Kazakhstan

Context: The Russian influence on the music life in Kazakhstan can be seen in two spheres: first, the introduction of musical academic institutions such as concert houses with opera stages, conservatories, where the European music was performed and taught, and second, by trying to incorporate Kazakh traditional music into these academic structures.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: The current situation could be described as the effort to rediscover the traditional music as it had been practised before the heavy influence of European musical styles. Contemporary musicians performing among traditional folk music are trained professionals (Rauchan Orazbaeva, Ramazan Stamgazi).

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: Another very challenging aspect arises from the young composers generation, and the rock and jazz musicians, as they aim to incorporate their traditional heritage into the music they learned from the western cultures, thus forming a new stage of "ethnic contemporary classics", respectively ethnic rock or jazz music that sounds distinctly Kazakh. For the classical sector outstanding: Aqtoty Raimkulova, Turan ensemble; for jazz: "Magic of Nomads"; for rock: Roksonaki, Urker, Ulytau, Alda span.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: The Kazakh school of fine arts was fully formed by the 1940s, and flourished in the 1950s. Local painters, graphic artists and sculptors, trained under the unified Soviet system of artist education, began active work, often using national motifs in their art. The painters O. Tansykbaev, J. Shardenov, K. Telzhanov, and S. Aitbaev, graphic artists E. Sidorkina and A. Duzelkhanov, and sculptors H. Nauryzbaeva and E. Sergebaeva are today counted among the key figures of Kazakhstani art.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: Kazakhstan's city of Almaty submitted twice bid for the Winter Olympics: in 2014 and again for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Nur-Sultan and Almaty hosted the 2011 Asian Winter Games.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: Football is the most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The Football Federation of Kazakhstan is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the men's, women's, and futsal national teams.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned Kazakhfilm studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced award-winning movies such as "Myn Bala", "Harmony Lessons", and "Shal". Kazakhstan is host of the International Astana Action Film Festival and the Eurasia International Film Festival held annually. Hollywood director Timur Bekmambetov is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: Serik Aprymov's "Little Brother" ("Bauyr") won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival goEast from the German Federal Foreign Office.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: With support from the US Department of State's Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to bolster free expression and journalistic rights in Kazakhstan.

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Kazakhstan

Context: Kazakhstan has three cultural and two natural sites on the UNESCO World Heritage list. The cultural sites are:

Question: Moneenko valtioon Kazakstan rajoittuu?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: A subsequent campaign to secure the entire island, Operation Stream Line Jane, was opened on 10 September. The Allies broke into the interior, linking up with forces on the coast and secured the island by the end of October. Fighting ceased and an armistice was granted on 6 November. This was the first large-scale operation by the Allies combining sea, land and air forces. The island was placed under Free French control.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: Following the Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia east of Burma by the end of February 1942, submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy moved freely throughout the north and eastern expanses of the Indian Ocean. In March, Japanese aircraft carriers raided merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal, and attacked bases in Colombo and Trincomalee in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). This raid drove the British Eastern Fleet out of the area and they were forced to relocate to a new base at Kilindini Harbour, Mombasa, Kenya.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: The move made the British fleet more vulnerable to attack. The possibility of Japanese naval forces using forward bases in Madagascar had to be addressed. The potential use of these facilities particularly threatened Allied merchant shipping, the supply route to the British Eighth Army and also the Eastern Fleet.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: Japanese Kaidai-type submarines had the longest range of any Axis submarines at the time – more than in some cases, but being challenged by the United States Navy's then-relatively new fleet submarines' top range figures. If the Imperial Japanese Navy's submarines could use bases on Madagascar, Allied lines of communication would be affected across a region stretching from the Pacific and Australia, to the Middle East and as far as the South Atlantic.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: By 12 March 1942, Churchill had been convinced of the importance of such an operation and the decision was reached that the planning of the invasion of Madagascar would begin in earnest. It was agreed that the Free French would be explicitly excluded from the operation. As a preliminary battle outline, Churchill gave the following guidelines to the planners and the operation was designated Operation Bonus:

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: On 14 March, Force 121 was constituted under the command of Major-General Robert Sturges of the Royal Marines with Rear-Admiral Edward Syfret being placed in command of naval Force H and the supporting sea force.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: This was to be the first British amphibious assault since the disastrous landings in the Dardanelles twenty-seven years before.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: In March and April, the South African Air Force (SAAF) had conducted reconnaissance flights over Diego-Suarez and No. 32, 36 and 37 Coastal Flights were withdrawn from maritime patrol operations and sent to Lindi on the Indian Ocean coast of Tanganyika, with an additional eleven Bristol Beauforts and six Martin Marylands to provide close air support during the planned operations.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: The defending Vichy forces, led by Governor General Armand Léon Annet, included about 8,000 troops, of whom about 6,000 were Malagasy tirailleurs (colonial infantry). A large proportion of the rest were Senegalese. Between 1,500 and 3,000 Vichy troops were concentrated around Diego-Suarez. However, naval and air defences were relatively light and/or obsolete: eight coastal batteries, two armed merchant cruisers, two sloops, five submarines, 17 Morane-Saulnier 406 fighters and 10 Potez 63 bombers.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: The crew of one of the midget submarines, Lieutenant Saburo Akieda and Petty Officer Masami Takemoto, beached their craft ("M-20b") at Nosy Antalikely and moved inland towards their pick-up point near Cape Amber. They were betrayed when they bought food at the village of Anijabe and both were killed in a firefight with Royal Marines three days later. One marine was killed in the action as well. The second midget submarine was lost at sea and the body of a crewman was found washed ashore a day later.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: The 27th (North Rhodesia) Infantry Brigade (including forces from East Africa) landed in Madagascar on 8 August. The Vichy governor of Madagascar Annet attempted to obtain reinforcements from the central Vichy government, particularly in terms of aircraft, but was unable to do so. By August, Vichy air strength on the island primarily consisted of only four Morane fighters and three Potez-63s.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: The operation code-named "Stream Line Jane" (sometimes given as "Streamline Jane") consisted of three separate sub-operations code-named Stream, Line and Jane. Stream and Jane were, respectively, the amphibious landings at Majunga on 10 September and Tamatave on 18 September, while Line was the advance from Majunga to the French capital, Tananarive, which fell on 23 September.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: On 29 September, two companies of the South African Pretoria Highlanders performed the only amphibious landing by South African forces of the entire war at the west coast harbor town of Tulear some 900 miles south of Diego Suarez. HMS "Birmingham", 2 destroyers and 200 Royal Marines supported the unopposed landing.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: On 6 October, a Morane fighter strafed British positions near Antinchi, and on 8 October a British bombing raid on Ihosy airfield destroyed four Vichy aircraft.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: The Allies suffered about 500 casualties in the landing at Diego-Suarez, and 30 more killed and 90 wounded in the operations which followed on 10 September 1942.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: Julian Jackson, in his biography of de Gaulle, observed that the French had held out longer against the Allies in Madagascar in 1942 than they had against the Germans in France in 1940.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: Historian John Grehan has claimed that the British capture of Madagascar before it could fall into Japanese hands was so crucial in the context of the war that it led to Japan's eventual downfall and defeat.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: Free French General Paul Legentilhomme was appointed High Commissioner for Madagascar in December 1942 only to replace British administration. Like many colonies, Madagascar sought its independence from the French Empire following the war. In 1947, the island experienced the Malagasy Uprising, a costly revolution that was crushed in 1948. It was not until 26 June 1960, about twelve years later, that the Malagasy Republic successfully proclaimed its independence from France.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: Campaign service in Madagascar did not qualify for the British and Commonwealth Africa Star. It was instead covered by the 1939–1945 Star.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: The following order of battle represents the Malagasy and Vichy French forces on the island directly after the initial "Ironclad" landings.

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Battle of Madagascar

Context: One company of the "Bataillon de tirailleurs malgaches" (BTM - Malagasy Tirailleurs Battalion) at Fianarantsoa

Question: Milloin käytiin Madagaskarin taistelu toisessa maailmansodassa?


