The Kingdom (film)

Context: "The Kingdom" grossed $47.5 million in the United States and $39 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $86.6 million.

Question: متى تم إطلاق فيلم ذا كينغدوم ؟


The Kingdom (film)

Context: The film grossed $17.1 million in 2,733 theatres in the United States and Canada in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office. It also grossed £919,537 in the United Kingdom, about $1.9 million.

Question: متى تم إطلاق فيلم ذا كينغدوم ؟


Mustafa Kamil Pasha

Context: He was supported strongly by Mohammad Farid, a prominent member of Egypt and Sudan's aristocracy. With Farid's assistance, Kamil founded the National Party in December 1907, two months before his death.

Question: ما هي جنسية الزعيم السياسي مصطفى كامل باشا؟


Mustafa Kamil Pasha

Context: His funeral was the occasion for a massive demonstration of popular grief, being attended by hundreds of thousands who saw Kamil as their champion. Farid, who spent his last penny supporting the country's national liberation movement, became the leader of the National Party after Kamil's death.

Question: ما هي جنسية الزعيم السياسي مصطفى كامل باشا؟


Mustafa Kamil Pasha

Context: The mausoleum of Mustafa Kamil (built between 1949–53) close to Cairo's Citadel in neo-Mamluk style is open to the public as a museum, the Mostafa Kamel Museum, and holds in a side room a display of memorabilia related to him.

Question: ما هي جنسية الزعيم السياسي مصطفى كامل باشا؟


Chroma key

Context: Prior to the introduction of travelling mattes and optical printing, double exposure was used to introduce elements into a scene which were not present in the initial exposure. This was done using black draping where a green screen would be used today. George Albert Smith first used this approach in 1898. In 1903, "The Great Train Robbery" by Edwin S. Porter used double exposure to add background scenes to windows which were black when filmed on set, using a garbage matte to expose only the window areas.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: In order to have figures in one exposure actually move in front of a substituted background in the other, a travelling matte was needed, to occlude the correct portion of the background in each frame. In 1918 Frank Williams patented a travelling matte technique, again based on using a black background. This was used in many films, such as "The Invisible Man".

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: In the 1920s, Walt Disney used a white backdrop to include human actors with cartoon characters and backgrounds in his "Alice Comedies".

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: The name "Chroma-Key" was RCA's trade name for the process, as used on its NBC television broadcasts, incorporating patents granted to RCA's Albert N. Goldsmith. A very early broadcast use was NBC's George Gobel Show in fall 1957.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: For decades, travelling matte shots had to be done "locked-down", so that neither the matted subject nor the background could shift their camera perspective at all. Later, computer-timed, motion-control cameras alleviated this problem, as both the foreground and background could be filmed with the same camera moves.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: Meteorologists on television often use a field monitor, to the side of the screen, to see where they are putting their hands against the background images. A newer technique is to project a faint image onto the screen.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: Some films make heavy use of chroma key to add backgrounds that are constructed entirely using computer-generated imagery (CGI). Performances from different takes can be composited together, which allows actors to be filmed separately and then placed together in the same scene. Chroma key allows performers to appear to be in any location without leaving the studio.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: The principal subject is filmed or photographed against a background consisting of a single colour or a relatively narrow range of colours, usually blue or green because these colours are considered to be the furthest away from skin tone. The portions of the video which match the pre-selected colour are replaced by the alternate background video. This process is commonly known as "keying", "keying out" or simply a "key".

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: The most important factor for a key is the colour separation of the foreground (the subject) and background (the screen) – a blue screen will be used if the subject is predominantly green (for example plants), despite the camera being more sensitive to green light.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: In analog television, colour is represented by the phase of the chroma subcarrier relative to a reference oscillator. Chroma key is achieved by comparing the phase of the video to the phase corresponding to the pre-selected colour. In-phase portions of the video are replaced by the alternate background video.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: In digital colour TV, colour is represented by three numbers (red, green, blue intensity levels). Chroma key is achieved by a simple numerical comparison between the video and the pre-selected colour. If the colour at a particular point on the screen matches (either exactly, or in a range), then the video at that point is replaced by the alternate background.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: In order to create an illusion that characters and objects filmed are present in the intended background scene, the lighting in the two scenes must be a reasonable match. For outdoor scenes, overcast days create a diffuse, evenly coloured light which can be easier to match in the studio, whereas direct sunlight needs to be matched in both direction and overall colour based on time of day.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: A studio shot taken in front of a green screen will naturally have ambient light the same colour as the screen, due to its light scattering. This effect is known as "spill". This can look unnatural or cause portions of the characters to disappear, so must be compensated for, or avoided by using a larger screen placed far from the actors.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: The depth of field used to record the scene in front of the coloured screen should match that of the background. This can mean recording the actors with a larger depth of field than normal.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: For a clean division of foreground from background, it is also important that clothing and hair in the foreground shot have a fairly simple silhouette, as fine details such as frizzy hair may not resolve properly. Similarly, partially transparent elements of the costume cause problems.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: A so-called "yellow screen" is accomplished with a white backdrop. Ordinary stage lighting is used in combination with a bright yellow sodium lamp. The sodium light falls almost entirely in a narrow frequency band, which can then be separated from the other light using a prism, and projected onto a separate but synchronized film carrier within the camera. This second film is high-contrast black and white, and is processed to produce the matte.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: Occasionally, a magenta background is used, as in some software applications where the magenta or fuchsia is sometimes referred to as "magic pink".

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: A newer technique is to use a retroreflective curtain in the background, along with a ring of bright LEDs around the camera lens. This requires no light to shine on the background other than the LEDs, which use an extremely small amount of power and space unlike big stage lights, and require no rigging. This advance was made possible by the invention in the 1990s of practical blue LEDs, which also allow for emerald green LEDs.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: There is also a form of colour keying that uses light spectrum invisible to human eye. Called Thermo-Key, it uses infrared as the key colour, which would not be replaced by background image during postprocessing.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: For "", an ultraviolet light matting process was proposed by Don Lee of CIS Hollywood and developed by Gary Hutzel and the staff of Image G. This involved a fluorescent orange backdrop which made it easier to generate a holdout matte, thus allowing the effects team to produce effects in a quarter of the time needed for other methods.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: Sometimes a shadow can be used to create a visual effect. Areas of the blue screen or green screen with a shadow on them can be replaced with a darker version of the desired background video image, making it look like the person is casting a shadow on them. Any spill of the chroma key colour will make the result look unnatural. A difference in the focal length of the lenses used can affect the success of chroma key.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: Another challenge for blue screen or green screen is proper camera exposure. Underexposing or overexposing a coloured backdrop can lead to poor saturation levels. In the case of video cameras, underexposed images can contain high amounts of noise, as well. The background must be bright enough to allow the camera to create a bright and saturated image.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: There are several different quality- and speed-optimised techniques for implementing colour keying in software.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: In most versions, a function (, , ) → is applied to every pixel in the image.  (alpha) has a meaning similar to that in alpha compositing techniques.  ≤ 0 means the pixel is fully in the green screen,  ≥ 1 means the pixel is fully in the foreground object, and intermediate values indicate the pixel is partially covered by the foreground object (or it is transparent). A further function (, "g", "b") → (, "g", "b") is needed to remove green spill on the foreground objects.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: A very simple () function for green screen is (+"b") − where and are user adjustable constants with a default value of 1.0. A very simple () is ("r", min("g","b"), "b"). This is fairly close to the capabilities of analog and film-based screen pulling.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Chroma key

Context: A different class of algorithm tries to figure out a 2D path that separates the foreground from the background. This path can be the output, or the image can be drawn by filling the path with  = 1 as a final step. An example of such an algorithm is the use of active contour. Most research in recent years has been into these algorithms.

