List of Glee characters

Context: In the season one episode "Ballad", Sarah Drew makes a guest appearance as Suzy Pepper, a senior with "an insane, absurd, psychotic crush on Mr. Schuester". Drew described Suzy as "kind of stalkerish and creepy", but ultimately redeemable. James Poniewozik of "Time" commented positively on Suzy's characterization, observing that while she appeared to be a "throwaway dorky-girl stereotype", she was "fleshed-out as a person", a feat he doubted the series would have been capable of earlier in the season.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: In season three, LaMarcus Tinker portrays Shane Tinsley, a new love interest for Mercedes and a "massive linebacker for the McKinley Titans". Rock Anthony appears as Rick "The Stick" Nelson, a hockey player who slushies Finn and runs for senior class president against Kurt and Brittany. In the season five premiere, a new McKinley cheerleader and "mean girl", Bree, played by Erinn Westbrook, is introduced as a nemesis for the glee club.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: The William McKinley Jazz Ensemble frequently accompanies New Directions in their on-screen musical numbers. While this student ensemble was introduced in the pilot episode, with numerous appearances throughout the series, none of these instrumentalists were given character names. The only instrumentalist to receive an acting credit is Scott Henson (as "Scott T. Henson, guitarist") for having a line of dialogue in "A Very Glee Christmas".

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Other student instrumentalists regularly accompany New Directions, alone or with the Jazz Ensemble, including string and horn players, additional guitarists, keyboard players and percussionists, and a harpist.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Although Figgins was initially conceived as White, Pakistani American actor Theba was cast in the role. He finds Figgins a challenging character to play, as it entails finding "the right mix of someone who is an authority figure but who is also very insecure about his own strengths as a person".

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: He did not return for the second season; the new football coach, coach Beiste, is played by Dot-Marie Jones. Principal Figgins explains that Ken had a nervous breakdown.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: He is briefly seen in the season four episode "Shooting Star" as a potential match for Coach Beiste on an online dating site. It is here revealed that he is currently living in Medford, Oregon.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Jackson was originally considered for the role of Will, and in 2009 was initially cast in the "Glee" episode "Acafellas" as Vocal Adrenaline choreographer Dakota Stanley, but he was unable to perform due to illness.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: In a controversial essay for "Newsweek", critic Ramin Setoodeh wrote that Groff, who is openly gay, was unconvincing as the straight Jesse ("he seems more like your average theatre queen; a better romantic match for Kurt than Rachel"). Groff's performance was defended by Murphy and guest star Kristin Chenoweth, both of whom described Setoodeh's essay as homophobic; it was also condemned by GLAAD president Jarrett Barrios.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Jean Sylvester (Robin Trocki) is Sue Sylvester's older sister. Jean, who has Down syndrome, lives in an assisted living facility, and is the only character Sue consistently treats with care and compassion. She is a factor in Sue's decision to admit Becky Jackson—who also has Down syndrome—to the Cheerios. Sue reveals that, as a child, people laughed at and were mean to Jean, and Sue prayed for it to stop, but it didn't; this is why Sue believes there is no God.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Bryan Ryan (Neil Patrick Harris) is Will's high school nemesis. Bryan appears in "Dream On" as a school board member, out to cut district arts programs and the McKinley High glee club in particular as revenge for the latter giving him false hope back when he was its lead singer. Harris won the 2010 Primetime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series" for his appearance.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: From NYADA, Whoopi Goldberg first appears in the third season as Carmen Tibideaux, a dean from NYADA who comes to Ohio to preside over Rachel's and Kurt's auditions to the school, in the episode "Choke". She appeared again, including at the Nationals competition in Chicago, and returns in the fourth and fifth seasons for scenes set at NYADA.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Kate Hudson appears as Cassandra July, Rachel's dance instructor at NYADA who, according to Falchuk, teaches "based on negative reinforcement". She was introduced in the fourth-season premiere for a six-episode arc, however, Cassandra only appears in five episodes: four in 2012 and one in 2013.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Dean Geyer performs the role of Brody Weston, a handsome NYADA junior who shows an interest in Rachel, during the fourth season. Their relationship gets to the point that the two live together for a while, but they break up after Santana discovers that Brody is a gigolo.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Sarah Jessica Parker is introduced in the third episode of the fourth season, "Makeover" as Isabelle Wright, who is Kurt's mentor at Vogue.com after having signed him on as an intern. She appears in several episodes during the season.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: British actor Oliver Kieran Jones first appears in the fourth-season episode "Sadie Hawkins" in a recurring role as Adam Crawford, a NYADA senior and the leader of the school's glee club: Adam's Apples, which Kurt looks into joining when he starts classes at the school for the spring semester. Kurt and Adam subsequently begin seeing each other, though the relationship doesn't become serious. Oliver Kieran Jones graduated from LAMDA, a real London school similar to "Glee" fictional NYADA.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Amy Aquino and Michael Lerner appear in the fourth season as producers of a Broadway production of "Funny Girl" that Rachel auditions for; Lerner's character was named Sidney Greene. Lerner appears again in the fifth season, and in that season's premiere, two more "Funny Girl"–related roles were introduced: Peter Facinelli plays Rupert Campion, the musical's director, and Ioan Gruffudd appears as Paolo San Pablo, the show's lead male actor.

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


List of Glee characters

Context: Santana, then Rachel, and finally Kurt go to work at the Spotlight Diner, run by Gunther (Christopher Curry). Another employee is Dani, played by Demi Lovato, a "struggling artist" who becomes Santana's romantic interest, and who debuted in the season's second episode, "Tina in the Sky with Diamonds".

Question: Kuka oli Glee sarjan pääosassa?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania ( ; ), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, and Appalachian regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania's geography is highly diverse: the Appalachian Mountains run through its center, while the Allegheny and Pocono Mountains span much of the northeast; close to 60% of the state is forested. While it has only of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River, Pennsylvania has more navigable rivers than any other state, including the Delaware, Ohio, and Pine Creek.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The Dutch and the English each claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America. The Dutch were the first to take possession.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: By June 3, 1631, the Dutch had begun settling the Delmarva Peninsula by establishing the Zwaanendael Colony on the site of present-day Lewes, Delaware. In 1638, Sweden established the New Sweden Colony, in the region of Fort Christina, on the site of present-day Wilmington, Delaware. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region (parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) but settled few colonists there.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: On March 12, 1664, King Charles II of England gave James, Duke of York a grant that incorporated all lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant plus other lands. This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherland, which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The Peace of Breda between England, France and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21, 1667, although there were temporary reversions.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: What had been Upland on what became the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware Border was renamed as Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments on March 4, 1681. The Quaker leader William Penn had signed a peace treaty with Tammany, leader of the Delaware tribe, beginning a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians. Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The treaty of William Penn was never violated.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: James Smith wrote that in 1763, "the Indians again commenced hostilities, and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania." Further, "This state was then a Quaker government, and at the first of this war the frontiers received no assistance from the state." The ensuing hostilities became known as Pontiac's War.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: After the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, Delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia wrote the "Declaration of Rights and Grievances". The Congress was the first meeting of the Thirteen Colonies, called at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates. Dickinson then wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies", which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The University of Pennsylvania was founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1740, becoming one of the nine colonial colleges and the first college established in the state. Dickinson College of Carlisle was the first college founded after the States united. Established in 1773, the college was ratified five days after the Treaty of Paris on September 9, 1783. The school was founded by Benjamin Rush and named after John Dickinson.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: For half a century, the Pennsylvania General Assembly met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in downtown Philadelphia for 63 years. However, events such as the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware of the need for a central capital. In 1799 the General Assembly moved to the Lancaster Courthouse,

