Irish War of Independence

Context: Sunday, 21 November 1920, was a day of dramatic bloodshed in Dublin that became known as Bloody Sunday. In the early morning, Collins' Squad attempted to wipe out leading British intelligence operatives in the capital, in particular the Cairo Gang, killing 16 men (including two cadets, one alleged informer, and one possible case of mistaken identity) and wounding 5 others. The attacks took place at different places (hotels and lodgings) in Dublin.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: On 28 November 1920, one week later, the West Cork unit of the IRA, under Tom Barry, ambushed a patrol of Auxiliaries at Kilmichael, County Cork, killing all but one of the 18-man patrol.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: On 11 December, the centre of Cork City was burnt out by the Black and Tans, who then shot at firefighters trying to tackle the blaze, in reprisal for an IRA ambush in the city on 11 December 1920 which killed one Auxiliary and wounded eleven.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: Attempts at a truce in December 1920 were scuppered by Hamar Greenwood, who insisted on a surrender of IRA weapons first.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: The speech, when delivered in Belfast on 22 June, was universally well received. It called on "all Irishmen to pause, to stretch out the hand of forbearance and conciliation, to forgive and to forget, and to join in making for the land they love a new era of peace, contentment, and good will."

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: A new system of government was created for the new Irish Free State, though for the first year two governments co-existed; an "Aireacht" answerable to the Dáil and headed by President Griffith, and a Provisional Government nominally answerable to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and appointed by the Lord Lieutenant.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: Following the deaths of Griffith and Collins, W. T. Cosgrave became head of government. On 6 December 1922, following the coming into legal existence of the Irish Free State, W. T. Cosgrave became President of the Executive Council, the first internationally recognised head of an independent Irish government.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: While the IRA was less active in the north-east than in the south, Ulster unionists saw themselves as besieged by Irish republicans who seemed to have taken over the rest of Ireland. The January and June 1920 local elections saw Irish nationalists and republicans win control of most northern urban councils, as well as Tyrone and Fermanagh county councils. Derry City had its first Irish nationalist and Catholic mayor.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: Fighting broke out in Derry on 18 June 1920 and lasted a week. Catholic homes were attacked in the mainly-Protestant Waterside, and Catholics fled by boat across the Foyle while coming under fire. In the Cityside, Loyalists fired from rooftops into Catholic streets, while the IRA occupied St Columb's College and returned fire. At least thirteen Catholic civilians and five Protestant civilians were killed in the violence. Eventually, 1,500 British troops were deployed in Derry and imposed a curfew.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: On 17 July, British Colonel Gerald Smyth was assassinated by the IRA in Cork. He had told police officers to shoot civilians if they did not immediately obey orders. Smyth came from Banbridge, County Down. Loyalists retaliated by attacking many Catholic homes and businesses in Banbridge and expelling Catholics from their jobs, forcing many Catholics to flee the town. There were similar attacks in nearby Dromore.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: Despite the Dáil's acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in January 1922, which confirmed the future existence of Northern Ireland, there were clashes between the IRA and British forces along the new border from early 1922. In part, this reflected Michael Collins' view that the Treaty was a tactical move, or "stepping stone", rather than a final settlement. That month, Collins became head of the new Irish Provisional Government and the Irish National Army was founded, though the IRA continued to exist.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: These incidents provoked retaliatory attacks on Catholics by loyalists in Belfast, sparking further sectarian clashes. In the three days after the Clones incident, more than 30 people were killed in the city, including four Catholic children and two women who were killed by a loyalist grenade on Weaver Street.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: On 18 March, the Northern police raided IRA headquarters in Belfast, seizing weapons and lists of IRA volunteers. The Irish Provisional Government condemned this as a breach of the truce. Over the next two weeks, the IRA raided several police barracks in the North, killed several officers and captured fifteen.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: Violence continued in Belfast. Sixty people were killed there in March. Among them were six Catholic civilians shot by Special Constables who broke into the home of the McMahon family (see McMahon killings). This was in revenge for the IRA killing of two policemen. In April, a further thirty people were killed in Belfast. Among them were six more Catholic civilians killed by Special Constables in another revenge attack known as the Arnon Street massacre.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: Winston Churchill had arranged a meeting between Collins and James Craig on 21 January and the southern boycott of Belfast goods was lifted but then re-imposed after several weeks. The two leaders had several further meetings, but despite a joint declaration that "Peace is declared" on 30 March, the violence continued.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: The violence in the north fizzled out by late 1922, the last reported killing of the conflict in what was now Northern Ireland took place on 5 October.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: Ballykinlar internment camp was the first mass internment camp in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence holding almost 2,000 men. Ballykinlar gained a reputation for brutality: three prisoners were shot dead and five died from maltreatment.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: At HM Prison Crumlin Road in Belfast, Cork County Gaol (see 1920 Cork hunger strike) and Mountjoy jail in Dublin some of the political prisoners went on hunger strike. In 1920 two Irish republicans died as a result of hunger strikes - Michael Fitzgerald d. 17 October 1920 and Joe Murphy d. 25 October 1920.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: The British government also collected material on the liaison between Sinn Féin and Soviet Russia, in an unsuccessful attempt to portray Sinn Féin as a crypto-communist movement.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: Desmond FitzGerald and Erskine Childers were active in producing the "Irish Bulletin", which detailed government atrocities which Irish and British newspapers were unwilling or unable to cover. It was printed secretly and distributed throughout Ireland, and to international press agencies and US, European and sympathetic British politicians.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Irish War of Independence

Context: A memorial called the Garden of Remembrance was erected in Dublin in 1966, on the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising. The date of signing of the truce is commemorated by the National Day of Commemoration, when all those Irish men and women who fought in wars in specific armies (e.g., the Irish unit(s) fighting in the British Army in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme) are commemorated.

Question: 아일랜드 독립 전쟁은 언제 끝났는가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The first use of the term "weapon of mass destruction" on record is by Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1937 in reference to the aerial bombardment of Guernica, Spain:

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that ended World War II and during the Cold War, the term came to refer more to non-conventional weapons. The application of the term to specifically nuclear and radiological weapons is traced by William Safire to the Russian phrase "Оружие массового поражения" – "oruzhiye massovogo porazheniya" (weapon of mass destruction).

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: William Safire credits James Goodby (of the Brookings Institution) with tracing what he considers the earliest known English-language use soon after the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (although it is not quite verbatim): a communique from a 15 November 1945, meeting of Harry Truman, Clement Attlee and Mackenzie King (probably drafted by Vannevar Bush, as Bush claimed in 1970) referred to "weapons adaptable to mass destruction."

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: An exact use of this term was given in a lecture "Atomic Energy as an Atomic Problem" by J. Robert Oppenheimer. He delivered the lecture to the Foreign Service and the State Department, on 17 September 1947; it is reprinted in "The Open Mind" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955).

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: It is a very far reaching control which would eliminate the rivalry between nations in this field, which would prevent the surreptitious arming of one nation against another, which would provide some cushion of time before atomic attack, and presumably therefore before any attack with weapons of mass destruction, and which would go a long way toward removing atomic energy at least as a source of conflict between the powers.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The term was also used in the introduction to the hugely influential U.S. government document known as NSC 68 written in 1950.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: During a speech at Rice University on 12 September 1962, President John F. Kennedy spoke of not filling space "with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding." The following month, during a televised presentation about the Cuban Missile Crisis on 22 October 1962, Kennedy made reference to "offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction."

