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford's second marriage was to screenwriter Melissa Mathison from March 1983 until their separation in 2000 and finalized divorce in 2004. They had a son, actor and musician Malcolm (born 1987), and a daughter, actress Georgia (born 1990). Mathison died in 2015.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford began dating actress Calista Flockhart after they met at the 2002 Golden Globe Awards. They are the parents of Liam (born 2001), the son she adopted before meeting Ford. He proposed to Flockhart over Valentine's Day weekend in 2009. They married on June 15, 2010, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where Ford was filming "Cowboys & Aliens".

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford and Flockhart live on an ranch in Jackson, Wyoming, on which he has lived since the 1980s and approximately half of which he has donated as a nature reserve. They retain a base in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. He is one of Hollywood's most private actors, guarding much of his personal life. In her 2016 autobiography "The Princess Diarist", his co-star Carrie Fisher claimed that she and Ford had a three-month affair in 1976 during the filming of "Star Wars".

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford is a licensed pilot of both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. On several occasions, he has personally provided emergency helicopter services at the request of local authorities in Wyoming, in one instance rescuing a hiker overcome by dehydration.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford began flight training in the 1960s at Wild Rose Idlewild Airport in Wild Rose, Wisconsin, flying in a Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer, but at $15 an hour (), he could not afford to continue the training. In the mid-1990s, he bought a used Gulfstream II and asked one of his pilots, Terry Bender, to give him flying lessons. They started flying a Cessna 182 out of Jackson, Wyoming, later switching to Teterboro, New Jersey, flying a Cessna 206, the aircraft in which he made his first solo flight.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford's aircraft is kept at Santa Monica Airport. The Bell 407 is often kept and flown in Jackson and has been used by the actor in two mountain rescues during his assigned duty time with Teton County Search and Rescue. On one of the rescues, Ford recovered a hiker who had become lost and disoriented. She boarded Ford's helicopter and promptly vomited into one of the rescuers' caps, unaware of who the pilot was until much later; "I can't believe I barfed in Harrison Ford's helicopter!" she said later.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford flies his de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver (N28S) more than any of his other aircraft, and has repeatedly said that he likes this aircraft and the sound of its Pratt & Whitney R-985 radial engine. According to Ford, it had been flown in the CIA's Air America operations and was riddled with bullet holes that had to be patched up.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: As of 2009, Ford appears in Internet advertisements for General Aviation Serves America, a campaign by the advocacy group Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA). He has also appeared in several independent aviation documentaries, including "Wings Over the Rockies" (2009), "" (2014) and "Living in the Age of Airplanes" (2015).

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford is an honorary board member of the humanitarian aviation organization Wings of Hope, and is known for having made several trips to Washington, D.C., to fight for pilots' rights. He has also donated substantial funds to aerobatic champion Sean Tucker's charitable program, The Bob Hoover Academy (named after legendary aviator Bob Hoover) which educates at-risk teens in central California and teaches them how to fly.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: On March 5, 2015, Ford's plane, believed to be a Ryan PT-22 Recruit, made an emergency landing on the Penmar Golf Course in Venice, California. He was taken to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, where he was reported to be in fair to moderate condition. Ford suffered a broken pelvis and broken ankle during the accident, as well as other injuries.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: On February 13, 2017, Ford landed an Aviat Husky at John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California, on the taxiway left of runway 20L. A Boeing 737 was holding short of the runway on the taxiway when Ford overflew them.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: On April 24, 2020, at the Los Angeles Hawthorne Airport while piloting his Husky, Ford crossed a runway where another aircraft was landing. According to the FAA, the two planes were about 3,600 feet from each other and there was no danger of a crash. A representative of Ford later said that he "misheard" an instruction given to him by air traffic control. The FAA subsequently investigated the incident.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford is vice-chair of Conservation International, an American nonprofit environmental organization headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. The organization's intent is to protect nature.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: In 1993, the arachnologist Norman Platnick named a new species of spider "Calponia harrisonfordi", and in 2002, the entomologist Edward O. Wilson named a new ant species "Pheidole harrisonfordi" (in recognition of Harrison's work as Vice Chairman of Conservation International).

