G protein-coupled receptor

Context: Adenylate cyclases (of which 9 membrane-bound and one cytosolic forms are known in humans) may also be activated or inhibited in other ways (e.g., Ca2+/Calmodulin binding), which can modify the activity of these enzymes in an additive or synergistic fashion along with the G proteins.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: The above descriptions ignore the effects of Gβγ–signalling, which can also be important, in particular in the case of activated Gαi/o-coupled GPCRs. The primary effectors of Gβγ are various ion channels, such as G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRKs), P/Q- and N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, as well as some isoforms of AC and PLC, along with some phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: In the late 1990s, evidence began accumulating to suggest that some GPCRs are able to signal without G proteins. The ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase, a key signal transduction mediator downstream of receptor activation in many pathways, has been shown to be activated in response to cAMP-mediated receptor activation in the slime mold "D. discoideum" despite the absence of the associated G protein α- and β-subunits.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: In mammalian cells, the much-studied β2-adrenoceptor has been demonstrated to activate the ERK2 pathway after arrestin-mediated uncoupling of G-protein-mediated signaling. Therefore, it seems likely that some mechanisms previously believed related purely to receptor desensitisation are actually examples of receptors switching their signaling pathway, rather than simply being switched off.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: In kidney cells, the bradykinin receptor B2 has been shown to interact directly with a protein tyrosine phosphatase. The presence of a tyrosine-phosphorylated ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) sequence in the B2 receptor is necessary to mediate this interaction and subsequently the antiproliferative effect of bradykinin.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein-linked receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: The cAMP signal transduction contains 5 main characters: stimulative hormone receptor (Rs) or inhibitory hormone receptor (Ri); stimulative regulative G-protein (Gs) or inhibitory regulative G-protein (Gi); adenylyl cyclase; protein kinase A (PKA); and cAMP phosphodiesterase.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: Stimulative hormone receptor (Rs) is a receptor that can bind with stimulative signal molecules, while inhibitory hormone receptor (Ri) is a receptor that can bind with inhibitory signal molecules.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: Stimulative regulative G-protein is a G-protein linked to stimulative hormone receptor (Rs), and its α subunit upon activation could stimulate the activity of an enzyme or other intracellular metabolism. On the contrary, inhibitory regulative G-protein is linked to an inhibitory hormone receptor, and its α subunit upon activation could inhibit the activity of an enzyme or other intracellular metabolism.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: Adenylyl cyclase is a 12-transmembrane glycoprotein that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP with the help of cofactor Mg2+ or Mn2+. The cAMP produced is a second messenger in cellular metabolism and is an allosteric activator of protein kinase A.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: These signals then can be terminated by cAMP phosphodiesterase, which is an enzyme that degrades cAMP to 5'-AMP and inactivates protein kinase A.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: GPCRs become desensitized when exposed to their ligand for a long period of time. There are two recognized forms of desensitization: 1) homologous desensitization, in which the activated GPCR is downregulated; and 2) heterologous desensitization, wherein the activated GPCR causes downregulation of a different GPCR. The key reaction of this downregulation is the phosphorylation of the intracellular (or cytoplasmic) receptor domain by protein kinases.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


G protein-coupled receptor

Context: GPCR regulation is additionally mediated by gene transcription factors. These factors can increase or decrease gene transcription and thus increase or decrease the generation of new receptors (up- or down-regulation) that travel to the cell membrane.

Question: G단백질은 인체에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: Despite the economic and political troubles caused by naval tensions with Britain, Jefferson was succeeded by his preferred successor in the form of James Madison. His legacy remained highly influential until the American Civil War, but his reputation has ebbed and flowed since then. Nonetheless, in surveys of academic historians and political scientists, Jefferson is consistently ranked as one of the nation's most esteemed presidents.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: Before Jefferson could take office, there was a transition period in which he was the president-elect following his victory in the contingent election. The transition between Adams and Jefferson represented the first transfer of the presidency between two different political parties in United States history, and set the precedent for all subsequent inter-party transitions. It was the first time in United States history the a president handed over the presidency to a political opponent.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: Unlike the presidential transitions of today, transitions at this time were informal affairs, with relatively minimal activity required of the president-elect.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: During the transition, Jefferson picked members of his Cabinet. He also selected individuals less principal positions of his administration, such as Meriwether Lewis to serve as his personal secretary.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: Before leaving office, the lame duck, to the outrage of the Democratic-Republicans, at the last minute Adams appointed many federal judges (mostly belonging to the Federalist Party) to fill positions created by the Judiciary Act of 1801. These would be dubbed "midnight judges". Jefferson denounced this action.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: The egalitarianism of the age extended beyond voting rights, as the practice of indentured servitude declined and traditional hierarchies in employment and education were challenged. In a reflection of his own belief in egalitarianism, Jefferson broke with many of the precedents set by Adams and Washington. Jefferson accepted visitors without regard to social status, discontinued the practice of delivering speeches to Congress in person, and enforced a less formal protocol at White House events.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: In addition to the "Corps of Discovery", Jefferson organized other western exploration expeditions, some of which traveled through Spanish territory. William Dunbar and George Hunter led an expedition on the Ouachita River, Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis led the Red River Expedition, and Zebulon Pike led the Pike Expedition into the Rocky Mountains and the Southwest. All of the exploration expeditions sent out under Jefferson's presidency produced valuable information about the American frontier.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: In reaction to the Electoral College tie between Jefferson and Burr in 1800, Congress approved an amendment to the Constitution providing a new procedure for electing the president and vice president, and submitted it to the states for ratification in December 1803. The Twelfth Amendment was ratified by the requisite number of states (then 13) to become part of the Constitution in June 1804. The president had no role in the process.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: President Jefferson planned the Embargo Act of 1807 to force Europe to comply. It forbade trade with both France and Britain, but they did not bend. Furthermore, Federalists denounced his policy as partisandhip in favor of agrarian interests instead of commercial interests. It was highly unpopular in New England, which began smuggling operations, and proved ineffective in stopping harsh treatment from British warships.

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Context: a. George Washington, who transferred power to Adams in the previous presidential transition, was nonpartisan

Question: 토머스 제퍼슨의 임기 기간은 얼마나 되나요?


Honey

Context: Honey gets its sweetness from the monosaccharides fructose and glucose, and has about the same relative sweetness as sucrose (table sugar). of honey provides around of food energy. It has attractive chemical properties for baking and a distinctive flavor when used as a sweetener. Most microorganisms do not grow in honey, so sealed honey does not spoil, even after thousands of years.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Honey use and production have a long and varied history as an ancient activity. Several cave paintings in Cuevas de la Araña in Spain depict humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago. Large-scale meliponiculture has been practiced by the Mayans since pre-Columbian times.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Honey is produced by bees collecting nectar and honeydew for use as sugars consumed to support metabolism of muscle activity during foraging or to be stored as a long-term food supply. During foraging, bees use part of the nectar collected to support metabolic activity of flight muscles, with the majority of collected nectar destined for regurgitation, digestion, and storage as honey. In cold weather or when other food sources are scarce, adult and larval bees use stored honey as food.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: By contriving for honey bee swarms to nest in human-made hives, people have been able to semidomesticate the insects and harvest excess honey. In the hive or in a wild nest, the three types of bees are:

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Some wasp species, such as "Brachygastra lecheguana" and "Brachygastra mellifica" found in South and Central America, are known to feed on nectar and produce honey.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Some wasps, such as "Polistes versicolor", consume honey, alternating between feeding on pollen in the middle of their lifecycles and feeding on honey, which can better provide for their energy needs.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Honey is collected from wild bee colonies or from domesticated beehives. On average, a hive will produce about of honey per year. Wild bee nests are sometimes located by following a honeyguide bird.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: To safely collect honey from a hive, beekeepers typically pacify the bees using a bee smoker. The smoke triggers a feeding instinct (an attempt to save the resources of the hive from a possible fire), making them less aggressive, and obscures the pheromones the bees use to communicate. The honeycomb is removed from the hive and the honey may be extracted from it either by crushing or by using a honey extractor. The honey is then usually filtered to remove beeswax and other debris.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: The long shelf life of honey is attributed to an enzyme found in the stomach of bees. The bees mix glucose oxidase with expelled nectar they previously consumed, creating two byproducts – gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which are partially responsible for honey acidity and suppression of bacterial growth.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: According to the Codex Alimentarius of the United Nations, any product labeled as "honey" or "pure honey" must be a wholly natural product, although labeling laws differ between countries. In the United States, according to the National Honey Board (NHB; supervised by the United States Department of Agriculture), "honey stipulates a pure product that does not allow for the addition of any other substance... this includes, but is not limited to, water or other sweeteners".