Question: متى بدأ  اول إستعمال  لتصوير المشاهد على خلفية ذات لون أخضر أو أزرق؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. Some artillery ammunition uses the same cartridge concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the artillery shell is separate from the propellant charge.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: A cartridge without a projectile is called a "blank"; one that is completely inert (contains no active primer and no propellant) is called a "dummy"; one that failed to ignite and shoot off the projectile is called a "dud"; and one that ignited but failed to sufficiently push the projectile out of the barrel is called a "squib".

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: A typical modern cartridge consists of four components: the case, the projectile, the propellant, and the primer.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The shape of a bottleneck cartridge case (e.g. body diameter, shoulder slant angle and position, neck length) also affects the pressure generable inside the case, which in turn influences the accelerative capacity of the projectile. Wildcat cartridges are often made by reshaping the case of an existing cartridge.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: In addition to case shape, rifle cartridges can also be grouped according to the case dimensions, which in turn dictates the minimal receiver size and operating space (bolt travel) needed by the action, into either "mini-action", "short-action", "long-action" ("standard-action"), or "magnum" categories.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The most popular material used to make cartridge cases is brass due to its good corrosion resistance. The head of a brass case can be work-hardened to withstand the high pressures, and allow for manipulation via extraction and ejection without rupturing. The neck and body portion of a brass case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reshaping so that it can be reloaded many times, and fire forming can help accurize the shooting.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Aluminum-cased cartridges are available commercially. These are generally not reloaded, as aluminum fatigues easily during firing and resizing. Some calibers also have non-standard primer sizes to discourage reloaders from attempting to reuse these cases.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Plastic cases are commonly used in shotgun shells, and some manufacturers have now started offering polymer-cased centerfire rifle cartridges.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Non-lethal projectiles with very limited penetrative and stopping powers are sometimes used in riot control or training situations, where killing or severely wounding a target would be undesirable. Such projectiles are usually made from softer and lower density materials, such as plastic or rubber bullets. Wax bullets are occasionally used for force-on-force tactical trainings, and pistol dueling with wax bullets used to be a competitive Olympic sport prior to the First World War.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The performance characteristics of a propellant are greatly influenced by its grain size and shape, because the specific surface area influences the burn rate, which in turn influences the rate of pressurization. Short-barrel firearms such as handguns necessitates faster-burning propellants to obtain sufficient muzzle energy, while long guns typically use slower-burning propellants.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: In rimfire ammunitions, the primer compound is moulded integrally into the interior of the protruding case rim, which is crushed between the firing pin and the edge of the barrel breech (serving as the "anvil"). These ammunitions are thus not reloadable, and are usually on the lower end of the power spectrum, although due to the low manufacturing cost some of them (e.g. .22 Long Rifle) are among the most popular and prolific ammunitions currently being used.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: To manufacture cases for cartridges, a sheet of brass is punched into disks. These disks go through a series of drawing dies. The disks are annealed and washed before moving to the next series of dies. The brass needs to be annealed to remove the work-hardening in the material and make the brass malleable again ready for the next series of dies.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Manufacturing bullet jackets is similar to making brass cases: there is a series of drawing steps with annealing and washing.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Cartridge specifications are determined by several standards organizations, including SAAMI in the United States, and C.I.P. in many European states. NATO also performs its own tests for military cartridges for its member nations; due to differences in testing methods, NATO cartridges (headstamped with the NATO cross) may present an unsafe combination when loaded into a weapon chambered for a cartridge certified by one of the other testing bodies.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Bullet diameter is measured either as a fraction of an inch (usually in 1/100 or in 1/1000) or in millimeters. Cartridge case length can also be designated in inches or millimeters.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The evolving nature of warfare required a firearm that could load and fire more rapidly, resulting in the flintlock musket (and later the Baker rifle), in which the pan was covered by furrowed steel. This was struck by the flint and fired the gun. In the course of loading a pinch of powder from the cartridge would be placed into the pan as priming, before the rest of the cartridge was rammed down the barrel, providing charge and wadding.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Later developments rendered this method of priming unnecessary, as, in loading, a portion of the charge of powder passed from the barrel through the vent into the pan, where it was held by the cover and hammer.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The first centerfire metallic cartridge was invented by Jean Samuel Pauly in the first decades of the 19th century. However, although it was the first cartridge to use a form of obturation, a feature integral to a successful breech-loading cartridge, Pauly died before it was converted to percussion cap ignition.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: French gunsmith Benjamin Houllier improved the Lefaucheux pinfire cardboard cartridge and patented in Paris in 1846, the first fully metallic pinfire cartridge containing powder (and a pinfire), in a metallic cartridge. He also included in his patent claims rim and centerfire primed cartridges using brass or copper casings. Houllier commercialised his weapons in association with the gunsmiths Blanchard or Charles Robert.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Centerfire cartridges with solid-drawn metallic cases containing their own means of ignition are almost universally used in all modern varieties of military and sporting rifles and pistols.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Around 1870, machined tolerances had improved to the point that the cartridge case was no longer necessary to seal a firing chamber. Precision-faced bolts would seal as well, and could be economically manufactured. However, normal wear and tear proved this system to be generally infeasible.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The name of any given cartridge does not necessarily reflect any cartridge or gun dimension. The name is merely the standardized and accepted moniker. SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute) and the European counterpart (CIP) and members of those organizations specify correct cartridge names.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: It is incomplete to refer to a cartridge as a certain "caliber" (e.g., "30-06 caliber"), as the word "caliber" only describes the bullet diameter. The correct full name for this round is .30–'06 Springfield. The "-'06" means it was introduced in 1906. In sporting arms, the only consistent definition of "caliber" is bore diameter, and dozens of unique .30-caliber round types exist.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Where two numbers are used in a cartridge name, the second number may reflect a variety of things. Frequently the first number reflects bore diameter (inches or millimeters). The second number reflects case length (in inches or mm). For example, the 7.62×51mm NATO refers to a bore diameter of 7.62 mm and has an overall case length of 51 mm, with a total length of 71.1 mm. The commercial version is the .308 Winchester.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: In older black powder cartridges, the second number typically refers to powder charge, in grains. For example, the .50-90 Sharps has a .50-inch bore and used a nominal charge of of black powder.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Many such cartridges were designated by a three-number system (e.g., 45–120–3 Sharps: 45-caliber bore, 120 grains of (black) powder, 3-inch long case). Other times, a similar three-number system indicated bore (caliber), charge (grains), and bullet weight (grains). The 45-70-500 Government is an example.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Often, the name reflects the company or individual who standardized it, such as the .30 Newton, or some characteristic important to that person.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Cartridges are classified by some major characteristics. One classification is the location of the primer. Early cartridges began with the pinfire, then the rimfire, and finally the centerfire.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: A centerfire cartridge has a centrally located primer held within a recess in the case head. Most centerfire brass cases used worldwide for sporting ammunition use Boxer primers. It is easy to remove and replace Boxer primers using standard reloading tools, facilitating reuse.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Rimfire priming was a popular solution before centerfire priming was perfected. In a rimfire case, centrifugal force pushes a liquid priming compound into the internal recess of the folded rim as the manufacturer spins the case at a high rate and heats the spinning case to dry the priming compound mixture in place within the hollow cavity formed within the rim fold at the perimeter of the case interior.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: In the mid- to late-1800s, many rimfire cartridge designs existed. Today only a few, mostly for use in small-caliber guns, remain in general and widespread use. These include the .17 Mach II, .17 Hornady Magnum Rimfire (HMR), 5mm Remington Magnum (Rem Mag), .22 (BB, CB, Short, Long, Long Rifle), and .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire (WMR).

