AIBO

Context: AiBO+ is a replacement personality for Sony ERS-7. The project provides an AEP-like application (AiBO+ Client) to connect to the robot under Ubuntu Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, iOS, and Android. The owner can control the dog, play a game and see the robot state.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The Open-R and GCC based toolchain has been updated by the community to use GCC 5.4, Binutils 2.24 and Newlib 1.15. This improvement brings the latest C++11/C++14 features and modern software to program the robot. The packaged version of the old and updated AIBO toolchain is available for Ubuntu in a PPA.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: AIBO's were used extensively in education. For example, Carnegie Mellon offered an AIBO-centred robotics course covering models of perception, cognition, and action for solving problems. Robotbenchmark also features an online simulation challenge based on an Aibo ERS-7 model called "Visual Tracking".

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The AIBO has seen much use as an inexpensive platform for artificial intelligence education and research because it integrates a computer, vision system, and articulators in a package vastly cheaper than conventional research robots. One focal point for that development has been the Robocup Leagues.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The Four-Legged League was the initial name for the RoboCup Standard Platform League, a robot soccer league in which all teams compete with identical robots. The robots operate fully autonomously, with no external control by humans nor computers. The specific AIBO version changed over time: ERS-110s (1999,2000), ERS-210 (2001-2002), ERS-210A SuperCore (2003), ERS-7 (2004-2008). The replacement and current standard platform is the humanoid NAO by Aldebaran Robotics.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The International AIBO Convention takes place every year at Sony Robotics Tower in the Shinjuku prefecture. The first convention took place in 1999, on May 15. It was then set to May 2 to May 4. The 2009 convention, being in its tenth year, set attendance records. The convention usually features AIBO advertisements, free posters, free accessories, freeware/open-source downloads and "AIBO Shows".

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The most widespread/best-selling AIBO series: estimated amount of 210/220 AIBOs sold: between 65,000 and 100,000.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: Total amount sold is unknown. Sony released documents in late 2018 stating that ERS-1000 sales had reached 25,000 but no sales info has been released since.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The AIBO animated series was based around AIBO ERS-300s, Latte, and Macaron. The animated series triggered sounds and actions from viewer's ERS-300s in media-link mode on the proper software.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The 23-episode series was broadcast on Fuji TV on Thursdays from 22:54 to 23:00 from October 11, 2001, to March 21, 2002.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: When AIBO was introduced, "The New Yorker" published a cartoon by Jack Ziegler showing AIBO "urinating" nuts and bolts on a fire hydrant.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: The AIBO ERS-111 was used in Janet Jackson's "Doesn't Really Matter" music video, and received increased market demand and commercial success after being featured with Jackson in the clip.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: In an episode of "Frasier", Frasier gives his dad an AIBO ERS-210 to keep him company while he is visiting Roz in Wisconsin. There is a scene with Eddie interacting with the AIBO, while Martin Crane complains to Sony about not being able to get it to work.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: In the "South Park" episode "Red Sleigh Down", Cartman spends nearly the entire episode trying to get on Santa's nice list, so that he can receive a HAIBO robot doll for Christmas, in reference to the robot dog craze of the early 2000s started by AIBO. At the episode's conclusion, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman all receive their own HAIBO dog.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: When Siri on an iOS device is asked "Do you have a pet?", one of the responses is "I used to have an AIBO. But it turned on me."

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: In the film "CJ7", the robotic toy "CJ1", is probably based on the design of AIBO and its toy knock-offs.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: In the "Futurama" episode "Jurassic Bark", Bender is seen with a robotic dog resembling an AIBO named Robo-Puppy.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: A pair of robotic dogs based on AIBO appear in "Tokyo Jungle", a video game published by Sony Computer Entertainment. The very first AIBO model, ERS-110, is seen in this game, too.

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: An AIBO ERS-210 can be seen in the title sequence of the 2017 TV adaptation of Neil Gaiman's "American Gods".

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


AIBO

Context: An AIBO appears in the 38th episode of "Kamen Rider Zero-One", which one is owned by Amatsu Gai. As of 7/19/2020, AIBO has received an update that will allow it to interact with "Kamen Rider Zero-One" toys until 8/2/2020

Question: Milloin AIBO kehitettiin?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig II (Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm; 25 August 1845 – 13 June 1886) was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886. He is sometimes called the Swan King or ('the Fairy Tale King'). He also held the titles of Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, and Duke in Swabia.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Like many young heirs in an age when kings governed most of Europe, Ludwig was continually reminded of his royal status. King Maximilian wanted to instruct both of his sons in the burdens of royal duty from an early age. Ludwig was both extremely indulged and severely controlled by his tutors and subjected to a strict regimen of study and exercise. Some point to these stresses of growing up in a royal family as the causes for much of his odd behavior as an adult.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig was not close to either of his parents. King Maximilian's advisers had suggested that on his daily walks he might like, at times, to be accompanied by his future successor. The King replied, "But what am I to say to him? After all, my son takes no interest in what other people tell him." Later, Ludwig would refer to his mother as "my predecessor's consort". He was far closer to his grandfather, the deposed and notorious King Ludwig I.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Crown Prince Ludwig was in his 19th year when his father died after a three-day illness, and he ascended the Bavarian throne. Although he was not prepared for high office, his youth and brooding good looks made him popular in Bavaria and elsewhere. He continued the state policies of his father and retained his ministers.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: His real interests were in art, music, and architecture. One of the first acts of his reign, a few months after his accession, was to summon Wagner to his court. Also in 1864, he laid the foundation stone of a new Court Theatre, now the ("'Gärtnerplatz"-Theater').

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Unification with Prussia took center stage from 1866. In the Austro-Prussian War, which began in August, Ludwig supported Austria against Prussia. Austria and Bavaria were defeated, and Bavaria was forced to sign a mutual defense treaty with Prussia. When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, Bavaria was required to fight alongside Prussia. After the Prussian victory over France, Bismarck moved to complete the Unification of Germany.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: In November 1870, Bavaria joined the North German Confederation, thus losing its status as an independent kingdom. However, the Bavarian delegation under Minister-President Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg secured privilleged status for Bavaria within the empire (). Bavaria retained its own diplomatic corps and its own army, which would come under Prussian command only in times of war.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig never married nor had any known mistresses. It is known from his diary (which began in the 1860s), private letters, and other surviving personal documents that he had strong homosexual desires. He struggled all his life to suppress those desires and remain true to the teachings of the Catholic Church. Homosexuality had not been punishable in Bavaria since 1813, but the unification of Germany under Prussian hegemony in 1871 instated Paragraph 175, which criminalized homosexual acts between males.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig had affairs with the soldiers who guarded him, which were gossiped about in Munich but not reported in the mass media. Throughout his reign, Ludwig had a succession of close friendships with men, including his chief equerry and master of the horse, Richard Hornig (1841–1911), the Bavarian prince Paul von Thurn und Taxis, the Hungarian theater actor Josef Kainz, and his courtier Alfons Weber (b. 1862).

