Napoleon

Context: He was conveyed to the island on HMS "Undaunted" by Captain Thomas Ussher, and he arrived at Portoferraio on 30 May 1814. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, oversaw the construction of new roads, issued decrees on modern agricultural methods, and overhauled the island's legal and educational system.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: A few months into his exile, Napoleon learned that his ex-wife Josephine had died in France. He was devastated by the news, locking himself in his room and refusing to leave for two days.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Separated from his wife and son, who had returned to Austria, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba in the brig "Inconstant" on 26 February 1815 with 700 men. Two days later, he landed on the French mainland at Golfe-Juan and started heading north.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon arrived in Paris on 20 March and governed for a period now called the Hundred Days. By the start of June, the armed forces available to him had reached 200,000, and he decided to go on the offensive to attempt to drive a wedge between the oncoming British and Prussian armies. The French Army of the North crossed the frontier into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in modern-day Belgium.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon's forces fought two Coalition armies, commanded by the British Duke of Wellington and the Prussian Prince Blücher, at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French and drove them from the field while the Prussians arrived in force and broke through Napoleon's right flank.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: When Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to Rochefort, considering an escape to the United States. British ships were blocking every port. Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland on on 15 July 1815.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The British kept Napoleon on the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, from the west coast of Africa. They also took the precaution of sending a small garrison of soldiers to both Saint Helena and the uninhabited Ascension Island, which lay between St. Helena and Europe, to prevent any escape from the island.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: With a small cadre of followers, Napoleon dictated his memoirs and grumbled about the living conditions. Lowe cut Napoleon's expenditure, ruled that no gifts were allowed if they mentioned his imperial status, and made his supporters sign a guarantee they would stay with the prisoner indefinitely. When he held a dinner party, men were expected to wear military dress and "women [appeared] in evening gowns and gems. It was an explicit denial of the circumstances of his captivity".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: There were rumours of plots and even of his escape from Saint Helena, but in reality, no serious attempts were ever made. For English poet Lord Byron, Napoleon was the epitome of the Romantic hero, the persecuted, lonely, and flawed genius.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon's personal physician, Barry O'Meara, warned London that his declining state of health was mainly caused by the harsh treatment. During the last few years of his life, Napoleon confined himself for months on end in his damp, mold-infested and wretched habitation of Longwood. Years of isolation and loneliness started taking its toll and Napoleon began displaying serious symptoms of depression.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a sarcophagus of red quartzite from Russia (often mistaken for porphyry) in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The cause of Napoleon's death has been debated. His physician, François Carlo Antommarchi, led the autopsy, which found the cause of death to be stomach cancer. Antommarchi did not sign the official report. Napoleon's father had died of stomach cancer, although this was apparently unknown at the time of the autopsy. Antommarchi found evidence of a stomach ulcer; this was the most convenient explanation for the British, who wanted to avoid criticism over their care of Napoleon.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In 1809, under Napoleon's orders, Pope Pius VII was placed under arrest in Italy, and in 1812 the prisoner Pontiff was transferred to France, being held in the Palace of Fontainebleau. Because the arrest was made in a clandestine manner, some sources describe it as a kidnapping. In January 1813, Napoleon personally forced the Pope to sign a humiliating "Concordat of Fontainebleau" which was later repudiated by the Pontiff. The Pope was not released until 1814, when the Coalition invaded France.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon emancipated Jews, as well as Protestants in Catholic countries and Catholics in Protestant countries, from laws which restricted them to ghettos, and he expanded their rights to property, worship, and careers. Despite the antisemitic reaction to Napoleon's policies from foreign governments and within France, he believed emancipation would benefit France by attracting Jews to the country given the restrictions they faced elsewhere.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: He stated, "I will never accept any proposals that will obligate the Jewish people to leave France, because to me the Jews are the same as any other citizen in our country. It takes weakness to chase them out of the country, but it takes strength to assimilate them". He was seen as so favourable to the Jews that the Russian Orthodox Church formally condemned him as "Antichrist and the Enemy of God".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: One year after the final meeting of the Sanhedrin, on 17 March 1808, Napoleon placed the Jews on probation. Several new laws restricting the citizenship the Jews had been offered 17 years previously were instituted at that time. However, despite pressure from leaders of a number of Christian communities to refrain from granting Jews emancipation, within one year of the issue of the new restrictions, they were once again lifted in response to the appeal of Jews from all over France.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: It is not known for certain if Napoleon was initiated into Freemasonry. As Emperor, he appointed his brothers to Masonic offices under his jurisdiction: Louis was given the title of Deputy Grand Master in 1805; Jerome the title of Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Westphalia; Joseph was appointed Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France; and finally Lucien was a member of the Grand Orient of France.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In terms of influence on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for wars. He inspired his men—the Duke of Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The military historian Martin van Creveld has described him as "the most competent human being who ever lived". Since his death, many towns, streets, ships, and even cartoon characters have been named after him. He has been portrayed in hundreds of films and discussed in hundreds of thousands of books and articles. The German legal scholar Carl Theoder Welcker described Napoleon as "the greatest master of Machiavellism".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The stock character of Napoleon is a comically short "petty tyrant" and this has become a cliché in popular culture. He is often portrayed wearing a large bicorne hat—sideways—with a hand-in-waistcoat gesture—a reference to the painting produced in 1812 by Jacques-Louis David. In 1908 Alfred Adler, a psychologist, cited Napoleon to describe an inferiority complex in which short people adopt an over-aggressive behaviour to compensate for lack of height; this inspired the term "Napoleon complex".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In May 1802, he instituted the Legion of Honour, a substitute for the old royalist decorations and orders of chivalry, to encourage civilian and military achievements; the order is still the highest decoration in France.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The Napoleonic code was adopted throughout much of Continental Europe, though only in the lands he conquered, and remained in force after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon said: "My true glory is not to have won forty battles ... Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But ... what will live forever, is my Civil Code". The Code influences a quarter of the world's jurisdictions such as those in Continental Europe, the Americas, and Africa.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Dieter Langewiesche described the code as a "revolutionary project" that spurred the development of bourgeois society in Germany by the extension of the right to own property and an acceleration towards the end of feudalism. Napoleon reorganized what had been the Holy Roman Empire, made up of about three hundred "Kleinstaaterei", into a more streamlined forty-state Confederation of the Rhine; this helped promote the German Confederation and the unification of Germany in 1871.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The movement toward Italian unification was similarly precipitated by Napoleonic rule. These changes contributed to the development of nationalism and the nation state.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon implemented a wide array of liberal reforms in France and across Continental Europe, especially in Italy and Germany, as summarized by British historian Andrew Roberts:

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon directly overthrew remnants of feudalism in much of western Continental Europe. He liberalized property laws, ended seigneurial dues, abolished the guild of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalized divorce, closed the Jewish ghettos and made Jews equal to everyone else. The Inquisition ended as did the Holy Roman Empire. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and equality under the law was proclaimed for all men.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In the field of military organization, Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists such as Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, and from the reforms of preceding French governments, and then developed much of what was already in place. He continued the policy, which emerged from the Revolution, of promotion based primarily on merit.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Corps replaced divisions as the largest army units, mobile artillery was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid and cavalry returned as an important formation in French military doctrine. These methods are now referred to as essential features of Napoleonic warfare. Though he consolidated the practice of modern conscription introduced by the Directory, one of the restored monarchy's first acts was to end it.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon's biggest influence was in the conduct of warfare. Antoine-Henri Jomini explained Napoleon's methods in a widely used textbook that influenced all European and American armies. Napoleon was regarded by the influential military theorist Carl von Clausewitz as a genius in the operational art of war, and historians rank him as a great military commander. Wellington, when asked who was the greatest general of the day, answered: "In this age, in past ages, in any age, Napoleon".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Under Napoleon, a new emphasis towards the destruction, not just outmaneuvering, of enemy armies emerged. Invasions of enemy territory occurred over broader fronts which made wars costlier and more decisive. The political effect of war increased; defeat for a European power meant more than the loss of isolated enclaves. Near-Carthaginian peaces intertwined whole national efforts, intensifying the Revolutionary phenomenon of total war.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe" or "a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler". Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: The large and growing historiography in French, English, Russian, Spanish and other languages has been summarized and evaluated by numerous scholars.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: In England, Russia and across Europe—though not in France—Napoleon was a popular topic of caricature.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Hazareesingh (2004) explores how Napoleon's image and memory are best understood. They played a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815–1830. People from different walks of life and areas of France, particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789 Revolution.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Reduced to a minor character, the new fictional Napoleon became not a world historical figure but an intimate one, fashioned by individuals' needs and consumed as popular entertainment. In their attempts to represent the emperor as a figure of national unity, proponents and detractors of the Third Republic used the legend as a vehicle for exploring anxieties about gender and fears about the processes of democratization that accompanied this new era of mass politics and culture.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: International Napoleonic Congresses take place regularly, with participation by members of the French and American military, French politicians and scholars from different countries. In January 2012, the mayor of Montereau-Fault-Yonne, near Paris—the site of a late victory of Napoleon—proposed development of Napoleon's Bivouac, a commemorative theme park at a projected cost of 200 million euros.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon indirectly began the process of Latin American independence when he invaded Spain in 1808. The abdication of King Charles IV and renunciation of his son, Ferdinand VII created a power vacuum that was filled by native born political leaders such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. Such leaders embraced nationalistic sentiments influenced by French nationalism and led successful independence movements in Latin America.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: From 1796 to 2020, at least 95 major ships were named for him. In the 21st century, at least 18 Napoleon ships are operated under the flag of France, as well as Indonesia, Germany, Italy, Australia, Argentina, India, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Joséphine had lovers, such as Lieutenant Hippolyte Charles, during Napoleon's Italian campaign. Napoleon learnt of that affair and a letter he wrote about it was intercepted by the British and published widely, to embarrass Napoleon. Napoleon had his own affairs too: during the Egyptian campaign he took Pauline Bellisle Fourès, the wife of a junior officer, as his mistress. She became known as "Cleopatra".

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


Napoleon

Context: Napoleon and Marie Louise remained married until his death, though she did not join him in exile on Elba and thereafter never saw her husband again. The couple had one child, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles (1811–1832), known from birth as the King of Rome. He became Napoleon II in 1814 and reigned for only two weeks. He was awarded the title of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1818 and died of tuberculosis aged 21, with no children.

Question: كم كان عمرنابليون بونابرت عندما توفي؟


World Heritage Committee

Context: According to the World Heritage Convention, a committee member's term of office is six years. However many State's Parties choose to voluntarily limit their term to four years, in order to give other States Parties an opportunity to serve. All members elected at the 15th General Assembly (2005) voluntarily chose to reduce their term of office from six to four years.

Question: من كم دولة تتألف لجنة التراث العالمي؟


World Heritage Committee

Context: Deliberations of the World Heritage Committee are aided by three advisory bodies, the IUCN, ICOMOS and ICCROM.

Question: من كم دولة تتألف لجنة التراث العالمي؟


World Heritage Committee

Context: At the end of each ordinary session, the committee elects a chairperson, five vice-chairpersons and a Rapporteur from those members whose term will continue through the next session. These are known as the Bureau, and their representatives are responsible for coordinating the work of the World Heritage Committee, including fixing dates, hours and the order of business meetings.

Question: من كم دولة تتألف لجنة التراث العالمي؟


World Heritage Committee

Context: Each state member of the World Heritage Committee has one vote. Decisions require a simple majority with abstentions counted as not voting. Votes are delivered by a show of hands unless a secret ballot is requested by either the chairperson or two or more states members.

Question: من كم دولة تتألف لجنة التراث العالمي؟


World Heritage Committee

Context: Increasing politicization of World Heritage Committee decisions to the detriment of conservation aims has been alleged, particularly with regard to new nominations for the World Heritage List, but also with the consideration of sites for the List of World Heritage in Danger. In 2010, states parties including Hungary, Switzerland and Zimbabwe submitted an official protest against such politicization.

Question: من كم دولة تتألف لجنة التراث العالمي؟


World Heritage Committee

Context: An external audit requested by the World Heritage Committee for its "Global Strategy of the World Heritage List" concluded in 2011 that political considerations were indeed influencing decisions. It observed that the composition of committee representatives had shifted from experts to diplomats in spite of World Heritage Convention Article 9 and found that opinions from advisory bodies often diverged from World Heritage Committee decisions.

Question: من كم دولة تتألف لجنة التراث العالمي؟


World Heritage Committee

Context: In 2016, Israel recalled its UNESCO ambassador after the World Heritage Committee adopted a resolution in a secret ballot that referred to one of Jerusalem's holiest sites, the Temple Mount, only as a “Muslim holy site of worship,” not mentioning that Jews and Christians venerate the site.

