Chevrolet Corvette

Context: For the 2015 model, Chevrolet began offering a transaxle version of the 8L90 8-speed automatic to replace the previous 6-speed 6L80.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The $4,995 Z25 Option Package was a cosmetic upgrade that contained the following: blue fender hash-marks, two-tone blue leather seating surfaces with a logo on the seat headrest, blue leather stitching, serialized edition numbered dash plaque, and carpeted floor mats with logo,

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: For the 2019 model year, the ZR1 variant returned. This model features a new LT5 engine. The long block of the LT5 is the same as the LT4, but the supercharger displacement was increased from 1.7 liters to 2.65 liters. The C7 ZR1 power output is 755 horsepower.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The last C7 Corvette (also making it the last front-engined Corvette), a black Z06, was auctioned off on June 28, 2019 for $2.7 million at the Barrett-Jackson Northeast auction. The auction benefited the Stephen Siller Tunnel to Towers Foundation, which helps pay off mortgages for the families of first responders that were killed in the line of duty and builds "mortgage-free, accessible smart homes" for injured service members.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The 2020 Corvette model, both coupe and convertible configurations of the base-model Stingray made their debut within a 3-month gap. The coupe made its debut on July 18, 2019, with three launch colors, red (with the Z51 Package), white, and blue while the convertible made its debut on October 2 at the Kennedy Space Center along with the C8.R race car, which took part at the 2020 Daytona 24 Hours.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: In January 2020 the car became the most expensive charity vehicle sold that week at the Barrett-Jackson auction, selling for $3 million. The proceeds of the sale went to the Detroit Children's Fund.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The LT2 saw fuel management system upgrades for the 2022 model year which featured a new fuel pump and injectors. The base price was also increased by $1200. A new IMSA GTLM Championship Edition package, limited to 1000 units, was introduced for 2022.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The Corvette C8 Z06 is expected to debut in the 2023 model year. It will feature a 670 horsepower 5.5 liter naturally-aspirated DOHC flat-plane crank V8. This engine, the LT6, is the most powerful naturally aspirated production V8 engine. The Z06 is redlined at 8600 RPM and feature the same dual-clutch transmission as the Stingray, albeit with gearing changes specific to the performance of this model.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: On April 27, 2022, General Motors president Mark Reuss announced that Chevrolet is developing a fully electric version of the Corvette.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: Over the years, the Corvette has won awards from automobile publications as well as organizations such as the Society of Automotive Engineers.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: In 1961 the XP-755 Mako Shark show car was designed by Larry Shinoda as a concept for future Corvettes. In keeping with the name, the streamlining, pointed snout, and other detailing was partly inspired by the look of that very fast fish. The 1961 Corvette tail was given two additional tail lights (six total) for the concept car. The body inspired the 1963 production Sting Ray.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: In 1965 Mitchell removed the original concept body and redesigned it as the Mako Shark II. Chevrolet actually created two of them, only one of which was fully functional. The original Mako Shark was then retroactively called the Mako Shark I. The Mako Shark II debuted in 1965 as a show car and this concept influenced Mitchell's redesigned Corvette of 1968.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: A Corvette Stingray Anniversary concept car was unveiled at the 2009 Detroit Auto Show, fifty years after the Sting Ray racer-concept of 1959. The vehicle was based on a combination of the 1963 Sting Ray and the 1968 Stingray. The new Stingray concept appears in the 2009 movie ', as the vehicle mode of the character Sideswipe. A convertible/speedster version was used for the same character in the 2011 sequel, '.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: In 1960, three C-1 Corvettes were race modified and entered in the 24 Hours of Le Mans by team owner Briggs Cunningham and were numbered #1, #2, and #3 cars in the race. The numbered #3 car was driven by John Fitch and Bob Grossman and it had finished the race in eighth place overall, but it had won the big-bore GT class.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: IN 2014, Corvette Racing introduced the new C7.R to coincide with the launch of the seventh-generation C7 Corvette. The car made its track debut at the 2013 Rolex Motorsports Reunion and later participated in the 2014 Roar Before the Rolex 24 to prepare for the 2014 United SportsCar Championship. The car's new livery was debuted at the 2014 North American International Auto Show. In 2015, the Corvette Racing C7.R took class victories at both the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: In October 2019, at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, the C8.R made its surprise debut during the world premiere of the C8 Convertible. Two cars took part in the 2020 Rolex 24 at Daytona International Speedway. The cars placed 4th and 7th in the GTLM Class. For the 2022 model year, Chevrolet offered a C8.R inspired IMSA GTLM Special Edition package for the production Corvette Stingray.

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


Chevrolet Corvette

Context: The Indianapolis 500 race has used a Corvette as its pace car 18 times. The 2008 running of the Indy 500 represented a record fifth-consecutive year to lead the field until 2009 when the Chevrolet Camaro SS was selected. The Corvette's pace car years and details include:

Question: Milloin Corvette mallin tekeminen on alkanut?


HAL 9000

Context: HAL became operational in Urbana, Illinois, at the HAL Plant (the University of Illinois's Coordinated Science Laboratory, where the ILLIAC computers were built). The film says this occurred in 1992, while the book gives 1997 as HAL's birth year.<ref name="Urbana 1992/7"></ref>

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: In the 1982 novel "" written by Clarke, HAL is restarted by his creator, Dr. Chandra, who arrives on the Soviet spaceship "Leonov".

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: Prior to leaving Earth, Dr. Chandra has also had a discussion with HAL's twin, SAL 9000. Like HAL, SAL was created by Dr. Chandra. Whereas HAL was characterized as being "male", SAL is characterized as being "female" (voiced by Candice Bergen) and is represented by a blue camera eye instead of a red one.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: The alien intelligence initiates a terraforming scheme, placing the "Leonov", and everybody in it, in danger. Its human crew devises an escape plan which unfortunately requires leaving the "Discovery" and HAL behind to be destroyed. Dr. Chandra explains the danger, and HAL willingly sacrifices himself so that the astronauts may escape safely. In the moment of his destruction the monolith-makers transform HAL into a non-corporeal being so that David Bowman's avatar may have a companion.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: In the novel, the basic reboot sequence initiated by Dr. Chandra is quite long, while the movie uses a shorter sequence voiced from HAL as: "HELLO_DOCTOR_NAME_CONTINUE_YESTERDAY_TOMORROW".

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: While Curnow tells Floyd that Dr. Chandra has begun designing HAL 10000, it has not been mentioned in subsequent novels.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: In Clarke's 1987 novel "", Heywood Floyd is surprised to encounter HAL, now stored alongside Dave Bowman in the Europa monolith.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: In Clarke's 1997 novel ', Frank Poole is introduced to the merged form of Dave Bowman and HAL, the two merging into one entity called "Halman" after Bowman rescued HAL from the dying "Discovery One" spaceship toward the end of '.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: The earliest draft depicted Socrates as a roughly humanoid robot, and is introduced as overseeing Project Morpheus, which studied prolonged hibernation in preparation for long term space flight. As a demonstration to "Senator" Floyd, Socrates' designer, Dr. Bruno Forster, asks Socrates to turn off the oxygen to hibernating subjects Kaminski and Whitehead, which Socrates refuses, citing Asimov's First Law of Robotics.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: HAL's name, according to writer Arthur C. Clarke, is derived from "H"euristically programmed "AL"gorithmic computer. After the film was released, fans noticed HAL was a one-letter shift from the name IBM and there has been much speculation since then that this was a dig at the large computer company, something that has been denied by both Clarke and "2001" director Stanley Kubrick. Clarke addressed the issue in his book "The Lost Worlds of 2001":

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: ...about once a week some character spots the fact that HAL is one letter ahead of IBM, and promptly assumes that Stanley and I were taking a crack at the estimable institution ... As it happened, IBM had given us a good deal of help, so we were quite embarrassed by this, and would have changed the name had we spotted the coincidence.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: IBM was consulted during the making of the film and their logo can be seen on props in the film, including the Pan Am Clipper's cockpit instrument panel and on the lower arm keypad on Poole's space suit. During production it was brought to IBM's attention that the film's plot included a homicidal computer but they approved association with the film if it was clear any "equipment failure" was not related to their products.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: The scene in which HAL's consciousness degrades was inspired by Clarke's memory of a speech synthesis demonstration by physicist John Larry Kelly, Jr., who used an IBM 704 computer to synthesize speech. Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer "vocoder" recreated the song "Daisy Bell", with musical accompaniment from Max Mathews.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


HAL 9000

Context: Anthony Hopkins based his Academy Award-winning performance as Hannibal Lecter in "Silence of the Lambs" in part upon HAL-9000.