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The term "weapons of mass destruction" continued to see periodic use, usually in the context of nuclear arms control; Ronald Reagan used it during the 1986 Reykjavík Summit, when referring to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, used the term in a 1989 speech to the United Nations, primarily in reference to chemical arms.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Because of its prolific use and (worldwide) public profile during this period, the American Dialect Society voted "weapons of mass destruction" (and its abbreviation, "WMD") the word of the year in 2002, and in 2003 Lake Superior State University added WMD to its list of terms banished for "Mis-use, Over-use and General Uselessness" (and "as a card that trumps all forms of aggression").

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: In its criminal complaint against the main suspect of the Boston Marathon bombing of 15 April 2013, the FBI refers to a pressure-cooker improvised bomb as a "weapon of mass destruction."

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: There have been calls to classify at least some classes of cyber weapons as WMD, in particular those aimed to bring about large-scale (physical) destruction, such as by targeting critical infrastructure. However, some scholars have objected to classifying cyber weapons as WMD on the grounds that they "cannot [currently] directly injure or kill human beings as efficiently as guns or bombs" or clearly "meet the legal and historical definitions" of WMD.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: However, there is an argument that nuclear and biological weapons do not belong in the same category as chemical and "dirty bomb" radiological weapons, which have limited destructive potential (and close to none, as far as property is concerned), whereas nuclear and biological weapons have the unique ability to kill large numbers of people with very small amounts of material, and thus could be said to belong in a class by themselves.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The NBC definition has also been used in official U.S. documents, by the U.S. President, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the U.S. Government Accountability Office.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Other documents expand the definition of WMD to also include radiological or conventional weapons. The U.S. military refers to WMD as:

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The significance of the words "separable and divisible part of the weapon" is that missiles such as the Pershing II and the SCUD are considered weapons of mass destruction, while aircraft capable of carrying bombloads are not.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: In 2004, the United Kingdom's Butler Review recognized the "considerable and long-standing academic debate about the proper interpretation of the phrase 'weapons of mass destruction. The committee set out to avoid the general term but when using it, employed the definition of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, which defined the systems which Iraq was required to abandon:

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Testimony of one such soldier expresses the same viewpoint. For a period of several months in the winter of 2002–2003, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz frequently used the term "weapons of mass terror", apparently also recognizing the distinction between the psychological and the physical effects of many things currently falling into the WMD category.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Gustavo Bell Lemus, the Vice President of Colombia, at 9 July 2001 United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, quoted the Millennium Report of the UN Secretary-General to the General Assembly, in which Kofi Annan said that small arms could be described as WMD because the fatalities they cause "dwarf that of all other weapons systems – and in most years greatly exceed the toll of the atomic bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki".

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: An additional condition often implicitly applied to WMD is that the use of the weapons must be strategic. In other words, they would be designed to "have consequences far outweighing the size and effectiveness of the weapons themselves". The strategic nature of WMD also defines their function in the military doctrine of total war as targeting the means a country would use to support and supply its war effort, specifically its population, industry, and natural resources.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Within U.S. civil defense organizations, the category is now Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE), which defines WMD as:

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: (1) Any explosive, incendiary, poison gas, bomb, grenade, or rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces [113 g], missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce [7 g], or mine or device similar to the above. (2) Poison gas. (3) Any weapon involving a disease organism. (4) Any weapon that is designed to release radiation at a level dangerous to human life.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: For the purposes of U.S. criminal law concerning terrorism, weapons of mass destruction are defined as:

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The Federal Bureau of Investigation's definition is similar to that presented above from the terrorism statute:

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Indictments and convictions for possession and use of WMD such as truck bombs, pipe bombs, shoe bombs, and cactus needles coated with a biological toxin have been obtained under 18 USC 2332a.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Under the same statute, conspiring, attempting, threatening, or using a Weapon of Mass Destruction may be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, and if resulting in death, be punishable by death or by imprisonment for any terms of years or for life. They can also be asked to pay a maximum fine of $250,000.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: "The Washington Post" reported on 30 March 2006: "Jurors asked the judge in the death penalty trial of Zacarias Moussaoui today to define the term 'weapons of mass destruction' and were told it includes airplanes used as missiles". Moussaoui was indicted and tried for conspiracy to both destroy aircraft and use weapons of mass destruction, among others.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The surviving Boston Marathon bombing perpetrator, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, was charged in June 2013 with the federal offense of "use of a weapon of mass destruction" after he and his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev allegedly placed crude shrapnel bombs, made from pressure cookers packed with ball bearings and nails, near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. He was convicted in April 2015. The bombing resulted in three deaths and at least 264 injuries.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The Japanese biological weapons program, which was run by the secret Imperial Japanese Army Unit 731 during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), became infamous for conducting often fatal human experiments on prisoners and producing biological weapons for combat use. The Soviet Union covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons program, in violation of its obligations under international law.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Due to the potentially indiscriminate effects of WMD, the fear of a WMD attack has shaped political policies and campaigns, fostered social movements, and has been the central theme of many films. Support for different levels of WMD development and control varies nationally and internationally. Yet understanding of the nature of the threats is not high, in part because of imprecise usage of the term by politicians and the media.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Fear of WMD, or of threats diminished by the possession of WMD, has long been used to catalyze public support for various WMD policies. They include mobilization of pro- and anti-WMD campaigners alike, and generation of popular political support. The term WMD may be used as a powerful buzzword or to generate a culture of fear. It is also used ambiguously, particularly by not distinguishing among the different types of WMD.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: A television commercial called "Daisy", promoting Democrat Lyndon Johnson's 1964 presidential candidacy, invoked the fear of a nuclear war and was an element in Johnson's subsequent election.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Later, United States' President George W. Bush used the threat of potential WMD in Iraq as justification for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Broad reference to Iraqi WMD in general was seen as an element of President Bush's arguments. The claim that Iraq possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) was a major factor that led to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by Coalition forces.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Over 500 munitions containing mustard agent and sarin were discovered throughout Iraq since 2003; they were made in the 1980s and are no longer usable as originally intended due to corrosion.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: A poll conducted between June and September 2003 asked people whether they thought evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq since the war ended. They were also asked which media sources they relied upon. Those who obtained their news primarily from Fox News were three times as likely to believe that evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq than those who relied on PBS and NPR for their news, and one third more likely than those who primarily watched CBS.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Later, wikileaks would show that WMDs of these kinds continued to be found as the Iraqi occupation continued.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Many news agencies, including Fox News, reported the conclusions of the CIA that, based upon the investigation of the Iraq Survey Group, WMDs are yet to be found in Iraq.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Awareness and opinions of WMD have varied during the course of their history. Their threat is a source of unease, security, and pride to different people. The anti-WMD movement is embodied most in nuclear disarmament, and led to the formation of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in 1957.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: In order to increase awareness of all kinds of WMD, in 2004 the nuclear physicist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Joseph Rotblat inspired the creation of The WMD Awareness Programme to provide trustworthy and up to date information on WMD worldwide.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: A majority also believed the United States should be more forthcoming with its biological research and its Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty commitment of nuclear arms reduction.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: Weapons of mass destruction and their related impacts have been a mainstay of popular culture since the beginning of the Cold War, as both political commentary and humorous outlet. The actual phrase "weapons of mass destruction" has been used similarly and as a way to characterise any powerful force or product since the Iraqi weapons crisis in the lead up to the Coalition invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: The international radioactivity symbol (also known as trefoil) first appeared in 1946, at the University of California, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. At the time, it was rendered as magenta, and was set on a blue background.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Weapon of mass destruction

Context: It is drawn with a central circle of radius "R", the blades having an internal radius of 1.5"R" and an external radius of 5"R", and separated from each other by 60°. It is meant to represent a radiating atom.