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: In 2019, on behalf of Conservation International, Ford gave an impassioned speech during the United Nations' Climate Action Summit in New York on the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and its effect on climate change for the rest of the world. Ford urged his audience to listen to 'angry young people' trying to make a difference in the situation, emphasizing, "The most important thing we can do for them is to get the hell out of their way."

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: On September 7, 1995, Ford testified before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee in support of the Dalai Lama and an independent Tibet. In 2007, he narrated the documentary "Dalai Lama Renaissance".

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: In 2003, he publicly condemned the Iraq War and called for "regime change" in the United States. He also criticized Hollywood for making movies which were "more akin to video games than stories about human life and relationships", and he called for more gun control in the United States.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: After Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said his favorite role of Ford's was "Air Force One" because he "stood up for America", Ford responded that it was just a film and made critical statements against Trump's presidential bid.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: In 2009, Ford signed a petition calling for the release of film director Roman Polanski, who had been arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Following on his success portraying the archaeologist Indiana Jones, Ford also plays a part in supporting the work of professional archaeologists. He serves as a General Trustee on the Governing Board of the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), North America's oldest and largest organization devoted to the world of archaeology. Ford assists them in their mission of increasing public awareness of archaeology and preventing looting and the illegal antiquities trade.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford participated in a "Star Wars" promotion geared toward fans who donated to on video call which offered them the opportunity to purchase tickets to the premiere of "The Force Awakens".

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Other prestigious film honors for Ford include the Honorary Cesar, the Career Achievement Award from the Hollywood Film Awards, the Kirk Douglas Award for Excellence in Film from the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, the Box Office Star of the Century Award from the National Association of Theatre Owners and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Locarno Film Festival.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


Harrison Ford

Context: Ford has also been honored multiple times for his involvement in general aviation, receiving the Living Legends of Aviation Award and the Experimental Aircraft Association's Freedom of Flight Award in 2009, the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy in 2010 and the Al Ueltschi Humanitarian Award in 2013. In 2013, "Flying" magazine ranked him number 48 on their list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation.

Question: ما هو اول فيلم شارك فيه الممثل الامريكي هاريسون فورد؟


List of Samurai Jack episodes

Context: The first four seasons are available on Region 1 DVD. The first three episodes were released as a stand-alone movie titled "Samurai Jack: The Premiere Movie" on March 19, 2002.