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Over its history as a food, the main uses of honey are in cooking, baking, desserts, as a spread on bread, as an addition to various beverages such as tea, and as a sweetener in some commercial beverages.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Due to its energy density, honey is an important food for virtually all hunter-gatherer cultures in warm climates, with the Hadza people ranking honey as their favorite food. Honey hunters in Africa have a mutualistic relationship with certain species of Honeyguide birds.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Possibly the world's oldest fermented beverage, dating from 9,000 years ago, mead ("honey wine") is the alcoholic product made by adding yeast to honey-water must and fermenting it for weeks or months. The yeast "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is commonly used in modern mead production.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Mead varieties include drinks called metheglin (with spices or herbs), melomel (with fruit juices, such as grape, specifically called pyment), hippocras (with cinnamon), and sack mead (high concentration of honey), many of which have been developed as commercial products numbering in the hundreds in the United States. Honey is also used to make mead beer, called "braggot".

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Honey is a supercooled liquid when stored below its melting point, as is normal. At very low temperatures, honey does not freeze solid; rather its viscosity increases. Like most viscous liquids, the honey becomes thick and sluggish with decreasing temperature. At , honey may appear or even feel solid, but it continues to flow at very low rates. Honey has a glass transition between . Below this temperature, honey enters a glassy state and becomes an amorphous solid (noncrystalline).

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Most types of honey are Newtonian liquids, but a few types have non-Newtonian viscous properties. Honeys from heather or manuka display thixotropic properties. These types of honey enter a gel-like state when motionless, but liquefy when stirred.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Because honey contains electrolytes, in the form of acids and minerals, it exhibits varying degrees of electrical conductivity. Measurements of the electrical conductivity are used to determine the quality of honey in terms of ash content.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Fermentation of honey usually occurs after crystallization, because without the glucose, the liquid portion of the honey primarily consists of a concentrated mixture of fructose, acids, and water, providing the yeast with enough of an increase in the water percentage for growth. Honey that is to be stored at room temperature for long periods of time is often pasteurized, to kill any yeast, by heating it above .

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: The average pH of honey is 3.9, but can range from 3.4 to 6.1. Honey contains many kinds of acids, both organic and amino. However, the different types and their amounts vary considerably, depending on the type of honey. These acids may be aromatic or aliphatic (nonaromatic). The aliphatic acids contribute greatly to the flavor of honey by interacting with the flavors of other ingredients.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Organic acids comprise most of the acids in honey, accounting for 0.17–1.17% of the mixture, with gluconic acid formed by the actions of glucose oxidase as the most prevalent. Minor amounts of other organic acids are present, consisting of formic, acetic, butyric, citric, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic, propionic, valeric, capronic, palmitic, and succinic, among many others.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Honey is classified by its floral source, and divisions are made according to the packaging and processing used. Regional honeys are also identified. In the US, honey is also graded on its color and optical density by USDA standards, graded on the Pfund scale, which ranges from 0 for "water white" honey to more than 114 for "dark amber" honey.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Generally, honey is classified by the floral source of the nectar from which it was made. Honeys can be from specific types of flower nectars or can be blended after collection. The pollen in honey is traceable to floral source and therefore region of origin. The rheological and melissopalynological properties of honey can be used to identify the major plant nectar source used in its production.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Most commercially available honey is a blend of two or more honeys differing in floral source, color, flavor, density, or geographic origin.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Polyfloral honey, also known as wildflower honey, is derived from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may vary from year to year, and the aroma and the flavor can be more or less intense, depending on which flowers are blooming.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: The production of honeydew honey has some complications and dangers. This honey has a much larger proportion of indigestibles than light floral honeys, thus causing dysentery to the bees, resulting in the death of colonies in areas with cold winters. Good beekeeping management requires the removal of honeydew prior to winter in colder areas. Bees collecting this resource also have to be fed protein supplements, as honeydew lacks the protein-rich pollen accompaniment gathered from flowers.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Generally, honey is bottled in its familiar liquid form, but it is sold in other forms, and can be subjected to a variety of processing methods.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: In the US, honey grading is performed voluntarily based upon USDA standards. USDA offers inspection and grading "as on-line (in-plant) or lot inspection...upon application, on a fee-for-service basis." Honey is graded based upon a number of factors, including water content, flavor and aroma, absence of defects, and clarity. Honey is also classified by color, though it is not a factor in the grading scale.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: India certifies honey grades based on additional factors, such as the Fiehe's test, and other empirical measurements.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: High-quality honey can be distinguished by fragrance, taste, and consistency. Ripe, freshly collected, high-quality honey at should flow from a knife in a straight stream, without breaking into separate drops. After falling down, the honey should form a bead. The honey, when poured, should form small, temporary layers that disappear fairly quickly, indicating high viscosity. If not, it indicates honey with excessive water content of over 20%, not suitable for long-term preservation.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: A 2008 Italian study determined that nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between different honey types, and can be used to pinpoint the area where it was produced. Researchers were able to identify differences in acacia and polyfloral honeys by the differing proportions of fructose and sucrose, as well as differing levels of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. This ability allows greater ease of selecting compatible stocks.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: One hundred grams of honey provides about of energy with no significant amounts of essential nutrients. Composed of 17% water and 82% carbohydrates, honey has low content of fat, dietary fiber, and protein.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: A mixture of sugars and other carbohydrates, honey is mainly fructose (about 38%) and glucose (about 32%), with remaining sugars including maltose, sucrose, and other complex carbohydrates. Its glycemic index ranges from 31 to 78, depending on the variety. The specific composition, color, aroma, and flavor of any batch of honey depend on the flowers foraged by bees that produced the honey.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: One 1980 study found that mixed floral honey from several United States regions typically contains the following:

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: A 2013 NMR spectroscopy study of 20 different honeys from Germany found that their sugar contents comprised:

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: The average ratio was 56% fructose to 44% glucose, but the ratios in the individual honeys ranged from a high of 64% fructose and 36% glucose (one type of flower honey; table 3 in reference) to a low of 50% fructose and 50% glucose (a different floral source). This NMR method was not able to quantify maltose, galactose, and the other minor sugars as compared to fructose and glucose.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: For chronic and acute coughs, a Cochrane review found no strong evidence for or against the use of honey. For treating children, the systematic review concluded with moderate to low evidence that honey helps more than no treatment, diphenhydramine, and placebo at giving relief from coughing. Honey does not appear to work better than dextromethorphan at relieving coughing in children. Other reviews have also supported the use of honey for treating children.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: The use of honey has been recommended as a temporary intervention for known or suspected button cell battery ingestions to reduce the risk and severity of injury to the esophagus caused by the battery prior to its removal.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: There is no evidence that honey is beneficial for treating cancer, although honey may be useful for controlling side effects of radiation therapy or chemotherapy used to treat cancer.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Consumption is sometimes advocated as a treatment for seasonal allergies due to pollen, but scientific evidence to support the claim is inconclusive. Honey is generally considered ineffective for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Although the majority of calories in honey is from fructose, honey does not cause increased weight gain and fructose by itself is not an independent factor for weight gain.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Honey has a mild laxative effect which has been noted as being helpful in alleviating constipation and bloating.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: People who have a weakened immune system may be at risk of bacterial or fungal infection from eating honey.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Infants can develop botulism after consuming honey contaminated with "Clostridium botulinum" endospores.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Infantile botulism shows geographical variation. In the UK, only six cases were reported between 1976 and 2006, yet the US has much higher rates: 1.9 per 100,000 live births, 47.2% of which are in California. While the risk honey poses to infant health is small, taking the risk is not recommended until after one year of age, and then giving honey is considered safe.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: In myths and folk medicine, honey was used both orally and topically to treat various ailments including gastric disturbances, ulcers, skin wounds, and skin burns by ancient Greeks and Egyptians, and in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: The first written records of beekeeping are from ancient Egypt, where honey was used to sweeten cakes, biscuits, and other foods and as a base for unguents in Egyptian hieroglyphs. The dead were often buried in or with honey in Egypt, Mesopotamia and other regions. Bees were kept at temples to produce honey for temple offerings, mummification and other uses.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: Biblical references include the description of Israel as the "land of milk and honey". The Book of Proverbs says, "Eat honey, my son, for it is good" (Prov. 24:13), but also, "It is not good to eat much honey" (Prov. 25:27). Early Christians used honey as a symbol of spiritual perfection in christening ceremonies. St. John the Baptist was said to have sustained himself on a diet of honey and locusts.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: In ancient Greek religion, the food of Zeus and the twelve Gods of Olympus was honey in the form of nectar and ambrosia.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: In Hinduism, honey ("Madhu") is one of the five elixirs of life ("Panchamrita"). In temples, honey is poured over the deities in a ritual called "Madhu abhisheka". The "Vedas" and other ancient literature mention the use of honey as a great medicinal and health food.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: In Jewish tradition, honey is a symbol for the new year, "Rosh Hashanah". At the traditional meal for that holiday, apple slices are dipped in honey and eaten to bring a sweet new year. Some "Rosh Hashanah" greetings show honey and an apple, symbolizing the feast. In some congregations, small straws of honey are given out to usher in the new year.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: In Buddhism, honey plays an important role in the festival of "Madhu Purnima", celebrated in India and Bangladesh. The day commemorates Buddha's making peace among his disciples by retreating into the wilderness. According to legend, while he was there a monkey brought him honey to eat. On "Madhu Purnima", Buddhists remember this act by giving honey to monks. The monkey's gift is frequently depicted in Buddhist art.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: The Christian New Testament says that John the Baptist lived for a long of time in the wilderness on a diet of locusts and honey.