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Modern centerfire cartridges are often loaded to about maximum chamber pressure. Conversely, no commercialized rimfire has ever been loaded above about maximum chamber pressure. However, with careful gun design and production, no fundamental reason exists that higher pressures could not be used. Despite the relative pressure disadvantage, modern rimfire magnums in .17-caliber/4.5mm, .20-caliber/5mm, and .22-caliber/5.6mm can generate muzzle energies comparable to smaller centerfire cartridges.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Today, .22 LR (Long Rifle) accounts for the vast majority of all rimfire ammunition used. Standard .22 LR rounds use an essentially pure lead bullet plated with a typical 95% copper, 5% zinc combination. These are offered in supersonic and subsonic types, as well as target, plinking, and hunting versions. These cartridges are usually coated with a hard wax for fouling control.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The .22 LR and related rimfire .22 cartridges use a heeled bullet, where external diameter of the case is the same as diameter of the forward portion of the bullet and where the rearward portion of the bullet, which extends into the case, is necessarily smaller in diameter than the main body of the bullet.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Most revolver cartridges are rimmed at the base of the case, which seats against the edge of cylinder chamber to provide headspace control (to keep the cartridge from moving too far forward into the chamber) and to facilitate easy extraction.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The Hague Convention of 1899 bans the use of expanding projectiles against the military forces of other nations. Some countries accept this as a blanket ban against the use of expanding projectiles against anyone, while others use JSP and HP against non-military forces such as terrorists and criminals.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Snake shot (AKA: bird shot, rat shot and dust shot) refers to handgun and rifle rounds loaded with small lead shot. Snake shot is generally used for shooting at snakes, rodents, birds, and other pests at very close range.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The most common snake shot cartridge is .22 Long Rifle loaded with No. 12 shot. From a standard rifle these can produce effective patterns only to a distance of about – but in a smoothbore shotgun this can extend as far as .

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: The Daisy Heddon VL Single Shot Rifle, which used a caseless round in .22 caliber, was produced by the air gun company, beginning in 1968. Apparently Daisy never considered the gun an actual firearm. In 1969, the ATF ruled it was in fact a firearm, which Daisy was not licensed to produce. Production of the guns and the ammo was discontinued in 1969. They are still available on the secondary market, mainly as collector items, as most owners report that accuracy is not very good.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: In 1989, Heckler & Koch, a prominent German firearms manufacturer, began advertising the G11 assault rifle, which shot a 4.73×33 square caseless round. The round was mechanically fired, with an integral primer.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: In 1993 Voere of Austria began selling a gun and caseless ammunition. Their system used a primer, electronically fired at 17.5 ± 2 volts. The upper and lower limits prevent fire from either stray currents or static electricity. The direct electrical firing eliminates the mechanical delays associated with a striker, reducing lock time and allowing for easier adjustment of the rifle trigger.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: In both instances, the "case" was molded directly from solid nitrocellulose, which is itself relatively strong and inert. The bullet and primer were glued into the propellant block.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: A blank is a charged cartridge that does not contain a projectile or alternatively uses a non-metallic (for instance, wooden) projectile that pulverizes when hitting a blank firing adapter. To contain the propellant, the opening where the projectile would normally be located is crimped shut and or it is sealed with some material that disperses rapidly upon leaving the barrel.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Blanks are used in training, but do not always cause a gun to behave the same as live ammunition does; recoil is always far weaker, and some automatic guns only cycle correctly when the gun is fitted with a blank-firing adaptor to confine gas pressure within the barrel to operate the gas system.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Blanks can also be used to launch a rifle grenade, although later systems used a "bullet trap" design that captures a bullet from a conventional round, speeding deployment. This also negates the risk of mistakenly firing a live bullet into the rifle grenade, causing it to instantly explode instead of propelling it forward.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Blanks are also used as dedicated launchers for propelling a grappling hook, rope line or flare, or for a training lure for training gun dogs.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: Snap caps and action-proving dummy rounds also work as a training tool to replace live rounds for loading and unloading drills, as well as training for misfires or other malfunctions, as they function identically to a live "dud" round that has not ignited. Usually one snap-cap is usable for 300 to 400 clicks. After that, due to the hole at the false primer, the firing pin does not reach it.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


Cartridge (firearms)

Context: They are meant to prevent pollution and are mostly biodegradable (metals being the exception) or fully. They are also meant to be used on older guns.

Question: ماهي وظيفة خرطوشة الطلقات ؟


History of Finland

Context: If confirmed, the oldest archeological site in Finland would be the Wolf Cave in Kristinestad, in Ostrobothnia. The site would be the only pre-glacial (Neanderthal) site so far discovered in the Nordic countries, and it is approximately 125,000 years old.

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History of Finland

Context: Between 3500 and 2000 BC, monumental stone enclosures colloquially known as Giant's Churches () were constructed in the Ostrobothnia region. The purpose of the enclosures is unknown.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: In recent years, a dig in Kierikki site north of Oulu on River Ii has changed the image of Finnish neolithic Stone Age culture. The site had been inhabited year round and its inhabitants traded extensively. Kierikki culture is also seen as a subtype of Comb Ceramic culture. More of the site is excavated annually.

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History of Finland

Context: The Battle Axe and Comb Ceramic cultures eventually merged, giving rise to the Kiukainen culture that existed between 2300 BC, and 1500 BC, and was fundamentally a comb ceramic tradition with cord ceramic characteristics.

