Ulaanbaatar

Context: The city consists of a central district built in Soviet 1940s- and 1950s-style architecture, surrounded by and mingled with residential concrete towerblocks and large ger districts. In recent years, many of the towerblocks' ground floors have been modified and upgraded to small shops, and many new buildings have been erected—some illegally, as some private companies erect buildings without legal licenses/permits in forbidden places.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar's main landmarks include the Gandantegchinlen Monastery with the large Janraisig statue, the socialist monument complex at Zaisan Memorial with its great view over the city, the Winter Palace of the Bogd Khan, Sükhbaatar Square and the nearby Choijin Lama Temple.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The city also houses numerous museums, two of the prominent ones being the National Museum of Mongolia and the Zanabazar Fine Arts Museum. Popular destinations for day trips are the Gorkhi-Terelj National Park, the Manzushir monastery ruins on the southern flank of Bogd Khan Uul and Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Important shopping districts include the 3rd Microdistrict Boulevard (simply called "Khoroolol" or "the District"), Peace Avenue around the State Department Store (simply called "Ikh Delguur" or "Great Store") and the Narantuul "Black Market" area (simply called "Zakh" or "the Market").

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar presently has three large cinemas, one modern ski resort, two large indoor stadiums, several large department stores and one large amusement park. Food, entertainment and recreation venues are steadily increasing in variety. KFC, Round Table Pizza, Cinnabon, Louis Vuitton, Ramada and Kempinski have opened branches in key locations.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The skyline is dominated by the Blue Sky Tower. A tower called the Morin Khuur Tower (Horsehead Fiddle Tower) is planned to be built next to the Central Stadium. and the 41-floor Mak Tower being built by South Korean "Lotte Construction and Engineering".

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Among the notable older monasteries is the Choijin Lama Monastery, a Buddhist monastery that was completed in 1908. It escaped the destruction of Mongolian monasteries when it was turned into a museum in 1942.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Another is the Gandan Monastery, which dates to the 19th century. Its most famous attraction is a 26.5-meter-high golden statue of Migjid Janraisig. These monasteries are among the very few in Mongolia to escape the wholesale destruction of Mongolian monasteries under Khorloogiin Choibalsan.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The only palace that remains is the winter palace; the Winter Palace of the Bogd Khan ("Bogd khaanii nogoon süm" or "Bogd khaanii öwliin ordon") remains as a museum of the last monarch. The complex includes six temples, many of the Bogd Khan's and his wife's possessions are on display in the main building.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar has several museums dedicated to Mongolian history and culture. The Natural History Museum features many dinosaur fossils and meteorites found in Mongolia.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The National Museum of Mongolia includes exhibits from prehistoric times through the Mongol Empire to the present. The Zanabazar Museum of Fine Arts has a large collection of Mongolian art, including works of the 17th-century sculptor/artist Zanabazar, as well as Mongolia's most famous painting, "One Day In Mongolia" by Baldugiin "Marzan" Sharav.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The Mongolian Theatre Museum presents the history of the performing arts in Mongolia. The city's former Lenin Museum announced plans in January 2013 to convert to a museum showcasing dinosaur and other prehistoric fossils.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Pre-1778 artifacts that never left the city since its founding include the Vajradhara statue made by Zanabazar himself in 1683 (the city's main deity kept at the Vajradhara temple), an ornate throne presented to Zanabazar by the Kangxi Emperor (before 1723), a sandalwood hat presented to Zanabazar by the Dalai Lama (c. 1663), Zanabazar's large fur coat which was also presented by the Kangxi Emperor and a great number of original statues made by Zanabazar (e.g., the Green Tara).

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The Military Museum of Mongolia's collection consists of two permanent exhibition halls, showcasing the war history of the country from pre-historic times to the modern era. In the first hall, one can see various tools and weapons from Paleolithic age to the times of Manchu empire. The modern history exhibition hall showcases the history of the Mongolian military, starting with the Bogd Khan period (1911–24) up until Mongolia's recent military involvement in peacekeeping operations.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Although the building's condition is dire, the Victims of Political Persecution Memorial Museum tells about one of the most tragic history of Mongolia's 20th century. It is dedicated to those fallen under the political purge that took the lives of over 32,000 statesmen, herders, scholars, politicians and lamas.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The city's museum offers a view of Ulaanbaatar's history through old maps and photos. The most interesting item is a huge painting of the capital as it looked in 1912 that shows major landmarks such as Gandan Monastery and the Winter Palace of the Bogd Khan. Part of the museum is dedicated to special photo exhibits that change frequently. Mongolian Railway History Museum is an open-air museum that displays 6 types of locomotives used during a 65-year period of Mongolian Railways history.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The Puzzle Toys Museum displays a comprehensive collection of complex wooden toys players can assemble.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The Zaisan Memorial, a memorial to Soviet soldiers killed in World War II, sits on a hill south of the city. The Zaisan Memorial includes a Soviet tank paid for by the Mongolian people and a circular memorial painting which in the socialist realism style depicts scenes of friendship between the peoples of the Soviet Union and Mongolia. Visitors who make the long climb to the top are rewarded with a panoramic view of the whole city down in the valley.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar features a mix of traditional and western style theatres, offering world class performances. Many of the traditional folklore bands play regularly around the world including in New York, London and Tokyo. The Ulaanbaatar Opera House, situated in the center of the city, hosts concerts and musical performances.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: as well as opera and ballet performances, some of them are in collaboration with world ballet houses such as Boston Theatre.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The Mongolian State Grand National Orchestra was originally established during Kublai Khan, reestablished in 1945. It has the largest orchestra of traditional instruments in the country with a repertoire going beyond national music, encompassing dozens of international musical pieces.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The Tumen Ekh Ensemble comprises artists who perform all types of Mongolian song, music and dance. They play traditional instruments including the morin khuur (horse head fiddle) and perform Mongolian long song, epic and eulogy songs, a ritualistic shaman ritual dance, an ancient palace dance and a Tsam mask dance.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The Morin Khuur Ensemble of Mongolia is part of the Mongolian State Philharmonic located at the Chinggis Khan Square. It is a popular ensemble featuring the national string instrument Morin Khuur and performs various domestic and international works.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: A number of nationally known parks and protected areas belong officially to the city. Gorkhi-Terelj National Park, a nature preserve with many tourist facilities, is approximately from Ulaanbaatar. It is accessible via paved road. The Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue, from Ulaanbaatar.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Bogd Khan mountain is a strictly protected area, with a length of and width of , covering an area of . Nature conservation dates back to the twelfth and thirteenth century when the Toorl Khan of Mongolian Ancient Keraite Aimag – who prohibited logging and hunting activities – claimed the Bogd Khan as a holy mountain.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The National Amusement Park () is an amusement park located in the downtown section, south of Shangri-La Hotel. It is also a popular place for young people to hang out. This small amusement park features rides, games and paddle boats. Its original Artificial Lake Castle was built in 1969.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The National Park of Mongolia in the southeastern outskirts of the city opened in 2009, becoming a popular summer park for the UB goers. It has a total area of 55 hectares with over 100K trees planted. The park is geared towards becoming educational center for healthy responsible living as well as environmental education.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar has a long tradition of Buddhism, having been initially founded and settled as a monastic centre. Prominent places of worship in the city include the Gandantegchinlen Monastery and Choijin Lama Temple. In modern times, it has become a multifaith centre, containing multiple Christian churches (such as the Orthodox Holy Trinity Church and Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, the official episcopal see of the Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of Ulaanbaatar).

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: According to the 2020 national census, 46.3% of the population greater than 15 years of age identified as being irreligious, while 53.7% identified as being religious, marking a 7.7% decrease in religiosity since the 2010 census.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Of the people identifying as religious, responses included Buddhism (89.1%), Shamanism (5.4%), Christianity (3.3%), and Islam (0.9%).

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The official symbol of Ulaanbaatar is the , a mythical bird in both Buddhist and Hindu scriptures called Khan Garuda or "Khangar'd" () by Mongols.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The appears on Ulaanbaatar's emblem. In its right hand is a key, a symbol of prosperity and openness, and in its left is a lotus flower, a symbol of peace, equality and purity. In its talons it is holding a snake, a symbol of evil of which it is intolerant. On the 's forehead is the soyombo symbol, which is featured on the flag of Mongolia. The city's flag is sky blue with the arms in the center.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar is home to most of Mongolia's major universities, among them the National University of Mongolia, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Mongolian State University of Agriculture, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolian State University of Education, and the Mongolian University of Art and Culture, and the University of Finance and Economics.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The American School of Ulaanbaatar and the International School of Ulaanbaatar are examples of Western-style K-12 education in English for Mongolian nationals and foreign residents.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The National Library of Mongolia is located in Ulaanbaatar and includes an extensive historical collection, items in non-Mongolian languages and a special children's collection.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The International Children's Digital Library (ICDL) is an organization that publishes numerous children's books in different languages on the web in child-friendly formats. In 2006 they began service in Mongolia and have made efforts to provide access to the library in rural areas. The ICDL effort in Mongolia is part of a larger project funded by the World Bank and administered by the Mongolian Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, called the Rural Education And Development Project (READ).

