International Astronautical Federation

Context: Every year at the International Astronautical Congress, awards are given out: The main awards are the IAF World Space Award, the Allan D. Emil Memorial Award, the IAF Hall of Fame, the IAF Distinguished Service Award, the Franck J. Malina Astronautics Medal, the Luigi G. Napolitano Award, the AAAF Medals and the Hermann Oberth Medals.

Question: 国際航空連盟の創始者は誰？


International Astronautical Federation

Context: The Frank J. Malina Astronautics Medal is presented every year at the Congress of the IAF. The medal is presented annually, commencing in 1986, to an educator who has demonstrated excellence in taking the fullest advantage of the resources available to him/her to promote the study of astronautics and related space sciences.

Question: 国際航空連盟の創始者は誰？


International Astronautical Federation

Context: The Frank J. Malina Award consists of the Malina commemorative medal and a certificate of citation, presented at the International Astronautical Federation Awards Banquet. The funding for the medal is by the Aerojet-General Corporation and administration for the medal done through the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).

Question: 国際航空連盟の創始者は誰？


International Astronautical Federation

Context: The IAF publishes proceedings from its meeting electronically, along with studies undertaken by IAF committees, and other reports.

Question: 国際航空連盟の創始者は誰？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: The Toronto Eaton Centre (corporately styled as the CF Toronto Eaton Centre since September 2015, and commonly referred to simply as the Eaton Centre) is a shopping mall and office complex in the downtown core of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is owned and managed by Cadillac Fairview (CF). It was named after the Eaton's department store chain that once anchored it before the chain became defunct in the late 1990s.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: The Toronto Eaton Centre attracts more visitors than of any of Toronto's tourist attractions because it sits on top of the main transit terminal in downtown Toronto. It is North America's busiest shopping mall when you count the daily commuters along with tourist traffic. The mall has over 230 stores and restaurants in 2014.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: The Toronto Eaton Centre's interior passages also form part of the Path underground pedestrian network, and the centre is served by two subway stations: Dundas and Queen on Line 1 Yonge–University. The complex also contains four office buildings (at 20 Queen Street West, 250 Yonge Street, 1 Dundas Street West and 401 Bay Street) and Toronto Metropolitan University's Ted Rogers School of Management. Additionally, the Toronto Eaton Centre is linked to a 17-storey Marriott hotel.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: At the time of the centre's opening in 1977, the complex was marketed as "The Eaton Centre", before changing its name to "Toronto Eaton Centre" in the early 1990s to disambiguate from other Eaton Centres across Canada.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: Despite the bankruptcy of the Eaton's department store chain in 1999 (and the closure of a short-lived Sears Canada-owned revival in 2002), the mall retained the Eaton Centre name, representing an ongoing tribute to Timothy Eaton and the small shop he once opened at this location. However, as Sears retained the Eaton's trademarks and other intellectual property (IP), the name was used under licence until December 2016, when Cadillac Fairview acquired the Eaton's IP outright.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: Eaton's partnered with the Cadillac Fairview development company and the Toronto-Dominion Bank in the construction of the Eaton Centre. The complex was designed by Eberhard Zeidler and Bregman + Hamann Architects as a multi-levelled, vaulted glass-ceiling galleria, modelled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy. At the time, the interior design of the Eaton Centre was considered revolutionary and influenced shopping centre architecture throughout North America.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: Despite the controversy and criticisms, the centre was an immediate success, spawning many different shopping centres across Canada bearing the same brand name of Eaton. The mall's profits were said to be so lucrative that it has often been credited with keeping the troubled Eaton's chain afloat for another two decades before it succumbed to bankruptcy in 1999. Today, the Eaton Centre is one of North America's top shopping destinations, and is Toronto's most popular tourist attraction.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: In the early 2000s, owner Cadillac Fairview redesigned the mall's Yonge Street façade, bringing it closer to the street and making it more closely resemble an urban shopping district, with stores opening directly onto the street, and presenting a variety of façades to create the perception of an urban streetscape.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: Further redevelopments, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, added new retail space. The west side of the complex, opposite Albert Street, was expanded. The glass atrium in the northeast corner at the intersection of Yonge and Dundas streets was redesigned, with a number of former tenants—including a Toronto Police Service office—relocated or evicted, to make way for H&M's Canadian flagship store designed by Queen's Quay Architects International Inc.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: In 2014, the retail complex occupies about , making it the second-largest mall in Ontario (after Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga but ahead of Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto's north end).

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: On June 18, 2010, Cadillac Fairview announced a two-year, renovation and revitalization plan for the mall. Upgrades include new flooring throughout, the redevelopment of the centre's two existing food courts, upgrades and expansions to washroom facilities, lighting improvements, new railings, new entry doors, and green initiatives.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: In June 2010, a would-be shopper was filmed shouting at the locked doors of an entrance to the Eaton Centre, which was in the process of entering lockdown as the G20 Summit street protests loomed nearby and was later uploaded to YouTube. The video quickly became an Internet meme, but was removed by the original poster shortly thereafter. However, the video has been re-uploaded hundreds of times by other users.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: As part of a $120 million renovation, the Eaton Centre replaced the aging food courts at each end of the mall with one larger new food court in the north, which opened in September 2011, and a relocated and expanded Richtree Market restaurant at the south end, which opened on September 9, 2013. However, Richtree Market permanently closed on March 9, 2020, amid the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: The new north food court, the Urban Eatery, features typical food court outlets, outlets of smaller Toronto-based chains, and international-style cuisine. There are 900 seats spread over more than and 24 outlets within the Eatery. Some of the more notable restaurants include KFC, McDonald's, Sbarro, Subway, and Tim Hortons.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: Disposable packaging has been mostly replaced with cutlery and plastic cups and dishes; the area began with over 100,000 dishes and 20,000 cups. There are no garbage or recycling receptacles in the Urban Eatery; patrons bring their food trays to staffed collection stations, where items are sorted. A pulping machine makes 90 percent of the mall's food waste pulpable, and a solid waste compactor reduces the content of 50 bags of garbage into no more than two bags of pulp.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: Canadian sporting goods retailer Sport Chek is the only non-food retailer located in the Urban Eatery.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: In late November 2019, Husbands was found guilty of two counts of manslaughter, five counts of aggravated assault and one count of criminal negligence causing bodily harm and reckless discharge of a firearm. On the manslaughter convictions, Husbands was sentenced to life in prison with eligibility of parole by 2021.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: It was announced on October 29, 2013, that Sears Canada would close its flagship location at the mall. On January 15, 2014, Nordstrom announced that it would be taking over some of the space vacated by Sears. The former lower level of Sears (part of Level 1 and part of Level 2 of the mall) was replaced with various retailers, which opened in fall 2015, while a three-floor Nordstrom opened in fall 2016 alongside Uniqlo, an expanded H&M and a Samsung Store.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: Free Wi-Fi became available throughout the Eaton Centre in late 2014. Before then, free Wi-Fi was only available in larger restaurants, Indigo Books and Music, and the Apple Store. The Eaton Centre's free Wi-Fi requires a Facebook account, a Twitter account, or an e-mail address to access.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: A small part of the northern end of the Toronto Eaton Centre's Level 3 was set aside for the official 2015 Pan American Games pop-up shop during June and July 2015, and during the 2015 Parapan American Games in August.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Toronto Eaton Centre

Context: The Toronto Eaton Centre was closed during June 2020 amid both the COVID-19 pandemic and the George Floyd protests and reopened in July 2020. One of the stores above the Urban Eatery was replaced with additional public food court space to allow for social distancing, though that additional food court space closed again amid the second wave of the pandemic per provincial policy as Toronto underwent another COVID-19-related lockdown.