Question: 2019년까지 역사상 가장 많은 인명피해를 일으킨 살상무기는 무엇인가?


Ulsan

Context: The city transport department plans to build a light-rail line. The public transportation system is as good as any other major Korean city. The bus system shows a specific ETA at most bus stops.

Question: 한국에서 가장 큰 공방은 무엇인가?


Ulsan

Context: As the only whale museum in Korea, Jangsaengpo Whale Museum collects, maintains and displays whaling-related artifacts. They have become more rare since 1986, when whaling was internationally prohibited in order to protect the species. The museum provides a variety of information related to whales and marine ecosystems; it is a space for education, research and experience. Whale cruises depart from Jangsaengpo port.

Question: 한국에서 가장 큰 공방은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: The term "above sea level" generally refers to above mean sea level (AMSL). The term APSL means Above Present Sea Level, comparing sea levels in the past with the level today.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: Earth's radius at sea level is 6378.137 km (3963.191 mi) at the equator. It is 6,356.752 km (3,949.903 mi) at the poles and 6,371.001 km (3,958.756 mi) on average.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: "Still-water level" or "still-water sea level" (SWL) is the level of the sea with motions such as wind waves averaged out.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: Then MSL implies the SWL further averaged over a period of time such that changes due to, e.g., the tides, also have zero mean.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: One often measures the values of MSL in respect to the land; hence a change in relative MSL can result from a real change in sea level, or from a change in the height of the land on which the tide gauge operates.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: In the UK, the Ordnance Datum (the 0 metres height on UK maps) is the mean sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921. Before 1921, the vertical datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock, Liverpool.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: Since the times of the Russian Empire, in Russia and its other former parts, now independent states, the sea level is measured from the zero level of Kronstadt Sea-Gauge.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: In Hong Kong, "mPD" is a surveying term meaning "metres above Principal Datum" and refers to height of 1.230m below the average sea level.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: In France, the Marégraphe in Marseilles measures continuously the sea level since 1883 and offers the longest collated data about the sea level. It is used for a part of continental Europe and the main part of Africa as the official sea level. Spain uses the reference to measure heights below or above sea level at Alicante, and another European vertical elevation reference (European Vertical Reference System) is to the Amsterdam Peil elevation, which dates back to the 1690s.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: Satellite altimeters have been making precise measurements of sea level since the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon in 1992. A joint mission of NASA and CNES, TOPEX/Poseidon was followed by Jason-1 in 2001 and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission on the Jason-2 satellite in 2008.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: When referring to geographic features such as mountains on a topographic map, variations in elevation are shown by contour lines. The elevation of a mountain denotes the highest point or summit and is typically illustrated as a small circle on a topographic map with the AMSL height shown in metres, feet or both.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: In the rare case that a location is below sea level, the elevation AMSL is negative. For one such case, see Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: The melting of glaciers at the end of ice ages is one example of eustatic sea level rise. The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is an isostatic cause of relative sea level rise.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: Paleoclimatologists can track sea level by examining the rocks deposited along coasts that are very tectonically stable, like the east coast of North America. Areas like volcanic islands are experiencing relative sea level rise as a result of isostatic cooling of the rock which causes the land to sink.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: On other planets that lack a liquid ocean, planetologists can calculate a "mean altitude" by averaging the heights of all points on the surface. This altitude, sometimes referred to as a "sea level" or zero-level elevation, serves equivalently as a reference for the height of planetary features.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: Eustatic sea level change (as opposed to local change) results in an alteration to the global sea levels due to changes in either the volume of water in the world's oceans or net changes in the volume of the oceanic basins.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Sea level

Context: There are many factors which can produce short-term (a few minutes to 14 months) changes in sea level. Two major mechanisms are causing sea level to rise. First, shrinking land ice, such as mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets, is releasing water into the oceans. Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.

Question: 해발고도의 기준은 무엇인가?


Infrared

Context: Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Military and civilian applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm (micrometers). Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of grow-ops, remote temperature sensing, short-range wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather forecasting.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Sunlight, at an effective temperature of 5,780 kelvins (5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation. Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 micrometers.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. However, black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it gives off radiation at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called "reflected infrared", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as "thermal infrared".

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands:

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges, and hence different environments in space.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital letters to different spectral regions according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to atmospheric windows and appear, for instance, in the titles of many papers.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: In optical communications, the part of the infrared spectrum that is used is divided into seven bands based on availability of light sources, transmitting/absorbing materials (fibers), and detectors:

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance telecommunication networks. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with thermal imaging, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (heat) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: A hyperspectral image is a "picture" containing continuous spectrum through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a thermographic camera, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and UAV applications.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). Infrared radiation is used in cooking, known as broiling or grilling. One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. "Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may not happen."

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) project.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Weather satellites equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4 and IR5 channels).

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea. Even El Niño phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with solar radiation.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: A pyrgeometer is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of optical astronomy. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid helium.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of active galaxies, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high redshift will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist. Notable examples are Picasso's "Woman Ironing" and "Blue Room", where in both cases a portrait of a man has been made visible under the painting as it is known today.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Roman works in the Villa of the Papyri, and the Silk Road texts found in the Dunhuang Caves. Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: The pit viper has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family Pythonidae), some boas (family Boidae), the Common Vampire Bat ("Desmodus rotundus"), a variety of jewel beetles ("Melanophila acuminata"), darkly pigmented butterflies ("Pachliopta aristolochiae" and "Troides rhadamantus plateni"), and possibly blood-sucking bugs ("Triatoma infestans").

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments, sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species. Fish use NIR to capture prey and for phototactic swimming orientation. NIR sensation in fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight and in turbid surface waters.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Near-infrared light, or photobiomodulation, is used for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral ulceration as well as wound healing. There is some work relating to anti-herpes virus treatment. Research projects include work on central nervous system healing effects via cytochrome c oxidase upregulation and other possible mechanisms.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Infrared

Context: Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places.

Question: 누가 적외선을 발견했는가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Sweden in the present day is a representative democracy in a parliamentary system based on popular sovereignty, as defined in the current Instrument of Government (one of the four Fundamental Laws of the Realm which makes up the written constitution). The monarch and the members of the royal family undertake a variety of official, unofficial and other representational duties within Sweden and abroad.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Scandinavian peoples have had kings since prehistoric times. As early as the 1st century CE, Tacitus wrote that the Suiones had a king, but the order of Swedish regnal succession up until King Eric the Victorious (died 995), is known almost exclusively through accounts in historically controversial Norse sagas (see Mythical kings of Sweden and Semi-legendary kings of Sweden).