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Since Mongolia lacks a publishing industry, and few children's books, the idea has been to "spur the publishing industry to create 200 new children's books for classroom libraries in grades 1–5." After these books were published and distributed to teachers they were also published online with the rest of the ICDL collection. While a significant portion of this project is supported by outside sources, an important component is to include training of Mongolian staff to make it continue in an effective way.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The Press Institute in Ulaanbaatar oversees the Digital Archive of Mongolian Newspapers. It is a collection of 45 newspaper titles with a particular focus on the years after the fall of communism in Mongolia. The project was supported by the British Library's Endangered Archives Programme. The Metropolitan Central Library in Ulaanbaatar maintains a digital monthly news archive.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: There is a Speaking Library at School #116 for the visually impaired, funded by the Zorig Foundation, and the collection is largely based on materials donated by Mongolian National Radio. "A sizable collection of literature, know-how topics, training materials, music, plays, science broadcasts are now available to the visually impaired at the school."

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: There is a manuscript collection at the Danzan Ravjaa Museum of theological, poetic, medicinal, astrological and theatrical works. It consists of literature written and collected by the monk Danzan Ravjaa, who is famous for his poetry.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The British Library's Endangered Archives Programme funded a project to take digital images of unique literature in the collection; however, it is not clear where the images are stored today.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar hosted the official 2019 FIBA 3x3 Under-18 World Cup where Mongolia's national Under-18 3x3 team finished 6th out of 20.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar City FC is a professional football club based in the city and currently competes in Mongolian National Premier League.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Ulaanbaatar is served by the Chinggis Khaan International Airport, located south of the city which functions as the country's main air hub. It replaced the former Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport in 2021.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Flights to Ulaanbaatar are available from Moscow, Paris, Frankfurt, Berlin, Tokyo, Seoul, Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk, Hong Kong, Beijing, Bishkek and Istanbul.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: There are rail connections to the Trans-Siberian railway via Naushki and to the Chinese railway system via Jining. Ulaanbaatar is connected by road to most of the major towns in Mongolia, but most roads in Mongolia are unpaved and unmarked, and road travel can be difficult. Even within the city, not all roads are paved and some of the ones that are paved are not in good condition.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Existing plans to improve transportation include a subway system, several major road projects such as a highway to link Ulaanbaatar to the regions of Altanbulag and Zamyn Uud, plans to upgrade existing regional airports and roadways, and Mongolian Railway projects that will connect cities and mines.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: The national and municipal governments regulate a system of private transit providers which operate bus lines around the city. There is the Ulaanbaatar Railbus, and also the Ulaanbaatar trolleybus system. A secondary transit system of privately owned microbuses (passenger vans) operates alongside these bus lines. Additionally, Ulaanbaatar has over 4000 taxis. The capital has of road, of which 76.5 are paved.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Air pollution is a serious problem in Ulaanbaatar, especially in winter. Concentrations of certain types of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) regularly exceed WHO recommended maximum levels by more than a dozen times. They also exceed the concentrations measured in northern Chinese industrial cities. During the winter months, smoke regularly obscures vision and can even lead to problems with air traffic at the local airport.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: Sources of the pollution are mainly the simple stoves used for heating and cooking in the city's ger districts, but also the local coal-fueled power plants. The problem is compounded by Ulaanbaatar's location in a valley between relatively high mountains, which shield the city from the winter winds and thus obstruct air circulation.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


Ulaanbaatar

Context: In the 1959 novel "Alas, Babylon" by Pat Frank, the pen name of Harry Hart Frank, the city was a relocation site for the Soviet leadership. In the novel it had a medium-wave station for communications.

Question: 울란바토르 시장은 누구인가요?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: As of June 30, 2021, the university had an endowment of $20.5 billion and in 2019 had a research budget of $1.02 billion. The university's athletics program, the Quakers, fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: undergraduate billionaires accumulating over 65 billion more in wealth than Harvard's] of any university in the world), 21 Marshall Scholars, 33 Rhodes Scholars, 16 Pulitzer Prize winners, alumni who have won 20 Tony Awards, 16 Grammy Awards, 11 Emmy Awards, and 4 Academy Awards (Oscars), an EGOT recipient, 43 Olympic medal winners (who won 81 medals, 26 of them gold), and five United States Medal of Honor recipients have been affiliated with the university.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The University of Pennsylvania considers itself the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, though this is contested by Princeton and Columbia Universities.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Treasurer of board of trustees [1769 to 1770]) and nothing further was done by Franklin for another six years when he again contacted not just Peters but many others. In the fall of 1749, now more eager to create a school to educate future generations, Benjamin Franklin circulated a pamphlet titled "", his vision for what he called a "Public Academy of Philadelphia".

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The University of Pennsylvania also considers itself as the first university in the United States with both undergraduate and graduate studies. Penn has two claims to being the first university in the United States, according to the former university archives director Mark Frazier Lloyd:

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: (1) the 1765 founding of the first medical school in America made Penn the first institution to offer both "undergraduate" and professional education ("the 'de facto' position") and (2) the 1779 charter made it the first American institution of higher learning to take the name of "University" ("the 'de jure' position").

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In 1801, the university moved to the unused Presidential Mansion at 9th and Market Streets, a building that both George Washington and John Adams had declined to occupy while Philadelphia was the temporary national capital.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Among the classes given in 1807 at this building were those offered by Benjamin Rush, a professor of chemistry, medical theory, and clinical practice who was also a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, member of the Continental Congress, and surgeon general of the Continental Army.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Classes were held in the mansion until 1829 when it was demolished. Architect William Strickland designed twin buildings on the same site, College Hall and Medical Hall (both 1829–1830), which formed the core of the Ninth Street Campus until Penn's move to West Philadelphia in the 1870s.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: After being located in downtown Philadelphia for more than a century, the campus was moved across the Schuylkill River to property purchased from the Blockley Almshouse in West Philadelphia in 1872, where it has since remained in an area now known as University City.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In the 1750s, roughly forty percent of Penn students needed lodging as they came from areas too far to commute including other colonies in the South or the West Indies. Before the completion of the construction of the first dormitory in 1765, out of town students were typically placed with "guardians" in the homes of faculty or in suitable boarding houses (such as the one run by widow Rachel Marks Graydon, mother of Penn College Class of 1775 (who did not graduate) alumnus Alexander Graydon).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: When Penn moved West in 1872 to its "new" campus (centered on the intersection of Woodland Avenue, 36th Street, and Locust Street) so did the fraternities. Among the first fraternities to build near the new campus were Phi Delta Theta in 1883 and Psi Upsilon in 1891. By 1891 there were at least seventeen fraternities at the university.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn had increasing need for housing in the last decade of 19th century and first decades of the twentieth century due to number of factors including its competition for students with peer institutions and active recruitment of foreign students.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The success of efforts to reach out to the international students' was reported in 1921 when the official Penn publicity department reported that of the over 12,000 students at Penn (who came from all 50 states), 253 students came from at least 50 foreign countries and foreign territories, including India, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, " ... every Latin American country, and most of the Oriental and European nations".

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: By 1931, first-year students were required to live in the quadrangle unless they received official permission to live with their families or other relatives. However, throughout this period and into the early post-World War II period, the undergraduate schools of the university continued to have a large commuting population. As an example, into the late 1940s, two-thirds of Penn women students were commuters.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: From 1930 to 1966, there were 54 documented Rowbottom riots, a student tradition of rioting which included everything from car smashing to panty raids. After 1966, there were five more instances of "Rowbottoms", the latest occurring in 1980.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In 1983, members of the Animal Liberation Front broke into the Head Injury Clinical Research Laboratory in the School of Medicine and stole research audio and video tapes. The stolen tapes were given to PETA who edited the footage to create a film, "Unnecessary Fuss". As a result of media coverage and pressure from animal rights activists, the project was closed down.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The school gained notoriety in 1993 for the water buffalo incident in which a student who told a group of mostly black female students to "shut up, you water buffalo" was charged with violating the university's racial harassment policy.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In 2022, some asked for the tenure of a University of Pennsylvania law school professor to be revoked after she said the country is "better off with fewer Asians."

