Daimler Company

Context: Known as Britain's oldest car manufacturers, Daimler was first associated with royalty in 1898 when the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, was given a ride on a Daimler by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu later known as Lord Montagu of Beaulieu. Scott-Montagu, as a member of parliament, also drove a Daimler into the yard of the Palace of Westminster, the first motorised vehicle to be driven there.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton in early 1900. In 1902, upon buying another Daimler, King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Stratton went into partnership with Daimler's commercial manager Ernest Instone in 1921. Stratton and Instone took charge of the Daimler showrooms at 27 Pall Mall, naming the business Stratton-Instone. Stratton died in July 1929 after a brief illness. His successors and Instone bought out Daimler's interest in 1930 and renamed the business Stratstone Limited. The following summer the future King Edward VIII rented Stratton's house at Sunningdale from his widow.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Since 1904, the fluted top surface to the radiator grille has been Daimler's distinguishing feature. This motif developed from the heavily finned water-cooling tubes slung externally at the front of early cars. Later, a more conventional, vertical radiator had a heavily finned header tank. Eventually these fins were echoed on a protective grille shell and, even later, on the rear licence plate holder.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler's sleeve valve engines idle silently but they left a slight haze of oil smoke trailing behind them. These engines consumed oil at a rate of up to an Imperial gallon every 450  miles, oil being needed to lubricate the sleeves particularly when cold. However, by the standards of their day they required very little maintenance.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler kept their silent sleeve-valve engines until the mid-1930s. The change to poppet valves began with the Fifteen of 1933.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: A Daimler 6 hp was involved in the first motor accident in the UK to be recorded as having involved the death of the driver. A young engineer was killed in 1899 when the rim of a rear wheel of the car he was driving collapsed under heavy braking in a turn on a sloping road in Harrow on the Hill. The driver and his four passengers were thrown from the car. One of the passengers fractured his skull in the accident and died in hospital three days later.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Under an agreement dated 22 September 1910 the shareholders of The Daimler Motor Company Limited "merged their holdings with those of the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) group of companies," receiving five BSA shares in exchange for four ordinary Daimler shares and £1 5s plus accrued dividend for each £1 preference share. This deal was engineered by Dudley Docker, deputy-chairman of BSA, who was famous for previous successful business mergers.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler, a manufacturer of motor vehicles, had a payroll of 4,116 workmen and 418 staff immediately before the merger. BSA produced rifles, ammunition, military vehicles, bicycles, motorcycles and some BSA-branded cars. The chairman of the combined group was Edward Manville, who had been chairman of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders – founded by Simms – since 1907.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: However the merger was not a great success. By 1913 Daimler had a workforce of 5,000 workers which made only 1,000 vehicles a year.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: New product announcements followed rapidly, with the 36 hp tractor launched at the June 1911 Norwich Agricultural Show, and its larger 105 hp version (a joint project with William Foster & Co.) following in January 1912 (mainly destined for the South American market). Both used Daimler sleeve-valve engines, the larger 6-cylinder tractor having a small BSA starter engine. Main article Foster-Daimler tractor.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: In January 1912, new commercial vehicles included a 1-ton delivery van, lorries from 2 to 5 ton and a 40 hp omnibus.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: By 1914 Daimlers were used by royal families including those of Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Japan, Spain, and Greece; "its list of owners among the British nobility read like a digest of Debrett;" the Bombay agent supplied Indian princes; the Japanese agent, Okura, handled sales in Manchuria and Korea.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: During World War I, the military took the normal production cars, lorries, buses and ambulances together with a scout army vehicle and engines used in ambulances, trucks, and double-decker buses. Special products included aero-engines and complete aircraft, tank and tractor engines and munitions.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler trained air force mechanics at its works and its training methods became the standard for all manufacturers instructing RAF mechanics.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler made more twelve-inch (305 mm) shell casings than any other private business in the country, with a peak production of more than 2000 casings a day. Each was machined from a 990 lb forging down to a finished weight of 684 lb.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The bulk of Daimler's shareholding in its subsidiary Daimler Hire Limited was sold to the Thomas Tilling Group in 1930. and, in January 1931, Daimler completed the purchase of The Lanchester Motor Company Limited. The new Lanchester 15/18 model introduced in 1931 was fitted with Daimler's fluid flywheel transmission.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Although at first they produced separate ranges of cars with the Daimler badge appearing mainly on the larger models, by the mid-1930s the two were increasingly sharing components leading to the 1936 Lanchester 18/Daimler Light 20 differing in little except trim and grille.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: This marketing concept already employed with their BSA range of cars continued to the end of Lanchester and BSA car production. Some very important customers, including the Duke of York and at least two Indian princes, were supplied with big Daimler limousines with Lanchester grilles. The Daimler range was exceptionally complex in the 1930s with cars using a variety of six- and eight-cylinder engines with capacities from 1805 cc in the short lived 15 of 1934 to the 4624 cc 4.5-litre of 1936.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The divisiveness of the Daimler board did not end with the BSA takeover, but continued into the board of BSA. Despite this, Daimler prospered until the late 1920s, increasing its profits and its reputation. Along with an apprenticeship programme that was among the best in the British industry at the time, they attracted a large number of pupils out of public schools. During the First World War, Daimler's labour force grew from 4,000 to 6,000 men.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The acquisition of Airco in February 1920 was a financial disaster for the BSA group. Percy Martin had been strongly in favour of the purchase, including Airco's extensive production facilities near London, and no one thought to examine Airco's true circumstances, leading to liabilities in excess of £1.3 million. All dividends were passed from 1920 to 1924.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Edward H. W. Cooke attempted a revival and from 1937 introduced saloons with a freshness of design new to Daimler. The new products had successes in competitions and rallies. His policy was proved sound but another war, post-war austerity and yet more boardroom battles, this time in public, seemed to put an end to Daimler's once-proud business.

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Daimler Company

Context: The Lanchester Sprite, a 1.6 L car with a unit body and Hobbs fully automatic gearbox, was shown at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1954. Problems with the transmission and other systems were never fully sorted out, and the Sprite was discontinued about two years later with only thirteen being built.

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Daimler Company

Context: During the war Daimler built more than 6,600 Scout Cars and some 2,700 Mk I and Mk II Armoured Cars. Daimler also provided tank components, including epicyclic gearboxes for 2,500 Crusader, Covenanter and Cavalier tanks. They built 74,000 Bren gun, initially at a workshop in their Coventry factory and, after the workshop was destroyed in the April 1941 raid, at a boot and shoe factory in Burton-on-Trent.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Instead of building complete aircraft as they had in World War I, Daimler built aircraft components, including 50,800 Bristol radial aero-engines—Mercury, Hercules and Pegasus—with full sets of parts for 9,500 more of these engines, propeller shafts for Rolls-Royce aero-engines, and 14,356 gun-turrets for bombers including their Browning machine guns. In all, Daimler produced more than 10 million aircraft parts during the war. All this production is Daimler's alone excluding BSA's other involvements.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: After that war Daimler produced the Ferret armoured car, a military reconnaissance vehicle based on the innovative 4.1-litre-engined armoured car they had developed and built during the war, which has been used by over 36 countries.

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Daimler Company

Context: Winston Churchill campaigned for the 1945 and 1950 general elections in the DB18 two-door drophead coupé he had ordered in 1939. The government ordered new limousines for the commanding officers of the occupying forces. New straight-eights were supplied to the former colonies for the planned royal tours.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Foreign monarchs, including the Queen of the Netherlands, the King of Thailand, The Aga Khan (and Prince Aly Khan), the Emperor of Ethiopia, the Prince of Monaco, and the King of Afghanistan, re-ordered to replenish their fleets.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Until the early 1950s the British aristocracy, like British royalty, preferred Daimlers because they saw Rolls-Royces as "flashy".

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Rolls-Royce built the straight-eight Phantom IV solely for royalty and heads of state. Former Daimler customers, including British royals and the Aga Khan, switched to the Phantom IV, while the Emperor of Ethiopia and the King and Queen of Greece ordered coachbuilt six-cylinder Silver Wraiths.

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Daimler Company

Context: Stagnation of all the British motor industry was relieved by the reduction of purchase tax in the April 1953 budget. Daimler announced the introduction of the moderately sized Conquest in May (apparently developed in just four months from the four-cylinder Lanchester 14 or Leda with a Daimler grille).

