The Brothers Karamazov

Context: McDuff carries this literalism the furthest of any of the translators. In his "Brothers Karamazov" the odd, fussy tone of the narrator is well rendered in the preface...At times, indeed, the convoluted style might make the reader unfamiliar with Dostoevsky's Russian question the translator's command of English. More seriously, this literalism means that the dialogue is sometimes impossibly odd—and as a result rather dead...Such 'foreignizing' fidelity makes for difficult reading.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: Pevear and Volokhonsky, while they too stress the need to exhume the real, rough-edged Dostoevsky from the normalization practised by earlier translators, generally offer a rather more satisfactory compromise between the literal and the readable. In particular, their rendering of dialogue is often livelier and more colloquial than McDuff's...Elsewhere, it has to be said, the desire to replicate the vocabulary or syntax of the Russian results in unnecessary awkwardness and obscurity.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: In commenting on Ignat Avsey's translation, he writes: "His not entirely unprecedented choice of a more natural-sounding English formulation is symptomatic of his general desire to make his text English...His is an enjoyable version in the domesticating tradition."

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: A Russian 12-episode miniseries was produced in 2009, and is considered to be as close to the book as possible.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: The 2013 Japanese TV drama "Karamazov no Kyōdai" is an adaptation of the book set in modern-day Japan that was created by executive producer Sato Misato, screenwriters Ouka Shizuka and Takei Aya, and directors Tsuzuki Junichi, Murakami Shosuke, and Satō Genta.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: "The Grand Inquisitor" was adapted for British television as a one-hour drama titled "Inquisition". Starring Derek Jacobi as the inquisitor, it was first broadcast on Channel 5 on 22 December 2002.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


The Brothers Karamazov

Context: A 30-episode drama series named "Oulad El Moukhtar" ("Mokhtar's Sons") was produced by Nabil Ayouch for Al Aoula in 2020. The adaptation of the book is set in Morocco, with some aspects changed to resemble the local Moroccan culture.

Question: フョードル・ドストエフスキーがカラマーゾフの兄弟の執筆を始めたのはいつ


Peter Damian

Context: About 1035, however, he gave up his secular calling and, avoiding the compromised luxury of Cluniac monasteries, entered the isolated hermitage of Fonte Avellana, near Gubbio. Both as a novice and as a monk, his fervour was remarkable but led him to such extremes of self-mortification in penance that his health was affected, and he developed severe insomnia.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: Another innovation was that of the daily siesta, to make up for the fatigue of the night office. During his tenure of the priorate, a cloister was built, silver chalices and a silver processional cross were purchased, and many books were added to the library.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: Extending the area of his activities, he entered into communication with the Emperor Henry III. He was present in Rome when Clement II crowned Henry III and his consort Agnes, and he also attended a synod held at the Lateran in the first days of 1047, in which decrees were passed against simony.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: Damian's tract "De divina omnipotentia" is frequently misunderstood. Damian's purpose is to defend the "doctrine of omnipotence", which he defines as the ability of God to do anything that is good, e.g., God cannot lie. Toivo J. Holopainen identifies "De divina omnipotentia" as "an interesting document related to the early developments of medieval discussion concerning modalities and divine omnipotence." Peter also recognized that God can act outside time, as Gregory of Rimini later argued.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: During his illness the pope died, and Frédéric, abbot of Monte Cassino, was elected pope as Stephen IX. In the autumn of 1057, Stephen IX determined to make Damian a cardinal. For a long time, Damian resisted the offer, for he was more at ease as an itinerant hermit-preacher than a reformer from within the Curia, but was finally forced to accept, and was consecrated Cardinal Bishop of Ostia on 30 November 1057.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: Around the end of 1059, Peter was sent as legate to Milan by Pope Nicholas II. So bad was the state of things at Milan, that benefices (a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services) were openly bought and sold, and the clergy publicly married the women with whom they lived. The resistance of the clergy of Milan to the reform of Ariald the Deacon and Anselm of Lucca rendered a contest so bitter that an appeal was made to the Holy See.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: Nicholas II sent Damian and the Bishop of Lucca as his legates. The party of the irregular clerics took alarm and raised the cry that Rome had no authority over Milan. Peter boldly confronted the rioters in the cathedral and proved to them the authority of the Holy See with such effect that all parties submitted to his decision.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: He rendered valuable assistance to Pope Alexander II in his struggle with the antipope, Honorius II. In July 1061 Pope Nicholas II died and once more a schism ensued. Peter Damian used all his powers to persuade the antipope Cadalous to withdraw, but to no purpose. Finally Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne and acting regent in Germany, summoned a council at Augsburg at which a long argument by Peter Damian was read and greatly contributed to the decision in favour of Alexander II.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: In 1063 the pope held a synod at Rome, at which Peter Damian was appointed legate to settle the dispute between the Abbey of Cluny and the Bishop of Mâcon. He proceeded to France, summoned a council at Chalon-sur-Saône, proved the justice of the contentions of Cluny, settled other questions at issue in the church of France, and returned in the autumn to Fonte Avellana.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: Having served the papacy as legate to France and to Florence, he was allowed to resign his bishopric in 1067. After a period of retirement at Fonte Avellana, he proceeded in 1069 as papal legate to Germany, and persuaded the emperor Henry IV to give up his intention of divorcing his wife Bertha. He accomplished this task at a council in Frankfurt before returning to Fonte-Avellana.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: During his concluding years, he was not altogether in accord with the political ideas of Hildebrand. He died the year before Hildebrand became pope, as Gregory VII. "It removed from the scene the one man who could have restrained Gregory", Norman F. Cantor remarked ("Civilization of the Middle Ages", p 251).

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: His body has been moved six times. Since 1898, Peter Damian has rested in a chapel dedicated to the saint in the cathedral of Faenza. No formal canonization ever took place, but his cult has existed since his death at Faenza, at Fonte-Avellana, at Monte Cassino, and at Cluny.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: The saint is represented in art as a cardinal bearing a knotted rope (the "disciplina") in his hand; also sometimes he is depicted as a pilgrim holding a papal Bull, to signify his many legations.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Peter Damian

Context: Peter Damian's voluminous writings, including treatises (67 survive), letters, sermons, prayers, hymns and liturgical texts (though, in a departure from many early medieval monks, no biblical commentaries) reflect the spiritual conditions of Italy: the groundswell of intense personal piety that would overflow in the First Crusade at the end of the century, and his Latin abounds in denunciatory epithets.

Question: ペトルス・ダミアニはいつ聖人に認定された？


Wallachia

Context: In 1859, Wallachia united with Moldavia to form the United Principalities, which adopted the name "Romania" in 1866 and officially became the Kingdom of Romania in 1881. Later, following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the resolution of the elected representatives of Romanians in 1918, Bukovina, Transylvania as well as parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș were allocated to the Kingdom of Romania, thereby forming the modern Romanian state.

Question: ワラキア公国とはどこにありましたか？


Wallachia

Context: Contemporary historians estimate the population of Wallachia in the 15th century at 500,000 people. In 1859, the population of Wallachia was 2,400,921 (1,586,596 in Muntenia and 814,325 in Oltenia).

Question: ワラキア公国とはどこにありましたか？


Saitama Stadium 2002

Context: , often called or simply , is a football stadium located in Midori-ku, Saitama, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場の広さは？


Saitama Stadium 2002

Context: Currently, J1 League club Urawa Red Diamonds use this stadium for home games. It is the largest football-specific stadium in Japan and is one of the largest stadiums in Asia. It has hosted the semi-finals of both the 2002 FIFA World Cup and the football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics. It is also the home stadium of Japan national football team in almost every FIFA World Cup qualifying matches.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場の広さは？


Saitama Stadium 2002

Context: Built by Azusa Sekkei to host matches of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, construction was completed in September 2001. The stadium holds 63,700 people, although for segregation reasons league games hosted at the ground have a reduced capacity of 62,300. The Saitama Stadium hosted four matches during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, including co-host Japan's first match against Belgium.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場の広さは？


Saitama Stadium 2002

Context: Between 2005 and 2007, the Urawa Red Diamonds' local derby rival Omiya Ardija hosted matches here along with Urawa Komaba due to expansion of its home Ōmiya Park Soccer Stadium.

