Guinness

Context: A study published in 2012 revealed that the effect is due to the particular shape of the glass coupled with the small bubble size found in stout beers. If the vessel widens with height, then bubbles will sink along the walls – this is the case for the standard pint glass. Conversely, in an anti-pint (i.e. if the vessel narrows with height) bubbles will rise along the walls.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: Guinness is frequently used as an ingredient in recipes, often to add a seemingly authentic Irish element to the menus of Irish-themed pubs in the United States, where it is stirred into everything from french toast to beef stew.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: A popular, authentic, Irish course featuring Guinness is the "Guinness and Steak Pie". The recipe includes many common Irish herbs, as well as beef brisket, cheeses, and a can of Guinness.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: Since the 1930s, in the face of falling sales, Guinness has had a long history of marketing campaigns, from television advertisements to beer mats and posters. Before then, Guinness had almost no advertising, instead allowing word of mouth to sell the product.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: Many of the best known Guinness television commercials of the 1970s and 1980s were created by British director, Len Fulford.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: In 1983, a conscious marketing decision was made to turn Guinness into a "cult" beer in the UK, amidst declining sales. The move halted the sales decline. "The Guardian" described the management of the brand:

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in the UK, there was a series of "darkly" humorous adverts, featuring actor Rutger Hauer, with the theme "Pure Genius", extolling its qualities in brewing and target market.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: From 1999 to 2006, the Michael Power advertising character was the cornerstone of a major marketing campaign to promote Guinness products in Africa. The character, played by Cleveland Mitchell, was portrayed to have been born in Jamaica and raised in Great Britain. By 2003, it became one of the best-known alcohol advertising campaigns in Africa. Jo Foster of the BBC referred to Power as "Africa's very own 'James Bond'".

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: Guinness won the 2001 Clio Award as the Advertiser of the Year, citing the work of five separate ad agencies around the world.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: In 2002, Guinness applied the Michael Power formula to Asia with the character Adam King. The campaign featured such tag lines as: "Everyday someone, somewhere achieves something new. Sometimes on a grand, dramatic scale. Sometimes on a more personal scale." As of 2004, Guinness ranked among the top three beer labels in Singapore and Malaysia, with a 20 per cent market share across Southeast Asia. Malaysia was the brand's third-largest market in the region and the sixth largest market worldwide.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: Two further advertisements in 2006 and early 2007, "Hands" and "St. Patrick's Hands", were created by animator Michael Schlingmann for Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO. They feature a pair of hands, animated in stop motion under a rostrum camera. "Hands" focuses on the 119.53 seconds it takes to pour a pint, and "St. Patrick's Hands is a spoof of "Riverdance", with the animated hands doing the dancing.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: In 2006, Diageo, owner of the Guinness brand, replaced the Michael Power campaign with the "Guinness Greatness" campaign, which they claim emphasises the "drop of greatness" in everyone, in contrast to the high-tension heroics of the Power character.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: Guinness' 2007 advertisement, directed by Nicolai Fuglsig and filmed in Argentina, is entitled "Tipping Point". It involves a large-scale domino chain reaction and, with a budget of £10 million, was the most expensive advertisement by the company at that point.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: The 2000s also saw a series of television advertisements, entitled "Brilliant!" in which two crudely animated Guinness brewmasters would discuss the beer, particularly the ability to drink it straight from the bottle. The two would almost always react to their discoveries with the catchphrase "Brilliant!", hence the campaign's title.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: In 2009, the "To Arthur" advertisement, which started with two friends realising the company's long history, hail each other by lifting up their glasses and saying: "to Arthur!". The hailing slowing spread throughout the bar to the streets outside, and finally around the world. The advertisement ends with the voiceover: "Join the worldwide celebration, of a man named Arthur".

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: This gave rise to the event now known as Arthur's Day. "Arthur's Day is a series of events and celebrations taking place around the world to celebrate the life and legacy of Arthur Guinness and the much-loved Guinness beer which Arthur brought to the world."

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: Guinness has a significant share of the African beer market, where it has been sold since 1827. About 40 per cent of worldwide total Guinness volume is brewed and sold in Africa, with Foreign Extra Stout the most popular variant. Three of the five Guinness-owned breweries worldwide are located in Africa. The Michael Power advertising campaign was a critical success for Guinness in Africa, running for nearly a decade before being replaced in 2006 with "Guinness Greatness".

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: The beer is brewed under licence internationally in several countries, including Nigeria, the Bahamas, Canada, Cameroon, Kenya, Uganda, South Korea, Namibia, and Indonesia. The unfermented but hopped Guinness wort extract is shipped from Dublin and blended with beer brewed locally.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: In 2017 Guinness teamed up with AB InBev to distribute Guinness in mainland China. China is the single biggest worldwide alcohol market, especially for imported craft beers like Guinness.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Guinness

Context: The "Guinness Book of Records" started as a Guinness marketing giveaway, based on an idea of its then Managing Director, Sir Hugh Beaver. Its holding company, Guinness World Records Ltd, was owned by Guinness plc, subsequently Diageo, until 2001.

Question: В какой стране было продано больше всего бутылок пива Гиннес в 2018 году?


Haemophilia in European royalty

Context: Alice (1843–1878), Victoria's third child, and wife of the future Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892), passed it on to at least three of her children: Irene, Friedrich, and Alix.

Question: Какую болезнь королева Виктория передала многим королевским домам Европы?


Haemophilia in European royalty

Context: Leopold (1853–1884), Victoria's eighth child, was the first member of the family to manifest haemophilia; he died at age 30 from bleeding after a minor fall, only two years after marrying Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922).

Question: Какую болезнь королева Виктория передала многим королевским домам Европы?


Haemophilia in European royalty

Context: He passed the gene on to his only daughter, as all of the daughters of a haemophiliac father would inherit the gene:

Question: Какую болезнь королева Виктория передала многим королевским домам Европы?


Haemophilia in European royalty

Context: Alice's younger son Prince Maurice of Teck died in infancy, so it is not known if he was a carrier of the gene. Her daughter Lady May Abel Smith (1906–1994), Leopold's granddaughter, has living descendants none of whom has been known to have or to transmit haemophilia.

Question: Какую болезнь королева Виктория передала многим королевским домам Европы?


Haemophilia in European royalty

Context: Leopold's posthumous son, Charles Edward (1884–1954), was unaffected, as a father cannot pass the gene to a son.

Question: Какую болезнь королева Виктория передала многим королевским домам Европы?


Haemophilia in European royalty

Context: Beatrice (1857–1944), Victoria's ninth and last child, and wife of Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858–1896) passed it on to at least two, if not three, of her four children:

Question: Какую болезнь королева Виктория передала многим королевским домам Европы?


Haemophilia in European royalty

Context: Queen Victoria died in 1901 and outlived her youngest son and a grandson, both of whom had the disease. The gene can be passed down the female line without a haemophiliac son being born, but as the family line continues and no haemophiliac sons are born, it becomes less likely that a certain ancestor had the gene and passed it on through the female line.

Question: Какую болезнь королева Виктория передала многим королевским домам Европы?


Vereinsthaler

Context: The Vereinsthaler (, "union thaler") was a standard silver coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years before German unification.

Question: Когда Сою́зный та́лер изъяли из обращения?


