Gabriel

Context: According to one ancient Gnostic manuscript, the Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, Gabriel is a divine being and inhabitant of the Pleroma who existed prior to the Demiurge. Yazidis consider Gabriel one of the Seven Mysteries, the heptad to which God entrusted the world, and sometimes identified with the archangel Melek Taus.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: In Kabbalah, Gabriel is identified with the sephirah of Yesod. Gabriel also has a prominent role as one of God's archangels in the Kabbalah literature. There, Gabriel is portrayed as working in concert with Michael as part of God's court. Gabriel is not to be prayed to because only God can answer prayers and sends Gabriel as his agent.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: According to Jewish mythology, in the Garden of Eden there is a tree of life or the "tree of souls" that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into the Guf, the "Treasury of Souls". Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand. Then Lailah, the Angel of Conception, watches over the embryo until it is born.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: The intertestamental period (roughly 200 BC – 50 AD) produced a wealth of literature, much of it having an apocalyptic orientation. The names and ranks of angels and devils were greatly expanded, and each had particular duties and status before God.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: In 1 Enoch 9:1–3, Gabriel, along with Michael, Uriel and Suriel, "saw much blood being shed upon the earth" (9:1) and heard the souls of men cry, "Bring our cause before the Most High" (). In 1 Enoch 10:1, the reply came from "the Most High, the Holy and Great One" who sent forth agents, including Gabriel—

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Gabriel is the fifth of the five angels who keep watch: "Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim" ().

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: First, concerning John the Baptist, an angel appeared to his father Zacharias, a priest of the course of Abia, () whose barren wife Elisabeth was of the daughters of Aaron, while he ministered in the temple:

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: After completing his week of ministry, Zacharias returned to his home and his wife Elizabeth conceived. After she completed "five months" () of her pregnancy, Gabriel is mentioned again:

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Gabriel only appears by name in those two passages in Luke. In the first passage the angel identified himself as Gabriel, but in the second it is Luke who identified him as Gabriel. The only other named angels in the New Testament are Michael the Archangel (in ) and Abaddon (in ). Gabriel is not called an archangel in the Bible. Believers are expressly warned not to worship angels (in and ).

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: In related traditions, Gabriel is again not identified as the trumpeter. In Judaism, trumpets are prominent, and they seem to be blown by God himself, or sometimes Michael. In Zoroastrianism, there is no trumpeter at the last judgment. In Islamic tradition, it is Israfil who blows the trumpet, though he is not named in the Qur'an. The Christian Church Fathers do not mention Gabriel as the trumpeter; early English literature similarly does not.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: The earliest known identification of Gabriel as the trumpeter comes in the Hymn of the Armenian Saint Nerses Shnorhali, "for Protection in the Night":

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: The sound of Gabriel's trumpet on the last night, make us worthy to hear, and to stand on your right hand among the sheep with lanterns of inextinguishable light; to be like the five wise virgins, so that with the bridegroom in the bride chamber we, his spiritual brides may enter into glory.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: In 1455, in Armenian art, there is an illustration in an Armenian manuscript showing Gabriel sounding his trumpet as the dead climb out of their graves. Two centuries later, Gabriel is identified as the trumpeter, in John Milton's "Paradise Lost" (1667):

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Later, Gabriel's horn is omnipresent in Negro spirituals, but it is unclear how the Byzantine conception inspired Milton and the spirituals, though they presumably have a common source.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Gabriel's horn also makes an appearance in "The Eyes of Texas" (1903) in which it signifies the rapture. In Marc Connelly's play based on spirituals, "The Green Pastures" (1930), Gabriel has his beloved trumpet constantly with him, and the Lord has to warn him not to blow it too soon. Four years later "Blow, Gabriel, Blow" was introduced by Ethel Merman in Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" (1934).

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Saint Gabriel the Archangel's festival day was exclusively celebrated on 18 March according to many sources dating between 1588 and 1921; unusually, a source published in 1856 has the feast celebrated on 7 April for unknown reasons (a parenthetical note states that the day is normally celebrated on 18 March). Writer Elizabeth Drayson mentions the feast being celebrated on 18 March 1588 in her 2013 book "The Lead Books of Granada".

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: One of the oldest out-of-print sources placing the feast on 18 March, first published in 1608, is "Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo...y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica..." by the Spanish writer Alonso de Villegas; a newer edition of this book was published in 1794. Another source published in Ireland in 1886 the "Irish Ecclesiastical Record" also mentions 18 March.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: The feast of Saint Gabriel was included by Pope Benedict XV in the General Roman Calendar in 1921, for celebration on 24 March. In 1969 the day was officially transferred to 29 September for celebration in conjunction with the feast of the archangels St. Michael and St. Raphael. The Church of England has also adopted the 29 September date, known as Michaelmas.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite celebrate his feast day on 8 November (for those churches that follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 8 November currently falls on 21 November of the modern Gregorian Calendar, a difference of 13 days). Eastern Orthodox commemorate him, not only on his November feast, but also on two other days: 26 March is the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel" and celebrates his role in the Annunciation.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: The Ethiopian Church celebrates his feast on 18(in the Ethiopian calendar) December, with a sizeable number of its believers making a pilgrimage to a church dedicated to "Saint Gabriel" in Kulubi and Wonkshet on that day.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Additionally, Gabriel is the patron saint of messengers, those who work for broadcasting and telecommunications such as radio and television, postal workers, clerics, diplomats, and stamp collectors.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: In Latter-day Saint theology, Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophet Noah. The two are regarded as the same individual; Noah being his mortal name and Gabriel being his heavenly name.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Gabriel (; also or "Jabrāʾīl"; derived from the ) is venerated as one of the primary archangels and as the Angel of Revelation in Islam. He is primarily mentioned in the verses , , and of the Quran, although the Quranic text doesn't explicitly refer to him as an angel. In the Quran, the archangel Gabriel appears named in and , as well as in , where he is mentioned along with the archangel Michael (Mīkāʾīl).

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Muslims believed that Gabriel were mainly tasked for transmitting the scriptures from God to the prophets and messengers, as Asbab al-Nuzul or revelation of Al-Baqara, Ayah 124| when Muhammad questioned which angel revealing the holy scriptures revelation, and Muhammad told the Jewish it is revealed by Gabriel who tasked to it.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Gabriel in Islam also believed the one who deliver punishment from God to the Sodomite by leveling the entire Sodom city with a tip of his wing. According to a Hadith narrated by Abu Dharr al-Ghifari which compiled by al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, Gabriel has an ability to regulate Feeling or Perception of human, particularly a feel of happiness or sadness.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Moreover, he is believed to have further encouraged Muhammad to wage war and attack the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza. Another appearance of Gabriel in Islamic religious texts were found in numerous Hadiths during the Battle of Hunayn, where the Gabriel stood next to Muhammad.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Other Islamic texts and some Apocryphal literature also supported Gabriel's role as a celestial warrior. Though alternate theories exist, whether the occurrence of the Holy Spirit in the Quran refers to Gabriel or not, remains an issue of scholarly debate. However, a clear distinction between apocryphal and Quranic references to Gabriel is that the former doesn't designate him as the Holy Spirit in the First Book of Enoch, which narrates the story of Gabriel defeating the Nephilim.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Daniel 8:15 describes Gabriel as appearing in the "likeness of man" and in Daniel 9:21 he is referred to as "the man Gabriel". David Everson observes that "such anthropomorphic descriptions of an angel are consistent with previous...descriptions of angels," as in Genesis 19:5.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: Gabriel is most often portrayed in the context of scenes of the Annunciation. In 2008 a 16th-century drawing by Lucas van Leyden of the Netherlands was discovered. George R. Goldner, chairman of the department of prints and drawings at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, suggested that the sketch was for a stained glass window. "The fact that the archangel is an ordinary-looking person and not an idealized boy is typical of the artist", said Goldner.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


Gabriel

Context: The Military Order of Saint Gabriel was established to recognize "individuals who have made significant contributions to the U.S. Army Public Affairs community and practice." The medallion depicts St. Gabriel sounding a trumpet, while the obverse displays the Army Public Affairs emblem.