Question: トロント・イートン・センターはいつ完成した？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In 1958, after China's first Five-Year Plan, Mao called for "grassroots socialism" in order to accelerate his plans for turning China into a modern industrialized state. In this spirit, Mao launched the Great Leap Forward, established People's Communes in the countryside, and began the mass mobilization of the people into collectives. Many communities were assigned production of a single commodity—steel. Mao vowed to increase agricultural production to twice that of 1957 levels.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Mao believed that Khrushchev did not adhere to Marxism–Leninism, but was instead a revisionist, altering his policies from basic Marxist–Leninist concepts, something Mao feared would allow capitalists to regain control of the country. Relations between the two governments soured. The USSR refused to support China's case for joining the United Nations and reneged on its pledge to supply China with a nuclear weapon.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In 1963, Mao launched the Socialist Education Movement, which is regarded as the precursor of the Cultural Revolution. Mao had set the scene for the Cultural Revolution by "cleansing" powerful officials of questionable loyalty who were based in Beijing. His approach was less than transparent, achieving this purge through newspaper articles, internal meetings, and by skillfully employing his network of political allies.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: On July 28, Red Guard representatives wrote to Mao, calling for rebellion and upheaval to safeguard the revolution. Mao then responded to the letters by writing his own big-character poster entitled "Bombard the Headquarters", rallying people to target the "command centre (i.e., Headquarters) of counterrevolution." Mao wrote that despite having undergone a Communist revolution, a "bourgeois" elite was still thriving in "positions of authority" in the government and Communist Party.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: The "Little Red Book" ("Mao's Quotations") was the mechanism that led the Red Guards to commit to their objective as the future for China. These quotes directly from Mao led to other actions by the Red Guards in the views of other Maoist leaders, and by December 1967, 350-million copies of the book had been printed. Quotations in the "Little Red Book" that the Red Guards would later follow as a guide, provided by Mao, included:

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: The implications of the Sixteen Points were far-reaching. It elevated what was previously a student movement to a nationwide mass campaign that would galvanize workers, farmers, soldiers and lower-level party functionaries to rise, challenge authority, and re-shape the "superstructure" of society.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Between August and November 1966, eight mass rallies were held in which over 12 million people from all over the country, most of whom were Red Guards, participated. The government bore the expenses of Red Guards travelling around the country exchanging "revolutionary experiences".

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In May 1968, Mao launched the massive "Cleansing the Class Ranks" political purge in mainland China. Many were sent to the countryside to work in reeducation camps.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: On July 27, 1968, the Red Guards' power over the PLA was officially ended, and the establishment government sent in units to besiege areas that remained untouched by the Guards. A year later, the Red Guard factions were dismantled entirely; Mao predicted that the chaos might begin running its own agenda and be tempted to turn against revolutionary ideology. Their purpose had been largely fulfilled; Mao and his radical colleagues had largely overturned establishment power.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Liu was expelled from the CCP at the 12th Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee in September 1968, and labelled the "headquarters of the bourgeoisie," seemingly alluding to Mao's "Bombard the Headquarters" "dazibao" written two years earlier.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Subsequent articles were also written by government officials propagandizing the reception of the mangoes, and another poem in the "People's Daily" said: "Seeing that golden mango/Was as if seeing the great leader Chairman Mao ... Again and again touching that golden mango/the golden mango was so warm." Few people at this time in China had ever seen a mango before, and a mango was seen as "a fruit of extreme rarity, like Mushrooms of Immortality."

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: The fruit was shared among all institutions that had been a part of the propaganda team, and large processions were organised in support of the "zhengui lipin or 珍贵礼品" ("precious gift"), as the mangoes were known. One dentist in a small town, Dr. Han, saw the mango and said it was nothing special and looked just like sweet potato; he was put on trial for malicious slander, found guilty, paraded publicly throughout the town, and then executed with one shot to the head.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: It has been claimed that Mao used the mangoes to express support for the workers who would go to whatever lengths necessary to end the factional fighting among students, and a "prime example of Mao's strategy of symbolic support." Even up until early 1969, participants of Mao-Zedong-Thought study classes in Beijing would return with mass-produced mango facsimiles and still gain media attention in the provinces.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: The prospect of war elevated the PLA to greater prominence in domestic politics, increasing the stature of Lin Biao at the expense of Mao. There is some evidence to suggest that Mao was pushed to seek closer relations with the United States as a means to avoid PLA dominance in domestic affairs that would result from a military confrontation with the Soviet Union. During his meeting with U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1972, Mao hinted that Lin had opposed seeking better relations with the U.S.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Factional rivalries intensified at the Second Plenum of the Ninth Congress in Lushan held in late August 1970. Chen Boda, now aligned with the PLA faction loyal to Lin, galvanized support for the restoration of the office of President of China, despite Mao's wishes to the contrary. Moreover, Chen launched an assault on Zhang Chunqiao, a staunch Maoist who embodied the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, over the evaluation of Mao's legacy.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: By 1971, diverging interests between the civilian and military wings of the leadership were apparent. Mao was troubled by the PLA's newfound prominence, and the purge of Chen Boda marked the beginning of a gradual scaling-down of the PLA's political involvement. According to official sources, sensing the reduction of Lin's power base and his declining health, Lin's supporters plotted to use the military power still at their disposal to oust Mao in a coup.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In the official narrative, on September 13, 1971, Lin Biao, his wife Ye Qun, Lin Liguo, and members of his staff attempted to flee to the Soviet Union ostensibly to seek asylum. En route, Lin's plane crashed in Mongolia, killing all on board. The plane apparently ran out of fuel en route to the Soviet Union. A Soviet team investigating the incident was not able to determine the cause of the crash but hypothesized that the pilot was flying low to evade radar and misjudged the plane's altitude.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: The official account has been put to question by foreign scholars, who have raised doubts over Lin's choice of the Soviet Union as a destination, the plane's route, the identity of the passengers, and whether or not a coup was actually taking place.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Much like the post-Great Leap restructuring led by Liu Shaoqi, Deng streamlined the railway system, steel production, and other vital areas of the economy. By late 1975, however, Mao saw that Deng's economic restructuring might negate the legacy of the Cultural Revolution, and launched a campaign to oppose "rehabilitating the case for the rightists," alluding to Deng as the country's foremost "rightist." Mao directed Deng to write self-criticisms in November 1975, a move lauded by the Gang of Four.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: The Gang of Four grew apprehensive that spontaneous, large-scale popular support for Zhou could turn the political tide against them. They acted through the media to impose a set of restrictions on overt public displays of mourning for Zhou. Years of resentment over the Cultural Revolution, the public persecution of Deng Xiaoping (seen as Zhou's ally), and the prohibition against public mourning led to a rise in popular discontent against Mao and the Gang of Four.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In 1981, the Chinese Communist Party passed a resolution and declared that the Cultural Revolution was "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic."

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Death toll estimates from different sources vary greatly, ranging from hundreds of thousands to 20 million. In addition, the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure, considered by some as the world's greatest technological catastrophe in the 20th century, resulted in an estimated death toll between 26,600 to 240,000; the disaster, which took place during the Cultural Revolution, was covered up until at least 1989. Literature reviews of the overall death toll due to the Cultural Revolution usually include the following.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In Inner Mongolia incident, official sources in 1980 stated that 346,000 people were wrongly arrested, over 16,000 were persecuted to death or executed, and over 81,000 were permanently disabled. However, academics have estimated a death toll between 20,000 and 100,000.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In the Zhao Jianmin Spy Case of Yunnan, more than 1.387 million people were implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the total population of Yunnan at the time. From 1968–1969, more than 17,000 people died in massacres and 61,000 people were crippled for life; in Kunming (the capital city of Yunnan) alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were permanently disabled.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In the Li Chuli case of Hebei, Li, the former deputy director of Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party, was purged in 1968 and implicated around 80,000 people, 2,955 of whom were persecuted to death.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: According to Shaorong Huang, the fact that the Cultural Revolution had such massive effects on Chinese society is the result of extensive use of political slogans. In Huang's view, rhetoric played a central role in rallying both the Party leadership and people at large during the Cultural Revolution. For example, the slogan "to rebel is justified" () became a unitary theme.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Huang asserts that political slogans were ubiquitous in every aspect of people's lives, being printed onto everyday items such as bus tickets, cigarette packets, and mirror tables. Workers were supposed to "grasp revolution and promote productions", while peasants were supposed to raise more pigs because "more pigs means more manure, and more manure means more grain." Even a casual remark by Mao, "Sweet potato tastes good; I like it" became a slogan everywhere in the countryside.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Dittmer and Chen argue that the emphasis on politics made language a very effective form of propaganda, but "also transformed it into a jargon of stereotypes—pompous, repetitive, and boring." To distance itself from the era, Deng Xiaoping's government cut back heavily on the use of political slogans. During a eulogy for Deng's death, Jiang Zemin called the cultural revolution a "grave mistake."

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: The "dazibao" may be slogans, poems, commentary and graphics often freely created and posted on walls in public spaces, factories and communes. They were vital to Mao's struggle in the Cultural Revolution, and Mao himself wrote his own "dazibao" at Beijing University on August 5, 1966, calling on the people to "Bombard the Headquarters."

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: The "xuanchuanhua" were artworks produced by the government and sold cheaply in store to be displayed in homes or workplaces. The artists for these posters might be amateurs or uncredited professionals, and the posters were largely in a Socialist Realist visual style with certain conventions—for example, images of Mao were to be depicted as "red, smooth, and luminescent".