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn's motto is based on a line from Horace's . From 1756 to 1898, the motto read "". When it was pointed out that the motto could be translated as 'Loose women without morals', the university quickly changed the motto to . In 1932, all elements of the seal were revised. As part of the redesign, it was decided that the new motto "mutilated" Horace, and it was changed to its present wording, .

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The outer ring of the current seal is inscribed with "Universitas Pennsylvaniensis", the Latin name of the University of Pennsylvania. The inside contains seven stacked books on a desk with the titles of subjects of the trivium and a modified quadrivium, components of a classical education: Theolog[ia], Astronom[ia], Philosoph[ia], Mathemat[ica], Logica, Rhetorica and Grammatica. Between the books and the outer ring is the Latin motto of the university, "Leges Sine Moribus Vanae".

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Much of Penn's architecture was designed by the Philadelphia-based architecture firm Cope and Stewardson (same architects who designed Princeton University and a large part of Washington University in St. Louis) known for having combined the Gothic architecture of the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge with the local landscape to establish the Collegiate Gothic style.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The renowned cancer research center Wistar Institute is also located on campus. In 2014, a new 7-story glass and steel building was completed next to the institute's original brick edifice built in 1897 further expanding collaboration between the university and the Wistar Institute.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The Module 6 Utility Plant and Garage at Penn was designed by BLT Architects and completed in 1995. Module 6 is located at 38th and Walnut and includes spaces for 627 vehicles, of storefront retail operations, a 9,500-ton chiller module and corresponding extension of the campus chilled water loop, and a 4,000-ton ice storage facility.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In September 2011, Penn completed the construction of the $46.5 million, Penn Park, which features passive and active recreation and athletic components framed and subdivided by canopy trees, lawns, and meadows. It is located east of the Highline Green and stretches from Walnut Street to South Streets.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn also owns the New Bolton Center, the research and large-animal health care center of its veterinary school. Located near Kennett Square, New Bolton Center received nationwide media attention when Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro underwent surgery at its Widener Hospital for injuries suffered while running in the Preakness Stakes.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn's library began in 1750 with a donation of books from cartographer Lewis Evans. Twelve years later, then-provost William Smith sailed to England to raise additional funds to increase the collection size. Benjamin Franklin was one of the libraries' earliest donors and, as a trustee, saw to it that funds were allocated for the purchase of texts from London, many of which are still part of the collection, more than 250 years later.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn library system has grown into a system of 15 libraries (13 are on the contiguous campus) with 400 full-time equivalent (FTE) employees and a total operating budget of more than $48 million. The library system has 6.19 million book and serial volumes as well as 4.23 million microform items and 1.11 million e-books. It subscribes to over 68,000 print serials and e-journals.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The Fine Arts Library was built to be Penn's main library (and first to have its own building). The then main library was designed by Frank Furness to be first library in nation to separate the low ceilings of the library stack, where the books were stored, from forty foot plus high ceilinged rooms, where the books were read and studied.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In 2020, Penn installed "Brick House", a monumental work of art (a "critical fabulation" in language used by its creator, Simone Leigh) at the College Green gateway to Penn's campus (near corner of 34th Street and Woodland Walk).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: This bronze sculpture, which is high and in diameter at its base, depicts an African woman's head (crowned with an afro framed by cornrow braids) atop a form that resembles both a skirt and a clay house. At the installation, Penn president Amy Guttman proclaimed that "Ms. Leigh's sculpture brings a striking presence of strength, grace, and beauty—along with an ineffable sense of mystery and resilience—to a central crossroad of Penn's campus."

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The "Covenant", better known to the student body as "Dueling Tampons" or "The Tampons", is a large red structure created by Alexander Liberman and located on Locust Walk as a gateway to the high-rise residences "super block". It was installed in 1975 and is made of rolled sheets of milled steel.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In 2019, the Association for Public Art loaned Penn two multi-ton sculptures. The two works are "Social Consciousness" (created by Sir Jacob Epstein in 1954 and sited on the walkway between Wharton's Lippincott Library and Phi Phi chapter of Alpha Chi Rho fraternity house) and "Atmosphere and Environment XII", created by Louise Nevelson in 1970, which is sited on Shoemaker Green between Franklin Field and Ringe Squash Courts).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Since the Penn Museum was founded in 1887, it has taken part in 400 research projects worldwide. The museum's first project was an excavation of Nippur, a location in current day Iraq.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn Museum is home to the largest authentic sphinx in North America at about seven feet high, four feet wide, 13 feet long, and 12.9 tons (made of solid red granite).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The sphinx was discovered in 1912 by the British archeologist, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, during an excavation of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis, Egypt, where the sphinx had guarded a temple to ward off evil. Since Petri's expedition was partially financed by Penn Petrie offered it to Penn, which arranged for it to be moved to museum in 1913. The sphinx was moved in 2019 to a more prominent spot intended to attract visitors.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The museum has three gallery floors with artifacts from Egypt, the Middle East, Mesoamerica, Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa and indigenous artifacts of the Americas. Its most famous object is the goat rearing into the branches of a rosette-leafed plant, from the royal tombs of Ur.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The Penn Museum's excavations and collections foster a strong research base for graduate students in the Graduate Group in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World. Features of the Beaux-Arts building include a rotunda and gardens that include Egyptian papyrus.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The College Houses include W.E.B. Du Bois, Fisher Hassenfeld, Gregory, Harnwell, Harrison, Hill College House, Kings Court English, Lauder College House, Riepe, Rodin, Stouffer, and Ware. The first College House was Van Pelt College House, established in the Fall of 1971. It was later renamed Gregory House. Fisher Hassenfeld, Ware and Riepe together make up one building called "The Quad".

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In 2019, Penn announced the construction of New College House West, which is planned to open in the fall of 2021.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn students in Junior or Senior year may live in the 45 sororities and fraternities governed by three student-run governing councils, Interfraternity Council, Intercultural Greek Council, and Panhellenic Council.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The University of Pennsylvania Police Department (UPPD) is the largest, private police department in Pennsylvania, with 117 members. All officers are sworn municipal police officers and retain general law enforcement authority while on the campus.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn has a strong focus on interdisciplinary learning and research. It offers double degree programs, unique majors, and academic flexibility. Penn's "One University" policy allows undergraduates access to courses at all of Penn's undergraduate and graduate schools except the medical, veterinary and dental schools. Undergraduates at Penn may also take courses at Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Swarthmore under a reciprocal agreement known as the Quaker Consortium.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Undergraduate admissions to the University of Pennsylvania is considered by "US News" to be "most selective". Admissions officials consider a student's GPA to be a very important academic factor, with emphasis on an applicant's high school class rank and letters of recommendation.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: For the class of 2025, entering in the fall of 2021, the university received 56,333 applications and admitted 5.68 percent of the applicants. "The Atlantic" also ranked Penn among the 10 most selective schools in the country. At the graduate level, based on admission statistics from "U.S. News & World Report", Penn's most selective programs include its law school, the health care schools (medicine, dental medicine, nursing, veterinary), and Wharton business school.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn offers unique and specialized coordinated dual-degree (CDD) programs, which selectively award candidates degrees from multiple schools at the university upon completion of graduation criteria of both schools in addition to program-specific programs and senior capstone projects. Additionally, there are accelerated and interdisciplinary programs offered by the university. These undergraduate programs include:

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: For graduate programs, Penn offers many formalized double degree graduate degrees such as a joint J.D./MBA and maintains a list of interdisciplinary institutions, such as the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, the Joseph H. Lauder Institute for Management and International Studies, and the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice, commonly known as Penn SP2, is a school of social policy and social work that offers degrees in a variety of subfields, in addition to several dual degree programs and sub-matriculation programs. Penn SP2's vision is: "The passionate pursuit of social innovation, impact and justice."