Question: Mikä oli tietokoneen nimi elokuvassa 2001: Avaruusseikkailu?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Kurt Josef Waldheim (; 21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian politician and diplomat. Waldheim was the fourth Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981, and President of Austria from 1986 to 1992. While he was running for the latter office in the 1986 election, the revelation of his service in Greece and Yugoslavia, as an intelligence officer in Nazi Germany's "Wehrmacht" during World War II, raised international controversy.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Although his father wanted him to study medicine, Waldheim had an aversion to the sight of blood, and had already decided to enter the foreign service.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Waldheim applied for membership in the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB), a division of the Nazi Party. Shortly thereafter he became a member of the "Sturmabteilung" (SA), the Nazi Party's original paramilitary wing.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: On 19 August 1944, he married Elisabeth Ritschel in Vienna; their first daughter, Lieselotte, was born the following year. A son, Gerhard, and another daughter, Christa, followed.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Waldheim's functions within the staff of German Army's Group E from 1942 until 1945, as determined by the International Commission of Historians, were:

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: By 1943, Waldheim was serving in the capacity of an aide-de-camp in Army Group E which was headed by General Alexander Löhr. In 1986, Waldheim said that he had served only as an interpreter and a clerk and had no knowledge either of reprisals against local Serb civilians or of massacres in neighboring provinces of Yugoslavia. He said that he had known about some of the things that had happened, and had been horrified, but could not see what else he could have done.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Much historical interest has centred on Waldheim's role in Operation Kozara in 1942. According to one post-war investigator, prisoners were routinely shot within only a few hundred metres (yards) of Waldheim's office, and away at the Jasenovac concentration camp. Waldheim later stated that "he did not know about the murder of civilians there".

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Waldheim denied that he knew war crimes were taking place in Bosnia at the height of the battles between the Nazis and Tito's partisans in 1943. According to Eli Rosenbaum, in 1944, Waldheim reviewed and approved a packet of anti-Semitic propaganda leaflets to be dropped behind Soviet lines, one of which ended: "Enough of the Jewish war, kill the Jews, come over."

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: In 1945, Waldheim surrendered to British forces in Carinthia, at which point he said he had fled his command post within Army Group E, where he was serving with General Alexander Löhr.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: After losing the presidential election, Waldheim ran for Secretary-General of the United Nations in the 1971 selection. Waldheim was supported by the Soviet Union and led the first two rounds of voting. However, he was opposed by China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Waldheim won an accidental victory in the third round of voting when those three permanent members failed to coordinate their vetoes and all abstained. Waldheim succeeded U Thant as United Nations Secretary-General in 1972.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: After Operation Entebbe on 7 July 1976 – in which Israeli commandos freed more than 100 Israeli and Jewish passengers held captive in Entebbe Airport (Uganda's main airport) by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and German Revolutionary Cells fighters protected by forces of dictator Idi Amin, and where all the hijackers, three hostages, and 45 Ugandan soldiers were killed – Waldheim described the raid as a "serious violation of the national sovereignty of a United Nations member state".

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: In 1977, Waldheim recorded a greeting for the Voyager Golden Records, a pair of discs containing sounds and images representing the diversity of life and culture on Earth, which were launched into deep space on the Voyager spacecraft. The craft were also inscribed with a written message from then-U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Waldheim had unsuccessfully sought election as President of Austria in 1971, but his second attempt on 8 June 1986 proved successful. During his campaign for the presidency in 1985, what became known internationally as the "Waldheim affair" began. Before the presidential elections, investigative journalist Alfred Worm revealed in the Austrian weekly news magazine "Profil" that there had been several omissions about Waldheim's life between 1938 and 1945 in his recently published autobiography.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Waldheim had previously claimed to have received a medical discharge after being wounded in winter 1942. His aides at the United Nations even accused the Israeli mission of spreading rumors that he supported the Nazis. Israeli ambassador Yehuda Zvi Blum denied the charges, saying, "We don't believe Waldheim ever supported the Nazis and we never said he did. We have many differences with him, but that isn't one of them."

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Part of the reason for the controversy was Austria's refusal to address its national role in the Holocaust (many leading Nazis, including Adolf Hitler, had been born Austrians, and Austria became part of the Third Reich). Austria refused to pay compensation to victims of Nazism, and from 1970 onwards refused to investigate Austrian citizens who were senior Nazis. Stolen Jewish art remained public property a generation after the Waldheim affair.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: Throughout his term as President (1986–1992), Waldheim was officially deemed "persona non grata" by the United States and, officially or informally, by nearly every other nation in the world outside the Arab world.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


Kurt Waldheim

Context: In his speech at the cathedral, Federal President Heinz Fischer called Waldheim "a great Austrian" who had been wrongfully accused of having committed war crimes. Fischer also praised Waldheim for his efforts to solve international crises and for his contributions to world peace.

Question: Missä kaupungissa Kurt Waldheim syntyi?


TIGR

Context: By 1927, all Slovene and Croatian associations—not only political ones, but also cultural, educational and sport associations—were dissolved, as were all financial and economic institutions in the hands of the Slovene and Croatian minority. Starting in 1928, the state law also started limiting the use of Slovene and Croatian in the churches, and in 1934, all use of Slovene and Croatian in Roman Catholic liturgy (including singing and sermons) was prohibited.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: Under the effect of this policy, tens of thousands emigrated abroad, mostly to Yugoslavia and South America.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: Its membership consisted of radical (mostly national liberal) Slovene youth from former Austrian Littoral, and a few Croats of Istria, where its support was much weaker. Many members of this organization were connected with Yugoslav and British intelligence services and many of them were militarily trained. The aim of the organization was to fight violent Fascist Italianization and to achieve the annexation of Istria, the Slovenian Littoral and Rijeka to Yugoslavia.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: The TIGR carried out several bomb attacks on Italian and German soil, as well as assassinations of Italian military personnel, police forces, civil servants and prominent members of the National Fascist Party. It also planned a popular uprising against the Fascist regime, which was however never carried out. Because of these actions, it was treated as a terrorist organization by the Italian state.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: The organization was dismantled by the Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism in 1940 and 1941. Many of its members joined the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People during World War II. After the war, many former TIGR activists were persecuted by Yugoslav Communist authorities.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: The two organization were formed mostly by Slovene progressive nationalist youngsters from Trieste, the Karst Plateau, Inner Carniola, and the Tolmin district. Between 1927 and 1930, the organization launched numerous attacks on individual members or supporters of the National Fascist Party (both Italian and Slovene), and also killed several members of repressive forces: carabinieri, border guards, military personnel.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: In the Gorizia region, the TIGR organization restrained from openly violent actions, and focused mostly on propaganda and on illegal educational, cultural and political activity among larger strata of the population. The Gorizia section of the TIGR established close connections with the underground Catholic network organized by Christian Socialist activists, centered around the lawyer Janko Kralj and priest Virgil Šček.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: In Istria, the TIGR cell was led by Vladimir Gortan, a Croat activist from Beram (near Pazin). Differently from most Slovene cells, Gortan opted for open demonstrative actions, such as attacks on police convoys. In March 1929, during the Fascist plebiscite, when he raided a polling station near the town of Pazin, killing one peasant. Soon afterwards, he was caught by the Italian police and executed.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: On 10 February 1930, in the headquarters of the newspaper "Il Popolo di Trieste", the TIGR places a bomb killing the editor Guido Neri. Three other journalists and typographers remained injured.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: In 1930 the Italian fascist police discovered some TIGR's cells. Numerous members of the organization were sentenced at the First Trieste trial; four of them (Ferdo Bidovec, Fran Marušič, Zvonimir Miloš and Alojzij Valenčič), charged with murder, were sentenced to death and executed at Basovizza () near Trieste.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: Among the actions planned by the organization, the most daring and far-reaching was probably the attempt on Benito Mussolini's life in 1938. The plan was supposed to be carried out in 1938, when the dictator visited Kobarid (then officially known as Caporetto). The plan was put off at the last minute, most probably because of the pressure by the British intelligence, which opposed such an action in times when Mussolini was conducting an active role in the negotiations that led to the Munich agreement.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: After the "Anschluss" of Austria in 1938, the TIGR expanded its activity to neighboring Nazi Germany, focusing primarily on bomb actions against crucial infrastructure: railways, and high-voltage power lines. The actions led to a thorough investigation by the Fascist regime, which disclosed most of the TIGR cells in 1940/1941.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: During World War II, many of its members joined the partisan resistance, although the organization itself was not invited to join the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: After the establishment of the Communist regime in Yugoslavia in 1945, most former TIGR members were removed from public life. The Yugoslav secret police continued to closely monitor some of TIGR's members up to the 1970s. Their activity was removed from the official historical accounts.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: In the late 1970s, the first historical accounts on the activity of the TIGR started to appear. Only in the 1980s, however, did their resistance activity started to be appreciated again, with several historical books written on the matter. The historian Milica Kacin Wohinz was one of the first to produce a thorough study of the movement in a monograph entitled "The First Anti-Fascism in Europe", and published in 1990.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: Throughout the 1990s, the history of TIGR received increased publicity and started to be mentioned in public speeches. In 1994, the "Association for the Nourishment of Patriotic Traditions of the Slovenian Littoral Organization TIGR" (colloquially known as the "Association TIGR" or "Patriotic Association TIGR") was formed in Postojna, and eventually became the main promoter of the positive evaluation of the TIGR legacy.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: In 1997 on the 50th anniversary of annexation of the Slovenian Littoral to the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, the then president of Slovenia Milan Kučan symbolically insignated the organization TIGR with the Golden Honour Insignia of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia ("Zlati častni znak svobode Republike Slovenije"), the highest state decoration in Slovenia.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