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: In the 12th century, the consolidation of Sweden was still affected by dynastic struggles between the Erik and Sverker clans, which ended when a third clan married into the Erik clan and the House of Bjelbo was established on the throne. That dynasty formed pre-Kalmar Union Sweden into a strong state, and finally king Magnus IV (reigned 1319–1364) even ruled Norway (1319–1343) and Scania (1332–1360). Following the Black Death, the union weakened, and Scania reunited with Denmark.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: In 1604, the Estates finally recognized the regent and de facto ruler as King Charles IX. His short reign was one of uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and the breakup of Russia involved him in overseas contests for the possession of Livonia and Ingria, the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) and the Ingrian War, while his pretensions to claim Lapland brought on a war with Denmark (Kalmar War) in the last year of his reign.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: The 1720 Instrument in Government was later replaced by the 1772 Instrument of Government in a self-coup orchestrated by King Gustav III.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: The present Bernadotte dynasty was established in September 1810 when the Riksdag, convened in Örebro, elected French Marshal and Prince of Pontecorvo Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte as crown prince. This took place because Charles XIII had no legitimate heir, and a crown prince previously elected in January 1810, Charles August, suddenly had died of a stroke during a military exercise.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Although the 19th century Bernadotte monarchs that would follow Charles XIV John's reign tried to defend the power and privileges they still had, the tide incrementally turned against "personal regal rule" () with the growth of the liberals, social democrats, and the expansion of the franchise.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Only during World War II, in the so-called Midsummer crisis (regarding the issue whether neutral Sweden should permit rail transport of German troops from Norway passing through to Finland), did Gustaf V allegedly try to intervene in the political process by threatening to abdicate.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: It mandated that the monarchy would remain largely as it was but would become entirely ceremonial, without any residual political powers left.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Following the required double Riksdag votes that took place in 1973 and 1974, a new Instrument of Government was brought into effect. The monarch's functions and duties, as defined in the 1974 Constitution Act, include heading the special cabinet council held when there is a change of government, but no executive powers with respect to the governance of the realm are vested in him.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Carl XVI Gustaf became king on 15 September 1973 on the death of his grandfather Gustaf VI Adolf and because of his father's early death has become the longest reigning monarch in Swedish history.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: The monarch and members of the Royal Family undertake a variety of official, unofficial and other representative duties within Sweden and abroad. The monarch and his or her family play a central role in state visits to Sweden and conduct state visits to other nations on behalf of Sweden. Other members of the Royal Family may also represent the country abroad at lesser functions.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Many of the Swedish general flag flying days have direct royal connections; among them are the name days of the King (28 January), the Queen (8 August), and the Crown Princess (12 March); the birthdays of the King (30 April), the Queen (23 December), and the Crown Princess (14 July); and Gustavus Adolphus Day (), on 6 November, in memory of King Gustavus Adolphus, who was killed on that date (old style) in 1632 in the Battle of Lützen. None of these flag days are public holidays, however.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Perhaps the most globally known ceremony in which the Royal Family annually participate is the Nobel Prize award ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall (and the subsequent banquet in the Stockholm City Hall), where the monarch hands out the Nobel Prizes on behalf of the Nobel Foundation for outstanding contributions to mankind in physics, chemistry, literature, physiology or medicine, and the economic sciences.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Translated as "By the Grace of God, King of the Swedes, the Goths, and the Wends" or "By the Grace of God, King of Sweden, of the Goths and Vandals".

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: During the reign of the House of Holstein-Gottorp from 1751 to 1818, the title "Heir to Norway" () was also used, as well as other titles connected to the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp. When, after the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was in personal union with Sweden, the title included "King of Norway", in older Swedish spellings: .

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: The last king to have been crowned was Oscar II. His son and successor, Gustaf V, abstained from having a coronation. While the crowns and coronets have not been worn by Swedish royalty since 1907, they are nevertheless still displayed on royal occasions such as at weddings, christenings and funerals. Until 1974, the crown and sceptre were also displayed on cushions beside the Silver Throne at the annual solemn opening of the Riksdag ().

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Since 1975, H. M. The King's Medal () is the highest honour that can be awarded to Swedish citizens other than members of the Royal Family.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: The Royal Palace (), also known as Stockholm Palace (), is the official residence of the king. The Royal Palace is located on "Stadsholmen" ("City Island"), commonly known as "Gamla Stan" ("the Old Town") in the national capital city Stockholm.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Tessin rebuilt the damaged palace, and work continued for another 63 years. Semicirclular wings around the outer western courtyard were finished in 1734, the palace church was finished in the 1740s, and the exterior was finished in 1754. The royal family moved to the palace with the southwest, southeast, and northeast wings finished. The northwest wing was finished in 1760. In the north, "Lejonbacken" (the "Lion's Slope") was rebuilt from 1824 to 1830.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: Drottningholm Palace () is located at Drottningholm on the island of Lovön (in Ekerö Municipality of Stockholm County), and is one of Sweden's Royal Palaces. It was originally built in the late 16th century. It has served as a residence of the Swedish royal family members for most of the 18th and 19th centuries. Apart from being the current private residence of the King and Queen, Drottningholm Palace is a popular tourist attraction.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: The gardens and park areas surrounding Drottningholm Palace and adjacent to its buildings are one of the main attractions for the tourists that visit the palace each year. The gardens have been established in stages since the palace was first built, resulting in many different styles.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: The royal domain of Drottningholm is a well-preserved milieu from the 17th and 18th centuries, inspired by French buildings such as the Chateau of Versailles, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, principally because of the Drottningholm Palace Theatre and the Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm. It was added to the World Heritage List in 1991.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: In April 2009, it was announced by Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt that the rights of disposal of the palace would be transferred back to the King and thus could be used by Crown Princess Victoria and her husband, Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland. They moved into the palace in the autumn after their wedding on 19 June 2010.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: However, in any case, there is no legislation or other public document which delineates the rules of membership in either the Royal House or Royal Family, as it is left to the sole discretion of the King.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: The Act of Succession of 1810 provides the rules governing the line of succession and designates the legitimate heirs to the Swedish Throne; it also states in that the Monarch and dynastic members of the Royal House must at all times be a Protestant Christian of the "pure evangelical faith" (by implication the Church of Sweden).

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: A rewrite of the Act, entering into force in 1980, fundamentally changed the rules of succession from agnatic primogeniture to absolute primogeniture. This allowed for the crown to pass to the eldest child regardless of gender and thus retroactively installed Princess Victoria as crown princess over her younger brother, Prince Carl Philip, who had been born as crown prince a few months before.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Monarchy of Sweden

Context: In its present reading, Article 1 of the Act of Succession limits the potential number of claimants to the throne, so that only the descendants of Carl XVI Gustaf can inherit the Throne. If the royal house were to be extinct, the Riksdag is not obligated to elect a new royal house, as it once was up until the constitutional reforms of the 1970s.

Question: 스웨덴 왕족의 초대 왕은 누구인가?


Religion in India

Context: However, the Supreme Court of India in the 1994 case "S. R. Bommai v. Union of India" established the fact that India had been secular since the formation of the republic on 26 January 1950. Secularism in India is understood to mean not a separation of religion from state, but a state that supports or participates in a neutral manner in the affairs of all religious groups and as well as atheism.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Secularism is defined as a basic structure doctrine of the constitution that cannot be removed or amended by any means.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: The particular provisions regarding secularism and freedom of religion in India in the constitution are:

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: 2.) "(Article 15)": enlarges the concept of secularism to the widest possible extent by prohibiting discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: 3.) "(Article 25)": Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of any religion.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: 6.) "(Article 28)": Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: 8.) "(Article 51A)": i.e. Fundamental Duties obliges all the citizens to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood and to value and preserve the heritage of the country's composite diverse culture.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: The Śramaṇa tradition includes Jainism,known endonymically as "Jain Dharm", and Buddhism known endonymically as "Bauddh Dharm", and others such as the Ājīvikas, Ajñanas, and others.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: The historical roots of Jainism in India have been traced to the 9th century BCE with the rise of Parshvanatha, the 23th Tirthankar, and his Jain philosophy, and to Mahavira (599–527 BCE), the 24th Jain Tirthankara. Jainism traces its roots further back to the first Tirthankara, Rishabhanatha. Mahavira stressed on the five vows.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: The Kabir Panth is a religious movement based on the teachings of the Indian poet saint Kabir (1398–1518).