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler and Lanchester (there were no more BSA cars) struggled after the War, producing too many models with short runs and limited production, and frequently selling too few of each model, while Jaguar seemed to know what the public wanted and expanded rapidly. Daimler produced heavy, staid, large and small luxury cars with a stuffy, if sometimes opulent image. Jaguar produced lower quality cars at a remarkably low price, designed for enthusiasts.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The BSA group's leadership of the world's motorcycle market was eventually lost to Japanese manufacturers.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Sir Bernard Docker was the managing director of BSA from early in WWII, and married Norah, Lady Collins in 1949. Nora was twice-widowed and wealthy in her own right. This was her third marriage. She had originally been a successful dance hall hostess. Lady Docker took an interest in her husband's companies and became a director of Hooper, the coachbuilders.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daughter of an unsuccessful Birmingham car salesman Lady Docker could see that the Daimler cars, no longer popular with the royal family, were in danger of becoming an anachronism in the modern world. She took it upon herself to raise Daimler's profile, but in an extravagant fashion, by encouraging Sir Bernard to produce show cars.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The first was the 1951 "Golden Daimler", an opulent touring limousine, in 1952, "Blue Clover", a two-door sportsmans coupe, in 1953 the "Silver Flash" based on the 3-litre Regency chassis, and in 1954 "Stardust", redolent of the "Gold Car", but based on the DK400 chassis as was what proved to be her Paris 1955 "grande finale", a 2-door coupé she named "Golden Zebra", the "last straw" for the Tax Office and now on permanent display at The Hague.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Jack Sangster sold his motorcycle companies Ariel and Triumph to BSA in 1951 and joined their board. In 1956 Sangster was elected chairman, defeating Sir Bernard 6 votes to 3. After a certain amount of electioneering by the Dockers an extraordinary shareholders' meeting backed the board decision and Bernard and Norah left buying a brace of Rolls-Royces as they went registering them as ND5 and BD9. Many important European customers turned out to have been Docker friends and did not re-order Daimler cars.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The two excellent Turner V8 engines disappeared with British Leyland's first rationalisation, the larger in 1968 and the smaller a year later.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Introduction of the KPL was stopped by a patent infringement action brought by London General Omnibus's associate Tilling-Stevens in early May 1911 when just twelve KPL buses had been built. This was just after Daimler had poached LGOC's Frank Searle and announced him to be general manager of its new London bus service which would be using its new KPL type to compete directly with LGOC.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Some of LGOC's vehicles used Daimler engines. With the collapse of Daimler's plans, Searle, an engineer and designer of the LGOC X-type and AEC B-type bus, instead joined Daimler's commercial vehicle department. Reverting to (before LGOC) omnibus salesman, Searle rapidly achieved some notable sales. 100 to Metropolitan Electric Tramways and 250 to LGOC's new owner, London Underground.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: In May 1960, the Daimler business was purchased from BSA by Jaguar Cars for £3.4 million. William Lyons was looking to expand manufacture, wanted the manufacturing facilities and had to decide what to do with the existing Daimler vehicles.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Jaguar had been refused planning permission for a new factory in the area in which it wanted it to be. Daimler had shrunk to representing just 15% of BSA group turnover in 1959–1960 and BSA wished to dispose of its motoring interests. Jaguar stated publicly that it would continue production of the existing range of Daimler, that it would continue normal research and development for future Daimler products, and that it would expand Daimler markets in Britain and overseas.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Jaguar put a Daimler 4.5 L V8 in a Mark X and tested it at the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA). With an inefficient prototype exhaust, the car went up to 135 mph on MIRA's banked track, faster than the production Mark X.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: While the 2.5 V8, later renamed the V8-250 under new ownership, became the most popular car Daimler ever produced, it was not enough to establish brand loyalty. Unlike Jaguar, whose wide range of models allowed sixty percent (60%) of new Jaguars to be sold in exchange for Jaguars, few customers traded old 2.5 V8s for new ones. Most 2.5 V8 buyers were trading up from the bigger Ford, Wolseley, or Rover cars.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Jaguar was taken over by British Motor Corporation (BMC) in 1966 and a few months later BMC was renamed British Motor Holdings (BMH).

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Though Jaguar had diversified by adding, after Daimler, Guy trucks and Coventry-Climax to their group they remained dependent on Pressed Steel for bodies. Once BMC had taken control of Pressed Steel Lyons felt compelled to submit to the BMC takeover. Lyons remained anxious to see that Jaguar maintained its own identity and came to resent the association with British Leyland. He was delighted by Sir John Egan's accomplishments and by the new independence arranged in 1984.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: BMH's dealer network in the United States stopped importing Daimlers in 1967, claiming that there was insufficient funds in the group advertising budget to market all of BMH's brands in the US.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The DS420 was withdrawn from production in 1992. From 1986 it had been the last production automobile to use the William Heynes, designed Jaguar XK6 engine. The last DS420-based Startin hearse was delivered on 9 February 1994 to Mr. Slack, a funeral director in Cheshire.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Though based entirely on Jaguar components, the DS420 was unique to Daimler. These limousines, wedding and funeral cars (and the hearses made by independent coachbuilders) are now the Daimlers most remembered.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: These were the first series of vehicles that were badge-engineered Jaguars (XJ Series), but given a more luxurious and upmarket finish.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: For example, the Daimler Double-Six was a Jaguar XJ-12, the Daimler badge and fluted top to its grille and boot handle being the only outward differences from the Jaguar, with more luxurious interior fittings and extra standard equipment marking it out on the inside.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: One strategy to sell Daimlers was through fleet sales of Jaguars to boards of directors; Jaguar would offer to include a more prestigious Daimler for the chairman.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: From 1972 to 1974 the chairman of Jaguar Cars was Lofty England, who began his career in the automotive industry as a Daimler apprentice from 1927 to 1932.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: The Daimler name was dropped in Europe in the 1980s, while Jaguar adopted the Sovereign designation. This caused a great demand for imported Daimler parts as "conversion kits" to convert Jaguars into Daimlers. Deducing from this "conversion kit" market that there was still a demand for Daimler cars, Jaguar Cars returned the Daimler brand to Europe at the end of 1985.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Meanwhile, in the United States, Jaguar marketed the "Vanden Plas" with Daimler fluted grilles and licence plate housings.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: 1984 produced a record group output of 36,856 cars but less than 5% were badged Daimler. Two years later Daimler's share had reached 11.5%, and would have been almost 23% if the Vanden Plas sold in the US were included.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: When the new XJ40 came into production in 1986, the Series III was kept in production a further six years to 1992 to carry the big Double Six engines.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Ford Motor Company paid £1.6 billion to buy Jaguar in 1989 and with it the right to use the Daimler name. In 1992, Daimler (Ford) stopped production of the DS420 Limousine, the only model that was a little more than just a re-badged Jaguar.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: When Ford bought Jaguar in 1990, the British press showed a coloured computer-generated image of a proposed 'new' Daimler car – not merely a rebadged Jaguar XJ. At least one related project has been documented.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler remained the flagship Jaguar product in every country except the US, where the top Jaguar is known as the "XJ Vanden Plas" – Jaguar may have feared that the American market would confuse Jaguar Daimler with Daimler AG.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Daimler's centenary was celebrated in 1996 by the production of a special edition: 100 Double Six and 100 straight-six cars, each with special paint and other special finishes including electrically adjustable rear seats.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: 1997 saw the end of production of the Double Six. It was superseded by the introduction of a (Jaguar) V8 engine and the new car was given the model name Mark II XJ. The engine was the only significant change from the previous XJ40. The replacement for the Double Six was the supercharged Super V8, the supercharger to compensate for the loss of one-third of the previous engine's capacity.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: After a three-year break a new Daimler, the Super Eight, was presented in July 2005. It had a new stressed aluminium monocoque/chassis-body with a 4.2 L V8 supercharged engine which produced and a torque rating of at 3500 rpm. This car was derived from the Jaguar XJ (X350).

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: At the end of 2007 (the formal announcement was delayed until 25 March 2008), it became generally known that India's Tata Group had completed arrangements to purchase Jaguar (including Daimler) and Land Rover.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Tata had spoken to the press of plans to properly relaunch England's oldest car marque. In July 2008 Tata Group, the current owners of Jaguar and Daimler, announced they were considering transforming Daimler into "a super-luxury marque to compete directly with ultra luxury companies like Bentley and Rolls-Royce".

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: "The Daimler Company Limited," now The Daimler Motor Company Limited, is still registered as active and accounts are filed each year though it is currently marked "non-trading". Until 20 December 1988 its name was The Daimler Company Limited.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: Before 5 October 2007, Jaguar, while still controlled by Ford, reached agreement to permit then de-merging DaimlerChrysler to extend its use of the name "Daimler". The announcement of this agreement was delayed until the end of July 2008 and made by Jaguar's new owner, Tata.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Daimler Company

Context: By 2007, Jaguar's use of the Daimler brand was limited to one model, the Super Eight, which was to be the last Daimler model to be produced.

Question: ダイムラーはいつ設立された


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The idea stemmed originally from some Scotland fans and sections of the media jokingly asserting that as they beat England (who had won the 1966 World Cup) in a British Home Championship match on 15 April 1967—England's first loss after their FIFA World Cup victory—they were the "Unofficial World Champions".

