Quran

Context: The Quran also inspired Islamic arts and specifically the so-called Quranic arts of calligraphy and illumination. The Quran is never decorated with figurative images, but many Qurans have been highly decorated with decorative patterns in the margins of the page, or between the lines or at the start of suras. Islamic verses appear in many other media, on buildings and on objects of all sizes, such as mosque lamps, metal work, pottery and single pages of calligraphy for muraqqas or albums.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Each sūrah consists of several verses, known as "āyāt", which originally means a 'sign' or 'evidence' sent by God. The number of verses differs from sūrah to sūrah. An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines. The total number of verses in the most popular Hafs Quran is 6,236; however, the number varies if the "bismillahs" are counted separately.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: A different structure is provided by semantic units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten each. Such a section is called a "rukū`".

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: According to one estimate the Quran consists of 77,430 words, 18,994 unique words, 12,183 stems, 3,382 lemmas and 1,685 roots.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The central theme of the Quran is monotheism. God is depicted as living, eternal, omniscient and omnipotent (see, e.g., Quran , , ). God's omnipotence appears above all in his power to create. He is the creator of everything, of the heavens and the earth and what is between them (see, e.g., Quran , , , etc.). All human beings are equal in their utter dependence upon God, and their well-being depends upon their acknowledging that fact and living accordingly.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The Quran uses cosmological and contingency arguments in various verses without referring to the terms to prove the existence of God. Therefore, the universe is originated and needs an originator, and whatever exists must have a sufficient cause for its existence. Besides, the design of the universe is frequently referred to as a point of contemplation: "It is He who has created seven heavens in harmony. You cannot see any fault in God's creation; then look again: Can you see any flaw?"

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The Quran's message is conveyed with various literary structures and devices. In the original Arabic, the suras and verses employ phonetic and thematic structures that assist the audience's efforts to recall the message of the text. Muslims assert (according to the Quran itself) that the Quranic content and style is inimitable.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The Quran has sparked a huge body of commentary and explication (), aimed at explaining the "meanings of the Quranic verses, clarifying their import and finding out their significance."

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Esoteric or Sufi interpretation attempts to unveil the inner meanings of the Quran. Sufism moves beyond the apparent () point of the verses and instead relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric ("batin") and metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence. According to Sands, esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative, they are allusions () rather than explanations ("tafsir"). They indicate possibilities as much as they demonstrate the insights of each writer.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Sufi interpretation, according to Annabel Keeler, also exemplifies the use of the theme of love, as for instance can be seen in Qushayri's interpretation of the Quran:

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The Quran possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning (this depth possesses a depth, after the image of the celestial Spheres, which are enclosed within each other). So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings (seven depths of hidden depth).

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: According to this view, it has also become evident that the inner meaning of the Quran does not eradicate or invalidate its outward meaning. Rather, it is like the soul, which gives life to the body. Corbin considers the Quran to play a part in Islamic philosophy, because gnosiology itself goes hand in hand with prophetology.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Commentaries dealing with the "zahir" ('outward aspects') of the text are called , and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the "batin" are called "ta'wil" ('interpretation' or 'explanation'), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God. In contrast, Quranic literalism, followed by Salafis and Zahiris, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Reappropriation is the name of the hermeneutical style of some ex-Muslims who have converted to Christianity. Their style or reinterpretation can sometimes be geared towards apologetics, with less reference to the Islamic scholarly tradition that contextualizes and systematizes the reading (e.g., by identifying some verses as abrogated). This tradition of interpretation draws on the following practices: grammatical renegotiation, renegotiation of textual preference, retrieval, and concession.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form. Furthermore, an Arabic word may have a range of meanings depending on the context, making an accurate translation even more difficult.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Nevertheless, the Quran has been translated into most African, Asian, and European languages. The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian, who translated surat "al-Fatiha" into Persian during the seventh century. Another translation of the Quran was completed in 884 in Alwar (Sindh, India, now Pakistan) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known. In 2010, the "Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review" reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, "Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete", was the first into a Western language (Latin).

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: As with translations of the Bible, the English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents; for example, two widely read translators, Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Marmaduke Pickthall, use the plural and singular "ye" and "thou" instead of the more common "you".

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The oldest Gurmukhi translation of the Quran Sharif has been found in village Lande of Moga district of Punjab which was printed in 1911.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: In order to avoid incorrect pronunciation, reciters follow a program of training with a qualified teacher. The two most popular texts used as references for rules are Matn al-Jazariyyah by Ibn al-Jazari and Tuhfat al-Atfal by Sulayman al-Jamzuri.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The recitations of a few Egyptian reciters, like El Minshawy, Al-Hussary, Abdul Basit, Mustafa Ismail, were highly influential in the development of current styles of recitation. Southeast Asia is well known for world-class recitation, evidenced in the popularity of the woman reciters such as Maria Ulfah of Jakarta. Today, crowds fill auditoriums for public Quran recitation competitions.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The variant readings of the Quran are one type of textual variant. According to Melchert (2008), the majority of disagreements have to do with vowels to supply, most of them in turn not conceivably reflecting dialectal differences and about one in eight disagreements has to do with whether to place dots above or below the line.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Nasser categorizes variant readings into various subtypes, including internal vowels, long vowels, gemination ("shaddah"), assimilation and alternation.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Occasionally, an early Quran shows compatibility with a particular reading. A Syrian manuscript from the 8th century is shown to have been written according to the reading of Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi. Another study suggests that this manuscript bears the vocalization of himsi region.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Whilst the majority of Islamic scribes were men, some women also worked as scholars and copyists; one such woman who made a copy of this text was the Moroccan jurist, Amina, bint al-Hajj ʿAbd al-Latif.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Gustav Flügel published an edition of the Quran in 1834 in Leipzig, which remained authoritative in Europe for close to a century, until Cairo's Al-Azhar University published an edition of the Quran in 1924. This edition was the result of a long preparation, as it standardized Quranic orthography, and it remains the basis of later editions.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The believe the Quran predicts scientific knowledge, relating the author to non-human origin. Critics argue, verses which allegedly explain modern scientific facts, about subjects such as biology, evolution of the earth, and human life, contain fallacies and are unscientific. Most claims of predictions rely on the ambiguity of the Arabic language, another point of criticism. Despite calling itself a clear book, the Quranic language lacks clarity.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: Other criticisms point at the moral attitude asserted by the Quran. Examples include the Sword Verse, which some interpret as promoting violence against "pagans", and An-Nisa, 34, which some view as excusing domestic violence.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Quran

Context: The Quran attributes its relationship with former books (the Torah and the Gospels) to their unique origin, saying all of them have been revealed by the one God.

Question: ఖురాన్ ఏ అరబ్బీ భాషలో ఎవరు రాసారు?


Water

Context: Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less dense as it freezes. In 1 atm pressure, it reaches its maximum density of at . The density of ice is , an expansion of 9%. This expansion can exert enormous pressure, bursting pipes and cracking rocks (see Frost weathering).

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: Water is a diamagnetic material. Though interaction is weak, with superconducting magnets it can attain a notable interaction.

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: The melting and boiling points depend on pressure. A good approximation for the rate of change of the melting temperature with pressure is given by the Clausius–Clapeyron relation:

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: The Clausius-Clapeyron relation also applies to the boiling point, but with the liquid/gas transition the vapor phase has a much lower density than the liquid phase, so the boiling point increases with pressure. Water can remain in a liquid state at high temperatures in the deep ocean or underground. For example, temperatures exceed in Old Faithful, a geyser in Yellowstone National Park. In hydrothermal vents, the temperature can exceed .

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: In nature, the color may also be modified from blue to green due to the presence of suspended solids or algae.