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Jews first arrived as traders from Judea in the city of Kochi, Kerala, in 562 BCE. More Jews came as exiles from Israel in the year 70 CE, after the destruction of the Second Temple.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Most Christians reside in South India, particularly in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa. There are also large Christian populations in the North-east Indian states.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Christianity in India was expanded in the 16th century by Catholic Portuguese expeditions and by Protestant missionaries in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Islam is the second largest religion in India, with 14.2% of the country's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam (2011 census). It makes India the country with the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: There are six religions in India which have been awarded "National minority" status—Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, and Zoroastrians (Parsis).

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Note: When compared with 2001, India's population rose by 17.7% in 2011 with an average sex ratio of 943 and a literacy rate of 74.4%. The average work participation stood at 39.79%.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Christianity is a monotheistic religion centred on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in the New Testament. It is the third largest religion of India, making up 2.3% of the population. St. Thomas is credited with introduction of Christianity in India. He arrived on the Malabar Coast in 52 CE.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: The tradition of origin among Saint Thomas Christians relates to the arrival of Saint Thomas, one of the 12 disciples of Jesus at the ancient seaport Muziris on the Kerala coast in 52 CE. The families Sankaramangalam, Pakalomattam, Kalli, and Kaliyankal were considered particularly preeminent, and historically the most aristocratic Syriac Christian families tended to claim descent from these families.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: It is also possible for Aramaic-speaking Jews from Galilee to make a trip to Kerala in the 1st century. The Cochin Jews are known to have existed in Kerala around that time. The earliest known source connecting the apostle to India is the Acts of Thomas, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in Edessa.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Christianity expanded in the rest of India during the period of British colonial rule. Christians comprise the majority of natives of Goa, Nagaland, Mizoram, as well as of Meghalaya and have significant populations in Kerala and Mumbai .

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Jainism is a non-theistic Indian religion and philosophical system originating in Iron Age India. Jains compose 0.4% (around 4.45 million) of India's population, and are concentrated in the states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Religion plays a major role in the Indian way of life. Rituals, worship, and other religious activities are very prominent in an individual's daily life; it is also a principal organizer of social life. The degree of religiosity varies amongst individuals; in recent decades, religious orthodoxy and observances have become less common in Indian society, particularly amongst young urban-dwellers.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Muslims offer five daily prayers at specific times of the day, indicated by "adhan" (call to prayer) from the local mosques. Before offering prayers, they must ritually clean themselves by performing "wudu", which involves washing parts of the body that are generally exposed to dirt or dust. A recent study by the Sachar Committee found that 3–4% of Muslim children study in "madrasas" (Islamic schools).

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Marriage requires a payment by the husband to the wife, called Meher, and the solemnization of a marital contract in a social gathering. After the burial of the dead, friends and relatives gather to console the bereaved, read and recite the Quran, and pray for the soul of the deceased. Indian Islam is distinguished by the emphasis it places on shrines commemorating great Sufi saints.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: For Muslims, the "Dargah Shareef" of Khwaza Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer is a major pilgrimage site. Other Islamic pilgrimages include those to the Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri, Jama Masjid in Delhi, and to Haji Ali Dargah in Mumbai. Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, Palitana, Pavapuri, Girnar, and Shravanabelagola are notable pilgrimage sites (tirtha) in Jainism.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Relatively new pilgrimage sites include the samadhi of Meher Baba in Meherabad, which is visited by his followers from around the world and the Saibaba temple in Shirdi.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: India has a population of 123 crore per a 2012 demographic survey by Indian government. According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were non-religious, 3% were convinced atheists, and 3% were unsure or did not respond.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Caste-based politics is also important in India; caste-based discrimination and the reservation system continue to be major issues that are hotly debated.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: Major post-independence communal conflicts include the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots, which followed Operation Blue Star by the Indian Army; heavy artillery, tanks, and helicopters were employed against the Sikh partisans inside the Harmandir Sahib, causing heavy damage to Sikhism's holiest Gurdwara. According to the Indian government estimates, the assault caused the deaths of up to 100 soldiers, 250 militants, and hundreds of civilians.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: This triggered Indira Gandhi's assassination by her outraged Sikh bodyguards on 31 October 1984, which set off a four-day period during which Sikhs were massacred; The Government of India reported 2,700 Sikh deaths however human rights organizations and newspapers report the death toll to be 10,000–17,000. In the aftermath of the riot, the Government of India reported 20,000 had fled the city, however the PUCL reported "at least" 50,000 displaced persons.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: The most affected regions were neighbourhoods in Delhi. Human rights organisations and the newspapers believe the massacre was organised.<ref name="Watch/Asia(U.S.)1994"></ref> The collusion of political officials in the massacres and the failure to prosecute any killers alienated normal Sikhs and increased support for the Khalistan movement. The Akal Takht, the governing religious body of Sikhism, considers the killings to be a genocide.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


Religion in India

Context: As of 28 July 2020, there were pleas going on Supreme court of India to remove the words secular and socialist from the Preamble to the Constitution of India.

Question: 인도에서 가장 비율이 높은 종교는 무엇인가?


John Wesley

Context: John Wesley (; 2 March 1791) was an English cleric, theologian, and evangelist, who was a leader of a revival movement within the Church of England known as Methodism. The societies he founded became the dominant form of the independent Methodist movement that continues to this day.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Throughout his life, Wesley remained within the established Church of England, insisting that the Methodist movement lay well within its tradition. In his early ministry years, Wesley was barred from preaching in many parish churches and the Methodists were persecuted; he later became widely respected, and by the end of his life, was described as "the best-loved man in England".

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In June 1720, Wesley entered Christ Church, Oxford. After graduating in 1724, Wesley stayed on at Christ Church to study for his master's degree.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley returned to Oxford in November 1729 at the request of the Rector of Lincoln College and to maintain his status as junior fellow.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: On 14 October 1735, Wesley and his brother Charles sailed on "The Simmonds" from Gravesend in Kent for Savannah in the Province of Georgia in the American colonies at the request of James Oglethorpe, who had founded the colony in 1733 on behalf of the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America. Oglethorpe wanted Wesley to be the minister of the newly formed Savannah parish, a new town laid out in accordance with the famous Oglethorpe Plan.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: It has been widely recognised that one of the most significant accomplishments of Wesley's Georgia mission was his publication of a "Collection of Psalms and Hymns". The "Collection" was the first Anglican hymnal published in America, and the first of many hymn-books Wesley published. It included five hymns he translated from German.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: But it was still a depressed Wesley who attended a service on the evening of 24 May. Wesley recounted his Aldersgate experience in his journal:

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: "In the evening I went very unwillingly to a society in Aldersgate Street, where one was reading Luther's Preface to the Epistle to the Romans. About a quarter before nine, while he was describing the change which God works in the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation, and an assurance was given me that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death."