Question: كم عدد حلقات مسلسل ساموراي جاك؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: On 3 November, the conference was followed by bilateral negotiations between Israel and respectively the joint Jordanian-Palestinian delegation, Lebanon and Syria. Subsequent bilateral meetings took place in Washington from 9 December 1991. On 28 January 1992, multilateral negotiations about regional cooperation were started in Moscow, attended by Israel, the Jordanian-Palestinian delegation and the international community, but without Lebanon and Syria.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: The Palestinian team was part of a joint Palestinian-Jordanian delegation and consisted of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza. It was formally without overt PLO associates like Saeb Erekat and Haidar Abdel-Shafi, the head of the delegation, because of Israeli objections. Before the conference, Israel had threatened not to come if PLO representatives, or someone from outside the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, or someone from East Jerusalem would be part of the Palestinian delegation.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: However, the delegation was in constant communication with the PLO leadership in Tunis. Over Israeli objections, the PLO dispatched an unofficial "advisory delegation," headed by Faisal Husseini to act as a liaison. During the conference, PLO figures were present backstage to instruct the Palestinian delegation.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: The purpose of the conference was to serve as an opening forum for the participants and had no power to impose solutions or veto agreements. It inaugurated negotiations on both bilateral and multilateral tracks that also involved the international community. The Syrian and Lebanese negotiators agreed on a common strategy.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: It was the last conference held with both the USSR and US present; the USSR collapsed later that year in December 1991.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: The Madrid Conference was followed by two parallel tracks of negotiations. The bilateral track was aimed at achieving peace treaties between Israel and its three neighbor states Jordan, Lebanon and Syria as well as with the Palestinians. The multilateral track was about the shared regional issues water, environment, arms control, refugees and economic development.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: Four separate sets of bilateral negotiations started on 3 November 1991, right after the formal conference ended. Twelve meetings in Washington followed. The first one on 9 December 1991; the last one on 24 January 1994, four months after the conclusion of the Oslo I Accord.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: The bilateral Israeli-Palestinian negotiations did not go well under the Shamir government. The Madrid negotiations were later upstaged and eventually replaced by, initially secret, negotiations following the 1992 Israeli election, during which Rabin and Labor pledged to end Shamir's settlement policy and reformulate national priorities.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: The multilateral negotiations were scheduled two weeks after the opening of the conference, but the first meeting in Moscow took place only on 28–29 January 1992. The meetings were held in five separate forums each focusing on a major issue – water, environment, arms control, refugees or economic development. The European Union took part in the meetings.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: The meetings took place between September 1992 and November 1993. The first round took place in May 1992. Israel boycotted the groups on refugees and economic development because Palestinians from outside the West Bank and Gaza were present. Syria and Lebanon refused to take part in multilateral meetings as long as there was no concrete progress on the bilateral level.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: Formal talks in the multilateral track, which had been frozen for several years, resumed on 31 January 2000, with a meeting of the Steering Committee in Moscow, to be followed by meetings of the working groups. After this round, however, the formal talks were stalled.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: In "The Palestine-Israel Conflict: A Basic Introduction", Gregory Harms and Todd Ferry argue that ‘the symbolic significance of the Madrid conference far outweighed its accomplishments, which were thin indeed.’ Nevertheless, an example had been made and a future model had been laid down, as the Madrid conference represents the first time all these countries had been gathered "face-to-face".

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: At the end of the Madrid conference all participating countries appeared hopeful that the conference had resulted in a future road-map for reconciliation. The closing remarks presented below illustrate this hopeful sentiment:

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: "With an open heart, we call on the Arab leaders to take the courageous step and respond to our outstretched hand in peace"

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: "To the cosponsors and to the international community that seeks the achievement of a just peace in the Middle East, you have given us a fair hearing. You cared enough to listen and for that we thank you. Thank you."

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Madrid Conference of 1991

Context: The bilateral Israeli–Palestinian negotiations eventually led to the exchange of letters and the subsequent signing of the Oslo I Accord, on the lawn of the White House on 13 September 1993. The Israel-Jordan negotiations that emanated from the Madrid conference, led to a peace treaty in 1994. The Israeli–Syrian negotiations included series of follow-on meetings, which according to some reports, came quite close, but failed to result in a peace treaty.

Question: كم عدد الدول التي شاركت في مؤتمر مدريد للسلام عام 1991؟


Theory of relativity

Context: The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively. Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity. General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature. It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm, including astronomy.

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity in 1905, building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work.

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: Einstein developed general relativity between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. The final form of general relativity was published in 1916.

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: The term "theory of relativity" was based on the expression "relative theory" () used in 1906 by Planck, who emphasized how the theory uses the principle of relativity. In the discussion section of the same paper, Alfred Bucherer used for the first time the expression "theory of relativity" ().

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: By the 1920s, the physics community understood and accepted special relativity. It rapidly became a significant and necessary tool for theorists and experimentalists in the new fields of atomic physics, nuclear physics, and quantum mechanics.

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime. It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists see History of special relativity). Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics:

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: The resultant theory copes with experiment better than classical mechanics. For instance, postulate 2 explains the results of the Michelson–Morley experiment. Moreover, the theory has many surprising and counterintuitive consequences. Some of these are:

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: The defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the Galilean transformations of classical mechanics by the Lorentz transformations. (See Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism.)

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: Technically, general relativity is a theory of gravitation whose defining feature is its use of the Einstein field equations. The solutions of the field equations are metric tensors which define the topology of the spacetime and how objects move inertially.