Question: さいたま市大宮公園サッカー場の広さは？


HD 5980

Context: HD 5980 is a multiple star system on the outskirts of NGC 346 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and is one of the brightest stars in the SMC.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: HD 5980 has at least three components among the most luminous stars known: the unusual primary has a Wolf–Rayet spectrum and has produced a luminous blue variable (LBV) outburst; the secondary, also a Wolf–Rayet star, forms an eclipsing spectroscopic binary with the primary star; and a more distant O-type supergiant is also likely to be a binary.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: HD 5980 was first recorded in 1901 as the first object in a list of southern sky objects having peculiar spectra. It was described as "Type V", referring to the Secchi class for stars with emission lines.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: Later observations detected spectral and brightness variations and eclipses, but it was thought to be a simple WR/OB binary. Absorption lines in the spectrum that did not move during the binary orbit eventually led to the conclusion that HD 5980 was a triple system with a close eclipsing binary and a more distant class O supergiant.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: In 1993, the spectrum began to change and the brightness increased, beginning a dramatic change that has been interpreted as a unique type of LBV eruption. Since then the star has been intensively observed and modelled.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: HD 5980 is visually a single star, but the spectrum reveals three hot luminous components. The physical parameters of the three stars are uncertain because of the difficulties of resolving their spectra, the partial eclipses, apparent intrinsic variations with the orbital phase, and the strong variability of at least one component. The calibration of spectral features to physical characters such as temperature has historically been complicated by the low metallicity of objects in the SMC.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: Prior to 1990, HD 5980 had not been observed to show significant variation beyond the regular eclipses. At that time it was known only as a WN+OB binary, but later analysis shows that the primary HD 5980A showed a spectrum similar to a WN3 star. The system had an apparent visual magnitude around 11.7 and the primary is calculated to be slightly the brightest of the three known components.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: Since the outburst, the brightness has dropped to about magnitude 11.3 and HD 5980 A shows a WN4/5 spectrum. One study suggests an increase of 3–6 times in luminosity to times that of the Sun () at its peak, but this may simply be due to different analysis techniques and others find a fairly consistent luminosity of .

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: An earlier outburst may have occurred around 1960 and a 40-year cycle is proposed. Micro-variations with a 30-minute timescale have also been observed when HD 5980A is in its quiescent phase. The causes of the large-amplitude variations and eruptions are not understood, but it is speculated that the large eruptions are triggered when the star expands sufficiently during a normal LBV outburst to force violent interaction with a close binary companion.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: Although HD 5980 is treated as an LBV, it does not follow the normal pattern which would be an effective temperature during outburst of around 8,500K and an A type spectrum. It is speculated that the close companion causes this particular star to exhibit the LBV-type instability at much higher temperatures. Romano's star and Var 83 may be similar, and the little-studied Var 2 is even hotter, all of them in M33.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: Component C is most likely a relatively normal O-type star. It has been variously classified from O4 to O7, tentatively as a supergiant. Thus it is only slightly evolved from the main sequence, most likely still fusing hydrogen at the core, and may follow a fairly typical single star evolutionary track. Its companion is unknown, but currently too distant to be a strong influence on its evolution.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


HD 5980

Context: Wolf–Rayet stars explode as type Ib/c core collapse supernovae when they have fused elements all the way to iron. Depending on the mass of the core at the time of collapse they will leave a black hole or neutron star remnant. SMC Wolf–Rayet stars are expected to be relatively massive and relatively short-lived, leaving behind black holes. They are also good candidates for gamma-ray bursts if they are rotating quickly enough.

Question: HD 5980を発見したのは誰


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In August 1955, Gorbachev started work at the Stavropol regional procurator's office, but disliked the job and used his contacts to get a transfer to work for Komsomol, becoming deputy director of Komsomol's agitation and propaganda department for that region. In this position, he visited villages in the area and tried to improve the lives of their inhabitants; he established a discussion circle in Gorkaya Balka village to help its peasant residents gain social contacts.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Gorbachev's main task as regional leader was to raise agricultural production levels, something hampered by severe droughts in 1975 and 1976.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Gorbachev had remained close to his parents; after his father became terminally ill in 1974, Gorbachev traveled to be with him in Privolnoe shortly before his death. His daughter, Irina, married fellow student Anatoly Virgansky in April 1978. In 1977, the Supreme Soviet appointed Gorbachev to chair the Standing Commission on Youth Affairs due to his experience with mobilizing young people in Komsomol.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Some in the party thought Gorbachev was not going far enough in his reforms; a prominent liberal critic was Yeltsin. He had risen rapidly since 1985, attaining the role of party secretary in Moscow. Like many members of the government, Gorbachev was skeptical of Yeltsin, believing that he engaged in too much self-promotion. Yeltsin was also critical of Gorbachev, regarding him as patronizing.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Gorbachev rejected the "Brezhnev Doctrine", the idea that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene militarily in other Marxist–Leninist countries if their governments were threatened. In December 1987 he announced the withdrawal of 500,000 Soviet troops from Central and Eastern Europe.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In August 1989, the Pan-European Picnic, which Otto von Habsburg planned as a test of Gorbachev, resulted in a large mass exodus of East German refugees. According to the Sinatra doctrine, the Soviet Union did not interfere and the media-informed Eastern European population realized that on the one hand their rulers were increasingly losing power and on the other hand the Iron Curtain was falling apart as a bracket for the Eastern Bloc.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: On 30 October, Gorbachev attended a conference in Madrid trying to revive the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. The event was co-sponsored by the U.S. and Soviet Union, one of the first examples of such cooperation between the two countries. There, he again met with Bush. En route home, he traveled to France where he stayed with Mitterrand at the latter's home near Bayonne.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In 1993, Gorbachev launched Green Cross International, which focused on encouraging sustainable futures, and then the World Political Forum. In 1995, he initiated the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In December 1999, Yeltsin resigned and was succeeded by his deputy, Vladimir Putin, who then won the March 2000 presidential election. Gorbachev attended Putin's inauguration ceremony in May, the first time he had entered the Kremlin since 1991.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In 2009, Gorbachev released "Songs for Raisa", an album of Russian romantic ballads, sung by him and accompanied by musician Andrei Makarevich, to raise money for a charity devoted to his late wife. That year he also met with U.S. President Barack Obama in efforts to "reset" strained U.S.-Russian relations, and attended an event in Berlin commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In 2011, an eightieth birthday gala for him was held at London's Royal Albert Hall, featuring tributes from Shimon Peres, Lech Wałęsa, Michel Rocard, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Proceeds from the event went to the Raisa Gorbachev Foundation. That year, Medvedev awarded him the Order of St Andrew the Apostle the First-Called.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In 2012, Putin announced that he was standing again as president, something Gorbachev was critical of. He complained that Putin's new measures had "tightened the screws" on Russia and that the president was trying to "completely subordinate society", adding that United Russia now "embodied the worst bureaucratic features of the Soviet Communist party".

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: After the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Gorbachev declared: "The storming of the capitol was clearly planned in advance, and it's obvious by whom." He did not clarify to whom he was referring; although, one could assume he was talking about then President Donald Trump. Gorbachev also stated that the attack "called into question the future fate of the United States as a nation".

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In an interview with Russian news agency TASS on 20 January 2021, Gorbachev said that relations between the United States and Russia are of "great concern", and called on U.S. President Joe Biden to begin talks with the Kremlin in order to make the two countries' "intentions and actions clearer" and "in order to normalize relations."

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: On 24 December 2021, Gorbachev said that the United States "grew arrogant and self-confident" after the collapse of the Soviet Union, resulting in "a new empire. Hence the idea of NATO expansion". He also endorsed the upcoming security talks between the United States and Russia, saying "I hope there will be a result".

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: By the mid-1980s, when Gorbachev took power, many analysts were arguing that the Soviet Union was declining to the status of a Third World country.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Gorbachev's political outlook was shaped by the 23 years he served as a party official in Stavropol. Doder and Branson thought that throughout most of his political career prior to becoming General Secretary, "his publicly expressed views almost certainly reflected a politician's understanding of what should be said, rather than his personal philosophy. Otherwise he could not have survived politically."

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Like many Russians, Gorbachev sometimes thought of the Soviet Union as being largely synonymous with Russia and in various speeches described it as "Russia"; in one incident he had to correct himself after calling the USSR "Russia" while giving a speech in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Taubman nevertheless thought Gorbachev remained a socialist. He described Gorbachev as "a true believer—not in the Soviet system as it functioned (or didn't) in 1985 but in its potential to live up to what he deemed its original ideals." He added that "until the end, Gorbachev reiterated his belief in socialism, insisting that it wasn't worthy of the name unless it was truly democratic."

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Reaching an adult height of , Gorbachev has a distinctive port-wine stain on the top of his head. By 1955 his hair was thinning, and by the late 1960s he was bald. Throughout the 1960s he struggled against obesity and dieted to control the problem; Doder and Branson characterized him as "stocky but not fat". He speaks in a southern Russian accent, and is known to sing both folk and pop songs.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: Doder and Branson thought Gorbachev "a Russian to the core, intensely patriotic as only people living in the border regions can be."

