Republican Party (United States)

Context: Political scientists characterize the Republican Party as more ideologically cohesive than the Democratic Party, which is composed of a broader diversity of coalitions.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: The modern Republican Party includes conservatives, centrists, fiscal conservatives, libertarians, neoconservatives, paleoconservatives, right-wing populists, and social conservatives.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: In addition to splits over ideology, the 21st-century Republican Party can be broadly divided into establishment and anti-establishment wings. Nationwide polls of Republican voters in 2014 by the Pew Center identified a growing split in the Republican coalition, between "business conservatives" or "establishment conservatives" on one side and "steadfast conservatives" or "populist conservatives" on the other.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: In recent years, pundits through podcasting and radio shows like Ben Shapiro and Steven Crowder have also gained fame with a consistently younger audience through outlets such as The Daily Wire and Blaze Media.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: The Republican Party has traditionally been a pro-business party. It garners major support from a wide variety of industries from the financial sector to small businesses. Republicans are about 50 percent more likely to be self-employed and are more likely to work in management.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: A survey cited by "The Washington Post" in 2012 stated that 61 percent of small business owners planned to vote for Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. Small business became a major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: In 2006, Republicans won 38% of the voters aged 18–29. In a 2018 study, members of the Silent and Baby Boomer generations were more likely to express approval of Trump's presidency than those of Generation X and Millennials.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: Low-income voters are more likely to identify as Democrats while high-income voters are more likely to identify as Republicans. In 2012, Obama won 60% of voters with income under $50,000 and 45% of those with incomes higher than that. Bush won 41% of the poorest 20% of voters in 2004, 55% of the richest twenty percent and 53% of those in between. In the 2006 House races, the voters with incomes over $50,000 were 49% Republican while those with incomes under that amount were 38% Republican.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: In the 2010 elections, two African-American Republicans—Tim Scott and Allen West—were elected to the House of Representatives.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were white while 56% of Obama voters were white. In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of white votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes. In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the white votes, 38% of Hispanic votes and 9% of the African American vote.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: In 2016, a slim majority of Orthodox Jews voted for the Republican Party, following years of growing Orthodox Jewish support for the party due to its social conservatism and increasingly pro-Israel foreign policy stance. Over 70% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republican or Republican leaning as of 2021. An exit poll conducted by the Associated Press for 2020 found 35% of Muslims voted for Donald Trump.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Republican Party (United States)

Context: , six of the nine seats are filled by Justices appointed by Republican Presidents George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump.

Question: Сколько раз президентом США был республиканец на 2019 год?


Japanese writing system

Context: Texts without kanji are rare; most are either children's books — since children tend to know few kanji at an early age — or early electronics such as computers, phones, and video games, which could not display complex graphemes like kanji due to both graphical and computational limitations.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: To a lesser extent, modern written Japanese also uses initialisms from the Latin alphabet, for example in terms such as "BC/AD", "a.m./p.m.", "FBI", and "CD". Romanized Japanese is most frequently used by foreign students of Japanese who have not yet mastered kana, and by native speakers for computer input.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: are logographic characters (based on the traditional ones) taken from the Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: It is known from archaeological evidence that the first contacts that the Japanese had with Chinese writing took place in the 1st century AD, during the late Yayoi period. However, the Japanese people of that era probably had little to no comprehension of the script, and they would remain relatively illiterate until the 5th century AD, already in the Kofun period, when writing in Japan became more widespread.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: They are used to write most content words of native Japanese or (historically) Chinese origin, which include the following:

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Some Japanese words are written with different kanji depending on the specific usage of the word—for instance, the word "naosu" (to fix, or to cure) is written when it refers to curing a person, and when it refers to fixing an object.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Unusual or nonstandard kanji readings may be glossed using furigana. Kanji compounds are sometimes given arbitrary readings for stylistic purposes. For example, in Natsume Sōseki's short story "The Fifth Night", the author uses for "tsunagatte", the gerundive "-te" form of the verb "tsunagaru" ("to connect"), which would usually be written as or . The word , meaning "connection", is normally pronounced "setsuzoku".

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: emerged as a manual simplification via cursive script of the most phonetically widespread kanji among those who could read and write during the Heian period (794-1185). The main creators of the current hiragana were ladies of the Japanese imperial court, that used the script in the writing of personal communications and literature.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Some lexical items that are normally written using kanji have become grammaticalized in certain contexts, where they are instead written in hiragana. For example, the root of the verb ("miru", "see") is normally written with the kanji for the "mi" portion. However, when used as a supplementary verb as in 試してみる ("tameshite miru") meaning "to try out", the whole verb is typically written in hiragana as , as we see also in ("tabete miru", "try to eat [it] and see").

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: emerged around the 9th century, in the Heian period, when Buddhist monks created a syllabary derived from Chinese characters to simplify their reading, using portions of the characters as a kind of shorthand. The origin of the alphabet is attributed to the monk Kūkai.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Katakana can also be used to impart the idea that words are spoken in a foreign or otherwise unusual accent; for example, the speech of a robot.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: The first contact of the Japanese with the Latin alphabet occurred in the 16th century, during the Muromachi period, when they had contact with Portuguese navigators, the first European people to visit the Japanese islands. The earliest Japanese romanization system was based on Portuguese orthography. It was developed around 1548 by a Japanese Catholic named Anjirō.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: , a set of archaic kana made obsolete by the Meiji reformation, are sometimes used to impart an archaic flavor, such as in items of foods (esp. soba).

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: "Jukujikun" refers to instances in which words are written using "kanji" that reflect the meaning of the word though the pronunciation of the word is entirely unrelated to the usual pronunciations of the constituent "kanji". Conversely, "ateji" refers to the employment of "kanji" that appear solely to represent the sound of the compound word but are, conceptually, utterly unrelated to the signification of the word.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Sentences are commonly written using a combination of all three Japanese scripts: kanji (in red), hiragana (in purple), and katakana (in orange), and in limited instances also include

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: The same text can be transliterated to the Latin alphabet ("rōmaji"), although this will generally only be done for the convenience of foreign language speakers:

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: All words in modern Japanese can be written using hiragana, katakana, and rōmaji, while only some have Kanji.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Although rare, there are some words that use all three scripts in the same word. An example of this is the term くノ一 ("rōmaji": "kunoichi"), which uses a hiragana, a katakana, and a kanji character, in that order. It is said that if all three characters are put in the same kanji "square", they all combine to create the kanji (woman/female). Another example is (rōmaji: "keshigomu") which means "eraser", and uses a kanji, a hiragana, and two katakana characters, in that order.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: A statistical analysis of a corpus of the Japanese newspaper "Asahi Shimbun" from the year 1993 (around 56.6 million tokens) revealed:

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Collation (word ordering) in Japanese is based on the kana, which express the pronunciation of the words, rather than the kanji. The kana may be ordered using two common orderings, the prevalent "gojūon" (fifty-sound) ordering, or the old-fashioned "iroha" ordering. Kanji dictionaries are usually collated using the radical system, though other systems, such as SKIP, also exist.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Traditionally, Japanese is written in a format called , which was inherited from traditional Chinese practice. In this format, the characters are written in columns going from top to bottom, with columns ordered from right to left. After reaching the bottom of each column, the reader continues at the top of the column to the left of the current one.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Modern Japanese also uses another writing format, called . This writing format is horizontal and reads from left to right, as in English.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: A book printed in tategaki opens with the spine of the book to the right, while a book printed in yokogaki opens with the spine to the left.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Words in potentially unfamiliar foreign compounds, normally transliterated in katakana, may be separated by a punctuation mark called a "nakaguro" (, "middle dot") to aid Japanese readers. For example, (Bill Gates). This punctuation is also occasionally used to separate native Japanese words, especially in concatenations of kanji characters where there might otherwise be confusion or ambiguity about interpretation, and especially for the full names of people.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Japan's first encounters with Chinese characters may have come as early as the 1st century AD with the King of Na gold seal, said to have been given by Emperor Guangwu of Han in AD 57 to a Japanese emissary. However, it is unlikely that the Japanese became literate in Chinese writing any earlier than the 4th century AD.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Initially Chinese characters were not used for writing Japanese, as literacy meant fluency in Classical Chinese, not the vernacular. Eventually a system called developed, which, along with kanji and something very similar to Chinese grammar, employed diacritics to hint at the Japanese translation. The earliest written history of Japan, the , compiled sometime before 712, was written in kanbun. Even today Japanese high schools and some junior high schools teach kanbun as part of the curriculum.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: Some linguists have compared the Japanese borrowing of Chinese-derived vocabulary as akin to the influx of Romance vocabulary into English during the Norman conquest of England. Like English, Japanese has many synonyms of differing origin, with words from both Chinese and native Japanese. Sino-Japanese is often considered more formal or literary, just as latinate words in English often mark a higher register.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: In 1900, the Education Ministry introduced three reforms aimed at improving the education in Japanese writing:

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: The first two of these were generally accepted, but the third was hotly contested, particularly by conservatives, to the extent that it was withdrawn in 1908.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: The period immediately following World War II saw a rapid and significant reform of the writing system. This was in part due to influence of the Occupation authorities, but to a significant extent was due to the removal of traditionalists from control of the educational system, which meant that previously stalled revisions could proceed. The major reforms were:

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: At one stage, an advisor in the Occupation administration proposed a wholesale conversion to rōmaji; however, it was not endorsed by other specialists and did not proceed.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: In addition, the practice of writing horizontally in a right-to-left direction was generally replaced by left-to-right writing. The right-to-left order was considered a special case of vertical writing, with columns one character high, rather than horizontal writing per se; it was used for single lines of text on signs, etc. (e.g., the station sign at Tokyo reads ).

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: The post-war reforms have mostly survived, although some of the restrictions have been relaxed. The replacement of the "tōyō kanji" in 1981 with the 1,945 —a modification of the "tōyō kanji"—was accompanied by a change from "restriction" to "recommendation", and in general the educational authorities have become less active in further script reform.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


Japanese writing system

Context: In 2004, the , maintained by the Ministry of Justice for use in personal names, was significantly enlarged. The "jōyō kanji" list was extended to 2,136 characters in 2010.

Question: Сколько символов в японском алфавите?


President of Russia

Context: The president of the Russian Federation () is the supreme head of state of the Russian Federation, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces. It is the highest office in Russia.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: In all cases where the president of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill their duties, those duties shall be temporarily delegated to the prime minister of Russia, who becomes acting president of Russia.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The Russian constitution limits the number of terms a president can serve to two terms. Previously, the constitution only limited the president to two consecutive terms, allowing a former president to seek re-election after sitting out one complete term. Following constitutional changes in 2020, this was changed to two terms overall, however allowing the incumbent president and former presidents to serve two more terms.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The election of the president is mainly regulated by the Presidential Election Law (PEL) and the Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights (BGL). The Federation Council calls the presidential elections. If it does not call a presidential election that is due, the Central Election Commission will call the presidential election. The election day is the second Sunday of the month and the presidential electoral constituency is the territory of the Russian Federation as a whole.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Each faction in the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament has the right to nominate a candidate for the presidential elections. The minimum number of signatures for a presidential candidate fielded by a political party with no parliamentary representation is 100,000, down from 2 million before amendments to the law.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Terms were extended from four to six years in 2008, during Dmitry Medvedev's administration. The president is elected in a two-round system every six years, with a two consecutive term limitation. If no candidate wins by an absolute majority in the first round, a second election round is held between two candidates with the most votes. The last presidential election was in 2018, and the next is in 2024.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The inauguration of the president of Russia is conducted six years after the previous inauguration (since 2000, this 7 May). If the president was elected in early elections, he takes the oath, thirty days after the announcement of the results.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath:

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation and removal from office. In all cases when the president is unable to perform his duties, his powers are temporarily transferred to the prime minister until the new president takes office.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: After the oath of office has been taken by the elected president, these following insignia are handed over to the president. These devices are used to display the rank of his office and are used on special occasions.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The standard is a square version of the Russian flag, charged in the center with the Russian coat of arms. Golden fringe is added to the standard. Copies of the standard are used inside his office, at the Kremlin, other state agencies, and while the president is traveling in a vehicle inside Russia. A 2:3 ratio version of the flag is used when the President is at sea. This is the most used symbol to denote the presence of the Russian President.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The President also has a special copy of the Russian Constitution that is used during the inauguration. This copy has a hard, red cover with gold lettering. An image of the Russian coat of arms appears in silver. The special copy is kept in the Presidential Library.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: As the guarantor of the Constitution and the entire system of constitutional law, the president ensures that the constitutions, laws and regulations of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation be in full compliance with the country's Constitution and federal laws.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Under the procedure stipulated by the Constitution, the president exercises his right to submit draft legislation, as well as the right to sign bills into law or to veto them.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The president has the right to suspend laws and regulations issued by executive bodies of Russia's constituent territories if such laws and regulations contravene the Constitution, federal laws or international obligations of the Russian Federation, or violate human and civil rights and liberties, pending the resolution of the issue in an appropriate court.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The president can issue by-laws by decree, so long as such decrees are not in contradiction with existing laws (both local and federal), Russia's international agreements or the Russian Constitution.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Other powers of the president in the sphere of legal activities and in his interaction with the parliament include calling elections to the State Duma, dissolving the State Duma in certain cases, and calling a referendum.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Within the bounds of the authority granted to the head of state by the Constitution and other laws, the president also shapes the basic domestic policy guidelines by issuing legal regulations and through organizational and regulatory activity, such as issuing decrees and executive orders. Each year the president is required to make an Address to the Federal Assembly regarding the situation in the country and the internal and foreign policy of the state.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The primary working president's residence is the Senate building (also known as 1st building) in the Moscow Kremlin complex. Also the president can use the Grand Kremlin Palace (used for official ceremonies and meetings). Previously, the president also could use the so-called 14th Administrative Corpus Building (the reserve residence), but in 2016 it was demolished.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Since 2000 the current home residence of the president is "Novo-Ogaryovo" (). It was planned that it would remain at the disposal of Vladimir Putin after his term ended, as "Gorki-9" () (also called "Barvikha" (), but actually near it) had remained at the disposal of Boris Yeltsin after his retirement.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: None of the Russian presidents to date have ever been a member of a political party while in office. In 2012, commenting on stepping down from the post of United Russia party leader, Vladimir Putin said "The constitution doesn’t forbid the president to be a member of any party, but in the spirit of how our political life has evolved, a president is first and foremost a consolidating figure for all the political forces of the country, for all citizens".