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: In 2003 freelance journalist Paul Brown defined the rules of the UFWC, traced its lineage and wrote an article in football magazine "FourFourTwo". In 2011 Brown authored a book on the subject. Brown also created the championship's website which tracks its progression.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The Unofficial Football World Championships is not sanctioned by FIFA, nor does it have any sort of official backing. The winner is awarded a virtual trophy—the C.W. Alcock Cup, named after him as he was a major instigator in the development of international football in his role as FA secretary.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: While the Unofficial Football World Championship was invented in 2003, the rules are such that results are analysed retrospectively to determine the theoretical lineage of champions from the very first international matches. A comprehensive list of results of all championship games is maintained on the UFWC website.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The first ever FIFA-recognised international match was a 0–0 draw between England and Scotland, on 30 November 1872 at Hamilton Crescent. The Unofficial World Championship thus remained vacant until the same two teams met again at the Kennington Oval on 8 March 1873. England won 4–2, and so are regarded as having become the inaugural Unofficial Football World Champions.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The fact that none of the Home Nations teams competed in the 1930, 1934 or 1938 World Cups kept the title from travelling too far abroad, and the First and Second World Wars hindered football's globalisation process further.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: This time included the four-day reign of Netherlands Antilles, who beat Mexico 2–1 in a CONCACAF Championship match to become the smallest country ever to hold the title.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The title was finally taken from North Korea by Sweden in the 2013 King's Cup, a result not recorded as a full international by FIFA, but nevertheless considered valid by the UFWC website. In a friendly in February, Sweden were beaten by Argentina who took the title to South America. In October, Argentina lost a FIFA World Cup qualifier to Uruguay.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: During the group-stage an already-eliminated England challenged Costa Rica for the UFWC in their third group-stage game and the UFWC was mooted as a potential consolation prize in the British press, however the match was drawn and Costa Rica took the UFWC into the knockout phase.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: Shortly after the World Cup, the runners-up Argentina beat Germany in a friendly to claim the UFWC title. This reign ended one match later, when Brazil won the UFWC title after winning 2014 Superclásico de las Américas.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The title has since been competed by and traded between UEFA teams, with most matches being either Euro 2020 qualifying, UEFA Nations League and World Cup 2022 qualifying games. In terms of number of consecutive title defences, the 2020–2021 streak by Italy, which included their victorious UEFA Euro 2020 campaign, was the joint longest in UFWC history (tied with the Netherlands in 2008–2010).

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The UFWC website maintains an all-time ranking table of teams, sorting by number of championship matches won. Owing mostly to their successes in the early years of international football, where competition was almost entirely limited to the British Isles, the top ranked team is Scotland, followed by England.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: Due to the nature of group stages, a team may win or retain the UFWC without qualifying for the knock-out stages of a competition.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: No team has ever successfully defended the unofficial world championship title through a World Cup Finals. The Netherlands have come closest, remaining unbeaten in both the 1974 and 2010 competitions right up until the final, where they lost to West Germany and Spain respectively. West Germany were also beaten finalists in 1986, but the title changed hands four times during the tournament.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The championships of each of the continental championships are only listed when the UFWC was contested during the tournament. The continental championships of Africa and Oceania have not yet seen competition for this title.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: Freelance journalist Paul Brown, who wrote the original FourFourTwo article on the UFWC and created the UFWC website, wrote a book on the championship which was published by Superelastic in 2011. Written in English, it has also been translated into Japanese. , four editions of the book have been published, with the latest UFWC developments added to each.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The concept of such a title is not unique to the UFWC, similar concepts, with different rules and therefore different lineages, are discussed below.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: The online community at the UFWC website keeps track of UFWC-like linages confined to each FIFA confederation. A Women's Unofficial Football World Championships can be traced back either to the first FIFA-recognised women's international in 1971 (a 4–0 victory for France over The Netherlands) or to earlier internationals that are not FIFA recognised.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Unofficial Football World Championships

Context: A similar virtual title, Nasazzi's Baton, traces the "championship" from the first World Cup winners Uruguay, after whose captain it is named. Nasazzi's Baton follows the same rules as the UFWC, except that it treats all matches according to their result after 90 minutes.

Question: 非公式サッカー世界王者の戦い方はどのようなものですか？


Kamo River

Context: The is located in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. The riverbanks are popular walking spots for residents and tourists. In summer, restaurants open balconies looking out to the river. There are walkways running alongside the river, and some stepping stones that cross the river. The water level of the river is usually relatively low; less than one meter in most places. During the rainy season, however, the walkways sometimes flood in their lower stretches.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: The riverbanks where the Kamo River and Takano River join are known as the Tadasu River Banks (Jp., Tadasu-gawara 糺河原). At the triangular area of land here, there is the "River Confluence" shrine of Shimogamo Shrine, which leads into the forested area, Tadasu-no-mori.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: The geographical area called Kamigamo, around the mouth of the valley leading into the Kyoto Basin, became the home grounds of the Kamo (賀茂) clan in ancient times. From this, there arose the regional name Otagi Region Kamo Block (愛宕郡賀茂郷), and consequently the geographical name Kamo (賀茂) set down roots. The river name took after this geographical name.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: From the Deai Bridge until the Iwaya Bridge north of Kyoto city it is called Kumogahatagawa (雲が畑川) as it passes through the Kumogahata village. North of the Iwaya Bridge until its source the Kamo River is known as Ojitanigawa (祖父谷川).

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: When the palace at the new Heian Capital (now Kyoto) was constructed at the end of the 8th century, the river's course was altered to flow east of the palace.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: Floods often threatened the ancient capital. Emperor Shirakawa recited his three unmanageable things: Sōhei (armed monks of Enryaku-ji), dice, and the water of the Kamo River. These days, however, the riverbanks are reinforced with concrete and have improved drainage systems. The merchant Suminokura Ryōi constructed the Takase River on a parallel with the Kamo River in early 17th century. Transportation was done on the canal instead of the unstable mainstream.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: The encounter between Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Benkei at Gojō Bridge (not the present one, but presumably Matsubara Bridge) over the river is a famous legend set in the late Heian period. Sanjō Bridge was regarded as the west end of the Tōkaidō during the Edo period.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: In the past, the river was a crucial source of relatively pure drinking water for Kyoto residents. It also played a role in Kyo-Yuzen dyeing, a famous craft of Kyoto.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: The river is also the source of the stone that is a glaze ingredient used in traditional Japanese raku pottery.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Kamo River

Context: The Kamo River is also the birthplace of Kabuki. In 1603 Izumo no Okuni formed a troupe of female dancers and began performing on a makeshift stage, on the dry bed of the river.

Question: 賀茂川の源流はどこ


Mary Somerville

Context: Mary Somerville (; née Fairfax, formerly Greig; 26 December 1780 – 29 November 1872) was a Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath. She studied mathematics and astronomy, and in 1835 she was elected together with Caroline Herschel as the first female Honorary Members of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: When John Stuart Mill, the philosopher and economist, organised a massive petition to Parliament to give women the right to vote, he had Somerville put her signature first on the petition.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: In 1834 she became the first person to be described in print as a 'scientist'. When she died in 1872, "The Morning Post" declared in her obituary that "Whatever difficulty we might experience in the middle of the nineteenth century in choosing a king of science, there could be no question whatever as to the queen of science".

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: Somerville College, a college of the University of Oxford, is named after her, reflecting the virtues of liberalism and academic success which the college wished to embody. She is featured on the front of the Royal Bank of Scotland polymer £10 note launched in 2017, alongside a quotation from her work "On the Connection of the Physical Sciences".

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: Somerville was the daughter of Vice-Admiral Sir William George Fairfax, scion of a distinguished family of Fairfaxes, and she was related to several prominent Scottish houses through her mother, the admiral's second wife, Margaret Charters, daughter of Samuel Charters, a solicitor.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: Somerville conducted experiments to explore the relationship between light and magnetism and she published her first paper, "The magnetic properties of the violet rays of the solar spectrum", in the "Proceedings of the Royal Society" in 1826. Sir David Brewster, inventor of the kaleidoscope, wrote in 1829 that Mary Somerville was "certainly the most extraordinary woman in Europe – a mathematician of the very first rank with all the gentleness of a woman".