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In 2002, Gorbachev was awarded the Charles V Prize by the European Academy of Yuste Foundation. Gorbachev, together with Bill Clinton and Sophia Loren, were awarded the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for their recording of Sergei Prokofiev's 1936 "Peter and the Wolf" for Pentatone. In 2005, Gorbachev was awarded the Point Alpha Prize for his role in supporting German reunification.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Mikhail Gorbachev

Context: In the 2020/2021 Russian theatre season, the Theatre of Nations in Moscow in collaboration with Latvian theatre director Alvis Hermanis staged a production called "Gorbachev". Yevgeny Mironov and Chulpan Khamatova played the roles of Gorbachev and his wife Raisa, in a play focusing on their personal relationship.

Question: ミハイル・ゴルバチョフの所属政党は？


Economy of Africa

Context: The economy of Africa consists of the trade, industry, agriculture, and human resources of the continent. , approximately 1.3 billion people were living in 54 countries in Africa. Africa is a resource-rich continent. Recent growth has been due to growth in sales in commodities, services, and manufacturing. West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa and Southern Africa in particular, are expected to reach a combined GDP of $29 trillion by 2050.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: In March 2013, Africa was identified as the world's poorest inhabited continent; however, the World Bank expects that most African countries will reach "middle income" status (defined as at least US$1,025 per person a year) by 2025 if current growth rates continue.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: There are a number of reasons for Africa's poor economy: historically, even though Africa had a number of empires trading with many parts of the world, most people lived in tribal rural societies; in addition, European colonization and the later Cold War created political, economic and social instability.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: For millennia, Africa's economy has been diverse, driven by extensive trade routes that developed between cities and kingdoms. Some trade routes were overland, some involved navigating rivers, still others developed around port cities. Large African empires became wealthy due to their trade networks, for example Ancient Egypt, Nubia, Mali, Ashanti, the Oyo Empire and Ancient Carthage

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: A significant factor on economic development was the gain of human capital by the elite. Between the 14th and 20th century there can be observed that in regions with more elite violence and hence higher chances to die at a younger age the elite did not invest much in education. Therefore their numeracy (as a measure of human capital) tend to be lower than in less safe countries and vice versa. This can explain the difference in economic development between the African regions.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Following the independence of African countries during the 20th century, economic, political and social upheaval consumed much of the continent. An economic rebound among some countries has been evident in recent years, however.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: The dawn of the African economic boom (which is in place since the 2000s) has been compared to the Chinese economic boom that had emerged in Asia since late 1970s. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the world's fastest-growing economies.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Debt relief is being addressed by some international institutions in the interests of supporting economic development in Africa. In 1996, the UN sponsored the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, subsequently taken up by the IMF, World Bank and the African Development Fund (AfDF) in the form of the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). As of 2013, the initiative has given partial debt relief to 30 African countries.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Trade has driven much of the growth in Africa's economy in the early 21st century. China and India are increasingly important trade partners; 12.5% of Africa's exports are to China, and 4% are to India, which accounts for 5% of China's imports and 8% of India's. The Group of Five (Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and the United Arab Emirates) are another increasingly important market for Africa's exports.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Africa's economy—with expanding trade, English language skills (official in many Sub-Saharan countries), improving literacy and education, availability of splendid resources and cheaper labour force—is expected to continue to perform better into the future. Trade between Africa and China stood at US$166 billion in 2011.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: During the President of the United States Barack Obama's visit to Africa in July 2013, he announced a US$7 billion plan to further develop infrastructure and work more intensively with African heads of state. A new program named Trade Africa, designed to boost trade within the continent as well as between Africa and the U.S., was also unveiled by Obama.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Entrepreneurship is a key to growth. Governments will need to ensure business friendly regulatory environments in order to help foster innovation. In 2019, venture capital startup funding grew to 1.3 billion dollars, increasing rapidly. The causes are as of yet unclear, but education is certainly a factor.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: The seemingly intractable nature of Africa's poverty has led to debate concerning its root causes. Endemic warfare and unrest, widespread corruption, and despotic regimes are both causes and effects of the continued economic problems. The decolonization of Africa was fraught with instability aggravated by cold war conflict. Since the mid-20th century, the Cold War and increased corruption, poor governance, disease and despotism have also contributed to Africa's poor economy.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: According to The Economist, the most important factors are government corruption, political instability, socialist economics, and protectionist trade policy.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: According to the researchers at the Overseas Development Institute, the lack of infrastructure in many developing countries represents one of the most significant limitations to economic growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: It has been argued that infrastructure investments contributed to more than half of Africa's improved growth performance between 1990 and 2005 and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty. The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average 30–40% returns for telecommunications (ICT) investments, over 40% for electricity generation, and 80% for roads.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: In Africa, it is argued that to meet the MDGs by 2015, infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15% of GDP (around $93 billion a year). Currently, the source of financing varies significantly across sectors. Some sectors are dominated by state spending, others by overseas development aid (ODA) and yet others by private investors. In sub-Saharan Africa, the state spends around $9.4 billion out of a total of $24.9 billion.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Dependency theory asserts that the wealth and prosperity of the superpowers and their allies in Europe, North America and East Asia is dependent upon the poverty of the rest of the world, including Africa. Economists who subscribe to this theory believe that poorer regions must break their trading ties with the developed world in order to prosper.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Food shipments in case of dire local shortage are generally uncontroversial; but as Amartya Sen has shown, most famines involve a local lack of income rather than of food. In such situations, food aid—as opposed to financial aid—has the effect of destroying local agriculture and serves mainly to benefit Western agribusiness which are vastly overproducing food as a result of agricultural subsidies.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Historically, food aid is more highly correlated with excess supply in Western countries than with the needs of developing countries. Foreign aid has been an integral part of African economic development since the 1980s.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: The aid model has been criticized for supplanting trade initiatives. Growing evidence shows that foreign aid has made the continent poorer. One of the biggest critics of the aid development model is economist Dambisa Moyo (a Zambian economist based in the US), who introduced the Dead Aid model, which highlights how foreign aid has been a deterrent for local development.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Economic activity has rebounded across Africa. However, the pace of recovery was uneven among groups of countries and subregions. Oil-exporting countries generally expanded more strongly than oil-importing countries. West Africa and East Africa were the two best-performing subregions in 2010.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: The African Ministers of Trade agreed in 2010 to create a Pan-Africa Free Trade Zone. This would reduce countries' tariffs on imports and increase intra-African trade, and it is hoped, the diversification of the economy overall.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Because Africa's export portfolio remains predominantly based on raw material, its export earnings are contingent on commodity price fluctuations. This exacerbates the continent's susceptibility to external shocks and bolsters the need for export diversification. Trade in services, mainly travel and tourism, continued to rise in year 2012, underscoring the continent's strong potential in this sphere.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Ticks are a constant pressure on the continent's livestock. Although acaricides have been commonly used by farmers here, they are becoming less effective. Tick vaccines are under development and may fill this void.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Only South Africa is using nuclear power commercially.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for African businesses. Although it has many ports, a lack of supporting transportation infrastructure adds 30–40% to costs, in contrast to Asian ports.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Many large infrastructure projects are underway across Africa. By far, most of these projects are in the production and transportation of electric power. Many other projects include paved highways, railways, airports, and other construction.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Telecommunications infrastructure is also a growth area in Africa. Although Internet penetration lags other continents, it has still reached 9%. As of 2011, it was estimated that 500,000,000 mobile phones of all types were in use in Africa, including 15,000,000 "smart phones".

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: This hope in manufacturing and industry is helped by the boom in communications technology and local mining industry in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Namibia has attracted industrial investments in recent years and South Africa has begun offering tax incentives to attract foreign direct investment projects in manufacturing.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Countries such as Mauritius have plans for developing new "green technology" for manufacturing. Developments such as this have huge potential to open new markets for African countries as the demand for alternative "green" and clean technology is predicted to soar in the future as global oil reserves dry up and fossil fuel-based technology becomes less economically viable.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: The manufacturing sector is small but growing in East Africa. The main industries are textile and clothing, leather processing, agribusiness, chemical products, electronics and vehicles. East African countries like Uganda also produce motorcycles for the domestic market.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Africa's US$107 billion financial services industry will log impressive growth for the rest of the decade as more banks target the continent's emerging middle class. The banking sector has been experiencing record growth, among others due to various technological innovations.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: China and India have showed increasing interest in emerging African economies in the 21st century. Reciprocal investment between Africa and China increased dramatically in recent years amidst the current world financial crisis.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: The increased investment in Africa by China has attracted the attention of the European Union and has provoked talks of competitive investment by the EU. Members of the African diaspora abroad, especially in the EU and the United States, have increased efforts to use their businesses to invest in Africa and encourage African investment abroad in the European economy.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Angola has announced interests in investing in the EU, Portugal in particular. South Africa has attracted increasing attention from the United States as a new frontier of investment in manufacture, financial markets and small business, as has Liberia in recent years under their new leadership.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: There are two African currency unions: the West African Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) and the Central African Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC). Both use the CFA franc as their legal tender. The idea of a single currency union across Africa has been floated, and plans exist to have it established by 2020, though many issues, such as bringing continental inflation rates below 5 percent, remain hurdles in its finalization.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: As of 2012, Africa has 23 stock exchanges, twice as many as it had 20 years earlier. Nonetheless, African stock exchanges still account for less than 1% of the world's stock exchange activity. The top ten stock exchanges in Africa by stock capital are (amounts are given in billions of United States dollars):

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Economy of Africa

Context: Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock exchanges of 13 African countries.