Vereinsthaler

Context: The Vereinsthaler was introduced in 1857 to replace the various versions of the North German thaler, many of which were already set at par with the Prussian thaler. While the earlier Prussian Thaler was slightly heavier at th a Cologne mark of fine silver (16.704 grams), the Vereinsthaler contained grams of silver, which was indicated on the coins as one thirtieth of a metric pound (Pfund, equal to 500 grams).

Question: Когда Сою́зный та́лер изъяли из обращения?


Vereinsthaler

Context: The Vereinsthaler was used as the base for several different currencies. In Prussia and several other northern German states, the Vereinsthaler was the standard unit of account, divided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Pfennig. See Prussian Vereinsthaler.

Question: Когда Сою́зный та́лер изъяли из обращения?


Vereinsthaler

Context: In Saxony, the Neugroschen was equal to the Prussian Silbergroschen but was divided into 10 Pfennig. See Saxon Vereinsthaler. Some other north German states, such as Hanover, used the name Groschen rather than Silbergroschen for a coin of 12 Pfennig (see Hanoverian Vereinsthaler), while the Mecklenburg states and Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) used entirely distinct subdivisions; see Mecklenburg Vereinsthaler and Hesse-Kassel Vereinsthaler.

Question: Когда Сою́зный та́лер изъяли из обращения?


Vereinsthaler

Context: In southern Germany, states including Bavaria used the South German gulden as the standard unit of account, with Gulden = 1 Vereinsthaler. The Gulden was divided into 60 Kreuzer, each of 4 Pfennig or 8 Heller. These states issued "Vereinsmünze" (union coinage) worth 1 and 2 Vereinsthaler, or 1 and 3 gulden. See Bavarian Gulden, Baden Gulden, Württemberg Gulden.

Question: Когда Сою́зный та́лер изъяли из обращения?


Vereinsthaler

Context: In the Austrian Empire (and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire), a different Gulden (also known as the Florin or, in Hungarian, Forint) was the unit of account, with Gulden = 1 Vereinsthaler. The Gulden was divided into 100 Kreuzer.

Question: Когда Сою́зный та́лер изъяли из обращения?


Vereinsthaler

Context: Following German unification in 1871, the Goldmark was introduced in 1873 at a rate of 3 mark = 1 Vereinsthaler. Consequently, the new 10 pfennig coins were equivalent to the old Groschen of northern Germany and this became a nickname for the denomination.

Question: Когда Сою́зный та́лер изъяли из обращения?


Karl von Hegel

Context: During the 1870s, he participated in the controversy about the authenticity of the Florentine chronicle of Dino Compagni. Paul Scheffer-Boichorst was his antagonist. Hegel argued for the authenticity of this chronicle, and was right.

Question: Сколько наград получил Гегель?


Karl von Hegel

Context: Hegel published until he was very old. In 1891, he published "Cities and Guilds of the Germanic peoples in the Middle Ages". This representation was a standard work with good international reviews and reputation (for example: "Friedrich Keutgen: Städte und Gilden der Germanischen Völker im Mittelalter. In: The English Historical Review 8 (1893), pp. 120-127."). In 1898, his last monograph was published, "The Origin of the German town life". Hegel received numerous awards for his research.

Question: Сколько наград получил Гегель?


Karl von Hegel

Context: In 1900, he published his memoirs. He died on 5 December 1901, in Erlangen. In 1901, the dean of the philosophic faculty of the university of Erlangen Richard Fester honored him in his funeral eulogy about Karl Hegel as "Städtehegel". His scientific estate is located largely in the Manuscript Department of the University Library of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Karl Hegel remained known less well than his father. His scientific work can be described by the formula "fame without posthumous fame".

Question: Сколько наград получил Гегель?


Karl von Hegel

Context: A list of publications can be found in Marion Kreis, " Karl Hegel. Historical Scientific Importance and history of science location. " Göttingen 2012, p 354–359.

Question: Сколько наград получил Гегель?


Light-emitting diode

Context: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In 1936, Georges Destriau observed that electroluminescence could be produced when zinc sulphide (ZnS) powder is suspended in an insulator and an alternating electrical field is applied to it. In his publications, Destriau often referred to luminescence as Losev-Light. Destriau worked in the laboratories of Madame Marie Curie, also an early pioneer in the field of luminescence with research on radium.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Hungarian Zoltán Bay together with György Szigeti pre-empted LED lighting in Hungary in 1939 by patenting a lighting device based on SiC, with an option on boron carbide, that emitted white, yellowish white, or greenish white depending on impurities present.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo, and Edward Jamgochian explained these first LEDs in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of a battery or a pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide (GaSb), GaAs, indium phosphide (InP), and silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys at room temperature and at 77 kelvins.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The first commercial visible-wavelength LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as calculators, TVs, radios, telephones, as well as watches (see list of signal uses).

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In the 1970s, commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process (developed by Jean Hoerni, ). The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions. LED producers continue to use these methods.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The early red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In August 1989, Cree introduced the first commercially available blue LED based on the indirect bandgap semiconductor, silicon carbide (SiC). SiC LEDs had very low efficiency, no more than about 0.03%, but did emit in the blue portion of the visible light spectrum.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Theodore Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process in 1991.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Two years later, in 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a gallium nitride growth process. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano of Nagoya University were working on developing the important GaN deposition on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. This new development revolutionized LED lighting, making high-power blue light sources practical, leading to the development of technologies like Blu-ray.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED. In 2015, a US court ruled that three companies had infringed Moustakas's prior patent, and ordered them to pay licensing fees of not less than US$13 million.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a "transparent contact" LED using indium tin oxide (ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs).

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: GaN-on-Si is desirable since it takes advantage of existing semiconductor manufacturing infrastructure; however, it is difficult to achieve. It also allows for the wafer-level packaging of LED dies resulting in extremely small LED packages.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: GaN is often deposited using Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy (MOCVD), and it also utilizes Lift-off.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The first white LEDs were expensive and inefficient. However, the light output of LEDs has increased exponentially. The latest research and development has been propagated by Japanese manufacturers such as Panasonic, and Nichia, and by Korean and Chinese manufacturers such as Samsung, Solstice, Kingsun, Hoyol and others. This trend in increased output has been called Haitz's law after Roland Haitz.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Light output and efficiency of blue and near-ultraviolet LEDs rose and the cost of reliable devices fell. This led to relatively high-power white-light LEDs for illumination, which are replacing incandescent and fluorescent lighting.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Experimental white LEDs were demonstrated in 2014 to produce 303 lumens per watt of electricity (lm/W); some can last up to 100,000 hours. However, commercially available LEDs have an efficiency of up to 223 lm/W as of 2018. A previous record of 135 lm/W was achieved by Nichia in 2010. Compared to incandescent bulbs, this is a huge increase in electrical efficiency, and even though LEDs are more expensive to purchase, overall lifetime cost is significantly cheaper than that of incandescent bulbs.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Some "remote phosphor" LED light bulbs use a single plastic cover with YAG phosphor for several blue LEDs, instead of using phosphor coatings on single-chip white LEDs.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The temperature of the phosphor during operation and how it is applied limits the size of an LED die. Wafer-level packaged white LEDs allow for extremely small LEDs.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In a light emitting diode, the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor produces light (be it infrared, visible or UV), a process called "electroluminescence". The wavelength of the light depends on the energy band gap of the semiconductors used. Since these materials have a high index of refraction, design features of the devices such as special optical coatings and die shape are required to efficiently emit light.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither spectrally coherent nor even highly monochromatic. However, its spectrum is sufficiently narrow that it appears to the human eye as a pure (saturated) color. Also unlike most lasers, its radiation is not spatially coherent, so it cannot approach the very high intensity characteristic of lasers.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: By selection of different semiconductor materials, single-color LEDs can be made that emit light in a narrow band of wavelengths from near-infrared through the visible spectrum and into the ultraviolet range. As the wavelengths become shorter, because of the larger band gap of these semiconductors, the operating voltage of the LED increases.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Blue LEDs have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to amber.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: UV-C wavelengths were obtained in laboratories using aluminium nitride (210 nm), boron nitride (215 nm) and diamond (235 nm).