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig's original diaries from 1869 onward were lost during World War II, and all that remain today are copies of entries made during the 1886 plot to depose him. Some earlier diaries have survived in the ('secret archives') in Munich, and extracts starting in 1858 were published by Evers in 1986.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: After 1871, Ludwig largely withdrew from politics, and devoted himself to his personal creative projects, most famously his castles, for which he personally approved every detail of the architecture, decoration, and furnishing.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig was intensely interested in the operas of Richard Wagner. This interest began when Ludwig first saw "Lohengrin" at the impressionable age of 15, followed by "Tannhäuser" ten months later. Wagner's operas appealed to the king's fantasy-filled imagination.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: A year after meeting the King, Wagner presented his latest work, "Tristan und Isolde", in Munich to great acclaim. However, the composer's perceived extravagant and scandalous behaviour in the capital was unsettling for the conservative people of Bavaria, and the King was forced to ask Wagner to leave the city six months later, in December 1865. Ludwig considered abdicating to follow Wagner, but Wagner persuaded him to stay.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig provided the Tribschen residence for Wagner in Switzerland. Wagner completed "Die Meistersinger" there; it was premiered in Munich in 1868. When Wagner returned to his "Ring Cycle", Ludwig demanded "special previews" of the first two works ("Das Rheingold" and "Die Walküre") at Munich in 1869 and 1870.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Wagner, however, was now planning his great personal opera house at Bayreuth. Ludwig initially refused to support the grandiose project. However, when Wagner exhausted all other sources, he appealed to Ludwig, who loaned him 100,000 thalers to complete the work. Ludwig also paid for the Wahnfried villa for Wagner and his family to reside in, constructed 1872–74. In 1876, Ludwig attended the dress rehearsal and third public performance of the complete Ring Cycle at the Festspielhaus.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig's interest in theater was by no means confined to Wagner. In 1867, he appointed Karl von Perfall as director of his new court theater. Ludwig wished to introduce Munich theater-goers to the best of European drama. Perfall, under Ludwig's supervision, introduced them to Shakespeare, Calderón, Mozart, Gluck, Ibsen, Weber, and many others. He also raised the standard of interpretation of Schiller, Molière, and Corneille.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: In 1868, Ludwig commissioned the first drawings for his buildings, starting with Neuschwanstein and Herrenchiemsee, though work on the latter did not commence until 1878.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: ('New Swanstone Castle') is a dramatic Romanesque fortress with soaring fairy-tale towers. It is situated on an Alpine crag above Ludwig's childhood home, Castle ('Upper Swan County Palace'). Hohenschwangau was a medieval knights' castle that his parents had purchased. Ludwig reputedly had seen the location and conceived of building a castle there while still a boy.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: In 1869, Ludwig oversaw the laying of the cornerstone for Schloss Neuschwanstein on a breathtaking mountaintop site. The walls of Neuschwanstein are decorated with frescoes depicting scenes from the legends used in Wagner's operas, including "Tannhäuser", "Tristan und Isolde", "Lohengrin", "Parsifal", and the somewhat less than mystic "Die Meistersinger".

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: In 1878, construction began on Herrenchiemsee, a partial replica of the palace at Versailles, sited on the Herreninsel in the Chiemsee. It was built as Ludwig's tribute to Louis XIV of France, the magnificent "Sun King". Only the central portion of the palace was built; all construction halted on Ludwig's death. What exists of Herrenchiemsee comprises , a "copy in miniature" compared with Versailles' 551,112 ft².

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: He planned the construction of a new castle on ('Falcon Rock') near Pfronten in the Allgäu (a place he knew well: a diary entry for 16 October 1867 reads "Falkenstein wild, romantic"). The first design was a sketch by Christian Jank in 1883 "very much like the Townhall of Liège". Subsequent designs showed a modest villa with a square tower and a small Gothic castle. By 1885, a road and water supply had been provided at Falkenstein but the old ruins remained untouched.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig also proposed a Byzantine palace in the Graswangtal, and a Chinese summer palace by the Plansee in Tyrol. These projects never got beyond initial plans.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: For Berg Castle, Ludwig had a fifth tower constructed for it called "Isolde" and used the castle frequently as his summer residence. When Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia visited Berg in 1868, he had the castle magnificently decorated for the duration of her stay there; the castle otherwise, by his standards, was modestly furnished.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Seeking a cause to depose Ludwig by constitutional means, the rebelling ministers decided on the rationale that he was mentally ill, and unable to rule. They asked Ludwig's uncle, Prince Luitpold, to step into the royal vacancy once Ludwig was deposed. Luitpold agreed, on condition the conspirators produced reliable proof that the king was, in fact, helplessly insane.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: The degree to which these accusations were accurate may never be known. The conspirators approached Bismarck, who doubted the report's veracity, calling it "rakings from the King's wastepaper-basket and cupboards". Bismarck commented after reading the report that "the Ministers wish to sacrifice the King, otherwise they have no chance of saving themselves". He suggested that the matter be brought before the Bavarian Diet and discussed there, but did not stop the ministers from carrying out their plan.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig's only younger brother and successor, Otto, was considered insane, providing a convenient basis for the claim of hereditary insanity.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: That same day, the government under Minister-President Johann von Lutz publicly proclaimed Luitpold as Prince Regent. The king's friends and allies urged him to flee, or to show himself in Munich, and thus regain the support of the people. Ludwig hesitated, instead issuing a statement, allegedly drafted by his aide-de-camp Count Alfred Dürckheim, which was published by a Bamberg newspaper on 11 June:

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: The Prince Luitpold intends, against my will, to ascend to the regency of my land, and my erstwhile ministry has, through false allegations regarding the state of my health, deceived my beloved people, and is preparing to commit acts of high treason. [...] I call upon every loyal Bavarian to rally around my loyal supporters to thwart the planned treason against the King and the fatherland.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig's death was officially ruled a suicide by drowning, but the official autopsy report indicated that no water was found in his lungs. Ludwig was a very strong swimmer in his youth, the water was approximately waist deep where his body was found, and he had not expressed suicidal feelings during the crisis. Gudden's body showed blows to the head and neck and signs of strangulation, leading to the suspicion that he was strangled, although no other evidence was found to prove this.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Three years after his death, a small memorial chapel was built overlooking the site and a cross was erected in the lake. A remembrance ceremony is held there each year on 13 June.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: One of Ludwig's most quoted sayings was, "I wish to remain an eternal enigma to myself and to others."

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Today visitors pay tribute to King Ludwig by visiting his grave as well as his castles. Ironically, the very castles which were causing the king's financial ruin have today become extremely profitable tourist attractions for the Bavarian state. The palaces, given to Bavaria by Ludwig III's son Crown Prince Rupprecht in 1923, have paid for themselves many times over and attract millions of tourists from all over the world to Germany each year.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: It has been said that Richard Wagner's late career is part of Ludwig's legacy, since he almost certainly would have been unable to complete his opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen" or to write his final opera, "Parsifal", without the king's support.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig also sponsored the premieres of "Tristan und Isolde", "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg", and, through his financial support of the Bayreuth Festival, those of "Der Ring des Nibelungen" and "Parsifal".

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Ludwig provided Munich with its opera house, Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz, establishing a lasting tradition of comic and romantic musical theatre known as as well as operettas produced for the Bavarian public.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: The so-called "Swan King" is also said to have inspired the story behind the classical ballet "Swan Lake" by Russian composer Tchaikovsky. This could be referenced to the days of his childhood when he spent much of his youth in a castle named ('high region of the swan') in the Bavarian Alps. Ludwig grew up there among swan images and icons, and the nearby ('Swan Lake').

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: Portrayals of Ludwig II include Italian director Luchino Visconti's 1973 motion picture first named for him, called "Ludwig".

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: A popular 2014 board game, "Castles of Mad King Ludwig", is named for Ludwig II and inspired by his penchant for elaborate and whimsical castles; Neuschwanstein Castle is pictured on the box.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Ludwig II of Bavaria

Context: The 2010 thriller "The Secret Crown" by Chris Kuzneski is based on the antics of Ludwig II, weaving fiction with known facts about the monarch.