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Honey

Context: In Islam, an entire chapter (Surah) in the Quran is called "an-Nahl" (the Bees). According to his teachings ("hadith"), Muhammad strongly recommended honey for healing purposes.The Quran promotes honey as a nutritious and healthy food, saying:

Question: 세상에서 벌꿀 생산량이 가장 많은 나라는 어디인가?


Rolex

Context: Rolex SA and its subsidiary "Montres TUDOR SA" design, make, distribute, and service wristwatches sold under the Rolex and Tudor brands.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Rolex did not produce their watches in-house since its foundation until the early 21st century where they bought over the components' manufacturers which made the watches for Rolex, notably Jean Aegler. Rolex's past business model consists of purchasing all the watch components from third-party manufacturers and finishing the final assembly in the Rolex headquarters.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: In 1908, Wilsdorf registered the trademark "Rolex", which became the brand name of watches from Wilsdorf and Davis. He opened an office in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. Wilsdorf wanted the brand name to be easily pronounceable in any language, and short enough to fit on the face of a watch. He also thought that the name "Rolex" was onomatopoeic, sounding like a watch being wound.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: In November 1915, the company changed its name to "Rolex Watch Co. Ltd." In 1919, Hans Wilsdorf moved the company from England to Geneva, Switzerland because of heavy post-war taxes levied on luxury imports and high export duties on the silver and gold used for the watch cases. In 1920 the company's name was officially changed to "Montres Rolex S.A." and later to "Rolex S.A"."

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: As a demonstration, Rolex submerged Oyster models in aquariums, which it displayed in the windows of its main points of sale. In 1927, British swimmer Mercedes Gleitze swam the English Channel with an Oyster on her necklace, becoming the first Rolex ambassador. To celebrate the feat, Rolex published a full-page advertisement on the front page of the Daily Mail for every issue for a whole month proclaiming the watch's success during the ten hour plus swim.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: In 1931, Rolex patented a self-winding mechanism called a Perpetual rotor, a semi-circular plate that relies on gravity to move freely. In turn, the Oyster watch became known as the Oyster Perpetual.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: According to the 2017 Brand Z report, the brand value is estimated $8.053 billion. Rolex watches continue to have a reputation as status symbols. It produces more than 1,000,000 timepieces each year. It is said that "The power of the Crown is never more felt than when trying to negotiate space in a retail environment for the product of another brand".

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Historically, Tudor watches have been manufactured by Montres Tudor SA using movements supplied by ETA SA. Since 2015 Tudor has begun to manufacture watches with in-house movements. The first model introduced with an in-house movement was the Tudor North Flag. Following this, updated versions of the Tudor Pelagos and Tudor Heritage Black Bay have also been fitted with an in-house caliber.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Tudor watches are marketed and sold in most countries around the world. Montres Tudor SA discontinued sales of Tudor-branded watches in the United States in 2004, but Tudor returned to the United States market in the summer of 2013 and to the UK in 2014.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Material-wise, Rolex first used its "Cerachrom" ceramic bezel on the GMT-Master II in 2005, and has since then implemented ceramic bezel inserts across the range of professional sports watches. They are available on the Submariner, Sea Dweller, Deepsea, GMT Master II and Daytona models. In contrast to the aluminum bezel which it replaced, the ceramic bezel color does not wear out from exposure to UV-light and is very scratch resistant.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Rolex also uses 904L grade stainless-steel. Most Swiss watches are made with 316L grade steel. Rolex uses the higher grade, as it is more resistant to corrosion and when polished, leaves a beautiful luster.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Each Rolex comes with its own unique serial number, which can help indicate an approximate production period of the watch. Serial numbers were first introduced in 1926. Rolex serial numbers were issued sequentially, until 1954 when Rolex restarted from #999,999 to #0. Then in 1987 there was an addition of one letter to a 6-digit serial number. Then again in 2010 to the present date Rolex introduced random serial numbers.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Rolex watches are frequently counterfeited, and these are often illegally sold on the street and online. Counterfeit Rolex watches vary in quality: some use the cheapest of movements, while others use automatic movements, and some use an ETA movement. O. J. Simpson wore a counterfeit Rolex during his 1994 murder trial.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: The name of the watch line in catalogs is often "Rolex Oyster ______" or "Rolex Oyster Perpetual ______"; Rolex Oyster and Oyster Perpetual are generic names and not specific product lines, except for the Oyster Perpetual 26/31/34/36/39/41 and Oyster Perpetual Date 34. The Rolex Oyster Perpetual watch is a direct descendant of the original watertight Rolex Oyster watch created in 1926.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Rolex produced specific models suitable for the extremes of deep-sea diving, caving, mountain climbing, polar exploration, and aviation. Early professional models included the Rolex Submariner (1953) and the Rolex Sea Dweller (1967). The latter watch has a helium release valve, co-invented with Swiss watchmaker Doxa, to release helium gas build-up during decompression.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: The Explorer (1953) and Explorer II (1971) were developed specifically for explorers who would navigate rough terrain, such as the world-famous Mount Everest expeditions. Indeed, the Rolex Explorer was launched to celebrate the successful ascent of Everest in 1953 by the expeditionary team led by Sir John Hunt.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: The 39 mm Rolex Explorer was designed as a "tool watch" for rugged use, hence its movement has Paraflex shock absorbers which give them higher shock resistance than other Rolex watches. The 42mm Rolex Explorer II has some significant differences from the 39mm Explorer; the Explorer II adds a date function, and an orange 24-hour hand which is paired with the fixed bezel's black 24-hour markers for situations underground or around the poles where day cannot be distinguished from night.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Another iconic model is the Rolex GMT Master (1955), originally developed at the request of Pan Am Airways to provide its crews with a dual-time watch that could be used to display local time and GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), which was the international time standard for aviation at that time (and still is in its modern variant of Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) or Zulu Time) and was needed for Astronavigation during longer flights.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Rolex sponsors several celebrities to wear and advertise their watches. Rolex is the top spender in advertising and marketing in the watch industry since 2000 after they overtook Timex for the number 1 spot.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Rolex has also been the official timekeeper to the Le Mans 24 Hours motor race since 2001. Ex-Formula 1 driver Sir Jackie Stewart has advertised Rolex since 1968. Others who have done so for some years include Gary Player, Arnold Palmer, Roger Penske, Jean Claude Killy, and Dame Kiri Te Kanawa. It is also the sponsor of the Rolex International Jumping Riders Club Top 10 Final competition.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


Rolex

Context: Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh had a specially designed experimental Rolex Oyster Perpetual Deep-Sea Special strapped to the outside of their bathyscaphe during the 1960 Challenger Deep / Mariana Trench dive to a world-record depth of . When James Cameron conducted a similar dive in 2012, a specially designed and manufactured Rolex Oyster Perpetual Sea-Dweller Deep Sea Challenge watch was being "worn" by his submarine's robotic arm.

Question: 2018년 롤렉스사의 소유주는 누구인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empire to its status as an independent kingdom and finally as a large "Bundesland" (state) of the Federal Republic of Germany. Originally settled by Celtic peoples such as the Boii, by the 1st century BC it was eventually conquered and incorporated into the Roman Empire as the provinces of Raetia and Noricum.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The earliest known inhabitants that are mentioned in written sources were the Celts, participating in the widespread La Tène culture, whom the Romans subdued just before the commencement of the Christian era, founding colonies among them and including their land in the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Roman center of administration for this area was "Castra Regina" (modern-day Regensburg).