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: One of the challenges is the development of more efficient green LEDs. The theoretical maximum for green LEDs is 683 lumens per watt but as of 2010 few green LEDs exceed even 100 lumens per watt. The blue and red LEDs approach their theoretical limits.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Multicolor LEDs also offer a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. However, this type of LED's emission power decays exponentially with rising temperature,

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: resulting in a substantial change in color stability. Such problems inhibit industrial use. Multicolor LEDs without phosphors cannot provide good color rendering because each LED is a narrowband source. LEDs without phosphor, while a poorer solution for general lighting, are the best solution for displays, either backlight of LCD, or direct LED based pixels.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Dimming a multicolor LED source to match the characteristics of incandescent lamps is difficult because manufacturing variations, age, and temperature change the actual color value output. To emulate the appearance of dimming incandescent lamps may require a feedback system with color sensor to actively monitor and control the color.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Some phosphor-based white LEDs encapsulate InGaN blue LEDs inside phosphor-coated epoxy. Alternatively, the LED might be paired with a remote phosphor, a preformed polycarbonate piece coated with the phosphor material. Remote phosphors provide more diffuse light, which is desirable for many applications. Remote phosphor designs are also more tolerant of variations in the LED emissions spectrum. A common yellow phosphor material is cerium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Ce3+:YAG).

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Another method used to produce experimental white light LEDs used no phosphors at all and was based on homoepitaxially grown zinc selenide (ZnSe) on a ZnSe substrate that simultaneously emitted blue light from its active region and yellow light from the substrate.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), the electroluminescent material composing the emissive layer of the diode is an organic compound. The organic material is electrically conductive due to the delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over all or part of the molecule, and the material therefore functions as an organic semiconductor. The organic materials can be small organic molecules in a crystalline phase, or polymers.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The potential advantages of OLEDs include thin, low-cost displays with a low driving voltage, wide viewing angle, and high contrast and color gamut. Polymer LEDs have the added benefit of printable and flexible displays. OLEDs have been used to make visual displays for portable electronic devices such as cellphones, digital cameras, lighting and televisions.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: These are mostly single-die LEDs used as indicators, and they come in various sizes from 2 mm to 8 mm, through-hole and surface mount packages. Typical current ratings range from around 1 mA to above 20 mA. Multiple LED dies attached to a flexible backing tape form an LED strip light.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Common package shapes include round, with a domed or flat top, rectangular with a flat top (as used in bar-graph displays), and triangular or square with a flat top. The encapsulation may also be clear or tinted to improve contrast and viewing angle. Infrared devices may have a black tint to block visible light while passing infrared radiation.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: 5 V and 12 V LEDs are ordinary miniature LEDs that have a series resistor for direct connection to a 5V or 12V supply.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Some well-known HP-LEDs in this category are the Nichia 19 series, Lumileds Rebel Led, Osram Opto Semiconductors Golden Dragon, and Cree X-lamp. As of September 2009, some HP-LEDs manufactured by Cree now exceed 105 lm/W.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Examples for Haitz's law—which predicts an exponential rise in light output and efficacy of LEDs over time—are the CREE XP-G series LED, which achieved 105lm/W in 2009 and the Nichia 19 series with a typical efficacy of 140lm/W, released in 2010.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Tri-color LEDs contain three different LED emitters in one case. Each emitter is connected to a separate lead so they can be controlled independently. A four-lead arrangement is typical with one common lead (anode or cathode) and an additional lead for each color. Others, however, have only two leads (positive and negative) and have a built-in electronic controller.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: RGB LEDs consist of one red, one green, and one blue LED. By independently adjusting each of the three, RGB LEDs are capable of producing a wide color gamut. Unlike dedicated-color LEDs, however, these do not produce pure wavelengths. Modules may not be optimized for smooth color mixing.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Decorative-multicolor LEDs incorporate several emitters of different colors supplied by only two lead-out wires. Colors are switched internally by varying the supply voltage.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Alphanumeric LEDs are available in seven-segment, starburst, and dot-matrix format. Seven-segment displays handle all numbers and a limited set of letters. Starburst displays can display all letters. Dot-matrix displays typically use 5×7 pixels per character. Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970s and 1980s, but rising use of liquid crystal displays, with their lower power needs and greater display flexibility, has reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Surface-mounted LEDs are frequently produced in chip on board (COB) arrays, allowing better heat dissipation than with a single LED of comparable luminous output. The LEDs can be arranged around a cylinder, and are called "corn cob lights" because of the rows of yellow LEDs.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Unlike a traditional incandescent lamp, an LED will light only when voltage is applied in the forward direction of the diode. No current flows and no light is emitted if voltage is applied in the reverse direction. If the reverse voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage, a large current flows and the LED will be damaged. If the reverse current is sufficiently limited to avoid damage, the reverse-conducting LED is a useful noise diode.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps, in that they do not contain mercury, they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In 2016 the American Medical Association (AMA) issued a statement concerning the possible adverse influence of blueish street lighting on the sleep-wake cycle of city-dwellers. Industry critics claim exposure levels are not high enough to have a noticeable effect.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The low energy consumption, low maintenance and small size of LEDs has led to uses as status indicators and displays on a variety of equipment and installations. Large-area LED displays are used as stadium displays, dynamic decorative displays, and dynamic message signs on freeways. Thin, lightweight message displays are used at airports and railway stations, and as destination displays for trains, buses, trams, and ferries.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights, and LED-based Christmas lights