Question: Miksi Ludvig II pidettiin omalaatuisena kuninkaana?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: Born in San Luis Potosí into one of the most well known Mexican wrestling families, his father is noted luchador Dos Caras, while his uncles are Mil Máscaras and Sicodelico. His cousins, Sicodelico Jr. and Hijo de Sicodelico, are also wrestlers. His younger brother Guillermo signed a WWE contract in August 2012 and was assigned to the promotion's developmental territory NXT under the ring name Memo Montenegro, but was released in July 2013.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: Rodríguez graduated from Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí where he earned a degree in architecture.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: On the fourth season of "NXT", starting in December 2010, Del Rio mentored rookie Conor O'Brian, who became the second contestant to be eliminated from the competition on 18 January. The following week the rookies competed in a fatal-four-way match, of which the winner could change their pro. Brodus Clay won the match and chose Del Rio as his new pro. After the conclusion of "NXT", Del Rio hired Clay as his bodyguard.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: After Rodríguez returned to WWE and it became clear that he would not return to AAA to defend the Mega Championship and was therefore stripped of the title on 9 November. WWE had allowed him to participate at Guerra de Titanes but when the event was canceled, WWE rescinded the offer.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: In 2018, it was announces El Patrón would make his return at Triplemanía XXVI, facing a mysterious opponent. However, during a press conference on 21 August, AAA did not mention El Patrón's match as part of the final card. El Patrón explained he would not appear since he had a discussion with Dorian Roldán over the money and they did not find an opponent for him. Roldán said that Alberto had no communication with the promotion, so they did not include him in the final card.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: On 15 October 2016, El Patrón returned to World Wrestling Council (WWC) at the second night of WWC's annual Aniversario event, where he faced Ray Gonzalez in a "Jaula de la Muerte" match.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: On 1 November 2014, Rodríguez, working under the ring name "Alberto", made his debut for the Japanese Wrestle-1 promotion, defeating Masakatsu Funaki.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: On 11 December 2014, Ring of Honor (ROH) announced that Rodríguez, billed as "Alberto El Patrón", had signed to make his debut for the promotion on 3 January 2015. He defeated Christopher Daniels in his debut match. During the ROH Winter Warriors tour on 30–31 January, El Patrón defeated ACH and Roderick Strong. On 1 March 2015, at ROH 13th Anniversary Show, El Patrón unsuccessfully challenged Jay Lethal for the ROH World Television Championship.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: Rodríguez competed for the World Wrestling League defeating champion Glamour Boy Shane and Ricky Banderas to capture the WWL World Heavyweight Championship in January 2015. The title was vacated on 19 September 2015, after a controversy during a defense against Ricky Banderas.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: El Patrón made a number of appearances for the What Culture Pro Wrestling (WCPW) promotion, ending Big Damo's WCPW career in his first match before challenging unsuccessfully for WCPW's Internet and Tag Team Championships. He was forced to miss the "Delete WCPW" PPV on 30 November 2016, due to flight issues but was at their "Loaded" episode taping the following day, defeating Johnny Mundo.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: El Patrón made a number of appearances for World Association Of Wrestling (WAW) promotion, El Patrón defeated Robbie Dynamite via pinfall then El Patrón defeating Chris Masters in the same event and won WAW Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: In 2019, Rodríguez and Chavo Guerrero Jr. created their own promotion, Nación Lucha Libre, which aired their first show on a television channel.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: On 5 November 2017, at Bound for Glory, El Patrón returned from suspension, claiming that everyone is "a loser and a backstabber" and even going as far as confronting Jeremy Borash, turning heel in the process. Later that night, he interrupted the main event by attacking Johnny Impact and Eli Drake.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: El Patrón was released from Impact on 7 April 2018 after legitimately no-showing the "Lucha Underground" vs "Impact Wrestling" event in New Orleans the previous night.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: After making his professional wrestling debut in 2000, Dos Caras Jr. decided to try his hand at mixed martial arts (MMA). Dos Caras most notably faced Mirko Cro Cop in the Pride Fighting Championships promotion, losing by first-round head kick knockout.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: On 11 October 2016, he was named President of MMA promotion "Combate Americas". The presidency was a figurehead role, where Rodríguez held no actual power in the company and was mainly in charge of promoting the brand to Mexican media. Rodríguez stepped down from the role on 20 July 2017, to concentrate on his professional wrestling career.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: On 9 July 2019, it was announced that Rodríguez would be returning to mixed martial arts competition for the first time since 2010 to take on UFC Hall of Famer and former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Tito Ortiz in Combate Americas. The event, which was contested at a catchweight of 210 pounds, took place in Hidalgo, Texas on 7 December 2019. Rodríguez lost the bout via first round submission.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: In March 2022, it was reported that Rodríguez had signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) as a Spanish-language commentator. He debuted for the promotion on 19 March at their "" event.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: In May 2016, Rodríguez and fellow professional wrestler Saraya-Jade Bevis, better known as Paige, went public with their relationship. The two became engaged in October 2016. They split up in late 2017. On 14 July 2021, during an interview with Hannibal TV, Rodriguez made threats to expose Paige for previous arrests and also made claims of domestic violence against her.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


Alberto Del Rio

Context: Rodríguez owned a restaurant in San Antonio, Texas named La Cantinita, which opened in 2016. However, the restaurant closed in November 2017.

Question: Minä vuonna Alberto Del Rio on syntynyt?


IDW Publishing

Context: The company's first traditional comic series, "30 Days of Night", created by Steve Niles and Ben Templesmith started a seven-figure bidding war between DreamWorks, MGM, and Senator International, with Senator winning and Sam Raimi attached to produce.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: IDW Publishing acquired the G.I. Joe comics license in May 2008 (previously held by Devil's Due Publishing) and released three new series under editor Andy Schmidt, from writers such as Chuck Dixon, Larry Hama, and Christos Gage. Other comics were released in time to tie-in with the .

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In 2004, 2005, and 2006 IDW Publishing was named Publisher of the Year by Diamond Comic Distributors.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In 2010, IDW Publishing released the sequel to Michael San Giacomo's "Phantom Jack" Image Comics series with "Phantom Jack: The Nowhere Man Agenda." The graphic novel is notable because it features the death of the main character, a reporter who can turn invisible.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: IDW Publishing formed an imprint with EA Games in late 2009, called EA Comics, to focus on adaptations of the latter's video games, with initial titles including "Army of Two" and

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: September 6, 2011, for the 10th anniversary of 9/11, IDW Publishing teamed up Charlie Foxtrot Entertainment and released the graphic novel "Code Word: Geronimo", written by retired Marine Corps Captain Dale Dye and Julia Dye, drawn by Gerry Kissell with inker Amin Amat. "Code Word: Geronimo" reached #22 on Diamond Comics top 100 list its first month after release. During that same year, the company has published its first crossover series "Infestation".

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In March 2012 IDW Publishing announced it would release new comics based on "Judge Dredd" and "The Crow". Also in 2012, Hasbro licensed the use of "" for an . The company also published "Infestation 2".

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In February 2013, IDW Publishing announced a partnership with Cartoon Network to publish comics based on the network's television series and reprint older Cartoon Network comics.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In February 2015, it was announced that IDW Publishing made a deal with Disney to continue the publication of the following comic books: "Uncle Scrooge", "Donald Duck", "Mickey Mouse", and "Walt Disney's Comics and Stories".

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In 2016, IDW launched the Hasbro Reconstruction initiative to present a shared universe of Hasbro brands, which was later known as the Hasbro Comic Book Universe. The first event was "Revolution", followed by "First Strike" on 2017.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In April 2017, IDW Publishing acquired a license from Lucasfilm to produce a range of all-ages Star Wars comics.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In July 2017, Sega announced a partnership with IDW to publish comics based on "Sonic the Hedgehog" beginning in 2018, following the conclusion/cancellation of the previous series by Archie Comics. IDW has also launched new imprint called Black Crown, handling creator-owned comics.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In April 2018, publishers IDW Publishing and Oni Press announced a crossover between the "Rick and Morty" comic book and Dungeons & Dragons co-written by Jim Zub and Patrick Rothfuss with art by Troy Little. The four issue mini-series, "Rick and Morty vs. Dungeons & Dragons", was first published in August 2018. In May 2019, a sequel mini-series was announced: "Rick and Morty vs. Dungeons & Dragons: Chapter II: Painscape." It will be written by Jim Zub and Sarah Stern with art by Troy Little.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In 2019, the company went under financial difficulties and got help from JPMorgan Chase evaluating strategies to be profitable.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In May 2019, IDW offered itself as an investor in Clover Press, a new independent publisher founded by Ted Adams (cofounder and former CEO of IDW) and Robbie Robbins (cofounder, executive vice president and art director at IDW).

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In July 2019, it was announced that IDW Publishing had acquired the classic Sunday strip publisher Sunday Press Books.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: Around 2021, IDW announced that the comic book license for Disney properties would pass to Marvel Comics, while the license for Lucasfilm's "Star Wars" passed back to Dark Horse Comics. In September 2021, IDW announced that its partnership with Diamond Comic Distributors would switch to Penguin Random House. In December 2021, The Library of American Comics announced that they would be moving to Clover Press. That same month, John Barber announced that he would step away from the role of Editor-in-Chief.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: In January 2022, IDW announced that they would "bid a fond farewell" to their comic book licenses of Hasbro's "Transformers" and "G.I. Joe" by the end of the year, but would continue publishing Hasbro's "My Little Pony" and Wizards of the Coast's "Dungeons & Dragons".