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: Somerville was passionate about astronomy and believed it to be the most extensive example of the connection of the physical sciences in that it combined the sciences of number and quantity, of rest and motion.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: In [astronomy] we perceive the operation of a force which is mixed up with everything that exists in the heavens or on earth; which pervades every atom, rules the motions of animate and inanimate beings, and is as sensible in the descent of a rain-drop as in the falls of Niagara; in the weight of the air, as in the periods of the moon.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: She was elected to the American Geographical and Statistical Society in 1857 and the Italian Geographical Society in 1870, and was made a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: From 1833 onwards Somerville and her husband spent most of their time in Italy. Somerville maintained correspondence with a large number of leading scientists and remained engaged in current debates on facts and theories.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: Somerville College, Oxford, was named after Somerville, as is Somerville House, Burntisland, where she lived for a time and Somerville House, a high school for girls in Brisbane, Australia. One of the Committee Rooms of the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh has been named after her.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: Somerville Island (), a small island in Barrow Strait, Nunavut, was named after her by Sir William Edward Parry in 1819.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: The Somerville Club was founded in 1878 in London, by 1887 it was re-established as the New Somerville Club and had disappeared by 1908.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: The vessel was launched in 1835 at Liverpool. She traded with India for Taylor, Potter & Co., of Liverpool, and disappeared with the loss of all aboard in late 1852 or early 1853.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: Mary Somerville featured in miniature in The English Bijou Almanack, 1837, with poetry by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: 5771 Somerville (1987 ST1) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on 21 September 1987 by E. Bowell at Lowell Observatory Flagstaff, Arizona, and named after her. Somerville crater is a small lunar crater in the eastern part of the Moon. It lies to the east of the prominent crater Langrenus. It is one of a handful of lunar craters named after women.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: In February 2016 she was shortlisted, along with Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell and civil engineer Thomas Telford, in a public competition run by the Royal Bank of Scotland to decide whose face should appear on the bank's new £10 notes, to be issued in 2017. Later that month RBS announced that she had won the public vote, held on Facebook. The banknotes, bearing her image, were issued in the second half of 2017.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: From her first marriage she had a son, Woronzow Greig (1805–1865), named after Count Semyon Vorontsov, the Russian ambassador in London who had appointed Samuel Greig as his Consul General. Woronzow married Agnes Graham but all their children died at birth or in infancy.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Mary Somerville

Context: From her second marriage she had three daughters and one son: Margaret Farquhar Somerville (1813–1823; died in childhood), Thomas Somerville (1814–1815; died in infancy), Martha Charters Somerville (1815–1879) and Mary Charlotte Somerville (1817–1875). Her two surviving daughters spent most of their lives caring for Mary.

Question: メアリー・フェアファックス・サマヴィルの宗教は何


Chrysler

Context: On January 1, 2014, Fiat S.p.A. announced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The deal was completed on January 21, 2014, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A. In May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles was established by merging Fiat S.p.A. into the company. This was completed in August 2014. Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15, 2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6, 1925, when the Maxwell Motor Company (est. 1904) was re-organized into the Chrysler Corporation. The company was headquartered in the Detroit enclave of Highland Park, where it remained until completing the move to its present Auburn Hills location in 1996.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler had arrived at the ailing Maxwell-Chalmers company in the early 1920s, hired to overhaul the company's troubled operations (after a similar rescue job at the Willys-Overland car company). In late 1923 production of the Chalmers automobile was ended.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The Maxwell brand was dropped after the 1925 model year, with the new, lower-priced four-cylinder Chryslers introduced for the 1926 year being badge-engineered Maxwells. The advanced engineering and testing that went into Chrysler Corporation cars helped to push the company to the second-place position in U.S. sales by 1936, which it held until 1949.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The Imperial name had been used since 1926 but was never a separate make, just the top-of-the-line Chrysler. However, in 1955, the company decided to offer it as its own make/brand and division to better compete with its rivals, Lincoln and Cadillac. This addition changed the company's traditional four-make lineup to five (in order of price from bottom to top): Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler, and the now-separate Imperial.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 1954, Chrysler was the exclusive provider of its Hemi engine in the Facel Vega, a Paris, France coachbuilder that offered their own line of hand-built luxury performance cars, with the PowerFlite and TorqueFlite transmissions offered. The Facel Vega Excellence was a four-door hardtop with rear-hinged coach doors that listed for US$12,800 ($ in dollars ).

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: On April 28, 1955, Chrysler and Philco had announced the development and production of the World's First All-Transistor car radio. The all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, was developed and produced by Chrysler and Philco, and it was a $150.00 "option" on the 1956 Imperial automobile models. Philco began manufacturing this radio in the fall of 1955 at its Sandusky Ohio plant.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Imperial would see new body styles introduced every two to three years, all with V8 engines and automatic transmissions, as well as technologies that would filter down to Chrysler corporation's other models. Imperial was folded back into the Chrysler brand in 1971.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The Valiant was also introduced for 1960 as a distinct brand. In the U.S. market, Valiant was made a model in the Plymouth line for 1961 and the DeSoto make was discontinued in 1961. With those exceptions per applicable year and market, Chrysler's range from lowest to highest price from the 1940s through the 1970s was Valiant, Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler, and Imperial.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: From 1963 through 1969, Chrysler increased its existing stakes to take full control of the French Simca, British Rootes and Spanish Barreiros companies, merging them into Chrysler Europe in 1967. In the 1970s, an engineering partnership was established with Mitsubishi Motors, and Chrysler began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: After a period of plant closures and salary cuts agreed to by both management and the auto unions, the loans were repaid with interest in 1983. In November 1983, the Dodge Caravan/Plymouth Voyager was introduced, establishing the minivan as a major category, and initiating Chrysler's return to stability.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship. In 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation (AMC), which brought the profitable Jeep brand under the Chrysler umbrella.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Eurostar, a joint venture between Chrysler and Steyr-Daimler-Puch, began producing the Chrysler Voyager in Austria for European markets in 1992.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Eurostar also built the Chrysler PT Cruiser in 2001 and 2002. The Austrian venture was sold to Magna International in 2002 and became Magna Steyr. The Voyager continued in production until 2007, whereas the Chrysler 300C, Jeep Grand Cherokee and Jeep Commander were also built at the plant from 2005 to 2010.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: On May 14, 2007, DaimlerChrysler announced the sale of 80.1% of Chrysler Group to American private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management, L.P., thereafter known as Chrysler LLC, although Daimler (renamed as Daimler AG) continued to hold a 19.9% stake.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The economic collapse of 2007 to 2009 pushed the fragile company to the brink. On April 30, 2009, the automaker filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection to be able to operate as a going concern, while renegotiating its debt structure and other obligations, which resulted in the corporation defaulting on over $4 billion in secured debts. The U.S. government described the company's action as a "prepackaged surgical bankruptcy".

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: On July 21, 2018, Sergio Marchionne stepped down as chairman and CEO for health reasons, and was replaced by John Elkann and Michael Manley, respectively.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler is the smallest of the "Big Three" U.S. automakers (Stellantis North America, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors). In 2020, FCA US sold just over 1.8 million vehicles.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler was the world's 11th largest vehicle manufacturer as ranked by OICA in 2012. Total Chrysler vehicle production was about 2.37 million that year.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 2008, as a response to customer feedback citing the prospect of rising gas prices as a top concern, Chrysler launched the "Let's Refuel America" incentive campaign, which guaranteed new-car buyers a gasoline price of $2.99 for three years. With the U.S. purchase of eligible Chrysler, Jeep, and Dodge vehicles, customers could enroll in the program and receive a gas card that immediately lowers their gas price to $2.99 a gallon, and keeps it there for the three years.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler plans for Lancia to codevelop products, with some vehicles being shared. Olivier Francois, Lancia's CEO, was appointed to the Chrysler division in October 2009. Francois plans to reestablish the Chrysler brand as an upscale brand.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In October 2009, Dodge's car and truck lines were separated, with the name "Dodge" being used for cars, minivans and crossovers and "Ram" for light- and medium-duty trucks and other commercial-use vehicles.<ref name="autoblog.com/2009"></ref>

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler's Jefferson North Assembly, which makes the Jeep Grand Cherokee and Dodge Durango, is the only car manufacturing plant of any company remaining entirely in Detroit (General Motors operates a plant which is partly in Detroit and partly in Hamtramck).