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Due to the relative cheapness of low output LEDs, they are also used in many temporary uses such as glowsticks, throwies, and the photonic textile Lumalive. Artists have also used LEDs for LED art.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: With the development of high-efficiency and high-power LEDs, it has become possible to use LEDs in lighting and illumination. To encourage the shift to LED lamps and other high-efficiency lighting, in 2008 the US Department of Energy created the L Prize competition. The Philips Lighting North America LED bulb won the first competition on August 3, 2011, after successfully completing 18 months of intensive field, lab, and product testing.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The mechanical robustness and long lifetime are used in automotive lighting on cars, motorcycles, and bicycle lights. LED street lights are employed on poles and in parking garages. In 2007, the Italian village of Torraca was the first place to convert its street lighting to LEDs.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Cabin lighting on recent Airbus and Boeing jetliners uses LED lighting. LEDs are also being used in airport and heliport lighting. LED airport fixtures currently include medium-intensity runway lights, runway centerline lights, taxiway centerline and edge lights, guidance signs, and obstruction lighting.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: LEDs are also used as a light source for DLP projectors, and to backlight LCD televisions (referred to as LED TVs) and laptop displays. RGB LEDs raise the color gamut by as much as 45%. Screens for TV and computer displays can be made thinner using LEDs for backlighting.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: LEDs are small, durable and need little power, so they are used in handheld devices such as flashlights. LED strobe lights or camera flashes operate at a safe, low voltage, instead of the 250+ volts commonly found in xenon flashlamp-based lighting. This is especially useful in cameras on mobile phones, where space is at a premium and bulky voltage-raising circuitry is undesirable.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: LEDs are used for infrared illumination in night vision uses including security cameras. A ring of LEDs around a video camera, aimed forward into a retroreflective background, allows chroma keying in video productions.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: LEDs are used in mining operations, as cap lamps to provide light for miners. Research has been done to improve LEDs for mining, to reduce glare and to increase illumination, reducing risk of injury to the miners.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: LEDs are increasingly finding uses in medical and educational applications, for example as mood enhancement. NASA has even sponsored research for the use of LEDs to promote health for astronauts.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Light can be used to transmit data and analog signals. For example, lighting white LEDs can be used in systems assisting people to navigate in closed spaces while searching necessary rooms or objects.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes (as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable, from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone. For some time, computers were commonly equipped with IrDA interfaces, which allowed them to send and receive data to nearby machines via infrared.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Because LEDs can cycle on and off millions of times per second, very high data bandwidth can be achieved. For that reason, Visible Light Communication (VLC) has been proposed as an alternative to the increasingly competitive radio bandwidth. By operating in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, data can be transmitted without occupying the frequencies of radio communications.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The main characteristic of VLC, lies on the incapacity of light to surpass physical opaque barriers. This characteristic can be considered a weak point of VLC, due to the susceptibility of interference from physical objects, but is also one of its many strengths: unlike radio waves, light waves are confined in the enclosed spaces they are transmitted, which enforces a physical safety barrier that requires a receptor of that signal to have physical access to the place where the transmission is occurring.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Other applications for VLC involve communication between appliances of a smart home or office. With increasing IoT-capable devices, connectivity through traditional radio waves might be subjected to interference. However, light bulbs with VLC capabilities would be able to transmit data and commands for such devices.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Barcode scanners are the most common example of machine vision applications, and many of those scanners use red LEDs instead of lasers. Optical computer mice use LEDs as a light source for the miniature camera within the mouse.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: LEDs are useful for machine vision because they provide a compact, reliable source of light. LED lamps can be turned on and off to suit the needs of the vision system, and the shape of the beam produced can be tailored to match the system's requirements.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Additionally, TAC-BIO can reliably discriminate between threat and non-threat aerosols. It was claimed to be sensitive enough to detect low concentrations, but not so sensitive that it would cause false positives. The particle counting algorithm used in the device converted raw data into information by counting the photon pulses per unit of time from the fluorescence and scattering detectors, and comparing the value to a set threshold.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The original TAC-BIO was introduced in 2010, while the second generation TAC-BIO GEN II, was designed in 2015 to be more cost efficient as plastic parts were used. Its small, light-weight design allows it to be mounted to vehicles, robots, and unmanned aerial vehicles. The second generation device could also be utilized as an environmental detector to monitor air quality in hospitals, airplanes, or even in households to detect fungus and mold.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Since LEDs can also be used as photodiodes, they can be used for both photo emission and detection. This could be used, for example, in a touchscreen that registers reflected light from a finger or stylus. Many materials and biological systems are sensitive to, or dependent on, light. Grow lights use LEDs to increase photosynthesis in plants, and bacteria and viruses can be removed from water and other substances using UV LEDs for sterilization.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: Deep UV LEDs, with a spectra range 247 nm to 386 nm, have other applications, such as water/air purification, surface disinfection, epoxy curing, free-space nonline-of-sight communication, high performance liquid chromatography, UV curing and printing, phototherapy, medical/ analytical instrumentation, and DNA absorption.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The progressive miniaturization of low-voltage lighting technology, such as LEDs and OLEDs, suitable to incorporate into low-thickness materials has fostered experimentation in combining light sources and wall covering surfaces for interior walls in the form of LED wallpaper.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: LEDs require optimized efficiency to hinge on ongoing improvements such as phosphor materials and quantum dots.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: The process of down-conversion (the method by which materials convert more-energetic photons to different, less energetic colors) also needs improvement. For example, the red phosphors that are used today are thermally sensitive and need to be improved in that aspect so that they do not color shift and experience efficiency drop-off with temperature. Red phosphors could also benefit from a narrower spectral width to emit more lumens and becoming more efficient at converting photons.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In addition, work remains to be done in the realms of current efficiency droop, color shift, system reliability, light distribution, dimming, thermal management, and power supply performance.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Light-emitting diode

Context: In 2018, Cao et al. and Lin et al. independently published two papers on developing perovskite LEDs with EQE greater than 20%, which made these two papers a mile-stone in PLED development. Their device have similar planar structure, i.e. the active layer (perovskite) is sandwiched between two electrodes. To achieve a high EQE, they not only reduced non-radiative recombination, but also utilized their own, subtly different methods to improve the EQE.

Question: Когда в России впервые начали массово выпускать светодиоды?


Bill Gates

Context: Early in his life, Gates observed that his parents wanted him to pursue a law career. When he was young, his family regularly attended a church of the Congregational Christian Churches, a Protestant Reformed denomination. Gates was small for his age and was bullied as a child. The family encouraged competition; one visitor reported that "it didn't matter whether it was hearts or pickleball or swimming to the dock; there was always a reward for winning and there was always a penalty for losing".

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: The four students formed the Lakeside Programmers Club to make money. At the end of the ban, they offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for extra computer time. Rather than using the system remotely via Teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including Fortran, Lisp, and machine language. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970 when the company went out of business.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: The following year, a Lakeside teacher enlisted Gates and Evans to automate the school's class-scheduling system, providing them computer time and royalties in return. The duo worked diligently in order to have the program ready for their senior year. Towards the end of their junior year, Evans was killed in a mountain climbing accident, which Gates has described as one of the saddest days of his life. Gates then turned to Allen who helped him finish the system for Lakeside.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates devised an algorithm for pancake sorting as a solution to one of a series of unsolved problems presented in a combinatorics class by professor Harry Lewis. His solution held the record as the fastest version for over 30 years, and its successor is faster by only 2%. His solution was formalized and published in collaboration with Harvard computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates said he personally reviewed and often rewrote every line of code that the company produced in its first five years. As the company grew, he transitioned into a manager role, then an executive.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: DONKEY.BAS, is a computer game written in 1981 and included with early versions of the PC DOS operating system distributed with the original IBM PC. It is a driving game in which the player must avoid hitting donkeys. The game was written by Gates and Neil Konzen.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: In the early 1980s, while business partner Paul Allen was undergoing treatments for cancer, Gates — according to Allen — conspired to reduce Allen's share in Microsoft by issuing himself stock options. In his autobiography, Allen would later recall that Gates was "scheming to rip me off. It was mercenary opportunism plain and simple". Gates says he remembers the episode differently. Allen would also recall that Gates was prone to shouting episodes.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: On June 15, 2006, Gates announced that he would transition out of his role at Microsoft to dedicate more time to philanthropy. He gradually divided his responsibilities between two successors when he placed Ray Ozzie in charge of management and Craig Mundie in charge of long-term product strategy. The process took two years to fully transfer his duties to Ozzie and Mundie, and was completed on June 27, 2008.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates later said that he had simply resisted attempts by Boies to mischaracterize his words and actions. "Did I fence with Boies? ... I plead guilty ... rudeness to Boies in the first degree." Despite Gates's denials, the judge ruled that Microsoft had committed monopolization, tying and blocking competition, each in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Since leaving day-to-day operations at Microsoft, Gates has continued his philanthropy and works on other projects.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Gates was the world's highest-earning billionaire in 2013, as his net worth increased by US$15.8 billion to US$78.5 billion. , most of Gates's assets are held in Cascade Investment LLC, an entity through which he owns stakes in numerous businesses, including Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, and Corbis Corp. On February 4, 2014, Gates stepped down as chairman of Microsoft to become "technology advisor" at the firm, alongside CEO Satya Nadella.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates has expressed concern about the potential harms of superintelligence; in a Reddit "ask me anything", he stated that:

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: On March 13, 2020, Microsoft announced Gates would be leaving his board positions at Berkshire Hathaway and Microsoft to dedicate his efforts in philanthropic endeavors such as climate change, global health and development, and education.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates has a multi-billion dollar investment portfolio with stake in various sectors and has participated in several entrepreneurial ventures beyond Microsoft, including:

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: In June 2021, Gates's company TerraPower and Warren Buffett's PacifiCorp announced the first sodium nuclear reactor in Wyoming. Wyoming Governor Mike Gordon hailed the project as a step toward carbon-negative nuclear power. Wyoming Senator John Barrasso also said that it could boost the state's once-active uranium mining industry.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: In 1998, Gates rejected the need for regulation of the software industry in testimony before the United States Senate. During the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) investigation of Microsoft in the 1990s, Gates was reportedly upset at Commissioner Dennis Yao for "float[ing] a line of hypothetical questions suggesting possible curbs on Microsoft's growing monopoly power". According to one source:

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Bill Gates is opposed to the TRIPS waiver. Bloomberg News reported him as saying he argued that Oxford University should not give away the rights to its COVID-19 information, as it had announced, but instead sell it to a single industry partner, as it did. His views on the value of legal monopolies in medicine have been linked to his views on legal monopolies in software.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Bill Gates is critical of Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. According to Gates, cryptocurrencies provide no "valuable output", contribute nothing to society, and pose a danger especially for smaller investors who couldn't survive the potentially high losses. Gates also doesn't own any cryptocurrencies himself.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates delivered his thoughts in a fireside chat moderated by journalist and news anchor Shereen Bhan virtually at the Singapore FinTech Festival on December 8, 2020, on the topic, "Building Infrastructure for Resilience: What the COVID-19 Response Can Teach Us About How to Scale Financial Inclusion".

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates favours the normalization of COVID-19 masks. In a November 2020 interview, he said: "What are these, like, nudists? I mean, you know, we ask you to wear pants, and no American says, or very few Americans say, that that's, like, some terrible thing."

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates has also provided personal donations to educational institutions. In 1999, Gates donated $20 million to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the construction of a computer laboratory named the "William H. Gates Building" that was designed by architect Frank Gehry. While Microsoft had previously given financial support to the institution, this was the first personal donation received from Gates.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates is an avid reader, and the ceiling of his large home library is engraved with a quotation from "The Great Gatsby". He also enjoys bridge, tennis and golf. His days are planned for him on a minute-by-minute basis, similarly to the U.S. president's schedule. Despite his wealth and extensive business travel, Gates flew coach (economy class) in commercial aircraft until 1997, when he bought a private jet.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates purchased the Codex Leicester, a collection of scientific writings by Leonardo da Vinci, for US$30.8 million at an auction in 1994. In 1998, he reportedly paid $30 million for the original 1885 maritime painting "Lost on the Grand Banks", at the time a record price for an American painting.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: On May 10, 2022, Gates said that he tested positive for COVID-19 and was experiencing mild symptoms. Gates has received three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: A "New York Times" article reported that Gates's relationship with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein started in 2011, just a few years after Epstein's conviction, and continued for some years, including a visit to Epstein's house with Melinda in the fall of 2013, despite her declared discomfort. Gates said in 2011 about Epstein: "His lifestyle is very different and kind of intriguing although it would not work for me".

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: The depth of the friendship between Gates and Epstein is unclear. Gates generally commented about his relationship with Epstein that "I met him. I didn't have any business relationship or friendship with him". However, Gates visited Epstein "many times, despite [Epstein's] past".

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Investigative journalist Tim Schwab has accused Gates of using his contributions to the media to shape their coverage of him in order to protect his public image.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: By 2017, Gates had held the top spot on the list of "The World's Billionaires" for 18 out of the previous 23 years. Gates has several investments outside Microsoft, which in 2006 paid him a salary of US$616,667 and US$350,000 bonus totalling US$966,667. In 1989, he founded Corbis, a digital imaging company. In 2004, he became a director of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by long-time friend Warren Buffett.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: In 1987, Gates was listed as a billionaire in "Forbes" magazine's 400 Richest People in America issue, worth $1.25 billion at the time, and was the world's youngest self-made billionaire. Since 1987, Gates has been included in the "Forbes" The World's Billionaires list and was the wealthiest person from 1995 to 1996, 1998 to 2007, 2009, and held the spot until 2018 before being overtaken by Jeff Bezos. Gates was number one on the Forbes 400 list from 1993 through to 2007, 2009, and 2014 through 2017.

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Bill Gates

Context: Gates made a guest appearance as himself on the TV show "The Big Bang Theory". The episode on which he appeared was appropriately titled "The Gates Excitation". He also appeared in a cameo role in 2019 on the series finale of "Silicon Valley". Gates guest starred as himself in "The Simpsons" episode "Das Bus".

Question: Сколько денег пожертвовал на благотворительность Федерер в 2018 году?


Trade unions in the Soviet Union

Context: Trade unions in the Soviet Union, headed by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (VTsSPS or ACCTU in English), had a complex relationship with industrial management, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet government, given that the Soviet Union was ideologically supposed to be a state in which the members of the working class ruled the country and managed themselves.

Question: Когда появился первый профсоюз в России?


Trade unions in the Soviet Union

Context: By the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the trade union system consisted of thirty unions organized by occupational branch. Including about 732,000 locals and 135 million members in 1984, unions encompassed almost all Soviet employees with the exception of some 4 to 5 million kolkhozniks. The All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions served as an umbrella organization for the thirty branch unions and was by far the largest public organization in the Soviet Union.

Question: Когда появился первый профсоюз в России?


Trade unions in the Soviet Union

Context: Like the Communist Party, the trade unions operated on the principle of democratic centralism, and they consisted of hierarchies of elected bodies from the central governing level down to the factory and local committees.

Question: Когда появился первый профсоюз в России?


Trade unions in the Soviet Union

Context: During Lenin's rule, a resolution entitled "About Party Unity" had dissolved and banned any factions within the Party under the pretext that intra-Party discussions distract from "solving actual practical problems". This resolution radically shifted the balance in the notion "democratic centralism" from "democratic" to "centralism" and helped lay the groundwork for Joseph Stalin's future centrally planned economic policies.