Question: من هو جبريل ؟


History of Vilnius

Context: The earliest settlements in the area of present-day Vilnius appear to be of mesolithic origin. Numerous archaeological findings in different parts of the city prove that the area has been inhabited by peoples of various cultures since the early Middle Ages. Initially a Baltic settlement, later it was also inhabited by Slavs, Jews and Germans. Some historians identify the city with Voruta, a forgotten capital of King Mindaugas.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: The Polonization of Vilnius proceeded through the influx of Polish elements and assimilation of non-Polish burghers. It started in the late 14th century with the arrival of Polish clergy, followed by artisans and merchants; they migrated in larger numbers after the Polish court of Sigismund August moved to the city.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: Rapidly developing, the city was open to migrants from both East and West. In addition to old citizens, larger Jewish, Orthodox and German communities established themselves in the city. Each group made its contribution to the life of the city, and crafts, trade and science prospered. In the 17th century, Polish and Polonized elements achieved a cultural and likely numerical preponderance.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: Vilnius became an important place of the act of the Lithuanian national revival on 4–5 December 1905, when the Great Seimas of Vilnius was held in the Palace of the present-day National Philharmonics, with over 2000 delegates from all regions of Lithuania as well as emigres. It was decided to make a demand to establish an autonomous ethnic Lithuanian state within the Russian Empire with its parliament (Seimas) in Vilnius.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: Cultural life was revived after the 1905 Russian Revolution. Society of Friends of Science in Wilno was created in 1906 to practice science and literature in Polish. The Emilia and Eustachy Wróblewski Library, the centre of Polish culture, was established in 1912, around that time also Polish theatre was revived. Polish cultural life was still repressed despite its revival. In 1907 bishop Eduard von der Ropp was expelled from Vilnius to Vitebsk.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: Group of 32 Lithuanian activists, among them Mykolas Biržiška and Juozapas Kukta were deported to Lithuania on 6 February 1922, they were charged with espionage, what theoretically could be punished with death, but Polish officials just wanted to get rid of the most troublesome individuals, which anti-Polish activity was funded by the government in Kaunas.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: At the first session in the puppet Central Lithuanian Parliament on 20 February 1922, the decision was made to annex the whole area to Poland, with Vilnius becoming the capital of the Wilno Voivodship.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: In 1936, a secret anti-Lithuanian memorandum was issued by the Polish administration, that discussed the measures of suppression of Lithuanian minority in Vilnius and the adjacent region, controlled by Poland.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: Vilnius was also an informal capital of Yiddish at that time. The Museum of Jewish culture was founded there in 1919, and YIVO – Institute for Jewish Research, was founded there in 1924. Several important Jewish cultural institutions including theatres, newspapers and magazines, museums and schools, and Jewish PEN-Club were created before Second World War in Vilnius. Four YIVO directors emigrated to New York.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: The process of moving the capital was not yet finished when in June 1940, despite Lithuanian resistance, Vilnius was again seized by the Soviet Union and became the capital of the Lithuanian SSR. Approximately 35,000 – 40,000 of the city inhabitants were arrested by the NKVD and sent to gulags or deported to Siberia or Kazakhstan at that time.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: The Germans were forced to leave Vilnius in July 1944 by the combined pressure from the Polish Home Army (Operation Ostra Brama) and the Red Army (Battle of Vilnius (1944)). In 1944–1947 the opponents of the regime included were captured, interrogated in the NKVD Palace in Lukiškės Square, executed and buried in the Tuskulėnai Manor park.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: Vilnius suffered relatively little wartime damage, and most of its buildings survived the war unscathed. Unfortunately, the decade after the war, both ghetto areas with the famous Great Synagogue and the northern part of German street, as well as the whole quarter on Pilies street, were torn down.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: The importance of Vilnius for Belarus remained at the end of the 20th century. In June 1989 Vilnius was the site of the Belarusian Popular Front conference as the Belorussian Soviet authorities would not allow the event to take place in Belarus. At the beginning of the 21st century, several institutes such as the European Humanities University and the independent sociology centre NISEPI were persecuted in Belarus by the government of Alexander Lukashenko have found an asylum in Vilnius.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


History of Vilnius

Context: In the years following its independence, Vilnius has been rapidly evolving and improving, transforming from a Soviet-dominated enclave into a modern European city in less than 15 years.

Question: في أي عام هاجمت القوات السوفيتية  فيلنيوس عاصمة ليتوانيا لإيقاف إستقلالها؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: The Battle of Uhud (, ) was fought on Saturday, 23 March 625 AD (7 Shawwal, 3 AH), in the valley north of Mount Uhud. The Qurayshi Meccans, led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, commanded an army of 3,000 men toward Muhammad's stronghold in Medina. The battle was the only battle throughout the Muslim–Quraysh War in which the Muslims did not manage to defeat their enemy and it came just a year after the Battle of Badr.

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: At the head of a 3,000-strong army, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb set forth toward Madinah to avenge the Meccans' defeat at Badr. They encamped on the pastures north of the city, hoping that the Muslims would come out to meet them. According to the early Muslim historian Ibn Ishaq, a number of Meccan women are said to have accompanied Abu Sufyan's army to boost their morale, including Hind bint 'Utbah, Abu Sufyan's wife.

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: Abu Sufyan then decided to return to Mecca without pressing his advantage of re-attacking the wounded muslims of Madinah.

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: For the Muslims, the battle held a religious dimension as well as a military one. They had expected another victory like at Badr, which was considered a sign of God's favor upon them. At Uhud, however, they had barely held off the invaders and had lost a great many men. A verse of the Qur'an revealed soon after the battle cited the Muslims' disobedience and desire for loot as the cause for this setback:

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: According to the Qur'an, then, the misfortunes at Uhud — largely the result of the rear guard abandoning their position in order to seek booty — were partly a punishment and partly a test for steadfastness. Firestone observes that such verses provided inspiration and hope to the Muslims, sacralizing future battles that they would experience. He adds that rather than demoralizing the Muslims, the battle seemed to reinforce the solidarity between them.

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: The event is mentioned in the Quranic verse according to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, as well as , .

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: The Muslim Mufassir Ibn Kathir's commentary on this verse in his book Tafsir ibn Kathir is as follows:

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri mentions that this incident is also mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari. mentions:

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: Ibn al-Athir gives the names of 85 Muslims killed in the battle of Uhud. Of these, 75 were Medinans (43 from the Banu Khazraj and 32 from the Banu Aws) and 10 were Muhajirun (Emigrants) from Mecca. Moreover, 46 of the 85 martyrs of Uhud had also participated in the earlier battle of Badr. The names of the martyrs of Uhud (in Arabic alphabetical order) are:

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: Muhammad showed his ability as a general by choosing the battlefield of Uhud. He decided according to the will of Muslims to fight in an open country but was aware of the superior mobility of the Meccans. He knew that an encounter in the open country would expose the infantry wings to envelopment and neutralize the Meccan mobility factor

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Battle of Uhud

Context: Thus, he decided to hold high ground with Mount Uhud in their rear, which provided security from any attack from the rear. Moreover, as the front was of approximately of and on one flank, he rested Mount Einein and on other flank were the defiles of Mount Uhud and so, in military language, he refused both wings to the Meccan cavalry. The only approach from which they could be taken from the rear was protected by the deployment of archers.

