Chronology of the universe

Context: By 20 minutes, the universe is no longer hot enough for nuclear fusion, but far too hot for neutral atoms to exist or photons to travel far. It is therefore an opaque plasma.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: While early stars have not been observed, some galaxies have been observed from about 400 million years cosmic time (GN-z11 at redshift z≈11.1, just after the start of reionization); these are currently our early observations of stars and galaxies. The James Webb Space Telescope, launched in 2021, is intended to push this back to z≈20 (180 million years cosmic time), enough to see the first galaxies (≈270 my) and early stars (≈100 to 180 my).

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: From 1 billion years, and for about 12.8 billion years, the universe has looked much as it does today and it will continue to appear very similar for many billions of years into the future. The thin disk of our galaxy began to form at about 5 billion years (8.8 Gya), and the Solar System formed at about 9.2 billion years (4.6 Gya), with the earliest traces of life on Earth emerging by about 10.3 billion years (3.5 Gya).

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: At some time the Stelliferous Era will end as stars are no longer being born, and the expansion of the universe will mean that the observable universe becomes limited to local galaxies. There are various scenarios for the far future and ultimate fate of the universe. More exact knowledge of our current universe will allow these to be better understood.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: "Note: The radiation temperature in the table below refers to the cosmic background radiation and is given by 2.725 K·(1 + ), where is the redshift."

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The Standard Model of cosmology is based on a model of spacetime called the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric. A metric provides a measure of distance between objects, and the FLRW metric is the exact solution of Einstein field equations (EFE) if some key properties of space such as homogeneity and isotropy are assumed to be true. The FLRW metric very closely matches overwhelming other evidence, showing that the universe has expanded since the Big Bang.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: In inflationary models of cosmology, times before the end of inflation (roughly 10−32 seconds after the Big Bang) do not follow the same timeline as in traditional big bang cosmology. Models that aim to describe the universe and physics during the Planck epoch are generally speculative and fall under the umbrella of "New Physics". Examples include the Hartle–Hawking initial state, string theory landscape, string gas cosmology, and the ekpyrotic universe.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: These phase transitions in the universe's fundamental forces are believed to be caused by a phenomenon of quantum fields called "symmetry breaking".

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Assuming that nature is described by a so-called Grand Unified Theory (GUT), the grand unification epoch began with a phase transition of this kind, when gravitation separated from the universal combined gauge force. This caused two forces to now exist: gravity, and an electrostrong interaction. There is no hard evidence yet, that such a combined force existed, but many physicists believe it did. The physics of this electrostrong interaction would be described by a Grand Unified Theory.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The grand unification epoch ended with a second phase transition, as the electrostrong interaction in turn separated, and began to manifest as two separate interactions, called the strong and the electroweak interactions.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Depending on how epochs are defined, and the model being followed, the electroweak epoch may be considered to start before or after the inflationary epoch. In some models it is described as including the inflationary epoch. In other models, the electroweak epoch is said to begin after the inflationary epoch ended, at roughly 10−32 seconds.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Although light and objects within spacetime cannot travel faster than the speed of light, in this case it was the metric governing the size and geometry of spacetime itself that changed in scale. Changes to the metric are not limited by the speed of light.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Based on strong observational evidence, it is widely accepted that it did take place. However, the reasons why it occurred are a matter of conjecture. Although models exist that explain why and how it took place, it is uncertain which model is correct.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: In non-traditional versions of Big Bang theory (known as "inflationary" models), inflation ended at a temperature corresponding to roughly 10−32 seconds after the Big Bang, but this does "not" imply that the inflationary era lasted less than 10−32 seconds. To explain the observed homogeneity of the universe, the duration in these models must be longer than 10−32 seconds. Therefore, in inflationary cosmology, the earliest meaningful time "after the Big Bang" is the time of the "end" of inflation.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: After inflation ended, the universe continued to expand, but at a much slower rate. About 4 billion years ago the expansion gradually began to speed up again. This is believed to be due to dark energy becoming dominant in the universe's large-scale behavior. It is still expanding today.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: If supersymmetry is a property of our universe, then it must be broken at an energy that is no lower than 1 TeV, the electroweak scale. The masses of particles and their superpartners would then no longer be equal. This very high energy could explain why no superpartners of known particles have ever been observed.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: After cosmic inflation ends, the universe is filled with a hot quark–gluon plasma, the remains of reheating. From this point onwards the physics of the early universe is much better understood, and the energies involved in the Quark epoch are directly accessible in particle physics experiments and other detectors.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: "Starting anywhere between 10−22 and 10−15 seconds after the Big Bang, until 10−12 seconds after the Big Bang"

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Some time after inflation, the created particles went through thermalization, where mutual interactions lead to thermal equilibrium.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The earliest stage of which we are quite confident about is some time before the electroweak symmetry breaking, at a temperature of around 1015 K, approximately 10−15 seconds after the Big Bang. The electromagnetic and weak interaction have not yet separated, and as far as we know all particles were massless, as the Higgs mechanism had not operated yet. However exotic massive particle-like entities, sphalerons, are thought to have existed.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: This epoch ended with electroweak symmetry breaking; according to the standard model of particle physics, baryogenesis also happened at this stage, creating an imbalance between matter and anti-matter (though in extensions to this model this may have happened earlier). Little is known about the details of these processes.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Since the interaction was strong, the cross section formula_3 was approximately the particle wavelength squared, which is roughly formula_4. The rate of collisions per particle species can thus be calculated from the mean free path, giving approximately:

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: For comparison, since the cosmological constant was negligible at this stage, the Hubble parameter was:

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Thus "H" is orders of magnitude lower than the rate of collisions per particle species. This means there was plenty of time for thermalization at this stage.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: At this epoch, the collision rate is proportional to the third root of the number density, and thus to formula_7, where formula_8 is the scale parameter. The Hubble parameter, however, is proportional to formula_9. Going back in time and higher in energy, and assuming no new physics at these energies, a careful estimate gives that thermalization was first possible when the temperature was:

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: As the universe's temperature continued to fall below 159.5±1.5 GeV, electroweak symmetry breaking happened. So far as we know, it was the penultimate symmetry breaking event in the formation of our universe, the final one being chiral symmetry breaking in the quark sector. This has two related effects:

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The quark epoch began approximately 10−12 seconds after the Big Bang. This was the period in the evolution of the early universe immediately after electroweak symmetry breaking, when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms, but the temperature of the universe was still too high to allow quarks to bind together to form hadrons.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: During the quark epoch the universe was filled with a dense, hot quark–gluon plasma, containing quarks, leptons and their antiparticles. Collisions between particles were too energetic to allow quarks to combine into mesons or baryons.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The quark epoch ended when the universe was about 10−5 seconds old, when the average energy of particle interactions had fallen below the mass of lightest hadron, the pion.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The quark–gluon plasma that composes the universe cools until hadrons, including baryons such as protons and neutrons, can form.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Initially, hadron/anti-hadron pairs could form, so matter and antimatter were in thermal equilibrium. However, as the temperature of the universe continued to fall, new hadron/anti-hadron pairs were no longer produced, and most of the newly formed hadrons and anti-hadrons annihilated each other, giving rise to pairs of high-energy photons. A comparatively small residue of hadrons remained at about 1 second of cosmic time, when this epoch ended.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Theory predicts that about 1 neutron remained for every 6 protons, with the ratio falling to 1:7 over time due to neutron decay. This is believed to be correct because, at a later stage, the neutrons and some of the protons fused, leaving hydrogen, a hydrogen isotope called deuterium, helium and other elements, which can be measured. A 1:7 ratio of hadrons would indeed produce the observed element ratios in the early and current universe.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: In 2015, it was reported that such shifts had been detected in the CMB. Moreover, the fluctuations corresponded to neutrinos of almost exactly the temperature predicted by Big Bang theory ( compared to a prediction of 1.95K), and exactly three types of neutrino, the same number of neutrino flavors predicted by the Standard Model.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Primordial black holes are a hypothetical type of black hole proposed in 1966, that may have formed during the so-called radiation-dominated era, due to the high densities and inhomogeneous conditions within the first second of cosmic time. Random fluctuations could lead to some regions becoming dense enough to undergo gravitational collapse, forming black holes. Current understandings and theories place tight limits on the abundance and mass of these objects.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The majority of hadrons and anti-hadrons annihilate each other at the end of the hadron epoch, leaving leptons (such as the electron, muons and certain neutrinos) and antileptons, dominating the mass of the universe.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The lepton epoch follows a similar path to the earlier hadron epoch. Initially leptons and antileptons are produced in pairs. About 10 seconds after the Big Bang the temperature of the universe falls to the point at which new lepton–antilepton pairs are no longer created and most remaining leptons and antileptons quickly annihilated each other, giving rise to pairs of high-energy photons, and leaving a small residue of non-annihilated leptons.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Between about 2 and 20 minutes after the Big Bang, the temperature and pressure of the universe allowed nuclear fusion to occur, giving rise to nuclei of a few light elements beyond hydrogen ("Big Bang nucleosynthesis"). About 25% of the protons, and all the neutrons fuse to form deuterium, a hydrogen isotope, and most of the deuterium quickly fuses to form helium-4.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Atomic nuclei will easily unbind (break apart) above a certain temperature, related to their binding energy. From about 2 minutes, the falling temperature means that deuterium no longer unbinds, and is stable, and starting from about 3 minutes, helium and other elements formed by the fusion of deuterium also no longer unbind and are stable.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The short duration and falling temperature means that only the simplest and fastest fusion processes can occur. Only tiny amounts of nuclei beyond helium are formed, because nucleosynthesis of heavier elements is difficult and requires thousands of years even in stars. Small amounts of tritium (another hydrogen isotope) and beryllium-7 and -8 are formed, but these are unstable and are quickly lost again. A small amount of deuterium is left unfused because of the very short duration.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: According to the Lambda-CDM model, by this stage, the matter in the universe is around 84.5% cold dark matter and 15.5% "ordinary" matter. There is overwhelming evidence that dark matter exists and dominates our universe, but since the exact nature of dark matter is still not understood, the Big Bang theory does not presently cover any stages in its formation.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The properties of dark matter that allow it to collapse quickly without radiation pressure, also mean that it cannot "lose" energy by radiation either. Losing energy is necessary for particles to collapse into dense structures beyond a certain point. Therefore, dark matter collapses into huge but diffuse filaments and haloes, and not into stars or planets. Ordinary matter, which "can" lose energy by radiation, forms dense objects and also gas clouds when it collapses.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: About 370,000 years after the Big Bang, two connected events occurred: the ending of recombination and photon decoupling. Recombination describes the ionized particles combining to form the first neutral atoms, and decoupling refers to the photons released ("decoupled") as the newly formed atoms settle into more stable energy states.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Just before recombination, the baryonic matter in the universe was at a temperature where it formed a hot ionized plasma. Most of the photons in the universe interacted with electrons and protons, and could not travel significant distances without interacting with ionized particles. As a result, the universe was opaque or "foggy". Although there was light, it was not possible to see, nor can we observe that light through telescopes.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Starting around 18,000 years, the universe has cooled to a point where free electrons can combine with helium nuclei to form atoms. Neutral helium nuclei then start to form at around 100,000 years, with neutral hydrogen formation peaking around 260,000 years. This process is known as recombination. The name is slightly inaccurate and is given for historical reasons: in fact the electrons and atomic nuclei were combining for the first time.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: At around 100,000 years, the universe had cooled enough for helium hydride, the first molecule, to form. In April 2019, this molecule was first announced to have been observed in interstellar space, in NGC 7027, a planetary nebula within our galaxy. (Much later, atomic hydrogen reacted with helium hydride to create molecular hydrogen, the fuel required for star formation.)

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: After recombination and decoupling, the universe was transparent and had cooled enough to allow light to travel long distances, but there were no light-producing structures such as stars and galaxies. Stars and galaxies are formed when dense regions of gas form due to the action of gravity, and this takes a long time within a near-uniform density of gas and on the scale required, so it is estimated that stars did not exist for perhaps hundreds of millions of years after recombination.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: There is also an observational effort underway to detect the faint 21 cm spin line radiation, as it is in principle an even more powerful tool than the cosmic microwave background for studying the early universe.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: As yet, no Population III stars have been found, so our understanding of them is based on computational models of their formation and evolution. Fortunately, observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation can be used to date when star formation began in earnest. Analysis of such observations made by the "Planck" microwave space telescope in 2016 concluded that the first generation of stars may have formed from around 300 million years after the Big Bang.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Quasars provide some additional evidence of early structure formation. Their light shows evidence of elements such as carbon, magnesium, iron and oxygen. This is evidence that by the time quasars formed, a massive phase of star formation had already taken place, including sufficient generations of Population III stars to give rise to these elements.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: As the first stars, dwarf galaxies and quasars gradually form, the intense radiation they emit reionizes much of the surrounding universe; splitting the neutral hydrogen atoms back into a plasma of free electrons and protons for the first time since recombination and decoupling.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: The universe has appeared much the same as it does now, for many billions of years. It will continue to look similar for many more billions of years into the future.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Based upon the emerging science of nucleocosmochronology, the Galactic thin disk of the Milky Way is estimated to have been formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: There are several competing scenarios for the long-term evolution of the universe. Which of them will happen, if any, depends on the precise values of physical constants such as the cosmological constant, the possibility of proton decay, the energy of the vacuum (meaning, the energy of "empty" space itself), and the natural laws beyond the Standard Model.

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Chronology of the universe

Context: Ultimately, in the extreme future, the following scenarios have been proposed for the ultimate fate of the universe:

Question: পৃথিবীর অন্ধকার যুগ বলতে কোন সময়কে বোঝায় ?


Varun Dhawan

Context: Dhawan received praise and nominations for two Filmfare Awards for playing an avenger in the thriller "Badlapur" (2015) and an aimless man coping with loss in the drama "October" (2018). He followed this by starring in three critical and commercial failures, leading to a setback.

Question: হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্র অভিনেতা বরুণ ধবন অভিনীত সর্বপ্রথম হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্রটি কোন সালে মুক্তি পেয়েছিলো ?


Varun Dhawan

Context: Dhawan will next star in Dinesh Vijan's horror film "Bhediya", co-starring Kriti Sanon and directed by Amar Kaushik. He will then star in Nitesh Tiwari’s action film "Bawaal". Dhawan will also be part of the Indian spinoff to the American drama series "Citadel", which will be created by the Russo brothers, and directed by Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.

Question: হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্র অভিনেতা বরুণ ধবন অভিনীত সর্বপ্রথম হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্রটি কোন সালে মুক্তি পেয়েছিলো ?


Varun Dhawan

Context: In September 2014, Dhawan became the brand ambassador of newly formed Indian Super League club FC Goa. He also donated Rs. 30 Lakhs in PM-CARES Fund of Government of India during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

Question: হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্র অভিনেতা বরুণ ধবন অভিনীত সর্বপ্রথম হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্রটি কোন সালে মুক্তি পেয়েছিলো ?


Varun Dhawan

Context: Dhawan has appeared in "Forbes India" Celebrity 100 list since 2014, peaking at the 15th position in 2018, when the magazine estimated his annual income to be and listed him as one of the highest-paid celebrities in the country. In the same year, the Indian edition of "GQ" featured him among the nation's 50 most influential young people and labelled him as the "most bankable star of his generation".