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History of Finland

Context: The Bronze Age began some time after 1500 BC. The coastal regions of Finland were a part of the Nordic Bronze Culture, whereas in the inland regions the influences came from the bronze-using cultures of northern and eastern Russia.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The Iron Age in Finland is considered to last from c. 500 BC until c. 1300 AD. Written records of Finland become more common due to the Northern Crusades lead by the Catholic Church in the 12 and 13th century. As the Finnish Iron Age lasted almost two millennia, it is further divided into six sub-periods:

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The oldest surviving mention of the word "Suomi" (Finland in Finnish) is in the annals of the Frankish Empire written between 741 and 829. At 811, annals mention a person named Suomi in connection with a peace agreement. The name Suomi as the name of Finland is nowadays used in Finnic languages, Sámi, Latvian, Lithuanian and Scottish Gaelic.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Production of iron during the Finnish Iron Age was adopted from the neighboring cultures in the east, west and south about the same time as the first imported iron artifacts appear. This happened almost simultaneously in various parts of the country.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The Pre-Roman period of the Finnish Iron Age is scarcest in findings, but the known ones suggest that cultural connections to other Baltic cultures were already established. The archeological findings of Pernå and Savukoski provides proof of this argument. Many of the era's dwelling sites are the same as those of the Neolithic. Most of the iron of the era was produced on site.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The Roman period brought along an influx of imported iron (and other) artifacts like Roman wine glasses and dippers as well as various coins of the Empire. During this period the (proto) Finnish culture stabilized on the coastal regions and larger graveyards become commonplace. The prosperity of the Finns rose to the level that the vast majority of gold treasures found within Finland date back to this period.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The Migration period saw the expansion of land cultivation inland, especially in Southern Bothnia, and the growing influence of Germanic cultures, both in artifacts like swords and other weapons and in burial customs. However most iron as well as its forging was of domestic origin, probably from bog iron.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Recent findings suggest that Finnish trade connections already became more active during the 8th century bringing an influx of silver onto Finnish markets. The opening of the eastern route to Constantinople via Finland's southern coastline archipelago brought Arabic and Byzantine artifacts into the excavation findings of the era.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The question of the timelines for the evolution and the spreading of the current Finnish languages is controversial, and new theories challenging older ones have been introduced continuously.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The Swedish colonisation of the Åland Islands, Turku archipelago and Uusimaa could possibly have started in the 12th century but reached its height in the 13th and 14th centuries, when it also affected the Eastern Uusimaa and Pohjanmaa regions. The oldest Swedish place names in Finland are from this period as well as the Swedish-speaking population of Finland.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was considerable even during pre-Christian times; the Vikings were known to the Finns due to their participation in both commerce and plundering. There is possible evidence of Viking settlement in the Finnish mainland. The Åland Islands probably had Swedish settlement during the Viking Period. However, some scholars claim that the archipelago was deserted during the 11th century.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: According to the archaeological finds, Christianity gained a foothold in Finland during the 11th century. According to the very few written documents that have survived, the church in Finland was still in its early development in the 12th century. Later medieval legends from late 13th century describe Swedish attempts to conquer and Christianize Finland sometime in the mid-1150s.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: It was the Swedish regent, Birger Jarl, who allegedly established Swedish rule in Finland through the Second Swedish Crusade, most often dated to 1249. The Eric Chronicle, the only source narrating the crusade, describes that it was aimed at Tavastians. A papal letter from 1237 states that the Tavastians had reverted from Christianity to their old ethnic faith.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: In 1521 the Kalmar Union collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed. The state administration underwent extensive reforms and development too, giving it a much stronger grip on the life of local communities—and ability to collect higher taxes. Following the policies of the Reformation, in 1551 Mikael Agricola, bishop of Turku, published his translation of the New Testament into the Finnish language.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: In 1550 Helsinki was founded by Gustav Vasa under the name of Helsingfors, but remained little more than a fishing village for more than two centuries.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Swedish Empire was one of the most powerful countries in Europe. During the war, several important reforms had been made in Finland:

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: However, the high taxation, continuing wars and the cold climate (the Little Ice Age) made the Imperial era of Sweden rather gloomy times for Finnish peasants. In 1655–1660, the Northern Wars were fought, taking Finnish soldiers to the battle-fields of Livonia, Poland and Denmark. In 1676, the political system of Sweden was transformed into an absolute monarchy.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The Empire had a colony in the New World in the modern-day Delaware-Pennsylvania area between 1638 and 1655. At least half of the immigrants were of Finnish origin.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: In 1696–1699, a famine caused by climate decimated Finland. A combination of an early frost, the freezing temperatures preventing grain from reaching Finnish ports, and a lackluster response from the Swedish government saw about one-third of the population die. Soon afterwards, another war determining Finland's fate began (the Great Northern War of 1700–21).

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The mid-18th century was a relatively good time, partly because life was now more peaceful. However, during the Lesser Wrath (1741–1742), Finland was again occupied by the Russians after the government, during a period of Hat party dominance, had made a botched attempt to reconquer the lost provinces. Instead the result of the Treaty of Åbo was that the Russian border was moved further to the west. During this time, Russian propaganda hinted at the possibility of creating a separate Finnish kingdom.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: King Gustav III was assassinated in 1792, and his son Gustav IV Adolf assumed the crown after a period of regency. The new king was not a particularly talented ruler; at least not talented enough to steer his kingdom through the dangerous era of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: After 1890 industrial productivity stagnated because entrepreneurs were unable to keep up with technological innovations made by competitors in Germany, Britain and the United States. However, Russification opened up a large Russian market especially for machinery.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: In 1863, the Finnish language gained an official position in administration. In 1892 Finnish finally became an equal official language and gained a status comparable to that of Swedish. Nevertheless, the Swedish language continued to be the language of culture, arts and business all the way to the 1920s.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Movements toward Finnish national pride, as well as liberalism in politics and economics involved ethnic and class dimensions. The nationalist movement against Russia began with the Fennoman movement led by Hegelian philosopher Johan Vilhelm Snellman in the 1830s. Snellman sought to apply philosophy to social action and moved the basis of Finnish nationalism to establishment of the language in the schools, while remaining loyal to the czar. Fennomania became the Finnish Party in the 1860s.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Nationalism was contested by the pro-Russian element and by the internationalism of the labor movement. The result was a tendency to class conflict over nationalism, but the early 1900s the working classes split into the Valpas (class struggle emphasis) and Mäkelin (nationalist emphasis).