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Among the over 40 countries which had established diplomatic or half-diplomatic relations with China at the time, around 30 countries went into diplomatic disputes with China—some countries even terminated their diplomatic relations with China, including Central Africa, Ghana and Indonesia.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: To make sense of the mass chaos caused by Mao's leadership in the Cultural Revolution while preserving the CCP's authority and legitimacy, Mao's successors needed to lend the event a "proper" historical judgment. On June 27, 1981, the Central Committee adopted the ""Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China"," an official assessment of major historical events since 1949.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: Scholars and academics continue to debate why events unfolded the way they did, Mao's role, how the Cultural Revolution began, and what it "was". These debates have changed over the decades as researchers explored new sources.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Cultural Revolution

Context: In "", Jung Chang and Jon Halliday attribute all the destruction of the Cultural Revolution to Mao personally, with more sympathetic portrayals of his allies and opponents. Chang and Halliday's book has been by various academic experts.

Question: 文化大革命は何年に終結しましたか？


Chiba Institute of Technology

Context: The school was founded in 1942 in Machida, Tokyo. In 1946 it was relocated to Kimitsu, Chiba, adopted the present name at the same time. Four years later, it was moved to the present location. It is the oldest private technical university in Japan.

Question: 永野 修身の最終学歴は？


Chiba Institute of Technology

Context: CIT was conceived as a central educational institution of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. During the Second World War, the professor at CIT was involved in the development of Nakajima Kikka．

Question: 永野 修身の最終学歴は？


Chiba Institute of Technology

Context: The college was founded as a national policy for the rise of Asia tech. The purpose of the construction of the college was a contribution to the world culture and dissemination of engineering education to the people of Asia.

Question: 永野 修身の最終学歴は？


Chiba Institute of Technology

Context: Kōa Institute of Technology took full-scale support from University of Tokyo, Tohoku University, Tokyo Institute of Technology as an educational institution to bring up the engineers who would lead a nation. Department of Industrial Engineering and materials management courses, aeronautical engineering, mechanical engineering has been installed at the university.

Question: 永野 修身の最終学歴は？


Chiba Institute of Technology

Context: In 1944, the headquarters of the university was moved to Sophia University in Kōjimachi from Tamagawa Gakuen. The metallurgy course work was relocated to the Kawasaki Heavy Industries factory yard in Kawasaki, Kanagawa in September.

Question: 永野 修身の最終学歴は？


Chiba Institute of Technology

Context: The Kōjimachi and Kawasaki campus were destroyed during the April 13, 1945 and May 25 Tokyo air raids in World War II. The college was consigned to a class in the Tokyo Institute of Technology until 1946.

Question: 永野 修身の最終学歴は？


Livingston Island

Context: Livingston Island is situated in West Antarctica northwest of Cape Roquemaurel on the Antarctic mainland, south-southeast of Cape Horn in South America, southeast of the Diego Ramírez Islands (the southernmost land of South America), due south of the Falkland Islands, southwest of South Georgia Islands, and from the South Pole.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: The island extends from Start Point in the west to Renier Point in the east, its width varying from at the neck between South Bay and Hero Bay to between Botev Point to the south and Williams Point to the north. Livingston is the second largest island in the archipelago after King George, with surface area of (early 21st-century estimate; the current figure might be somewhat smaller due to coastal change).

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: Typical of the island's glaciology are the conspicuous ash layers originating from volcanic activity on neighbouring Deception Island. The island hosts also several rock glaciers consisting of rock debris frozen in ice, such as those at Nusha Hill, MacKay Peak and Renier Point.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: Of the island's nature, Captain Robert Fildes of the sealers and (both of them shipwrecked in the South Shetlands) wrote in 1821:

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: It can rain or snow on Livingston Island at any time of the year, although in the winter most precipitation occurs in the form of snow.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: Charles Darwin, 23 years old as he started his biological research in neighbouring Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and the Falklands in 1832, noted (with some inaccuracy in his distances):

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: The coastal areas of Livingston Island are home to a selection of vegetation and animal life typical for the northern Antarctic Peninsula region, including fur, elephant, Weddell, and leopard seals, and chinstrap, gentoo, Adélie and macaroni penguins. Several other seabirds, including skuas, southern giant petrel and Antarctic terns, nest on the island during the summer months.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: Spanish biological research has identified 110 species of lichens and 50 of mosses on a territory of just at the Spanish base on Hurd Peninsula, the highest species diversity recorded from any single Antarctic locality.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: It was only during the nineteenth century that any land was discovered in what is now the ‘political’ territory of Antarctica, and that land happened to be Livingston Island. The English merchant William Smith in his brig , while sailing to Valparaíso in early 1819, strayed from his route south of Cape Horn and on 19 February sighted Williams Point, the northeast extremity of Livingston. That was the first land ever discovered south of 60° south latitude, in what is now the Antarctic Treaty area.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: Sealing was replaced by another rush of unsustainable commercial exploitation during the 20th century – Antarctic whaling. This time Livingston Island was not directly involved, although the southernmost Hektor Whaling Station was operated by Norway on nearby Deception Island from 1912 to 1931. Whaling likewise depleted its resource and gave way at the turn of the 1970s to modern Antarctic fishing industry pioneered by the fishing fleets of the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany and Bulgaria.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: A concentration of place names (probably the highest in Antarctica) arising from local topographic diversity – over fifty names, mostly Chilean, occurs on the small ice-free headland forming the northern extremity of Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula and ending in Cape Shirreff.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: All four bases are permanent settlements, although inhabited only during the summer season. Their accommodation capacity is ca. 51, 18, 11 and 12 persons respectively, making it a total of 92 persons (80 for Livingston Island proper). The number of people inhabiting the bases in any particular season is actually greater as some of them stay for part of the time and are replaced by others.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: In order to protect Antarctica, the Antarctic Treaty system enforces a strict general regime regulating human presence and activities on the continent, and designates certain protected territories where access is allowed only for scientific purposes, and with special permission.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: There are two such nature reserves on Livingston Island established in 1966: Antarctic Specially Protected Areas ASPA 149 Cape Shirreff and San Telmo Island, and ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula. These comprise respectively Byers Peninsula, which is the largest ice-free land area in the South Shetlands, and the small peninsula of Cape Shirreff together with Gerlovo Beach, nearby San Telmo Island and adjacent waters.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: The northeasternmost slopes of Tangra Mountains between Elena Peak and Renier Point together with the adjacent portion of Sopot Ice Piedmont are a popular site for backcountry skiing and climbing, with skiers landed by Zodiac boats from cruise ships visiting Half Moon Island's vicinity.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Livingston Island

Context: Several squares and streets in Bulgarian towns and cities are named after Livingston Island, such as "Livingston Island Square" in Samuil and Kula, and "Livingston Island Street" in Gotse Delchev, Yambol, Petrich, Sofia, Lovech and Vidin.

Question: リヴィングストン島を初めて発見したのは誰


Second Battle of Corinth

Context: On the second day of battle, the Confederates moved forward to meet heavy Union artillery fire, storming Battery Powell and Battery Robinett, where desperate hand-to-hand fighting occurred. A brief incursion into the town of Corinth was repulsed. After a U.S. counterattack recaptured Battery Powell, Van Dorn ordered a general retreat. Rosecrans did not pursue immediately and the Confederates escaped destruction.

Question: 第二次コリンスの戦いの勝者は？


Second Battle of Corinth

Context: At 4:30 a.m. on October 4, the Confederates opened up on the Union inner line of entrenchments with a six-gun battery, which kept up its bombardment until after sunrise. When the guns fell silent, the U.S. troops prepared themselves to resist an attack. But the attack was slow in coming. Van Dorn had directed Hébert to begin the engagement at daylight, and the artillery fire was merely preliminary to enable Hébert to get into position for the assault.

Question: 第二次コリンスの戦いの勝者は？


Second Battle of Corinth

Context: Rosecrans's army lost 2,520 (355 killed, 1,841 wounded, and 324 missing) at Corinth; Van Dorn's losses were 4,233 (473 killed, 1,997 wounded, and 1,763 captured or missing).

Question: 第二次コリンスの戦いの勝者は？


Second Battle of Corinth

Context: Once again, Rosecrans's performance during the second day of the battle has been the subject of dispute among historians. His biographer, Lamers, paints a romantic picture:

Question: 第二次コリンスの戦いの勝者は？


Second Battle of Corinth

Context: Peter Cozzens, author of a recent book-length study of Iuka and Corinth, came to the opposite conclusion:

Question: 第二次コリンスの戦いの勝者は？


Second Battle of Corinth

Context: The American Battlefield Trust and its partners in battlefield land preservation have acquired and preserved of the Corinth battlefield.