Question: كم كان عدد جيش المسلمين فى غزوة أحد ؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: The agency is now part of the WPP Group. It provides services in six areas: brand strategy, advertising, customer engagement and commerce, public relations and influence, digital transformation, and partnerships. The company's strategy division OgilvyRED became Ogilvy Consulting.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: On September 23, 1948, David Ogilvy opened his New York agency as Hewitt, Ogilvy, Benson, & Mather on Madison Avenue in Manhattan. Initially, Mather and Crowther and S.H. Benson gave the agency four clients that had small advertising budgets and were relatively unknown in the United States: Wedgwood China, British South African Airways, Guinness, and Bovril.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Hewitt, Ogilvy, Benson, & Mather's first account was securing magazine advertising space for Wedgwood. The agency had its first successful ad with Ogilvy's concept "The Guinness Guide to Oysters", which was followed by several other similar food and Guinness pairing guides. The first large client was Sunoco (then called Sun Oil), procured by Hewitt in February 1949. Helena Rubinstein cosmetics was the first client won by Ogilvy.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Disagreements between Hewitt and Ogilvy, particularly about creative direction and who should run the agency, resulted in Ogilvy's resignation in 1953. The agency's backers supported Ogilvy, leading to Hewitt's resignation and the agency reopening as Ogilvy, Benson & Mather in 1954. Ogilvy hired retired Benton & Bowles executive Esty Stowell in 1956 to handle operations and non-creative functions.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: During the 1950s, Ogilvy, Benson & Mather became known for its successful campaigns, which David Ogilvy called "big ideas". The agency, mainly under Ogilvy's creative direction, built a reputation for "quality" advertising, which was defined by its use of well-researched "long copy", large photographs, and clean layouts and typography. Ogilvy believed advertising's purpose was to sell through information and persuasion, as opposed to entertaining.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: That same year, the agency nearly doubled in size after winning the Shell Oil account. The agency agreed to work for Shell on a fee basis rather than the traditional commission model and became one of the first major advertising agencies to do so.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In reaction to the growth of international advertising, Ogilvy, Benson & Mather formed an equal partnership with Mather & Crowther in November 1964. Under the terms of the partnership, the two agencies became subsidiaries of a new parent company called Ogilvy & Mather, which was headquartered in New York. In January 1965, both changed their names to Ogilvy & Mather and the parent company became known as Ogilvy & Mather International Inc.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: The next year, Ogilvy & Mather established the Interactive Marketing Group and became the first major agency to establish an interactive capability. In December 1983, David Ogilvy retired as Creative Head.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In 1989, WPP plc, a British advertising holding company, acquired the Ogilvy Group for $864 million, which, at the time, was the most ever paid for an advertising agency. David Ogilvy initially resisted the sale, but eventually accepted the title of WPP honorary chairman, a position he relinquished in 1992.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Following the departure of Roman for American Express in 1989, Graham Phillips became the chairman and CEO of Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In 1994, then–North America president Shelly Lazarus and Beers helped win the entire global account of information technology corporation IBM for the agency. Worth an estimated $500 million in billings, it was the largest account shift in the history of advertising.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: After four years, Beers stepped down as CEO. Lazarus, a 23-year veteran of the agency, was appointed CEO in 1996 and became chairman the next year. It was the first time a woman succeeded another woman at a major agency. Lazarus further developed Beer's brand stewardship approach by introducing "360-degree branding", the idea of communicating a brand message at every touchpoint the brand has with people.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Ogilvy purchased the Federalist Group, a Republican lobbying firm, in 2005. The Federalist Group subsequently changed its name to Ogilvy Government Relations. The firm is known for lobbying against climate change mitigation efforts on behalf of some of the biggest oil and chemical groups in the world.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In 2010, the agency established OgilvyRED, a specialty strategic consultancy. In June 2013, OgilvyAction, the agency's activation unit, merged with other WPP-owned properties—G2 Worldwide and JWTAction—to form Geometry Global, an activation network that operates in 56 markets. Ogilvy's production division, RedWorks Worldwide, merged with production company Hogarth Worldwide, forming Hogarth & Ogilvy in March 2015 to serve the production needs of all of WPP's agencies.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: The agency was named both the Cannes Lions "Network of the Year" and CLIO "Network of the Year" for four consecutive years, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. It was also named Effies "World's most Effective Agency Network" in 2012, 2013 and 2016.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Ogilvy Public Relations in China faced accusations in the media of overworking a 24-year-old employee who died of a heart attack while in the office in May 2013. The claims were not confirmed. Four years later, a similar event occurred with a young staffer in the Philippines.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In June 2015, Young announced he would retire as both Worldwide chairman and CEO to take the position of warden at his alma mater, New College at Oxford University. In January 2016, John Seifert was named CEO of the agency. In November 2017, according to reports, Ogilvy & Mather won the Turespaña account, worth two million euros.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Similar to other advertising, marketing, and public relations agencies in the years leading up to 2017–2018, Ogilvy has seen an influx of advertisers and publishers establishing in-house creative teams, and an industry-wide increase in emphasis on digital media ad buying. Over the years, Ogilvy responded to changing demands by creating numerous businesses; and the magazine "Fast Company" wrote that it "looked more like a holding company of its own".

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Company leadership said Ogilvy became too complicated with these individual units. CEO John Seifert launched the company's "re-founding" in June 2018, during which the company changed its name from Ogilvy & Mather to Ogilvy, restructured, and rolled out a new, unified brand and logo to simplify its services. All but one of Ogilvy's sub-brands were wrapped into one: Ogilvy. The company retained its separate strategy division, but renamed it to Ogilvy Consulting.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: One of the agency's first accounts was Guinness, which tasked it with introducing the beer to an American audience. In 1950, "The Guinness Guide to Oysters" appeared as a magazine advertisement that listed nine kinds of oysters and their characteristics. The advertisement was successful; and several other pairing guides, including those on birds and cheeses, followed it.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In 1951, "The Man in the Hathaway Shirt", an advertisement created for C. F. Hathaway Company, was first published in "The New Yorker". It immediately increased sales for the company, and more ads followed. Each ad featured George Wrangel, a middle-aged man with a moustache and an eye patch. The eye patch was a prop found by David Ogilvy to give the ad what he called "story appeal". Ambassador Lewis Douglas, who wore an eye patch, inspired the concept.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: To familiarize Americans with Schweppes, the agency created a spokesman named Commander Whitehead. Edward Whitehead, who was the company's president, was introduced as the Commander in a 1952 advertisement, which showed him arriving in New York with a briefcase labeled as the secrets of Schweppes. The campaign resulted in Schweppes becoming the standard tonic used in the country. The campaign continued into the 1960s.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In the 1950s, Ogilvy was hired to increase business in Puerto Rico. The agency created a coupon for businesses that laid out tax advantages of establishing a presence on the island. Approximately 14,000 businesses mailed in the coupon and the territory's foreign industry increased. Following this, David Ogilvy helped Puerto Rico's governor establish and advertise the Casals Festival of Music. The agency created ads using visually captivating images to position the island as a paradise.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In 1952, Ogilvy & Mather launched a campaign to increase tourism for the British Tourist Authority. The "Come to Britain" campaign replaced drawings with photographs of the picturesque countryside. The advertisements resulted in the tripling of tourism to the UK.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: A campaign called "Portraits", which followed "Do You Know Me", showed card-carrying personalities such as Tip O'Neil and Ella Fitzgerald engaged in leisure activities. The campaign was photographed by Annie Leibovitz and named "Print Campaign of the Decade" by "Advertising Age" in 1990.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Ogilvy & Mather launched the slogan "My Life. My Card." in 2004 with ads featuring celebrities such as Ellen DeGeneres and Tiger Woods.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Ogilvy & Mather won Merrill Lynch's print and television advertising business in the late 1960s. In 1971, the agency suggested using a bull as a symbol of the company. The visual became the company's logo.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In 1994, Ogilvy & Mather replaced multiple agencies to become IBM's sole agency for all of the company's marketing and branding efforts. The worldwide campaign "Solutions for a Small Planet" was launched to help rebrand the company.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Ogilvy & Mather created the slogan "Incredible India" for the country's Ministry of Tourism in 2002. The campaign targeted an international audience and aimed to boost tourism.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: Dove became an Ogilvy & Mather client in the 1950s, and the agency developed the brand's "1/4 cleansing cream" messaging. In 2004, the agency launched the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty, a marketing campaign that focused on redefining society's pre-set definitions of "beauty". A short film called "Sketches" earned over 114 million views online and "Business Insider" named it the most viral ad of all time in 2013.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Ogilvy (agency)

Context: In 2020, Ogilvy was named Network of the Year by industry organization Design and Art Direction. D&AD also awarded a coveted Black Pencil to Burger King's "Moldy Whopper" campaign, which was a collaboration between Ogilvy and two other agencies.