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Emigration was especially important 1890–1914, with many young men and some families headed to Finnish settlements in the United States, and also to Canada. They typically worked in lumber and mining, and many were active in Marxist causes on the one hand, or the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America on the other. In the 21st century about 700,000 Americans and 140,000 Canadians claim Finnish ancestry.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: By 2000 about 6% of the population spoke Swedish as their first language, or 300,000 people. However, since the late 20th century there has been a steady migration of older, better educated Swedish speakers to Sweden.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The October Revolution of 1917 turned Finnish politics upside down. Now, the new non-Socialist majority of the Parliament desired total independence, and the Socialists came gradually to view Soviet Russia as an example to follow. On November 15, 1917, the Bolsheviks declared a general right of self-determination "for the Peoples of Russia", including the right of complete secession. On the same day the Finnish Parliament issued a declaration by which it temporarily took power in Finland.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Worried by developments in Russia and Finland, the non-Socialist Senate proposed that Parliament declare Finland's independence, which was voted by the Parliament on December 6, 1917. On December 18 (December 31 N. S.) the Soviet government issued a Decree, recognizing Finland's independence, and on December 22 (January 4, 1918 N. S.) it was approved by the highest Soviet executive body (VTsIK). Germany and the Scandinavian countries followed without delay.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Finland after 1917 was bitterly divided along social lines. The Whites consisted of the Swedish-speaking middle and upper classes and the farmers and peasantry who dominated the northern two-thirds of the land. They had a conservative outlook and rejected socialism. The Socialist-Communist Reds comprised the Finnish-speaking urban workers and the landless rural cottagers. They had a radical outlook and rejected capitalism.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Large scale agrarian reform in the 1920s involved breaking up the large estates controlled by the old nobility and selling the land to ambitious peasants. The farmers became strong supporters of the government.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Nationalist sentiment remaining from the Civil War developed into the proto-Fascist Lapua Movement in 1929. Initially the movement gained widespread support among anti-Communist Finns, but following a failed coup attempt in 1932 it was banned and its leaders imprisoned.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: In the wake of the Civil War there were many incidents along the border between Finland and Soviet Russia, such as the Aunus expedition and the Pork mutiny. Relations with the Soviets were improved after the Treaty of Tartu in 1920, in which Finland gained Petsamo, but gave up its claims on East Karelia.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Tens of thousands of radical Finns—from Finland, the United States and Canada—took up Stalin's 1923 appeal to create a new Soviet society in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KASSR), a part of Russia.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The Soviet Union started to tighten its policy against Finland in the 1930s, limiting the navigation of Finnish merchant ships between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland and blocking it totally in 1937.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: In August 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, where Finland and the Baltic states were allocated to the Soviet "sphere of influence". After invading Poland, the Soviet Union sent ultimatums to the Baltic countries, where it demanded military bases on their soil. The Baltic states accepted Soviet demands, and lost their independence in the summer of 1940. In October 1939, the Soviet Union sent a similar request to Finland, but the Finns refused these demands.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: After the Winter War the Finnish Army was exhausted, and needed recovery and support as soon as possible. The United Kingdom declined to help, but in autumn 1940, Nazi Germany offered weapon deals to Finland, if the Finnish government would allow German troops to travel through Finland to occupied Norway. Finland accepted, weapon deals were made and military co-operation began in December 1940.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Hostilities resumed in June 1941 with the start of the Continuation War, when Finland aligned with Germany following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. Finland was involved with the Siege of Leningrad and occupied East Karelia from 1941 to 1944. This irredentist sentiment of a Greater Finland, whose inhabitants were culturally related to the Finnish people, although Eastern Orthodox by religion, resulted in other countries being considerably less sympathetic to the Finnish cause.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Finnish forces won several decisive battles during the Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive of 1944, including the Battle of Tali-Ihantala and the Battle of Ilomantsi. These victories helped ensure Finnish independence, and led to the Moscow Armistice with the Soviet Union. The armistice called for the expulsion of German troops residing in northern Finland, leading to the Lapland War whereby the Finns forced the Germans to withdraw into Norway (then under German occupation).

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: During and in between the wars, approximately 80,000 Finnish war-children were evacuated abroad: 5% went to Norway, 10% to Denmark, and the rest to Sweden. Most of the children were sent back by 1948, but 15–20% remained abroad.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and Britain on the other side on September 19, 1944, ending the Continuation War. The armistice compelled Finland to drive German troops from its territory, leading to the Lapland War 1944–1945.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Some of these groups could not be properly commemorated until long after the war ended in order to preserve good relations with the Soviet Union. However, after a long political campaign backed by survivors of what Finns call the Partisan War, the Finnish Parliament passed legislation establishing compensation for the war's victims.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: Building on its status as western democratic country with friendly ties with the Soviet Union, Finland pushed to reduce the political and military tensions of cold war. Since the 1960s, Finland urged the formation of a (Nordic NWFZ), and in 1972-1973 was the host of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), which culminated in the signing of the Helsinki Accords in 1975 and lead to the creation of the OSCE.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: By the 1990s, farm laborers had nearly all moved on, leaving owners of small farms. By 2000 the social structure included a politically active working class, a primarily clerical middle class, and an upper bracket consisting of managers, entrepreneurs, and professionals. The social boundaries between these groups were not distinct. Causes of change included the growth of a mass culture, international standards, social mobility, and acceptance of democracy and equality as typified by the welfare state.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: The post-war period was a time of rapid economic growth and increasing social and political stability for Finland. The five decades after the Second World War saw Finland turn from a war-ravaged agrarian society into one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, with a sophisticated market economy and high standard of living.

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History of Finland

Context: The GDP growth rate has since been one of the highest of OECD countries and Finland has topped many indicators of national performance.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: In addition to fast integration with the European Union, safety against Russian leverage has been increased by building fully NATO-compatible military. 1000 troops (a high per-capita amount) are simultaneously committed in NATO and UN operations. Finland has also opposed energy projects that increase dependency on Russian imports. For a long time, Finland remained one of the last non-NATO members in Europe, without enough support for full membership unless Sweden joined first.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


History of Finland

Context: On 24 February 2022, the Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian Armed Forces to begin the invasion of Ukraine. On 25 February, a Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO, which neither were actively seeking. After the invasion public support for membership rose significantly.

Question: متى نشئت فنلندا؟


American Civil War

Context: The abolitionists—those advocating the end of slavery—were active in the decades leading up to the Civil War. They traced their philosophical roots back to the Puritans, who strongly believed that slavery was morally wrong. One of the early Puritan writings on this subject was "The Selling of Joseph," by Samuel Sewall in 1700. In it, Sewall condemned slavery and the slave trade and refuted many of the era's typical justifications for slavery.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The establishment of the Northwest Territory as "free soil" – no slavery – by Manasseh Cutler and Rufus Putnam (who both came from Puritan New England) would also prove crucial. This territory (which became the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota) doubled the size of the United States.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: By 1860, four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories, and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution, implicitly or explicitly. The first of these "conservative" theories, represented by the Constitutional Union Party, argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate. The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Historian James McPherson points out that even if Confederates genuinely fought over states' rights, it boiled down to states' right to slavery. McPherson writes concerning states' rights and other non-slavery explanations:

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Historians have debated whether economic differences between the mainly industrial North and the mainly agricultural South helped cause the war. Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s, and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary. While socially different, the sections economically benefited each other.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century, with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster. While practically all Northerners supported the Union, Southerners were split between those loyal to the entirety of the United States (called "Southern Unionists") and those loyal primarily to the Southern region and then the Confederacy.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a rebellion of slaves in 1859.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism, leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded, and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union. The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it. The South ignored the warnings; Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: According to Lincoln, the American people had shown that they had been successful in "establishing" and "administering" a republic, but a third challenge faced the nation: "maintaining" a republic based on the people's vote, in the face of an attempt to destroy it.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky were slave states that had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the Union Army and others in the Confederate Army. West Virginia separated from Virginia and was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon, who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state ("see also": Missouri secession). In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee, but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union. They were held without trial.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, as were many more minor actions and skirmishes, which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. In his book "The American Civil War", John Keegan writes that "The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought". In many cases, without geographic objectives, the only target for each side was the enemy's soldier.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery, the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000. However, Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias. The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration, and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. Some European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but British historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the French, Prussian, and Russian armies of the time, and without the Atlantic, would have threatened any of them with defeat.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: At the start of the Civil War, a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their army. They were paid, but they were not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Historian Elizabeth D. Leonard writes that, according to various estimates, between five hundred and one thousand women enlisted as soldiers on both sides of the war, disguised as men.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Women served on the Union hospital ship "Red Rover" and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Mary Edwards Walker, the only woman ever to receive the Medal of Honor, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for her efforts to treat the wounded during the war. Her name was deleted from the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917 (along with over 900 other Medal of Honor recipients); however, it was restored in 1977.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: In addition to ocean-going warships coming up the Mississippi, the Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards at Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance. It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy. It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half. Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, ironworkers, and ships to transport weapons.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to openly challenge the Union blockade. The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain (, , , , , and some others). The most famous, the , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes. However, public opinion against slavery in Britain created a political liability for British politicians, where the anti-slavery movement was powerful.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Russia supported the Union, largely because it believed that the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the United Kingdom. In 1863, the Russian Navy's Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Eastern theater refers to the military operations east of the Appalachian Mountains, including the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of North Carolina.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26, 1861 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck), and the war began in earnest in 1862. The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: When Virginia declared its secession in April 1861, Robert E. Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: On July 4 at Harper's Ferry, Colonel Thomas J. Jackson assigned Jeb Stuart to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah. He eventually commanded the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: In one of the first highly visible battles, in July 1861, a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces led by Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard near Washington was repulsed at the First Battle of Bull Run (also known as First Manassas).

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute, Thomas J. Jackson, stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall".

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond. McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign,

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Johnston halted McClellan's advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, but he was wounded in the battle, and Robert E. Lee assumed his position of command. General Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Northern Virginia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Bull Run, ended in yet another victory for the South. McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope's Union Army of Virginia, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. That same day, John Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River, defeated the small Confederate force at Marye's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Salem Church.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June. Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 to 3, 1863). This was the bloodiest battle of the war and has been called the war's turning point. Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high-water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000).

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Western theater refers to military operations between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, including the states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, South Carolina and Tennessee, as well as parts of Louisiana.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The primary Confederate force in the Western theater was the Army of Tennessee. The army was formed on November 20, 1862, when General Braxton Bragg renamed the former Army of Mississippi. While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater, they were defeated many times in the West.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Leonidas Polk's invasion of Columbus ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy. Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy's "Gibraltar of the West" at Columbus, Kentucky. Although rebuffed at Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus. The Confederates, lacking their gunboats, were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March 1862.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: At the Battle of Shiloh, in Shiloh, Tennessee in April 1862, the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell. Overnight, the Navy landed additional reinforcements, and Grant counter-attacked. Grant and the Union won a decisive victory—the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over. The Confederates lost Albert Sidney Johnston, considered their finest general before the emergence of Lee.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: One of the early Union objectives in the war was the capture of the Mississippi River, to cut the Confederacy in half. The Mississippi River was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid, Missouri, and then Memphis, Tennessee.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee, the culmination of the Stones River Campaign.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Naval forces assisted Grant in the long, complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga. After Rosecrans' successful Tullahoma Campaign, Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, which Bragg then besieged in the Chattanooga Campaign. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga, eventually causing Longstreet to abandon his Knoxville Campaign and driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The first battle of the Trans-Mississippi theater was the Battle of Wilson's Creek (August 1861). The Confederates were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) as well as the southern part of the Mississippi River (Port Hudson and south). Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain Quincy A. Gillmore, forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after repairing it.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The following year, the Union Army of the Gulf commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid siege to Port Hudson for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the Bayou Teche Campaign but surrendered after Vicksburg. These two surrenders gave the Union control over the entire Mississippi.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Several small skirmishes were fought in Florida, but no major battles. The biggest was the Battle of Olustee in early 1864.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Pacific Coast theater refers to military operations on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Grant's army set out on the Overland Campaign intending to draw Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor. These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. At the Battle of Yellow Tavern, the Confederates lost Jeb Stuart.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: On June 2, Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans-Mississippi Department. On June 23, Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces. The final Confederate surrender was by the "Shenandoah" on November 6, 1865, bringing all hostilities of the four-year war to a close.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Legally speaking, the war did not end until August 20, 1866, when President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation that declared "that the said insurrection is at an end and that peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America."

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today. The North and West grew rich while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the second-class citizenship of the freedmen and their poverty.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, including James M. McPherson, argue that Confederate victory was at least possible. McPherson argues that the North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed. He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, it would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history. The Union victory energized popular democratic forces. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues that:

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South. The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South. However, a 2017 study challenges this, noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status, the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Based on 1860 census figures, 8 percent of all white men aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South. About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War. An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy (2,112 in battle) and 460 in the Marines (148 in battle).

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses:

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000, but most likely 761,000 soldiers, died in the war. This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths, going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Civil War would have a huge impact on American politics in the years to come. Many veterans on both sides were subsequently elected to political office, including five U.S. Presidents: General Ulysses Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, and William McKinley.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: Hollywood's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as seen in such film classics as "The Birth of a Nation" (1915), "Gone with the Wind" (1939), and "Lincoln" (2012). Ken Burns's PBS television series "The Civil War" (1990) is especially well-remembered, though criticized for its historical inaccuracy.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


American Civil War

Context: The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous. This section gives an abbreviated overview of the most notable works.

Question: من كان اطراف  الحرب الاهلية الامريكية ؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: Al-Aqsa Mosque (), also known as the Qibli Mosque (, "al-Muṣallā al-Qiblī"), is a congregational mosque situated within and named after the Masjid Al-Aqsa, the holy site or esplanade in the Old City of Jerusalem also known as the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: The mosque is located in close proximity to historical sites significant in Judaism and Christianity, most notably the site of the Second Temple, destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. As a result, the area is highly sensitive, and has been the main flashpoint in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: The English term "Al-Aqsa Mosque" is the translation of both "al-Masjid al-'Aqṣā" () and "Jâmi' al-Aqṣā" (), which have distinct meanings in Arabic. The former refers originally to the Quran's "Surah 17" – "the farthest mosque" – and thus is used for whole compound of the Temple Mount, also known as the Haram al-Sharif, while the latter name was given to specific site of the silver-domed congregational mosque building.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: The mosque is sometimes also referred to as al-Qibli Mosque due to its housing al-Qibli Chapel ("Jami' al-Aqsa" or "al-Qibli", or "Masjid al-Jumah" or "al-Mughata").