Question: من كم دولة تتألف لجنة التراث العالمي؟


Vienna Secession

Context: The 14th Secession exhibition in 1902, designed by Josef Hoffmann and dedicated to Ludwig van Beethoven, was especially famous. A statue of Beethoven by Max Klinger stood at the center, with Klimt's Beethoven frieze mounted around it. The Klimt frieze has been restored and can be seen in the gallery today.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: In 1899, Olbrich left Vienna to join the Darmstadt Artists’ Colony. In 1900, he obtained Hessian citizenship and did not work in Austria again.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: In 1903, Hoffmann and Moser founded the Wiener Werkstätte as a fine-arts society with the goal of reforming the applied arts (arts and crafts). In 1907, Wiener Werkstätte and Hoffmann personally became founding members of Deutscher Werkbund.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: The Secession continued to function after the departure of Klimt, Hoffmann, Wagner and their supporters, giving regular exhibitions in the Secession building, but they lacked the originality and excitement of the earlier period. The designer Peter Behrens became a member of the Secession in 1938. Under the regime of the Nazi Party the Secession building was destroyed as a symbol of degenerate art, but was faithfully reconstructed following World War II.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: In 1945, following the War, Hoffmann rejoined the Vienna Secession, the artistic movement from which he, Klimt and Wagner had dramatically quit in 1905. He was elected President of the Secession from 1948 to 1950. The Secession continues to function today, holding regular exhibitions in the Secession Hall.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: During this period, Otto Wagner also built extraordinarily stylized stations for the new Vienna urban transport system, the Stadtbahn, which also became the symbols of the Secession style. The most famous of these is the Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station in the center of Vienna, Joseph Maria Olbrich was his collaborator for this project. The style of these buildings marked a transition toward more geometric forms, and the beginnings of modernism.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Wagner's later buildings built after 1899, including the Church of St. Leopold (1902–1907) and especially the Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1903–1906, extended at 1910–12), had straight lines and geometric forms, a striking use of new materials, such reinforced concrete and aluminum, and a minimum of decoration on the facade or inside.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: The work of Josef Hoffmann also showed a gradual transition away from floral designs and curving lines. His best-known building, the Palais Stoclet in Brussels, had a tower of stacked cubic forms, minimum ornament on the facade, and an interior of right angles and geometric designs. The only Art Nouveau elements were the murals by Gustav Klimt. The Palais Stoclet best illustrated Hoffmann's transition from Art Nouveau toward modernism.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Secession architects often designed furniture to accompany their architectural projects, along with carpets, lamps, wallpaper, and even bathroom fixtures and even towels. The furniture presented by the Secession at the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition was particularly praised, and won international attention for its creators, including Else Unger and Emilio Zago.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Later in the movement, in 1902, the architect Otto Wagner designed chairs using modern materials, including aluminum, combined with wood, to match the architecture of his Austrian Postal Savings Bank building. In 1905 Josef Hoffmann produced an adjustable-backed chair which reflected the more geometric forms of the late Secession.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Glass, particularly stained glass windows, played a significant part in the Vienna Secession. Leopold Forstner was in important artist in this domain, working closely with Otto Wagner and other architects. He designed the windows for the Austrian Postal Savings Bank, one of the landmarks of the Vienna Secession style, and also for the St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church, the most notable of Vienna Secession churches.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Another notable figure in Secession glass art was Johann Loetz Witwe, who made a striking series of iridescent vases which won a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Mosaics of ceramic tiles were another important element of the Vienna Secession style. They were used to decorate both building facades and interiors. Otto Wagner used them to decorate the Majolika House, where they served both as decoration and for a practical purpose; the facade could be efficiently cleaned with the use of fire hoses.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Art Nouveau is called after Vienna Secession in languages of former Austro-Hungary: , , , . Vienna Secession also influenced the Polish movement "Młoda Polska" (Young Poland), that was also inclusive of other than Art Nouveau artistic styles and encompassed a broader approach to art, literature, and lifestyle.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Vienna Secession influenced not only movements but also particular architects, e.g. Russian Illarion Ivanov-Schitz who created his own unique style on its base.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: The Secession movement was selected as the theme for an Austrian commemorative coin: the 100 euro Secession commemorative coin minted on 10 November 2004.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: On the obverse side there is a view of the Secession exhibition hall in Vienna. The reverse side features a small portion of the "Beethoven Frieze" by Gustav Klimt. The extract from the painting features three figures: a knight in armor representing Armed Strength, one woman in the background symbolizing Ambition and holding up a wreath of victory, and a second woman representing Sympathy with lowered head and clasped hands.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: On the obverse side of the Austrian € 0,50 or 50 euro-cent coin, the Vienna Secession Building figures within a circle, symbolising the birth of the movement and a new age in the country.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Vienna Secession

Context: Some artists from other cities and countries, like Max Liebermann from Berlin or Auguste Rodin and Eugène Grasset from Paris were made corresponding members.

Question: متى أسس غوستاف كليمت حركة الانفصال الفنية؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Jewish ethnic divisions refer to many distinctive communities within the world's ethnically Jewish population. Although considered a self-identifying ethnicity, there are distinct ethnic subdivisions among Jews, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, mixing with local communities, and subsequent independent evolutions.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Over the centuries following the Crusades and Inquisition, Jews from around the world began emigrating in increasing numbers. Upon arrival, these Jews adopted the customs of the Mizrahi and Sephardi communities into which they moved.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Smaller Jewish groups include the Georgian Jews and Mountain Jews from the Caucasus; Indian Jews including the Bene Israel, Bnei Menashe, Cochin Jews and Bene Ephraim; the Romaniotes of Greece; the ancient Italian Jewish community; the Teimanim from the Yemen; various African Jews, including most numerously the Beta Israel of Ethiopia; the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia; and Chinese Jews, most notably the Kaifeng Jews, as well as various other distinct but now extinct communities.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Despite the evident diversity displayed by the world's distinctive Jewish populations, both culturally and physically, genetic studies have demonstrated most of these to be genetically related to one another, having ultimately originated from a common ancient Israelite population that underwent geographic branching and subsequent independent evolutions.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Another 2001 study did, however, find a possible genetic similarity between 11 Ethiopian Jews and 4 Yemenite Jews from the population samples.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: A 2014 study by Fernández et al. found that Ashkenazi Jews display a frequency of haplogroup K in their maternal DNA, suggesting an ancient Near Eastern matrilineal origin, similar to the results of the Behar study in 2006. Fernández noted that this observation clearly contradicts the results of the 2013 study led by Richards that suggested a European source for 3 exclusively Ashkenazi K lineages.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: A brief description of the extant communities, by the geographic regions with which they are associated, is as follows:

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Ashkenazi Jews (plural "Ashkenazim") are the descendants of Jews who migrated into northern France and Germany around 800–1000, and later into Eastern Europe.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Mostly Sephardi Jews and collectively known as Maghrebi Jews and sometime considered part of the wider Mizrahi group:

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Jews originating from West Asia are generally called by the catch-all term Mizrahi Jews, more precise terms for particular groups are:

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: At the time the State of Israel was proclaimed, the majority of Jews in the state and the region were Ashkenazi. However, by the 1990s, the majority of Israeli Jews were Mizrahi. As of 2005, 61% of Israeli Jews are of Mizrahi ancestry.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: The founders of modern Israel, mostly Ashkenazi Jews, are often said to have believed themselves superior to these new arrivals. With higher degrees of Western-standard education, they were better positioned to take full advantage of the emerging Western-style liberal democracy and Western mode of living which they themselves had established as the cultural norm in Palestine during the pre-state era.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Cultural or racial biases against the newcomers were compounded by the fledgling state's lack of financial resources and inadequate housing to handle the massive population influx. Thus, hundreds of thousands of new Sephardic immigrants were sent to live in tent cities in outlying areas. Sephardim (in its wider meaning) were often victims of discrimination and were sometimes called "schwartze" (meaning "black" in Yiddish).

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Worse than housing discrimination was the differential treatment accorded the children of these immigrants, many of whom were tracked by the largely European education establishment into dead-end "vocational" schools, without any real assessment of their intellectual capacities. Mizrahi Jews protested their unfair treatment, and even established the Israeli Black Panthers movement with the mission of working for social justice.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: While the Israeli Black Panthers no longer exist, the Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow Coalition and many other NGOs carry on the struggle for equal access and opportunity in housing, education, and employment for the country's underprivileged populace – still largely composed of Sephardim and Mizrahim, joined now by newer immigrants from Ethiopia and the Caucasus Mountains.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


Jewish ethnic divisions

Context: Intermarriage of all these regathered Jewish ethnic groups was initially uncommon, due in part to distances of each group's settlement in Israel, and cultural or racial biases. In recent generations, however, the barriers were lowered by state-sponsored assimilation of all the Jewish ethnic groups into a common Sabra (native-born Israeli) identity which facilitated extensive mixed-marriages.