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: James Buchanan, a native of Franklin County, served as the 15th U.S. president and was the first president to be born in Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg — the major turning point of the American Civil War — took place near Gettysburg in July 1863. An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the Union Army forces including 8,600 African American military volunteers.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The politics of Pennsylvania were for decades dominated by the financially conservative, Republican-aligned Cameron machine, established by U.S. senator Simon Cameron, later a United States Secretary of War under President Abraham Lincoln. Control of the machine was subsequently passed on to Cameron's son J. Donald Cameron, whose ineffectiveness resulted in a transfer of power to the more shrewd Matthew Quay, and finally to Boies Penrose.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: In October 2018, the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation experienced the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania is north to south and east to west. Of a total , are land, are inland waters, and are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd-largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has of coastline along Lake Erie and of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the Atlantic Ocean.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The boundaries of the state are the Mason–Dixon line (39°43' N) to the south, the Twelve-Mile Circle on the Pennsylvania-Delaware border, the Delaware River to the east, 80°31' W to the west and the 42° N to the north, except for a short segment on the western end, where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The state has five geographical regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania's diverse topography also produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cold winters and humid summers. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, except for the southeastern corner, has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfb"). The southern portion of the state has a humid subtropical climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa").

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties. Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships. One county, Philadelphia County, is coterminous with the city of Philadelphia after it was consolidated in 1854. The most populous county in Pennsylvania is Philadelphia, while the least populous is Cameron (4,547).

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified, by population, as either first-, second-, or third-class cities. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's largest city, has a population of 1.6 million and is the state's only first-class city. Pittsburgh (303,000) and Scranton (76,000) are second-class and second-class 'A' cities, respectively.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The rest of the cities, like the third and fourth-largest—Allentown (126,000) and Reading (95,000)—to the smallest—Parker with a population of only 820—are third-class cities. First- and second-class cities are governed by a "strong mayor" form of mayor–council government, whereas third-class cities are governed by either a "weak mayor" form of government or a council–manager government.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Boroughs are generally smaller than cities, with most Pennsylvania cities having been incorporated as a borough before being incorporated as a city. There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which are governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor-council government. The largest borough in Pennsylvania is State College (40,501) and the smallest is Centralia.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first-class or second-class townships. There are 1,454 second-class townships and 93 first-class townships. Second-class townships can become first-class townships if they have a population density greater than and a referendum is passed supporting the change. Pennsylvania's largest township is Upper Darby Township (85,681), and the smallest is East Keating Township.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: Bloomsburg was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state. In 1975, McCandless Township adopted a home-rule charter under the name of "Town of McCandless", but is, legally, still a first-class township.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The total of 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first-class townships, 1,454 second-class townships, and one town (Bloomsburg) is 2,562 municipalities.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: As of the 2020 U.S. census, Pennsylvania had a population of 13,011,844, up from 12,702,379 in 2010. In 2019, net migration to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007. Net migration to the Commonwealth was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. From 2008 to 2012, 5.8% of the population was foreign-born.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Of the people residing in Pennsylvania, 74.5% were born in Pennsylvania, 18.4% were born in a different U.S. state, 1.5% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5.6% were foreign born. Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), and Latin America (30.6%), with the remainder from Africa (5%), North America (3.1%), and Oceania (0.4%).

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The largest ancestry groups are listed below, expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2010 census:

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The state had the fourth-highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in 2010—15.4%, as compared to 13.0% nationwide. According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the state's poverty rate was 12.5% in 2017, compared to 13.4% for the United States as a whole.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: "Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number."

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: As of 2010, 90.2% (10,710,239) of Pennsylvania residents age5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 4.1% (486,058) spoke Spanish, 0.9% (103,502) German (which includes Pennsylvania Dutch) and 0.5% (56,052) Chinese (which includes Mandarin) of the population over the age of five. In total, 9.9% (1,170,628) of Pennsylvania's population age5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Of all the colonies, only Rhode Island had religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania. Voltaire, writing of William Penn in 1733, observed: "The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill-treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God." One result of this uncommon freedom was a wide religious diversity, which continues to the present.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania's 2018 total gross state product (GSP) of $803 billion ranks the state 6th in the nation. If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 19th-largest in the world. On a per-capita basis, Pennsylvania's 2016 per-capita GSP of $50,665 (in chained 2009 dollars) ranks 22nd among the fifty states.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: As of 2016, there were 5,354,964 people in employment in Pennsylvania, with 301,484 total employer establishments.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Philadelphia in the southeast corner, Pittsburgh in the southwest corner, Erie in the northwest corner, Scranton-Wilkes-Barre in the northeast corner, and Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton in the east central region are urban manufacturing centers. Much of the Commonwealth is rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy. Philadelphia is home to six Fortune 500 companies, with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it is a leader in the financial and insurance industry.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, and H.J. Heinz. In all, Pennsylvania is home to fifty Fortune 500 companies.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Hershey is home to The Hershey Company, one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world. Erie is also home to GE Transportation, which is the largest producer of train locomotives in the United States.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: As in the US as a whole and in most states, the largest private employer in the Commonwealth is Walmart, followed by the University of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania is also home to the oldest investor-owned utility company in the US, The York Water Company.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The first nationally chartered bank in the United States, the Bank of North America, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is part of Wells Fargo, which uses national charter 1.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania is also the home to the first nationally chartered bank under the 1863 National Banking Act. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as PNC Financial Services and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is the state's largest bank and the sixth-largest in the United States.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture worked with private companies to establish "PA Preferred" as a way to brand agricultural products grown or made in the state to support and promote Pennsylvania products and locally grown food.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The financial impact of agriculture in Pennsylvania includes employment of more than 66,800 people employed by the food manufacturing industry; and over $1.7 billion in food product export (in 2011).