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: Konami acquired the video game rights, and minority ownership, in IDW Publishing's "CVO: Covert Vampiric Operations".

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: "30 Days of Night" has been adapted into a film of the same name in 2007, starring Josh Hartnett and Melissa George, directed by David Slade, and produced by "Spider-Man" director Sam Raimi. It is distributed by Columbia Pictures.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: Dimension Films has an option on two Steve Niles/IDW Publishing properties: "Wake the Dead", with "X2" screenwriter Michael Dougherty attached to write, and "Hyde", with Mike Fleiss ("The Bachelor", "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre") attached to produce.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: The motion comic version of "" titled "Transformers: Beginnings" (albeit excluding characters not present in the movie) is included in the "Transformers" DVD.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: Syfy announced a television adaptation of "Wynonna Earp", which premiered on April 1, 2016 and ended on April 9, 2021.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: "October Faction" created by Steve Niles received a 10 episode series order from Netflix on September 28, 2018 with High Park Entertainment producing in association with IDW Entertainment, who would also be involved in the distribution of the series internationally. The series debuted on Netflix on January 23, 2020 and was canceled after one season.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


IDW Publishing

Context: "V Wars" created by William Laurin and Glenn Davis, received a 10 episode order from Netflix on April 16, 2018, with High Park Entertainment producing in association with IDW Entertainment, who would also be involved in the distribution of the series internationally. The series debuted on Netflix on December 5, 2019 and was canceled after one season.

Question: Minä vuonna IDW-kustantamo on perustettu?


Slavs

Context: Present-day Slavs are classified into East Slavs (chiefly Belarusians, Russians, Rusyns, and Ukrainians), West Slavs (chiefly Czechs, Kashubs, Poles, Slovaks, Silesians and Sorbs) and South Slavs (chiefly Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes).

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: The vast majority of Slavs are traditionally Christians. However, modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual groups – range from "ethnic solidarity to mutual feelings of hostility".

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: The oldest mention of the Slavic ethnonym is the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, using various forms such as "Sklaboi" (), "Sklabēnoi" (), "Sklauenoi" (), "Sthlabenoi" (), or "Sklabinoi" (), while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the in Latin. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic, dating from the 9th century, attest the autonym as "Slověne" (). These forms point back to a Slavic autonym which can be reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as , plural "Slověne".

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: In Medieval and Early Modern sources written in Latin, Slavs are most commonly referred to as "Sclaveni", or in shortened version "Sclavi".

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (circa 577–579) who slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Daurentius declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers. Byzantine records note that Slav numbers were so great, that grass would not regrow where the Slavs had marched through. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic (or Old Bulgarian) manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Standardised Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. Russian is the most spoken Slavic language, and is the most spoken native language in Europe.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on the unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: West Slavs originate from early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after the East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period. They are noted as having mixed with Germanics, Hungarians, Celts (particularly the Boii), Old Prussians, and the Pannonian Avars. The West Slavs came under the influence of the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and of the Catholic Church.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: East Slavs have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with Finns and Balts. Their early Slavic component, Antes, mixed or absorbed Iranians, and later received influence from the Khazars and Vikings. The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of Kievan Rus' and Rus' Khaganate, beginning in the 10th century. They came particularly under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Only Northern Russians among East and West Slavs belong to a different, “"Northern European"” genetic cluster, along with Balts, Germanic and Baltic Finnic peoples (Northern Russian populations are very similar to Balts).

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 7th and 12th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant among East and South Slavs, while Catholicism is predominant among West Slavs and some western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. Islam first arrived in the 7th century during the early Muslim conquests, and was gradually adopted by a number of Slavic ethnic groups through the centuries in the Balkans.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Among Slavic populations who profess a religion, the majority of contemporary Christian Slavs are Orthodox, followed by Catholic. The majority of Muslim Slavs follow the Hanafi school of the Sunni branch of Islam. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups, the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. The Czech Republic is the only Slavic country with a population that is majority irreligious.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Slavs

Context: Ruling status of Bulgars and their control of land cast the nominal legacy of the Bulgarian country and people onto future generations, but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present-day South Slavic ethnic group known as Bulgarians. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities retained their culture and language for a long time. Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages, but, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.

Question: Miten slaavit määritellään?


Animal testing

Context: The following text excludes as much as possible practices related to "in vivo" veterinary surgery, which is left to the discussion of vivisection.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Scientists in India are protesting a recent guideline issued by the University Grants Commission to ban the use of live animals in universities and laboratories.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Accurate global figures for animal testing are difficult to obtain; it has been estimated that 100 million vertebrates are experimented on around the world every year, 10–11 million of them in the EU. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics reports that global annual estimates range from 50 to 100 million animals. None of the figures include invertebrates such as shrimp and fruit flies.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: In the UK, Home Office figures show that 3.79 million procedures were carried out in 2017. 2,960 procedures used non-human primates, down over 50% since 1988. A "procedure" refers here to an experiment that might last minutes, several months, or years. Most animals are used in only one procedure: animals are frequently euthanized after the experiment; however death is the endpoint of some procedures.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: A 'severe' procedure would be, for instance, any test where death is the end-point or fatalities are expected, whereas a 'mild' procedure would be something like a blood test or an MRI scan.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The Three Rs (3Rs) are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing. These were first described by W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch in 1959. The 3Rs state:

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The 3Rs have a broader scope than simply encouraging alternatives to animal testing, but aim to improve animal welfare and scientific quality where the use of animals can not be avoided. These 3Rs are now implemented in many testing establishments worldwide and have been adopted by various pieces of legislation and regulations.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Despite the widespread acceptance of the 3Rs, many countries—including Canada, Australia, Israel, South Korea, and Germany—have reported rising experimental use of animals in recent years with increased use of mice and, in some cases, fish while reporting declines in the use of cats, dogs, primates, rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Along with other countries, China has also escalated its use of GM animals, resulting in an increase in overall animal use.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Cats are most commonly used in neurological research. In 2016, 18,898 cats were used in the United States alone, around a third of which were used in experiments which have the potential to cause "pain and/or distress" though only 0.1% of cat experiments involved potential pain which was not relieved by anesthetics/analgesics. In the UK, just 198 procedures were carried out on cats in 2017. The number has been around 200 for most of the last decade.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal Welfare Report shows that 60,979 dogs were used in USDA-registered facilities in 2016. In the UK, according to the UK Home Office, there were 3,847 procedures on dogs in 2017. Of the other large EU users of dogs, Germany conducted 3,976 procedures on dogs in 2016 and France conducted 4,204 procedures in 2016. In both cases this represents under 0.2% of the total number of procedures conducted on animals in the respective countries.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: In a survey in 2003, it was found that 89% of singly-housed primates exhibited self-injurious or abnormal stereotypyical behaviors including pacing, rocking, hair pulling, and biting among others.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Four states in the U.S.—Minnesota, Utah, Oklahoma, and Iowa—require their shelters to provide animals to research facilities. Fourteen states explicitly prohibit the practice, while the remainder either allow it or have no relevant legislation.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The extent to which animal testing causes pain and suffering, and the capacity of animals to experience and comprehend them, is the subject of much debate.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: According to the USDA, in 2016 501,560 animals (61%) (not including rats, mice, birds, or invertebrates) were used in procedures that did not include more than momentary pain or distress. 247,882 (31%) animals were used in procedures in which pain or distress was relieved by anesthesia, while 71,370 (9%) were used in studies that would cause pain or distress that would not be relieved.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: In 2019, Katrien Devolder and Matthias Eggel proposed gene editing research animals to remove the ability to feel pain. This would be an intermediate step towards eventually stopping all experimentation on animals and adopting alternatives. Additionally, this would not stop research animals from experiencing psychological harm.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Applied research aims to solve specific and practical problems. These may involve the use of animal models of diseases or conditions, which are often discovered or generated by pure research programmes. In turn, such applied studies may be an early stage in the drug discovery process. Examples include:

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Toxicology tests are used to examine finished products such as pesticides, medications, food additives, packing materials, and air freshener, or their chemical ingredients. Most tests involve testing ingredients rather than finished products, but according to BUAV, manufacturers believe these tests overestimate the toxic effects of substances; they therefore repeat the tests using their finished products to obtain a less toxic label.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The substances are applied to the skin or dripped into the eyes; injected intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; inhaled either by placing a mask over the animals and restraining them, or by placing them in an inhalation chamber; or administered orally, through a tube into the stomach, or simply in the animal's food. Doses may be given once, repeated regularly for many months, or for the lifespan of the animal.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The most stringent tests are reserved for drugs and foodstuffs. For these, a number of tests are performed, lasting less than a month (acute), one to three months (subchronic), and more than three months (chronic) to test general toxicity (damage to organs), eye and skin irritancy, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and reproductive problems. The cost of the full complement of tests is several million dollars per substance and it may take three or four years to complete.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Scientists face growing pressure to move away from using traditional animal toxicity tests to determine whether manufactured chemicals are safe.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Among variety of approaches to toxicity evaluation the ones which have attracted increasing interests are in vitro cell-based sensing methods applying fluorescence.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Cosmetics testing on animals is particularly controversial. Such tests, which are still conducted in the U.S., involve general toxicity, eye and skin irritancy, phototoxicity (toxicity triggered by ultraviolet light) and mutagenicity.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Before the early 20th century, laws regulating drugs were lax. Currently, all new pharmaceuticals undergo rigorous animal testing before being licensed for human use. Tests on pharmaceutical products involve:

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Animals are used by the military to develop weapons, vaccines, battlefield surgical techniques, and defensive clothing. For example, in 2008 the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency used live pigs to study the effects of improvised explosive device explosions on internal organs, especially the brain.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Besides the United States, six out of 28 NATO countries, including Poland and Denmark, use live animals for combat medic training.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The moral and ethical questions raised by performing experiments on animals are subject to debate, and viewpoints have shifted significantly over the 20th century. There remain disagreements about which procedures are useful for which purposes, as well as disagreements over which ethical principles apply to which species.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: A 2015 Gallup poll found that 67% of Americans were "very concerned" or "somewhat concerned" about animals used in research. A Pew poll taken the same year found 50% of American adults opposed the use of animals in research.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The British government has required that the cost to animals in an experiment be weighed against the gain in knowledge. Some medical schools and agencies in China, Japan, and South Korea have built cenotaphs for killed animals. In Japan there are also annual memorial services ("Ireisai" 慰霊祭) for animals sacrificed at medical school.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The scientists and engineers at Harvard's Wyss Institute have created "organs-on-a-chip", including the "lung-on-a-chip" and "gut-on-a-chip". Researchers at cellasys in Germany developed a "skin-on-a-chip". These tiny devices contain human cells in a 3-dimensional system that mimics human organs. The chips can be used instead of animals in "in vitro" disease research, drug testing, and toxicity testing. Researchers have also begun using 3-D bioprinters to create human tissues for "in vitro" testing.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Another non-animal research method is "in silico" or computer simulation and mathematical modeling which seeks to investigate and ultimately predict toxicity and drug effects on humans without using animals. This is done by investigating test compounds on a molecular level using recent advances in technological capabilities with the ultimate goal of creating treatments unique to each patient.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Microdosing is another alternative to the use of animals in experimentation. Microdosing is a process whereby volunteers are administered a small dose of a test compound allowing researchers to investigate its pharmacological affects without harming the volunteers. Microdosing can replace the use of animals in pre-clinical drug screening and can reduce the number of animals used in safety and toxicity testing.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Additional alternative methods include positron emission tomography (PET), which allows scanning of the human brain "in vivo", and comparative epidemiological studies of disease risk factors among human populations.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Simulators and computer programs have also replaced the use of animals in dissection, teaching and training exercises.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing serves as a liaison between the European Commission and industries. The European Consensus Platform for Alternatives coordinates efforts amongst EU member states.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Animal testing

Context: Academic centers also investigate alternatives, including the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing at the Johns Hopkins University and the NC3Rs in the UK.

Question: Milloin ihmiset alkoivat käyttää eläimiä koe-eläiminä?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy was born on April 12, 1947, at Franklin Square Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, and grew up in the Northwood neighborhood in northeast Baltimore. The family was Irish-American. He was the second of three children to Thomas Clancy, who worked for the United States Postal Service, and Catherine Clancy, who worked in a store's credit department. He was a member of Troop 624 of the Boy Scouts of America.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: The Cold War epic "Red Storm Rising" (1986) was co-written (according to Clancy in the book's foreword) with fellow military-oriented author Larry Bond. The book was published by Putnam and sold almost a million copies within its first year. Clancy became the cornerstone of a publishing list by Putnam which emphasized authors like Clancy who would produce annually. His publisher, Phyllis E. Grann, called these "repeaters."

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy has author status on the cover of dozens of books. Seventeen of his novels made it to the top of the "New York Times" best seller list. He co-authored memoirs of top generals, and produced numerous guided tours of the elite aspects of the American military. Andrew Bacevich states:

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy did for military pop-lit what Starbucks did for the preparation of caffeinated beverages: he launched a sprawling, massively profitable industrial enterprise that simultaneously serves and cultivates an insatiable consumer base. Whether the item consumed provides much in terms of nourishment is utterly beside the point. That it tastes yummy going down more than suffices to keep customers coming back.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: In 1993, Clancy joined a group of investors that included Peter Angelos, and bought the Baltimore Orioles from Eli Jacobs. In 1998, he reached an agreement to purchase the Minnesota Vikings, but had to abandon the deal because of a divorce settlement cost.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: The first NetForce novel, titled "Net Force" (1999), was adapted as a 1999 TV movie starring Scott Bakula and Joanna Going. The first Op-Center novel ("Tom Clancy's Op-Center" published in 1995) was released to coincide with a 1995 NBC television miniseries of the same name starring Harry Hamlin and a cast of stars. Though the miniseries did not continue, the book series did, but later had little in common with the first TV miniseries other than the title and the names of the main characters.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy wrote several nonfiction books about various branches of the U.S. Armed Forces (see nonfiction listing, in the bibliography article). He also branded several lines of books and video games with his name that are written by other authors, following premises or storylines generally in keeping with Clancy's works.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: With the release of "The Teeth of the Tiger" (2003), Clancy introduced Jack Ryan's son and two nephews as main characters; those characters continued in his last four novels, "Dead or Alive" (2010), "Locked On" (2011), "Threat Vector" (2012), and "Command Authority" (2013).

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: In 2008, the French video game manufacturer Ubisoft purchased the use of Clancy's name for an undisclosed sum. It has been used in conjunction with video games and related products such as movies and books. Based on his interest in private spaceflight and his investment in the launch vehicle company Rotary Rocket,

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: A long-time proponent of conservative and Republican views, Clancy dedicated books to U.S. conservative political figures, including Ronald Reagan. A week after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, on "The O'Reilly Factor", Clancy suggested that left-wing politicians in the United States were partly responsible for the failure to prevent the attacks due to their "gutting" of the Central Intelligence Agency.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy's first wife, Wanda Thomas King, was a nurse. They married in 1969, and had four children: daughters Michelle, Christine, and Kathleen and son Thomas Leo III. The couple separated briefly in 1995, and permanently separated in December 1996. Wanda Clancy filed for divorce in November 1997, which became final in January 1999.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: On June 26, 1999, Clancy married freelance journalist Alexandra Marie Llewellyn, whom he had met in 1997. Llewellyn is the daughter of J. Bruce Llewellyn and a family friend of Colin Powell, who originally introduced the couple to each other. They remained together until Clancy's death in October 2013. The two had one daughter.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy was a Roman Catholic. The plot of his novel "Red Rabbit" revolves around John Paul II. In a 2002 interview with Lev Grossman for "Time" magazine, Clancy lamented what he perceived as society's double standard in the way Catholics are viewed by some people in society in relation to other demographic segments: "You can't hate black people any more, of course, and you can't hate homosexuals any more, but you can hate all the Catholics you want."