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: The mosque is located on the Temple Mount, referred to by Muslims today as the "Haram al-Sharif" ("Noble Sanctuary"), an enclosure expanded by King Herod the Great beginning in 20 BCE.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: The mosque resides on an artificial platform that is supported by arches constructed by Herod's engineers to overcome the difficult topographic conditions resulting from the southward expansion of the enclosure into the Tyropoeon and Kidron valleys. At the time of the Second Temple, the present site of the mosque was occupied by the Royal Stoa, a basilica running the southern wall of the enclosure. The Royal Stoa was destroyed along with the Temple during the sacking of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: It was once thought that Emperor Justinian's "Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos", lit. the New Church of the God-Bearer and commonly known as the Nea Church, dedicated to the God-bearing Virgin Mary, consecrated in 543, was situated where al-Aqsa Mosque was later constructed. However, remains identified as those of the Nea Church were uncovered in the south part of the Jewish Quarter in 1973.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: Analysis of the wooden beams and panels removed from the mosque during renovations in the 1930s shows they are made from Lebanese cedar and cypress. Radiocarbon dating gave a large range of ages, some as old as 9th century BCE, showing that some of the wood had previously been used in older buildings. However, reexamination of the same beams in the 2010s gave dates in the Byzantine period.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: During his excavations in the 1930s, Robert Hamilton uncovered portions of a multicolor mosaic floor with geometric patterns, but did not publish them. The date of the mosaic is disputed: Zachi Dvira considers that they are from the pre-Islamic Byzantine period, while Baruch, Reich and Sandhaus favor a much later Umayyad origin on account of their similarity to a mosaic from an Umayyad palace excavated adjacent to the Temple Mount's southern wall.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: According to several Muslim scholars, including al-Muqaddasi (d. 985), Mujir ad-Din (d. 1522) and al-Suyuti (d. 1505), the mosque was reconstructed and expanded by the caliph Abd al-Malik in 690 along with the Dome of the Rock. Guy le Strange claims that Abd al-Malik used materials from the destroyed Church of Our Lady to build the mosque and points to possible evidence that substructures on the southeast corners of the mosque are remains of the church.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: An earthquake in 1927 and a small tremor in the summer of 1937 eventually brought down the roof of the Aqsa mosque, prompting the reconstruction of the upper part of the north wall of the mosque and the internal refacing of the whole; the partial reconstruction of the jambs and lintels of the central doors; the refacing of the front of five bays of the porch; and the demolition of the vaulted buildings that formerly adjoined the east side of the mosque.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: On 20 July 1951, King Abdullah I was shot three times by a Palestinian gunman as he entered the mosque, killing him. His grandson Prince Hussein, was at his side and was also hit, though a medal he was wearing on his chest deflected the bullet.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: On 5 November 2014, Israeli police entered Al-Aqsa for the first time since capturing Jerusalem in 1967, said Sheikh Azzam Al-Khatib, director of the Islamic Waqf. Previous media reports of 'storming Al-Aqsa' referred to the Haram al-Sharif compound rather than the Al-Aqsa mosque itself.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: The rectangular al-Aqsa Mosque and its precincts cover , although the mosque itself is about in area and can hold up to 5,000 worshippers. It is long, wide. Unlike the Dome of the Rock, which reflects classical Byzantine architecture, the Al-Aqsa Mosque is characteristic of early Islamic architecture.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: Nothing remains of the original dome built by Abd al-Malik. The present-day dome was built by az-Zahir and consists of wood plated with lead enamelwork. In 1969, the dome was reconstructed in concrete and covered with anodized aluminium, instead of the original ribbed lead enamel work sheeting. In 1983, the aluminium outer covering was replaced with lead to match the original design by az-Zahir.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: The porch is located at the top of the facade. The central bays of the porch were built by the Knights Templar during the First Crusade, but Saladin's nephew al-Mu'azzam Isa ordered the construction of the porch itself in 1217.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: A great portion of the mosque is covered with whitewash, but the drum of the dome and the walls immediately beneath it are decorated with mosaics and marble. Some paintings by an Italian artist were introduced when repairs were undertaken at the mosque after an earthquake ravaged the mosque in 1927. The ceiling of the mosque was painted with funding by King Farouk of Egypt.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: Until 2000, non-Muslim visitors could enter the Al-Aqsa Mosque by getting a ticket from the Waqf. That procedure ended when the Second Intifada began. Fifteen years later, negotiation between Israel and Jordan might result in allowing visitors to enter once again.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Al-Aqsa Mosque

Context: On 15 April 2022, Israeli forces entered the Temple Mount and used tear gas shells and sound bombs to disperse Palestinians who, they said, were throwing stones at policemen. Some Palestinians barricaded themselves inside the Al-Aqsa mosque, where they were detained by Israeli police. Over 150 people ended up injured and 400 arrested.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد المآذن في المسجد الأقصى؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Vatican Library is a research library for history, law, philosophy, science, and theology. The Vatican Library is open to anyone who can document their qualifications and research needs. Photocopies for private study of pages from books published between 1801 and 1990 can be requested in person or by mail.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: Pope Nicholas V (1447–1455) envisioned a new Rome with extensive public works to lure pilgrims and scholars to the city to begin its transformation. Nicolas wanted to create a "public library" for Rome that was meant to be seen as an institution for humanist scholarship. His death prevented him from carrying out his plan, but his successor Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484) established what is now known as the Vatican Library.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In March 2014, the Vatican Library began an initial four-year project of digitising its collection of manuscripts, to be made available online.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Vatican Apostolic Archive was separated from the library at the beginning of the 17th century; it contains another 150,000 items.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: Scholars have traditionally divided the history of the library into five periods, Pre-Lateran, Lateran, Avignon, Pre-Vatican and Vatican.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Pre-Lateran period, comprising the initial days of the library, dating from the earliest days of the Church. Only a handful of volumes survive from this period, though some are very significant.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Lateran era began when the library moved to the Lateran Palace and lasted until the end of the 13th century and the reign of Pope Boniface VIII, who died in 1303, by which time he possessed one of the most notable collections of illuminated manuscripts in Europe. However, in that year, the Lateran Palace was burnt and the collection plundered by Philip IV of France.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Avignon period was during the Avignon Papacy, when seven successive popes resided in Avignon, France. This period saw great growth in book collection and record-keeping by the popes in Avignon, between the death of Boniface and the 1370s when the Papacy returned to Rome.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Pre-Vatican period ranged from about 1370 to 1447. The library was scattered during this time, with parts in Rome, Avignon, and elsewhere. Pope Eugenius IV possessed 340 books by the time of his death.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: Pope Julius II commissioned the expansion of the building. Around 1587, Pope Sixtus V commissioned the architect Domenico Fontana to construct a new building for the library, which is still used today. After this, it became known as the Vatican Library.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: During the Counter-Reformation, access to the library's collections was limited following the introduction of the Index of banned books. Scholars' access to the library was restricted, particularly Protestant scholars. Restrictions were lifted during the course of the 17th century, and Pope Leo XIII formally reopened the library to scholars in 1883.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In 1756, Abbot Piaggio conserver of ancient manuscripts in the Vatican Library used a machine he also invented, to unroll the first Herculaneum papyri, which took him months.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte arrested Pope Pius VII and removed the contents of the library to Paris. The contents were returned in 1817, three years after the defeat of Napoleon.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In 1995 art history teacher Anthony Melnikas from Ohio State University stole three leaves from a medieval manuscript once owned by Francesco Petrarch. One of the stolen leaves contains an exquisite miniature of a farmer threshing grain. A fourth leaf from an unknown source was also discovered in his possession by U.S. Customs agents. Melnikas was trying to sell the pages to an art dealer, who then alerted the librarian director.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Library is located inside the Vatican Palace, and the entrance is through the Belvedere Courtyard. When Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590) commissioned the expansion and the new building of the Vatican Library, he had a three-story wing built right across Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere, thus bisecting it and changing Bramante's work significantly. At the bottom of a grand staircase a large statue of Hippolytus decorates the La Galea entrance hall.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In the first semi-basement there is a papyrus room and a storage area for manuscripts. The first floor houses the restoration laboratory, and the photographic archives are on the second floor.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Library closed for renovations on 17 July 2007 and reopened on 20 September 2010. The three year, 9 million euro renovation involved the complete shut down of the library to install climate controlled rooms.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In the "Sala di Consultazione" or main reference room of the Vatican Library looms a statue of St Thomas Aquinas (c. 1910), sculpted by Cesare Aureli. A second version of this statue (c. 1930) stands under the entrance portico of the Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas, "Angelicum".