Question: アフリカで2018年度一番ＧＤＰが高かった国はどこ


Livonian War

Context: The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia), when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.

Question: リヴォニア戦争開戦時におけるスウェーデン王国の国王は誰？


Livonian War

Context: Some members of the Lithuanian nobility opposed the growing Polish–Lithuanian union and offered the Lithuanian crown to Ivan IV. The Tsar publicly advertised this option, either because he took the offer seriously, or because he needed time to strengthen his Livonian troops. Throughout 1561, a Russo-Lithuanian truce (with a scheduled expiration date of 1562) was respected by both sides.

Question: リヴォニア戦争開戦時におけるスウェーデン王国の国王は誰？


Livonian War

Context: Batory received only few soldiers from his Polish vassals and was forced to recruit mercenaries, primarily Poles, Hungarians, Bohemians, Germans, and Wallachians. A separate Szekler brigade fought in Livonia.

Question: リヴォニア戦争開戦時におけるスウェーデン王国の国王は誰？


Livonian War

Context: The Danish province of Øsel was ceded to Sweden under the 1645 Treaty of Brömsebro, which ended the Torstenson War, one theatre of the Thirty Years' War. It was retained after the Peace of Oliva and the Treaty of Copenhagen, both in 1660. The situation remained unchanged until 1710 when Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Russia during the Great Northern War, an action formalised in the Treaty of Nystad (1721).

Question: リヴォニア戦争開戦時におけるスウェーデン王国の国王は誰？


John Stuart Mill

Context: John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, Member of Parliament (MP) and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy. Dubbed "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century", he conceived of liberty as justifying the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state and social control.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham. He contributed to the investigation of scientific methodology, though his knowledge of the topic was based on the writings of others, notably William Whewell, John Herschel, and Auguste Comte, and research carried out for Mill by Alexander Bain. He engaged in written debate with Whewell.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: A member of the Liberal Party and author of the early feminist work "The Subjection of Women", Mill was also the second Member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage after Henry Hunt in 1832.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill was a notably precocious child. He describes his education in his autobiography. At the age of three he was taught Greek. By the age of eight, he had read "Aesop's Fables", Xenophon's "Anabasis", and the whole of Herodotus, and was acquainted with Lucian, Diogenes Laërtius, Isocrates and six dialogues of Plato. He had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught arithmetic, physics and astronomy.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: As a nonconformist who refused to subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, Mill was not eligible to study at the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge. Instead he followed his father to work for the East India Company, and attended University College, London, to hear the lectures of John Austin, the first Professor of Jurisprudence. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1856.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill died in 1873, thirteen days before his 67th birthday, of erysipelas in Avignon, France, where his body was buried alongside his wife's.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill's "On Liberty" (1859) addresses the nature and limits of the power that can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual. Mill's idea is that only if a democratic society follows the Principle of Liberty can its political and social institutions fulfill their role of shaping national character so that its citizens can realise the permanent interests of people as progressive beings (Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy; p 289).

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill states the Principle of Liberty as: "the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection". "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant."

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: One way to read Mill's Principle of Liberty as a principle of public reason is to see it excluding certain kinds of reasons from being taken into account in legislation, or in guiding the moral coercion of public opinion. (Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy; p. 291). These reasons include those founded in other persons good; reasons of excellence and ideals of human perfection; reasons of dislike or disgust, or of preference.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: The question of what counts as a self-regarding action and what actions, whether of omission or commission, constitute harmful actions subject to regulation, continues to exercise interpreters of Mill. He did not consider giving offence to constitute "harm"; an action could not be restricted because it violated the conventions or morals of a given society.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill believed that "the struggle between Liberty and Authority is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history." For him, liberty in antiquity was a "contest…between subjects, or some classes of subjects, and the government."

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: However, in Mill's view, limiting the power of government was not enough:Society can and does execute its own mandates: and if it issues wrong mandates instead of right, or any mandates at all in things with which it ought not to meddle, it practises a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill's view on liberty, which was influenced by Joseph Priestley and Josiah Warren, is that individuals ought to be free to do as they wished unless they caused harm to others. Individuals are rational enough to make decisions about their well being. Government should interfere when it is for the protection of society. Mill explained:

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: At the beginning of the 20th century, Associate justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. made the standard of "clear and present danger" based on Mill's idea. In the majority opinion, Holmes writes:

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Holmes suggested that falsely shouting out "Fire!" in a dark theatre, which evokes panic and provokes injury, would be such a case of speech that creates an illegal danger. But if the situation allows people to reason by themselves and decide to accept it or not, any argument or theology should not be blocked.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Nowadays, Mill's argument is generally accepted by many democratic countries, and they have laws at least guided by the harm principle. For example, in American law some exceptions limit free speech such as obscenity, defamation, breach of peace, and "fighting words".

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: In 1850, Mill sent an anonymous letter (which came to be known under the title "The Negro Question"), in rebuttal to Thomas Carlyle's anonymous letter to "Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country" in which Carlyle argued for slavery. Mill supported abolishing slavery in the United States, expressing his opposition to slavery in his essay of 1869, "The Subjection of Women":

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: With this, Mill can be considered among the earliest male proponents of gender equality, having been recruited by American feminist, John Neal during his stay in London circa 1825–1827. His book "The Subjection of Women" (1861, publ.1869) is one of the earliest written on this subject by a male author. In "The Subjection of Women", Mill attempts to make a case for perfect equality.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill's view of opportunity stands out in its reach, but even more so for the population he foresees who could benefit from it. Mill was hopeful of the autonomy such an education could allow for its recipients and especially for women. Through the consequential sophistication and knowledge attained, individuals are able to properly act in ways that recedes away from those leading towards overpopulation.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: This stands directly in contrast with the view held by many of Mill’s contemporaries and predecessors who viewed such inclusive programs to be counter intuitive. Aiming such help at marginalized groups, such as the poor and working class, would only serve to reward them with the opportunity to move to a higher status, thus encouraging greater fertility which at its extreme could lead to overproduction.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: He talks about the role of women in marriage and how it must be changed. Mill comments on three major facets of women's lives that he felt are hindering them:

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: He argues that the oppression of women was one of the few remaining relics from ancient times, a set of prejudices that severely impeded the progress of humanity. As a Member of Parliament, Mill introduced an unsuccessful amendment to the Reform Bill to substitute the word "person" in place of "man".

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: The canonical statement of Mill's utilitarianism can be found in his book, "Utilitarianism". Although this philosophy has a long tradition, Mill's account is primarily influenced by Jeremy Bentham and Mill's father James Mill.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: This made Mill believe that "our only ultimate end" is happiness. One unique part of his utilitarian view, that is not seen in others, is the idea of higher and lower pleasures. Mill explains the different pleasures as:

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: He defines higher pleasures as mental, moral, and aesthetic pleasures, and lower pleasures as being more sensational. He believed that higher pleasures should be seen as preferable to lower pleasures since they have a greater quality in virtue. He holds that pleasures gained in activity are of a higher quality than those gained passively.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: In the General Remarks portion of his essay, he speaks how next to no progress has been made when it comes to judging what is right and what is wrong of morality and if there is such a thing as moral instinct (which he argues that there may not be). However, he agrees that in general "Our moral faculty, according to all those of its interpreters who are entitled to the name of thinkers, supplies us only with the general principles of moral judgments".

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill believed that for the majority of people (those with but a moderate degree of sensibility and of capacity for enjoyment) happiness is best achieved en passant, rather than striving for it directly. This meant no self-consciousness, scrutiny, self-interrogation, dwelling on, thinking about,

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: imagining or questioning on one's happiness. Then, if otherwise fortunately circumstanced, one would "inhale happiness with the air you breathe."