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy's 80-acre estate, which was once a summer camp, is located in Calvert County, Maryland. It has a panoramic view of the Chesapeake Bay. The stone mansion, which cost $2 million, has 24 rooms and features a shooting range in the basement. The property also features a World War II-era M4 Sherman tank, a Christmas gift from his first wife.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy also purchased a 17,000 square foot penthouse condominium in the Ritz-Carlton, in Baltimore's Inner Harbor, for $16 million. Clancy and his wife combined four units to create the apartment.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: Clancy died of heart failure on October 1, 2013, at Johns Hopkins Hospital, near his Baltimore home. John D. Gresham, a co-author and researcher with Clancy on several books, said Clancy had been suffering heart problems for some time prior: "Five or six years ago Tom suffered a heart attack and he went through bypass surgery. It wasn't that he had another heart attack, his heart just wore out."

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: On March 31, 2014, the Orioles honored Clancy with a video tribute during their home opener, and the team wore a tribute patch on their jerseys through the season.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Tom Clancy

Context: More recently, Ubisoft has made many video game series based on Tom Clancy's books or were endorsed by Clancy with his name on the series.

Question: Mikä oli Tom Clancyn ensimmäinen teos?


Ricinus

Context: Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed also contains ricin, a water-soluble toxin, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: "Ricinus communis" can vary greatly in its growth habit and appearance. The variability has been increased by breeders who have selected a range of cultivars for leaf and flower colours, and for oil production. It is a fast-growing, suckering shrub that can reach the size of a small tree, around , but it is not cold hardy.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: The flowers lack petals and are unisexual (male and female) where both types are borne on the same plant (monoecious) in terminal panicle-like inflorescences of green or, in some varieties, shades of red. The male flowers are numerous, yellowish-green with prominent creamy stamens; the female flowers, borne at the tips of the spikes, lie within the immature spiny capsules, are relatively few in number and have prominent red stigmas.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: The fruit is a spiny, greenish (to reddish-purple) capsule containing large, oval, shiny, bean-like, highly poisonous seeds with variable brownish mottling. Castor seeds have a warty appendage called the caruncle, which is a type of elaiosome. The caruncle promotes the dispersal of the seed by ants (myrmecochory).

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Three terpenoids and a tocopherol-related compound have been found in the aerial parts of "Ricinus". Compounds named (3"E",7"Z",11"E")-19-hydroxycasba-3,7,11-trien-5-one, 6α-hydroxy-10β-methoxy-7α,8α-epoxy-5-oxocasbane-20,10-olide, 15α-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one, and (2"R",4a"R",8a"R")-3,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-(4,8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2"H"-chromene-5,8-dione were isolated from the methanol extracts of "Ricinus communis" by chromatographic methods.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Partitioned h-hexane fraction of "Ricinus" root methanol extract resulted in enrichment of two triterpenes: lupeol and urs-6-ene-3,16-dione (erandone). Crude methanolic extract, enriched n-hexane fraction and isolates at doses 100 mg/kg p.o. exhibited significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Carl Linnaeus used the name "Ricinus" because it is a Latin word for tick; the seed is so named because it has markings and a bump at the end that resemble certain ticks. The genus "Ricinus" also exists in zoology, and designates insects (not ticks) which are parasites of birds; this is possible because the names of animals and plants are governed by different nomenclature codes.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: The common name "castor oil" probably comes from its use as a replacement for castoreum, a perfume base made from the dried perineal glands of the beaver ("castor" in Latin). It has another common name, palm of Christ, or "Palma Christi", that derives from castor oil's reputed ability to heal wounds and cure ailments.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Selections have been made by breeders for use as ornamental plants (heights refer to plants grown as annuals) and for commercial production of castor oil.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: "Ricinus" is extremely allergenic, and has an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. The plant is also a very strong trigger for asthma, and allergies to "Ricinus" are commonplace and severe.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: The castor oil plant produces abundant amounts of very light pollen, which easily become airborne and can be inhaled into the lungs, triggering allergic reactions. The sap of the plant causes skin rashes. Individuals who are allergic to the plant can also develop rashes from merely touching the leaves, flowers, or seeds. These individuals can also have cross-allergic reactions to latex sap from the related "Hevea brasiliensis" plant.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: If ricin is ingested, symptoms commonly begin within two to four hours, but may be delayed by up to 36 hours. These include a burning sensation in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody diarrhea. Within several days there is severe dehydration, a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in urine. Unless treated, death can be expected to occur within 3–5 days; however, in most cases a full recovery can be made.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Poisoning occurs when animals, including humans, ingest broken castor beans or break the seed by chewing: intact seeds may pass through the digestive tract without releasing the toxin. The toxin provides the castor oil plant with some degree of natural protection from insect pests such as aphids. Ricin has been investigated for its potential use as an insecticide. The castor oil plant is also the source for undecylenic acid, a natural fungicide.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Commercially available cold-pressed castor oil is not toxic to humans in normal doses, whether internal or external.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Castor oil has many uses in medicine and other applications. An alcoholic extract of the leaf was shown, in laboratory rats, to protect the liver from damage from certain poisons. Methanolic extracts of the leaves of "Ricinus communis" were used in antimicrobial testing against eight pathogenic bacteria in rats and showed antimicrobial properties.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Global castor seed production is around two million tons per year. Leading producing areas are India (with over three-quarters of the global yield), China and Mozambique, and it is widely grown as a crop in Ethiopia. There are several active breeding programmes.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Castor seeds have been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 4000 BC; the slow-burning oil was mostly used to fuel lamps. Herodotus and other Greek travellers noted the use of castor seed oil for lighting, body ointments, and improving hair growth and texture. Cleopatra is reputed to have used it to brighten the whites of her eyes. The Ebers Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise believed to date from 1552 BC. Translated in 1872, it describes castor oil as a laxative.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: The ancient Romans had a variety of medicinal/cosmetic uses for both the seeds and the leaves of "Ricinus communis". The naturalist Pliny the Elder cited the poisonous qualities of the seeds, but mentioned that they could be used to form wicks for oil lamps (possibly if crushed together), and the oil for use as a laxative and lamp oil. He also recommends the use of the leaves as follows:

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: In Haiti it is called "maskreti", where the plant is turned into a red oil that is then given to newborns as a purgative to cleanse the insides of their first stools.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Castor seed and its oil have also been used in China for centuries, mainly prescribed in local medicine for internal use or use in dressings.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Castor oil was used as an instrument of coercion by the paramilitary Blackshirts under the regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and by the Spanish Civil Guard in Francoist Spain. Dissidents and regime opponents were forced to ingest the oil in large amounts, triggering severe diarrhea and dehydration, which could ultimately cause death. This punishment method was originally thought of by Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian poet and Fascist supporter, during the First World War.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Extract of "Ricinus communis" exhibited acaricidal and insecticidal activities against the adult of "Haemaphysalis bispinosa" (Acarina: Ixodidae) and hematophagous fly "Hippobosca maculata" (Diptera: Hippoboscidae).

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Ricinus

Context: Members of the Bodo tribe of Bodoland in Assam, India, use the leaves of the plant to feed the larvae of muga and endi silkworms.

Question: Missä risiinikasvia kasvaa?


Federal Security Service

Context: Its primary responsibilities are within the country and include counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance as well as investigating some other types of serious crimes and federal law violations. It is headquartered in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's center, in the main building of the former KGB. The director of the FSB is appointed by and directly answerable to the president of Russia.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In 2003, the FSB's responsibilities were expanded by incorporating the Border Guard Service and a major part of the Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI); this would include intelligence activities in countries that were once members of the Soviet Union, work formerly done by the KGB's Fifth Service. The SVR had in 1992 signed an agreement not to spy on those countries; the FSB had made no such commitment.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: By 2008, the agency had one Director, two First Deputy Directors and 5 Deputy Directors. It had the following 9 divisions:

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: Starting from 2009, the level of terrorism in Russia increased again, particularly suicide attacks. Between February 2005 and August 2008, no civilians were killed in such attacks. However, in 2008, at least 17 were killed, and in 2009 the number rose to 45.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In March 2010, Islamist militants organised the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings, which killed 40 people. One of the two blasts took place at Lubyanka station, near the FSB headquarters. Militant leader Doku Umarov—dubbed "Russia's Osama Bin Laden"—took responsibility for the attacks.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In July 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev expanded the FSB's powers in its fight against terrorism. FSB officers received the power to issue warnings to citizens on actions that could lead to committing crimes and arrest people for 15 days if they fail to comply with legitimate orders given by the officers. The bill was harshly criticized by human rights organizations.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: Since 2014, the FSB devoted substantial resources to preparing for a Russian takeover of Ukraine. Although Russia's SVR and GRU (foreign and military intelligence services) were also involved, FSB had a lead role on "intelligence and influence operations."

