Malta (island)

Context: Malta is the largest island in an archipelago in the central Mediterranean, some south of the Italian island of Sicily across the Malta Channel. Malta is located east of its sister islands of Gozo and Comino. It lies on the Malta plateau, a shallow shelf formed from the high points of a land bridge between Sicily and North Africa that became isolated as sea levels rose after the last ice age. Malta is therefore situated in the zone between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low hills with terraced fields. The highest point in Malta is Ta' Dmejrek, at , near Dingli. Although there are some small rivers at times of high rainfall, there are no permanent rivers or lakes on Malta. However, some watercourses have fresh water running all year round, such as those at Ras ir-Raħeb near Baħrija and at l-Imtaħleb.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Phytogeographically, Malta belongs to the Liguro-Tyrrhenian province of the Mediterranean Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Malta belongs to the ecoregion of "Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub".

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Malta has a Subtropical–Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification "Csa"), with very mild winters and hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. According to the International Living, Malta is the country with the best climate in the world.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Average annual temperature of the sea is (the highest in the continent of Europe), from in February to in August. In the 6 months – from June to November – the average sea temperature exceeds .

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Sunshine duration hours total around 3,000 per year (one of the highest results in Europe), from an average above five hours of sunshine per day in December to an average above 12 hours in July. This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe, for comparison: London – 1,461; however, in winter it has up to several times more sunshine; for comparison: in December, London has 37 hours of sunshine whereas Malta has about 160.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: In preparation for Malta's membership in the European Union, which it joined on 1 May 2004, it privatised some state-controlled firms and liberalised markets. For example, the government announced on 8 January 2007 that it was selling its 40% stake in MaltaPost, to complete a privatisation process which has been ongoing for the past five years. By 2010, Malta had privatised telecommunications, postal services, shipyards and shipbuilding.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: The Central Bank of Malta (Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta) has two key areas of responsibility: the formulation and implementation of monetary policy and the promotion of a sound and efficient financial system. It was established by the Central Bank of Malta Act on 17 April 1968. The Maltese government entered ERM II on 4 May 2005, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2008.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: FinanceMalta is the quasi-governmental organisation tasked with marketing and educating business leaders in coming to Malta and runs seminars and events around the world highlighting the emerging strength of Malta as a jurisdiction for banking and finance and insurance.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Traffic in Malta drives on the left. Car ownership in Malta is exceedingly high, given the very small size of the island.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: There is also a man-made harbour at Ċirkewwa. This is connected with Mġarr Harbour on Gozo by the Gozo ferry which makes numerous trips each day.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Malta is a popular tourist destination, with 1.2 million tourists per year. Three times more tourists visit than there are residents. Tourism infrastructure has increased dramatically over the years and a number of good-quality hotels are present on the island, although overdevelopment and the destruction of traditional housing is of growing concern. An increasing number of Maltese now travel abroad on holiday.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Malta has had a system of local government since 1993, based on the European Charter of Local Self-Government. The main island is divided into four regions, each having its own Regional Committee:

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Malta (island)

Context: Each region is further divided into local councils. Some hamlets have administrative committees, which are part of larger local councils. Currently there are 54 local councils and 13 administrative committees in Malta.

Question: ما هي اكبر مدن مالطا؟


Judaism

Context: Jews are an ethnoreligious group including those born Jewish (or "ethnic Jews"), in addition to converts to Judaism. In 2019, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.7 million, or roughly 0.19% of the total world population. About 46.9% of all Jews reside in Israel and another 38.8% reside in the United States and Canada, with most of the remainder living in Europe, and other minority groups spread throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Once King David was established, he told the prophet Nathan that he would like to build a permanent temple, and as a reward for his actions, God promised David that he would allow his son, Solomon, to build the First Temple and the throne would never depart from his children.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: During the early years of the Second Temple, the highest religious authority was a council known as the Great Assembly, led by Ezra the Scribe. Among other accomplishments of the Great Assembly, the last books of the Bible were written at this time and the canon sealed. Hellenistic Judaism spread to Ptolemaic Egypt from the 3rd century BCE.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Following the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Jews, Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple, prayer took the place of sacrifice, and worship was rebuilt around the community (represented by a minimum of ten adult men) and the establishment of the authority of rabbis who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Thus, although there is an esoteric tradition in Judaism (Kabbalah), Rabbinic scholar Max Kadushin has characterized normative Judaism as "normal mysticism", because it involves everyday personal experiences of God through ways or modes that are common to all Jews. This is played out through the observance of the "halakha" (Jewish law) and given verbal expression in the Birkat Ha-Mizvot, the short blessings that are spoken every time a positive commandment is to be fulfilled.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Whereas Jewish philosophers often debate whether God is immanent or transcendent, and whether people have free will or their lives are determined, "halakha" is a system through which any Jew acts to bring God into the world.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Ethical monotheism is central in all sacred or normative texts of Judaism. However, monotheism has not always been followed in practice. The Jewish Bible records and repeatedly condemns the widespread worship of other gods in ancient Israel. In the Greco-Roman era, many different interpretations of monotheism existed in Judaism, including the interpretations that gave rise to Christianity.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Moreover, some have argued that Judaism is a non-creedal religion that does not require one to believe in God. For some, observance of "halakha" is more important than belief in God "per se". In modern times, some liberal Jewish movements do not accept the existence of a personified deity active in history. The debate about whether one can speak of authentic or normative Judaism is not only a debate among religious Jews but also among historians.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In Maimonides' time, his list of tenets was criticized by Hasdai Crescas and Joseph Albo. Albo and the Raavad argued that Maimonides' principles contained too many items that, while true, were not fundamentals of the faith

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: While there have been Jewish groups whose beliefs were based on the written text of the Torah alone (e.g., the Sadducees, and the Karaites), most Jews believe in the oral law. These oral traditions were transmitted by the Pharisee school of thought of ancient Judaism and were later recorded in written form and expanded upon by the rabbis.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: According to Rabbinical Jewish tradition, God gave both the Written Law (the Torah) and the Oral Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai. The Oral law is the oral tradition as relayed by God to Moses and from him, transmitted and taught to the sages (rabbinic leaders) of each subsequent generation.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: For centuries, the Torah appeared only as a written text transmitted in parallel with the oral tradition. Fearing that the oral teachings might be forgotten, Rabbi Judah haNasi undertook the mission of consolidating the various opinions into one body of law which became known as the "Mishnah".

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The Mishnah consists of 63 tractates codifying "halakha", which are the basis of the Talmud. According to Abraham ben David, the "Mishnah" was compiled by Rabbi Judah haNasi after the destruction of Jerusalem, in anno mundi 3949, which corresponds to 189 CE.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Over the next four centuries, the Mishnah underwent discussion and debate in both of the world's major Jewish communities (in Israel and Babylonia). The commentaries from each of these communities were eventually compiled into the two Talmuds, the Jerusalem Talmud ("Talmud Yerushalmi") and the Babylonian Talmud ("Talmud Bavli"). These have been further expounded by commentaries of various Torah scholars during the ages.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In the text of the Torah, many words are left undefined and many procedures are mentioned without explanation or instructions. Such phenomena are sometimes offered to validate the viewpoint that the Written Law has always been transmitted with a parallel oral tradition, illustrating the assumption that the reader is already familiar with the details from other, i.e., oral, sources.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In Judaism, "the study of Torah can be a means of experiencing God". Reflecting on the contribution of the Amoraim and Tanaim to contemporary Judaism, Professor Jacob Neusner observed:

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: To study the Written Torah and the Oral Torah in light of each other is thus also to study "how" to study the word of God.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In the study of Torah, the sages formulated and followed various logical and hermeneutical principles. According to David Stern, all Rabbinic hermeneutics rest on two basic axioms:

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Observant Jews thus view the Torah as dynamic, because it contains within it a host of interpretations.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: According to Rabbinic tradition, all valid interpretations of the written Torah were revealed to Moses at Sinai in oral form, and handed down from teacher to pupil (The oral revelation is in effect coextensive with the Talmud itself). When different rabbis forwarded conflicting interpretations, they sometimes appealed to hermeneutic principles to legitimize their arguments; some rabbis claim that these principles were themselves revealed by God to Moses at Sinai.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In contrast to this point of view, practices such as Humanistic Judaism reject the religious aspects of Judaism, while retaining certain cultural traditions.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Karaite Judaism believes that Jewish identity can only be transmitted by patrilineal descent. Although a minority of modern Karaites believe that Jewish identity requires that both parents be Jewish, and not only the father. They argue that only patrilineal descent can transmit Jewish identity on the grounds that all descent in the Torah went according to the male line.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The question of what determines Jewish identity in the State of Israel was given new impetus when, in the 1950s, David Ben-Gurion requested opinions on "mihu Yehudi" ("Who is a Jew") from Jewish religious authorities and intellectuals worldwide in order to settle citizenship questions. This is still not settled, and occasionally resurfaces in Israeli politics.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Rabbinic Judaism (or in some Christian traditions, Rabbinism) (Hebrew: "Yahadut Rabanit" – יהדות רבנית) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Talmud. It is characterised by the belief that the Written Torah (Written Law) cannot be correctly interpreted without reference to the Oral Torah and the voluminous literature specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the Law.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The Jewish Enlightenment of the late 18th century resulted in the division of Ashkenazi (Western) Jewry into religious movements or denominations, especially in North America and Anglophone countries. The main denominations today outside Israel (where the situation is rather different) are Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform. The notion "traditional Judaism" includes the Orthodox with Conservative or solely the Orthodox Jews.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Sephardi and Mizrahi observance of Judaism tends toward the conservative, and prayer rites are reflective of this, with the text of each rite being largely unchanged since their respective inception. Observant Sephardim may follow the teachings of a particular rabbi or school of thought; for example, the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: "Haredi" applies to a populace that can be roughly divided into three separate groups along both ethnic and ideological lines: (1) "Lithuanian" (non-hasidic) "haredim" of Ashkenazic origin; (2) Hasidic "haredim" of Ashkenazic origin; and (3) Sephardic "haredim".

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Karaite Judaism defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the Second Temple period, such as the Sadducees. The Karaites ("Scripturalists") accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the Peshat ("simple" meaning); they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative. Some European Karaites do not see themselves as part of the Jewish community at all, although most do.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The Samaritans, a very small community located entirely around Mount Gerizim in the Nablus/Shechem region of the West Bank and in Holon, near Tel Aviv in Israel, regard themselves as the descendants of the Israelites of the Iron Age kingdom of Israel. Their religious practices are based on the literal text of the written Torah (Five Books of Moses), which they view as the only authoritative scripture (with a special regard also for the Samaritan Book of Joshua).

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Jewish secularism refers to secularism in a particularly Jewish context, denoting the definition of Jewishness either with little recourse to religion or without. Jewish Secularist ideologies first arose in the latter third of the 19th century, and reached the apogee of their influence in the interwar period.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Historically, the Hebrew term "B'nei Noach" has applied to all non-Jews as descendants of Noah. However, nowadays it's primarily used to refer specifically to those non-Jews who observe the Seven Laws of Noah.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Jewish ethics may be guided by "halakhic" traditions, by other moral principles, or by central Jewish virtues. Jewish ethical practice is typically understood to be marked by values such as justice, truth, peace, loving-kindness (chesed), compassion, humility, and self-respect. Specific Jewish ethical practices include practices of charity (tzedakah) and refraining from negative speech (lashon hara). Proper ethical practices regarding sexuality and many other issues are subjects of dispute among Jews.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Traditionally, Jews recite prayers three times daily, Shacharit, Mincha, and Ma'ariv with a fourth prayer, Mussaf added on Shabbat and holidays. At the heart of each service is the "Amidah" or "Shemoneh Esrei". Another key prayer in many services is the declaration of faith, the "Shema Yisrael" (or "Shema"). The "Shema" is the recitation of a verse from the Torah (Deuteronomy 6:4): "Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad"—"Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God! The Lord is One!"

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Most of the prayers in a traditional Jewish service can be recited in solitary prayer, although communal prayer is preferred. Communal prayer requires a quorum of ten adult Jews, called a "minyan". In nearly all Orthodox and a few Conservative circles, only male Jews are counted toward a "minyan"; most Conservative Jews and members of other Jewish denominations count female Jews as well.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In addition to prayer services, observant traditional Jews recite prayers and benedictions throughout the day when performing various acts. Prayers are recited upon waking up in the morning, before eating or drinking different foods, after eating a meal, and so on.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: A "kippah" (Hebrew: כִּפָּה, plural "kippot"; Yiddish: יאַרמלקע, "yarmulke") is a slightly rounded brimless skullcap worn by many Jews while praying, eating, reciting blessings, or studying Jewish religious texts, and at all times by some Jewish men. In Orthodox communities, only men wear kippot; in non-Orthodox communities, some women also wear kippot. "Kippot" range in size from a small round beanie that covers only the back of the head to a large, snug cap that covers the whole crown.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Tefillin (Hebrew: תְפִלִּין), known in English as phylacteries (from the Greek word φυλακτήριον, meaning "safeguard" or "amulet"), are two square leather boxes containing biblical verses, attached to the forehead and wound around the left arm by leather straps. They are worn during weekday morning prayer by observant Jewish men and some Jewish women.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: A "kittel" (Yiddish: קיטל), a white knee-length overgarment, is worn by prayer leaders and some observant traditional Jews on the High Holidays. It is traditional for the head of the household to wear a kittel at the Passover seder in some communities, and some grooms wear one under the wedding canopy. Jewish males are buried in a "tallit" and sometimes also a "kittel" which are part of the "tachrichim" (burial garments).

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Jewish holidays are special days in the Jewish calendar, which celebrate moments in Jewish history, as well as central themes in the relationship between God and the world, such as creation, revelation, and redemption.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Jewish holy days ("chaggim"), celebrate landmark events in Jewish history, such as the Exodus from Egypt and the giving of the Torah, and sometimes mark the change of seasons and transitions in the agricultural cycle. The three major festivals, Sukkot, Passover and Shavuot, are called "regalim" (derived from the Hebrew word "regel", or foot). On the three regalim, it was customary for the Israelites to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices in the Temple.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Purim has celebrated annually on the 14th of the Hebrew month of Adar, which occurs in February or March of the Gregorian calendar.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Hanukkah (, "dedication") also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday that starts on the 25th day of Kislev (Hebrew calendar). The festival is observed in Jewish homes by the kindling of lights on each of the festival's eight nights, one on the first night, two on the second night and so on.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism, but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times, mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the establishment of the State of Israel.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Tisha B'Av ( or , "the Ninth of Av") is a day of mourning and fasting commemorating the destruction of the First and Second Temples, and in later times, the expulsion of the Jews from Spain.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: There are three more minor Jewish fast days that commemorate various stages of the destruction of the Temples. They are the 17th Tamuz, the 10th of Tevet and Tzom Gedaliah (the 3rd of Tishrei).

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The modern holidays of Yom Ha-shoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day), Yom Hazikaron (Israeli Memorial Day) and Yom Ha'atzmaut (Israeli Independence Day) commemorate the horrors of the Holocaust, the fallen soldiers of Israel and victims of terrorism, and Israeli independence, respectively.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: There are some who prefer to commemorate those who were killed in the Holocaust on the 10th of Tevet.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The core of festival and Shabbat prayer services is the public reading of the Torah, along with connected readings from the other books of the Tanakh, called Haftarah. Over the course of a year, the whole Torah is read, with the cycle starting over in the autumn, on Simchat Torah.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Synagogues are Jewish houses of prayer and study. They usually contain separate rooms for prayer (the main sanctuary), smaller rooms for study, and often an area for community or educational use. There is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. The Reform movement mostly refer to their synagogues as temples. Some traditional features of a synagogue are:

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In addition to synagogues, other buildings of significance in Judaism include yeshivas, or institutions of Jewish learning, and mikvahs, which are ritual baths.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The Jewish dietary laws are known as "kashrut". Food prepared in accordance with them is termed kosher, and food that is not kosher is also known as "treifah" or "treif". People who observe these laws are colloquially said to be "keeping kosher".

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In addition to the requirement that the species be considered kosher, meat and poultry (but not fish) must come from a healthy animal slaughtered in a process known as "shechitah". Without the proper slaughtering practices even an otherwise kosher animal will be rendered "treif". The slaughtering process is intended to be quick and relatively painless to the animal. Forbidden parts of animals include the blood, some fats, and the area in and around the sciatic nerve.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The use of dishes, serving utensils, and ovens may make food "treif" that would otherwise be kosher. Utensils that have been used to prepare non-kosher food, or dishes that have held meat and are now used for dairy products, render the food "treif" under certain conditions.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Furthermore, all Orthodox and some Conservative authorities forbid the consumption of processed grape products made by non-Jews, due to ancient pagan practices of using wine in rituals. Some Conservative authorities permit wine and grape juice made without rabbinic supervision.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: An important subcategory of the ritual purity laws relates to the segregation of menstruating women. These laws are also known as "niddah", literally "separation", or family purity. Vital aspects of "halakha" for traditionally observant Jews, they are not usually followed by Jews in liberal denominations.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Traditional Ethiopian Jews keep menstruating women in separate huts and, similar to Karaite practice, do not allow menstruating women into their temples because of a temple's special sanctity. Emigration to Israel and the influence of other Jewish denominations have led to Ethiopian Jews adopting more normative Jewish practices.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Life-cycle events, or rites of passage, occur throughout a Jew's life that serves to strengthen Jewish identity and bind him/her to the entire community.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The role of the priesthood in Judaism has significantly diminished since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE when priests attended to the Temple and sacrifices. The priesthood is an inherited position, and although priests no longer have any but ceremonial duties, they are still honored in many Jewish communities. Many Orthodox Jewish communities believe that they will be needed again for a future Third Temple and need to remain in readiness for future duty.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: From the time of the Mishnah and Talmud to the present, Judaism has required specialists or authorities for the practice of very few rituals or ceremonies. A Jew can fulfill most requirements for prayer by himself. Some activities—reading the Torah and "haftarah" (a supplementary portion from the Prophets or Writings), the prayer for mourners, the blessings for bridegroom and bride, the complete grace after meals—require a "minyan", the presence of ten Jews.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Jewish prayer services do involve two specified roles, which are sometimes, but not always, filled by a rabbi or hazzan in many congregations. In other congregations these roles are filled on an ad-hoc basis by members of the congregation who lead portions of services on a rotating basis:

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Antisemitism arose during the Middle Ages, in the form of persecutions, pogroms, forced conversions, expulsions, social restrictions and ghettoization.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Since the time of the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church upheld the "Constitutio pro Judæis" (Formal Statement on the Jews), which stated

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: In the mid-20th century, Jews were expelled from nearly all of the Arab countries. Most have chosen to live in Israel. Today, antisemitic themes including Holocaust denial have become commonplace in the propaganda of Islamic movements such as Hizbullah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Refah Partisi.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Other examples of syncretism include Semitic neopaganism, a loosely organized sect which incorporates pagan or Wiccan beliefs with some Jewish religious practices; Jewish Buddhists, another loosely organized group that incorporates elements of Asian spirituality in their faith; and some Renewal Jews who borrow freely and openly from Buddhism, Sufism, Native American religions, and other faiths.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: The Kabbalah Centre, which employs teachers from multiple religions, is a New Age movement that claims to popularize the kabbalah, part of the Jewish esoteric tradition.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Judaism

Context: Text study projects at . In many instances, the Hebrew versions of these projects are more fully developed than the English.

Question: كم يبلغ عمر الديانة اليهودية ؟


Arab world

Context: In post-classical history, the Arab world was synonymous with the historic Arab empires and caliphates. Arab nationalism arose in the second half of the 19th century along with other nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire. The Arab League was formed in 1945 to represent the interests of Arab people and especially to pursue the political unification of the Arab countries; a project known as Pan-Arabism.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Although no globally accepted definition of the Arab world exists, all countries that are members of the Arab League are generally acknowledged as being part of the Arab world.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Arab League is a regional organisation that aims (among other things) to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries and sets out the following definition of an Arab:

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: This standard territorial definition is sometimes seen to be inappropriate or problematic, and may be supplemented with certain additional elements (see ancillary linguistic definition below).

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: As an alternative to, or in combination with, the standard territorial definition, the Arab world may be defined as consisting of peoples and states united to at least some degree by Arabic language, culture or geographic contiguity, or those states or territories in which the majority of the population speaks Arabic, and thus may also include populations of the Arab diaspora.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: While Arabic dialects are spoken in a number of Arab League states, Literary Arabic is official in all of them. Several states have declared Arabic to be an official or national language, although Arabic is not as widely spoken there. As members of the Arab League, however, they are considered part of the Arab world under the standard territorial definition.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Somalia has two official languages, Arabic and Somali, while Somaliland has three, Arabic, Somali and English. Both Arabic and Somali belong to the larger Afro-Asiatic language family. Although Arabic is widely spoken by many people in the north and urban areas in the south, Somali is the most widely used language, and contains many Arabic loan words.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Similarly, Djibouti has two official languages, Arabic and French. It also has several formally recognized national languages; besides Somali, many people speak Afar, which is also an Afro-Asiatic language. The majority of the population speaks Somali and Afar, although Arabic is also widely used for trade and other activities.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Comoros has three official languages: Arabic, Comorian and French. Comorian is the most widely spoken language, with Arabic having a religious significance, and French being associated with the educational system.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Chad, Eritrea and Israel all recognize Arabic as an official or working language, but none of them is a member-state of the Arab League, although both Chad and Eritrea are observer states of the League (with possible future membership) and have large populations of Arabic speakers.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Israel is not a part of the Arab world. By some definitions, Arab citizens of Israel may concurrently be considered a constituent part of the Arab world.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Historically, slavery in the Muslim world developed out of pre-Islamic practices of slavery in the Arab world.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Literacy rate is higher among the youth than adults. Youth literacy rate (ages 15–24) in the Arab region increased from 63.9 to 76.3% from 1990 to 2002. The average rate of GCC States *Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) was 94%, followed by the Maghreb at 83.2% and the Mashriq at 73.6%.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The United Nations published an Arab human development report in 2002, 2003 and 2004. These reports, written by researchers from the Arab world, address some sensitive issues in the development of Arab countries: women empowerment, availability of education and information among others.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Elsewhere in North Africa and the Middle East, film production was scarce until the late 1960s and early 1970s when filmmakers began to received funding and financial assistance from state organizations. This was during the post-independence and is when most Arab cinema took root. Most films produced at that time were funded by the state and contained a nationalistic dimension. These films helped to advance certain social causes such as independence, and other social, economic and political agendas.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: A sustained film industry was able to emerge in Egypt when other parts of the Arab world had only been able to sporadically produce feature-length films due to limited financing.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: While Egyptian and Lebanese cinema have a long history of production, most other Arab countries did not witness film production until after independence, and even today, the majority of film production in countries like Bahrain, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates is limited to television or short films.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: However, the production of Arab cinema has declined in the last decades and many filmmakers in the Middle East gathered to hold a meeting and discuss the current state of Arab cinema.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Women in the Arab world are still denied equality of opportunity, although their disenfranchisement is a critical factor crippling the Arab nations' quest to return to the first rank of global leaders in commerce, learning and culture, according to a United Nations-sponsored report in 2008.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Rapists are often treated leniently or acquitted in the Arab region if they marry their victims. 37% of Arab women experienced violence in their lifetime but the numbers may be higher according to indicators. In some countries, the share of women experiencing violence and abuse by intimate partner reaches 70%.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Egypt was conquered in 639, and gradually Arabized during the medieval period. A distinctively Egyptian Arabic language emerged by the 16th century.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The culture of Sudan today depends on the tribe, some have a pure Nubian, Beja, or Arabic culture and some have a mixture of Arab and Nubian elements.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Arab Abbasid Caliphate fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century. Egypt, the Levant and Hejaz also came under the Turkish Mamluk Sultanate.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: By 1570, the Turkish Ottoman Empire controlled most of the Arab world. However, Morocco remained under the rule of the Zenata Wattasid dynasty, which was succeeded by the Saadi dynasty in the 16th to 17th centuries. The Ajuran Sultanate also held sway in the southern part of the Horn region.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The sentiment of Arab nationalism arose in the second half of the 19th century along with other nationalisms within the declining Ottoman Empire.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: By contrast, Saudi Arabia had fragmented with the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and was unified under Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia by 1932.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen also seceded directly from the Ottoman Empire in 1918. Oman, apart from brief intermittent Persian and Portuguese rule, has been self-governing since the 8th century.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Arab League was formed in 1945 to represent the interests of the Arabs, and especially to pursue the political unification of the Arab world, a project known as Pan-Arabism.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: There were some short-lived attempts at such unification in the mid-20th century, notably the United Arab Republic of 1958 to 1961.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Arab League's main goal is to unify politically the Arab populations so defined. Its permanent headquarters are located in Cairo. However, it was moved temporarily to Tunis during the 1980s, after Egypt was expelled for signing the Camp David Accords (1978).

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Pan-Arabism has mostly been abandoned as an ideology since the 1980s, and was replaced by Pan-Islamism on one hand, and individual nationalisms on the other.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 has given rise to the Arab–Israeli conflict, one of the major unresolved geopolitical conflicts.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Arab states in changing alliances were involved in a number of wars with Israel and its western allies between 1948 and 1973, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Six-Day War of 1967, and the Yom Kippur War of 1973.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Iran–Iraq War (also known as the First Gulf War and by various other names) was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the second longest conventional war of the 20th century. It was initially referred to in English as the "Gulf War" prior to the "Gulf War" of 1990.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The North Yemen Civil War was fought in North Yemen between royalists of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and factions of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1962 to 1970. The war began with a coup d'état carried out by the republican leader, Abdullah as-Sallal, which dethroned the newly crowned Imam al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border and rallied popular support.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Somali Civil War is an ongoing civil war taking place in Somalia. It began in 1991, when a coalition of clan-based armed opposition groups ousted the nation's long-standing military government.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The popular protests throughout the Arab world of late 2010 to the present have been directed against authoritarian leadership and associated political corruption, paired with demands for more democratic rights. The two most violent and prolonged conflicts in the aftermath of the Arab Spring are the Libyan Civil War and Syrian Civil War.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: While the Arab world had been of limited interest to the European colonial powers, the British Empire being mostly interested in the Suez Canal as a route to British India, the economic and geopolitical situation changed dramatically after the discovery of large petroleum deposits in the 1930s, coupled with the vastly increased demand for petroleum in the west as a result of the Second Industrial Revolution.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Islamic terrorism became a problem in the Arab world in the 1970s to 1980s. While the Muslim Brotherhood had been active in Egypt since 1928, their militant actions were limited to assassination attempts on political leaders.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq forces, led to the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War. Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia joined a multinational coalition that opposed Iraq. Displays of support for Iraq by Jordan and Palestine resulted in strained relations between many of the Arab states. After the war, a so-called "Damascus Declaration" formalized an alliance for future joint Arab defensive actions between Egypt, Syria, and the GCC states.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: A chain of events leading to the destabilization of the authoritarian regimes established during the 1950s throughout the Arab world became apparent during the early years of the 21st century. The 2003 invasion of Iraq led to the collapse of the Baathist regime and ultimate execution of Saddam Hussein.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: A growing class of young, educated, secular citizens with access to modern media such as Al Jazeera (since 1996) and communicating via the internet began to form a third force besides the classical dichotomy of Pan-Arabism vs. Pan-Islamism that had dominated the second half of the 20th century. These citizens wish for reform in their country's religious institutions.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: In Syria, the Damascus Spring of 2000 to 2001 heralded the possibility of democratic change, but the Baathist regime managed to suppress the movement.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: In 2003, the Egyptian Movement for Change, popularly known as "Kefaya", was launched to oppose the Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms and greater civil liberties in Egypt.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: As former director of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, Efraim Halevy, now a director at the Hebrew University said,

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: As of 2006, the Arab world accounts for two-fifths of the gross domestic product and three-fifths of the trade of the wider Muslim world.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: As of August 2009 it was reported that Saudi Arabia is the strongest Arab economy according to World Bank.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Saudi Arabia remains the top Arab economy in terms of total GDP. It is Asia's eleventh largest economy, followed by Egypt and Algeria, which were also the second and third largest economies in Africa (after South Africa), in 2006. In terms of GDP per capita, Qatar is the richest developing country in the world.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The total GDP of all Arab countries in 1999 was US$531.2 billion. By grouping all the latest GDP figures, the total Arab world GDP is estimated to be worth at least $2.8 trillion in 2011. This is only smaller than the GDP of the US, China, Japan and Germany.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Arab World stretches across more than of North Africa and the part of North-East Africa and South-West Asia. The eastern part of the Arab world is called the "Mashriq". Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania are the "Maghreb" or "Maghrib".

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Notably, every Arab country borders a sea or ocean, with the exception of the Arab region of northern Chad, which is completely landlocked. Iraq is actually nearly landlocked, as it has only a very narrow access to the Persian Gulf.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The political borders of the Arab world have wandered, leaving Arab minorities in non-Arab countries of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa as well as in the Middle Eastern countries of Cyprus, Turkey and Iran, and also leaving non-Arab minorities in Arab countries. However, the basic geography of sea, desert and mountain provides the enduring natural boundaries for this region.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Arab world straddles two continents, Africa and Asia. It is mainly oriented along an east–west axis.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: Arab Africa comprises the entire northern third of the continent. It is surrounded by water on three sides (west, north, and east) and desert or desert scrubland on the fourth (south).

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The southern boundary of Arab North Africa is the strip of scrubland known as the Sahel that crosses the continent south of the Sahara.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Arab world

Context: The Western Asian Arab region comprises the Arabian Peninsula, most of the Levant (excluding Cyprus and Israel), most of Mesopotamia (excluding parts of Turkey and Iran) and the Persian Gulf region. The peninsula is roughly a tilted rectangle that leans back against the slope of northeast Africa, the long axis pointing toward Turkey and Europe.

Question: ما هو أول بلد عربي ينال الاستقلال ؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: The largest and most modern underground iron ore mine in the world operates in Kiruna, Norrbotten County, Lapland. The mine, owned by Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB, a large Swedish mining-company, has an annual production capacity of over 26 million tonnes of iron ore.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: These early uses appear to have been largely ceremonial or decorative. Meteoric iron is very rare, and the metal was probably very expensive, perhaps more expensive than gold. The early Hittites are known to have bartered iron (meteoric or smelted) for silver, at a rate of 40 times the iron's weight, with the Old Assyrian Empire in the first centuries of the second millennium BC.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Native iron in the metallic state occurs rarely as small inclusions in certain basalt rocks. Besides meteoritic iron, Thule people of Greenland have used native iron from the Disko region.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: The place and time for the discovery of iron smelting is not known, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing metal extracted from nickel-containing ores from hot-worked meteoritic iron. The archaeological evidence seems to point to the Middle East area, during the Bronze Age in the 3rd millennium BC. However, wrought iron artifacts remained a rarity until the 12th century BC.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Perhaps as early as 500 BC, although certainly by 200 AD, high-quality steel was produced in southern India by the crucible technique. In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. Iron chain was used in Indian suspension bridges as early as the 4th century.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: One of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities is an iron pillar located in the Qutb complex in Delhi. The pillar is made of wrought iron (98% Fe), is almost seven meters high and weighs more than six tonnes. The pillar was erected by Chandragupta II Vikramaditya and has withstood 1,600 years of exposure to heavy rains with relatively little corrosion.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Historians debate whether bloomery-based ironworking ever spread to China from the Middle East. One theory suggests that metallurgy was introduced through Central Asia. In 2008, two iron fragments were excavated at the Mogou site, in Gansu. They have been dated to the 14th century BC, belonging to the period of Siwa culture, suggesting an independent Chinese origin. One of the fragments was made of bloomery iron rather than meteoritic iron.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: The earliest iron artifacts made from bloomeries in China date to end of the 9th century BC. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture and architecture. Around 500 BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu achieved a temperature of 1130 °C. At this temperature, iron combines with 4.3% carbon and melts. The liquid iron can be cast into molds, a method far less laborious than individually forging each piece of iron from a bloom.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Though there is some uncertainty, some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was developed independently in sub-Saharan Africa (possibly in West Africa).

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: In the region of the Aïr Mountains in Niger there are also signs of independent copper smelting between 2500 and 1500 BC. The process was not in a developed state, indicating smelting was not foreign. It became mature about 1500 BC.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: There is also evidence that carbon steel was made in Western Tanzania by the ancestors of the Haya people as early as 2,300 to 2,000 years ago (about 300 BC or soon after) by a complex process of "pre-heating" allowing temperatures inside a furnace to reach 1300 to 1400 °C.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Iron and copper working spread southward through the continent, reaching the Cape around AD 200. The widespread use of iron revolutionized the Bantu-speaking farming communities who adopted it, driving out and absorbing the rock tool using hunter-gatherer societies they encountered as they expanded to farm wider areas of savanna. The technologically superior Bantu-speakers spread across southern Africa and became wealthy and powerful, producing iron for tools and weapons in large, industrial quantities.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: The earliest records of bloomery-type furnaces in East Africa are discoveries of smelted iron and carbon in Nubia that date back between the 7th and 6th centuries BC, particularly in Meroe where there are known to have been ancient bloomeries that produced metal tools for the Nubians and Kushites and produced surplus for their economy.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Geared gristmills were invented by Muslim engineers, and were used for crushing metallic ores before extraction. Gristmills in the Islamic world were often made from both watermills and windmills. In order to adapt water wheels for gristmilling purposes, cams were used for raising and releasing trip hammers. The first forge driven by a hydropowered water mill rather than manual labour was invented in the 12th century Islamic Spain.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: There was no fundamental change in the technology of iron production in Europe for many centuries. European metal workers continued to produce iron in bloomeries. However, the Medieval period brought two developments—the use of water power in the bloomery process in various places (outlined above), and the first European production in cast iron.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: The Catalan Forge was a variety of powered bloomery. Bloomeries with hot blast were used in upstate New York in the mid-19th century.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: The preferred method of iron production in Europe until the development of the puddling process in 1783–84. Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast iron, which then required a labor and capital intensive conversion to wrought iron.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: An alternative method of decarburising pig iron was the finery forge, which seems to have been devised in the region around Namur in the 15th century. By the end of that century, this Walloon process spread to the "Pay de Bray" on the eastern boundary of Normandy, and then to England, where it became the main method of making wrought iron by 1600. It was introduced to Sweden by Louis de Geer in the early 17th century and was used to make the oregrounds iron favoured by English steelmakers.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: A variation on this was the German forge. This became the main method of producing bar iron in Sweden.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: In the 1740s, Benjamin Huntsman found a means of melting blister steel, made by the cementation process, in crucibles. The resulting crucible steel, usually cast in ingots, was more homogeneous than blister steel.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Early iron smelting used charcoal as both the heat source and the reducing agent. By the 18th century, the availability of wood for making charcoal was limiting the expansion of iron production, so that England became increasingly dependent for a considerable part of the iron required by its industry, on Sweden (from the mid-17th century) and then from about 1725 also on Russia.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: In 1707, Abraham Darby I patented a method of making cast iron pots. His pots were thinner and hence cheaper than those of his rivals. Needing a larger supply of pig iron he leased the blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709. There, he made iron using coke, thus establishing the first successful business in Europe to do so. His products were all of cast iron, though his immediate successors attempted (with little commercial success) to fine this to bar iron.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Bar iron thus continued normally to be made with charcoal pig iron until the mid-1750s. In 1755 Abraham Darby II (with partners) opened a new coke-using furnace at Horsehay in Shropshire, and this was followed by others. These supplied coke pig iron to finery forges of the traditional kind for the production of bar iron. The reason for the delay remains controversial.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: In the early 19th century, Hall discovered that the addition of iron oxide to the charge of the puddling furnace caused a violent reaction, in which the pig iron was decarburised, this became known as 'wet puddling'. It was also found possible to produce steel by stopping the puddling process before decarburisation was complete.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: The efficiency of the blast furnace was improved by the change to hot blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in Scotland in 1828. This further reduced production costs. Within a few decades, the practice was to have a 'stove' as large as the furnace next to it into which the waste gas (containing CO) from the furnace was directed and burnt. The resultant heat was used to preheat the air blown into the furnace.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: Apart from some production of puddled steel, English steel continued to be made by the cementation process, sometimes followed by remelting to produce crucible steel. These were batch-based processes whose raw material was bar iron, particularly Swedish oregrounds iron.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: The steel industry is often considered an indicator of economic progress, because of the critical role played by steel in infrastructural and overall economic development. In 1980, there were more than 500,000 U.S. steelworkers. By 2000, the number of steelworkers had fallen to 224,000.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Ferrous metallurgy

Context: In 2008, steel began trading as a commodity on the London Metal Exchange. At the end of 2008, the steel industry faced a sharp downturn that led to many cut-backs.

Question: من  أول من عرف الحديد؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: In 1975, Al-Bashir was sent to the United Arab Emirates as the Sudanese military attaché. When he returned home, al-Bashir was made a garrison commander. In 1981, al-Bashir returned to his paratroop background when he became the commander of an armored parachute brigade.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: The Sudanese Ministry of Defense website says that al-Bashir was in the Western Command from 1967 to 1969 and then the Airborne Forces from 1969 to 1987 until he was appointed commander of the 8th Infantry Brigade (independent) from the period 1987 to 30 June 1989.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: He was reelected by popular vote for a five-year term in presidential elections held on 13–23 December 2000.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: From 2005 to 2010, a transitional government was set up under a 2005 peace accord that ended more than two decades of north–south civil war and saw the formation of a power-sharing agreement between Salva Kiir's SPLM and Al Bashir's National Congress Party (NCP).

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: In the first multi-party election, al-Bashir was reelected president in the 2010 presidential election; while Salva Kiir, the leader of the former rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), won re-election in the presidential poll in what was Sudan's semi-autonomous southern region. These elections were agreed on earlier in the 2005 peace accord that ended more than two decades of north–south civil war.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: Further on, al-Turabi's influence and that of his party's "'internationalist' and ideological wing" waned "in favor of the 'nationalist' or more pragmatic leaders who focus on trying to recover from Sudan's disastrous international isolation and economic damage that resulted from ideological adventurism". At the same time, Sudan worked to appease the United States and other international critics by expelling members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and encouraging bin Laden to leave.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: On al-Bashir's orders, al-Turabi was imprisoned based on allegations of conspiracy in 2000 before being released in October 2003. Al-Turabi was again imprisoned in March 2004 and released in July 2005, at the height of the peace agreement in the civil war.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: Al-Bashir announced in August 2015 that he would travel to New York in September to speak at the United Nations. It was unclear to date if al-Bashir would have been allowed to travel, due to previous sanctions.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: The Sudanese government had been accused of suppressing information by jailing and killing witnesses since 2004, and tampering with evidence, such as covering up mass graves. The Sudanese government has also arrested and harassed journalists, thus limiting the extent of press coverage of the situation in Darfur. While the United States government has described the conflict as genocide, the UN has not recognized the conflict as such. ("see List of declarations of genocide in Darfur").

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: Chadian President Idriss Deby visited Khartoum in 2010 and Chad kicked out the Darfuri rebels it had previously supported. Both Sudanese and Chadian sides together established a joint military border patrol.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: The agreement also provided for power sharing at the national level: movements that sign the agreement will be entitled to nominate two ministers and two four ministers of state at the federal level and will be able to nominate 20 members to the national legislature. The movements will be entitled to nominate two state governors in the Darfur region.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: Al-Bashir has rejected the charges, saying "Whoever has visited Darfur, met officials and discovered their ethnicities and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies." He described the charges as "not worth the ink they are written in". The warrant will be delivered to the Sudanese government, which has stated that it will not carry it out.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: The Sudanese government retaliated against the warrant by expelling a number of international aid agencies, including Oxfam and Mercy Corps. President Bashir described the aid agencies as thieves who take "99 percent of the budget for humanitarian work themselves, giving the people of Darfur 1 percent" and as spies in the work of foreign regimes. Bashir promised that national agencies will provide aid to Darfur.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: In July 2013, Omar al-Bashir arrived in Nigeria for an African Union summit only to leave the country less than 24 hours later amid calls for his arrest. In August 2013, Bashir's plane was blocked from entering Saudi Arabian airspace when Bashir was attempting to attend the inauguration of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, whose country is the main supplier of weapons to Sudan.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: On 28 August 2010 in Nairobi, the authorities in Kenya chose not to arrest al-Bashir on International Criminal Court (ICC) charges of genocide when he arrived for a ceremony for the new Kenyan constitution. Al-Bashir was escorted into Nairobi's Uhuru Park, where the signing ceremony was taking place, by Tourism minister Najib Balala. On 28 November 2011, Kenya's High Court Judge Nicholas Ombija ordered the Minister of Internal Security to arrest al-Bashir, "should he set foot in Kenya in the future".

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: Additionally, Chad and Djibouti continued to allow Bashir to travel freely into their country despite being parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: In October 2013, several members of the African Union expressed anger at the ICC, calling it "racist" for failing to file charges against Western leaders or Western allies while prosecuting only African suspects so far. The African Union demanded that the ICC protect African heads of state from prosecution.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: In June 2015, while in South Africa for an African Union meeting, al-Bashir was prohibited from leaving that country while a court decided whether he should be handed over to the ICC for war crimes. He, nevertheless, was allowed to leave South Africa soon afterward.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: In October 2015, he traveled to India to attend the India–Africa Summit and there were calls for his arrest by Amnesty International, but since India is not a signatory of the Rome Statute, the ICC does not have jurisdiction in India. During an interview, while in India, he stated that nothing could prevent him from going to South Africa again in December.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: In 2015, Sudan participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising. Reuters reported, "The war in Yemen has given Omar Hassan al-Bashir, a skilled political operator who has ruled Sudan for a quarter-century, an opportunity to show wealthy Sunni powers that he can be an asset against Iranian influence – if the price is right."

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: Part of the the BNP Paribas paid for sanctions violations was related to their trade with Sudan. While smaller fines have also been given to other banks, US Justice Department officials said that they found the BNP particularly uncooperative, calling it Sudan's "de facto" central bank.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: On 17 April 2019, al-Bashir was moved from house arrest to Khartoum's Kobar Prison. On 13 May 2019, prosecutors charged al-Bashir with "inciting and participating in" the killing of protesters. A trial for corruption (after $130 million was found in his home) and money laundering against al-Bashir started during the following months. On 14 December 2019, he was convicted for money laundering and corruption. He was sentenced to two years of imprisonment.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: On 21 July 2020, his trial regarding the coup that brought him to power started. About 20 military personnel were indicted for their roles in the coup.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Omar al-Bashir

Context: On 21 September 2021, the government in Sudan accused loyalists of Bashir of a thwarted attempted coup d'état. Sources close to the government said that the instigators were arrested and were being interrogated.

Question: متى أطيح بالرئيس السوداني البشير؟


Consumer electronics

Context: In the 2010s, most consumer electronics have become based on digital technologies. They have essentially merged with the computer industry in what is increasingly referred to as the consumerization of information technology. Some consumer electronics stores have also begun selling office and baby furniture. Consumer electronics stores may be "brick and mortar" physical retail stores, online stores, or combinations of both.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: Annual consumer electronics sales are expected to reach by 2020. It is part of the wider electronics industry. In turn, the driving force behind the electronics industry is the semiconductor industry. The basic building block of modern electronics is the MOSFET (metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor), the scaling and miniaturization of which has been the primary factor behind the rapid exponential growth of electronic technology since the 1960s.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: For its first fifty years, the phonograph turntable did not use electronics; the needle and soundhorn were purely mechanical technologies. However, in the 1920s, radio broadcasting became the basis of mass production of radio receivers. The vacuum tubes that had made radios practical were used with record players as well, to amplify the sound so that it could be played through a loudspeaker. Television was soon invented but remained insignificant in the consumer market until the 1950s.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: Increasingly consumer electronics products such as Digital distribution of video games have become based on the internet and digital technologies. The consumer electronics industry has primarily merged with the software industry in what is increasingly referred to as the consumerization of information technology.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: One overriding characteristic of consumer electronic products is the trend of ever-falling prices. This is driven by gains in manufacturing efficiency and automation, lower labor costs as manufacturing has moved to lower-wage countries, and improvements in semiconductor design. Semiconductor components benefit from Moore's law, an observed principle which states that, for a given price, semiconductor functionality doubles every two years.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: While consumer electronics continues in its trend of convergence, combining elements of many products, consumers face different purchasing decisions. There is an ever-increasing need to keep product information updated and comparable for the consumer to make an informed choice. Style, price, specification, and performance are all relevant. There are a gradual shift towards e-commerce web-storefronts.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: The electronics industry, especially consumer electronics, emerged in the 20th century and has become a global industry worth billions of dollars. Contemporary society uses all manner of electronic devices built-in automated or semi-automated factories operated by the industry.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: Most consumer electronics are built in China, due to maintenance cost, availability of materials, quality, and speed as opposed to other countries such as the United States. Cities such as Shenzhen have become important production centres for the industry, attracting many consumer electronics companies such as Apple Inc.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: An electronic component is any essential discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form, and are not to be confused with electrical elements, conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: Consumer electronics such as personal computers use various types of software. Embedded software is used within some consumer electronics, such as mobile phones. This type of software may be embedded within the hardware of electronic devices. Some consumer electronics include software that is used on a personal computer in conjunction with electronic devices, such as camcorders and digital cameras, and third-party software for such devices also exists.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: Some consumer electronics adhere to protocols, such as connection protocols "to high speed bi-directional signals". In telecommunications, a communications protocol is a system of digital rules for data exchange within or between computers.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: The Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (IFA) trade show has taken place Berlin, Germany since its foundation in 1924. The event features new consumer electronics and speeches by industry pioneers.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: An electronics district is an area of commerce with a high density of retail stores that sell consumer electronics.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: Consumer electronic service can refer to the maintenance of said products. When consumer electronics have malfunctions, they may sometimes be repaired.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: In 2013, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the increased popularity in listening to sound from analog audio devices, such as record players, as opposed to digital sound, has sparked a noticeable increase of business for the electronic repair industry there.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: In 2017, the Greenpeace USA published a study of 17 of the world's leading consumer electronics companies about their energy and resource consumption and the use of chemicals.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Consumer electronics

Context: Electronic devices use thousands rare metals and rare earth elements (40 on average for a smartphone), these material are extracted and refined using water and energy-intensive processes. These metals are also used in the renewable energy industry meaning that consumer electronics are directly competing for the raw materials.

Question: متى عقد معرض الإلكترونيات الاستهلاكية في لاس فيغاس لأول مرة ؟


Kurdish National Alliance in Syria

Context: The Kurdish National Alliance in Syria was founded on 14 February 2016 after 2 days of negotiations between the constituent groups. It stated its goal as to "get rid of Kurdish fragmentation". 39 representatives were elected during the conference.

Question: متى تم تأسيس التحالف الديمقراطي الكردي في سوريا؟


Kurdish National Alliance in Syria

Context: In June 2016, the group condemned the Kurdish National Council's foreign relations office in Ankara's accusation of the People's Protection Units being a terrorist organization.

Question: متى تم تأسيس التحالف الديمقراطي الكردي في سوريا؟


Kurdish National Alliance in Syria

Context: In January 2017, the HNKS stated that it will support proposals of unity talks between the Movement for a Democratic Society and the KNC.

Question: متى تم تأسيس التحالف الديمقراطي الكردي في سوريا؟


Kurdish National Alliance in Syria

Context: The HNKS also took part in the Northern Syria regional elections in December 2017, during which it was one of the two main electoral lists, opposing the PYD-led Democratic Nation List. It ran with 99 candidates for the Jazira Region, with 124 candidates for the Euphrates Region, and with 197 candidates in the Afrin Region. The HNKS consequently won 40 seats in Jazira Region, 40 seats in Euphrates Region, and 72 seats in Afrin Region.

Question: متى تم تأسيس التحالف الديمقراطي الكردي في سوريا؟


Kurdish National Alliance in Syria

Context: In early March 2018, during the Turkish military operation against the Afrin Region, Turkish-backed Sunni Islamist fighters captured the village of Sharran and burned a flag of the HNKS's Kurdish Democratic Unity Party in Syria (PYDKS) in its vacant office.

Question: متى تم تأسيس التحالف الديمقراطي الكردي في سوريا؟


Kurdish National Alliance in Syria

Context: The Kurdish National Alliance supports Rojava and considers federalism in Syria as the most effective solution to the Syrian Civil War. It claims that its objective is to "stress the necessity of unifying the Kurdish ranks in the face of the current challenges". In addition, it listed 4 recommendations during its formation:

Question: متى تم تأسيس التحالف الديمقراطي الكردي في سوريا؟


Combat operations in 2012 during the Battle of Aleppo

Context: Fighting in Salaheddine continued into the next day, as the Syrian Army began shelling rebel-controlled districts with artillery and attack helicopters. By the early afternoon of 21 July, rebel forces had penetrated Aleppo's northeastern neighborhoods of Haydariya and Sakhur, where they clashed with the Syrian Army. The fighting drove many residents to safer areas.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 24 July 2012, according to Al Jazeera, the FSA launched an offensive to take the city center, leading to heavy fighting near the gates of the Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Rebel forces on the eastern front continued to push westwards. The FSA set up checkpoints in the eastern Sakhur district. Later that day, the Syrian Army employed fighter jets for the first time to bomb rebel-held districts.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 27 July, skirmishes occurred on the outskirts as reinforcements continued to arrive. Rebel forces advanced to the central district of Fardous, despite ceaseless bombardment. Kurdish fighters, who had gained control over most of the Kurdish populated northern districts of Sheikh Maqsood and Ashrafiyeh, clashed with Syrian troops a day after they attacked a Kurdish convoy on the airport road.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: The Syrian military continued its attempt to capture Salaheddine, while bombing rebel-held territories throughout the city. Ambushes and executions were common. The Army appeared to have made little effort in sending ground forces to recapture the central and southern districts. The loyalist al-Berri militia began to clash with rebel forces in southern Aleppo and near the city's southeastern international airport. Clashes between the tribesmen and the rebels escalated after Zeino Berri's execution.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: From 3 to 5 August 2012, the rebel offensive began to stall. The Syrian Army finished deploying 20,000 reinforcements. Rebels retreated after they failed to capture Menagh Military Airbase and the state TV station in Izaa district, a few blocks northeast of Salaheddine district.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 6 August, a rebel commander was killed in Salaheddine. The media center of the Tawhid Brigade, located in Sakhur district, was destroyed by an airstrike. Rebels attacked a checkpoint near Aleppo University. Fighting erupted near the Presidential Palace and government forces shelled rebel positions at the Palace of Justice and in Marjeh and Sha'ar (Terbet Lala) districts.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 7 August, the ancient citadel in the city center was under siege by rebels who controlled the ground on at least two sides. The FSA had reportedly advanced to the Bab al-Jinan and Sabaa Bahrat districts amidst fierce clashes. In the north, rebels attempted to advance into a Kurdish district, clashing with Kurdish fighters. Jets bombed the area, forcing rebel forces to retreat. Opposition activists confirmed that Aleppo was completely surrounded by government troops.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Armored units inched forward on Salaheddine from the south and west. Military snipers deployed on rooftops and tanks were stationed in the streets. Snipers were also positioned in the local roundabout where they prevented rebel reinforcements and supplies from entering the district.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Fighting continued in the central district of Bab al-Hadid and the southeast district of Bab al-Nairab. Rebel fighters made attempts to recapture Salaheddine, but were held back by snipers and mortar fire.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 12 August 2012, tanks advanced to the roundabout in Salaheddine district, which was defended by 150 rebels. During the day, rebels attacked a petrol station in Salaheddine, which was being used as a military base, and killed the base's commander and captured badly needed ammunition and weapons.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 13 August, the Army advanced into the western portion of the Saif al-Dawla district.<ref name="BBC 8/13"></ref> Security sources in Damascus also stated that the Army was advancing on the rebel-held district of Sukkari. SOHR said opposition fighters attacked a key Syrian Air Force Intelligence branch in the western Zahraa district. Rebels again attacked the radio and television station in Aleppo.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Video footage showed rebels shooting down a MiG-23BN fighter and executions of prisoners in and around Aleppo by rebel forces. Opposition activists claimed that rebels had nothing to do with the killings.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 15 August, rebels reported that they captured Bab al-Nasr and the surrounding area, forcing soldiers to retreat to the city centre.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 17 August, heavy fighting was reported at Aleppo International Airport, a strategic gateway to the city. According to SANA, rebels were "pushed out from areas on both sides of the airport".

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 18 August, Army clearing operations were reported in the areas of Al-Andalus school, Al-Hayat Hospital, Rahmo Khatab school, Al-Hamiyat Hospital and Ahmad Saeed school. The army claimed to have taken the area of Maysaloun Hospital. On 20 August, the Japanese TV reporter Mika Yamamoto was killed, the first in Aleppo. On 21 August, both sides claimed advances, although neither could be independently verified.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 22 August, rebels tried to make an advance in Saif al-Dawla, but their attack was repelled by heavy mortar and RPG fire. Government forces shelled Aleppo and two neighbouring towns. The army bombarded rebel weapon stocks to keep them out of the city, according to a security official. He also said reinforcements for both sides were heading to Aleppo.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: CBS News learned that at least 48 of Aleppo's elite businessmen, calling themselves the "Front of Aleppo Islamic Scholars" (FAIS), hand-picked a provisional city council to take over as Aleppo's new local government. The 48 businessmen were financiers for the Syrian government, who thereby switched sides to the rebels.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Rebels tried to stop government tanks that were advancing from Saif al-Dawla district. The Army was also moving in the Sukkari district and rebel fighters complained of RPG shortages.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: The opposition activist group SOHR reported that the Army was trying to take control of Izaa district while state TV claimed the district had been captured from rebels.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Reports indicated that the Syrian government was indiscriminately attacking civilians at bakeries with artillery rounds and rockets in opposition-controlled areas. Human Rights Watch labeled these as war crimes, as the only military targets were rebels manning the bakeries and that dozens of civilians were killed.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 31 August, rebel fighters announced a major offensive, attacking security compounds and bases. Activists claimed that three warplanes were destroyed when rebels attacked Kuweires Military Airport. Warplanes and artillery continued to fire on rebel positions. SOHR reported that the fighting happened in Sukkari, Hanano and Bustan al-Qasr districts.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 3 September, a Syrian general said that the Army controlled the upper area of Saif al-Dawla and that they were trying to take the whole district. AFP reporters visited Salaheddine district and confirmed that it was under Army control. AFP reported that the Army had captured, two days before, two 10-story malls on either side of the main street in Saif al-Dawla, which had been used by rebel snipers.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 6 September, Kurdish activists reported that 21 civilians were killed in the Kurdish neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsood when the Army shelled the local mosque and nearby areas. Despite not directly witnessing clashes, residents believed that the attack was in retaliation for locals sheltering anti-government civilians from other districts. The Kurdish Supreme Committee and People's Defense Units vowed retaliation.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 8 September, SOHR reported that the Syrian Army advanced in Sa'ad al-Ansari, Izaa, Saif al-Dawla and Salaheddine, following the withdrawal of rebel forces after heavy shelling. 21 Kurdish civilians were killed in the Sheikh Maqsood neighborhood when Army forces shelled an area near the Marouf mosque, according to Kurdish activists.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Aleppo's main water pump was destroyed during the day. The Syrian government and opposition accused the other of the destruction.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: During the day, another car bomb exploded near Qutaybah bin Muslim al-Bahili school in Shuhada neighbourhood. The bomb killed three civilians and injured six.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 10 September, a three-day rebel assault on the Midan district was defeated and government forces pushed the rebels toward the Turkmen district of Bustan al-Basha. At the same time, at least 20 Syrian soldiers were executed by the rebels after they had been captured at the Hanano barracks. The executors were members of the Hawks of Syria Brigade.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Over the night of 11–12 September, the Army pounded rebel positions, focusing on the southern districts of Bustan al-Qasr, Sukkari and Kallaseh and the northeastern districts of Sakhur, Sha'ar and Hanano. One resident said that helicopter gunships strafed the rebel district of Bustan al-Basha. Fighting took place at dawn 12 September in Al-Nayrab area, five kilometres north of the airport in response to a rebel attack on the airport; the airport remained fully operational.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 13 September, Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) reported that 11 people were killed in an airstrike by warplanes in the Helweniyeh neighbourhood.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Rebel fighters reportedly advanced into Midan, a highly strategic area that opens the way into the main square. One resident said that "They were at Bustan al-Basha district and had already advanced up to Suleiman al-Halabi Street. Now they have entered a street in Midan," after heavy clashes were reported.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: The fighting in Midan continued into the next day, centering on two police stations. The rebels captured the stations, were driven out by the military, returned in a counterattack, and were attacked again. Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) claimed that the Army had cleared areas around the Hreitani building, Sports Institute and the Maternity Hospital. The rebels turned St. Gregory Church into a battlefield when they tried to progress in Midan, before being forced back by heavy Army resistance.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: During the night, it was reported that the Army conducted airstrikes on the two police stations, forcing the rebels to retreat. An airstrike was also conducted against a rebel-held police station in Hanano.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 15 September, the Army controlled most of Midan district and set up checkpoints for the first time. Rebels still held some positions on the border between Midan and the rebel-held Bustan al-Basha and Arkub districts. Clashes continued at the entrance of Bustan al-Basha and another airstrike hit the police post in Hanano. SANA reported that the Army had clashed with rebels in Firdous and Midan.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 18 September 2012, clashes were occurring in Izaa and the government-held western Zahraa district.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: The rebels in Aleppo, due to a lack of foreign supplies, were manufacturing their own weapons. The rebels denied receiving any foreign support in the form of weapons. A rebel commander named Abdelkader el-Hadji stated "The weapons we have now we captured from Assad's army. We now have a few tanks. Where do you think we got them? We took them from Assad."

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 20 September, the Syrian Army launched an operation to recapture Bustan al-Qasr. Killings occurred near al-Fidaa al-Arabi school. SANA said that other clashes occurred in Hanano, al-Fatayes quarter in Jdeydeh and Arkub districts and Qadi Askar roundabout. SANA said "heavy losses" were inflicted upon the rebels. Government troops engaged in street battles in the rebel-held Suleiman al-Halabi district, adjacent to Midan.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Over the night of 20/21 September, fighting erupted near the Hanano military base, SOHR said. Bustan al-Qasr was still under attack after the Army attempted to recapture it. The Army also attacked Sakhur during the day. Clashes were reported in Sakhur roundabout where dozens of rebels had been killed, SANA said.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 22 September, SANA said that the Army had recaptured the Third Industrial Institute in Suleiman al-Halabi neighbourhood and destroyed several rebel centres. The fighting for Suleiman al-Halabi had started two days before. The next day, the Syrian Army had recaptured Qasr al-Wali restaurant in Al-Sayyid Ali neighborhood, which was used as a rebel operations centre, according to SANA.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 24 September, SANA said the Syrian Army took the Agricultural Institute and areas of Al-Quran Mosque and Ali Nasser Agha School in Suleiman al-Halabi. SANA claimed that the Syrian Army also recaptured the Christian Jdeydeh neighbourhood.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 25 September, an Army source told AFP that the Army's operations in Arkub were finished and that the Army was involved in a door-to-door search for rebels. However, SOHR said that clashes were ongoing in Arkub. SANA also reported continuing clashes in Suleiman al-Halabi and that clashes occurred in the western Sakhur area and near Al-Hakim Hospital in Sha'ar area.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: AFP reported on a meeting of rebel brigade commanders, at which the overall assessment of the situation was that they were in a stalemate due to a lack of ammunition, despite the capture of 5,000 assault rifles and 2,500 rocket launchers during the earlier raid on the Hanano military base.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: The government texted most of the mobile/cellphones in the area that read in part: "You have two choices; either be killed facing the State or the State will kill you to get rid of you, you decide...the game is over...the countdown has begun to expel all militants from neighboring countries...". The message was sent to all Syrians with subscriptions to the country's two cellphone service providers in the Aleppo area.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Opposition fighters from the Tawhid Brigade and other northern brigades announced that they had partially taken over the Jandoul roundabout in Aleppo. Fighters also said 15 government soldiers were killed and three tanks were destroyed.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: However, overall, the rebel offensive had stalled and opposition fighters were struggling to hold on to their positions under heavy artillery fire. One rebel described the current situation as 'boring' with the battle becoming yet another stalemate. Rebels blamed the stalemate on their low ammunition and inferior firepower.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 1 October 2012, SOHR said that more than 40 were either killed or injured by bombs in the Karm al-Jabal neighborhood in the Sha'ar area. Several neighborhoods were bombed including Shakhur and Salaheddine. The next day, rebels claimed to have repulsed attacks in Hanano, and that they were in control of most of the Old City in the face of heavy artillery fire. The rebels appeared to be moving towards the city center.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: The pro-government Lebanese "Al-Diyar" newspaper announced that Bassar al-Assad had flown to Aleppo by helicopter at dawn and had ordered 30,000 additional government troops and 2,000 personnel carriers from Hama Governorate (army units 5 and 6). SANA made no mention of any visit.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 3 October, three suicide car bombs exploded at the eastern corner of the central Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square, killing 34 people. More than 122 people were reported to be heavily injured. Islamist militant group Al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility. The bombs targeted the Officers' Club and the nearby buildings of the Touristic Hotel and the historic Jouha Café. The hotel received major damage while the café was entirely destroyed. A small building within the Officers' Club was ruined as well.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Rebel fighters attacked a political intelligence branch as well as an old vegetable market where a large number of troops were posted, according to the Observatory. Overnight, rebels reportedly destroyed two tanks in the city. The Army battled rebels in several neighbourhoods, including Saif al-Dawla and Sakhur. It also shelled the Bab al-Nairab, Salaheddine, Mashhad, Bab al-Nasr and Sakhur districts. The fighting led to the destruction of an Army tank and the killing of several Army troops.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 5 October, state-run Syrian TV said that government forces "cleansed Sakhur of terrorists and mercenaries." After days of fighting, an Associated Press correspondent said that the rebels lost control of several buildings in Saif al-Dawla, after close-quarter combat.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: Meanwhile, rebel fighters claimed to have made advances in the strategic district of Salaheddine, claiming that they had taken the square, lost it and then retaken it after a lengthy battle.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: An AFP correspondent reported intense street battles in Arkub district. The insurgents had occupied health facilities and schools as makeshift bases. There were signs of strain from troops, with one officer admitting "the battle for Arkub is as tough as the struggle for Hanano" last month. One soldier said he had not returned home once, to Homs, in three months. The neighborhoods of Bustan al-Qasr, Halak and Haydariya were bombed by Army forces.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 6 October, Syrian state television said that four Turks were among a group of foreign fighters that the army had killed there. Iranian Press TV claimed that the Army had captured the Shakhur district, but the FSA said they repulsed the assault after heavy clashes.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 9 October, rebels claimed control of the strategic town of Maarat al-Numan, a town on the Aleppo-Damascus highway from where many of the Army's reinforcements were joining the battle. Seizing the town was believed to be part of a campaign to isolate the Syrian Army.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 10 October, rebels launched an attack against the Great Mosque of Aleppo where government forces were based. During four hours of fighting rebels tried to blast holes in the walls of the mosque with RPGs before storming the site but were repelled, leaving rebel snipers to attack the government forces. They had launched an earlier attack against the mosque on 8 October but government forces in the Citadel thwarted them.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: The government bombarded the districts of Haydariya, Sukkari and Fardous at dawn, as fierce fighting broke out in Sakhur, Suleiman al-Halabi and Sheikh Khodr districts. One hospital in a rebel area admitted 100 patients a day with less than 10 doctors. Veterinarians were used in some cases given a shortage of human doctors.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 12 October, rebel forces seized an air defense base east of the city, near al-Tana village and Koris military airport, on the road east of Aleppo to Raqqa. After the capture, government airstrikes destroyed most of the rockets and radars at the base. By the end of the day, the rebels were preparing to withdraw, fearing more strikes.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟


Context: On 13 October, a large explosion struck the Air Force Intelligence Directorate office followed by heavy clashes. The Directorate is considered important given Hafez al-Assad's role as commander of the Syrian Air Force in the 1960s. Rebels also broke into the Great Mosque of Aleppo by using an explosive charge to attack government forces stationed there.

Question: متى هجم المتمردون على حلب الشرقية ؟