TIGR

Context: Since the 1990s, many monuments and memorial plaques have been erected to commemorate TIGR activists and their activities.

Question: Mikä oli TIGR?


Moon

Context: Both the Moon's prominence in Earth's sky and its regular cycle of phases have provided cultural references and influences for human societies throughout history. Such influences can be found in language, calendar systems, art, and mythology.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The usual English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is simply "Moon", with a capital M. The noun "moon" is derived from Old English "mōna", which (like all its Germanic cognates) stems from Proto-Germanic "*mēnōn", which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European "*mēnsis" "month" (from earlier "*mēnōt", genitive "*mēneses") which may be related to the verb "measure" (of time).

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Occasionally, the name Luna is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish the Earth's moon from others, while in poetry "Luna" has been used to denote personification of the Moon. Cynthia is another poetic name, though rare, for the Moon personified as a goddess, while Selene (literally "Moon") is the Greek goddess of the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Greek goddess of the wilderness and the hunt, Artemis, equated with the Roman Diana, one of whose symbols was the Moon and who was often regarded as the goddess of the Moon, was also called Cynthia, from her legendary birthplace on Mount Cynthus. These names – Luna, Cynthia and Selene – are reflected in technical terms for lunar orbits such as "apolune", "pericynthion" and "selenocentric".

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The prevailing theory is that the Earth–Moon system formed after a giant impact of a Mars-sized body (named "Theia") with the proto-Earth. The impact blasted material into orbit about the Earth and the material accreted and formed the Moon just beyond the Earth's Roche limit of ~.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The impact would have released enough energy to liquefy both the ejecta and the Earth's crust, forming a magma ocean. The liquefied ejecta could have then re-accreted into the Earth–Moon system. Similarly, the newly formed Moon would have had its own lunar magma ocean; its depth is estimated from about to .

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: While the giant-impact theory explains many lines of evidence, some questions are still unresolved, most of which involve the Moon's composition.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon is a very slightly scalene ellipsoid due to tidal stretching, with its long axis displaced 30° from facing the Earth, due to gravitational anomalies from impact basins. Its shape is more elongated than current tidal forces can account for. This 'fossil bulge' indicates that the Moon solidified when it orbited at half its current distance to the Earth, and that it is now too cold for its shape to adjust to its orbit.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon is by size and mass the fifth largest natural satellite of the Solar System, categorizeable as one of its planetary-mass moons, making it a satellite planet under the geophysical definitions of the term. It is smaller than Mercury and considerably larger than the largest dwarf planet of the Solar System, Pluto. While the minor-planet moon Charon of the Pluto-Charon system is larger relative to Pluto, the Moon is the largest natural satellite of the Solar System relative to their primary planets.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon's diameter is about 3,500 km, more than a quarter of Earth's, with the face of the Moon comparable to the width of Australia. The whole surface area of the Moon is about 38 million square kilometers, slightly less than the area of the Americas (North and South America).

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon's mass is 1/81 of Earth's, being the second densest among the planetary moons, and having the second highest surface gravity, after Io, at and an escape velocity of .

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon is the second-densest satellite in the Solar System, after Io. However, the inner core of the Moon is small, with a radius of about or less, around 20% of the radius of the Moon. Its composition is not well understood, but is probably metallic iron alloyed with a small amount of sulfur and nickel; analyses of the Moon's time-variable rotation suggest that it is at least partly molten. The pressure at the lunar core is estimated to be .

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon's gravitational field is not uniform, but on average, at the Moon's surface, it is strong. Therefore the surface gravity of the Moon is about half of the surface gravity of Mars and about a sixth of Earth's.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The surface of the Moon is an extreme environment with temperatures that range from down to , an atmospheric pressure of 10−10 Pa, and high levels of ionizing radiation from the Sun and cosmic rays. The exposed surfaces of spacecraft are considered unlikely to harbor bacterial spores after just one lunar orbit. The surface gravity of the Moon is approximately 1.625 m/s2, about a sixth or 0.166 of that on Earth's surface and about half on Mars'.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Studies of Moon magma samples retrieved by the Apollo missions demonstrate that the Moon had once possessed a relatively thick atmosphere for a period of 70 million years between 3 and 4 billion years ago. This atmosphere, sourced from gases ejected from lunar volcanic eruptions, was twice the thickness of that of present-day Mars. The ancient lunar atmosphere was eventually stripped away by solar winds and dissipated into space.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The discovery of fault scarp cliffs suggest that the Moon has shrunk by about 90 metres (300 ft) within the past billion years. Similar shrinkage features exist on Mercury. Mare Frigoris, a basin near the north pole long assumed to be geologically dead, has cracked and shifted. Since the Moon doesn't have tectonic plates, its tectonic activity is slow and cracks develop as it loses heat.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The lighter-colored regions of the Moon are called "terrae", or more commonly "highlands", because they are higher than most maria. They have been radiometrically dated to having formed 4.4 billion years ago, and may represent plagioclase cumulates of the lunar magma ocean. In contrast to Earth, no major lunar mountains are believed to have formed as a result of tectonic events.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The concentration of maria on the near side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust of the highlands of the Far Side, which may have formed in a slow-velocity impact of a second moon of Earth a few tens of millions of years after the Moon's formation. Alternatively, it may be a consequence of asymmetrical tidal heating when the Moon was much closer to the Earth.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: High-resolution images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in the 2010s show a contemporary crater-production rate significantly higher than was previously estimated. A secondary cratering process caused by distal ejecta is thought to churn the top two centimeters of regolith on a timescale of 81,000 years. This rate is 100 times faster than the rate computed from models based solely on direct micrometeorite impacts.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Blanketed on top of the Moon's crust is a highly comminuted (broken into ever smaller particles) and impact gardened mostly gray surface layer called regolith, formed by impact processes. The finer regolith, the lunar soil of silicon dioxide glass, has a texture resembling snow and a scent resembling spent gunpowder. The regolith of older surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness from in the highlands and in the maria.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the "megaregolith", a layer of highly fractured bedrock many kilometers thick.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In October 2020, astronomers reported detecting molecular water on the sunlit surface of the Moon by several independent spacecraft, including the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA).