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Vatican Library can be accessed by 200 scholars at a time, and it sees 4,000 to 5,000 scholars a year, mostly academics doing post-graduate research.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: While the Vatican Library has always included Bibles, canon law texts, and theological works, it specialized from the beginning in secular books. Its collection of Greek and Latin classics was at the center of the revival of classical culture during the Renaissance age.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The library was founded primarily as a manuscript library, a fact reflected in the comparatively high ratio of manuscripts to printed works in its collection. Such printed books as have made their way into the collection are intended solely to facilitate the study of the much larger collection of manuscripts.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In 1657, the manuscripts of the Dukes of Urbino were acquired. In 1661, the Greek scholar Leo Allatius was made librarian.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: Queen Christina of Sweden's important library (mostly amassed by her generals as loot from Habsburg Prague and German cities during the Thirty Years War) was purchased on her death in 1689 by Pope Alexander VIII. It represented, for all practical purposes, the entire royal library of Sweden at the time. Had it remained where it was in Stockholm, it would all have been lost in the destruction of the royal palace by fire in 1697.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: Among the most famous holdings of the library is the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, the oldest known nearly complete manuscript of the Bible. The "Secret History" of Procopius was discovered in the library and published in 1623.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: Pope Clement XI sent scholars into the Orient to bring back manuscripts, and is generally regarded as the founder of the Library's Oriental section.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In 1959, a Film Library was established. This is not to be confused with the Vatican Film Library, which was established in 1953 at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Library has a large collection of texts related to Hinduism, with the oldest editions dating to 1819.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: During the library's restoration between 2007 and 2010, all of the 70,000 volumes in the library were tagged with electronic chips to prevent theft.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Library contains over 100 Quran manuscripts from various collections, cataloged by the Italian Jewish linguist, Giorgio Levi Della Vida: "Vaticani arabi" 73; "Borgiani arabi" 25; "Barberiniani orientali" 11; "Rossiani" 2. The largest manuscript in the library, "Vat. Ar. 1484", measures 540x420mm. The smallest, "Vat. Ar. 924," is a circle of 45mm diameter preserved in an octagonal case.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: In 2012, plans were announced to digitize, in collaboration with the Bodleian Library, a million pages of material from the Vatican Library.

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Vatican Library

Context: DigiVatLib is the name of the Vatican Library's digital library service. It provides free access to the Vatican Library's digitized collections of manuscripts and incunabula.

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Vatican Library

Context: The scanning of documents is impacted by the material used to produce the texts. Books using gold and silver in the illuminations require special scanning equipment. Digital copies are being served using the CIFS protocol, from network-attached storage hardware by Dell EMC.

Question: متى تأسست مكتبة الفاتيكان؟


Vatican Library

Context: The Vatican Film Library in St. Louis, Missouri is the only collection, outside the Vatican itself, of microfilms of more than 37,000 works from the "Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana", the Vatican Library in Europe. It is located in the Pius XII Library on the campus of Saint Louis University. The Library was created by Lowrie J. Daly (1914–2000), with funding from the Knights of Columbus. The goal was to make Vatican and other documents more available to researchers in North America.

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Vatican Library

Context: The nominal head of the library has often over the centuries been made a cardinal and hence given the title Cardinal Librarian. The effective directors, often distinguished scholars, were in an earlier period called "Custodians. After the reopening of the library in 1883, Pope Leo XIII changed the title to Prefect.

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Vatican Library

Context: The library currently has some 80 staff who work in five departments: manuscripts and archival collections, printed books/drawings, acquisitions/cataloguing, coin collections/museums and restoration/photography.

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Vatican Library

Context: (P) Indicates time spent as Pro-Librarian. This is the role of acting Librarian, often a Librarian who is not a Cardinal.

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Geography of the Philippines

Context: The Philippines lies between 4°23' and 21° North (N) latitude and between 116° and 127° East (E) longitude.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: A global remote sensing analysis suggested in 2018 that there were of tidal flats in the Philippines and is therefore ranked as the 15th country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: To protect the country's biological resources, the government has taken a first step of preparing a Biodiversity Action Plan to address conservation of threatened species.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: Most of the islands used to be covered by tropical rainforests. However, illegal logging has reduced forest cover to less than 10% of the total land area.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: Mount Pinatubo is notorious for its destructive eruption on June 15, 1991. Taal Volcano, one of the Decade Volcanoes, had a eruption on January 12, 2020. Mount Mayon is renowned for having an almost perfect cone, but has a violent history of 47 eruptions since 1616 and its eruption on June 23, 1897, rained fire for seven days.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: To the southwest of the Laguna de Bay is the nation's third largest lake, the Taal, bordered to the north by the Tagaytay Ridge, a ridge stretching from southern Cavite to northern Batangas provinces.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: The peninsula has an irregular coastline that features large bays and gulfs, which include the Lamon Bay, San Miguel Bay, Lagonoy Gulf, and Albay Gulf to the north, and the Tayabas Bay, Ragay Gulf and Sorsogon Bay to the south.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: Mindoro's coastal plains are characterized by rice and corn fields, rivers, beaches, and extensive open space areas. Most of the population is concentrated on the northern and eastern coast of this island where the city of Calapan and Puerto Galera are located.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: The Mindoro mountain range begins with Mount Halcon and is further divided into three. The northwest ends at Calavite Point and is a landmark for ships. The east originates from Lake Naujan and the west follows the Mindoro Strait.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: The Kalayaan Islands are located to the west of Palawan. "Kalayaan" is a Filipino word meaning "freedom".

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟


Geography of the Philippines

Context: The eastern coast of Mindanao features a long mountain range, the Eastern Pacific Cordillera, which stretches from Bilar Point at Surigao in the north to Cape San Agustin at Davao in the south. Forming its northern portion are the Diwata Mountains (also spelled "Diuata"), separated from the south by low passes situated at the middle. To the east of the range are narrow strips of lowland that feature several inlets and bays, the most prominent of which include the Lianga and Bislig bays.

Question: ما هي اكبر جزر الفلبين ؟