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 2011, Eminem settled a lawsuit against Audi alleging the defendant had ripped off the Chrysler 300 Super Bowl commercial in the Audi A6 Avant ad.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 2014, Chrysler started using a new slogan, "America's Import" in ads introducing their all-new 2015 Chrysler 200, targeting foreign automakers from Germany to Japan with such ads (German performance and Japanese quality), and at the ending of selected ads, the advertisement will say, "We Built This", indicating being built in America, instead of overseas.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: (1913-1971), UK: Minority interest purchased by Chrysler in 1964,progressively taking controlling interest in 1967, renamed Chrysler Europe in 1971.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The Chrysler brand has mostly been Chrysler's premium brand competing with brands such as Cadillac, Packard, Cord and Lincoln. After the corporation decided to spin Imperial off as a separate brand in 1955 to better compete with Cadillac and Lincoln, Chrysler became the corporation's number two brand, but still offered luxury and near-luxury products. After the Imperial brand was dropped in 1983, Chrysler once again became the top brand.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The first Chrysler cars were introduced on January 5, 1924, at the New York Automobile Show — one year before Chrysler Corporation itself was created. These cars, launched by Maxwell Motors, had a new high-compression six-cylinder, a seven-bearing crankshaft, carburetor air cleaner, replaceable oil filter, and four-wheel hydraulic brakes. Features like this had never been offered in a medium-priced car before, and the 32,000 first-year record sales proved the popularity of this model.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 1926, Chrysler Introduces the Chrysler 70 named for its ability to hit 70 MPH. This car came with innovative rubber engine and spring mounts. In 1927, Chrysler had 4 models the Chrysler 50, 60, 70, and Imperial 80. Chrysler was in fourth place in sales with 192,082 units delivered. In 1928 Chrysler invested $23 million to expand its plants.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Sales of all Chrysler models plummeted in 1958 and 1959 despite improvements in quality. Throughout the mid-and late-1950s, Chryslers were available in top-line New Yorker, mid-line Saratoga, and base Windsor series. Exner's designs for the Chrysler brand in the early 1960s were overblown versions of the late 1950s, which were unhelpful in sales. Exner left his post by 1962, leaving Elwood Engel, a recent transfer from Ford Motor Co, in charge of Chrysler styling.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 1977, Chrysler brought out a new mid-size line of cars called LeBaron (a name previously used for an Imperial model) which included a coupe, sedan, and station wagon.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: 1983 was the last year for Chrysler's Cordoba coupe. Also in 1983, Chrysler introduced a new front-wheel-drive New Yorker model based on a stretched K-Car platform. Additionally, a less expensive, less equipped version of the new New Yorker was sold as the Chrysler E-Class in 1983 and 1984. More upscale stretched K-Car models were also sold as Chrysler Executive sedans and limousines.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler introduced a new mid-size four-door hatchback model for 1985 under the LeBaron GTS nameplate. It was sold alongside the mid-size LeBaron sedan, coupe, convertible, and station wagon. The LeBaron coupe and convertible were redesigned for 1987. Unlike previous LeBarons, this new coupe and convertible had unique styling instead of being just two-door versions of the sedan. The new design featured hidden headlamps (through 1992) and full-width taillights.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The New Yorker was redesigned for the 1988 model year and now included a standard V6 engine. This generation New Yorker also saw the return of hidden headlamps which had not been available on the New Yorker since the 1981 R-body version. In 1989, Chrysler brought out the TC by Maserati luxury roadster as a more affordable alternative to Cadillac's Allante. It was a joint venture model between Chrysler and Maserati.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Initially, the 1990 Imperial was powered by the 3.3L "EGA" V6 engine, which was rated at of torque. For 1991, the 3.3L V6 was replaced by the larger 3.8L "EGH" V6. Although horsepower only increased to , with the new larger 3.8L V6 torque increased to at 2750 rpm. A four-speed automatic transmission was standard with both engines.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Also new for 1990 was a redesigned LeBaron sedan which offered a standard V6 engine. Later models would also be available with 4 cylinder engines.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The Town & Country minivan was restyled for 1991 in conjunction with the restyling of the Dodge and Plymouth minivan models. 1991 would also be the last year for the TC by Maserati, leaving the LeBaron as the brand's sole coupe and convertible options.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 2000, the Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans were repositioned as Chrysler models due to the phasing out of the Plymouth brand. In 2001, a sedan was added to the Sebring model line and served as a replacement for the discontinued Cirrus. That same year, the Chrysler brand added a retro-styled PT Cruiser as well as the Prowler roadster which had previously been a Plymouth model. By 2004, all Chrysler brand minivans were now sold under the Town & Country nameplate.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The 2000s also saw the Chrysler brand move into the fast-growing crossover/SUV segment with the introduction of the Chrysler Pacifica crossover in 2004, and the Chrysler Aspen SUV in 2007. The Pacifica would be discontinued in 2008 (the nameplate would return on a new minivan model in 2017) and the Aspen would be discontinued in 2009.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Between 2004 and 2008, Chrysler offered a two-seat coupe and convertible model called Crossfire. This was in addition to Chrysler's five-seat Sebring coupe (through 2005) and four-seat convertible being sold at the time.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 2005, Chrysler introduced the LX platform Chrysler 300 sedan which replaced both the 300M and Concorde. It was the brand's first rear-wheel-drive sedan since the discontinuation of the Chrysler Fifth Avenue in 1989. It was also the first time a Chrysler sedan was available with a V8 engine since 1989.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: During this time, Chrysler's quality and customer satisfaction ratings had been below average according to Consumer Reports and J.D. Power since the late 1990s. Chrysler did have a few quality successes during this period. Strategic Vision named Chrysler an overall winner in 2015, for strong customer appeal, and with the rise in quality of all cars the difference between high and low "problem-counting" ratings are relatively small.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The low-end "L" and "LX" models were separated from the Pacifica line and sold under the Voyager nameplate starting with the 2020 model year. Additionally, a fleet-only Voyager "LXi" version was added.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler produced an experimental electric vehicle in 1979, the company developed Chrysler ETV-1 electric prototype in cooperation with U.S. Department of Energy.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 1992, Chrysler developed the Dodge EPIC concept minivan. In 1993, Chrysler began to sell a limited-production electric minivan called the TEVan; however, only 56 were produced. In 1997, a second generation, called the EPIC, was released. It was discontinued after 1999.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler once owned the Global Electric Motorcars company, building low-speed neighborhood electric vehicles, but sold GEM to Polaris Industries in 2011.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In September 2007, Chrysler established ENVI, an in-house organization focused on electric-drive vehicles and related technologies which was disbanded by late 2009. In August 2009, Chrysler took US$70 million in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy to develop a test fleet of 220 hybrid pickup trucks and minivans.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: The first hybrid models, the Chrysler Aspen hybrid and the Dodge Durango hybrid, were discontinued a few months after production in 2008, sharing their GM-designed hybrid technology with GM, Daimler and BMW.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Chrysler is on the Advisory Council of the PHEV Research Center, and undertook a government sponsored demonstration project with Ram and minivan vehicles.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In 2012, FCA CEO Sergio Marchionne said that Chrysler and Fiat both plan to focus primarily on alternative fuels, such as CNG and Diesel, instead of hybrid and electric drivetrains for their consumer products.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: Fiat Chrysler bought 8.2 million megagrams of U.S. greenhouse gas emission credits from competitors including Toyota, Honda, Tesla and Nissan. It had the worst fleet average fuel economy among major manufacturers selling in the US from model years 2012–2020.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: During World War II, essentially all of Chrysler's facilities were devoted to building military vehicles (the Jeep brand came later, after Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation). They were also designing V12 and V16 hemi-engines producing for airplanes, but they did not make it into production as jets were developed and were seen as the future for air travel. During the 1950s Cold War period, Chrysler made air raid sirens powered by its Hemi V-8 engines.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: When the Radiation Laboratory at MIT was established in 1941 to develop microwave radars, one of the first projects resulted in the SCR-584, the most widely recognized radar system of the war era. This system included a parabolic antenna six feet in diameter that was mechanically aimed in a helical pattern (round and round as well as up and down).

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Chrysler

Context: In July 1959, NASA chose the Redstone missile as the basis for the Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle to be used for suborbital test flights of the Project Mercury spacecraft. Three uncrewed MRLV launch attempts were made between November 1960 and March 1961, two of which were successful. The MRLV successfully launched the chimpanzee Ham, and astronauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom on three suborbital flights in January, May, and July 1961, respectively.

Question: クライスラーが初めて生産した車は何？


Canonization of the Romanovs

Context: The canonization of the Romanovs (also called "glorification" in the Russian Orthodox Church) was the elevation to sainthood of the last Imperial Family of Russia – Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra, and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei – by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Question: ロシア最後の皇帝ニコライ2世を殺害したのは誰ですか？


Canonization of the Romanovs

Context: On 1 November 1981, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (the younger brother of Nicholas II) and his secretary, Nicholas Johnson, were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. The two men were both murdered at Perm on 13 June 1918.

Question: ロシア最後の皇帝ニコライ2世を殺害したのは誰ですか？


Canonization of the Romanovs

Context: On 3 February 2016, the Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church canonized Nicholas II's personal physician, Eugene Botkin, as a righteous passion bearer.

Question: ロシア最後の皇帝ニコライ2世を殺害したのは誰ですか？


Canonization of the Romanovs

Context: Despite their official designation as "passion-bearers" by the August 2000 Council, the family are referred to as "martyrs" in Church publications, icons, and in popular veneration by the people.