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: Archaeological evidence dating from the 5th and 6th centuries points to social and cultural influences from several regions and peoples, such as Alamanni, Lombards, Thuringians, Goths, Bohemian Slavs and the local Romanised population.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: Recent research by Wolfram and Pohl (1990) has moved away from searching for specific geographical origins of the Bavarians. It is now thought that the tribal ethnicity was established by the process of ethnogenesis, whereby an ethnic identity is formed because political and social pressures make a coherent identity necessary.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The details of this contest remain obscure. Tassilo appears to have done homage in 781 AD and again in 787 AD, probably owing to the presence of Frankish armies. But further trouble soon arose, and in 788 AD, the Franks summoned the duke to Ingelheim and sentenced him to death on a charge of treachery. The King, however, pardoned Tassilo who entered a monastery and formally renounced his duchy at Frankfurt in 794.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: In 920 AD, Conrad's successor was the German king, Henry the Fowler of the Ottonian dynasty. Henry recognized Arnulf as duke, confirming his right to appoint bishops, coin money, and issue laws.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: A similar conflict took place between Arnulf's son and successor Eberhard and Henry's son Otto I the Great. Eberhard proved less successful than his father, and in 938 AD, fled from Bavaria, which Otto granted (with reduced privileges) to the late duke's uncle, Bertold. Otto also appointed a count palatine in the person of Eberhard's brother, Arnulf to watch the royal interests.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: When Bertold died in 947 AD, Otto conferred the duchy upon his own brother Henry, who had married Judith, a daughter of Duke Arnulf. The Bavarians disliked Henry, who spent his short reign mainly in disputes with his people.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The ravages of the Hungarians ceased after their defeat on the Lechfeld (955 AD) and the area of the duchy was augmented for a time by the addition of certain adjacent districts in Italy.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: At the same time, Carinthia was made a separate duchy, the office of Count Palatine was reestablished, and the Bavarian church became dependent on the king instead of on the duke.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: Bavaria at this stage included the Inn basin (including Salzburg and the Salzach basin) and the Danube from Donauwörth (Lech confluence) to Linz; the March of Verona (South Tyrol) briefly fell to Bavaria (952 AD) before passing to Carinthia (976 AD).

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: In 1070 AD, King Henry IV deposed duke Otto, granting the duchy to Count Welf, a member of an influential Bavarian family with roots in northern Italy.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: In consequence of his support of Pope Gregory VII in his quarrel with Henry, Welf lost but subsequently regained Bavaria; two of his sons followed him in succession: Welf II from 1101 AD and Henry IX from 1120 AD. Both exercised considerable influence among the German princes.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: Henry IX's son Henry X, called the Proud, succeeded in 1126 AD and also obtained the Duchy of Saxony in 1137 AD. Alarmed at his power, King Conrad III refused to allow two duchies to remain in the same hands and declared Henry deposed. He bestowed Bavaria upon Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria. When Leopold died in 1141, the king retained the duchy himself; but it continued to be the scene of considerable disorder, and in 1143 AD he entrusted it to Henry, surnamed Jasomirgott, Margrave of Austria.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The struggle for its possession continued until 1156 AD, when Emperor Frederick I, in his desire to restore peace to Germany, persuaded Henry to give up Bavaria to Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and son of Henry the Proud. In return, Austria was elevated from a margraviate to an independent duchy in the Privilegium Minus. It was Henry the Lion who founded Munich.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: During the years following the dissolution of the Carolingian empire the borders of Bavaria changed continuously and for a lengthy period after 955 AD, it finally started expanding. To the west, the Lech still divided Bavaria from Swabia but on three other sides Bavaria took advantage of opportunities for expansion and the duchy occupied a considerable area north of the Danube. During the later years of the rule of the Welfs, however, a contrary tendency operated, and the extent of Bavaria shrank.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: Duke Henry the Lion focused on his northern duchy of Saxony rather than on his southern duchy of Bavaria, and when the dispute over the Bavarian succession ended in 1156 AD, the district between the Enns and the Inn became part of Austria.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The increasing importance of former Bavarian territories like the Mark of Styria (erected into a duchy in 1180 AD) and of the county of Tyrol had diminished both the actual and the relative strength of Bavaria, which now on almost all sides lacked opportunities for expansion. The neighboring Duchy of Carinthia, the large territories of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, as well as a general tendency to claim more independence on the part of the nobles: all these causes limited Bavarian expansion.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: A new era began when, in consequence of Henry the Lion being placed under an imperial ban in 1180 AD, Emperor Frederick I awarded the duchy to Otto, a member of the old Bavarian family of Wittelsbach and a descendant of the counts of Scheyern. The Wittelsbach dynasty ruled Bavaria without interruption until 1918 AD. The Electorate of the Palatinate was also acquired by the Wittelsbachs in 1214 AD.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: When Otto of Wittelsbach gained Bavaria at Altenburg in September 1180, the duchy's borders comprised the Böhmerwald, the Inn, the Alps and the Lech; and the duke exercised practical power only over his extensive private domains around Wittelsbach, Kelheim and Straubing.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The efforts of the dukes to increase their power and to give unity to the duchy had met with a fair measure of success; but they were soon vitiated by partitions among different members of the family, which for 250 years made the history of Bavaria little more than a repetitive chronicle of territorial divisions bringing war and weakness in their wake.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The first of these divisions occurred in 1255. Louis II and Henry XIII, the sons of Duke Otto II, who for two years after their father's death had ruled Bavaria jointly, split their inheritance: Louis II obtained the western part of the duchy, afterward called Upper Bavaria, as well as the Electorate of the Palatinate, while Henry secured eastern or Lower Bavaria.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: In the course of a long reign, Louis II, called "the Stern", became the most powerful prince in southern Germany. He served as the guardian of his nephew Conradin of Hohenstaufen, and after Conradin's execution in Italy in 1268, Louis and his brother Henry inherited the domains of the Hohenstaufens in Swabia and elsewhere. He supported Count Rudolph I of Habsburg, in his efforts to secure the German throne in 1273, married the new king's daughter Mechtild, and aided him in campaigns in Bohemia.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: At the same time, the two lines of the Wittelsbach family decided to exercise the electoral vote alternately, and that in the event of the extinction of either branch of the family, the surviving branch should inherit its possessions.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The two remaining brothers, Stephen II and Albert I, ruled over Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing respectively and when Stephen died in 1375 his three sons governed his portion of Bavaria jointly. In 1392, on the extinction of all the lines except those of Stephen and Albert, an important partition took place, which subdivided the greater part of the duchy amongst Stephen's three sons, Stephen III, Frederick and John II, who founded respectively the lines of Ingolstadt, Landshut and Munich.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The main result of the threefold division of 1392 proved to be a succession of civil wars which led to the temporary eclipse of Bavaria as a force in German politics. Neighboring states encroached upon its borders, and the nobles ignored the authority of the dukes, who, deprived of the electoral vote, were mainly occupied for fifty years with internal strife.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: Albert I's duchy of Bavaria-Straubing passed with Holland and Hainaut on his death in 1404 to his son William II, and in 1417 to his younger son John III, who resigned the Bishopric of Liège to take up his new position. When John died in 1425 this family became extinct, and after a contest between various claimants, the three remaining branches of the Wittelsbach family Ingolstadt, Landshut and Munich partitioned Bavaria-Straubing between themselves. However, Holland and Hainaut passed to Burgundy.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt passed to Henry, who had succeeded his father Frederick as duke of Bavaria-Landshut in 1393, and whose long reign comprised almost entirely family feuds. He died in July 1450, and his son, Louis IX (called the Rich) succeeded. About this time Bavaria began to recover some of its former importance.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: In spite of the decree of 1506, William IV was compelled to grant a share in the government in 1516 to his brother Louis X, an arrangement which lasted until the death of Louis in 1545.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: Albert V patronized art extensively. Artists of all kinds flocked to his court in Munich, and splendid buildings arose in the city, while Italy and elsewhere contributed to the collection of artistic works. The expenses of a magnificent court led the duke to quarrel with the "Landschaft" (the nobles), to oppress his subjects, and to leave a great burden of debt when he died in October 1579.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The succeeding duke, Albert's son, William V (called the Pious), had received a Jesuit education and showed keen attachment to Jesuit tenets. He secured the Archbishopric of Cologne for his brother Ernest in 1583, and this dignity remained in the possession of the family for nearly 200 years. In 1597 he abdicated in favor of his son Maximilian I, and retired to a monastery, where he died in 1626.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The international position won by Maximilian I adds to the ducal house, on Bavaria itself its effect during the next two centuries were most dubious. Maximilian's son, Ferdinand Maria (1651–1679), who was a minor when he succeeded, tried to repair the wounds caused by the Thirty Years' War, encouraging agriculture and industries and building or restoring numerous churches and monasteries. In 1669, moreover, he again called a meeting of the diet, which had been suspended since 1612.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: In 1792, French revolutionary armies overran the Palatinate; in 1795 the French, under Moreau, invaded Bavaria itself and advanced to Munich where they were received with joy by the long-suppressed Liberals, and laid siege to Ingolstadt. Charles Theodore, who had done nothing to prevent wars or to resist the invasion, fled to Saxony and abandoned a regency whose members signed a convention with Moreau, by which he granted an armistice in return for a heavy contribution (7 September 1796).