Question: 第二次コリンスの戦いの勝者は？


Wang Anshi

Context: Wang's mother died and he observed a mourning period from 1063 to 1066. In 1067, he became governor of Jiangning (Nanjing).

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Wang Anshi

Context: He introduced and promulgated a series of reforms, collectively known as the New Policies/New Laws. The reforms had three main components: 1) state finance and trade, 2) defense and social order, and 3) education and improving of governance.

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Wang Anshi

Context: The system of taxation for mining products () was a similar project to the equal tax law, except for regulating mining projects.

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Wang Anshi

Context: The green sprouts law () was a loan to peasants. The government loaned money to buy seeds, or seeds themselves from state granaries, in two disbursements at an interest rate of 2 percent calculated at an average of ten years. Recollections occurred in the summer and winter. Public officials abused the system by forcing loans on the peasants or extracting more than 2 percent interest.

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Wang Anshi

Context: The hydraulic works law () was meant to improve local organization of irrigation works. Instead of using corvée labor, each circuit was supposed to appoint officials to loan money to the people using the local treasury, so that they could hire laborers. The government also encouraged planting mulberry trees to increase silk production.

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Wang Anshi

Context: The general and troops law (), also known as the creation of commands law () targeted improving the relationship between high officials and common troops. The army was divided into commands units of 2,500 to 3,000 men that incorporated a mixed force of infantry, cavalry, archers, as well as tribal troops, instead of each belonging to their own individual unit. This did not include the metropolitan and palace army. The system continued until the end of the Song dynasty.

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Wang Anshi

Context: In 1104, the prefectural examinations were abolished in favor of the three-colleges system, which required each prefecture to send an annual quota of students to the Taixue. This drew criticism from some officials who claimed that the new system benefited the rich and young, and was less fair because the relatives of officials could enroll without being examined for their skills. In 1121, the local three-college system was abolished but retained at the national level.

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Wang Anshi

Context: In addition to his political achievements, Wang Anshi was a noted poet. He wrote poems in the form, modeled on those of Du Fu. He was later ranked number seven among the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song" (). He was an adherent of the Classical Prose Movement championed by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, first and second of the Eight Masters of the Tang and Song respectively. His poetry often included social themes along with the traditional observations of nature.

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Wang Anshi

Context: Chinese politicians and historians have continued to look back on the reforms of Wang Anshi as either principled and measured or misguided and disastrous.

Question: 王安石が生まれたのはいつ


Inca Empire

Context: The Incan economy has been described in contradictory ways by scholars; Darrell E. La Lone, in his work "The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy", noted that the Inca economy has been described as "feudal, slave, [and] socialist", and added "here one may choose between socialist paradise or socialist tyranny."

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of Andean civilizations. The Andean civilization is one of at least five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine", that is indigenous and not derivative from other civilizations.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold. Where this staff landed, the people would live. They traveled for a long time. On the way, Ayar Cachi boasted about his strength and power. His siblings tricked him into returning to the cave to get a sacred llama. When he went into the cave, they trapped him inside to get rid of him.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people. The minute he proclaimed that, he turned to stone. They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object. Ayar Auca grew tired of all this and decided to travel alone. Only Ayar Manco and his four sisters remained.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Finally, they reached Cusco. The staff sank into the ground. Before they arrived, Mama Ocllo had already borne Ayar Manco a child, Sinchi Roca. The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land, but Mama Huaca was a good fighter. When the enemy attacked, she threw her bolas (several stones tied together that spun through the air when thrown) at a soldier (gualla) and killed him instantly. The other people became afraid and ran away.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: After that, Ayar Manco became known as Manco Cápac, the founder of the Inca. It is said that he and his sisters built the first Inca homes in the valley with their own hands. When the time came, Manco Cápac turned to stone like his brothers before him. His son, Sinchi Roca, became the second emperor of the Inca.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Under the leadership of Manco Cápac, the Inca formed the small city-state Kingdom of Cusco (Quechua "Qusqu', Qosqo"). In 1438, they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti-Cusi Yupanqui, whose name meant "earth-shaker". The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the Tribe of Chancas (modern Apurímac). During his reign, he and his son Tupac Yupanqui brought much of the modern-day territory of Peru under Inca control.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu, which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW) and Qullasuyu (SE). Pachacuti is thought to have built Machu Picchu, either as a family home or summer retreat, although it may have been an agricultural station.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire and they brought to him reports on political organization, military strength and wealth. He then sent messages to their leaders extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles and promising that they would be materially richer as his subjects.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a "fait accompli" and acquiesced peacefully. Refusal to accept Inca rule resulted in military conquest. Following conquest the local rulers were executed. The ruler's children were brought to Cusco to learn about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate them into the Inca nobility and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Traditionally the son of the Inca ruler led the army. Pachacuti's son Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca ruler after Pachacuti's death in 1471. Túpac Inca's most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor, the Inca's only serious rival for the Peruvian coast. Túpac Inca's empire then stretched north into modern-day Ecuador and Colombia.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The empire's push into the Amazon Basin near the Chinchipe River was stopped by the Shuar in 1527. The empire extended into corners of Argentina and Colombia. However, most of the southern portion of the Inca empire, the portion denominated as Qullasuyu, was located in the Altiplano.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Inca Empire was an amalgamation of languages, cultures and peoples. The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal, nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour. The following quote describes a method of taxation:

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: For as is well known to all, not a single village of the highlands or the plains failed to pay the tribute levied on it by those who were in charge of these matters. There were even provinces where, when the natives alleged that they were unable to pay their tribute, the Inca ordered that each inhabitant should be obliged to turn in every four months a large quill full of live lice, which was the Inca's way of teaching and accustoming them to pay tribute.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: When the conquistadors returned to Peru in 1532, a war of succession between the sons of Sapa Inca Huayna Capac, Huáscar and Atahualpa, and unrest among newly conquered territories weakened the empire. Perhaps more importantly, smallpox, influenza, typhus and measles had spread from Central America. The first epidemic of European disease in the Inca Empire was probably in the 1520s, killing Huayna Capac, his designated heir, and an unknown, probably large, number of other Incan subjects.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The first engagement between the Inca and the Spanish was the Battle of Puná, near present-day Guayaquil, Ecuador, on the Pacific Coast; Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532. Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops, that were at the moment armed only with hunting tools (knives and lassos for hunting llamas).

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the room he was imprisoned in and twice that amount of silver. The Inca fulfilled this ransom, but Pizarro deceived them, refusing to release the Inca afterwards. During Atahualpa's imprisonment Huáscar was assassinated elsewhere. The Spaniards maintained that this was at Atahualpa's orders; this was used as one of the charges against Atahualpa when the Spaniards finally executed him, in August 1533.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The effects of smallpox on the Inca empire were even more devastating. Beginning in Colombia, smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire. The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Other diseases, including a probable typhus outbreak in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, and measles in 1618, all ravaged the Inca people.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: There would be periodic attempts by indigenous leaders to expel the Spanish colonists and re-create the Inca Empire until the late 18th century. See Juan Santos Atahualpa and Túpac Amaru II.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 4–37 million. Most population estimates are in the range of 6 to 14 million. In spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipus, knowledge of how to read them was lost as almost all fell into disuse and disintegrated over time or were destroyed by the Spaniards.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Incas were not known to develop a written form of language; however, they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups (qirus). These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu, which are also found in textiles. Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication (e.g.: heraldry, or glyphs), however this remains unclear. The Incas also kept records by using quipus.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Between the ages of 20 and 30, people were considered young adults, "ripe for serious thought and labor". Young adults were able to retain their youthful status by living at home and assisting in their home community. Young adults only reached full maturity and independence once they had married.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: At the end of life, the terms for men and women denote loss of sexual vitality and humanity. Specifically, the "decrepitude" stage signifies the loss of mental well-being and further physical decline.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Inca myths were transmitted orally until early Spanish colonists recorded them; however, some scholars claim that they were recorded on quipus, Andean knotted string records.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Inca believed in reincarnation. After death, the passage to the next world was fraught with difficulties. The spirit of the dead, "camaquen," would need to follow a long road and during the trip the assistance of a black dog that could see in the dark was required. Most Incas imagined the after world to be like an earthly paradise with flower-covered fields and snow-capped mountains.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: It was important to the Inca that they not die as a result of burning or that the body of the deceased not be incinerated. Burning would cause their vital force to disappear and threaten their passage to the after world. The Inca nobility practiced cranial deformation. They wrapped tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns to shape their soft skulls into a more conical form, thus distinguishing the nobility from other social classes.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Incas made human sacrifices. As many as 4,000 servants, court officials, favorites and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca Huayna Capac in 1527. The Incas performed child sacrifices around important events, such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine. These sacrifices were known as "qhapaq hucha".