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: Those classic experiments have been repeated many times with increased precision. Other experiments include, for instance, relativistic energy and momentum increase at high velocities, experimental testing of time dilation, and modern searches for Lorentz violations.

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Theory of relativity

Context: General relativity has also been confirmed many times, the classic experiments being the perihelion precession of Mercury's orbit, the deflection of light by the Sun, and the gravitational redshift of light. Other tests confirmed the equivalence principle and frame dragging.

Question: متى وضع ألبرت أنشتاين النظرية النسبية؟


Jeffrey Young

Context: After earning an undergraduate degree at Yale University, he obtained a higher education degree at the University of Pennsylvania, where he then pursued postdoctoral studies with Aaron Beck.

Question: ما هي جنسية جيفري يونغ؟


Jeffrey Young

Context: He has written numerous books on cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy. His two most famous books are "Schema Therapy" (for professionals), and "Reinventing Your Life" (for the general public).

Question: ما هي جنسية جيفري يونغ؟


Jeffrey Young

Context: When interviewed in 2021, Jeffrey Young said a critical part of being effective in delivering Schema Therapy is to understand that culture affects schemas and modes.

Question: ما هي جنسية جيفري يونغ؟


List of caliphal governors of Medina

Context: The governor of Medina () was an official who administered the city of Medina and its surrounding territories in the early caliphates.

Question: في أي عام هاجر الحُسين بن علي بن أبي طالب من مكة إلي المدينة ؟


List of caliphal governors of Medina

Context: During the era of the Rashidun, Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphates, the governor was generally appointed by the caliph, and remained in office until he died or was dismissed. The governorship was one of the chief administrative positions in the Hijaz and carried with it certain symbolic privileges, including the opportunity to lead the annual Muslim pilgrimage.

Question: في أي عام هاجر الحُسين بن علي بن أبي طالب من مكة إلي المدينة ؟


List of caliphal governors of Medina

Context: The administrative situation of Medina was initially little changed by the coming of the Abbasids, who were generally centered in the region of Iraq. Governors of Medina continued to be appointed by the caliph and were selected to lead several of the annual pilgrimages. Like their predecessors, the Abbasid caliphs frequently chose members of their own dynasty for the governorship, but they also often appointed individuals from other families who were related to the Abbasids in some capacity.

Question: في أي عام هاجر الحُسين بن علي بن أبي طالب من مكة إلي المدينة ؟


List of caliphal governors of Medina

Context: With the collapse of the Abbasids' political power in the early tenth century, the Ikhshidid ruler of Egypt Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid was granted jurisdiction over Mecca and Medina by the caliph al-Radi in 935. Later that century, the descendants of Husayn ibn Ali gained local control of Medina, and they thereafter ruled the Amirate of Medina under Egyptian suzerainty down nearly to the Ottoman conquest in 1517.

Question: في أي عام هاجر الحُسين بن علي بن أبي طالب من مكة إلي المدينة ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: The first official international football match was played in 1872 in Glasgow between Scotland and England, although at this stage the sport was rarely played outside Great Britain.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: At the end of the 19th century, games that were considered the "football world championship" were meetings between leading English and Scottish clubs, like the 1895 game between Sunderland A.F.C. and the Heart of Midlothian F.C., which Sunderland won.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: As football began to increase in popularity, it was contested as an IOC-recognised Olympic sport at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics, as well as at the 1906 Intercalated Games, before becoming an official FIFA-supervised Olympic competition at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Organised by England's Football Association, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. The England national amateur football team won the event in both 1908 and 1912.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: There was an attempt made by FIFA to organize an international football tournament between nations outside of the Olympic framework in 1906 and this took place in Switzerland. These were very early days for international football and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟


History of the FIFA World Cup

Context: In 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a "world football championship for amateurs", and took responsibility for organising the event. This led the way for the world's first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, won by Belgium. Uruguay won the tournaments in 1924 and 1928.

Question: من هو مؤسس إتحاد كأس العالم لكرة القدم ؟