Question: كم عدد أنواع اليهود في العالم ؟


River Clyde

Context: That is where the late 17th- and early 18th-century industrialists David Dale and Robert Owen built mills and the model settlement of New Lanark on the banks of the Clyde. The mills harnessed the power of the Falls of Clyde, the most spectacular of which is Cora Linn. A hydroelectric power station still generates electricity there today, although the mills have now become a museum and World Heritage Site.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: As it flows past Uddingston and into the southeastern part of Glasgow, the river begins to widen, meandering through Cambuslang, Rutherglen, and Dalmarnock, and past Glasgow Green. From the Tidal Weir westwards, the river is tidal: a mix of fresh and salt water.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: The strath of the Clyde was the focus for the G-BASE project executed by the British Geological Survey in the summer of 2010.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, hundreds of jetties were built out from the banks of the river between Dumbuck and the Broomielaw quay in Glasgow proper. In some cases, this construction had the effect of deepening the river, because the increased flow of the newly constrained water wore away the river bottom. In other cases, dredging was required to deepen the river.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: The Clyde became famous worldwide for its significant contribution to yachting and yachtbuilding, and was the home of many notable designers: William Fife III, Alfred Mylne, G. L. Watson, E. McGruer, and David Boyd. It was also home to many famous yacht yards.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: Two other notable boatyards on the Clyde were Silvers, which operated from 1910 to 1970, and McGruers, which operated from 1910 to 1973. They were situated on the Rosneath peninsula on the banks of the Gare Loch, within half a mile of each other. McGruers built over 700 boats. Both yards built many widely-known and classic yachts, some of which are still sailing today.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: The Glasgow Humane Society is responsible for the safety and preservation of life on Glasgow's waterways. Founded in 1790, it is the oldest lifesaving organisation in the world.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: The Clyde appears prominently in the films "Young Adam", "Sweet Sixteen", "Just a Boys' Game", and "Down Where the Buffalo Go", and was the subject of the Academy Award-winning film documentary "Seawards the Great Ships". It is referenced in the traditional folk songs "Clyde's Water" and "Black Is the Color (of My True Love's Hair)", as well as "Song of the Clyde", which was popularised by Kenneth McKellar.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: The River Clyde, or more accurately the Clyde Estuary, has significant potential as a heat source. The flow rate downstream alone is around 50 m3/s. Reducing this temperature by 3 °C would enable river heat pumps to extract 188.1 MW of heat. Since river heat pumps typically have an efficiency of 3.0, the heat deliverable is 1.5 times the river component. As a result, the estuary could deliver 282 MW of heat. The temperature of industrial heat pump delivery is typically 80 °C.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


River Clyde

Context: In 2020, West Dunbartonshire Council deployed a river source heat pump scheme in the area called Queens Quay. It is the first large heat pump scheme in Britain to deliver at 80 °C. The heat pumps were supplied by Star Refrigeration Ltd, who manufactured them in their Glasgow factory. The project was delivered by Vital Energi.

Question: أين يقع نهر كلايد؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia is one of the world's seventeen megadiverse countries; it has the second-highest level of biodiversity in the world. Its territory encompasses Amazon rainforest, highlands, grasslands and deserts. It is the only country in South America with coastlines and islands along both Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia is a member of major global and regional organizations including the UN, the WTO, the OECD, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance and the Andean Community. It is also a NATO Global Partner. Its diversified economy is the third-largest in South America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus (, ). It was conceived as a reference to all of the New World. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819, formed from the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, and northwest Brazil).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: When Venezuela, Ecuador, and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, the former Department of Cundinamarca adopted the name "Republic of New Granada". New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was again changed, this time to United States of Colombia, before finally adopting its present name – the Republic of Colombia – in 1886.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Alonso de Ojeda (who had sailed with Columbus) reached the Guajira Peninsula in 1499. Spanish explorers, led by Rodrigo de Bastidas, made the first exploration of the Caribbean coast in 1500. Christopher Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in 1502. In 1508, Vasco Núñez de Balboa accompanied an expedition to the territory through the region of Gulf of Urabá and they founded the town of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in 1510, the first stable settlement on the continent.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: In the 16th century, the nautical science in Spain reached a great development thanks to numerous scientific figures of the Casa de Contratación and nautical science was an essential pillar of the Iberian expansion.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: In 1542, the region of New Granada, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America, became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, with its capital in Lima. In 1547, New Granada became a separate captaincy-general within the viceroyalty, with its capital at Santa Fe de Bogota.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: In 1549, the Royal Audiencia was created by a royal decree, and New Granada was ruled by the Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá, which at that time comprised the provinces of Santa Marta, Rio de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena. But important decisions were taken from the colony to Spain by the Council of the Indies.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Great Britain declared war on Spain in 1739, and the city of Cartagena quickly became a top target for the British. A massive British expeditionary force was dispatched to capture the city, but after initial inroads devastating outbreaks of disease crippled their numbers and the British were forced to withdraw. The battle became one of Spain's most decisive victories in the conflict, and secured Spanish dominance in the Caribbean until the Seven Years' War.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Colombia, organized as a union of the current territories of Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, parts of Guyana and Brazil and north of Marañón River. The Congress of Cúcuta in 1821 adopted a constitution for the new Republic. Simón Bolívar became the first President of Colombia, and Francisco de Paula Santander was made Vice President. However, the new republic was unstable and the Gran Colombia ultimately collapsed.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Modern Colombia comes from one of the countries that emerged after the dissolution of la Gran Colombia, the other two being Ecuador and Venezuela.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia was the first constitutional government in South America, and the Liberal and Conservative parties, founded in 1848 and 1849, respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas. Slavery was abolished in the country in 1851.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia entered the Korean War when Laureano Gómez was elected president. It was the only Latin American country to join the war in a direct military role as an ally of the United States. Particularly important was the resistance of the Colombian troops at Old Baldy.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The violence between the two political parties decreased first when Gustavo Rojas deposed the President of Colombia in a coup d'état and negotiated with the guerrillas, and then under the military junta of General Gabriel París.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict between government forces, leftist guerrilla groups and right wing paramilitaries. The conflict escalated in the 1990s, mainly in remote rural areas. Since the beginning of the armed conflict, human rights defenders have fought for the respect for human rights, despite staggering opposition. Several guerrillas' organizations decided to demobilize after peace negotiations in 1989–1994.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the U.S. government encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia. This was part of the U.S. fight against communism. Mercenaries and multinational corporations such as Chiquita Brands International are some of the international actors that have contributed to the violence of the conflict.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Beginning in the mid-1970s Colombian drug cartels became major producers, processors and exporters of illegal drugs, primarily marijuana and cocaine.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: On 4 July 1991, a new Constitution was promulgated. The changes generated by the new constitution are viewed as positive by Colombian society.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The administration of President Álvaro Uribe (2002–10), adopted the democratic security policy which included an integrated counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency campaign. The Government economic plan also promoted confidence in investors. As part of a controversial peace process the AUC (right-wing paramilitaries) as a formal organization had ceased to function. In February 2008, millions of Colombians demonstrated against FARC and other outlawed groups.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: In June 2018, Ivan Duque, the candidate of the right-wing Democratic Center party, won the presidential election. On 7 August 2018, he was sworn in as the new President of Colombia to succeed Juan Manuel Santos.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Protests started on 28 April 2021 when the government proposed a tax bill which would greatly expand the range of the 19 percent value-added tax.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia is bordered to the northwest by Panama, to the east by Venezuela and Brazil, and to the south by Ecuador and Peru; it established its maritime boundaries with neighboring countries through seven agreements on the Caribbean Sea and three on the Pacific Ocean. It lies between latitudes 12°N and 4°S and between longitudes 67° and 79°W.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Peaks in the Cordillera Occidental exceed , and in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental they reach . At , Bogotá is the highest city of its size in the world.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The main rivers of Colombia are Magdalena, Cauca, Guaviare, Atrato, Meta, Putumayo and Caquetá. Colombia has four main drainage systems: the Pacific drain, the Caribbean drain, the Orinoco Basin and the Amazon Basin. The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers mark limits with Colombia to Venezuela and Peru respectively.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Protected areas and the "National Park System" cover an area of about and account for 12.77% of the Colombian territory. Compared to neighboring countries, rates of deforestation in Colombia are still relatively low. Colombia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.26/10, ranking it 25th globally out of 172 countries. Colombia is the sixth country in the world by magnitude of total renewable freshwater supply, and still has large reserves of freshwater.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The climate of Colombia is characterized for being tropical presenting variations within six natural regions and depending on the altitude, temperature, humidity, winds and rainfall. Colombia has a diverse range of climate zones, including tropical rainforests, savannas, steppes, deserts and mountain climates.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia is one of the megadiverse countries in biodiversity, ranking first in bird species. As for plants, the country has between 40,000 and 45,000 plant species, equivalent to 10 or 20% of total global species, which is even more remarkable given that Colombia is considered a country of intermediate size. Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world, lagging only after Brazil which is approximately 7 times bigger.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia is the country with the planet's highest biodiversity, having the highest rate of species by area as well as the largest number of endemisms (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth live in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined. Colombia has 10% of the world's mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species and 18% of the bird species of the world.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The government of Colombia takes place within the framework of a presidential participatory democratic republic as established in the Constitution of 1991. In accordance with the principle of separation of powers, government is divided into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The legislative branch of government is represented nationally by the Congress, a bicameral institution comprising a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives and a 102-seat Senate. The Senate is elected nationally and the Chamber of Representatives is elected in electoral districts. Members of both houses are elected to serve four-year terms two months before the president, also by popular vote.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: In 2022 Colombia elected it's first leftist leader Gustavo Petro https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-new-pink-tide-gains-pace-colombia-shifts-left-brazil-up-next-2022-06-22/