Thrace

Context: In Turkey, it is commonly referred to as "Rumeli", "Land of the Romans", owing to this region being the last part of the Eastern Roman Empire that was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: In terms of ancient Greek mythology the name appears to derive from the heroine and sorceress Thrace, who was the daughter of Oceanus and Parthenope, and sister of Europa.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: The largest cities of Thrace are: Istanbul, Plovdiv, Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Burgas, Edirne, Stara Zagora, Sliven, Yambol, Haskovo, Komotini, Alexandroupoli, Xanthi, and Kırklareli.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: Ancient Greek mythology provides the Thracians with a mythical ancestor Thrax, the son of the war-god Ares, who was said to reside in Thrace. The Thracians appear in Homer's "Iliad" as Trojan allies, led by Acamas and Peiros. Later in the "Iliad", Rhesus, another Thracian king, makes an appearance. Cisseus, father-in-law to the Trojan elder Antenor, is also given as a Thracian king.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: Greek mythology is replete with Thracian kings, including Diomedes, Tereus, Lycurgus, Phineus, Tegyrius, Eumolpus, Polymnestor, Poltys, and Oeagrus (father of Orpheus).

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: The Thracians did not describe themselves by name; terms such as "Thrace" and "Thracians" are simply the names given them by the Greeks.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: During this period, a subculture of celibate ascetics called the Ctistae lived in Thrace, where they served as philosophers, priests, and prophets.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: During the imperial period many Thracians – particularly members of the local aristocracy of the cities – had been granted the right of the Roman citizenship (civitas Romana) with all its privileges. Epigraphic evidence show a large increase in such naturalizations in the times of Trajan and Hadrian, while in 212 AD the emperor Caracalla granted, with his well-known decree (constitutio Antoniniana), the Roman citizenship to all the free inhabitants of the Roman Empire.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: During the same period (in the 1st-2nd century AD), a remarkable presence of Thracians is testified by the inscriptions outside the borders (extra fines) both in the Greek territory and in all the Roman provinces, especially in the provinces of Eastern Roman Empire.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Thrace

Context: In 1352, the Ottoman Turks conducted their first incursion into the region subduing it completely within a matter of two decades and ruled it for five centuries in general peace. In 1821, several parts of Thrace, such as Lavara, Maroneia, Sozopolis, Aenos, Callipolis, and Samothraki rebelled during the Greek War of Independence.

Question: Missä nykyisessä valtiossa sijaitsee muinainen Pohjois-Traakia?


Domestication of the horse

Context: A number of hypotheses exist on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Although horses appeared in Paleolithic cave art as early as 30,000 BCE, these were wild horses and were probably hunted for meat.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: How and when horses became domesticated has been disputed. The clearest evidence of early use of the horse as a means of transport is from chariot burials dated c. 2000 BCE. However, an increasing amount of evidence supports the hypothesis that horses were domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes approximately 3500 BCE.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Discoveries in the context of the Botai culture suggest that Botai settlements in the Akmola Province of Kazakhstan are the location of the earliest domestication of the horse.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Use of horses spread across Eurasia for transportation, agricultural work and warfare. Horses and mules in agriculture used a breastplate type harness or a yoke more suitable for oxen, which was not as efficient at utilizing the full strength of the animals as the later-invented padded horse collar that arose several millennia later.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: The horses of the Ice Age were hunted for meat in Europe and across the Eurasian steppes and in North America by early modern humans. Numerous kill sites exist and many cave paintings in Europe indicate what they looked like. Many of these Ice Age subspecies died out during the rapid climate changes associated with the end of the last Ice Age or were hunted out by humans, particularly in North America, where the horse became completely extinct.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Genes located in the mitochondrial DNA are passed on along the maternal line from the mother to her offspring. Multiple analyses of the mitochondrial DNA obtained from modern horses as well as from horse bones and teeth from archaeological and palaeological finds consistently shows an increased genetic diversity in the mitochondrial DNA compared to the remaining DNA, showing that a large number of mares has been included into the breeding stock of the originally domesticated horse.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Variation in the mitochondrial DNA is used to determine so-called haplogroups. A haplogroup is a group of closely related haplotypes that share the same common ancestor. In horses, eighteen main haplogroups are recognized (A-R). Several haplogroups are unequally distributed around the world, indicating the addition of local wild mares to the domesticated stock.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: In 2018, genomic comparison of 42 ancient-horse genomes, 20 of which were from Botai, with 46 published ancient- and modern-horse genomes yielded surprising results. Modern domestic horses were not closely related to the horses at Botai. Rather, Przewalski’s horses were identified as feral descendants of horses herded at Botai. Evidence suggested that "a massive genomic turnover" had occurred along with the domestication of horses and large-scale human population expansion in the Early Bronze Age.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Subsequent research showed that horse lineages from Iberia and Siberia, also associated with early domestication, had little influence on the genetics of modern domestic horses.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: More than 150 scientists collaborated in gathering 264 ancient horse genomes from across Eurasia, dating from 50,000 to 200 B.C.E. In October 2021, results of the analysis were published in "Nature". They indicated that domestication of the modern horse's ancestors likely occurred in the Volga-Don region of the Pontic–Caspian steppe grasslands of Western Eurasia. Both tarpan and Przewalski’s horse were related to different ancestral populations than those underlying the modern domestic horses (DOM2).

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from three kinds of sources: 1) changes in the skeletons and teeth of ancient horses; 2) changes in the geographic distribution of ancient horses, particularly the introduction of horses into regions where no wild horses had existed; and

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: 3) archaeological sites containing artifacts, images, or evidence of changes in human behavior connected with horses.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Examples include horse remains interred in human graves; changes in the ages and sexes of the horses killed by humans; the appearance of horse corrals; equipment such as bits or other types of horse tack; horses interred with equipment intended for use by horses, such as chariots; and depictions of horses used for riding, driving, draught work, or symbols of human power.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Few of these categories, taken alone, provide irrefutable evidence of domestication, but the cumulative evidence becomes increasingly more persuasive.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Entire herds of horses were slaughtered by the Botai hunters, apparently in hunting drives. The adoption of horseback riding might explain the emergence of specialized horse-hunting techniques and larger, more permanent settlements. Domesticated horses could have been adopted from neighboring herding societies in the steppes west of the Ural Mountains, where the Khvalynsk culture had herds of cattle and sheep, and perhaps had domesticated horses, as early as 4800 BCE.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: A study in 2018 revealed that the Botai horses did not contribute significantly to the genetics of modern domesticated horses, and that therefore a subsequent and separate domestication event must have been responsible for the modern domestic horse. Genetic evidence also connects Botai horses with Przewalski's horse in Mongolia, which has led to debates over whether Przewalski's horses should be considered a never-domesticated population or feral descendants of domesticated Botai horses.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: The presence of bit wear is an indicator that a horse was ridden or driven, and the earliest of such evidence from a site in Kazakhstan dates to 3500 BCE. The absence of bit wear on horse teeth is not conclusive evidence against domestication because horses can be ridden and controlled without bits by using a noseband or a hackamore, but such materials do not produce significant physiological changes nor are they apt to be preserved for millennia.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Modern experiments showed that even organic bits of rope or leather can create significant wear facets, and also showed that facets 3mm (.118 in) deep or more do not appear on the premolars of wild horses. However, other researchers disputed both conclusions.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: In Northern Caucasus, the Maikop culture settlements and burials of c. 3300 BC contain both horse bones and images of horses. A frieze of nineteen horses painted in black and red colors is found in one of the Maikop graves. The widespread appearance of horse bones and images in Maikop sites suggest to some observers that horseback riding began in the Maikop period.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: In 2008, archaeologists announced the discovery of rock art in Somalia's northern Dhambalin region, which the researchers suggest is one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is in the Ethiopian-Arabian style, dated to 1000 to 3000 BCE.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: However, mounted raiding is just one possible explanation for this complex event. Environmental deterioration, ecological degradation from millennia of farming, and the exhaustion of easily mined oxide copper ores also are cited as causal factors.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: However, there is disagreement over the definition of the term "domestication". One interpretation of "domestication" is that it must include physiological changes associated with being selectively bred in captivity, and not merely "tamed." It has been noted that traditional peoples worldwide (both hunter-gatherers and horticulturists) routinely tame individuals from wild species, typically by hand-rearing infants whose parents have been killed, and these animals are not necessarily "domesticated."