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: Other substances have a tetrahedral molecular structure, for example, methane () and hydrogen sulfide (). However, oxygen is more electronegative (holds on to its electrons more tightly) than most other elements, so the oxygen atom retains a negative charge while the hydrogen atoms are positively charged. Along with the bent structure, this gives the molecule an electrical dipole moment and it is classified as a polar molecule.

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: Water is a weak solution of hydronium hydroxide - there is an equilibrium ⇔ + , in combination with solvation of the resulting hydronium ions.

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: Water has been detected in interstellar clouds within our galaxy, the Milky Way. Water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too, because its components, hydrogen, and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Based on models of the formation and evolution of the Solar System and that of other star systems, most other planetary systems are likely to have similar ingredients.

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: The surface temperature of Earth has been relatively constant through geologic time despite varying levels of incoming solar radiation (insolation), indicating that a dynamic process governs Earth's temperature via a combination of greenhouse gases and surface or atmospheric albedo. This proposal is known as the Gaia hypothesis.

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Water

Context: Water's technically correct but rarely used chemical name, dihydrogen monoxide, has been used in a series of hoaxes and pranks that mock scientific illiteracy. This began in 1983, when an April Fools' Day article appeared in a newspaper in Durand, Michigan. The false story consisted of safety concerns about the substance.

Question: జలం ని ఆంగ్లంలో ఏమని అంటారు?


Krishna

Context: The name "Krishna" originates from the Sanskrit word "", which is primarily an adjective meaning "black", "dark", "dark blue" or “the all attractive”. The waning moon is called Krishna Paksha, relating to the adjective meaning "darkening". The name is also interpreted sometimes as "all-attractive".

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Krishna may also be referred to as Vāsudeva-Krishna, Murlidhar, or Chakradhar. The honorary title "Sri" (also spelled "Shri") is often used before the name of Krishna.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The Heliodorus inscription is not isolated evidence. The Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions, all located in the state of Rajasthan and dated by modern methodology to the 1stcenturyBCE, mention Saṃkarṣaṇa and Vāsudeva, also mention that the structure was built for their worship in association with the supreme deity Narayana. These four inscriptions are notable for being some of the oldest-known Sanskrit inscriptions.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: A Mora stone slab found at the Mathura-Vrindavan archaeological site in Uttar Pradesh, held now in the Mathura Museum, has a Brahmi inscription. It is dated to the 1stcenturyCE and mentions the five Vrishni heroes, otherwise known as Saṃkarṣaṇa, Vāsudeva, Pradyumna, Aniruddha, and Samba.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The first known depiction of the life of Krishna himself comes relatively late, with a relief found in Mathura, and dated to the 1st-2nd century CE. This fragment seems to show Vasudeva, Krishna's father, carrying baby Krishna in a basket across the Yamuna. The relief shows at one end a seven-hooded Naga crossing a river, where a "makara" crocodile is thrashing around, and at the other end a person seemingly holding a basket over his head.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The earliest text containing detailed descriptions of Krishna as a personality is the epic "Mahabharata", which depicts Krishna as an incarnation of Vishnu. Krishna is central to many of the main stories of the epic. The eighteen chapters of the sixth book ("Bhishma Parva") of the epic that constitute the "Bhagavad Gita" contain the advice of Krishna to Arjuna on the battlefield. The "Harivamsa", a later appendix to the "Mahabharata," contains a detailed version of Krishna's childhood and youth.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Yāska's "Nirukta", an etymological dictionary published around the 6thcenturyBCE, contains a reference to the Shyamantaka jewel in the possession of Akrura, a motif from the well-known Puranic story about Krishna. Shatapatha Brahmana and "Aitareya-Aranyaka" associate Krishna with his Vrishni origins.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: In "Ashṭādhyāyī", authored by the ancient grammarian Pāṇini (probably belonged to the 5th or 6thcenturyBCE), "Vāsudeva" and "Arjuna", as recipients of worship, are referred to together in the same "sutra".

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The ancient Sanskrit grammarian Patanjali in his "Mahabhashya" makes several references to Krishna and his associates found in later Indian texts. In his commentary on Pāṇini's verse 3.1.26, he also uses the word "Kamsavadha" or the "killing of Kamsa", an important part of the legends surrounding Krishna.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Krishna is represented in the Indian traditions in many ways, but with some common features. His iconography typically depicts him with black, dark, or blue skin, like Vishnu. However, ancient and medieval reliefs and stone-based arts depict him in the natural color of the material out of which he is formed, both in India and in southeast Asia. In some texts, his skin is poetically described as the color of Jambul ("Jamun", a purple-colored fruit).

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Krishna is often depicted wearing a peacock-feather wreath or crown, and playing the bansuri (Indian flute). In this form, he is usually shown standing with one leg bent in front of the other in the "Tribhanga" posture. He is sometimes accompanied by cows or a calf, which symbolise the divine herdsman "Govinda". Alternatively, he is shown as a romantic young boy with the gopis (milkmaids), often making music or playing pranks.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: In other icons, he is a part of battlefield scenes of the epic "Mahabharata". He is shown as a charioteer, notably when he is addressing the Pandava prince Arjuna character, symbolically reflecting the events that led to the "Bhagavad Gita"a scripture of Hinduism. In these popular depictions, Krishna appears in the front as the charioteer, either as a counsel listening to Arjuna or as the driver of the chariot while Arjuna aims his arrows in the battlefield of Kurukshetra.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Guidelines for the preparation of Krishna icons in design and architecture are described in medieval-era Sanskrit texts on Hindu temple arts such as "Vaikhanasa agama", "Vishnu dharmottara", "Brihat samhita", and "Agni Purana". Similarly, early medieval-era Tamil texts also contain guidelines for sculpting Krishna and Rukmini. Several statues made according to these guidelines are in the collections of the Government Museum, Chennai.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Krishna iconography forms an important element in the figural sculpture on 17th-19th century terracotta temples of Bengal. In many temples, the stories of Krishna are depicted on a long series of narrow panels along the base of the facade. In other temples, the important Krishnalila episodes are depicted on large brick panels above the entrance arches or on the walls surrounding the entrance.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: This summary is a mythological account, based on literary details from the "Mahābhārata", the "Harivamsa", the "Bhagavata Purana", and the "Vishnu Purana". The scenes from the narrative are set in ancient India, mostly in the present states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, and Gujarat. The legends about Krishna's life are called "Krishna charitas" (IAST: Kṛṣṇacaritas).

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The legends of Krishna's childhood and youth describe him as a cow herder, a mischievous boy whose pranks earn him the nickname "Makhan Chor" (butter thief), and a protector who steals the hearts of the people in both Gokul and Vrindavana. The texts state, for example, that Krishna lifts the Govardhana hill to protect the inhabitants of Vrindavana from devastating rains and floods.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Other legends describe him as an enchanter and playful lover of the gopis (milkmaids) of Vrindavana, especially Radha. These metaphor-filled love stories are known as the "Rasa lila" and were romanticized in the poetry of Jayadeva, author of the Gita Govinda. They are also central to the development of the Krishna bhakti traditions worshiping Radha Krishna.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: In Krishna-related Hindu traditions, he is most commonly seen with Radha. All of his wives and his lover Radha are considered in the Hindu tradition to be the avatars of the goddess Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu. Gopis are considered as Lakshmi's or Radha's manifestations.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is considered as the incarnation of Krishna in Gaudiya Vaishnavism and by the ISKCON community.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: According to Guy Beck, "most scholars of Hinduism and Indian history accept the historicity of Krishnathat he was a real male person, whether human or divine, who lived on Indian soil by at least 1000 BCE and interacted with many other historical persons within the cycles of the epic and puranic histories." Yet, Beck also notes that there is an "enormous number of contradictions and discrepancies surrounding the chronology of Krishna's life as depicted in the Sanskrit canon".