Question: হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্র অভিনেতা বরুণ ধবন অভিনীত সর্বপ্রথম হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্রটি কোন সালে মুক্তি পেয়েছিলো ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: The earliest known Turkic alphabet is the Orkhon script, also known as the Old Turkic alphabet, the first surviving evidence of which dates from the 7th century. In general, Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets including Uyghur, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, Latin, and some other Asiatic writing systems.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: The Turkic Kipchak Cuman language was written in the Latin alphabet, for example in the Codex Cumanicus.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: The commission was responsible for adapting the Latin script to meet the phonetic requirements of the Turkish language. The resulting Latin alphabet was designed to reflect the actual sounds of spoken Turkish, rather than simply transcribing the old Ottoman script into a new form.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: In the Sanjak of Alexandretta (today's province of Hatay), which was at that time under French control and would later join Turkey, the local Turkish-language newspapers adopted the Latin alphabet only in 1934.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: The reforms were also backed up by the "Law on Copyrights", issued in 1934, encouraging and strengthening the private publishing sector. In 1939, the "First Turkish Publications Congress" was organised in Ankara for discussing issues such as copyright, printing, progress on improving the literacy rate and scientific publications, with the attendance of 186 deputies.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: As cited by the reformers, the old Arabic script was much more difficult to learn than the new Latin alphabet. The literacy rate did indeed increase greatly after the alphabet reform, from around 10% to over 90%, but many other factors also contributed to this increase, such as the foundation of the Turkish Language Association in 1932, campaigns by the Ministry of Education, the opening of Public Education Centres throughout the country, and Atatürk's personal participation in literacy campaigns.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: Atatürk also commented on one occasion that the symbolic meaning of the reform was for the Turkish nation to "show with its script and mentality that it is on the side of world civilisation". The second president of Turkey, İsmet İnönü further elaborated the reason behind adopting a Latin alphabet:

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: The alphabet reform cannot be attributed to ease of reading and writing. That was the motive of Enver Pasha. For us, the big impact and the benefit of an alphabet reform was that it eased the way to cultural reform. We inevitably lost our connection with Arabic culture.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: Dotted and dotless I are distinct letters in Turkish such that ⟨i⟩ becomes ⟨İ⟩ when capitalised, ⟨I⟩ being the capital form of ⟨ı⟩.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: Turkish also adds a circumflex over the back vowels ⟨â⟩ and ⟨û⟩ following ⟨k⟩, ⟨g⟩, or ⟨l⟩ when these consonants represent , , and (instead of , , and ):

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: In the case of length distinction, these letters are used for old Arabic and Persian borrowings from the Ottoman Turkish period, most of which have been eliminated from the language. Native Turkish words have no vowel length distinction, and for them the circumflex is used solely to indicate palatalisation.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is usually identified by its spelling.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: Dotted and dotless I are separate letters, each with its own uppercase and lowercase forms. The lowercase form of "I" is "ı", and the lowercase form of "İ" is "i". (In the original law establishing the alphabet, the dotted "İ" came before the undotted "I"; now their places are reversed.) The letter "J", however, uses a tittle in the same way English does, with a dotted lowercase version, and a dotless uppercase version.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Turkish alphabet

Context: Optional circumflex accents can be used with "â", "î" and "û" to disambiguate words with different meanings but otherwise the same spelling, or to indicate palatalisation of a preceding consonant (for example, while means "snow", means "profit"), or long vowels in loanwords, particularly from Arabic.

Question: তুর্কি ভাষার লিপির নাম কী ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Four brothers—Nuh, Ahmad, Yahya, and Ilyas—founded the Samanid state. Each of them ruled territory under Abbasid suzerainty. In 892, Ismail Samani (892–907) united the Samanid state under one ruler, thus effectively putting an end to the feudal system used by the Samanids. It was also under him that the Samanids became independent of Abbasid authority.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: The Samanid Empire is part of the Iranian Intermezzo, which saw the creation of a Persianate culture and identity that brought Iranian speech and traditions into the fold of the Islamic world. This later contributed to the formation of the Turko-Persian culture.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Ilyas died in 856, and his son Ibrahim ibn Ilyas became his successor. The Tahirid governor of Khorasan, Muhammad ibn Tahir, subsequently appointed him as the commander of his army, and sent him on an expedition against the Saffarid ruler Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in Sistan. After facing defeat in battle near Pushang in 857, he fled to Nishapur, only to be captured by Ya'qub al-Saffar and sent to Sistan as a hostage.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Before Ismail Samani's major victory against the Saffarids, he had made various expeditions in Transoxiana; in 892, he put an end to the Principality of Ushrusana by seizing all of its lands. During the same period, he put an end to the Bukhar Khudas in Bukhara. In 893, Ismail Samani invaded the territories of the Karluk Turks, taking Talas and converting the Nestorian church there into a mosque. The same year, he conducted a campaign to gather slaves, taking ten to fifteen thousand captives.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Ismail is known in history as a competent general and a strong ruler; many stories about him are written in Arabic and Persian sources. Furthermore, because of his campaigns in the north, his empire was so safe from enemy incursions that the defences of Bukhara and Samarkand went unused. However, this later had consequences; at the end of the dynasty, the walls—earlier strong, but now falling apart—were greatly missed by the Samanids, who were constantly under attack by the Karakhanids and other enemies.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: In 943 several Samanid army officers, angry at Nasr's support of Isma'ili missionaries, formed a conspiracy to murder him. Nasr's son Nuh I, however, learned of the conspiracy. He went to a banquet designed to organize the plot and had the head of their leader cut off. To appease the other officers, he promised to stop the Isma'ili missionaries from continuing their activities. He then convinced his father to abdicate, who died of tuberculosis after a few months.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Alp Tigin, nominal vassal of the Samanids, conquered Ghazna in 962 from the Lawik dynasty. The fifth of these commanders was Sebüktigin, who governed Ḡazna for twenty years till 387 AH/997 CE with the title (as it appears from his tomb inscription) of al-ḥājeb al-ajall (most noble commander). He would later be the founder of an independent dynasty based in Ghazna, following the decline of the Samanid Empire in the 990s.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: The power of the Samanids began to crumble in the latter half of the 10th century. In 962, one of the ghulams, Alp Tigin, commander of the army in Khorasan, seized Ghazna and established himself there. His successors, however, including Sebük Tigin, continued to rule as Samanid "governors". With the weakened Samanids facing rising challenges from the Karakhanids for control of Transoxiana, Sebük later took control of all the provinces south of the Oxus and established the Ghaznavid Empire.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Fleeing to Khorasan yet again, Isma'il attempted to reenter Transoxiana in the end of 1004. The Karakhanids stopped this and Isma'il was nearly killed. Following this, he sought the hospitality of an Arab tribe near Merv. Their chief, however, killed Isma'il in 1005. His death marked the defeat of the last attempt to restore the Samanid state. Descendants of the Samanid family continued to live in Transoxiana where they were well regarded, but their power was relatively broken.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Along with several other states, the Samanid Empire was part of the Iranian Intermezzo, or "Persian renaissance". This period has been described as having a key importance in the formation of the Islamic civilization, both politically and culturally. In political terms, it saw an effective break up of the Abbasid power and the rise of several successor states such as the Samanids and Buyids while in cultural terms, it witnessed the rise of new Persian as an administrative and literary language.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Like in the Abbasid Caliphate, Turkic slaves could rise to high office in the Samanid state, which would sometimes give them enough power to nearly make the ruler their puppet.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: The Samanids revived Persian culture by patronizing Rudaki, Bal'ami and Daqiqi. The Samanids determinedly propagated Sunni Islam, and repressed Ismaili Shiism but were more tolerant of Twelver Shiism. Islamic architecture and Islamo-Persian culture was spread deep into the heartlands of Central Asia by the Samanids. Following the first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian in the 9th century, populations under the Samanid empire began accepting Islam in significant numbers.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Although the Zoroastrian population had previously been suppressed by the Abbasid Caliphate, according to Al-Masudi, the Samanid empire still had fire-temples that were still being venerated by the present Zoroastrian population. Despite the fact that the Samanids professed Sunni Islam, however, they were much more tolerant towards its Zoroastrian population than the previous empires.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Through zealous missionary work as many as 30,000 tents of Turks came to profess Islam and later under the Ghaznavids more than 55,000 under the Hanafi school of thought. The mass conversion of the Turks to Islam eventually led to a growing influence of the Ghaznavids, who would later rule the region.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Under Nuh II, a Hanafi work, which was being used to contest Ismailism, was translated into Persian.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Agriculture and trading were the economic bases of the Samanid State. The Samanids heavily engaged in trade with Europe. Thousands of Samanid coins have been found in the Baltic and Scandinavia.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: During the 9th and 10th centuries, there was a large amount of growth in literature, mostly in poetry. It was during the Samanid period that Persian literature appeared in Transoxiana and was formally recognized. The advancement of an Islamic New Persian literature thus started in Transoxiana and Khorasan instead of Fars, the homeland of the Persians. The best known poets of the Samanid period were Rudaki (d. 941), Daqiqi (d. 977) and Ferdowsi (d. 1020).