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The events of 1812 followed; in 1813 Bavaria was summoned to join the alliance against Napoleon, the demand being passionately backed by the crown prince Louis and by Marshal Wrede; on 8 October the treaty of Ried was signed, by which Bavaria threw in her lot with the Allies. Montgelas announced to the French ambassador that he had been compelled temporarily to bow before the storm, adding "Bavaria has need of France". (For Bavaria's share in the war see Napoleonic Campaigns.)

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: After 1871, Bavaria shared to the full in the rapid development of Germany; but her particularism, founded on traditional racial and religious antagonism to the Prussians, was by no means dead, though it exhibited itself in no more dangerous form than the prohibition, reissued in 1900, to display any but the Bavarian flag on public buildings on the emperor's birthday; a provision which was subsequently modified so as to allow the Bavarian and imperial flags to be hung side by side.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: Following Prince Luitpold's death in 1912, his son, Prince Ludwig, became the regent. A year later, Ludwig deposed his cousin, Otto, and proclaimed himself King Ludwig III of Bavaria. During the First World War, Ludwig's eldest son, Crown Prince Rupprecht, commanded the Bavarian army and became one of the leading German commanders on the Western Front.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: While Bavaria had approximately 54,000 Jewish people living in its borders at the turn of the 20th century, by 1933 still 41,000 lived in the state. By 1939, this number had shrunk to 16,000, and few of those survived the Nazi rule.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: The first post-World War II state elections were held on 30 June 1946, when 180 delegates were chosen. The main task of those delegates was to draft a new Bavarian constitution since the day-to-day running of the state still lay with the US authorities at this stage. The new constitution was accepted by a public vote on 1 December 1946, the same day the first post-war state parliament (German: "Landtag") was elected.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


History of Bavaria

Context: In 2008, Bavaria became the first federal state of Germany to completely ban smoking in bars and restaurants. After this restriction was criticized as being "too harsh" by some members of the CSU, it was relaxed one year later. Supporters of smoking bans then brought about a public referendum on the issue, which led to even firmer restrictions than the initial ban. Thereafter, a more comprehensive ban was introduced in 2010.

Question: 바이에른 공국의 개국 시기는 언제인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: Pepin the Short, also called the Younger (, , c. 714 – 24 September 768) was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian to become king.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, Pepin's reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: Pepin's father Charles Martel died in 741. He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, Carloman, his surviving sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria. Grifo, Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild (also known as Swanhilde), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was besieged in Laon, forced to surrender and imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: In the Frankish realm the unity of the kingdom was essentially connected with the person of the king. So Carloman, to secure this unity, raised the Merovingian Childeric to the throne (743). Then in 747 Carloman either resolved to or was pressured into entering a monastery. This left Francia in the hands of Pepin as sole mayor of the palace and "dux et princeps Francorum".

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: At the time of Carloman's retirement, Grifo escaped his imprisonment and fled to Duke Odilo of Bavaria, who was married to Hiltrude, Pepin's sister. Pepin put down the renewed revolt led by his half-brother and succeeded in completely restoring the boundaries of the kingdom.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: Under the reorganization of Francia by Charles Martel, the "dux et princeps Francorum" was the commander of the armies of the kingdom, in addition to his administrative duties as mayor of the palace.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: As mayor of the palace, Pepin was formally subject to the decisions of Childeric III who had only the title of king but no power. Since Pepin had control over the magnates and actually had the power of a king, he now addressed to Pope Zachary a suggestive question:

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: "In regard to the kings of the Franks who no longer possess the royal power: is this state of things proper?"

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: Hard pressed by the Lombards, Pope Zachary welcomed this move by the Franks to end an intolerable condition and lay the constitutional foundations for the exercise of the royal power. The Pope replied that such a state of things is not proper. Under these circumstances, the wielder of actual power should be called King. After this decision, Childeric III was deposed and confined to a monastery. He was the last of the Merovingians.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: Pepin was then elected King of the Franks by an assembly of Frankish nobles, with a large portion of his army on hand. The earliest account of his election and anointing is the "Clausula de Pippino", written around 767. Meanwhile, Grifo continued his rebellion, but was eventually killed in the battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in 753.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: The significance of the ceremony of anointment is visible in that it was newly adopted by the Pope and was unheard of in Rome. This, together with granting the title of Patrician of the Romans, which was connected to the role of Defensor Civitatis (protector of oppressed citizens), meant that Pippin was now designated as the defender of the Church.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: As a result, Aquitanian nobles and Gascons from beyond the Garonne too saw no option but to accept a pro-Frankish peace treaty (Fronsac, c. 768). Waiofar escaped but was assassinated by his own frustrated followers in 768.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: Pepin died during a campaign, in 768 at the age of 54. He was interred in the Basilica of Saint Denis in modern-day Metropolitan Paris. His wife Bertrada was also interred there in 783. Charlemagne rebuilt the Basilica in honor of his parents and placed markers at the entrance.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: The Frankish realm was divided according to the Salic law between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: His rule was historically important and of great benefit to the Franks as a people. Pepin's assumption of the crown, and the title of Patrician of Rome, were harbingers of his son's imperial coronation. He made the Carolingians the ruling dynasty of the Franks and the foremost power of Europe. Known as a great conqueror, he was undefeated during his lifetime.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: Pepin married Leutberga from the Danube region. They had five children. She was repudiated some time after the birth of Charlemagne and her children were sent to convents.

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Pepin the Short

Context: In 741, Pepin married Bertrada, daughter of Caribert of Laon. They are known to have had eight children, at least three of whom survived to adulthood:

Question: 피핀의 제일큰 업적은 무엇인가?


Shim Eun-kyung

Context: Shim made her acting debut at age 9 in the 2004 TV series "The Woman Who Wants to Marry", and subsequently made a career as one of the best child actresses of her generation. She first gained attention for her role as a sexually abused girl in horror fairytale "Hansel and Gretel", and also starred in TV series such as "Hwang Jini", "The Legend", "Women of the Sun", and "The Great Merchant"; critics say at times she even outshined her adult counterparts.

Question: 서태지와 이지아는 언제 이혼을 하게 되었는가?


Shim Eun-kyung

Context: Shim's other notable roles include a girl caught amidst the Korean War in black comedy "Kyung-sook, Kyung-sook's Father" (also known as "My Dad Loves Trouble"), a sister with seemingly supernatural abilities in "Possessed", a depressive in "The Quiz Show Scandal", and a court taster in "Masquerade".

Question: 서태지와 이지아는 언제 이혼을 하게 되었는가?


Shim Eun-kyung

Context: Shim next starred as the eccentric savant pianist heroine in "Naeil's Cantabile", a Korean drama adaptation of Japanese manga "Nodame Cantabile". However, the series was a critical and commercial flop; and Shim was criticized for her acting in the series.

Question: 서태지와 이지아는 언제 이혼을 하게 되었는가?


Shim Eun-kyung

Context: Shim is the youngest daughter in her family. Her hobbies are listening to music, reading science fiction comics, and doing taekwondo. She is the drummer of a band she formed with friends, Chick and Candy.

Question: 서태지와 이지아는 언제 이혼을 하게 되었는가?


Shim Eun-kyung

Context: After graduating from Eonbuk Elementary School and Cheongdam Middle School, in 2010 Shim temporarily quit acting to move to the U.S., explaining, "I chose a place where there aren’t a lot of Korean people and decided on a high school in Pittsburgh. Studying is a goal, but I also chose this because I've grown tired mentally and physically after having acted since a young age." She finished her high school at the Professional Children's School in 2013.

Question: 서태지와 이지아는 언제 이혼을 하게 되었는가?


Delivery Hero

Context: In December 2016, the company announced the sale of its UK business Hungryhouse to Just Eat for at least £200m. However, the deal needed to be cleared by the Competition and Markets Authority of the UK before completion. On 12 October 2017, the CMA gave preliminary approval for Just Eat to acquire its smaller rival.

Question: 한국에서 가장 큰 택배기업은 무엇인가?