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Former Governor Ed Rendell had considered legalizing video poker machines in bars and private clubs in 2009 since an estimated 17,000 operate illegally across the state. Under this plan, any establishment with a liquor license would be allowed up to five machines. All machines would be connected to the state's computer system, like commercial casinos. The state would impose a 50% tax on net gambling revenues, after winning players have been paid, with the remaining 50% going to the establishment owners.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood: 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Before that the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701. The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The legislature meets there in the State Capitol.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The Pennsylvania State Police is the chief law enforcement agency in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the Commonwealth's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania has a mixed health record, and is ranked as the 29th-overall-healthiest state according to the 2013 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: In general, under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for a child from the age of 8until the age of 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier. As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 have completed high school. Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Additionally, 27.5% have gone on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher. State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for 8th grade students.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: In 1988, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an option for compulsory school attendance. This law specifies the requirements and responsibilities of the parents and the school district where the family lives.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including Kalahari Resorts Poconos, Conneaut Lake Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso's Amusement Park, Hersheypark, Idlewild Park, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place, Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park. Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast, Splash Lagoon in Erie.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: There are also notable music festivals that take place in Pennsylvania. These include Musikfest and NEARfest in Bethlehem, the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Creation Festival, the Great Allentown Fair, and Purple Door.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, abbreviated as PennDOT, is responsible for transport issues within the commonwealth.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) is the sixth-largest transit agency in the United States and operates the commuter, heavy and light rail transit, and transit bus service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Port Authority of Allegheny County is the 25th-largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Intercity bus service is provided between cities in Pennsylvania and other major points in the Northeast by Bolt Bus, Fullington Trailways, Greyhound Lines, Martz Trailways, Megabus, OurBus, Trans-Bridge Lines, as well as various Chinatown bus companies. In 2018, OurBus began offering service from West Chester, PAMalvern, PAKing of Prussia, PAFort Washington, PANew York, NY.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Pennsylvania has seven major airports: Philadelphia International, Pittsburgh International, Lehigh Valley International, Harrisburg International, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International, Erie International, and University Park Airport. A total of 134 public-use airports are located in the state.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The port of Pittsburgh is the second-largest inland port in the United States and the 18th-largest port overall; the Port of Philadelphia is the 24th-largest port in the United States. Pennsylvania's only port on the Great Lakes is located in Erie.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two is the most-used lock operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers of its 255 nationwide. The dam impounds the Allegheny River near Downtown Pittsburgh.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: The first World Series between the Boston Americans (which became the Boston Red Sox) and Pittsburgh Pirates was played in Pittsburgh in 1903. Since 1959, the Little League World Series is held each summer in South Williamsport, near where Little League Baseball was founded in Williamsport.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Arnold Palmer, one of the 20th century's most notable pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, while Jim Furyk, a current PGA member, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Moosic.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park, once a popular spot for skateboarding, and across from City Hall, host to ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. High Point Raceway is located in Mount Morris, Pennsylvania, and Steel City is located in Delmont, Pennsylvania.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Horse racing courses in Pennsylvania consist of The Meadows near Pittsburgh, Mohegan Sun Pocono in Wilkes-Barre, and Harrah's Philadelphia in Chester, which offer harness racing, and Penn National Race Course in Grantville, Parx Racing (formerly Philadelphia Park) in Bensalem, and Presque Isle Downs near Erie, which offer thoroughbred racing. Smarty Jones, the 2004 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: College basketball is also popular in the state, especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities, collectively termed the Big Five, have a rich tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by La Salle University (1954), Temple University (1938), University of Pennsylvania (1920 and 1921), University of Pittsburgh (1928 and 1930), and Villanova University (1985, 2016, and 2018).

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: Another one of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the "Quaker" "State"; in colonial times, it was known officially as the "Quaker Province", in recognition of Quaker William Penn's "First Frame of Government" constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. He knew of the hostility Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual, taking oaths, violence, war and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Pennsylvania

Context: "The Coal State", "The Oil State", "The Chocolate State", and "The Steel State" were adopted when those were the state's greatest industries.

Question: Milloin Pennsylvania liitty USA?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Attenborough was born on 29 August 1923 in Cambridge, the eldest of three sons of Mary Attenborough (née Clegg), a founding member of the Marriage Guidance Council, and Frederick Levi Attenborough, a scholar and academic administrator who was a fellow at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and wrote a standard text on Anglo-Saxon law. Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and studied at RADA.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: At the beginning of the 1950s Attenborough featured on radio on the BBC Light Programme introducing records.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Attenborough worked prolifically in British films for the next 30 years, including in the 1950s, appearing in several successful comedies for John and Roy Boulting, such as "Private's Progress" (1956) and "I'm All Right Jack" (1959).

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: His portrayal of the serial killer John Christie in "10 Rillington Place" (1971) garnered excellent reviews. In 1977, he played the ruthless General Outram, again to great acclaim, in the Indian director Satyajit Ray's period piece "The Chess Players".

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: He made his only appearance in a film adaptation of Shakespeare when he played the English ambassador who announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead at the end of Kenneth Branagh's "Hamlet" (1996).

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In the late 1950s, Attenborough formed a production company, Beaver Films, with Bryan Forbes and began to build a profile as a producer on projects including "The League of Gentlemen" (1959), "The Angry Silence" (1960) and "Whistle Down the Wind" (1961), appearing in the cast of the first two films. His performance in "The Angry Silence" earned him his first nomination for a BAFTA. "Seance On A Wet Afternoon" won him his first BAFTA award.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: His feature film directorial debut was the all-star screen version of the hit musical "Oh! What a Lovely War" (1969), after which his acting appearances became sporadic as he concentrated more on directing and producing. He later directed two epic period films: "Young Winston" (1972), based on the early life of Winston Churchill, and "A Bridge Too Far" (1977), an all-star account of Second World War Operation Market Garden.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: His later films as director and producer include "Chaplin" (1992) starring Robert Downey Jr., as Charlie Chaplin and "Shadowlands" (1993), based on the relationship between C. S. Lewis and Joy Gresham (C. S. Lewis was portrayed by Anthony Hopkins, who had appeared in four previous films for Attenborough: "Young Winston", "A Bridge Too Far", "Magic" and "Chaplin").

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Between 2006 and 2007, he spent time in Belfast, working on his last film as director and producer, "Closing the Ring", a love story set in Belfast during the Second World War, and starring Shirley MacLaine, Christopher Plummer and Pete Postlethwaite.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Despite maintaining an acting career alongside his directorial roles, Attenborough never directed himself (save for an uncredited cameo appearance in "A Bridge Too Far").

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: After 33 years of dedicated service as President of the Muscular Dystrophy campaign, Attenborough became the charity's Honorary Life President in 2004. In 2012, the charity, which leads the fight against muscle-wasting conditions in the UK, established the Richard Attenborough Fellowship Fund to honour his lifelong commitment to the charity, and to ensure the future of clinical research and training at leading UK neuromuscular centres.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Attenborough was also the patron of the United World Colleges movement, whereby he contributed to the colleges that are part of the organisation. He was a frequent visitor to the Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa (UWCSA). With his wife, they founded the Richard and Sheila Attenborough Visual Arts Centre. He founded the Jane Holland Creative Centre for Learning at Waterford Kamhlaba in Swaziland in memory of his daughter who died in the tsunami on 26 December 2004.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: He was a longtime advocate of education that does not judge upon colour, race, creed or religion. His attachment to Waterford was his passion for non-racial education, which were the grounds on which Waterford Kamhlaba was founded. Waterford was one of his inspirations for directing the film "Cry Freedom", based on the life of Steve Biko.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: He founded The Richard Attenborough Arts Centre on the Leicester University campus in 1997, specifically designed to provide access for the disabled, in particular as practitioners.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: He was elected to the post of Chancellor of the University of Sussex on 20 March 1998, replacing The Duke of Richmond and Gordon. He stood down as Chancellor of the university following graduation in July 2008.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: A mooted long-term lease to Fox 21 fell through in 2015, though the facilities continue to be used for filmmaking.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Attenborough's father was the principal of University College, Leicester, now the city's university. This resulted in a long association with the university, with Attenborough becoming a patron. The university's Embrace Arts at the RA centre, which opened in 1997 is named in his honour. He had two younger brothers: naturalist and broadcaster David and motor trade executive John.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Attenborough married actress Sheila Sim in Kensington on 22 January 1945. From 1949 until October 2012, they lived in Old Friars on Richmond Green in London.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In the 1940s, he was asked to 'improve his physical condition' for his role as Pinkie in "Brighton Rock". He trained with Chelsea Football Club for a fortnight, subsequently becoming good friends with those at the club. He went on to become a director during the 1970s, helping to prevent the club losing its home ground by holding onto his club shares and donating them, worth over £950,000, to Chelsea. In 2008, Attenborough was appointed Life President of Chelsea Football Club.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: On 26 December 2004, the couple's elder daughter, Jane Holland (30 September 1955 – 26 December 2004), along with her mother-in-law, Audrey Holland, and Attenborough's 15-year-old granddaughter, Lucy, were killed when a tsunami caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake struck Khao Lak, Thailand, where they were on holiday.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: He publicly endorsed the Labour Party in the 2005 General Election, despite his opposition to the Iraq War.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Attenborough collected Picasso ceramics from the 1950s. More than 100 items went on display at the New Walk Museum and Art Gallery in Leicester in 2007, in an exhibition dedicated to family members lost in the tsunami.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In 2008, he published an informal autobiography entitled "Entirely Up to You, Darling" in association with his colleague Diana Hawkins.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In August 2008, Attenborough entered hospital with heart problems and was fitted with a pacemaker. In December 2008, he suffered a fall at his home after a stroke and was admitted to St George's Hospital, Tooting, South West London. In November 2009, Attenborough, in what he called a "house clearance" sale, sold part of his extensive art collection, which included works by L. S. Lowry, Christopher R. W. Nevinson and Graham Sutherland, generating £4.6 million at Sotheby's.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In January 2011, he sold his Rhubodach estate on the Scottish Isle of Bute for £1.48 million. In May 2011, David Attenborough said his brother had been confined to a wheelchair since his stroke in 2008, but was still capable of holding a conversation. He added that "he won't be making any more films."