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The foreign affairs of Colombia are headed by the President, as head of state, and managed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Colombia has diplomatic missions in all continents.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The Colombian military is divided into three branches: the National Army of Colombia; the Colombian Air Force; and the Colombian Navy. The National Police functions as a gendarmerie, operating independently from the military as the law enforcement agency for the entire country. Each of these operates with their own intelligence apparatus separate from the National Intelligence Directorate (DNI, in Spanish).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The National Army is formed by divisions, brigades, special brigades, and special units, the Colombian Navy by the Naval Infantry, the Naval Force of the Caribbean, the Naval Force of the Pacific, the Naval Force of the South, the Naval Force of the East, Colombia Coast Guards, Naval Aviation, and the Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia and the Air Force by 15 air units. The National Police has a presence in all municipalities.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia has a very high crime rate due to being a center for the cultivation and trafficking of cocaine. The national police force of Colombia are the National Police of Colombia.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia is a highly urbanized country with 77.1% of the population living in urban areas. The largest cities in the country are Bogotá, with 7,387,400 inhabitants, Medellín, with 2,382,399 inhabitants, Cali, with 2,172,527 inhabitants, and Barranquilla, with 1,205,284 inhabitants.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanized rapidly in the 20th century, by the end of which just 15.8% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, generating just 6.6% of GDP; 19.6% of the workforce were employed in industry and 64.6% in services, responsible for 33.4% and 59.9% of GDP respectively. The country's economic production is dominated by its strong domestic demand. Consumption expenditure by households is the largest component of GDP.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The financial sector has grown favorably due to good liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and the positive performance of the Colombian economy. The Colombian Stock Exchange through the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA) offers a regional market to trade equities. Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index, according to the World Bank.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly from Renewable energy sources. 69.93% is obtained from the hydroelectric generation. Colombia's commitment to renewable energy was recognized in the 2014 "Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)", ranking among the top 10 nations in the world in terms of greening efficiency sectors.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Non-traditional exports have boosted the growth of Colombian foreign sales as well as the diversification of destinations of export thanks to new free trade agreements.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: In 2017, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% were in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0 percent of the population. The Government has also been developing a process of financial inclusion within the country's most vulnerable population.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Recent economic growth has led to a considerable increase of new millionaires, including the new entrepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US$1 billion.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The contribution of Travel & Tourism to GDP was US$5,880.3bn (2.0% of total GDP) in 2016. Tourism generated 556,135 jobs (2.5% of total employment) in 2016. Foreign tourist visits were predicted to have risen from 0.6 million in 2007 to 4 million in 2017.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The target of Colombia's government is to build 7,000 km of roads for the 2016–2020 period and reduce travel times by 30 per cent and transport costs by 20 per cent. A toll road concession programme will comprise 40 projects, and is part of a larger strategic goal to invest nearly $50 bn in transport infrastructure, including: railway systems; making the Magdalena river navigable again; improving port facilities; as well as an expansion of Bogotá's airport.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The life expectancy is 74.8 years in 2015 and infant mortality is 13.1 per thousand in 2016. In 2015, 94.58% of adults and 98.66% of youth are literate and the government spends about 4.49% of its GDP on education.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: More than 99.2% of Colombians speak Spanish, also called Castilian; 65 Amerindian languages, two Creole languages, the Romani language and Colombian Sign Language are also used in the country. English has official status in the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The 2018 census reported that the "non-ethnic population", consisting of whites and mestizos (those of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), constituted 87.58% of the national population. 6.68% is of African ancestry. Indigenous Amerindians constitute 4.31% of the population. Raizal people constitute 0.06% of the population. Palenquero people constitute 0.02% of the population. 0.01% of the population are Roma.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The Federal Research Division estimated that the 86% of the population that did not consider themselves part of one of the ethnic groups indicated by the 2006 census was divided into 49% Mestizo or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, and 37% White, mainly of Spanish lineage, but there is also a large population of Middle East descent; in some sectors of society there is a considerable input of German and Italian ancestry.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (ONIC), founded at the first National Indigenous Congress in 1982, is an organization representing the indigenous peoples of Colombia. In 1991, Colombia signed and ratified the current international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Sub-Saharan Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century and continuing into the 19th century. Large Afro-Colombian communities are found today on the Pacific Coast. Numerous Jamaicans migrated mainly to the islands of San Andres and Providencia. A number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including people from the former USSR during and after the Second World War.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom of religion and all religious faiths and churches are equally free before the law.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia lies at the crossroads of Latin America and the broader American continent, and as such has been hit by a wide range of cultural influences. Native American, Spanish and other European, African, American, Caribbean, and Middle Eastern influences, as well as other Latin American cultural influences, are all present in Colombia's modern culture. Urban migration, industrialization, globalization, and other political, social and economic changes have also left an impression.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Many national symbols, both objects and themes, have arisen from Colombia's diverse cultural traditions and aim to represent what Colombia, and the Colombian people, have in common. Cultural expressions in Colombia are promoted by the government through the Ministry of Culture.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombian literature dates back to pre-Columbian era; a notable example of the period is the epic poem known as the "Legend of Yurupary". In Spanish colonial times, notable writers include Juan de Castellanos ("Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias"), Hernando Domínguez Camargo and his epic poem to San Ignacio de Loyola, Pedro Simón, Juan Rodríguez Freyle ("El Carnero"), Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, and the nun Francisca Josefa de Castillo, representative of mysticism.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombian art has over 3,000 years of history. Colombian artists have captured the country's changing political and cultural backdrop using a range of styles and mediums. There is archeological evidence of ceramics being produced earlier in Colombia than anywhere else in the Americas, dating as early as 3,000 BCE.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The earliest examples of gold craftsmanship have been attributed to the Tumaco people of the Pacific coast and date to around 325 BCE. Roughly between 200 BCE and 800 CE, the San Agustín culture, masters of stonecutting, entered its "classical period". They erected raised ceremonial centers, sarcophagi, and large stone monoliths depicting anthropomorphic and zoomorphic forms out of stone.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombian art has followed the trends of the time, so during the 16th to 18th centuries, Spanish Catholicism had a huge influence on Colombian art, and the popular baroque style was replaced with rococo when the Bourbons ascended to the Spanish crown. More recently, Colombian artists Pedro Nel Gómez and Santiago Martínez Delgado started the Colombian Murial Movement in the 1940s, featuring the neoclassical features of Art Deco.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombian photography was marked by the arrival of the daguerreotype. Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros was who brought the daguerreotype process to Colombia in 1841. The Piloto public library has Latin America's largest archive of negatives, containing 1.7 million antique photographs covering Colombia 1848 until 2005.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The Colombian press has promoted the work of the cartoonists. In recent decades, fanzines, internet and independent publishers have been fundamental to the growth of the comic in Colombia.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Throughout the times, there have been a variety of architectural styles, from those of indigenous peoples to contemporary ones, passing through colonial (military and religious), Republican, transition and modern styles.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The contemporary architecture of Colombia is designed to give greater importance to the materials, this architecture takes into account the specific natural and artificial geographies and is also an architecture that appeals to the senses. The conservation of the architectural and urban heritage of Colombia has been promoted in recent years.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia has a vibrant collage of talent that touches a full spectrum of rhythms. Musicians, composers, music producers and singers from Colombia are recognized internationally such as Shakira, Juanes, Carlos Vives and others. Colombian music blends European-influenced guitar and song structure with large gaita flutes and percussion instruments from the indigenous population, while its percussion structure and dance forms come from Africa. Colombia has a diverse and dynamic musical environment.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Guillermo Uribe Holguín, an important cultural figure in the National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia, Luis Antonio Calvo and Blas Emilio Atehortúa are some of the greatest exponents of the art music. The Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the most active orchestras in Colombia.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Caribbean music has many vibrant rhythms, such as cumbia (it is played by the maracas, the drums, the gaitas and guacharaca), porro (it is a monotonous but joyful rhythm), mapalé (with its fast rhythm and constant clapping) and the "vallenato", which originated in the northern part of the Caribbean coast (the rhythm is mainly played by the caja, the guacharaca, and accordion).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The instruments that distinguish the music of the Eastern Plains are the harp, the cuatro (a type of four-stringed guitar) and maracas. Important rhythms of this region are the joropo (a fast rhythm and there is also tapping as a result of its flamenco ancestry) and the galeron (it is heard a lot while cowboys are working).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The music of the Amazon region is strongly influenced by the indigenous religious practices. Some of the musical instruments used are the manguaré (a musical instrument of ceremonial type, consisting of a pair of large cylindrical drums), the quena (melodic instrument), the rondador, the congas, bells, and different types of flutes.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The music of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is usually accompanied by a mandolin, a tub-bass, a jawbone, a guitar and maracas. Some popular archipelago rhythms are the Schottische, the Calypso, the Polka and the Mento.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Although the Colombian cinema is young as an industry, more recently the film industry was growing with support from the Film Act passed in 2003. Many film festivals take place in Colombia, but the two most important are the Cartagena Film Festival, which is the oldest film festival in Latin America, and the Bogotá Film Festival.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Some important national circulation newspapers are "El Tiempo" and "El Espectador". Television in Colombia has two privately owned TV networks and three state-owned TV networks with national coverage, as well as six regional TV networks and dozens of local TV stations. Private channels, RCN and Caracol are the highest-rated. The regional channels and regional newspapers cover a department or more and its content is made in these particular areas.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia has three major national radio networks: Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia, a state-run national radio; Caracol Radio and RCN Radio, privately owned networks with hundreds of affiliates. There are other national networks, including Cadena Super, Todelar, and Colmundo. Many hundreds of radio stations are registered with the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Representative desserts are buñuelos, natillas, Maria Luisa cake, bocadillo made of guayaba (guava jelly), cocadas (coconut balls), casquitos de guayaba (candied guava peels), torta de natas, obleas, flan de mango, roscón, milhoja, manjar blanco, dulce de feijoa, dulce de papayuela, torta de mojicón, and esponjado de curuba. Typical sauces (salsas) are hogao (tomato and onion sauce) and Colombian-style ají.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Some representative beverages are coffee (Tinto), champús, cholado, lulada, avena colombiana, sugarcane juice, aguapanela, aguardiente, hot chocolate and fresh fruit juices (often made with water or milk).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Tejo is Colombia's national sport and is a team sport that involves launching projectiles to hit a target. But of all sports in Colombia, football is the most popular. Colombia was the champion of the 2001 Copa América, in which they set a new record of being undefeated, conceding no goals and winning each match. Colombia has been awarded "mover of the year" twice.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Colombia is a hub for roller skaters. The national team is a perennial powerhouse at the World Roller Speed Skating Championships. Colombia has traditionally been very good in cycling and a large number of Colombian cyclists have triumphed in major competitions of cycling.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Baseball is popular in cities like Cartagena and Barranquilla. Of those cities have come good players like: Orlando Cabrera, Édgar Rentería, who was champion of the World Series in 1997 and 2010 and others who have played in Major League Baseball. Colombia was world amateur champion in 1947 and 1965.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Motorsports also occupies an important place in the sporting preferences of Colombians; Juan Pablo Montoya is a race car driver known for winning 7 Formula One events. Colombia also has excelled in sports such as BMX, judo, shooting sport, taekwondo, wrestling, high diving and athletics, also has a long tradition in weightlifting and bowling.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: The overall life expectancy in Colombia at birth is 79.3 years (76.7 years for males and 81.9 years for females). Healthcare reforms have led to massive improvements in the healthcare systems of the country, with health standards in Colombia improving very much since the 1980s. The new system has widened population coverage by the social and health security system from 21% (pre-1993) to 96% in 2012.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: A study conducted by "América Economía" magazine ranked 21 Colombian health care institutions among the top 44 in Latin America, amounting to 48 percent of the total. In 2017, the government declared a cancer research and treatment center as a Project of National Strategic Interest.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Colombia