Question: ロシア最後の皇帝ニコライ2世を殺害したのは誰ですか？


Canonization of the Romanovs

Context: Since the late 20th century, believers have attributed healing from illnesses or conversion to the Orthodox Church to their prayers to Maria and Alexei, as well as to the rest of the family.

Question: ロシア最後の皇帝ニコライ2世を殺害したのは誰ですか？


Canonization of the Romanovs

Context: Preliminary testing indicated a "high degree of probability" that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, Russian forensic scientists announced on 22 January 2008. The Yekaterinburg region's chief forensic expert Nikolai Nevolin indicated the results would be compared against those obtained by foreign experts. On April 30, 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing proves that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters.

Question: ロシア最後の皇帝ニコライ2世を殺害したのは誰ですか？


Philemon Pownoll

Context: Philemon Pownoll (c. 1734 – 15 June 1780) of Sharpham in the parish of Ashprington in Devon, England, was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence, rising to the rank of post-captain.

Question: フィルモン・ポウノルの七年戦争後の職業は何


Philemon Pownoll

Context: a. Variants of the surname include Pownall and Pownell. The "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" uses 'Pownoll'.

Question: フィルモン・ポウノルの七年戦争後の職業は何


Finishing school

Context: A finishing school is a school for young women that focuses on teaching social graces and upper-class cultural rites as a preparation for entry into society. The name reflects that it follows on from ordinary school and is intended to complete the education, with classes primarily on deportment and etiquette, with academic subjects secondary. It may consist of an intensive course, or a one-year programme. In the United States it is sometimes called a charm school.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Finishing school

Context: Graeme Donald claims that the educational ladies' salons of the late 19th century led to the formal, finishing institutions evidenced in Switzerland around that time. At their peak, thousands of wealthy young women were sent to the dozens of finishing schools available. A primary goal was to teach students to acquire husbands.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Finishing school

Context: The 1960s marked the decline of the finishing school. This can be attributed to the shifting conceptions of women's role in society, as well as succession issues within the typically family-run schools and sometimes commercial pressures driven by the high value of the properties the schools occupied. The 1990s saw a revival of the finishing school, although the business model has been radically altered.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Finishing school

Context: Switzerland was known for its private finishing schools. Most resided in the French-speaking cantons near Lake Geneva. The country was favoured because of its reputation as a healthful environment, its multi-lingual and cosmopolitan aura, and the region's political stability.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Finishing school

Context: The finishing schools that made Switzerland renowned for such institutions were Brillantmont, founded in 1882, now an international secondary school that offers a 'grade 14' or graduate year of cultural studies, and Château Mont-Choisi, founded in 1885, which closed in 1995 or 1996. Both were in Lausanne.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Finishing school

Context: Through much of their history, United States finishing schools emphasised social graces and de-emphasised scholarship: society encouraged a polished young lady to hide her intellectual prowess for fear of frightening away suitors. For instance, Miss Porter's School in 1843 advertised itself as Miss Porter's Finishing School for Young Ladies—even though its founder was a noted scholar offering a rigorous curriculum that educated the illustrious classicist Edith Hamilton.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Finishing school

Context: Today, with a new cultural climate and a different attitude to the role of women, the situation has reversed: Miss Porter's School downplays its origins as a finishing school, and emphasises the rigour of its academics. Likewise, Finch College on Manhattan's Upper East Side was "one of the most famed of U.S. girls' finishing schools", but its last president chose to describe it as a liberal arts college, offering academics as rigorous as Barnard or Bryn Mawr. It closed in 1976.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Finishing school

Context: The term "finishing school" is occasionally used, or misused, in American parlance to refer to certain small women's colleges, primarily on the East Coast, that were once known for preparing their female students for marriage. Since the 1960s, many of these schools have closed as a result of financial difficulties. These stemmed from changing societal norms, which made it easier for women to pursue academic and professional paths.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Finishing school

Context: "The Finishing School", a 2004 novel by Scottish author Muriel Spark, concerns 'College Sunrise', a present-day finishing school in Ouchy on the banks of Lake Geneva near Lausanne in Switzerland. Unlike the traditional finishing schools, the one in this novel is mixed-sex.

Question: フィニッシングスクールの起源はいつ


Chemical waste

Context: In laboratories, chemical waste is usually segregated on-site into appropriate waste carboys and disposed of by a specialist contractor in order to meet safety, health, and legislative requirements.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: Innocuous aqueous waste (such as solutions of sodium chloride) is sometimes poured down the sink. Some chemicals are washed down with excess water. This includes concentrated and dilute acids and alkalis, harmless soluble inorganic salts (all drying agents), alcohols containing salts, hypochlorite solutions, fine (TLC grade) silica, and alumina. Aqueous waste containing toxic compounds is collected separately.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: Waste organic solvents are separated into chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvent waste. Chlorinated solvent waste is usually incinerated at high temperatures to minimize the formation of dioxins. Non-chlorinated solvent waste can be burned for energy recovery.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: In contrast to this, chemical materials on the "Red List" should never be washed down a drain. This list includes compounds with transitional metals, biocides, cyanides, mineral oils and hydrocarbons, poisonous organosilicon compounds, metal phosphides, phosphorus elements, and fluorides and nitrites.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: Moreover, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prohibits disposing of certain materials down any drain. This includes flammable liquids, liquids capable of causing damage to wastewater facilities (this can be determined by the pH), highly viscous materials capable of obstructing the wastewater system, radioactive materials, materials that have or create a strong odor, wastewater capable of significantly raising the temperature of the system, and pharmaceuticals or endocrine disruptors.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: Broken glassware is usually collected in plastic-lined cardboard boxes for landfills. Due to potential contamination, they are usually not suitable for recycling. Similarly, used hypodermic needles are collected as sharps and are incinerated as medical waste.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: There is research and proposals about recycling industrial waste chemicals into important drugs and agrochemicals as a potential part of a circular economy, reducing disposal costs and hazards to the environment.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: A campaign of big clothing brands like Nike, Adidas and Puma to voluntarily reform their manufacturing supply chains to commit to achieve zero discharges of hazardous chemicals by 2020 (global goal) appears to have failed.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: A study suggested and defines a 'planetary boundary' for novel entities such as plastic- and chemical pollution and found that it has been crossed.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: Many chemicals may react adversely when combined. It is recommended that incompatible chemicals be stored in separate areas of the lab.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: Acids should be separated from alkalis, metals, cyanides, sulfides, azides, phosphides, and oxidizers, as when acids combine with these types of compounds, violent exothermic reactions can occur possibly causing flammable gas, and in some cases explosions.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: Oxidizers should be separated from acids, organic materials, metals, reducing agents, and ammonia, as when oxidizers combine with these types of compounds, flammable and sometimes toxic compounds can be created.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: For packaging, chemical liquid waste containers should only be filled up to 75% capacity to allow for vapor expansion and to reduce potential spills which could occur from moving overfilled containers. Container material must be compatible with the stored hazardous waste. Finally, wastes must not be packaged in containers that improperly identify other non-existing hazards.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: In addition to the general packaging requirements mentioned above, incompatible materials should never be mixed in a single container. Wastes must be stored in containers compatible with the chemicals stored as mentioned in the container compatibility section. Solvent safety cans should be used to collect and temporarily store large volumes (10–20 liters) of flammable organic waste solvents. Precipitates, solids, or other non-fluid wastes should not be mixed into safety cans.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Chemical waste

Context: All containers should be labeled with the group name from the chemical waste category and an itemized list of the contents. All chemicals or anything contaminated with chemicals poses a significant hazard. All waste must be appropriately packaged.

Question: 実験室の科学物質はどうやって処理できる？


Anglo-Saxon model

Context: Characteristics of this model include low levels of regulation and taxation, with the public sector providing minimal services. It also means strong private property rights, contract enforcement, and overall ease of doing business as well as low barriers to free trade.

Question: アングロサクソン諸国とは、何か国を指しますか？


Anglo-Saxon model

Context: Proponents of the term "Anglo-Saxon economy" argue that the economies of these countries currently are so closely related in their liberal and free market orientation that they can be regarded as sharing a specific macroeconomic model. However, those who disagree with the use of the term claim that the economies of these countries differ as much from each other as they do from the so-called "welfare capitalist" economies of northern and continental Europe.

Question: アングロサクソン諸国とは、何か国を指しますか？


Anglo-Saxon model

Context: In northern continental Europe, most countries use mixed economy models, called Rhine capitalism (a current term used especially for the macroeconomics of Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands), or its close relative the Nordic model (which refers to the macroeconomics of Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland).

Question: アングロサクソン諸国とは、何か国を指しますか？


Anglo-Saxon model

Context: The debate amongst economists as to which economic model is better, circles around perspectives involving poverty, job insecurity, social services and inequality. Generally speaking, advocates of Anglo-Saxon model argue that more liberalized economies produce greater overall prosperity while defenders of continental models counter that they produce lesser inequality and lesser poverty at the lowest margins.