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Earth and the Moon form the Earth-Moon system whith a shared center of mass, or barycentre. This barycentre stays located at all times (about a quarter of Earth's radius) beneath the Earth's surface, making the Moon seemingly orbit the Earth.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Lunar distance, or the semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit, is approximately 400,000 km, which is a quarter of a million miles or 1.28 light-seconds, and a unit of measure in astronomy. This is not to be confused with the instantaneous Earth–Moon distance, or distance to the Moon, the momentanous distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars, its sidereal period, about once every 27.3 days. However, because the Earth-Moon system moves at the same time in its orbit around the Sun, it takes slightly longer, 29.5 days;, to return at the same lunar phase, completing a full cycle, as seen from Earth. This synodic period or synodic month is commonly known as the lunar month and is equal to the length of the solar day on the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon's orbital plane is closer to the ecliptic plane than to the planet's equatorial plane. The Moon's orbit is subtly perturbed by the Sun and Earth in many small, complex and interacting ways. For example, the plane of the Moon's orbit gradually rotates once every 18.61years, which affects other aspects of lunar motion. These follow-on effects are mathematically described by Cassini's laws.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The gravitational attraction that Earth and the Moon (as well as the Sun) exert on each other manifests in a slightly greater attraction on the sides of closest to each other, resulting in tidal forces. Ocean tides are the most widely experienced result of this, but tidal forces considerably affact also other mechanics of Earth, as well as the Moon and their system.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The lunar solid crust experiences tides of around amplitude over 27 days, with three components: a fixed one due to Earth, because they are in synchronous rotation, a variable tide due to orbital eccentricity and inclination, and a small varying component from the Sun. The Earth-induced variable component arises from changing distance and libration, a result of the Moon's orbital eccentricity and inclination (if the Moon's orbit were perfectly circular and un-inclined, there would only be solar tides).

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The cumulative effects of stress built up by these tidal forces produces moonquakes. Moonquakes are much less common and weaker than are earthquakes, although moonquakes can last for up to an hour – significantly longer than terrestrial quakes – because of scattering of the seismic vibrations in the dry fragmented upper crust. The existence of moonquakes was an unexpected discovery from seismometers placed on the Moon by Apollo astronauts from 1969 through 1972.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: While the Moon exerts most of the tidal forces, the Sun exerts also tidal forces and therefore contributes to the tides as much as 40% of the Moon's tidal force; producing in interplay the spring and neap tides.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: If the Earth were a water world (one with no continents) it would produce a tide of only one meter, and that tide would be very predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified by other effects:

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: As a result, the timing of the tides at most points on the Earth is a product of observations that are explained, incidentally, by theory.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: According to recent research, scientists suggest that the Moon's influence on the Earth may contribute to maintaining Earth's magnetic field.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Delays in the tidal peaks of both ocean and solid-body tides cause torque in opposition to the Earth's rotation. This "drains" angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy from Earth's rotation, slowing the Earth's rotation. That angular momentum, lost from the Earth, is transferred to the Moon in a process known as tidal acceleration, which lifts the Moon into a higher orbit while lowering orbital speed around the Earth.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Thus the distance between Earth and Moon is increasing, and the Earth's rotation is slowing in reaction. Measurements from laser reflectors left during the Apollo missions (lunar ranging experiments) have found that the Moon's distance increases by per year (roughly the rate at which human fingernails grow).

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Atomic clocks show that Earth's day lengthens by about 17 microseconds every year, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The tidally locked synchronous rotation of the Moon as it orbits the Earth results in it always keeping nearly the same face turned towards the planet. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the near side, and the opposite the far side. The far side is often inaccurately called the "dark side", but it is in fact illuminated as often as the near side: once every 29.5 Earth days. During dark moon to new moon, the near side is dark.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Despite the Moon's tidal locking the effect of libration makes about 59% of the Moon's surface visible from Earth.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon's highest altitude at culmination varies by its lunar phase, or more correctly its orbital position, and time of the year, or more correctly the position of the Earth's axis. The full moon is highest in the sky during winter and lowest during summer (for each hemisphere respectively), with its altitude changing towards dark moon to the opposite.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: At the Earth's North Pole and South Pole the Moon is for two weeks every draconic month (27.2 days) in the sky, though in the respective summer as dark moon and new moon. The resulting long moonlight exposure is used by Zooplankton in the Arctics during polar night, when the Sun is below the horizon for months on end.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The apparent orientation of the Moon depends on its position in the sky and the hemisphere of the Earth from which it is being viewed.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Viewed from Earth the air filters the reflected light, at times giving it a red colour depending on the angle of the Moon in the sky and thickness of the atmosphere, or a blue tinge depending on the particles in the air, as in cases of volcanic particles.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The terms blood moon and blue moon do not necessarily refer to circumstances of red or blue moonlight, but are rather particular cultural references such as particular full moons of a year.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon is allways illuminated the same amount by the Sun, but the illuminated area of the visible sphere (degree of illumination) is given by formula_1, where formula_2 is the elongation (i.e., the angle between Moon, the observer on Earth, and the Sun).

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon's angular diameter is about 0.52° (on average) in the sky, roughly the same apparent size as the Sun (see ).

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The distance between the Moon and Earth varies from around to at perigee (closest) and apogee (farthest), respectively, making the Moon's apparent size fluctuate.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon does appear larger when close to the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, known as the Moon illusion, first described in the 7th century BC.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Half of the Moon's surface is allways illuminated by the Sun (except during a lunar eclipse). But also Earth does reflect light onto the Moon, observable at times as Earthlight when again reflected to Earth from the Near side of the Moon where it is not illumimated by the Sun.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Reported as a "supermoon", on 14 November 2016, the Moon was at full phase closer to Earth than it has been since 1948, 14% closer and larger than its farthest position in apogee. This closest point coincided within an hour of a full moon, and it was 30% more luminous than when at its greatest distance because its increased apparent diameter. At lower levels, the human perception of reduced brightness as a percentage is provided by the following formula:

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: When the actual reduction is 1.00 / 1.30, or about 0.770, the perceived reduction is about 0.877, or 1.00 / 1.14. This gives a maximum perceived increase of 14% between apogee and perigee moons of the same phase.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Because the Moon's orbit around Earth is inclined by about 5.145° (5° 9') to the orbit of Earth around the Sun, eclipses do not occur at every full and new moon. For an eclipse to occur, the Moon must be near the intersection of the two orbital planes. The periodicity and recurrence of eclipses of the Sun by the Moon, and of the Moon by Earth, is described by the saros, which has a period of approximately 18 years.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Since pre-historic times people have taken note of the Moon's phases, its waxing and waning, and used it to keep record of time. Tally sticks, notched bones dating as far back as 20–30,000 years ago, are believed by some to mark the phases of the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: One of the earliest-discovered possible depictions of the Moon is a 5000-year-old rock carving "Orthostat 47" at Knowth, Ireland.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras () reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Elsewhere in the to , Babylonian astronomers had recorded the 18-year Saros cycle of lunar eclipses, and Indian astronomers had described the Moon's monthly elongation. The Chinese astronomer Shi Shen gave instructions for predicting solar and lunar eclipses.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: During the Middle Ages, before the invention of the telescope, the Moon was increasingly recognised as a sphere, though many believed that it was "perfectly smooth".