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill's early economic philosophy was one of free markets. However, he accepted interventions in the economy, such as a tax on alcohol, if there were sufficient utilitarian grounds. He also accepted the principle of legislative intervention for the purpose of animal welfare. He originally believed that "equality of taxation" meant "equality of sacrifice" and that progressive taxation penalized those who worked harder and saved more and was therefore "a mild form of robbery".

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill's "Principles", first published in 1848, was one of the most widely read of all books on economics in the period. As Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" had during an earlier period, "Principles" came to dominate economics teaching. In the case of Oxford University it was the standard text until 1919, when it was replaced by Marshall's "Principles of Economics".

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: In Karl Marx's critique of political economy, he mentioned Mill in the Grundrisse. Marx claimed that Mills thinking posited the categories of capital in an ahistorical fashion.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill is one of the few political philosophers ever to serve in government as an elected official. In his three years in Parliament, he was more willing to compromise than the "radical" principles expressed in his writing would lead one to expect.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Inheritance of capital and wealth plays a large role in development of inequality, because it provides greater opportunity for those receiving the inheritance. Mill's solution to inequality of wealth brought about by inheritance was to implement a greater tax on inheritances, because he believed the most important authoritative function of the government is Taxation, and taxation judiciously implemented could promote equality.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: Mill demonstrated an early insight into the value of the natural world—in particular in Book IV, chapter VI of "Principles of Political Economy": "Of the Stationary State" in which Mill recognised wealth beyond the material, and argued that the logical conclusion of unlimited growth was destruction of the environment and a reduced quality of life. He concludes that a stationary state could be preferable to unending economic growth:

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: I cannot, therefore, regard the stationary states of capital and wealth with the unaffected aversion so generally manifested towards it by political economists of the old school.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: If the earth must lose that great portion of its pleasantness which it owes to things that the unlimited increase of wealth and population would extirpate from it, for the mere purpose of enabling it to support a larger, but not a better or a happier population, I sincerely hope, for the sake of posterity, that they will be content to be stationary, long before necessity compel them to it.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


John Stuart Mill

Context: According to Mill, the ultimate tendency in an economy is for the rate of profit to decline due to diminishing returns in agriculture and increase in population at a Malthusian rate.

Question: ジョン・スチュアート・ミルは何歳で死去した


Jacob Jordaens

Context: In 1635–40, when Rubens was ill from gout, Jordaens was commissioned to use Rubens' sketches, and work on the decorations for the triumphal entry of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, the new Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, for his arrival in Antwerp in 1635. Although the works are lost, Jordaens was commissioned in 1639–40 by Charles I of England to finish decorating the Queen's House at Greenwich, a commission which was originally given to Rubens, who was unable to execute due to his poor health.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: Jordaens also played his part in a collaborative effort to decorate the Torre de la Parada, done between 1636 and 1681. Two works in the series attributed to Jordaens are "Apollo and Pan" (1637), made after a sketch by Rubens, and "Vertummus and Pomona" (1638). Further contributions debated include "Fall of the Titans", "Marriage of Peleus and Thetis", and "Cadmus Sowing the Dragons Teeth". In 1661, he was asked to paint three, fairly large lunettes for the newly constructed Amsterdam Town Hall.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: At the end of Jordaens' career between 1652 and 1678 his creative and artistic ability had deteriorated. He moved from vibrant colours to a gray-blue palette, accented at times with a dull brown, and applied paint so thinly that the canvas could be seen. However, there were few exceptions to this (such as the aforementioned religious paintings he produced after he had converted to Protestantism), most notable being the "History of Psyche" that he did for his own house.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: The Protestant religion was forbidden in Antwerp, which at the time was still Spanish-occupied territory. Towards the end of his lifetime Jordaens converted to Reformed Protestantism, but continued to accept commissions to decorate Catholic churches. Jordaens was fined 200 pounds and 15 shillings for scandalous or heretical writings between 1651 and 1658.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: Jordaens died of the mysterious Antwerp disease ('zweetziekte' or 'polderkoorts' in Dutch) in October 1678, which, on the same day, also killed his unmarried daughter Elizabeth, who had lived with him. Their bodies were buried together under one tombstone in the Protestant cemetery at Putte, a village just north of the Belgium border, where his wife Catharina had been put to rest earlier.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: A monument was erected in Putte in 1877, dedicated to and containing the tombstones of Jordaens and two of his painting colleagues, Simon de Pape (I) and Adriaan van Stalbemt. It stands on the location of the little Protestant church and cemetery, both of which were demolished years earlier. The bust on top of the monument was made by Jef Lambeaux.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: "The Adoration of the Shepherds" (1616, 1618) depicts the Virgin Mary preparing to suckle the Christ Child while He is adored by Flemish-looking shepherds. The scene is limited to five figures who, with the exception of Christ, are shown in half length emphasizing the intimacy of the scene.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: Jordaens painted at least six other renditions of the "Adoration of the Shepherds." He usually grouped these half-length figures closely together and cropped the scene so that the viewer focused their attention solely on the figures. This compositional approach sought to intensify the narrative and accentuate the characters' expression.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: Inspired by Ruebens, Jordaens painted his iconoclastic duplicate in oils on an canvas in 1620. Currently housed at The National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo, the Flemish painting depicts the tale found in the Book of Genesis.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: This image illustrates Herodotus's version of the tale of Gyges. The moral of this story is the duty of a husband to protect his wife. When he violates that duty tragedy will result; in this case Candaules dies. Jordaens chose this story for his interest in its moral lesson.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: The particular moment which Jordaens depicts in his painting is when Nyssia, having finished disrobing, is getting into bed, and has not yet detected her violation. Both men are shown watching from hiding, a departure from the original story as told by Herodotus.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: Jordaens placed the scene inside bedroom, complete with a dog, and toilet items, integrated around the furniture and figures.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: Characteristic of Jordaens' artistic style is the use of tenebrism and chiaroscuro to create dramatic lighting, which illuminates Nyssia in the scene, highlighting her shoulders and buttocks. Jordaens creates a sense of naturalism with the depiction of the dog seated in the left foreground on the stool.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: This is one of the first examples of RA-like findings in Dutch art. Little evidence of rheumatoid arthritis like disease was noted in art or skeletal remains before the 17th century in Europe and Northern Africa. Findings suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis appear in 17th century Dutch art. Detail from "La Familia de Jordaens en un Jardín" by Jacob Jordaens show swelling of the metacarpal-phalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: "Mercury and Argus", painted circa 1620, depicts the a scene from the story of Mercury, Argus, and Io, found in "The Metamorphoses" written by Ovid (I, 583; IX, 687).

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


Jacob Jordaens

Context: The drawing done for the tapestry "Interior of a Kitchen" is an example of a part of the process used by Jacob Jordaens. He has used brown ink and applied colour over black chalk on paper to layout the still life on a table and how the figures were to be arranged. The final tapestry underwent changes, but the initial design which borrowed elements of still life paintings by the seventeenth century Antwerp artist Frans Snyders, was fairly closely adhered to.