Context: Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2015 was 4.49%. This represented 15.05% of total government expenditure. The primary and secondary gross enrolment ratios stood at 113.56% and 98.09% respectively. School-life expectancy was 14.42 years. A total of 94.58% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.66% of those aged 15–24.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جمهورية كولومبيا في عام 2017 ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Torres Strait Islanders () are the Indigenous Melanesian people of the Torres Strait Islands, which are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal people of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians. Today there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: There are five distinct peoples within broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir. Torres Strait Creole is also widely spoken, as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian and the people traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking and mask-making.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: In June 1875 a measles epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80% of their people, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the Pacific Islands. Today the society is multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the beche-de-mer, mother-of-pearl and trochus-shell industries over the years.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: The 2016 Australian census counted 4,514 people living on the islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as Papua New Guinean; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.). In 2006 the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the Torres Strait area.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those with both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal ancestry numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Five communities of Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians live on the coast of mainland Queensland, mainly at Bamaga, Seisia, Injinoo, Umagico and New Mapoon in the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Today, the Torres Strait Regional Authority, an Australian government body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Further to the TSRA, there are several Queensland LGAs which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly Melanesian descent, distinct from Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and some other Australian islands, and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of New Guinea.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: The five-pointed star on the national flag represents the five cultural groups; another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Pre-colonial Island people were not a homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of Papua New Guinea, several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of Cape York on the Australian continent.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: The Western-central Torres Strait Language, or Kalaw Lagaw Ya, is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands; a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished. It is a member of the Pama-Nyungan family of languages of Australia.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Meriam Mir is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four Eastern Trans-Fly languages, the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with Australian Aboriginal and Papuan culture. Historically, they have an oral tradition, with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: In 1898–9, British anthropologist Alfred Cort Haddon collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian missionaries intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of ceremonial dances was also collected. The collection at Cambridge University is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are turtles, fish, dugongs, sharks, seabirds and saltwater crocodiles, which are considered totemic beings.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make turtleshell masks, known as "krar" (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and "le-op" (human face) in the Eastern Islands.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Elaborate headdresses or dhari (also spelt "dari"), as featured on the Torres Strait Islander Flag, are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled "Zugubal", was mounted at the Cairns Regional Gallery in July 2015.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), clappers and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances. Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Artist Ken Thaiday Snr is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the hammerhead shark, a powerful totem.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Christine Anu is an ARIA Award-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her cover version of the song "My Island Home" (first performed by the Warumpi Band).