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: The FSB's Fifth Service, also referred to as the "Department for Operational Information" and "Operational Information and International Relations Service" is stated by the BBC and Radio Free Europe as counterintelligence in former territories of the Soviet Union, work formerly done by the KGB's Fifth Service. Its Ninth Directorate of the Fifth Service targets Ukraine.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: According to a report of the Royal United Services Institute citing interviews officers and analysts of Security Service of Ukraine, the FSB Ukraine team greatly expanded July 2021, and by February 2022 it had "around 200 officers" although most teams consist of only 10–20. Before the 2022 invasion, intelligence agencies in Ukraine, Germany, the UK, and the US reported that the FSB planned to replace elected leaders of Ukraine with Ukrainians now living in Russia.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In 2014, according to a Russian military analyst, the FSB badly misled Putin with claims that Ukrainians would welcome a Russian invasion of Crimea to free them from "fascists." According to "Radio Free Europe", in 2022, the FSB again promised easy victory if Russia invaded Ukraine.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: On 11 April 2022, the "Times of London", citing unnamed sources who had spoken to Bellingcat executive director Christo Grozev, reported that Beseda was transferred to Lefortovo Prison, the scene of mass executions during Stalin's purges. The same report claims that up over 100 FSB agents from the Fifth Service had been sacked. The "Times of London" also reports that "it is thought that" the Fifth Service is now headed by Beseda's former subordinate, Grigory Grishaev.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: According to an article in the 11 April 2022 issue of "The Washington Post":Several current and former officials described the Russian security service as rife with corruption, beset by bureaucratic bloat and ultimately out of touch. A Ukrainian intelligence official said the FSB had spent millions recruiting a network of pro-Russian collaborators who ultimately told Putin and his top advisers, among them the current FSB director, what they wanted to hear.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: There have been a series of alleged leaked letters from FSB analysts, made public after the invasion began, which report the same kind of problem, for example, "You have to write the analysis in a way that makes Russia the victor ... otherwise you get questioned for not doing good work."

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In a high-profile case of foreign espionage, the FSB said in February 2012 that an engineer working at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia's main space center for military launches, had been sentenced to 13 years in prison on charges of state treason. A court judged that the engineer had sold information about the testing of new Russian strategic missile systems to the American CIA.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: Other instances of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko, Vladimir Petrenko, who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles, and Nikolay Shchur, chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: Other arrested people include Viktor Orekhov, a former KGB officer who assisted Soviet dissidents, Vladimir Kazantsev, who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms, and Vil Mirzayanov, who had written that Russia was working on a nerve-gas weapon.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: According to some unofficial sources, since 1999, the FSB has also been tasked with the intelligence-gathering on the territory of the CIS countries, wherein the SVR is legally forbidden from conducting espionage under the inter-government agreements. Such activity is in line with Article 8 of the Federal Law on the FSB.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: According to the Royal United Services Institute, FSB's Department for Operational Information "is responsible for compiling data on Russia's 'near abroad', having taken over the work of KGB's Fifth Service, which ran counterintelligence inside territories of the Soviet Union.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In the summer of 2006, the FSB was given the legal power to engage in targeted killing of terrorism suspects overseas if so ordered by the president.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: The Federal Border Guard Service (FPS) has been part of the FSB since 2003. Russia has of sea and land borders, of which is with Kazakhstan, and with China. One kilometer (.62 miles) of border protection costs around 1 million rubles per year.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: The FSB is engaged in the development of Russia's export control strategy and examines drafts of international agreements related to the transfer of dual-use and military commodities and technologies. Its primary role in the nonproliferation sphere is to collect information to prevent the illegal export of controlled nuclear technology and materials.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: The current First Deputy Director of the FSB is Sergei Korolev. He was appointed by Russian President Vladimir Putin on 24 February 2021.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: Below the nationwide level, the FSB has regional offices in all the federal subjects of Russia. It also has administrations in the armed forces and other military institutions. Sub-departments exist for areas such as aviation, special training centers, forensic expertise, military medicine, etc.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: On 20 June 1996, Boris Yeltsin fired Director of FSB Mikhail Barsukov and appointed Nikolay Kovalyov as acting Director and later Director of the FSB. Aleksander Bortnikov took over on 12 May 2008.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: After the annexation of Crimea, the FSB may also have been responsible for the forced disappearances and torture of Crimean Tatar activists and public figures. Some, such as Oleh Sentsov, have been detained and accused in politically motivated kangaroo courts.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In spite of various anti-corruption actions of the government FSB operatives and officials are routinely found in the center of various fraud, racket and corruption scandals.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In 2022, several current and former officials described the FSB as less effective than the KGB, describing it as "rife with corruption, beset by bureaucratic bloat and ultimately out of touch."

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In December 2014 German television network ARD broadcast Hajo Seppelt's documentary film "The Doping Secret: How Russia Makes its Winners" () featuring testimonials from Russian athletes about systematic doping in athletics and other sports in Russia.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: Following the broadcast, World Anti-Doping Agency President Craig Reedie authorized a three person Independent Commission (IC) under Richard Pound to investigate the issues brought up by the documentary. In November 2015, the IC authorized a review of practices by "whether have been any breaches of processes or rules (Code and International Standards)," by Russian Anti-Doping Agency and IAAF (though not exclusively).

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: The November 2015 IC Investigative Report found direct interference into the laboratory’s operations by the Russian State undermined the laboratory’s independence and that tests conducted by the laboratory were highly suspect. The report elaborates on the role of the FSB:

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: Following the release of the IC report, WADA suspended the Moscow Antidoping Center. From November 2015 to May 2016. the United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported that Doping Control Officers were unable to fully carry out their work and noted intimidation by armed Federal Security Service (FSB) agents.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In January 2016, Moscow laboratory Director Grigory Rodchenkov fled Russia aboard a flight to Los Angeles. He gave an interview to "The New York Times" the following May exposing the doping program in Russia, admitting to development of a three-drug cockatail of banned Performance-enhancing substances provided to dozens of athletes at 2014 Sochi Olympics. The "Financial Times" reports that United States granted Rodchenkov asylum in 2019 and that he lives in the witness protection program.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: As a result of the scandals the International Association of Athletics Federations suspended Russia from all international athletic competitions including the 2016 Summer Olympics. Russian weightlifters were banned from Rio Olympics for numerous anti-doping violations as well.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In July 2016, the first McLaren Report found that "beyond a reasonable doubt" the Russian Ministry of Sport, the Centre of Sports Preparation of the National Teams of Russia, the Federal Security Service (FSB), and the WADA-accredited laboratory in Moscow "operated for the protection of doped Russian athletes" within a "state-directed failsafe system" using "the disappearing positive [test] methodology."

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Federal Security Service

Context: In a second McLaren Report released December 2016, it was found that In the period before the Sochi Games, a “clean urine bank” was established at the FSB Command Centre, which was situated immediately adjacent to the Sochi Laboratory. Inside that building a dedicated room containing several large freezers was set up for the purpose of storing the clean urine samples.

Question: Mikä jarjestö on KGB seuraaja?


Absolute idealism

Context: The absolute idealist position dominated philosophy in nineteenth-century Britain and Germany, while exerting significantly less influence in the United States. The absolute idealist position should be distinguished from the subjective idealism of Berkeley, the transcendental idealism of Kant, or the post-Kantian transcendental idealism (also known as critical idealism) of Fichte and of the early Schelling.

Question: Milloin absoluuttinen idealismi syntyi?


Absolute idealism

Context: The aim of Hegel was to show that we do not relate to the world as if it is other from us, but that we continue to find ourselves back into that world. With the realisation that both the mind and the world are ordered according to the same rational principles, our access to the world has been made secure, a security which was lost after Kant proclaimed the thing-in-itself ("Ding an sich") to be ultimately inaccessible.

Question: Milloin absoluuttinen idealismi syntyi?


Absolute idealism

Context: b) This claim would come into conflict with the fact that the concept depends for its meaning on some other concept, having meaning only in contrast to its negation. There would then be a contradiction between its claim to independence and its de facto dependence upon another concept.