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Although Persian was the most-favored language, Arabic continued to enjoy a high status and was still popular among the members of the Samanid family. For example, al-Tha'alibi wrote an Arabic anthology named "Yatimat al-dahr" ("The Unique Pearl"). The fourth section of the anthology included a detailed account of the poets that lived under the Samanids. It also states that the poets of Khwarazm mostly wrote in Arabic.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Another prominent poet was Shahid Balkhi, born in the village of Jakhudanak near Balkh. Not much is known about his life, but he is mentioned as being one of the best poets in the court of Nasr II, and one of the best scholars of the age. He was also a student of Rudaki, and had close relations with him. He died in 936, a few years before Rudaki's death. His death saddened Rudaki, who afterwards wrote an emotional elegy about him.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: In the 9th and 10th centuries, intellectual life in Transoxiana and Khorasan reached a high level. In the words of N.N. Negmatov, "It was inevitable that the local Samanid dynasty, seeking support among its literate classes, should cultivate and promote local cultural traditions, literacy and literature."

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: Due to extensive excavations at Nishapur, Iran, in the mid-twentieth century, Samanid pottery is well-represented in Islamic art collections around the world. These ceramics are largely made from earthenware and feature either calligraphic inscriptions of Arabic proverbs, or colorful figural decorations. The Arabic proverbs often speak to the values of "Adab" culture—hospitality, generosity, and modesty.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: A Bukharian historian writing in 943 stated that Ismail Samani: was indeed worthy and right for padishahship. He was an intelligent, just, compassionate person, one possessing reason and prescience...he conducted affairs with justice and good ethics. Whoever tyrannized people he would punish...In affairs of state he was always impartial.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: The celebrated scholar Nizam al-Mulk, in his famous work "Siyasatnama", stated that Ismail Samani: was extremely just, and his good qualities were many. He had pure faith in God (to Him be power and glory) and he was generous to the poor – to name only one of his notable virtues.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Samanid Empire

Context: The Somoni currency of Tajikistan is named after the Samanids. A notable airline based in Dushanbe is also named Somon Air. Also, the highest mountain in Tajikistan and in the former Soviet Union is named after Ismail Samani. The mountain was formerly known as "Stalin Peak" and "Communism Peak" but in 1998 the name was officially changed to Ismoil Somoni Peak.

Question: সামানি সাম্রাজ্যের পতন কবে ঘটে ?


Sui dynasty

Context: The Sui dynasty (, ) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance (581-618). The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties, thus ending the long period of division following the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, and laying the foundations for the much longer lasting Tang dynasty.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: The dynasty is often compared to the earlier Qin dynasty for unifying China after prolonged division. Wide-ranging reforms and construction projects were undertaken to consolidate the newly unified state, with long-lasting influences beyond their short dynastic reigns.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: In 588, the Sui had amassed 518,000 troops along the northern bank of the Yangtze River, stretching from Sichuan to the East China Sea. The Chen dynasty could not withstand such an assault. By 589, Sui troops entered Jiankang (Nanjing) and the last emperor of Chen surrendered. The city was razed to the ground, while Sui troops escorted Chen nobles back north, where the northern aristocrats became fascinated with everything the south had to provide culturally and intellectually.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: Although Emperor Wen was famous for bankrupting the state treasury with warfare and construction projects, he made many improvements to infrastructure during his early reign. He established granaries as sources of food and as a means to regulate market prices from the taxation of crops, much like the earlier Han dynasty. The large agricultural surplus supported rapid growth of population to a historical peak, which was only surpassed at the zenith of the Tang Dynasty more than a century later.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: The Sui Emperors were from the northwest military aristocracy, and they cited as their ancestors the Yang of Hongnong 弘農楊氏, a Han clan. They emphasized their Han ancestry, and claimed descent from the Han official Yang Zhen. The New Book of Tang traces their patrilineal ancestry to the Zhou dynasty kings via the Dukes of Jin. The Li of Zhaojun and the Lu of Fanyang hailed from Shandong and were related to the Liu clan, which was also linked to the Yang of Hongnong and other clans of Guanlong.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: The Yang of Hongnong, Jia of Hedong, Xiang of Henei, and Wang of Taiyuan from the Tang dynasty were later claimed as ancestors by Song dynasty lineages.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: Both Emperors Yang and Wen sent military expeditions into Vietnam as Annam in northern Vietnam had been incorporated into the Chinese empire over 600 years earlier during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). However the Kingdom of Champa in central Vietnam became a major counterpart to Chinese invasions to its north. According to Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, these invasions became known as the Linyi-Champa Campaign (602–605).

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: There were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty in the Later Jin (Five Dynasties). This practice was referred to as ().

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: Buddhism was popular during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern and Southern dynasties period that preceded the Sui dynasty, spreading from India through Kushan Afghanistan into China during the Late Han period. Buddhism gained prominence during the period when central political control was limited. Buddhism created a unifying cultural force that uplifted the people out of war and into the Sui dynasty. In many ways, Buddhism was responsible for the rebirth of culture in China under the Sui dynasty.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: While early Buddhist teachings were acquired from Sanskrit sutras from India, it was during the late Six dynasties and Sui dynasty that local Chinese schools of Buddhist thoughts started to flourish. Most notably, Zhiyi founded the Tiantai school and completed the Great treatise on Concentration and Insight, within which he taught the principle of "Three Thousand Realms in a Single moment of Life" as the essence of Buddhist teaching outlined in the Lotus Sutra.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: Confucian philosopher Wang Tong wrote and taught during the Sui Dynasty, and even briefly held office as Secretary of Shuzhou. His most famous (as well as only surviving) work, the "Explanation of the Mean" (Zhongshuo, 中說) was compiled shortly after his death in 617.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Sui dynasty

Context: Although poetry continued to be written, and certain poets rose in prominence while others disappeared from the landscape, the brief Sui dynasty, in terms of the development of Chinese poetry, lacks distinction, though it nonetheless represents a continuity between the Six Dynasties and the poetry of Tang. Sui dynasty poets include Yang Guang (580–618), who was the last Sui emperor (and a sort of poetry critic); and also, the Lady Hou, one of his consorts.