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Originally named the School of Social Work, SP2 was founded in 1908 and is a graduate school of the University of Pennsylvania. The school specializes in research, education, and policy development in relation to both social and economic issues.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The School of Veterinary Medicine offers five dual-degree programs, combining the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (VMD) with a Master of Social Work (MSW), Master of Environmental Studies (MES), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Master of Public Health (MPH) or Masters in Business Administration (MBA) degree. The Penn Vet dual-degree programs are meant to support veterinarians planning to engage in interdisciplinary work in the areas of human health, environmental health, and animal health and welfare.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In 2018, the university's nursing school was ranked number one by Quacquarelli Symonds. That year, Quacquarelli Symonds also ranked Penn's school of Veterinary Medicine sixth. In 2019, the Perelman School of Medicine was named the third-best medical school for research in "U.S. News & World Report's" 2020 ranking.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn is classified as an "R1" doctoral university: "Highest research activity."<ref name="RU/VH"></ref> Its economic impact on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for 2015 amounted to $14.3 billion. Penn's research expenditures in the 2018 fiscal year were $1.442 billion, the fourth largest in the U.S. In fiscal year 2019 Penn received $582.3 million in funding from the National Institutes of Health.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn is also among the most prolific producers of doctoral students. With 487 PhDs awarded in 2009, Penn ranks third in the Ivy League, only behind Columbia and Cornell (Harvard did not report data). It also has one of the highest numbers of post-doctoral appointees (933 in number for 2004–2007), ranking third in the Ivy League (behind Harvard and Yale) and tenth nationally.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: genetically engineered T cells used to treat lymphoblastic leukemia and refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as the London School of Economics, University of Barcelona, Sciences Po, University of Queensland, University College London, King's College London, Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Warwick.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: "U.S. News & World Report"'s 2020 rankings place Penn 8th among national universities in the United States and Center for World University Rankings' ("CWUR") 2020/2021 survey also ranks Penn as the 8th best university in the world. The Princeton Review included Penn in its Dream Colleges list in 2015. As reported by "USA Today", Penn was ranked 1st in the United States by College Factual for 2015.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Among its professional schools, the school of education was ranked number one in 2021 and Wharton School of Business was ranked number one in 2022, the communication, dentistry, medicine, nursing, and veterinary medicine schools rank in the top 5 nationally. Penn's Law School was ranked number 6 in 2022 and Design school, and its School of Social Policy and Practice are ranked in the top 10 In the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report, Penn was ranked 2nd in North America.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Mary Alice Bennett, M.D., Ph.D., and Anna H. Johnson were in 1880 the first women to enroll in a Penn degree-granting program and Bennett was the first woman to receive a degree from Penn, which was a Ph.D.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander (niece of Nathan Francis Mossell) was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in economics in the United States (and third black woman to earn one in the United States in any subject) and first from Penn in 1921, the first African-American woman to receive a law degree from Penn Law in 1927, and the first African-American woman to practice law in Pennsylvania.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The success of such efforts were reported in 1921 when the official Penn publicity department reported that

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In the last few decades, Jewish enrollment has been declining. Circa 1999 about 28% of the students were Jewish. In early 2020, 1,750 Penn undergraduate students were Jewish, which would be approximately 17% of the some 10,000 undergrads for 2019–20.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The Philomathean Society, founded in 1813, is one of the United States' oldest collegiate literary societies and continues to host lectures and intellectual events open to the public.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The DP also operates three principal websites—thedp.com, 34st.com, and underthebutton.com—as well as a variety of opinion, news, and sports blogs. It has received various collegiate journalism awards.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The Penn Debate Society (PDS), founded in 1984 as the Penn Parliamentary Debate Society, is Penn's debate team, which competes regularly on the American Parliamentary Debate Association and the international British Parliamentary circuit.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The "Penn History Review" is a journal, published twice a year, through the Department of History, for undergraduate historical research, by and for undergraduates, and founded in 1991.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn is home to numerous organizations that promote the arts, from dance to spoken word, jazz to stand-up comedy, theatre, a cappella and more. The Performing Arts Council (PAC) oversees 45 student organizations in these areas. The PAC has four subcommittees: A Cappella Council; Dance Arts Council; Singer, Musicians, and Comedians (SMAC); and Theatre Arts Council (TAC-e).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The Mask and Wig Club, founded in 1889, is the oldest all-male musical comedy troupe in the country. Bloomers comedy group, founded in 1978, was the "... nation's first collegiate all-women musical and sketch comedy troupe..." and now accepts all persons from under-represented gender identities who perform comedy.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: also ran for decades a camp for socio-economically disadvantaged children from Philadelphia in a more rural section of Pennsylvania. At present the CA occupies part of the parsonage at Tabernacle United Church of Christ.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: On May 7, 1864, Penn played its first intercollegiate game against Haverford College and then proceeded to play Haverford for three consecutive years until 1869, when the Haverford faculty banned cricket away from their college grounds.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Perhaps the university's most famous cricket player was George Patterson (class of 1888), who still holds the North American batting record and who went on to play for the professional Philadelphia Cricket Team.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn Rowing has produced a long list of famous coaches and Olympians. Members of Penn crew team, rowers Sidney Jellinek, Eddie Mitchell, and coxswain, John G. Kennedy, won the bronze medal for the United States at 1924 Olympics.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Joe Burk (class of 1935) was captain of Penn crew team, winner of the Henley Diamond Sculls twice, named recipient of the James E. Sullivan Award for nation's best amateur athlete in 1939, and Penn coach from 1950 to 1969. The 1955 Men's Heavyweight 8, coached by Joe Burk, became one of only four American university crews in history to win the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta. The outbreak of World War Two canceled the 1940 Olympics for which Burk was favored to win the gold medal.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: (a) John Anthony Pescatore (who competed in the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games for the United States as stroke of the men's coxed eight which earned a bronze medal and later competed at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games in the men's coxless pair),

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: (b) Susan Francia (winner of gold medals as part of the women's 8 oared boat at 2008 Olympics and 2012 Olympics),

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: (g) John B. Kelly Jr., son of John B. Kelly Sr. (winner of three medals at 1920 Summer Olympics) and brother of Princess Grace of Monaco, was the 2nd Penn Crew Alumnus to win the James E. Sullivan Award for being nation's best amateur athlete (in 1947), who was winner of a bronze medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The Penn men's crew team won the National Collegiate Rowing Championship in 1991. A member of that team, Janusz Hooker (Wharton class of 1992) won the bronze medal in Men's Quadruple Sculls for Australia at the 1996 Summer Olympics. The Penn teams presently row out of College Boat Club, No.11 Boathouse Row.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Among the prominent alumni to play in a 19th-century version of rugby (rules that did not allow forward passes or center snaps) was John Heisman, namesake of the Heisman Trophy and an 1892 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania Law School.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Heisman was instrumental in the first decade of the 20th century in changing the rules to more closely relate to the present rules of American football. One of Heisman's teammates (who was unanimously voted Captain in the fall after Heisman graduated) was Harry Arista Mackey, Penn Law class of 1893 (who subsequently served as Mayor of Philadelphia from 1928 to 1932).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In 1906, Rugby per Rugby Union code was reintroduced to Penn (as Penn last played per Rugby Union Code in 1882 as Penn played rugby per a number of different rugby football rulebooks and codes from 1883 through 1890s) by Frank Villeneuve Nicholson (Frank Nicholson (rugby union)) University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine (class of 1910), who in 1904 had captained the Australian national rugby team in its match against England.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn played per rugby union code rules at least through 1912, contemporaneously with Penn playing American gridiron football. Evidence of such may be found in an October 22, 1910, "Daily Pennsylvanian" article (quoted below) and a yearbook photo that rugby per rugby union code was played.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The player-coach of United States Olympic gold-winning rugby team at the 1924 Summer Olympics was Alan Valentine, who played rugby while at Penn (which he attended during 1921/1922 academic year) as he was getting a master's degree at Wharton.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Players on the 2019 men's team came from 11 countries: Australia, Botswana, Chile, Great Britain, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, China, Taiwan, South Africa, and the United States).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn first fielded a football team against Princeton at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia on November 11, 1876.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The achievements of two of Penn's other outstanding players from that era, John Heisman, a Law School alumnus, and John Outland, a Penn Med alumnus, are remembered each year with the presentation of the Heisman Trophy to the most outstanding college football player of the year, and the Outland Trophy to the most outstanding college football interior lineman of the year.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn's game against University of California at Berkeley on September 29, 1951 (in front of a crowd of 60,000 at Franklin Field), was first college football game to be broadcast in color.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: ESPN's "College GameDay" traveled to Penn to highlight the Harvard–Penn game on November 17, 2002, the first time the popular college football show had visited an Ivy League campus.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The first African American in the United States to win an Olympic gold medal at an Olympics, the 1908 London Olympics, as part of Medley relay where he ran the third leg, the 400 meters, was John Taylor (University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine (class of 1908)). Taylor was followed by William Hamilton and Nate Cartmell (fellow Penn athlete).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: In the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan, in summer of 2021, nine Penn students and alumni played in six different sports from six different countries.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Franklin Field is where the Quakers play football, field hockey, lacrosse, sprint football and track and field (and formerly baseball, soccer, and rugby). It is the oldest stadium still operating for football games and was the first stadium to sport two tiers. It hosted the first commercially televised football game, was once the home field of the Philadelphia Eagles, and was the site of 18 Army–Navy games between 1899 and 1935.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Today it is also used by Penn students for recreation such as intramural and club sports, including touch football and cricket. Franklin Field hosts the annual collegiate track and field event "the Penn Relays."