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: National transport services for the Russian president and the presidential state car are provided by the Special Purpose Garage (SPG). The SPG is a unit within the Federal Protective Service.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: The presidential aircraft uses the same colour scheme as standard Rossiya aircraft, except for the use of the Russian coat of arms or the presidential standard on the empennage instead of the flag of Russia.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: In the spring of 2013 a helipad was constructed in the Moscow Kremlin. According to the Chief of the Kremlin Property Agency construction of a helicopter pad for the pesident cost 200 million rubles (about $6.4 mln). The helipad is located in the Kremlin's Tainitsky Garden close to exterior walls.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: On 16 August 1995, President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On some social guarantees of persons holding public positions of the Russian Federation and the position of federal public servants." 15 June 1999 went to President Yeltsin's decree on amendments and additions to the previous decree. On 11 November 1999 Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the implementation of the amended decree of 15 June 1999.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: On 31 December 1999, the day of the resignation of Boris Yeltsin, the president issued a decree "On guarantees of the Russian Federation President, stop exercising his powers, and his family," and the eponymous federal law was adopted by 25 January 2001.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: This law establishes the legal, social and other guarantees of the Russian Federation president, stops the execution of its powers in connection with the expiration of his term of office or in advance in the event of his resignation or permanent incapacity for health reasons to exercise the powers belonging to him and his family:

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: Beginning in 1999, all living former presidents were granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times. Retired presidents receive a pension based on the salary of the government. All former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 are protected by the Federal Protective Service until the president's death. A spouse who remarries or divorced from president is no longer eligible for Federal Protective Service protection.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


President of Russia

Context: In 2020, the Constitution was amended to grant the former president immunity (except if he was removed from office by impeachment). This immunity may be lifted in the same manner as the impeachment procedure. Also, in accordance with the amendments, former presidents (except if he was removed from office by impeachment) were granted the right to become senators for life.

Question: Сколько президентов в России было по данным на 2019 год?


Kievan Rus'

Context: According to the prevalent theory, the name "Rus", like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden ("*rootsi"), is derived from an Old Norse term for 'men who row' ("rods-") because rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen ("Rus-law") or "Roden", as it was known in earlier times. The name "Rus" would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: "Ruotsi" and "Rootsi".

Question: Как называлась первая столица Ки́евской Руси?


Kievan Rus'

Context: In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.

Question: Как называлась первая столица Ки́евской Руси?


Kievan Rus'

Context: The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.

Question: Как называлась первая столица Ки́евской Руси?


Kievan Rus'

Context: In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav, like his druzhina, remained a staunch pagan. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.

Question: Как называлась первая столица Ки́евской Руси?


Kievan Rus'

Context: His son, Prince Daniel (r. 1238–1264) looked for support from the West. He accepted a crown as a "Rex Rusiae" ("King of Rus") from the Roman papacy, apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. In 1370, the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Ruthenian subjects.

Question: Как называлась первая столица Ки́евской Руси?


Kievan Rus'

Context: The peoples of Rus' experienced a period of great economic expansion, opening trade routes with the Vikings to the north and west and with the Byzantine Greeks to the south and west; traders also began to travel south and east, eventually making contact with Persia and the peoples of Central Asia.

Question: Как называлась первая столица Ки́евской Руси?


Kievan Rus'

Context: Rus'-Byzantine relations became closer following the marriage of the "porphyrogenita" Anna to Vladimir the Great, and the subsequent Christianization of the Rus': Byzantine priests, architects and artists were invited to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus', expanding Byzantine cultural influence even further. Numerous Rus' served in the Byzantine army as mercenaries, most notably as the famous Varangian Guard.

Question: Как называлась первая столица Ки́евской Руси?


Kievan Rus'

Context: In 988, the Christian Church in Rus' territorially fell under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople after it was officially adopted as the state religion. According to several chronicles after that date the predominant cult of Slavic paganism was persecuted.

Question: Как называлась первая столица Ки́евской Руси?


Ninja

Context: In the unrest of the Sengoku period, mercenaries and spies for hire became active in Iga Province and the adjacent area around the village of Kōga, and it is from these areas that much of the knowledge regarding the ninja is drawn. Following the unification of Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity. A number of "shinobi" manuals, often based on Chinese military philosophy, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the "Bansenshūkai" (1676).

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: By the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), "shinobi" had become a topic of popular imagination and mystery in Japan. Ninja figured prominently in legend and folklore, where they were associated with legendary abilities such as invisibility, walking on water and control over natural elements. As a consequence, their perception in popular culture is based more on such legends and folklore than on the covert actors of the Sengoku period.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: "Ninja" is the "on'yomi" (Early Middle Chinese–influenced) reading of the two kanji "忍者". In the native "kun'yomi" reading, it is pronounced "shinobi", a shortened form of "shinobi-no-mono" (忍びの者).

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: The word "shinobi" appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the "Man'yōshū". The underlying connotation of "shinobi" (忍) means "to steal away; to hide" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility. "Mono" (者) means "a person".

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Historically, the word "ninja" was not in common use, and a variety of regional colloquialisms evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. Along with "shinobi", these include "monomi" ("one who sees"), "nokizaru" ("macaque on the roof"), "rappa" ("ruffian"), "kusa" ("grass") and "Iga-mono" ("one from Iga"). In historical documents, "shinobi" is almost always used.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: "Kunoichi" (くノ一）is, originally, an argot which means "woman"; it supposedly comes from the characters くノ一 (respectively hiragana "ku", katakana "no" and kanji "ichi"), which make up the three strokes that form the kanji for "woman" (女). In fiction written in the modern era "kunoichi" means "female ninja".

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: In the Western world, the word "ninja" became more prevalent than "shinobi" in the post–World War II culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers. In English, the plural of "ninja" can be either unchanged as "ninja", reflecting the Japanese language's lack of grammatical number, or the regular English plural "ninjas".

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence:

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Likewise, a supplement to the "Nochi Kagami", a record of the Ashikaga shogunate, confirms the same Iga origin:

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638). The Kōga ninja were recruited by "shōgun" Tokugawa Iemitsu against Christian rebels led by Amakusa Shirō, who made a final stand at Hara Castle, in Hizen Province. A diary kept by a member of the Matsudaira clan, the "Amakusa Gunki", relates: "Men from Kōga in Ōmi Province who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased."

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: The Ukai diary, written by a descendant of Ukai Kanemon, has several entries describing the reconnaissance actions taken by the Kōga.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: As the siege went on, the extreme shortage of food later reduced the defenders to eating moss and grass. This desperation would mount to futile charges by the rebels, where they were eventually defeated by the shogunate army. The Kōga would later take part in conquering the castle:

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: With the fall of Hara Castle, the Shimabara Rebellion came to an end, and Christianity in Japan was forced underground. These written accounts are the last mention of ninja in war.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Many former ninja were employed as security guards by the Tokugawa shogunate, though the role of espionage was transferred to newly created organizations like the "Onmitsu" and the "Oniwaban". Others used their "ninjutsu" knowledge to become doctors, medicine sellers, merchants, martial artists, and fireworks manufacturers. Some unemployed ninja were reduced to banditry, such as Fūma Kotarō and Ishikawa Goemon.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Mie University founded the world's first research centre devoted to the ninja in 2017. A graduate master course opened in 2018. It is located in Iga (now Mie Prefecture). There are approximately 3 student enrollments per year. Students must pass an admission test about Japanese history and be able to read historical ninja documents. Scientific researchers and scholars of different disciplines study ancient documents and how it can be utilized in the modern world.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: In 2020, the 45 year old Genichi Mitsuhashi was the first student to graduate from the master course of ninja studies at Mie University. For 2 years he studied historical records and the traditions of the martial art. Similar to the original ninja, by day he was a farmer and grew vegetables while he did ninja studies and trained martial arts in the afternoon.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: The ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by "daimyōs". Their primary roles were those of espionage and sabotage, although assassinations were also attributed to ninja. Although they were considered the anti-samurai and were disdained by those belonging to the samurai class, they were necessary for warfare and were even employed by the samurai themselves to carry out operations that were forbidden by "bushidō".