Question: ヤーコブ・ヨルダーンスの出身階級は？


George Mikan

Context: Mikan had an extremely successful playing career, winning seven NBL, BAA, and NBA championships in nine seasons, an NBA All-Star Game MVP trophy, and three scoring titles. He was a member of the first four NBA All-Star games, and the first six All-BAA and All-NBA Teams. Mikan was so dominant that he prompted several significant rule changes in the NBA, including the introduction of the goaltending rule, the widening of the foul lane—known as the "Mikan Rule"—and the creation of the shot clock.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: After his playing career, Mikan became one of the founders of the American Basketball Association (ABA), serving as commissioner of the league. He was instrumental in forming the Minnesota Timberwolves. In his later years, Mikan was involved in a long-standing legal battle against the NBA, to increase the meager pensions of players who had retired before the league became lucrative. In 2005, Mikan died of complications from chronic diabetes.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: For his accomplishments, Mikan was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959, made the 25th, 35th, 50th and 75th NBA anniversary teams. Since April 2001, a statue of Mikan shooting his trademark hook shot stands at the entrance of the Timberwolves' Target Center.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: As a boy, Mikan shattered one of his knees so badly that he was kept in bed for a year and a half. In 1938, Mikan attended the Chicago Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary and originally wanted to be a priest, but then moved back home to finish at Joliet Catholic. Mikan did not seem destined to become an athlete. When Mikan entered Chicago's DePaul University in 1942, he stood 6' 10", weighed 245 pounds, moved awkwardly because of his frame, and wore thick glasses for his nearsightedness.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: In his first season with the Lakers, Mikan led the league in scoring with 1,195 points, becoming the only NBL player to score more than 1,000 points in an NBL season. Following the regular season, he was named the leagues MVP. and the Lakers won the NBL title. In April 1948, he led the Lakers to victory in the World Professional Basketball Tournament where he was named MVP after scoring a tournament-record 40 points against the New York Renaissance in the title-clinching game.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: The following year, the Lakers and three other NBL franchises jumped to the fledgling Basketball Association of America. Mikan led his new league in scoring, and again set a single-season scoring record. The Lakers defeated the Washington Capitols in the 1949 BAA Finals.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: During the 1952–53 NBA season, Mikan averaged 20.6 points and a career-high 14.4 rebounds per game, the highest in the league, as well as 2.9 assists per game. In the 1953 NBA All-Star Game, Mikan was dominant again with 22 points and 16 rebounds, winning that game's MVP Award. The Lakers made the 1953 NBA Finals, and again defeated the Knicks 4–1.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: In 1967, Mikan returned to professional basketball, becoming the first commissioner of the American Basketball Association, a rival league to the NBA. In order to lure basketball fans to his league, Mikan invented the league's characteristic red-white-and-blue ABA ball, which he thought more patriotic, better suited for TV, and more crowd-pleasing than the brown NBA ball, and instituted the three-point line. Mikan resigned from the ABA in 1969.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: In the mid-1980s, Mikan headed a task force with a goal of returning professional basketball to Minneapolis, decades after the Lakers had moved to Los Angeles to become the Los Angeles Lakers, and after the ABA's Minnesota Muskies and Minnesota Pipers had departed. This bid was successful, leading to the inception of a new franchise in the 1989–90 NBA season, the Minnesota Timberwolves.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: In 1994, Mikan became the part-owner and chairman of the board of the Chicago Cheetahs, a professional roller hockey team based in Chicago, that played in Roller Hockey International. The franchise folded after their second season.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: In 1947, he married his girlfriend, Patricia, and they remained together for 58 years until his death. The couple had six children, sons Larry, Terry, Patrick and Michael, and daughters Trisha and Maureen. All his life, Mikan was universally seen as the prototypical "gentle giant", tough and relentless on the court, but friendly and amicable in private life. He was also the older brother of Ed Mikan, another basketball player for DePaul, the BAA, and the Philadelphia Warriors of the NBA.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: Mikan died in Scottsdale, Arizona, on June 1, 2005, of complications from diabetes and other ailments. His son Terry reported that his father had undergone dialysis three times a week, four hours a day, for the last five years.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: Mikan became so dominant that the NBA had to change its rules of play in order to reduce his influence, such as widening the lane from six to twelve feet ("The Mikan Rule"). He also played a role in the introduction of the shot clock; and in the NCAA, his dominating play around the basket led to the outlawing of defensive goaltending. Mikan was a harbinger of the NBA's future, which would be dominated by tall, powerful players.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


George Mikan

Context: As an official, Mikan is also directly responsible for the ABA three-point line which was later adopted by the NBA; the existence of the Minnesota Timberwolves; and the multi-colored ABA ball, which still lives on as the "money ball" in the NBA All-Star Three-Point Contest.

Question: ジョージ・ローレンス・マイカンが最初にプレーしたＮＢＡチームはどこ？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Apples contain on average per serving about eight times the amount of proanthocyanidin found in wine, with some of the highest amounts found in the Red Delicious and Granny Smith varieties.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: An extract of maritime pine bark called Pycnogenol bears 65-75 percent proanthocyanidins (procyanidins). Thus a 100 mg serving would contain 65 to 75 mg of proanthocyanidins (procyanidins).

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: The seed testas of field beans ("Vicia faba") contain proanthocyanidins that affect the digestibility in piglets and could have an inhibitory activity on enzymes. "Cistus salviifolius" also contains oligomeric proanthocyanidins.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Condensed tannins may be characterised by a number of techniques including depolymerisation, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation or small-angle X-ray scattering.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: DMACA is a dye that is particularly useful for localization of proanthocyanidin compounds in plant histology. The use of the reagent results in blue staining. It can also be used to titrate proanthocyanidins.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis allows separation of monomers from larger proanthocyanidin molecules.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Monomers of proanthocyanidins can be characterized by analysis with HPLC and mass spectrometry. Condensed tannins can undergo acid-catalyzed cleavage in the presence of a nucleophile like phloroglucinol (reaction called phloroglucinolysis), thioglycolic acid (thioglycolysis), benzyl mercaptan or cysteamine (processes called thiolysis) leading to the formation of oligomers that can be further analyzed.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Oligomeric proanthocyanidins can be extracted via "Vaccinium pahalae" from "in vitro" cell culture. The US Department of Agriculture maintains a database of botanical and food sources of proanthocyanidins.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: In nature, proanthocyanidins serve among other chemical and induced defense mechanisms against plant pathogens and predators, such as occurs in strawberries.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Proanthocyanidin has low bioavailability, with 90% remaining unabsorbed from the intestines until metabolized by gut flora to the more bioavailable metabolites.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Condensed tannins can undergo acid-catalyzed cleavage in the presence of (or an excess of) a nucleophile like phloroglucinol (reaction called phloroglucinolysis), benzyl mercaptan (reaction called thiolysis), thioglycolic acid (reaction called thioglycolysis) or cysteamine. Flavan-3-ol compounds used with methanol produce short-chain procyanidin dimers, trimers, or tetramers which are more absorbable.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: In general, reactions are made in methanol, especially thiolysis, as benzyl mercaptan has a low solubility in water. They involve a moderate (50 to 90 °C) heating for a few minutes. Epimerisation may happen.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Phloroglucinolysis can be used for instance for proanthocyanidins characterisation in wine or in the grape seed and skin tissues.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Thioglycolysis can be used to study proanthocyanidins or the oxidation of condensed tannins. It is also used for lignin quantitation. Reaction on condensed tannins from Douglas fir bark produces epicatechin and catechin thioglycolates.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: Condensed tannins from "Lithocarpus glaber" leaves have been analysed through acid-catalyzed degradation in the presence of cysteamine.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: A 2017 systematic review concluded that cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of UTIs, indicating that cranberry products may be effective particularly for individuals with recurrent infections. In 2019, the American Urological Association released guidelines stating that a moderate level of evidence supports the use of cranberry products containing PACs for possible prevention from recurrent UTIs.

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: In red wines, total OPC content, including flavan-3-ols ("catechins"), was substantially higher (177  mg/L) than that in white wines (9  mg/L).

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Proanthocyanidin

Context: "Current evidence is insufficient to support Pycnogenol(®) use for the treatment of any chronic disorder. Well-designed, adequately powered trials are needed to establish the value of this treatment."

Question: 赤ワインのポリフェノールの含有量はいくらですか？


Coming of Age Day

Context: is a Japanese holiday held annually on the second Monday of January. It is held in order to congratulate and encourage all those who have reached or will reach the age of maturity (20 years old) between April 2 of the previous year and April 1 of the current year, and to help them realise that they have become adults. Festivities include held at local and prefectural offices, as well as after-parties among family and friends.

Question: 成人式で男性は主に何を着る？


Coming of Age Day

Context: Coming of age ceremonies have been celebrated in Japan since at least 714 CE, during the reign of Empress Genmei when a young prince donned new robes and a hairstyle to mark his passage into adulthood. The holiday was first established in 1948, to be held every year on January 15. In 2000, as a result of the Happy Monday System, Coming of Age Day was changed to the second Monday in January.

Question: 成人式で男性は主に何を着る？


Coming of Age Day

Context: The ceremony often takes place in the city hall or school's gyms. There are some special cases such as the ceremony having been held at Tokyo Disneyland since 2002.

Question: 成人式で男性は主に何を着る？


Coming of Age Day

Context: New adults are the ones who will welcome their birthdays during the year between the next day of the last coming of age day and the next coming of age day. Citizens were initially asked to take place in the ceremony held after the 20th birthday. It changed to the school-age method since the Happy Monday System was released due to an issue of younger individuals who participated in the ceremony with other strangers.

Question: 成人式で男性は主に何を着る？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: The Battle of Brandy Station, also called the Battle of Fleetwood Hill, was the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the American Civil War, as well as the largest ever to take place on American soil. It was fought on June 9, 1863, around Brandy Station, Virginia, at the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign by the Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton against Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's Confederate cavalry.

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: Union commander Pleasonton launched a surprise dawn attack on Stuart's cavalry at Brandy Station. After an all-day fight in which fortunes changed repeatedly, the Federals retired without discovering Gen. Robert E. Lee's infantry camped near Culpeper. This battle marked the end of the Confederate cavalry's dominance in the East. From this point in the war, the Federal cavalry gained strength and confidence.