Question: Когда появился первый профсоюз в России?


Trade unions in the Soviet Union

Context: Union membership influenced union operations only at the local level, where an average of 60% of a union's central committee members were rank-and-file workers.

Question: Когда появился первый профсоюз в России?


Trade unions in the Soviet Union

Context: The security organs (e.g., OGPU, NKVD, NKGB, MGB, KGB) often used VTsSPS job titles and duties as non-official cover for their officers visiting other countries or escorting foreign visitors on (carefully staged) tours of the USSR and its enterprises. This police cover aspect continued throughout the life span of the USSR.

Question: Когда появился первый профсоюз в России?


Television in India

Context: The television industry in India is very diverse and produces thousands of programs in many of the Indian languages. More than half of all Indian households own a television. As of 2016, the country had over 857 channels of which 184 were pay channels. The Hindi, Telugu and Tamil language television industries are by far the largest television industries in India.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: In January 1950, "The Indian Express" reported that a television was put up for demonstration at an exhibition in the Teynampet locality of Madras (now Chennai) by B. Sivakumaran, a student of electrical engineering. A letter was scanned and its image displayed on a cathode ray tube screen. The report said that "It may be this is not the whole of television but it is certainly the most significant link in the system" and added that the demonstration of the sort could be the "first in India".

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: The first TV transmitter of India was installed in the Electronics and Telecommunications engineering department of the Government Engineering College, Jabalpur, on 24 October 1951.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: The transponders of the American satellites PAS 1 and PAS-4 helped in the transmission and telecast of DD. An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programs for 19 hours a day to foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe, Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: The central government (Congress Govt) launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations. Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and private domestic channels such as Zee TV, ETV, Sun TV and

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: Asianet started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, television in India had covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: There are at least five basic types of television in India: broadcast or "over-the-air" television, unencrypted satellite or "free-to-air", Direct-to-Home (DTH), cable television, IPTV and OTT.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: Over-the-air and free-to-air TV is free with no monthly payments while Cable, DTH, and IPTV requires a subscription that varies depending on how many channels a subscriber chooses to pay for and how much the provider is charging for the packages. Channels are usually sold in groups or a la carte. All television service providers are required by law to provide a la carte selection of channels.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: India is the second largest pay-tv market in the world in terms of subscribers after China and has more than doubled from 32% in 2001 to 66% in 2018.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: In India, the broadcast of free-to-air television is governed through state-owned Prasar Bharati Corporation, with the Doordarshan group of channels being the only broadcaster. As such, cable television is the primary source of TV programming in India. Private channels were started in about 1992.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: Currently the major four cable general entertainment channels (GECs) that dominate the TRP rivalry are StarPlus, Sony Entertainment Television, Sab TV, Colors TV and Zee TV.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: CAS or conditional access system, is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set-top box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: The idea of CAS was mooted in 2001, due to a furore over charge hikes by channels and subsequently by cable operators. Poor reception of certain channels; arbitrary pricing and increase in prices; bundling of channels; poor service delivery by Cable Television Operators (CTOs); monopolies in each area; lack of regulatory framework and redress avenues were some of the issues that were to be addressed by implementation of CAS

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: A similar petition, filed by a local cable operator (LCO), to extend the deadline in Mumbai was rejected by the Bombay High Court on 31 October 2012.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: In the second phase, 38 cities in 15 states had to digitise by 31 March 2013. Of the 38, Maharashtra has 9 cities, Uttar Pradesh has 7 and Gujarat has 5.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: As of 2016, over 1600 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, Disney India owned STAR TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asianet. Direct To Home service is provided by Airtel Digital TV, DD Free Dish, DishTV, Sun Direct, Tata Play and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS 6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programs with a personal dish in an individual home. As of December 2012, India had roughly 54 million DTH subscribers.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: DTH does not compete with CAS. Cable TV and DTH are two methods of delivery of television content. CAS is integral to both the systems in delivering pay channels.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, the need to measure viewership in this space is more than ever; aMap, the overnight ratings agency, has mounted a peoplemeter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes in India.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: There are IPTV Platforms available for Subscription in India in the main cities as Broadband Internet in many parts of the country, they are

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: Indian soap opera is by far the most common genre on Indian television. Fiction shows (including thriller dramas and sitcoms) are extremely popular among Indian audiences. There are thousands of television programs in India, all ranging in length, air time, genre and language.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: Television metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented, consolidated and then fragmented again. One key difference in Indian culture is that families traditionally limit themselves to owning only one screen.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART (Doordarshan Audience Research Team) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India. DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART is one of the rating system that measures audience metrics in Rural India.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG (Operations Research Group - Multiple Action Research Group) introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement). Ex-officials of DD (Doordarshan) claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by AC Nielsen) as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics. Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programs.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data. This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM. For several years after this, in spite of misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the de facto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: In 2004, a rival ratings service funded by American NRI investors, called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited (aMap) was launched. Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAM monopoly was broken.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: What differentiates [[Audience Measurement and Analytics Ltd. (aMap)|aMap]] is that its ratings are available within one day as compared to TAM's timeline of one week.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]] (BARC) India is an industry body set up to design, commission, supervise and own an accurate, reliable and timely television audience measurement system for India. It currently measures TV Viewing habits of 183 million TV households in the country, using 30,000 sample panel homes. This will go up to 50,000 in the next couple of years, as mandated by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]] (MIB).

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: As per [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC India]]'s Broadcast India (BI) 2018 Survey released in July 2018, based on a sample of 3 lakh homes in the country, TV homes in the country have seen a 7.5% jump, outpacing the growth of homes in India which grew at 4.5%. India currently boasts of 298 million homes, of which 197 million have a TV set, having an opportunity of almost 100mn more TV homes in the country.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: Guided by the recommendations of the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|TRAI]] ([[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]) and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|MIB]] notifications of January 2014, BARC India brings together the three key stakeholders in television audience measurement – broadcasters, advertisers, and advertising and media agencies, via their apex bodies.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Television in India

Context: BARC India is committed towards establishing a robust, transparent and accountable governance framework for providing data points that are required to plan media spends more effectively.

Question: Как называется первый индийский сериал?


Opera in German

Context: Opera in German is that of the German-speaking countries, which include Germany, Austria, and the historic German states that pre-date those countries.

Question: Кто считается основателем немецкой оперы?


Opera in German

Context: As the names of Mozart, Weber, Wagner, Richard Strauss and Berg indicate, Germany and Austria have one of the strongest operatic traditions in European culture. This is also evidenced by the large number of opera houses, particularly in Germany where almost every major city has its own theatre for staging such works, as well as internationally renowned operatic events such as the Salzburg Festival.

Question: Кто считается основателем немецкой оперы?


Opera in German

Context: Other early opera houses in Germany included the Oper am Brühl in Leipzig and the Opernhaus vorm Salztor in Naumburg in 1701. Both played during the trade fairs in the towns, presenting both German and Italian opera, and a combination of both. While the house in Leipzig was financed by the town of Leipzig, the house in Naumburg was initiated and supported by the ruler, Moritz Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz, but offered public performances.