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The Olympic Boycott Games of 1980 was held at the University of Pennsylvania in response to Moscow's hosting of the 1980 Summer Olympics following the Soviet incursion in Afghanistan. Twenty-nine of the boycotting nations participated in the Boycott Games.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn has produced many alumni that have distinguished themselves in the sciences, academia, politics, the military, arts and media.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: The university's presence in the judiciary in and outside of the United States is also notable. It has produced three United States Supreme Court justices, William J. Brennan, Owen J. Roberts and James Wilson; Supreme Court justices of foreign states (e.g., Ronald Wilson of the High Court of Australia, Ayala Procaccia of the Israel Supreme Court, Yvonne Mokgoro, former justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa); and Irish Court of Appeal justice Gerard Hogan.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn alumni who are founders of technology companies include Ralph J. Roberts (co-founder of Comcast); Elon Musk (co-founder of PayPal, Tesla, OpenAI and Neuralink, founder of SpaceX and The Boring Company); Leonard Bosack (co-founder of Cisco); David J. Brown (co-founder of Silicon Graphics) and Mark Pincus (founder of Zynga, the company behind FarmVille).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Among other distinguished alumni are the current or past presidents of over one hundred universities including Harvard University (Drew Gilpin Faust, Harvard's first female president), Cornell University (Martha E. Pollack), Penn (Judith Rodin, first female president in the Ivy League), Princeton University (Harold Dodds), the University of California (Mark Yudof), Carnegie Mellon University (Jared Cohon), and Northwestern University (Morton O. Schapiro).

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn's alumni also include poets William Augustus Muhlenberg, Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams; linguist and political theorist Noam Chomsky; architect Louis Kahn; cartoonist Charles Addams; actresses Candice Bergen and Elizabeth Banks; journalist Joe Klein; fashion designer Tory Burch, and alumni who have won 20 Tony Awards, 16 Grammy Awards, 11 Emmy Awards, and 4 Academy Awards (Oscars) as exemplified by EGOT recipient, recording artist John Legend.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Within the ranks of Penn's most historic graduates are also eight signers of the Declaration of Independence and seven signers of the United States Constitution and 24 members of the Continental Congress. These historic figures include George Clymer, Francis Hopkinson, Thomas McKean, Robert Morris, William Paca, George Ross, Benjamin Rush, James Wilson, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, Rufus King, Thomas Mifflin, Gouverneur Morris and Hugh Williamson.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: Penn alumni have also had significant impact on the United States military as they include Samuel Nicholas, United States Marine Corps founder, and William A. Newell, whose congressional action formed a predecessor to the current United States Coast Guard, in addition to numerous generals or similar rank in the United States Armed Forces, as well as at least five United States Medal of Honor recipients.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


University of Pennsylvania

Context: As of 2020, there have been 24 Nobel Laureates affiliated (see List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation), with the University of Pennsylvania, of whom four are current faculty members and eight are alumni. Penn also educated members of the United States National Academies and the Academy of Arts and Sciences, eight National Medal of Science laureates, numerous Sloan Fellows, several members of the American Philosophical Society and many Guggenheim Fellowships.

Question: 펜실베니아 대학은 언제 설립되었는가?


Rock music

Context: In the United Kingdom, the trad jazz and folk movements brought visiting blues music artists to Britain. Lonnie Donegan's 1955 hit "Rock Island Line" was a major influence and helped to develop the trend of skiffle music groups throughout the country, many of which, including John Lennon's Quarrymen, moved on to play rock and roll.

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Rock music

Context: Cliff Richard had the first British rock and roll hit with "Move It", effectively ushering in the sound of British rock. At the start of the 1960s, his backing group the Shadows was the most successful group recording instrumentals. While rock 'n' roll was fading into lightweight pop and ballads, British rock groups at clubs and local dances, heavily influenced by blues-rock pioneers like Alexis Korner, were starting to play with an intensity and drive seldom found in white American acts.

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Rock music

Context: Folk-rock reached its peak of commercial popularity in the period 1967–68, before many acts moved off in a variety of directions, including Dylan and the Byrds, who began to develop country rock. However, the hybridization of folk and rock has been seen as having a major influence on the development of rock music, bringing in elements of psychedelia, and helping to develop the ideas of the singer-songwriter, the protest song, and concepts of "authenticity".

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Rock music

Context: "Sgt. Pepper" was later regarded as the greatest album of all time and a starting point for the album era, during which rock music transitioned from the singles format to albums and achieved cultural legitimacy in the mainstream. Led by the Beatles in the mid-1960s, rock musicians advanced the LP as the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption, initiating a rock-informed album era in the music industry for the next several decades.

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Rock music

Context: Reflecting on developments that occurred in rock music in the early 1970s, Robert Christgau wrote in "" (1981):

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Rock music

Context: Post-hardcore developed in the US, particularly in the Chicago and Washington, DC areas, in the early to mid-1980s, with bands that were inspired by the do-it-yourself ethics and guitar-heavy music of hardcore punk, but influenced by post-punk, adopting longer song formats, more complex musical structures and sometimes more melodic vocal styles.

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Rock music

Context: Despite rock's decline in mainstream popularity, some rock bands have continued to achieve mainstream success in the 2010s and 2020s, including Tool, Fall Out Boy, Greta Van Fleet, Panic! at the Disco, Twenty One Pilots, Walk the Moon, Portugal. The Man, the Black Keys, Avenged Sevenfold., and the Foo Fighters.

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Rock music

Context: Since its early development, rock music has been associated with rebellion against social and political norms, most obviously in early rock and roll's rejection of an adult-dominated culture, the counterculture's rejection of consumerism and conformity and punk's rejection of all forms of social convention, however, it can also be seen as providing a means of commercial exploitation of such ideas and of diverting youth away from political action.

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Rock music

Context: An all-female band is a musical group in genres such as rock and blues which is exclusively composed of female musicians. This is distinct from a girl group, in which the female members are solely vocalists, though this terminology is not universally followed.

Question: 록음악은 어디에서 시작되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Cartoon Network (often abbreviated as CN) is an American cable television channel owned by the Warner Bros. Discovery Networks subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. It is a part of The Cartoon Network, Inc., a division which also has the broadcasting and production activities of Adult Swim, Cartoonito, Boomerang and Discovery Family under its purview.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: As of March 2021, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94 million paid television households in the United States.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: "The Amazing World of Gumball", "Craig of the Creek", "Victor and Valentino", "", and "Looney Tunes Cartoons". The network's original programming is produced at Cartoon Network Studios, while other shows have either been co-produced with or acquired from other studios, including the affiliated Warner Bros. Animation. In the past, Cartoon Network has also produced and aired live-action and animated hybrid programming.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: After being absent on the network since the discontinuation of Tickle-U in 2007, preschool programming made a comeback on Cartoon Network on September 13, 2021 with Cartoonito. Six days later on September 19, Cartoon Network officially debuted ACME Night, a Sunday evening block focused on airing both animated and live-action films for families to watch together.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Adult Swim is usually broadcast from 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. ET/PT in the United States. Its start time was moved up an hour to 8pm on March 31, 2014, though the 8pm hour has been given back to Cartoon Network on numerous occasions. Such occasions include the premieres of "Adventure Time: Stakes" in 2015, the final season of "Regular Show" in 2016, new episodes from the sixth season of "The Amazing World of Gumball" in 2018, and the first ten episodes of "Steven Universe Future" in 2019.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: The Toonami brand was also used internationally for dedicated networks in the United Kingdom (replacing CNX), Asia (in December 2012), India (in February 2015), and France (in February 2016).