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: Around Brandy Station, Stuart's force of about 9,500 men consisted of five cavalry brigades, commanded by Brig. Gens. Wade Hampton, W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee, Beverly H. Robertson, William E. "Grumble" Jones, and Colonel Thomas T. Munford (commanding Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's brigade while Lee was stricken with a bout of rheumatism), plus the six-battery Stuart Horse Artillery, commanded by Major Robert F. Beckham.

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: While Jones and Hampton withdrew from their initial positions to fight at Fleetwood Hill, Rooney Lee continued to confront Buford, falling back to the northern end of the hill. Reinforced by Fitzhugh Lee's brigade, Rooney Lee launched a counterattack against Buford at the same time as Pleasonton had called for a general withdrawal near sunset, and the ten-hour battle was over.

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: Stuart argued that the battle was a Confederate victory since he held the field at the end of the day and had repelled Pleasonton's attack. The Southern press was generally negative about the outcome. The "Richmond Enquirer" wrote that "Gen. Stuart has suffered no little in public estimation by the late enterprises of the enemy." The "Richmond Examiner" described Stuart's command as "puffed up cavalry," that suffered the "consequences of negligence and bad management."

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: Subordinate officers criticized Pleasonton for not aggressively defeating Stuart at Brandy Station. Maj. Gen. Hooker had ordered Pleasonton to "disperse and destroy" the Confederate cavalry near Culpeper, but Pleasonton claimed that he had only been ordered to make a "reconnaissance in force toward Culpeper," thus rationalizing his actions.

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: For the first time in the Civil War, Union cavalry matched the Confederate horsemen in skill and determination. Stuart falling victim to two surprise attacks, which cavalry was supposed to prevent, foreshadowed other embarrassments ahead for him in the Gettysburg campaign.

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: In 2022, Virginia agreed to accept 1700 acres from the Trust and purchase up to 800 additional acres to form the Culpeper Battlefields State Park. The Park is scheduled to open July 1, 2024.

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Battle of Brandy Station

Context: Nancy C. James, former rector of Christ Church, Brandy Station (the diocese rebuilding St. James Episcopal Church nearby and renaming it) and nearby Emmanuel Church, Rapidan, wrote a book describing some of the parish and civic unrest during the 1990-era development controversy, which included reburying at least one previously unidentified Civil War soldier whose original coffin had been made from pews of the destroyed church.

Question: ブランディステーションの戦いで参加した兵士の総数は？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: Since its publication, the book has attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from an obscenity trial in the United States in 1921 to protracted textual "Joyce Wars". The novel's stream of consciousness technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose—replete with puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterisation and broad humour have led it to be regarded as one of the greatest literary works in history; Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: The action of the novel moves from one side of Dublin Bay to the other, opening in Sandycove to the South of the city and closing on Howth Head to the North.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: "Ulysses" is divided into the three books (marked I, II, and III) and 18 episodes. The episodes do not have chapter headings or titles, and are numbered only in Gabler's edition. In the various editions the breaks between episodes are indicated in different ways; e.g., in the Modern Language edition each episode begins at the top of a new page.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: At first glance, much of the book may appear unstructured and chaotic; Joyce once said that he had "put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant", which would earn the novel immortality. The schemata Stuart Gilbert and Herbert Gorman released after publication to help defend Joyce from obscenity accusations made the links to "The Odyssey" clearer, and also helped explain the work's structure.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: Joyce divides "Ulysses" into 18 episodes that "roughly correspond to the episodes in Homer's "Odyssey"". Homer's "Odyssey" is divided into 24 books (sections).

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: At the office of the "Freeman's Journal", Bloom attempts to place an ad. Although initially encouraged by the editor, he is unsuccessful. Stephen arrives bringing Deasy's letter about foot and mouth disease, but Stephen and Bloom do not meet. Stephen leads the editor and others to a pub, relating an anecdote on the way about 'two Dublin vestals'. The episode is broken into short segments by newspaper-style headlines, and is characterised by an abundance of rhetorical figures and devices.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: In this episode, nineteen short vignettes depict the movements of various characters, major and minor, through the streets of Dublin. The episode begins by following Father Conmee, a Jesuit priest, on his trip north, and ends with an account of the cavalcade of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, William Ward, Earl of Dudley, through the streets, which is encountered by several characters from the novel.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: In this episode, dominated by motifs of music, Bloom has dinner with Stephen's uncle at the Ormond hotel, while Molly's lover, Blazes Boylan, proceeds to his rendezvous with her. While dining, Bloom listens to the singing of Stephen's father and others, watches the seductive barmaids, and composes a reply to Martha Clifford's letter.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: Bloom takes Stephen to a cabman's shelter near Butt Bridge to restore him to his senses. There, they encounter a drunken sailor, D. B. Murphy (W. B. Murphy in the 1922 text). The episode is dominated by the motif of confusion and mistaken identity, with Bloom, Stephen and Murphy's identities being repeatedly called into question. The narrative's rambling and laboured style in this episode reflects the protagonists' nervous exhaustion and confusion.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: The publication history of "Ulysses" is complex. There have been at least 18 editions, and variations in different impressions of each edition.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: According to Joyce scholar Jack Dalton, the first edition of "Ulysses" contained over 2,000 errors. As subsequent editions attempted to correct these mistakes, they would often add more, due in part to the difficulty of separating non-authorial errors from Joyce's deliberate "errors" devised to challenge the reader.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: Gabler and others, including Michael Groden, have rejected Kidd's critique. In his 1993 afterword to the Gabler edition, Groden writes that Kidd's lists of supposed errors were constructed "with so little demonstrated understanding of Gabler's theoretical assumptions and procedures...that they can point to errors or misjudgments only by accident." The scholarly community remains divided.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: In a review in "The Dial", T. S. Eliot said of "Ulysses": "I hold this book to be the most important expression which the present age has found; it is a book to which we are all indebted, and from which none of us can escape." He went on to assert that Joyce was not at fault if people after him did not understand it: "The next generation is responsible for its own soul; a man of genius is responsible to his peers, not to a studio full of uneducated and undisciplined coxcombs."

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: "Ulysses in Nighttown", based on Episode 15 ("Circe"), premiered off-Broadway in 1958, with Zero Mostel as Bloom; it debuted on Broadway in 1974.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: In 2006, playwright Sheila Callaghan's "Dead City", a contemporary stage adaptation of the book set in New York City, and featuring the male figures Bloom and Dedalus reimagined as female characters Samantha Blossom and Jewel Jupiter, was produced in Manhattan by New Georges.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: In 2013, a new stage adaptation of the novel, "Gibraltar", was produced in New York by the Irish Repertory Theatre. It was written by and starred Patrick Fitzgerald and directed by Terry Kinney. This two-person play focused on the love story of Bloom and Molly, played by Cara Seymour.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: In 1967, a film version of the book was directed by Joseph Strick. Starring Milo O'Shea as Bloom, it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: In 1988, the episode "James Joyce's "Ulysses"" of the documentary series "The Modern World: Ten Great Writers" was shown on Channel 4. Some of the novel's scenes were dramatised. David Suchet played Leopold Bloom.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: On Bloomsday 1982, RTÉ, Ireland's national broadcaster, aired a full-cast, unabridged, dramatised radio production of "Ulysses", that ran uninterrupted for 29 hours and 45 minutes.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: The unabridged text of "Ulysses" has been performed by Jim Norton with Marcella Riordan. Naxos Records released the recording on 22 audio CDs in 2004. It follows an earlier abridged recording with the same actors.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: On Bloomsday 2010, author Frank Delaney launched a series of weekly podcasts called "Re:Joyce" that took listeners page by page through "Ulysses", discussing its allusions, historical context and references. The podcast ran until Delaney's death in 2017, at which point it was on the "Wandering Rocks" chapter.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: BBC Radio 4 aired a new nine-part adaptation dramatised by Robin Brooks and produced/directed by Jeremy Mortimer, and starring Stephen Rea as the Narrator, Henry Goodman as Bloom, Niamh Cusack as Molly and Andrew Scott as Dedalus, for Bloomsday 2012, beginning on 16 June 2012.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: Comedy/satire recording troupe The Firesign Theatre ends its 1969 album "How Can You Be in Two Places at Once When You're Not Anywhere at All?" with a male voice reciting the final lines of Molly Bloom's soliloquy.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: The music CD "Classical Ulysses" was launched by the James Joyce Society in Dublin for the Bloomsday100 celebrations in 2004. It contained recorded versions of the classical music mentioned in the book.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: Kate Bush's song "Flower of the Mountain" (originally the title track on "The Sensual World") sets to music the end of Molly Bloom's soliloquy.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: "Thema (Omaggio a Joyce)" is an electroacoustic composition for voice and tape by Luciano Berio. Composed between 1958 and 1959, it is based on the interpretative reading of the poem "Sirens" from chapter 11 of the novel. It is sung/voiced by Cathy Berberian. Umberto Eco, a lifelong admirer of Joyce, also contributed to its realisation.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Ulysses (novel)

Context: Jacob M. Appel's novel "The Biology of Luck" (2013) is a retelling of "Ulysses" set in New York City. It features an inept tour guide, Larry Bloom, whose adventures parallel those of Leopold Bloom through Dublin.