Question: Кто считается основателем немецкой оперы?


Opera in German

Context: Other composers of the era who tried their hand at opera include Hugo Wolf ("Der Corregidor", 1896) and Wagner's own son Siegfried.

Question: Кто считается основателем немецкой оперы?


Opera in German

Context: The two operas of Schoenberg's pupil Alban Berg, "Wozzeck" and "Lulu" (left incomplete at his death) share many of the same characteristics described above, though Berg combined his highly personal interpretation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique with melodic passages of a more traditionally tonal nature (quite Mahlerian in character). This perhaps partially explains why his operas have remained in standard repertory, despite their controversial music and plots.

Question: Кто считается основателем немецкой оперы?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: When creating the series, Mashima was influenced by Akira Toriyama, J.R.R. Tolkien and Yudetamago and based the guild on a local bar. He also used people as references in designing other characters. The characters have been well-received overall.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: When Hiro Mashima was creating "Fairy Tail", he cited Akira Toriyama, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Yudetamago as influences on his work. He based the titular guild on a local bar he was visiting at the time. He based Natsu Dragneel on his early years as a junior high school student. Natsu's motion sickness is based on one of his friends, who gets sick when they take taxis together. He has said that his father's death influenced the relationship between Natsu and the dragon Igneel.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: The character is named after Eru from Mashima's one-shot manga "Fairy Tale", which served as a pilot for "Fairy Tail". Mashima initially designed her to only shed tears from one eye due to a defect with her artificial eye, but he eventually abandoned this aspect after accidentally drawing some scenes where Erza has tears flowing from both eyes. He also said that he often forgets what Erza's armor looks like, and changes the design every time she appears.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Mashima designed Wendy to be a 12-year-old girl after one of his staff members commented that young girls "just don't appear" in the series, and noted the character's popularity among his associates. His original concept for her was that of a "Water Dragon" based on the Japanese name for , which Mashima derived her name from.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Fairy Tail's are the guild's highest-ranking members who are recognized by the master for their strength, skill, and conviction. Erza Scarlet, one of the protagonists, holds the S-Class rank at the start of the series. Mashima has stated that the "S" stands for words such as "super", "special", or the Japanese phrase .

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Jose is one of the Ten Wizard Saints who specializes in creating ghostly apparitions to act as soldiers.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Aria, the leader of the Element 4, is a large man who uses air magic to produce invisible attacks and drain wizards of their magic; he wears a blindfold to keep his enormous power in check.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Totomaru is a black-and-white-haired samurai who uses fire magic to manipulate any type of flame at will, and produces different-colored flames with varying properties.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Also serving Jellal at the tower are , a trio of assassins from the guild. Mashima introduced them "at the last moment" after he "started feeling really sorry for [Erza's childhood friends]" while planning their battles with Erza's group. Each member's is named after a different type of bird.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Shō is one of Ezra's former friends who wields a magic deck of cards containing pocket dimensions to trap others inside.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Simon is a large man with a metal jaw who uses telepathy and shrouds areas in darkness. He harbors romantic feelings for Erza, remaining faithful to her despite Jellal's lies, and later dies while protecting her from him.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Ikarugi is the leader of Trinity Raven. She speaks in haiku and wields a katana capable of cutting through any material.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Vidalus was originally introduced to his teammates as Jellal's stoic attendant, but is really a rock musician whose hair can absorb liquids. He uses an electric guitar to brainwash his opponents.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Fukuro is a man with an owl's head and a jet pack who performs the same magic his opponents use by swallowing them.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Ivan is the leader of Raven Tail, Makarov Dreyar's estranged son, and Laxus Dreyar's father. He is obsessed with acquiring Lumen Histoire, an act resulting in his expulsion from Fairy Tail six years earlier.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Flare is a young woman with prehensile hair that can transform and ignite. After Raven Tail disbands, Flare makes amends with Fairy Tail and assists them in saving the , her adopted hometown populated by giants.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: The , translated as "Baram Alliance" in the English anime dub, is a triad of Fiore's most powerful dark guilds—Oración Seis, Grimoire Heart, and Tartaros—which control all other dark guilds in the series except the independent Raven Tail. The organization is described as a "non-aggression pact" whose guilds act independently from one another in spite of their designation as an "alliance". After all three guilds are defeated by Fairy Tail and their allies, the alliance is considered to have dissolved.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: is a guild consisting of six members led by Brain that are considered to be no less dangerous for their command of multiple other dark guilds. Brain's followers are slaves from the Tower of Heaven whom Brain "adopts" to aid his plan to annihilate the world's official guilds using the morality-switching magic . Seven years after their arrest, the five are released from prison along with Brain, whom they leave for dead before Jellal convinces them to join Crime Sorcière.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: The guild shares its name with a group of antagonists from "Rave Master"; Mashima originally used the name as a placeholder, which he ultimately kept by the release deadline. Mashima decided on the members' background as slaves early in their development, but struggled to incorporate it into the story. Mashima specified Cobra as one of the characters whose popularity defied his expectations, although he could not determine any reason why.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Brain is the leader of Oración Seis, a codenamed superintelligent wizard and Jellal Fernandes's mentor from the Tower of Heaven, who uses a sentient staff named to perform dark magic. Brain possesses an omnicidal split personality that serves as the guild's true master, Zero, which he suppresses with magic sealing marks on his body that are undone by the guild's defeat.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Cobra is a second-generation Dragon Slayer with poisonous abilities and hyper-sensitive hearing; he commands a giant, winged snake named .

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of Oración Seis under the codename . He is a speed-maniac capable of slowing time around himself to appear faster than the naked eye.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Hoteye is Wally Buchanan's money-obsessed older brother who can see through solid objects and liquify the ground around himself.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Sorano is Yukino Agria's sadistic older sister and a celestial wizard contracted with the zodiac spirits Gemini, Scorpio, and Aries; after her spirits abandon her, she gains the ability to summon angelic beings.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: The guild's sub-commander is . Beneath Blue Note are the , an elite group of wizards who are trained by Hades in the use of , ancient spells that are noted as being lost to history because of their enormous power and terrible side effects when misused. Besides their leader Ultear Milkovich and her surrogate daughter, Merudy, the Seven Kin consist of Zancrow, Zoldio, Rustyrose, Kain Hikaru, Azuma. Other guild members include Kawazu and Yomazu.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Mashima revealed that Kain Hikaru's name is shared with one of his staff members' nicknames, while Rustyrose's name is derived from a cocktail, and Azuma's is based on television actor Azuma Mikihisa; he was "surprised" that he could not remember the origin of Zancrow's name. Mashima particularly pushed for Kain Hikaru's popularity among young readers, but was informed the character was disliked because "he isn't cool".