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The most populous "suyu" was Chinchaysuyu, which encompassed the former Chimu empire and much of the northern Andes. At its largest extent, it extended through much of modern Ecuador and into modern Colombia.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The largest "suyu" by area was Qullasuyu, named after the Aymara-speaking Qulla people. It encompassed the Bolivian Altiplano and much of the southern Andes, reaching Argentina and as far south as the Maipo or Maule river in Central Chile. Historian José Bengoa singled out Quillota as likely being the foremost Inca settlement in Chile.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The second smallest "suyu", Antisuyu, was northwest of Cusco in the high Andes. Its name is the root of the word "Andes".

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Kuntisuyu was the smallest "suyu", located along the southern coast of modern Peru, extending into the highlands towards Cusco.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Inca state had no separate judiciary or codified laws. Customs, expectations and traditional local power holders governed behavior. The state had legal force, such as through "tokoyrikoq" (lit. "he who sees all"), or inspectors. The highest such inspector, typically a blood relative to the Sapa Inca, acted independently of the conventional hierarchy, providing a point of view for the Sapa Inca free of bureaucratic influence.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Architecture was the most important of the Incan arts, with textiles reflecting architectural motifs. The most notable example is Machu Picchu, which was constructed by Inca engineers. The prime Inca structures were made of stone blocks that fit together so well that a knife could not be fitted through the stonework. These constructs have survived for centuries, with no use of mortar to sustain them.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: According to mid-17th-century Jesuit chronicler Bernabé Cobo, the Inca designated officials to perform accounting-related tasks. These officials were called quipo camayos. Study of khipu sample VA 42527 (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin) revealed that the numbers arranged in calendrically significant patterns were used for agricultural purposes in the "farm account books" kept by the khipukamayuq (accountant or warehouse keeper) to facilitate the closing of accounting books.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The symbols present within the tunics suggest the importance of "pictographic expression" within Inkan and other Andean societies far before the iconographies of the Spanish Christians.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Uncu was a men's garment similar to a tunic. It was an upper-body garment of knee-length; Royals wore it with a mantle cloth called "yacolla."

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Almost all of the gold and silver work of the Incan empire was melted down by the conquistadors, and shipped back to Spain.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Inca recorded information on assemblages of knotted strings, known as Quipu, although they can no longer be decoded. Originally it was thought that Quipu were used only as mnemonic devices or to record numerical data. Quipus are also believed to record history and literature.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Inca made many discoveries in medicine. They performed successful skull surgery, by cutting holes in the skull to alleviate fluid buildup and inflammation caused by head wounds. Many skull surgeries performed by Inca surgeons were successful. Survival rates were 80–90%, compared to about 30% before Inca times.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Incas revered the coca plant as sacred/magical. Its leaves were used in moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work, but were mostly used for religious and health purposes. The Spaniards took advantage of the effects of chewing coca leaves. The Chasqui, messengers who ran throughout the empire to deliver messages, chewed coca leaves for extra energy. Coca leaves were also used as an anaesthetic during surgeries.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The Inca army was the most powerful at that time, because any ordinary villager or farmer could be recruited as a soldier as part of the "mit'a" system of mandatory public service. Every able bodied male Inca of fighting age had to take part in war in some capacity at least once and to prepare for warfare again when needed. By the time the empire reached its largest size, every section of the empire contributed in setting up an army for war.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Roads allowed quick movement (on foot) for the Inca army and shelters called "tambo" and storage silos called qullqas were built one day's travelling distance from each other, so that an army on campaign could always be fed and rested. This can be seen in names of ruins such as "Ollantay Tambo", or My Lord's Storehouse. These were set up so the Inca and his entourage would always have supplies (and possibly shelter) ready as they traveled.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Chronicles and references from the 16th and 17th centuries support the idea of a banner. However, it represented the Inca (emperor), not the empire.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: "The official use of the wrongly called 'Tawantinsuyu flag' is a mistake. In the Pre-Hispanic Andean World there did not exist the concept of a flag, it did not belong to their historic context".

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: The people of the Andes, including the Incas, were able to adapt to high-altitude living through successful acclimatization, which is characterized by increasing oxygen supply to the blood tissues. For the native living in the Andean highlands, this was achieved through the development of a larger lung capacity, and an increase in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and capillary beds.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Inca Empire

Context: Compared to other humans, the Andeans had slower heart rates, almost one-third larger lung capacity, about 2 L (4 pints) more blood volume and double the amount of hemoglobin, which transfers oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. While the Conquistadors may have been taller, the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude. The Tibetans in Asia living in the Himalayas are also adapted to living in high-altitudes, although the adaptation is different from that of the Andeans.

Question: インカ帝国はいつ滅亡した？


Fujifilm

Context: , trading as Fujifilm, or simply Fuji, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, operating in the realms of photography, optics, office and medical electronics, biotechnology, and chemicals.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: The offerings from the company that started as a manufacturer of photographic films, which it still produces, include: document solutions, medical imaging and diagnostics equipment, cosmetics, pharmaceutical drugs, regenerative medicine, stem cells, biologics manufacturing, magnetic tape data storage, optical films for flat-panel displays, optical devices, photocopiers and printers, digital cameras, color films, color paper, photofinishing and graphic arts equipment and materials.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: In March 2006, Noritsu and Fuji announced a strategic alliance for Noritsu to manufacture all of Fuji's photofinishing hardware, such as minilabs. Each company produces its own software for the minilabs.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: On September 19, 2006, Fujifilm announced plans to establish a holding company, Fujifilm Holdings Corp. Fujifilm and Fuji Xerox would become subsidiaries of the holding company. A representative of the company reconfirmed its commitment to film, which accounts for 3% of sales.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: On January 31, 2018, Fujifilm announced that it would acquire a 50.1% controlling stake in Xerox for US$6.1 billion, which will be amalgamated into its existing Fuji Xerox business. The deal was subsequently dropped after intervention by activist investors Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason. In late 2019, Fujifilm announced its acquisition of Xerox's 25% stake in the 57-year-old joint venture, Fuji Xerox.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: Amid the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, one of Fujifilm Toyama Chemical drugs, i.e. favipiravir, an antiviral commercially named Avigan, is being considered as a possible treatment for the virus, after having been approved by China, Russia, and Indonesia authorities by June 2020.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: In June 2020, Fujifilm announced a US$928 million investment to a Denmark-based biologics production facility, which it acquired from Biogen a year earlier for around US$890 million, to double the manufacturing capacity. A tape cartridge using strontium ferrite that could store up to 400TB was showcased by Fujifilm in the late same month.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: Fuji Xerox was a joint venture between Fujifilm and Xerox Corporation of North America. After the dissolution of their partnership in 2019, Fujifilm made it a wholly owned subsidiary. In January 2020, the corporate name change was announced, from Fuji Xerox to Fujifilm Business Innovation Corporation, effective on April 1, 2021.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: Fujifilm bought Sericol Ltd., a UK-based printing ink company specializing in screen, narrow web, and digital print technologies in March 2005.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: Fujifilm is active in pharmaceutical products and contract manufacturing through its subsidiaries including Fujifilm Toyama Chemical, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, etc.