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In the 1967 Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). He was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1976 New Year Honours, having the honour conferred on 10 February 1976 and on 30 July 1993 he was created a life peer as Baron Attenborough, of Richmond upon Thames in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Although the appointment by John Major was 'non-political' (it was granted for services to the cinema) and he could have been a crossbencher, Attenborough chose to take the Labour whip and so sat on the Labour benches. In 1992 he had been offered a peerage by Neil Kinnock, then leader of the Labour Party, but refused it as he felt unable to commit himself to the time necessary "to do what was required of him in the Upper Chamber, as he always put film-making first".

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Attenborough was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in December 1962 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the Savoy Hotel, during a dinner held to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Agatha Christie play "The Mousetrap", in which he had been an original cast member.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In 1983, Attenborough was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, and the Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolence Peace Prize by the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. He was also awarded France's most distinguished awards, the Legion of Honour and the Order of Arts and Letters of and the Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo by the South African government 'for his contribution to the struggle against apartheid'.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In 1992, the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded Attenborough its annual Shakespeare Prize in recognition of his life's work. The following year he was appointed a Fellow of King's College London.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: On 13 July 2006, Attenborough, along with his brother David, were awarded the titles of Distinguished Honorary Fellows of the University of Leicester "in recognition of a record of continuing distinguished service to the university".

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: On 20 November 2008, Attenborough was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Drama from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (RSAMD) in Glasgow.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: Pinewood Studios paid tribute to his body of work by naming a purpose-built sound stage after him. In his absence because of illness, Lord Puttnam and Pinewood Chairman Lord Grade officially unveiled the stage on 23 April 2012.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: The Arts for India charity committee honoured Attenborough posthumously on 19 October 2016 at an event hosted at the home of BAFTA.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In early 1973, he was portrayed as "Dickie Attenborough" in the British Showbiz Awards sketch late in the third series of "Monty Python's Flying Circus". Attenborough is portrayed by Eric Idle as effusive and simpering. A portrayal similar to that seen in Monty Python can be seen in the early series of "Spitting Image", when Attenborough's caricature regularly appeared to thank others for an imaginary award.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Richard Attenborough

Context: In 2012 Attenborough was portrayed by Simon Callow in the BBC Four biopic "The Best Possible Taste", about Kenny Everett.

Question: Missä Richard Attenborough kuoli?


Atheism

Context: Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Writers disagree on how best to define and classify "atheism", contesting what supernatural entities are considered gods, whether atheism is a philosophic position in its own right or merely the absence of one, and whether it requires a conscious, explicit rejection. However the norm is to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Some of the ambiguity and controversy involved in defining "atheism" arises from difficulty in reaching a consensus for the definitions of words like "deity" and "god". The variety of wildly different conceptions of God and deities lead to differing ideas regarding atheism's applicability. The ancient Romans accused Christians of being atheists for not worshiping the pagan deities. Gradually, this view fell into disfavor as "theism" came to be understood as encompassing belief in any divinity.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: With respect to the range of phenomena being rejected, atheism may counter anything from the existence of a deity, to the existence of any spiritual, supernatural, or transcendental concepts, such as those of Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Taoism.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Definitions of atheism also vary in the degree of consideration a person must put to the idea of gods to be considered an atheist. Atheism is commonly defined as the simple absence of belief that any deities exist. This broad definition would include newborns and other people who have not been exposed to theistic ideas. As far back as 1772, Baron d'Holbach said that "All children are born Atheists; they have no idea of God."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: For the purposes of his paper on "philosophical atheism", Ernest Nagel contested including the mere absence of theistic belief as a type of atheism. Graham Oppy classifies as "innocents" those who never considered the question because they lack any understanding of what a god is. According to Oppy, these could be one-month-old babies, humans with severe traumatic brain injuries, or patients with advanced dementia.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Philosophers such as Antony Flew and Michael Martin have contrasted positive (strong/hard) atheism with negative (weak/soft) atheism. Positive atheism is the explicit affirmation that gods do not exist. Negative atheism includes all other forms of non-theism. According to this categorization, anyone who is not a theist is either a negative or a positive atheist.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: The terms "weak" and "strong" are relatively recent, while the terms "negative" and "positive" atheism are of older origin, having been used (in slightly different ways) in the philosophical literature and in Catholic apologetics.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: While Martin, for example, asserts that agnosticism entails negative atheism, many agnostics see their view as distinct from atheism, which they may consider no more justified than theism or requiring an equal conviction.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: The assertion of unattainability of knowledge for or against the existence of gods is sometimes seen as an indication that atheism requires a leap of faith.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Common atheist responses to this argument include that unproven "religious" propositions deserve as much disbelief as all "other" unproven propositions,

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: and that the unprovability of a god's existence does not imply an equal probability of either possibility.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Australian philosopher J.J.C. Smart even argues that "sometimes a person who is really an atheist may describe herself, even passionately, as an agnostic because of unreasonable generalized philosophical skepticism which would preclude us from saying that we know anything whatever, except perhaps the truths of mathematics and formal logic."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Consequently, some atheist authors, such as Richard Dawkins, prefer distinguishing theist, agnostic, and atheist positions along a spectrum of theistic probability—the likelihood that each assigns to the statement "God exists".

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: In fact, "atheism" is a term that should not even exist. No one ever needs to identify himself as a "non-astrologer" or a "non-alchemist". We do not have words for people who doubt that Elvis is still alive or that aliens have traversed the galaxy only to molest ranchers and their cattle. Atheism is nothing more than the noises reasonable people make in the presence of unjustified religious beliefs.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: The term "atheist" (from the French ), in the sense of "one who ... denies the existence of God or gods", predates "atheism" in English, being first found as early as 1566, and again in 1571. "Atheist" as a label of practical godlessness was used at least as early as 1577.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: The term "atheism" was derived from the French , and appears in English about 1587. An earlier work, from about 1534, used the term "atheonism".

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Related words emerged later: "deist" in 1621, "theist" in 1662, "deism" in 1675, and "theism" in 1678.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: "Deism" and "theism" changed meanings slightly around 1700 due to the influence of "atheism"; "deism" was originally used as a synonym for today's "theism" but came to denote a separate philosophical doctrine.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Karen Armstrong writes that "During the 16th and 17th centuries, the word 'atheist' was still reserved exclusively for polemic ... The term 'atheist' was an insult. Nobody would have dreamed of calling an atheist."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: "Atheism" was first used to describe a self-avowed belief in late 18th-century Europe, specifically denoting disbelief in the monotheistic Abrahamic god.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: In the 20th century, globalization contributed to the expansion of the term to refer to disbelief in all deities, though it remains common in Western society to describe atheism as simply "disbelief in God".