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai, their spiritual belief system, represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world. They follow the instructions of the Tagai.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' Dreaming and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in oral history.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: The cult of Kulka was in evidence on Aureed Island with the finding of a "skull house" by the rescuers of survivors two years after the wreck of "Charles Eaton", in 1836.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: The Islanders refer to this event as "The Coming of the Light", also known as Zulai Wan, or Bi Akarida, and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the Christian God was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: In the 2016 Census, a total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander people (out of a total of 32,345) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity. (Across the whole of Australia, the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion.)

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: A traditional cultural practice, known as "kupai omasker", allows adoption of a child by a relative or community member for a range of reasons. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to, with one example being "where a family requires an heir to carry on the important role of looking after land or being the caretaker of land". Other reasons might relate to "the care and responsibility of relationships between generations".

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Torres Strait Islanders

Context: There had been a problem in Queensland law, where such adoptions are not legally recognised by the state's "Succession Act 1981", with one issue being that adopted children are not able to take on the surname of their adoptive parents. On 17 July 2020 the Queensland Government introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the practice. The bill was passed as the "Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020" ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020.

Question: ماهو تعداد سكان جزر توريس ؟


Turbocharger

Context: In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gasses. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The current categorisation is that a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gasses, whereas a supercharger is mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the engine's crankshaft). However, up until the mid-20th century, a turbocharger was called a "turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Like other forced induction devices, a compressor in the turbocharger pressurises the intake air before it enters the inlet manifold. In the case of a turbocharger, the compressor is powered by the kinetic energy of the engine's exhaust gases, which is extracted by the turbocharger's turbine.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The turbine section (also called the "hot side" or "exhaust side" of the turbo) is where the rotational force is produced, in order to power the compressor (via a rotating shaft through the center of a turbo. After the exhaust has spun the turbine it continues into the exhaust and out of the vehicle.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The turbine uses a series of blades to convert kinetic energy from the flow of exhaust gases to mechanical energy of a rotating shaft (which is used to power the compressor section). The turbine housings direct the gas flow through the turbine section, and the turbine itself can spin at speeds of up to 250,000 rpm. Some turbocharger designs are available with multiple turbine housing options, allowing a housing to be selected to best suit the engine's characteristics and the performance requirements.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Another common feature of twin-scroll turbochargers is that the two nozzles are different sizes: the smaller nozzle is installed at a steeper angle and is used for low-rpm response, while the larger nozzle is less angled and optimised for times when high outputs are required.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Variable-geometry turbochargers (also known as "variable-nozzle turbochargers") are used to alter the effective aspect ratio of the turbocharger as operating conditions change. This is done with the use of adjustable vanes located inside the turbine housing between the inlet and turbine, these vanes affect flow of gases towards the turbine. Some variable-geometry turbochargers use a rotary electric actuator to open and close the vanes, while others use a pneumatic actuator.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: An electrically-assisted turbocharger combines a traditional exhaust-powered turbine with an electric motor, in order to reduce turbo lag. This differs from an electric supercharger, which solely use an electric motor to power the compressor.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The compressor draws in outside air through the engine's intake system, pressurises it, then feeds it into the combustion chambers (via the inlet manifold). The compressor section of the turbocharger consists of an impeller, a diffuser and a volute housing. The operating characteristics of a compressor is described by the compressor map.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Some turbochargers use a "ported shroud", whereby a ring of holes or circular grooves allows air to bleed around the compressor blades. Ported shroud designs can have greater resistance to compressor surge and can improve the efficiency of the compressor wheel.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The center hub rotating assembly (CHRA) houses the shaft that connects the turbine to the compressor. A lighter shaft can help reduce turbo lag. The CHRA also contains a bearing to allow this shaft to rotate at high speeds speed with minimal friction.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Some CHRAs are water-cooled and have pipes for the engine's coolant to flow through. One reason for water cooling is to protect the turbocharger's lubricating oil from overheating.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The simplest type of turbocharger is the "free floating" turbocharger. This system would be able to achieve maximum boost at maximum engine revs and full throttle, however additional components are needed to produce an engine that is driveable in a range load and rpm conditions.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: A similar phenomenon that is often mistaken for turbo lag is the boost threshold. This is where the engine speed (rpm) is currently below the operating range of the turbocharger system, therefore the engine is unable to produce significant boost. At low rpm, the exhaust gas flow rate is unable to spin the turbine sufficiently.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The boost threshold causes delays in the power delivery at low rpm (since the unboosted engine must accelerate the vehicle to increase the rpm above the boost threshold), while turbo lag causes delay in the power delivery at higher PRM.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Some engines use multiple turbochargers, usually to reduce turbo lag, increase the range of rpm where boost is produced, or simplify the layout of the intake/exhaust system. The most common arrangement is twin turbochargers, however triple-turbo or quad-turbo arrangements have been occasionally used in production cars.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The key difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger is that a supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine (often through a belt connected to the crankshaft) whereas a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the engine's exhaust gas. A turbocharger does not place a direct mechanical load on the engine, although turbochargers place exhaust back pressure on engines, increasing pumping losses.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Supercharged engines are common in applications where throttle response is a key concern, and supercharged engines are less likely to heat soak the intake air.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: A combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and an engine-driven supercharger can mitigate the weaknesses of both. This technique is called "twincharging".