Delivery Hero

Context: In 2018 Foodora Australia abruptly shut down operations while facing several lawsuits: including one from the country's Fair Work Ombudsman which accused the company of sham contracting, and several court cases relating to unpaid benefits and wrongful dismissal.

Question: 한국에서 가장 큰 택배기업은 무엇인가?


Delivery Hero

Context: The Transport Workers Union subsequently accused Foodora of shutting down to “avoid responsibility for paying its riders millions of dollars in backpay as a result of wage theft.”

Question: 한국에서 가장 큰 택배기업은 무엇인가?


Delivery Hero

Context: In 2019, Foodora couriers Montreal and Toronto began organizing. Subsequently, with the support of the Canadian Union of Postal Workers, Foodsters United, a group of couriers in Ontario, organized a vote on whether or not to unionize with the CUPW. Foodora Canada then challenged the vote prior to the announcement of results, on the basis that Foodora couriers were independent contractors and therefore did not have the right to unionize.

Question: 한국에서 가장 큰 택배기업은 무엇인가?


Delivery Hero

Context: The Ontario Labour Relations Board then ruled that Foodora was misclassifying couriers as independent contractors, and, in a decision which was widely considered a win for couriers, ordered Foodora to consider its couriers "dependent contractors", a new category which affords workers some of the rights of employees. The decision only applied to couriers in Ontario, but was considered to be precedent setting.

Question: 한국에서 가장 큰 택배기업은 무엇인가?


Delivery Hero

Context: In April 2020, two months after Ontario Labour Relations Board decision, Foodora Canada announced that it was shutting down, citing oversaturation of the Canadian market.

Question: 한국에서 가장 큰 택배기업은 무엇인가?


Typhoon Tip

Context: U.S. Air Force aircraft flew 60 weather reconnaissance missions into the typhoon, making Tip one of the most closely observed tropical cyclones. Rainfall from Tip indirectly led to a fire that killed 13 Marines and injured 68 at Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji in the Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan. Elsewhere in the country, the typhoon caused widespread flooding and 42 deaths; offshore shipwrecks left 44 people killed or missing.

Question: 2019년까지 세상에서 가장 큰 태풍은 무엇인가?


Typhoon Tip

Context: The typhoon produced heavy rainfall early in its lifetime while passing near Guam, including a total of 23.1 cm (9.09 in) at Andersen Air Force Base. The outer rainbands of the large circulation of Tip produced moderate rainfall in the mountainous regions of the Philippine islands of Luzon and Visayas.

Question: 2019년까지 세상에서 가장 큰 태풍은 무엇인가?


Typhoon Tip

Context: Typhoon Tip was the largest tropical cyclone on record, with a diameter of —almost double the previous record of set by Typhoon Marge in August 1951. At its largest, Tip was nearly half the size of the contiguous United States. The temperature inside the eye of Typhoon Tip at peak intensity was and described as exceptionally high. With 10-minute sustained winds of , Typhoon Tip is the strongest cyclone in the complete tropical cyclone listing by the Japan Meteorological Agency.

Question: 2019년까지 세상에서 가장 큰 태풍은 무엇인가?


Typhoon Tip

Context: Despite the typhoon's intensity and damage, the name "Tip" was not retired and was reused in 1983, 1986, and 1989. However, the JTWC changed their naming list halfway through the 1989 Pacific typhoon season, and the name "Tip" was discontinued from use afterward.

Question: 2019년까지 세상에서 가장 큰 태풍은 무엇인가?


Province of Brindisi

Context: The Province of Brindisi () is a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Brindisi. It has an area of and a total population of 401,652 (2013).

Question: 이탈리아에서 가장 작은 주는 어디인가?


Province of Brindisi

Context: The province, according to the Geological Map of Italy, prepared by the Geological Survey of Italy, is composed of various types of land: in the central-southern area there is a predominance of dolomitic limestone (present generally in the inhabited zone from the plateau of the Murgia), small eluvial deposits, sand, clay, grey silted marshes (around Francavilla Fontana, Oria and San Donaci), chalk and limestone, including firm bioclastic limestone and chalky sandstone.

Question: 이탈리아에서 가장 작은 주는 어디인가?


Province of Brindisi

Context: In 1861, the province had a total population of 114,790 which grew steadily until 2001 when there were 402,422 inhabitants. It has been more or less static since 2002 when there were 401,534 inhabitants, rising to 403,163 in 2010 but falling again to 401,867 in 2011. In 2010, only 7,437 foreigners (1.8% of the total) resided in the province.

Question: 이탈리아에서 가장 작은 주는 어디인가?


Province of Brindisi

Context: Surrounded by vineyards, artichoke and olive groves, the city of Brindisi is a major sailing port for the southern part of Italy. In modern times, the province has experienced a process of change in its economic structure, with a progressive decrease in the weight of industry and growth of the tertiary sector. A significant increase in tourism, due to a good infrastructure has been witnessed, as well as the growth of its artistic and culinary assets.

Question: 이탈리아에서 가장 작은 주는 어디인가?


Province of Brindisi

Context: In 2011, the principal sectors of activity in the province were commerce (30%), agriculture (27%) and construction (13%), together representing 70% of the economy. The number of enterprises rose to a peak of 38,435 in 2005 but thereafter fell to 37,304 in 2011. Of these, 8,453 were active in agriculture, mainly in crop production with small percentages in the areas of livestock, agricultural support and mixed farming.

Question: 이탈리아에서 가장 작은 주는 어디인가?


Province of Brindisi

Context: From the beginning of the 80s to the end of the 90s the Port of Brindisi was the starting point for tourists who passed from Italy to Greece. Subsequently, the tourist demand became increasingly strong also in the rest of the province of Brindisi.

Question: 이탈리아에서 가장 작은 주는 어디인가?


Province of Brindisi

Context: Ostuni, remains in 2021 one of the main tourist attractions in the province of Brindisi. Which thanks to its characteristic beauty, especially the historic center, is called the "white city. The beaches of Ostuni have received the FEE Blue Flag for about 10 years thanks to the quality of their waters.

Question: 이탈리아에서 가장 작은 주는 어디인가?


Province of Brindisi

Context: In addition to Brindisi, Oria, with its 13th century castle built by Frederick II, is one of the province's main attractions. Ostuni, still protected by its town walls, is noted for its citadel, its cathedral and numerous mansions.

Question: 이탈리아에서 가장 작은 주는 어디인가?


Copyright

Context: Some jurisdictions require "fixing" copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, and moral rights such as attribution.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Copyrights can be granted by public law and are in that case considered "territorial rights". This means that copyrights granted by the law of a certain state, do not extend beyond the territory of that specific jurisdiction. Copyrights of this type vary by country; many countries, and sometimes a large group of countries, have made agreements with other countries on procedures applicable when works "cross" national borders or national rights are inconsistent.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Typically, the public law duration of a copyright expires 50 to 100 years after the creator dies, depending on the jurisdiction. Some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, others recognize copyright in any completed work, without a formal registration. When the copyright of a work expires, it enters the public domain.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: The concept of copyright developed after the printing press came into use in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The printing press made it much cheaper to produce works, but as there was initially no copyright law, anyone could buy or rent a press and print any text. Popular new works were immediately re-set and re-published by competitors, so printers needed a constant stream of new material. Fees paid to authors for new works were high, and significantly supplemented the incomes of many academics.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: The concept of copyright first developed in England. In reaction to the printing of "scandalous books and pamphlets", the English Parliament passed the Licensing of the Press Act 1662, which required all intended publications to be registered with the government-approved Stationers' Company, giving the Stationers the right to regulate what material could be printed.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: The Statute of Anne, enacted in 1710 in England and Scotland provided the first legislation to protect copyrights (but not authors' rights). The Copyright Act of 1814 extended more rights for authors but did not protect British from reprinting in the US. The Berne International Copyright Convention of 1886 finally provided protection for authors among the countries who signed the agreement, although the US did not join the Berne Convention until 1989.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Copyright has developed into a concept that has a significant effect on nearly every modern industry, including not just literary work, but also forms of creative work such as sound recordings, films, photographs, software, and architecture.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Often seen as the first real copyright law, the 1709 British Statute of Anne gave the publishers rights for a fixed period, after which the copyright expired.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: The original length of copyright in the United States was 14 years, and it had to be explicitly applied for. If the author wished, they could apply for a second 14‑year monopoly grant, but after that the work entered the public domain, so it could be used and built upon by others.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: The United States and most Latin American countries instead entered into the Buenos Aires Convention in 1910, which required a copyright notice on the work (such as "all rights reserved"), and permitted signatory nations to limit the duration of copyrights to shorter and renewable terms. The Universal Copyright Convention was drafted in 1952 as another less demanding alternative to the Berne Convention, and ratified by nations such as the Soviet Union and developing nations.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: The regulations of the Berne Convention are incorporated into the World Trade Organization's TRIPS agreement (1995), thus giving the Berne Convention effectively near-global application.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Copyright laws are standardized somewhat through these international conventions such as the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention. These multilateral treaties have been ratified by nearly all countries, and international organizations such as the European Union or World Trade Organization require their member states to comply with them.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Copyright law recognizes the right of an author based on whether the work actually is an original creation, rather than based on whether it is unique; two authors may own copyright on two substantially identical works, if it is determined that the duplication was coincidental, and neither was copied from the other.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: In most jurisdictions the copyright holder must bear the cost of enforcing copyright. This will usually involve engaging legal representation, administrative or court costs. In light of this, many copyright disputes are settled by a direct approach to the infringing party in order to settle the dispute out of court.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: "...by 1978, the scope was expanded to apply to any 'expression' that has been 'fixed' in any medium, this protection granted automatically whether the maker wants it or not, no registration required."