Question: 『ユリシーズ』のジャンルは何？


Public Land Survey System

Context: Originally proposed by Thomas Jefferson to create a nation of "yeoman farmers", the PLSS began shortly after the American Revolutionary War, when the federal government became responsible for large areas of land west of the original thirteen states. The government wished both to distribute land to Revolutionary War soldiers in reward for their services and to sell land as a way of raising money for the nation. Before this could happen, the land needed to be surveyed.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: Particularly in New England, this system was supplemented by drawing town plats. The metes and bounds system was used to describe a town of a generally rectangular shape, on a side. Within this boundary, a map or plat was maintained that showed all the individual lots or properties.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: The first surveys under the new rectangular system were in eastern Ohio in an area called the Seven Ranges. The Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey is located at a point on the Ohio-Pennsylvania border between East Liverpool, Ohio, and Ohioville, Pennsylvania, on private property. A National Historic Landmark marker commemorating the site lies on the side of a state highway, exactly to the north of the point.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: Records kept by the surveyors during the execution of the work varied over time. Furthermore, how well individual surveying parties actually met the requirements or recommendations at the time, also varied. The following is a list of the more commonly required landscape and surveying items that were either required or requested be noted, over much of the nineteenth century.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: Based on the BLM manual's 1973 publication date, and the reference to Clarke's Spheroid of 1866 in section 2-82, the coordinates listed are believed to be in the NAD27 datum.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: (signed by President Abraham Lincoln) was the first major land grant specifically for the transcontinental railroad. This act provided surveyed, public lands for a railroad right-of-way to build rail systems, and millions of acres to raise the capital needed to build and maintain the future railways.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: There were numerous incidents of fraudulent or bad surveying reported, arguably in nearly every state. The remote nature of the land being surveyed certainly enabled the opportunity for fraud to occur. The most notorious, large scale, and costly fraud was perpetrated by the Benson Syndicate, operating primarily in California in the 1880s.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: The PLSS is considered one of the major points of contention in the adoption of the metric system in the United States. The PLSS has used the Gunter's chain as a basic measurement. In Canada, however, where the land survey is based on the same units of measure as the U.S. land survey, the metric system was adopted without issue.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: West of the Appalachians, road systems frequently follow the PLSS grid structure. The results can be 90-degree intersections and very long stretches of straight roads.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Public Land Survey System

Context: Homesteading, a staple of American western culture, was dependent on the PLSS. In the original Homestead Act of 1862, during the Lincoln administration, each settler was allocated of land, a quarter-section. Later amendments of the Homestead Act allocated more land, as much as , a section. This was a good revision to apply to land that was drier or more desolate than the earlier, more desirable lands that had already been settled. Many times, this land was more suited to ranching than to farming.

Question: 公有地測量システムはいつ誕生した？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Johann Pachelbel was born in 1653 in Nuremberg into a middle-class family, son of Johann (Hans) Pachelbel (born 1613 in Wunsiedel, Germany), a wine dealer, and his second wife Anna (Anne) Maria Mair. The exact date of Johann's birth is unknown, but he was baptized on 1 September. Among his many siblings was an older brother, Johann Matthäus (1644–1710), who served as Kantor in Feuchtwangen, near Nuremberg.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Pachelbel was also permitted to study music outside the Gymnasium. His teacher was Kaspar ("Caspar") Prentz, once a student of Johann Caspar Kerll. Since the latter was greatly influenced by Italian composers such as Giacomo Carissimi, it is likely through Prentz that Pachelbel started developing an interest in contemporary Italian music, and Catholic church music in general.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Pachelbel married twice during his stay in Erfurt. Barbara Gabler, daughter of the Stadt-Major of Erfurt, became his first wife, on 25 October 1681. The marriage took place in the house of the bride's father. Both Barbara and their only son died in October 1683 during a plague. Pachelbel's first published work, a set of chorale variations called "Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken" ("Musical Thoughts on Death", Erfurt, 1683), was probably influenced by this event.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Ten months later, Pachelbel married Judith Drommer (Trummert), daughter of a coppersmith, on 24 August 1684. They had five sons and two daughters. Two of the sons, Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel and Charles Theodore Pachelbel, also became organ composers; the latter moved to the American colonies in 1734. Another son, Johann Michael, became an instrument maker in Nuremberg and traveled as far as London and Jamaica. One of the daughters, Amalia Pachelbel, achieved recognition as a painter and engraver.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Although Pachelbel was an outstandingly successful organist, composer, and teacher at Erfurt, he asked permission to leave, apparently seeking a better appointment, and was formally released on 15 August 1690, bearing a testimonial praising his diligence and fidelity.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: When former pupil Johann Christoph Bach married in October 1694, the Bach family celebrated the marriage on 23 October 1694 in Ohrdruf, and invited him and other composers to provide the music; he probably attended—if so, it was the only time Johann Sebastian Bach, then nine years old, met Johann Pachelbel.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: "Apart from harpsichord suites, this section concentrates only on the works whose ascription is not questioned. For a complete list of works which includes pieces with questionable authorship and lost compositions, see List of compositions by Johann Pachelbel."

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Currently, there is no standard numbering system for Pachelbel's works. Several catalogues are used, by Antoine Bouchard (POP numbers, organ works only), Jean M. Perreault (P numbers, currently the most complete catalogue; organized alphabetically), Hideo Tsukamoto (T numbers, L for lost works; organized thematically) and Kathryn Jane Welter (PC numbers).

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Pachelbel's use of repercussion subjects and extensive repeated note passages may be regarded as another characteristic feature of his organ pieces. Extreme examples of note repetition in the subject are found in magnificat fugues: quarti toni No. 4 has eight repeated notes, octavi toni No. 6 has twelve. Also, even a fugue with an ordinary subject can rely on strings of repeated notes, as it happens, for example, in magnificat fugue octavi toni No. 12:

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Many of Pachelbel's toccatas explore a single melodic motif, and later works are written in a simple style in which two voices interact over sustained pedal notes, and said interaction – already much simpler than the virtuosic passages in earlier works – sometimes resorts to consecutive thirds, sixths or tenths. Compare the earlier D major toccata, with passages in the typical middle Baroque style, with one of the late C major toccatas:

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Sometimes a bar or two of consecutive thirds embellish the otherwise more complex toccata-occasionally there is a whole section written in that manner; and a few toccatas (particularly one of the D minor and one of the G minor pieces) are composed using only this technique, with almost no variation. Partly due to their simplicity, the toccatas are very accessible works; however, the E minor and C minor ones which receive more attention than the rest are in fact slightly more complex.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: Pachelbel composed six fantasias. Three of them (the A minor, C major and one of the two D Dorian pieces) are sectional compositions in 3/2 time; the sections are never connected thematically; the other D Dorian piece's structure is reminiscent of Pachelbel's magnificat fugues, with the main theme accompanied by two simple countersubjects.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: The E-flat major and G minor fantasias are variations on the Italian "toccata di durezze e ligature" genre. Both are gentle free-flowing pieces featuring intricate passages in both hands with many accidentals, close to similar pieces by Girolamo Frescobaldi or Giovanni de Macque.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: A texture of similar density is also found in the ending of the shorter D minor piece, where three voices engage in imitative counterpoint. In pairs of preludes and fugues Pachelbel aimed to separate homophonic, improvisatory texture of the prelude from the strict counterpoint of the fugue.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Johann Pachelbel

Context: "Musicalische Ergötzung" ("Musical Delight") is a set of six chamber suites for two scordatura violins and basso continuo published sometime after 1695. At the time, scordatura tuning was used to produce special effects and execute tricky passages. However, Pachelbel's collection was intended for amateur violinists, and scordatura tuning is used here as a basic introduction to the technique. Scordatura only involves the tonic, dominant and sometimes the subdominant notes.

Question: ヨハン・パッヘルベルの性別は？


Service economy

Context: The old dichotomy between product and service has been replaced by a Service (economics) service–product continuum . Many products are being transformed into services.

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？


Service economy

Context: Full cost accounting and most accounting reform and monetary reform measures are usually thought to be impossible to achieve without a good model of the service economy.

Question: サービス業の発展は何に起因する？