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: According to mythologies in the Jain tradition, Krishna was a cousin of Neminatha. Neminatha is believed in the Jain tradition to have been born 84,000 years before the 9th-centuryBCE Parshvanatha, the twenty-third "tirthankara".

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: A wide range of theological and philosophical ideas are presented through Krishna in Hindu texts. The teachings of the "Bhagavad Gita" can be considered, according to Friedhelm Hardy, as the first Krishnaite system of theology.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The "Bhagavata Purana", a popular text on Krishna considered to be like scripture in Assam, synthesizes an Advaita, Samkhya, and Yoga framework for Krishna but one that proceeds through loving devotion to Krishna. Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana as,

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: While Sheridan and Pintchman both affirm Bryant's view, the latter adds that the Vedantic view emphasized in the Bhagavata is non-dualist with a difference. In conventional nondual Vedanta, all reality is interconnected and one, the Bhagavata posits that the reality is interconnected and plural.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The use of the term bhakti, meaning devotion, is not confined to any one deity. However, Krishna is an important and popular focus of the devotionalism tradition within Hinduism, particularly among the Vaishnava Krishnaite sects. Devotees of Krishna subscribe to the concept of "lila", meaning 'divine play', as the central principle of the universe. It is a form of bhakti yoga, one of three types of yoga discussed by Krishna in the "Bhagavad Gita".

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The bhakti movements devoted to Krishna became prominent in southern India in the 7th to 9thcenturies CE. The earliest works included those of the Alvar saints of Tamil Nadu. A major collection of their works is the "Divya Prabandham". Alvar Andal's popular collection of songs Tiruppavai, in which she conceives of herself as a gopi, is the most famous of the oldest works in this genre.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: In South India, the acharyas of the Sri Sampradaya have written reverently about Krishna in most of their works, including the Thiruppavai by Andal and Gopala Vimshati by Vedanta Desika.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala states have many major Krishna temples, and Janmashtami is one of the widely celebrated festivals in South India.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The medieval era arts of Vietnam and Cambodia feature Krishna. The earliest surviving sculptures and reliefs are from the 6th and 7thcenturies, and these include Vaishnavism iconography. According to John Guy, the curator and director of Southeast Asian arts at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Krishna Govardhana art from 6th/7th-century Vietnam at Danang, and 7th-century Cambodia at Phnom Da cave in Angkor Borei, are some of the most sophisticated of this era.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Krishna's iconography has also been found in Thailand, along with those of Surya and Vishnu. For example, a large number of sculptures and icons have been found in the SiThep and Klangnai sites in the Phetchabun region of northern Thailand. These are dated to about the 7th and 8thcenturies, from both the Funan and Zhenla period archaeological sites.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Indian dance and music theatre traces its origins and techniques to the ancient "Sama Veda" and "Natyasastra" texts. The stories enacted and the numerous choreographic themes are inspired by the mythologies and legends in Hindu texts, including Krishna-related literature such as "Harivamsa" and "Bhagavata Purana".

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The Palliyodam, a type of large built and used by Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple in Kerala for the annual water processions of Uthrattathi Jalamela and Valla Sadhya has the legend that it was designed by Lord Krishna and were made to look like Sheshanaga, the serpent on which Lord Vishnu rests.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Vimalasuri is attributed to be the author of the Jain version of the "Harivamsa Purana", but no manuscripts have been found that confirm this. It is likely that later Jain scholars, probably Jinasena of the 8thcentury, wrote a complete version of Krishna legends in the Jain tradition and credited it to the ancient Vimalasuri. Partial and older versions of the Krishna story are available in Jain literature, such as in the "Antagata Dasao" of the "Svetambara" "Agama" tradition.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: The story of Krishna occurs in the Jataka tales in Buddhism. The "Vidhurapandita Jataka" mentions "Madhura" (Sanskrit: Mathura), the "Ghata Jataka" mentions Kamsa, Devagabbha (Sk: Devaki), Upasagara or Vasudeva, Govaddhana (Sk: Govardhana), Baladeva (Balarama), and Kanha or Kesava (Sk: Krishna, Keshava).

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: At the end of this "Ghata-Jataka" discourse, the Buddhist text declares that Sariputta, one of the revered disciples of the Buddha in the Buddhist tradition, was incarnated as Krishna in his previous life to learn lessons on grief from the Buddha in his prior rebirth:

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: While the Buddhist Jataka texts co-opt Krishna-Vasudeva and make him a student of the Buddha in his previous life, the Hindu texts co-opt the Buddha and make him an avatar of Vishnu. In Chinese Buddhism, Taoism and Chinese folk religion, the figure of Krishna has been amalgamated and merged with that of Nalakuvara to influence the formation of the god Nezha, who has taken on iconographic characteristics of Krishna such as being presented as a divine god-child and slaying a nāga in his youth.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Krishna is mentioned as "Krishna Avtar" in the "Chaubis Avtar", a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to Sikh Guru Gobind Singh.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Within the Sikh-derived 19th-century Radha Soami movement, the followers of its founder Shiv Dayal Singh used to consider him the Living Master and incarnation of God (Lord Krishna/Vishnu).

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Baháʼís believe that Krishna was a "Manifestation of God", or one in a line of prophets who have revealed the Word of God progressively for a gradually maturing humanity. In this way, Krishna shares an exalted station with Abraham, Moses, Zoroaster, Buddha, Muhammad, Jesus, the Báb, and the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, Bahá'u'lláh.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Ahmadiyya, a 20th-century Islamic movement, consider Krishna as one of their ancient prophets. Ghulam Ahmad stated that he was himself a prophet in the likeness of prophets such as Krishna, Jesus, and Muhammad, who had come to earth as a latter-day reviver of religion and morality.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Krishna

Context: Krishna was canonised by Aleister Crowley and is recognised as a saint of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica in the Gnostic Mass of Ordo Templi Orientis.