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Cartoonito is a preschool block on Cartoon Network (and HBO Max), named after the international brand of the same name launched in 2006. The USA version launched on September 13, 2021, at 6:00 a.m.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: ACME Night is a brand dedicated to playing movies for families to watch together. It airs as a programming block on Cartoon Network on Sunday nights.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Williams Street Productions is the adult production studio division that provides original program to the network's late-night program Adult Swim that is located in Atlanta, Georgia, along with the main headquarters of the network.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe (formerly known as Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe until 2017 and Cartoon Network Studios Europe until 2021) is the network's European production studio division that is located in London, England, which provides other original programs but from the United Kingdom.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Cartoon Network Productions is the network's distribution arm. It distributes the shows, pilots, and movies through various international Cartoon Network channels (including the network's United States branch itself) since December 5, 1993.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Cartoon Network Latin America Original Productions (abbreviated as CN LA) is a production studio division of the network's Latin American station, formed in 2019.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Cartoon Network Games (formerly Cartoon Network Interactive) is the video game developer and publisher of video games based on Cartoon Network shows since 2000.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Cartoon Network Enterprises is the network's global licensing and merchandising arm established in 2001. It distributes merchandises of various Cartoon Network brands such as "The Powerpuff Girls", "Ben 10", "We Bare Bears", "Steven Universe", and more.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Cartoon Network has a mobile app that provides the latest full episodes, a live stream from the East and West coast, games, and the network's schedule.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: In October 2000, CartoonNetwork.com outdid its rival Nickelodeon's website in terms of unique users, scoring 2.12 million compared to Nick.com's 1.95 million. In July 2007, Nielsen ratings data showed visitors spent an average of 77 minutes on the site, surpassing the previous record of 71 minutes set in 2004, and the site ranked 26th in terms of time spent for all US domains.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Cartoon Network

Context: Since the inception of Cartoon Network and Boomerang, Turner has set up international feeds of both networks.

Question: 카툰 네트워크는 언제 설립 되었는가?


Paleolithic

Context: The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic or Palæolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek palaios - old, lithos - stone), is a period in prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers 99% of the period of human technological prehistory. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins  3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene  11,650 cal BP.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: About 50,000 years ago, a marked increase in the diversity of artifacts occurred. In Africa, bone artifacts and the first art appear in the archaeological record. The first evidence of human fishing is also noted, from artifacts in places such as Blombos cave in South Africa. Archaeologists classify artifacts of the last 50,000 years into many different categories, such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: By  BP, the first humans set foot in Australia. By  BP, humans lived at 61°N latitude in Europe. By  BP, Japan was reached, and by  BP humans were present in Siberia, above the Arctic Circle. At the end of the Upper Paleolithic Age a group of humans crossed Beringia and quickly expanded throughout the Americas.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: The term "Palaeolithic" was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It derives from Greek: παλαιός, "palaios", "old"; and λίθος, "lithos", "stone", meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old Stone Age".

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: The Paleolithic coincides almost exactly with the Pleistocene epoch of geologic time, which lasted from 2.6 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago. This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: Most of Central America formed during the Pliocene to connect the continents of North and South America, allowing fauna from these continents to leave their native habitats and colonize new areas. Africa's collision with Asia created the Mediterranean, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. During the Pleistocene, the modern continents were essentially at their present positions; the tectonic plates on which they sit have probably moved at most from each other since the beginning of the period.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: According to Mark Lynas (through collected data), the Pleistocene's overall climate could be characterized as a continuous El Niño with trade winds in the south Pacific weakening or heading east, warm air rising near Peru, warm water spreading from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific, and other El Niño markers.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: Nearly all of our knowledge of Paleolithic human culture and way of life comes from archaeology and ethnographic comparisons to modern hunter-gatherer cultures such as the !Kung San who live similarly to their Paleolithic predecessors. The economy of a typical Paleolithic society was a hunter-gatherer economy. Humans hunted wild animals for meat and gathered food, firewood, and materials for their tools, clothes, or shelters.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: At the beginning of the Paleolithic, hominins were found primarily in eastern Africa, east of the Great Rift Valley. Most known hominin fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: East Asian fossils from this period are typically placed in the genus "Homo erectus". Very little fossil evidence is available at known Lower Paleolithic sites in Europe, but it is believed that hominins who inhabited these sites were likewise "Homo erectus". There is no evidence of hominins in America, Australia, or almost anywhere in Oceania during this time period.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: Hominin fossils not belonging either to "Homo neanderthalensis" or to "Homo sapiens" species, found in the Altai Mountains and Indonesia, were radiocarbon dated to  BP and  BP respectively.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: For the duration of the Paleolithic, human populations remained low, especially outside the equatorial region. The entire population of Europe between 16,000 and 11,000 BP likely averaged some 30,000 individuals, and between 40,000 and 16,000 BP, it was even lower at 4,000–6,000 individuals. However, remains of thousands of butchered animals and tools made by Palaeolithic humans were found in Lapa do Picareiro (), a cave in Portugal, dating back between 41,000 and 38,000 years ago.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: Archaeologists cite morphological shifts in cranial anatomy as evidence for emergence of cooking and food processing technologies. These morphological changes include decreases in molar and jaw size, thinner tooth enamel, and decrease in gut volume

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: During much of the Pleistocene epoch, our ancestors relied on simple food processing techniques such as roasting

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: During the Upper Paleolithic, further inventions were made, such as the net ( or  BP) bolas, the spear thrower ( BP), the bow and arrow ( or  BP) and the oldest example of ceramic art, the Venus of Dolní Věstonice ( BP). Kilu Cave at Buku island, Solomon Islands, demonstrates navigation of some 60 km of open ocean at 30,000 BCcal.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: Early dogs were domesticated sometime between 30,000 and 14,000 BP, presumably to aid in hunting. However, the earliest instances of successful domestication of dogs may be much more ancient than this. Evidence from canine DNA collected by Robert K. Wayne suggests that dogs may have been first domesticated in the late Middle Paleolithic around 100,000 BP or perhaps even earlier.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: Some sources claim that most Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies were possibly fundamentally egalitarian and may have rarely or never engaged in organized violence between groups (i.e. war).

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: R. Dale Guthrie has studied not only the most artistic and publicized paintings, but also a variety of lower-quality art and figurines, and he identifies a wide range of skill and ages among the artists. He also points out that the main themes in the paintings and other artifacts (powerful beasts, risky hunting scenes and the over-sexual representation of women) are to be expected in the fantasies of adolescent males during the Upper Paleolithic.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Paleolithic

Context: A modern-day diet known as the Paleolithic diet exists, based on restricting consumption to the foods presumed to be available to anatomically modern humans prior to the advent of settled agriculture.

Question: 구석기 시대 언제부터 시작되었나요?


Manichaeism

Context: in New Persian ; ) is a former major religion founded in the 3rd century CE by the Parthian prophet Mani (CE 216–274), in the Sasanian Empire.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manichaeism teaches an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. Through an ongoing process that takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light, whence it came. Its beliefs are based on local Mesopotamian religious movements and Gnosticism. It reveres Mani as the final prophet after Zoroaster, Gautama Buddha, and Jesus.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: While most of Manichaeism's original writings have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: An adherent of Manichaeism is called a "Manichaean" or "Manichean", or "Manichee", especially in older sources.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Mani was an Iranian, born in 216 in or near Seleucia-Ctesiphon (now al-Mada'in) in the Parthian Empire. According to the "Cologne Mani-Codex", Mani's parents were members of the Jewish Christian Gnostic sect known as the Elcesaites.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Mani composed seven works, six of which were written in the Syriac language, a late variety of Aramaic. The seventh, the "Shabuhragan", was written by Mani in Middle Persian and presented by him to the Sasanian emperor, Shapur I. Although there is no proof Shapur I was a Manichaean, he tolerated the spread of Manichaeism and refrained from persecuting it within his empire's boundaries.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Mani believed that the teachings of Gautama Buddha, Zoroaster, and Jesus were incomplete, and that his revelations were for the entire world, calling his teachings the "Religion of Light". Manichaean writings indicate that Mani received revelations when he was 12 and again when he was 24, and over this period he grew dissatisfied with the Elcesaite sect he was born into.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Augustine also noted that Mani declared himself to be an "apostle of Jesus Christ". Manichaean tradition is also noted to have claimed that Mani was the reincarnation of different religious figures such as Buddha, Krishna, Zoroaster, and Jesus.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Scattered fragments of both the original Aramaic "Book of Giants" (which were analyzed and published by Józef Milik in 1976) and of the Manichaean version of the same name (analyzed and published by Walter Bruno Henning in 1943) were found with the discovery in the twentieth century of the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Judaean Desert and the Manichaean writings of the Uyghur Manichaean kingdom in Turpan. Henning wrote in his analysis of them:

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Mani was also influenced by writings of the Assyrian gnostic Bardaisan (154–222), who, like Mani, wrote in Syriac, and presented a dualistic interpretation of the world in terms of light and darkness, in combination with elements from Christianity.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Noting Mani's travels to the Kushan Empire (several religious paintings in Bamyan are attributed to him) at the beginning of his proselytizing career, Richard Foltz postulates Buddhist influences in Manichaeism:

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: The Kushan monk Lokakṣema began translating Pure Land Buddhist texts into Chinese in the century prior to Mani arriving there, and the Chinese texts of Manichaeism are full of uniquely Buddhist terms taken directly from these Chinese Pure Land scriptures, including the term "pure land" (淨土 Jìngtǔ) itself. However, the central object of veneration in Pure Land Buddhism, Amitābha, the Buddha of Infinite Light, does not appear in Chinese Manichaeism, and seems to have been replaced by another deity.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manichaeism spread with extraordinary speed through both the East and West. It reached Rome through the apostle Psattiq by 280, who was also in Egypt in 244 and 251. It was flourishing in the Faiyum in 290.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: In 291, persecution arose in the Sasanian Empire with the murder of the apostle Sisin by Emperor Bahram II and the slaughter of many Manichaeans. Then, in 302, the first official reaction and legislation against Manichaeism from the Roman state to Manichaeism was issued under Diocletian. In an official edict called the "De Maleficiis et Manichaeis" compiled in the "Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum" and addressed to the proconsul of Africa, Diocletian wrote

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: By 354, Hilary of Poitiers wrote that Manichaeism was a significant force in Roman Gaul. In 381, Christians requested Theodosius I to strip Manichaeans of their civil rights. Starting in 382, the emperor issued a series of edicts to suppress Manichaeism and punish its followers.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Augustine of Hippo (354–430) converted to Christianity from Manichaeism in the year 387. This was shortly after the Roman emperor Theodosius I had issued a decree of death for all Manichaean monks in 382 and shortly before he declared Christianity to be the only legitimate religion for the Roman Empire in 391. Due to the heavy persecution, the religion almost disappeared from western Europe in the fifth century and from the eastern portion of the empire in the sixth century.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: According to his "Confessions", after nine or ten years of adhering to the Manichaean faith as a member of the group of "hearers", Augustine became a Christian and a potent adversary of Manichaeism (which he expressed in writing against his Manichaean opponent Faustus of Mileve), seeing their beliefs that knowledge was the key to salvation as too passive and not able to effect any change in one's life.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manichaeism maintained a sporadic and intermittent existence in the west (Mesopotamia, Africa, Spain, France, North Italy, the Balkans) for a thousand years, and flourished for a time in Persia and even further east in Northern India, Western China, and Tibet. While it had long been thought that Manichaeism arrived in China only at the end of the seventh century, a recent archaeological discovery demonstrated that it was already known there in the second half of the 6th century.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Some Sogdians in Central Asia believed in the religion. Uyghur khagan Boku Tekin (759–780) converted to the religion in 763 after a three-day discussion with its preachers, the Babylonian headquarters sent high rank clerics to Uyghur, and Manichaeism remained the state religion for about a century before the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate in 840. In the east it spread along trade routes as far as Chang'an, the capital of Tang China.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: After the Tang Dynasty, some Manichaean groups participated in peasant movements. The religion was used by many rebel leaders to mobilise followers. In the Song and Yuan dynasties of China remnants of Manichaeism continued to leave a legacy contributing to sects such as the Red Turbans. During the Song Dynasty, the Manichaeans were derogatorily referred by the Chinese as "chicai simo" (meaning that they "abstain from meat and worship demons").

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: An account in "Fozu Tongji", an important historiography of Buddhism in China compiled by Buddhist scholars during 1258–1269, says that the Manichaeans worshipped the "white Buddha" and their leader wore a violet headgear, while the followers wore white costumes. Many Manichaeans took part in rebellions against the Song government and were eventually quelled. After that, all governments were suppressive against Manichaeism and its followers and the religion was banned by the Ming Dynasty in 1370.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manichaeism spread to Tibet during the Tibetan Empire. There was likely a serious attempt to introduce the religion to the Tibetans as the text "Criteria of the Authentic Scriptures" (a text attributed to Tibetan Emperor Trisong Detsen) makes a great effort to attack Manichaeism by stating that Mani was a heretic who took ideas from all faiths and blended them together into a deviating and inauthentic form.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Under the eighth-century Abbasid Caliphate, Arabic and the adjectival term could denote many different things, though it seems primarily (or at least initially) to have signified a follower of Manichaeism, however its true meaning is not known. In the ninth century, it is reported that Caliph al-Ma'mun tolerated a community of Manichaeans.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manichaeism claimed to present the complete version of teachings that were corrupted and misinterpreted by the followers of its predecessors Adam, Zoroaster, Buddha and Jesus. Accordingly, as it spread, it adapted new deities from other religions into forms it could use for its scriptures. Its original Aramaic texts already contained stories of Jesus.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: When they moved eastward and were translated into Iranian languages, the names of the Manichaean deities (or angels) were often transformed into the names of Zoroastrian yazatas. Thus "Abbā dəRabbūṯā" ("The Father of Greatness", the highest Manichaean deity of Light), in Middle Persian texts might either be translated literally as "pīd ī wuzurgīh", or substituted with the name of the deity "Zurwān".

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manichaeism was repressed by the Sasanian Empire. In 291, persecution arose in the Persian empire with the murder of the apostle Sisin by Bahram II, and the slaughter of many Manichaeans. In 296, the Roman emperor Diocletian decreed all the Manichaean leaders to be burnt alive along with the Manichaean scriptures and many Manichaeans in Europe and North Africa were killed. It wasn't until 372 with Valentinian I and Valens that Manichaeism was legislated against again.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Theodosius I issued a decree of death for all Manichaean monks in 382 AD. The religion was vigorously attacked and persecuted by both the Christian Church and the Roman state, and the religion almost disappeared from western Europe in the fifth century and from the eastern portion of the empire in the sixth century.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Although the religion was mostly forbidden and its followers persecuted thereafter in China, it survived till the 14th century in China. Under the Song dynasty, its followers were derogatorily referred to with the chengyu () "vegetarian demon-worshippers".

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Many Manichaeans took part in rebellions against the Song dynasty. They were quelled by Song China and were suppressed and persecuted by all successive governments before the Mongol Yuan dynasty. In 1370, the religion was banned through an edict of the Ming dynasty, whose Hongwu Emperor had a personal dislike for the religion. Its core teaching influences many religious sects in China, including the White Lotus movement.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: According to Wendy Doniger, Manichaeism may have continued to exist in the modern-East Turkestan region until the Mongol conquest in the 13th century.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manicheans also suffered persecution for some time under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad. In 780, the third Abbasid Caliph, al-Mahdi, started a campaign of inquisition against those who were "dualist heretics" or "Manichaeans" called the "zindīq". He appointed a "master of the heretics" ( ), an official whose task was to pursue and investigate suspected dualists, who were then examined by the Caliph. Those found guilty who refused to abjure their beliefs were executed.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: This persecution continued under his successor, Caliph al-Hadi, and continued for some time during reign of Harun al-Rashid, who finally abolished it and ended it. During the reign of the 18th Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir, many Manichaeans fled from Mesopotamia to Khorasan from fear of persecution by him and about 500 of them assembled in Samarkand. The base of the religion was later shifted to this city, which became their new Patriarchate.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manichaean pamphlets were still in circulation in Greek in 9th-century Byzantine Constantinople, as the patriarch Photios summarizes and discusses one that he has read by Agapius in his "Bibliotheca".