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In 1609, Galileo Galilei used an early telescope to make drawings of the Moon for his book , and deduced that it was not smooth but had mountains and craters. Thomas Harriot had made, but not published such drawings a few months earlier.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: After World War II the first launch systems were developed and by the end of the 1950s they reached capabilities that allowed the Soviet Union and the United States to launch spacecrafts into space. The Cold War fueled a closely followed development of the launch systems by the two states, resulting in the so-called Space Race and its later phase the Moon Race, accelerating efforts and interest in exploration of the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Spacecraft from the Soviet Union's "Luna" program were the first to accomplish a number of goals: following three unnamed, failed missions in 1958, the first human-made object to escape Earth's gravity and pass near the Moon was "Luna 1" in 1959; the first human-made object to impact the lunar surface was "Luna 2", and the first photographs of the normally occluded far side of the Moon were made by "Luna 3", all in 1959.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar soft landing was "Luna 9" and the first vehicle to orbit the Moon was "Luna 10", both in 1966. Rock and soil samples were brought back to Earth by three "Luna" sample return missions ("Luna 16" in 1970, "Luna 20" in 1972, and "Luna 24" in 1976), which returned 0.3 kg total. Luna 17 deployed on the Moon the first remote controlled rover on an extraterrestrial surface, Lunokhod 1, in 1970.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon as the commander of the American mission Apollo 11 by first setting foot on the Moon at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched the transmission by the Apollo TV camera, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time. The Apollo missions 11 to 17 (except Apollo 13, which aborted its planned lunar landing) removed of lunar rock and soil in 2,196 separate samples.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The American Moon landing and return was enabled by considerable technological advances in the early 1960s, in domains such as ablation chemistry, software engineering, and atmospheric re-entry technology, and by highly competent management of the enormous technical undertaking.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The until 1979 negotiated Moon treaty, with its ratification in 1984 by its few signatories was about the only major activity regarding the Moon until 1990.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In 1990 "Hiten"-"Hagoromo", the first dedicated lunar mission since 1976, reached the Moon. Sent by Japan it became the first mission that was not a Soviet Union or U.S. mission to the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The next years saw a row of first missions to the Moon by a new group of statea actively exploring the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Between 2004 and 2006 the first spacecraft by the European Space Agency (ESA) ("SMART-1") reached the Moon, recording the first detailed survey of chemical elements on the lunar surface.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program began with "Chang'e 1" between 200 and 2009, obtaining a full image map of the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: India reached the Moon in 2008 for the first time with its "Chandrayaan-1" creating a high-resolution chemical, mineralogical and photo-geological map of the lunar surface, and confirming the presence of water molecules in lunar soil.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The U.S. launched the "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter" (LRO) and the "LCROSS" impactor on 18 June 2009. "LCROSS" completed its mission by making a planned and widely observed impact in the crater Cabeus on 9 October 2009, whereas "LRO" is currently in operation, obtaining precise lunar altimetry and high-resolution imagery.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: China continued its luna program in 2010 with "Chang'e 2", mapping the surface at a higher resolution over an eight-month period, and in 2013 with "Chang'e 3", a lunar lander, deploying a lunar rover, named "Yutu" (Chinese: 玉兔; literally "Jade Rabbit"). This was the first lunar rover mission since "Lunokhod 2" in 1973 and the first lunar soft landing since "Luna 24" in 1976.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Another Chinese rover mission, "Chang'e 4", achieved in early 2019 the first landing on the Moon's far side.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Also in 2019 India sent successfully its second probe, "Chandrayaan-2" to the Moon and China in 2020 carried out its first robotic sample return mission ("Chang'e 5"), bringing back 1,731 grams of lunar material to Earth.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Upcoming lunar missions include Artemis 1 and Russia's first lunar mission, "Luna-Glob": an uncrewed lander with a set of seismometers, and an orbiter based on its failed Martian "Fobos-Grunt" mission.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: China has announced in 2021 the plan to develop and construct with Russia an International Lunar Research Station towards and into the 2030s.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: While the Moon has the lowest planetary protection target-categorization, its degradation as a pristine body and scientific place has been discussed and particularly understood regarding

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: keeping the Shielded Zone of the Moon (SZM), of value for astronomy from the Moon, free from any radio spectrum pollution, as well as conserving the special and scientifically interesting nature of the Moon, in face of prospecting commercial and national projects to claim and exploit the Moon. While the Moon has no significant atmosphere, traffic and impacts on the Moon causes clouds of dust that can spread far and possibly contaminate the original state of the Moon and its special scientific content.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The so-called "Tardigrade affair" of the 2019 crashed Beresheet lander and its carrying of tardigrades has been discussed as an example for lacking measures and lacking international regulation for planetary protection.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Space debris beyond Earth around the Moon has been considered as a future challenge with increasing numbers of missions to the Moon, particularly as a danger for such missions.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: As such lunar waste management has been raised as an issue which future lunar missions, particularly on the surface, need to tackle.<ref name="NASA/ADS"></ref>

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Beside the remains of human activity on the Moon, there have been some intended permanent installations like the "Moon Museum" art piece, Apollo 11 goodwill messages, six Lunar plaques, the "Fallen Astronaut" memorial, and other artifacts.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Longterm missions continuing to be active are some orbiters such as the 2009-launched Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter surveilling the Moon for future missions, as well as some Landers such as the 2013-launched Chang'e 3 with its Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope still operational.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Five retroreflectors have been installed on the Moon since the 1970s and since used for accurate measurements of the physical librations through laser ranging to the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: There are several missions by different agencies and companies planned to establish a longterm human presence on the Moon, with the Lunar Gateway as the currently most advanced project as part of the Artemis program.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In April 1972, the Apollo 16 mission recorded various astronomical photos and spectra in ultraviolet with the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The Moon has been also a sight of Earth observation, particularly culturally as in the imagery called Earthrise.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The only instances of humans living on the Moon have taken place in an Apollo Lunar Module (for example, during the Apollo 17 mission) for several days at a time. One challenge to astronauts during their stay on the surface is that lunar dust sticks to their suits and is carried into their quarters. Astronauts could taste and smell the dust, calling it the "Apollo aroma". This fine lunar dust can cause health issues.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In 2019 at least one plant seed sprouted in an experiment on the Chang'e 4 lander. It was carried from Earth along with other small life in its "Lunar Micro Ecosystem".

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Although "Luna" landers scattered pennants of the Soviet Union on the Moon, and U.S.A. flags were symbolically planted at their landing sites by the Apollo astronauts, no nation claims ownership of any part of the Moon's surface. Likewise any private ownership of parts of the Moon, or as a whole, are considered credible.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The 1967 Outer Space Treaty defines the Moon and all outer space as the "province of all mankind". It restricts the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes, explicitly banning military installations and weapons of mass destruction. A majority of countries are parties of this treaty.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The 1979 Moon Agreement was created to elaborate, and restrict the exploitation of the Moon's resources by any single nation, leaving it to a yet unspecified international regulatory regime. As of January 2020, it has been signed and ratified by 18 nations, none of which have human spaceflight capabilities.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Since 2020 countries have joined the U.S.A. in their Artemis Accords, which are challenging the treaty. The U.S.A. has furthermore emphasized in an presidential executive order ("Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources.") that "the United States does not view outer space as a 'global commons and calls the Moon Agreement "a failed attempt at constraining free enterprise."

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: With Australia signing and ratifying both the Moon Treaty in 1986 as well as the Artemis Accords in 2020, there has been a discussion if they can be harmonized. In this light an "Implementation Agreement" for the Moon Treaty has been advocated for, as a way to compensate for the shortcomings of the Moon Treaty and to harmonize it with other laws, allowing it to be more widely accepted.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In the face of such increasing commercial and national interest, particularly prospecting territories, U.S.A. lawmakers have introduced in late 2020 specific regulation for the conservation of historic landing sites and interest groups have argued for making such sites World Heritage Sites and zones of scientific value protected zones, all of which add to the legal availability and territorialization of the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In 2021 the "Declaration of the Rights of the Moon" was created by a group of "lawyers, space archaeologists and concerned citizens", drawing on precedents in the Rights of Nature movement and the concept of legal personality for non-human entities in space.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In light of future development on the Moon some international and multi-space agency organizations have been created:

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Since pre-historic times people have taken note of the Moon's phases, its waxing and waning, and used it to keep record of time. Tally sticks, notched bones dating as far back as 20–30,000 years ago, are believed by some to mark the phases of the Moon. The counting of the days between the Moon's phases gave eventually rise to generalized time periods of the full lunar cycle as months, and possibly of its phases as weeks.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: This lunar timekeeping gave rise to the historically dominant, but varied, lunisolar calendars. The 7th-century Islamic calendar is an example of a purely lunar calendar, where months are traditionally determined by the visual sighting of the hilal, or earliest crescent moon, over the horizon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Of particular significance has been for a range of cultures and calendars the occasion of the Full Moon, to use or celebrate, particularly around the autumnal equinox, the so-called Harvest Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Furthermore association of time with the Moon can also be found in religion, such as the ancient Egyptian temporal and lunar deity Khonsu.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Since prehistoric and ancient times humans have depicted and interpreted the Moon, particularly for astrology and religion, as lunar deity.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: For the representation of the Moon, especially its lunar phases, the crescent symbol has been particularly used by many cultures. In writing systems such as Chinese the crescent has developed into the symbol , the word for Moon, and in ancient Egyptian it was the symbol , which is spelled like the ancient Egyptian lunar deity "Iah", meaning Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Iconographically the crescent was used in Mesopotamia as the primary symbol of Nanna/Sîn, the ancient Sumerian lunar deity, who was the father of Innana/Ishtar, the goddess of the planet Venus (symbolized as the eight pointed Star of Ishtar), and Utu/Shamash, the god of the Sun (symbolized as a disc, optionally with eight rays), all three often depicted next to each other. Nanna was later known as Sîn, and was particularly associated with magic and sorcery.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The star and crescent (☪) arrangement goes back to the Bronze Age, representing either the Sun and Moon, or the Moon and planet Venus, in combination. It came to represent the goddess Artemis or Hecate, and via the patronage of Hecate came to be used as a symbol of Byzantium, possibly influencing the development of the Ottoman flag, specifically the combination of the Turkish crescent with a star.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Since then the heraldric use of the star and crescent proliferated becoming a popular symbol for Islam (as the "hilal" of the Islamic calendar) and for a range of nations.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: In Roman Catholic Marian veneration, the Virgin Mary (Queen of Heaven) has been depicted since the late middle ages on a crescent and adorned with stars. In Islam Muhammad is particularly attributed with the Moon through the so-called splitting of the Moon () miracle.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The contrast between the brighter highlands and the darker maria have been seen by different cultures forming abstract shapes, which are among others the Man in the Moon or the Moon Rabbit (e.g. the Chinese Tu'er Ye or in Indigenous American mythologies, as with the aspect of the Mayan Moon goddess).