Question: সুই সাম্রাজ্যের শেষ রাজা কে ছিলেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim's official biography states he was born in a secret military camp on Paektu Mountain (; "Baekdusan Miryeong Gohyang jip") in Chōsen on 16 February 1942. According to one comrade of Kim's mother, Lee Min, word of Kim's birth first reached an army camp in Vyatskoye via radio and that both Kim and his mother did not return there until the following year. Reports indicate that his mother died in childbirth in 1949.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: In 1945, Kim was four years old when World War II ended and Korea regained independence from Japan. His father returned to Pyongyang that September, and in late November Kim returned to Korea via a Soviet ship, landing at Sonbong. The family moved into a former Japanese officer's mansion in Pyongyang, with a garden and pool. Kim's brother drowned there in 1948.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: According to his official biography, Kim completed the course of general education between September 1950 and August 1960. He attended Primary School No. 4 and Middle School No. 1 (Namsan Higher Middle School) in Pyongyang. This is contested by foreign academics, who believe he is more likely to have received his early education in the People's Republic of China as a precaution to ensure his safety during the Korean War.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Throughout his schooling, Kim was involved in politics. He was active in the Korean Children's Union and the Democratic Youth League of North Korea (DYL), taking part in study groups of Marxist political theory and other literature. In September 1957, he became vice-chairman of his middle school's DYL branch (the chairman had to be a teacher). He pursued a programme of anti-factionalism and attempted to encourage greater ideological education among his classmates.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim is also said to have received English language education in Malta in the early 1970s on his infrequent holidays there as a guest of Prime Minister Dom Mintoff.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: The elder Kim had meanwhile remarried and had another son, Kim Pyong-il. Since 1988, Kim Pyong-il has served in a series of North Korean embassies in Europe and was the North Korean ambassador to Poland. Foreign commentators suspect that Kim Pyong-il was sent to these distant posts by his father in order to avoid a power struggle between his two sons.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: In 1992, radio broadcasts started referring to him as the "Dear Father", instead of the "Dear Leader", suggesting a promotion. His 50th birthday in February was the occasion for massive celebrations, exceeded only by those for the 80th birthday of Kim Il-sung himself on 15 April that same year.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: In 1992, Kim made his first public speech during a military parade for the KPA's 60th anniversary and said: "Glory to the officers and soldiers of the heroic Korean People's Army!". These words were followed by a loud applause by the crowd at Pyongyang's Kim Il-sung Square where the parade was held.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim was named Chairman of the National Defence Commission on 9 April 1993, making him day-to-day commander of the armed forces.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: He officially took over his father's old post as General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea on 8 October 1997. In 1998, he was re-elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission, and a constitutional amendment declared that post to be "the highest post of the state." Also in 1998, the Supreme People's Assembly wrote the president's post out of the constitution and designated Kim Il-sung as the country's "Eternal President" in order to honor his memory forever.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: In the wake of the devastation of the 1990s, the government began formally approving some activity of small-scale bartering and trade. As observed by Daniel Sneider, associate director for research at the Stanford University Asia–Pacific Research Center, this flirtation with capitalism was "fairly limited, butespecially compared to the pastthere are now remarkable markets that create the semblance of a free market system".

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: In 2002, Kim declared that "money should be capable of measuring the worth of all commodities." These gestures toward economic reform mirror similar actions taken by China's Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s and early 90s. During a rare visit in 2006, Kim expressed admiration for China's rapid economic progress.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: An unsuccessful devaluation of the North Korean won in 2009, initiated or approved by Kim personally, caused brief economic chaos and uncovered the vulnerability of the country's societal fabric in the face of crisis.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim was known as a skilled and manipulative diplomat. In 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung implemented the "Sunshine Policy" to improve North-South relations and to allow South Korean companies to start projects in the North. Kim announced plans to import and develop new technologies to develop North Korea's fledgling software industry. As a result of the new policy, the Kaesong Industrial Park was constructed in 2003 just north of the de-militarized zone.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim was the focus of an elaborate personality cult inherited from his father and founder of the DPRK, Kim Il-sung. Kim Jong-il was often the centre of attention throughout ordinary life in the DPRK. On his 60th birthday (based on his official date of birth), mass celebrations occurred throughout the country on the occasion of his Hwangap. In 2010, the North Korean media reported that Kim's distinctive clothing had set worldwide fashion trends.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: According to a 2004 Human Rights Watch report, the North Korean government under Kim was "among the world's most repressive governments", having up to 200,000 political prisoners according to U.S. and South Korean officials, with no freedom of the press or religion, political opposition or equal education: "Virtually every aspect of political, social, and economic life is controlled by the government."

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim's government was accused of "crimes against humanity" for its alleged culpability in creating and prolonging the 1990s famine. Human Rights Watch characterized him as a dictator and accused him of human rights violations. Amnesty International condemned him for leaving 'millions of North Koreans mired in poverty' and detaining hundreds of thousands of people in prison camps.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim Jong-il claimed that the barometer for distinguishing whether a person can be deemed a member of North Korean society and hence entitled to rights 'lies not on the grounds of his social class but on the grounds of his ideology'.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: On 9 September 2008, various sources reported that after he did not show up that day for a military parade celebrating North Korea's 60th anniversary, United States intelligence agencies believed Kim might be "gravely ill" after having suffered a stroke. He had last been seen in public a month earlier.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: On 19 October, North Korea reportedly ordered its diplomats to stay near their embassies to await "an important message", according to Japan's "Yomiuri Shimbun", setting off renewed speculation about the health of the ailing leader.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: On 5 November 2008, the North's Korean Central News Agency published 2 photos showing Kim posing with dozens of Korean People's Army (KPA) soldiers on a visit to military Unit 2200 and sub-unit of Unit 534. Shown with his usual bouffant hairstyle, with his trademark sunglasses and a white winter parka, Kim stood in front of trees with autumn foliage and a red-and-white banner. "The Times" questioned the authenticity of at least one of these photos.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: In November 2008, Japan's TBS TV network reported that Kim had suffered a second stroke in October, which "affected the movement of his left arm and leg and also his ability to speak". However, South Korea's intelligence agency rejected this report.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: In response to the rumors regarding Kim's health and supposed loss of power, in April 2009, North Korea released a video showing Kim visiting factories and other places around the country between November and December 2008. In 2010, documents released by WikiLeaks purportedly attested that Kim suffered from epilepsy.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim's three sons and his brother-in-law, along with O Kuk-ryol, an army general, had been noted as possible successors, but the North Korean government had for a time been wholly silent on this matter.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: On 2 June 2009, it was reported that Kim's youngest son, Kim Jong-un, was to be North Korea's next leader. Like his father and grandfather, he has also been given an official sobriquet, The Brilliant Comrade. Prior to his death, it had been reported that Kim was expected to officially designate the son as his successor in 2012.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: On 9 April 2009, Kim was re-elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission and made an appearance at the Supreme People's Assembly. This was the first time Kim was seen in public since August 2008. He was unanimously re-elected and given a standing ovation.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: He returned to China again in May 2011, marking the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between China and the DPRK. In late August 2011, he traveled by train to the Russian Far East to meet with President Dmitry Medvedev for unspecified talks.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: There were speculations that the visits of Kim abroad in 2010 and 2011 were a sign of his improving health and a possible slowdown in succession might follow. After the visit to Russia, Kim appeared in a military parade in Pyongyang on 9 September, accompanied by Kim Jong-un.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim's funeral took place on 28 December in Pyongyang, with a mourning period lasting until the following day. South Korea's military was immediately put on alert after the announcement and its National Security Council convened for an emergency meeting, out of concern that political jockeying in North Korea could destabilise the region. Asian stock markets fell soon after the announcement, due to similar concerns.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: On 12 January 2012, North Korea called Kim the "eternal leader" and announced that his body would be preserved and displayed at Pyongyang's Kumsusan Memorial Palace. Officials also announced plans to install statues, portraits, and "towers to his immortality" across the country. His birthday of 16 February was declared "the greatest auspicious holiday of the nation" and was named the Day of the Shining Star.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: There is no official information available about Kim Jong-il's marital history, but he is believed to have been officially married twice and to have had three mistresses. He had three known sons: Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong-chul and Kim Jong-un. His two known daughters are Kim Sol-song and Kim Yo-jong.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim's first wife, Hong Il-chon, was the daughter of a martyr who died during the Korean War. She was handpicked by his father and married to him in 1966. They have a girl called Kim Hye-kyung, who was born in 1968. Soon, they divorced in 1969.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim's official wife, Kim Young-sook, was the daughter of a high-ranking military official. His father Kim Il-Sung handpicked her to marry his son. The two were estranged for some years before Kim's death. Kim had a daughter from this marriage, Kim Sol-song (born 1974).