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Manichaeism could have influenced the Bogomils, Paulicians, and Cathars. However, these groups left few records, and the link between them and Manichaeans is tenuous. Regardless of its accuracy, the charge of Manichaeism was leveled at them by contemporary orthodox opponents, who often tried to make contemporary heresies conform to those combatted by the church fathers.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Whether the dualism of the Paulicians, Bogomils, and Cathars and their belief that the world was created by a Satanic demiurge were due to influence from Manichaeism is impossible to determine. The Cathars apparently adopted the Manichaean principles of church organization. Priscillian and his followers may also have been influenced by Manichaeism. The Manichaeans preserved many apocryphal Christian works, such as the Acts of Thomas, that would otherwise have been lost.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Some sites are preserved in Xinjiang and Fujian in China. The Cao'an temple is the most widely known, and best preserved Manichaean building, though it later became associated with Buddhism. Several small groups continue to practice this faith.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Mani's teaching dealt with the origin of evil, by addressing a theoretical part of the problem of evil by denying the omnipotence of God and postulating two opposite powers. Manichaean theology taught a dualistic view of good and evil. A key belief in Manichaeism is that the powerful, though not omnipotent good power (God), was opposed by the eternal evil power (devil). Humanity, the world, and the soul are seen as the by-product of the battle between God's proxy, Primal Man, and the devil.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: From these and other sources, it is possible to derive an almost complete description of the detailed Manichaean vision (a complete list of Manichaean deities is outlined below). According to Mani, the unfolding of the universe takes place with three "creations":

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: The terms for these divisions were already common since the days of early Christianity, however, it had a different meaning in Christianity. In Chinese writings, the Middle Persian and Parthian terms are transcribed phonetically (instead of being translated into Chinese). These were recorded by Augustine of Hippo.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: When Al-Nadim's account of daily prayers had been the only detailed source available, there was a concern, that these practises had been only adapted by Muslims during the Abbasid Caliphate. However, it is clear that the Arabic text provided by Al-Nadim corresponds with the descriptions of Egyptian texts from the fourth Century.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Every prayer started with an ablution with water or, if water was not available, with other substances comparable to ablution in Islam and consisted of several blessings to the apostles and spirits. The prayer consisted of prostrating oneself to the ground and rising again twelve times during every prayer. During day, Manichaeans turned towards the sun and during night towards the moon. If the moon is not visible at night, they turned towards north.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Mani wrote seven books, which contained the teachings of the religion. Only scattered fragments and translations of the originals remain, most having been discovered in Egypt and Turkistan during the 20th century."

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Henning describes how this translation process evolved and influenced the Manichaeans of Central Asia:

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: In addition to containing hymns attributed to Mani, it contains prayers attributed to Mani's earliest disciples, including Mār Zaku, Mār Ammo and Mār Sīsin. Another Chinese work is a complete translation of the "Sermon of the Light Nous", presented as a discussion between Mani and his disciple Adda.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: According to Hegemonius' portrayal of Mani, the evil demiurge who created the world was the Jewish Jehovah. Hegemonius reports that Mani said,

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Additionally, in 1930, German researchers in Egypt found a large body of Manichaean works in Coptic. Though these were also damaged, hundreds of complete pages survived and, beginning in 1933, were analyzed and published in Berlin before World War II, by German scholars such as Hans Jakob Polotsky. Some of these Coptic Manichaean writings were lost during the war.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: In Egypt, a small codex was found and became known through antique dealers in Cairo. It was purchased by the University of Cologne in 1969. Two of its scientists, Henrichs and Koenen, produced the first edition known since as the Cologne Mani-Codex, which was published in four articles in the . The ancient papyrus manuscript contained a Greek text describing the life of Mani. Thanks to this discovery, much more is known about the man who founded one of the most influential world religions of the past.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: The term is frequently used by critics to describe the attitudes and foreign policies of the United States and its leaders.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: Philosopher Frantz Fanon frequently invoked the concept of Manicheanism in his discussions of violence between colonizers and the colonized.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Manichaeism

Context: In "My Secret History", author Paul Theroux's protagonist defines the word Manichaean for the protagonist's son as "seeing that good and evil are mingled." Before explaining the word to his son, the protagonist mentions Joseph Conrad's short story "The Secret Sharer" at least twice in the book, the plot of which also examines the idea of the duality of good and evil.

Question: 마니교 경전은 처음 어떤 언어로 쓰여졌나요?


Yangon

Context: 23 meters above sea level. Due to its location on the Irrawaddy Delta, intertidal flat ecosystems are occur adjacent to the city.

Question: 미얀마에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Yangon

Context: Older satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa, and South Okkalapa are lined mostly with one to two-story detached houses with access to the city's electricity grid. Newer satellite towns such as North Dagon and South Dagon are in a grid layout. The satellite towns—old or new—receive little or no municipal services.

Question: 미얀마에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Yangon

Context: For example, the Lanmadaw Road is followed by -wide 17th and 18th streets then the medium Sint-Oh-Dan Road, the 30-foot 19th and 20th streets, followed by another wide Latha Road, followed again by the two numbered small roads 21st and 22nd streets, and so on.

Question: 미얀마에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Yangon

Context: The roads running parallel west to east were the Strand Road, Merchant Road, Maha Bandula (née Dalhousie) Road, Anawrahta (Fraser) Road, and Bogyoke Aung San (Montgomerie) Road.

Question: 미얀마에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Yangon

Context: Hlawga National Park and Allied War Memorial at the outskirts of the city are popular day-trip destinations with the well-to-do and tourists.

Question: 미얀마에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Yangon

Context: Burmese is the principal language of the city. English is by far the preferred second language of the educated class. In recent years, however, the prospect of overseas job opportunities has enticed some to study other languages: Mandarin Chinese is most popular, followed by Japanese, and French.

Question: 미얀마에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Yangon

Context: Due to the problems of high inflation, the lack of high denomination notes, and the fact that many of the population do not have access to checks, or credit or debit cards, it is common to see citizens carrying a considerable amount of cash. (The highest denomination of Burmese currency kyat is 10 000 (~US$10.)) Credit cards are only rarely used in the city, chiefly in the more lavish hotels. Credit cards are also accepted in the major supermarket and convenience store chains.

Question: 미얀마에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Yangon

Context: Construction is a major source of employment. The construction industry has been negatively affected by the move of state apparatus and civil servants to Naypyidaw, new regulations introduced in August 2009 requiring builders to provide at least 12 parking spaces in every new high-rise building, and the general poor business climate. As of January 2010, the number of new high-rise building starts approved in 2009–2010 was only 334, compared to 582 in 2008–2009.

Question: 미얀마에서 가장 큰 도시는 무엇인가?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: Democratic Party officials often trace its origins to the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and other influential opponents of the Federalists in 1792. That party died out before the modern Democratic Party was organized; the Jeffersonian party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Historians argue that the modern Democratic Party was first organized in the late 1820s with the election of Andrew Jackson.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: Since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. Democrats have been more liberal on civil rights since 1948, although conservative factions within the Democratic Party that opposed them persisted in the South until the 1960s. On foreign policy, both parties have changed positions several times.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats:

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party. The Democratic Party had a small yet decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery. In 1854, angry with the Kansas–Nebraska Act, anti-slavery Democrats left the party and joined Northern Whigs to form the Republican Party.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: As the American Civil War broke out, Northern Democrats were divided into War Democrats and Peace Democrats. The Confederate States of America deliberately avoided organized political parties. Most War Democrats rallied to Republican President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans' National Union Party in the election of 1864, which featured Andrew Johnson on the Union ticket to attract fellow Democrats. Johnson replaced Lincoln in 1865, but he stayed independent of both parties.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: Agrarian Democrats demanding free silver, drawing on Populist ideas, overthrew the Bourbon Democrats in 1896 and nominated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency (a nomination repeated by Democrats in 1900 and 1908). Bryan waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern moneyed interests, but he lost to Republican William McKinley.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: Based on a poll conducted in 2014, Gallup found that 30% of Americans identified as Democrats, 23% as Republicans, and 45% as independents. In the same poll, a survey of registered voters stated that 47% identified as Democrats or leaned toward the party compared to 40% of registered voters who identified as or leaned toward the Republicans.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: In 2018, Democratic congressional candidate Tom Malinowski, who was later elected, described the party:

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: In November 2020, Democrat Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election. He began his term with narrow Democratic majorities in the House and the Senate.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: The term "Democrat Party" has also been in local use but has usually been used by opponents since 1952 as a disparaging term.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: In the early 20th century, the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster, as opposed to the Republican eagle. This symbol still appears on Oklahoma, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia ballots. The rooster was adopted as the official symbol of the national Democratic Party. In New York, the Democratic ballot symbol is a five-pointed star.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: In September 2010, the Democratic Party unveiled its new logo, which featured a blue D inside a blue circle. It was the party's first official logo; the donkey logo had only been semi-official.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: Jefferson-Jackson Day is the annual fundraising event (dinner) held by Democratic Party organizations across the United States. It is named after Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, whom the party regards as its distinguished early leaders.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: As a traditional anthem for its presidential nominating convention, Aaron Copland's "Fanfare for the Common Man" is traditionally performed at the beginning of the Democratic National Convention.

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?


Democratic Party (United States)

Context: The Democratic Party, once dominant in the Southeastern United States, is now strongest in the Northeast (Mid-Atlantic and New England), the Great Lakes region, and the West Coast (including Hawaii). The party is also very strong in major cities (regardless of region).

Question: 미국의 민주당은 언제 창당했나요?