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Espionage was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications, as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the "Nochi Kagami" briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage:

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the Tokugawa "bakufu", at a time when the "bakufu" used the ninja in an intelligence network to monitor regional "daimyōs" as well as the Imperial court.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: The "Tamon-in Nikki" (16th century)—a diary written by abbot Eishun of Kōfuku-ji temple—describes an arson attack on a castle by men of the Iga clans.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: The best-known cases of assassination attempts involve famous historical figures. Deaths of famous persons have sometimes been attributed to assassination by ninja, but the secretive natures of these scenarios have made them difficult to prove. Assassins were often identified as ninja later on, but there is no evidence to prove whether some were specially trained for the task or simply a hired thug.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: The ninja Hachisuka Tenzō was sent by Nobunaga to assassinate the powerful "daimyō" Takeda Shingen, but ultimately failed in his attempts. Hiding in the shadow of a tree, he avoided being seen under the moonlight, and later concealed himself in a hole he had prepared beforehand, thus escaping capture.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: An assassination attempt on Toyotomi Hideyoshi was also thwarted. A ninja named Kirigakure Saizō (possibly Kirigakure Shikaemon) thrust a spear through the floorboards to kill Hideyoshi, but was unsuccessful. He was "smoked out" of his hiding place by another ninja working for Hideyoshi, who apparently used a sort of primitive "flamethrower". Unfortunately, the veracity of this account has been clouded by later fictional publications depicting Saizō as one of the legendary Sanada Ten Braves.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Uesugi Kenshin, the famous "daimyō" of Echigo Province, was rumored to have been killed by a ninja. The legend credits his death to an assassin who is said to have hidden in Kenshin's lavatory, and fatally injured Kenshin by thrusting a blade or spear into his anus. While historical records showed that Kenshin suffered abdominal problems, modern historians have generally attributed his death to stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, or cerebrovascular disease.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: In battle, the ninja were also used to cause confusion amongst the enemy. A degree of psychological warfare in the capturing of enemy banners can be seen illustrated in the "Ōu Eikei Gunki", composed between the 16th and 17th centuries:

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: A variety of countermeasures were taken to prevent the activities of the ninja. Precautions were often taken against assassinations, such as weapons concealed in the lavatory, or under a removable floorboard. Buildings were constructed with traps and trip wires attached to alarm bells.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Modern schools that claim to train "ninjutsu" arose from the 1970s, including that of Masaaki Hatsumi (Bujinkan), Stephen K. Hayes (To-Shin Do), and Jinichi Kawakami (Banke Shinobinoden). The lineage and authenticity of these schools are a matter of controversy.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Most "ninjutsu" techniques recorded in scrolls and manuals revolve around ways to avoid detection, and methods of escape. These techniques were loosely grouped under corresponding natural elements. Some examples are:

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: The use of disguises is common and well documented. Disguises came in the form of priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants, "rōnin", and monks. The "Buke Myōmokushō" states,

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Ninja utilized a large variety of tools and weaponry, some of which were commonly known, but others were more specialized. Most were tools used in the infiltration of castles. A wide range of specialized equipment is described and illustrated in the 17th-century "Bansenshūkai", including climbing equipment, extending spears, rocket-propelled arrows, and small collapsible boats.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Clothing used was similar to that of the samurai, but loose garments (such as leggings) were tucked into trousers or secured with belts. The "tenugui", a piece of cloth also used in martial arts, had many functions. It could be used to cover the face, form a belt, or assist in climbing.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Tools used for infiltration and espionage are some of the most abundant artifacts related to the ninja. Ropes and grappling hooks were common, and were tied to the belt. A collapsible ladder is illustrated in the "Bansenshukai", featuring spikes at both ends to anchor the ladder. Spiked or hooked climbing gear worn on the hands and feet also doubled as weapons. Other implements include chisels, hammers, drills, picks, and so forth.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: The "kunai" was a heavy pointed tool, possibly derived from the Japanese masonry trowel, which it closely resembles. Although it is often portrayed in popular culture as a weapon, the "kunai" was primarily used for gouging holes in walls. Knives and small saws ("hamagari") were also used to create holes in buildings, where they served as a foothold or a passage of entry. A portable listening device ("saoto hikigane") was used to eavesdrop on conversations and detect sounds.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: "Goshiki-mai" (go, "five"; shiki, "color"; mai, "rice") colored (red, blue, yellow, black, purple) rice grains used, in a code system, and to make trails that could be followed later.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Despite the large array of tools available to the ninja, the "Bansenshukai" warns one not to be overburdened with equipment, stating "a successful ninja is one who uses but one tool for multiple tasks".

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Explosives introduced from China were known in Japan by the time of the Mongol Invasions in the 13th century. Later, explosives such as hand-held bombs and grenades were adopted by the ninja. Soft-cased bombs were designed to release smoke or poison gas, along with fragmentation explosives packed with iron or ceramic shrapnel.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Along with common weapons, a large assortment of miscellaneous arms were associated with the ninja. Some examples include poison, "makibishi" (caltrops), "shikomizue" (cane swords), land mines, "fukiya" (blowguns), poisoned darts, acid-spurting tubes, and firearms. The "happō", a small eggshell filled with "metsubushi" (blinding powder), was also used to facilitate escape.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Perceived control over the elements may be grounded in real tactics, which were categorized by association with forces of nature. For example, the practice of starting fires in order to cover a ninja's trail falls under "katon-no-jutsu" ("fire techniques"). By dressing in identicle clothing, a coordinated team of ninjas could instill the perception of a single assailant being in multiple locations.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: "Kuji-kiri" is an esoteric practice which, when performed with an array of hand "seals" ("kuji-in"), was meant to allow the ninja to enact superhuman feats.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: On February 25, 2018, Yamada Yūji, the professor of Mie University and historian Nakanishi Gō announced that they had identified three people who were successful in early modern Ureshino, including the ninja Benkei Musō (弁慶夢想). Musō is thought to be the same person as Denrinbō Raikei (伝林坊頼慶), the Chinese disciple of Marume Nagayoshi. It came as a shock when the existence of a foreign samurai was verified by authorities.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Ninja

Context: Many famous people in Japanese history have been associated or identified as ninja, but their status as ninja are difficult to prove and may be the product of later imagination. Rumors surrounding famous warriors, such as Kusunoki Masashige or Minamoto no Yoshitsune sometimes describe them as ninja, but there is little evidence for these claims.

Question: В каком веке появились ниндзя в Японии?


Gospel

Context: Many non-canonical gospels were also written, all later than the four canonical gospels, and like them advocating the particular theological views of their various authors. Important examples include the gospels of Thomas, Peter, Judas, and Mary; infancy gospels such as that of James (the first to introduce the perpetual virginity of Mary); and gospel harmonies such as the Diatessaron.

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Gospel

Context: "Gospel" is the Old English translation of Greek , meaning "good news"; this may be seen from analysis of ( "good" + "messenger" + diminutive suffix). The Greek term was Latinized as in the Vulgate, and translated into Latin as . In Old English, it was translated as ( "good" + "news"). The Old English term was retained as in Middle English Bible translations and hence remains in use also in Modern English.

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Gospel

Context: The four canonical gospels are those of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. They share the same basic outline of the life of Jesus: he begins his public ministry in conjunction with that of John the Baptist, calls disciples, teaches and heals and confronts the Pharisees, dies on the cross, and is raised from the dead.

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Gospel

Context: Each has its own distinctive understanding of him and his divine role and scholars recognize that the differences of detail between the gospels are irreconcilable, and any attempt to harmonize them would only disrupt their distinct theological messages.

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Gospel

Context: The Gospel of Mark never refers to Jesus as "God" or claims that he existed prior to his earthly life, does not describe his birth, makes no attempt to trace his ancestry back to King David or Adam, and originally had no post-resurrection appearances, although Mark 16:7, in which a young man discovered in the tomb instructs the women to tell "the disciples and Peter" that Jesus will see them again in Galilee, hints that the author knew of the tradition.