Question: పురాణాల ప్రకారం విష్ణువు అవతారాలలో కృష్ణుడి అవతారం ఎన్నవది?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Cold and heat adaptations in humans are a part of the broad adaptability of "Homo sapiens". Adaptations in humans can be physiological, genetic, or cultural, which allow people to live in a wide variety of climates. There has been a great deal of research done on developmental adjustment, acclimatization, and cultural practices, but less research on genetic adaptations to colder and hotter temperatures.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Allen's rule is a biological rule that says the limbs of endotherms are shorter in cold climates and longer in hot climates. Limb length affects the body's surface area, which helps with thermoregulation. Shorter limbs help to conserve heat, while longer limbs help to dissipate heat. Marshall T. Newman argues that this can be observed in Eskimo, who have shorter limbs than other people and are laterally built.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Origins of heat and cold adaptations can be explained by climatic adaptation. Ambient air temperature affects how much energy investment the human body must make. The temperature that requires the least amount of energy investment is 21 °C (69.8 °F). The body controls its temperature through the hypothalamus. Thermoreceptors in the skin send signals to the hypothalamus, which indicate when vasodilation and vasoconstriction should occur.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: The human body has two methods of thermogenesis, which produces heat to raise the core body temperature. The first is shivering, which occurs in an unclothed person when the ambient air temperature is under 25 °C (77 °F). It is limited by the amount of glycogen available in the body. The second is non-shivering, which occurs in brown adipose tissue.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Population studies have shown that the San tribe of Southern Africa and the Sandawe of Eastern Africa have reduced shivering thermogenesis in the cold, and poor cold induced vasodilation in fingers and toes compared to that of Caucasians.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: The only mechanism the human body has to cool itself is by sweat evaporation. Sweating occurs when the ambient air temperatures is above 35 °C (95 °F) and the body fails to return to the normal internal temperature. The evaporation of the sweat helps cool the blood beneath the skin. It is limited by the amount of water available in the body, which can cause dehydration.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Humans adapted to heat early on. In Africa, the climate selected for traits that helped us stay cool. Also, humans had physiological mechanisms that reduced the rate of metabolism and that modified the sensitivity of sweat glands to provide an adequate amount for cooldown without the individual becoming dehydrated.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: When humans are exposed to certain climates for extended periods of time, physiological changes occur to help the individual adapt to hot or cold climates. This helps the body conserve energy.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: The Inuit have more blood flowing into their extremities, and at a hotter temperature, than people living in warmer climates. A 1960 study on the Alacaluf Indians shows that they have a resting metabolic rate 150 to 200 percent higher than the white controls used. The Sami do not have an increase in metabolic rate when sleeping, unlike non-acclimated people. Aboriginal Australians undergo a similar process, where the body cools but the metabolic rate does not increase.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Humans in Central Africa have been living in similar tropical climates for millions of years, which means that they have similar thermoregulatory systems.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: A study done on the Bantus of South Africa showed that Bantus have a lower sweat rate than that of acclimated and nonacclimated white people. A similar study done on Aboriginal Australians produced similar results, with Aboriginals having a much lower sweat rate than white people.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Social adaptations enabled early modern humans to occupy environments with temperatures that were drastically different from that of Africa. (Potts 1998). Culture enabled humans to expand their range to areas that would otherwise be uninhabitable.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Humans have been able to occupy areas of extreme cold through clothing, buildings, and manipulation of fire. Furnaces have further enabled the occupation of cold environments.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Historically many Indigenous Australians wore only genital coverings. Studies have shown that the warmth from the fires they build is enough to keep the body from fighting heat loss through shivering. Inuit use well-insulated houses that are designed to transfer heat from an energy source to the living area, which means that the average indoor temperature for coastal Inuit is 10 to 20 °C (50-68 °F).

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: Humans inhabit hot climates, both dry and humid, and have done so for millions of years. Selective use of clothing and technological inventions such as air conditioning allows humans to thrive in hot climates.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cold and heat adaptations in humans

Context: One example is the Chaamba Arabs, who live in the Sahara Desert. They wear clothing that traps air in between skin and the clothes, preventing the high ambient air temperature from reaching the skin.

Question: ఒక మనిషి సగటుగా ఎంత ఉష్ణోగ్రతని తట్టుకోగలడు?


Cancer

Context: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: In 2015, about 90.5 million people worldwide had cancer. In 2019, annual cancer cases grew to 23.6 million people and 10 million deaths worldwide, representing over the previous decade increases of 26% and 21%, respectively.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cancers comprise a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: All tumor cells show the six hallmarks of cancer. These characteristics are required to produce a malignant tumor. They include:

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: The progression from normal cells to cells that can form a detectable mass to outright cancer involves multiple steps known as malignant progression.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: When cancer begins, it produces no symptoms. Signs and symptoms appear as the mass grows or ulcerates. The findings that result depend on the cancer's type and location. Few symptoms are specific. Many frequently occur in individuals who have other conditions. Cancer can be difficult to diagnose and can be considered a "great imitator."

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: People may become anxious or depressed post-diagnosis. The risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Systemic symptoms may occur due to the body's response to the cancer. This may include fatigue, unintentional weight loss, or skin changes. Some cancers can cause a systemic inflammatory state that leads to ongoing muscle loss and weakness, known as cachexia.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Some cancers, such as Hodgkin's disease, leukemias, and liver or kidney cancers, can cause a persistent fever.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Some systemic symptoms of cancer are caused by hormones or other molecules produced by the tumor, known as paraneoplastic syndromes. Common paraneoplastic syndromes include hypercalcemia, which can cause altered mental state, constipation and dehydration, or hyponatremia, which can also cause altered mental status, vomiting, headaches, or seizures.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Metastasis is the spread of cancer to other locations in the body. The dispersed tumors are called metastatic tumors, while the original is called the primary tumor. Almost all cancers can metastasize. Most cancer deaths are due to cancer that has metastasized.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Metastasis is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur via the blood or the lymphatic system or both. The typical steps in metastasis are local invasion, intravasation into the blood or lymph, circulation through the body, extravasation into the new tissue, proliferation and angiogenesis. Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs, but overall the most common places for metastases to occur are the lungs, liver, brain and the bones.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Exposure to particular substances have been linked to specific types of cancer. These substances are called "carcinogens".