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Skepticism, based on the ideas of David Hume, asserts that certainty about anything is impossible, so one can never know for sure whether or not a god exists. Hume, however, held that such unobservable metaphysical concepts should be rejected as "sophistry and illusion". The allocation of agnosticism to atheism is disputed; it can also be regarded as an independent, basic worldview.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: There are three main conditions of epistemology: truth, belief and justification. Michael Martin argues that atheism is a justified and rational true belief, but offers no extended epistemological justification because current theories are in a state of controversy. Martin instead argues for "mid-level principles of justification that are in accord with our ordinary and scientific rational practice."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Some atheists hold the view that the various conceptions of gods, such as the personal god of Christianity, are ascribed logically inconsistent qualities. Such atheists present deductive arguments against the existence of God, which assert the incompatibility between certain traits, such as perfection, creator-status, immutability, omniscience, omnipresence, omnipotence, omnibenevolence, transcendence, personhood (a personal being), non-physicality, justice, and mercy.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Theodicean atheists believe that the world as they experience it cannot be reconciled with the qualities commonly ascribed to God and gods by theologians. They argue that an omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent God is not compatible with a world where there is evil and suffering, and where divine love is hidden from many people.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Atheism is not mutually exclusive with respect to some religious and spiritual belief systems, including Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Syntheism, Raëlism, and Neopagan movements

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Āstika schools in Hinduism hold atheism to be a valid path to moksha, but extremely difficult, for the atheist cannot expect any help from the divine on their journey.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Jainism believes the universe is eternal and has no need for a creator deity, however Tirthankaras are revered beings who can transcend space and time and have more power than the god Indra.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Secular Buddhism does not advocate belief in gods. Early Buddhism was atheistic as Gautama Buddha's path involved no mention of gods. Later conceptions of Buddhism consider Buddha himself a god, suggest adherents can attain godhood, and revere Bodhisattvas.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre identified himself as a representative of an "atheist existentialism"

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: concerned less with denying the existence of God than with establishing that "man needs ... to find himself again and to understand that nothing can save him from himself, not even a valid proof of the existence of God."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Sartre said a corollary of his atheism was that "if God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and ... this being is man."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Sartre described the practical consequence of this atheism as meaning that there are no "a priori" rules or absolute values that can be invoked to govern human conduct, and that humans are "condemned" to invent these for themselves, making "man" absolutely "responsible for everything he does".

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Joseph Baker and Buster Smith assert that one of the common themes of atheism is that most atheists "typically construe atheism as more moral than religion".

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Sociologist Phil Zuckerman analyzed previous social science research on secularity and non-belief and concluded that societal well-being is positively correlated with irreligion. He found that there are much lower concentrations of atheism and secularity in poorer, less developed nations (particularly in Africa and South America) than in the richer industrialized democracies.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: His findings relating specifically to atheism in the US were that compared to religious people in the US, "atheists and secular people" are less nationalistic, prejudiced, antisemitic, racist, dogmatic, ethnocentric, closed-minded, and authoritarian, and in US states with the highest percentages of atheists, the murder rate is lower than average. In the most religious states, the murder rate is higher than average.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: People who self-identify as atheists are often assumed to be irreligious, but some sects within major religions reject the existence of a personal, creator deity.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: In recent years, certain religious denominations have accumulated a number of openly atheistic followers, such as atheistic or humanistic Judaism

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: According to Plato's Euthyphro dilemma, the role of the gods in determining right from wrong is either unnecessary or arbitrary. The argument that morality must be derived from God, and cannot exist without a wise creator, has been a persistent feature of political if not so much philosophical debate.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Moral precepts such as "murder is wrong" are seen as divine laws, requiring a divine lawmaker and judge. However, many atheists argue that treating morality legalistically involves a false analogy, and that morality does not depend on a lawmaker in the same way that laws do.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Friedrich Nietzsche believed in a morality independent of theistic belief, and stated that morality based upon God "has truth only if God is truth—it stands or falls with faith in God".

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: There exist normative ethical systems that do not require principles and rules to be given by a deity. Some include virtue ethics, social contract, Kantian ethics, utilitarianism, and Objectivism. Sam Harris has proposed that moral prescription (ethical rule making) is not just an issue to be explored by philosophy, but that we can meaningfully practice a science of morality. Any such scientific system must, nevertheless, respond to the criticism embodied in the naturalistic fallacy.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Some prominent atheists—most recently Christopher Hitchens, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, and Richard Dawkins, and following such thinkers as Bertrand Russell, Robert G. Ingersoll, Voltaire, and novelist José Saramago—have criticized religions, citing harmful aspects of religious practices and doctrines.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Sam Harris criticizes Western religion's reliance on divine authority as lending itself to authoritarianism and dogmatism.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: There is a correlation between religious fundamentalism and extrinsic religion (when religion is held because it serves ulterior interests) and authoritarianism, dogmatism, and prejudice.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: These arguments—combined with historical events that are argued to demonstrate the dangers of religion, such as the Crusades, inquisitions, witch trials, and terrorist attacks—have been used in response to claims of beneficial effects of belief in religion.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Believers counter-argue that some regimes that espouse atheism, such as the Soviet Union, have also been guilty of mass murder. In response to those claims, atheists such as Sam Harris and Richard Dawkins have stated that Stalin's atrocities were influenced not by atheism but by dogmatic Marxism, and that while Stalin and Mao happened to be atheists, they did not do their deeds in the name of atheism.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: While the earliest-found usage of the term "atheism" is in 16th-century France, ideas that would be recognized today as atheistic are documented from the Vedic period and the classical antiquity.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Atheistic schools are found in early Indian thought and have existed from the times of the historical Vedic religion.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Among the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, Samkhya, the oldest philosophical school of thought, does not accept God, and the early Mimamsa also rejected the notion of God.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Chatterjee and Datta explain that our understanding of Cārvāka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools, and that it is not a living tradition:

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include Classical Samkhya and Purva Mimamsa. The rejection of a personal creator "God" is also seen in Jainism and Buddhism in India.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: A fragment from a lost Attic drama that featured Sisyphus, which has been attributed to both Critias and Euripides, claims that a clever man invented "the fear of the gods" in order to frighten people into behaving morally.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: since Classical sources clearly attest to radical atheist ideas Athens probably had an "atheist underground."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Sceptical ideas concerning the gods continued into the Second Sophistic. The Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus (approx. 160-210 CE) compiled a large number of ancient arguments against the existence of gods, recommending that one should suspend judgment regarding the matter. His relatively large volume of surviving works had a lasting influence on later philosophers.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: The Renaissance did much to expand the scope of free thought and skeptical inquiry. Individuals such as Leonardo da Vinci sought experimentation as a means of explanation, and opposed arguments from religious authority. Other critics of religion and the Church during this time included Niccolò Machiavelli, Bonaventure des Périers, Michel de Montaigne, and François Rabelais.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: The philosopher David Hume developed a skeptical epistemology grounded in empiricism, and Immanuel Kant's philosophy has strongly questioned the very possibility of metaphysical knowledge. Both philosophers undermined the metaphysical basis of natural theology and criticized classical arguments for the existence of God.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: In the latter half of the 19th century, atheism rose to prominence under the influence of rationalistic and freethinking philosophers. Many prominent German philosophers of this era denied the existence of deities and were critical of religion, including Ludwig Feuerbach, Arthur Schopenhauer, Max Stirner, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Nietzsche.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: In 1842, George Holyoake was the last person imprisoned in Great Britain due to atheist beliefs. Stephen Law notes that he may have also been the first imprisoned on such a charge. Law states that Holyoake "first coined the term 'secularism'".