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Gospel

Context: Matthew and Luke base their narratives of the life of Jesus on that in Mark, but each makes subtle changes, Matthew stressing Jesus's divine nature – for example, the "young man" who appears at Jesus's tomb in Mark becomes a radiant angel in Matthew. Similarly, the miracle stories in Mark confirm Jesus's status as an emissary of God (which was Mark's understanding of the Messiah), but in Matthew they demonstrate divinity.

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Gospel

Context: Luke, while following Mark's gospel more faithfully than does Matthew, has expanded on the source, corrected Mark's grammar and syntax, and eliminated some passages entirely, notably most of Chapters 6 and 7. John, the most overtly theological, is the first to make Christological judgements outside the context of the narrative of Jesus's life.

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Gospel

Context: In the immediate aftermath of Jesus's death, his followers apparently expected him to return at any moment, likely within their own lifetimes, and consequently there was little motivation to write anything down for future generations. However, as eyewitnesses began to die, and as the missionary needs of the church grew, there was an increasing demand and need for written versions of the founder's life and teachings. The stages of this process can be summarised as follows:

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Gospel

Context: The many apocryphal gospels arose from the 1st century onward, frequently under assumed names to enhance their credibility and authority, and often from within branches of Christianity that were eventually branded heretical. They can be broadly organised into the following categories:

Question: Когда был написан Евангелие?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Christopher Columbus (; born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first known European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: His native language is presumed to have been a Genoese dialect although Columbus probably never wrote in that language. His name in the 16th-century Genoese language was "Cristoffa Corombo" (). His name in Italian is "Cristoforo Colombo", and in Spanish "Cristóbal Colón".

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: In one of his writings, he says he went to sea at the age of fourteen. In 1470, the Colombo family moved to Savona, where Domenico took over a tavern. Some modern authors have argued that he was not from Genoa but, instead, from the Aragon region of Spain or from Portugal. These competing hypotheses generally have been discounted by mainstream scholars.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: In 1479 or 1480, Columbus's son Diego was born. Between 1482 and 1485, Columbus traded along the coasts of West Africa, reaching the Portuguese trading post of Elmina at the Guinea coast (in present-day Ghana). Before 1484, Columbus returned to Porto Santo to find that his wife had died. He returned to Portugal to settle her estate and take his son Diego with him. He left Portugal for Castile in 1485, where he found a mistress in 1487, a 20-year-old orphan named Beatriz Enríquez de Arana.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Being ambitious, Columbus eventually learned Latin, Portuguese, and Castilian. He read widely about astronomy, geography, and history, including the works of Claudius Ptolemy, Pierre Cardinal d'Ailly's "Imago Mundi", the travels of Marco Polo and Sir John Mandeville, Pliny's "Natural History", and Pope Pius II's "Historia Rerum Ubique Gestarum". According to historian Edmund Morgan,

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Columbus was not a scholarly man. Yet he studied these books, made hundreds of marginal notations in them and came out with ideas about the world that were characteristically simple and strong and sometimes wrong ...

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Under the Mongol Empire's hegemony over Asia and the "Pax Mongolica", Europeans had long enjoyed a safe land passage on the Silk Road to parts of East Asia (including China) and Maritime Southeast Asia, which were sources of valuable goods. With the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, the Silk Road was closed to Christian traders.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Despite a popular misconception to the contrary, nearly all educated Westerners of Columbus's time knew that the Earth is spherical, a concept that had been understood since antiquity. The techniques of celestial navigation, which uses the position of the Sun and the stars in the sky, had long been in use by astronomers and were beginning to be implemented by mariners.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: As far back as the 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes had correctly computed the circumference of the Earth by using simple geometry and studying the shadows cast by objects at two remote locations. In the 1st century BC, Posidonius confirmed Eratosthenes's results by comparing stellar observations at two separate locations. These measurements were widely known among scholars, but Ptolemy's use of the smaller, old-fashioned units of distance led Columbus to underestimate the size of the Earth by about a third.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Columbus also dispatched his brother Bartolomeo to the court of Henry VII of England to inquire whether the English crown might sponsor his expedition, but he was captured by pirates en route, and only arrived in early 1491. By that time, Columbus had retreated to La Rábida Friary, where the Spanish crown sent him 20,000 "maravedis" to buy new clothes and instructions to return to the Spanish court for renewed discussions.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Between 1492 and 1504, Columbus completed four round-trip voyages between Spain and the Americas, each voyage being sponsored by the Crown of Castile. On his first voyage he reached the Americas, initiating the European exploration and colonization of the continent, as well as the Columbian exchange. His role in history is thus important to the Age of Discovery, Western history, and human history writ large.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Columbus headed for Spain on the "Niña", but a storm separated him from the "Pinta," and forced the "Niña" to stop at the island of Santa Maria in the Azores. Half of his crew went ashore to say prayers of thanksgiving in a chapel for having survived the storm. But while praying, they were imprisoned by the governor of the island, ostensibly on suspicion of being pirates. After a two-day standoff, the prisoners were released, and Columbus again set sail for Spain.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Another storm forced Columbus into the port at Lisbon. From there he went to "Vale do Paraíso" north of Lisbon to meet King John II of Portugal, who told Columbus that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas. After spending more than a week in Portugal, Columbus set sail for Spain. Returning to Palos on 15 March 1493, he was given a hero's welcome and soon afterward received by Isabella and Ferdinand in Barcelona.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: The two earliest published copies of Columbus's letter on the first voyage aboard the Niña were donated in 2017 by the [[Jay I. Kislak Foundation to the [[University of Miami]] library in [[Coral Gables, Florida]], where they are housed.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: On 3 November, they arrived in the [[Windward Islands]]; the first island they encountered was named [[Dominica]] by Columbus, but not finding a good harbor there, they anchored off a nearby smaller island, which he named "Mariagalante", now a part of [[Guadeloupe]] and called [[Marie-Galante]]. Other islands named by Columbus on this voyage were [[Montserrat]], [[Antigua]], [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], the [[Virgin Islands]], as well as many others.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: On 22 November, Columbus returned to Hispaniola to visit La Navidad, where 39 Spaniards had been left during the first voyage. Columbus found the fort in ruins, destroyed by the Taínos after some of the Spaniards reportedly antagonized their hosts with their unrestrained lust for gold and women. Columbus then established a poorly located and short-lived settlement to the east, [[La Isabela]], in the present-day [[Dominican Republic]].

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: From April to August 1494, Columbus explored Cuba and Jamaica, then returned to Hispaniola. By the end of 1494, disease and famine had killed two-thirds of the Spanish settlers. Columbus implemented "[[encomienda]]", a Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of conquered non-Christian people.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Columbus executed Spanish colonists for minor crimes, and used [[dismemberment]] as punishment. Columbus and the colonists enslaved the indigenous people, including children. Natives were beaten, raped, and tortured for the location of imagined gold. Thousands committed suicide rather than face the oppression.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: In February 1495, Columbus rounded up about 1,500 Arawaks, some of whom had rebelled, in a great slave raid. About 500 of the strongest were shipped to Spain as slaves, with about two hundred of those dying en route.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: On 30 May 1498, Columbus left with six ships from [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda|Sanlúcar, Spain]]. The fleet called at Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it divided in two, with three ships heading for Hispaniola and the other three vessels, commanded by Columbus, sailing south to the Cape Verde Islands and then westward across the Atlantic. It is probable that this expedition was intended at least partly to confirm rumors of a large continent south of the Caribbean Sea, that is, South America.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: On 19 August, Columbus returned to Hispaniola. There he found settlers in rebellion against his rule, and his unfulfilled promises of riches. Columbus had some of the Europeans tried for their disobedience; at least one rebel leader was hanged.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: [[File:House of Colon COA (2).svg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Coat of arms]] granted to Christopher Columbus and the [[:es:Colón (familia)|House of Colon]] by [[Pope Alexander VI]] "[[motu proprio]]" in 1502]]