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: His second mistress, Ko Yong-hui, was a Japanese-born ethnic Korean and a dancer. She had taken over the role of First Lady until her deathreportedly of cancerin 2004. They had two sons, Kim Jong-chul (in 1981) and Kim Jong-un, also "Jong Woon" or "Jong Woong" (in 1983). They also had a daughter, Kim Yo-jong, who was about 23 years old in 2012.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: After Ko's death, Kim lived with Kim Ok, his third mistress, who had served as his personal secretary since the 1980s. She "virtually act[ed] as North Korea's first lady" and frequently accompanied Kim on his visits to military bases and in meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries. She traveled with Kim on a secretive trip to China in January 2006, where she was received by Chinese officials as Kim's wife.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: According to Michael Breen, author of the book "Kim Jong Il: North Korea's Dear Leader", the women intimately linked to Kim never acquired any power or influence of consequence. As he explains, their roles were limited to that of romance and domesticity.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: He had a younger sister, Kim Kyong-hui. She was married to Jang Sung-taek, who was executed in December 2013 in Pyongyang, after being charged with treason and corruption.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Like his father, Kim had a fear of flying and always travelled by private armored train for state visits to Russia and China. The BBC reported that Konstantin Pulikovsky, a Russian emissary who travelled with Kim across Russia by train, told reporters that Kim had live lobsters air-lifted to the train every day and ate them with silver chopsticks.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Although Kim enjoyed many foreign forms of entertainment, according to former bodyguard Lee Young Kuk, he refused to consume any food or drink not produced in North Korea, with the exception of wine from France. His former chef Kenji Fujimoto, however, has stated that Kim sometimes sent him around the world to purchase a variety of foreign delicacies.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim reportedly enjoyed basketball. Former United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright ended her summit with Kim by presenting him with a basketball signed by NBA legend Michael Jordan. His official biography also claims that Kim composed six operas and enjoyed staging elaborate musicals.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: United States Special Envoy for the Korean Peace Talks, Charles Kartman, who was involved in the 2000 Madeleine Albright summit with Kim, characterised Kim as a reasonable man in negotiations, to the point, but with a sense of humor and personally attentive to the people he was hosting. However, psychological evaluations conclude that Kim's antisocial features, such as his fearlessness in the face of sanctions and punishment, served to make negotiations extraordinarily difficult.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: The evaluation found that Kim appeared to pride himself on North Korea's independence, despite the extreme hardships it appears to place on the North Korean peoplean attribute appearing to emanate from his antisocial personality pattern.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Defectors claimed that Kim had 17 different palaces and residences all over North Korea, including a private resort near Baekdu Mountain, a seaside lodge in the city of Wonsan, and Ryongsong Residence, a palace complex northeast of Pyongyang surrounded with multiple fence lines, bunkers and anti-aircraft batteries.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: According to a 2010 report in the "Sunday Telegraph", Kim had US$4billion on deposit in European banks in case he ever needed to flee North Korea. The "Sunday Telegraph" reported that most of the money was in banks in Luxembourg.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: Kim received numerous titles during his rule. In April 2009, North Korea's constitution was amended to refer to him and his successors as the "supreme leader of the DPRK".

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: The "Selected Works of Kim Jong-il (Enlarged Edition)", whose publishing has continued posthumously, runs into volume 24 in Korean and to volume 15 in English. Volumes three to eight were never published in English.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: The "Complete Collection of Kim Jong-il's Works" is currently in volume 13. There is a "Kim Jong-il's Works Exhibition House" dedicated to his works in North Korea, holding 1,100 of his works and manuscripts.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Kim Jong-il

Context: In his teens and university years, Kim had written poems. He also wrote song lyrics. His first major literary work was "On the Art of the Cinema" in 1973.

Question: কিম জং-ইল কোন সালে উত্তর কোরিয়ার শাসকের পদ গ্রহণ করেন ?


Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India

Context: According to official estimates in India, 10,749 people were killed, 5,640 people were missing and thousands of people became homeless when a tsunami triggered by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake near the Indonesian island of Sumatra struck the southern coast on 26 December 2004. The earthquake registered 9.1–9.3 Mw and was the largest in five decades. It was followed by strong aftershocks on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The death toll of the earthquake was 1,500 people.

Question: ২০০৪ সালের সুনামিতে ভারতবর্ষের মোট কত জন মানুষের মৃত্যু হয় ?


Context: The Great Nicobar and Car Nicobar islands were the worst hit among all the islands because of their proximity to the quake and relatively flat terrain. Aftershocks rocked the area,

Question: ২০০৪ সালের সুনামিতে ভারতবর্ষের মোট কত জন মানুষের মৃত্যু হয় ?


Context: and one-fifth of the population of the Nicobar Islands was reported dead, injured or missing. Chowra Island lost two-thirds of its population of 1,500. Entire islands were submerged, and Trinket Island was divided in two. Communications were cut to the Nancowry group of islands, some of which were submerged.

Question: ২০০৪ সালের সুনামিতে ভারতবর্ষের মোট কত জন মানুষের মৃত্যু হয় ?


Context: On Car Nicobar, 111 Indian Air Force personnel and their family members were washed away when the tsunami severely damaged their air base. St. Thomas Cathedral (also known as the "John Richardson church" after John Richardson, a missionary and member of parliament) was washed away. The church, established in 1930 was one of the oldest and prominent churches in the region. A cricket stadium named after John Richardson and a statue dedicated to him were also washed away.

Question: ২০০৪ সালের সুনামিতে ভারতবর্ষের মোট কত জন মানুষের মৃত্যু হয় ?


Context: India's only active volcano, Barren 1 (on Barren Island northeast of Port Blair), erupted on 30 December due to increased seismic activity. The population was evacuated, and there were no casualties. Indira Point (6°45’10″N and 93°49’36″E), the southernmost point of the Great Nicobar Island and India itself, subsided in the tsunami and its lighthouse was damaged.

Question: ২০০৪ সালের সুনামিতে ভারতবর্ষের মোট কত জন মানুষের মৃত্যু হয় ?


Context: The Indian Meteorological Department warned people in coastal areas to exercise caution due to rough seas and tsunami. The Indian government issued a tsunami alert across India's coastal areas, triggering a panic which required clarifications.

Question: ২০০৪ সালের সুনামিতে ভারতবর্ষের মোট কত জন মানুষের মৃত্যু হয় ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: The Amritsar massacre and other events at about the same time, have been described by some historians as the result of a concerted plan by the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy. James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of Punjab. Railway lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans murdered. By 13 April, the British government had decided to put most of Punjab under martial law. The legislation restricted a number of civil liberties, including freedom of assembly; gatherings of more than four people were banned.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer, convinced a major insurrection could take place, banned all meetings. This notice was not widely disseminated, and many villagers gathered in the Bagh to celebrate the important Sikh festival of Baisakhi, and peacefully protest the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Apart from pilgrims, Amritsar had filled up over the preceding days with farmers, traders, and merchants attending the annual Baisakhi horse and cattle fair. The city police closed the fair at 14:00 that afternoon, resulting in an even larger number of people drifting into the Jallianwala Bagh.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Dyer arranged for an aeroplane to overfly the Bagh and estimate the size of the crowd, that he reported was about 6,000, while the Hunter Commission estimates a crowd of 10,000 to 20,000 had assembled by the time of Dyer's arrival. Colonel Dyer and Deputy Commissioner Irving, the senior civil authority for Amritsar, took no actions to prevent the crowd assembling, or to peacefully disperse the crowds. This would later be a serious criticism levelled at both Dyer and Irving.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: The number of total casualties is disputed. The following morning's newspapers quoted an erroneous initial figure of 200 casualties, offered by the Associated Press, e.g.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: In July 1919, three months after the massacre, officials were tasked with finding who had been killed by inviting inhabitants of the city to volunteer information about those who had died. This information was incomplete due to fear that those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting, and some of the dead may not have had close relations in the area.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Winston Churchill reported nearly 400 slaughtered, and 3 or 4 times the number wounded to the Westminster Parliament, on 8 July 1920.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Since the official figures were obviously flawed regarding the size of the crowd (6,000–20,000), the number of rounds fired and the period of shooting, the Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its own, with conclusions that differed considerably from the British Government's inquiry. The casualty number quoted by the Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 being killed.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: The British Government tried to suppress information of the massacre, but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued; details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: This event caused many moderate Indians to abandon their previous loyalty to the British and become nationalists distrustful of British rule.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Colonel Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been "confronted by a revolutionary army", to which Major General William Beynon replied: "Your action was correct and Lieutenant Governor approves." O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas, and this was granted by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: After Churchill's speech in the House of Commons debate, MPs voted 247 to 37 against Dyer and in support of the Government. Cloake reports that despite the official rebuke, many Britons still "thought him a hero for saving the rule of British law in India."