Question: متى تاسست وكالة أوجيلفي الدعائية؟


Prolactin

Context: Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans. Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation and nursing. It is secreted heavily in pulses in between these events. Prolactin plays an essential role in metabolism, regulation of the immune system and pancreatic development.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Discovered in non-human animals around 1930 by Oscar Riddle and confirmed in humans in 1970 by Henry Friesen, prolactin is a peptide hormone, encoded by the "PRL" gene.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Several variants and forms are known per species. Many fish have variants "prolactin A" and "prolactin B". Most vertebrates, including humans, also have the closely related somatolactin. In humans, three smaller (4, 16, and 23 kDa) and several larger (so-called big and big-big) variants exist.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present. Prolactin plays an important role in maternal behavior.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: It has been shown in rats and sheep that prolactin affects lipid synthesis differentially in mammary and adipose cells. Prolactin deficiency induced by bromocriptine increased lipogenesis and insulin responsiveness in adipocytes while decreasing them in the mammary gland.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Elevated levels of prolactin decrease the levels of sex hormones—estrogen in women and testosterone in men. The effects of mildly elevated levels of prolactin are much more variable, in women, substantially increasing or decreasing estrogen levels.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Prolactin also stimulates proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes, the cells responsible for the formation of myelin coatings on axons in the central nervous system.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Other actions include contributing to pulmonary surfactant synthesis of the fetal lungs at the end of the pregnancy and immune tolerance of the fetus by the maternal organism during pregnancy. Prolactin promotes neurogenesis in maternal and fetal brains.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Prolactin and its receptor are expressed in the skin, specifically in the hair follicles, where they regulate hair growth and moulting in an autocrine fashion. Elevated levels of prolactin can inhibit hair growth, and knock-out mutations in the prolactin gene cause increased hair length in cattle and mice. Conversely, mutations in the prolactin receptor can cause reduced hair growth, resulting in the "slick" phenotype in cattle. Additionally, prolactin delays hair regrowth in mice.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Analogous to its effects on hair growth and shedding in mammals, prolactin in birds controls the moulting of feathers, as well as the age at onset of feathering in both turkeys and chickens.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: In humans, prolactin is produced at least in the anterior pituitary, decidua, myometrium, breast, lymphocytes, leukocytes and prostate.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: In decidual cells and in lymphocytes the distal promoter and thus prolactin expression is stimulated by cAMP. Responsivness to cAMP is mediated by an imperfect cAMP–responsive element and two CAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP). Progesterone upregulates prolactin synthesis in the endometrium and decreases it in myometrium and breast glandular tissue. Breast and other tissues may express the Pit-1 promoter in addition to the distal promoter.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Extrapituitary production of prolactin is thought to be special to humans and primates and may serve mostly tissue-specific paracrine and autocrine purposes. It has been hypothesized that in vertebrates such as mice a similar tissue-specific effect is achieved by a large family of prolactin-like proteins controlled by at least 26 paralogous "PRL" genes not present in primates.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine help to regulate prolactin secretion in humans, but the functions of these hormones in birds can be quite different.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Prolactin follows diurnal and ovulatory cycles. Prolactin levels peak during REM sleep and in the early morning. Many mammals experience a seasonal cycle.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: During pregnancy, high circulating concentrations of estrogen and progesterone increase prolactin levels by 10- to 20-fold. Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the stimulatory effects of prolactin on milk production. The abrupt drop of estrogen and progesterone levels following delivery allow prolactin—which temporarily remains high—to induce lactation.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: In usual circumstances, in the absence of galactorrhea, lactation ceases within one or two weeks following the end of breastfeeding.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Levels can rise after exercise, high-protein meals, minor surgical procedures, following epileptic seizures or due to physical or emotional stress. In a study on female volunteers under hypnosis, prolactin surges resulted from the evocation, with rage, of humiliating experiences, but not from the fantasy of nursing.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: The structure of prolactin is similar to that of growth hormone and placental lactogen. The molecule is folded due to the activity of three disulfide bonds. Significant heterogeneity of the molecule has been described, thus bioassays and immunoassays can give different results due to differing glycosylation, phosphorylation and sulfation, as well as degradation. The non-glycosylated form of prolactin is the dominant form that is secreted by the pituitary gland.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Prolactin levels may be checked as part of a sex hormone workup, as elevated prolactin secretion can suppress the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone, leading to hypogonadism and sometimes causing erectile dysfunction.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Prolactin levels may be of some use in distinguishing epileptic seizures from psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. The serum prolactin level usually rises following an epileptic seizure.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: The following chart illustrates the variations seen in normal prolactin measurements across different populations. Prolactin values were obtained from specific control groups of varying sizes using the IMMULITE assay.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: The following table illustrates variability in reference ranges of serum prolactin between some commonly used assay methods (as of 2008), using a control group of healthy health care professionals (53 males, age 20–64 years, median 28 years; 97 females, age 19–59 years, median 29 years) in Essex, England:

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: An example of the use of the above table is, if using the Centaur assay to estimate prolactin values in µg/L for females, the mean is 7.92 µg/L and the reference range is 3.35–16.4 µg/L.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Hyperprolactinaemia, or excess serum prolactin, is associated with hypoestrogenism, anovulatory infertility, oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, unexpected lactation and loss of libido in women and erectile dysfunction and loss of libido in men.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Hypoprolactinemia, or serum prolactin deficiency, is associated with ovarian dysfunction in women, and arteriogenic erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, oligozoospermia, asthenospermia, hypofunction of seminal vesicles and hypoandrogenism in men. In one study, normal sperm characteristics were restored when prolactin levels were raised to normal values in hypoprolactinemic men.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Prolactin

Context: Hypoprolactinemia can result from hypopituitarism, excessive dopaminergic action in the tuberoinfundibular pathway and ingestion of D2 receptor agonists such as bromocriptine.

Question: ما هو البرولاكتين؟


Child benefit

Context: Child benefit or children's allowance is a social security payment which is distributed to the parents or guardians of children, teenagers and in some cases, young adults. A number of countries operate different versions of the program. In most countries, child benefit is means-tested and the amount of child benefit paid is usually dependent on the number of children one has.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: A number of conditional cash transfer programs in Latin America and Africa link payment to the receivers' actions, such as enrolling children into schools, and health check-ups and vaccinations. In the UK, in 2011 CentreForum proposed an additional child benefit dependent on parenting activities.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: On 1 July 2000 the Australian government introduced major changes to the tax system including the introduction of a broad-based Goods and Service Tax (a VAT), substantial income tax cuts, as well as major changes to assistance for families.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The Family Tax Benefit Part A is paid for dependent children up to 20 years of age, and for dependent full-time students up to the age of 24 (who are not getting Youth Allowance or similar payments such as ABSTUDY and Veterans' Children Education Supplement). It is essentially a two-tier but integrated payment directed to most families with children, with a higher rate for lower income families, including both those in work and receiving income support.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The maximum rate is paid up to a family income of $28,200, and is then reduced by 30 cents for every extra dollar of income, until the minimum rate is reached. Part-payment at the minimum rate is available up to a family income of $73,000 (plus an additional $3,000 for each dependent child after the first). Payments are then reduced by 30 cents in every dollar over that amount until the payment reaches nil.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: To receive some Family Tax Benefit Part A, the maximum income levels are $76,256 a year for a family with one dependent child under 18 and $77,355 a year for a family with one dependent 18- to 24-year-old. These thresholds are lifted by $6,257 for each additional dependent child under 18 and $7,356 for each additional dependent 18- to 24-year-old.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: Families receiving Family Tax Benefit Part A may also be eligible for extra payments, such as Rent Assistance if renting privately, the Large Family Supplement for four or more children, and Multiple Birth Allowance for three or more children born during the same birth.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The previous entry referred to Youth allowance and Parenting Payment. These are income support payments for young people and for parents who are not employed and looking after children respectively.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The Canada child benefit (CCB) is a tax-free monthly payment made to eligible families to help them with the cost of raising children under 18 years of age. Basic benefit for July 2019 to June 2020 is calculated as:

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: This amount is reduced for families with adjusted family net income (AFNI) over $31,120, based on AFNI and the number of children.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: Child benefit scheme was introduced to Finland in 1948 by law. Since the 1920s there was a child benefit allowance that covered state workers with children. In 1948 this benefit became universal following the example of other Nordic countries. Benefit is paid for children until they turn 17, and it is only paid for children that live in Finland. There is also a supplement for single parents. Benefit is paid through national Finnish Social Insurance institution (KELA). Åland has a different scheme.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: In Hungary there are several forms of family support. Every person who has a work permit and lives permanently in Hungary is eligible for almost all of them.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: If the child misses more than 50 school hours without permission, the "family allowance" will be suspended until the child re-fulfills his/her school attendance obligation properly. In the case of pre-school age children, "family allowance" will be suspended in case of an unjustified absence exceeding 20 days of education.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: According to some sources the government plans to raise the child benefit. However, there has been no official declaration on the issue.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The other one is called "family tax benefit" ("") which is a tax reduction for families according to the number of children living in the household. Its amount can be maximal 10,000 HUF for parents with one child, 15,000 HUF for parents with two children and 33,000 HUF for parents with three or more children per month. There are no differences between single and double households or between families with one or two parents employed.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: People get "family allowance" and "family tax benefit" at the same time, so it is also common to count them together as a kind of "child benefit".

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: Child Benefit ("Sochar Leanaí") is payable to parents of children under 16 years of age, or under 18 years of age if they are in full-time education, Youthreach training or has a disability. The payment is paid by the Department of Social Protection. The monthly payments are as follows:

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: Multiple births are a special case. In the event of twins, 150% of the monthly payment is paid for each child. Triplets, or more, are paid the double (200%) rate each; provided that all of them remain qualified (i.e. stay in further education until 19). In addition, a special 'once-off' grant of €635 is paid on all multiple births. Further 'once-off' grants of €635 are paid when the children are 4 and 12 years old respectively.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: Fraudulent claims of Child Benefit are treated very seriously, and can result in large fines or prison for up to 3 years.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The Luxembourg Government, through the "Caisse pour l'avenir des enfants" (Children's Future Fund), pays €271.66 per month per child. The allowance is universal and is not means-tested.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The family allowance is paid until the child turns 18, unless they continue in education, in which case it is paid until the adult child ceases being enrolled at an educational institution or turns 25 years old, whichever comes first.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The family allowance amount is increased by €200 per month for children who have a permanent disability causing them to lose at least 50% of their physical or mental capacity in comparison to a child of the same age with no disabilities.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: In addition to the family allowance, a lump-sum back-to-school allowance is paid once a year in August for every child aged 6 or over enrolled at a primary or secondary school or college.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The allowance is €235 every August per child over 12 years old until their schooling comes to an end.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: In 2021, the amount per child per month is: 55.75 euros for children aged 0 to 5 years; 67.75 euros for children aged 6 to 11 years; 79.75 euros per quarter for children from 12 to 17 years.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: In comparison to Netherlands, its neighbour Germany pays 4 times more per month with lower income tax.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: New Zealand has a tax rebate system known as 'Working For Families', which are allocated to families based on income and the number of children. A report in 2012 by the children's commissioner Dr Russell Wills recommended New Zealand adopt a universal child benefit, which the-then National government rejected.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: In 2018, the Sixth Labour Government introduced a new universal BestStart Payment of $60 per week for parents with newborn dependents.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: Between 2007 and 2010, Spain provided unconditional cash transfers to new mothers. The policy substantially increased the birth rate in Spain.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: The system was first implemented in August 1946 as "family allowances" under the Family Allowances Act 1945, at a rate of 5"s" (= £0.25) per week per child in a family, except for the eldest. This was raised from September 1952, by the Family Allowances and National Insurance Act 1952, to 8"s" (= £0.40), and from October 1956, by the Family Allowances Act and National Insurance Act 1956, to 8"s" for the second child with 10"s" (= £0.50) for the third and subsequent children.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Child benefit

Context: Today, child benefit is administered by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC). As of April 2015, this is £20.70 per week for the first child (including the eldest of a multiple birth) and £13.70 per week for each additional child.

Question: كم هو المبلغ المخصص من الحكومة لرعاية الطفل في القانون السويدي؟


Neuron

Context: A neuron or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa. Plants and fungi do not have nerve cells.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Most neurons receive signals via the dendrites and soma and send out signals down the axon. At the majority of synapses, signals cross from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another. However, synapses can connect an axon to another axon or a dendrite to another dendrite.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: In most cases, neurons are generated by neural stem cells during brain development and childhood. Neurogenesis largely ceases during adulthood in most areas of the brain.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Axons may bundle into fascicles that make up the nerves in the peripheral nervous system (like strands of wire make up cables). Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are called tracts.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Neurons are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of cellular signals. Given their diversity of functions performed in different parts of the nervous system, there is a wide variety in their shape, size, and electrochemical properties. For instance, the soma of a neuron can vary from 4 to 100 micrometers in diameter.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The accepted view of the neuron attributes dedicated functions to its various anatomical components; however, dendrites and axons often act in ways contrary to their so-called main function.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Axons and dendrites in the central nervous system are typically only about one micrometer thick, while some in the peripheral nervous system are much thicker. The soma is usually about 10–25 micrometers in diameter and often is not much larger than the cell nucleus it contains. The longest axon of a human motor neuron can be over a meter long, reaching from the base of the spine to the toes.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Sensory neurons can have axons that run from the toes to the posterior column of the spinal cord, over 1.5 meters in adults. Giraffes have single axons several meters in length running along the entire length of their necks. Much of what is known about axonal function comes from studying the squid giant axon, an ideal experimental preparation because of its relatively immense size (0.5–1 millimeters thick, several centimeters long).

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Fully differentiated neurons are permanently postmitotic however, stem cells present in the adult brain may regenerate functional neurons throughout the life of an organism (see neurogenesis). Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells. They have been observed to turn into neurons by virtue of their stem cell-like characteristic of pluripotency.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: There are different internal structural characteristics between axons and dendrites. Typical axons almost never contain ribosomes, except some in the initial segment. Dendrites contain granular endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes, in diminishing amounts as the distance from the cell body increases.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Some unique neuronal types can be identified according to their location in the nervous system and distinct shape. Some examples are:

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Afferent and efferent also refer generally to neurons that, respectively, bring information to or send information from the brain.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: It is possible to identify the type of inhibitory effect a presynaptic neuron will have on a postsynaptic neuron, based on the proteins the presynaptic neuron expresses. Parvalbumin-expressing neurons typically dampen the output signal of the postsynaptic neuron in the visual cortex, whereas somatostatin-expressing neurons typically block dendritic inputs to the postsynaptic neuron.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Neurons have intrinsic electroresponsive properties like intrinsic transmembrane voltage oscillatory patterns. So neurons can be classified according to their electrophysiological characteristics:

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers passed from one neuron to another neuron or to a muscle cell or gland cell.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: #AMPA and Kainate receptors function as cation channels permeable to Na+ cation channels mediating fast excitatory synaptic transmission.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: #NMDA receptors are another cation channel that is more permeable to Ca2+. The function of NMDA receptors depend on glycine receptor binding as a co-agonist within the channel pore. NMDA receptors do not function without both ligands present.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Glutamate can cause excitotoxicity when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, resulting in brain damage. When blood flow is suppressed, glutamate is released from presynaptic neurons, causing greater NMDA and AMPA receptor activation than normal outside of stress conditions, leading to elevated Ca2+ and Na+ entering the post synaptic neuron and cell damage. Glutamate is synthesized from the amino acid glutamine by the enzyme glutamate synthase.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Neurons communicate with each other via synapses, where either the axon terminal of one cell contacts another neuron's dendrite, soma or, less commonly, axon. Neurons such as Purkinje cells in the cerebellum can have over 1000 dendritic branches, making connections with tens of thousands of other cells; other neurons, such as the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus, have only one or two dendrites, each of which receives thousands of synapses.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory, either increasing or decreasing activity in the target neuron, respectively. Some neurons also communicate via electrical synapses, which are direct, electrically conductive junctions between cells.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The human brain has some 8.6 x 1010 (eighty six billion) neurons. Each neuron has on average 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons. It has been estimated that the brain of a three-year-old child has about 1015 synapses (1 quadrillion). This number declines with age, stabilizing by adulthood. Estimates vary for an adult, ranging from 1014 to 5 x 1014 synapses (100 to 500 trillion).