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Prior to the invention of the turbocharger, forced induction was only possible using mechanically-powered superchargers. Use of superchargers began in 1878, when several supercharged two-stroke gas engines were built using a design by Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk. Then in 1885, Gottlieb Daimler patented the technique of using a gear-driven pump to force air into an internal combustion engine.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The first commercial application of a turbocharger was in 1925, when Alfred Büchi successfully installed turbochargers on ten-cylinder diesel engines, increasing the power output from . This engine was used by the German Ministry of Transport for two large passenger ships called the "Preussen" and "Hansestadt Danzig". The design was licensed to several manufacturers and turbochargers began to be used in marine, railcar and large stationary applications.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Turbochargers were used on several aircraft engines during World War II, beginning with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress in 1938, which used turbochargers produced by General Electric. Other early turbocharged airplanes included the Consolidated B-24 Liberator, Lockheed P-38 Lightning, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and experimental variants of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: The first practical application for trucks was realized by Swiss truck manufacturing company Saurer in the 1930s. BXD and BZD engines were manufactured with optional turbocharging from 1931 onwards. The Swiss industry played a pioneering role with turbocharging engines as witnessed by Sulzer, Saurer and Brown, Boveri & Cie.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Automobile manufacturers began research into turbocharged engines during the 1950s, however the problems of "turbo lag" and the bulky size of the turbocharger were not able to be solved at the time. The first turbocharged cars were the short-lived Chevrolet Corvair Monza and the Oldsmobile Jetfire, both introduced in 1962. Greater adoption of turbocharging in passenger cars began in the 1980s, as a way to increase the performance of smaller displacement engines.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: In 2017, 27% of vehicles sold in the US were turbocharged. In Europe 67% of all vehicles were turbocharged in 2014. Historically, more than 90% of turbochargers were diesel, however, adoption in petrol engines is increasing. The companies which manufacture the most turbochargers in Europe and the U.S. are Garrett Motion (formerly Honeywell), BorgWarner and Mitsubishi Turbocharger.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Turbocharger

Context: Failure of the seals will cause oil to leak into the cylinders causing blue-gray smoke. In diesel engines, this can cause an overspeed, a condition known as diesel engine runaway.

Question: متى إكتشف الضاغط العنفي الفائق؟


Miss World 2018

Context: Miss France, Maëva Coucke won the Top Model Competition and became the first quarter-finalist of Miss World 2018.

Question: من هي ملكة جمال العالم في سنة 2018؟


Miss World 2018

Context: Miss Japan, Kanako Date won the Talent Competition and became the second quarter-finalist of Miss World 2018.

Question: من هي ملكة جمال العالم في سنة 2018؟


Miss World 2018

Context: Miss United States, Marisa Butler won the Sports Competition and became the third quarter-finalist of Miss World 2018.

Question: من هي ملكة جمال العالم في سنة 2018؟


Miss World 2018

Context: Miss Nepal, Shrinkhala Khatiwada won the Multimedia Challenge, securing her place in the finals of Miss World 2018.

Question: من هي ملكة جمال العالم في سنة 2018؟


Miss World 2018

Context: The Top 5 winners of the Beauty with a purpose Award (Miss Nepal, Indonesia, New Zealand, Mexico & Vietnam) became the quarter-finalists of Miss World 2018. <br>The 25 projects that were shortlisted are:

Question: من هي ملكة جمال العالم في سنة 2018؟


Miss World 2018

Context: Miss South Africa, Thulisa Keyi and Miss China, Peirui Mao emerged as the joint winners of the Designer Award.

Question: من هي ملكة جمال العالم في سنة 2018؟


Google Books

Context: Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million distinct titles in the world, and stated that it intended to scan all of them. However, the scanning process in American academic libraries has slowed in recent years.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: Google Book's scanning efforts have been subject to litigation, including "Authors Guild v. Google", a class-action lawsuit in the United States. This was a major case that came close to changing copyright practices for orphan works in the United States.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: The project began in 2002 under the codename Project Ocean. Google co-founder Larry Page had always had an interest in digitizing books. When he and Marissa Mayer began experimenting with book scanning in 2002, it took 40 minutes for them to digitize a 300-page book. But soon after the technology had been developed to the extent that scanning operators could scan up to 6000 pages an hour.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: The project has received criticism that its stated aim of preserving orphaned and out-of-print works is at risk due to scanned data having errors and such problems not being solved.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: Users can report errors in Google scanned books at "support.google.com/books/partner/troubleshooter/2983879".

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: The scanning process is subject to errors. For example, some pages may be unreadable, upside down, or in the wrong order. Scholars have even reported crumpled pages, obscuring thumbs and fingers, and smeared or blurry images. On this issue, a declaration from Google at the end of scanned books says:

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: As of 2009, Google stated that they would start using reCAPTCHA to help fix the errors found in Google Book scans. This method would only improve scanned words that are hard to recognize because of the scanning process and cannot solve errors such as turned pages or blocked words.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: The project is the subject of the "Authors Guild v. Google" lawsuit, filed in 2005 and ruled in favor of Google in 2013, and again, on appeal, in 2015.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: Copyright owners can claim the rights for a scanned book and make it available for preview or full view (by "transferring" it to their Partner Program account), or request Google to prevent the book text from being searched.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: The partnership was for digitizing the library's Latin American collection – about half a million volumes.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: 2003: The team works to develop a high-speed scanning process as well as software for resolving issues in odd type sizes, unusual fonts, and "other unexpected peculiarities."

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: September–October 2005: Two lawsuits against Google charge that the company has not respected copyrights and has failed to properly compensate authors and publishers. One is a class action suit on behalf of authors (Authors Guild v. Google, Sept. 20 2005) and the other is a civil lawsuit brought by five large publishers and the Association of American Publishers. (McGraw Hill v. Google, Oct. 19 2005)

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: 2006: Google added a "download a pdf" button to all its out-of-copyright, public domain books. It also added a new browsing interface along with new "About this Book" pages.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: August 2006: The University of California System announced that it would join the Books digitization project. This includes a portion of the 34 million volumes within the approximately 100 libraries managed by the System.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: October 2006: The University of Wisconsin–Madison announced that it would join the Book Search digitization project along with the Wisconsin Historical Society Library. Combined, the libraries have 7.2 million holdings.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: November 2006: The University of Virginia joined the project. Its libraries contain more than five million volumes and more than 17 million manuscripts, rare books and archives.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: January 2007: The University of Texas at Austin announced that it would join the Book Search digitization project. At least one million volumes would be digitized from the university's 13 library locations.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: March 2007: The Bavarian State Library announced a partnership with Google to scan more than a million public domain and out-of-print works in German as well as English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: May 2007: A book digitizing project partnership was announced jointly by Google and the Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: May 2007: The Boekentoren Library of Ghent University announced that it would participate with Google in digitizing and making digitized versions of 19th century books in the French and Dutch languages available online.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: May 2007: Mysore University announces Google will digitize over 800,000 books and manuscripts–including around 100,000 manuscripts written in Sanskrit or Kannada on both paper and palm leaves.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: June 2007: The Committee on Institutional Cooperation (rebranded as the Big Ten Academic Alliance in 2016) announced that its twelve member libraries would participate in scanning 10 million books over the course of the next six years.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟


Google Books

Context: July 2007: Keio University became Google's first library partner in Japan with the announcement that they would digitize at least 120,000 public domain books.

Question: ما هي أكبر مكتبة رقمية؟