Question: アングロサクソン諸国とは、何か国を指しますか？


Anglo-Saxon model

Context: The rise of China has brought into focus the relevance of an alternate economic model which has helped propel the economy of China for thirty years since its opening up in 1978. The socialist market economy or a system based on what is called "socialism with Chinese characteristics". A confident China is increasingly offering it as an alternate development model to the Anglo-Saxon model to emerging economies in Africa and Asia.

Question: アングロサクソン諸国とは、何か国を指しますか？


Japanese language education in the United States

Context: Pre-collegiate institutions are increasing optional Japanese testing. The Japanese Language and Culture AP test was offered at 666 secondary schools and 329 participating colleges in 2016; 2,481 students, from earlier than the 9th grade to the 12th graders, took the test in total, which was a 2% increase from 2015’s total of 2,431 students.

Question: アメリカ初の日本人学校は何


Context: Japanese textbook dialogues have changed since the 1970s. Dialogues from the 1970s were thought to be less natural and practical than they should be by educators like Jorden.

Question: アメリカ初の日本人学校は何


Nicole Scherzinger

Context: During her career to date, Scherzinger has sold over 16 million records as a solo artist and has received Grammy and Laurence Olivier Award nominations. Her other ventures include clothing lines and a fragrance, as well as serving as an ambassador for the Special Olympics and as a supporter of UNICEF UK.

Question: プッシーキャット・ドールズのリーダーは誰？


Nicole Scherzinger

Context: The third season of "The Masked Singer" premiered in February 2020 as the Super Bowl LIV lead-out program and was viewed by over 27.3million people—the series' most watched episode. The Pussycat Dolls' "React" was released in the same month, to moderate success. Scherzinger voiced Miranda Trese on Netflix original anime series, "Trese", which premiered on June 10, 2021. Scherzinger played the role of Grace Farrell on NBC's musical television special "Annie Live!" that aired on December 2, 2021.

Question: プッシーキャット・ドールズのリーダーは誰？


Nicole Scherzinger

Context: Scherzinger has developed an image as a sex symbol and "one of the hottest women on the planet." Since 2006 she has been featured on "FHM"s "100 Sexiest Women" list peaking at number nine in 2011 and 2014. In 2012, VH1 ranked her eighth on their list of "100 Sexiest Artists", while "Complex" magazine ranked her twenty-ninth on their list of "The 100 Hottest Female Singers of All Time".

Question: プッシーキャット・ドールズのリーダーは誰？


Nicole Scherzinger

Context: In late 2012, Scherzinger spoke of her experiences with bulimia at the height of the popularity of The Pussycat Dolls. She struggled with body dysmorphia before an early photo shoot with the group triggered her bulimic behavior, which lasted nearly a decade. She eventually overcame the disorder through therapists and life coaches.

Question: プッシーキャット・ドールズのリーダーは誰？


Nicole Scherzinger

Context: In April 2010, Scherzinger teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch her own collection of lingerie, shoes, handbags and jewelry in Brazilian stores. A collaboration with online fashion retailer Missguided was released in March 2014, where she designed a 30-piece range. Their collaboration helped the retailer increase profit by 70%.

Question: プッシーキャット・ドールズのリーダーは誰？


Nicole Scherzinger

Context: On November 29, 2016, Scherzinger was announced as the new face of Perfectil, a vitamin product. She featured in a television commercial for Vitabiotics' new Perfectil advertising campaign in March 2017.

Question: プッシーキャット・ドールズのリーダーは誰？


Education in Germany

Context: The schooling system varies throughout Germany because each state () decides its own educational policies. Most children, however, first attend (primary or elementary school) for 4 years from the age of 6 to 9.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Germany's secondary education is separated into two parts, lower and upper. Lower-secondary education in Germany is meant to teach individuals basic general education and gets them ready to enter upper-secondary education. In the upper secondary level Germany has a vast variety of vocational programs. German secondary education includes five types of school. The is designed to prepare pupils for higher education and finishes with the final examination , after grade 12 or 13.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: From 2005 to 2018 a school reform known as G8 provided the in 8 school years. The reform failed due to high demands on learning levels for the children and were turned to G9 in 2019. Only a few stay with the G8 model. Children usually attend from 10 to 18 years.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Other than this, there is the , which combines the , and . There are also , schools for students with special educational needs. One in 21 pupils attends a . Nevertheless, the or can also lead, in special circumstances, to a of both type 10a or type 10b, the latter of which is the .

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: The amount of extracurricular activity is determined individually by each school and varies greatly. With the 2015 school reform the German government has tried to push more of those pupils into other schools, which is known as .

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Many of Germany's hundred or so institutions of higher learning charge little or no tuition by international comparison. Students usually must prove through examinations that they are qualified.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: A special system of apprenticeship called (the dual education system) allows pupils in vocational courses to do in-service training in a company as well as at a state school.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Historically, Lutheranism had a strong influence on German culture, including its education. Martin Luther advocated compulsory schooling so that all people would independently be able to read and interpret the Bible. This concept became a model for schools throughout Germany. German public schools generally have religious education provided by the churches in cooperation with the state ever since.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia introduced state certification requirements for teachers, which significantly raised the standard of teaching. The final examination, , was introduced in 1788, implemented in all Prussian secondary schools by 1812 and extended to all of Germany in 1871. The state also established teacher training colleges for prospective teachers in the common or elementary grades.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: When the German Empire was formed in 1871, the school system became more centralized. In 1872, Prussia recognized the first separate secondary schools for females. As learned professions demanded well-educated young people, more secondary schools were established, and the state claimed the sole right to set standards and to supervise the newly established schools.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: By the turn of the 20th century, the four types of schools had achieved equal rank and privilege, although they did not have equal prestige.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: After 1919, the Weimar Republic established a free, universal four-year elementary school (). Most pupils continued at these schools for another four-year course. Those who were able to pay a small fee went on to a that provided a more challenging curriculum for an additional one or two years. Upon passing a rigorous entrance exam after year four, pupils could also enter one of the four types of secondary school.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: During the Nazi era (1933–1945), though the curriculum was reshaped to teach the beliefs of the regime, the basic structure of the education system remained unchanged.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Multi-state agreements ensure that basic requirements are universally met by all state school systems. Thus, all children are required to attend one type of school (five or six days a week) from the age of 6 to the age of 16. A pupil may change schools in the case of exceptionally good (or exceptionally poor) ability. Graduation certificates from one state are recognized by all the other states. Qualified teachers are able to apply for posts in any of the states.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In 2000 after much public debate about Germany's perceived low international ranking in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), there has been a trend towards a less ideological discussion on how to develop schools. These are some of the new trends:

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: A team of school presidents is also elected by the pupils each year, whose main purpose is organizing school parties, sports tournaments and the like for their fellow students. The local town is responsible for the school building and employs the janitorial and secretarial staff. For an average school of 600 – 800 students, there may be two janitors and one secretary. School administration is the responsibility of the teachers, who receive a reduction in their teaching hours if they participate.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Church and state are separated in Germany. Compulsory school prayers and compulsory attendance at religious services at state schools are against the constitution. (It is expected, though, to stand politely for the school prayer even if one does not pray along.)

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: The term , meaning 'pre-school', is used both for educational efforts in and for a mandatory class that is usually connected to a primary school. Both systems are handled differently in each German state. The is a type of Vorschule.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: During the German Empire, children were able to pass directly into secondary education after attending a privately run, fee-based which then was another sort of primary school. The Weimar Constitution banned these, feeling them to be an unjustified privilege, and the Basic Law still contains the constitutional rule (Art. 7 Sect. VI) that: "Pre-schools shall remain abolished."

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Homeschooling is – between (compulsory schooling) beginning with elementary school to 18 years – illegal in Germany. The illegality has to do with the prioritization of children's rights over the rights of parents: children have the right to the company of other children and adults who are not their parents, also parents cannot opt their kids out of sexual education classes because the state considers a child's right to information to be more important than a parent's desire to withhold it.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: After children complete their primary education (at 10 years of age, 12 in Berlin and Brandenburg), there are five options for secondary schooling:

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In Berlin 30% – 35% of places are allocated by lottery. A student's performance at primary school is immaterial.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: While the entry year is depending on the last year in the stepping back or skipping a grade is possible between 7th and 10th grade and only stepping back between 5th and 6th grade (so called , meaning testing grade) and 11th and 12th grade.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: The eastern states Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia combine and into and respectively. All German states have as one possibility for the more able children, and all states—except Saxony—have some , but in different forms. The states of Berlin and Hamburg have only two types of schools: comprehensive schools and Gymnasium.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: It may cause problems in terms of education for families that plan to move from one German state to another as there are partially completely different curricula for nearly every subject.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: students gain the chance to take their at a with a good degree in the . Stepping up is always provided by the school system.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Adults who did not achieve a or , or reached its equivalent, have the option of attending evening classes at an or .