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: I could scarce reconcile myself to this strange way of preaching in the fields, of which he [Whitefield] set me an example on Sunday; having been all my life till very lately so tenacious of every point relating to decency and order, that I should have thought the saving of souls almost a sin if it had not been done in a church.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Seeing that he and the few clergy co-operating with him could not do the work that needed to be done, Wesley was led, as early as 1739, to approve local preachers. He evaluated and approved men who were not ordained by the Anglican Church to preach and do pastoral work. This expansion of lay preachers was one of the keys of the growth of Methodism.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: The Bristol chapel (built in 1739) was at first in the hands of trustees. A large debt was contracted, and Wesley's friends urged him to keep it under his own control, so the deed was cancelled and he became sole trustee. Following this precedent, all Methodist chapels were committed in trust to him until by a "deed of declaration", all his interests in them were transferred to a body of preachers called the "Legal Hundred".

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: When disorder arose among some members of the societies, Wesley adopted giving tickets to members, with their names written by his own hand. These were renewed every three months. Those deemed unworthy did not receive new tickets and dropped out of the society without disturbance. The tickets were regarded as commendatory letters.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Following an illness in 1748 John Wesley was nursed by a classleader and housekeeper, Grace Murray, at an orphan house in Newcastle. Taken with Grace, he invited her to travel with him to Ireland in 1749 where he believed them to be betrothed though they were never married. It has been suggested that his brother Charles Wesley objected to the engagement, though this is disputed. Subsequently, Grace married John Bennett, a preacher.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: When, in 1746, Wesley read Lord King's account of the primitive church, he became convinced that apostolic succession could be transmitted through not only bishops, but also presbyters (priests). He wrote that he was "a scriptural "episkopos" as much as many men in England." Although he believed in apostolic succession, he also once called the idea of uninterrupted succession a "fable".

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Edward Stillingfleet's "Irenicon" led him to decide that ordination (and holy orders) could be valid when performed by a presbyter rather than a bishop. Nevertheless, some believe that Wesley was secretly consecrated a bishop in 1763 by Erasmus of Arcadia, and that Wesley could not openly announce his episcopal consecration without incurring the penalty of the "Præmunire" Act.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley defined the witness of the Spirit as: "an inward impression on the soul of believers, whereby the Spirit of God directly testifies to their spirit that they are the children of God." He based this doctrine upon certain Biblical passages (see as an example). This doctrine was closely related to his belief that salvation had to be "personal." In his view, a person must ultimately believe the Good News for himself or herself; no one could be in relation to God for another.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Whitefield, Howell Harris (leader of the Welsh Methodist revival), John Cennick, and others, became the founders of Calvinistic Methodism. Whitefield and Wesley, however, were soon back on friendly terms, and their friendship remained unbroken although they travelled different paths. When someone asked Whitefield if he thought he would see Wesley in heaven, Whitefield replied, "I fear not, for he will be so near the eternal throne and we at such a distance, we shall hardly get sight of him."

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In 1770, the controversy broke out anew with violence and bitterness, as people's view of God related to their views of men and their possibilities. Augustus Toplady, Daniel Rowland, Sir Richard Hill and others were engaged on one side, while Wesley and Fletcher stood on the other. Toplady was editor of "The Gospel Magazine", which had articles covering the controversy.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In 1778, Wesley began the publication of "The Arminian Magazine", not, he said, to convince Calvinists, but to preserve Methodists. He wanted to teach the truth that "God willeth all men to be saved." A "lasting peace" could be secured in no other way.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: It is thanks to Wesley's abolitionist message that a young African American, Richard Allen, converted to Christianity in 1777 and later founded, in 1816, the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), in the Methodist tradition.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In the summer of 1771, Mary Bosanquet wrote to John Wesley to defend hers and Sarah Crosby's work preaching and leading classes at her orphanage, Cross Hall. Bosanquet's letter is considered to be the first full and true defense of women's preaching in Methodism. Her argument was that women should be able to preach when they experienced an 'extraordinary call,' or when given permission from God. Wesley accepted Bosanquet's argument, and formally began to allow women to preach in Methodism in 1771.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley travelled widely, generally on horseback, preaching two or three times each day. Stephen Tomkins writes that "[Wesley] rode 250,000 miles, gave away 30,000 pounds, ... and preached more than 40,000 sermons... " He formed societies, opened chapels, examined and commissioned preachers, administered aid charities, prescribed for the sick, helped to pioneer the use of electric shock for the treatment of illness, and superintended orphanages and schools (including Kingswood School).

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: He attended music concerts, and was especially an admirer of Charles Avison. After attending a performance in Bristol Cathedral in 1758, Wesley recorded in his journal: "I went to the cathedral to hear Mr. Handel's "Messiah". I doubt if that congregation was ever so serious at a sermon as they were during this performance. In many places, especially several of the choruses, it exceeded my expectation."

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley's health declined sharply towards the end of his life and he ceased preaching. On 28 June 1790, less than a year before his death, he wrote:

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: This day I enter into my eighty-eighth year. For above eighty-six years, I found none of the infirmities of old age: my eyes did not wax dim, neither was my natural strength abated. But last August, I found almost a sudden change. My eyes were so dim that no glasses would help me. My strength likewise now quite forsook me and probably will not return in this world.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley died on 2 March 1791, at the age of 87. As he lay dying, his friends gathered around him, Wesley grasped their hands and said repeatedly, "Farewell, farewell." At the end, he said, "The best of all is, God is with us", lifted his arms and raised his feeble voice again, repeating the words, "The best of all is, God is with us." He was entombed at his chapel on City Road, London.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Because of his charitable nature he died poor, leaving as the result of his life's work 135,000 members and 541 itinerant preachers under the name "Methodist". It has been said that "when John Wesley was carried to his grave, he left behind him a good library of books, a well-worn clergyman's gown" and the Methodist Church.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In his "Christian Library" (1750), he writes about mystics such as Macarius of Egypt, Ephrem the Syrian, Madame Guyon, François Fénelon, Ignatius of Loyola, John of Ávila, Francis de Sales, Blaise Pascal, and Antoinette Bourignon. The work reflects the influence of Christian mysticism in Wesley's ministry from the beginning to the end, although he ever rejected it after the failure in Georgia mission.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley's prose, "Works", were first collected by himself (32 vols., Bristol, 1771–74, frequently reprinted in editions varying greatly in the number of volumes). His chief prose works are a standard publication in seven octavo volumes of the Methodist Book Concern, New York. The "Poetical Works" of John and Charles, ed. G. Osborn, appeared in 13 vols., London, 1868–72.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley's "Sunday Service" was an adaptation of the "Book of Common Prayer" for use by American Methodists. In his Watchnight service, he made use of a pietist prayer now generally known as the Wesley Covenant Prayer, perhaps his most famous contribution to Christian liturgy. He was a noted hymn-writer, translator and compiler of a hymnal.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley also wrote on physics and medicine, such as in "The Desideratum", subtitled "Electricity made Plain and Useful by a Lover of Mankind and of Common Sense" (1759). and "Primitive Physic, Or, An Easy and Natural Method of Curing Most Diseases".