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Tobacco smoke, for example, causes 90% of lung cancer. It also causes cancer in the larynx, head, neck, stomach, bladder, kidney, esophagus and pancreas. Tobacco smoke contains over fifty known carcinogens, including nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Tobacco is responsible for about one in five cancer deaths worldwide and about one in three in the developed world. Lung cancer death rates in the United States have mirrored smoking patterns, with increases in smoking followed by dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, more recently, decreases in smoking rates since the 1950s followed by decreases in lung cancer death rates in men since 1990.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: In Western Europe, 10% of cancers in males and 3% of cancers in females are attributed to alcohol exposure, especially liver and digestive tract cancers. Cancer from work-related substance exposures may cause between 2 and 20% of cases, causing at least 200,000 deaths. Cancers such as lung cancer and mesothelioma can come from inhaling tobacco smoke or asbestos fibers, or leukemia from exposure to benzene.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which is predominantly used in the production of Teflon, is known to cause two kinds of cancer.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Worldwide approximately 18% of cancer deaths are related to infectious diseases. This proportion ranges from a high of 25% in Africa to less than 10% in the developed world. Viruses are the usual infectious agents that cause cancer but cancer bacteria and parasites may also play a role.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Radiation exposure such as ultraviolet radiation and radioactive material is a risk factor for cancer. Many non-melanoma skin cancers are due to ultraviolet radiation, mostly from sunlight. Sources of ionizing radiation include medical imaging and radon gas.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Ionizing radiation is not a particularly strong mutagen. Residential exposure to radon gas, for example, has similar cancer risks as passive smoking. Radiation is a more potent source of cancer when combined with other cancer-causing agents, such as radon plus tobacco smoke. Radiation can cause cancer in most parts of the body, in all animals and at any age. Children are twice as likely to develop radiation-induced leukemia as adults; radiation exposure before birth has ten times the effect.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Medical use of ionizing radiation is a small but growing source of radiation-induced cancers. Ionizing radiation may be used to treat other cancers, but this may, in some cases, induce a second form of cancer. It is also used in some kinds of medical imaging.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun can lead to melanoma and other skin malignancies. Clear evidence establishes ultraviolet radiation, especially the non-ionizing medium wave UVB, as the cause of most non-melanoma skin cancers, which are the most common forms of cancer in the world.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Non-ionizing radio frequency radiation from mobile phones, electric power transmission and other similar sources has been described as a possible carcinogen by the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer. Evidence, however, has not supported a concern. This includes that studies have not found a consistent link between mobile phone radiation and cancer risk.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Statistically for cancers causing most mortality, the relative risk of developing colorectal cancer when a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) has been diagnosed with it is about 2. The corresponding relative risk is 1.5 for lung cancer, and 1.9 for prostate cancer. For breast cancer, the relative risk is 1.8 with a first-degree relative having developed it at 50 years of age or older, and 3.3 when the relative developed it when being younger than 50 years of age.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Taller people have an increased risk of cancer because they have more cells than shorter people. Since height is genetically determined to a large extent, taller people have a heritable increase of cancer risk.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Chronic inflammation has been hypothesized to directly cause mutation. Inflammation can contribute to proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration of cancer cells by influencing the tumor microenvironment. Oncogenes build up an inflammatory pro-tumorigenic microenvironment.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Some hormones play a role in the development of cancer by promoting cell proliferation. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins play a key role in cancer cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, suggesting possible involvement in carcinogenesis.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue growth regulation. In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: The affected genes are divided into two broad categories. Oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and reproduction. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division and survival. Malignant transformation can occur through the formation of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate over-expression of normal oncogenes, or by the under-expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes. Typically, changes in multiple genes are required to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Genetic changes can occur at different levels and by different mechanisms. The gain or loss of an entire chromosome can occur through errors in mitosis. More common are mutations, which are changes in the nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Small-scale mutations include point mutations, deletions, and insertions, which may occur in the promoter region of a gene and affect its expression, or may occur in the gene's coding sequence and alter the function or stability of its protein product. Disruption of a single gene may also result from integration of genomic material from a DNA virus or retrovirus, leading to the expression of "viral" oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Replication of the data contained within the DNA of living cells will probabilistically result in some errors (mutations). Complex error correction and prevention is built into the process and safeguards the cell against cancer. If a significant error occurs, the damaged cell can self-destruct through programmed cell death, termed apoptosis. If the error control processes fail, then the mutations will survive and be passed along to daughter cells.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Some environments make errors more likely to arise and propagate. Such environments can include the presence of disruptive substances called carcinogens, repeated physical injury, heat, ionising radiation or hypoxia.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Characteristic abilities developed by cancers are divided into categories, specifically evasion of apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of immune destruction.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: The classical view of cancer is a set of diseases that are driven by progressive genetic abnormalities that include mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes and chromosomal abnormalities. Later epigenetic alterations' role was identified.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Epigenetic alterations occur frequently in cancers. As an example, one study listed protein coding genes that were frequently altered in their methylation in association with colon cancer. These included 147 hypermethylated and 27 hypomethylated genes. Of the hypermethylated genes, 10 were hypermethylated in 100% of colon cancers and many others were hypermethylated in more than 50% of colon cancers.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: While epigenetic alterations are found in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA repair genes, causing reduced expression of DNA repair proteins, may be of particular importance. Such alterations are thought to occur early in progression to cancer and to be a likely cause of the genetic instability characteristic of cancers.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Higher levels of DNA damage cause increased mutation (right side of figure) and increased epimutation. During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damage, incompletely cleared repair sites can cause epigenetic gene silencing.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cancers usually arise from an assemblage of mutations and epimutations that confer a selective advantage leading to clonal expansion (see Field defects in progression to cancer). Mutations, however, may not be as frequent in cancers as epigenetic alterations. An average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein-altering mutations, of which about three or four may be "driver" mutations and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Several studies have indicated that the enzyme sirtuin 6 is selectively inactivated during oncogenesis in a variety of tumor types by inducing glycolysis. Another sirtuin, sirtuin 3 inhibits cancers that depend upon glycolysis, but promotes cancers that depend upon oxidative phosphorylation.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: A low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) has sometimes been recommended as a supportive therapy for cancer treatment.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Most cancers are initially recognized either because of the appearance of signs or symptoms or through screening. Neither of these leads to a definitive diagnosis, which requires the examination of a tissue sample by a pathologist. People with suspected cancer are investigated with medical tests. These commonly include blood tests, X-rays, (contrast) CT scans and endoscopy.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: The tissue diagnosis from the biopsy indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, its histological grade, genetic abnormalities and other features. Together, this information is useful to evaluate the prognosis and to choose the best treatment.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry are other types of tissue tests. These tests provide information about molecular changes (such as mutations, fusion genes and numerical chromosome changes) and may thus also indicate the prognosis and best treatment.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cancer diagnosis can cause psychological distress and psychosocial interventions, such as talking therapy, may help people with this.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cancers are classified by the type of cell that the tumor cells resemble and is therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor. These types include:

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Benign tumors (which are not cancers) are named using "-oma" as a suffix with the organ name as the root. For example, a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells is called a "leiomyoma" (the common name of this frequently occurring benign tumor in the uterus is "fibroid"). Confusingly, some types of cancer use the "-noma" suffix, examples including melanoma and seminoma.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Some types of cancer are named for the size and shape of the cells under a microscope, such as giant cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease cancer risk. The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors. Many of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is generally preventable. Between 70% and 90% of common cancers are due to environmental factors and therefore potentially preventable.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Greater than 30% of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including: tobacco, excess weight/obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol, sexually transmitted infections and air pollution. Further, poverty could be considered as an indirect risk factor in human cancers. Not all environmental causes are controllable, such as naturally occurring background radiation and cancers caused through hereditary genetic disorders and thus are not preventable via personal behavior.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit, whole grains and fish and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb), animal fats, pickled foods and refined carbohydrates.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Beta-Carotene supplementation increases lung cancer rates in those who are high risk. Folic acid supplementation is not effective in preventing colon cancer and may increase colon polyps. Selenium supplementation has not been shown to reduce the risk of cancer.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Vaccines have been developed that prevent infection by some carcinogenic viruses. Human papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil and Cervarix) decrease the risk of developing cervical cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine prevents infection with hepatitis B virus and thus decreases the risk of liver cancer. The administration of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccinations is recommended where resources allow.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Unlike diagnostic efforts prompted by symptoms and medical signs, cancer screening involves efforts to detect cancer after it has formed, but before any noticeable symptoms appear. This may involve physical examination, blood or urine tests or medical imaging.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cancer screening is not available for many types of cancers. Even when tests are available, they may not be recommended for everyone. "Universal screening" or "mass screening" involves screening everyone. "Selective screening" identifies people who are at higher risk, such as people with a family history. Several factors are considered to determine whether the benefits of screening outweigh the risks and the costs of screening. These factors include:

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Genetic testing for individuals at high-risk of certain cancers is recommended by unofficial groups. Carriers of these mutations may then undergo enhanced surveillance, chemoprevention, or preventative surgery to reduce their subsequent risk.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Many treatment options for cancer exist. The primary ones include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy and palliative care. Which treatments are used depends on the type, location and grade of the cancer as well as the patient's health and preferences. The treatment intent may or may not be curative.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic anti-neoplastic drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized regimen. The term encompasses a variety of drugs, which are divided into broad categories such as alkylating agents and antimetabolites. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly, a critical property of most cancer cells.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: It was found that providing combined cytotoxic drugs is better than a single drug, a process called the combination therapy, which has an advantage in the statistics of survival and response to the tumor and in the progress of the disease. A Cochrane review concluded that combined therapy was more effective to treat metastasized breast cancer. However, generally it is not certain whether combination chemotherapy leads to better health outcomes, when both survival and toxicity are considered.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Surgery is the primary method of treatment for most isolated, solid cancers and may play a role in palliation and prolongation of survival. It is typically an important part of definitive diagnosis and staging of tumors, as biopsies are usually required. In localized cancer, surgery typically attempts to remove the entire mass along with, in certain cases, the lymph nodes in the area. For some types of cancer this is sufficient to eliminate the cancer.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Palliative care is treatment that attempts to help the patient feel better and may be combined with an attempt to treat the cancer. Palliative care includes action to reduce physical, emotional, spiritual and psycho-social distress. Unlike treatment that is aimed at directly killing cancer cells, the primary goal of palliative care is to improve quality of life.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: People at all stages of cancer treatment typically receive some kind of palliative care. In some cases, medical specialty professional organizations recommend that patients and physicians respond to cancer only with palliative care. This applies to patients who:

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Palliative care may be confused with hospice and therefore only indicated when people approach end of life. Like hospice care, palliative care attempts to help the patient cope with their immediate needs and to increase comfort. Unlike hospice care, palliative care does not require people to stop treatment aimed at the cancer.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Multiple national medical guidelines recommend early palliative care for patients whose cancer has produced distressing symptoms or who need help coping with their illness. In patients first diagnosed with metastatic disease, palliative care may be immediately indicated. Palliative care is indicated for patients with a prognosis of less than 12 months of life even given aggressive treatment.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: A variety of therapies using immunotherapy, stimulating or helping the immune system to fight cancer, have come into use since 1997. Approaches include antibodies, checkpoint therapy, and adoptive cell transfer.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Survival rates vary by cancer type and by the stage at which it is diagnosed, ranging from majority survival to complete mortality five years after diagnosis. Once a cancer has metastasized, prognosis normally becomes much worse. About half of patients receiving treatment for invasive cancer (excluding carcinoma "in situ" and non-melanoma skin cancers) die from that cancer or its treatment. A majority of cancer deaths are due to metastases of the primary tumor.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Survival is worse in the developing world, partly because the types of cancer that are most common there are harder to treat than those associated with developed countries.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Those who survive cancer develop a second primary cancer at about twice the rate of those never diagnosed. The increased risk is believed to be due to the random chance of developing any cancer, the likelihood of surviving the first cancer, the same risk factors that produced the first cancer, unwanted side effects of treating the first cancer (particularly radiation therapy), and better compliance with screening.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: People with cancer have an increased risk of blood clots in their veins which can be life-threatening. The use of blood thinners such as heparin decrease the risk of blood clots but have not been shown to increase survival in people with cancer. People who take blood thinners also have an increased risk of bleeding.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Although extremely rare, some forms of cancer, even from an advanced stage, can heal spontaneously. This phenomenon is known as the spontaneous remission.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Estimates are that in 2018, 18.1 million new cases of cancer and 9.6 million deaths occur globally. About 20% of males and 17% of females will get cancer at some point in time while 13% of males and 9% of females will die from it.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Some slow-growing cancers are particularly common, but often are not fatal. Autopsy studies in Europe and Asia showed that up to 36% of people have undiagnosed and apparently harmless thyroid cancer at the time of their deaths and that 80% of men develop prostate cancer by age 80. As these cancers do not cause the patient's death, identifying them would have represented overdiagnosis rather than useful medical care.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: The three most common childhood cancers are leukemia (34%), brain tumors (23%) and lymphomas (12%). In the United States cancer affects about 1 in 285 children. Rates of childhood cancer increased by 0.6% per year between 1975 and 2002 in the United States and by 1.1% per year between 1978 and 1997 in Europe. Death from childhood cancer decreased by half between 1975 and 2010 in the United States.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: One idea about why people with cancer are blamed or stigmatized, called the just-world hypothesis, is that blaming cancer on the patient's actions or attitudes allows the blamers to regain a sense of control. This is based upon the blamers' belief that the world is fundamentally just and so any dangerous illness, like cancer, must be a type of punishment for bad choices, because in a just world, bad things would not happen to good people.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Because cancer is a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "cure for cancer" any more than there will be a single treatment for all infectious diseases. Angiogenesis inhibitors were once incorrectly thought to have potential as a "silver bullet" treatment applicable to many types of cancer. Angiogenesis inhibitors and other cancer therapeutics are used in combination to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Experimental cancer treatments are studied in clinical trials to compare the proposed treatment to the best existing treatment. Treatments that succeeded in one cancer type can be tested against other types. Diagnostic tests are under development to better target the right therapies to the right patients, based on their individual biology.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: The improved understanding of molecular biology and cellular biology due to cancer research has led to new treatments for cancer since US President Richard Nixon declared the "War on Cancer" in 1971. Since then, the country has spent over $200 billion on cancer research, including resources from public and private sectors. The cancer death rate (adjusting for size and age of the population) declined by five percent between 1950 and 2005.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a worry that cancer research and treatment are slowing down.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Cancer affects approximately 1 in 1,000 pregnant women. The most common cancers found during pregnancy are the same as the most common cancers found in non-pregnant women during childbearing ages: breast cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Diagnosing a new cancer in a pregnant woman is difficult, in part because any symptoms are commonly assumed to be a normal discomfort associated with pregnancy. As a result, cancer is typically discovered at a somewhat later stage than average. Some imaging procedures, such as MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging), CT scans, ultrasounds and mammograms with fetal shielding are considered safe during pregnancy; some others, such as PET scans, are not.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Elective abortions are not required and, for the most common forms and stages of cancer, do not improve the mother's survival. In a few instances, such as advanced uterine cancer, the pregnancy cannot be continued and in others, the patient may end the pregnancy so that she can begin aggressive chemotherapy.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Some treatments can interfere with the mother's ability to give birth vaginally or to breastfeed. Cervical cancer may require birth by Caesarean section. Radiation to the breast reduces the ability of that breast to produce milk and increases the risk of mastitis. Also, when chemotherapy is given after birth, many of the drugs appear in breast milk, which could harm the baby.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: Veterinary oncology, concentrating mainly on cats and dogs, is a growing specialty in wealthy countries and the major forms of human treatment such as surgery and radiotherapy may be offered. The most common types of cancer differ, but the cancer burden seems at least as high in pets as in humans. Animals, typically rodents, are often used in cancer research and studies of natural cancers in larger animals may benefit research into human cancer.

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Cancer

Context: In non-humans, a few types of transmissible cancer have also been described, wherein the cancer spreads between animals by transmission of the tumor cells themselves. This phenomenon is seen in dogs with Sticker's sarcoma (also known as canine transmissible venereal tumor), and in Tasmanian devils with devil facial tumour disease (DFTD).

Question: క్యాన్సర్ ని కనుగొన్నది ఎవరు?


Ancient Greece

Context: Ancient Greece () was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories—unified only once, for 13 years, under Alexander the Great's empire (336-323 BC). In Western history, the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine period.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on ancient Rome, which carried a version of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe. For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the cradle of Western civilization, the seminal culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Classical antiquity in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC (around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative historiography, while earlier ancient history or protohistory is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic epigraphy.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Herodotus is widely known as the "father of history": his "Histories" are eponymous of the entire field. Written between the 450s and 420s BC, Herodotus' work reaches about a century into the past, discussing 6th century BC historical figures such as Darius I of Persia, Cambyses II and Psamtik III, and alluding to some 8th century BC persons such as Candaules. The accuracy of Herodotus' works is debated.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato and Aristotle. Most were either Athenian or pro-Athenian, which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than of many other cities.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Their scope is further limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, ignoring economic and social history.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The Lelantine War (c. 710 – c. 650 BC) is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period. It was fought between the important "poleis" (city-states) of Chalcis and Eretria over the fertile Lelantine plain of Euboea. Both cities seem to have declined as a result of the long war, though Chalcis was the nominal victor.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century BC, again resulting in civil strife. The Archon (chief magistrate) Draco made severe reforms to the law code in 621 BC (hence "draconian"), but these failed to quell the conflict. Eventually, the moderate reforms of Solon (594 BC), improving the lot of the poor but firmly entrenching the aristocracy in power, gave Athens some stability.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: By the 6th century BC, several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. Each of them had brought the surrounding rural areas and smaller towns under their control, and Athens and Corinth had become major maritime and mercantile powers as well.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The Greek colonies of Sicily, especially Syracuse, were soon drawn into prolonged conflicts with the Carthaginians. These conflicts lasted from 600 BC to 265 BC, when the Roman Republic allied with the Mamertines to fend off the new tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II, and then the Carthaginians. As a result, Rome became the new dominant power against the fading strength of the Sicilian Greek cities and the fading Carthaginian hegemony. One year later, the First Punic War erupted.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: In this period, Greece and its overseas colonies enjoyed huge economic development in commerce and manufacturing, with rising general prosperity. Some studies estimate that the average Greek household grew fivefold between 800 and 300 BC, indicating a large increase in average income.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: During the Hellenistic period, the importance of "Greece proper" (the territory of modern Greece) within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great capitals of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Antioch in the Seleucid Empire.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city-states. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration of the young and ambitious to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the first century BC.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The city-states within Greece formed themselves into two leagues; the Achaean League (including Thebes, Corinth and Argos) and the Aetolian League (including Sparta and Athens). For much of the period until the Roman conquest, these leagues were at war, often participating in the conflicts between the Diadochi (the successor states to Alexander's empire).