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Atheism, particularly in the form of practical atheism, advanced in many societies in the 20th century. Atheistic thought found recognition in a wide variety of other, broader philosophies, such as existentialism, Objectivism, secular humanism, nihilism, anarchism, logical positivism, Marxism, feminism, and the general scientific and rationalist movement.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Other leaders like Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, a prominent atheist leader of India, fought against Hinduism and Brahmins for discriminating and dividing people in the name of caste and religion. This was highlighted in 1956 when he arranged for the erection of a statue depicting a Hindu god in a humble representation and made antitheistic statements.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the number of actively anti-religious regimes has declined considerably. In 2006, Timothy Shah of the Pew Forum noted "a worldwide trend across all major religious groups, in which God-based and faith-based movements in general are experiencing increasing confidence and influence vis-à-vis secular movements and ideologies."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: However, Gregory S. Paul and Phil Zuckerman consider this a myth and suggest that the actual situation is much more complex and nuanced.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: A 2010 survey found that those identifying themselves as atheists or agnostics are on average more knowledgeable about religion than followers of major faiths. Nonbelievers scored better on questions about tenets central to Protestant and Catholic faiths. Only Mormon and Jewish faithful scored as well as atheists and agnostics.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: In 2012, the first "Women in Secularism" conference was held in Arlington, Virginia. Secular Woman was organized in 2012 as a national organization focused on nonreligious women. The atheist feminist movement has also become increasingly focused on fighting sexism and sexual harassment within the atheist movement itself.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: In August 2012, Jennifer McCreight (the organizer of Boobquake) founded a movement within atheism known as Atheism Plus, or A+, that "applies skepticism to everything, including social issues like sexism, racism, politics, poverty, and crime".

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: In 2013 the first atheist monument on American government property was unveiled at the Bradford County Courthouse in Florida: a 1,500-pound granite bench and plinth inscribed with quotes by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Madalyn Murray O'Hair.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: "New Atheism" is a movement among some early-21st-century atheist writers who have advocated the view that "religion should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its influence arises."

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: According to a Pew Research Center survey in 2012, about 18% of Europeans are religiously unaffiliated, including agnostics and atheists. According to the same survey, the religiously unaffiliated are the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%).

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: There are another three countries, and one special administrative region of China or regions where the unaffiliated make up a majority of the population: North Korea (71%), Japan (57%), Hong Kong (56%), and China (52%).

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, 30% of Australians have "no religion", a category that includes atheists.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Atheism

Context: According to the American Family Survey, 34% were found to be religiously unaffiliated in 2017 (23% 'nothing in particular', 6% agnostic, 5% atheist). According to the Pew Research Center, in 2014, 22.8% of the American population does not identify with a religion, including atheists (3.1%) and agnostics (4%). According to a PRRI survey, 24% of the population is unaffiliated. Atheists and agnostics combined make up about a quarter of this unaffiliated demographic.

Question: Milloin ateismi on syntynyt?


Digital television

Context: Digital television's roots are tied to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It was not until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. Digital television was previously not practically feasible due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed video, requiring around 200Mbit/s for a standard-definition television (SDTV) signal, and over 1Gbit/s for high-definition television (HDTV).

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: A digital TV broadcast service was proposed in 1986 by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication (MPT) in Japan, where there were plans to develop an "Integrated Network System" service. However, it was not possible to practically implement such a digital TV service until the adoption of motion-compensated DCT video compression formats such as MPEG made it possible in the early 1990s.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: In the mid-1980s, as Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, and as the MUSE analog format was proposed by Japan's public broadcaster NHK as a worldwide standard. Japanese advancements were seen as pacesetters that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: DirecTV in the U.S. launched the first commercial digital satellite platform in May 1994, using the Digital Satellite System (DSS) standard. Digital cable broadcasts were tested and launched in the U.S. in 1996 by TCI and Time Warner. The first digital terrestrial platform was launched in November 1998 as ONdigital in the United Kingdom, using the DVB-T standard.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: Digital television supports many different picture formats defined by the broadcast television systems which are a combination of size and aspect ratio (width to height ratio).

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: With digital terrestrial television (DTT) broadcasting, the range of formats can be broadly divided into two categories: high-definition television (HDTV) for the transmission of high-definition video and standard-definition television (SDTV). These terms by themselves are not very precise, and many subtle intermediate cases exist.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: One of several different HDTV formats that can be transmitted over DTV is: 1280 × 720 pixels in progressive scan mode (abbreviated "720p") or 1920 × 1080 pixels in interlaced video mode ("1080i"). Each of these uses a aspect ratio. HDTV cannot be transmitted over analog television channels because of channel capacity issues.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: There are several different ways to receive digital television. One of the oldest means of receiving DTV (and TV in general) is from terrestrial transmitters using an antenna (known as an "aerial" in some countries). This way is known as Digital terrestrial television (DTT). With DTT, viewers are limited to channels that have a terrestrial transmitter in range of their antenna.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: Digital television signals must not interfere with each other, and they must also coexist with analog television until it is phased out.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: The following table gives allowable signal-to-noise and signal-to-interference ratios for various interference scenarios. This table is a crucial regulatory tool for controlling the placement and power levels of stations. Digital TV is more tolerant of interference than analog TV, and this is the reason a smaller range of channels can carry an all-digital set of television stations.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: People can interact with a DTV system in various ways. One can, for example, browse the electronic program guide. Modern DTV systems sometimes use a return path providing feedback from the end user to the broadcaster. This is possible with a coaxial or fiber optic cable, a dialup modem, or Internet connection but is not possible with a standard antenna.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: Some of these systems support video on demand using a communication channel localized to a neighborhood rather than a city (terrestrial) or an even larger area (satellite).

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: 1seg (1-segment) is a special form of ISDB. Each channel is further divided into 13 segments. Twelve are allocated for HDTV and the other for narrow-band receivers such as mobile televisions and cell phones.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: Analog TV began with monophonic sound, and later developed multichannel television sound with two independent audio signal channels. DTV allows up to 5 audio signal channels plus a subwoofer bass channel, with broadcasts similar in quality to movie theaters and DVDs.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: Digital TV signals require less transmission power than analog TV signals to be broadcast and received satisfactorily.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: DTV images have some picture defects that are not present on analog television or motion picture cinema, because of present-day limitations of bit rate and compression algorithms such as MPEG-2. This defect is sometimes referred to as "mosquito noise".

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: Block error may occur when transmission is done with compressed images. A block error in a single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames, making viewing difficult.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: For remote locations, distant channels that, as analog signals, were previously usable in a snowy and degraded state may, as digital signals, be perfectly decodable or may become completely unavailable. The use of higher frequencies will add to these problems, especially in cases where a clear line-of-sight from the receiving antenna to the transmitter is not available, because usually higher frequency signals can't pass through obstacles as easily.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: Prior to the conversion to digital TV, analog television broadcast audio for TV channels on a separate FM carrier signal from the video signal. This FM audio signal could be heard using standard radios equipped with the appropriate tuning circuits.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: However, after the transition of many countries to digital TV, no portable radio manufacturer has yet developed an alternative method for portable radios to play just the audio signal of digital TV channels; DTV radio is not the same thing.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: Local restrictions on disposal of these materials vary widely; in some cases second-hand stores have refused to accept working color television receivers for resale due to the increasing costs of disposing of unsold TVs. Those thrift stores which are still accepting donated TVs have reported significant increases in good-condition working used television receivers abandoned by viewers who often expect them not to work after digital transition.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Digital television

Context: In Michigan in 2009, one recycler estimated that as many as one household in four would dispose of or recycle a TV set in the following year. The digital television transition, migration to high-definition television receivers and the replacement of CRTs with flatscreens are all factors in the increasing number of discarded analog CRT-based television receivers.