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Zoldio is a human wizard who fused with the celestial spirit Capricorn. His original magic allows him to command human slaves.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Yomazu is a doglike samurai who performs an Eastern variety of Levy McGarden's Solid Script with a katana.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Mard Geer is the commander of Tartaros. As , he is the keeper of E.N.D.'s book, whose curse powers include producing endless thorn brambles and deadly plants.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: The leader of the Nine Demon Gates. She is a sadist who reinforces people's strength and increases their sensitivity to pain with her curse.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Nine Demon Gates. He can detonate anything on contact and can assume a lycanthropic form.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Nine Demon Gates. He is a cyclops who absorbs others' souls and copies their abilities.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Nine Demon Gates. He is an aquatic demon capable of flooding areas with poisonous water and turning his body harder than iron.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Nine Demon Gates. He is a bestial demon who utters imitative words that invoke natural disasters.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A bunny girl demon who runs a facility where deceased members are resurrected and human recruits are transformed into demons, including Ziemma and Minerva Orland.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: The is a massive military nation led by Zeref that is located in the continent of Alakitasia west of Ishgal. Comprising the strength of 730 guilds over Ishgal's 500, the empire's main objective is to forcibly obtain Mavis Vermillion's power of Fairy Heart to use against Acnologia. Zeref's personal guards, the , possess powers that surpass Ishgal's supreme Wizard Saint, the eight-element Dragon Slayer God Serena, who defects to join the group.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: The Spriggan 12's elderly general and strongest member, as well as Zeref and Mavis's unknown son who instantly acquires any "caster-type" spell he sees via copying magic.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Spriggan 12. She is Erza Scarlet's centuries-old "dragonified" mother and the inventor of Dragon Slayer magic, who infuses magic power into any object or person.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Spriggan 12. He is an Etherious convinced that he is Zeref's child, whose magic exploits humans' cardinal desires.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Spriggan 12. She is a swordswoman whose "God Soul" Takeover contains the form and time-stopping abilities of the god Chronos.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Spriggan 12. He is a robotic alchemist who constructs mechanical soldiers that exploit others' weaknesses.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Spriggan 12. He is a shinigami-like being who shares the same powers as the elite members of Tartaros.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: A member of the Spriggan 12. He is able to create lifelike fabrications of deceased people from others' memories.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Millianna is a cat-loving girl who uses a rope to bind other wizards' magic.[ch. 76]. She joins Mermaid Heel to take revenge against Jellal and improve her magic skills.[ch. 282][ch. 367]

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: are beings that are contracted by celestial wizards to be summoned using enchanted keys called "Gatekeys" to battle and performed other tasks. They are governed by an all-powerful spirit called the , and are each named after and based on one of the 88 modern constellations. They are immortal and possess various magic powers and abilities, but lose their power when they remain outside their realm for extended periods of time, which is fatal to them.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: The characters of "Fairy Tail" have received both praise and criticism from publications dedicated to anime, manga, and other media.

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network describes the characters' styles as having a "strong 'bite me' vibe" and compared the visual style to that of "One Piece" author Eiichiro Oda. In his review of the second volume, Kimlinger said that Cancer's fighting style "is a kick".

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: In reviewing the first DVD/Blu-ray volume of "Fairy Tail", Carlo Santos of Anime News Network says "with a lead character as pumped-up as Natsu, it's hard not to get caught up in his energy". Santos also praises Happy, citing his character as an "entertaining diversion, proving that animal sidekicks can be fun to listen to and not just a necessary annoyance".

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


List of Fairy Tail characters

Context: In his reviews of the Blu-ray/DVDs, Neil Lumbard of DVD Talk mentions the "strong likeability factor of each of the main characters".

Question: Какая волшебная сила у главного героя аниме «Fairy Tail»?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: The Kingdom of Greece ( ) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. It was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople, where Greece also secured its full independence from the Ottoman Empire after nearly four centuries.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: The Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire, also known as Byzantine Empire, which ruled most of the Eastern Mediterranean region for over 1100 years, had been fatally weakened since the sacking of Constantinople by the Latin Crusaders in 1204.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: The Ottomans captured Constantinople with ease in 1453 and advanced southwards into the Balkan peninsula capturing Athens in 1458. The Greeks held out in the Peloponnese until 1460, and the Venetians and Genoese clung to some of the islands, but by 1500 most of the plains and islands of Greece were in Ottoman hands. The mountains of Greece were largely untouched, and were a refuge for Greeks to flee foreign rule and engage in guerrilla warfare.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: Many revolts were planned across the Greek region and the first of them was launched on 6 March 1821, in the Danubian principalities. It was put down by the Ottomans, but the torch had been lit and by the end of the same month the Peloponnese was in open revolt.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: In 1821, the Greek-speaking populations of Peloponnesus revolted against the Ottoman Empire. Following a region-wide struggle that lasted several months, the Greek War of Independence led to the establishment of the first autonomous Greek State since the mid-15th century.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: In January 1822, the First National Assembly of Epidaurus passed the (part of the country's First Constitution), which affirmed the sovereignty of Greece. However, the new Greek State was politically unstable and lacked the resources to preserve its territoriality in the long-term. Most importantly, the country lacked international recognition and had no robust alliances in the Western world.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: Trikoupis and Deligiannis dominated Greek politics in the later 19th century, alternating in office. Trikoupis favoured cooperation with Great Britain in foreign affairs, the creation of infrastructure and an indigenous industry, raising protective tariffs and progressive social legislation, while the more populist Deligiannis depended on the promotion of Greek nationalism and the Megali idea.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: Greece remained a quite impoverished country throughout the 19th century. The country lacked raw materials, infrastructure and capital. Agriculture was mostly at the subsistence level, and the only important export commodities were currants, raisins and tobacco. Some Greeks grew rich as merchants and shipowners, and Piraeus became a major port, but little of this wealth found its way to the Greek peasantry. Greece remained hopelessly in debt to London finance houses.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: By the 1890s Greece was virtually bankrupt, and public insolvency was declared in 1893. Poverty was rife in the rural areas and the islands and was eased only by large-scale emigration to the United States. There was little education in the countryside. Nevertheless, there was progress in building communications and infrastructure, and elegant public buildings were erected in Athens. Despite the bad financial situation, Athens staged the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896, which proved a great success.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: Nationalist sentiment among Greeks in the Ottoman Empire continued to grow, and by the 1890s there were constant disturbances in Macedonia. Here the Greeks were in competition not only with the Ottomans but also with the Bulgarians, engaged in an armed propaganda struggle for the hearts and minds of the ethnically mixed local population, the so-called "Macedonian Struggle". In July 1908, the Young Turk Revolution broke out in the Ottoman Empire.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: The resulting Goudi coup on 15 August 1909 marked a watershed in modern Greek history: as the military conspirators were inexperienced in politics, they asked Venizelos, who had impeccable liberal credentials, to come to Greece as their political adviser. Venizelos quickly established himself as an influential political figure, and his allies won the August 1910 elections. Venizelos became Prime Minister in October 1910, ushering a period of 25 years where his personality would dominate Greek politics.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: Venizelos initiated a major reform program, including a new and more liberal constitution and reforms in the spheres of public administration, education and economy. French and British military missions were invited for the army and navy respectively, and arms purchases were made. In the meantime, the Ottoman Empire's weaknesses were revealed by the ongoing Italo-Turkish War in Libya.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: Through spring 1912, a series of bilateral agreements among the Balkan states (Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia) formed the Balkan League, which in October 1912 declared war on the Ottoman Empire.

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?


Kingdom of Greece

Context: General Ivanov, commander of the 2nd Bulgarian Army, acknowledged the role of the Greek fleet in the overall Balkan League victory by stating that "the activity of the entire Greek fleet and above all the "Averof" was the chief factor in the general success of the allies".

Question: Когда в Греции была свергнута монархия?