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In spite of the proliferation of his literary output, Wesley was challenged for plagiarism for borrowing heavily from an essay by Samuel Johnson, published in March 1775. Initially denying the charge, Wesley later apologised officially.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 2 March with his brother Charles. The Wesley brothers are honoured with a Lesser Feast on 3 March in the Calendar of Saints of the Episcopal Church, and on 24 May (Aldersgate Day, with a Lesser Festival) in the Church of England's Calendar.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In 2002, Wesley was listed at number 50 on the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons, drawn from a poll of the British public.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Wesley's house and chapel, which he built in 1778 on City Road in London, are still intact today and the chapel has a thriving congregation with regular services as well as the Museum of Methodism in the crypt.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Numerous schools, colleges, hospitals and other institutions are named after Wesley; additionally, many are named after Methodism. In 1831, Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, was the first institution of higher education in the United States to be named after Wesley. The now secular institution was founded as an all-male Methodist college.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In 1954, the Radio and Film Commission of the British Methodist Church, in co-operation with J. Arthur Rank, produced the film "John Wesley". This was a live-action re-telling of the story of the life of Wesley, with Leonard Sachs in the title role.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In 2009, a more ambitious feature film, "Wesley", was released by Foundery Pictures, starring Burgess Jenkins as Wesley. The film was directed by the award-winning filmmaker John Jackman.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: In 1976 the musical "Ride! Ride!", composed by Penelope Thwaites AM and written by Alan Thornhill, premiered at the Westminster Theatre in London's West End. The piece is based on the true story of eighteen-year-old Martha Thompson's incarceration in Bedlam, an incident in Wesley's life. The premier ran for 76 performances. Since then it has had more than 40 productions, both amateur and professional, including a 1999 concert version, issued on the Somm record label, with Keith Michell as Wesley.

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


John Wesley

Context: Source: The Works of John and Charles Wesley – a bibliography, containing an exact account of all the publications issued by the Wesleys, arranged in chronological order, with a list of the early editions, and descriptive and illustrative notes

Question: 존 웨슬리가 감리교를 설립한 년도는 언제인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: Following the death of President Islam Karimov, he was appointed by the Oliy Majlis as interim president of Uzbekistan on 8 September 2016. He was subsequently elected to a full 5-years term as president in the December 2016 presidential election, winning 88.6% of the vote, and was sworn in on 14 December 2016. Mirziyoyev was re-elected to a second term with 80.31% of the vote in the 2021 Uzbek presidential election.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: In 1981, Mirziyoyev graduated from the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration. He holds a Candidate (Ph.D.) degree in Technological Sciences. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s. In early 1990, he was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR's last legislative body before the independence of Uzbekistan in 1991. The ceremony took place in the Senate and State Legislative Assembly Building in Tashkent.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: He served as governor ("Hakim") of Jizzakh Region from 1996 to September 2001, then as governor of Samarqand Region from September 2001 until his appointment as prime minister in 2003. He was nominated as prime minister by President Islam Karimov on 12 December 2003, and approved by the Uzbek parliament. He replaced Prime Minister Oʻtkir Sultonov. His deputy was Ergash Shoismatov.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: On 24 October Uzbekistan’s Central Election Commission announced that Mirziyoyev received 80.1 percent of the vote and will serve a second five year term.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: A member of the Samarkand clan, he was considered to be one of the leading potential successors to Islam Karimov as President of Uzbekistan. Mirziyoyev was reported to have friendly relations with Karimov's wife, Tatyana Karimova, and National Security Council chairman Rustam Inoyatov.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: The electoral commission announced on 16 September that Mirziyoyev would stand in the December 2016 presidential election as the candidate of the Liberal Democratic Party.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: In the three months following the death of Islam Karimov, Mirziyoyev began to hint at reforms to longstanding policies that had held back the Uzbek economy and isolated the country internationally, so many analysts believed that Mirziyoyev would be a better president than his predecessor.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: On 22 December, the first time in the country's history, Shavkat Mirziyoyev made an appeal to the parliament. His speech lasted for four hours. He said:

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: At the end of that year, he was named the "Asian of the Year of 2018" by the Asia Journalist Association (AJA).

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: In July 2021, Mirziyoyev's spokesperson attempted to generate some suspense as to whether or not the President would run in the elections again. It was widely acknowledged that Mirziyoyev would not only participate but likely win.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: Mirziyoyev's foreign policy is much more open than the policy of his predecessor. Uzbekistan was practically under international isolation after the Andijan massacre in 2005 and Karimov rarely travelled outside of Central Asia and other CIS states. Mirziyoyev promised to conduct an active foreign policy at the beginning of his tenure.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: During the first 10 months of his tenure, Mirziyoyev visited Kazakhstan four times, Turkmenistan three times, Russia two times, as well as China, Saudi Arabia, United States, Turkey and Kyrgyzstan. At the different occasions, he met the presidents of Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Bulgaria, Belarus and the King of Spain. During the CIS Summit in Tashkent in November 2017, he met eight Prime Ministers of foreign countries.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: One of his most significant foreign policy achievements is the gradual improvement of relations with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. On 5 September 2017, just 3 days after the anniversary of the death of his predecessor, he made a historic visit to Kyrgyzstan. This was the first state visit of an Uzbek president to the neighboring country since 2000. On 19 September 2017, Mirziyoyev addressed the UN General Assembly for the first time.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: In 2018, a large number of foreign leaders visited or were expected in Uzbekistan, including Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, whose visit took place in September and was his first state visit to the country in 24 years. In March 2018, Mirziyoyev made a visit to Tajikistan, which made him the first Uzbek president to conduct a state visit to Dushanbe since 2000.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: In March 2019, Mirziyoyev held a telephone conversation with Nursultan Nazarbayev, who had resigned from office that day. In it, he expressed regret to the ex-president, saying that he was a "great politician". During a visit to Abu Dhabi in March 2019, Mirziyoyev came away from his talks with Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed with over $10 billion in infrastructure, alternative energy and agriculture deals, as well as deals in other spheres.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: In October 2020, Mirziyoyev issued a decree to accelerate the full Latinization of the Uzbek language that outlined language policy for the 2020–30 period as the country continues an on-again, off-again attempt to reform the Uzbek language and widen its use. Some of the main parts of the degree called on the development of a road map for a full transition to the Uzbek alphabet based on the Latin alphabet, as well as government officials by April 2021 to be certified in their knowledge of Uzbek.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: He has two sisters, a half-brother, and sister. Mirziyoyev is married to Ziroatkhon Hoshimova and has two daughters, a son and five grandchildren. His eldest son-in-law, Oybek Tursunov, is the current head of Mirziyoyev's presidential administration, while his younger son-in-law, Otabek Shahanov, is the head of the presidential security services.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: Since coming to power, Mirziyoyev has built a new residence for himself in Qibray District, which could potentially include a presidential highway, and an interior that is decorated with Argentinian marble slabs and Swarovski crystals.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Context: In February 2021, it was reported that Mirziyoyev was building an exclusive mountain compound, including a new reservoir. The compound, located about 100 kilometers by car from Tashkent, includes a luxurious mansion built for Mirziyoyev and his relatives. Two sources estimated the cost of the development at several hundred million dollars, though only a handful of publicly available official documents make reference to the compound and the adjacent reservoir, which were largely completed by 2019.

Question: 2019년 현재 우즈베키스탄의 총수는 누구인가?


City

Context: A city can be distinguished from other human settlements by its relatively great size, but also by its functions and its special symbolic status, which may be conferred by a central authority. The term can also refer either to the physical streets and buildings of the city or to the collection of people who dwell there, and can be used in a general sense to mean urban rather than rural territory.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: The "degree of urbanization" is a modern metric to help define what comprises a city: "a population of at least 50,000 inhabitants in contiguous dense grid cells (>1,500 inhabitants per square kilometer)". This metric was "devised over years by the European Commission, OECD, World Bank and others, and endorsed in March [2021] by the United Nations... largely for the purpose of international statistical comparison".