Question: Mistä tulee nimitys digitelevisio?


Mario Cipollini

Context: Mario Cipollini (; born 22 March 1967), often abbreviated to "Cipo", is a retired Italian professional road cyclist most noted for his sprinting ability, the longevity of his dominance (his first pro win came in 1988, his last in 2005; 170 professional wins, 192 including criteriums) and his colourful personality. His nicknames include "Il Re Leone" ("The Lion King") and "Super Mario". He is regarded as the best sprinter of his generation.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Mario Cipollini

Context: The beginning of 2002 saw Cipollini win Milan–San Remo with his new Acqua-Sapone team, and later Gent–Wevelgem. However, a falling-out with the organizers of the Tour de France made him announce his retirement. Italian national coach Franco Ballerini convinced him to return to competition, and built the Italian national team around Cipollini for the 2002 UCI Road World Championships. Cipollini won the rainbow jersey in a sprint finish in Zolder, Belgium.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Mario Cipollini

Context: Cipollini married Sabrina Landucci in 1993. The couple separated in 2005. Despite being married through much of his career, Cipollini was regarded as a sex symbol and rumored to be a womaniser. He did little to dispel these notions with comments such as, "If I weren't a professional cyclist, I'd be a porn star".

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Mario Cipollini

Context: Daniel Coyle's book "Lance Armstrong's War" says Cipollini's profile was little more than a decoy. The intent was that competitors would find themselves distracted by the constant media coverage of Cipollini, and demoralised by the impression that he could party all night and beat them the next morning.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Mario Cipollini

Context: Despite this boisterous public image, Cipollini could often be quite humble regarding his fellow cyclists. After breaking Alfredo Binda's record for Giro stage wins he remarked he would have been happy "just to polish [Binda's] shoes." Reacting to the 2004 death of Marco Pantani, Cipollini said, "I am devastated. It's a tragedy of enormous proportions for everyone involved in cycling. I'm lost for words."

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Mario Cipollini

Context: After having vowed to retire several times in his career, usually in a public fit of pique, Cipollini finally made good on his promise on 26 April 2005, one week before the start of the 2005 Giro. His swan song was to participate in a ceremonial prologue of the Giro wearing a fluorescent pink skin suit, which listed his 42-stage wins.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Mario Cipollini

Context: Cipollini emerged from retirement in early 2008, with Rock Racing. His first race back was the Tour of California, and he finished third on stage 2. On the eve of the Milan–San Remo, he announced that he would retire again, citing disagreements over his leadership role on Rock Racing.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Mario Cipollini

Context: In February 2013, news surfaced that Cipollini could have been a client of doctor Eufemiano Fuentes from 2001 to 2004. A report published by Italian newspaper "Gazzetta dello Sport" alleged that Cipollini's codename was "Maria" and that he received various doping products, including injecting 25 blood bags from the beginning of 2003 to the start of the Giro d'Italia in May. Cipollini's lawyer stated that the claims were false when the story was revealed on 9 February 2013.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Mario Cipollini

Context: His name was on the list of doping tests published by the French Senate on 24 July 2013 that were collected during the 1998 Tour de France and found positive for EPO when retested in 2004.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Mario Cipollini on syntynyt?


Yoshihiro Takahashi

Context: is a Japanese manga artist. He writes under a pen name in which his first name "Yoshihiro" is spelled out in hiragana (よしひろ).

Question: Milloin Hopeanuoli manga on aloitettu julkaisemaan?


Yoshihiro Takahashi

Context: Takahashi started to publish the sequel, "Weed", in 1999 and it soon became a hit as well as an anime which aired on September 17, 2005. He has been touted as the first manga artist to draw manga featuring a puppy as hero.

Question: Milloin Hopeanuoli manga on aloitettu julkaisemaan?


Yoshihiro Takahashi

Context: Takahashi was the guest of honour at the Finnish role-playing and anime fan convention Tracon in Tampere on September 3 and 4 2011. It was his first visit to Finland and most likely his first time being a guest of honour outside Japan; he visited Finland for the second time in 2012, participating in the Animecon event in Kuopio.

Question: Milloin Hopeanuoli manga on aloitettu julkaisemaan?


Mandarin (bureaucrat)

Context: The term is generally applied to the officials appointed through the imperial examination system; it sometimes includes the eunuchs also involved in the governance of the above realms.

Question: Millä dynastialla ns. mandariinit tulivat osaksi hallintoa?


Mandarin (bureaucrat)

Context: The English term comes from the Portuguese "mandarim" (spelled in Old Portuguese as "mandarin," ). The Portuguese word was used in one of the earliest Portuguese reports about China: letters from the imprisoned survivors of the Tomé Pires' embassy, which were most likely written in 1524, and in Castanheda's "História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos portugueses" (c. 1559). Matteo Ricci, who entered mainland China from Portuguese Macau in 1583, also said the Portuguese used the word.

Question: Millä dynastialla ns. mandariinit tulivat osaksi hallintoa?


Mandarin (bureaucrat)

Context: In the West, the term "mandarin" is associated with the concept of the scholar-official who immersed himself in poetry, literature, and Confucian learning in addition to performing civil service duties. In modern English, "mandarin" is also used to refer to any (though usually a senior) civil servant, often in a satirical context, particularly in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries.

Question: Millä dynastialla ns. mandariinit tulivat osaksi hallintoa?


Mandarin (bureaucrat)

Context: The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called "Mandarin language" by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name "Guanhua" ("the language of the officials") for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming dynasty. The term "Mandarin" is also used to refer to modern Standard Chinese, which evolved out of the earlier standard, and to the broader group of Mandarin dialects spoken across northern and southwestern China.

Question: Millä dynastialla ns. mandariinit tulivat osaksi hallintoa?


Mandarin (bureaucrat)

Context: In the table below, ""n"a" is shorthand for the ""n"th rank, primary" (正"n"品), which is a higher sub-rank than ""n"th rank, secondary" (從"n"品), denoted as ""n"b" in the table.

Question: Millä dynastialla ns. mandariinit tulivat osaksi hallintoa?


Nominalism

Context: In metaphysics, nominalism is the view that universals and abstract objects do not actually exist other than being merely names or labels. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universals—things that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., strength, humanity). The other version specifically denies the existence of abstract objects—objects that do not exist in space and time.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Most nominalists have held that only physical particulars in space and time are real, and that universals exist only "post res", that is, subsequent to particular things. However, some versions of nominalism hold that some particulars are abstract entities (e.g., numbers), while others are concrete entities – entities that do exist in space and time (e.g., pillars, snakes, bananas).

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Nominalism is primarily a position on the problem of universals, which dates back at least to Plato, and is opposed to realist philosophies, such as Platonic realism, which assert that universals do exist over and above particulars, and to the hylomorphic substance theory of Aristotle, which asserts that universals are immanently real within them. However, the name "nominalism" emerged from debates in medieval philosophy with Roscellinus.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Plato was perhaps the first writer in Western philosophy to clearly state a realist, i.e. non-nominalist, position:

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: ... We customarily hypothesize a single form in connection with each of the many things to which we apply the same name. ... For example, there are many beds and tables. ... But there are only two forms of such furniture, one of the bed and one of the table. ("Republic" 596a-b, trans. Grube)

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: What about someone who believes in beautiful things, but doesn't believe in the beautiful itself …? Don't you think he is living in a dream rather than a wakened state? ("Republic" 476c)

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: The Platonic universals corresponding to the names "bed" and "beautiful" were the Form of the Bed and the Form of the Beautiful, or the "Bed Itself" and the "Beautiful Itself". Platonic Forms were the first universals posited as such in philosophy.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Our term "universal" is due to the English translation of Aristotle's technical term "katholou" which he coined specially for the purpose of discussing the problem of universals. "Katholou" is a contraction of the phrase "kata holou", meaning "on the whole".