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Beyond electrical and chemical signaling, studies suggest neurons in healthy human brains can also communicate through:

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: They can also get modulated by input from the environment and hormones released from other parts of the organism, which could be influenced more or less directly by neurons. This also applies to neurotrophins such as BDNF. The gut microbiome is also connected with the brain.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: In 1937 John Zachary Young suggested that the squid giant axon could be used to study neuronal electrical properties. It is larger than but similar to human neurons, making it easier to study. By inserting electrodes into the squid giant axons, accurate measurements were made of the membrane potential.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The cell membrane of the axon and soma contain voltage-gated ion channels that allow the neuron to generate and propagate an electrical signal (an action potential). Some neurons also generate subthreshold membrane potential oscillations. These signals are generated and propagated by charge-carrying ions including sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), and calcium (Ca2+).

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Several stimuli can activate a neuron leading to electrical activity, including pressure, stretch, chemical transmitters, and changes of the electric potential across the cell membrane. Stimuli cause specific ion-channels within the cell membrane to open, leading to a flow of ions through the cell membrane, changing the membrane potential. Neurons must maintain the specific electrical properties that define their neuron type.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Some neurons do not generate action potentials, but instead generate a graded electrical signal, which in turn causes graded neurotransmitter release. Such non-spiking neurons tend to be sensory neurons or interneurons, because they cannot carry signals long distances.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Neural coding is concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by neurons. The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses, and the relationships among the electrical activities of the neurons within the ensemble. It is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Other receptor types include quickly adapting or phasic receptors, where firing decreases or stops with steady stimulus; examples include skin which, when touched causes neurons to fire, but if the object maintains even pressure, the neurons stop firing. The neurons of the skin and muscles that are responsive to pressure and vibration have filtering accessory structures that aid their function.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The German anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer introduced the term "neuron" in 1891, based on the ancient Greek νεῦρον "neuron" 'sinew, cord, nerve'.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The word was adopted in French with the spelling "neurone". That spelling was also used by many writers in English, but has now become rare in American usage and uncommon in British usage.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The neuron's place as the primary functional unit of the nervous system was first recognized in the late 19th century through the work of the Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: To make the structure of individual neurons visible, Ramón y Cajal improved a silver staining process that had been developed by Camillo Golgi. The improved process involves a technique called "double impregnation" and is still in use.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: In 1888 Ramón y Cajal published a paper about the bird cerebellum. In this paper, he stated that he could not find evidence for anastomosis between axons and dendrites and called each nervous element "an absolutely autonomous canton." This became known as the neuron doctrine, one of the central tenets of modern neuroscience.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: In 1891, the German anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer wrote a highly influential review of the neuron doctrine in which he introduced the term "neuron" to describe the anatomical and physiological unit of the nervous system.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The silver impregnation stains are a useful method for neuroanatomical investigations because, for reasons unknown, it stains only a small percentage of cells in a tissue, exposing the complete micro structure of individual neurons without much overlap from other cells.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The neuron doctrine is the now fundamental idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. The theory was put forward by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the late 19th century. It held that neurons are discrete cells (not connected in a meshwork), acting as metabolically distinct units.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Later discoveries yielded refinements to the doctrine. For example, glial cells, which are non-neuronal, play an essential role in information processing. Also, electrical synapses are more common than previously thought, comprising direct, cytoplasmic connections between neurons. In fact, neurons can form even tighter couplings: the squid giant axon arises from the fusion of multiple axons.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Ramón y Cajal also postulated the Law of Dynamic Polarization, which states that a neuron receives signals at its dendrites and cell body and transmits them, as action potentials, along the axon in one direction: away from the cell body. The Law of Dynamic Polarization has important exceptions; dendrites can serve as synaptic output sites of neurons and axons can receive synaptic inputs.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) is a heterogeneous inherited disorder of nerves (neuropathy) that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, predominantly in the feet and legs extending to the hands and arms in advanced stages. Presently incurable, this disease is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders, affecting 36 in 100,000 people.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability during simple activities. Weakness is typically caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the stimulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Myasthenia is treated with immunosuppressants, cholinesterase inhibitors and, in selected cases, thymectomy.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Demyelination is the act of demyelinating, or the loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves. When myelin degrades, conduction of signals along the nerve can be impaired or lost, and the nerve eventually withers. This leads to certain neurodegenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Neurons are born through the process of neurogenesis, in which neural stem cells divide to produce differentiated neurons. Once fully differentiated neurons are formed, they are no longer capable of undergoing mitosis. Neurogenesis primarily occurs in the embryo of most organisms.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Adult neurogenesis can occur and studies of the age of human neurons suggest that this process occurs only for a minority of cells, and that the vast majority of neurons in the neocortex forms before birth and persists without replacement. The extent to which adult neurogenesis exists in humans, and its contribution to cognition are controversial, with conflicting reports published in 2018.

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: The body contains a variety of stem cell types that have the capacity to differentiate into neurons. Researchers found a way to transform human skin cells into nerve cells using transdifferentiation, in which "cells are forced to adopt new identities".

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: At different stages of mammalian nervous system development two DNA repair processes are employed in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. These pathways are homologous recombinational repair used in proliferating neural precursor cells, and non-homologous end joining used mainly at later developmental stages

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Neuron

Context: Peripheral axons can regrow if they are severed, but one neuron cannot be functionally replaced by one of another type (Llinás' law).

Question: ما هي أجزاء العصبون؟


Coagulation

Context: Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The mechanism of coagulation involves activation, adhesion and aggregation of platelets, as well as deposition and maturation of fibrin.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Disorders of coagulation are disease states which can result in problems with hemorrhage, bruising, or thrombosis.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology. In all mammals, coagulation involves both cellular components (platelets) and proteinaceous components (here, coagulation factors). The pathway in humans has been the most extensively researched and is the best understood.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The coagulation factors are generally enzymes called serine proteases, which act by cleaving downstream proteins. The exceptions are tissue factor, FV, FVIII, FXIII. Tissue factor, FV and FVIII are glycoproteins, and Factor XIII is a transglutaminase. The coagulation factors circulate as inactive zymogens.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The coagulation cascade is therefore classically divided into three pathways. The "tissue factor" and "contact activation" pathways both activate the "final common pathway" of factor X, thrombin and fibrin.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The main role of the tissue factor (TF) pathway is to generate a "thrombin burst", a process by which thrombin, the most important constituent of the coagulation cascade in terms of its feedback activation roles is released very rapidly. FVIIa circulates in a higher amount than any other activated coagulation factor. The process includes the following steps:

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The division of coagulation in two pathways is arbitrary, originating from laboratory tests in which clotting times were measured either after the clotting was initiated by glass, the intrinsic pathway; or clotting was initiated by thromboplastin (a mix of tissue factor and phospholipids), the extrinsic pathway.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Further, the final common pathway scheme implies that prothrombin is converted to thrombin only when acted upon by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, which is an oversimplification. In fact, thrombin is generated by activated platelets at the initiation of the platelet plug, which in turn promotes more platelet activation.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Thrombin functions not only to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, it also activates Factors VIII and V and their inhibitor protein C (in the presence of thrombomodulin); and it activates Factor XIII, which forms covalent bonds that crosslink the fibrin polymers that form from activated monomers.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The coagulation cascade is maintained in a prothrombotic state by the continued activation of FVIII and FIX to form the tenase complex until it is down-regulated by the anticoagulant pathways.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: A newer model of coagulation mechanism explains the intricate combination of cellular and biochemical events that occur during the coagulation process "in vivo". Along with the procoagulant and anticoagulant plasma proteins, normal physiologic coagulation requires the presence of two cell types for formation of coagulation complexes: cells that express tissue factor (usually extravascular) and platelets.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Five mechanisms keep platelet activation and the coagulation cascade in check. Abnormalities can lead to an increased tendency toward thrombosis:

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Antithrombin is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that degrades the serine proteases: thrombin, FIXa, FXa, FXIa, and FXIIa. It is constantly active, but its adhesion to these factors is increased by the presence of heparan sulfate (a glycosaminoglycan) or the administration of heparins (different heparinoids increase affinity to FXa, thrombin, or both). Quantitative or qualitative deficiency of antithrombin (inborn or acquired, e.g., in proteinuria) leads to thrombophilia.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) limits the action of tissue factor (TF). It also inhibits excessive TF-mediated activation of FVII and FX.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Plasmin is generated by proteolytic cleavage of plasminogen, a plasma protein synthesized in the liver. This cleavage is catalyzed by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), which is synthesized and secreted by endothelium. Plasmin proteolytically cleaves fibrin into fibrin degradation products that inhibit excessive fibrin formation.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Prostacyclin (PGI2) is released by endothelium and activates platelet Gs protein-linked receptors. This, in turn, activates adenylyl cyclase, which synthesizes cAMP. cAMP inhibits platelet activation by decreasing cytosolic levels of calcium and, by doing so, inhibits the release of granules that would lead to activation of additional platelets and the coagulation cascade.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Eventually, blood clots are reorganized and resorbed by a process termed "fibrinolysis". The main enzyme responsible for this process (plasmin) is regulated by various activators and inhibitors.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The contact activation (intrinsic) pathway is initiated by activation of the "contact factors" of plasma, and can be measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) test.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway is initiated by release of tissue factor (a specific cellular lipoprotein), and can be measured by the prothrombin time (PT) test. PT results are often reported as ratio (INR value) to monitor dosing of oral anticoagulants such as warfarin.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The quantitative and qualitative screening of fibrinogen is measured by the thrombin clotting time (TCT). Measurement of the exact amount of fibrinogen present in the blood is generally done using the Clauss method for fibrinogen testing. Many analysers are capable of measuring a "derived fibrinogen" level from the graph of the Prothrombin time clot.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Coagulation defects may cause hemorrhage or thrombosis, and occasionally both, depending on the nature of the defect.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The best-known coagulation factor disorders are the hemophilias. The three main forms are hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency or "Christmas disease") and hemophilia C (factor XI deficiency, mild bleeding tendency).

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Von Willebrand disease (which behaves more like a platelet disorder except in severe cases), is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder and is characterized as being inherited autosomal recessive or dominant. In this disease, there is a defect in von Willebrand factor (vWF), which mediates the binding of glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) to collagen. This binding helps mediate the activation of platelets and formation of primary hemostasis.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: In acute or chronic liver failure, there is insufficient production of coagulation factors, possibly increasing risk of bleeding during surgery.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The use of adsorbent chemicals, such as zeolites, and other hemostatic agents are also used for sealing severe injuries quickly (such as in traumatic bleeding secondary to gunshot wounds). Thrombin and fibrin glue are used surgically to treat bleeding and to thrombose aneurysms. Hemostatic Powder Spray TC-325 is used to treated gastrointestinal bleeding.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Coagulation factor concentrates are used to treat hemophilia, to reverse the effects of anticoagulants, and to treat bleeding in people with impaired coagulation factor synthesis or increased consumption. Prothrombin complex concentrate, cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma are commonly used coagulation factor products. Recombinant activated human factor VII is increasingly popular in the treatment of major bleeding.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid inhibit fibrinolysis and lead to a "de facto" reduced bleeding rate. Before its withdrawal, aprotinin was used in some forms of major surgery to decrease bleeding risk and the need for blood products.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The theory that thrombin is generated by the presence of tissue factor was consolidated by Paul Morawitz in 1905. At this stage, it was known that "thrombokinase/thromboplastin" (factor III) is released by damaged tissues, reacting with "prothrombin" (II), which, together with calcium (IV), forms "thrombin", which converts fibrinogen into "fibrin" (I).

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The remainder of the biochemical factors in the process of coagulation were largely discovered in the 20th century.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: A first clue as to the actual complexity of the system of coagulation was the discovery of "proaccelerin" (initially and later called Factor V) by (1905–1990) in 1947. He also postulated its function to be the generation of accelerin (Factor VI), which later turned out to be the activated form of V (or Va); hence, VI is not now in active use.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Factor VII (also known as "serum prothrombin conversion accelerator" or "proconvertin", precipitated by barium sulfate) was discovered in a young female patient in 1949 and 1951 by different groups.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Factor VIII turned out to be deficient in the clinically recognized but etiologically elusive hemophilia A; it was identified in the 1950s and is alternatively called "antihemophilic globulin" due to its capability to correct hemophilia A.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Factor IX was discovered in 1952 in a young patient with hemophilia B named Stephen Christmas (1947–1993). His deficiency was described by Dr. Rosemary Biggs and Professor R.G. MacFarlane in Oxford, UK. The factor is, hence, called Christmas Factor. Christmas lived in Canada and campaigned for blood transfusion safety until succumbing to transfusion-related AIDS at age 46. An alternative name for the factor is "plasma thromboplastin component", given by an independent group in California.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Hageman factor, now known as factor XII, was identified in 1955 in an asymptomatic patient with a prolonged bleeding time named of John Hageman. Factor X, or Stuart-Prower factor, followed, in 1956. This protein was identified in a Ms. Audrey Prower of London, who had a lifelong bleeding tendency. In 1957, an American group identified the same factor in a Mr. Rufus Stuart. Factors XI and XIII were identified in 1953 and 1961, respectively.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: The view that the coagulation process is a "cascade" or "waterfall" was enunciated almost simultaneously by MacFarlane in the UK and by Davie and Ratnoff in the US, respectively.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: Factors III and VI are unassigned, as thromboplastin was never identified, and actually turned out to consist of ten further factors, and accelerin was found to be activated Factor V.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


Coagulation

Context: All mammals have an extremely closely related blood coagulation process, using a combined cellular and serine protease process. In fact, it is possible for any mammalian coagulation factor to "cleave" its equivalent target in any other mammal. The only non-mammalian animal known to use serine proteases for blood coagulation is the horseshoe crab.