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: The perception of the Moon in modern times has been informed by telescope enabled modern astronomy and later by spaceflight enabled actual human activity at the Moon, particularly the culturally impactful lunar landings. These new insights inspired cultural references, connecting romantic reflections about the Moon and speculative fiction such as science-fiction dealing with the Moon.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: Contemporarily the Moon has been seen as a place for economic expansion into space, with missions prospecting for lunar resources. This has been accompanied with renewed public and critical reflection on humanity's cultural and legal relation to the celestial body, especially regarding colonialism, as in the 1970 poem "Whitey on the Moon". In this light the Moon's nature has been invoked, particularly for lunar conservation and as a common.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


Moon

Context: A song titled "Moon Anthem" by Abhay Kumar, paralleling the proposals for an Earth Anthem, was released 2019 on the occasion of India's lunar probe Chandrayaan-2.

Question: Mistä maapallon kuu on tehty?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico received its name long before the present-day nation of Mexico won independence from Spain and adopted that name in 1821. The name "Mexico" derives from Nahuatl and originally referred to the heartland of the Mexica, the rulers of the Aztec Empire, in the Valley of Mexico.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Before statehood in 1912, the name "New Mexico" loosely applied to various configurations of territories in the same general area, which evolved throughout the Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. periods, but typically encompassed most of present-day New Mexico along with sections of neighboring states.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Over four–fifths of New Mexico is higher than 4,000 feet (1,250 meters) above sea level. The average elevation ranges from up to 8,000 feet (2,500 meters) above sea level in the northwest, to less than 4,000 feet in the southeast. The highest point is Wheeler Peak at over 13,160 feet (4,011 meters) in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, while the lowest is the Red Bluff Reservoir at around 2,840 feet (866 meters), in the southeastern corner of the state.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Aside from its rivers, New Mexico has few sizeable natural bodies of water; there are several artificial lakes and reservoirs, the largest being Elephant Butte Reservoir, which was created by the damming of the Rio Grande. At its height in the early 20th century, the reservoir was the largest man-made lake in the world.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico's stable climate and sparse population provides for clearer skies and less light pollution, making it a popular site for several major , including the Apache Point Observatory, the Very Large Array, and the Magdalena Ridge Observatory, among others.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico and 12 other western states together account for 93% of all federally owned land in the U.S. Roughly one–third of the state, or 24.7 million of 77.8 million acres, is held by the U.S. government, the tenth-highest percentage in the country. More than half this land is under the Bureau of Land Management, while another third is managed by the U.S. Forest Service.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico was central to the early–20th century conservation movement, with Gila Wilderness being designated the world's first wilderness area in 1924. The state also hosts nine of the country's 84 national monuments, the most of any state after Arizona; these include the second oldest monument, El Morro, which was created in 1906, and the Gila Cliff Dwellings, proclaimed in 1907.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In January 2016, New Mexico sued the United States Environmental Protection Agency over negligence after the 2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill. The spill had caused heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and toxins such as arsenic to flow into the Animas River, polluting water basins of several states. The state has since implemented or considered stricter regulations and harsher penalties for spills associated with resource extraction.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the Clovis culture of Paleo-Indians. Later inhabitants include American Indians of the Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo peoples cultures.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–48), the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resulted in Mexico ceding its northern holdings to the U.S., including the territories of California, Texas, and New Mexico. The American government vowed to accept the residents' claims to their lands and to accept them as full citizens with rights of suffrage.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In 1853, the U.S. acquired the mostly desert southwestern bootheel of the state, along with Arizona land south of the Gila River, in the Gadsden Purchase, which was needed for the right-of-way to encourage construction of a transcontinental railroad.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: During the American frontier, many of the folklore characters of the Western genre had their origins in New Mexico, most notably businesswoman Maria Gertrudis Barceló, outlaw Billy the Kid, as well as lawmen Pat Garrett and Elfego Baca.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: The United States Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state on January 6, 1912. It had been eligible for statehood 60 years earlier but was delayed due to its majority of the population being "alien" (i.e. Mexican-American).

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: European-American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large Native American tribes, most of whose members lived on reservations at the beginning of the 20th century. Although Congress passed a law in 1924 that granted all Native Americans U.S. citizenship, as well as the right to vote in federal and state elections, New Mexico was among several states with Jim Crow laws, e.g. those who do not pay taxes cannot vote.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: During World War II, the first atomic bombs were designed and manufactured at Los Alamos, a site developed by the federal government specifically to support a high-intensity scientific effort to rapidly complete research and testing of this weapon. The first bomb was tested at Trinity site in the desert between Socorro and Alamogordo on what is now White Sands Missile Range.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In addition to federal personnel and agencies, many residents and businesses moved to the state, particularly from the northeast, often drawn by its warm climate and low taxes. The pattern continues into the 21st century, with New Mexico adding over 400,000 residents between 2000 and 2020.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In the late 20th century, Native Americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions, in states which had authorized such gaming. Such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers generate revenues for reinvestment in the economic development and welfare of their peoples.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In the 21st century, employment growth areas in New Mexico include electronic circuitry, scientific research, call centers, and Indian casinos.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Hispanics and Latinos constitute nearly half of all residents (49.3%), giving New Mexico the highest proportion of Hispanic ancestry among the fifty states. This broad classification includes descendants of Spanish colonists who settled between the 16th and 18th centuries as well as recent immigrants from Latin America (particularly Mexico and Central America).

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: The majority of live births in New Mexico are to Hispanic whites, with Hispanics of any race consistently accounting for well over half of all live births since 2013.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico's other major center of population is in south-central area around Las Cruces, its second-largest city and the largest city in the southern region of the state. The Las Cruces metropolitan area includes roughly 214,000 residents, but with neighboring El Paso, Texas forms a combined statistical area numbering over 1 million.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico hosts 23 federally recognized tribal reservations, including part of the Navajo Nation, the largest and most populous tribe; of these, 11 hold off-reservation trust lands elsewhere in the state. The vast majority of federally recognized tribes are concentrated in the northwest, followed by the north-central region.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Like several other southwestern states, New Mexico hosts numerous "colonias", a type of unincorporated, low-income slum characterized by abject poverty, the absence of basic services (such as water and sewage), and scarce housing and infrastructure. The University of New Mexico estimates there are 118 colonias in the state, though the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development identifies roughly 150. The majority are located along the Mexico-U.S. border.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is one of six "majority-minority" states where non-Hispanic whites constitute less than half the population. As early as 1940, roughly half the population was estimated to be nonwhite.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: According to the 2020 census, the majority of Hispanics in New Mexico claim descendance from Spanish colonists who settled between the 16th and 18th centuries, when the state was part of New Spain. Most remaining Hispanics are first and second-generation immigrants from Mexico and Central America

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Census data from 2020 found that 1.5% of the population identifies as multiracial/mixed-race, a population larger than both the Asian and NHPI population groups.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: However, the state legislature remains constitutionally empowered to publish laws in English and Spanish, and to appropriate funds for translation. Amendments to the New Mexico constitution must be approved by referendum printed on the ballot in both English and Spanish. Certain legal notices must be published in English and Spanish, and the state maintains a list of newspapers for Spanish publication.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In 1989, New Mexico became the first of only four states to officially adopt the English Plus resolution, which supports acceptance of non-English languages. In 1995, the state adopted an official bilingual song, "New Mexico – Mi Lindo Nuevo México". In 2008, New Mexico was the first to officially adopt a Navajo textbook for use in public schools.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: According to a 2017 survey by the Pew Research Center, New Mexico ranks 18th among the 50 U.S. states in religiosity, with 63% of respondents stating they believe in God with certainty and 59% considering religion to be important in their lives.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Oil and gas production, tourism, and federal government spending are important drivers of the state economy. The state government has an elaborate system of tax credits and technical assistance to promote job growth and business investment, especially in new technologies.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Traditionally dependent on resource extraction, ranching, and railroad transportation, New Mexico has become increasingly reliant on tourism. The state tourism department estimates that in the 2006 fiscal year, the travel industry in New Mexico generated expenditures of $6.5 billion. In 2014, visitors contributed close to $8.6 billion in direct and indirect spending.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: The New Mexico Finance Authority operates the New Market Tax Credits (NMTC) to provide greater access to financing for new, expanding, or relocating businesses in "highly distressed" areas (defined by metrics such as poverty above 30% and median family income below 60% of the statewide median).