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Reginald Dyer was disciplined by being removed from his appointment, was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from further employment in India. He died in 1927.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Two days later, on 15 April, demonstrations occurred in Gujranwala protesting against the killings at Amritsar. Police and aircraft were used against the demonstrators, resulting in 12 deaths and 27 injuries. The Officer Commanding the Royal Air Force in India, Brigadier General N D K MacEwen stated later that:

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: I think we can fairly claim to have been of great use in the late riots, particularly at Gujranwala, where the crowd when looking at its nastiest was absolutely dispersed by a machine using bombs and Lewis guns.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: On 13 March 1940, at Caxton Hall in London, Udham Singh, an Indian independence activist from Sunam who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and had himself been wounded, shot and killed Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre, who had approved Dyer's action and was believed to have been the main planner.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: In fascist countries, the incident was used for anti-British propaganda: "Bergeret", published in large scale from Rome at that time, while commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination, ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Udham Singh as courageous. The "Berliner Börsen Zeitung" termed the event "The torch of Indian freedom". German radio reportedly broadcast: "The cry of tormented people spoke with shots."

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to wreak vengeance. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty. What greater honour could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland?

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940. At that time, many, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, condemned the murder as senseless even if it was courageous. In 1952, Nehru (by then Prime Minister) honoured Udham Singh with the following statement, which appeared in the daily Partap:

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Soon after this recognition by the Prime Minister, Udham Singh received the title of "Shaheed", a name given to someone who has attained martyrdom or done something heroic on behalf of their country or religion.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: A trust was founded in 1920 to build a memorial at the site after a resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress. In 1923, the trust purchased land for the project. A memorial, designed by American architect Benjamin Polk, was built on the site and inaugurated by President of India Rajendra Prasad on 13 April 1961, in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders. A flame was later added to the site.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: The bullet marks remain on the walls and adjoining buildings to this day. The well into which many people jumped and drowned attempting to save themselves from the bullets is also a protected monument inside the park.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: Although Queen Elizabeth II had not made any comments on the incident during her state visits in 1961 and 1983, she spoke about the events at a state banquet in India on 13 October 1997:

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: It is no secret that there have been some difficult episodes in our past – Jallianwala Bagh, which I shall visit tomorrow, is a distressing example. But history cannot be rewritten, however much we might sometimes wish otherwise. It has its moments of sadness, as well as gladness. We must learn from the sadness and build on the gladness.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: On 14 October 1997, Queen Elizabeth II visited Jallianwala Bagh and paid her respects with a 30‑second moment of silence. During the visit, she wore a dress of a colour described as pink apricot or saffron, which was of religious significance to the Sikhs. She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath at the monument.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: While some Indians welcomed the expression of regret and sadness in the Queen's statement, others criticised it for being less than an apology. The then Prime Minister of India Inder Kumar Gujral defended the Queen, saying that the Queen herself had not even been born at the time of the events and should not be required to apologise.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: The Queen's 1997 statement was not without controversies. During her visit there were protests in the city of Amritsar, with people waving black flags and chanting the insult "Queen, go back." Queen Elizabeth and the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh merely signed the visitor's book. The fact that they did not leave any comment, regretting the incident was criticised.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: There are long-standing demands in India that Britain should apologise for the massacre. Winston Churchill, on 8 July 1920, urged the House of Commons to punish Colonel Dyer. Churchill, who described the massacre as "monstrous", succeeded in persuading the House to forcibly retire Colonel Dyer, but would have preferred to have seen the colonel disciplined.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: On 12 April 2019, a ceremony was held in Amritsar just before the centenary anniversary of the massacre. Although she did not issue an apology, British Prime Minister Theresa May called the 1919 shooting of unarmed civilians a "shameful scar", echoing the 2013 statement made by David Cameron.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: On 15 April 2019, a national memorial event was held in the British Parliament hosted by Jasvir Singh and organised by City Sikhs and the Faiths Forum for London entitled 'Jallianwala Bagh 100 Years On', where testimonies of survivors were read out from the book 'Eyewitness at Amritsar', there were traditional musical performances, and a minute's silence was held to remember those who had been killed a century earlier.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Context: In April 2019 The Asian Awards honoured the Martyrs of Jallianwala Bagh with the prestigious Founders Award. It was accepted by the nephew of freedom fighter Bhagat Singh, Dr Jagmohan Singh.

Question: জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ডে মোট কতজন ব্যাক্তি নিহত হন ?


Manzoor Alam Beg

Context: Manzoor Alam Beg (; 1 October 193126 July 1998) was a Bangladeshi photographer. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2007 by the Government of Bangladesh.

Question: বাংলাদেশে আলোকচিত্র আন্দোলন কবে শুরু হয়েছিল ?


Printer (computing)

Context: In computing, a printer is a peripheral machine which makes a persistent representation of graphics or text, usually on paper. While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers. Different types of printers include 3D printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and thermal printers.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: The first computer printer designed was a mechanically driven apparatus by Charles Babbage for his difference engine in the 19th century; however, his mechanical printer design was not built until 2000.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: The rapid improvement of internet email through the 1990s and into the 2000s has largely displaced the need for printing as a means of moving documents, and a wide variety of reliable storage systems means that a "physical backup" is of little benefit today.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Starting around 2010, 3D printing became an area of intense interest, allowing the creation of physical objects with the same sort of effort as an early laser printer required to produce a brochure. These devices are in their earliest stages of development and have not yet become commonplace.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: "Personal" printers are primarily designed to support individual users, and may be connected to only a single computer. These printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print jobs, requiring minimal setup time to produce a hard copy of a given document. However, they are generally slow devices ranging from 6 to around 25 pages per minute (ppm),

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: and the cost per page is relatively high. However, this is offset by the on-demand convenience. Some printers can print documents stored on memory cards or from digital cameras and scanners.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: "Networked" or "shared" printers are "designed for high-volume, high-speed printing". They are usually shared by many users on a network and can print at speeds of 45 to around 100 ppm. The Xerox 9700 could achieve 120 ppm.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: A "virtual printer" is a piece of computer software whose user interface and API resembles that of a printer driver, but which is not connected with a physical computer printer. A virtual printer can be used to create a file which is an image of the data which would be printed, for archival purposes or as input to another program, for example to create a PDF or to transmit to another system or user.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: A "barcode printer" is a computer peripheral for printing barcode labels or tags that can be attached to, or printed directly on, physical objects. Barcode printers are commonly used to label cartons before shipment, or to label retail items with UPCs or EANs.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: A "3D printer" is a device for making a three-dimensional object from a 3D model or other electronic data source through additive processes in which successive layers of material (including plastics, metals, food, cement, wood, and other materials) are laid down under computer control. It is called a printer by analogy with an inkjet printer which produces a two-dimensional document by a similar process of depositing a layer of ink on paper.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: The choice of print technology has a great effect on the cost of the printer and cost of operation, speed, quality and permanence of documents, and noise. Some printer technologies do not work with certain types of physical media, such as carbon paper or transparencies.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: A second aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid ink, such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon, becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with liquid ink are more difficult to alter than documents printed with toner or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Cheques can be printed with liquid ink or on special cheque paper with toner anchorage so that alterations may be detected. The machine-readable lower portion of a cheque must be printed using MICR toner or ink. Banks and other clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the magnetic flux from these specially printed characters to function properly.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: A laser printer rapidly produces high quality text and graphics. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Another toner-based printer is the LED printer which uses an array of LEDs instead of a laser to cause toner adhesion to the print drum.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably sized droplets of liquid ink onto almost any sized page. They are the most common type of computer printer used by consumers.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Thermal printers work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash registers, ATMs, gasoline dispensers and some older inexpensive fax machines. Colours can be achieved with special papers and different temperatures and heating rates for different colours; these coloured sheets are not required in black-and-white output. One example is Zink (a portmanteau of "zero ink").