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Fujifilm

Context: As of July 2020, the Fujifilm Group has two operating companies, which encompass more than 300 subsidiaries in total, and three "shared services companies" under the umbrella. The group structure and a list of some Fujifilm subsidiaries are the following:

Question: 富士フイルムはいつ設立した？


Destroyer

Context: Before World War II, destroyers were light vessels with little endurance for unattended ocean operations; typically a number of destroyers and a single destroyer tender operated together. After the war, the advent of the guided missile allowed destroyers to take on the surface combatant roles previously filled by battleships and cruisers. This resulted in larger and more powerful guided missile destroyers more capable of independent operation.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Some NATO navies, such as the Canadian, French, Spanish, Dutch and German, use the term "frigate" for their destroyers, which leads to some confusion.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: After the Second World War, destroyers grew in size. The American s had a displacement of 2,200 tons, while the "Arleigh Burke" class has a displacement of up to 9,600 tons, thus growing in size almost 340%.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: An important development came with the construction of HMS "Swift" in 1884, later redesignated TB 81. This was a large (137 ton) torpedo boat with four 47 mm quick-firing guns and three torpedo tubes. At , while still not fast enough to engage enemy torpedo boats reliably, the ship at least had the armament to deal with them.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The German aviso , launched in 1886, was designed as a "torpedojäger" (torpedo hunter), intended to screen the fleet against attacks by torpedo boats. The ship was significantly larger than torpedo boats of the period, displacing some , with an armament of guns and Hotchkiss revolver cannon.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The first vessel designed for the explicit purpose of hunting and destroying torpedo boats was the torpedo gunboat. Essentially very small cruisers, torpedo gunboats were equipped with torpedo tubes and an adequate gun armament, intended for hunting down smaller enemy boats. By the end of the 1890s torpedo gunboats were made obsolete by their more successful contemporaries, the torpedo boat destroyers, which were much faster.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: She displaced 348 tons, and was the first warship equipped with twin triple-expansion engines generating , for a maximum speed of , which made her one of the faster ships in the world in 1888. She was armed with one Spanish-designed Hontoria breech-loading gun, four (6-pounder) Nordenfelt guns, two (3-pdr) Hotchkiss cannons and two Schwartzkopff torpedo tubes. The ship carried three torpedoes per tube. She carried a crew of 60.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: In terms of gunnery, speed and dimensions, the specialised design to chase torpedo boats and her high seas capabilities, "Destructor" was an important precursor to the torpedo boat destroyer.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The first classes of ships to bear the formal designation "torpedo boat destroyer" (TBD) were the of two ships and of two ships of the Royal Navy.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The French navy, an extensive user of torpedo boats, built its first torpedo boat destroyer in 1899, with the 'torpilleur d'escadre'. The United States commissioned its first torpedo boat destroyer, , Destroyer No. 1, in 1902 and by 1906 there were 16 destroyers in service with the US Navy.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The second development was the replacement of the torpedo-boat-style turtleback foredeck by a raised forecastle for the new s built in 1903, which provided better sea-keeping as well as more space below deck.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The first warship to use only fuel oil propulsion was the Royal Navy's torpedo boat destroyer , after experiments in 1904, although the obsolescence of coal as a fuel in British warships was delayed by its availability. Other navies also adopted oil, for instance the USN with the of 1909.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Between 1892 and 1914 destroyers became markedly larger: initially 275 tons with a length of for the Royal Navy's first of torpedo boat destroyers, up to the First World War with long destroyers displacing 1,000 tons was not unusual. However, construction remained focused on putting the biggest possible engines into a small hull, resulting in a somewhat flimsy construction. Often hulls were built of high-tensile steel only thick.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Navies originally built torpedo boat destroyers to protect against torpedo boats, but admirals soon appreciated the flexibility of the fast, multi-purpose vessels that resulted. Vice-Admiral Sir Baldwin Walker laid down destroyer duties for the Royal Navy:

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The Japanese destroyer-commander finished with, "Yesterday I looked at myself in a mirror for a long time; I was disagreeably surprised to see my face thin, full of wrinkles, and as old as though I were fifty. My clothes (uniform) cover nothing but a skeleton, and my bones are full of rheumatism."

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The torpedo boat destroyer's first major use in combat came during the Japanese surprise attack on the Russian fleet anchored in Port Arthur at the opening of the Russo-Japanese War on 8 February 1904.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Three destroyer divisions attacked the Russian fleet in port, firing a total of 18 torpedoes. However, only two Russian battleships, and , and a protected cruiser, , were seriously damaged due to the proper deployment of torpedo nets. "Tsesarevich", the Russian flagship, had her nets deployed, with at least four enemy torpedoes "hung up" in them, and other warships were similarly saved from further damage by their nets.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: While capital ship engagements were scarce in World War I, destroyer units engaged almost continually in raiding and patrol actions. The first shot of the war at sea was fired on 5 August 1914 by , one of the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, in an engagement with the German auxiliary minelayer .

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The threat evolved by World War I with the development of the submarine, or U-boat. The submarine had the potential to hide from gunfire and close underwater to fire torpedoes. Early-war destroyers had the speed and armament to intercept submarines before they submerged, either by gunfire or by ramming. Destroyers also had a shallow enough draft that torpedoes would find it difficult to hit them.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The desire to attack submarines underwater led to rapid destroyer evolution during the war. They were quickly equipped with strengthened bows for ramming, and depth charges and hydrophones for identifying submarine targets. The first submarine casualty credited to a destroyer was the German , rammed by on 29 October 1914. While "U-19" was only damaged, the next month successfully sank . The first depth-charge sinking was on 4 December 1916, when was sunk by HMS "Llewellyn".

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The trend during World War I had been towards larger destroyers with heavier armaments. A number of opportunities to fire at capital ships had been missed during the War, because destroyers had expended all their torpedoes in an initial salvo. The British V and W classes of the late war had sought to address this by mounting six torpedo tubes in two triple mounts, instead of the four or two on earlier models. The 'V' and 'W's set the standard of destroyer building well into the 1920s.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Most other nations replied with similar larger ships. The US adopted twin five-inch (127 mm) guns, and the subsequent and es (the latter of 1934) increased the number of torpedo tubes to 12 and 16 respectively.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Germany started to build destroyers again during the 1930s as part of Hitler's rearmament program. The Germans were also fond of large destroyers, but while the initial Type 1934 displaced over 3,000 tons, their armament was equal to smaller vessels. This changed from the Type 1936 onwards, which mounted heavy guns. German destroyers also used innovative high-pressure steam machinery: while this should have helped their efficiency, it more often resulted in mechanical problems.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Anti-submarine sensors included sonar (or ASDIC), although training in their use was indifferent. Anti-submarine weapons changed little, and ahead-throwing weapons, a need recognized in World War I, had made no progress.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: During the 1920s and 1930s, destroyers were often deployed to areas of diplomatic tension or humanitarian disaster. British and American destroyers were common on the Chinese coast and rivers, even supplying landing parties to protect colonial interests.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The need for large numbers of anti-submarine ships led to the introduction of smaller and cheaper specialized anti-submarine warships called corvettes and frigates by the Royal Navy and destroyer escorts by the USN. A similar programme was belatedly started by the Japanese (see ). These ships had the size and displacement of the original torpedo boat destroyers that the contemporary destroyer had evolved from.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Some conventional destroyers were completed in the late 1940s and 1950s which built on wartime experience. These vessels were significantly larger than wartime ships and had fully automatic main guns, unit machinery, radar, sonar, and antisubmarine weapons such as the Squid mortar. Examples include the British , US , and the Soviet s.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: Some World War II–vintage ships were modernized for anti-submarine warfare, and to extend their service lives, to avoid having to build (expensive) brand-new ships. Examples include the US FRAM I programme and the British Type 15 frigates converted from fleet destroyers.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: The advent of surface-to-air missiles and surface-to-surface missiles, such as the Exocet, in the early 1960s changed naval warfare. Guided missile destroyers (DDG in the US Navy) were developed to carry these weapons and protect the fleet from air, submarine and surface threats. Examples include the Soviet , the British , and the US .

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Destroyer

Context: 21st century destroyers tend to display features such as large, slab sides without complicated corners and crevices to keep the radar cross-section small, vertical launch systems to carry a large number of missiles at high readiness to fire and helicopter flight decks and hangars.

Question: 駆逐艦の特徴は何？


Order of the British Empire

Context: The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations,

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire (later Commonwealth) and the Viceroy of India. Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British (Imperial) honours. Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: The senior two ranks of Knight or Dame Grand Cross, and Knight or Dame Commander, entitle their members to use the title of "Sir" for men and "Dame" for women before their forename. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: In particular, King George V wished to create an order to honour the many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combat roles during the First World War. When first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was formally divided into Military and Civil Divisions. The Order's motto is "For God and the Empire".