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: On 9 May 1502 Columbus, with his brother Bartolomeo as second in command and his son Fernando, left Cádiz with his flagship "Santa María" and three other vessels, crewed by 140 men (Some scholars, including Sauer, say the fleet sailed 11 May; Cook says 9 May). He sailed to [[Arzila]] on the Moroccan coast to rescue Portuguese soldiers said to be besieged by the [[Moors]]. The siege had been lifted by the time they arrived, so the Spaniards stayed only a day and continued on to the Canary Islands.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: During a violent storm on his first return voyage, Columbus, then 41, had suffered an attack of what was believed at the time to be [[gout]]. In subsequent years, he was plagued with what was thought to be [[influenza]] and other fevers, bleeding from the eyes, temporary blindness and prolonged attacks of gout. The attacks increased in duration and severity, sometimes leaving Columbus bedridden for months at a time, and culminated in his death 14 years later.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Some historians such as H. Micheal Tarver and Emily Slape, as well as medical doctors such as Arnett and Antonio Rodríguez Cuartero, believe that Columbus had such a form of reactive arthritis, but according to other authorities, this is "speculative", or "very speculative".

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Columbus's name was given to the newly born [[Gran Colombia|Republic of Colombia]] in the early 19th century, inspired by the political project of "Colombeia" developed by revolutionary [[Francisco de Miranda]], which was put at the service of the emancipation of continental Hispanic America.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: [[File:1893 Nina Pinta Santa Maria replicas.jpg|thumb|Replicas of "Niña", "Pinta" and "Santa María" sailed from Spain to the [[Chicago Columbian Exposition]] in 1893]]

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: For the [[Columbus Quincentenary]] in 1992, a second Columbian issue was released jointly with Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Columbus was celebrated at [[Seville Expo '92]], and [[Genoa Expo '92]].

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: In many countries of the Americas, as well as Spain and Italy, [[Columbus Day]] celebrates the anniversary of Columbus's arrival in the Americas on 12 October 1492.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: The voyages of Columbus are considered a turning point in human history, marking the beginning of [[globalization]] and accompanying demographic, commercial, economic, social, and political changes.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: [[File:Landing of Columbus (2).jpg|thumb|"Landing of Columbus at the Island of Guanahaní, West Indies" (1846), by [[John Vanderlyn]]. The landing of Columbus became a powerful icon of American genesis in the 19th century.]]

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: His explorations resulted in permanent contact between the two hemispheres, and the term "[[pre-Columbian]]" is used to refer to the cultures of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus and his European successors. The ensuing Columbian exchange saw the massive exchange of animals, plants, fungi, diseases, technologies, mineral wealth and ideas.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: In the first century after his endeavors, Columbus's figure largely languished in the backwaters of history, and his reputation was beset by his failures as a colonial administrator. His legacy was somewhat rescued from oblivion when he began to appear as a character in Italian and Spanish plays and poems from the late 16th century onward.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Columbus was subsumed into the Western narrative of colonization and empire building, which invoked notions of "[[translatio imperii]]" and "[[translatio studii]]" to underline who was considered "civilized" and who was not.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: [[File:Faroe stamps 225-226 Discovery of America.jpg|thumb|"Discovery of America", a postage stamp from the Faroe Islands commemorates the voyages of discovery of [[Leif Erikson]] () and Christopher Columbus (1492)]]

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Europeans devised explanations for the [[Settlement of the Americas|origins of the Native Americans]] and their geographical distribution with narratives that often served to reinforce their own preconceptions built on ancient intellectual foundations. In modern Latin America, the non-Native populations of some countries often demonstrate an ambiguous attitude toward the perspectives of indigenous peoples regarding the so-called "discovery" by Columbus and the era of colonialism that followed.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: In a 1992 article for "[[The UNESCO Courier]]", Félix Fernández-Shaw argues that the word "discovery" prioritizes European explorers as the "heroes" of the contact between the Old and New World. He suggests that the word "encounter" is more appropriate, being a more universal term which includes Native Americans in the narrative.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: [[File:Columbus Monument (New York City) - DSC05924.JPG|thumb|The [[Columbus Monument (New York City)|Columbus Monument]] in [[Columbus Circle]], New York City]]

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: As a result of the [[George Floyd protests|protests and riots]] that followed the [[murder of George Floyd]] in 2020, many public [[List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests#Christopher Columbus|monuments of Christopher Columbus have been removed]].

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: [[File:Pedestal base of Christopher Columbus statue 2.jpeg|thumb|The remains of the pedestal base of the Columbus statue in the Baltimore inner harbor area. The statue was thrown into the harbor on 4 July 2020, as part of the [[George Floyd protests]].]]

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: British historian [[Basil Davidson]] has dubbed Columbus the "father of the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]]", citing the fact that the first license to ship enslaved Africans to the Caribbean was issued by the Catholic Monarchs in 1501 to the first royal governor of Hispaniola, [[Nicolás de Ovando]].

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: The diseases that devastated the Native Americans came in multiple waves at different times, sometimes as much as centuries apart, which would mean that survivors of one disease may have been killed by others, preventing the population from recovering. Historian [[David Stannard]] describes the depopulation of the indigenous Americans as "neither inadvertent nor inevitable," saying it was the result of both disease and intentional genocide.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: The most well-known image of Columbus is [[:File:Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus.jpg|a portrait]] by [[Sebastiano del Piombo]], which has been reproduced in many textbooks. It agrees with descriptions of Columbus in that it shows a large man with auburn hair, but the painting dates from 1519 and cannot, therefore, have been painted from life. Furthermore, the inscription identifying the subject as Columbus was probably added later, and the face shown differs from that of other images.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: Sometime between 1531 and 1536, [[Alejo Fernández]] painted an altarpiece, "[[The Virgin of the Navigators]]", that includes a depiction of Columbus. The painting was commissioned for a chapel in Seville's [[Casa de Contratación]] (House of Trade) in the [[Alcázar of Seville]] and remains there.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


Christopher Columbus

Context: At the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, 71 alleged portraits of Columbus were displayed; most of them did not match contemporary descriptions.

Question: Когда родился Христофо́р Колу́мб?


State of Palestine

Context: This article uses the terms "Palestine", "State of Palestine", "occupied Palestinian territory" (oPt or OPT) interchangeably depending on context. Specifically, the term "occupied Palestinian territory" refers as a whole to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel since 1967. In all cases, any references to land or territory refer to land claimed by the State of Palestine.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: In 1964, when the West Bank was controlled by Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established there with the goal to confront Israel. The Palestinian National Charter of the PLO defines the boundaries of Palestine as the whole remaining territory of the mandate, including Israel. Following the Six-Day War, the PLO moved to Jordan, but later relocated to Lebanon in 1971.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: The State of Palestine has been recognized by 138 of the 193 UN members and since 2012 has had a status of a non-member observer state in the United Nations.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstentions and 5 absences), the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 67/19, upgrading Palestine from an "observer entity" to a "non-member observer state" within the United Nations system, which was described as recognition of the PLO's sovereignty. Palestine's new status is equivalent to that of the Holy See.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: The areas claimed by the State of Palestine lie in the Levant. The Gaza Strip borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Egypt to the south, and Israel to the north and east. The West Bank is bordered by Jordan to the east, and Israel to the north, south, and west. Thus, the two enclaves constituting the area claimed by State of Palestine have no geographical border with one another, being separated by Israel. These areas would constitute the world's 163rd largest country by land area.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: Palestine has a number of environmental issues; issues facing the Gaza Strip include desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne diseases; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources. In the West Bank, many of the same issues apply; although fresh water is much more plentiful, access is restricted by the ongoing dispute.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: Three terrestrial ecoregions are found in the area: Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests, Arabian Desert, and Mesopotamian shrub desert.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: The State of Palestine consists of the following institutions that are associated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO):

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: These should be distinguished from the President of the Palestinian National Authority, Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) and PNA Cabinet, all of which are instead associated with the Palestinian National Authority.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: The State of Palestine's founding document is the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, and it should be distinguished from the unrelated PLO Palestinian National Covenant and PNA Palestine Basic Law.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: On 15 December 1988, the State of Palestine's declaration of independence of November 1988 was acknowledged in the General Assembly with Resolution 43/177.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: () of the member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine. Many of the countries that do not recognise the State of Palestine nevertheless recognise the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO's executive committee is empowered by the PNC to perform the functions of government of the State of Palestine.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: On 29 November 2012, UN General Assembly resolution 67/19 passed, upgrading Palestine to "non-member observer state" status in the United Nations. The change in status was described as ""de facto" recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine".