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Thus, on one hand, logic suggests that horses would have been ridden long before they were driven. But it is also far more difficult to gather evidence of this, as the materials required for riding—simple hackamores or blankets—would not survive as artifacts, and other than tooth wear from a bit, the skeletal changes in an animal that was ridden would not necessarily be particularly noticeable. Direct evidence of horses being driven is much stronger.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: While riding may have been practiced during the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE, and the disappearance of "Old European" settlements may be related to attacks by horseback-mounted warriors, the clearest influence by horses on ancient warfare was by pulling chariots, introduced around 2000 BCE.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Horses in the Bronze Age were relatively small by modern standards, which led some theorists to believe the ancient horses were too small to be ridden and so must have been used for driving. Herodotus' description of the Sigynnae, a steppe people who bred horses too small to ride but extremely efficient at drawing chariots, illustrates this stage. However, as horses remained generally smaller than modern equines well into the Middle Ages, this theory is highly questionable.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: The Iron Age in Mesopotamia saw the rise of mounted cavalry as a tool of war, as evidenced by the notable successes of mounted archer tactics used by various invading eurasian nomads such as the Parthians. Over time, the chariot gradually became obsolete.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Domestication of the horse

Context: Mounted warriors such as the Scythians, Huns and Vandals of late Roman antiquity, the Mongols who invaded eastern Europe in the 7th century through 14th centuries CE, the Arab warriors of the 7th through 14th centuries CE, and the Native Americans in the 16th through 19th centuries each demonstrated effective forms of light cavalry.

Question: Milloin ihminen on aloittanut käyttämään hevosta?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012, the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics, and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: When a town was founded in Forsby village in 1548, it was named "Helsinge fors", "Helsinge rapids". The name refers to the rapids at the mouth of the river. The town was commonly known as "Helsinge" or "Helsing", from which the contemporary Finnish name arose.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Official Finnish Government documents and Finnish language newspapers have used the name "Helsinki" since 1819, when the Senate of Finland moved itself into the city from Turku, the former capital of Finland. The decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, Helsinki was known as "Gel'singfors" (Гельсингфорс) in Russian.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: In Helsinki slang, the city is called "Stadi" (from the Swedish word "stad", meaning "city"). People from other areas of Finland might use "Hesa" (short for Helsinki). "" is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Since the end of the Ice Age, after the retreat of the ice cover, first colonizers came to the area around Helsinki at about 5000 BC. Their presence was documented by archeologists in Vantaa, Pitäjänmäki and Kaarela.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Permanent settlements appeared only at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, in the Iron Age, when the area was inhabited by Tavastians. They used the area for fishing and hunting, but due to a lack of archeological finds it is difficult to say how extensive their settlements were. Pollen analysis has shown that there were cultivating settlements in the area in the 10th century and surviving historical records from the 14th century describe Tavastian settlements in the area.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The early settlements were raided by Vikings, later substituted by Christianized colonists from Sweden. They arrived mostly from the Swedish coastal regions of Norrland and Hälsingland, which especially intensified by the years of 1100. Swedes colonized the coastline of the Helsinki region permanently in the late 13th century after the successful Second Crusade to Finland, which led to the defeat of the Tavastians.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Written chronicles of 1417 mentioned Koskela village near the rapids close to the mouth of the Vantaa River, near which Helsinki would be founded.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Major islands in Helsinki include Seurasaari, Vallisaari, Lauttasaari, and Korkeasaari – the latter being the site of Finland's largest zoo called Korkeasaari Zoo. Other noteworthy islands are the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg), the military island of Santahamina, and Isosaari. Pihlajasaari island is a favorite summer spot for gay men and naturists, comparable to Fire Island in New York City.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: There are 60 nature reserves in Helsinki with a total area of . Of the total area, are water areas and are land areas. In addition, the city owns seven nature reserves in Espoo, Sipoo, Hanko and Ingå. The largest nature reserve is the Vanhankaupunginselkä, with an area of . The city's first nature reserve, Tiiraluoto of Lauttasaari, was established in 1948.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The Helsinki urban area is an officially recognized urban area in Finland, defined by its population density. The area stretches throughout 11 municipalities, and is the largest such area in Finland, with a land area of and approximately 1.2 million inhabitants.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki has a humid continental climate (Köppen: "Dfb") similar to that of Hokkaido or Nova Scotia coastal. Owing to the mitigating influence of the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic Current (see also Extratropical cyclone), temperatures during the winter are higher than the northern location might suggest, with the average in January and February around .

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki is divided into three major areas: Helsinki Downtown (, ), (, ) and East Helsinki (, ). Of these, Helsinki Downtown means the undefined core area of capital, as opposed to suburbs. The designations business center and city center usually refer to Kluuvi, Kamppi and Punavuori. Other subdivisional centers outside the downtown area include Malmi (), located in the northeastern part of city, and Itäkeskus (), in the eastern part of city.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The only visible public buildings of the Gothic Revival architecture in Helsinki are St. John's Church (1891) in Ullanlinna, which is the largest stone church in Finland, and its twin towers rise to 74 meters and have 2,600 seats. Other examples of neo-Gothic include the House of Nobility in Kruununhaka and the Catholic St. Henry's Cathedral.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki also features several buildings by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto, recognized as one of the pioneers of architectural functionalism. However, some of his works, such as the headquarters of the paper company Stora Enso and the concert venue Finlandia Hall, have been subject to divided opinions from the citizens.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Well-known statues and monuments strongly embedded in the cityscape of Helsinki include the Keisarinnankivi ("Stone of the Empress", 1835), the statue of Russian Emperor Alexander II (1894), the fountain sculpture "Havis Amanda" (1908), the (1925), the "Three Smiths Statue" (1932), the Aleksis Kivi Memorial (1939), the Eino Leino Statue (1953), the Equestrian statue of Marshal Mannerheim (1960) and the "Sibelius Monument" (1967).

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: As is the case with all Finnish municipalities, Helsinki's city council is the main decision-making organ in local politics, dealing with issues such as urban planning, schools, health care, and public transport. The council is chosen in the nationally held municipal elections, which are held every four years.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki's city council consists of eighty-five members. Following the most recent municipal elections in 2017, the three largest parties are the National Coalition Party (25), the Green League (21), and the Social Democratic Party (12).

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: At 53 percent of the population, women form a greater proportion of Helsinki residents than the national average of 51 percent. Helsinki's population density of 2,739.36 people per square kilometre makes Helsinki the most densely-populated city in Finland. The life expectancy for men and women is slightly below the national averages: 75.1 years for men as compared to 75.7 years, 81.7 years for women as compared to 82.5 years.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: In 2015, there were about 3,500 homeless people in Helsinki. About a thousand of them are foreigners. 700 of the homeless are under the age of 25, which is 400 less than in 2013. According to Taru Neiman, Head of Housing Support in Helsinki, homelessness has decreased because there are more places in temporary housing units than before. In 2015, there were more than 800 places in Helsinki's housing units and the queuing times were on average one year.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Helsinki. 77.1% of the citizens speak Finnish as their native language. 5.6% speak Swedish. The remaining 17.3% of the population speaks a native language other than Finnish or Swedish. The fastest growing languages are Arabic and Somali. Just 64 people speak the Sami languages as their mother tongue, though 527 people are of Sami background. 93 Tatar speakers live in Helsinki, nearly half of Finland's total Tatar speakers.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Finnish speakers surpassed Swedish speakers in 1890 to become the majority of the city's population. At the time, the population of Helsinki was 61,530.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The number of people with a foreign mother tongue is expected to be 196,500 in 2035, or 26% of the population. 114,000 will speak non-European languages, which will be 15% of the population.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The Temppeliaukio Church is a Lutheran church in the Töölö neighborhood of the city. The church was designed by architects and brothers Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen and opened in 1969. Built directly into solid rock, it is also known as the Church of the Rock and Rock Church. The Cathedral of the Diocese of Helsinki is the Helsinki Cathedral, completed in 1852. It is a major landmark in the city and has 1,300 seats.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: There are 21 Lutheran congregations in Helsinki, 18 of which are Finnish-speaking and 3 are Swedish-speaking. These form Helsinki's congregationgroup. Outside that there is Finland's German congregation with 3,000 members and Rikssvenska Olaus Petri-församlingen for Swedish-citizens with 1,000 members.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The largest Orthodox congregation is the Orthodox Church of Helsinki. It has 20,000 members. Its main church is the Uspenski Cathedral. The two largest Catholic congregations are the Cathedral of Saint Henry, with 4,552 members, established in 1860 and St Mary's Catholic Parish, with 4,107 members, established in 1954.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: At the end of 2021, 49.1% of the population were affiliated to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Helsinki is the least Lutheran municipality in Finland.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: There are around 30 mosques in the Helsinki region. Many linguistic and ethnic groups such as Bangladeshis, Kosovars, Kurds and Bosniaks have established their own mosques. The largest congregation in both Helsinki and Finland is the , established in 1995. It has over 2,800 members , and it received €24,131 in government assistance.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: In 2015, imam estimated that on big celebrations around 10,000 Muslims visit mosques. In 2004, it was estimated that there were 8,000 Muslims in Helsinki, 1.5% of the population at the time. The number of people in Helsinki with a background from Muslim majority countries was nearly 41,000 as of 2021, representing over 6% of the population.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Greater Helsinki generates approximately one third of Finland's GDP. GDP per capita is roughly 1.3 times the national average. Helsinki profits on serviced-related IT and public sectors. Having moved from heavy industrial works, shipping companies also employ a substantial number of people.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The metropolitan area's gross value added per capita is 200% of the mean of 27 European metropolitan areas, equalling those of Stockholm and Paris. The gross value added annual growth has been around 4%.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The tap water is of excellent quality and it is supplied by the Päijänne Water Tunnel, one of the world's longest continuous rock tunnels.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki has 190 comprehensive schools, 41 upper secondary schools, and 15 vocational institutes. Half of the 41 upper secondary schools are private or state-owned, the other half municipal. There are two major research universities in Helsinki, the University of Helsinki and Aalto University, and a number of other higher level institutions and polytechnics which focus on higher-level professional education.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki is one of the co-location centres of the Knowledge and Innovation Community (Future information and communication society) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The Finnish National Gallery consists of three museums: Ateneum Art Museum for classical Finnish art, Sinebrychoff Art Museum for classical European art, and Kiasma Art Museum for modern art, in a building by architect Steven Holl. The old Ateneum, a neo-Renaissance palace from the 19th century, is one of the city's major historical buildings. All three museum buildings are state-owned through Senate Properties.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The city of Helsinki hosts its own art collection in the Helsinki Art Museum (HAM), primarily located in its Tennispalatsi gallery. Around 200 pieces of public art lie outside. The art is all city property.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki Art Museum will in 2020 launch the Helsinki Biennial, which will bring art to maritime Helsinki – in its first year to the island of Vallisaari.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The Design Museum is devoted to the exhibition of both Finnish and foreign design, including industrial design, fashion, and graphic design. Other museums in Helsinki include the Military Museum of Finland, Didrichsen Art Museum, Amos Rex Art Museum, and the .

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki has three major theatres: The Finnish National Theatre, the Helsinki City Theatre, and the Swedish Theatre ("Svenska Teatern"). Other notable theatres in the city include the Alexander Theatre, ', , , and '.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Many widely renowned and acclaimed bands have originated in Helsinki, including Nightwish, Children of Bodom, Hanoi Rocks, HIM, Stratovarius, The 69 Eyes, Finntroll, Ensiferum, Wintersun, The Rasmus, Poets of the Fall, and Apocalyptica. The most significant of the metal music events in Helsinki is the Tuska Open Air Metal Festival in Suvilahti, Sörnäinen.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The city's main musical venues are the Finnish National Opera, the Finlandia concert hall, and the Helsinki Music Centre. The Music Centre also houses a part of the Sibelius Academy. Bigger concerts and events are usually held at one of the city's two big ice hockey arenas: the Helsinki Halli or the Helsinki Ice Hall. Helsinki has Finland's largest fairgrounds, the Messukeskus Helsinki, which is attended by more than a million visitors a year.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki Arena hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, the first Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Finland, following Lordi's win in 2006.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The Helsinki Day ("Helsinki-päivä") will be celebrated on every 12 June, with numerous entertainment events culminating in an open-air concert. Also, the Helsinki Festival is an annual arts and culture festival, which takes place every August (including the Night of the Arts).

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: At the Senate Square in fall 2010, Finland's largest open-air art exhibition to date took place: About 1.4 million people saw the international exhibition of "United Buddy Bears".

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Sanoma publishes Finland's journal of record, "Helsingin Sanomat", the tabloid "Ilta-Sanomat", the commerce-oriented "Taloussanomat", and the television channel Nelonen. Another Helsinki-based media house, Alma Media, publishes over thirty magazines, including the tabloid "Iltalehti", and the commerce-oriented "Kauppalehti".

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus).

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: As an important port city on the Baltic Sea, Helsinki has long been known for its fish food, and it has recently started to become one of the leading fish food capitals in Northern Europe. Helsinki's Market Square is especially known for its traditional herring market, which has been organized since 1743. Salmon is also typical Helsinki fish dish both fried and souped. The most prestigious restaurants specializing in seafood include Restaurant Fisken på Disken.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: A nationwide food carnival called Restaurant Day ("Ravintolapäivä") has begun in Helsinki and has traditionally been celebrated since May 2011. The purpose of the day is to have fun, share new food experiences and enjoy the common environment with the group.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Vappu is an annual carnival for students and workers on 1 May. The last week of June marks the Helsinki Pride human rights event, which was attended by 100,000 marchers in 2018.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Most of Helsinki's sports venues are under the responsibility of the city's sports office, such as 70 sports halls and about 350 sports fields. There are nine ice rinks, three of which are managed by the Helsinki Sports Agency ("Helsingin liikuntavirasto"). In winter, there are seven artificial ice rinks. People can swim in Helsinki in 14 swimming pools, the largest of which is the , two inland swimming pools and more than 20 beaches, of which Hietaniemi Beach is probably the most famous.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The backbone of Helsinki's motorway network consists of three semicircular beltways, Ring I, Ring II, and Ring III, which connect expressways heading to other parts of Finland, and the western and eastern arteries of "Länsiväylä" and "Itäväylä" respectively. While variants of a "Keskustatunneli" tunnel under the city centre have been repeatedly proposed, the plan remains on the drawing board.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Many important Finnish highways leave Helsinki for various parts of Finland; most of them in the form of motorways, but a few of these exceptions include "Vihdintie". The most significant highways are:

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki has some 390 cars per 1000 inhabitants. This is less than in cities of similar population and construction density, such as Brussels' 483 per 1000, Stockholm's 401, and Oslo's 413.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: A majority of intercity passenger services in Finland originate or terminate at the Helsinki Central Railway Station. All major cities in Finland are connected to Helsinki by rail service, with departures several times a day. The most frequent service is to Tampere, with more than 25 intercity departures per day . There are international services from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The Saint Petersburg to Helsinki route is operated by Allegro high-speed trains.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: A Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel has been proposed and agreed upon by representatives of the cities. The rail tunnel would connect Helsinki to the Estonian capital Tallinn, further linking Helsinki to the rest of continental Europe by Rail Baltica.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Air traffic is handled primarily from Helsinki Airport, located approximately north of Helsinki's downtown area, in the neighbouring city of Vantaa. Helsinki's own airport, Helsinki-Malmi Airport, is mainly used for general and private aviation. Charter flights are available from Hernesaari Heliport.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, and Stockholm are serviced by various companies; very popular MS "J. L. Runeberg" ferry connection to Finland's second oldest city, medieval old town of Porvoo, is also available for tourists. Finnlines passenger-freight ferries to Gdynia, Poland; Travemünde, Germany; and Rostock, Germany are also available. St. Peter Line offers passenger ferry service to Saint Petersburg several times a week.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: In the Helsinki metropolitan area, public transportation is managed by the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority, the metropolitan area transportation authority. The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the metro, bus lines, two ferry lines and a public bike system.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: The commuter rail system includes purpose-built double track for local services in two rail corridors along intercity railways, and the Ring Rail Line, an urban double-track railway with a station at the Helsinki Airport in Vantaa. Electric operation of commuter trains was first begun in 1969, and the system has been gradually expanded since. 15 different services are operated , some extending outside of the Helsinki region. The frequent services run at a 10-minute headway in peak traffic.

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Helsinki

Context: Helsinki is officially the sister city of Beijing, China "(since 2006)". In addition, the city has a special partnership relation with:

Question: Miksi Venäjällä on ollut valtionpankin konttori Helsingissä?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: The Ngalop people, descendants of Tibetan immigrants, comprise the majority of the population in the western and central areas and mostly follow the Drukpa Lineage of Kagyu Vajrayana.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: The Sharchops, descendants of the country's probable original inhabitants, live in the east. Reportedly, some Sharchops practice Buddhism combined with elements of Bon whereas others practice animism and Hinduism.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: The government supports both Kagyu and Nyingma Buddhist monasteries. The royal family practices a combination of Nyingma and Kagyu Buddhism and many citizens believe in the concept of "Kanyin-Zungdrel," meaning "Kagyupa and Ningmapa as one."

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: Hindus, mainly in the South, practice Hinduism. There are about 2 lakh Hindus mainly of Lhotshampa ethnicity living in Bhutan. They form 23% of the country's population, and Hinduism is the second largest religion of the nation. The very first Hindu temple was constructed in Thimphu in 2012 by the Je Khenpo, Chief Abbot of Bhutan, and Hindus practice their religion in small to medium-sized groups.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: Hinduism is more common among the Lhotshampa ethnic group, although a fair amount of ethnic Lhotshampa follow Buddhism as well.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: Bon, the country's animist and shamanistic belief system, revolves around the worship of nature and predates Buddhism. Although Bön priests often officiate and include Bön rituals in Buddhist festivals, very few citizens adhere exclusively to this religious group.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: Christians are present in small numbers, especially in the Nepalese ethnic group. According to a 2007 report there were no Christian missionaries in the country, although international Christian relief organizations and Roman Catholic Jesuit priests engaged in education and humanitarian activities.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: Christianity was first brought to Bhutan in the late 17th century by Portuguese Jesuits, but the teachings failed to gain much traction among the devout Bhutanese Buddhists.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: In 2010, the Pew Research Center estimated that 0.1% of the population were Muslims and Islam has no recognition there according to Bhutan constitution.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: The Religious Organizations Act of 2007 aims to protect and preserve the spiritual heritage of Bhutan through providing for the registration and administration of religious organizations. To meet those goals, the Act creates the Chhoedey Lhentshog as the regulatory authority on religious organizations. This body regulates, monitors, and keeps records on all religious organizations in Bhutan, which are in turn required to register and maintain specified corporate formalities.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Religion in Bhutan

Context: Through 2007, there were no reports of violence associated with pressure to conform to Vajrayana beliefs. There were no reports of societal abuse or discrimination based on religious belief or practice.

Question: Mikä on Bhutanin valtionuskonto?


Virus

Context: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines, which confer an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection. Some viruses, including those that cause HIV/AIDS, HPV infection, and viral hepatitis, evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections. Several classes of antiviral drugs have been developed.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The evidence for an ancestral world of RNA cells and computer analysis of viral and host DNA sequences are giving a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships between different viruses and may help identify the ancestors of modern viruses. To date, such analyses have not proved which of these hypotheses is correct. It seems unlikely that all currently known viruses have a common ancestor, and viruses have probably arisen numerous times in the past by one or more mechanisms.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The poxviruses are large, complex viruses that have an unusual morphology. The viral genome is associated with proteins within a central disc structure known as a nucleoid. The nucleoid is surrounded by a membrane and two lateral bodies of unknown function. The virus has an outer envelope with a thick layer of protein studded over its surface. The whole virion is slightly pleomorphic, ranging from ovoid to brick-shaped.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Some viruses that infect Archaea have complex structures unrelated to any other form of virus, with a wide variety of unusual shapes, ranging from spindle-shaped structures to viruses that resemble hooked rods, teardrops or even bottles. Other archaeal viruses resemble the tailed bacteriophages, and can have multiple tail structures.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: An enormous variety of genomic structures can be seen among viral species; as a group, they contain more structural genomic diversity than plants, animals, archaea, or bacteria. There are millions of different types of viruses, although fewer than 7,000 types have been described in detail. As of January 2021, the NCBI Virus genome database has more than 193,000 complete genome sequences, but there are doubtlessly many more to be discovered.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: A virus has either a DNA or an RNA genome and is called a DNA virus or an RNA virus, respectively. The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes. Plant viruses tend to have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages tend to have double-stranded DNA genomes.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Genome size varies greatly between species. The smallest—the ssDNA circoviruses, family "Circoviridae"—code for only two proteins and have a genome size of only two kilobases; the largest—the pandoraviruses—have genome sizes of around two megabases which code for about 2500 proteins. Virus genes rarely have introns and often are arranged in the genome so that they overlap.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Segmented genomes confer evolutionary advantages; different strains of a virus with a segmented genome can shuffle and combine genes and produce progeny viruses (or offspring) that have unique characteristics. This is called reassortment or 'viral sex'.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Genetic recombination is the process by which a strand of DNA (or RNA) is broken and then joined to the end of a different DNA (or RNA) molecule. This can occur when viruses infect cells simultaneously and studies of viral evolution have shown that recombination has been rampant in the species studied. Recombination is common to both RNA and DNA viruses.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Viral populations do not grow through cell division, because they are acellular. Instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves, and they assemble in the cell. When infected, the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Their life cycle differs greatly between species, but there are six basic stages in their life cycle:

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: "Uncoating" is a process in which the viral capsid is removed: This may be by degradation by viral enzymes or host enzymes or by simple dissociation; the end-result is the releasing of the viral genomic nucleic acid.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: "Assembly" – Following the structure-mediated self-assembly of the virus particles, some modification of the proteins often occurs. In viruses such as HIV, this modification (sometimes called maturation) occurs after the virus has been released from the host cell.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The genetic material within virus particles, and the method by which the material is replicated, varies considerably between different types of viruses.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Some viruses cause no apparent changes to the infected cell. Cells in which the virus is latent and inactive show few signs of infection and often function normally. This causes persistent infections and the virus is often dormant for many months or years. This is often the case with herpes viruses.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The general taxonomic structure of taxon ranges and the suffixes used in taxonomic names are shown hereafter. As of 2021, the ranks of subrealm, subkingdom, and subclass are unused, whereas all other ranks are in use.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The Nobel Prize-winning biologist David Baltimore devised the Baltimore classification system. The ICTV classification system is used in conjunction with the Baltimore classification system in modern virus classification.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The Baltimore classification of viruses is based on the mechanism of mRNA production. Viruses must generate mRNAs from their genomes to produce proteins and replicate themselves, but different mechanisms are used to achieve this in each virus family. Viral genomes may be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds), RNA or DNA, and may or may not use reverse transcriptase (RT). In addition, ssRNA viruses may be either sense (+) or antisense (−). This classification places viruses into seven groups:

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Some viruses can cause lifelong or chronic infections, where the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the host's defence mechanisms. This is common in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections. People chronically infected are known as carriers, as they serve as reservoirs of infectious virus. In populations with a high proportion of carriers, the disease is said to be endemic.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Several highly lethal viral pathogens are members of the "Filoviridae". Filoviruses are filament-like viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever, and include ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. Marburg virus, first discovered in 1967, attracted widespread press attention in April 2005 for an outbreak in Angola. Ebola virus disease has also caused intermittent outbreaks with high mortality rates since 1976 when it was first identified. The worst and most recent one is the 2013–2016 West Africa epidemic.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Except for smallpox, most pandemics are caused by newly evolved viruses. These "emergent" viruses are usually mutants of less harmful viruses that have circulated previously either in humans or other animals.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) are caused by new types of coronaviruses. Other coronaviruses are known to cause mild infections in humans, so the virulence and rapid spread of SARS infections—that by July 2003 had caused around 8,000 cases and 800 deaths—was unexpected and most countries were not prepared.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: A related coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), thought to have originated in bats, emerged in Wuhan, China in November 2019 and spread rapidly around the world. Infections with the virus caused the COVID-19 pandemic that started in 2020. Unprecedented restrictions in peacetime were placed on international travel, and curfews were imposed in several major cities worldwide in response to the pandemic.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The body's first line of defence against viruses is the innate immune system. This comprises cells and other mechanisms that defend the host from infection in a non-specific manner. This means that the cells of the innate system recognise, and respond to, pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system, it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Antibodies can continue to be an effective defence mechanism even after viruses have managed to gain entry to the host cell. A protein that is in cells, called TRIM21, can attach to the antibodies on the surface of the virus particle. This primes the subsequent destruction of the virus by the enzymes of the cell's proteosome system.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Because viruses use vital metabolic pathways within host cells to replicate, they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that cause toxic effects to host cells in general. The most effective medical approaches to viral diseases are vaccinations to provide immunity to infection, and antiviral drugs that selectively interfere with viral replication.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Other antiviral drugs in use target different stages of the viral life cycle. HIV is dependent on a proteolytic enzyme called the HIV-1 protease for it to become fully infectious. There is a large class of drugs called protease inhibitors that inactivate this enzyme. There are around thirteen classes of antiviral drugs each targeting different viruses or stages of viral replication.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Hepatitis C is caused by an RNA virus. In 80% of people infected, the disease is chronic, and without treatment, they are infected for the remainder of their lives. There are effective treatments that use direct-acting antivirals. The treatment of chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus has also been developed by using similar strategies that include lamivudine and other anti-viral drugs.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Viruses infect all cellular life and, although viruses occur universally, each cellular species has its own specific range that often infects only that species. Some viruses, called satellites, can replicate only within cells that have already been infected by another virus.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Viruses are important pathogens of livestock. Diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease and bluetongue are caused by viruses. Companion animals such as cats, dogs, and horses, if not vaccinated, are susceptible to serious viral infections. Canine parvovirus is caused by a small DNA virus and infections are often fatal in pups. Like all invertebrates, the honey bee is susceptible to many viral infections. Most viruses co-exist harmlessly in their host and cause no signs or symptoms of disease.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Originally from Peru, the potato has become a staple crop worldwide. The potato virus Y causes disease in potatoes and related species including tomatoes and peppers. In the 1980s, this virus acquired economical importance when it proved difficult to control in seed potato crops. Transmitted by aphids, this virus can reduce crop yields by up to 80 per cent, causing significant losses to potato yields.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Plant virus particles or virus-like particles (VLPs) have applications in both biotechnology and nanotechnology. The capsids of most plant viruses are simple and robust structures and can be produced in large quantities either by the infection of plants or by expression in a variety of heterologous systems. Plant virus particles can be modified genetically and chemically to encapsulate foreign material and can be incorporated into supramolecular structures for use in biotechnology.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Viruses are the most abundant biological entity in aquatic environments. There are about ten million of them in a teaspoon of seawater. Most of these viruses are bacteriophages infecting heterotrophic bacteria and cyanophages infecting cyanobacteria and they are essential to the regulation of saltwater and freshwater ecosystems.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Microorganisms constitute more than 90% of the biomass in the sea. It is estimated that viruses kill approximately 20% of this biomass each day and that there are 10 to 15 times as many viruses in the oceans as there are bacteria and archaea. Viruses are also major agents responsible for the destruction of phytoplankton including harmful algal blooms,

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The number of viruses in the oceans decreases further offshore and deeper into the water, where there are fewer host organisms.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: In January 2018, scientists reported that 800 million viruses, mainly of marine origin, are deposited daily from the Earth atmosphere onto every square meter of the planet's surface, as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses, circulating above the weather system but below the altitude of usual airline travel, distributing viruses around the planet.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Like any organism, marine mammals are susceptible to viral infections. In 1988 and 2002, thousands of harbour seals were killed in Europe by phocine distemper virus. Many other viruses, including caliciviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses and parvoviruses, circulate in marine mammal populations.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Viruses are an important natural means of transferring genes between different species, which increases genetic diversity and drives evolution. It is thought that viruses played a central role in early evolution, before the diversification of the last universal common ancestor into bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Viruses are still one of the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on Earth.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Viruses are important to the study of molecular and cell biology as they provide simple systems that can be used to manipulate and investigate the functions of cells. The study and use of viruses have provided valuable information about aspects of cell biology. For example, viruses have been useful in the study of genetics and helped our understanding of the basic mechanisms of molecular genetics, such as DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, translation, protein transport, and immunology.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The expression of heterologous proteins by viruses is the basis of several manufacturing processes that are currently being used for the production of various proteins such as vaccine antigens and antibodies. Industrial processes have been recently developed using viral vectors and several pharmaceutical proteins are currently in pre-clinical and clinical trials.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: Current trends in nanotechnology promise to make much more versatile use of viruses. From the viewpoint of a materials scientist, viruses can be regarded as organic nanoparticles.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


Virus

Context: The ability of viruses to cause devastating epidemics in human societies has led to the concern that viruses could be weaponised for biological warfare. Further concern was raised by the successful recreation of the infamous 1918 influenza virus in a laboratory.

Question: Mistä virus syntyy?


History of Crimea

Context: Archaeological evidence of human settlement in Crimea dates back to the Middle Paleolithic. Neanderthal remains found at Kiyik-Koba Cave have been dated to about 80,000 BP. Late Neanderthal occupations have also been found at Starosele (c. 46,000 BP) and Buran Kaya III (c. 30,000 BP).

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Archaeologists have found some of the earliest anatomically modern human remains in Europe in the Buran-Kaya caves in the Crimean Mountains (east of Simferopol). The fossils are about 32,000 years old, with the artifacts linked to the Gravettian culture.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Proponents of the Black Sea deluge hypothesis believe Crimea did not become a peninsula until relatively recently, with the rising of the Black Sea level in the 6th millennium BC.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The beginning of the Neolithic in Crimea is not associated with agriculture, but instead with the beginning of pottery production, changes in flint tool-making technologies, and local domestication of pigs. The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the Crimean peninsula is from the Chalcolithic Ardych-Burun site, dating to the middle of the 4th millennium BC

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: By the 3rd millennium BC, Crimea had been reached by the Yamna or "pit grave" culture, assumed to correspond to a late phase of Proto-Indo-European culture in the Kurgan hypothesis.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In the early Iron Age, Crimea was settled by two groups: the Tauri in southern Crimea, and the East Iranian-speaking Scythians north of the Crimean Mountains.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Taurians intermixed with the Scythians starting from the end of 3rd century BC were mentioned as "Tauroscythians" and "Scythotaurians" in the works of ancient Greek writers. In Geographica, Strabo refers to the Tauri as a Scythian tribe. However, Herodotus states that the Tauri tribes were geographically inhabited by the Scythians, but they are not Scythians. Also, the Taurians inspired the Greek myths of Iphigenia and Orestes.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Greeks, who eventually established colonies in Crimea during the Archaic Period, regarded the Tauri as a savage, warlike people. Even after centuries of Greek and Roman settlement, the Tauri were not pacified and continued to engage in piracy on the Black Sea. By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian king Scilurus.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The ancient Greeks were the first to name the region "Taurica" after the Tauri. As the Tauri inhabited only mountainous regions of southern Crimea, at first the name Taurica was used only to this southern part, but later it was extended to name the whole peninsula.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Greek city-states began establishing colonies along the Black Sea coast of Crimea in the 7th or 6th century BC. Theodosia and Panticapaeum were established by Milesians. In the 5th century BC, Dorians from Heraclea Pontica founded the sea port of Chersonesos (in modern Sevastopol).