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: For a work to be considered to infringe upon copyright, its use must have occurred in a nation that has domestic copyright laws or adheres to a bilateral treaty or established international convention such as the Berne Convention or WIPO Copyright Treaty. Improper use of materials outside of legislation is deemed "unauthorized edition", not copyright infringement.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: According to World Intellectual Property Organisation, copyright protects two types of rights. Economic rights allow right owners to derive financial reward from the use of their works by others. Moral rights allow authors and creators to take certain actions to preserve and protect their link with their work. The author or creator may be the owner of the economic rights or those rights may be transferred to one or more copyright owners. Many countries do not allow the transfer of moral rights.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: The Copyright Law in the United States, several exclusive rights are granted to the holder of a copyright, as are listed below:

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: But if the intended exploitation of the work includes publication (or distribution of derivative work, such as a film based on a book protected by copyright) outside the US, the terms of copyright around the world must be considered. If the author has been dead more than 70 years, the work is in the public domain in most, but not all, countries.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: In 1998, the length of a copyright in the United States was increased by 20 years under the Copyright Term Extension Act. This legislation was strongly promoted by corporations which had valuable copyrights which otherwise would have expired, and has been the subject of substantial criticism on this point.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: In many jurisdictions, copyright law makes exceptions to these restrictions when the work is copied for the purpose of commentary or other related uses. United States copyright law does not cover names, titles, short phrases or listings (such as ingredients, recipes, labels, or formulas). However, there are protections available for those areas copyright does not cover, such as trademarks and patents.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: The idea–expression divide differentiates between ideas and expression, and states that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the ideas themselves. This principle, first clarified in the 1879 case of "Baker v. Selden", has since been codified by the Copyright Act of 1976 at 17 U.S.C. § 102(b).

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Copyright law does not restrict the owner of a copy from reselling legitimately obtained copies of copyrighted works, provided that those copies were originally produced by or with the permission of the copyright holder. It is therefore legal, for example, to resell a copyrighted book or CD. In the United States this is known as the first-sale doctrine, and was established by the courts to clarify the legality of reselling books in second-hand bookstores.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: In addition, copyright, in most cases, does not prohibit one from acts such as modifying, defacing, or destroying his or her own legitimately obtained copy of a copyrighted work, so long as duplication is not involved. However, in countries that implement moral rights, a copyright holder can in some cases successfully prevent the mutilation or destruction of a work that is publicly visible.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Copyright does not prohibit all copying or replication. In the United States, the fair use doctrine, codified by the Copyright Act of 1976 as 17 U.S.C. Section 107, permits some copying and distribution without permission of the copyright holder or payment to same. The statute does not clearly define fair use, but instead gives four non-exclusive factors to consider in a fair use analysis. Those factors are:

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: In the United States the AHRA (Audio Home Recording Act Codified in Section 10, 1992) prohibits action against consumers making noncommercial recordings of music, in return for royalties on both media and devices plus mandatory copy-control mechanisms on recorders.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: EU copyright laws recognise the right of EU member states to implement some national exceptions to copyright. Examples of those exceptions are:

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: It is legal in several countries including the United Kingdom and the United States to produce alternative versions (for example, in large print or braille) of a copyrighted work to provide improved access to a work for blind and visually impaired people without permission from the copyright holder.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: In the US there is a Religious Service Exemption (1976 law, section 110[3]), namely "performance of a non-dramatic literary or musical work or of a dramatico-musical work of a religious nature or display of a work, in the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly" shall not constitute infringement of copyright.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Founded in 2001 by James Boyle, Lawrence Lessig, and Hal Abelson, the Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization which aims to facilitate the legal sharing of creative works. To this end, the organization provides a number of generic copyright license options to the public, gratis. These licenses allow copyright holders to define conditions under which others may use a work and to specify what types of use are acceptable.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Copyright

Context: Some sources are critical of particular aspects of the copyright system. This is known as a debate over copynorms. Particularly to the background of uploading content to internet platforms and the digital exchange of original work, there is discussion about the copyright aspects of downloading and streaming, the copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing.

Question: 초상권이 처음 인정된 때는 언제인가?


Crimean War

Context: The churches worked out their differences with the Ottomans and came to an agreement, but both the French Emperor Napoleon III and the Russian Tsar Nicholas I refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that demanded the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise to which Nicholas agreed. When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement, Nicholas recanted and prepared for war.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: As the Ottoman Empire steadily weakened during the 19th century, the Russian Empire stood poised to take advantage by expanding southward. In the 1850s, the British and the French Empires were allied with the Ottoman Empire and were determined to prevent that from happening. The historian A. J. P. Taylor argued that the war had resulted not from aggression, but from the interacting fears of the major players:

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: France took the opportunity to occupy Algeria, which had been under Ottoman rule, in 1830. In 1831, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, declared independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, which forced Sultan Mahmud II to seek Russian military aid. A Russian army of 10,000 landed on the shores of the Bosphorus in 1833 and helped prevent the Egyptians from capturing Constantinople.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: "The reasons for the Tsar's disquietude are not obscure. Not Turkey alone was threatened by the advance of Ibrahim. The rights secured to Russia by a succession of treaties were also directly jeopardized. The substitution of a virile Albanian dynasty at Constantinople in place of the effete Osmanlis was the last thing desired by the Power which wished, naturally enough, to command the gate into the Mediterranean". Russia was satisfied with the weak government in Constantinople (Istanbul).

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: As a result, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was signed and greatly benefited Russia. It provided for a military alliance between the Russian and the Ottoman Empires if one of them was attacked, and a secret additional clause allowed the Ottomans to opt out of sending troops but to close the Straits to foreign warships if Russia was under threat. Egypt remained nominally under Ottoman sovereignty but was "de facto" independent.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: On 13 July 1841, after the expiry of the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, the London Straits Convention was signed under pressure from the European countries. The new treaty deprived Russia of its right to block warships from passing into the Black Sea in case of war. Thus, the way to the Black Sea was open for British and French warships during a possible Russo-Ottoman conflict.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Russian historians tend to view that history as evidence that Russia lacked aggressive plans. The Russian historian V. N. Vinogradov writes: "The signing of the documents was the result of deliberate decisions: instead of bilateral (none of the great powers recognized this Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi), the new Treaty of London was obligatory for all, it closed the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. In the absence of expansion plans, this was a sound decision".

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: "British exports to the Ottoman Empire, including Egypt and the Danubian principalities, increased nearly threefold from 1840 to 1851 (...) Thus it was very important, from the financial point of view, for Britain to prevent the Ottoman Empire from falling into other hands".

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Assistance from Western European powers or Russia had twice saved the Ottoman Empire from destruction, but the Ottomans also lost their independence in foreign policy. Britain and France desired more than any other states to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire because they did not want to see Russia gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea. Austria had the same fears.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Russia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the "police of Europe" to maintain the balance of power that had been established in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude for a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire, the "sick man of Europe". Britain could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs, which would challenge its domination of the eastern Mediterranean.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Britain's immediate fear was Russia's expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. The British desired to preserve Ottoman integrity and were concerned that Russia might make advances toward British India or move toward Scandinavia or Western Europe. A distraction (in the form of the Ottoman Empire) on the British southwest flank would mitigate that threat. The Royal Navy also wanted to forestall the threat of a powerful Russian Navy. Taylor stated the British perspective:

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Mikhail Pogodin, a professor of history at Moscow University, gave Nicholas a summary of Russia's policy towards the Slavs in the war. Nicholas's answer was filled with grievances against the West. Nicholas shared Pogodin's sense that Russia's role as the protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire was not understood and that Russia was unfairly treated by the West. Nicholas especially approved of the following passage:

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: However, no matter how great the problems of Russia were, there were much more of them in the Ottoman Empire. "In a one-to-one fight Nikolai (Tsar) had no doubt of beating the Ottoman armies and navy".