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: The order has six offices: The King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Lady Usher of the Purple Rod does not – unlike the Order of the Garter equivalent, the Lady Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: Members of the order wear elaborate vestments on important occasions (such as quadrennial services and coronations), which vary by rank (the designs underwent major changes in 1937):

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, or evening wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. Collars are returned upon the death of their owners, but other insignia may be retained.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: The chapel of the order is in the far eastern end of the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, but it holds its great services upstairs in the main body of the cathedral. (The cathedral also serves as the home of the chapel of the Order of St Michael and St George.) Religious services for the whole order are held every four years; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services. The chapel was dedicated in 1960.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal GBE; Knights Commander, KBE; Dames Commander, DBE; Commanders, CBE; Officers, OBE; and Members, MBE. The post-nominal for the British Empire Medal is BEM.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: Members of all classes of the order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to be granted heraldic supporters. They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: Since the Second World War, several Commonwealth realms have established their own national system of honours and awards and have created their own unique orders, decorations and medals.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: In 2003, the "Sunday Times" published a list of the people who had rejected the Order of the British Empire, including David Bowie, John Cleese, Nigella Lawson, Elgar Howarth, L. S. Lowry, George Melly, and J. G. Ballard. In addition, Ballard voiced his opposition to the honours system, calling it "a preposterous charade".

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: The order has attracted some criticism for its naming having connection with the idea of the now-extinct British Empire. Benjamin Zephaniah, a British Jamaican poet, publicly rejected appointment as an Officer in 2003 because, he asserted, it reminded him of "thousands of years of brutality". He also said that "it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised".

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: In 2004, a House of Commons Select Committee recommended changing the name of the award to the "Order of British Excellence", and changing the rank of "Commander" to "Companion"; as the former was said to have a "militaristic ring".

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


Order of the British Empire

Context: A notable person to decline the offer of membership was the author C. S. Lewis (1898–1963), who had been named on the last list of honours by George VI in December 1951. Despite being a monarchist, he declined so as to avoid association with any political issues.

Question: 大英帝国勲章・オフィサー章はいつできましたか？


War reparations

Context: War reparations are compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other. They are intended to cover damage or injury inflicted during a war. Generally, the term refers to money or goods changing hands, but not to the annexation of land.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Rome imposed large indemnities on Carthage after the First (Treaty of Lutatius) and Second Punic Wars.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Some war reparations induced changes in monetary policy. For example, the French payment following the Franco-Prussian war played a major role in Germany's decision to adopt the gold standard; the 230 million silver taels in reparations imposed on defeated China after the First Sino-Japanese War led Japan to a similar decision.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: There have been attempts to codify reparations both in the Statutes of the International Criminal Court and the UN Basic Principles on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims, and some scholars have argued that individuals should have a right to seek compensation for wrongs they sustained during warfare through tort law.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Following Napoleon's final loss at the Battle of Waterloo, under the Treaty of Paris (1815), defeated France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities. France was also to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighbouring Coalition countries. In proportion to its GDP, it's the most expensive war reparation ever paid by a country.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: After the Franco-Prussian War, according to conditions of Treaty of Frankfurt (May 10, 1871), France was obliged to pay a war indemnity of 5 billion gold francs in 5 years. The indemnity was proportioned, according to population, to be the exact equivalent to the indemnity imposed by Napoleon on Prussia in 1807. German troops remained in parts of France until the last installment of the indemnity was paid in September 1873, ahead of schedule.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Following the Greco-Turkish War (1897), defeated Greece was forced to pay a large war indemnity to Turkey (£4 million). Greece, which was already in default, was compelled to permit oversight of its public finances by an international financial commission.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Russians agreed to pay reparations to the Central Powers when Russia exited the war in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (which was repudiated by the Bolshevik government eight months later). Bulgaria paid reparations of 2.25 billion gold francs (90 million pounds) to the Entente, according to the Treaty of Neuilly.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Germany agreed to pay reparations of 132 billion gold marks to the Triple Entente in the Treaty of Versailles, which were then cancelled in 1932 with Germany only having paid a part of the sum. This still left Germany with debts it had incurred in order to finance the reparations, and these were revised by the Agreement on German External Debts in 1953. After another pause pending the reunification of Germany, the last installment of these debt repayments was paid on 3 October 2010.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: During World War II, Germany extracted payments from occupied countries, compelled loans, stole or destroyed property. In addition, countries were obliged to provide resources, and forced labour.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: After World War II, according to the Potsdam conference held between July 17 and August 2, 1945, Germany was to pay the Allies US$23 billion mainly in machinery and manufacturing plants. Dismantling in the west stopped in 1950. Reparations to the Soviet Union stopped in 1953.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labor. By 1947, approximately 4,000,000 German POWs and civilians were used as forced labor (under various headings, such as "reparations labor" or "enforced labor") in Europe, Canada and the United States after the end of the Second World War.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: According to the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, Italy agreed to pay reparations of about US$125 million to Yugoslavia, US$105 million to Greece, US$100 million to the Soviet Union, US$25 million to Ethiopia, and US$5 million to Albania.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Hungary agreed to pay reparations of US$200 million to the Soviet Union, and US$100 million apiece to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Finland could only negotiate an interim peace deal with Soviet Union by agreeing to extensive reparations, and was eventually the only country to pay settled war reparations in full. The total amount of reparations rose to US$500 million, at the value of the dollar in 1953.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: The Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed on April 17, 1895, obliged China to pay an indemnity of 200 million silver taels (¥3.61 billion) to Japan; and to open the ports of Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou to Japanese trade.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


War reparations

Context: Human rights groups in Iraq and the United States have campaigned for reparations by the US for the devastation and health effects suffered by Iraqi citizens during the Iraq War.

Question: 第二次世界大戦後日本は韓国に戦後賠償金をいくら払った？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: Within the free software and the open-source software communities there is controversy over whether to refer to computer operating systems that use a combination of GNU software and the Linux kernel as "GNU/Linux" or "Linux" systems.

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: Proponents of the term "Linux" argue that it is far more commonly used by the public and media and that it serves as a generic term for systems that combine that kernel with software from multiple other sources, while proponents of the term "GNU/Linux" note that "GNU" alone would be just as good a name for GNU variants which combine the GNU operating system software with software from other sources.

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: The term "GNU/Linux" is promoted by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and its founder Richard Stallman. Their reasoning is that the GNU project was the main contributor for not only many of the operating system components used in the subsequent development of modern "Linux" systems, but also the associated free software philosophy. Several distributions of operating systems containing the Linux kernel use the name that the FSF prefers, such as Debian, Trisquel and Parabola GNU/Linux-libre.

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: Over the next few years, several suggestions arose for naming operating systems using the Linux kernel and GNU components. In 1992, the Yggdrasil Linux distribution adopted the name "Linux/GNU/X". In Usenet and mailing-list discussions, one can find usages of "GNU/Linux" as early as 1992, and of "GNU+Linux" as early as 1993. The Debian project, which was at one time sponsored by the Free Software Foundation, switched to calling its product "Debian GNU/Linux" in early 1994.

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: This change followed a request by Richard Stallman (who initially proposed "LiGNUx," but suggested "GNU/Linux" instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term). GNU's June 1994 "Bulletin" described "Linux" as a "free Unix system for 386 machines" (with "many of the utilities and libraries" from GNU), but the January 1995 "Bulletin" switched to the term "GNU/Linux" instead.

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: Modern free software and open-source software operating systems are composed of software by many different authors, including the Linux kernel developers, the GNU project, and other vendors such as those behind the X Window System. Desktop- and server-based distributions use GNU components such as the GNU C Library (glibc), GNU Core Utilities (coreutils), and the Bash shell.

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: There are also systems that use a GNU userspace and/or C library on top of a non-Linux kernel, for example Debian GNU/Hurd (GNU userland on the GNU kernel) or Debian GNU/kFreeBSD (which uses the GNU coreutils and C library with the kernel from FreeBSD).

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: The FSF justifies the name "GNU/Linux" primarily on the grounds that the GNU project was specifically developing a complete system, of which they argue that the Linux kernel filled one of the final gaps; the large number of GNU components and GNU source code used in such systems is a secondary argument:

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: In 2010, Stallman stated that naming is not simply a matter of giving equal mention to the GNU Project, saying that because the system is more widely referred as "Linux", people tend to "think it's all Linux, that it was all started by Mr. Torvalds in 1991, and they think it all comes from his vision of life, and that's the really bad problem."

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: Ariadne Conill, developer and security chair of Alpine Linux, has stated that in her opinion GNU/Linux is the correct name when referring to Linux distributions that are based on glibc and GNU coreutils, such as Debian and Fedora Linux. This can be contrasted to other Linux distributions which are based on bionic (Android) and musl (Alpine).

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: Proponents of naming the operating systems "Linux" state that "Linux" is used far more often than "GNU/Linux".

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: When Linus Torvalds was asked in the documentary "Revolution OS" whether the name "GNU/Linux" was justified, he replied:

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: The name "GNU/Linux," particularly when using Stallman's preferred pronunciation, has been criticized for its perceived clumsiness and verbosity, a factor that Torvalds has cited as the downfall of operating systems such as 386BSD.