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: A few organizational central points are listed below. It should however be noted that due to the decentralized nature of the education system there are many more additional differences across the 16 states of Germany.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: There are three blocks of lessons with each lesson taking 45 minutes. After each block, there is a break of 15–20 minutes, including after the sixth lesson (the number of lessons changes from year to year, so it's possible that one would be in school until 4 o'clock). (minor fields of study) are taught two times a week; (major subjects) are taught three times.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In grades 11–13, 11–12, or 12–13 (depending on the school system), each student majors in two or three subjects (), in which there are usually five lessons per week. The other subjects () are usually taught three periods per week.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: is a compulsory class in which each student is prepared to turn in his/her own research paper at the end of the semester. The class is aimed at training students' scientific research skills that will later be necessary in university.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: There are significant differences between the 16 states' alternatives to this basic template, such as or other private schools. Adults can also go back to evening school and take the exam.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Some students attend private schools through welfare subsidies. This is often the case if a student is considered to be a child at risk, such as students who have learning disabilities, special needs or come from dysfunctional home environments.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Most German children with special needs attend a school called or (special school) that serves only such children. There are several types of special schools in Germany such as:

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Teachers at those schools are qualified professionals who have specialized in special-needs education while at university. Special schools often have a very favourable student-teacher ratio and facilities compared with other schools.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Special schools have been criticized. It is argued that special education separates and discriminates against those who are disabled or different.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Some special-needs children do not attend special schools, but are mainstreamed into a or (comprehensive school) and/or, in rare cases, into a or even a .

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: By 2006, German schoolchildren had improved their position compared to previous years, being ranked (statistically) significantly above average (rank 13) in science skills and statistically not significantly above or below average in mathematical skills (rank 20) and reading skills (rank 18). In 2012, Germany achieved above average results in all three areas of reading, mathematics, and natural sciences.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: The PISA Examination also found big differences in achievement between students attending different types of German schools. The socio-economic gradient was very high in Germany, the students' performance there being more dependent on socio-economic factors than in most other countries.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In those days, the crafts were called the "virtuous crafts" and the virtuousness of the craftspersons was greatly respected. For example, according to one source, a person should be greeted from "the bricklayer craftspersons in the town, who live in respectability, die in respectability, who strive for respectability and who apply respectability to their actions." In those days, the concept of the "virtuous crafts" stood in contrast to the concept of "academic freedom" as Brüdermann and Jost noticed.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2008, six of the top 100 universities in the world are in Germany, and 18 of the top 200. Germany ranks third in the QS World University Rankings 2011.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: The oldest universities of Germany are also among the oldest and best regarded in the world, with Heidelberg University being the oldest (established in 1386 and in continuous operation since then). It is followed by Cologne University (1388), Leipzig University (1409), Rostock University (1419), Greifswald University (1456), Freiburg University (1457), LMU Munich (1472) and the University of Tübingen (1477).

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: While German universities have a strong focus on research, a large part of it is also done outside of universities in independent institutes that are embedded in academic clusters, such as within the Max Planck, Fraunhofer, Leibniz and Helmholtz institutes. This German peculiarity of "outsourcing" research leads to a competition for funds between universities and research institutes and may negatively affect academic rankings.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: The German tertiary education system distinguishes between two types of institutions: The term (university) is reserved for institutions which have the right to confer doctorates. Other degree-awarding higher education institutions may use the more generic term .

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: In addition, non-university institutions of tertiary level exist in the German education system. The admission requirement is usually a previous education including work experience. As an example, for technological subjects can be cited, which are completed with a state examination (EQF level 6).

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: For professors at a , at least three years of work experience are required for appointment while a habilitation is not expected. This is unlike their counterparts at traditional universities, where an academic career with research experience is necessary.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Students wishing to attend a German "Universität" must, as a rule, hold the "Abitur" or a subject-restricted qualification for university entrance ("Fachgebundene Hochschulreife"). For "Fachhochschulen", the "Abitur", the "Fachgebundene Hochschulreife" certification or the "Fachhochschulreife" certification (general or subject-restricted) is required.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Foreign students lacking the entrance qualification can acquire a degree at a "Studienkolleg", which is often recognized as an equivalent to the "Abitur". The one-year course covers similar topics as the "Abitur" and ensures sufficient language skills to take up studies at a German university.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: The process of application depends on the degree program applied for, the applicant's origin and the university entrance qualification. Generally, all programs of study follow one of three admissions procedures.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: According to German law, universities are not permitted to discriminate against or grant preferential treatment to persons on basis of race, ethnic group, gender, social class, religion or political opinion.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: With much controversy, the state of Baden-Württemberg has reintroduced tuition fees at public universities starting in 2017. From autumn 2017, students who are not citizens of an EU/EEA member state are expected to pay €1,500 per semester. Students who enroll for their second degree in Germany are expected to pay €650 per semester regardless of their country of origin. Although heavily criticised in Germany, the amount is considered below average in comparison with other European countries.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: For international students there are different approaches to get a full scholarship or a funding of their studies. To be able to get a scholarship a successful application is mandatory. It can be submitted upon arrival in Germany as well as after arrival. But due to the fact that many scholarships are only available to students who are already studying, the chances of an acceptance are limited for applicants from abroad. Therefore, many foreign students have to work to finance their studies.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Since the end of World War II, the number of young people entering a university has more than tripled in Germany, but university attendance is still lower than that of many other European nations. This can be explained with the dual education system with its strong emphasis on apprenticeships and vocational schools. Many jobs which do require an academic degree in other countries (such as nursing) require completed vocational training instead in Germany.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: The rate of university graduates varies by federal state. The number is the highest in Berlin and the lowest in Schleswig-Holstein. Similarly, the ratio of school graduates with university entrance qualification varies by state between 38% and 64%.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: While it is not an academic degree formally, the "Habilitation" is a higher, post-doctoral academic qualification for teaching independently at universities. It is indicated by appending "habil." after the designation of the doctorate, e.g., "Dr. rer. nat. habil. Max Mustermann". The holder of a Habilitation may work as "Privatdozent".

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Scientific research in Germany is conducted by universities and research institutes. The raw output of scientific research from Germany consistently ranks among the world's best. The national academy of Germany is the Leopoldina Academy of Sciences. Additionally, the Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities acts as an umbrella organization for eight local academies and acatech is the Academy of Science and Engineering.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Every year, "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft" awards ten outstanding scientists working at German research institutions with the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, Germany's most important research prize. With a maximum of €2.5 million per award it is one of the highest endowed research prizes in the world. Additionally, numerous foundations and non-profit organizations award further prizes, medals and scholarships.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: 50 years ago the person least likely to attend a Gymnasium was a "Catholic working-class girl from the rural parts of Germany". Nowadays however the person least likely to attend a Gymnasium is a "minority youngster from the ghetto", who is "the son of immigrants"

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Social class differences in educational achievement are much more marked in Germany's big cities than they are in the rural parts of Germany. In cities with more than 300,000 inhabitants, children of academics are 14.36 times as likely as children of skilled workers to attend Gymnasium.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Research shows a class-effect: native middle-class males perform as well as middle-class females in terms of educational achievement but lower-class males and immigrant males lag behind lower-class females and immigrant females. A lack of male role models contributes to a low academic achievement in the case of lower-class males .

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: On the other hand, 58% of all postgraduate students and 84% of all German college professors were male in 2010.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Children from poor immigrant or working-class families are less likely to succeed in school than children from middle- or upper-class backgrounds. This disadvantage for the financially challenged of Germany is greater than in any other industrialized nation. However, the true reasons stretch beyond economic ones. The poor also tend to be less educated. After allowing for parental education, money does not play a major role in children's academic outcomes.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Immigrant children and youths, mostly of lower-class background, are the fastest-growing segment of the German population. So their prospects bear heavily on the well-being of the country. More than 30% of Germans aged 15 years and younger have at least one parent born abroad. In the big cities, 60% of children aged 5 years and younger have at least one parent born abroad. Immigrant children academically underperform their peers. Immigrants have tended to be less educated than native Germans.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？


Education in Germany

Context: Immigrants from Pakistan, India, China and Vietnam perform exceptionally well. In eastern Germany, Vietnamese and Chinese of lower-class backgrounds outperform students from European backgrounds despite the fact that in most cases their parents are poorer and less educated than the parents of their European-born peers. Teachers in eastern Germany have also been shown to be more motivated than teachers in western Germany. That might be another reason for this Asian achievement.

Question: ドイツの大学の学費は全て無料？