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the Roman culture had long been in fact Greco-Roman. The Greek language served as a "lingua franca" in the East and in Italy, and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The territory of Greece is mountainous, and as a result, ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions, each with its own dialect, cultural peculiarities, and identity. Regionalism and regional conflicts were prominent features of ancient Greece. Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains, or on coastal plains, and dominated a certain area around them.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: During the Archaic period, the Greek population grew beyond the capacity of the limited arable land of Greece proper, resulting in the large-scale establishment of colonies elsewhere: according to one estimate, the population of the widening area of Greek settlement increased roughly tenfold from 800 BC to 400 BC, from 800,000 to as many as 7½-10 million.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. To the east, the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was colonized first, followed by Cyprus and the coasts of Thrace, the Sea of Marmara and south coast of the Black Sea.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Eventually, Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present-day Ukraine and Russia (Taganrog). To the west the coasts of Illyria, Sicily and Southern Italy were settled, followed by Southern France, Corsica, and even eastern Spain. Greek colonies were also founded in Egypt and Libya.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Modern Syracuse, Naples, Marseille and Istanbul had their beginnings as the Greek colonies Syracusae (Συράκουσαι), Neapolis (Νεάπολις), Massalia (Μασσαλία) and Byzantion "(Βυζάντιον)". These colonies played an important role in the spread of Greek influence throughout Europe and also aided in the establishment of long-distance trading networks between the Greek city-states, boosting the economy of ancient Greece.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Inevitably, the domination of politics and concomitant aggregation of wealth by small groups of families was apt to cause social unrest in many "poleis". In many cities a tyrant (not in the modern sense of repressive autocracies), would at some point seize control and govern according to their own will; often a populist agenda would help sustain them in power. In a system wracked with class conflict, government by a 'strongman' was often the best solution.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers, and even poor families might have owned a few slaves. Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves. Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard. Unlike in Rome, freedmen did not become citizens. Instead, they were mixed into the population of "metics", which included people from foreign countries or other city-states who were officially allowed to live in the state.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: City-states legally owned slaves. These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families, living on their own and performing specialized tasks. In Athens, public slaves were trained to look out for counterfeit coinage, while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple's deity and Scythian slaves were employed in Athens as a police force corralling citizens to political functions.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Sparta had a special type of slaves called "helots". Helots were Messenians enslaved en masse during the Messenian Wars by the state and assigned to families where they were forced to stay. Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as hoplites. Their masters treated them harshly, and helots revolted against their masters several times before in 370/69 BC they won their freedom.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Boys went to school at the age of seven, or went to the barracks, if they lived in Sparta. The three types of teachings were: grammatistes for arithmetic, kitharistes for music and dancing, and Paedotribae for sports.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: While slave conditions varied widely, the institution served to sustain the incomes of the free citizenry: an estimate of economic development drawn from the latter (or derived from urban incomes alone) is therefore likely to overstate the true overall level despite widespread evidence for high living standards.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Athens owned one of the largest war fleets in ancient Greece. It had over 200 triremes each powered by 170 oarsmen who were seated in 3 rows on each side of the ship. The city could afford such a large fleet—it had over 34,000 oarsmen—because it owned a lot of silver mines that were worked by slaves.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: According to Josiah Ober, Greek city-states faced approximately a one-in-three chance of destruction during the archaic and classical period.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry. In many ways, it had an important influence on modern philosophy, as well as modern science. Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and Islamic scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Neither reason nor inquiry began with the ancient Greeks. Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations, such as the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians, has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: With Octavian's victory at Actium in 31 BC, Rome began to become a major centre of Greek literature, as important Greek authors such as Strabo and Dionysius of Halicarnassus came to Rome. The period of greatest innovation in Greek literature under Rome was the "long second century" from approximately AD 80 to around AD 230. This innovation was especially marked in prose, with the development of the novel and a revival of prominence for display oratory both dating to this period.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Music was present almost universally in Greek society, from marriages and funerals to religious ceremonies, theatre, folk music and the ballad-like reciting of epic poetry. There are significant fragments of actual Greek musical notation as well as many literary references to ancient Greek music. Greek art depicts musical instruments and dance. The word "music" derives from the name of the Muses, the daughters of Zeus who were patron goddesses of the arts.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important developments to the field of mathematics, including the basic rules of geometry, the idea of formal mathematical proof, and discoveries in number theory, mathematical analysis, applied mathematics, and approached close to establishing integral calculus. The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians, including Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes, are still used in mathematical teaching today.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The most important religious act in ancient Greece was animal sacrifice, most commonly of sheep and goats. Sacrifice was accompanied by public prayer, and prayer and hymns were themselves a major part of ancient Greek religious life.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The civilization of ancient Greece has been immensely influential on language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts. It became the "Leitkultur" of the Roman Empire to the point of marginalizing native Italic traditions. As Horace put it,

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Ancient Greece

Context: The Byzantine Empire inherited Classical Greek-Hellenistic culture directly, without Latin intermediation, and the preservation of classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted a strong influence on the Slavs and later on the Islamic Golden Age and the Western European Renaissance. A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the Neoclassicism movement in 18th- and 19th-century Europe and the Americas.

Question: ప్రాచీన గ్రీకు ఏ కాలం నుండి ఏ కాలం వరకు నడిచింది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: The Kolkata Metro is the first planned and operational rapid transit system in India. It was initially planned in the 1920s, but construction started in the 1970s. The first underground stretch, from Bhawanipore (now Netaji Bhawan) to Esplanade, opened in 1984. Line 2, or the East–West Corridor, opened in 2020. It is the fifth-longest operational metro network in India after the Delhi Metro, Hyderabad Metro, Namma Metro and Chennai Metro.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Metro Railway, Kolkata and Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation are the owners and operator of the system. On 29 December 2010, Metro Railway, Kolkata, became the 17th zone of the Indian Railways, completely owned and funded by the Ministry of Railways. It is the only metro in the country to be controlled by Indian Railways. There are around 300 daily train trips carrying more than passengers.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: The highest priority was given to the busy north–south corridor between Dum Dum and Tollygunge over a length of ; work on this project was approved on 1 June 1972. A tentative deadline was fixed to complete all the corridors by 1991.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Since it was India's first metro and was constructed as a completely indigenous process, a traditional cut-and-cover method and driven shield tunneling was chosen and the Kolkata Metro was more of a trial-and-error affair, in contrast to the Delhi Metro, which saw the involvement of multiple international consultants. As a result, it took nearly 23 years to completely construct the underground railway.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: In 1999–2000, the extension of Line 1 along an elevated corridor from Tollygunge to New Garia, with six stations, was sanctioned at a cost of . The section was constructed and opened in two phases, Mahanayak Uttam Kumar to Kavi Nazrul in 2009 and Kavi Nazrul to Kavi Subhash in 2010. In the north, the line was extended till Noapara from Dum Dum on 10 July 2013. The latest extension opened was the stretch from Noapara to Dakshineswar on 23 February 2021.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: By 2011–2012, the Railway Ministry had announced plans for the construction of five new metro lines and an extension of the existing north–south corridor. These were:

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: A northward extension from Dum Dum to Dakshineswar () was sanctioned and included in the 2010–2011 budget at a cost of . The commercial operations for Dum Dum to Noapara () was commissioned in March 2013, and construction from Noapara to Dakshineswar with an interchange with Line 5 at Baranagar () is being executed by RVNL. This section is opened on 23 February 2021 for general public with a projected ridership of 55,000 by 2030.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: An upgrade of the existing signalling system from Indian Railways Signalling to Communication Based Train Control was proposed by Metro Railway, Kolkata, at a cost of , and was sent to Indian Railways. This could decrease the time interval between trains to just 90 seconds from 5 minutes. Indian Railways approved the proposal, and installation work is expected to be completed within 2–3 years.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Between Mahakaran and Howrah Station, the metro will run under the Hooghly River – the first underwater metro in India. Transfer stations with railways will be located at Sealdah and Howrah. A new elevated extension from Salt Lake Sector V to VIP Road/Teghoria (Haldiram) was sanctioned, a distance of at a budget of in 2016. From VIP Road/Teghoria (Haldiram), passengers can take the Orange Line metro (VIP Road Station) to Biman Bandar.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: The line from Salt Lake Sector V to Salt Lake Stadium was inaugurated on 13 February 2020 by the then Minister of Railways Piyush Goyal after 11 years of construction. Services to Phoolbagan metro station, the first underground station of the line, were extended on 4 October 2020. It was also the first underground station inaugurated in Kolkata after 25 years, since the Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station of Blue line was the last to open in 1995. The extension added to the existing line.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: In 2012, RITES, surveyed 16 new routes for connecting the suburban areas to the city. The key routes were:

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: In 2008, the Kolkata Metro Railway experimented with the practice of reserving two entire compartments for women. This system was found to be ineffective and caused inconvenience for a lot of commuters (including women) and the plan was dropped.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Now, certain sections of seats in each compartment are reserved for women, senior citizens and the physically challenged. The four-seat sections at each end of a coach are reserved for senior citizens and the physically challenged, and the two middle seat sections, between the general seat sections on each side, are reserved for women.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: The fare is based on the predetermined distance formulas. Kolkata Metro has the lowest starting fare in the country of . For Blue line, the fare ranges from to and for Line 2, its to .

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: After using the magnetic ticketing strip system from 1984 to 2011, Kolkata Metro introduced Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tokens by Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) in partnership with Keltron in August 2011. The old magnetic strip reader gates were replaced with new RFID readers.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Two new types of Tourist Smart Cards were also introduced (Tourist Smart Card – I and Tourist Smart Card – II). This type of smart card is for tourists and have unlimited rides. They cost , valid for a day and , valid for three days. A security deposit of is also charged.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: The metro railway runs special night-long services during Durga Puja (Maha Saptami to Maha Navami) to help people travel faster and more conveniently for pandal-hopping. The services start at 13:00 and operate till 04:00 the next day. Pre-puja services are also run.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: All stations are equipped with closed-circuit cameras, metal detectors and baggage scanners. The Railway Protection Force provides security in the premises. Smoking is strictly prohibited in the metro premises. All stations in the Green line have half-height and full-height platform screen doors for elevated and underground stations, respectively.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: All stations have televisions which telecast news and songs. WiFi was introduced at Park Street and Maidan metro station in 2016. Gradually, it was expanded to all the stations. The service is provided by Reliance Jio.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Most stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets and chemist stalls. To ease crowding for recharging smart cards, two Automatic Card recharge machines were installed at Dum Dum. On account of the "Swacchota–i–Seba" (in English, Cleanliness is service), a nationwide awareness and mobilization campaign on cleanliness, plastic bottle crushers were placed at multiple stations.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Kolkata Metro is the 2nd busiest metro system in India . Kolkata Metro carries around 7,00,00 people daily. The daily and annual ridership has consistently risen since 1984. After the completion of the whole corridor from Dum Dum to Mahanayak Uttam Kumar in 1995, there was a huge leap in ridership. Low fares and fast and convenient travel have contributed to the high ridership figures. During the 2019 Durga Puja, there was a record ridership of .

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: The rolling stock of Blue line uses broad gauge, a broad gauge track manufactured by Integral Coach Factory, Chennai (ICF), and the electrical components are manufactured by NGEF, Bengaluru. Initially, the rolling stock fleet was composed of four-car rakes. Over the years there has been considerable expansion to the network, both underground and on elevated sections. With the increase in traffic, an eight-car rake formation has become standard.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: There are four operational depots. The Noapara, Tollygunge and New Garia depots serve the Blue line, while the Central Park depot serves the Green line. A depot at Joka for Purple line and a yard at Airport for Yellow line are under construction.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: An upgrade of the existing signalling system of the North-South corridor from Indian Railways Signalling to Communication Based Train Control was planned by Metro Railway, Kolkata, at and the proposal was sent to Indian Railways, so that time interval between trains can be decreased to just 90 seconds from 5 minutes. In August 2019, Indian Railways gave a go-ahead to the proposal, and installation work is supposed to be complete within 2–3 years.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Unlike the previous line, the Green line adopted the more advanced Communications Based Train Control system. It has cab signalling and a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic operation, protection and signalling modules. The signalling system is provided by Italy-based company Ansaldo STS. The other signalling equipment includes an integrated system with fibre optic cable, SCADA, radios, and a public-address system.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: PA systems are present at all stations and their premises. A station master can make a necessary announcement to the passengers and staff, overriding the ongoing local announcement. Train PA systems are controlled by the motormen for announcements to passengers on the particular train.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Kolkata Metro

Context: Unlike Delhi Metro, Kolkata Metro is owned and operated by Indian Railways instead of an autonomous body, and it relies solely on Indian Railways for every decision, from funding to route realignment. The founder of Delhi Metro, E. Sreedharan, said Indian Railways are not experts at urban transport and misplanned the Kolkata Metro from the beginning, and he felt that a private company should run the metro and could bring it up to standard in five years.

Question: భారతదేశంలో మొదటగా మెట్రోరైలు ఏ రాష్ట్రంలో ప్రారంభమైంది?


Clinical death

Context: Clinical death is the medical term for cessation of blood circulation and breathing, the two criteria necessary to sustain the lives of human beings and of many other organisms. It occurs when the heart stops beating in a regular rhythm, a condition called cardiac arrest. The term is also sometimes used in resuscitation research.

Question: మనిషి చనిపోయాక ఏ అవయవం ఎక్కువ సమయం పనిచేస్తుంది?


Clinical death

Context: At the onset of clinical death, consciousness is lost within several seconds, and in dogs, measurable brain activity has been measured to stop within 20 to 40 seconds. Irregular gasping may occur during this early time period, and is sometimes mistaken by rescuers as a sign that CPR is not necessary. During clinical death, all tissues and organs in the body steadily accumulate a type of injury called ischemic injury.

Question: మనిషి చనిపోయాక ఏ అవయవం ఎక్కువ సమయం పనిచేస్తుంది?


Clinical death

Context: The brain, however, appears to accumulate ischemic injury faster than any other organ. Without special treatment after circulation is restarted, full recovery of the brain after more than 3 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature is rare. Usually brain damage or later brain death results after longer intervals of clinical death even if the heart is restarted and blood circulation is successfully restored. Brain injury is therefore the chief limiting factor for recovery from clinical death.

Question: మనిషి చనిపోయాక ఏ అవయవం ఎక్కువ సమయం పనిచేస్తుంది?


Clinical death

Context: Under laboratory conditions at normal body temperature, the longest period of clinical death of a cat (after complete circulatory arrest) survived with eventual return of brain function is one hour.

Question: మనిషి చనిపోయాక ఏ అవయవం ఎక్కువ సమయం పనిచేస్తుంది?