Question: ماهو العنصر المساعد في تخثر الدم ؟


State of Palestine

Context: In 1964, when the West Bank was controlled by Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established there with the goal to confront Israel. The Palestinian National Charter of the PLO defines the boundaries of Palestine as the whole remaining territory of the mandate, including Israel. Following the Six-Day War, the PLO moved to Jordan, but later relocated to Lebanon in 1971.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: The State of Palestine has been recognized by 138 of the 193 UN members and since 2012 has had a status of a non-member observer state in the United Nations.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstentions and 5 absences), the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 67/19, upgrading Palestine from an "observer entity" to a "non-member observer state" within the United Nations system, which was described as recognition of the PLO's sovereignty. Palestine's new status is equivalent to that of the Holy See.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: The areas claimed by the State of Palestine lie in the Levant. The Gaza Strip borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Egypt to the south, and Israel to the north and east. The West Bank is bordered by Jordan to the east, and Israel to the north, south, and west. Thus, the two enclaves constituting the area claimed by State of Palestine have no geographical border with one another, being separated by Israel. These areas would constitute the world's 163rd largest country by land area.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: Palestine has a number of environmental issues; issues facing the Gaza Strip include desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne diseases; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources. In the West Bank, many of the same issues apply; although fresh water is much more plentiful, access is restricted by the ongoing dispute.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: Three terrestrial ecoregions are found in the area: Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests, Arabian Desert, and Mesopotamian shrub desert.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: The State of Palestine consists of the following institutions that are associated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO):

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: These should be distinguished from the President of the Palestinian National Authority, Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) and PNA Cabinet, all of which are instead associated with the Palestinian National Authority.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: The State of Palestine's founding document is the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, and it should be distinguished from the unrelated PLO Palestinian National Covenant and PNA Palestine Basic Law.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: On 15 December 1988, the State of Palestine's declaration of independence of November 1988 was acknowledged in the General Assembly with Resolution 43/177.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: () of the member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine. Many of the countries that do not recognise the State of Palestine nevertheless recognise the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO's executive committee is empowered by the PNC to perform the functions of government of the State of Palestine.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: On 29 November 2012, UN General Assembly resolution 67/19 passed, upgrading Palestine to "non-member observer state" status in the United Nations. The change in status was described as ""de facto" recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine".

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: On 2 December 2014, the French parliament voted by 331 to 151 in favour of urging their government to recognise Palestine as a state. The text, proposed by the ruling Socialists and backed by left-wing parties and some conservatives, asked the government to "use the recognition of a Palestinian state with the aim of resolving the conflict definitively".

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: On 31 December 2014, the United Nations Security Council voted down a resolution demanding the end of Israeli occupation and statehood by 2017. Eight members voted for the Resolution (Russia, China, France, Argentina, Chad, Chile, Jordan, Luxembourg), however following strenuous US and Israeli efforts to defeat the resolution, it did not get the minimum of nine votes needed to pass the resolution. Australia and the United States voted against the resolution, with five other nations abstaining.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: On 16 January 2015, the International Criminal Court announced that, since Palestine was granted observer State status in the UN by the UNGA, it must be considered a "State" for the purposes of accession to the Rome Statute.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: On 13 May 2015, the Vatican announced it was shifting recognition from the PLO to the State of Palestine, confirming recognition of Palestine as a state after the UN vote of 2012. Monsignor Antoine Camilleri, Vatican foreign minister, said the change was in line with the evolving position of the Holy See, which has referred unofficially to the State of Palestine since Pope Francis's visit to the Holy Land in May 2014.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: In August 2015, Palestine's representatives at the UN presented a draft resolution that would allow the non-member observer states Palestine and the Holy See to raise their flags at the United Nations headquarters. Initially, the Palestinians presented their initiative as a joint effort with the Holy See, which the Holy See denied.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: In a letter to the Secretary General and the President of the General Assembly, Israel's Ambassador at the UN Ron Prosor called the step "another cynical misuse of the UN ... in order to score political points".

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: After the vote, which was passed by 119 votes to 8 with 45 countries abstaining, the US Ambassador Samantha Power said that "raising the Palestinian flag will not bring Israelis and Palestinians any closer together". US Department of State spokesman Mark Toner called it a "counterproductive" attempt to pursue statehood claims outside of a negotiated settlement.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: At the ceremony itself, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said the occasion was a "day of pride for the Palestinian people around the world, a day of hope", and declared "Now is the time to restore confidence by both Israelis and Palestinians for a peaceful settlement and, at last, the realization of two states for two peoples."

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: There are a wide variety of views regarding the status of the State of Palestine, both among the states of the international community and among legal scholars. The existence of a state of Palestine, although controversial, is a reality in the opinions of the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: The State of Palestine has a number of security forces, including a Civil Police Force, National Security Forces and Intelligence Services, with the function of maintaining security and protecting Palestinian citizens and the Palestinian State.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the State of Palestine had population of 4,420,549 people in 2013. Within an area of , there is a population density of about 827 people per square kilometre. To put this in a wider context, the average population density of the world was 25 people per square kilometre as of 2017.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health (MOH), as of 2017, there were 743 primary health care centers in Palestine (583 in the West Bank and 160 in Gaza), and 81 hospitals (51 in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and 30 in Gaza).

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: Operating under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Health Cluster for the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) was established in 2009 and represents a partnership of over 70 local and international nongovernmental organisations and UN agencies providing a framework for health actors involved in the humanitarian response for the oPt. The Cluster is co-chaired by the MOH to ensure alignment with national policies and plans.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: The report of WHO Director-General of 1 May 2019 describes health sector conditions in the oPt identifying strategic priorities and current obstacles to their achievement pursuant to the country cooperation strategy for WHO and the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2017–2020.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: The literacy rate of Palestine was 96.3% according to a 2014 report by the United Nations Development Programme, which is high by international standards. There is a gender difference in the population aged above 15 with 5.9% of women considered illiterate compared to 1.6% of men. Illiteracy among women has fallen from 20.3% in 1997 to less than 6% in 2014.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: 93% of Palestinians are Muslim, the vast majority of whom are followers of the Sunni branch of Islam, with a small minority of Ahmadiyya, and 15% being nondenominational Muslims. Palestinian Christians represent a significant minority of 6%, followed by much smaller religious communities, including Druze and Samaritans.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: On 12 June 2020, the World Bank approved a US$15 million grant for the Technology for Youth and Jobs (TechStart) Project aiming to help the Palestinian IT sector upgrade the capabilities of firms and create more high-quality jobs. Kanthan Shankar, World Bank Country Director for West Bank and Gaza said "The IT sector has the potential to make a strong contribution to economic growth. It can offer opportunities to Palestinian youth, who constitute 30% of the population and suffer from acute unemployment."

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: The Palestine Monetary Authority has issued guidelines for the operation and provision of electronic payment services including e-wallet and prepaid cards.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories are characterized by severe water shortage and are highly influenced by the Israeli occupation. The water resources of Palestine are fully controlled by Israel and the division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the Oslo II Accord.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the Gaza War have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution. The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: There are a number of newspapers, news agencies, and satellite television stations in the State of Palestine. Its news agencies include Ma'an News Agency, Wafa, Palestine News Network. Al-Aqsa TV, Al-Quds TV, Sanabel TV are its main satellite broadcasters.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


State of Palestine

Context: Association football (soccer) is the most popular sport among the Palestinian people. The Palestine national football team represents the country in international football. Rugby is also a popular sport.

Question: متى تم إحتلال أرض فلسطين ؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: The atmosphere of Earth, commonly known as air, is the layer of gases retained by Earth's gravity that surrounds the planet and forms its planetary atmosphere. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation).

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: By mole fraction (i.e., by number of molecules), dry air contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air composition, temperature, and atmospheric pressure vary with altitude. Within the atmosphere, air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: Earth's early atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula, primarily hydrogen. The atmosphere changed significantly over time, affected by many factors such as volcanism, life, and weathering. Recently, human activity has also contributed to atmospheric changes, such as global warming, ozone depletion and acid deposition.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: The study of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology), and includes multiple subfields, such as climatology and atmospheric physics. Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann. The study of historic atmosphere is called paleoclimatology.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: The average molecular weight of dry air, which can be used to calculate densities or to convert between mole fraction and mass fraction, is about 28.946 or 28.96 g/mol. This is decreased when the air is humid.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the thermopause, at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft), where it merges into the solar wind.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: The exosphere is too far above Earth for meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, Earth's auroras—the aurora borealis (northern lights) and aurora australis (southern lights)—sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains many of the artificial satellites that orbit Earth.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟


Atmosphere of Earth

Context: The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about up to the thermopause at an altitude range of . The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase. The lower part of the thermosphere, from above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere.

Question: كم يبلغ عدد طبقات الارض؟