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Russian foreign policy was strategically wrong, not understanding the importance of Britain's trade interests and not understanding the changes in the whole situation after the conclusion of the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty in 1838 (see Treaty of Balta Liman ). Russia constantly tried to "honestly" negotiate with Great Britain on the partition of the Ottoman Empire and tried to eliminate all objections from Great Britain, making all concessions.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Russia disputed that attempted change in authority. Referring to two previous treaties (one from 1757 and the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca from 1774), the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renounced the French treaty and declared that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Napoleon III responded with a show of force by sending the ship of the line "Charlemagne" to the Black Sea and thereby violated the London Straits Convention. The gunboat diplomacy show of force, together with money, induced Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty confirming France and the Catholic Church's supreme authority over Catholic holy places, including the Church of the Nativity, which had been held by the Greek Orthodox Church.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Tsar Nicholas I then deployed his 4th and 5th Army Corps along the River Danube in Wallachia, as a direct threat to the Ottoman lands south of the river. He had Foreign Minister Count Karl Nesselrode undertake talks with the Ottomans. Nesselrode confided to Sir George Hamilton Seymour, the British ambassador in Saint Petersburg:

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The agreement referred to by the French was in 1740. At present most historians (except for the new Russian Orthodox nationalists) accept that the question of the holy places was no more than a pretext for the Crimean War. As conflict emerged over the issue of the holy places, Nicholas I and Nesselrode began a diplomatic offensive, which they hoped would prevent either British or French interference in any conflict between Russia and the Ottomans and prevent both from forming an anti-Russian alliance.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with Seymour in January and February 1853. Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand the Russia Empire but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Nicholas fumed at "the infernal dictatorship of this Redcliffe" whose name and political ascendancy at the Porte personified for him the whole Eastern Question, Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The British and the French sent in naval task forces to support the Ottomans, as Russia had prepared to seize the Danubian Principalities.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The United Kingdom, hoping to maintain the Ottoman Empire as a bulwark against the expansion of Russian power in Asia, sent a fleet to the Dardanelles, where it joined a fleet sent by France.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Burgoyne and his team of engineers inspected and surveyed the Dardanelles area in February. They were fired on by Russian riflemen when they went to Varna. A team of sappers arrived in March, and major building works commenced on a seven-mile line of defence, which was designed to block the Gallipoli Peninsula. French sappers worked on half of the line, which was finished in May.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Russia soon withdrew its troops from the Danubian Principalities, which were then occupied by Austria for the duration of the war. That removed the original grounds for war, but the British and the French continued with hostilities. Determined to address the Eastern Question by putting an end to the Russian threat to the Ottomans, the allies in August 1854 proposed the "Four Points" for ending the conflict in addition to the Russian withdrawal:

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Those points, particularly the third, would require clarification through negotiations, which Russia refused. The allies, including Austria, therefore agreed that Britain and France should take further military action to prevent further Russian aggression against the Ottomans. Britain and France agreed on the invasion of the Crimean Peninsula as the first step.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: In early 1854, the Russians again advanced by crossing the River Danube into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall, where they were finally halted. In the centre, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops. The defenders had 15,000 troops and supplies for three months. The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The British and the French could not then take the field for lack of equipment.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: By then, the Russian withdrawal was complete, except for the fortress towns of northern Dobruja, and Russia's place in the principalities was taken by the Austrians as a neutral peacekeeping force. There was little further action on that front after late 1854, and in September, the allied force boarded ships at Varna to invade the Crimean Peninsula.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The naval operations of the Crimean War commenced with the dispatch in mid-1853 of the French and the British fleets to the Black Sea region, to support the Ottomans and to dissuade the Russians from encroachment. By June 1853, both fleets had been stationed at Besikas Bay, outside the Dardanelles. With the Russian occupation of the Danube Principalities in July 1853, they moved to the Bosphorus, and on January 3 1854, they entered the Black Sea.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: In May 1855, the allies successfully invaded Kerch and operated against Taganrog in the Sea of Azov. In September, they moved against Russian installations in the Dnieper estuary by attacking Kinburn in the first use of ironclad ships in naval warfare.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: French and British officers and engineers were sent on 20 July on HMS "Fury", a wooden "Bulldog"-class paddle sloop, to survey the harbour of Sevastopol and the coast near it. They managed to get close to the harbour mouth to inspect the formidable batteries. Returning, they reported that they believed that 15,000–20,000 troops were encamped. Ships were prepared to transport horses, and siege equipment was both manufactured and imported.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: A postponement was agreed, but on the next day, the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defences and had outgunned the allies.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Reinforcements for the Russians gave them the courage to send out probing attacks. The Allied lines, beginning to suffer from cholera as early as September, were stretched. The French, on the west, had less to do than the British on the east, with their siege lines and the large nine-mile open wing back to their supply base on the south coast.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The shortage of men led to the failure of the British and the French to follow up on the Battle of Balaclava, which led directly to the much bloodier Battle of Inkerman. On 5 November 1854, the Russians attempted to raise the siege at Sevastopol with an attack against the allies, which resulted in another allied victory.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Winter weather and a deteriorating supply of troops and materiel on both sides led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, whose armies were hemmed in by the Russian Army in the interior. On 14 November, the "Balaklava Storm" sank 30 allied transport ships, including , which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The troops suffered greatly from cold and sickness, and the shortage of fuel led them to start dismantling their defensive Gabions and Fascines. In February 1855, the Russians attacked the allied base at Eupatoria, where an Ottoman army had built up and was threatening Russian supply routes. The Russians were defeated at the Battle of Eupatoria, leading to a change in their command.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The strain of directing the war had taken its toll on the health of Tsar Nicholas. Full of remorse for the disasters that he had caused, he caught pneumonia and died on 2 March.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The allies had had time to consider the problem, and the French were brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff. Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left against the fortifications on Malakoff Hill. In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting resulted in little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: In April 1855, the allies staged a second all-out bombardment, which led to an artillery duel with the Russian guns, but no ground assault followed.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: On 24 May 1855, 60 ships, containing 7,000 French, 5,000 Turkish and 3,000 British troops, set off for a raid on the city of Kerch, east of Sevastopol, in an attempt to open another front on the Crimean Peninsula and to cut off Russian supplies. When the allies landed the force at Kerch, the plan was to outflank the Russian Army. The landings were successful, but the force made little progress thereafter.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The first general assault of Sevastopol took place on 18 June 1855. There is a legend that the assault was scheduled for that date in favour of Napoleon III in the 40th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo, but the legend is not confirmed by historians. However, the appearance of such a legend is undoubtedly symptomatic since the war in France was understood as a certain revanche for the defeat of 1812.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, which was defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops. The resulting Battle of the Chernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Both sides were now exhausted, and no further military operations were launched in the Crimea before the onset of winter. The main objective of the siege was the destruction of the Russian fleet and docks and took place over the winter. On 28 February, multiple mines blew up the five docks, the canal, and three locks.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley and rye. that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The Governor of Taganrog, Yegor Tolstoy, and Lieutenant-General Ivan Krasnov refused an allied ultimatum by responding, "Russians never surrender their cities". The Anglo-French squadron bombarded Taganrog for 6 hours and landed 300 troops near the Old Stairway in the centre of Taganrog, but they were thrown back by Don Cossacks and a volunteer corps.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: As in the previous wars, the Caucasus front was secondary to what happened in the west. Perhaps because of better communications, western events sometimes influenced the east. The main events were the second capture of Kars and a landing on the Georgian coast. Several commanders on both sides were either incompetent or unlucky, and few fought aggressively.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: Russia depended on imports—both for its domestic economy and for the supply of its military forces: the blockade forced Russia to rely on more expensive overland shipments from Prussia. The blockade seriously undermined the Russian export economy and helped shorten the war.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: The burning of tar warehouses and ships led to international criticism, and in London the MP Thomas Gibson demanded in the House of Commons that the First Lord of the Admiralty explain "a system which carried on a great war by plundering and destroying the property of defenceless villagers".

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?


Crimean War

Context: In fact, the operations in the Baltic sea were in the nature of binding forces. It was very important to divert Russian forces from the South or, more precisely, not to allow Nicholas to transfer to the Crimea a huge army guarding the Baltic coast and the capital. This goal Anglo-French forces have achieved. The Russian Army in Crimea was forced to act without superiority in forces.

Question: 세바스토폴 포위전은 얼마나 지속되었나요?