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is one of the largest tax havens in the U.S., offering numerous economic incentives and tax breaks on personal and corporate income. It does not levy taxes on inheritance, estate, or sales. Personal income tax rates range from 1.7% to 5.9% within five income brackets; the top marginal rate was increased from 4.9% in 2021 per a 2019 law. Active-duty military salaries are exempt from state income tax, as is income earned by Native American members of federally recognized tribes on tribal land.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: A 2021 analysis by the nonprofit Tax Foundation placed New Mexico 23rd in business tax climate; its property taxes were found to be the least burdensome in the U.S., while taxation for unemployment insurance and on corporations each ranked as the ninth least burdensome.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is one of the poorest states in the U.S. and has long struggled with poverty. Its poverty rate of roughly 18% is among the highest in the country, exceeded only by Louisiana and Mississippi. Nearly 30% of New Mexico's children were in poverty, which is 40% higher than the national average. The vast majority of births (72%) were financed by Medicaid, a federal healthcare program for the poor, the highest of any state. As of May 2021, around 44% of residents were enrolled in Medicaid.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is plagued by poor road conditions, with roughly a third of its roadways suffering from "inadequate state and local funding". , 703 highway bridges, or one percent, were declared "structurally deficient" or "structurally obsolete". Data from 2019 found 207 bridges and more than 3,822 miles of highway in less than subpar condition, resulting in greater commute times and higher costs in vehicles maintenance.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Many existing and former highways in New Mexico are recognized for their aesthetic, cultural, or historical significance, particularly for tourism purposes. The state hosts ten out of 184 "America's Byways", which are federally designated for preservation due to their scenic beauty or national importance.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is served by two of the nation's ten class I railroads, which denote the highest revenue railways for freight: the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad. Together they operate 2,200 route miles of railway in the state.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico has four primary commercial airports that are served by most major domestic and international airliners. Albuquerque International Sunport is the state's main aerial port of entry and by far the largest airport: It is the only one designated a medium-sized hub by the Federal Aviation Administration, serving millions of passengers annually.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Due to its sparse population and many isolated, rural communities, New Mexico ranks among the states most reliant on Essential Air Service, a federal program that maintains a minimal level of scheduled air service to communities that are otherwise unprofitable.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico hosts the world's first operational and purpose-built commercial spaceport, Spaceport America, located in Upham, near Truth or Consequences. It is operated by the state-backed New Mexico Spaceport Authority (NMSA). Rocket launches began in April 2007, with the spaceport officially opening in 2011. Tenants include HAPSMobile, UP Aerospace, SpinLaunch, and Virgin Galactic.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Over 300 suborbital flights have been successfully launched from Spaceport America since 2006, with the most notable being Virgin Galactic's VSS "Unity" on May 22, 2021, which made New Mexico the third U.S. state to launch humans into space, after California and Florida.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: On October 22, 2021, Spaceport America was the site of the first successfully tested vacuum-sealed "suborbital accelerator", which aims to offer a significantly more economical alternative to launching satellites via rockets. Conducted by Spaceport tenant SpinLaunch, the test is the first of roughly 30 demonstrations being planned.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In a 2020 study, New Mexico was ranked as the 20th hardest state for citizens to vote, based on factors such as voting restrictions and accessibility to polling stations.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: The legislative branch consists of the bicameral New Mexico Legislature, comprising the 70-member House of Representatives and the 42-member Senate. Members of the House are elected to two-year terms, while those of the Senate are elected every four years. New Mexican legislators are unique in the U.S. for being volunteers, receiving only a daily stipend while in session; this "citizen legislature" dates back to New Mexico's admission as a state, and is considered a source of civic pride.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is organized into a number of local governments consisting of counties, municipalities, and special districts.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Since 2018, New Mexico has been led by Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham and Lieutenant Governor Howie Morales, both of the Democratic Party. All constitutional officers are currently Democrats, including Secretary of State Maggie Toulouse Oliver, Attorney General Hector Balderas, State Auditor Brian Colón, State Land Commissioner Stephanie Garcia Richard, and State Treasurer Tim Eichenberg.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Since achieving statehood in 1912, New Mexico has been carried by the national popular vote winner in every presidential election of the past 104 years, except 1976, when Gerald Ford won the state by 2% but lost the national popular vote by 2%. In all but three elections—1976, 2000, and 2016—the candidate who won New Mexico won the presidency.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is one of 23 states without the death penalty; on March 18, 2009, then-Governor Bill Richardson signed the law abolishing capital punishment following the legislature's vote the week before, making New Mexico the 15th U.S. state to do so. The law went into effect July 1, 2009 and does not apply retroactively, meaning those currently awaiting execution are not affected by the ban.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Before December 2013, New Mexico law was silent on the issue of same-sex marriage. The issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level, with some county clerks issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples and others not. In December 2013, the New Mexico Supreme Court issued a unanimous ruling directing all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, thereby making New Mexico the 17th state to recognize same-sex marriage statewide.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Based on 2008 data, New Mexico had 146 law enforcement agencies across the state, county, and municipal levels. State law enforcement is statutorily administered by the Department of Public Safety (DPS). The New Mexico State Police is a division of the DPS with jurisdiction over all crimes in the state. As of 2008, New Mexico had over 5,000 sworn police officers, a ratio of 252 per 100,000 residents, which is roughly the same as the nation.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: On a per capita basis, New Mexico's government has one of the largest state budgets, at $9,101 per resident. As of 2017, the state had an S&P Global Rating of AA+, denoting a very strong capacity to meet financial commitments alongside a very low credit risk.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: The New Mexico Public Education Department oversees the operation of primary and secondary schools; individual school districts directly operate and staff said schools.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In January 2022, New Mexico became the first state in the U.S. to recruit national guardsmen and state workers to serve as substitute teachers due to staffing shortages caused by COVID-19. Partly in response to pandemic-related shortages, on March 1, 2022, Governor Grisham signed into law four bills to increase the salaries and benefits of teachers and other school staff, particularly in entry-level positions.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico has 41 accredited, degree-granting institutions; twelve are private and 29 are state-funded, including four tribal colleges. Additionally, select students can attend certain institutions in Colorado, at in-state tuition rates, pursuant to a reciprocity program between the two states.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Graduates of four-year colleges in New Mexico have some of the lowest student debt burdens in the U.S.; the class of 2017 owed an average of $21,237 compared with a national average of $28,650, according to the Institute for College Access & Success.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is one of eight states that fund college scholarships through the state lottery. The state of New Mexico requires that the lottery put 30% of its gross sales into the scholarship fund.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: The scholarship is available to residents who graduated from a state high school, and attend a state university full-time while maintaining a 2.5 GPA or higher.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: It covered 100% of tuition when it was first instated in 1996, decreased to 90%, then dropped to 60% in 2017. The value slightly increased in 2018, and new legislation was passed to outline what funds are available per type of institution.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Albuquerque has the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, the National Hispanic Cultural Center, and the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, as well as hosts the famed annual Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta every fall.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: The earliest New Mexico artists whose work survives today are the Mimbres Indians, whose black and white pottery could be mistaken for modern art, except for the fact that it was produced before 1130 CE. See Mimbres culture. Many examples of this work can be seen at the Deming Luna Mimbres Museum and at the Western New Mexico University Museum.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: In the mid-20th century, there was a thriving Hispano school of literature and scholarship being produced in both English and Spanish. Among the more notable authors were: Angélico Chávez, Nina Otero-Warren, Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, Aurelio Espinosa, Cleofas Jaramillo, Juan Bautista Rael, and Aurora Lucero-White Lea. As well, writer D. H. Lawrence lived near Taos in the 1920s, at the D. H. Lawrence Ranch, where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico's strong Spanish, Native American, and Wild West frontier motifs have provided material for many authors in the state, including the internationally recognized Rudolfo Anaya and Tony Hillerman.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Silver City, originally a mining town, is now a major hub and exhibition center for large numbers of artists, visual and otherwise. Another former mining town turned art haven is Madrid, New Mexico, which was brought to national fame as the filming location for the 2007 movie "Wild Hogs". Las Cruces, in southern New Mexico, has a museum system affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program, and hosts variety of cultural and artistic opportunities for residents and visitors.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Olympic gold medalist Tom Jager, who is an advocate of controversial high-altitude training for swimming, has conducted training camps in Albuquerque at 5,312 feet (1,619m) and Los Alamos at 7,320 feet (2,231m).