Question: Milloin absoluuttinen idealismi syntyi?


Absolute idealism

Context: It refers mainly to the doctrines of an idealist school of philosophers that were prominent in Great Britain and in the United States between 1870 and 1920. The name is also sometimes applied to cover other philosophies of the period that were Hegelian in inspiration—for instance, those of Benedetto Croce and of Giovanni Gentile.

Question: Milloin absoluuttinen idealismi syntyi?


Absolute idealism

Context: Although Hegel died in 1831, his philosophy still remains highly debated and discussed. In politics, there was a developing schism, even before his death, between right Hegelians and left Hegelians. The latter specifically took on political dimensions in the form of Marxism.

Question: Milloin absoluuttinen idealismi syntyi?


Absolute idealism

Context: In the philosophy of religion, Hegel's influence soon became very powerful in the English-speaking world. The British school, called British idealism and partly Hegelian in inspiration, included Thomas Hill Green, Bernard Bosanquet, F. H. Bradley, William Wallace, and Edward Caird. It was importantly directed towards political philosophy and political and social policy, but also towards metaphysics and logic, as well as aesthetics.

Question: Milloin absoluuttinen idealismi syntyi?


Absolute idealism

Context: In Germany there was a neo-Hegelianism ("Neuhegelianismus") of the early twentieth century, partly developing out of the Neo-Kantians. Richard Kroner wrote one of its leading works, a history of German idealism from a Hegelian point of view.

Question: Milloin absoluuttinen idealismi syntyi?


Absolute idealism

Context: Schopenhauer noted that Hegel created his absolute idealism after Kant had discredited all proofs of God's existence. The Absolute is a non-personal substitute for the concept of God. It is the one subject that perceives the universe as one object. Individuals share in parts of this perception. Since the universe exists as an idea in the mind of the Absolute, absolute idealism copies Spinoza's pantheism in which everything is in God or Nature.

Question: Milloin absoluuttinen idealismi syntyi?


Jules Verne

Context: In addition to his novels, he wrote numerous plays, short stories, autobiographical accounts, poetry, songs and scientific, artistic and literary studies. His work has been adapted for film and television since the beginning of cinema, as well as for comic books, theater, opera, music and video games.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: Verne is considered to be an important author in France and most of Europe, where he has had a wide influence on the literary avant-garde and on surrealism. His reputation was markedly different in the Anglosphere where he had often been labeled a writer of genre fiction or children's books, largely because of the highly abridged and altered translations in which his novels have often been printed. Since the 1980s, his literary reputation has improved.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: Jules Verne has been the second most-translated author in the world since 1979, ranking between Agatha Christie and William Shakespeare. He has sometimes been called the "father of science fiction", a title that has also been given to H. G. Wells and Hugo Gernsback. In the 2010s, he was the most translated French author in the world. In France, 2005 was declared "Jules Verne Year" on the occasion of the centenary of the writer's death.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: By 1847, when Verne was 19, he had taken seriously to writing long works in the style of Victor Hugo, beginning "Un prêtre en 1839" and seeing two verse tragedies, "Alexandre VI" and "La Conspiration des poudres" ("The Gunpowder Plot"), to completion. However, his father took it for granted that Verne, being the firstborn son of the family, would not attempt to make money in literature but would instead inherit the family law practice.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: In 1847, Verne's father sent him to Paris, primarily to begin his studies in law school, and secondarily (according to family legend) to distance him temporarily from Nantes. His cousin Caroline, with whom he was in love, was married on 27 April 1847, to Émile Dezaunay, a man of 40, with whom she would have five children.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: In July 1848, Verne left Nantes again for Paris, where his father intended him to finish law studies and take up law as a profession. He obtained permission from his father to rent a furnished apartment at 24 Rue de l'Ancienne-Comédie, which he shared with Édouard Bonamy, another student of Nantes origin. (On his 1847 Paris visit, Verne had stayed at 2 Rue Thérèse, the house of his aunt Charuel, on the Butte Saint-Roch.)

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: In the same year, Verne was required to enlist in the French military, but the sortition process spared him, to his great relief. He wrote to his father: "You should already know, dear papa, what I think of the military life, and of these domestic servants in livery. … You have to abandon all dignity to perform such functions." Verne's strong antiwar sentiments, to the dismay of his father, would remain steadfast throughout his life.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: Though writing profusely and frequenting the salons, Verne diligently pursued his law studies and graduated with a "licence en droit" in January 1851.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: While writing stories and articles for Pitre-Chevalier, Verne began to form the idea of inventing a new kind of novel, a "Roman de la Science" ("novel of science"), which would allow him to incorporate large amounts of the factual information he so enjoyed researching in the Bibliothèque. He is said to have discussed the project with the elder Alexandre Dumas, who had tried something similar with an unfinished novel, "Isaac Laquedem", and who enthusiastically encouraged Verne's project.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: At the end of 1854, another outbreak of cholera led to the death of Jules Seveste, Verne's employer at the Théâtre Lyrique and by then a good friend. Though his contract only held him to a further year of service, Verne remained connected to the theater for several years after Seveste's death, seeing additional productions to fruition. He also continued to write plays and musical comedies, most of which were not performed.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: Meanwhile, Verne continued work on the idea of a "Roman de la Science", which he developed in a rough draft, inspired, according to his recollections, by his "love for maps and the great explorers of the world". It took shape as a story of travel across Africa and would eventually become his first published novel, "Five Weeks in a Balloon".

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: Meanwhile, Michel Verne married an actress against his father's wishes, had two children by an underage mistress and buried himself in debts. The relationship between father and son improved as Michel grew older.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: Some scholars believe his novels reflect a deist philosophy, as they often involve the notion of God or divine providence but rarely mention the concept of Christ.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: On 9 March 1886, as Verne returned home, his twenty-six-year-old nephew, Gaston, shot at him twice with a pistol. The first bullet missed, but the second one entered Verne's left leg, giving him a permanent limp that could not be overcome. This incident was hushed up in the media, but Gaston spent the rest of his life in a mental asylum.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: After the deaths of both his mother and Hetzel (who died in 1886), Jules Verne began publishing darker works. In 1888 he entered politics and was elected town councillor of Amiens, where he championed several improvements and served for fifteen years.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: Verne was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1870. He was promoted to an Officier de la Légion d'honneur in 1892.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: In 1989, Verne's great-grandson discovered his ancestor's as-yet-unpublished novel "Paris in the Twentieth Century", which was subsequently published in 1994.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: After his debut under Hetzel, Verne was enthusiastically received in France by writers and scientists alike, with George Sand and Théophile Gautier among his earliest admirers. Several notable contemporary figures, from the geographer Vivien de Saint-Martin to the critic Jules Claretie, spoke highly of Verne and his works in critical and biographical notes.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: However, Verne's growing popularity among readers and playgoers (due especially to the highly successful stage version of "Around the World in Eighty Days") led to a gradual change in his literary reputation. As the novels and stage productions continued to sell, many contemporary critics felt that Verne's status as a commercially popular author meant he could only be seen as a mere genre-based storyteller, rather than a serious author worthy of academic study.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: In the 1960s and 1970s, thanks in large part to a sustained wave of serious literary study from well-known French scholars and writers, Verne's reputation skyrocketed in France. Roland Barthes' seminal essay "Nautilus et Bateau Ivre" ("The Nautilus and the Drunken Boat") was influential in its exegesis of the "Voyages extraordinares" as a purely literary text, while book-length studies by such figures as Marcel Moré and Jean Chesneaux considered Verne from a multitude of thematic vantage points.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: Since 1965, a considerable number of more accurate English translations of Verne have appeared. However, the older, deficient translations continue to be republished due to their public domain status, and in many cases their easy availability in online sources.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?


Jules Verne

Context: The relationship between Verne's "Voyages extraordinaires" and the literary genre science fiction is a complex one. Verne, like H. G. Wells, is frequently cited as one of the founders of the genre, and his profound influence on its development is indisputable; however, many earlier writers, such as Lucian of Samosata, Voltaire, and Mary Shelley, have also been cited as creators of science fiction, an unavoidable ambiguity arising from the vague definition and history of the genre.

Question: Missä Jules Verne kuoli?