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Persian Achaemenid Empire under Darius I expanded to Crimea as part of his campaigns against the Scythians in 513 BCE.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In the 2nd century BC, the eastern part of Taurica became part of the Bosporan Kingdom, before becoming a client kingdom of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Throughout the later centuries, Crimea was invaded or occupied successively by the Goths (AD 250), the Huns (376), the Bulgars (4th–8th century), the Khazars (8th century).

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Crimean Gothic, an East Germanic language, was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In the 9th century CE, Byzantium established the Theme of Cherson to defend against incursions by the Rus' Khaganate. The Crimean peninsula from this time was contested between Byzantium, Rus' and Khazaria. The area remained the site of overlapping interests and contact between the early medieval Slavic, Turkic and Greek spheres.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: It became a center of slave trade. Slavs were sold to Byzantium and other places in Anatolia and the Middle-East during this period.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: During the collapse of the Byzantine state some cities fell to its creditor the Republic of Genoa who also conquered cities controlled by its rival the Venice. During the entirety of this period the urban areas were Greek-speaking and eastern Christian.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Throughout the ancient and medieval period the interior and north of Crimea was occupied by a changing cast of invading steppe nomads, such as the Tauri, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Crimean Goths, Alans, Bulgars, Huns, Khazars, Kipchaks and Mongols.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Bosporan Kingdom had exercised some control of the majority of the peninsula at the height of its power, with Kievan Rus' also having some control of the interior of Crimea after the tenth century.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The overseas territories of Trebizond, Perateia, had already been subjected to pressure from the Genoese and Kipchaks by the time Alexios I of Trebizond died in 1222, before the Mongol invasions began its western sweep through Volga Bulgaria in 1223.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Kiev lost its hold on the Crimean interior in the early 13th century due to the Mongol invasions. In the summer of 1238 Batu Khan devastated the Crimean peninsula and pacified Mordovia, reaching Kiev by 1240. The Crimean interior came under the control of the Turco-Mongol Golden Horde from 1239 to 1441. The name "Crimea" (via Italian, from Turkic "Qirim") originates as the name of the provincial capital of the Golden Horde, the city now known as Staryi Krym.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Trebizond's Perateia soon became the Principality of Theodoro and Genoese Gazaria, respectively sharing control of the south of Crimea until the Ottoman intervention of 1475.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In the 13th century the Republic of Genoa seized the settlements which their rivals, the Venetians, had built along the Crimean coast and established themselves at Cembalo (present-day Balaklava), Soldaia (Sudak), Cherco (Kerch) and Caffa (Feodosiya), gaining control of the Crimean economy and the Black Sea commerce for two centuries. Genoa and its colonies fought a series of wars with the Mongol states between the 13th and 15th centuries.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In 1346 the Golden Horde army besieging Genoese Kaffa (present-day Feodosiya) catapulted the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of plague over the walls of the city. Historians have speculated that Genoese refugees from this engagement may have brought the Black Death to Western Europe.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: After Timur destroyed a Mongol Golden Horde army in 1399, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent Crimean Khanate under Hacı I Giray (a descendant of Genghis Khan) by 1443. Hacı I Giray and his successors reigned first at Qırq Yer, then - from the beginning of the 15th century - at Bakhchisaray.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the Kuban to the Dniester River, however, they were unable to take control of the commercial Genoese towns in the Crimea. After the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the Ottomans, an Ottoman invasion of the Genoese towns led by Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1475 brought Kaffa and the other trading towns under their control.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held Khan Meñli I Giray captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them rule as tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="blacksea-crimea/hist"></ref> However, the Crimean Khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, and followed the rules they thought best for them.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Crimean Tatars introduced the practice of raids into Ukrainian lands (the Wild Fields), in which they captured slaves for sale. For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six Tatar raids were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. In the 1570s close to 20,000 slaves a year went on sale in Kaffa.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Slaves and freedmen formed approximately 75% of the Crimean population. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid, which took place during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Crimean Tatars as an ethnic group dominated the Crimean Khanate from the 15th to the 18th centuries. They descend from a complicated mixture of Turkic peoples who settled in the Crimea from the 8th century, presumably also absorbing remnants of the Crimean Goths and the Genoese.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Linguistically, the Crimean Tatars are related to the Khazars, who invaded the Crimea in the mid-8th century; the Crimean Tatar language forms part of the Kipchak or Northwestern branch of the Turkic languages, although it shows substantial Oghuz influence due to historical Ottoman Turkish presence in the Crimea.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: A small enclave of Crimean Karaites, a people of Jewish descent practising Karaism who later adopted a Turkic language, formed in the 13th century. It existed among the Muslim Crimean Tatars, primarily in the mountainous Çufut Qale area.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In 1553–1554 Cossack Hetman Dmytro Vyshnevetsky (in office: 1550-1557) gathered together groups of Cossacks and constructed a fort designed to obstruct Tatar raids into Ukraine. With this action, he founded the Zaporozhian Sich, with which he would launch a series of attacks on the Crimean Peninsula and the Ottoman Turks.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Taurida Oblast was created by a decree of Catherine the Great on 2 February 1784. The center of the oblast was first in Karasubazar but was moved to Simferopol later in 1784. The establishment decree divided the oblast into 7 uyezds. However, by a decree of Paul I on 12 December 1796, the oblast was abolished and the territory, divided into 2 uyezds (Akmechetsky "[Акмечетский]" and Perekopsky "[Перекопский]") was attached to the second incarnation of the Novorossiysk Governorate.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: After 1799, the territory was divided into uyezds. At that time, there were 1,400 inhabited villages and 7 towns—Simferopol, Sevastopol, Yalta, Yevpatoria, Alushta, Feodosiya, and Kerch.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In 1802, in the course of Paul I's administrative reform of areas that were annexed from the Crimean Khanate, the Novorossiysk Governorate was again abolished and subdivided. Crimea was attached to a new Taurida Governorate established with its centre at Simferopol. The governorate included both the 25,133 km2 Crimea as well as 38,405 km2 of adjacent areas of the mainland. In 1826 Adam Mickiewicz published his seminal work "The Crimean Sonnets" after traveling through the Black Sea Coast.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: By the late 19th century, Crimean Tatars continued to form a slight plurality of Crimea's still largely rural population but there were large numbers of Russians and Ukrainians as well as smaller numbers of Germans, Jews (including Krymchaks and Crimean Karaites), Bulgarians, Belarusians, Turks, Armenians, and Greeks and Roma.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Tatars were the predominant portion of the population in the mountainous area and about half of the steppe population. Russians were concentrated most heavily in Feodosiya district. Germans and Bulgarians settled in the Crimea at the beginning of the 19th century, receiving a large allotment and fertile land and later wealthy colonists began to buy land, mainly in Perekopsky and Evpatoria uyezds.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Following action in the Danubian Principalities and in the Black Sea, allied troops landed in Crimea in September 1854 and besieged the city of Sevastopol, home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet and the associated threat of potential Russian penetration into the Mediterranean. After extensive fighting throughout Crimea, the city fell on 9 September 1855. The war ended with a Russian loss in February 1856.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The war devastated much of the economic and social infrastructure of Crimea. The Crimean Tatars had to flee from their homeland "en masse", forced by the conditions created by the war, persecution and land expropriations. Those who survived the trip, famine and disease, resettled in Dobruja, Anatolia, and other parts of the Ottoman Empire. Finally, the Russian government decided to stop the process, as the agriculture began to suffer due to the unattended fertile farmland.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Approximately 50,000 White prisoners of war and civilians were summarily executed by shooting or hanging after the defeat of General Wrangel at the end of 1920. This is considered one of the largest massacres in the Civil War.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Between 56,000 and 150,000 of the Whites were murdered as part of the Red Terror, organized by Béla Kun.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Crimea changed hands several times over the course of the conflict and several political entities were set up on the peninsula. These included:

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Crimea became part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on 18 October 1921 as the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which became part of the Soviet Union in 1922, with a degree of autonomy and run as a Crimean Tatar enclave.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: From 1923 until 1944 there was an effort to create Jewish settlements in Crimea. There were two attempts to establish Jewish autonomy in Crimea, but both were ultimately unsuccessful.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Crimea experienced two severe famines in the 20th century, the Famine of 1921–1922 and the Holodomor of 1932–1933. A large Slavic population influx occurred in the 1930s as a result of the Soviet policy of regional development. These demographic changes permanently altered the ethnic balance in the region.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Crimean Jews were targeted for annihilation during Nazi occupation. According to Yitzhak Arad, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of "Einsatzgruppe 11". This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions." Around 40,000 Crimean Jew were murdered.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The successful Crimean offensive meant that in 1944 Sevastopol came under the control of troops from the Soviet Union. The so-called "City of Russian Glory" once known for its beautiful architecture was entirely destroyed and had to be rebuilt stone by stone. Due to its enormous historical and symbolic meaning for the Russians, it became a priority for Stalin and the Soviet government to have it restored to its former glory within the shortest time possible.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Crimean port of Yalta hosted the Yalta Conference of Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill which was later seen as dividing Europe between the Communist and democratic spheres.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished on 30 June 1945 and transformed into the Crimean Oblast (province) of the Russian SFSR. A process of detatarization was started to remove the memory of the Tartars.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In 1994, Russia pledged to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine in the Budapest Memorandum also signed by the US and UK.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Ukraine and many other countries condemned the annexation and consider it to be a violation of international law and Russian agreements safeguarding the territorial integrity of Ukraine. The annexation led to the other members of the then-G8 suspending Russia from the group and introducing sanctions. The United Nations General Assembly also rejected the referendum and annexation, adopting a resolution affirming the "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders".

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: The Russian government opposes the "annexation" label, with Putin defending the referendum as complying with the principle of the self-determination of peoples.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In 2017 the Russian government also began modernising the Simferopol International Airport, which opened its new terminal in April 2018.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: Russia provides electricity to Crimea via a cable beneath the Kerch Strait. In June 2018 there was a full electrical outage for all of Crimea, but the power grid company Rosseti reported to have fixed the outage in approximately one hour.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: On 28 December 2018, Russia completed a high-tech security fence marking the de facto border between Crimea and Ukraine.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In 2022, Russia conquered portions of Kherson Oblast, which allowed it to unblock the North Crimean canal by force, resuming water supply into Crimea.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


History of Crimea

Context: In 2021, Ukraine launched the Crimea Platform a diplomatic initiative aimed at protecting the rights of Crimean inhabitants and ultimately reversing the illegal annexation of Crimea.

Question: Milloin Sevastopol vallattiin?


Alcibiades

Context: Alcibiades ( ; ; 450 – 404 BC) was a prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. He was the last famous member of his mother's aristocratic family, the Alcmaeonidae, which fell from prominence after the Peloponnesian War. He played a major role in the second half of that conflict as a strategic advisor, military commander, and politician.

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: Alcibiades took part in the Battle of Potidaea in 432 BC, where Socrates was said to have saved his life. Alcibiades later returned the favour by rescuing Socrates at the Battle of Delium in 424 BC. Alcibiades had a particularly close relationship with Socrates, whom he admired and respected. Plutarch and Plato describe Alcibiades as Socrates's beloved, the former stating that Alcibiades "feared and reverenced Socrates alone, and despised the rest of his lovers".

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: Somewhere in the years 416–415 BC, a complex struggle took place between Hyperbolos on one side and Nicias and Alcibiades on the other. Hyperbolos tried to bring about the ostracism of one of this pair, but Nicias and Alcibiades combined their influence to induce the people to expel Hyperbolos instead. This incident reveals that Nicias and Alcibiades each commanded a personal following, whose votes were determined by the wishes of the leaders.

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: Alcibiades was not one of the Generals involved in the capture of Melos in 416–415 BC, but Plutarch describes him as a supporter of the decree by which the grown men of Melos were killed and the women and children enslaved. An oration urging Alcibiades' ostracism, "Against Alcibiades" (historically attributed to the orator Andocides but not in fact by him), alleges that Alcibiades had a child by one of these enslaved women.

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: These officers of the Athenian fleet formed a group of conspirators, but were met with opposition from the majority of the soldiers and sailors; these were eventually calmed down "by the advantageous prospect of the pay from the king". The members of the group assembled and prepared to send Pisander, one of their number, on an embassy to Athens to treat for the restoration of Alcibiades and the abolition of democracy in the city, and thus to make Tissaphernes the friend of the Athenians.

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: Despite these events, Pisander and the other envoys of the conspirators arrived at Athens and made a speech before the people. Pisander won the argument, putting Alcibiades and his promises at the center. The Ecclesia deposed Phrynichus and elected Pisander and ten other envoys to negotiate with Tissaphernes and Alcibiades.

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: Alcibiades was recalled by the "intermediate regime" of The Five Thousand, the government which succeeded the Four Hundred in 411, but it is most likely that he waited until 407 BC to actually return to the city. Plutarch tells us that, although his recall had already been passed on motion of Critias, a political ally of his, Alcibiades was resolved to come back with glory. While this was certainly his goal, it was again a means to an end, that end being to avoid prosecution upon his return to Athens.

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: In 404 BC, as he was about to set out for the Persian court, his residence was surrounded and set on fire. Seeing no chance of escape he rushed out on his assassins, dagger in hand, and was killed by a shower of arrows. According to Aristotle, the site of Alcibiades's death was Elaphus, a mountain in Phrygia.

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: Press argues that "though Alcibiades can be considered a good General on the basis of his performance in the Hellespont, he would not be considered so on the basis of his performance in Sicily", but "the strengths of Alcibiades's performance as a General outweigh his faults".

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: Alcibiades has been depicted regularly in art, both in Medieval and Renaissance works, and in several significant works of modern literature as well. He has been the main character in historical novels of authors like Anna Bowman Dodd, Gertrude Atherton, Rosemary Sutcliff, Daniel Chavarria, Steven Pressfield and Peter Green. Alcibiades is also involved in the plot of "Assassin's Creed Odyssey".

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Alcibiades

Context: Alcibiades' military prowess was cited by the eponymous character in the Academy Award winner for best picture in 1970, "Patton", within a scene in which Allied generals discuss possible plans for their forthcoming invasion of Sicily in 1943 during a lavish dinner hosted by U. S. Lieutenant General George S. Patton Jr.

Question: Mistä Alkibiades sai nimensä?


Steady-state economy

Context: A steady-state economy is not to be confused with economic stagnation: Whereas a steady-state economy is established as the result of deliberate political action, economic stagnation is the unexpected and unwelcome failure of a growth economy. An ideological contrast to the steady-state economy is formed by the concept of a post-scarcity economy.

Question: Kuka keksi käsityksen vakaan tilan talous?


Steady-state economy

Context: For centuries, economists and other scholars have considered matters of natural resource scarcity and limits to growth, from the early classical economists in the 18th and 19th centuries down to the ecological concerns that emerged in the second half of the 20th century and developed into the formation of ecological economics as an independent academic subdiscipline in economics.

Question: Kuka keksi käsityksen vakaan tilan talous?


Steady-state economy

Context: Smith pointed out that as wealth was growing in any nation, the rate of profit would tend to fall and investment opportunities would diminish. In a nation that had thereby reached this 'full complement of riches', society would finally settle in a stationary state with a constant stock of people and capital. In an 18th-century anticipation of "The Limits to Growth" (see below), Smith described the state as follows:

Question: Kuka keksi käsityksen vakaan tilan talous?


Steady-state economy

Context: In the early 19th century, David Ricardo was the leading economist of the day and the champion of British "laissez-faire" liberalism. He is known today for his free trade principle of comparative advantage, and for his formulation of the controversial labor theory of value. Ricardo replaced Adam Smith's empirical reasoning with abstract principles and deductive argument. This new methodology would later become the norm in economics as a science.

Question: Kuka keksi käsityksen vakaan tilan talous?