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is a major hub for various shooting sports, mainly concentrated in the NRA Whittington Center in Raton, which is largest and most comprehensive competitive shooting range and training facility in the U.S.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: Owing to its millennia of habitation and over two centuries of Spanish colonial rule, New Mexico features a significant number of sites with historical and cultural significance. Forty-six locations across the state are listed by the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, the 18th highest of any state.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico has nine of the country's 84 national monuments, which are sites federally protected by presidential proclamation; this is the second-highest number after Arizona. The monuments include some of the earliest to have been created: El Morro and Gila Cliff Dwellings, proclaimed in 1906 and 1907, respectively; both preserve the state's ancient indigenous heritage.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


New Mexico

Context: New Mexico is one of 20 states with a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and among only eight with more than one. Excluding sites shared between states, New Mexico has the most World Heritage Sites in the country, with three exclusively within its territory.

Question: Mikä on New Mexicon pääkaupunki?


Gunpowder

Context: Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, carbon (in the form of charcoal) and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and carbon act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, and road building.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Its use in weapons has declined due to smokeless powder replacing it, and it is no longer used for industrial purposes due to its relative inefficiency compared to newer alternatives such as dynamite and ammonium nitrate/fuel oil.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The exact percentages of ingredients varied greatly through the medieval period as the recipes were developed by trial and error, and needed to be updated for changing military technology.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Gunpowder does not burn as a single reaction, so the byproducts are not easily predicted. One study showed that it produced (in order of descending quantities) 55.91% solid products: potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium sulfide, sulfur, potassium nitrate, potassium thiocyanate, carbon, ammonium carbonate and 42.98% gaseous products: carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, 1.11% water.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Gunpowder made with less-expensive and more plentiful sodium nitrate instead of potassium nitrate (in appropriate proportions) works just as well. However, it is more hygroscopic than powders made from potassium nitrate. Muzzleloaders have been known to fire after hanging on a wall for decades in a loaded state, provided they remained dry. By contrast, gunpowder made with sodium nitrate must be kept sealed to remain stable.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Gunpowder releases 3 megajoules per kilogram and contains its own oxidant. This is less than TNT (4.7 megajoules per kilogram), or gasoline (47.2 megajoules per kilogram in combustion, but gasoline requires an oxidant; for instance, an optimized gasoline and O2 mixture releases 10.4 megajoules per kilogram, taking into account the mass of the oxygen).

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Gunpowder also has a low energy density compared to modern "smokeless" powders, and thus to achieve high energy loadings, large amounts are needed with heavy projectiles.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Al-Hassan claims that in the Battle of Ain Jalut of 1260, the Mamluks used against the Mongols, in "the first cannon in history", formula with near-identical ideal composition ratios for explosive gunpowder. Other historians urge caution regarding claims of Islamic firearms use in the 1204–1324 period as late medieval Arabic texts used the same word for gunpowder, "naft", that they used for an earlier incendiary, naphtha.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: According to Paul E. J. Hammer, the Mamluks certainly used cannons by 1342. According to J. Lavin, cannons were used by Moors at the siege of Algeciras in 1343. A metal cannon firing an iron ball was described by Shihab al-Din Abu al-Abbas al-Qalqashandi between 1365-1376.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The musket appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465. In 1598, Chinese writer Zhao Shizhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets. The Chinese military book "Wu Pei Chih" (1621) later described Turkish muskets that used a rack-and-pinion mechanism, which was not known to have been used in European or Chinese firearms at the time.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The state-controlled manufacture of gunpowder by the Ottoman Empire through early supply chains to obtain nitre, sulfur and high-quality charcoal from oaks in Anatolia contributed significantly to its expansion between the 15th and 18th century. It was not until later in the 19th century when the syndicalist production of Turkish gunpowder was greatly reduced, which coincided with the decline of its military might.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The earliest Western accounts of gunpowder appears in texts written by English philosopher Roger Bacon in 1267 called "Opus Majus" and "Opus Tertium". The oldest written recipes in continental Europe were recorded under the name Marcus Graecus or Mark the Greek between 1280 and 1300 in the "Liber Ignium", or "Book of Fires".

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Records show that, in England, gunpowder was being made in 1346 at the Tower of London; a powder house existed at the Tower in 1461; and in 1515 three King's gunpowder makers worked there. Gunpowder was also being made or stored at other Royal castles, such as Portchester. The English Civil War (1642–1645) led to an expansion of the gunpowder industry, with the repeal of the Royal Patent in August 1641.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: In late 14th century Europe, gunpowder was improved by "corning", the practice of drying it into small clumps to improve combustion and consistency. During this time, European manufacturers also began regularly purifying saltpeter, using wood ashes containing potassium carbonate to precipitate calcium from their dung liquor, and using ox blood, alum, and slices of turnip to clarify the solution.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: During the Renaissance, two European schools of pyrotechnic thought emerged, one in Italy and the other at Nuremberg, Germany. In Italy, Vannoccio Biringuccio, born in 1480, was a member of the guild "Fraternita di Santa Barbara" but broke with the tradition of secrecy by setting down everything he knew in a book titled "De la pirotechnia", written in vernacular. It was published posthumously in 1540, with 9 editions over 138 years, and also reprinted by MIT Press in 1966.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Two British physicists, Andrew Noble and Frederick Abel, worked to improve the properties of gunpowder during the late 19th century. This formed the basis for the Noble-Abel gas equation for internal ballistics.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The shipwrecked Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis is known to have introduced the earliest type of matchlock weapons, which the Ottomans used against the Portuguese during the Siege of Diu (1531). After that, a diverse variety of firearms, large guns in particular, became visible in Tanjore, Dacca, Bijapur, and Murshidabad. Guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut (1504)- the former capital of the Zamorins

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The Mughal emperor Akbar mass-produced matchlocks for the Mughal Army. Akbar is personally known to have shot a leading Rajput commander during the Siege of Chittorgarh. The Mughals began to use bamboo rockets (mainly for signalling) and employ sappers: special units that undermined heavy stone fortifications to plant gunpowder charges.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan is known to have introduced much more advanced matchlocks, their designs were a combination of Ottoman and Mughal designs. Shah Jahan also countered the British and other Europeans in his province of Gujarāt, which supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th century. Bengal and Mālwa participated in saltpeter production. The Dutch, French, Portuguese, and English used Chhapra as a center of saltpeter refining.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Cannons were introduced to Majapahit when Kublai Khan's Chinese army under the leadership of Ike Mese sought to invade Java in 1293. History of Yuan mentioned that the Mongol used cannons (Chinese: "Pao") against Daha forces. Cannons were used by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1352 during its invasion of the Khmer Empire. Within a decade large quantities of gunpowder could be found in the Khmer Empire. By the end of the century firearms were also used by the Trần dynasty.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Potassium nitrate is the most important ingredient in terms of both bulk and function because the combustion process releases oxygen from the potassium nitrate, promoting the rapid burning of the other ingredients. To reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition by static electricity, the granules of modern gunpowder are typically coated with graphite, which prevents the build-up of electrostatic charge.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Charcoal does not consist of pure carbon; rather, it consists of partially pyrolyzed cellulose, in which the wood is not completely decomposed. Carbon differs from ordinary charcoal. Whereas charcoal's autoignition temperature is relatively low, carbon's is much greater. Thus, a gunpowder composition containing pure carbon would burn similarly to a match head, at best.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: Sulfur's main role in gunpowder is to decrease the ignition temperature. A sample reaction for sulfur-free gunpowder would be:

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The original dry-compounded powder used in 15th-century Europe was known as "Serpentine", either a reference to Satan or to a common artillery piece that used it. The ingredients were ground

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?


Gunpowder

Context: The advent of much more powerful and easy to use "corned" powder changed this procedure, but serpentine was used with older guns into the 17th century.

Question: Mistä ruuti tehdään?