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: The "Linux Journal" speculated that Stallman's advocacy of the combined name stems from frustration that "Linus got the glory for what [Stallman] wanted to do."

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: Others have suggested that, regardless of the merits, Stallman's persistence in what sometimes seems a lost cause makes him and GNU look bad. For example, Larry McVoy (author of BitKeeper, once used to manage Linux kernel development) opined that "claiming credit only makes one look foolish and greedy".

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


GNU/Linux naming controversy

Context: Many users and vendors who prefer the name "Linux," such as Jim Gettys, one of the original developers of the X Window System, point to the inclusion of non-GNU, non-kernel tools, such as KDE, LibreOffice, and Firefox, in end-user operating systems based on the Linux kernel:

Question: GNU/Linuxシステムはいつ誕生した？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: A 2020 study found that counties with a history of successful petitions for trade adjustment assistance were less likely to support protectionism and were more likely to support Democratic candidates in the future.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: In general, manufacturing workers are most affected by import competition compare to workers in other sectors. Furthermore, while gains from trade require a long time to take full effect, costs are felt rapidly, particularly in less competitive sectors.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: Employees of downstream producers are eligible if they perform additional, value-added production processes for articles produced by primary firms, and the primary certification was based on an increase in imports or a shift in production to Canada or Mexico.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: In order to receive the benefits displaced workers must fill a petition as a group to initiate the investigation to address the reasons of their layoff. Once the DOL finds that trade has contributed notably to the layoff, the group is certified but the individual worker must still apply for benefits at a local One-Stop Career Center.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: Farmers and ranchers adversely impacted by trade will be eligible to participate in a new program operated by the Department of Agriculture and are potentially eligible to receive training under TAA. They are not eligible for the Trade Readjustment Allowance.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: The TAA for workers have demonstrated overall low effectiveness so far which is reflected in the controversy to reauthorize the program before the 112th Congress.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: The effectiveness of the program in terms of fostering reemployment is very low too. Data on post-TAA outcomes for program exiters based on DOL estimations shows that the entered employment rate was 66% in 2011. The Mathematica Policy Research and SPR report finds that the TAA is not effective in terms of increasing employability. There is positive effect on the reemployment rate for participants but it is not statistically different from that for non-participants.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: Moreover, a 2007 GAO report shows that in FY 2006 only 5% or less of TAA participants received wage insurance. The program is ineffective closing the earning gap because in order to be eligible for wage insurance workers must find a job within 26 weeks after being laid off, which proved to be a very short period. Additionally, the program only replaces half of the losses.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: Over last years, the TAA program has been subject to diverse critics due to its flawed performance and extremely high cost. The TAA was only extended to the end of 2014 and the last reauthorization process before the 112th Congress exposed a lack of consensus about the program.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: Scholars at the Brookings Institution and the Institute for International Economics proposed a twofold program including a wage insurance and subsidy for medical insurance in addition to the UI program for eligible workers. On the one hand, the program covers workers displaced by any reason, not just trade, who suffer an earning loss after reemployment. Displaced workers defined as "workers displaced due to plant closing or relocation, elimination of position or shift, and insufficient work".

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: In addition, the program would also offer a health insurance subsidy for all full-time displaced workers, for up to 6 months, or until they found a new job (whichever is earlier). Workers would be limited to receiving the subsidy no more frequently than once during a certain period, probably 3 or 4 years, in order to prevent job churning.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Trade Adjustment Assistance

Context: In 2001, Robert Litan and Lori Kletzer estimated that about 20% of displaced workers reemployed full-time would have had at least 2 years' tenure on their previous job and suffered a wage loss in the new one. The program would cost from $2 to $5 billion per year. This cost is estimated with a national unemployment rate between 4.2% and 4.9%. In 2012, the average national unemployment rate was 8.9%. Consequently, the projected cost would be higher if the program would be implemented today.

Question: 貿易調整支援とはどのような支援ですか？


Peta Wilson

Context: Peta Gia Wilson (born 18 November 1970) is an Australian actress, lingerie designer and model. She is best known as Nikita in the television series "La Femme Nikita".

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: Wilson worked first as a model in Australia and in Europe before moving to Los Angeles in 1991. There she studied acting with Arthur Mendoza at the Actors Circle Theatre, and with Tom Waits at the TomKat Repertory Group. After five years of study, she was hired for some small roles in independent films such as "Naked Jane" and "Loser".

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: In 1996, she was preparing to continue her studies at an acting school in New York City, but decided to audition first for a new television show being produced for the USA cable TV channel in North America. Over 200 actresses auditioned for the starring role, and Wilson was chosen. The show was called "La Femme Nikita", based on the French action thriller movie "La Femme Nikita" (1990).

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: The hour-long series was produced by a combination of Canadian and American companies. It ran for five years and 96 episodes (22 episodes per season for four years, and another eight episodes in its fifth and final TV year). Most were filmed in and around Toronto, Ontario. Wilson's co-stars were Roy Dupuis, Don Francks, Alberta Watson and Eugene Robert Glazer. Wilson was twice nominated for the annual Gemini Award for "Best Performance by An Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role".

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: In 2001, Wilson took part in the Moscow International Film Festival, where she met Russian president Vladimir Putin, who confessed to being a fan of hers. She portrayed real-life actress Anny Ondra in the television movie "Joe and Max" (2002).

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: She also starred as the vampire Mina Harker in the 2003 film "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen".

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: During 2006, she appeared on an Australian TV mystery anthology drama "Two Twisted," and had a small role in the movie "Superman Returns" as the character Bobbie-Faye, a NASA spokeswoman.

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: In 2009, Wilson starred in an Australian independent film "Beautiful". She guest starred on "" (2010) and "The Finder" (2012).

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: In 2013, Wilson received the Best Actress Award at the Cinerockom International Film Festival for her performance as CIA agent Marla Criswell in the short film "Liberator".

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Peta Wilson

Context: Wilson lived with her longtime boyfriend, director Damian Harris, from 1997 until their separation in 2002. They have a son named Marlowe.

Question: ペータ・ウィルソンの出身はどこ


Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

Context: Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (21 May 1921 – 21 October 1990) also known by his spiritual name Ánandamúrti or Bábá ("Father") to his disciples, was a spiritual Guru, philosopher and composer of 5018 songs mostly in the Bengali language. He founded "Ananda Marga" ("the Path of Bliss") in 1955 as a spiritual and social organisation that continues to offer instruction in meditation and yoga. and runs numerous social service and disaster relief projects throughout the world.

Question: P.R.サーカーはどこで生まれた？


Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

Context: In 1939 Sarkar left Jamalpur for Kolkata to attend Vidyasagar College of the University of Calcutta. Sarkar had to quit his studies to support his family after the death of his father, and from 1944 until the early 1950s, Sarkar worked as an accountant at the Indian railways headquarters in Jamalpur, Bihar. He taught the techniques of Yoga and Tantra meditation to a select number of his colleagues and gradually more people were drawn to the spiritual practices he taught.

Question: P.R.サーカーはどこで生まれた？


Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

Context: In 1955, Sarkar founded "Ananda Marga" ("the Path of Bliss"), a socio-spiritual movement with a two-part mission that Sarkar stated as "self-realization and service to all" with a spiritual practice that synthesized Vedic and Tantric philosophies. Sarkar's ideas are collected in the series of books called "Subháśita Samgraha", which form part of the philosophical scriptures of "Ananda Marga" ideology.

Question: P.R.サーカーはどこで生まれた？


Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

Context: During the latter part of his life his main residence was in Lake Gardens in Kolkata, West Bengal. He also spent much time, especially early on, in the all-round development community he founded based on his PROUT theory at Anandanagar. Ananda Marga opened regional offices in various countries, including the US in 1969, and by 1973 had established approximately 100 local centres teaching yogic and social philosophies, with several thousand members, some living communally in the ashrams.

Question: P.R.サーカーはどこで生まれた？


Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

Context: In 1971, Sarkar was imprisoned in India for the alleged murder of Ananda Marga members. On 1 April, after recovering his health, Sarkar began fasting in support of a demand for an inquest into his poisoning. That demand was never met. So he continued his fast for the next five years, four months, and two days, until 2 August 1978 when he was released from jail after having been acquitted of all charges.

Question: P.R.サーカーはどこで生まれた？


Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

Context: Sarkar's teachings on spiritual philosophy are a synthesis of Vedic and Tantric philosophies. He considered himself to be "an incorrigible optimist" in his thinking.

Question: P.R.サーカーはどこで生まれた？