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: The word "city" and the related "civilization" come from the Latin root "civitas", originally meaning 'citizenship' or 'community member' and eventually coming to correspond with "urbs", meaning 'city' in a more physical sense. The Roman "civitas" was closely linked with the Greek "polis"—another common root appearing in English words such as "metropolis".

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: In toponymic terminology, names of individual cities and towns are called "astionyms" (from Ancient Greek ἄστυ 'city or town' and ὄνομα 'name').

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Urban geography deals both with cities in their larger context and with their internal structure. Cities are estimated to cover about 3% of the land surface of the Earth.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Town siting has varied through history according to natural, technological, economic, and military contexts. Access to water has long been a major factor in city placement and growth, and despite exceptions enabled by the advent of rail transport in the nineteenth century, through the present most of the world's urban population lives near the coast or on a river.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Urban areas as a rule cannot produce their own food and therefore must develop some relationship with a hinterland which sustains them. Only in special cases such as mining towns which play a vital role in long-distance trade, are cities disconnected from the countryside which feeds them. Thus, centrality within a productive region influences siting, as economic forces would in theory favor the creation of market places in optimal mutually reachable locations.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: The vast majority of cities have a central area containing buildings with special economic, political, and religious significance. Archaeologists refer to this area by the Greek term temenos or if fortified as a citadel. These spaces historically reflect and amplify the city's centrality and importance to its wider sphere of influence. Today cities have a city center or downtown, sometimes coincident with a central business district.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Cities typically have public spaces where anyone can go. These include privately owned spaces open to the public as well as forms of public land such as public domain and the commons. Western philosophy since the time of the Greek agora has considered physical public space as the substrate of the symbolic public sphere. Public art adorns (or disfigures) public spaces. Parks and other natural sites within cities provide residents with relief from the hardness and regularity of typical built environments.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: A system of rectilinear city streets and land plots, known as the grid plan, has been used for millennia in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The Indus Valley civilisation built Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and other cities on a grid pattern, using ancient principles described by Kautilya, and aligned with the compass points. The ancient Greek city of Priene exemplifies a grid plan with specialized districts used across the Hellenistic Mediterranean.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Urban-type settlement extends far beyond the traditional boundaries of the city proper in a form of development sometimes described critically as urban sprawl. Decentralization and dispersal of city functions (commercial, industrial, residential, cultural, political) has transformed the very meaning of the term and has challenged geographers seeking to classify territories according to an urban-rural binary.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Metropolitan areas include suburbs and exurbs organized around the needs of commuters, and sometimes edge cities characterized by a degree of economic and political independence. (In the US these are grouped into metropolitan statistical areas for purposes of demography and marketing.) Some cities are now part of a continuous urban landscape called urban agglomeration, conurbation, or megalopolis (exemplified by the BosWash corridor of the Northeastern United States.)

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: The cities of Jericho, Aleppo, Faiyum, Yerevan, Athens, Damascus and Argos are among those laying claim to the longest continual inhabitation.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Jericho and Çatalhöyük, dated to the eighth millennium BC, are among the earliest proto-cities known to archaeologists. However, the Mesopotamian city of Uruk from the mid fourth millennium BC (ancient Iraq) is considered by some to be the first true City, with its name attributed to the Uruk period.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: In the fourth and third millennium BC, complex civilizations flourished in the river valleys of Mesopotamia, India, China, and Egypt. Excavations in these areas have found the ruins of cities geared variously towards trade, politics, or religion. Some had large, dense populations, but others carried out urban activities in the realms of politics or religion without having large associated populations.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Among the early Old World cities, Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley civilization in present-day Pakistan, existing from about 2600 BC, was one of the largest, with a population of 50,000 or more and a sophisticated sanitation system. China's planned cities were constructed according to sacred principles to act as celestial microcosms.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: The Ancient Egyptian cities known physically by archaeologists are not extensive. They include (known by their Arab names) El Lahun, a workers' town associated with the pyramid of Senusret II, and the religious city Amarna built by Akhenaten and abandoned. These sites appear planned in a highly regimented and stratified fashion, with a minimalistic grid of rooms for the workers and increasingly more elaborate housing available for higher classes.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: In Mesopotamia, the civilization of Sumer, followed by Assyria and Babylon, gave rise to numerous cities, governed by kings and fostering multiple languages written in cuneiform. The Phoenician trading empire, flourishing around the turn of the first millennium BC, encompassed numerous cities extending from Tyre, Cydon, and Byblos to Carthage and Cádiz.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Jenné-Jeno, located in present-day Mali and dating to the third century BC, lacked monumental architecture and a distinctive elite social class—but nevertheless had specialized production and relations with a hinterland. Pre-Arabic trade contacts probably existed between Jenné-Jeno and North Africa. Other early urban centers in sub-Saharan Africa, dated to around 500 AD, include Awdaghust, Kumbi-Saleh the ancient capital of Ghana, and Maranda a center located on a trade route between Egypt and Gao.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: In the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 12th century, free imperial cities such as Nuremberg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt, Basel, Zurich, Nijmegen became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from their local lord or having been granted self-governanace by the emperor and being placed under his immediate protection. By 1480, these cities, as far as still part of the empire, became part of the Imperial Estates governing the empire with the emperor through the Imperial Diet.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: In the first millennium AD, the Khmer capital of Angkor in Cambodia grew into the most extensive preindustrial settlement in the world by area, covering over 1,000 sq km and possibly supporting up to one million people.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: In the West, nation-states became the dominant unit of political organization following the Peace of Westphalia in the seventeenth century. Western Europe's larger capitals (London and Paris) benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic trade. However, most towns remained small.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: During the Spanish colonization of the Americas the old Roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories, and were bound to several laws regarding administration, finances and urbanism.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Industrialized cities became deadly places to live, due to health problems resulting from overcrowding, occupational hazards of industry, contaminated water and air, poor sanitation, and communicable diseases such as typhoid and cholera. Factories and slums emerged as regular features of the urban landscape.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Amidst these economic changes, high technology and instantaneous telecommunication enable select cities to become centers of the knowledge economy. A new smart city paradigm, supported by institutions such as the RAND Corporation and IBM, is bringing computerized surveillance, data analysis, and governance to bear on cities and city-dwellers. Some companies are building brand new masterplanned cities from scratch on greenfield sites.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Cities around the world have expanded physically as they grow in population, with increases in their surface extent, with the creation of high-rise buildings for residential and commercial use, and with development underground.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Urbanization can create rapid demand for water resources management, as formerly good sources of freshwater become overused and polluted, and the volume of sewage begins to exceed manageable levels.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: Local government of cities takes different forms including prominently the municipality (especially in England, in the United States, in India, and in other British colonies; legally, the municipal corporation; "municipio" in Spain and in Portugal, and, along with "municipalidad", in most former parts of the Spanish and Portuguese empires) and the "commune" (in France and in Chile; or "comune" in Italy).

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?


City

Context: The chief official of the city has the title of mayor. Whatever their true degree of political authority, the mayor typically acts as the figurehead or personification of their city.

Question: 중국에서 가장 인구밀도가 높은 도시는 어디인가?