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Aristotle famously rejected certain aspects of Plato's Theory of Forms, but he clearly rejected nominalism as well:

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: ... 'Man', and indeed every general predicate, signifies not an individual, but some quality, or quantity or relation, or something of that sort. ("Sophistical Refutations" xxii, 178b37, trans. Pickard-Cambridge)

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: The first philosophers to explicitly describe nominalist arguments were the Stoics, especially Chrysippus.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: In contemporary analytic philosophy, it has been defended by Rudolf Carnap, Nelson Goodman, H. H. Price, and D. C. Williams.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Another scholar, Victor Bruno, follows the same line. According to Bruno, nominalism is one of the first signs of rupture in the medieval system. "The dismembering of the particulars, the dangerous attribution to individuals to a status of totalization of possibilities in themselves, all this will unfold in an existential fissure that is both objective and material. The result of this fissure fissure will be the essays to establish the nation state."

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Indian philosophy encompasses various realist and nominalist traditions. Certain orthodox Hindu schools defend the realist position, notably Purva Mimamsa, Nyaya and Vaisheshika, maintaining that the referent of the word is both the individual thing perceived by the subject of knowledge and the class to which the thing belongs. According to Indian realism, both the individual and the class have objective existence, with the second underlying the former.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Buddhists take the nominalist position, especially those of the Sautrāntika and Yogācāra school; they were of the opinion that words have as referent not true objects, but only concepts produced in the intellect. These concepts are not real since they do not have efficient existence, that is, causal powers. Words, as linguistic conventions, are useful to thought and discourse, but even so, it should not be accepted that words apprehend reality as it is.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Nominalism arose in reaction to the problem of universals, specifically accounting for the fact that some things are of the same type. For example, Fluffy and Kitzler are both cats, or, the fact that certain properties are repeatable, such as: the grass, the shirt, and Kermit the Frog are green. One wants to know by virtue of "what" are Fluffy and Kitzler both cats, and "what" makes the grass, the shirt, and Kermit green.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: The Platonist answer is that all the green things are green in virtue of the existence of a universal: a single abstract thing that, in this case, is a part of all the green things. With respect to the color of the grass, the shirt and Kermit, one of their parts is identical. In this respect, the three parts are literally one. Greenness is repeatable because there is one thing that manifests itself wherever there are green things.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Conceptualists hold a position intermediate between nominalism and realism, saying that universals exist only within the mind and have no external or substantial reality.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Finally, many philosophers prefer simpler ontologies populated with only the bare minimum of types of entities, or as W. V. O. Quine said "They have a taste for 'desert landscapes.'" They try to express everything that they want to explain without using universals such as "catness" or "greenness."

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Class nominalism argues that class membership forms the metaphysical backing for property relationships: two particular red balls share a property in that they are both members of classes corresponding to their properties—that of being red and being balls. A version of class nominalism that sees some classes as "natural classes" is held by Anthony Quinton.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Conceptualism is a philosophical theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind. The conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in particulars outside of the mind's perception of them.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: Ian Hacking has also argued that much of what is called social constructionism of science in contemporary times is actually motivated by an unstated nominalist metaphysical view. For this reason, he claims, scientists and constructionists tend to "shout past each other".

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: In the foundations of mathematics, nominalism has come to mean doing mathematics without assuming that sets in the mathematical sense exist. In practice, this means that quantified variables may range over universes of numbers, points, primitive ordered pairs, and other abstract ontological primitives, but not over sets whose members are such individuals. To date, only a small fraction of the corpus of modern mathematics can be rederived in a nominalistic fashion.

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Nominalism

Context: A critique of nominalist reconstructions in mathematics was undertaken by Burgess (1983) and Burgess and Rosen (1997). Burgess distinguished two types of nominalist reconstructions. Thus, "hermeneutic nominalism" is the hypothesis that science, properly interpreted, already dispenses with mathematical objects

Question: Mistä nominalismi on saanut nimensä?


Ouzo

Context: Ouzo is usually mixed with water, becoming cloudy white, sometimes with a faint blue tinge, and served with ice cubes in a small glass. Ouzo can also be drunk straight from a shot glass.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: Ouzo is often served with a small plate of a variety of appetizers called mezes, usually small fresh fish, fries, olives, and feta cheese. Ouzo can be described to have a similar taste to absinthe which is licorice-like, but smoother.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: On October 25, 2006, Greece won the right to label ouzo as an exclusively Greek product. The European Union now recognizes ouzo, as well as the Greek drinks "tsipouro" and "tsikoudia", as products with a Protected Designation of Origin, which prohibits European makers other than Greece and Cyprus from using the name.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: The origin of the name "ouzo" is disputed. A popular derivation is from the Italian "uso Marsiglia"—" for use in Marseille"—stamped on selected silkworm cocoons exported from Tyrnavos in the 19th century. According to anecdote, this designation came to stand for "superior quality", which the spirit distilled as ouzo was thought to possess.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: The "ouzo yeast" is then distilled. After several hours of distillation, a flavored distillate of approximately 80% ABV is produced. The spirit at the beginning of the distillation (heads) and end (tails) is usually removed to avoid light and heavy alcohols and aromatics. The heads and tails are usually mixed and distilled again. The product of this second distillation can be used to produce a different quality ouzo.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: Makers of high-quality "100% from distillation" ouzo proceed at this stage with water dilution, bringing the ouzo to its final ABV. But most producers combine the "ouzo yeast" with less expensive ethyl alcohol flavored with 0.05 percent natural anethole, before water dilution. Greek law dictates that in this case the ouzo yeast cannot be less than 20 percent of the final product.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: In modern Greece, "ouzeries" (the suffix -erie is imported from French, like in "Boulangerie" or "Pâtisserie") are common throughout Greece. These café-like establishments serve ouzo with "mezedes". It is traditionally slowly sipped (usually mixed with water or ice) together with "mezedes" shared with others over a period of several hours in the early evening.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: In other countries, it is tradition to have ouzo in authentic Greek restaurants as an aperitif, served in a shot glass and deeply chilled before the meal is started. No water or ice is added but the drink is served very cold, enough to make some crystals form in the drink as it is served.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: Ouzo is not used in many mainstream cocktail drinks, although in Cyprus it does form the basis of a cocktail called an Ouzini.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Ouzo

Context: In Bulgaria and North Macedonia, the similar beverage is called "mastika" (), a name that is shared by the distinct Greek liquor "mastika" which is flavored with mastic crystals. Most commonly it is consumed as an aperitif, usually poured over ice to release its aroma and flavors, and enjoyed with meze. Containing 43–45% alcohol, it has a hot taste, not unlike that of brandy, and is usually made from grapes. In North Macedonia, mastika has traditionally been made in the Strumica area.

Question: Mikä vilja on Ouzon perusraaka-aine?


Functionalism (philosophy of mind)

Context: In philosophy of mind, functionalism is the thesis that mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role, which means, their causal relations with other mental states, sensory inputs and behavioral outputs. Functionalism developed largely as an alternative to the identity theory of mind and behaviorism.

Question: Kuka aloitti funktionalismin?


Functionalism (philosophy of mind)

Context: Functionalism is a theoretical level between the physical implementation and behavioral output. Therefore, it is different from its predecessors of Cartesian dualism (advocating independent mental and physical substances) and Skinnerian behaviorism and physicalism (declaring only physical substances) because it is only concerned with the effective functions of the brain, through its organization or its "software programs".

Question: Kuka aloitti funktionalismin?