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: The following technologies are either obsolete, or limited to special applications though most were, at one time, in widespread use.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: The term dot matrix printer is used for impact printers that use a matrix of small pins to transfer ink to the page. The advantage of dot matrix over other impact printers is that they can produce graphical images in addition to text; however the text is generally of poorer quality than impact printers that use letterforms ("type").

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Dot matrix printers can either be character-based or line-based (that is, a single horizontal series of pixels across the page), referring to the configuration of the print head.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated paper, which is charged by the print head according to the image of the document. The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image. This process was developed from the process of electrostatic copying. Color reproduction is very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of ±1%.)

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were mostly available in width and also 6 color printing. These were also used to print large billboards. It was first introduced by Versatec, which was later bought by Xerox. 3M also used to make these printers.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: A number of other sorts of printers are important for historical reasons, or for special purpose uses.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Printers can be connected to computers in many ways: directly by a dedicated data cable such as the USB, through a short-range radio like Bluetooth, a local area network using cables (such as the Ethernet) or radio (such as WiFi), or on a standalone basis without a computer, using a memory card or other portable data storage device.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: More than half of all printers sold at U.S. retail in 2010 were wireless-capable, but nearly three-quarters of consumers who have access to those printers weren't taking advantage of the increased access to print from multiple devices according to the new Wireless Printing Study.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Today, most printers accept one or more page description languages (PDLs). Laser printers with greater processing power frequently offer support for variants of Hewlett-Packard's Printer Command Language (PCL), PostScript or XML Paper Specification. Most inkjet devices support manufacturer proprietary PDLs such as ESC/P. The diversity in mobile platforms have led to various standardization efforts around device PDLs such as the Printer Working Group (PWG's) PWG Raster.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text) by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer. This allows better control over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many printer drivers do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of it.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: A monochrome printer can only produce monochrome images, with only shades of a single colour. Most printers can produce only two colors, black (ink) and white (no ink). With half-tonning techniques, however, such a printer can produce acceptable grey-scale images too

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: A colour printer can produce images of multiple colours. A photo printer is a colour printer that can produce images that mimic the colour range (gamut) and resolution of prints made from photographic film.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: The page yield is number of pages that can be printed from a toner cartridge or ink cartridge—before the cartridge needs to be refilled or replaced.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: For a fair comparison, many laser printer manufacturers use the ISO/IEC 19752 process to measure the toner cartridge yield.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: In order to fairly compare operating expenses of printers with a relatively small ink cartridge to printers with a larger, more expensive toner cartridge that typically holds more toner and so prints more pages before the cartridge needs to be replaced, many people prefer to estimate operating expenses in terms of cost per page (CPP).

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Retailers often apply the "razor and blades" model: a company may sell a printer at cost and make profits on the ink cartridge, paper, or some other replacement part. This has caused legal disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer to sell compatible ink cartridges. To protect their business model, several manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting it.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Printer (computing)

Context: Printer steganography is a type of steganography – "hiding data within data" – produced by color printers, including Brother, Canon, Dell, Epson, HP, IBM, Konica Minolta, Kyocera, Lanier, Lexmark, Ricoh, Toshiba and Xerox brand color laser printers, where tiny yellow dots are added to each page. The dots are barely visible and contain encoded printer serial numbers, as well as date and time stamps.

Question: পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটার প্রিন্টার কে আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন ?


Abjad numerals

Context: The Abjad numerals, also called Hisab al-Jummal (, ), are a decimal alphabetic numeral system/alphanumeric code, in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arabic-speaking world since before the eighth century when positional Arabic numerals were adopted. In modern Arabic, the word "" () means 'alphabet' in general.

Question: আরবি বর্ণমালার দ্বিতীয় বর্ণটি কী ?


Abjad numerals

Context: The Abjad order of the Arabic alphabet has two slightly different variants. The Abjad order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter "samekh / semkat" , yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. Loss of ' was compensated for by the split of ' into two independent Arabic letters, (') and ('), which moved up to take the place of "".

Question: আরবি বর্ণমালার দ্বিতীয় বর্ণটি কী ?


Abjad numerals

Context: Modern dictionaries and other reference books use the newer " () order, which partially groups letters together by similarity of shape:

Question: আরবি বর্ণমালার দ্বিতীয় বর্ণটি কী ?


Abjad numerals

Context: Before the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, the abjad as numbers were used for all mathematical purposes. In modern Arabic, they are primarily used for numbering outlines, items in lists, and points of information. Equivalent to English, "A.", "B.", and "C." (or, rarer, Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV), in Arabic, thus ", then ", then ", not the first three letters of the modern " order.

Question: আরবি বর্ণমালার দ্বিতীয় বর্ণটি কী ?


Abjad numerals

Context: The abjad numbers are also used to assign numerical values to Arabic words for purposes of numerology. The common Islamic phrase " ('In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most compassionate' – see Basmala) has a numeric value of 786 (from a letter-by-letter cumulative value of 2+60+40+1+30+30+5+1+30+200+8+40+50+1+30+200+8+10+40). The name Allāh by itself has the value 66 (1+30+30+5).

Question: আরবি বর্ণমালার দ্বিতীয় বর্ণটি কী ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: Madhusudan embraced Christianity at the Old Mission Church in spite of the objections of his parents and relatives on 9 February 1843. He did not take the name Michael until his marriage in 1848.

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: He had to leave Hindu College on account of being a convert. In 1844, he resumed his education at Bishop's College, where he stayed for three years.

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: In 1847, he moved to Madras (Chennai) due to family tensions and economic hardship, having been disinherited by his father. While in Madras, he stayed in the Black Town neighbourhood, and began working as an "usher" at the Madras Male Orphan Asylum. Four years later, in 1851, he became a Second Tutor in the Madras University High School. He edited and assisted in editing the periodicals "Madras Circulator and General Chronicle, Athenaeum, Spectator" and "Hindoo Chronicle."

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: A volume of his Bangla sonnets was published in 1866. His final play, "Maya Kannan", was written in 1872. "The Slaying of Hector", his prose version of the "Iliad" remains incomplete.

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: Madhusudan was a gifted linguist and polyglot. He studied English, Bengali, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit.

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: Michael Madhusudan Dutt dedicated his first sonnet to his friend Rajnarayan Basu, which he accompanied with a letter: "What say you to this, my good friend? In my humble opinion, if cultivated by men of genius, our sonnet in time would rival the Italian." His most famous sonnet is "Kapatakkha River".

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: When Dutta later stayed in Versailles, the sixth centenary of the Italian poet Dante Alighieri was being celebrated all over Europe. He composed a poem in honour of the poet, translated it into French and Italian, and sent it to the king of Italy. Victor Emmanuel II, then monarch, liked the poem and wrote to Dutt, saying, "It will be a ring which will connect the Orient with the Occident."

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: "Sharmistha" (spelt as "Sermista" in English) was Dutt's first attempt at blank verse in Bengali literature. Kaliprasanna Singha organised a felicitation ceremony to Madhusudan to mark the introduction of blank verse in Bengali poetry. His famous epic, quoted as the only epic of bengali-kind, Meghnadbad-Kabya is also totally written in blank verse.

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?


Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Context: Praising Dutt's blank verse, Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, observed: "As long as the Bengali race and Bengali literature would exist, the sweet lyre of Madhusudan would never cease playing." He added: "Ordinarily, reading of poetry causes a soporific effect, but the intoxicating vigour of Madhusudan's poems makes even a sick man sit up on his bed."

Question: মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্তের ছদ্মনাম কি ছিল ?