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: On 2 December 2014, the French parliament voted by 331 to 151 in favour of urging their government to recognise Palestine as a state. The text, proposed by the ruling Socialists and backed by left-wing parties and some conservatives, asked the government to "use the recognition of a Palestinian state with the aim of resolving the conflict definitively".

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: On 31 December 2014, the United Nations Security Council voted down a resolution demanding the end of Israeli occupation and statehood by 2017. Eight members voted for the Resolution (Russia, China, France, Argentina, Chad, Chile, Jordan, Luxembourg), however following strenuous US and Israeli efforts to defeat the resolution, it did not get the minimum of nine votes needed to pass the resolution. Australia and the United States voted against the resolution, with five other nations abstaining.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: On 16 January 2015, the International Criminal Court announced that, since Palestine was granted observer State status in the UN by the UNGA, it must be considered a "State" for the purposes of accession to the Rome Statute.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: On 13 May 2015, the Vatican announced it was shifting recognition from the PLO to the State of Palestine, confirming recognition of Palestine as a state after the UN vote of 2012. Monsignor Antoine Camilleri, Vatican foreign minister, said the change was in line with the evolving position of the Holy See, which has referred unofficially to the State of Palestine since Pope Francis's visit to the Holy Land in May 2014.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: In August 2015, Palestine's representatives at the UN presented a draft resolution that would allow the non-member observer states Palestine and the Holy See to raise their flags at the United Nations headquarters. Initially, the Palestinians presented their initiative as a joint effort with the Holy See, which the Holy See denied.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: In a letter to the Secretary General and the President of the General Assembly, Israel's Ambassador at the UN Ron Prosor called the step "another cynical misuse of the UN ... in order to score political points".

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: After the vote, which was passed by 119 votes to 8 with 45 countries abstaining, the US Ambassador Samantha Power said that "raising the Palestinian flag will not bring Israelis and Palestinians any closer together". US Department of State spokesman Mark Toner called it a "counterproductive" attempt to pursue statehood claims outside of a negotiated settlement.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: At the ceremony itself, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said the occasion was a "day of pride for the Palestinian people around the world, a day of hope", and declared "Now is the time to restore confidence by both Israelis and Palestinians for a peaceful settlement and, at last, the realization of two states for two peoples."

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: There are a wide variety of views regarding the status of the State of Palestine, both among the states of the international community and among legal scholars. The existence of a state of Palestine, although controversial, is a reality in the opinions of the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: The State of Palestine has a number of security forces, including a Civil Police Force, National Security Forces and Intelligence Services, with the function of maintaining security and protecting Palestinian citizens and the Palestinian State.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the State of Palestine had population of 4,420,549 people in 2013. Within an area of , there is a population density of about 827 people per square kilometre. To put this in a wider context, the average population density of the world was 25 people per square kilometre as of 2017.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: Operating under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Health Cluster for the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) was established in 2009 and represents a partnership of over 70 local and international nongovernmental organisations and UN agencies providing a framework for health actors involved in the humanitarian response for the oPt. The Cluster is co-chaired by the MOH to ensure alignment with national policies and plans.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: The report of WHO Director-General of 1 May 2019 describes health sector conditions in the oPt identifying strategic priorities and current obstacles to their achievement pursuant to the country cooperation strategy for WHO and the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2017–2020.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: The literacy rate of Palestine was 96.3% according to a 2014 report by the United Nations Development Programme, which is high by international standards. There is a gender difference in the population aged above 15 with 5.9% of women considered illiterate compared to 1.6% of men. Illiteracy among women has fallen from 20.3% in 1997 to less than 6% in 2014.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: 93% of Palestinians are Muslim, the vast majority of whom are followers of the Sunni branch of Islam, with a small minority of Ahmadiyya, and 15% being nondenominational Muslims. Palestinian Christians represent a significant minority of 6%, followed by much smaller religious communities, including Druze and Samaritans.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: On 12 June 2020, the World Bank approved a US$15 million grant for the Technology for Youth and Jobs (TechStart) Project aiming to help the Palestinian IT sector upgrade the capabilities of firms and create more high-quality jobs. Kanthan Shankar, World Bank Country Director for West Bank and Gaza said "The IT sector has the potential to make a strong contribution to economic growth. It can offer opportunities to Palestinian youth, who constitute 30% of the population and suffer from acute unemployment."

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: The Palestine Monetary Authority has issued guidelines for the operation and provision of electronic payment services including e-wallet and prepaid cards.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories are characterized by severe water shortage and are highly influenced by the Israeli occupation. The water resources of Palestine are fully controlled by Israel and the division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the Oslo II Accord.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the Gaza War have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution. The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: There are a number of newspapers, news agencies, and satellite television stations in the State of Palestine. Its news agencies include Ma'an News Agency, Wafa, Palestine News Network. Al-Aqsa TV, Al-Quds TV, Sanabel TV are its main satellite broadcasters.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


State of Palestine

Context: Association football (soccer) is the most popular sport among the Palestinian people. The Palestine national football team represents the country in international football. Rugby is also a popular sport.

Question: Как называется столица Палестины?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: Until 1993, the only promoted option was armed struggle. From the signing of the Oslo Accords, negotiation and diplomacy became the only official policy.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: In April 1996, a large number of articles, which were inconsistent with the Oslo Accords, were wholly or partially nullified.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: At the core of the PLO's ideology is the belief that Zionists had unjustly expelled the Palestinians from Palestine and established a Jewish state in place under the pretext of having historic and Jewish ties with Palestine. The PLO demanded that Palestinian refugees be allowed to return to their homes. This is expressed in the National Covenant:

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: Article 2 of the Charter states that ″Palestine, with the boundaries it had during the British mandate, is an indivisible territorial unit″, meaning that there is no place for a Jewish state. This article was adapted in 1996 to meet the Oslo Accords.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: Article 3 reads: ″The Palestinian Arab people possess the legal right to their homeland and have the right to determine their destiny after achieving the liberation of their country in accordance with their wishes and entirely of their own accord and will″.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The PLO and its dominating faction, Fatah, are often contrasted to more religious orientated factions like Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). All, however, represent a predominant Muslim population. Practically the whole population of the Territories is Muslim, mostly Sunni. Around 50,000 (ca 1%) of the 4.6 million Palestinians in the occupied Palestinian territories (OPT) are Palestinian Christian.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: Under President Arafat, the Fatah-dominated Palestinian Authority adopted the 2003 Amended Basic Law, which stipulates Islam as the sole official religion in Palestine and the principles of Islamic sharia as a principal source of legislation. The draft Constitution contains the same provisions. The draft Constitution was formulated by a Constitutional Committee, established by Arafat in 1999 and endorsed by the PLO.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The Palestinian National Charter describes the ideology of the PLO. A constitution, named "Fundamental Law", was adopted, which dictates the inner structure of the organization and the representation of the Palestinian people. A draft Constitution was written in 1963, to rule the PLO until free general elections among all the Palestinians in all the countries in which they resided could be held. The Constitution was revised in 1968.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The PNC serves as the parliament for all Palestinians inside and outside of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem. The PLO is governed internally by its "Fundamental Law", which describes the powers and the relations between the organs of the PLO.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The 1993–1995 Oslo Accords deliberately detached the Palestinian population in the Occupied Palestinian Territories from the PLO and the Palestinians in exile by creating a Palestinian Authority (PA) for the Territories. A separate parliament and government were established. Mahmoud Abbas was one of the architects of the Oslo Accords.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: Although many in the PLO opposed the Oslo Agreements, the executive committee and the Central Council approved the Accords. It marked the beginning of the PLO's decline, as the PA came to replace the PLO as the prime Palestinian political institution. Political factions within the PLO that had opposed the Oslo process were marginalized.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The PLO managed to overcome the separation by uniting the power in PLO and PA in one individual, Yasser Arafat. In 2002, Arafat held the functions of Chairman of the PLO/Executive Committee; Chairman of Fatah, the dominating faction within the PLO; as well as President of the Palestinian National Authority. He also controlled the Palestinian National Security Forces.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: Only during the Hamas-led PA Government in 2006–2007 did the PLO resurface. After Hamas took over Gaza in 2007, Abbas issued a decree suspending the PLC and some sections of the Palestinian Basic Law, and appointed Salam Fayyad as prime minister.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: On 4 February 1969, Fatah founder, Arafat, was elected Chairman of the PLO in Cairo. Since, Fatah has been the dominant factor within the PLO, which still continues in 2015.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The Palestine Liberation Organization is recognized by the Arab League as "the "sole and legitimate" representative of the Palestinian people", and by the United Nations as "the representative of the Palestinian people".

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987, but in 1988, a presidential waiver was issued, which permitted contact with the organization. Most of the rest of the world recognized the PLO as the legitimate representatives of the Palestinian people from the mid-1970s onwards (after the PLO's admission to the UN as an observer.)

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: In 1993, PLO chairman Yasser Arafat recognized the State of Israel in an official letter to its prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin. In response to Arafat's letter, Israel decided to revise its stance toward the PLO and to recognize the organization as the representative of the Palestinian people. This led to the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: After the Palestinian Declaration of Independence the PLO's representation was renamed Palestine. On 7 July 1998, this status was extended to allow participation in General Assembly debates, though not in voting.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: By September 2012, with their application for full membership stalled due to the inability of Security Council members to 'make a unanimous recommendation', the PLO had decided to pursue an upgrade in status from "observer entity" to "non-member observer state". On 29 November 2012, Resolution 67/19 passed, upgrading Palestine to "non-member observer State" status in the United Nations. The new status equates Palestine's with that of the Holy See.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: Following the failure of the armies of Egypt and Syria to defeat Israel in October 1973 Yom Kippur War, which broke the status quo existing since June 1967 Six-Day War, the PLO began formulating a strategic alternative. Now, they intended to establish a "national authority" over every territory they would be able to reconquer. From 1 to 9 June 1974, the Palestine National Council held its 12th meeting in Cairo. On 8 June, the Ten Point Program was adopted. The Program stated:

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: By "every part of Palestinian territory that is liberated" was implicitly meant the West Bank and Gaza Strip, albeit presented as an interim goal. The final goal remained "completing the liberation of all Palestinian territory" and "recover all their national rights and, first and foremost, their rights to return and to self-determination on the whole of the soil of their homeland". Also UN Resolution 242 was still rejected.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The PLO began their militancy campaign from its inception with an attack on Israel's National Water Carrier in January 1965. The group used guerrilla tactics to attack Israel from their bases in Jordan (including the West Bank), Lebanon, Egypt (Gaza Strip), and Syria.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The most notable of what were considered terrorist acts committed by member organizations of the PLO were:

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: From 1967 to September 1970 the PLO, with passive support from Jordan, fought a war of attrition with Israel. During this time, the PLO launched artillery attacks on the moshavim and kibbutzim of Bet Shean Valley Regional Council, while fedayeen launched numerous attacks on Israeli forces. Israel raided the PLO camps in Jordan, including Karameh, withdrawing only under Jordanian military pressure.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: After the appointment of Ariel Sharon to the post of Minister of Defense in 1981, the Israeli government policy of allowing political growth to occur in the occupied West Bank and Gaza strip changed. The Israeli government tried, unsuccessfully, to dictate terms of political growth by replacing local pro-PLO leaders with an Israeli civil administration.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: In 1982, the PLO relocated to Tunis, Tunisia after it was driven out of Lebanon by Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War. Following massive raids by Israeli forces in Beirut, it is estimated that 8,000 PLO fighters evacuated the city and dispersed.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: On 1 October 1985, in Operation Wooden Leg, Israeli Air Force F-15s bombed the PLO's Tunis headquarters, killing more than 60 people.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Palestine Liberation Organization

Context: The PLO has been sued in the United States by families of those killed or injured in attacks by Palestinians. One lawsuit was settled prior to going to trial. The other went to trial. The PLO was found liable for the death and injuries of US citizens in a number of terrorist attacks in Israel from 2001 to 2004 and ordered to pay a judgment of $655.5 million. The verdict was overturned on appeal for a lack of US federal jurisdiction over actions committed overseas.

Question: Когда была организована Организа́ция освобожде́ния Палести́ны?


Nazi Party

Context: , the informal and originally derogatory term for a party member, abbreviates the party's name ( ), and was coined in analogy with (pronounced ), an abbreviation of (member of the rival Social Democratic Party of Germany). Members of the party referred to themselves as (National Socialists), but some did occasionally embrace the colloquial (so Leopold von Mildenstein in his article series published in in 1934). The term (party member) was commonly used among Nazis, with its corresponding feminine form .

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The term was in use before the rise of the party as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backward peasant, an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, a shortened version of Ignatius, which was a common name in the Nazis' home region of Bavaria. Opponents seized on this, and the long-existing , to attach a dismissive nickname to the National Socialists.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: In 1933, when Adolf Hitler assumed power in the German government, the usage of "Nazi" diminished in Germany, although Austrian anti-Nazis continued to use the term, and the use of "Nazi Germany" and "Nazi regime" was popularised by anti-Nazis and German exiles abroad. Thereafter, the term spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, the term is not considered slang and has such derivatives as Nazism and denazification.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: Hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member (he was in fact the seventh executive member of the party's central committee and he would later wear the Golden Party Badge number one). Anton Drexler drafted a letter to Hitler in 1940—which was never sent—that contradicts Hitler's later claim:

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The Nazi Party was banned on 9 November 1923; however, with the support of the nationalist Völkisch-Social Bloc (), it continued to operate under the name "German Party" ( or DP) from 1924 to 1925. The Nazis failed to remain unified in the DP, as in the north, the right-wing Volkish nationalist supporters of the Nazis moved to the new German Völkisch Freedom Party, leaving the north's left-wing Nazi members, such as Joseph Goebbels retaining support for the party.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: The votes that the Nazis received in the 1932 elections established the Nazi Party as the largest parliamentary faction of the Weimar Republic government. Hitler was appointed as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?


Nazi Party

Context: At the top of the Nazi Party was the party chairman (""), who held absolute power and full command over the party. All other party offices were subordinate to his position and had to depend on his instructions. In 1934, Hitler founded a separate body for the chairman, Chancellery of the Führer, with its own sub-units.

Question: Когда была организована Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия?