FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: In the 1960s, Shakhtar, under Oleg Oshenkov's coaching, were three-time USSR Cup finalists, winning it twice in 1961 and 1962. Among the players playing for the club then where defenders Viacheslav Aliabiev and Vladimir Salkov. The club was nicknamed "The Cup Team" due to Shakhtar's success in vying for the trophy every year. The Miners’ more notable achievements, however, occurred later from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: In the newly independent Ukraine, Shakhtar, along with Dynamo Kyiv, became perennial first place competitors. In October 1995, a bombing-assassination took place at the team's stadium, killing club president Akhat Bragin. In the year that followed, Rinat Akhmetov took over as president and subsequently invested heavily in the club.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: They retained the Premier League crown in the 2005–06 season and managed to avenge the defeat to Dynamo in the previous Super Cup by defeating them on penalties to win their first-ever Super Cup title. At the end of the season, Anatoliy Tymoshchuk was named Ukrainian Footballer of the Year for by "Ukrainskiy Football" for the second time, becoming the first Shakhtar player to be named so more than once. Brazilian striker Brandão became the league's joint top scorer.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: Shakhtar appeared in all three editions of the Channel One Cup, winning the 2007 edition and finishing runners-up in 2008. Having missed out on the league title in 2006–07, Shakhtar regained the title in 2007–08, also being victorious in the Ukrainian Cup after defeating Dynamo Kyiv 2–0 in the final.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: Shakhtar's attendance levels at league matches have continually risen over the years to a point where they averaged 36,983 spectators over the 2011–12 Premier League season.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: In 2009, they became only the second Ukrainian team to win a European competition (and the first since independence), and the first to win the UEFA Cup after defeating Werder Bremen in the final, with goals from Brazilians Luiz Adriano and Jádson. The victory earned the player Mariusz Lewandowski the 2009 Polish Footballer of the Year award. This also made them the last UEFA Cup winners before the tournament was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: In the 2012–13 season Shakhtar won the Premier League, Cup and Super Cup. Henrikh Mkhitaryan became the top scorer of the league, setting a Ukrainian championship record of 25 goals. He was also named the Ukraine Premier League MVP by "Komanda", Armenian Footballer of the Year and the CIS Footballer of the Year for 2012.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: While the club itself moved to a Ukraine-controlled zone, a few prominent Shakhtar players remained in the Donetsk People's Republic and supported the unrecognised state. Among them were former defender Viktor Zvyahintsev, former goalkeeper Yuriy Dehteryov, former Shakhtar and Ukraine national football team captain Ihor Petrov, and the club's first press officer Vyacheslav Sharafutdinov.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: Until 2009 Shakhtar had been playing most of its games at the RSC Olimpiyskiy stadium which is a property of administration of Donetsk Oblast and the Serhiy Bubka College of Olympic Reserve. The stadium was built during Soviet period for another Donetsk club, FC Lokomotyv Donetsk and carried its name.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: On 29 August 2009 the construction of its new stadium, Donbass Arena, was accomplished and the stadium was opened. Located in the City Park of Culture and Recreation, it has a capacity of 50,149 and has been honored with a UEFA five star rating, the highest rating achievable.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: A mascot mole ("moles" is a nickname for the club) will entertain spectators during the home matches. Shakhtar are rated 40th by the average game attendance, being the top eastern European club on the rating charts. Before the 2013–14 season, Shakhtar set a new record for Eastern Europe for number of season tickets sold, selling 27,000 season tickets, which means 52% of the seats in Donbass Arena belong to season ticket holders.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: From 2014 until the end of 2016, due to the war in Donbas, Shakhtar played its home matches at the Arena Lviv. Following the winter break of the 2016–17 season the club moved to the Metalist Stadium in Kharkiv (250 kilometers to the northwest of Donetsk).

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: Shakhtar Donetsk has its own training facilities for its first team, reserve team and youth academy all located at Kirsha Training Centre.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: Due to the war conditions in the eastern Ukraine, Shakhtar temporary venue for its home matches has changed several times, while it was announced that the team will use training facilities in Kyiv. It was clarified that its training facility is the Training base of Olympic Preparation "Sviatoshyn" located away from Kyiv and belongs to the Ukrainian Federation of Trade Unions.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: During the Soviet times the club used to have one youth team named Shakhter-D Donetsk that participated in a separate Soviet championship for doubles. Shakhter-D later was reorganized into FC Shakhtar-2 Donetsk and admitted to the Ukrainian First League.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: In 1989, an artist, Viktor Savilov, on the event of the club restructuring offered a draft variant of a logo with elements of the ball and a pitch. Some time later, the logo was remodelled into the present one. The emblem was added to the kit in 1997.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: In 2007, during the presentation of the club's new stadium, Shakhtar's new logo was unveiled. For the first time in over 30 years, the crossed hammers, the traditional symbols of the club, were present on the crest. Also, for the first time the name was written in the Ukrainian language and not Russian.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: The other rivalry was with Metalurh Donetsk. This was another local club and, although not as significant as games against the rivals from the capital, the games between the two Donetsk teams were proclaimed the Donetsk Derby. Metalurh went bankrupt in July 2015.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: Winners (13): 2001–02, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: Winners (13): 1994–95, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Context: Shakhtar Donetsk has participated in European competition since 1976, playing its first game against Berliner FC Dynamo in the UEFA Cup. Since 1997, the club has participated in UEFA competition annually with variable amounts of success, and first took part in the UEFA Champions League competition in 2000. Shakhtar Donetsk played against Arsenal, Lazio and Sparta Prague upon qualifying for the group stage for the first time in 2000–01.

Question: В каком году был основан футбольный клуб «Шахтёр»?


Neo-Luddism

Context: Neo-Luddism or new Luddism is a philosophy opposing many forms of modern technology. The term Luddite is generally used as a pejorative applied to people showing technophobic leanings. The name is based on the historical legacy of the English Luddites, who were active between 1811 and 1816.

Question: Кто такой неолуддит?


Neo-Luddism

Context: Neo-Luddism is based on the concern of the technological impact on individuals, their communities, and/or the environment, Neo-Luddism stipulates the use of the precautionary principle for all new technologies, insisting that technologies be proven safe before adoption, due to the unknown effects that new technologies might inspire.

Question: Кто такой неолуддит?


Neo-Luddism

Context: Neo-Luddism distinguishes itself from the philosophy originally associated with Luddism in that Luddism opposes all forms of technology, whereas neo-Luddism only opposes technology deemed destructive or otherwise detrimental to society.

Question: Кто такой неолуддит?


Neo-Luddism

Context: Neo-Luddism denies the ability of any new technology to solve current problems, such as environmental degradation, nuclear warfare and biological weapons, without creating more, potentially dangerous problems. Neo-Luddites are generally opposed to anthropocentrism, globalization and industrial capitalism.

Question: Кто такой неолуддит?


Neo-Luddism

Context: Although there is not a cohesive vision of the ramifications of technology, neo-Luddism predicts that a future without technological reform has dire consequences. Neo-Luddites believe that current technologies are a threat to humanity and to the natural world in general, and that a future societal collapse is possible or even probable.

Question: Кто такой неолуддит?


Neo-Luddism

Context: In "The coming revolution", Kaczynski outlined what he saw as changes humanity will have to make in order to make society functional, "new values that will free them from the yoke of the present technoindustrial system", including:

Question: Кто такой неолуддит?


Neo-Luddism

Context: In August 2011 in Mexico a group or person calling itself Individualists Tending to the Wild perpetrated an attack with a bomb at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, State of Mexico Campus, intended for the coordinator of its Business Development Center and Technology Transfer. The attack was accompanied by the publication of a manifesto criticizing nanotechnology and computer science.

Question: Кто такой неолуддит?


Neo-Luddism

Context: Sale says that neo-Luddites are not motivated to commit violence or vandalism. The manifesto of the 'Second Luddite Congress', which Sale took a major part in defining, attempts to redefine neo-Luddites as people who reject violent action.

Question: Кто такой неолуддит?


Tennis court

Context: A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played. It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the centre. The same surface can be used to play both doubles and singles matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, each with its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Based on the standard rules of tennis, the size of the court is measured to the "outside" of the respective baselines and sidelines. The "service" lines ("T" and the "service" line) are centered. The ball must completely miss the line to be considered "out". This also means that the width of the line (except for the center service line) is irrelevant to play. The center service line is , the other lines are between and wide, whereas the baseline may be up to wide.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Clay courts are made of crushed shale, stone or brick. The French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to use clay courts.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Clay courts are more common in Europe and Latin America than in North America, and tend to heavily favour baseline players.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Historically for the Grand Slams clay courts have been used at the French Open since 1891 and the US Open from 1975 to 1977.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Grass courts are the fastest type of courts in common use. They consist of grass grown on very hard-packed soil, which adds additional variables: bounces depend on how healthy the grass is, how recently it has been mowed, and the wear and tear of recent play. Points are usually very quick where fast, low bounces keep rallies short, and the serve plays a more important role than on other surfaces. Grass courts tend to favour serve-and-volley tennis players.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Grass courts were once among the most common tennis surfaces, but are now rare due to high maintenance costs, as they must be watered and mown often, and take a longer time to dry after rain than hard courts.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Historically for the Grand Slams grass courts have been used at Wimbledon since 1877, the US Open from 1881 to 1974, and the Australian Open from 1905 to 1987.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Hard courts are made of uniform rigid material, often covered with an acrylic surface layer to offer greater consistency of bounce than other outdoor surfaces. Hard courts can vary in speed, though they are faster than clay but not as fast as grass courts. The quantity of sand added to the paint can greatly affect the rate at which the ball slows down.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: The US Open is played on Laykold while the Australian Open is played on GreenSet, both acrylic-topped hard court surfaces.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Historically for the Grand Slams hard courts have been used at the US Open since 1978 and the Australian Open since 1988.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: "Carpet" in tennis means any removable court covering. Indoor arenas store rolls of rubber-backed court surfacing and install it temporarily for tennis events, but they are not in use any more for professional events. A short piled form of artificial turf infilled with sand is used for some outdoor courts, particularly in Asia. Carpet is generally a fast surface, faster than hardcourt, with low bounce.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Notable tennis tournaments previously held on carpet courts were the WCT Finals, Paris Masters, U.S. Pro Indoor and Kremlin Cup. Since 2009, their use has been discontinued on the top tier of the ATP. ATP Challenger Tour tournaments such as the Trofeo Città di Brescia still use carpet courts. The WTA Tour's last carpet court event, the International-level Tournoi de Québec, was discontinued after 2018.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Some tennis courts are indoors, which allows play regardless of weather conditions and is more comfortable for spectators.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Different court surfaces have been used indoors. Hard courts are most common indoors, as they are the easiest to install and maintain. If the installation is permanent, they are constructed on an asphalt or concrete base, as with outdoor courts. Temporary indoor hard courts are typically constructed using wooden floor panels topped with acrylic which are installed over the venue's standard floor. This is the system used for modern indoor professional events such as the ATP Finals.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Clay courts can be installed indoors with subsurface watering systems to keep the clay from drying out, and have been used for Davis Cup matches.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Carpet courts were once the most prominent of indoor surfaces, especially in temporary venues, but have largely been replaced by removable hard courts. They were used on both the ATP World Tour and World Championship Tennis circuits, though no events currently use them.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: Historically, other surfaces have been used indoors such as hardwood flooring at the defunct World Covered Court Championships and London Indoor Professional Championships.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Tennis court

Context: The conclusion of the Wimbledon Championships, in 2012, was played on the lawn of Centre Court under the closed roof and artificial lights; the Halle Open has also seen a number of matches played on its grass court in the Gerry Weber Stadion with the roof closed. These, however, are outdoor venues with retractable roofs.

Question: Сколько типов покрытий есть в профессиональном теннисе?


Arkhyz

Context: The Zelenchuksky Churches are an archaeological preserve extending for around the ruins of Nizhnearkhyzskoe gorodishche, tentatively identified as the medieval capital of Alania, a Christian state destroyed by the hordes of Möngke Khan in the 13th century. No Byzantine document mentions the name of this city, whereas al-Mas'udi refers to it as Ma'as, or Maghas.

Question: Когда возник поселок Нижний Архыз?


Arkhyz

Context: The most remarkable feature of the site is a cluster of three early medieval churches, whose construction is associated with the missionary activities of Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos in the Northern Caucasus. These structures bear much resemblance to the Shoana Church and Senty Church, situated in the neighbouring valleys. In the 19th century the churches were affiliated with the monastery of St. Alexander Nevsky. A monastic community was revived there after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Question: Когда возник поселок Нижний Архыз?


Arkhyz

Context: The North Church is supposed to have been the cathedral of the diocese of Alania between the 10th and 13th centuries. The dome rises to a height of 21 meters; the western wall is twice as long. The narthex formerly contained a baptistery. A 19th-century traveller described the faded Byzantine frescoes that were still visible on its walls.

Question: Когда возник поселок Нижний Архыз?


Arkhyz

Context: The Central Church appears to have been conceived somewhat earlier than the two others, in the form of a regular cross, but was extended to the west during or shortly following the construction. It is much larger than the South Church, which was built of coarse rubble masonry, extensively restored by the monks in 1899, fell into disuse during the Soviet years, and was reconsecrated to St. Elijah in 1991. The South Church bears the distinction of being the oldest functioning church in all of Russia.

Question: Когда возник поселок Нижний Архыз?


Arkhyz

Context: Within 30 km from Nizhny Arkhyz a short grave inscription was discovered in 1888. Although it is written in Greek characters, the inscription (alternatively dated to 941 or 963) was interpreted by Vasily Abayev as the earliest preserved text in the Ossetic language. Another tourist attraction in the valley is a mandylion-type rock painting of Christ, datable to the 10th century but discovered only recently.

Question: Когда возник поселок Нижний Архыз?


Arkhyz

Context: Arkhyz is also the site of a Soviet astrophysical observatory which formerly boasted the world's largest solid-mirror reflecting telescope (6 meters in diameter).

Question: Когда возник поселок Нижний Архыз?


This Sporting Life

Context: Set in Wakefield, the film concerns Frank Machin (Harris) a bitter young coal miner from the West Riding of Yorkshire. The first part of the story is told through a series of flashbacks when Frank is unconscious under a full anaesthetic in a dentist’s chair, having had his front teeth broken in a rugby league match. The second part takes place after the dentist has extracted his broken teeth.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: Following a nightclub altercation, in which Frank takes on the captain of the local rugby league club and punches a couple of the others, he is recruited by the team's manager, who sees profit in his aggressive streak.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: Although at first somewhat uncoordinated at the sport, he impresses the team's owner, Gerald Weaver (Badel), with the spirit and brutality of his playing style during the trial. He is signed up to the top team as a loose forward (number 13) and impresses all with his aggressive forward play. He often punches or elbows the opposing players.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: Off the field, Frank is much less successful. His recently widowed landlady, Mrs Margaret Hammond (Roberts), a mother of two young children, lost her husband in an accident at Weaver's engineering firm but received no financial compensation, because the death was ruled a suicide.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: Margaret rebuffs Frank’s attempts to court her and treats him rudely and abrasively. Frank takes Margaret and her children out for the day and they play in the River Wharfe next to Bolton Abbey. She gets annoyed when he comes home drunk. Frank desires her sexually and one day grabs her and forces her onto his bed. Her child interrupts them, but then she acquiesces and they have sexual relations.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: Frank tries to talk to Margaret but she defends her privacy by saying he knows nothing about Eric, her husband. He says she drove Eric to suicide and Margaret, outraged, demands that Frank leave. She starts throwing his belongings out of his room. He says he loves her but she is furious with him. Eventually he leaves to stay at a homeless men's shelter, leaving his Bentley outside on bombed land.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: In the end, Frank is seen as "just a great ape on a football field", vulnerable to the ravages of time and injury. In the penultimate scene he returns to Margaret's house and breaks in by the back door. He calls her name and briefly hangs from a lintel by one arm, like an ape might. In the closing scene we see him playing rugby league again, exhausted.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: Among the supporting cast is William Hartnell, who shortly afterwards began his role as "Doctor Who". It was his role in "This Sporting Life" that brought Hartnell to the attention of "Doctor Who" producer Verity Lambert. The film also features Arthur Lowe, later to star in "Dad's Army", who appeared in four later films directed by Anderson.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: The response from critics was favourable. In the United States, copy from the Reuters news agency described it as being praised unanimously by the critics for New York City publications. "Variety" praised its "gutsy vitality" and praised the production of Reisz and the directorial feature début of Anderson, who "brings the keen, observant eye of a documentary man to many vivid episodes without sacrificing the story line".

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: However, on first release, the film was a commercial flop with British audiences and did not recoup its cost. The Chairman of the Rank Organisation, John Davis, announced that the company would not venture further with "kitchen sink" film projects. Nor would his company make such a "squalid" film again. More generally, it ended producers' willingness to back such British New Wave films.

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


This Sporting Life

Context: John Russell Taylor in 1980 thought it a mistake to link "This Sporting Life" with the "kitchen sink" films released in the preceding few years, because its "emotionalism" made it "unique", apart from Anderson's other work

Question: В каком году был снят фильм "Такова Спортивная Жизнь"?


Leonid Koshelev

Context: He started playing in Navbahor Namangan in 1997, spending 4 seasons. In 2001 Koshelev moved to Pakhtakor Tashkent.

Question: В каком году родился И. Кошелев?


Leonid Koshelev

Context: In February 2013 he moved from FK Dinamo Samarqand back to his former club Navbahor Namangan. In February 2014 he joined NBU Osiyo.

Question: В каком году родился И. Кошелев?


Leonid Koshelev

Context: He made his debut in the national team on 11 July 1999 in friendly match against Malaysia in Samarkand. He played 43 matches for national team and scored 6 goals.

Question: В каком году родился И. Кошелев?


Penza

Context: Penza () is the largest city and administrative center of Penza Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Sura River, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, Penza had a population of 517,311, making it the 38th-largest city in Russia.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: The city name is a hydronym and means in () from "pen" 'end of (Genetive)' and "sa(ra)" 'swampy river'

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: In 1774, the insurgent army led by Yemelyan Pugachev occupied Penza after the citizens of the city welcomed the rebellious Cossacks. The first stone houses started to appear after 1801, and by 1809 Penza's population had grown to more than 13,000 people.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: In 1918, Vladimir Lenin sent a telegram to communists in the Penza area, complaining about the "insurrection of five kulak districts". He urged the public hanging of 100 "landlords, richmen, bloodsuckers", grain seizure, and hostage-taking. This telegram has been used in several historical works on the period and on Lenin. During the Russian Civil War, the Czechoslovak Legions launched an anti-Bolshevik uprising in Penza.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: During the Soviet period, the city developed as a regional industrial center. The Ural mainframe was made here between 1959 and 1964.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: Penza is the administrative center of the oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Penza—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Penza is incorporated as Penza Urban Okrug.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: Penza is a major railway junction and lies on the M5 highway linking Moscow and Chelyabinsk. Penza Airport serves domestic flights. Local public transport includes buses, trolleybuses and "marshrutkas" (routed taxis).

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: Penza has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfb") with long, cold winters and warm summers. A heat wave in the months of June, July, and August 2010, raised temperatures from previous norms often by in Penza. Some of the higher fluctuations in temperatures were recorded with seven straight days of temperatures and higher compared to the previous year where the higher temperatures for the same period were, on average, lower.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: Penza first hosted the Russian Sidecarcross Grand Prix in 2009, and did so again in 2010, on August 15.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: Dizel Penza is Penza's professional hockey team, playing in the VHL. Dizelist Penza is a junior club playing in the NMHL.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: The city football team FC Zenit Penza was established in 1918 but now plays in the Russian Amateur League. Penza has also a professional rugby union club, Imperia-Dynamo Penza, from Russia's Professional Rugby League.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Penza

Context: A minor planet, 3189 Penza, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh in 1978, is named after the city.

Question: Сколько в Пензе школ на октябрь 2018?


Khortytsia

Context: The island has played an important role in the history of Ukraine, especially in the history of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. The island has unique flora and fauna, including oak groves, spruce woods, meadows, and steppe. The northern part of the island is very rocky and high (rising above the river bed) in comparison to the southern part, which is low, and often flooded by the waters of the Dnieper.

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров на реке Днепр?


Khortytsia

Context: Zaporizhzhia (direct translation is "beyond the rapids") takes its name from a geographic area downstream of the Dnieper river past the ninth rapid (see Dnieper Rapids). In the 1930s when the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station was built, these rapids were flooded. Only granite cliffs, rising to the height of , testify to the original rocky terrain of the region.

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров на реке Днепр?


Khortytsia

Context: The museum contains exhibits dating from the Stone Age through the Scythian period (c.750 - 250 BC) down to the 20th century.

Question: Как называется самый крупный остров на реке Днепр?


Ignacio Casale

Context: Ignacio Nicolás Casale Catraccia (born 27 April 1987 in Santiago, Chile) is a four-wheeler motorcycle rider who won three times in the quad bike category of Dakar Rally. He moved to the UTV category after his second victory on the Dakar Rally in 2018.

Question: Сколько этапов было в «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


Ignacio Casale

Context: Ignacio is the son of Francisco Casale, an off-roader competing in the Jeep Fun Race in Chile in the 1980s and 1990s, and Mónica Catracchia. He shares the love of motorsport from his father and uncle, beginning to race in motocross competitions and race as the co-driver for his father in the Dakar Rally.

Question: Сколько этапов было в «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


Ignacio Casale

Context: Casale took part in the 2010 Dakar Rally with his father, competing in the Trucks category. They finished in 26th place, earning Casale a wild card place in the 2011 Dakar Rally, where he finished 40th in the motorcycle category. The following year he competed in the four-wheeler category and finished in fourth place, the highest ranked Chilean rider.

Question: Сколько этапов было в «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


Ignacio Casale

Context: In 2014, after 14 days and 5,000 miles of riding through the Argentinean and Chilean Andes, Bolivian salt plains and the Atacama desert, Casale won his first Dakar victory.

Question: Сколько этапов было в «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


Ignacio Casale

Context: Casale later meet Chilean president Sebastián Piñera at La Moneda Palace in Santiago. He has told the media that he intends to defend his Quad title at the 2015 Dakar Rally.

Question: Сколько этапов было в «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


Ignacio Casale

Context: In the 2015 Dakar Rally he retired in stage 10 due to a mechanical problem after winning 3 stages and being the leader of the general classification of the first two stages and the eighth stage. He would then retire in the 6th stage of 2016 Dakar Rally due to an accident. The 2017 Dakar Rally saw a return to form with a runner-up finish and two stage wins in the quad category. He would then win his second Dakar title in the quad category of the 2018 Dakar Rally.

Question: Сколько этапов было в «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


Ignacio Casale

Context: He began racing in the UTV category since his run at the 2018 Atacama Rally in Chile. In the 2019 Dakar Rally, he moved to the UTV category and raced with Americo Aliaga as his co-driver. He won the 2020 Dakar Rally.

Question: Сколько этапов было в «Ра́лли Дака́р 2013» ?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton was also preparing to enter Trinity College, Dublin, and therefore had to devote some time to classics. Hamilton's predecessor as Royal Astronomer of Ireland, John Brinkley, remarked of the 18-year-old Hamilton, "This young man, I do not say "will be", but "is", the first mathematician of his age."

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton was part of a small but well-regarded school of mathematicians associated with Trinity College in Dublin, which he entered at age 18. In mid-1822 he began a systematic study of Laplace's "Mécanique Céleste".

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: In 1825 Hamilton met Arabella Lawrence, younger sister of Sarah Lawrence, a significant correspondent and frank critic of his poetry. It was a contact made also through Maria Edgeworth's circle.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: On 16 June 1827, just 21 years old and still an undergraduate, Hamilton was elected Royal Astronomer of Ireland and went to live at Dunsink Observatory where he remained until his death in 1865. In his youth he had owned a telescope; he calculated celestial phenomena, for instance the locations of the visibility of eclipses of the moon.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: In his early years at Dunsink, Hamilton observed the heavens quite regularly. Ultimately he left routine observation to his assistant Charles Thompson. His introductory lectures in astronomy were famous; in addition to his students, they attracted scholars and poets, and women; Felicia Hemans wrote her poem "The Prayer of the Lonely Student" after hearing one of his lectures.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton invited his four sisters to come and live at the observatory in 1827, and they ran the household until his marriage in 1833. They included Eliza Mary Hamilton (1807–1851) the poet. In 1827 Hamilton wrote to his sister Grace about "some of" the Lawrence sisters having met his sister Eliza in Dublin.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Newly appointed to the Observatory, Hamilton set off on a tour in Ireland and England with Alexander Nimmo, who was coaching him on latitude and longitude. One call was to Sarah Lawrence's school at Gatacre, near Liverpool, where Hamilton had a chance to assess the calculator Master Noakes. They visited William Wordsworth at Rydal Mount in September of that year, where Caesar Otway was also present. After the visit, Hamilton sent numerous poems to Wordsworth, becoming a "poetic disciple".

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: When Wordsworth visited Dublin in summer 1829, in a party with John Marshall and his family, he stayed at Dunsink with Hamilton. On a second tour in England with Nimmo in 1831, Hamilton parted from him at Birmingham, to visit the Lawrence sisters and family on his mother's side in the Liverpool area. They met up again in the Lake District, where they climbed Helvellyn and had tea with Wordsworth. Hamilton returned to Dublin, via Edinburgh and Glasgow.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton visited Samuel Taylor Coleridge at Highgate, in 1832, helped by an unexpected letter of introduction given to him by Sarah Lawrence on a visit to Liverpool in March of that year. He also paid a call, with Arabella, on the family of William Roscoe who had died in 1831.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton retained his faculties unimpaired to the last, and continued the task of finishing the "Elements of Quaternions" which had occupied the last six years of his life. He died on 2 September 1865, following a severe attack of gout. He is buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery in Dublin.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: His first discovery was in an early paper that he communicated in 1823 to John Brinkley, who presented it under the title of "Caustics" in 1824 to the Royal Irish Academy. It was referred as usual to a committee, which recommended further development and simplification before publication. Between 1825 and 1828 the paper was expanded, and became a clearer exposition of a novel method. Over this period Hamilton gained appreciation of the nature and importance of optics.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: In 1827, Hamilton presented a theory of a single function, now known as Hamilton's principal function, that brings together mechanics and optical theory. It helped to establish foundations of the wave theory of light in mathematical physics. He proposed it when he first predicted its existence in the third supplement to his "Systems of Rays", read in 1832.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: The step from optics to dynamics in the application of the method of "Varying Action" was made in 1827, and communicated to the Royal Society, in whose "Philosophical Transactions" for 1834 and 1835 there are two papers on the subject, which, like the "Systems of Rays", display a mastery over symbols and a flow of mathematical language almost unequaled.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Both the Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian approaches have proven important in the study of continuous classical systems in physics, and quantum mechanical systems: the techniques find use in electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, relativity theory and quantum field theory. In the "Dictionary of Irish Biography" David Spearman writes:

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Many scientists, including Liouville, Jacobi, Darboux, Poincaré, Kolmogorov, Prigogine and Arnold, have extended Hamilton's work, in mechanics, differential equations and symplectic geometry.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton's mathematical studies seem to have been undertaken and carried to their full development without any assistance whatsoever, and the result is that his writings do not belong to any particular "school".

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton's was appointed to the Andrews Professor of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, vacated by John Brinkley in 1827. The chair was not exactly offered to him, as has been sometimes asserted, but the electors, having met and talked over the subject, authorised Hamilton's personal friend (also an elector) to urge Hamilton to become a candidate, a step which Hamilton's modesty had prevented him from taking. Thus, when barely 22, Hamilton was established at the Dunsink Observatory, near Dublin.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton made his discovery of the algebra of quaternions in 1843. Among much prior related work, in 1840 Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues had reached a result that amounted to their discovery in all but name.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton was looking for ways of extending complex numbers (which can be viewed as points on a 2-dimensional Argand diagram) to higher spatial dimensions. In working with four dimensions, rather than three, he created quaternion algebra. According to Hamilton, on 16 October he was out walking along the Royal Canal in Dublin with his wife when the solution in the form of the equation

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: occurred to him; Hamilton then carved this equation using his penknife into the side of the nearby Broom Bridge (which Hamilton called Brougham Bridge).

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: It is believed by some modern mathematicians that Hamilton's work on quaternions was satirized by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson in "Alice in Wonderland". In particular, the Mad Hatter's tea party was meant to represent the folly of quaternions and the need to revert to Euclidean geometry.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton also introduced the icosian game or "Hamilton's puzzle" which can be solved using the concept of a Hamiltonian path in graph theory.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton introduced, as a method of analysis, both quaternions and biquaternions, the extension to eight dimensions by introduction of complex number coefficients. When his work was assembled in 1853, the book "Lectures on Quaternions" had "formed the subject of successive courses of lectures, delivered in 1848 and subsequent years, in the Halls of Trinity College, Dublin". Hamilton confidently declared that quaternions would be found to have a powerful influence as an instrument of research.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: When he died, Hamilton was working on a definitive statement of quaternion science. His son William Edwin Hamilton brought the "Elements of Quaternions", a hefty volume of 762 pages, to publication in 1866. As copies ran short, a second edition was prepared by Charles Jasper Joly, when the book was split into two volumes, the first appearing 1899 and the second in 1901. The subject index and footnotes in this second edition improved the "Elements" accessibility.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Hamilton was twice awarded the Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy. The first award, in 1834, was for his work on conical refraction, for which he also received the Royal Medal of the Royal Society the following year. He was to win it again in 1848.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: A plaque under the Broom Bridge, associated with the discovery of quaternions, was unveiled by Éamon de Valera on 13 November 1958. Since 1989, the National University of Ireland, Maynooth has organised a pilgrimage called the "Hamilton Walk", in which mathematicians take a walk from Dunsink Observatory to the bridge, where no trace of the carving remains, though a stone plaque does commemorate the discovery.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: The Hamilton Institute is an applied mathematics research institute at Maynooth University and the Royal Irish Academy holds an annual public Hamilton lecture at which Murray Gell-Mann, Frank Wilczek, Andrew Wiles and Timothy Gowers have all spoken. The year 2005 was the 200th anniversary of Hamilton's birth and the Irish government designated that the "Hamilton Year, celebrating Irish science". Trinity College Dublin marked the year by launching the Hamilton Mathematics Institute.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


William Rowan Hamilton

Context: Two commemorative stamps were issued by Ireland in 1943 to mark the centenary of the announcement of quaternions. A 10-euro commemorative silver proof coin was issued by the Central Bank of Ireland in 2005 to commemorate 200 years since his birth.

Question: Когда родился Сэр Уи́льям Ро́уэн Га́мильтон?


Alla Demidova

Context: Alla Sergeyevna Demidova (; born 29 September 1936, Moscow) is a Russian actress internationally acclaimed for the tragic parts in innovative plays staged by Yuri Lyubimov in the Taganka Theatre. She was awarded the USSR State Prize (1977) and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland (twice, 2007, 2001).

Question: Как назывался первый фильм А́ллы Серге́евны Деми́довой?


Alla Demidova

Context: In the 1990s Demidova appeared in several films, playing Lebyadkina ("The Obsessed", 1992), Miss Minchin ("Little Princess", 1997) and Elizaveta Alekseevna ("Unseen Traveller", 1998). For two years she was teaching at the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute (refusing to be paid, "so as not to feel tied up by it") but left, disappointed by her young students' response. Now firmly under the impression that theatre in Russia, as well as abroad, was in crisis, Demidova quit the stage altogether.

Question: Как назывался первый фильм А́ллы Серге́евны Деми́довой?


Alla Demidova

Context: Throughout the 2000s Alla Demidova was staging her poetry recitals regularly (performing in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Israel) and continued to do so in the early 2010s. As of 2014 she published nine books on theater, including "Vladimir Vysotsky" (1989), "My Memory's News Ticker" (2000) and "Akhmatova's Mirrors" (2004).

Question: Как назывался первый фильм А́ллы Серге́евны Деми́довой?


David Gray (musician)

Context: The album was No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart, two years and five months after its original release, spending a total of 151 weeks on the chart. Aside from "Please Forgive Me", which charted at No. 72 on the UK Singles Chart, all other single releases charted within the Top 20: the re-released "Please Forgive Me" charted at number 18, and "Say Hello, Wave Goodbye" and "Sail Away" peaked at number 26.

Question: Когда вышел первый альбом Green Grey?


David Gray (musician)

Context: The year 2001 also saw the release of a rarities compilation of Gray's early works, "The EPs 1992-1994", as well as an album of previously unreleased songs recorded in 1999, "Lost Songs 95-98", both of which followed "White Ladder" into the Top 20 in the UK Albums Chart. Gray also provided vocals on the electronic-based band Orbital's 2001 single "Illuminate".

Question: Когда вышел первый альбом Green Grey?


David Gray (musician)

Context: David Gray signed a global agreement with Kobalt Label Services for the release of his 10th studio album, "Mutineers". His first in four years, it was recorded at The Church Studios in London and produced by Andy Barlow (Lamb). The release took place on 17 June 2014. It was announced that Gray would support the new release with a North American tour through April and May, followed by an eight-date UK tour in June and July that included a show at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

Question: Когда вышел первый альбом Green Grey?


David Gray (musician)

Context: "The Best of David Gray" was released on CD, double CD and LP in October 2016, and included two new recordings. The album, released in conjunction with IHT Records, had already been released as a dynamic playlist on Spotify that automatically changed shape every week Gray commented: "What we have on our hands is an ever-evolving 'Best Of' that is different every week, every month, every year, every decade."

Question: Когда вышел первый альбом Green Grey?


David Gray (musician)

Context: In March 2019, Gray released his 11th record, "Gold in a Brass Age". It was produced by Ben de Vries, son of producer Marius de Vries, and was seen largely as a return to his signature "folktronica" sound.

Question: Когда вышел первый альбом Green Grey?


David Gray (musician)

Context: In January 2021, Gray announced that his 12th studio album was to be released on 19 February 2021. Entitled "Skellig" (named after the Skellig Islands in County Kerry, Ireland) it featured a title track and a single called "Heart and Soul". It was recorded at Edwyn Collins' Helmsdale studio in Scotland and features David Kitt, Rob Malone and producer Ben de Vries as musicians on the record.

Question: Когда вышел первый альбом Green Grey?


David Gray (musician)

Context: In 2011, a portrait of Gray was painted by English artist Joe Simpson. The painting was exhibited around the UK, including at a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall.

Question: Когда вышел первый альбом Green Grey?


John A. Macdonald

Context: Sir John Alexander Macdonald (January 10 or 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first prime minister of Canada, serving from 1867 to 1873 and from 1878 to 1891. The dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, he had a political career that spanned almost half a century.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: Macdonald initially attended local schools. When he was aged 10, his family gathered enough money to send him to Midland District Grammar School in Kingston. Macdonald's formal schooling ended at 15, a common school-leaving age at a time when only children from the most prosperous families were able to attend university. Macdonald later regretted leaving school when he did, remarking to his secretary Joseph Pope that if he had attended university, he might have embarked on a literary career.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: In August 1834, George Mackenzie died of cholera. With his supervising lawyer dead, Macdonald remained at the cousin's law office in Hallowell (today Picton, Ontario). In 1835, Macdonald returned to Kingston, and even though not yet of age nor qualified, began his practice as a lawyer, hoping to gain his former employer's clients. Macdonald's parents and sisters also returned to Kingston.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: As a criminal lawyer who took on dramatic cases, Macdonald got himself noticed well beyond the narrow confines of the Kingston business community. He was operating now in the arena where he would spend by far the greatest part of his life – the court of public opinion. And, while there, he was learning the arts of argument and of persuasion that would serve him all his political life.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: All male Upper Canadians between 18 and 60 years of age were members of the Sedentary Militia, which was called into active duty during the Rebellions of 1837. Macdonald served as a private in the 3rd Frontenac Militia, patrolling the area around Kingston, but the town saw no real action and Macdonald was not called upon to fire on the enemy.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: Sir Joseph Pope, Macdonald's private secretary, recalled Macdonald's account of his experience during the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion:

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: Although most of the trials resulting from the Upper Canada Rebellion took place in Toronto, Macdonald represented one of the defendants in the one trial to take place in Kingston. All the Kingston defendants were acquitted, and a local paper described Macdonald as "one of the youngest barristers in the Province [who] is rapidly rising in his profession".

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: On March 29, 1843, Macdonald was elected as alderman in Kingston's Fourth Ward, with 156 votes against 43 for his opponent, Colonel Jackson. He also suffered what he termed his first downfall, as his supporters, carrying the victorious candidate, accidentally dropped him onto a slushy street.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: In October 1864, delegates for Confederation met in Quebec City for the Quebec Conference, where they agreed to the Seventy-Two Resolutions, the basis of Canada's government. The Great Coalition was endangered by Taché's 1865 death; Lord Monck asked Macdonald to become premier, but Brown felt that he had as good a claim on the position as his coalition partner. The disagreement was resolved by appointing another compromise candidate to serve as titular premier, Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: Canada's economic growth was quite slow at only 1% annually 1867–1896. Canada verged on stagnation so many residents emigrated to the United States, where growth was much more rapid. Macdonald's solution was to build the transcontinental railway to stimulate growth, and to implement a "National Policy" of high tariffs that would protect the small Canadian firms from American competition.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: In August 1867, the new nation's first general election was held; Macdonald's party won easily, with strong support in both large provinces, and a majority from New Brunswick. By 1869, Nova Scotia had agreed to remain part of Canada after a promise of better financial terms—the first of many provinces to negotiate concessions from Ottawa. Pressure from London and Ottawa failed to gain the accession of Newfoundland, whose voters rejected a Confederation platform in a general election in October 1869.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: In the run-up to the 1872 election, Macdonald had yet to formulate a railway policy, or to devise the loan guarantees that would be needed to secure the construction. During the previous year, Macdonald had met with potential railway financiers such as Hugh Allan and considerable financial discussion took place. The greatest political problem Macdonald faced was the Washington treaty, which had not yet been debated in Parliament.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: I leave it with this House with every confidence. I am equal to either fortune. I can see past the decision of this House either for or against me, but whether it be against me or for me, I know, and it is no vain boast to say so, for even my enemies will admit that I am no boaster, that there does not exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and power, as it may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: Macdonald's speech was seen as a personal triumph, but it did little to salvage the fortunes of his government. With eroding support both in the Commons and among the public, Macdonald went to the Governor General, Lord Dufferin on November 5, and resigned; Liberal leader Alexander Mackenzie became the second prime minister of Canada. He is not known to have spoken of the events of the Pacific Scandal again.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


John A. Macdonald

Context: Part of the National Policy was implemented in the budget presented in February 1879. Under that budget, Canada became a high-tariff nation like the United States and Germany. The tariffs were designed to protect and build Canadian industry—finished textiles received a tariff of 34%, but the machinery to make them entered Canada free. Macdonald continued to fight for higher tariffs for the remainder of his life.

Question: Как звали мать Джона Александра Макдональда?


Nader Shah

Context: Nader Shah was born in the fortress of Dastgerd into the Qereqlu clan of the Afshars, a semi-nomadic Turkic Qizilbash pastoralist tribe settled in the northern valleys of Khorasan, a province in the northeast of the Iranian Empire. His father, Emam Qoli, was a herdsman who may also have been a coatmaker. His family lived a nomadic way of life. Nader was a long-waited son in his family.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: At the age of 15, he enlisted as a Musketeer for a governor. He rose the ranks and became the governor's right-hand man.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: Nader grew up during the final years of the Safavid dynasty which had ruled Iran since 1502. At its peak, under such figures as Abbas the Great, Safavid Iran had been a powerful empire, but by the early 18th century the state was in serious decline and the reigning shah, Sultan Husayn, was a weak ruler. When Sultan Husayn attempted to quell a rebellion by the Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, the governor he sent (Gurgin Khan) was killed.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked Iran's archrival the Ottomans and regained most of the territory lost during the recent chaos. At the same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign and save his brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to crush this uprising.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: He cut a deal with notables and the clergy that he would only assume the position of Shah if they promised to refrain from cursing Omar and Uthman, avoid beating themselves to draw blood at the Ashura festival, accept Sunni practices as legitimate, and to obey Nader's children and relatives after his death, thereby setting up a dynasty in his name. He was effectively realigning Persia with Sunni Islam. The notables accepted.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: In 1741, eight Muslim scholars and three European and five Armenian priests translated the Koran and the Gospels. The commission was supervised by Mīrzā Moḥammad Mahdī Khan Monšī, the court historiographer and author of the Tarikh-e-Jahangoshay-e-Naderi ("History of Nader Shah's Wars"). Finished translations were presented to Nāder Shah in Qazvīn in June 1741, who, however, was not impressed.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: With regard to Central Asia, Nader viewed Merv (present-day Bayramali, Turkmenistan) vital to his north-eastern defenses. He also tried to secure the ruler of Bukhara as his vassal, imitating previous great conquerors of Mongol-Timurid descent. According to a British scholar Peter Avery, Nader's attitude towards Bukhara was irredentist to an extent that he "may even have thought that, if only the Ottoman power in the west could be contained, he might make Bukhara a base for conquests further afield in

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: Central Asia". Nader dispatched numerous artisans to Merv in a move to prepare for an improbable conquest of distant Kashgaria. Such a campaign did not materialize, but Nader frequently sent funds and engineers to Merv trying to restore its prosperity and rebuild its ill-fated dam. Merv, however, did not become prosperous.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: Nader's focus on common Turkmen descent was designed to establish a broad political framework that could tie him, more closely than his Safavid predecessors, to both Ottomans and Mughals. In various official documents, Nader recalled how he, Ottomans, Uzbeks, and Mughals shared a common Turkmen heritage. This concept resembled, in broad terms, the origin myths of 15th century Anatolian Turkmen dynasties.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: Nader's concepts regarding the Ja'farism and common Turkmen descent were directed primarily at the Ottomans and Mughals. He may have perceived a need to unite disparate components of the "ummah" against the expanding power of Europe at that time, however his view of Muslim unity was different from later concepts of it.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: Whenever Nader laid siege to a city, he would construct a city of his own outside the walls. His encampment was filled with markets, mosques, bathhouses, coffeehouses, and stables. He did this to show the besieged his army would be there for the long haul, to prevent diseases from spreading within his troops' ranks, and to occupy his troops' time.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: "Tell him," Nader replied, "that Nasrullah is the son of Nader Shah, the son and grandson of the sword, and so on, not until the 7th, but until the 70th generation."

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: Nader had the greatest contempt for the weak, depraved Mahmud Shah, who, according to the local chronicler of that era, "was always with his mistress in his arms and a glass in his hand," and was the lowest libertine and simply a puppet ruler. Nader Shah once had a conversation with a holy man about paradise. After what that man described miracles and pleasures of the heaven, the shah asked:

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: "Are there such things as war and victory over the enemy in paradise?" When the man answered negatively, Nader replied: "How can there be any pleasure then?".

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: He was the horror of the Ottoman Empire, the conqueror of India, the ruler of Persia and all of Asia. His neighbors respected him, his enemies were afraid of him, and he lacked only the love of his subjects.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: Nader was somewhat austere in his daily life. He always preferred plain garments and disdained courtly sophistication and lavish lifestyles, particularly that of the Safavids. He ate simple foods and restrained himself from being tied to his harem and liquor, unlike Sultan Husayn and Tahmasp II.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Nader Shah

Context: Nader did not want historians to detail his military victories too closely because he feared others would copy his brilliant techniques on the battlefield.

Question: Когда родился Надир-шах Афшар?


Peter Simon Pallas

Context: Peter Simon Pallas (Russian: Пётр Си́мон Палла́с, "Pyótr Símon Pallás") FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia (1767–1810).

Question: В каком городе родился Пётр Си́мон Палла́с?


Peter Simon Pallas

Context: In 1772, Pallas was shown a 680-kg lump of metal that had been found near Krasnoyarsk. Pallas arranged for it to be transported to St Petersburg. Subsequent analysis of the metal showed it to be a new type of stony-iron meteorite. This new type of meteorite was called pallasite after him; the meteorite itself is named Krasnojarsk or sometimes Pallas Iron (the name given to it by Ernst Chladni in 1794).

Question: В каком городе родился Пётр Си́мон Палла́с?


Peter Simon Pallas

Context: Several animals were described by Pallas, and his surname is included in their common names, including: Pallas' glass lizard, Pallas' viper, Pallas's cat, Pallas's long-tongued bat, Pallas's tube-nosed bat, Pallas's squirrel, Pallas's leaf warbler, Pallas's cormorant, Pallas's fish-eagle, Pallas's gull, Pallas's sandgrouse, Pallas's rosefinch, and Pallas's grasshopper warbler.

Question: В каком городе родился Пётр Си́мон Палла́с?


Peter Simon Pallas

Context: Also, he is honoured in the scientific names of animals described by others, including: the Dagestani tortoise ("Testudo graeca pallasi"), Pallas's pika ("Ochotona pallasi"), Pallas's reed bunting ("Emberiza pallasi"), the East Siberian grayling ("Thymallus pallasii") and the Pacific herring ("Clupea pallasii").

Question: В каком городе родился Пётр Си́мон Палла́с?


Peter Simon Pallas

Context: He was also honoured in the name of a plant genus, "Petrosimonia" which is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae.

Question: В каком городе родился Пётр Си́мон Палла́с?


Peter Simon Pallas

Context: An asteroid is named after him: 21087 Petsimpallas. A Belgian astronomer, Eric Elst chose the name "Sarapul 26851" for an asteroid because in Pallas' writings, he mentioned his liking of the city of Sarapul, Russia.

Question: В каком городе родился Пётр Си́мон Палла́с?


Harelle

Context: The Harelle (; from "haro") was a revolt that occurred in the French city of Rouen in 1382 and followed by the Maillotins uprising a few days later in Paris, as well as numerous other revolts across France in the subsequent week. France was in the midst of the Hundred Years' War, and had seen decades of warfare, widespread destruction, high taxation, and economic decline, made worse by bouts of plague. In Rouen, the second largest city in the kingdom, the effects of the war were particularly felt.

Question: Какой итог восстания Гарель?


Harelle

Context: The Duke of Burgundy recruited a small army from the garrisons in and around Paris and set out for Rouen accompanied by Charles VI and several other high officials. After being gone from the city only two days, they learnt that a far more violent revolt had broken out in Paris, and quickly turned the army to return to the capital.

Question: Какой итог восстания Гарель?


Harelle

Context: The city's royal captain, Maurise de Treseguidy, led his small contingent in an attempt to stem the violence. The mob quickly ran chains across the streets and began to attack the soldiers, who were forced to flee. The government of the city fled along with most of the royal administration and met with the King and the returning army. What military forces remained held onto the Grand Châtelet, a fortified royal building in the city.

Question: Какой итог восстания Гарель?


Harelle

Context: With control of Paris reestablished, the King and the Duke took the army and again set out for Rouen. The city put up no resistance and opened the gates when the king arrived on March 29. Their leaders feared execution, but most were spared. Only twelve leaders of the revolt were executed, the city's bells were confiscated, the gates of the city symbolically thrown down, a 100,000 franc fine imposed, the city charter was revoked and Rouen was put under the administration of a royal governor.

Question: Какой итог восстания Гарель?


Magnetophon

Context: Magnetophone, or simply Magnetophon, was the brand or model name of the pioneering reel-to-reel tape recorder developed by engineers of the German electronics company AEG in the 1930s, based on the magnetic tape invention by Fritz Pfleumer. AEG created the world's first practical tape recorder, the K1, first demonstrated in Germany in 1935 at the Berlin Radio Show.

Question: Что означает слово "Магнитофон" с греческого?


Magnetophon

Context: Later in 1939, the Fe3O4 oxide was replaced by the Fe2O3 type, which gave a significantly better recording quality, so much that the formula became a worldwide standard until the 1970s when chromium dioxide tapes appeared.

Question: Что означает слово "Магнитофон" с греческого?


Magnetophon

Context: Many speeches, concerts, and operatic performances were recorded. Since many of the recordings survived World War II they were later issued on LPs and compact discs. One of the more remarkable series of recordings took place at the Vienna State Opera House, also known as Wiener Staatsoper, in 1944, when the German composer Richard Strauss recorded many of his famous symphonic poems, including "Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel", and "Also sprach Zarathustra", with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.

Question: Что означает слово "Магнитофон" с греческого?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: The player constructs and manages a dungeon, recruiting and catering for minions to run it and defend it from enemy invaders. The primary method of control is the hand, used to pick up creatures and objects in the dungeon, carry them around, and drop them. The hand allows the player to 'slap' creatures and objects, and interact with them. "Dungeon Keeper" gameplay exemplifies a dark sense of humour.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: Multiplayer with up to four players is supported via a modem or over a local area network (LAN). The game features twenty multiplayer levels, playable as single-player levels.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: According to Molyneux, in May 1995 publisher Electronic Arts told him he had to ship "Dungeon Keeper" in six and a half weeks. Though he satisfied their demands by producing another game, "Hi-Octane", in the required time frame, his relationship with the publisher was strained.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: A sequel, "Dungeon Keeper 2" was released in 1999, and the series was rebooted by Mythic Entertainment with the release of a remake (also titled "Dungeon Keeper") for iOS and Android on 30 January 2014.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: The game uses SoundFonts to provide additional ambient sound effects. A Sound Blaster AWE32 or AWE64 is required to use this feature. The player can load a SoundFont and use it for ambient sound effects. Customised SoundFonts can be created to personalise the dungeon. The game features three SoundFonts, one of which is loaded at game startup, and Creative offered sample "Dungeon Keeper" SoundFonts for download.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: An expansion pack, "The Deeper Dungeons", was released on 26 November 1997. It features fifteen new levels each for single player and multiplayer, and an improved artificial intelligence for the enemies. The Avatar also reappears in the final level. A Direct3D version, which brought improved graphics and 3D acceleration support, and a level editor were released for the game.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: "KeeperFX", an abbreviation of "Fan eXpansion" was released in 2010, and has been regularly updated since. This mod increases compatibility with later versions of Windows, fixes bugs, and adds features such as TCP/IP multiplayer support and higher screen resolution options.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: The game was re-released in 1998 as "Dungeon Keeper Gold Edition", which included the "Deeper Dungeons" expansion as well as a "Dungeon Keeper"-based desktop theme. In Japan, a similar edition was released as "Dungeon Keeper Premium", under the EA Best Selection brand. This version included the content from the "Gold" release, as well as both Japanese and English text and audio options.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: The "Gold" version was re-released into digital distribution on GOG.com in June 2011. GOG.com launched a macOS version in October 2012. The game was available there free of charge for a few days in February 2014. In October 2016, "Dungeon Keeper" was released free of charge on Origin, via its "On The House" programme.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: "Dungeon Keeper" was a finalist in the Software Publishers Association's 13th Annual Excellence in Software Awards Best of 1997 Codie awards for Best Strategy Software Game. In 1997, "Dungeon Keeper" appeared #4 on "PC Gamer"s list of top 100 games, and, in June, was named as their Game Of The Month. In June 2014, "The Guardian" listed "Dungeon Keeper" as one of Britain's 30 greatest video games.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: At the 1st Annual AIAS Interactive Achievement Awards (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards), "Dungeon Keeper" won "Computer Role Playing Game of the Year" and was nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Interactive Design".

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: During 1997, "Dungeon Keeper" sold 113,407 copies in the United States alone. It received a "Gold" award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) in August 1998, for sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The game's global sales reached 700,000 copies by 2003. Molyneux considered it a "missed opportunity" in comparison to his earlier games such as "Theme Park", which sold millions of units.

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: Many reviews of video games that have similar elements mention "Dungeon Keeper" as both an influence for the designers and a standard for comparison. These include:

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Dungeon Keeper

Context: "Dungeon Keeper" was referenced in "Theme Hospital"s introduction scene twice: a doctor is briefly seen playing a console version, and the Horned Reaper makes a cameo appearance as a patient. Early concept art for "Black & White" used "Dungeon Keeper"s Horned Reaper to represent creatures. The Horned Reaper unit was so popular that the producers of "Dungeon Keeper 2" made it a character with an important role in the game's story. "Dungeon Keeper"s engine was an inspiration for "Minecraft".

Question: Когда вышла игра Dungeon Keeper, DK?


Nitrogen

Context: Nitrogen compounds have a very long history, ammonium chloride having been known to Herodotus. They were well known by the Middle Ages. Alchemists knew nitric acid as "aqua fortis" (strong water), as well as other nitrogen compounds such as ammonium salts and nitrate salts. The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as "aqua regia" (royal water), celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold, the king of metals.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: The earliest military, industrial, and agricultural applications of nitrogen compounds used saltpeter (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate), most notably in gunpowder, and later as fertiliser. In 1910, Lord Rayleigh discovered that an electrical discharge in nitrogen gas produced "active nitrogen", a monatomic allotrope of nitrogen. The "whirling cloud of brilliant yellow light" produced by his apparatus reacted with mercury to produce explosive mercury nitride.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Nitrogen does not share the proclivity of carbon for catenation. Like carbon, nitrogen tends to form ionic or metallic compounds with metals. Nitrogen forms an extensive series of nitrides with carbon, including those with chain-, graphitic-, and fullerenic-like structures.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: It resembles oxygen with its high electronegativity and concomitant capability for hydrogen bonding and the ability to form coordination complexes by donating its lone pairs of electrons. There are some parallels between the chemistry of ammonia NH3 and water H2O. For example, the capacity of both compounds to be protonated to give NH4+ and H3O+ or deprotonated to give NH2− and OH−, with all of these able to be isolated in solid compounds.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: The relative abundance of 14N and 15N is practically constant in the atmosphere but can vary elsewhere, due to natural isotopic fractionation from biological redox reactions and the evaporation of natural ammonia or nitric acid. Biologically mediated reactions (e.g., assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification) strongly control nitrogen dynamics in the soil. These reactions typically result in 15N enrichment of the substrate and depletion of the product.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: The first example of a dinitrogen complex to be discovered was [Ru(NH3)5(N2)]2+ (see figure at right), and soon many other such complexes were discovered. These complexes, in which a nitrogen molecule donates at least one lone pair of electrons to a central metal cation, illustrate how N2 might bind to the metal(s) in nitrogenase and the catalyst for the Haber process: these processes involving dinitrogen activation are vitally important in biology and in the production of fertilisers.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Today, dinitrogen complexes are known for almost all the transition metals, accounting for several hundred compounds. They are normally prepared by three methods:

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Occasionally the N≡N bond may be formed directly within a metal complex, for example by directly reacting coordinated ammonia (NH3) with nitrous acid (HNO2), but this is not generally applicable. Most dinitrogen complexes have colours within the range white-yellow-orange-red-brown; a few exceptions are known, such as the blue [{Ti("η"5-C5H5)2}2-(N2)].

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: The largest category of nitrides are the interstitial nitrides of formulae MN, M2N, and M4N (although variable composition is perfectly possible), where the small nitrogen atoms are positioned in the gaps in a metallic cubic or hexagonal close-packed lattice. They are opaque, very hard, and chemically inert, melting only at very high temperatures (generally over 2500 °C). They have a metallic lustre and conduct electricity as do metals. They hydrolyse only very slowly to give ammonia or nitrogen.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: The nitride anion (N3−) is the strongest "π" donor known amongst ligands (the second-strongest is O2−). Nitrido complexes are generally made by thermal decomposition of azides or by deprotonating ammonia, and they usually involve a terminal {≡N}3− group. The linear azide anion (), being isoelectronic with nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and cyanate, forms many coordination complexes. Further catenation is rare, although (isoelectronic with carbonate and nitrate) is known.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Hydrazine is generally made by reaction of ammonia with alkaline sodium hypochlorite in the presence of gelatin or glue:

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: (The attacks by hydroxide and ammonia may be reversed, thus passing through the intermediate NHCl− instead.) The reason for adding gelatin is that it removes metal ions such as Cu2+ that catalyses the destruction of hydrazine by reaction with monochloramine (NH2Cl) to produce ammonium chloride and nitrogen.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Hydrogen azide (HN3) was first produced in 1890 by the oxidation of aqueous hydrazine by nitrous acid. It is very explosive and even dilute solutions can be dangerous. It has a disagreeable and irritating smell and is a potentially lethal (but not cumulative) poison. It may be considered the conjugate acid of the azide anion, and is similarly analogous to the hydrohalic acids.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: All four simple nitrogen trihalides are known. A few mixed halides and hydrohalides are known, but are mostly unstable; examples include NClF2, NCl2F, NBrF2, NF2H, NFH2, NCl2H, and NClH2.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Nitrogen forms nine molecular oxides, some of which were the first gases to be identified: N2O (nitrous oxide), NO (nitric oxide), N2O3 (dinitrogen trioxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), N2O4 (dinitrogen tetroxide), N2O5 (dinitrogen pentoxide), N4O (nitrosylazide), and N(NO2)3 (trinitramide). All are thermally unstable towards decomposition to their elements. One other possible oxide that has not yet been synthesised is oxatetrazole (N4O), an aromatic ring.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Nitrite is also a common ligand that can coordinate in five ways. The most common are nitro (bonded from the nitrogen) and nitrito (bonded from an oxygen). Nitro-nitrito isomerism is common, where the nitrito form is usually less stable.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: The thermal stabilities of nitrates (involving the trigonal planar anion) depends on the basicity of the metal, and so do the products of decomposition (thermolysis), which can vary between the nitrite (for example, sodium), the oxide (potassium and lead), or even the metal itself (silver) depending on their relative stabilities. Nitrate is also a common ligand with many modes of coordination.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Finally, although orthonitric acid (H3NO4), which would be analogous to orthophosphoric acid, does not exist, the tetrahedral orthonitrate anion is known in its sodium and potassium salts:

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Despite its limited chemistry, the orthonitrate anion is interesting from a structural point of view due to its regular tetrahedral shape and the short N–O bond lengths, implying significant polar character to the bonding.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Many saltwater fish manufacture large amounts of trimethylamine oxide to protect them from the high osmotic effects of their environment; conversion of this compound to dimethylamine is responsible for the early odour in unfresh saltwater fish. In animals, free radical nitric oxide (derived from an amino acid), serves as an important regulatory molecule for circulation.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: In a chemical laboratory, it is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride with sodium nitrite.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Small amounts of the impurities NO and HNO3 are also formed in this reaction. The impurities can be removed by passing the gas through aqueous sulfuric acid containing potassium dichromate. Very pure nitrogen can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of barium azide or sodium azide.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: The applications of nitrogen compounds are naturally extremely widely varied due to the huge size of this class: hence, only applications of pure nitrogen itself will be considered here. Two-thirds (2/3) of nitrogen produced by industry is sold as the gas and the remaining one-third (1/3) as the liquid.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: The gas is mostly used as an inert atmosphere whenever the oxygen in the air would pose a fire, explosion, or oxidising hazard. Some examples include:

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Nitrogen is commonly used during sample preparation in chemical analysis. It is used to concentrate and reduce the volume of liquid samples. Directing a pressurised stream of nitrogen gas perpendicular to the surface of the liquid causes the solvent to evaporate while leaving the solute(s) and un-evaporated solvent behind.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Some construction equipment uses pressurized nitrogen gas to help hydraulic system to provide extra power to devices such as hydraulic hammer. Nitrogen gas, formed from the decomposition of sodium azide, is used for the inflation of airbags.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Nitrogen gas has become the inert gas of choice for inert gas asphyxiation, and is under consideration as a replacement for lethal injection in Oklahoma.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: As nitrogen is an asphyxiant gas, some jurisdictions have considered inert gas asphyxiation by inhalation of pure nitrogen as a means of capital punishment (as a substitute for lethal injection). However, , no executions using nitrogen gas have yet been carried out by any jurisdiction, and at least one jurisdiction (Oklahoma) which had considered nitrogen asphyxiation as an execution protocol had abandoned the effort.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic liquid which looks like water. When insulated in proper containers such as dewar flasks, it can be transported and stored with a low rate of evaporative loss.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: When inhaled at high partial pressures (more than about 4 bar, encountered at depths below about 30 m in scuba diving), nitrogen is an anesthetic agent, causing nitrogen narcosis, a temporary state of mental impairment similar to nitrous oxide intoxication.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: As a cryogenic liquid, liquid nitrogen can be dangerous by causing cold burns on contact, although the Leidenfrost effect provides protection for very short exposure (about one second). Ingestion of liquid nitrogen can cause severe internal damage. For example, in 2012, a young woman in England had to have her stomach removed after ingesting a cocktail made with liquid nitrogen.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Liquid nitrogen readily evaporates to form gaseous nitrogen, and hence the precautions associated with gaseous nitrogen also apply to liquid nitrogen. For example, oxygen sensors are sometimes used as a safety precaution when working with liquid nitrogen to alert workers of gas spills into a confined space.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air. The liquid in such a vessel becomes increasingly enriched in oxygen (boiling point −183 °C, higher than that of nitrogen) as the nitrogen evaporates, and can cause violent oxidation of organic material.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


Nitrogen

Context: Oxygen deficiency monitors can either be fixed, mounted to the wall and hard-wired into the building's power supply or simply plugged into a power outlet, or a portable hand-held or wearable monitor.

Question: Как вырабатывается азот?


State Archive of the Russian Federation

Context: The State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) () is a large Russian state archive managed by Rosarkhiv (the Federal Archival Agency of Russia). It houses documents from the highest bodies of Russian authority, including:

Question: Где находится Государственный архив РФ?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: Beni Virtzberg (; August 12, 1928 – August 4, 1968) was an Israeli forester, Holocaust survivor and writer who was among the first in Israel to write an autobiographical account of his experiences during and after the Holocaust. He began writing his book "Migei Haharega Lesha'ar Hagai" ("From the Valley of Slaughter to the Gate of the Valley") in the wake of the Adolf Eichmann trial, when court testimony by survivors prompted Israelis to openly and publicly discuss what the survivors had lived through.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: Virtzberg was born in Altona, Hamburg, Germany, to Gabriel Gustav, a merchant, and Rachel, a university graduate and homemaker.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: Alarmed by the events of Kristallnacht in 1938, the family relocated to Poland and moved into the Jewish quarter in Sosnowiec. They were subsequently transferred to the Środula ghetto during the war, and on August 1, 1943, the ghetto was liquidated, and they were sent to Auschwitz.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: Virtzberg's mother was killed upon their arrival at the camp. Virtzberg and his father were separated from one another, prompting Virtzberg to turn to one of the Nazi officers nearby and ask him to let the two of them stay together. By fate, the officer he approached was Josef Mengele, who supervised the selection of prisoners in the camp. Mengele opted to spare the father's life, and young Beni was assigned to work in the camp hospital where Mengele conducted his notorious experiments.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: For several weeks he served as Mengele's personal servant and errand boy. Mengele spared Virtzberg's father from subsequent selections, and assigned the father to a block where Virtzberg was able to smuggle him food.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: In January 1945, with Allied troops approaching, Auschwitz was vacated and its remaining prisoners were forced into a death march in an attempt to conceal evidence of the atrocities that took place there. Virtzberg's father was too ill to walk, and when he finally collapsed an S.S. soldier shot and killed him as Virtzberg watched in horror.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: After he was liberated, Virtzberg spent a few months in the town of Santa Maria in Italy before immigrating to Israel as part of the Youth Aliyah in November 1945. There he was taken in by members of Kibbutz Givat HaShlosha, where he trained for service in the Palmach, the military force organized by Jews in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: He joined the Palmach in February 1948 and fought in 1948 Arab–Israeli War. During the war he participated in efforts to break the blockade of Jerusalem's Jewish residents, and later he joined in the battles down in Negev Desert, during which four of his brothers in arms were killed.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: After his release from the army, Virtzberg married Rachel Issachar (Bashari), a native of Rehovot of Yemenite ancestry who like Vitzberg fought in the Palmach. Virtzberg worked for the Jewish National Fund as a forester, and later directed the research department for the Southern region forestry operation. During his tenure there, he developed the Liman irrigation system, a technique inspired by Nabataean irrigation methods.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: "Ten children together left the gates of death, six of us were left, not six orphaned children but six fighters. We fought and will fight when necessary, so that Jewish children, wherever they are, shall never become orphaned as we were."

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: The Israeli historian Avihu Ronen described Virtzberg's book as follows: "This is a unique book that was ahead of its time, and includes extremely important and authentic personal testimony. Virtzberg's story is importantly unique and has no parallel among the various testimonials and stories from the Holocaust."

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: On August 4, 1968, a little over a week before turning 40 and plagued with depression, Virtzberg took his own life and shot himself in his family home, leaving behind his wife Rachel, a son, , who went on to become an acclaimed songwriter and performer, and a daughter, . At his funeral, the chief rabbi of Beer-Sheba, Rabbi Eliyahu Kushelevsky, eulogized him by noting: "Eichmann killed him twenty-five years ago. But we only received the body today."

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: Virtzberg decided to lay bare his past as an uprooted refugee despite having willingly forged a new Israeli identity and all but erased his diaspora identity. By his own admission, writing the book was an emotionally wrenching process. His book describes life in Auschwitz from the vantage point of a minor, and offers a rare perspective on Mengele and his experiments on human subjects.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: On the one hand, Virtzberg's narrative challenged the conventional view at the time of survivors as "human dust" who passively accepted the generosity of their Israeli saviours. But it also challenged more recent narratives that viewed the absorption process as one that was forced upon immigrants. Virtzberg describes voluntarily choosing to be a "new Jew". In his book he sought acceptance not just as a fighter and a "new Jew" but also as someone who identified himself as an "old Jew".

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: In December 2008 the book was reissued in a new edition by Carmel Publishing, including a new introduction, afterword, and photographs.

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Beni Virtzberg

Context: In August 2017 the book was published in English by Yad Vashem, "From Death to Battle: Auschwitz Survivor and Palmach Fighter".

Question: Сколько друзей было в книге «Из долины убийства к Вратам в долину»?


Uranium mining

Context: In the United States, the first radium/uranium ore was discovered in 1871 in gold mines near Central City, Colorado. This district produced about 50 tons of high grade ore between 1871 and 1895. Most American uranium ore before World War II came from vanadium deposits on the Colorado Plateau of Utah and Colorado.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: In Cornwall, England, the South Terras Mine near St. Stephen opened for uranium production in 1873, and produced about 175 tons of ore before 1900. Other early uranium mining occurred in Autunois in France's Massif Central (whence the name Autunite for a uranium-bearing mineral once mined in the area), Oberpfalz in Bavaria, and Billingen in Sweden.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: The Shinkolobwe deposit in Katanga, Belgian Congo (now Shaba Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)), was discovered in 1913, and exploited by the Union Minière du Haut Katanga. Other important deposits mined early in the history of uranium mining include Port Radium, near Great Bear Lake, Canada, discovered in 1931; along with Beira Province, Portugal; Tyuya Muyun, Uzbekistan (whence Tyuyamunite); and Radium Hill, Australia.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: Intensive exploration for uranium started after the end of World War II as a result of the military and civilian demand for uranium. There were three separate periods of uranium exploration or "booms." These were from 1956 to 1960, 1967 to 1971, and from 1976 to 1982.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: There are mainly three types of uranium deposits including unconformity-type deposits, namely paleoplacer deposits and sandstone-type also known as roll front type deposits.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: Precambrian unconformities (in Canada), phosphate, Precambrian quartz-pebble conglomerate, collapse breccia pipes (see Arizona breccia pipe uranium mineralization),

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: Sandstone uranium deposits are generally of two types. "Roll-front" type deposits occur at the boundary between the up dip and oxidized part of a sandstone body and the deeper down dip reduced part of a sandstone body. "Peneconcordant" sandstone uranium deposits, also called "Colorado Plateau"-type deposits, most often occur within generally oxidized sandstone bodies, often in localized reduced zones, such as in association with carbonized wood in the sandstone.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: Precambrian quartz-pebble conglomerate-type uranium deposits occur only in rocks older than two billion years old. The conglomerates also contain pyrite. These deposits have been mined in the Blind River-Elliot Lake district of Ontario, Canada, and from the gold-bearing Witwatersrand conglomerates of South Africa.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: Unconformity-type deposits make up about 33% of the World Outside Centrally Planned Economies Areas (WOCA)'s uranium deposits.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: Olympic Dam mine, the world's largest uranium deposit, was discovered by Western Mining Corporation in 1975 and is owned by BHP.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: The OECD's red book of 2011 reported that conventional uranium resources had grown by 12.5% since 2008 due to increased exploration.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: As with other types of hard rock mining there are several methods of extraction. In 2016, the percentage of the mined uranium produced by each mining method was: in-situ leach (49.7 percent), underground mining (30.8 percent), open pit (12.9 percent), heap leaching (0.4 percent), co-product/by-product (6.1%). The remaining 0,1% was derived as miscellaneous recovery.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: If the uranium is too far below the surface for open pit mining, an underground mine might be used with tunnels and shafts dug to access and remove uranium ore.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: The health effects discovered from radon exposure in unventilated uranium mining prompted the switch away from uranium mining via tunnel mining towards open cut and in-situ leaching technology, a method of extraction that does not produce the same occupational hazards, or mine tailings, as conventional mining.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: With regulations in place to ensure the use of high volume ventilation technology if any confined space uranium mining is occurring, occupational exposure and mining deaths can be largely eliminated. The Olympic Dam and Canadian underground mines are ventilated with powerful fans with radon levels being kept at a very low to practically "safe level" in uranium mines. Naturally occurring radon in other, non-uranium mines, also may need control by ventilation.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?


Uranium mining

Context: The uranium concentrations within the solution are very important for the efficient separation of pure uranium from the acid. As different heaps will yield different concentrations, the solution is pumped to a mixing plant that is carefully monitored. The properly balanced solution is then pumped into a processing plant where the uranium is separated from the sulfuric acid.

Question: Что добывают в Ха́нты-Манси́йском автоно́мном о́круге?